Full text of Monthly Labor Review : November 1964, Vol. 87, No. 11

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Labor
Review
N OV E MB E R 1964 VOL. 87 NO.

A Review Essay

United States Manpower Policy
Urban Family Spending
Out-of-School Youth
Three September Union Conventions

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an C laque,

Commissioner of Labor Statistics

R o bert J. M y e r s,

H. M.
Paul

D outy,

R.

Deputy Commissioner of Labor Statistics

Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications

K er sc h ba u m ,

Associate Commissioner for Administrative Management

J ack Alterman, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Economic Growth
G ertrtide B ancroft, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
Arnold E. Chase, Assistant Commissioner for Prices and Living Conditions
E dward D iamond, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Administrative Management
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold G oldstein, Assistant Commissioner for Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon G reenberg , Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technological Developments
P eter H enle , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications
W alter G. K eim , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Division of Publications
H yman L. L ewis , Economic Consultant to the Commissioner
L eonard R. L insenmayer, Assistant Commissioner for Wages and Industrial Relations
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
Abe R othman, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis
W illiam C. Shelton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
K enneth G. Van Auken , Special Assistant to the Commissioner

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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Law rence

R.

K l e in ,

Editor-in-Chief

CONTENTS
Special Articles
1249 Contrasts in Spending by Urban Families
1254 Three September Union Conventions
1254
The United Steelworkers
1256
American Federation of Government Employees
1258
The International Union of Electrical Workers
1260 Special Labor Force Report: Out-of-School Youth, February 1963

Summaries of Studies and Reports
1269
1273
1278
1281
1283
1287
1291
1295
1295
1297

Processing of Grievances
Supplementary Pay Practices in Manufacturing, 1962 and 1959
Education and Training of Technicians
Salary Adjustments in White-Collar Occupations
Prospects of Benefits Under Private Pension Plans
Wage and Employment Guarantees in Major Agreements
State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1964
When Teachers Organize
Appeal From an Impasse
Collective Bargaining for Public School Teachers

Technical Note
1299

Health Insurance in the Revised CPI

Departments
ii
h i

1301
1304
1306
1314
1322
1333


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This Issue in Brief
The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
U.S. Manpower and Employment Policy—A Review Essay
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

November 1964 • Vol. 87. No. 11

This Issue in Brief. . .
of rising real income, urban fam­
ilies in the United States in 1960-61 used only 91
percent of their after-tax income for current con­
sumption, compared with 97 percent in 1950, and
channeled the additional amounts resulting from
this widened margin into increased contributions
and gifts, savings, and personal insurance. Kath­
ryn R. Murphy’s article Contrasts in Spending by
Urban Families (p. 1249), the first of a two-part
presentation, traces the trends in consumer pur­
chases since 1950, most notable of which was the
decline in the food share of the average family’s
total current consumption expenditures and the
increase in expenditures for shelter. The second
article will relate income level and place of resi­
dence to these spending patterns.
A fter a decade

R esults of a 1963 survey of young people 16 to 21
years old who were no longer in school and were
not college graduates—a report which presents ex­
tensive information concerning the characteristics
of this group not heretofore available on a nation­
wide basis—indicate that about 3 million, or half
of them., were school dropouts. Vera C. Perrella
and Forrest A. Bogan in their Special Labor Force
Report: Out-of-School Youth, February 1963 (p.
1260) discuss the education, reasons for leaving
school, and labor force status of this group. An­
other article based on this survey will appear in
a later issue of the Review and will summarize the
training, geographic mobility, and work experience
of these young people since leaving school.

the U.S. unemployment rate to
drift upward since the end of the Korean conflict ?
In a review essay on U.S. Manpower and Employ­
ment Policy (p. 1314), Margaret S. Gordon as­
sesses this much-debated question, drawing pri­
marily upon findings and recommendations of an
inquiry conducted in 1963 by the Subcommittee on
Employment and Manpower of the Senate Com­
mittee on Labor and Public Welfare, upon the
1964 Economic Report of the President, and upon

W h a t has caused

ii


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OECD Reviews of Manpower and Social Policies:
Manpower Policy amd Programs in the United
States, a consolidation of a report by U.S. man­
power authorities and a report by a team of OECD
examiners who explored manpower and social
policies in this country. She comments on what
she views as the shortcomings of some of the sub­
committee’s recommendations and warns of pos­
sible dangers in current employment and man­
power policies.
Following are some recent key statistics from continuing
B LS series. See Current Labor Statistics, pp. 1383137i.
October
Total civilian labor force (.in thousands)_____________
Employment------------ ---------- ----------------------Unemployment---- -------------------------------------Unemployment rate (seasonally adjusted) (percent) ------Earnings of production workers in manufacturing (pre­
liminary):
Average hourly earnings_______________ ______
Average weekly hours----------------Average overtime hours_______________________
September
Index of average hourly earnings of production workers in
manufacturing (excluding overtime and interindustry
shifts) (1957-59=100)_______________
—
Consumer Price Index (including single workers) (195759=100)___________________
-

1964
74,375
71,123
3,252
5.2

1963
73,344
69,891
3,453
5.6

$2. 53
40. 7
3. 2

$2.47
40. 7
3.0

119.3

116.0

108.4

107.1

When Teachers Organize, the
Review continues its coverage of collective bar­
gaining in public education with two excerpts.
Collective Bargaining for Public School Teachers
(p. 1297), from a paper by Michael H. Moskow,
distinguishes the “professional negotiation” ap­
proach to bargaining of the National Education
Association from the American Federation of
Teachers’ more traditional collective bargaining
approach and highlights the diversity of negoti­
ating procedures emanating from this “lack of
standardization between and within the ap­
proaches.” Appeal From an Impasse (p. 1295),
by James B. Steffensen, appraises the currently
controversial issue of the teachers’ right of appeal
for mediation of a disagreement with the board of
education. Significant in this controversy is the
reconciliation of the dual role of the board of
education—as employer and representative of the
public interest—with the function of a neutral
party who also represents the public interest.

U nder t h e rubric

The Labor Month
in Review
“Collective bargaining in municipal government still resides in a vast,
largely uncharted sea of experimentation and ‘do-it-yourself’ arrange­
ments.”
F or more t h a n a quarter of a century, public
policy has encouraged and protected collective bar­
gaining in private employment. Only very re­
cently, however, have the commonly accepted
rights to form and join unions, to bargain col­
lectively or to refrain from these activities, and
to obtain recognition of the majority as the ex­
clusive bargaining agent been thought of in terms
of public employment.

and bargaining by government em­
ployees and employees of charitable institutions
were prominent on the agenda of the annual meet­
ing of the National Association of State Labor
Relations Agencies at Delton, Wis., in late Sep­
tember. Tracing the development of collective
bargaining in public employment, Wisconsin Com­
missioner Arvid Anderson characterized Executive
Order 10988, which extended representation rights
for Federal employees and wThose impact is just
beginning to be felt, as the most significant de­
velopment in the past few years. He enumerated
recent statutory or court developments in city or
State labor relations in California, Connecticut,
Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New York,
Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Wis­
consin.
Anderson outlined the 1959 Wisconsin law. Of
the few statutes which cover public employees, it
seems to be the most comprehensive. Covering
municipal employees, from whom most of the
current pressure for bargaining rights comes, the
Wisconsin law is similar to that for private in­
dustry except for the addition of a factfinding
procedure and a prohibition against strikes. It
grants municipal employees, except law enforce­
ment personnel, the right to join unions and to
negotiate on wages and working conditions.
A 1962 amendment authorized the Wisconsin
Employment Relations Board to determine ques­
O rganizing


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tions of representation and to enforce the pro­
hibited practices section. Its orders are subject
to judicial review.
The WERB is authorized to mediate between
municipal employers and labor organizations upon
request. The statute provides for factfinding with
public recommendations if the parties are dead­
locked in negotiations, or if either party has re­
fused to negotiate in good faith. Factfinding may
not be used in discipline or discharge cases if the
municipal employer has a civil service procedure
for such cases. The costs of factfinding are shared
by the parties. Only labor organizations which
have been certified or recognized by the municipal
employer have the right to avail themselves of
factfinding procedures. If an agreement is
reached in negotiations with the labor organiza­
tion representing a majority of the employees in
a collective bargaining unit, it must be reduced to
writing, either in the form of an ordinance, a
resolution, or an agreement. Strikes by public
employees are specifically prohibited.
I n 2 y 2 years , the Wisconsin Board has received
257 cases, of which 163 were election cases.
Labor organizations have been certified in 111 of
the 127 representation elections held. The Board
says that until now most certifications confirm
existing bargaining practices, and do not neces­
sarily represent any significant extension of public
employee organization. The Board has received
17 prohibited practice cases, 25 mediation cases, 53
factfinding cases, and 1 arbitration case. Fact­
finding reports have been issued in 13 cases. The
draftsman of the Wisconsin law would like rein­
stated the provision for binding arbitration of con­
tract interpretation, which was struck out before
the law passed. He saw binding arbitration as
providing the advantage of removing a difficult
case from politics.
hi

IV

B r a n c h in g out from the Wisconsin experience,
several experts at drafting and developing labor
relations programs for public employees related
their first-hand experiences to the conference.
Considerable attention was given to the political
aspects of such programs—for example, the de­
sirability of advisory committees of various inter­
ests to help write the rules and regulations to
implement legislation. The political nature of
negotiations on wages and working conditions for
government employees was stressed. However,
Jerry Wurf, president of the State, County, and
Municipal Employees, felt that this could be over­
emphasized, considering what he sees as the
growth of political action in private bargaining.
The chairman of the Michigan Board, Kobert
Howlett, discussed a bill introduced in the last
Michigan legislature, which failed because of the
disapproval of a significant interest group. The
Michigan law now covers most State employees;
it relies on mediation, factfinding, and recom­
mendations. Among other changes, the bill pro­
posed a list of unfair labor practices—although it
would not have included enforcement procedures
for violation of unfair practices or for refusal to
bargain. One difficulty with authorizing a State
board to prosecute unfair labor practices in public
employment is that it results in the prosecuting of
one State agency by another State agency. The
Michigan board does not have this power in the
private field either, and prefers to keep it that way
since the board members believe it would seriously
curtail their effectiveness as mediators.
Bather than legislation, Ida Klaus, a pioneer
labor-management practitioner in public employ­
ment, advocated an executive order, such as those
promulgated for Federal employees and for New
York City employees. Keviewing the history of
the New York order, Miss Klaus indicated that
most of the employee groups had favored an exec­
utive order, which had the advantage that it could
not be lost along the tortuous route toward an
“agreed-bill.” On the other hand, she noted, the
executive order has no legal sanction and depends
on the executive’s relationship with his agency
heads for its effectiveness. Before the attempt is
made to get overall legislation, she reasoned, there
must be “either a receptive legislature or a back­
ground of experience that is acceptable, practical,
and useful.”


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

The conferees recognized that many issues still
need study: The status of strikes, exclusive versus
multiple recognition, the right of the public to be
informed of progress in negotiations, arbitration
of new agreements and of grievances (in Wiscon­
sin and Pennsylvania, courts are laying to rest the
legal objections to grievance arbitration), union
security agreements (while checkoff exists in a
number of jurisdictions, more stringent union se­
curity provisions are rare), and the tendency of
one side or the other to race to the legislature after
an agreement is reached.
P h i l i p F eldblum of the New York Board led a
discussion on charitable institutions and labor laws
which revealed a diversity of provisions regarding
recognition and collective bargaining. For exam­
ple, a number of States expressly exclude nurses
and practical nurses, two States specifically in­
clude them, and a number neither exclude nor in­
clude them. In the absence of specific provisions,
some courts have held nurses to be covered by the
law and some have held to the contrary. Feldblum’s paper was devoted to the arguments, legal,
social, and economic, for covering workers in
charitable institutions under State labor relations
laws. Basically, these arguments flow from the
right to organize, independent of statute, and the
inadequate level of wages in many institutions
that together make for labor strife, which is
against public policy.
T h e discussion on charitable employees was much
more charged than the one on public employees,
and it adverted more often to the basic question of
whether employees should or should not have the
same rights that industrial workers secured long
ago. The discussion on public employees focussed
on techniques of accommodating the needs of pub­
lic employees and their employers to the tradi­
tional collective bargaining system—and to some
extent on how far should such rights be extended.
One conferee noted that the doctrine of sover­
eignty, the once-popular frame of reference for
conducting arguments on employee representation
in government service, seems to have fallen into
disuse, along with the traditional proprietary
versus governmental division of functions. It
failed to appear in any of the papers presented at
the Wisconsin meeting.

11I t is much more difficult to recede from a, scale of expendi­
ture once adopted than it is to extend the accustomed scale
in response to an accession of wealth.”
—Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Glass.

Contrasts in Spending by Urban Families
Part I. Trends
Since 1950
Kathryn R. Murphy*
in 196061 provides a new benchmark in studying the
spending patterns of American families.1 The
myriad of individual consumer purchases ac­
counted for 65 percent of the gross national prod­
uct (GNP) in 1960-61, and throughout the post­
war period consumer spending consistently has
absorbed more than three-fifths of the GNP.2 The
timing, as well as the volume and character, of
these purchases, has commanded growing atten­
tion since the depression of the 1930’s.
The 1960-61 survey continues the series of fam­
ily expenditure studies initiated by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics in 1888. Economic indicators of
the strength of the consumers’ buying power
showed that during the 1950’s several recessions
were mitigated considerably because—while busi­
ness and government curtailed their buying—con­
sumers as a whole had maintained their spending.3
Detailed information on family spending patterns
had not been collected, however, since the Bureau’s
comprehensive survey in 1950. As part of its pro­
gram to revise the Consumer Price Index (CPI),
the Bureau obtained reports on consumers’ ex­
penditures and incomes in 1960 and 1961 by per­
sonal interviews with a nationwide sample of fami­
lies. These reports from all types of families point
up significant differences in their levels and pat­
terns of expenditures in 1960-61, and provide a
fund of new data that can be integrated with a
variety of time series in analyzing consumer
behavior.
T h e S urvey of C onsum er E xpenditures


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Survey findings among urban families in the
United States4 are summarized in this article, pre­
sented in two parts. Broad trends since 1950 in
the income, spending, and saving of urban families
as a whole are analyzed in Part I. Variations in
1960-61 consumption patterns of families grouped
by income and other characteristics will be ex­
amined in Part II, to appear in a later issue of the
Review.
Income and Expenditures
Over the decade of the 1950’s, average expendi­
tures for current consumption of all urban families
and single consumers increased 42 percent, to

*Of the Division of Living Conditions Studies, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
1 In this article, the term s ‘fam ily” and “consumer u n it” are
used interchangeably and include persons living alone as well as
families of two persons or more.
2 E stim ates of the U.S. D epartm ent of Commerce, as compiled
and published in Economic Report of the President Transmitted
to the Congress, January 1963, Together W ith the Annual Re­
port of the Council of Economic Advisers, p. 171.
3 See Robert Ferber, “Research on Household Behavior,” The
American Economic Review, March 1962, p. 53.
4 Greater detail for these urban families has been published in
a series of statistical reports. (See Survey on Consumer E x­
penditures, 1960—61: Consumer Expenditures and Income, BLS
Reports, Series 23,7.) These reports contain tabulations for each
of the 66 m etropolitan areas and other places in the urban sample
and summary tabulations for the entire urban United States
(Report 237-38) and the four major geographic regions (Reports
237-34 through 237-37).
The 1960-61 urban sample included 9,476 consumer units who
furnished complete and usable schedules. The sample was de­
signed to be a representative cross section of all families residing
in urban places in the 50 States. The United States and regional
data have been obtained by applying population weights to the
averages for the families in the samples for the 66 urban places.
They represent the estim ated universe of 40,131,000 consumer
units in all urban places in the United States.
In 1961, the Bureau, in cooperation with the U.S. D epartm ent
of Agriculture, extended the survey to cover ru ral as well as
urban areas. All data in both parts of this article refer to
urban families only, but reports in preparation will contain
sim ilar inform ation for rural families and for the total U.S.
population.

1249

1250
$5,390 in 1960-61. (See table.) During this
period, the prices of goods and services increased
24 percent, as measured by the CPI, so that their
added spending bought urban families about 14
percent more in goods and services in 1960-61 than
in the earlier period.
The before-tax income of these families rose 58
percent, to an annual average of $6,691 in 1960-61.
Personal taxes—principally Federal, State, and
local income and personal property taxes—in­
creased proportionately more than income. Taxes
of $785 per family in 1960-61 were 140 percent
higher than the comparable 1950 levies. Never­
theless, the average family’s income after taxes
registered a 51-percent gain between 1950 and
1960-61—from $3,910 to $5,906. On the average,
families used only 91 percent of their after-tax
income for current consumption in 1960-61, com­
pared with 97 percent in 1950.5
Savings, Gifts, and Insurance
The widened margin between income and ex­
penditures permitted families to increase gifts and
contributions substantially, to save more, and to
channel larger amounts into personal insurance
in 1960-61 than in 1950. Gifts to friends and
relatives and contributions to religious, welfare,
educational, and similar institutions averaged
$303 per family in 1960-61, almost double the 1950
amount.
In recent years, it has become increasingly diffi­
cult to draw a line between spending and saving.
It was already clear in 1950 that the family se­
curity earlier represented by “money in the bank”
had acquired new dimensions with the expansion
of long-term credit, social security coverage, and
insurance programs.6 Trends observed in 1950
were accentuated a decade later. To illustrate, the
average family’s outlays for personal insurance
(which in the BLS survey are classified with dis­
bursements and do not enter into the computation
of either expenditures or savings) rose from $177
in 1950 to $324 in 1960-61, or 83 percent. The ma­
jor expansion was in social security and other
pension plans,7 which accounted for 53 percent of
the total for personal insurance in 1960-61, com­
pared with 31 percent in 1950. This shift reflects
two recent developments. Larger social security
deductions have resulted from broader coverage,

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

increased rates and earnings base, and higher in­
comes. On the other hand, the growing practice
of providing life insurance as an employment
benefit, frequently without cost to the employee,
has increased insurance protection without a com­
mensurate rise in costs to the family. The social
security programs and the vast expansion of life
insurance, especially group insurance, provide an
almost automatic form of workers’ saving. As
these and similar defenses against economic in­
security have multiplied, the average family is
less impelled to accumulate cash savings and other
liquid assets to tide them over emergencies. More­
over, as homeownership has increased, the family’s
equity in a home and its equipment has constituted
a growing share of its savings.
The BLS surveys measure the consumer unit’s
savings in terms of the net change in assets and
liabilities during the survey year. By this cri­
terion, families showed average savings of $177 in
1960-61, in contrast to an average net increase in
liabilities over assets of $74 in 1950. This shift in
the average savings position is seen more clearly
when viewed from the perspective of postwar
cyclical changes in income and spending. After
the 1948-49 recession, consumers stepped up the
rate at which they had been buying houses, house­
hold equipment, automobiles, and other durable
goods for which a backlog of demand had accumu­
lated during the 1930’s and World War II. The
outbreak of the Korean conflict accelerated the
pace. In the 1950 upturn, families were drawing
on savings or going into debt to such a degree that
in September 1950 the Federal Reserve Board
issued regulations to restrain the expansion of
credit on automobiles and a long list of household
durables. The following month the Board im­
posed additional restrictions to reduce inflationary
pressures and to curtail new home construction by
5
These ratios for urban families correspond generally with the
Departm ent of Commerce ratios of personal consumption expen­
ditures to total disposable income. The Commerce estimates
show th a t consumers spent a fairly constant proportion of their
after-tax income—averaging 93 percent in the postw ar years—
except for the very early postwar years and sporadically during
the Korean conflict (195CM51). High ratios occurred when dur­
able goods buying, particularly of autos, w ith resultant borrowing,
was exceptionally brisk. See Louis J. Paradiso, “Consumer and
Business Income and Spending in the Postw ar Period,” Survey of
Current Business, March 1963, pp. 12-14.
9
How American Buying Habits Change (U.S. D epartm ent of
Labor, 1959), pp. 32—33.
7
This refers to the amounts paid by employees ; it does not
include employer contributions.

1251

CONTRASTS IN SPENDING BY URBAN FAMILIES

restricting the flow of funds into the mortgage
market.8
In contrast, the 1960-61 survey spanned a reces­
sion, which began in the first half of 1960 and
reached its trough in February 1961. Prices were
comparatively stable, the early postwar demand
had been satisfied, and consumers in 1960-61
tended predominantly to increase their savings or
keep up payments on debts rather than incur new
obligations.9
Current Living Expenses
The average urban family spent more for each
major category of goods and services in 1960-61
than in 1950. A comparison of the shares of the
family dollar used for the various categories indi­
cates in addition that the relative amounts spent
for different groups of goods and services also
changed. Food, clothing, housefurnishings and
equipment, and recreation accounted for smaller
percentages of family expenditures. In contrast,
shelter, fuel and utilities, household operations,
medical and personal care, automobile purchase
and operation, and education each took a larger
share. These shifts in relative importance re­
sulted from numerous interacting factors, includ­
ing the differences in rates of price changes for
various groups of goods and services.
The major change over the past decade was the
decline in the food share of the average urban
family’s total current consumption expenditures.
(See chart.) The decrease from almost 30 percent
8 See Federal Reserve Bulletin, September 1950, pp. 1177 and
1184; October 1950, pp. 1284 and 1309 ; and November 1950,
p. 1472.
9 See also “P attern s of Consumer Spending,” Federal Reserve
B ulletin, April 1962, pp. 389-393.
Measures of postwar changes In fam ilies’ liquid asset holdings,
obtained in the nationwide Surveys of Consumer Finances, moved
similarly to the BLS data on average net changes in assets and
liabilities between 1950 and 1960. Median liquid asset
holdings of all spending units were down to $280 in 1950 (having
dropped from $435 in 1946), and showed an irregular upward
trend during the fifties to $475 in 1960. In both 1946 and 1960,
24 percent of the spending units reported no liquid asset hold­
ings, in contrast to 31 percent w ith none in 1950. Liquid asset
holdings include U.S. savings bonds, checking accounts, savings
accounts in banks, and shares in savings and loan associations
and credit unions. See 1960 Survey of Consumer Findings (Ann
Arbor, Mich., Survey Research Center, In stitu te for Social Re­
search, University of Michigan, 1961 )i, p. 77.
10 The declining share of food was also pronounced when the
distribution of 1950 expenditures was calculated afte r conversion
to 1960-01 dollars using the Consumer Price Index as a deflator.
See also Survey of Consumer Expenditures, 1960-61: Changing
P atterns of Consumer Expenditures (BLS Report 238—5, 1964).


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F in a n c ia l and O t h e r C h a r a c t e r ist ic s of A ll F a m il ie s 1
in U r b a n U n it e d S ta t e s , 1960-61 and 1950
Average per family
Characteristic

1960-61
(annual)

1950 2

Percent
increase,
1950 to
1960-61

F inancial Characteristics

Receipts, total_______________________
Money income before taxes----------------Other money receipts________________

$6, 773
6,691
82

$4,286
4,237
49

58
58
67

Use of funds, total----- ------------------------Expenditures for current consumption 3...
Personal insurance *-------------------------Social security, railroad and other Gov­
ernment and private retirement------Life, endowment, annuity, and other
personal insurance----------------------Gifts and contributions............. ...............
Taxes (income, personal property, and
capitation)_______________________
Net change in assets and liabilities (savings) 6
_________________

6,979
5,390
324

4,403
3,808
177

59
42
83

171

55

211

153
303

122
165

25
84

785

327

140

177

-74

A c c m in t b a l a n c in g d ifT e re n e e 6

-207

-117

91.3

97.4

5,906
5,390

4,848
4,721

3.1
47

3.0
47

11

10

53
73
12

45
59
10

9,476

12,489

Expenditures as percent of money income
In 1960-61 dollars—
Money income after taxes 7. ------ --------Expenditures for current consumption 7_.

22
14

Other C haracteristics
A g e o f f a m i l y hp.ad ( y e a r s !

Education of head "(years of school comp let.p d )

_______________________________

Percent of families who were—
I T o m p o w t i prs , a ll y e a r
________________
A n to o w n ers, e n d of y ea r
______________
_________________________
N o n w h it e
N u m b e r o f f a m i li e s in s a m p le

1For definition, see text footnote 1.
2 Does not include Alaska and Hawaii.
3 Expenditures for current consumption include outlays for all goods and
services purchased for family use. The total cost of durable goods purchased
in the year is included, except for owned homes where only the costs of cur­
rent operations (i.e., interest on mortgages, taxes, insurance, and repairs and
replacements) are considered current consumption expenditures. Pay­
ments on mortgage principal and installment debts are considered reductions
in liabilities (i.e., saving in the current year). Mortgage and installment
debts incurred in the year are considered as dissaving.
1 Personal insurance includes employee contributions to social security
and government and private retirement funds, as well as premium payments
for life and other types of personal insurance, except health insurance. The
family’s outlays for personal insurance are shown separately as a disburse­
ment and do not enter into the computation of net change in assets and
liabilities (i.e., average saving or dissaving).
5The algebraic sum of increases and decreases in assets and liabilities.
Net increases in assets or decreases in liabilities represent a net saving (+)
during the survey year. Net decreases in assets or increases in liabilities
represent a deficit (—) or net dissaving.
« A statistical measure of the net reporting discrepancy of the receipts and
disbursements accounts. In this table, the balancing difference is obtained
by subtracting the total “Use of funds” from the total “ Receipts.” If
reported receipts are less than disbursements, the balancing difference is
negative (—).
7 After adjustment for the change in the Consumer Price Index.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.
Source: Survey of Consumer Expenditures, 1960-61: Consumer Expendi­

tures and Income, Urban United States, 1960-61 (BLS Report 237-38, 1964),
and Study of Consumer Expenditures, Incomes, and Savings—Statistical
Tables, Urban U.S., 1960, (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Whar­
ton School of Finance and Commerce, 1956-57), Vol. XVIII.

in 1950 to 24 percent in 1960-61 continued a trend
shown by Bureau surveys since the early 1900’s.10
The most significant uptrend in family spending
during the 1950’s was for shelter. The unprece­
dented volume of postwar residential building

1252

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

meant that on the average families were living in
newer homes and, by Census of Housing criteria,
in better quality housing. For these improve­
ments, they paid more in 1960-61 than in 1950,
whether as renters or homeowners. The propor­
tion of homeowners rose, the average value of
homes appreciated, and the mortgage debt per
home increased substantially.11 Concurrently,
rates for mortgage interest and property insurance
advanced, as did the cost of home maintenance
and repairs, when measured by the CPI.
On the other hand, expenditures for housefurnishings and equipment decreased in relative
importance between 1950 and 1960-61. As has
already been noted, expenditures for many of these
items had been abnormally high in 1950 because
of “scare buying.” 12 Moreover, contrary to most
price movements, prices of household appliances
were lower in 1960-61 than in 1950.13 In addition,
the trend for residential builders to install refrig­
erators, stoves, and other equipment in homes and
apartments has resulted in the cost of these items
appearing increasingly in the purchase price of
houses or in rents, rather than in direct consumer
purchases of major appliances. The decline in the
share used for housefurnishings and equipment

was offset, however, by mounting expenditures for
household operations, major components of which
were telephone service, household help and laundry
service, and laundry, cleaning, and paper supplies.
A decrease in the relative importance of recrea­
tional expenses (from 4.4 percent of total expendi­
tures in 1950 to 4.0 percent in 1960-61) seems
anomalous in a decade of rising real income. The
downward shift reflects changes in leisure-time ac11 See U.S. Census of Housing: 1960, Final Report H C (1 )-1 ,
United States Summary (U.S. Bureau of the Census), p. x liii;
and Census of Housing data published in Statistical Abstract of
the United States, 1962 (U.S. Bureau of the Census), p. 762.
12 In publishing the results of the Bureau’s 1950 survey, it
was stated, “While virtually any year is subject to special influ­
ences, the year 1950 might be regarded as especially so in view
of the onset of hostilities in Korea a t the end of June, which gave
an Inflationary impetus to an already prosperous economy. Buy­
ing of consumer durables moved up sharply relative to income in
the second half of 1950, unlike the situation for most other items
of expenditures. To examine this situation, a tabulation was
prepared showing expenditures on durable goods in the first half
of the year separately from those in the second half, . . . .”
Study of Consumer Expenditures, Incomes and Savings, S ta tis­
tical Tables, Urban U.S.— 1950 Vol. I (Philadelphia, University
of Pennsylvania, 1956-57), p. vii.
For a comparison of purchases and inventories of selected
household durable goods in 1950 and 1960-61, see “Expanding
Ownership of Household Equipment, 1960-61,” M onthly Labor
Review, October 1964, pp. 1131-1137.
13 See “Price Trends and the Postw ar M arket for Appliances,”
M onthly Labor Review, November 1963, pp. 1259-1265.

Allocation of Average Annual Expenditures of A ll Urban Families, 1960-61 and 1950
Average
expenditure
t 1,31 1
1,130

Food

1,588
1,035

H ousing ^
Shelter, fuel, light.
refrigeration, water &

992
596

C lothing and clothing m aterials
and services

553

A utom obile purchase
and operation

700
443

M edical care

355
197

All other expenditures

878
566

1Shelter, fuel,

Percent of total expenditures
IO
I5
20

437

etc.; household operations; and housefurnishings and equipment.


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2Included in housing.

25

30

CONTRASTS IN SPENDING BY URBAN FAMILIES

tivities, not all of which are represented in recre­
ational expenditures as classified in these surveys.14
Families reported less for admissions to movies,
sports events, concerts, plays, etc., in 1960-61 than
in 1950. They spent about the same proportions
for television sets, radios, and musical instruments
in both periods, but increased their spending for
sports equipment, hobbies, and other recreation.
The average urban family spent $217 per year in
1960-61 for recreation as defined in the Bureau’s
survey. However, the surveys followed the prac­
tice of most families, who tend to include vacation
and other recreational travel expenses in their
accounts for automobile operation, other transpor­
tation, food, and lodging away from home. Some
impression of the extent and scale of such recrea­
tion may be gained from a recent study by the
Survey Research Center which disclosed that 27
percent of the spending units spent $100 or more
on vacation travel in 1961 and the average ex14 As defined in the survey, “recreation” includes the purchase
and repair of televisions, radios, phonographs, musical instru­
ments, and related ite m s; spectator admissions to movies, sports
events, concerts, e tc .; dues, fees, and equipment for participant
sp o rts ; club memberships ; hobbies ; p e ts ; and toys and play
equipment.
15 George Katona, Charles A. Lininger, and Richard F. Kosobud,
1962 Survey of Consumer Finances (Ann Arbor, Mich., Survey
Research Center, In stitu te for Social Research, University of
Michigan, 1963), pp. 143-157.

1253
penditure on such “major” vacation trips was
$380.15
Such travel was partially responsible for the
marked increase in spending for automobile pur­
chase and operation over the decade. The fam­
ilies’ growing dependence on automobiles with
the spread of suburban living, as well as the ad­
vances during the 1950’s in the purchase price,
financing charges, insurance, maintenance, and
other costs incident to operating automobiles also
contributed to this rise.
Spending Patterns
This comparison highlights the changes in the
buying habits of city families during a decade of
rising real incomes. Consumer expenditure sur­
veys are unique in that they are devised to show at
a point in time the diverse spending patterns
which are merged in the composite pattern. The
Bureau’s recent survey was designed to provide
an abundance of information on the variation in
spending associated with selected family charac­
teristics. This information will be drawn upon
in Part I I of this article which summarizes the
survey findings on the relation of income level and
place of residence to the spending patterns of
urban families in 1960-61.

In summary, economic value is a function of cultural, class, and group
values. Consumer choices, therefore, always have a large social content that
constantly alters economic realities and typically makes the discovery of
consumer demand difficult.


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—W. T. Tucker, T h e S o c ia l C o n te x t o f E c o n o m ic B e h a v io r (New York, Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1964), p. 49.

Three September Union Conventions
The United
Steelworkers
Henry S. Rosenbloom*
T h e f o r m u l a t i o n of a comprehensive collective
bargaining and legislative program, including the
goal of “total job security,” was the main accom­
plishment of the 12th biennial convention of
the United Steelworkers, meeting in Atlantic City,
September 21-25. The 3,500 delegates also
amended the union’s constitution to set up age
qualifications for international officers and provide
a salary increase for district directors. Delegates
rejected “national productivity guideposts” in a
strongly worded resolution.

Collective Bargaining
In his opening address to the convention, Steel­
worker President David J. McDonald informed
delegates of a previously unannounced plan for
job security in the steel industry:
We are going to start a campaign to bring to the mem­
bers of the United Steelworkers of America what I choose
to call “total job security” . . . that means that once a
steelworker becomes a permanent employee of a cor­
poration he must have complete career security . . . He
must be considered a permanent part of that industry
in which he is employed until he is honorably retired at
a decent pension . . .

Never fully spelling out the content of this con­
cept, McDonald did state that present benefits such
as extended vacations, pensions, insurance, SUB,
etc., would in some way be integrated. A sub­
sequent resolution on collective bargaining pro­
vided a few additional details, but added no
concrete program or strategy for achieving this
objective. McDonald indicated that total job se­
curity would have to be achieved over a number
of years. A dialog is to be started with the com­
panies to bring this concept to fruition. The goal
will also be put before the joint Human Relations
Committee.
1254

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The announcement of this plan comes at a time
when job security is a major concern of the union.
Reports to the convention indicated that an in­
creasing number of jobs are being eliminated by
the advance of automation, in the form of basic
oxygen converters, the continuous casting process,
and fully automated rolling mills. In 1963, ingot
production fell short, of 1957 output by only 3.1
percent, but production and maintenance employ­
ment was 23 percent (or 123,000) lower than in
1957. The downward trend in employment will
continue, the delegates were warned, as the pace
of automation in the steel industry continues.
Although the employment picture in steel has
brightened in recent months, with many plants
reporting labor shortages, concern for the future
remains. To deal, in part., with this problem, the
delegates urged increases in wages to stimulate
consumer demand, advocating this as a key factor
in achieving full employment. The resolution re­
jecting national productivity guideposts was based
on the argument that they interfere with accom­
plishing this objective.
The convention directed the Wage Policy Com­
mittee to consider a wage increase as a bargaining
aim when steel contracts are renegotiated in 1965.
Since 1960, basic steel contracts have not provided
for wage increases.
Human Relations Committee. The Officers’ Re­
port, approved by the delegates, expressed satis­
faction with the Human Relations Committee’s
achievements over the past 2 years. Besides ob­
taining the 13-week extended vacation plan in
basic steel, some vexing job security problems are
on their way to resolution under the 1963 “experi­
mental agreement.” 1 The Human Relations
Committee is to review experience under this
agreement, looking toward the formulation of
more permanent solutions. Delegates were told
that the Committee is now studying a number of
*Of the Division of Industrial and Labor Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
1 For discussion of these provisions, see M onthly Labor Review,
August 1963, pp. 959-960.

1255

THE UNITED STEELWORKERS

possibilities for future negotiation, including
medical care, wage incentives, training needs and
methods, and the application of basic steel con­
tract terms to certain other operations of steel
companies.

mitted by early December 1964.2 With some de­
bate, the delegates passed the following amend­
ment to the constitution:

Wage Policy Committee. The union’s Wage Pol­
icy Committee was once again charged with devel­
oping a collective bargaining policy for the 1965
negotiations. A total of 184 widely varying sug­
gestions were offered by local unions, including
company pay for grievance committeemen, nego­
tiation for the removal of the no-strike clause, a
“sharing plan” similar to that at Kaiser Steel,
settlement of local issues before contract ratifica­
tion, reinstatement of cost-of-living clauses, dele­
tion of arbitration provisions (to be replaced with
a “strike” clause), elimination of arbitration
boards as outlined in contracts, and a limitation of
management’s right to change job descriptions
when new equipment is installed.

This amendment will be effective June 1, 1965,
when the 4-year term of office begins. President
McDonald will be 62 years old in November, and
thus eligible for two more terms.
Salaries for District Directors were raised by
$4,000 to $20,000 per year.
Another amendment provided for a Civil Rights
Committee to be established in each local union to
“implement our union’s commitment to the pro­
tection and extension of civil rights and liberties.”
Proposals to reduce salaries of the three top in­
ternational officers, present incumbents to be ex­
empted from this cut, were voted down. (Con­
cerning this proposal, McDonald remarked that he
and the two other officers did not want to be “redcircled” if the delegates were to vote for the reso­
lution.) The constitution committee also con­
curred with a number of resolutions from local
unions asking that there be no change in the dues
structure, and its position was supported by a vote
of the delegates.

Legislative Proposals
A major resolution was directed at increasing
the growth rate of the national economy. It stated
that the achievement of full employment would
require a growth rate of at least 5 percent—a task
that could not be left to private business alone.
Vigorous legislative action was called for to
finance more housing, urban renewal, highways,
hospitals, and schools. Delegates also endorsed
a shorter workweek, double time for overtime
work, a strengthened public employment service,
full relocation allowances for workers and their
families, expanded training programs for unem­
ployed workers, and national standards for in­
creasing unemployment benefits and liberalizing
eligibility provisions. Another resolution called
for liberalized social security benefits and age
standards. It recommended a lowering of the full
retirement age from 65 to 60, with adjusted bene­
fits at age 55. Medical care for the aged under
social security received strong support.
Internal Affairs
The next election of international officers is to
take place in February 1965 by a referendum vote
of the membership. Nominations must be sub­


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No member shall be eligible for nomination or election
to international office, if, upon assuming such office, he
would have attained the age of 68 years.

Organizing
Faced with the increasing number of whitecollar jobs created by shifts in production meth­
ods, unions, McDonald said, require new types of
organizations, techniques, and organizers. He
expressed his hope that the AFL-CIO Executive
Council would go along with some specific pro­
posals he plans to make. He continued:
If you are with me I will do the follow ing: If the fed­
eration is not prepared to move, the United Steelworkers
of America will be prepared to move.

Vice President Howard R. Hague informed the
delegates that since the last convention in 1962 the
union has organized 50,000 new members in 317
local unions, 219 in the United States and 98 in
Canada. This figure, he said, did not include
members that have come into the organization
under union shop agreements. The union’s total
membership was reported at 1,120,000.
2 In November, Secretary-Treasurer I. W. Abel and D istrict
Directors W alter J. Burke and Joseph P. Molony announced their
candidacy in opposition to the McDonald adm inistration.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

1256

American Federation of
Government Employees
Martha F. Riche*
T h e c a m p a i g n for the presidency of the 140,000member American Federation of Government Em­
ployees polarized the issues facing the union at its
19th biennial convention held in Dallas Septem­
ber 7-11, 1964. Under the stimulus of Executive
Order 10988, which set up a recognition system
for Federal employee unions beginning in July
1962, the union has experienced rapid growth and
changes in its composition—and these changes af­
fected the election battle and the convention de­
bate. Nonetheless, organizing the great unorga­
nized proportion of the union’s jurisdiction, which
most officials consider the AFGE’s biggest chal­
lenge, became a secondary issue to questions of leg­
islative effectiveness, democratic procedures, and
financial acumen.
The division between supporters of the incum­
bent, John F. Griner, and the challenger, Adrian
Roberts, reflected both regional and occupational
interests. The rollcall disclosed that Griner, who
won reelection by a vote of 3 to 1, had the support
of the union’s blue-collar members; Roberts, who
had been narrowly defeated by Griner in 1962, had
the support of his fellow professional employees
and other white-collar members, who were pri­
marily from Washington and other eastern cities.
The occupational division deflected Roberts from
his announced campaign of emphasizing faults in
the AFGE’s current leadership and ways to rem­
edy them into a defense against charges that he
would abandon the blue-collar employees.

Constitutional Amendments
The two candidates and their supporters sought
to achieve some of their aims through resolutions
for constitutional amendments and other changes.
Seeking closer supervision of their national repre­
sentatives, delegates overrode the recommendation
of the constitutional committee and amended their
constitution to require a report of national execu­
tive council meetings, including a detailed record
of each council member’s votes. A proposal by
President Griner to pay the council members, who


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are the 14 national vice presidents, was defeated
after complaints that the resolution left to the
president’s discretion the selection of those vice
presidents to be paid. Griner had also asked for
an assistant, and the delegates created the post of
executive vice president, to be appointed now and
elected every 2 years beginning in 1966 with the
other national officers. The convention tabled a
proposal to extend the term that the national
officers serve.
Delegates also proposed adjusting the district
boundaries so that each national vice president
would represent approximately the same number
of members, and changing the time-consuming
rollcall procedure of electing national officers;
although these resolutions had considerable sup­
port they did not get the two-thirds majority
required to amend the constitution. Instead, del­
egates adopted a constitutional committee recom­
mendation that the executive council study the
election procedure and suggest changes for the
next convention.
Finances. Hot debate greeted the national officers’
plea for an increase in the per capita tax to pro­
vide an electronic accounting system and other
services required by a growing membership. Pres­
ident Griner told the delegates that the union, by
using administrative methods appropriate to a
smaller organization, had reached a point where
each new member costs more than he pays in dues.
The original proposal of an increase of 25 cents
monthly beginning April 1, 1965 (with 5 cents
earmarked for a building fund) and an additional
25 cents a year later, along with other formulas
specifying lesser increases, failed to get the nec­
essary two-thirds majority—though delegates re­
peatedly appealed for more help in organizing and
in winning representation rights.
At length, the delegates relented and agreed to
increase their present monthly per capita rate of
75 cents to 85 cents beginning April 1, 1965, the
first such increase since 1958. Much of the oppo­
sition to a dues increase was expressed in the form
of questions from the delegates on the national’s
expenditures; one group of delegates brought their
own CPA and others repeatedly questioned the
allocation of the union’s funds among the districts,
particularly for organizing purposes.
♦Of the Division of Publications, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

AMERICAN FEDERATION OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES

Rules. One of the first votes of the convention
came on an attempt by Roberts’ lodge to change
the convention procedure by eliminating the rule
that permits a majority of the lodges located in a
district, area, or council of the union to bind the
rest of the lodges in their group to vote as a unit
in rollcall votes. Regarded by many delegates as
a preview of the presidential vote, the resolution
was defended primarily as a means of bringing
the union’s convention rules within the confines of
the Standards of Conduct for Employee Orga­
nizations and Code of Fair Labor Practices for
unions in the government service, issued by Presi­
dent Kennedy in 1963. The majority of the dele­
gates agreed with President Griner that there was
no need to change the rules since the unit rule was
rarely used.
The Union’s Program
Voting on resolutions submitted by the lodges
and districts, the delegates resolved to seek early
retirement (preferably after 30 years of service),
and demanded repeal of the acceptable level of
competence requirement for within-grade in­
creases, repeal of the Hatch Act, limitations on
contracting-out work performed by government
employees, and curbs on the substitution of mili­
tary personnel or military retirees for civilian
employees. Resolutions submitted by several
lodges for fully paid health and retirement pro­
grams found favor with the convention; and
enough delegates agreed with Roberts’ contention
that the AFGE trailed the postal unions in legis­
lative success to pass a resolution demanding an
executive council investigation of why the AFGE
is not more effective with the Congress.
The convention also adopted a program for
“wage board” employees (whose wages are set
by a board after determining the prevailing area
rate for comparable work) that seeks greater wage
uniformity and increased union participation in
rate determinations.
Membership
Though it received little discussion on the floor,
membership growth was a major issue in the presi­
dential campaign. Griner’s supporters pointed to
a 2-year increase of 27,000 members and 246
lodges, while noting that approximately 250 lodges
now have exclusive recognition, as compared with

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1257

only 4 or 5 at the time of Griner’s election. In
addition, approximately 425 lodges have won for­
mal recognition. On the other hand, Roberts
claimed that a record of organizing less than
140,000 out of a potential 1 million members was
“disgraceful,” and that these “modest increases”
in AFGE membership “were caused solely by Ex­
ecutive Order 10988 and those few lodges with
the resources to organize.”
Speakers
Most of the convention time up to the election
was devoted to speeches, mainly by congressional
civil service experts and personnel executives.
Delegates heard Secretary of the Interior Stewart
Udall, Senators Olin Johnston and Ralph Yar­
borough, and Congressmen Joe Pool and James
Morrison praise the union’s administration and
discuss election-year politics and the union’s legis­
lative aims (Senator Yarborough received one of
the biggest responses of the convention when he
told the delegates to thank the highly organized
and politically active Letter Carriers for their pay
raises). The praise accorded President Griner by
many of the speakers was generally considered by
delegates and convention observers to have been a
factor in his reelection.
Speakers from the personnel management side
of government discussed their experiences with
and recommendations for changes in Executive
Order 10988. Repeatedly stressing the impor­
tance of communication and cooperation, the ad­
ministrators opposed the union’s proposals to
amend promotion and appeals policies, but ad­
mitted the need for improvements in these areas.
Although President Griner had pointed out fac­
tors which make bargaining at the national level
almost a necessity (among them the tendency of
local management to await direction from agency
headquarters), several of the personnel managers
emphasized the greater efficiency of bargaining on
a local level where the participants have greater
familiarity with the issues, especially if both sides
have the authority to negotiate a final agreement.
Invariably, they selected as sources of unionmanagement disagreement under the Executive
Order the problems of defining a representation
unit, defining an eligible employee organization,
determining whom the conflict of interest provi­
sion affects, and deciding what to do wdien a dead­
lock occurs.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

1258

The International Union
of Electrical Workers
Rose T. Selby*
T h e r i f t in the International Union of Electrical
Workers, widening since it first surfaced in 1960—
and patched over at the 1962 convention—split the
819 delegates to the 11th constitutional meeting in
Washington, D.C., into anti- and pro-administra­
tion factions. Disputes between the two camps
on issues affecting the form and financing of the
union’s government disrupted and delayed the
proceedings throughout most of the convention.
The disputes caused many items to be referred to
the Executive Board for action following the
termination of the convention on September 25.
During bitter floor fighting, accusations of “dic­
tatorship” and “one-man control” were repeatedly
made by the anti-Carey faction with demands for
“a new beginning,” “an end to purges and recalls,”
“freedom from fear to talk out without reprisal,”
and “a return to democracy.” In turn, President
James B. Carey and his supporters accused the
insurgents of seeking personal power and control
without regard for the good of the union and its
members. On the other hand, supporters of Paul
Jennings, candidate for president of the union,
told a divided and turbulent session that if their
man was elected he would “promote unity rather
than discord,” work in a “team effort,” and “get
the kind of patternmaking settlements we need.”
For the first time in the union’s 15 years of exist­
ence, and of Carey’s presidency, an opponent was
nominated and placed on the referendum ballot to
challenge Carey for the presidency. To be eligible,
the candidate needed nomination by delegates from
at least 10 local unions from three or more districts
accounting for at least a combined 15 percent of
the membership represented at the convention.
Voting of the members by referendum ballot, as
stipulated by the union’s constitution, is to be
concluded by mid-November. Jennings is Execu­
tive-Secretary of District 3 (New York and New
Jersey), the union’s largest district, representing
approximately 40 percent of the IU E ’s member­
ship of approximately 300,000. The convention
did, however, unanimously elect Secretary-Treas­
urer George Collins, who had been appointed to


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fill the unexpired term of former Secretary-Treas­
urer A1 Hartnett, removed by a recall referendum
in late 1963.
Two resolutions introduced by the Jennings fac­
tion touched off prolonged and at times acrimoni­
ous debate, leaving little time for other convention
business. These resolutions proposed to revise the
election procedure, “providing safeguards for the
conduct of a free, honest and democratic election,”
and to open the IUE News prior to election to all
candidates. President Carey denied Jennings’
move to refer the resolution on election procedure
to the Resolutions Committee for action at the con­
vention, ruling that it was out of order because it
had not been submitted prior to the convention.
Controversy over Carey’s ruling and repeated de­
nial of Jennings’ appeal for a vote on this de­
cision continued throughout the fourth day.
Neither of the two resolutions was acted upon at
the convention.
Repeated wrangling occurred during the elec­
tion to the five-man Board of Trustees, whose
duties include the counting of referendum ballots.
Carey’s slate of nominees won—four incumbents
and one new Carey nominee were elected. Two
candidates nominated by the Jennings faction were
defeated.
Dues Proposal
Crossing factional lines, strong opposition de­
veloped to a proposal by Carey to revise the dues
structure and increase the International defense
fund; the proposed amendment was defeated by a
vote of 4 to 1. The amendment would have given
each local union the following alternatives: (1)
Locals could increase dues, on a weekly basis from
a minimum of $4 a month to U/2 percent of total
earnings up to a maximum of $1.50 weekly or ap­
proximately $6.50 monthly; with per capita tax
to the International to be raised from $2 to a
maximum of $3.25, to represent 50 percent of dues,
and 23 cents each week going into the International
defense fund; or (2) locals could vote to retain or
increase monthly dues in effect on September 1,
1964. Under this alternative, per capita tax to
the International was to continue at $2 monthly,
*Of the Division of Industrial and Labor Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.

THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF ELECTRICAL WORKERS

and in addition, the present monthly allocation of
35 cents to the defense fund was to be increased by
an additional 65 cents. Where agreements pro­
vide for checkoff, employers were to transmit di­
rectly to the International its share of the dues.
The delegates appeared more strongly opposed
to the method than to the increased dues. The
financial report placed the defense fund at $1,891,392. Considerations which seemed to help defeat
the amendment were control of the increased fund
by the International, and the principle of basing
dues on a percentage of earnings. Delegates ex­
pressed fear that the percentage formula, if
adopted, would split some locals. Among those
favoring this method were a number of delegates
from small locals in low-wage areas. A third ob­
jection was to the dues increase itself. Some dele­
gates felt it was unjustified; others, that the locals
would not be able to ask their members for ad­
ditional assessments when needed for the locals;
and some delegates, while willing to vote for a
temporary assessment by the International to build
up the defense fund, objected to a permanent
increase.
Although the 1964 financial report of the
IU E indicated an increase in its total net worth
since 1962 of approximately $1 million, bringing
it to nearly $3 million, the net worth of the union’s
operating fund declined from $1,217,494 in 1962
to $1,102,338 in 1964. This decrease was offset by
an increase of over $1 million in defense fund net
worth, from $737,467 in 1962 to $1,891,392 in 1964.
President Carey reported an increase in member­
ship of approximately 10,000 since 1962, reflecting
a growth rate unequaled since 1957.
Because of lack of time, approximately half of
the resolutions submitted did not come before the
convention. These were referred to the Executive
Board for action, over strong protests of Jennings,
who moved to continue the convention. All of the
resolutions brought before the convention were


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1259

passed, most of them unanimously; those referred
to the Executive Board were passed by the Board
after the convention adjourned.
National and International Affairs
A resolution on foreign trade was passed over
strong opposition. Objection to the reciprocal
trade program, voiced by a number of delegates,
was aimed mainly at the advantages given to “run­
away plants” of large U.S. owned or controlled
corporations in foreign countries.
Other resolutions dealing with international and
domestic affairs endorsed stands made by previous
conventions.
Collective Bargaining
Included in the collective bargaining program
were the following items: (1) A job and income
assurance plan calling for a change from an hourly
to a weekly salary basis, with a 52-week annual
guarantee; supplemental pay for employees work­
ing less than 40 hours, and improved unemploy­
ment benefits, until a guaranteed salary basis can
be obtained; reduction of hours to average 35
hours instead of 40, with no reduction in pay;
improved severance pay, special retraining, and
reemployment rights for displaced workers; and
restrictions on overtime and contracting-out; (2)
wage increases, cost-of-living escalators, restora­
tion of such escalators where they have been dis­
continued, and inclusion of previous escalator in­
creases in base pay; and no change from incentive
to daily pay basis, without mutual consent; and
(3) improved fringe benefits, including extended
vacations up to 15 weeks for long-service employ­
ees, at age 65; liberalized pension, health, and
insurance plans; and an improved collective bar­
gaining program to attract professional, technical,
and salaried workers into the union ranks.

Special Labor Force Report
Part I of a Study of Young People No Longer
in School— Their Education, Reasons
for Leaving School, and Labor Force Status

Out-of-School Youth,
February 1963
Vera C. Perrella and F orrest A. Bogan*
entry into the full-time labor
force follows upon leaving school, and youth and
lack of work experience inevitably result in higher
unemployment rates than for older, experienced
workers. In addition to this age-old hurdle, to­
day’s young people are faced with the paradox of
comparative prosperity overall and increasing dif­
ficulties for themselves in a labor market progres­
sively and rapidly more selective under the impact
of technological change. Jobs of the types which
served as entering wedges for young workers are
not increasing in proportion to the growing num­
bers competing for them.
Population and labor force projections indicate
a sharpening of the problems of young people in
the labor market. The decade of the sixties may
be described as the decade of the young worker in
terms of expected population and labor force de­
velopments. By 1970, it is estimated that the
population 16 to 21 years old will number 22 mil­
lion, almost half again as large as in 1960. Al­
though the proportions in these ages who will be
in school are expected to be higher, the number in
the labor force is also expected to increase by 3y2
million, constituting 28 percent of the total in­
crease of 12.6 million in the labor force between
1960 and 1970.
To get information about the early work experi­
ence of youth, a sample survey of 16- to 21-yearold persons who were no longer in school and were
T

not college graduates was made in February 1963.1
The survey provides more extensive information
about the socioeconomic characteristics of this
group than was previously available on a nation­
wide basis.
Educational Attainment

r a d it io n a l l y ,

1260

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In February 1963, there were 6.7 million outof-school persons 16 to 21 years old who were not
college graduates (table 1). About 45 percent
had dropped out before completing high school,
48 percent had completed high school, and 7 per­
cent had completed 1 to 3 years of college. Three
million did not have a high school diploma. Onefourth of these did not even reach high school,
and one-half had dropped out in the second or
third year of high school. The concentration of
•Both of the Division of Population and Labor Force Studies,
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 This article is based prim arily on information from supple­
m entary questions in the February 1963 monthly survey of the
labor force, conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the
Bureau of the Census through its C urrent Population Survey.
D ata in this report relate to persons 16 to 21 years of age who
were no longer in school, were not college graduates, and were
in the civilian noninstitutional population in the calendar week
ending February 16, 1963. Members of the Armed Forces and
inm ates of institutions are excluded.
Since the estim ates resulting from this survey are based on a
sample, they may differ from the figures th a t would have been
obtained from a complete census. The sampling variability may
be relatively large in cases where the numbers are small. Be­
cause of the comparatively small size of the group covered in
this survey, the number of' sample cases th a t could be used was
small. Consequently, numbers under 200,000 and percents based
on them should be used with caution.
The findings of the survey may be compared with an earlier
study on School and Early Employm ent Experience of Youth, A
Report on Seven Communities, 1952-57 (BLS Bulletin 1277,
1960).
Reprints of all articles in the Special Labor Force Reports
series, including in most cases additional detailed tables and an
explanatory note, are available upon request to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics, or to any of its regional offices.

OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH, FEBRUARY 1963

1261

dropouts in the second and third year of high
school seems to be largely the result of the normal
coincidence of those school grades with the age of
16—in most States the minimum age at which
students may stop going to school. Notwithstand­
ing the usual legal age minimum, about a third of
all the dropouts had left school before reaching
16. Nonwhite students more often than whites had
dropped out before they were 16 and before enter­
ing high school:
, .
Percent of dropouts who
At time of dropout, were—
Under 16 years of age_____________________
Under 15 years............................
15 years.----- ----------------------Did not attend high school......................................

All Nonwhite
dropouts dropouts
.

.

34 2

44 6

1 2 .8

2 1 .5

21.4
22. 9

23.2
30. 7

A large proportion of dropouts were below the
usual grade for their age at time of dropout:
Age at time
of dropout
15tol8years_
15 years................
16 years------------17 years.................
18 years-------------

Usual grade 1
________ ___ ___ ___
2d or 1st year high school..
3d or 2d year high school.
4th or 3d year high school
4th year high school____

Percent of dropouts
below usual grade
42.4
26.8
47.1
38.2
71.0

1 In this report, the two school grades with the largest numbers of students
of a given age, as shown in the Census of Population, I960, Detailed Characteris­
tics, U.S. Summary, PC(1)-1 D, U.S. Bureau of the Census, are considered the
usual or normal grades for that age.

were not interested in school was almost five times
that of the nonwhite. There was no significant
difference in the proportions of white and non­
white males who gave economic reasons.
Among the female dropouts, the reasons most
often given were marriage or pregnancy (40 per­
cent) and school-connected factors (26 percent) ;
the proportion who gave economic reasons was
about half that of the males. About half the
nonwhite girls left because of marriage or preg­
nancy, compared with 38 percent of the white
girls.
Generally, then, for the males, school-connected
rather than economic or other outside factors were
the overriding consideration which led them to
drop out of school, whatever other elements may
have been weighed in making the decision.
School-connected factors were also important
among the females, though to a lesser extent.
T a b le 1.

Y ears

of S ch oo l C o m p l e t e d , by
and A g e , F e b r u a r y 1963

C o lo r , S e x ,

[Percent distribution of out-of-school youth]
Total
Age in February 1963,
color, and sex

Num­
ber
(thou­
sands)

Per­
cent

Reasons for Leaving School

Years of school completed
Less
than 4 4 years 1 to 3
years of of high years of
high
school college
school

All P ersons

While it is possible that the relative importance
of the various reasons leading to dropout would
be different if reported by school authorities
rather than by the dropouts themselves, the rele­
vance of the dropouts’ own report of what moti­
vated them is indisputable, despite the coloration
that subjective bias and the passage of time may
have added.
Close to half the male dropouts attributed their
leaving school to school-connected reasons (lack
of interest in school, poor grades, difficulties with
the school authorities) and about a fourth gave
economic reasons (unemployment or inadequate
income in the family). Half again as many white
as nonwhite males gave school-connected reasons.
About the same proportions of white and non­
white males said they left school because of poor
grades, and a higher proportion of nonwhite males
than white left because of difficulties with the
school authorities. However, the proportion of
the white males who said they left because they
747-5719 O— 64— — 2


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Both sexes, 16 to 21 years..

6,708
16 and 17 years__ _ . . . . . .
658
18 and 19 years.._ _____ _ . _ 2,752
20 and 21 years. __ . _ _ _ 3,298
Male, 16 to 21 years____ 2,669
16 and 17 years__ _____ _ _
247
18 and 19 years. __
_ . . 1,071
20 and 21 years. _ ____ ______ 1,351

100.0

45.4

47.6

7.0

100.0
100.0
100.0

92.4
44.5
36.8

76
51.6
52.1

3.9
11.1

100.0

51.4

41.7

6.9

100.0
100.0
100.0

96.4
50.7
43.6

36
4 5 .5
4 5 .7

3.8
10.7
7.1

Female, 16 to 21 years__

4,039

100.0

41.5

51.4

16 and 17 years._. .. ______
18 and 19 years... ..
...
20 and 21 years_______ ._ ...

411
1,681
1,947

100.0
100.0
100.0

89.8
40.6
32.1

10.2
5 5 .5

56.5

3.9
11.4
6.4

N onwhite

Both sexes, 16 to 21 years.

1,001

100.0

59.5

34.1

16 and 17 years. . . . . . . _ .
18 and 19 years____ ___ _ .
20 and 21 years___
__ _

134
419
448

100.0
100.0
100.0

92.5
58.9
50.2

7. 5
3 7 .5
3 9 .2

3.6
10.5

401

Male, 16 to 21 years..

..

16 and 17 years____ ______ .
18 and 19 years__ ... _____
20 and 21 years. _____ _ . ._
Female, 16 to 21 years__
16 and 17 years___ _ . . . ._
18 and 19 years. _____ . .. . .
20 and 21 y e a rs ..__ _______

100.0

66.3

29.2

4.5

50 (!)
187 100.0
164 100.0

66.8
56.1

33. 2
32.9

11.0

600

100.0

55.0

37.7

7.3

(1)
84
232 100.0
284 1 0 0 .0

52.6
46.8

40.9
43.0

1 0 .2

6.5

1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

1262
Family Characteristics
The extent to which environmental factors in­
fluence the roles of both the student and the school
are illustrated by a study of family characteris­
tics, such as the money income of the student’s
family, the amount of schooling his parents had
had, and their residence.
Income. Low levels of family income were
highly associated with early school-leaving. For
example, of the more recent dropouts who were
unmarried and still living at home, 2 out of 5
were members of families with an annual income
under $3,000; the income was less than $2,000 in
more than half the families within that group
(table 2). In contrast, of those who had com­
pleted at least 4 years of high school, only 1
out of 5 families had incomes under $3,000.
The number of grades completed was also related
to family income. Among youths in families
with less than $3,000 income, the proportion who
dropped out before reaching high school was al­
most double that of those who dropped out of
high school. Farm residence may have had some
influence here, since money income of farm fam­
ilies tends to be low, and relatively high propor­
tions of farm dropouts leave school before reach­
ing high school. Among both dropouts and
graduates, greater proportions of nonwhite than
white youths were in families with less than $3,000
income. Nonwhite graduates were four times as
likely as white graduates, and even twice as likely
as white dropouts, to be members of families in
this low-income group.
Parents'1 Education. Another aspect of family
background, the school attainment of parents, also
plays a strong role in the student’s school achieve­
ment. Among the young people for whom parents’
schooling was reported, the great majority of drop­
outs were from families in which neither parent
had completed high school (table 3). A high pro­
portion—almost half—of the young people at­
tained at least a high school diploma even though
neither of their parents had graduated from high
school, illustrating the increasing trend toward
more education.
Residence. Historically, farm residents have left
school earlier than nonfarm residents. Among

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

this group of young people, too, those who were
farm residents when they last attended school
were somewhat more likely to be dropouts than
those who were nonfarm residents. Moreover, the
proportion of the farm males who dropped out of
elementary school was about twice that of the non­
farm males; for girls from farm families, the pro­
portion of elementary school dropouts was not
quite double that of those from nonfarm families,
as shown in the following tabulation:
Residence, in last year of school
Farm
Nonfarm
Highest grade c o m p l e t e d ---------------- ------------------Male Female Male Female
Total (percent)_________________ 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0
Less than 4 years of high school_________
54. 5 48. 5
50. 7
40.3
8 years of elementary school, or less...
34.6 19.8
16.4
11.8
1 to 3 years of high school__________
19. 8 28. 6
34. 3
28. 5
4 years of high school, or more__________
45. 5 51. 5
49. 3
59. 7

Migration
Since leaving school, about 4 out of 10 of the
men and 6 out of 10 of the women who were farm
residents when they last attended school had moved
to nonfarm areas. Among those with at least a
high school diploma, the men were more likely to
remain farm residents than the women, reflecting
the lesser opportunity for jobs for women in farm
areas. The continuing exodus of young people
from farms has increased the supply of young
people competing for jobs in nonagricultural in­
dustries, in addition to contributing to raising the
median age of the farm population.
Status After School
The survey included a series of questions about
labor force status, beginning with, “When you left
school, did you have a job waiting for you?”
Nearly 30 percent had a job waiting. Over 50 per­
cent looked for a job after leaving school; a small
proportion of the men, and about 1 in 4 of the
women, did not look for work.
Among those who looked for work, a majority of
both the graduates and dropouts found their first
job, either full or part time, within 4 weeks
after they started to look. About 13 percent had
to look for 15 weeks or longer before finding a job,
and about the same proportion had not yet found
one as of February 1963 (some of these had un­
doubtedly started to look only a short time prior
to the survey date). Dropouts were much more

1263

OUT-OF-SGHOOL YOUTH, FEBRUARY 1963

jobs are not open to persons under 18 years of age.
In addition, there is no way to tell how many of the
youths, both graduates and dropouts, initially were
not interested in working and therefore did not
start looking for some time, or at first wanted only
a part-time job and later decided to look for a full­
time one.
Most of the young people obtained their first
full-time jobs either by applying directly or
through friends or relatives. Other methods, such
as referrals by schools, public or private employ­
ment offices, etc., accounted for about 15 percent
of the dropouts’ jobs and 30 percent of the grad­
uates’. Graduates were more likely to apply di­
rectly than dropouts. Overall, larger proportions
of white than nonwhite youths applied directly.

likely than graduates to have looked for work
without finding any. The nonwhite graduates
had the most difficulty in finding jobs. They were
less likely than either white or nonwhite dropouts
to have a job waiting when they left school, and—
in contrast to the white graduates—it took them
about as long to find work as it did the dropouts.
This may reflect an unwillingness, at least initially,
to settle for the less-skilled jobs more readily avail­
able to non white workers.
Among the youths who had worked at some time
since leaving school, fewer than one-tenth each of
the men and the women had worked at part-time
jobs only—a large majority of the men, and nearly
half of the women, because they could not find
full-time jobs.
In terms of the time which elapsed between leav­
ing school and obtaining the first full-time job,
graduates were better off than dropouts. Onehalf the high school graduates started to work on
their first full-time job within a month after leav­
ing school, compared with 40 percent of the drop­
outs. On the other hand, relatively twice as many
dropouts as graduates did not start on their first
full-time job for at least a year. The larger pro­
portion of younger persons among the dropouts
may have some bearing here, since they may either
have waited longer than the graduates before start­
ing to look, or had to look longer because of their
youth. A contributing factor may be that many
T a b l e 2.

I n co m e

of

F a m il ie s

of

Occupations. About two-thirds of the men, both
dropouts and graduates, found their first full-time
jobs in blue-collar occupations. Male graduates
were much more likely than dropouts to obtain
white-collar jobs (22 percent and 8 percent, re­
spectively). Dropouts were twice as likely as
graduates to obtain work as farm laborers, reflect­
ing to some extent the high proportion of dropouts
that occur among farm youths.
There is no sharp evidence of the advantage of
a high school diploma with respect to occupation
groups of the jobs obtained by male graduates and
dropouts upon leaving school. The circumstances

Y o u t h s 1 W ho L a st A t t e n d e d S c h o o l in 1961
C o m p l e t e d and C o lo r , F e b r u a r y 1963

or

L ater,

by

Y ears

of

S c h oo l

[Percent distribution of out-of-school youth 16 to 21 years of age]
Total
Years of school completed and color

Number
(thousands)

Family income
Less than $3,090

Percent

Total

Less than
$2,000

$2,000 to
$2,999

$3,000 to
$4,999

$5,000 to
$7,499

$7,500 to
$9,999

$10,000
and over

A ll P ersons

Less than 4 years of high school. .
8 years of elementary school, or less___
1 to 3 years of high school__ _ _ __ ..
4 years of high school, or more......... _

613
195
418
1,363

100. 0

40.3
59.2
31.3
20.4

23.9
39. 7
16.4
9.9

16.4
19.6
14.9
10. 5

32.2
21. 8
37.1
21.9

15.3
19. 0
13.5
26.1

6.5

5.8

100.0
100.0

9.5
14.8

8.5
16.9

479
1,190

100.0
100.0

32.8
14.6

16. 5
6.1

16.3
8.5

33.7
21.4

19.0
29.0

7.4
16.0

7.1
19.0

134
173

100.0
100.0

71.3
59.1

54.6
35.1

16.7
24.0

25. 9
25.3

22.8
2 15.6

100.0

W hite

Less than 4 years of high school.. _ . _
4 years of high school, or more____ ______
N onwhite

Less than 4 years of high school. _ ______ _
4 years of high school, or more_______

1Includes only never-married persons living with, and related to, a head of
household.
2Data for all income groups $5,000 and over included with $5,000 to $7,499
group.


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N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals,

1264

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 19G4

Chart 1. Weekly Wage or Salary Earnings of Drop­
outs and High School Graduates on First Full-Time
job
PERCENT

0

20

40

60

80

100

---------- 1---------- 1--------- 1---------- 1--------MA L E
Ope r a t i v es and ki ndr ed wor ker s

Dropouts
Graduat es

Dr opout s
G r a d u a t es

Dr opout s
Gr aduat es

Dropouts
Gr a du a t es

Status in February 1963

Dr opout s
Graduates

m |L e s s than $50

$50-$79 [i&jjlil $80 or more

are somewhat different for women. In many oc­
cupations considered women’s work (typing,
stenography, clerical work, etc.), high school edu­
cation has immediate, tangible relevancy. Among
these 16- to 21-year-old women, 60 percent of the
graduates were clerical workers in their first full­
time jobs, a proportion about four times that of
the dropouts. A majority of the latter were serv­
ice workers (42 percent) and operatives (25 per­
cent) .
Earnings. The data on weekly earnings of two
groups—graduates who had 4 years of high
school or more, and dropouts—who were wage and
salary workers in their first full-time jobs clearly
buttress the advantage of a high school diploma.
About two-fifths of the male graduates earned
$60-$T9 (their modal group), compared with onefifth of the dropouts. The proportion who earned

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$80 or more was also double that of the dropouts.
About a fourth of the male dropouts—three times
as many as graduates—earned less than $40.
Although women, on the average, earned less
than men, the advantage of graduation was un­
mistakable. The proportion of graduates who
earned less than $40 on their first full-time job was
less than half that of the dropouts. Over half the
graduates earned $50 or more on their first full­
time job, compared with one-fifth of the dropouts.
Forty percent of the female dropouts got their first
full-time job in private household work or other
service occupations, and almost all of these earned
less than $40. The greater proportion of gradu­
ates in the higher earnings groups reflects to some
extent the occupations they held.
Earnings differentials in the same occupation
group further confirm the advantage the graduate
has over the dropout. About half the male drop­
outs who were operatives earned less than $50 a
week, compared with about a fourth of the gradu­
ates (chart 1). Among women clerical workers,
relatively twice as many dropouts as graduates
earned less than $50 a week.

Largely because many girls married and left the
labor force, there was a reduction of about 13 per­
centage points (to 69 percent) in labor force par­
ticipation between the time of leaving school
(varying, since they left school at different times)
and February 1963, the time of the survey. The
decrease was greater among the white than the
nonwhite girls and among the dropouts than the
graduates.
Most of the males who did not look for a job
immediately after leaving school had worked or
looked for work since then. Among the women,
the proportion who had never worked and never
looked remained high—close to one-fourth of the
dropouts and one-tenth of the graduates. Eightysix percent of the married women gave family
responsibilities as the reason why they had never
looked for work. Among the single women, fam­
ily responsibilities and taking training were
equally important—about 30 percent each.
Only 220,000 men (8 percent of the total) were
not in the labor force in February 1963; about
half of these were dropouts, and 1 out of 5
was non white. Almost two-thirds were taking job

OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH, FEBRUARY 1963

1265

training, were waiting to join the Armed Forces,
or were ill or unable to work (table 4). A major­
ity of the 220,000 had worked at some time since
leaving school. About 20 percent each had never
looked for work and had looked but without suc­
cess.
Of all the women covered in the survey, 45 per­
cent were not in the labor force in February 1963.
The proportion of dropouts who were not in the
labor force was two times that of the graduates.
About 80 percent of those not in the labor force—
both graduates and dropouts—were married, and
family responsibilities bulked large among the
reasons given for not being in the labor force.
However, about 1 in 6 of all the women not in
the labor force was interested in working.
The Unemployed
About 850,000 of these youths were unemployed
in February 1963—18.6 percent of those in the
labor force at that time. (The rate is not season­
ally adjusted.) There was considerable variation
in the rate for different groups (table 5). Men had
a higher unemployment rate than women. The
dropouts’ rate of 27 percent was twice that of the
graduates’. The non white rate was as high as that
for all dropouts, largely because one-third of the
T a b le 3.

E d u c a tio n a l At t a in m e n t

of

Y ouths

by

non white women graduates in the labor force were
unemployed. The male nonwhite graduates had
improved their position considerably over what
it had been right after leaving school, at least in
terms of having a job, since their unemployment
rate in February was not significantly different
from that of white male graduates. Farm males
had lower unemployment rates than nonfarm
males. Among high school graduates who had
taken vocational courses in school, unemployment
rates were appreciably lower for those who also
had postschool training, as apprentices, in special
schools, or elsewhere. For youths who had com­
pleted elementary school but had dropped out of
high school, training—wdiether taken in vocational
courses in high school or subsequently—did not
appear to have any significant effect on lowering
unemployment rates.
Among unemployed males, unemployment of
15 weeks or more as of February 1963 was more
common among dropouts (32 percent) than grad­
uates (17 percent). On the other hand, there was
no significant difference in the proportions for
women graduates and women dropouts—about a
fourth in each group had been unemployed 15
weeks or more. About one-third of the unem­
ployed men and 40 percent of the unemployed
women had never worked. Of the unemployed

E d u c a tio n a l A t t a in m e n t

of

P a rents,

by

C o lo r , F e b r u a r y 1963

[Percent distribution of out-of-school youth]
Years of school completed by youths
Educational attainment of parents and color

Less than 4 years of high school
Total

8 years of
elementary
school, or less

1 to 3 years
of high
school

4 years of high school, or more
Total

4 years of
high school

1 to 3 years
of college

All P ersons

All youths, 16 to 21 years (thousands)________________
Percent reporting parents’ education______________
Educational attainment reported, total____________

3,046
68.8
100.0

1,055
66.6
100.0

1,991
69.9
100.0

3.662
84.4
100.0

3,190
83.8
100.0

472
88.3
100.0

Neither parent completed 4 years of high school________
One or both parents completed 4 years of high school
One or both parents attended but did not complete college
One or both parents completed college________________

78.1
16.8
3.1
2.1

93.6
5.3
.6
.6

70.2
22.6
4.4
2.8

47.2
36.0
11.2
5.7

50.6
34.1
10.3
5.0

24.9
48.4
16.8
9.8

All youths, 16 to 21 years (thousands)________________
Percent reporting parents’ education______________
Educational attainment reported, total____________

596
54.4
100.0

257
50.4
100.0

339
57.5
100.0

405
70.9
100.0

343
68.2
100.0

Neither parent completed 4 years of high school______
One or both parents completed 4 years of high school____
One or both parents attended but did not complete college
One or both parents completed college________________

81.5
13.5
2.5
2.5

96.9

71.3
22.6
4.1
2.1

55.9
35.1
5. 2
3.8

67.1
23.9
6. 4
2.6

N onwhite

1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.


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3.1

(>)
(')

62

N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

1266
T able 4. R e a so n s G iv e n F or N ot B e in g in L abor
F orce , b y S e x , and by M a rita l S ta t u s of W o m e n ,
F ebr u a r y 1963
[Percent distribution of out-of-school youth 16 to 21 years of age]
Womer

Men

Reason

Total

Single Married 1

All persons: Number (thousands).
Percent___ _____

219
100.0

1,829
100.0

390
100.0

1,439
100.0

Waiting to join Armed Forces
Do not want to work ----------Family responsibilities----- ---------Taking job training.
______ . .
No work available... _________ . ..
Ill or disabled... . _________ . . .
Oth6r ________
____ ______

21. 7
5.0
2.0
23.2
6.6
18.7
22.7

8.2
69.5
5.5
3.1
3.7
10.0

9.8
25.8
22.6
5.9
10.4
25.5

7.7
81.1
.9
2.3
2.0
5.9

1Includes some women who were widowed, divorced, or separated.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.

men who had worked at some time, three-fourths
had been blue-collar workers, a larger proportion
than among the employed. Among the women,
two-fifths of the unemployed had been service
workers on their last job, compared with one-fifth
of the employed, as shown in the following tabuation:
Men

Women

Experienced Employed Experienced Employed
unemployed
unemployed
All occupations.
White-collar workers___
Blue-collar workers.. ...
Service w orkers...__ _
Farmworkers _ . ...

100.0
5.7
76.0
9.8
8.4

100.0
17.3
64.7
7.8
10.3

100.0
39.8
19.3
40.9

100.0
66.6
13.6
18.5
1.3

The young people who were unemployed were
asked, “What is the lowest weekly wage or salary
you will accept?” and “If you were offered a job
in another part of the country at this weekly wage
or salary, would you take it?” Among the men,
graduates and dropouts showed the same willing­
ness to move—3 out of 5. However, rela­
tively three times as many graduates as dropouts
attached conditions regarding the kind of work,
living costs, and other considerations. Unem­
ployed women were less willing to move, and this
attitude was as strong for dropouts as for those
with more schooling. Single women were some­
what more willing to move then married women.
Men most often gave economic reasons for being
unwilling to move (too expensive to move, wage
or salary too low, etc.), as shown below:
Reason for unwillingness to move
Total___________________________________
Home or family_____________ ____ ___ ____ ____
Economic_______________ _____ ___ ____ ______
Other_______________________________________


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In February, roughly 3 out of 4 unem­
ployed graduates and dropouts, men and women,
were taking training, had definite plans to do so,
or were interested in doing so:

Male
100.0
30. 4
52.1
17.5

Female
100.0
44.3
36.1
19.6

Total unemployed_____
With plans or interested_____
Taking training____ ____
Definite plans______ ___
Interested______________
Definitely__________
Maybe___ _____ ___
Not interested in training____

Men
GraduDropates
outs
100.0
100.0
79.5
72.7
5.6
3.3
25.2
9.5
42.0
66.8
34.3
57.3
9.5
7.7
27.3
20.5

Women
DropGraduates
outs
100.0
100.0
66.3
77.1
4.6
15.4
14.0
46.3
63.1
32.0
47.8
14.3
15.3
22.9
33.7

The Employed
The total number employed in February 1963
was 3.8 million, almost equally divided between
men and women. In addition to 350,000 men and
women who had had 1 to 3 years of college,
there were 1.8 million men and 1.7 million women
who were either high school graduates or dropouts.
Eighty-three percent of the men and 78 percent of
the women were working full time. Another 10
percent each of the men and the women usually
worked full time, although they worked part time
during the survey week.
In February 1963, approximately half the men
worked in manufacturing industries and retail
trade, with graduates more likely to be working in
the better paying durable goods industries. Only
11 percent of the men worked in agriculture, and
about 40 percent in service, construction, and the
other industries. Among the women, proportion­
ately more graduates than dropouts worked in
service industries, including finance, but more
dropouts worked in manufacturing and retail
trade. Overall, for both graduates and dropouts
these three industries accounted for more than 8
out of 10 of the jobs held by women.
In the job held in February 1963, as on the first
full-time job they held after leaving school, most
of the men were concentrated in blue-collar occu­
pations ; most of the women graduates were cleri­
cal and kindred workers, and the women dropouts
were operatives and service workers.
Job-Changing. While many of the young people
had changed jobs between their first full-time job
and the job they held in February 1963, there were
few overall changes in the proportions in the sev­
eral broad occupation groups. There was some

OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH, FEBRUARY 1963

1267

shifting from farm to nonfarm jobs among male
dropouts. Fewer women graduates were in serv­
ice (excluding private household) jobs, and more
were in white-collar jobs. Among women drop­
outs, the proportion in service (excluding private
household) occupations declined. The occupation
groups of the longest held jobs for both men and
women were much the same as for the first full­
time and the current jobs.
About 1.7 million of these young people, at a
minimum, had changed jobs at least once. It is
likely that the volume of job changing was even
greater, since this total excludes both those who
never had a full-time job and those who may have
held only part-time jobs before. Others who
either were unemployed in February or had left
the labor market are also excluded. Even this
T able 5.

L abor F orce S ta tus ,

by

Y ea r s

of

minimal figure represents about a third of the
number who entered the labor force at the time of
leaving school.
Earnings. Among those who had full-time jobs
in February 1963, 20 percent of the male dropouts
were earning less than $40, compared with 6 per­
cent of the men who had at least a high school
diploma; 71 percent of the latter were earning $60
or more, compared with 45 percent of the dropouts.
Among women, 33 percent of the dropouts were
earning less than $40 on full-time jobs, compared
with 12 percent of the graduates. Substantially
larger proportions of nonwhite than white work­
ers had earnings in the low-income groups.
These earnings differentials between graduates
and dropouts and between whites and nonwhites

S chool C ompleted , C olor ,

and

S e x , F e b r u a r y 1963

[Percent distribution of out-of-school youth 16 to 21 years of age]
T otal1

In civilian labor force

Years of school completed, color, and sex
Number
(thousands)

Percent

Total

Em­
ployed

Unem­
ployed

Not in labor
force

Unemploy­
ment rate *

All P ersons
Both sexes, total_______ _
Less than 4 years of high school,.
4 years of high school, or more___ ,
4 years of high school__________
1 to 3 years of college__ _

6,708

100.0

69.3

56.4

12.9

30.7

18.6

3,046
3,662
3,190
472

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

60.6
76.5
76.0
80.3

44.1
66.6
65.5
74.0

16.4
9.9
10.4
6.3

39.4
23.5
24.0
19.7

27.1
13.0
13.8
7.9

Male, total_________ _

2,669

100.0

91.7

72.9

18.8

8.3

20.5

Less than 4 years of high school. _. .
4 years of high school, or more... .
4 years of high school. . .
1 to 3 years of college .. .

1,371
1,298
1,113
185

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

91.2
92.3
91.2
98.4

66.2
80.0
77.9
92.5

25.1
12.3
13.4
5.9

8.8
7.7
8.8
1.6

27.8
13.3
14.6
6.0

Female, total_____

4,039

100.0

54.5

45.6

8.9

45.5

16.4

Less than 4 years of high school.
4 years of high school, or more ..
4 years of high school____
1 to 3 years of college. . .

1, 675
2,364
2,077
287

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

35.6
67.9
67.8
68.6

26.2
59.3
58.9
62.0

9.4
8.6
8.9
6.6

64.4
32.1
32.2
31.4

26.4
12.7
13.1
9.6

N onwhite
Both sexes, total
Less than 4 years of high school..
4 years of high school, or more. .
4 years of high school____
1 to 3 years of college__
Male, total____ .
Less than 4 years of high school
4 years of high school, or more
4 years of high school____
1 to 3 years of college.
Female, total__
Less than 4 years of high school
4 years of high school, or more
4 years of high school..
1 to 3 years of college
Persons for whom labor force status is not known: distribution is based on persons reporting labor force status.
* Unemployed as a percent of civilian labor force.


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1,001

100.0

68.0

50.5

17.6

32.0

25.8

596
405
343
62

64.8
72.8
71.6

47.8
54.3
53.7

16.9
18.5
17.9

35.3
27.2
28.4

26.1
25.4
25.0

401

100.0
100.0
100.0
(3)
100.0

88.8

70.3

18.5

11.2

20.8

266
135
117
18

100.0
100.0
100.0
(3)

90.6
85.2
83.5

66.9
77.0
73.9

23.7
8.1
9.6

9.4
14.8
16.5

26.1
9.6

600

100.0

54.0

37.1

16.9

46.0

31.4

330
270
226
44

100.0
100.0
100.0
(3)

43.6
66.7
65.5

32.2
43.0
43.4

11.3
23.7
22.1

56.4
33.3
34.5

26.7
35.6
33.8

(3)

(3)
(3)

(3)

3 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

1268
Chart 2. Dropouts and High School Graduates W ith
Full-Time Wage or Salary Earnings of $50 or More
a Week

•

PERCENT

0

20

40

60

60

100

MA L E

Dr o p o u t s

•
•

G r a d u a t es

FEMALE

•

Dr opout s

•

Graduat es

•
J___________I___________ L

Y//////X

F i r s t full-time job

•

Full-time job held in February 1963

in the jobs held in February indicated a persist­
ence of the contrast shown in their first jobs.
However, both dropouts and graduates, men and
women, showed improvement, as evidenced by the
larger proportions who were earning over $50 a
week at their current job (chart 2). Nonwhite
men improved their earnings position, but non­
white women did not; about 8 out of 10 were earn­
ing less than $50 a week on both the first and the
February full-time jobs.
Review of Findings
• About 3 million, or half, of the young people 16
to 21 years old in February 1963 who were no
longer in school and were not college graduates


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•
•
•
•

were school dropouts. Boys were somewhat
more likely to have dropped out than girls.
Almost one-fourth of all the dropouts did not
even reach high school, and half left school in
the second or third year of high school. Among
those who dropped out when 15 to 18 years old,
2 out of 5 were overage in grade.
About one-third of the dropouts had left school
at 16—more than at any other age.
Close to half the boys and one-fourth of the
girls said they dropped out of school because of
school-connected reasons.
About one-fifth of the dropouts said they had
to leave school because of economic reasons.
Two out of 5 of the dropouts who were still
living at home were in families with incomes
below $3,000.
Half the high school graduates, but only onefifth of the dropouts, had at least one parent
who had graduated from high school.
More of the dropouts who lived on farms
dropped out before going to high school, com­
pared with nonfarm dropouts. A greater pro­
portion of girls than of boys who were farm
residents at the time of leaving school had since
moved to nonfarm areas.
In February 1963, the unemployment rate for
the dropouts was 27 percent—twice as high as
for graduates.
Male dropouts were twice as likely as graduates
to be out of work for long periods (15 weeks or
more) before finding their first job.
Employed dropouts, on the average, earned
less than employed graduates, even in the same
occupation group.
Nonwhite youths had a more difficult time get­
ting jobs than white youths, and earned less,
on the average.

Summaries of Studies and Reports
Processing of Grievances*
C ollective bargaining has developed the griev­
ance procedure as the principal means of removing
employee grievances on the job from among poten­
tial sources of industrial strife. An employee’s
complaint against management has become a mat­
ter of contractual relationship, to be handled in
a manner agreed upon by his union and employer
without exposing the complainant to a possible re­
taliation or the loss of job.
What constitutes a grievable issue, and who has
the right or responsibility to initiate a settlement
procedure, was discussed in the preceding article.
The subject here is the variety of methods usually
employed toward the resolution of grievances.
The process through which unresolved disputes
move from the complaining worker to ultimate
settlement varies considerably among agreements.
The distinctions reflect different plant and com­
pany organizational or decisionmaking structures.
The size of the plant or company is a key factor :
the larger the unit, the more formalized the griev­
ance procedure tends to become. Since this study
deals with agreements covering 1,000 workers or
more,1 the procedures described in this article are
generally appropriate to large units. In multi­
employer agreements, however, the procedures are
usually less formal. A grievance involving a
small employer is processed by the employer him­
self, and is appealed to the association only if he
cannot resolve the dispute.

Procedural Steps
Contracts usually listed the successive proce­
dural steps through which a dispute was to be proc­
essed toward a solution. These procedures ranged
from the simple informal to the highly formalized
ones of six steps or more, with most specifying
three or four steps. A formalized procedure in­
cludes detailed requirements, such as written pres­
entation of the grievance, appeals, and decisions;
signed copies of minutes of meetings; time limit

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for each step; and types and numbers of represent­
atives permitted at various steps.
In a simple one-step procedure, the employee
takes his complaint to the union, and the union
deals directly with the employer or his representa­
tive; if no agreement is reached, the dispute goes
to arbitration, or is dropped, or perhaps becomes
a strike issue. Under a two-step procedure, the
complaint is usually processed by the employee
and shop steward, or the steward alone, for the
employee and the foreman for the company be­
fore an appeal—through the steward or shop
committee—to the employer. An illustrative
three-step procedure was as follows:
Step
For employee
For company
1. Employee and/or departmental Foreman.
steward.
2.
Shop committee.
Factory manager or representative
from the personnel department.
3. Officer(s) of the union or any au- President of the company.
thorized representative(s).
(Arbitration)

A six-step procedure is illustrated by the follow­
ing sequence:
Step
For employee
For company
1. Employee.
Immediate supervisor.
2. Shop steward.
Immediate supervisor.
3. Area grievance man.
Departmental foreman.
4. President of localunion or his Personnel director.
representative.
Joint Industrial Relations Committee of not more than—
5. 7 union representatives.
7 management representatives.
6. 7 union representatives, but must 7 management representatives, but
include president of international must include manager of indusunion or his representative.
trial relations.
(Mediation and/or Arbitration)

Informal procedures were frequently found in
multiemployer agreements covering small retail,
wholesale trade, and construction companies.
This type of procedure usually called for the union
or a grievance committee to negotiate with the
employer on grievances, without mentioning
♦This is the second of two articles based on a new BLS study
published under the title of Major Collective Bargaining Agree­
ments: Grievance Procedures (BLS Bulletin 1425-1). I t deals
w ith processing of grievances up to the point of arbitration.
The previous article, published in the October issue, dealt with
the scope of the study, the range of grievance procedures, and

the presentation of grievances.
1
The study included a to tal of 1,717 agreements, covering 7.4
million workers in all industries except railroads and airlines.
(See Pt. I, M onthly Labor Review, October 1964, pp. 1125-1130.)
1269

1270
participation of the employee, the steward, or the
foreman.
Levels of Authority
Multistep procedures usually called for the par­
ticipation of the employee or the steward, or both,
and the foreman in the initial stage of the griev­
ance process. The number of additional steps and
the parties who were to participate at each step
were related, to some extent, to the delegation of
authority within the company—and possibly with­
in the union—so that the appeal of a grievance
from one step to the next nearly always involved
carrying the issue to a broader area of responsi­
bility in the management, often involving the com­
pany personnel director. In some agreements, the
union participant in each step also represented a
higher level of authority ; in others, the same union
representative was to participate at some or all in­
termediate steps of the procedure. In the longer
multistep procedures, union participation often
changed from local to national representation in
the last or next to the last step of the procedure.
Although the processing of the grievance, once the
union took charge, was the union’s responsibility,
provision was made in some agreements for the em­
ployee’s participation in the process, usually at his
option.
Multiemployer association agreements fre­
quently listed a three-step procedure. Participa­
tion in the second stage was usually open to a
representative of the association, with a joint
union-association committee provided for in the
third step. Procedures of four steps or more were
usually established under large single-plant or
multiplant single-employer agreements. Gener­
ally, the procedural steps closely follow the au­
thority structure of the company, e.g., from plant
floor level, to plant personnel supervisory level, to
plant management, to company management.
Multiplant master agreements, however, fre­
quently outlined the general framework of a
grievance procedure but left the steps of the pro­
cedure to be fixed at the local plant level or per­
mitted adjustment of steps to fit local needs.
Deviations. Modification of the procedural steps
by mutual consent, limited to a particular griev­
ance, was provided for in some instances. For
specific types of grievances, many agreements also
specified deviation from the procedural steps pre­

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

scribed in the general procedure. These were
usually disputes relating to company or union
policy matters, discipline, discharge, problems of
an emergency nature, or other disputes which were
outside the authority of stewards, foremen, or
other lower echelon personnel. Special handling
of these disputes included initiation at some inter­
mediate step, and omitting or adding other steps
in the general grievance procedure. (These ex­
ceptions are discussed elsewhere in this article.)
Some agreements specifically stated that pro­
cedural steps of the grievance process must be
followed, while others required this before the case
could be submitted to arbitration. Under many
agreements, failure to use all the steps of grievance
procedure could nullify the strike and lockout ban.
Time Limits. Time limits aiming at expeditious
processing of grievances but affording ample time
for investigation of relevant facts in the case were
found in many agreements. In procedures where
no time limits were specified, a mutual agreement
to attempt prompt settlement was often found.
Nearly 5 out of 6 of the 416 agreements exam­
ined in detail set time limits on some or all steps
of the grievance procedure. Approximately onesixth of these provisions set a time limit for each
action, fixing it from the time the act complained
of took place until the terminal point of the griev­
ance procedure (prior to submittal to arbitration
or other action). The remaining provisions
varied considerably, ranging from time limits on
certain phases of the procedure—e.g., on manage­
ment’s answer in each step—to limits on all steps
except the initiation or the final step, or both.
Limits on the initiation of a complaint varied in
both length of time and the effective starting date.
The amount of time allowed for the initiation of
a grievance ordinarily ranged from 2 weeks to 2
months from a specified beginning date, but inter­
vals as short as 3 days and as long as 1 year were
also found. Exceptions to the regular initiation
time limits were often specified for discharge and
discipline grievances. Here, more stringent time
limits, usually ranging from 1 day to 1 week, were
found. Under some agreements, all grievances
relating to errors in wage payments were also ex­
empted from the initiation time limits.2
2
The F a ir Labor Standards Act includes a 2-year statu te of
lim itations for filing suits for the recovery of backpay. A num­
ber of States also have statu tes of lim itations for filing wage
claims.

1271

PROCESSING OF GRIEVANCES

Usually any grievance that was not filed within
the initiation period was considered dropped.
Penalties for noncompliance with other time lim­
its of the procedure frequently resulted in settle­
ment of the grievance in favor of the last party to
act; less frequently, the grievance was dropped,
or—in some cases—was to go to the next step.
Written Records. Written presentation of the
grievance at some stage of the grievance procedure
was indicated in most agreements. Although a
few required submission of the complaint in
writing at the first step of the procedure, most pro­
visions required it at the second step, while some
specified another intermediate phase or the final
step of the procedure. Some agreements gave the
grieving party the option of making the initial
presentation orally or in writing; others required
that initial presentation of certain types of griev­
ances be in writing.
Specifications for a written presentation of
grievance ranged from a mere statement that the
complaint be submitted in writing, or that a state­
ment of the grievance be filed, to a requirement
that all data concerning the issue be included.
Where a written account was required, the com­
pany usually furnished the grievance forms to be
used. The number of copies to be made was also
specified. Some agreements made the writing of
the grievance a responsibility of the employee
while others specified the union representative.
Generally, where a written grievance was re­
quired, the agreements also specified that man­
agement’s reply was to be in writing. A few re­
quired a written answer only on request of either
party. Joint minutes of some or all steps of the
procedure were required in some agreements. The
items to be included were often indicated.
The Complainant's Status. The status of a dis­
ciplined employee during the processing of the
grievance was often defined in the agreement.
Generally, the employee, at the discretion of the
employer, could be suspended from work, with
3 Does not include procedures set forth in separate documents
(i.e., benefit plan booklets).
4 This analysis of grievance procedures for benefit-plan dis­
putes was limited to those included in the basic agreements.
Procedures for the settlem ent of such disputes are frequently
outlined in separate documents ; an analysis of these procedures
will be included in a separate study.


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provision for reimbursement for wages and bene­
fits lost if exonerated. Although most of the
agreements provided for appeal after dismissal
where discharge was involved, a few prohibited
severance of the employee from the payroll until
final determination under the grievance procedure
but specified that the company and union could
agree to the discharge pending final settlement.
Special Grievance Procedures
Over half of the 416 agreements included pro­
visions to be used in combination with the regular
procedure in the handling of certain kinds of
situations. Most of these provisions called for
such deviations from the regular course as skip­
ping or adding additional procedural steps, im­
posing special time limits, or appointing special
representatives; a few supplemented the regular
procedure with a completely separate one, de­
signed for certain limited purposes. Both of
these auxiliary provision types were classified in
this study as special grievance procedures.
Special procedures were employed primarily
when it v-as necessary to expedite the handling
of issues that required immediate attention, to
handle grievances of a general nature, or to pro­
vide technical assistance to the parties if the dis­
pute could not be handled by the regular griev­
ance representatives.
Many agreements provided more than one spe­
cial procedure for different issues. The most
common issue requiring a special procedure was
discharge and/or discipline (113). Other issues
were company-union grievances (77), plantwide­
areawide grievances (32), safety and health (14),
incentives (8), job evaluation (8), hiring (8),
issues requiring technical assistance (7), benefit
plans (6),3 and a variety of other special problem
areas.
Completely separate procedures, wThere all the
representatives and all the steps were different
from those under the regular rules, were found
only in agreements which included detailed bene­
fit plans, and applied only to those plans.4
Mediation of Grievances
Forty-five, or 2.6 percent of the 1,717 agreements
examined, had provision for mediation of unsettled
grievance disputes by an outside party. Worker

1272
coverage under these agreements totaled 84,700,
or 1.1 percent of the total coverage of all the
agreements. Under these 45 agreements, any de­
cision of the impartial mediator was binding only
upon mutual acceptance by the employer and the
union. Multiemployer agreements accounted for
6 of the 45 provisions.
Twenty-seven unions were signatory to agree­
ments with mediation provisions; only one or two
major agreements of any union had mediation
provisions, except for the Auto Workers (6 agree­
ments) and the Electrical Workers (IBEW) (4).
Under 16 of the 45 agreements, unsettled dis­
putes were automatically referred to mediation;
under 23, referral was made at the request of
either party; and under 6, only by mutual consent.5
Mediation was the final step provided for proc­
essing grievances in 10 of the 45 agreements. The
remaining 35 agreements made provisions for arbi­
tration of grievances not settled through media­
tion. Two of the 35, however, specified arbitra­
tion by mutual consent only.
An absolute ban on strikes was found in 23 of the
45 agreements with mediation; all but 3 of the 23
had provision for arbitration. Nineteen of the re­
maining 22 agreements banned strikes over issues
subject to grievance until the grievance procedure,
including mediation and arbitration where appli­
cable, was exhausted; provision for arbitration was
made in all but 6 of the 19 agreements. Two of
the 19 agreements waived the strike ban if either
party violated the grievance-arbitration pro­
visions of the agreement.
Three agreements made no mention of strikes or
lockouts; one did not provide for arbitration.
Unsettled Disputes
Settlements arrived at jointly by labor and man­
agement at any step in the grievance procedure
were, generally, final and binding on the parties
concerned. Some agreements stipulated whether
decisions were applicable to similar cases in the
future, or only to the case in dispute. Many agree­
ments provided that a grievance would be con5
The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service was specified
as the mediation agency or as an alternate choice in 31 agree­
m ents ; State conciliation agencies, in 11 ; the U.S. Departm ent
of Labor, in 3 ; and selection by joint union-management commit­
tees, in 2. Five agreements did not specify the mediation
agency. (These figures are not additive because several agree­
ments specified more than one agency.)


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

sidered settled unless it was appealed within speci­
fied time limits. Provision was often made for
retroactivity of adjustments reached through
grievance settlement.
All but 88 of the 1,697 agreements with griev­
ance procedures made provision for the arbitra­
tion of unsettled disputes. In the 88 agreements,
which covered a total of 215,550 workers, the for­
mal procedures for settling disputes were ex­
hausted at the last step in the procedure, or (in 10
agreements) with an attempt at nonbinding me­
diation. It is important to note that, at the
exhaustion of the grievance procedure, the
employer’s position prevails unless another re­
course is available to the union.
Sixty-two of the 88 agreements without arbitra­
tion provisions explicitly allowed strike action if
no settlement was reached upon exhaustion of the
grievance procedure.
Nine others, with a total coverage of 16,100
workers, had an absolute ban on strikes during the
term of the agreement. The largest of these nine
agreements tempered the no-strike ban by allowing
cancellation of the agreement if any violation or
annulment of work rules occurred, if the employer
sublet or transferred work without union approval,
or if the workers were employed in any manner
inconsistent with the provisions of the agreement.
The remaining 17 agreements neither banned
strikes nor explicitly permitted them, thus implic­
itly opening the possibility of strike action.
Five industries—tobacco, lumber and wood
products, primary metals, transportation equip­
ment, and construction—accounted for over twothirds of the agreements without arbitration
clauses. Twenty-three of the 88 agreements were
negotiated by the Automobile Workers. Among
the various other signatory unions, but to a much
lesser extent, were the Tobacco Workers, Electrical
Workers (IB E W ), Carpenters, Woodworkers, and
Teamsters.
Fifty-six of the 88 agreements without arbitra­
tion provisions specified that all disputes could be
processed according to the grievance procedure;
the remaining 32 specified that all disputes over
interpretation, application, or violation of the
agreements could be processed. None listed speci­
fied exclusions.
— R ose T. S elby a n d M aurice L. C u n n in g h a m
Division of Industrial and Labor Relations

SUPPLEMENTARY PAY PRACTICES IN MANUFACTURING

Supplementary Pay Practices
in Manufacturing, 1962 and 1959
D u r in g 1962, employer expenditures for selected
supplementary compensation practices amounted
to about 57 cents for every hour that production
and related workers spent at the plant. In 1959,
such expenditures approximated 48 cents per plant
hour.1
The 18-percent increase in expenditures for the
selected supplements studied is substantially
greater than the relative increase in average hourly
earnings of production workers for the same
period.2 Similar differences in the rate of increase
between employer expenditures for supplementary
compensation and for basic wages can be found in
all the industries for which data are available.
This difference in movements emphasizes the in­
creasing importance of supplements in the wage
structure in the Nation’s manufacturing indus­
tries.
Between 1959 and 1962, the structure of em­
ployer payments for the supplements changed sig­
nificantly. In 1959, the supplements which com­
prise part of payroll (leave, premiums, and
bonuses) accounted for more than half the ex­
penditures; in 1962, more than half of the ex­
penditures were for legally required insurance
programs and private welfare plans that provided
factory workers in the manufacturing industries
with life, health, and accident insurance, private
pensions, social security, and unemployment bene­
fits, among other benefits. (See chart.) The
change in structure between the*years is more like­
ly indicative of the choices available to employers
and workers during the period than of a trend. It
does, however, indicate that during the period ob­
served, health and welfare benefits had been
strengthened and extended, not necessarily at the
expense of direct payroll supplements, but at least
at a more rapid pace.

Scope and Method of Study
Information on expenditures was obtained
through surveys based on highly stratified prob­
ability samples of manufacturing establishments.
The data were collected primarily by mail ques­
tionnaire and were weighted in accordance with
the probability of selection of the establishment.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1273

The aggregates were further adjusted to the level
of gross man-hours in each survey year, according
to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’monthly employ­
ment statistics series. The 1962 data were col­
lected from 5,194 establishments, and those for
1959 were obtained from some 4,400 establish­
ments.3
The studies were limited to cash disbursements
of employers during the year studied made either
directly to the employees or to funds and insur­
ance companies. The practices studied, meeting
these criteria, are itemized in table 1. They com­
prise the major elements of supplementary com­
pensation for production and related workers in
the Nation’s manufacturing industries.
1962 Expenditures4
In 1962,10.9 percent of the gross payroll, or 11.3
percent of the straight-time payroll, for produc­
tion and related workers in the manufacturing
industries consisted of payments for leave time;
premium pay for overtime, weekend, holiday, and
shift work ; and yearend, Christmas, and other ir­
regular bonuses (table 1) .5 In addition, employer
payments for legally required insurance programs
and private welfare plans covering the production
work force equaled 11.2 percent of gross or 11.7
percent of straight-time payroll.6
Pay for leave, premiums, and bonuses amounted
to 26.4 cents per hour paid for in 1962 or 28.0
1 Expenditures expressed as percentages are not totaled. Pay­
ments for leave, bonuses, and premiums are integral p arts of the
denominator (gross payroll), and would be basic components of
the num erator (expenditures for the supplementary practices
studied). Hence, such totaling would count the same value
twice. However, such double counting is not a factor in aggre­
gating the expenditures in cents per plant hour. F o r each hour
spent a t the plant, employers actually made payments for the
supplements studied in addition to the basic pay for the hour’s
work.
2 The average hourly earnings of production workers in m anu­
facturing rose 9.1 percent, from $2.19 per hour in 1959 to $2.39
in 1962. See Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United
States, 1909-62 (BLS Bulletin 1312-1, 1963), table 3.
3 For detailed information about the 1959 study, see Employer
Expenditures for Selected Supplementary Remuneration Practices
for Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries, 1959
(BLS Bulletin 1308, 1962).
4 The expenditure ratios shown in this study are based on data
for all m anufacturing establishments, including those without
expenditures for practices. The ratios for only those with ex­
penditures were generally higher, the amount depending on the
proportion of the establishm ents w ithout expenditures and their
relative importance in term s of employment size, payrolls, and
hours.
5 For purposes of this study, production bonuses, incentive and
suggestion awards, and bonuses for longevity and perfect atten d ­
ance were not considered to be yearend or irregular bonuses.
6 Straight-tim e payroll is comprised of gross payroll minus
premiums for overtime, weekend, holiday, and shift work.

1274

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

Expenditures for Selected Supplementary Practices,
Production and Related Workers in Manufacturing,
1962 and 1959
CENTS PE R P L A N T HOUR
0

2

4

6

8

I0

I2

14

I6

expenditures for some type of private welfare
plan—usually life, accident, and health insurance
(about 90 percent), and pension and retirement
plans (about 60 percent).
Paid leave time—primarily for vacations and
holidays—was provided by establishments that
employed 96 percent of the production and related
workers,8 and premium payments for overtime,
weekend, holiday, and shift work were made by
establishments with about 93 percent of the pro­
duction employment. About a third of the work­
ers were employed by manufacturing establish­
ments that paid yearend, Christmas, or other
irregular bonuses during 1962.
Comparisons of 1962 and 1959

cents per plant hour. Employer expenditures for
legally required insurance programs and private
welfare plans amounted to an additional 27.0 cents
per hour paid for or 28.7 cents per plant hour.7
In general, employer expenditures for the se­
lected practices studied tended to be highest in
the higher wage, highly unionized industries and,
within each industry, tended to rise with increases
in size of establishment and in average wage level.
However, lower wage industries generally had a
higher level of expenditures, relative to payroll,
for the legally required insurance programs, but
a lower level of expenditures measured in cents
per hour than did the higher wage industries.
Bonus payments did not follow any defined indus­
try wage pattern. Industries at both ends of the
wage spectrum had relatively low levels of bonus
expenditures, while some of the industries in the
midrange of the wage pattern had comparatively
high bonus expenditures.
Prevalence of Supplements. All of the produc­
tion and related workers in the manufacturing
industries during 1962 were covered by social
security and almost all were also covered by un­
employment insurance and workmen’s compensa­
tion. In addition, the vast majority of the work­
ers were employed by establishments that had


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Expenditures per plant hour for the selected
supplements rose in all the industries for which
data were available in both 1959 and 1962.9 The
largest increase, over 16 cents, was in tobacco
manufactures (more than 50 percent), and the
smallest ( about 5 cents, or less than 20 percent), in
the apparel and other finished textile products,
and textile mill products industries. The indus­
tries (for which data could be published) with the
highest cents per plant hour expenditures in 1962,
primary metals and transportation equipment, in­
creased expenditures by about 12 and 15 cents
(about 16 and 24 percent), respectively. (See
table 2.)
When selected establishment characteristics
were measured independently, the largest relative
increases in cents per plant hour, in general, were
found in unionized establishments; in plants lo­
cated in nonmetropolitan areas ; in establishments
employing between 100 and 500 workers; and in
plants whose average hourly production worker
earnings were among the lowest third of all man­
ufacturing establishments.
7 P lant hours are aggregate hours paid for during the year
minus paid leave hours.
8 In addition to the payments made directly to the workers for
leave time, some employers contribute to vacation and holiday
funds. These funds make payments to the workers for vacation
and holiday hours. The payments to the funds were counted as
expenditures for a private welfare plan. The hours so compen­
sated were excluded from the scope of this study.
9 Excluded from these year-to-year comparisons are the ord­
nance and accessories, chemicals and allied products, petroleum
refining and related products, and the electrical machinery,
equipment, and supplies industries. Data for these industries
for either or both of 1959 and 1962 did not meet publication
criteria.

1275

SUPPLEMENTARY PAY PRACTICES IN MANUFACTURING

ments employing 500 workers or more; and in
plants whose average hourly production worker
earnings were in the highest third of the establish­
ment earnings distribution.
The greatest relative increase in cents-per-planthour expenditures, 38.3 percent, occurred among
the legally required insurance programs,10 and the
next largest increase, 18.8 percent, in private wel­
fare plans. Payments to the workers for over-

As in 1959, however, expenditures per plant
hour in 1962 were highest in unionized plants; in
plants located in metropolitan areas; in establish10
The greatest increase— 50 percent, from 1.2 to 1.8 cents per
plant hour— was actually noted in expenditures for nonproduc­
tion bonuses. However, p a rt of this increase reflects a
change in the definition : In 1959, payments for bonuses primarily
made under profit-sharing plans were excluded ; in 1962, these
payments were included. The extent of the impact of this
change in definition cannot be measured.

T able 1.

E mployer E xpenditures F or S elected S upplementary C ompensation P ractices F or P roduction
and R elated W orkers in the M anufacturing I ndustries , by R egion , 1962
Employer expenditures in all establishments, by region 1

Supplementary compensation practice

Paid leave_______ . .
___ ____________
Vacation______________________________
Holiday_______________________________
Sick__________________________________
Other 2. - .. __________
___ _______
Premium payments__________ . . __________
Overtime, weekend, and holiday work_____ .
Shift differentials________________________

Percent of gross payroll
United
States

North­
east

South

6.0
3.6
2.1
.3
(3)
4.2
3.3
.9

6.4
3.7
2.4
.3
.1

5.1
3.2
1.6
.3
.1

3.8
3.0
.8

4.3
3.5
.8

Percent of straight-time payroll

North
Central
6.1
3.7
2.2
.2
(3)
4.6
3.6
1.0

West
5.9
3.3
2.2
.4
(3)
4.0
3.1
.9

United
States

North­
east

6.2
3.7
2.2
.3
(3)
4.4
3.5
.9

6.6
3.8
2.5
.3
.1

5.3
3.3
1.7
.3
.1

4.0
3.1
.9

4.5
3.7
.8

South

North
Central
6.4
3.9
2.3
.2
(3)
4.8
3.8
1.0

West
6.2
3.4
2.3
.4
(3)
4.1
3.2
.9

Yearend, Christmas, and other irregular bonuses...

.7

.9

.6

.6

.5

.7

.9

.6

.7

.6

Legally required insurance programs___________
Social security__________________________
Unemployment compensation_____________
Workmen’s compensation..____ _______ ._
Other *.
. ____ ... ----- --------- ._

5.8
2.6
2.1
1.0
(3)
5.4
2.7
2.4
(3)
.3
.1

6.1
2.6
2.4
.9
.1

5.7
2.8
1.9
.9
(3)
4.8
2.2
2.3
(3)
.2
.1

5.3
2.5
1.9
.9
(3)
6.1
3.1
2.6
(3)
.4
(3)

6.4
2.5
2.3
1.5
(3)
4.7
2.5
2.0
(3)
.2
(3)

6.0
2.7
2.2
1.0
(3)
5.7
2.8
2. 5
(3)
.3
.1

6.3
2.7
2.5
.9
.1

5.9
2.9
2.0
1.0
(3)
5.1
2.3
2.4
(3)
.2
.1

5.6
2.7
1.9
.9
(3)
6.4
3.2
2.7
(3)
.4
(s)

6.7
2.6
2.4
1.6

Private welfare plans__________________ ___
Life, accident, and health insurance_________
Pension and retirement plans.. .
__ . ..
Vacation and holiday funds________ ___
Severance or dismissal pay and supplemental
unemployment benefits_________________
Savings and thrift plans_________ _______

5.3
2.6
2.3
.1
.2
.1

5.5
2.7
2.4
.1
.2
.1

(3)
4.9
2.6
2. 1
(3)
.2
(3)

Cents per plant hour

Cents per hour paid for
Paid leave_____________________________ _
Vacation.
____ ___________
Holiday.. . . . .
________ _
Sick__________________________________
Other2. _ . ______ _____ . .. _ _ _ _ _ __

14.5
8.6
5.1
.6
.1

15.2
8.7
5.7
.7
.1

10.4
6.5
3.2
.5
.1

15.9
9.7
5.6
.5
.1

16.2
9.0
5.9
1.2
.1

15.4
9.1
5.5
.7
.1

16.2
9.3
6.1
.7
.1

10.9
6.8
3.4
.6
.1

17.0
10.4
6.0
.5
,i

17.3
9.6
6.3
1.2
.1

Premium payments______
_______________
Overtime, weekend, and holiday work___
Shift differentials________________________

10.2
8.1
2.1

9.2
7.2
2.0

8.8
7.2
1.6

12.0
9.4
2.5

10.8
8.5
2.4

10.8
8.6
2.3

9.8
7.7
2.1

9.3
7.6
1.7

12.8
10.1
2.7

11.5
9.0
2. 5

Yearend, Christmas, and other irregular bonuses...

1.7

2.2

1.3

1.6

1.5

1.8

2.3

1.3

1.7

1.6

12.1
5. 9
4.1
2.0
(3)
10.4
4.7
4.9
(3)
.4
.3

14.8
7.1
5.2
2, 5
(3)
16.9
8.6
7.1
.1

18.7
7.3
6. 7
4. 5
.1

Legally required insurance programs___________
Social security_______ _ .. .. .. . .. ...
Unemployment compensation... ... . .. __
Workmen’s compensation_________________
Other *_____ ____ ___ _______ . . . __

13.9
6.3
5.1
2.4
.1

14.5
6.3
5.8
2.1
.3

Private welfare plans____ _ _ _ . ____ ____
Life, accident, and health insurance______ ..
Pension and retirement plans______ ____ ...
Vacation and holiday funds______ ________
Severance or dismissal pay and supplemental
unemployment benefits___ _____ _ ____
Savings and thrift plans... _________ . . .

13.1
6.5
5.7
.1

12.7
6.3
5.6
.1

.6

.5
.1

.1

11.5
5.7
3.9
1.9
(3)
9.9
4.5
4.7
(3)
.4
.3

1 The regions used in this study are: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of
Columbia, Flarida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,
and West Virginia; North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Mich­
igan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota,
and Wisconsin; and West—Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

13.9
6.7
4.8
2.3
(3)
15.8
8.0
6.7
.1

17.5
6.9
6.3
4.2
.1

14.8
6.7
5.4
2. 5
.1

15.5
6.7
6.2
2.2
.3

12.8
6.8
5.4
.1

13.9
6.9
6.1
.1

13.6
6.7
6.0
.1

.9
.1

.4
.1

.7
.1

.1

.6

13.6
7.3
5. 8
.1

1. 0
.1

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and
Wyoming.
2 Includes military, jury, witness, votmg, and personal leave.
2 Less than 0.05 percent or cents.
4 Principally State Temporary Disability Insurance.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.

1276

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

time, weekend, holiday, and shift work premiums
increased least—4.9 percent; leave payments rose
by 7.7 percent.
The rise in expenditures for the legally required
insurance programs was due in large part to man­
dated increases in contribution rates. The con­
tribution rate for social security rose 25 percent,
from 2.5 percent of the first $4,800 of earnings in
1959 to 3.125 percent in 1962. The net Federal
unemployment contribution rates rose from 0.3
percent of the first $3,000 of earnings in 1959 to 0.8
T able 2.

percent in all States during 1962 and additional
rises were noted in two States.11 State unemploy­
ment contribution rates rose as a result of high
levels of unemployment compensation payments
in recent years, and legislative changes in either
the maximum contribution rates, earnings base, or
both.
u The major p a rt of this increase, 0.4 percent, was levied as
a result of the tem porary extended unemployment compensation
program. This levy has subsequently been reduced, and the net
Federal rate in 1964 is 0.4 percent of the first $3,000 in earnings.
The 1962 rate was 1.1 percent in Alaska, and 0.95 percent in
Michigan.

E mployer E xpenditures for S elected S upplementary C ompensation P ractices for P roduction and
B elated Workers in the M anufacturing I ndustries , by I ndustry G roup , 1962 and 1959
Employer expenditures in all establishments
Percent of straight-time payroll

Region 1and industry group
Paid leave
1962

Premium pay

1959

1962

1959

Legally required
insurance pro­
grams

Bonuses
1962

1959

1962

1959

Private welfare
plans
1962

1959

United States 2_____________________
Northeast_______ _____ _____
south____________________ : : : : : : :
North Central____________"III"!'
West________________________

6.2
6.6
6.3
6.4
6. 2

6.3
6.6
6.3
6. 5
6.0

4.4
4.0
4.5
4.8
4.1

4.5
4.3
4.7
4.7
4.4

0.7
.9
.6
.7
.6

0.5
.6
.5.
.4
.4

6.0
6.3
5.9
5.6
6.7

4.7
5.0
4.7
4.2
5.3

5.7
5.5
5.1
6.4
4.9

5. )
5.1
4. 6
5.7
4.2

Food and kindred products________
Tobacco manufactures___________
Textile mill products____________
Apparel and other finished textiles products.
Lumber and wood products__
Furniture and fixtures_____
Paper and allied products____________ “
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.,.
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products.
Leather and leather products________
Stone, clay, and glass products"
Primary metal industries____________
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery, except electrical__________
Transportation equipment____
Instruments and related products..............”
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries___

6.4
6. 0
3. 8
3.3
3.3
4. 8
6. 9
6. 9
7.1
5, 2
6. 8
7.2
6.1
6.3
7. 0
7.1
6.3

6.3
5. 8
3. 7
3. 5
3.2
4.7
6. 6
6.8
6.7
5.2
5.3
7.8
5. 9
6.6
7.2
6.9
5. 4

4.0
2.6
4.1
1.5
4.0
3.1
7.3
4.7
5.2
1.9
5.4
5.0
4.4
4.3
5.6
3.9
2.7

4.4
2.5
4.3
1.8
3.8
3.7
7.4
6.2
5.5
1.7
5.6
5.2
4.7
4.5
4.7
4.2
3.9

.9
1.2
.6
.6
.8
.7
.5
.8
.5
.6
.5
.4
1.2
1.3
.3
2.0
1.6

.5
.3
.5
.3
.5
.7
.5
.7
.4
.5
.5
.2
.6
.6
.3
2.5
1.2

6.2
5.8
6.2
6.8
8.7
7.0
5.7
4.8
6.2
7.1
6.3
5.4
6.8
5.5
5.7
5.7
6.6

5.0
4.8
5.1
5.4
6.7
5.2
4.4
3.5
4.4
5.2
5.1
4.5
4.9
4.2
4.5
4.1
5.2

5.5
8.1
3.1
3.2
2.8
3.9
5.4
4.2
6.5
3.2
5.5
8.2
5.9
5.7
7.6
6.0
4.1

4. 9
5.4
2.7
3.0
2.0
3.2
4. 8
3.7
6.4
2.9
5.1
6.9
5.2
5. 5
6.0
5.3
3.6

Cents per plant hour
United States 2________ _____ ___
Northeast_______________
South___________________
North Central__________
West_________________

15.4
16.2
10.9
17. 0
17.3

14.3
14.9
9.7
16.3
15. 4

10.8
9.8
9.3
12.8
11.5

10.3
9.8
8.6
11.7
11.1

1.8
2.3
1.3
1.7
1.6

1.2
1.4
1.0
1.1
.9

14.8
15.5
12.1
14.8
18.7

10.7
11.4
8.5
10.6
13.3

13.9
13.6
10.4
16.9
13.6

11.7
11.6
8.3
14.2
10.9

Food and kindred products_____ ___
Tobacco manufactures________
Textile mill products___________
Apparel and other finished textiles products.
Lumber and wood products _
Furniture and fixtures_____
Paper and allied products.
Printing, publishing, and allied" industries’"."
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products.
Leather and leather products____________
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products____ 111-11111".!
Machinery, except electrical_________"""
Transportation equipment_______ !!!!!!!!
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries!!” !

15.0
12.1
6. 6
Ö.8
6. 4
9. /
16.9
20. 5
18.1
9. 5
14.6
23. 0
15.8
17. 5
20.4
18.1
11. 3

13.4
9. 7
5.9
5.7
5.8
9.1
14.4
18.4
16.0
9.1
11.7
22.6
14.4
17.4
19. 5
16.7
10.2

9.3
5.3
7.2
2.6
7.8
6.2
18.0
13.9
13.2
3.5
13.6
15.7
11.3
11.8
16.4
9.9
5.9

9.4
4.3
6.8
2.9
6.9
7.2
16.5
17.0
13.1
2.9
12.4
15.2
11.6
11.8
12.7
10.3
7.4

2.1
2.4
1.1
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.1
2.5
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
3.1
3.7
.9
5.1
3.5

1.0
.5
.8
.5
.9
1.3
1.2
2.0
1.0
.9
1.2
.5
1.4
1.5
.9
5.9
2.2

14.5
11.7
10.8
11.9
17.1
14.1
14.2
14.1
15.8
13.0
16.0
17.3
17.5
15.3
16.8
14.5
14.1

10.6
8.2
8.2
8.7
12.1
10.0
9.8
9.6
10.6
9.0
11.4
13.1
12.0
11.1
12.3
9.9
9.8

12.8
16.5
5.3
5.7
5.4
7.8
13.3
12. 5
16.4
5.8
13.9
26.0
15.3
15.7
22.1
15.3
8.8

10.5
9.1
4.2
4.8
3.6
6.2
10.7
9.9
15.2
5.0
11.2
20.2
12.7
14.8
16.3
12.9
6.9

1 F°r definition of regions, see footnote 1, table 1.
Includes the ordnance and accessories, chemicals and allied products, pe­


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troleum refining and related products, and electrical machinery, equipment,
and supplies industries not presented separately.

1277

SUPPLEMENTARY PAY PRACTICES IN MANUFACTURING

The major increase among the private welfare
plans was for one or more forms of life, health,
and accident insurance, for which expenditures
rose to 6.9 cents per plant hour—38 percent more
than in 1959.
The rise in insurance payments changed the rel­
ative importance—in terms of expenditures—of
insurance plans and pension plans. In 1959,
pension plans—at 5.7 cents per plant hour—rep­
resented 49 percent of the private welfare plan
expenditures (excluding nonproduction bonuses) ;
in 1962, the expenditures for pensions increased to
6.1 cents, but they represented only 44 percent of
total expenditures for private welfare.
The change in the relationship of these expendi­
tures resulted, among other factors, partly from
greatly increased health insurance costs and
partly from the liquidation of their past-service
liabilities by some of the older pension plans, gen­
erally increased income from investment of pen­
sion funds, and increases in actuarial assumptions
regarding investment income.12
In all manufacturing industries and in a num­
ber of other industries for which data are avail­
able, leave and premium payments declined
slightly as a percent of straight-time payroll while
expenditures for bonuses, legally required in­
surance programs, and private welfare plans
increased.
The decline in leave expenditures as a percent of
straight-time payroll, like that for premiums, re­
sulted from a change in the contribution to the
total by establishments of different sizes. Leave
expenditures in establishments with more than 100
workers increased as a percent of straight-time
payroll ; the expenditure ratios in the smaller size
establishments (fewer than 100 workers) declined.
By earnings group, those establishments in the
12 For a detailed discussion of these points, see “EmployeeBenefit Plans, 1954-62” by Joseph Krislov, in the April 1964
issue of the Social Security B ulletin, and pages 38-39 in the
July 1964 Issue of Employee Benefit Plan Review, Charles D.
Spencer and Associates, Inc., Chicago, 111. While both of these
discussions are a t the all-industry level, it is believed th a t they
are equally applicable, in general terms, to the m anufacturing
industries.
18 BLS Bulletin 1312-1.

747-579 0 — 64------ 3


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middle and upper end of the earnings distribution
showed some increase in the expenditure ratio ; the
establishments with the lowest average hourly
production worker earnings, however, had the
same ratio in 1962 as in 1959. At the same time,
employment in establishments with 500 or more
production workers, according to Census figures,
dropped as a proportion of the total, while em­
ployment in the two smaller groups increased pro­
portionately—the largest rise being in establish­
ments with fewer than 100 production workers.
Therefore the shift in establishment contributions
to the total by size resulted in a small decrease in
the expenditure ratio.
The entire drop in premium expenditures, at the
all-manufacturing level, was in overtime, weekend,
and holiday premiums.
It is estimated that the average number of week­
ly overtime premium hours of production workers
in 1962 were greater than in 1959, and were also a
slightly larger proportion of average weekly
hours.13 The expenditures for overtime, weekend,
and holiday premiums, however, are estimated
to have declined from 3.6 percent of the 1959
straight-time production worker payroll to 3.5
percent in 1962.
In general, the data indicate that overtime,
weekend, and holiday premiums in large establish­
ments (more than 500 employees) were a greater
proportion of payroll in 1962 than in 1959. These
establishments are estimated to have contributed
larger relative payments to the premium aggre­
gates in 1962 than in 1959. However, average
hourly earnings in the smaller plants are estimated
to have increased at a higher rate than in the
larger, and premium payments in the smaller
plants declined as a percent of payroll. Thus,
average premium hours in all manufacturing in­
creased while expenditures relative to payroll
showed a small decline.
—A

rnold

S tra sser

Division of National Wage and Salary Income

1278

Education and Training
of Technicians
I n the past decade, technicians1 have become one
of the fastest growing occupational groups in the
Nation. Increasing numbers have been needed to
staff expanding programs in such areas as health,
atomic energy, defense, and space, and to fill the
needs of our increasingly complex and technical
systems of production. Despite their importance,
relatively little was known about their character­
istics—particularly the way they were educated
and trained for their jobs.
In order to learn more about them, the Bureau
of Labor Statistics participated in a nationwide
survey of persons reported as technicians in the
1960 Decennial Census.2 This article, the first of
several to be prepared by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics on the results of the study, describes the
education and training of technicians, with em­
phasis on primary and supplementary training.3
Education
School Years Completed. The median number of
school years completed by technicians who were in
the experienced civilian labor force in 1960 was
over 14 years. Individual technician occupations
varied only slightly in the median number of years
of school completed, but there were significant
variations in their distribution by number of school
years completed. Approximately 17 percent of the
engineering and physical science technicians and
1 Those whose jobs require knowledge and use of engineering,
scientific, m athematical, or medical theory, and specialized edu­
cation or training in some aspect of technology, science, or medi­
cine. Four m ajor technician occupational groups are identified
in this study : Engineering and physical science technicians,
draftsmen, medical and dental technicians, and “other” techni­
cians. “Engineering and physical science technicians” include
electrical and electronic technicians and other engineering and
physical science technicians. “Other” technicians include de­
signers, surveyors, and technicians not elsewhere classified.
2 A sample of over 50,000 persons described in the 1960 cen­
sus enumerations as professional and technical workers were
asked to complete questionnaires on their jobs, education, tra in ­
ing, and other demographic, economic, and social characteris­
tics in 1960, and their supplemental training and work experi­
ence in the following 2 years.
3 Additional information on technicians who work with scien­
tists and engineers will appear in a forthcoming BLS bulletin on
the employment outlook for technicians.
4 The associate degree is a form al award signifying the comple­
tion of an organized curriculum in a specific field. It is usually
conferred upon completion of 2 years of collegiate work above
the secondary level.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

draftsmen reported 16 or more years of schooling,
compared with nearly 28 percent of the medical
and dental technicians. Similarly, more than 14
percent of the engineering and physical science
technicians reported less than 12 completed school
years, compared with 12 percent of the medical and
dental technicians and somewhat less than 7 per­
cent of the draftsmen.
As might be expected, younger technicians re­
ported having completed more school years than
those who were older. Thus, virtually all of those
under age 25 had completed 12 or more years of
school, compared with only a little more than half
of those aged 55 or older.
Educational Level. Nearly nine-tenths of the
technicians employed in 1960 reported they had at
least a high school education; nearly two-thirds,
at least some college training; and more than onetenth, a bachelor’s degree (table 1). Only 3 per­
cent reported that their highest academic award
was an associate degree.4
The level of education that was reported dif­
fered among the major technician occupations.
At least high school graduation was reported by
93 percent of the draftsmen, compared with 87
percent of the medical and dental technicians and
86 percent of the engineering and physical science
technicians. The highest proportion of techni­
cians with at least some postsecondary school
work was reported by draftsmen; some 72 percent
of them attained this level of education, compared
with 69 percent of the medical and dental tech­
nicians and 60 percent of the engineering and
physical science technicians. College degrees were
reported by nearly 2 out of 10 medical and dental
technicians, but less than 1 out of 10 draftsmen
and engineering and science technicians. The as­
sociate degree was most prevalent among drafts­
men, with approximately 4 percent holding such a
degree.
As with years of school completed, the level of
technicians’ education varied significantly by age,
with younger workers generally attaining higher
educational levels. For example, 72 percent of the
technicians 25 t,o 34 years old reported some edu­
cation beyond high school, compared with 45
percent of those aged 55 years and more. The
growing importance of the associate degree in the
education of technicians is reflected by the fact

EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF TECHNICIANS
T able 1.

L ev el

Education

of

E ducation

E mployed T e c h n ic ia n s ,

Engineering and
physical science
technicians

Total
Number

of

1279

Percent

Number

Percent

by

O c cupation , 1960
Medical and dental
technicians

Draftsmen
Number

Percent

Number

Percent

Other technicians 1
Number

Percent

Total______ _________ _______

2 776,350

100.0

270,985

100.0

207,199

1Q0.0

130, 741

100.0

167,425

100.0

Less than a high school graduate.____
High school graduate_______________
Some college, but no degree ..
.......
At least an associate degree, but less than
a bachelor’s degree.. ________ . .. .
Bachelor’s degree or more.. _________
Registered nurses_______________ ...

94,112
179,088
392, 753

12.1
23.1
50.6

39, 297
69, 867
131,014

14.5
25.8
48.3

13,830
44, 758
126,340

6.7
21.6
61.0

16,753
23, 443
61,165

12.8
17.9
46.8

24,232
41,020
74, 234

14.5
24.5
44.3

21,284
87, 944
1,169

2.7
11.3
.2

7,174
23, 633

2.6
8.7

7,353
14,918

3.5
7.2

3,860
24,414
1,106

3.0
18.7
.8

2,897
24, 979
63

1.7
14.9
(3)

1 See text footnote 1.
2 Excludes 14,708 technicians for whom data were not available.

that 4 percent of those 25 to 34 years old reported
such a degree, compared with only 0.4 percent of
those aged 55 or over.
The level of educational attainment was highest
among technicians employed in educational serv­
ices, with more than 3 out of 4 reporting at least
some college education, compared with slightly
more than half of the technicians in the agricul­
tural, forestry, fisheries, and mining industries.
The level of educational attainment is also re­
flected, to some extent, by the technicians’ field of
specialization. For example, nearly 9 out of 10
of them specializing in education had at least some
college training, and more than 2 out of 3 held at
least a bachelor’s degree. On the other hand, the
proportion of technicians in all other fields with at
least some college training ranged from half in
the agricultural sciences to nearly three-fourths
in the health fields. In no field of specialization
outside of education did the proportion of techni­
cians with at least a college degree exceed 26 per­
cent.
Technicians with the associate degree are appar­
ently utilized more intensively in some fields of
specialization than in others. Of those specializ­
ing in engineering, 4 percent had an associate
degree, compared with 3 percent in the health
fields, and less than 2 percent in the physical
sciences.
Technicians employed in 1960 were asked to
state the two job activities at which they spent
most of their time. The responses clearly sug­
gested that the level of education of technicians
affects, to a significant extent, job activity. For
example, over 15 percent of those reporting super­
visory or research and development work as one
of their major activities indicated they had at


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s Less than 0.05.
N ote: Because of rounding, sum of individual items may not equal 100.

least a bachelor’s degree ; this compared with only
6 percent of those reporting repair and mainte­
nance of equipment as one of their major
functions.
Training
Technicians who had been in the experienced
civilian labor force in 1960, and who were also em­
ployed as technicians in 1962, were asked to state
the significant types of experience and training
qualifying them for their 1962 jobs. Nearly 6
out of 10 respondents reported experience in
present or related fields (table 2). Each of two
other important types—special training by em­
ployer and course work without a degree—were
reported by about 1 out of 3 technicians.
T a ble 2. E x p e r ie n c e a nd T r a in in g of P e r so n s in
th e 1960 E x p e r ie n c e d C iv il ia n L abor F orce W ho se
O ccupational G r o u p W a s t h e S ame i n 1962 as in
1960, by O ccupation
[Percent distribution]

Type of experience and
training

Special training by employer.
Course work without degree.
Associate degree_________
Bachelor’s degree.. . .. ...
Graduate or professional
degree______ ... ____ ..
Post-high school courses..
Correspondence courses____
Military training__
Experience in present or re­
lated field. __
Other.__ . _
_

Engineer­
Medical
All
ing and
and
Other
occupa­ physical Drafts­ dental techni­
men
tions 1 science
techni­ cians 2
techni­
cians
cians
32.8
34.7
6.3
10.2

36.3
29.6
5.6
7.3

25.7
47.2
8.5
5.9

43.5
31.2
7.6
17.5

28.0
28.7
3.0
15.0

4.5
10.8
11.5
15.0

2.8
9.1
13.7
23.6

2.2
18.2
14.3
9.7

10.5
5.0
2.4
12.3

5.4
8.1
11.6
9.8

57.9
5.4

55.1
5.5

60.8
4.3

49.3
6.1

65.7
6.2

1A total of 649,626 persons were in the same occupational group in 1962 as in
1960. Data on type of experience and training were not available for 56,319
persons.
2See text footnote 1.
N o t e : Since some persons indicated more than 1 type of experience and
training, the sum of percents adds to more than 100.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

1280
T able 3.

T y pe s

of

S u pplem enta r y T r a in in g R epo rted by T e c h n ic ia n s W ho se O ccupational G ro u p
S ame in 1962 as in 1960, by O ccupational G ro u p

w as th e

[Percent distribution]

Occupational group

___
Total percent of types reported -. Draftsmen_____
____ ______
Medical and dental technicians..- ..
Engineering and physical science technicians___
_
- - -.
Other technicians 2___________ _______

Appren­ Other
company Military
Total1 tice­
training
ships
programs

Home
study
corre­
spond­
ence
courses

United
Agricul­ States
Armed
tural
training Forces
courses Institute
courses

Workstudy
pro­
grams

Work­
shops
and
seminars

100.0
100.0
100.0

9.8
15.0
9.7

19.6
17.9
6.6

12.4
8.5
9.8

27.0
24.8
45.2

2.3
3.7
.5

16.8
21.9
3.2

0.4
.4

3.8
3.2
3.7

2.1
2.2
3.2

5.8
2.
18.1

100.0
100.0

5.9
10.3

24.9
20.4

17.2
10.0

22.6
26.5

2.5
1.1

17.4
17.5

.2
1.3

3.9
4.6

1.4
2.6

3.
5.9

1A

total of 3 0 8 ,2 7 2 types of training was reported.
2 See text footnote 1.

Among individual occupational groups, the pro­
portions of technicians reporting different types of
significant experience and training varied consid­
erably. Special training by employers was re­
ported as contributing significantly by as many as
44 percent of the medical and dental technicians,
but by only a little over half that percent of the
draftsmen. Conversely, course work without a de­
gree was reported by nearly half of the draftsmen
as contributing significantly to job qualifications,'"
compared with only slightly more than half that
percent of the “other” technicians.
Medical and dental technicians—the occupa­
tional group with the highest percentage of college
graduates—deemed college education more impor­
tant than did other occupational groups. Of the
medical and dental technicians, 18 percent re­
ported that the bachelor’s degree contributed sig­
nificantly toward preparing them for their jobs,
and an additional 11 percent reported the graduate
or professional degree as contributing significant­
ly. The associate degree, which was more often
held by draftsmen, was mentioned by 9 percent of
the draftsmen as contributing towards their job
qualifications.5
The technicians were also asked to state whether
they had received or were receiving supplemen­
tary training (exclusive of formal education).
5
The fact th a t in 1962 a higher percentage of draftsm en and
medical and dental technicians mentioned the importance of
their degrees than the percentage reporting such degrees in 1960
is prim arily attributable to a difference in the number of tech­
nicians responding in each of the years and the number of them
who obtained higher degrees between the survey periods. (See
tables 1 and 2.) Also, in some cases, the most significant type
of training reported was a t a lower educational level than the
highest degree attained.


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On the
job

High
school
exten­
sion
courses

N

ote:

Because of rounding, sum of individual items may not equal 100.

Among the individual occupational groups, the
proportions reporting such training ranged from
44 percent of engineering and physical science
technicians to 34 percent of “other” technicians.
Many technicians described more than one subject
or type of training.
On-the-job training was most frequently men­
tioned, accounting for 27 percent of the total (table
3). Additional important types were “other”
company training, correspondence courses, and
military training.
The extent of the different types of training
varied sharply among the technicians’ occupa­
tions. On-the-job training, for example, made up
45 percent of the total types of training reported
by medical and dental technicians, compared with
23 percent of the types reported by engineering
and physical science technicians. Similarly, cor­
respondence school training represented 22 per­
cent of all types mentioned by draftsmen, but only
3 percent of types reported by medical and dental
technicians.
As might be expected, medical-dental health
subjects made up the vast majority of the subjects
taken by medical and dental technicians, and engi­
neering subjects accounted for half of all courses
reported by engineering and physical science tech­
nicians. However, engineering was also important
in draftsmen training, for it made up 39 percent
of all subjects mentioned by draftsmen; this was
a larger proportion than the 29 percent repre­
sented by drafting and related courses.
— H oward V . S tambler and A n n ie L efkowitz
Division of Manpower and Occupational Outlook

1281

SALARY ADJUSTMENTS IN WHITE-COLLAR OCCUPATIONS

Salary Adjustments
in White-Collar Occupations
T h e m e d i a n ingrade differential between mini­
mum and maximum pay in salary schedules for
clerical positions is a relatively uniform 30 per­
cent at the $3,000 to $7,000 annual salary levels.
However, in professional-administrative salary
schedules, the differential widens with successive
grades—from 37 percent at the $5,000 level, to 47
percent at the $12,000 level. In multiestablish­
ment companies with separate salary schedules for
clerical and for professional and administrative
positions, the predominant practice is to apply the
professional-administrative schedule company­
wide and to vary the clerical schedule according
to local labor market conditions.
These are some of the findings of a new Bureau
of Labor Statistics study, Salary Structure Char­
acteristics in Large Firms, 1963 (BLS Bulletin
1417, 1964). In addition to those aspects of the
salary plans discussed in this article, the study
covers various other characteristics of salary ad­
ministration plans applying to white-collar oc­
cupations, such as the nature and design of salary
schedules, with particular emphasis on ingrade
and intergrade differentials.
In about four-fifths of the companies included
in the study, the structure of white-collar occupa­
tions provided for two or more separate salary
schedules within an establishment.1 The follow­
ing tabulation shows the groupings and the dis­
tribution of salary schedules and employment.

Groupings

Total
_ _ __ _
Clerical _ _ _ _ _ _
Professional-administrative___
Clerical-professionaladministrative. _
Other *_
_
_ _

Number of
salary
schedules

Number of
white-collar
employees

441
139
165

575, 500
175, 800
194, 600

76
61

165, 800
39, 300

1Includes special schedules established for technicians, engineers, supervisory positions, and for top management positions only.

Schedule Revisions
Most companies did not specify a definite period
between reviews of rates in salary schedules, but in
practice they were usually made annually. The
rates in the schedules were not necessarily revised

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as a result of each review, although in many in­
stances the average interval between revision of
rates was about a year.
Reasons for revising schedules were most fre­
quently related to a policy of paying competitive
rates. These revisions were based upon reviews of
salary survey data or exchange of information
with other employers on changes made or contem­
plated in their salary schedules. Other reasons
for revising schedules were to maintain alinement
with other schedules of the company, and to make
adjustments for collective bargaining agreements
covering clerical employees.
The following tabulation shows that after the
rates in salary schedules had been revised, it was
the practice in slightly more than half the cases to
adjust automatically the salaries of employees
covered by clerical and clerical-professional-ad­
ministrative schedules.2

Method of adjusting salaries

Automatically_____ _ —
Merit (performance) reviews *_
General pay increases 2 _ _ _
Other methods. __ _
_ _ _
Information not available. _

Clerical

Professionaladministrative

76
41
11
6
5

33
102
25
3
2

Clericalprofessionaladministrative

41
29
.
5
1

1Includes salary schedules of establishments with special provisions for
adjusting salaries of those employees whose salaries fall below the revised

minimum of their grade.
2 Increases not corresponding to adjustments in the rate ranges as to amount
or effective date.

Those in professional-administrative schedules
usually received adjustments through merit (per­
formance) reviews. This latter method also ap­
plied to a majority of the clerical and clericalprofessional-administrative schedules not covered
by provisions for automatic adjustment of salaries.
Adjusting salaries to the revised schedules through
general pay increases, which differed from auto­
matic adjustments in that the amount or timing
of the increase did not correspond to the revisions
1 The study was limited to companies having form al salary
adm inistration plans with established salary ranges for a series
of pay grades or levels into which all or most white-collar posi­
tions were classified for pay purposes. The sample included 239
establishm ents employing 1,000 workers or more, representing 99
companies found to have salary structures th a t met the survey
criteria. Total white-collar employment in the 99 companies
approximated 1,300,000 persons, of whom 575,500 were employed
in the 239 sample establishm ents. M anufacturing industries
accounted for approximately three-fourths of the establishm ents
studied.
2 This was accomplished by adjusting salaries of employees in
each grade by the percentage adjustm ent made in the salary
range for the grade.

1282

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

in the schedule, was the practice followed in some
instances. However, a number of officials indi­
cated that this method of adjusting salaries had
been avoided in recent years and adjustments were
now being made only on the basis of merit reviews.
The size of adjustments in schedule rates often
was determined by considering a variety of factors.
Increases shown by salary surveys was the most
prevalent factor indicated, with increases in other
schedules of the company and increases in the Con­
sumer Price Index ranking next. Direct collec­
tive bargaining was indicated as a major factor
only in the case of clerical salary schedules.
Most officials indicated that when revising rates
in the schedule, a conscious effort was made to pre­
serve the established relationships within and be­
tween grades, although some flexibility in these
patterns was provided for in most instances.
Ingrade Adjustments
As indicated in the following tabulation, ad­
vancement of employees within the salary ranges
established for their grade was described as based
solely upon merit (performance) reviews in most
of the two types of salary schedules covering pro­
fessional and administrative positions.

Basis of ingrade advancement

Merit reviews
Length of service.
Merit reviews and length of
service._
Merit reviews and general
salarv increases. .
Merit reviews for all grades
and length of service for
specified grades _ _
Information not available__

Cleri­
cal

Professionaladministrative

Clericalprofessionaladministrative

80
18

162

65
5

35

1

2

1

2

2
3

4

Although similar provisions for advancement
within grades also applied to a majority of the
salary schedules primarily covering clerical posi­
tions, provisions for advancement after specified
periods of satisfactory service, or provisions for
length-of-service adjustments at the lower portion
of the grade range followed by merit reviews,
applied in a substantial number of such salary
schedules.
Most merit review programs provided for per­
formance reviews at specified periods—usually

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yearly—but permitted additional reviews as war­
ranted.
Recommendations for ingrade increases were not
necessarily timed with periodic performance re­
views, nor were salary increases given with each
favorable review. Where periodic reviews were
conducted, the proportion of employees receiving
ingrade increases in a year ranged from less than
10 to more than 90 percent, with the median at 50
to 60 percent.
Under a majority of the provisions for ingrade
advancement, the salary increases were based upon
a percent of the employee’s current rate, and both
a minimum and a maximum permissible amount
for the merit increase was established. The in­
creases permitted varied among the schedules,
with a median minimum of 4 percent in clerical
schedules and 5 percent in the other two types of
schedules, and a maximum of 10 percent in all
three types of schedules. Some establishments
that did not specify minimum and maximum in­
creases provided guides as to suggested amounts
or ranges for various performance ratings.
Length-of-service increases—usually at semi­
annual intervals—primarily related to employees
in clerical schedules. In a majority of clerical
schedules providing for such increases, they were
not given beyond the midpoint of the grade range.
Relatively few of the schedules had specified
step rates through which employees advanced
within grade ranges, and those that did primarily
covered clerical positions. In less than half of the
clerical schedules with established step rates were
such rates specified for the full range of all grades
in the schedule. Step rates at the lower end of
the range often were used for automatic increases
after periods of satisfactory service, with the
upper part of the range reserved for increases
based upon above-average performance.
General controls on within grade increases were
exercised in many establishments by providing a
specified budget for such increases, or by specify­
ing the proportion of employees whose salaries
could be above a given point in the range of a
grade. Such controls more often applied to pro­
fessional and administrative positions than to
clerical positions.
—Louis E. B adenhoop
Division of Occupational Pay

PROSPECTS OF BENEFITS UNDER PRIVATE PENSION PLANS

Prospects of Benefits
Under Private Pension Plans
P rovisions for vesting, early retirement, portable
credits, and normal retirement are among the more
important determinants of whether workers will
eventually receive benefits from participation in a
pension plan.1 The interrelationships among
these provisions are discussed in this article.

Prevalence of Protective Provisions
Of the 15.6 million workers in the pension plans
studied,2 9.3 million (60 percent) belonged to a
plan with a vesting provision (table 1). About
1 out of 7 workers in these vesting plans could
qualify only if involuntarily separated. Slightly
over half of the workers in plans without vesting
belonged to plans with an early retirement feature.
Almost a fifth of the workers were covered by
plans with neither vesting nor early retirement
provisions.
In single-employer plans without vesting
(about 30 percent of the single-employer plans
with almost 30 percent of the workers), over 4 out
of 5 workers were covered by early retirement
provisions. About 13 percent of the single-em­
ployer plans with about 600,000 workers (5 per­
cent) had neither vesting nor early retirement.
Conversely, in multiemployer plans without
vesting, early retirement was provided for only 1
out of 4 workers. More than 2 out of 5 multi­
employer plans, covering about 2.3 million work­
ers (3 out of 5 workers), provided neither vesting
nor early retirement.
The degree of pension protection offered to all
covered workers by their plans can be arrayed as
shown in table 2. Least protected are those work­
ers who must remain with a single employer until
normal retirement age to qualify for retirement
benefits. Failure to do this, whether voluntary
or involuntary, would cost them all of their pen­
sion rights. Only about 4 percent of the workers
were in this category. If workers who must re­
main within the scope of a multiemployer plan
until normal retirement age were added, the cate­
gory would include over a fifth of the workers.
Protection of accrued pension rights after meeting
early retirement qualifications was available to an­

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1283

other fifth of the workers. Vesting restricted to
involuntary separation after qualifying, a protec­
tion lost upon voluntary job change, was available
to a tenth. Finally, vesting upon any type of sepa­
ration was available to half of the covered workers.
Under all conditions protection was usually con­
tingent on meeting age and service requirements.
Plans covering only salaried workers offered the
highest degree of pension protection, followed
closely by combined production and salaried work­
er plans (table 3) ; only 2.4 percent of salaried
employee plan coverage and 4.3 percent of the
combined coverage lacked both vesting and early
retirement. Production worker plans, dominated
by multiemployer plans, did not offer either type
of protection for over a third of total coverage,
offering instead portability of credits among em­
ployers within a plan to all but a small fraction of
the workers.
Industries differed substantially in the propor­
tion of plans and covered workers with neither
vesting nor early retirement because of wide varia­
tions in the relative importance of multiemployer
production worker plans and of collective bargain­
ing (table 4). The lowest degree of such protec­
tion was in the mining and construction industries,
where most workers belonged to multiemployer
plans without vesting or early retirement. In
transportation, services, and trade, where collec­
tively bargained multiemployer plans were less
common, a smaller proportion of employees—about
a third, two-fifths, and a fifth, respectively—had
neither early retirement nor vesting. On the other
hand, in other nonmanufacturing industries, such
as finance (typically providing contributory plans
for salaried workers) and communications and
public utilities, the vast majority of workers had
either vesting, early retirement, or both.
In manufacturing industries as a whole, a large
proportion of workers had vesting, early retire­
ment, or both. Only in the apparel industries,
where multiemployer plans prevail, did a large
1 This is the concluding article in a series based on Labor
Mobility and Private Pension Plans (BLS Bulletin 1407)* a
study sponsored by the Office of Manpower, Automation and
T raining and prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The
previous articles appeared in the July, September, and October
1964 issues of the Review.
2 For details of scope and method of study, see “Characteristics
of the Private Pension Structure,” M onthly Labor Review, July
1964, pp. 774-780.

1284
T a ble 1.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964
P r ov ision s

for V est in g a n d E arly R e t ir e m e n t in P r iv a te P e n sio n P l a n s , b y T y pe
U n it , T ype of V e s t in g , and T y pe of S e p a r a t io n , W in t e r 1 9 6 2 -6 3
[Workers in thousands]

of

E mployer

Type of employer unit
All plans
Type of vesting and separation

Single employer
All plans

Num­ Work­ Num­ Work­
ber
ers 1
ber
ers 1

With early
retirement

Multiemployer
Without early
retirement

Plans

Work­
ers »

Plans

All plans

With early
retirement

Work­ Num­ Work­ Plans
ers 2
ber
ers 1

Without early
retirement

Work­ Plans
ers 1

Work­
ers 1

All plans studied __________ 15,818

15,621

14,890

11,742

11,735

10,657

3,155

1,085

928

3,878

364

1,129

564

2,750

With vesting _ _ _____________
10,634
7,212
Deferred full2______________
Any separation___
6,681
Involuntary separation. _
531
Deferred graded_____________ 3,422
Any separation__________ 3,312
Involuntary separation____
110

9,307
7,338
5,977
1,361
1,969
1,943
27

10,340
6,941
6,423
518
3,399
3,289
110

8,393
6,815
5,482
1,333
1,578
1,552
27

9,062
6,623
6,127
4%
2,439
2,329
110

7,914
6,491
5,186
1,305
1,424
1,397
27

1, 278
318
2%
22
960
960

479
324
297
28
155
155

294
271
258
13
23
23

914
523
495
28
391
391

134
121
119
2
13
13

447
380
378
2
68
68

160
150
139
11
10
10

467
143
117
27
323
323

Without vesting________________

6,313

4,550

3,349

2,673

2,743

1,877

606

634

2,964

230

681

404

2,283

5,184

1Active workers in 1961.
2Includes a few plans with immediate full vesting.

proportion of workers have little pension credit
protection other than portability. In some indus­
tries, portability was supplemented by reciprocal
arrangements between plans. However, only
about a tenth of the multiemployer and practically
none of the single-employer plans had such
arrangements.

N

ote:

Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

Over a third of the workers would qualify if they
had attained 15 years of service and age 40. Gen­
erally, long service was required in plans with no
age requirement.
T a ble 2. C o n d it io n s for B e n e f it A v a il a b il it y in
P r iv a te P e n sio n P l a n s , by N u m b e r a n d P er ce n t
of A ffe ct e d W o r k e r s , 1 W in t e r 196 2 -6 3

Age and Service Requirements

Workers 1
Condition

An evaluation of protection of accumulated pen­
sion rights requires consideration of the minimum
age and service required before a worker can qual­
ify for a vested or eiarly or normal retirement bene­
fit (excluding disability retirement and special
retirement benefits).
On the whole, regardless of the type of benefit
provisions, over two-thirds of the workers would
have to stay with the same firm or plan for 15 years
or more to retain or qualify for pension rights
(table 5). Nearly all of the remaining workers
would qualify with 10 years or less.
About 2,750,000 workers, or about a sixth of the
total, had to attain age 65 with their employer or
in the scope of the plan to retain pension rights.
About 10 percent first qualified for early or normal
retirement at age 60.
A ninth of the workers had to have over 15 years
of service and attain age 65 to qualify for benefits.


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Total____ ________ . ______
Workers must remain with particular employer
or within coverage of multiemployer plan until—
Qualified for vesting 2
___
Qualified for vesting and involuntarily sepa­
rated 3_______
_____ _ ____
Qualified for early retirement_____________
Normal retirement age__ ___ ... ______
Worker must remain with particular (individual)
employer until normal retirement age______ .

Number
(thousands)

Percent

15,621

100.0

7,920

50.7

1,388
3, 424
2 2,889

8.9
21.9
<18.5

606

3.9

1Active workers in 1961.
2 About 3 million workers were in contributory plans in which vesting
for qualified workers was conditioned upon nonwithdrawal of employer
contributions.
3 Nearly all of the workers in this category (about 1,300,000) belonged to
plans with early retirement provisions.
* Includes workers who must remain with particular (individual) em­
ployer until normal retirement age.
N o t e : Sums of individual items do not equal totals.

The composite of age and service requirements
varied widely among industries. In manufactur­
ing industries as a whole, only about a seventh of
the workers had to reach age 65 to qualify for a
benefit, compared with almost a fourth in non-

PROSPECTS OF BENEFITS UNDER PRIVATE PENSION PLANS
T a b l e 3.

P r o v is io n s

fo r

V e s t in g

and

1285

E a r l y R e t ir e m e n t i n P r iv a t e P e n s io n P la n s ,
e r e d , W in t e r 1 962-63

by

T y pe

of

W o r k e r C ov ­

[Workers in thousands]
All plans

No early retirement or
vesting

Type of worker covered
Number
All plans studied______
Salaried and production______
Production only____________
Salaried only. . . .
____ _
Earning in excess of a specified
amount_________________

Workers 2

Early retirement1

Workers 2

Plans

Plans

Vesting 1

Workers 2

Plans

Early retirement and
vesting 1

Workers 2

Plans

Workers 2

15,818

15,621

2,281

2,889

2,903

3,424

1,438

946

9,196

8,362

6,038
4,925
3,995

6,263
7,039
1,584

1,068
21, 056
155

269
32,530
38

1,195
855
793

1,866
1,211
268

984
234
142

281
536
82

2,791
2,780
2,905

3,846
2,762
1,196

860

735

2

52

60

80

78

46

720

557

1May include a few plans providing portable pension credits.
2Active workers in 1961.
3 Includes 404 multiemployer plans covering 2,283,000 workers with portable
pension credits.

totals.

manufacturing industries. The heaviest concen­
tration of these restrictive requirements was in
industries with a large number of collectively bar­
gained multiemployer plans for blue-collar work­
ers, such as construction, transportation, wholesale
trade, and services. In marked contrast, more lib­
eral practices prevailed in finance and in public
utilities (including the dominating telephone com­
pany plans).
Nearly all workers in salaried worker plans,
compared with 2 out of 3 workers in production
worker plans, would qualify for benefits before
age 65. In plans covering both salaried and pro­

duction workers, 95 percent of the workers quali­
fied earlier than age 65.
The age and service requirements can be inte­
grated by considering the proportion of workers
hired at age 25 who still would not qualify for
benefits as they attained progressively greater
age and service with the same employer or within
the scope of a multiemployer plan. By age 50 with
25 years of service, 45 percent of the plans cover­
ing a slightly higher proportion of the workers
provided no protection of workers’ equities in the
plans. By age 60, 13 percent of the workers in IT
percent of the plans remained unprotected.

T able 4.

P r o v isio n s

for

V est in g

and

N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal

E arly R etirem ent in P rivate P e n sio n P l a n s ,
M ajor G r o u p , W in t e r 1962-63

by

I n d u stry D iv isio n

and

[Workers in thousands]
All plans
Industry division and major group

No early retirement
or vesting

Number Workers 2 Plans
All plans studied________ ___ _________
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries_____________
Mining___ ___ _ . _______ ___ ___ _ . .
Contract construction__ ___ ___ _ ________ .
Manufacturing.____ ________ ...
______
Transportation... .. . ____ ___ _ ___ _ . .
Communications and public utilities. ________ .
Wholesale and retail trade___ _ . . . __ . . .
Wholesale trade___ __________ _ ____
Retail trade.. ______ ________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate_________ . .
Services..__ ...
... . _ . . . ___ _

15,818

15, 621

75
316
449
9, 257
673
849
1,627
1,147
480
1,853
719

26
327
1,072
9, 678
1,286
1,270
920
479
440
733
308

1 May include a few plans providing portable pension credits.
2Active workers in 1961.
3Includes provisions for portability of credits as follows:
Mining........ .........
Contract construction.........................
Manufacturing______________


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Workers
Plans (thousands)
2
206
192
582
78
930

2,281
32
3 242
3 1,017
3 176
222
3 201
3 66
3 135
54
3 367

Early retirement1

Workers2 Plans

Vesting 1

Workers 2 Plans

2,889

2,903

3,424

2 206
3589
3 1,303
3 400
61
3 180
3 107
3 72
30
3 120

6
152
83
1,639
194
144
288
211
77
380
17

5
27
185
1, 523
342
834
282
103
178
171
55

1,438
2
51
831
1
27
155
6
149
360
11

Early retirement
and vesting 1

Workers2 Plans

Workers 2

946

9,196

8,362

2
140
394
242
26
51
34
16
43
47

69
160
73
5,770
302
456
983
864
119
1,059
324

20
92
157
6,458
302
349
408
234
174
489
85

Workers
Plans (thousands)
Transportation__________
71
336
Wholesale and retail trade.................
54
129
Wholesale trade........................
34
98
20
31
Retail trade......... .......................
Services..........................
7
100
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

1286
T a ble 5.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964
E a r l ie s t A ge 1 and A sso c ia ted S e r v ic e 2 at W h ic h t h e W o r k e r Q u a l if ie s f o r V e s t in g , E arly R e t ir e ­
m e n t , or N orm al R e t ir e m e n t in P r iv a t e P e n s io n P la n s , W in t e r 1 962-63
[Workers in thousands]
Age i

All plans
Service 2

No age requirement
Number

All plans studied______________ ___________
Less than 5 years__ ______ _ _ - ___ _
5 to 10 years'__ ___________________________ _ -11 to 15 y e a r s ...----------------------------------------------16 to 20 years_________________
___ _ -----Over 20 years_____ _______________ ______ _____

Workers3

Plans

40 and under

Workers3

Plans

45

Workers 3

Plans

Workers3

15,818

15,621

4,870

4,157

2,037

3,599

774

811

730
4,444
5,465
2,823
2,356

328
4,114
5, 357
3,239
2,583

149
1,163
1,466
1,170
922

61
912
1,208
583
1, 393

1,377
588
52
20

2,029
1,420
147
3

279
335
75
85

321
382
81
27

Age 1
55

50
Plans
All plans studied.. _________________

___ . -

Less than 5 years. _______ - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . ______ _____
5 to 10 years__ _ __________ .
11 to 15 years-- - -_-.- - -------- --. --. .
16 to 20 years_____ _ . . --------------------------------_____ - __
Over 20 years_____ _____ _ - .

Workers 3

1,226

1

165
644
159
257

Plans

65

60
Workers3

Plans

Workers3

Plans

Workers 3

796

3,242

1,972

1,294

1,534

2,375

2,750

4
103
307
221
162

206
572
1,081
797
586

115
289
980
414
174

8
334
343
350
259

44
232
341
562
355

366
554
1,008
220
227

105
228
720
1,230
468

1 Some plans specified alternative requirements; for each case, the one with
the earliest age or no age requirement was selected.
2 For those plans which specified a period of employment to be served before
participation in the plan could begin, the minimum service requirement

includes the preparticipation service and the required plan membership
service.
3 Active workers in 1961.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

Members of salaried worker plans and of com­
bined plans had a much better chance of qualifying
for benefits at an early age than members of pro­
duction worker plans. Over 3 out of 5 production
workers were in plans in which a worker would
not qualify until age 50, contrasted with 1 out of 4
salaried workers. By age 60, almost all salaried
workers and workers in combined worker plans
would qualify under the assumed conditions, but
over a third of the production workers still would
not.

The chances, even under favorable assumptions,
are less than 50-50 that workers will earn rights
or benefits in two pension plans by age 65. As
workers accumulate service and age under a pen­
sion plan, they increase their chances of receiving
a benefit from that plan, but, as they age, their
chances of qualifying for benefits under other
plans lessen.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

— W alter W . K olodrubetz
Division of Industrial and Labor Relations

1287

WAGE AND EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEES IN MAJOR AGREEMENTS

Wage and Employment Guarantees
in Major Agreements
Or s o m e 1,770 major agreements studied by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1963, fewer than 1
percent, representing a similar proportion of the
covered workers, had a wage or employment
guarantee provision.1 Weekly guarantees were
provided by most of them, but only six contracts
included an annual guarantee.2 (See table.)
Guarantees varied not only 'by the length of the
guarantee period, but also by such other factors as
the amount of money or hours guaranteed in a
specified period, by eligibility and work require­
ments, and by conditions under which the guaran­
tee could be reduced or waived.
Weekly Guarantees
Weekly guarantees were provided to some or all
workers by 117 major agreements, which covered a
total of approximately 513,000 workers. Most of
the agreements (81) were in nonmanufacturing
industries, chiefly trucking, local transit, and retail
trade. All of the 36 agreements in manufacturing
with weekly guarantees were in the food indus­
try—19 in meatpacking and 12 in dairies.
The Teamsters Union negotiated almost half of
the agreements with a weekly guarantee. Most of
the remaining agreements were bargained by the
Meatcutters, Retail Clerks, Packinghouse Work­
ers, Street, Electric Railway Employes, or
Machinists.
Weekly guarantees were more common in multi­
employer than in single-employer agreements. In
both food manufacturing and retail trade, the
guarantees were about equally divided between
single-employer and multiemployer units, al­
though the proportion of workers covered by each
type differed considerably. Seven out of 10
agreements in the transportation industry were
negotiated with multiemployer groups.
1 As defined in this study, wage and employment guarantees
assure a minimum am ount of pay or employment to eligible
workers who s ta rt work or report for work a t the beginning of
the guarantee period. Some contracts promise a stipulated
am ount of em ploym ent; others guarantee a certain amount of
pay. However, since little real distinction exists in practice be­
tween these two types of guarantees, the term s “wage guarantee’’
and “employment guarantee” are used interchangeably in this
report.
2 Monthly and semimonthly guarantees are discussed in the
full study which will appear in a forthcom ing BLS bulletin under
the title Supplemental Unemployment Benefit Plans and WageEm ploym ent Guarantees (BLS Bulletin 1425-4).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Eligibility Requirements. Weekly guarantees
were generally applicable to all or nearly all em­
ployees covered by the collective bargaining
agreements. Under some provisions “all employ­
ees” were covered; others covered “permanent” or
“regular” employees; and still others, “regular
full-time hourly workers.”
Workers were usually eligible for the weekly
guarantee immediately upon being employed, or
after serving short probationary periods. As
shown below, only 16 agreements explicitly speci­
fied the minimum service required for coverage
(other than service required solely to complete a
probationary period).
Minimum service requirement

Total with service requirements.
2 months___________________________
3 months___________________________
12 months__________________________
18 months____________________
24 months__________________________

Agreements

16
1
1
2
1
11

Workers
(thousands)

19.2
1. 2
1.0
3.9
2. 0
11.1

Ten of the 11 contracts requiring 24 months of
service were negotiated between Montgomery
Ward and the Teamsters.
Other than length-of-service requirements, the
guarantees, in general, were applicable to all eligi­
ble workers regardless of their seniority status.
Only nine agreements—eight of which covered
workers in the trucking industry—withheld the
guarantee from low-seniority employees. For ex­
ample, under the Central Motor Freight Associa­
tion-Teamster agreement, the guarantee was appli­
cable to all employees in the top 80 percent of the
seniority roster.
Inherent in guarantee provisions is the under­
standing that the employee must be available and
willing to work when work is provided. In 85
agreements, the prerequisites for a guarantee were
specifically stated. The guarantee provision of 3
out of 10 of these agreements was applicable only
to employees who worked during the week. The
length of time that an employee had to work to be
covered was specified in only one plan. In 1 out of
4 agreements, reporting to work was the criterion
used in establishing whether or not a person was
eligible for the guarantee. On the other hand, in
17 agreements, coverage by the guarantee during
any one week was dependent on the employee’s
availability and desire to work. In most of the
remaining agreements (13), the guarantee was

M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , N O V EM BER 1964

1288
applicable only to employees scheduled to work
during the week.
Basis and Amount of Guarantee. Many of the
weekly guarantees assured eligible workers full
employment during the week. Some promised a
week’s pay and others, employment or pay in lieu
of employment.
Most frequently, the amount of the guarantee
was expressed in hours per week. Some contracts,
however, described the guarantee in terms of a
minimum number of hours per day and days per
week. Only nine provisions expressed the weekly
guarantee as a monetary amount. Generally, the
regular full-time workweek, which in most cases
amounted to 40 hours, was guaranteed. An im­
portant exception was the guarantee of 36 hours
to packinghouse workers, although their regular
workweek consisted of 40 hours.
In the majority of provisions, a uniform amount
of employment or pay was guaranteed all covered
workers. About 3 out of 10 weekly guarantee
provisions varied the amount according to suclq
factors as job classification and seniority—the most
common factors affecting the guarantee.
A few contracts provided different guarantees
for male and female employees. One contract,
for instance, guaranteed male employees 4 hours
more work than female employees.
Nomvork Time. A majority of the guarantee pro­
visions specified the nonwork hours during a reg­
ular workweek which either were credited against
the guarantee or reduced the employer’s obliga­
tion. These specifications usually were found only
in those provisions which included prerequisites
for the guarantee. A summary of the types of
nonwork time affecting guarantees follows :
Agree- Workers
merits (thousands)

All agreements specifying nonwork
hours that affected guarantee__
Hours credited against guarantee:
Paid vacation_______________________
Paid holidays________________ , ______
Hours that reduced guarantee:
Absences___________________________
Time lost due to tardiness___________
Time lost due to discharge or quit____
Time lost due to being reemployed or
recalled after start of workweek____
Other_______________________________

1 63 1 344. 4
3
32

9.0
284. 8

42
30
13

118.6
81.0
14.8

15
4

63.8
6.4

1Figures do not total since most agreements specified more than 1 factor.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

One out of 3 weekly guarantee provisions
permitted the guarantee to be waived by manage­
ment, if certain circumstances existed during the
week. About half of these cited “causes beyond
the company’s control” as a condition under which
the guarantee might be waived. This reason was,
with one exception, given in conjunction with one
or more of the following reasons: Acts of God,
breakdown affecting operations, strikes, national
emergency, discharge, or voluntary absence.
Under some provisions, unexcused absence waived
the guarantee and excused absences only reduced
it.
Annual Guarantees
Only six of the major agreements studied con­
tained provisions for a guaranteed annual wage;
that is, they assured some or all workers employ­
ment or pay for 10 months or longer. These agree­
ments are described below.3
Hormel. The Geo. A. Hormel-Packinghouse
Workers guaranteed wage plan covered all
employees in the company’s Austin, Minn.,
plant as soon as they were hired; part-time and
extra workers and those hired for a specific tem­
porary period were hot covered. Workers were
guaranteed year-round employment and 52 paychecks, each equal to regular full-time pay based
on the weekly work schedule of their department.
A weekly work schedule for each department, not
to exceed 40 hours, was subject to annual negotia­
tion. In the year beginning April 1963, a 36-hour
minimum was generally in effect throughout the
plant. Full-time employment was not required
during any one week, but the number of hours paid
for could not drop below the minimum—generally
36 hours in 1963-64.
During the guarantee period, overtime work was
not prohibited; overtime rates were paid employees
working long hours per day or week (usually over
12 hours a day or 48 hours a week) or on a Sunday
or holiday. Also, holiday hours, like other over­
time hours, were credited toward the guarantee.
3
Summaries of the annual guarantee provisions of the follow­
ing agreements, which were outside the scope of this article, are
presented in the Bureau’s forthcom ing bulletin : Nunn-Bush
Shoe Co. and Industrial Union of M aster Craftsmen (Ind.) ;
sugar refinery companies on the E ast Coast and Packinghouse
Workers, and Longshoremen’s A ssociation; and a number of
St. Louis, Mo., area companies negotiating with Teamsters
Local No. 688.

1289

W AG E A N D EM PLO YM ENT G U A R A N T E E S IN M AJO R A G R E E M E N T S

considered “permanent” ; all others were consid­
ered temporary and subject to layoff.
Only 10 months of employment each year, con­
sisting of full-time work during 8 months of the
year and part-time work during 4 months, was
guaranteed by the agreement applicable to bushelmen, pressers, and finishers. During periods of
part-time employment, work sharing was per­
mitted. Neither overtime work nor work per­
formed to make up for time lost on account of
holidays counted toward the guarantee.

At the end of the year, workers received a bonus
for hours worked in excess of 2,080. If a worker
was indebted to the company for hours paid for but
not worked, his debt was canceled.4
Michigan Sugar. Unlike most of the annual wage
guarantees which covered all eligible employees,
the Michigan Sugar-Grain Millers guarantee was
applicable to a specified number of workers at each
plant—ranging from 27 to 31 men. The guaran­
tee was to be in effect only as long as the company
operated the factories in which eligible workers
were employed. If a plant was closed, the com­
pany had the option of either employing the af­
fected worker at another establishment or giving
him severance pay based on his length of service.

Shoe Retailers League. This contract with the
Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union
guaranteed regular full-time employees 52 weeks
of employment during each year of the 2-year con­
tract. Managers were guaranteed 44 hours of
work weekly; all others were guaranteed 40.

Retail Apparel Merchants. Salespeople were
given stronger guarantees than bushelmen, pressers, and finishers in the two agreements negotiated
by the Clothing Workers with the Retail Apparel
Merchants Association in New York City. The 3year agreement applicable to salespeople guaran­
teed all permanent employees steady employment
throughout the life of their contract. However,
only certain employees, identified by name, were
4
The total annual income of an employee was computed ac­
cording to a unilaterally established and administered earnings
plan to which the guarantee wage was tied.

Wisconsin Public Service Gorp. Under this con­
tract, members of the Operating Engineers with at
least 5 years of service on the effective date of the
agreement were guaranteed 2,080 hours of employ­
ment per year, less vacation and unworked paid
holiday hours, for a 2-year period. Although
workers could not be laid off, they could be trans­
ferred to other jobs. If transferred, they were
protected from reduction of their pay rate during
the 6 months following transfer.

M a jo r C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g A g r e e m e n t s W it h W a g e - E m pl o y m en t G u a r a n t e e s ,
G u a r a n t e e , 1963

by

I n d u str y

and

T y pe

of

[Workers in thousands]
Type of guarantee
Number studied
Industry
Agree­
ments
All industries__

_______

Manufacturing___ ___
Food and kindred products__
Machinery, except electrical.-Nonmanufacturing__ --------Transportation 3________ -_Utilities: electric and gas____
Wholesale trade. . . ---- - - _
Retail trade... _ . ------Services. . ..
-----Construction______ .
__

Work­
ers 1

Totals with
guarantee

Semimonthly

Monthly

Other

Annual

Agree­ Work­ Agree­ Work­ Agree­ Work­ Agree­ Work­ Agree­ Work­ Agree­ Work­
ments ers 1 ments ers 1 ments ers 1 ments ers 1 ments ers 1 ments ers ■'

1, 773

7, 454.1

139

602.2

117

512.8

4

10.1

26

12.5

1,023

4,137.0

40

109.7

36

102.4

2

2.3

2

5.0

124
98
801

373.0
262.7
3, 501.3

39
1

108.4
1.3

36

102.4

1
1

1.0
1.3

2

5.0

750

3,317.0

99

492.5

81

410.3

2

7.8

4

7.5

107
86
15
116
62
221
143

688.4
207.2
28.4
303.9
218.5
898.0
972.7

34
3
7
37
13
5

301.1
3.0
16.8
86.0
72.0
13.6

1 Figures represent number covered by agreements, not necessarily those
covered by the guarantee.
2Includes 1 agreement covering 2,500 workers that guarantees 10 months
of employment.
3 Excludes railroads and air transportation.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Weekly

29

2

7
33
7
43

274.2
2.0
16.8
77.8
33.7
5.8

4

4
4

10.9

10.9
10.9

1
23
2

7.8

1.0
6.5

8

56.0

8

56.0

1

16.0

1
6

1.7
38,3

4Includes 1 agreement covering 2,300 workers that provided a weekly
guarantee from April through November and no guarantee during the other
months.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

1290
Other Guarantees
Eight agreements, six of which were in the mo­
tion picture and theatrical industry, contained
other guarantees which are described below:
Retail Building Material Dealers of Greater
Cleveland. An agreement between this associa­
tion and the Teamsters guaranteed 50 percent of
the average number of workers employed in De­
cember employment for 17 weeks starting the first
week beginning on or after December 10—the
slack season for building materials. However,
each dealer had the right to reduce his work force
before December 1 to the number he anticipated
that he would need during the guarantee period.
Like the weekly guarantee provisions, absences
or failure to report to work reduced the hours
guaranteed, and certain events that “crippled the
industry” or “shut down the dealer” (such as
fire, explosion, or strikes) waived the guarantee.
Also, overtime hours worked, paid vacation, and
paid holidays were credited toward the guarantee.
Pacific Maritime Association. The Pacific Mari­
time Association and the Longshoremen’s and
Warehousemen’s Union’s agreement provided a
unique guarantee. It was an integral part of the
mechanization and modernization agreement of
the West Coast longshore industry which pro­
vided longshoremen guaranteed employment or
pay for the periods during which the introduction
of new machinery or cargo-handling methods
®For an early description of this plan, see “Working Rules in
West Coast Longshoring,” M onthly Labor Review, January 1961,
pp. 1-10. As of June 17, 1963, the base hourly rate was in­
creased to $3.19, and the weekly wage guarantee was, therefore,
$111.65 ; as of June 15, 1964, the hourly rate was $3.32 and the
weekly guarantee, $116.20.
8
This tru st was financed from funds allocated to it from the
Mechanization and Modernization Fund, which was financed by
employer contributions of $1% million made during the June
1959-June 1960 contract year and $5 million per year payable
for 5% years beginning January 1961.
7 From 1958 until 1964, registration on the West Coast was
frozen. Therefore, w ith few exceptions, all fully registered
longshoremen have met this requirement.
8 In general, to qualify for a 2-week paid vacation, longshore­
men under age 60 m ust have been paid for 1,344 hours in the
previous payroll y e a r; those age 60 and over must have been
paid for 1,100 hours.
9 In June 1964, this amount was increased to $5,578. The
“current 4-week benefit period” was a period during which the
employment guarantee had not been met and a supplement to
actual earnings was required in order to satisfy the wage
guarantee.
10 The “group average hours” for each port was computed by
finding the average total hours worked during a 4-week period
by a representative class of employees in the group.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

were expected to cause drastic cuts in work op­
portunities.
Under the detailed plan subsequently negotiated
by labor and management, layoffs were pro­
hibited. Early and normal retirement was
encouraged, and in some cases, compulsory retire­
ment was provided for. Qualified longshoremen
were guaranteed 35 hours of work opportunity
per week or the equivalent in pay.5 Longshore­
men who worked less than 35 hours were paid
the difference, if any, between their total weekly
earnings (including unemployment insurance
compensation) and 35 hours’ pay by the trustees
of the union-employer Supplemental Wage Bene­
fit Trust.6
The guarantee for any one 4-week period was
applicable to longshoremen who—
1. Were fully registered for 3 years; T
2. Were eligible for a 2-week paid vacation; 8
3. Were available for work and had not refused work
assignments;
4. Earned less than $5,359 during the 48 consecutive
weeks immediately preceding the current 4-week benefit
period; 9
5. Worked or had credited to them during the current
benefit period at least 93 percent of the group average
hours.10

Determination of eligibility and administration
of the guaranteed wage provision was the respon­
sibility of the Board of Trustees selected by the
parties.
Motion Picture and Theatrical Industry. The
guarantee provisions found in six agreements in
this industry reflected the nature of employment
in the industry and its unique type of collective
bargaining. For most employees, the basic agree­
ments stipulated only the minimum conditions
of employment, including minimum guarantees.
Actual guarantees of employment and pay, as well
as other conditions, were subject to negotiation
between the individual employee and his em­
ployer.
Only the initial period of employment was
guaranteed under these contracts. The duration
of the guarantee period was either uniform (e.g.,
1 week) or varied according to the budget of the
motion picture or according to the number of epi­
sodes in and length of a television series.
— A rne

H. A nderson

Division of Industrial and Labor Relations

1291

STATE LABOR LEGISLATION ENACTED IN 1964

State Labor Legislation
Enacted in 1964
T h e l e g i s l a t u r e s of 23 States1 and Puerto Rico
met in regular sessions in 1964, a few of them solely
for budget purposes. Nevertheless, enactments
were made in practically all fields of labor legisla­
tion, the more significant ones including Michi­
gan’s first minimum wage law, Arizona’s provi­
sions for the control of radiation sources, and
seven States’ measures to increase benefits of vari­
ous kinds under workmen’s compensation laws.

Minimum Wages
Michigan has now joined the ranks of the States
with minimum wage laws. The new statute ap­
plies to men and women and sets a minimum wage
rate of $1.00 beginning January 1, 1965, $1.15 as
of January 1, 1966, and $1.25 as of January 1,
1967. It applies to employers of four or more em­
ployees between 18 and 65 years of age, with no
exemptions except persons subject to the Fed­
eral Fair Labor Standards Act. However, the
law provides that “no employer shall employ for
more than 13 weeks in any four consecutive 3month periods any employee at a rate less than
prescribed.” This law will make Michigan the
32d jurisdiction with really effective minimum
wage laws; four other States have such laws on
their statute books, but they are inoperative at
present. Of the 32, 20 have a statutory minimum
wage, and 17 of the 20 cover men as well as
women.
Three States amended their minimum wage
laws. South Dakota, whose law applies to women
and girls only, increased its statutory rate from
$15 to $20 a week in cities with a population of
2,500 or more, and from $12 to $17 elsewhere.
Massachusetts increased its statutory rate to $1.30
as of September 5, 1965, and to $1.35 as of Sep­
tember 5, 1966; the act further provides that such
rates will be effective for manufacturing occupa­
tions at any time before such dates if the Federal
minimum wage is equal to or higher than these
rates. Puerto Rico now permits wage boards to fix
piece rates, instead of hourly rates, for workers em­
ployed in the sewing of tobacco leaves and “any
other economic activity.” The fixing of piece
rates was formerly limited to coffee harvesting.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Automatic increases in minimum rates ap­
proved in earlier years took effect in Alaska, Con­
necticut, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Nevada, New
Hampshire, and North Carolina. There are now
six States with statutory rates of $1.25 or more
in effect, and seven with rates of $1.00 to $1.15.
California wage orders, which went into effect in
August 1964, set a minimum wage of $1.30 an
hour for most occupations.
New York City tried again this year to estab­
lish by law a minimum wage rate for employment
in that city of $1.50 per hour, which is higher than
the State law requires in other parts of New York
State. A similar 1962 law had been declared un­
constitutional by the Court of Appeals, but be­
cause of a new constitutional amendment in 1963
giving cities more power to regulate local affairs,
the supporters of the new law believed it would
pass the test of constitutionality. The new law
was immediately challenged and was declared un­
constitutional by a trial court, but is still to be
heard in the higher courts.
Agricultural Workers
A significant feature of the Michigan minimum
wage law was its coverage of agriculture, subject
of course to the 13-week clause already quoted.
As a result of this clause, many seasonal agricul­
tural workers will not benefit by the act’s provi­
sions. Of the State minimum wage laws specify­
ing minimum rates, only those of Hawaii and
Puerto Rico previously applied to agriculture.
Among the States where minimum rates are es­
tablished by wage boards, only Wisconsin and
California have actually issued orders covering
agricultural work and these apply exclusively to
women and minors.
California passed a law authorizing guidance
services in securing from the Federal Government
financial or other aid necessary for the construc­
tion or operation of housing for farm laborers.
Michigan created a committee to study the hous­
ing of migratory workers, and New York extended
the life of its legislative migratory labor commit­
tee for another year.
1
Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia,
Hawaii, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts,
Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Virginia, West Vir­
ginia, and Wisconsin (carried over from 1963).

1292
Child Labor
Virginia, Maine, and Alaska amended their
child labor laws. Virginia now permits children
of 14 and 15 to work until 9 p.m. in the summer;
it also permits boys of 14 and 15 and girls of 16
and 17 to work at soda fountains and in restau­
rants where the sale of alcoholic beverages is
merely incidental to the business. This law also
lowered the age from 16 to 14 for boys employed in
bowling alleys, but not as pinsetters or in connec­
tion with pinsetting machines. Another Virginia
act prohibited employment of girls under 18 and
boys under 16 more than 25 miles from the place of
employment in the solicitation of subscriptions
for books, magazines, and other periodicals. In
Maine, minors under 14 may now be employed in
school lunch programs if the work is limited to
serving food and cleaning up in the dining room.
Alaska authorized the labor commissioner, under
certain conditions, to grant exemptions for work
in hazardous occupations.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

been out of school for at least 2 months. The
other set up a subsidized program of work train­
ing, combined with academic training, for youths
16 to 22 who have been out of school for 6 months
or have graduated from high school.
Some States provided for training adults in
addition to young persons. For instance, Dela­
ware authorized its Department of Public Welfare
to assign employable recipients of public assistance
to training projects designed to 'improve their
chances of employment. Mississippi authorized
its Agricultural and Industrial Board to formulate
and put into effect plans for industrial plant train­
ing and recruitment for new and expanded indus­
tries, or both. A commission on manpower, tech­
nology, and training was created in West Virginia
to make certain studies, including the impact of
technological advancements on employment op­
portunities, and to survey and evaluate current
programs of job training, retraining, and skill
development.
Industrial Relations

Training and Retraining
Matching Federal funds in connection with par­
ticipation in the program under the Manpower
Development and Training Act was authorized by
Hawaii, New York, and Pennsylvania, while com­
mittees in two South Carolina counties were
charged with developing plans to comply with the
intent of that program. In addition, one of these
counties was authorized to study and recommend
a program of vocational education for youth of
high school age and for adults. Michigan and Vir­
ginia also provided for development of area voca­
tional education.
A Massachusetts act set up a service corps, pat­
terned on the new Federal youth employment pro­
grams, for persons 16 and over participating as
full-time volunteers, and for students 14 and over
participating on part-time basis. The law in­
cluded a provision for education and training of
school dropouts and the unemployed between 16
and 21 years of age to prepare them for regular
employment.
Two laws in this area were passed in Michigan.
One of these established special education and sub­
sidized work-experience programs for unemployed
dropouts between 16 and 20 years of age who have


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Following the recent trend toward bargaining
rights for public employees, Louisiana granted to
employees of municipally owned or operated pub­
lic transportation facilities the right to organize
and bargain collectively. Massachusetts specifical­
ly strengthened these same rights for its State em­
ployees but made it an unfair labor practice for
State employees to strike. In addition, Massachu­
setts amended its State labor relations act by ex­
tending its provisions to nurses employed in public
or private health care facilities. However, such
nurses are prohibited from engaging in strikes,
work stoppages, or slowdowns, and employers are
prohibited from causing a lockout. In Delaware,
the Director of the Mediation Service was author­
ized to determine the necessary protective arrange­
ments, including collective bargaining agreements,
of employees of privately owned transportation
systems before any such system is acquired by any
State authority.
Alaska and Rhode Island prohibited any person
from requesting or requiring, as a condition of em­
ployment, an employee or applicant for employ­
ment to submit to a lie detector test. The other
States with such bans are California, Massachu­
setts, and Oregon.

STATE LABOR LEGISLATION ENACTED IN 1964

In an Oklahoma referendum, the voters rejected
a right-to-work constitutional amendment. In
Oregon, an attempt by initiative petition to put the
right-to-work issue on the ballot was almost unani­
mously rejected.
Occupational Safety and Health
Six States passed laws or amendments relating
to the control of radiation sources. Arizona cre­
ated an Atomic Energy Commission. In Rhode
Island, the Governor was authorized to enter into
an agreement with the Federal Government for
the transfer of responsibilities from the U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission to the State when
such an agreement is recommended by the State
Atomic Energy Commission. Georgia, Mississip­
pi, and Virginia amended their laws to designate
the State Department of Health as the administra­
tive agency. Massachusetts abolished its Atomic
Energy Commission and transferred its powers
and duties to the newly established Department of
Commerce and Development.
In all, 46 States now have laws or regulations
specifically designed to control radiation hazards.
These laws usually include licensing or registra­
tion requirements, recordkeeping requirements,
and the designation of a specific regulatory agency
with authority to issue rules and regulations.
Safety legislation in areas other than radiation
included New York amendments authorizing the
issuance of regulations governing the construc­
tion, use, and operation of coin-operated machines
which perform any manufacturing process; au­
thorizing the construction code to be enforced in
factories, mercantile establishments, and places of
public assembly in municipalities; and requiring
insurance inspectors of boilers to be certified by
the Commissioner of Labor. A Massachusetts
amendment prohibited employers engaged in con­
struction work from permitting an employee to
use stilts to elevate him to high-placed work; a
Georgia measure created a committee to study in­
dustrial safety; and a Michigan resolution asked
for a study of construction safety rules.
Workmen’s Compensation
In the area of workmen’s compensation, seven
States raised benefits of one type or another, six
extended coverage to additional groups of public
7 4 7 -5 7 9 0 — 64------ 4


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1293
employees, and four provided for studies of their
laws.
Kentucky amended its benefit provisions by
changing the method of computing benefits; the
weekly minimum and maximum benefits will now
be based on the average weekly wages of the State
instead of monetary amounts specified in the law.
Benefits will be 66% percent of the average weekly
earnings of the employee, but the minimum bene­
fits for all types of disability and for death will be
25 percent of 85 percent of the average weekly
wages of the State. The maximum benefits vary—
for death and partial disability it is 50 percent,
and for total disability 55 percent, of 85 percent of
the average weekly wages of the State. In addi­
tion, the former maximum limitation on the total
amount of compensation payable in disability
cases was deleted. Medical benefits, formerly lim­
ited to $3,500, were also increased. Now, unlim­
ited medical treatment may be ordered by the
Workmen’s Compensation Board upon applica­
tion and showing of justifiable need.
Virginia increased its maximum weekly com­
pensation for death and disability from $37 to $39,
and the minimum from $12 to $14. The total max­
imum benefits were increased from $11,100 to
$11,700 for death, and from $14,800 to $15,600 for
disability. The initial period for medical bene­
fits was increased from 60 to 90 days after the ac­
cident.
Alaska changed its benefits for temporary dis­
ability and permanent partial disability by rais­
ing the minimum amount from $18 to $25 a week.
Benefits for certain schedule injuries were also
raised: loss of an arm, for instance, is now $14,500
instead of $9,800; and loss of a leg is $12,900 in­
stead of $8,700.
Death benefits only were increased in Massa­
chusetts—from a weekly maximum of $35 to $40
for the widow and to $46 for a widow with one
child, with an additional weekly allowance of $6—as formerly—for each other child.
In South Dakota, a former requirement that
compensation payments, other than medical or
hospital, be deducted from death benefits has been
changed to permit deduction of only one-half of
such amounts.
A Virginia amendment included a provision for
disfigurement benefits if the disfigurement appears
on the hands, arms, or legs, in addition to head or

1294
face as formerly. Delaware also broadened its dis­
figurement coverage by providing for compensa­
tion if the disfigurement is visible and offensive
with the body normally clothed, including disfig­
urement caused by loss of a member.
Six States extended coverage to additional
groups of public employees. In Mississippi, it
was extended to the National Guard ; in Michigan,
to full-time firemen or policemen for respiratory
or heart diseases or illnesses resulting from the
job; in Arizona, to certain volunteer firemen and
volunteer policemen, members of the police de­
partment sworn as peace officers, and persons who
perform services as trainees for the purpose of
vocational rehabilitation.
Kentucky added to its coverage employees of
departments, administrative bodies, and agencies
of the State. Virginia specified that certain exec­
utive officers—elected or appointed—of a corpora­
tion, municipal or otherwise, are to be considered
employees of the corporation for the purposes of
workmen’s compensation.
Georgia proposed an amendment to the consti­
tution to enable county boards of education to
use educational funds to provide workmen’s com­
pensation for school personnel. In addition, this
State authorized boards of education of counties
with a population of less than 300,000 (at present,
only Fulton County) to adopt an appropriate reso­
lution providing workmen’s compensation for
the employees.
A Kentucky amendment provided that to be
compensable, a claim must be filed within 10 years
from the last injurious exposure in the case of radi­
ation, rather than within 5 years as is the case with
other occupational diseases. The time for filing
claims remained the same as before—1 year after
the last injurious exposure to the occupational haz­
ard or after the employee first experiences a dis­
tinct manifestation of the disease.
Puerto Rico and the States of South Carolina,
Massachusetts, and Michigan all provided for com­


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

mittees to study their workmen’s compensation
laws.
Other Laws
In New York, the women’s hours law was
amended to authorize employment—by special per­
mit-—of women 21 years of age and over in fac­
tories in excess of the maximum statutory hours
(8 a day, 48 a week) for up to 8 weeks in the last
6 months of the calendar year. The Industrial
Commissioner is authorized to issue such permits
under certain conditions, providing safeguards for
the health and welfare of such women are in­
cluded.
Virginia amended its law regulating “labor
agents” (those who procure laborers, usually under
contract, for other persons) by exempting from
coverage the so-called “temporary help agencies”—
those employing individuals to give part-time or
temporary service to other persons. Massachusetts
provided for the regulation of agencies procuring
domestic workers from outside the State but within
the United States.
Georgia passed—for the first time—a time-offfor-voting law, permitting employees to take up
to 2 hours’ leave from work to vote if they do not
have 2 consecutive hours of their own time for
that purpose. There are now 30 States with timeoff-for-voting laws.
Maryland enacted a law making it a “harmful”
employment practice for an employer to discrim­
inate in matters of employment because of age
against a person 40 to 65 years of age; however,
the act specifically prohibits the application of
penalty provisions of the labor laws to violators.
The New York apprenticeship law was amended
to prohibit the selection of persons for apprentice­
training programs on any basis other than their
personal qualifications.
— N orene

M.

D iam on d

Bureau of Labor Standards

When Teachers Organize
“Virtually every innovation in American schools during the coming decade will be
influenced by tioo strong currents of change. One of these is the growing effort to
improve relations between races. The other is the increasing insistence of teachers
on the right to express their views on school policy questions.”

Appeal From
an Impasse
T he r i g h t of the teachers’ organization to appeal
to a third party for the mediation of a disagree­
ment, or an impasse, with the board of education
is one of the most controversial of the current
issues on professional negotiation and collective
bargaining.1 The provision in the National Edu­
cation Association (NEA) professional negotia­
tion resolution calling for an appeal “through
educational channels” was not for arbitration of a
board-teacher organization conflict but rather
more of an effort at factfinding or mediation.
However, in either mediation or arbitration, the
provision of an opportunity for appeal raises the
question as to any alleged usurpation of the au­
thority of the board of education.
An NEA publication on the elements of profes­
sional negotiation lists as an integral part “a pro­
vision to deal with impasse—whether the impasse
be caused by the board, by the association—or by
what seems to be the most obvious cause, but the
one seldom mentioned—by the simple fact that the
two honestly cannot agree.” 2
The significance of this point is dramatized by
the departure from the traditional concept of uni­
lateral or even bilateral approaches through which
negotiations are currently conducted. The pro­
vision of such an appeal process in the event of an
impasse between the teachers’ association and the
board of education offers a new and untried negoti­
ation instrument. The possible similarity between
the appeal through educational channels and the
use of a tripartite body under collective bargain­


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ing arrangements in private employment should
be noted.
There are at least two points which should be
noted in regard to any implied comparability be­
tween such tripartite collective bargaining and
professional negotiation. The first is in regard
to the term “public interest.” The third or neutral
party in the tripartite agreement is viewed to a
degree as being representative of the public inter­
est. But to extend this concept to our educational
enterprise would seem to imply that the board of
education would not function as such a representa­
tive—hence the [proposal that the appeal be car­
ried] through educational channels. This raises
a difficulty in reconciling such a third-party ap­
proach in collective bargaining with comparable
procedures in education, since the board of educa­
tion in a sense acts in a dual role—the employer
and the representative of the public. The use of a
third party seems to suggest a voluntary denial by
the board of education of this public responsibility.
Its transfer by the board to a designated neutral
1 E d it o r s N ote .— This excerpt is taken from Jam es B. Steffensen, “Teachers Negotiate W ith Their School Boards,” (U.S.
Departm ent of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Educa­
tion, OE—23026 Bulletin 1964, No. 40 )|, ch. IV. This, w ith the
article beginning on page 1297, presents two' more facets of
Review coverage of a subject commanding particular interest
among trade union and academic circles. Steffensen ends his
study with the quotation— taken from the w ritings of Dr. John
H. Fischer, president of Teachers College, Columbia University,
in the February 1964 Teachers College Record— which heads
this m onth’s excerpts. Other recent articles are “A Case for
Teachers’ Unions,” M onthly Labor Review, March 1964, p. 292;
“The Case for Independent Professional Teachers’ Associa­
tions,” May 1964, p. 543; “The NEA Convention and the
Organizing of Teachers,” August 1964, pp. 882-885 ; “Reaction
of Organized B ritish Teachers to Crises,” September 1964, pp.
1022-1025 ; and “The 1964 Convention of the Teachers’ Union,”
October 1964, pp. 1138-1142.
2 M artha L. Ware, Professional Negotiation (Washington, Na­
tional Education Association, 1962), p. 7.

1295

1296
who would accept it for a possible resolution of
the impasse implies that the neutral party would
assume the “public representative” designation.
Another factor which must be considered in
making comparisons between these two approaches
to negotiation is the extent to which the third party
would function in the area of compulsory arbitra­
ment. As Secretary of Labor Wirtz has noted,
there is substantial indication of “an evolving pat­
tern of resort in one form or another to that arbit­
rament of reason rather than of economic force,
which may well be essential to the continued vital­
ity and effectiveness of significant private collec­
tive bargaining.” 3
One of the problems of current negotiation pro­
cedures has been the inability of teachers and
boards to make long-term studies of the issues
prior to the initiation of negotiation sessions.
Relatively few local associations have full-time
staff members; and, as a result, salary negotiations,
for example, are frequently characterized by a cer­
tain amount of sporadicity, culminating usually in
a brief period of discussion in the spring when the
salary schedule for the ensuing year is established.
The advantage of the study committee lies in the
provision for “careful study and patient discus­
sion [which] can provide a more constructive out­
look.” 4 Perhaps the lack of opportunity for both
groups to have such “patient discussion,” based
upon previous and continuing careful study, was
instrumental in the development of the NEA reso­
lution calling for more formalized negotiation
procedures.
Some note should be made of the potential de­
velopment of a negotiation framework which ex­
tends beyond the limits of any one school district,
the “industrywide” approach. It would appear to
be entirely conceivable that negotiations between
teacher groups and school boards may place far
greater reliance on activity at the State level than
has occurred in the past—negotiations between
the State school boards’ association and the State
teachers’ association. A suggestion of this devel­
opment is seen in a statement attempting to stabi­
lize the contractual relationship between teachers
and school boards in Minnesota.5
Discussions on sanctions in Oregon have in­
cluded the proposal that sanctions against any one
school board be viewed by the State School Boards
Association as being sanctions against that State


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

association. The 1963-64 conflict in Utah was be­
ing conducted at the State level. The develop­
ment of such a statewide negotiation procedure
would, of course, have severe implications for the
“appeal through educational channels” as it is
apparently being viewed.
It is inevitable that for the present time discus­
sions of professional negotiation will be concerned
with collective bargaining. It is within the litera­
ture on collective bargaining that one currently
directs a major part of his efforts in search for
information on employer-employee negotiation
procedures. And, as suggested above, the pro­
vision for an appeal through educational chan­
nels is of particular significance to professional
negotiations just as the provision for third-party
involvement in collective bargaining is of interest
to labor and management in private employment.
In summary, teachers are showing increasing
interest in formal negotiation procedures. The
lack of more descriptive information to delineate
procedures for the development and form of the
necessary legislation has resulted in a considerable
amount of conjecture. Until such time as there
is rather wide implementation of such actions as
the professional negotiation resolution and until
guidelines are developed which make possible more
discerning examination of such proposals, then
discussions will probably continue to center upon
the relationship between professional negotiation
and collective bargaining. It is within this rela­
tionship, including the possible increase in the use
of tripartite collective-bargaining bodies, that the
use of the appeal group becomes significant. This
significance is centering upon the suggestion of a
possible change in the view of the board as being
the representative of the public interest in its nego­
tiation procedures if a provision is made for an
appeal from impasses which are insolvable through
the traditional bilateral or unilateral approaches
of the present. Whether this change legally can
occur, or rightly should occur, or administratively
will occur presents the basic question still un­
answered.
3 W. W illard Wirtz, “The Future of Collective Bargaining,’’
M onthly Labor Review, November 1961, p. 1207.
4 George W. Hildebrand, “The Use of T ripartite Bodies to Aid
Collective Bargaining,’’ M onthly Labor Review, June 1961,
p. 593.
5 Minnesota School Boards Association, “Revised Recommenda­
tions on Teacher-Board C ontract Relations,” Minnesota School
Board Journal, November 1962, p. 20.

COLLECTIVE BARGAINING FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS

Collective Bargaining for
Public School Teachers
I n S tates where collective bargaining in public
education is not prohibited, two rival teacher orga­
nizations have made strong efforts to persuade
school boards to conduct representation elections
and to negotiate with the designated teacher orga­
nizations.1 The organizations currently engaged
in increasingly bitter competition are the Ameri­
can Federation of Teachers, affiliated with the
AFL-CIO, and the National Education Associa­
tion, an independent professional association.

Approaches to Bargaining
The NEA. The NE A uses the term “professional
negotiations” to distinguish its efforts at bargain­
ing from the traditional procedures of the labor
movement. It is a generic term covering a variety
of relationships between school boards and local
teacher associations. For example, a local affiliate
is considered to have a Level I agreement if the
school board has made a written statement—which
may be in the minutes of the board meeting—that
it recognizes the association as the representative
of all teachers in the district or even as the repre­
sentative of its members. Level II agreements
consist of recognition and establishment of a nego­
tiation procedure. If a means for settling im­
passes is added, the agreement is considered to be
at Level III. The association will classify as
professional negotiation a school board statement
which establishes a procedure for recognizing
employee organizations, but names no representa­
tive. In addition, dual and proportional systems
of representation are considered professional
negotiations.
On the basis of this inclusive definition, it is not
surprising that the NEA can claim to have over 200
local affiliates that engage in professional negotia­
tions. Most of these locals are merely recognized
by the school board as the representative of their
members or of all teachers. This is far different
from any kind of meaningful negotiations.
The AFT. The AFT makes no effort to distinguish
its approach to teacher-board relations from tradi­
tional collective bargaining. Although the union

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1297

has been advocating collective bargaining for over
20 years, the confusion over the A FT’s bargaining
is similar to that exhibited by the NEA on pro­
fessional negotiations.
For example, although the AFT claims to have
approximately 12 written agreements between
school boards and teachers’ unions, only 4. include
terms and conditions of employment; the others
are merely recognition agreements. In addition,
several agreements do not provide for exclusive
recognition, and in two cases the school boards have
signed written agreements with the NEA local as
well as the AFT local.
Representation Problems
Because of the lack of standardization between
and within the approaches of the two organiza­
tions, the procedures established for negotiations
between school boards and public school teachers
are extremely diverse. In a study by the author
of 20 school districts in which negotiations were
conducted, it was found that 15 had exclusive rec­
ognition while 5 had various systems of recognition,
including dual and proportional representation.
In two of the districts which did not have
exclusive recognition, a system of dual representa­
tion was used. The school board negotiated with
representatives of both teacher organizations at
separate times. Representatives negotiated only
for members of their own organizations, yet any
agreements had to apply to all teachers in the
school district. In both cases, the school board
signed a written agreement with both teacher or­
ganizations. Although the terms and conditions of
employment for all teachers in the district were
identical, the written agreements were markedly
different: one did not include any of the terms and
conditions of employment, but provided for third
party mediation in the event of an impasse; the
second included the terms and conditions of em­
ployment that applied to all teachers in the dis­
trict.
Two school districts had a system of propor­
tional representation through a joint committee
consisting of representatives of all employee or1 Excerpts of a paper presented by Michael H. Moskow of the
Departm ent of Economics, Lafayette College, a t the E ighth An­
nual Conference of the National Association of State Labor
Relations Agencies a t Lake Delton, Wis., Sept. 22, 1964. Minor
changes in wording and syntax have been made to provide
transitions.

1298
ganizations. Membership on the committee was
proportional to the size of the organization. In
one of the districts, negotiations were conducted by
this committee and the school board. The other
district followed a unique procedure whereby the
13-member proportional committee selected by
majority vote a 5-man negotiating team to meet
with the school board. Since the proportional
committee was composed of nine union represent­
atives and four representatives of the association,
the negotiating team consisted of five unionists.
The 20th school district had a representational
system under which the teachers’ association theo­
retically negotiated only for its members. All
agreements applied to the entire teaching staff,
but since the w ritten agreem ent explicitly included
the “members only” clause, it was not classified
as exclusive recognition.
In the school districts which had representa­
tional systems other than exclusive recognition,
there was general dissatisfaction among the partic­
ipants, whether they were teachers, administrators,
,or school board members. The only exceptions
were the representatives of the minority organiza­
tions who participated on the proportional com­
mittees, though the representatives on the commit­
tee that selected a negotiating team felt that their
participation was meaningless unless they could
have at least one representative on the final com­
mittee. In most cases, however, the dissatisfac­
tion was over the duplication of time and effort in
negotiations.
Elections and Unit Determinations. Since, in gen­
eral, no public agency exists to conduct repre­
sentation elections and no legislative guides are
provided, school boards, according to the author’s
research, usually unilaterally promulgated election
rules and standards. The result was often a set
of procedures which provided neither protection
nor equity for classroom teachers.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

At times, the election was conducted by an im­
partial person, but in most cases full-time admin­
istrators wh,o were employees of the school board
performed the function. In other cases, an out­
sider, whose salary is paid by the school board, was
appointed. His duties ranged from merely count­
ing the votes to determining the bargaining unit
or to completely controling the election.
In some cases, bargaining units have been limited
to classroom teachers, but in others, groups such as
guidance counselors, nurses, attendance teachers,
department heads, and principals have been com­
bined with the teachers. At times, even the super­
intendent and assistant superintendents of schools
have been included in the unit. The established
principle of excluding supervisors from bargain­
ing units has not been followed.
In setting rules for representation elections, a
variety of standards have been used. Some school
boards have required the winner to poll a majority
of those voting. Other boards have required a
plurality of those voting, and some have ordered a
two-thirds majority. In one case, a board required
a majority of those eligible to vote and since
neither organization received the necessary num­
ber of votes, no winner was declared. Two school
boards reserved the right to evaluate the results of
the election and determine whether there was a
winner.
The significance of winning a representation
election has varied widely. Several school boards
have stated before the election that they would
refuse to sign a written agreement with the teach­
ers’ representative. One board of education
claimed that the winner would not be authorized to
bargain collectively. After conducting an elec­
tion and negotiating an agreement with the teach­
ers’ representative, another school board unilater­
ally decertified the organization and refused to
negotiate.

Technical Note
Health Insurance in the
Revised CPI
James C. D augherty*
As p a r t of the recent comprehensive revision of
the Consumer Price Index (C PI), the Bureau of
Labor Statistics made a major change in the treat­
ment of the health insurance component of medical
care. Pricing of actual premium rates for family
group contracts has been discontinued. Instead,
health insurance is represented in the new CPI by
prices for a number of hospital and professional
services for which claims are paid, plus a small
portion representing retained earnings or “over­
head.”
Although direct pricing of premium rates may
be theoretically desirable, difficulties of obtaining
prices for an adequate sample of representative
plans and of making proper adjustment for quality
changes in benefits have proved too great to con­
tinue using this method.
Experience in Measurement
Premium rates for Blue Cross hospitalization
insurance were incorporated into the CPI in 1950.
Rates were represented in the index by the gross
premium rate for the most widely held family
group contract in each city. In December 1958,
similar rates for Blue Shield surgical insurance
were introduced into the index on the same basis.
Between 1950 and the 1964 CPI revision, two
major problems in measuring price Changes for
health insurance caused increasing concern. The
first of these was a definition of constant quality
for the purpose of adjusting premium rate
changes. These changes in rates reported to the
Bureau were evaluated by the local plans them­
selves with respect to three major causes: Changes
in costs of covered services; changes in utiliza­
tion (i.e., changes in total claims paid) ; and
changes in benefits.
In the index, changes in premium rates at­
tributed to differences in the unit costs of services

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(e.g., hospital charges) for which claims are paid
were clearly to be included as price changes. Con­
versely, changes in rates associated with obvious
differences in coverage of benefits were excluded
from the index calculation. Utilization changes,
however, presented a number of problems, both
conceptual and operational. Changes attributed
to increased utilization were treated as price
changes on the ground that the amount of protec­
tion offered by a given policy did not change
because of an increase in aggregate claims. Ac­
cording to this reasoning, greater utilization rep­
resented greater cost to the insuring company and,
hence, to the individual consumer who received the
same protection, but at additional cost.
On the other hand, authorities in the field of
medical care objected to inclusion of the effect of
increased utilization in CPI calculations, arguing
that such treatment failed to eliminate the effect
of increases in quantity of medical services pro­
vided.
Also, another difficulty encountered in measur­
ing rate change was reaching agreement on what
constituted a real change in benefits. For ex­
ample, an increased allowance for a hospital room
or a physician’s fee may coincide with an increase
in the cost of these services, or an increase in
these rates may precede the higher allowance.
Consequently, there may be no increase in benefits
even though benefit payments are increased. Fur­
thermore, increases in utilization have, at times,
been accompanied by reductions in benefits, a
device used to forestall higher premiums. Repre­
sentatives of Blue Cross and Blue Shield, the
only rate sources for the old series index, reported
that there was some uncertainty, and probably a
lack of uniform reporting on the part of the vari­
ous local plans, concerning the proper line to be
drawn between utilization and cost factors.
BLS also had to consider the problem of poli­
cies written by commercial insurance carriers.
Many large group insurance contracts are being
written on an industrywide or companywide basis
and therefore are not representative of a single
city or State (as is the case with the Blue CrossBlue Shield plans). This would have made the
problem of pricing and evaluation considerably
more complicated than it was previously, particu* Of the Office of Prices and Living Conditions, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.

1299

1300

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

P r ic e d I t e m s a n d W e ig h t A l l o c a t io n f o r H e a l t h
I n s u r a n c e in t h e R e v is e d C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x ,
D e c e m b e r 1963
Item

Relative
weight

Sample A *

Total health insurance _

100

Health insurance claims:
Hospital services:
Daily service charge, semiprivate room... .
Daily service charge, private room.. _ _ ..
Operating room service___ ____
Nonhospital services:
Other physicians (office visit)____
Surgeons’ fees (tonsillectomy)_____
Prescriptions and drugs____
Health insurance retained earnings
Sample B

Total health insurance

12
8
21
21
18
5
15

i

___

Health insurance claims:
Hospital services:
Daily service charge, semiprivate room
Daily service charge, private room. .
X-ray diagnostic series..
. . . _ __
Nonhospital services:
Other physicians (office visit)___ _ _ ___
Surgeons’ fees (herniorrhaphy) ____
...
. .. _
Obstetrical fees___ ___
Prescriptions and drugs____ _____
Health insurance retained earnings... ______ ____

100
12
8
21
21
14
4
5
15

1For an explanation of tbe replication sampling design, see “The Statistical
Structure of the Revised CPI,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1964, pp.

larly in view of the multiplicity of rates and re­
porting sources.
As a result of these uncertainties and as a fur­
ther consequence of a series of conferences with
representatives of the Health Insurance Associa­
tion of America, the Bureau concluded that from
a practical standpoint, the best method for meas­
uring health insurance price changes was by pric­
ing these services directly.
Revised Index Procedure
The total weight for the health insurance com­
ponent in each city will continue to be average
expenditures for health insurance as reported in
the Bureau’s expenditure surveys. (The share of
insurance paid for by employers is not included
in the index weights.) Expenditure weights for
health insurance in each index city were first sub­
divided between claims and retained earnings on
the basis of national findings that, in 1960, claims
accounted for 85 percent of total income and re­
tained earnings for 15 percent.
Within the claims portion, expenditure weights
were further allocated to in-hospital and out-of­
hospital costs and within these to the priced serv­
ices on the basis of data collected by the Civil

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Service Commission. In general, the items se­
lected are also priced to represent direct expendi­
tures. Cost weights for the elements of health
insurance will be kept distinct from those of like
items representing direct medical care costs. The
priced items and their respective weights are
shown in the accompanying table.1
The base weight for retained earnings was di­
vided between Blue Cross-Blue Shield and private
carriers on the basis of data for 1960. These rela­
tive weights will be adjusted annually, but in such
a manner that the change in proportions will not
be reflected directly as a price change. The over­
head cost component for each city will be ad­
justed annually and escalated from month to
month on the basis of the average change for the
particular city in the prices of the items repre­
senting claims. The annual adjustment for
changes in the ratio of retained earnings to in­
come will be based on national financial data
for Blue Cross-Blue Shield Plans and the com­
mercial insurance carriers, as reported to the
Social Security Administration. For convenience,
the calculation of these “retention factors” will be
carried out by expressing them as a proportion
of benefits rather than of total income, since the
cost weights for priced services correspond to
benefits. The annual relative of change in the
retention factor will be calculated on the basis of
weighted averages of the two ratios in each of
the two periods for which the calculation is to be
made, using data of the earlier period as weights.
New weights will be linked in at each period to
take account of shifts in the importance of Blue
Cross-Blue Shield versus the commercial carriers.
The annual relative using previous-period weights
can be expressed as follows:
R (i)
t-l
^ < F i)

t-l

where R is the weighted average retention factor
(ratio of retained earnings to benefits), the sub­
scripts indicate the time period to which the
weights (benefit proportions) relate, and the su­
perscripts indicate the time period to which the
weighted averages refer.
1 A more detailed description of the calculation procedure, in­
cluding an illustrative example, is available on request.

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*

Labor-Management Relations
Hot-Cargo, Secondary Boycott. Reversing its pre­
vious position, the National Labor Relations Board
ruled 1that the Labor Management Relations Act’s
provision permitting hot-cargo agreements in the
construction industry does not forbid strikes or
picketing to obtain such agreements. The Board
emphasized, however, that such strikes and picket­
ing in the industry are illegal if undertaken to
enforce such agreements, or if they have a dual
purpose of obtaining the legal hot-cargo clause
and disrupting business relations between primary
and secondary employers.
A building trades council picketed a construc­
tion site with signs indicating that a subcontractor
on the project was not affiliated with the council
and paid substandard wages. After virtually all
work on the project was halted, the council re­
quested the general contractor to sign an agree­
ment with all subcontractors, providing that only
those having contracts with the council’s affiliates
would be permitted to work at the construction
site.
The trial examiner, relying on the Board’s rul­
ing in the Colson and Stevens case,2 found that the
council had violated the act’s secondary boycott
ban—section 8(b) (4) (A)—by picketing to com­
pel the general contractor to enter into a hot-cargo
agreement which would be unlawful under the
construction industry proviso to section 8(e) of
the act. The Board’s position in that case was
that economic force to obtain a hot-cargo agree­
ment in the construction industry invalidated such
an agreement, although it would have been legal
had it been “voluntarily” entered into.
In light of the rejection of its interpretation of
the 8(e) proviso by three separate courts of ap­
peals,3 the Board reversed its position and found
no secondary boycott violation. The courts had


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consistently held that the exception provided by
section 8(e) for the construction industry is clear
and unambiguous, giving no indication that it ap­
plied only to voluntary hot-cargo agreements.
Though it overruled its previous position, the
Board held that the picketing of the council was
unlawful under section 8(b) (4) (B) since it found
that, in addition to seeking a lawful hot-cargo
agreement, the union had a concurrent objective
of forcing the cessation of business between the
neutral general contractor and the nonunion sub­
contractor. The two objectives are to be consid­
ered independently, the Board concluded.
Assistance to Union. The NLRB held4 that a
trucking company which was about to eliminate
two terminals and consolidate their operations at
another location violated the LMRA by extending
to the mechanics of the new facility its contract
with the union of the mechanics at one of the old
terminals, while representation of the new unit
was also claimed by a rival union representing the
mechanics at the second old terminal. The me­
chanics at the new location did not constitute
accretion to either of the preexisting units, the
opinion stated.
The employer had two terminals in Pennsyl­
vania, one in Pittsburgh and a smaller one in
Greensburg. The Pittsburgh terminal employed
11 mechanics, who were represented by the Ma♦Prepared in the U.S. Departm ent of Labor, Office of the
Solicitor. The cases covered in this article represent a selec­
tion of the significant decisions believed to be of special interest.
No attem pt has been made to reflect all recent judicial and ad­
m inistrative developments in the field of labor law or to indicate
the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which con­
trary results may be reached based upon local statutory pro­
visions, the existence of local precedents, or a different approach
by the courts to the issue presented.
1 Northeastern Indiana Building and Construction Trades
Council and Centlivre Village Apartm ents, 148 NLRB No. 93
(Sept. 11, 1964).
2 Construction Production & Maintenance Laborers Union Lo­
cal 98S, AFL-CIO (Colson and Stevens Construction Co.), 137
NLRB 1650 (1962).
8 Construction, Production <£ Maintenance Laborers Union v.
NLR B (Colson and Stevens Construction Co.), 323 F. 2d 422
(C.A. 9) ; Essex County and V icinity D istrict Council of Car­
penters v. N LRB, 332 F. 2d 636 (C.A. 3) ; Orange B elt District
Council v. NLRB (Calhoun Drywall Company)|, 328 F. 2d 534
(C.A.D.C.) ; Building and Construction Trades Council v. NLRB
(Gordon Fields)), 328 F. 2d 540 (C.A.D.C.)|. See also Local
Union No. 48, Sheet Metal Workers v. Hardy Corp., 332 F. 2d
682 (C.A. 5).
4
Schreiber Trucking Co., Inc. and A utom otive Mechanics Lodge
1060, International Association of M achinists, 148 NLRB No. 83
(Aug. 31, 1964).

1301

1302
chinists; the other had two mechanics represented
by the Teamsters. Both terminals had other units,
consisting of drivers and maintenance men repre­
sented by the Teamsters. After the company de­
cided to consolidate its operations into a single
new facility at Irwin, Pa., it entered into a memo­
randum of understanding with the Teamsters,
which in effect extended their contract covering
mechanics at Greensburg to those at the new termi­
nal. When the Pittsburgh terminal was closed,
those of its employees who were represented by the
Teamsters were transferred to the Irwin facility
with full seniority rights. Only some of the re­
maining mechanics were eventually hired to work
at Irwin, but they were accepted as new employees,
with the loss of seniority and at substantially re­
duced wages. In an action by the Machinists for
arbitration, an arbitrator ruled that the union’s
contract at Pittsburgh did not apply to the new
operation and was not in any way violated by the
employer.
Tire NLRB held that the extension of the Team­
sters’ contract to the new facility constituted un­
lawful assistance and support to the union, in
violation of sections 8(a) (1) and 8(a)(2) of the
LMRA. The employees at the Irwin terminal
were not, as the Teamsters contended, an accretion
to the Greensburg terminal unit, the decision
noted, but formed a new unit, separate and apart
from the former ones.
The decision said that the employer’s agreement
with the Teamsters, concluded before any work at
the new terminal was begun and purporting to
extend the Greensburg contract’s territorial limits,
was tantamount to an illegal prehiring contract,
especially since the company was on notice that
the Machinists claimed representation of the new
unit.
The Pittsburgh mechanics who had been laid
off and not rehired or who had been rehired as new
employees had been discriminated against, the de­
cision stated, “with respect to their hire, tenure,
and terms and conditions of employment, thereby
discouraging membership in the Machinists and
encouraging membership in the Teamsters, in vio­
lation of section 8(a) (1) and (3) of the act.”
But for the illegal contract between the Teamsters
and the employer, the opinion stated, the me­
chanics at Pittsburgh would not have been laid off


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

prior to transfer and would have been accorded
full rights upon transfer to the new location.
Fair Employment Practices
Discrimination in Apprenticeship. A New York
State court affirmed 5 the ruling of the New York
Commission for Human Rights that the Sheet
Metal Workers apprenticeship program operated
discriminatorily in violation of the State’s law for­
bidding discrimination in membership. The
Commission had found that a policy of giving
preference to relatives of union members, coupled
with the lack of objective standards for admission
to the program, had the effect of denying to quali­
fied Negroes and other minority groups the right
to participate.
The court noted that the development of nondiscriminatory shop training programs is such a
volatile problem, one involving the very “founda­
tion of our democracy,” that it could not be han­
dled “strictly within the conventional coniines of
an adversary proceeding.” Therefore, the court
had enlisted the aid of the parties—representatives
of the State, the union, and the employers—to
draft an acceptable program.
The court stressed that the traditional practice
of giving preference to relatives of present union
members was unconstitutional and illegal under
the New York law, which expressly forbids dis­
crimination in apprenticeship programs.
The new program, drafted by the parties and
approved by the court, provides a review proce­
dure available to those who are rejected. In ad­
dition, to prevent the adoption of educational
standards that would be “higher than . . . rea­
sonably necessary,” the court approved gradually
increasing educational requirements which would
be fair to minorities and yet would not encourage
high school dropouts. Application fees were set
at $10 “in order to avert an economic barrier” and
still permit the defraying of administrative costs.
The 430 individuals who had applied for the
program before the present suit was instituted
were to be given equal treatment with later appli­
cants and judged by the same standards: no pref­
erence was to be given either group.
5
In re State Commission for Human Rights (N.Y.Sup.Ct., Aug.
25, 1964).

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

The court was satisfied that the new program,
which abolished the existing practice of favorit­
ism and adopted objective standards for appli­
cants, could “serve as a model for others, and by
rigid adherence to the adopted standards, itself
become a standard of morality and brotherhood,
equal opportunity, and democracy.”
Reporting and Disclosure Act
Political Rights. A Federal court of appeals
ruled6 that a summary discharge of union officers
who had supported an unsuccessful candidate in a
union election was in violation of the Labor-Man­
agement Reporting and Disclosure Act’s guaran­
tee of equal rights and freedom of speech and as­
sembly to all union members.
The plaintiffs, former salaried officials of the
International Association of Machinists (IAM),
had supported an unsuccessful candidate and were
discharged the day after the election by a high
union official whose candidate had won. They
sued the IAM and various of its officials, contend­
ing that they had been wrongfully disciplined
without the procedural safeguards guaranteed
union members under section 101(a)(5) of the
LMRDA. The district court did not decide on
the merits of the case, but ruled that the section
did apply to union officers.
The court of appeals disagreed with this opin­
ion, holding that the procedural safeguards pro­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1303
vided by section 101(a) (5) for a member “fired,
suspended, expelled or otherwise disciplined”
were not intended to preclude summary removal
of a member from union office.
The appellate court agreed with the district
court that the plaintiffs were entitled to engage
in intraunion political activity as union members
even though they were also officers. The “bill-ofrights” section of the act, the court held, applies
to every member, and “nothing in the statutory
language excludes members who are officers.” To
exclude officer members from the coverage of the
provisions granting freedom of speech and assem­
bly and equal political rights, the court added,
“would deny protection to those best equipped to
keep union government vigorously and effectively
democratic.”
The court further observed that the rights
granted plaintiffs by the act are protected under
section 609, which prohibits firing, suspending, ex­
pelling, or otherwise disciplining a union member
for exercising his rights under the act. That sec­
tion permits one whose rights have been infringed
to bring a civil action for appropriate relief. The
court indicated that under the act, a union might
be permitted to adopt a principle of “required
political neutrality” of union job holders, but
noted that the IAM had not adopted such a prin­
ciple.
6
Grand Lodge of International Association of Machinists v.
King (C.A. 9, June 23, 1964).

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

wage for these workers—employed mostly in retail and
service trades—is to be raised to $1.25 an hour for 40
hours’ work, thus equaling present standards for most
other workers under the act.

September 7
T h e P hoto -E ngravers

and

L it h o g r a p h e r s unions were

formally merged into the Lithographers
Engravers International Union. Kenneth
former head of the Lithographers, was made
the new union. (See MLR, October 1964, p.

September 2, 1964
T h e year ’s first major meatpacking settlement was
reached when Armour & Co. and the Meat Cutters and
the Packinghouse Workers agreed on a 3-year master
contract providing 12,000 workers wage increases of 6
cents an hour each year and monthly pensions of $3.25
per year of service, with full vesting rights commencing
at age 40 with 15 years of employment. Wage rates are
to be maintained for jobs in which the work content
is changed but the end product remains the same. (See
MLR, October 1964, p. 1191.)
O n t h e s a m e day , the Mine Workers announced agree­
ment with anthracite operators on a contract providing
over 10,000 hard coal miners a 35-cent-a-day wage in­
crease ; a 55-cent increase in daily lunch allowances; a
$25 increase to $185 in vacation p ay; and 3 paid holi­
days. ( See MLR, October 1964, p. 1194.)
T h e AFL-CIO held a 1-day conference in Washington,

D.C., of national, State, and local labor leaders to outline
plans for supporting the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Chron.
item for July 2, MLR, September 1964.) Delegates were
asked to seek nondiscrimination clauses in their contracts
and to assist workers in preparing complaints. Interna­
tional unions were asked to develop fair employment
practice programs, and central bodies were requested to
establish civil rights committees. (See MLR, October
1964, p. 1197.)
T h e N a tio n a l L abor R e l a t io n s B oard ruled that two

unions’ fines against members for filing discrimination
charges with the Board were illegal coercion under Sec­
tion 8 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( A) of the Taft-Hartley Act. The cases
were L o c a l 1 3 8 and L o c a l 925, O p e r a tin g E n g in e e r s .

September 3
E m ployers of some 3.6 million workers brought under the

Fair Labor Standards Abt of 1981 by Public Law 87-30
(Chron. item for May 1, MLR, July 1961) became subject
to payment of a $1.15 an hour minimum wage, and, in
most cases, time-and-one-half for overtime beyond 42 hours
a week. The 15-cent increase brought raises to an esti­
mated 565,000 workers who were not already receiving at
least $1.15 an hour. On September 3, 1965, the minimum
1304

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

and PhotoJ. Brown,
president of
1198.)

T he P resident signed the Farm Labor Contractor Regis­
tration Act of 1963 (P.L. 88-582). Effective January 1,
1965, persons contracting for services of workers for inter­
state agricultural employment must register with the U.S.
Secretary of Labor and must disclose to each worker re­
cruited the terms and conditions of employment.

September 9
T h e A uto W orkers and Chrysler Corp. announced agree­
ment on a 3-year contract providing 74,000 workers wage
increases of 2.5 and 2.8 percent in the second and third
contract years, respectively; company-paid life and sick­
ness and accident insurance; pensions of $4.25 a month
per year of service; retirement as early as age 55; addi­
tional relief tim e; and increased supplementary unemploy­
ment benefits, survivors’ benefits, and vacations. A simi­
lar agreement covering 130,000 Ford Motor Co. employees
was reached 9 days later. On September 30, the pattern
in the farm and construction equipment industry was
established when International Harvester Co, settled on
substantially the same terms for its 35,000 workers. ( See
also p. 1306 of this issue.)
S e t t in g a pa tter n for other telephone settlements, the
Communications Workers and Michigan Bell Telephone
Co. reached agreement on wages under a reopening pro­
vision in their 36-month 1963 agreement. (Chron. item
for July 9, MLR, September 1963.) General increases
ranged from $2.50 to $5 a week for some 15,000 workers,
with raises of up to $8.50 in upgraded skilled occupations.
( See also p. 1309 of this issue.)

September 11
T h e U n ited M in e W orkers adjourned their Miami Beach
convention after approving a $l-a-month increase in dues,
to be divided equally between locals and districts; in­
dependent status for District 50 as an affiliated organiza­
tion ; an increase in international officers’ tenure from 4
to 5 years; and a requirement that candidates for inter­
national office be nominated by 50 locals rather than 5.
“Provisional” districts—whose officers are appointed
rather than elected—were retained. (See also pp. 13101311 of this issue.)

T he addition of a third paid full-time national officer and
a 10-cent per capita dues increase were among constitu-

1305

CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
tional changes approved by the Government Employees
union before ending its 12th national convention in Dallas.
Resolutions called for a 3-percent retirement annuity in­
crease for Federal employees and the right to optional
social security coverage. (See also pp. 1256-1257 of this
issue.)

September 18
T he Miami Beach convention of the Machinists was con­
cluded after delegates approved a program for accommo­
dating to automation ; a white-collar organizational drive
in the aerospace industry; a 50-cent increase in, per capita
payments, bringing them to $2.50 a m onth; and a change
in the union’s name to International Association of Ma­
chinists and Aerospace Workers. (See also p. 1311 of this
issue.)

September 23
A n e w l y form ed independent union—the Association of
Western Pulp and Paper Workers—defeated the Papermakers and Paperworkers and the Pulp and Sulphite
Workers in an election for representation rights for 21,000
workers at 49 mills in Oregon, Washington, and Califor­
nia. The new union was organized after a dispute arose
over the way negotiations were being conducted by the
two AFL-CIO affiliated unions. ( See also p. 1312 of this
issue.)

September 24
A “total job security” resolution that would guarantee
permanent employment in the steel industry was approved
by the Steelworkers before adjourning their 12th consti­
tutional convention at Atlantic City. Constitutional
changes included a prohibition against nomination or
election to international office of members who would
reach 68 years of age before taking office, and a require­
ment that each local establish a civil rights committee.
(See also pp. 1254—1255 of this issue.)

September 25
Six shopcraft unions and the Nation’s railroads negotiated
an agreement providing protective benefits for workers
adversely affected by automation, contracting out, or
operational and organizational changes. Based upon
recommendations of a Presidential Emergency Board


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(Chron. item for Aug. 7, MLR, Oct. 1964), the agreement
covers 150,000 workers and expires January 1, 1966. (See
also p. 1308 of this issue.)
c o n s t it u t io n a l c o n v e n t io n of the Electrical
Workers (IUE) was adjourned in Washington, D.C., after
delegates approved collective bargaining goals which in­
cluded a minimum 3%-percent annual wage increase, a
guaranteed annual salary, elimination of area wage differ­
entials, and employer-paid health benefits for active and
retired workers. Paul Jennings was nominated for presi­
dent to oppose incumbent James B. Carey. (See also
pp. 1258-1259 of this issue.)

T h e 11 t h

September 26
r u b b e r w o r k e r s ended their 24th convention in
Chicago after voting to increase salaries of international
officers and field representatives by $20 a week. Among
proposals defeated were a 50-cent-a-month dues increase,
3-year terms (instead of 2) for international officers, and
an increase in weekly strike benefits from $25 to either
$30 or $40. (See also p. 1311 of this issue.)

T he

September 30
C ontractors engaged in work on Federal or federally

assisted construction projects became subject to an
amendment (P.L. 88-349) to the Davis-Bacon Act, signed
July 2, requiring them to match prevailing area standards
of fringe benefits as well as wages, or to add the cash
equivalent to straight-time hourly pay. The amendment
does not affect contracts entered into or based on bids
made prior to September 30, and for the first 270 days
after this date, applies only to projects and areas specified
by the Secretary of Labor.
T he National Labor Relations Board, reconsidering an
earlier decision (Chron. item for Aug. 26, MLR, Oct.
1960) by order of a U.S. Court of Appeals (Chron. item
for Jan. 26, .MLR, Mar. 1962), ruled that 57 of 77 workers
of the Kohler Co.—who were denied reinstatement for
misconduct during a strike begun in 1954—be reemployed
since the strike was an unfair labor practice strike from its
inception. The court had concluded the Board failed to
support its original finding that the strike was economic
at inception and instructed it to weigh the 77 workers’
misconduct against Kohler’s violations under the TaftHartley Act. (See also p. 1312 of this issue.)

Developments in
Industrial Relations*

Wages and Collective Bargaining
Automobiles and Farm Equipment
During September and early October,1the Auto­
mobile Workers reached agreement with the “Big
Three” automobile companies and two major farm
equipment producers on contracts that greatly lib­
eralized not only normal retirement benefits but
also provisions for early retirement and pensions
for those already retired. In addition, the con­
tracts provided that in the third and final con­
tract year the annual improvement factor wage
increases would be advanced to 2.8 percent, al­
though the union gave up any first year wage-rate
increase (except for inequity adjustments) in re­
turn for some of the supplementary benefit
changes. The settlements increased relief time for
assembly line employees by 50 percent; substan­
tially liberalized vacations and holidays; provided
for the companies’ paying the full cost of insur­
ance and liberalized some insurance benefits;
liberalized severance and supplemental unemploy­
ment benefits (SUB) ; and established funeral pay.
Except at Chrysler, the agreements also provided
that SUB contributions would continue regardless
of the condition of the SUB fund, with any
amounts accumulated beyond the maximum posi­
tion of the fund to be used to pay annual bonuses
ranging from $25 to $100. About 700,000 workers
were affected by the five settlements.
Wages and Cost-of-Living Adjustments. None of
the agreements provided an across-the-board wagerate increase during the first contract year; each
provided the same increase as under previous con­
tracts—2.5 percent, with a minimum of 6 cents,
effective September 1965 at the automobile plants
and October 1965 at the farm equipment plants,
and 2.8-percent wage-rate increase, with a mini­
mum of 7 cents, as well as 2 cents an hour across
1306

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

the board, a year later. The contracts also
provided for wage inequity adjustments in the
first contract year; at Ford, 1 cent an hour and at
General Motors, 2.5 cents was earmarked for this
purpose.
Quarterly cost-of-living escalation was contin­
ued, but a new formula was adopted related to the
revised Consumer Price Index. This formula
provided for a 1-cent change in the allowance for
each 0.4-point change in the Index (on a 1957-59
base), with the first review scheduled for Decem­
ber. Of the existing 14-cent cost-of-living allow­
ance, 9 cents was incorporated in base rates at the
auto companies.2 At all companies, any increase
in the allowance in September was waived by the
union.
Holidays and Leave Time. A week’s leave was
added for workers with a year or more of serv­
ice, with the additional week to be paid either with
the workers’ vacations or at the end of the leave
year or to be used in half-day multiples as sick
or personal leave. Two paid holidays were added,
bringing the total to 9. The holidays were as
follows:
Company

New holidays

General Motors_____

Good Friday and a full rather than
half holiday on Christmas Eve
and New Year’s Eve.
Good Friday and a full rather than
half holiday on Christmas Eve
and New Year’s Eve.
Good Friday and employee’s birth­
day.

Ford----------------------

Chrysler----------------International Har­
vester----------------Deere---------------------

Good Friday and day after
Thanksgiving.
New Year’s Eve and day after
Thanksgiving.

Pensions. Normal pension benefits payable at age
65 to workers with 10 years’ service were increased
slightly more than 50 percent to $4.25 a month for
each year of credited service, from $2.80.
♦Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of La­
bor Statistics, on the basis of published m aterial available in
early October.
1 Settlements were reached a t Chrysler Motor Co. on Septem­
ber 9 ; a t Ford on September I S ; a t General Motors on October 5 ;
a t International H arvester on September 30, and a t John Deere
and Co. on October 2. General Motors employees went on strike
over working condition issues on September 25 ; the strike ended
a t most plants October 26.
2 The escalator clause a t Deere & Co. had differed from those
of other companies.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

Monthly benefits for each year of service for work­
ers who were already retired were increased $1.45
($2.90 for those on special early retirement or dis­
ability pensions). For early retirements taking
place on or after September 1, 1965 (October 1,
1965 at the farm equipment companies), the com­
panies agreed to pay a supplemental benefit until
retirees reach age 65 providing an employee retir­
ing at age 60 with 30 years’ service with the smaller
of 70 percent of his former monthly earnings or
$400. At age 65, early retirees will receive normal
retirement benefits actuarially reduced only for
retirement before age 62 and social security bene­
fits not actuarially reduced for retirement before
age 65.
The liberalization of early retirement benefits
applied to workers retiring either voluntarily or
at company request. Benefits for early retire­
ments initiated by the company will be higher
than for voluntary early retirements before Sep­
tember 1, 1965; those retiring early at company
option prior to September 1965 will receive $9.45
a month for each year of service up to 25 and $4.25
a month for each year of additional service in­
stead of the $4.25 a month for each year of service
provided voluntary retirees. On September 1,
1965, or later, early retirement benefits for those
retired before age 60 on disability or at company
option will be higher than for those retiring volun­
tarily but in no case will total early retirement
benefits exceed 70 percent of former monthly earn­
ings or $400, whichever is smaller. For those re­
tired on disability or at company option, benefits
after age 65 will not be actuarially reduced for
retirement before age 62.
Hospitalization and Insurance. All companies
agreed to pay the full cost of Blue Cross-Blue
Shield coverage for retirees instead of 50 percent
as in the past and to pay the full cost instead of
only part of the cost of life and sickness and acci­
dent benefits for those on the payrolls. Health
benefits were also liberalized; beginning on Sep­
tember 1, 1965, at General Motors and a year later
at the other companies, provision was to be made
for up to 730 days of convalescent and long-term
care, for 45 instead of 30 days’ hospital care and
in-hospital doctor’s visits for nervous and mental
8 The agreement for Chrysler Corp. salaried, office, and cleri­
cal employees provided for a stock-purchase plan w ith the com­
pany contributions beginning when the SUB plan reaches the
maximum funding level.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1307
cases, and for short-term psychiatric therapy.
Other changes in health insurance varied among
companies: Auto contracts provided for liberal­
ized maternity and prenatal and postnatal care,
and included unmarried dependent children up
to age 25 and permanently and totally disabled
children in hospital, surgical, and medical benefit
coverage. The maximum duration of sickness and
accident benefits was increased to 52 from 26
weeks in all agreements.
In the automobile industry, in addition to life
insurance, benefits were also established for sur­
vivors of workers dying before retirement. Un­
der these provisions, $100 a month will be paid for
2 years to the widow or dependent widower, to an
unmarried child under 21, or to a dependent
parent. A widow who is 50 at the time of her
husband’s death will continue to receive $100 a
month until she receives social security or re­
marries. In addition, all agreements provided
higher pension benefits for widows; the auto agree­
ments provided that the widow of a man who was
at least 55 and had 30 years’ service or was age 60
and had 10 years’ service when he died will receive,
beginning at age 62, 55 percent (instead of the
former 50 percent) of the pension he would have
received if he had retired and provided for a sur­
viving widow’s pension.
SUB. All agreements except the one at Chrysler
continued the 5-cent supplemental unemployment
benefit contribution regardless of the state of the
SUB fund. Once the funds reach maximum
funding, contributions will be used to pay a vaca­
tion bonus at International Harvester and a
Christmas bonus at Ford and General Motors.
The annual bonuses will vary from $25 to $100, de­
pending on the size of the bonus fund. At Chrys­
ler, the supplemental unemployment benefit fund
was not expected to reach its maximum during the
new contract period and instead provision was
made for the company to contribute a lump sum of
$1,153,400 to the reserve fund on March 6, 1967.3
Effective September 1, 1964, separation pay­
ments, paid from the SUB fund, were increased
approximately 40 percent to provide from 50
hours’ pay for those with 1 but less than 2 years’
service to 2,080 hours’ pay for those with 20 or
more years’ service. Former benefits ranged from
50 hours’ pay for 2 but less than 3 years’ service,
to 1,500 hours for those with 20 or more years’

1308
service. The maximum supplemental unemploy­
ment benefit was increased to $50 plus $1.50 for
each dependent up to 4, from $40; and benefits for
scheduled short workweeks were increased to 75
percent, from 65 percent, of pay for uncompen­
sated hours. At Chrysler, it was agreed that a
completely revised SUB plan would replace the
existing plan to facilitate understanding of the
plan.
Other Provisions. The agreements also estab­
lished time and one-fourth pay for Sunday work
by employees on continuous operations and 3 days’
bereavement pay. Provision was made for re­
funding tuition to employees satisfactorily com­
pleting approved job-related training courses.
At Chrysler, negotiations continued on the num­
ber of union stewards and at General Motors it was
agreed to substantially increase the amount of time
company-paid union representatives may spend on
union work. (At Ford and some major Chrysler
plants, committeemen had been working full time
on union business.) General Motors agreed to at­
tach to the new contract a letter stating that Gen­
eral Motors will consider an individual’s “personal
problems and individual needs when scheduling
overtime and will try to excuse workers from over­
time that do not want to work.” A number of
changes were made by the General Motors agree­
ment in methods used to set production standards.
Other Metalworking
In late August, the Labor Relations Division of
the Tool and Die Institute of Chicago, 111., and a
tool and die makers lodge of the Machinists,
representing approximately 2,500 workers, negoti­
ated a 3-year agreement retroactive to June. Al­
though the members of the Institute employ only
about 200 workers, the agreement usually sets
the area pattern for other unionized and
nonunion shops. The agreement provided three
10-cent-an-hour increases in the minimum rates
for tool and die makers and for tool-room machin­
ists, bringing the 1964 minimum rates to $3.90 and
$3.75 an hour, respectively. Other provisions in­
cluded a 2-cent-an-hour increase in employer
contributions for insurance and liberalized insur­
ance benefits. A pension plan was established,
with employers’ contributions of 5 cents an hour
in 1964 and an additional 5 cents in 1965, and


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

service credits for pensions transferable among
shops.
In late September, Douglas Aircraft Co. reached
agreement with the Southern California Profes­
sional Engineering Association on a 2-year con­
tract covering some 5,100 salaried employees in
California, Florida, and Oklahoma. The pact
provided a 5-percent wage increase over the term
of the agreement and improvements in supplemen­
tary benefits.
Bucyrus-Erie Co., a manufacturer of heavy con­
struction equipment, and the Steelworkers, repre­
senting 2,800 workers in plants in Erie, Pa.,
Evansville, Ind., and South Milwaukee, Wis., set­
tled September 1 on a contract reportedly increas­
ing pay over the 3-year term by an average of 3014
cents an hour, with increases ran gin g from 15 cents
in the lowest to 35 cents an hour in the highest
grade. A fifth week of vacation after 25 years
and early retirement benefits in the event of an
extended layoff were also provided. No increase
in wages or supplemental benefits was reported in
1963.
Transportation and Communications
Most of the Nation’s railroads and six shopcraft
unions4 on September 25 negotiated a job stabili­
zation agreement which affected about 150,000 non­
operating employees. Between 1945 and 1962,
shopcraft employment on the railroads declined
about 60 percent from a total of over 367,000 to
slightly under 150,000. Since 1955, the date of
completion of dieselization, the number of posi­
tions had declined by about 107,000. In October
1962, the unions sought to stabilize jobs by certain
rules changes.
The agreement reached in September followed
the recommendations made in August by a Presi­
dential emergency board appointed by President
Johnson in March 1964.5 Effective November 1,
1964, the agreement extended the benefits of the
Washington Job Protection Agreement of May
1936 to certain changes in operations made by the
railroads. The benefits are to be provided if a
railroad transfers work, abandons or discontinues
service for 6 months or more, consolidates facili4 The B oilerm akers; Railway C arm en; Electrical Workers
(IBEW ) ; M achinists; Sheet-Metal W orkers; and Firemen and
Oilers.
8 See M onthly Labor Review, October 1964, p. 1197.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

ties, or contracts out work; or when the installa­
tion, operation, servicing, or repairing of equip­
ment is to be performed by the lessor or seller.
Benefits will also be afforded if there is discon­
tinuance of equipment contracts, technological
change, and trade-in or repurchase of equipment.
Benefits provided under the Washington agree­
ment include a furlough or “coordination” allow­
ance for employees who are laid off but are sub­
ject to recall. It ranges from 60 percent of average
monthly compensation for 6 months for those with
1 year of service to 5 years for those with 15 years
or more. For employees resigning instead of ac­
cepting a furlough allowance, it provides a lump
sum separation allowance ranging from 3 months’
pay for less than a year of service to 12 months’
pay for 5 years or more of service. In addition,
the agreement includes a 5-year guarantee of for­
mer pay to employees who are transferred to a
lower paying position. Employees who are re­
quired to move are provided traveling expenses and
guaranteed against any loss from sale of a home.
Employees also maintain benefits attached to their
previous employment, such as free transportation,
pensions, and hospitalization.
Limitations were also put on subcontracting-out
of work. Under the September agreement, a rail­
road cannot contract-out work i f : managerial
skills, skilled manpower either from active or fur­
loughed employees, and essential equipment are
available; work can be accomplished within re­
quired time; and the cost of contracting-out is not
significantly less expensive.
Agreement was reached in September by a num­
ber of Bell Telephone Companies with the Com­
munications Workers, under the first wage reopen­
ing provision of 3-year contracts due to expire in
September 1966. A settlement on September 9
provided about 15,000 employees of Michigan Bell
Telephone Co. with weekly increases ranging from
$2.50 to $5, with some employees receiving up to
$8.50 as a result of reclassification of rates in some
areas; pay scales in Saginaw and Grand Rapids,
as well as in 23 smaller towns, were increased more
than those in the rest of the State.
Agreement was reached on September 16 be­
tween Wisconsin Telephone Co. and the CWA on
weekly wage increases ranging from $2.50 to $5 for
6,300 employees in all departments. Some work®See M onthly Labor Review, October 1964, p. 1191.
747-579 0 — 64------ 5


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1309
ers received increases ranging up to $10 because
of reclassifications and upgradings.
On September 19, the CWA reached agreements
with Ohio Bell Telephone Co. for some 15,300 em­
ployees in all departments and Chesapeake and
Potomac Telephone Co. of Washington, D.C., for
about 9,000 employees in all departments. Basic
weekly wage increases in the Ohio settlement
ranged from $2 to $5, depending on the occupation,
with some employees in 12 towns receiving up to
$8.50 because of upgrading to higher wage zones.
Reportedly, the pact was the first in the union’s
history recognizing the impact of automation on
telephone operators; company employment has
been reduced by 3,300 workers since 1959. Some
operators working up to a journeyman status re­
ceived pay increases of $7 a week; usually traffic
employees receive smaller increases than plant
workers. About 5,000 other Ohio Bell employees
who are not represented by the union usually are
granted similar increases. The Washington, D.C.,
settlement provided increases of from $3 to $5 a
week. It was announced on September 23 that the
Illinois Bell Telephone Co. and the CWA had
agreed on pay increases ranging from $1 to $4 a
week, averaging $3.11, for some 6,200 traffic em­
ployees in the Chicago toll-call division and in
Lake and Porter Counties, Ind.
On the same date, Chesapeake and Potomac
Telephone Co. of W. Va. came to terms with CWA
on $3 to $5 a week increases for some 3,500 em­
ployees. Agreement was also reached between
CWA and the Northwestern Bell Telephone Co.
providing 17,000 employees in Minnesota, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa a simi­
lar increase effective September 27.
Food
Contracts generally similar to those negotiated
by Armour and Co.6 were agreed to by Swift & Co.
with the Meat Cutters for about 4,500 workers
on September 10 and with the AFL-CIO Packing­
house Workers and the independent Brotherhood
of Packinghouse Workers for about 16,000 em­
ployees late in the month. Wilson & Co., with
plants in seven States, and the United Packing­
house Workers, representing about 5,000 em­
ployees, reached a similar agreement on September
15, while the same union and the Amalgamated
Meat Cutters agreed on similar terms with John

1310

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

Morrell & Co. for about 10,000 workers. Six of
the Morrell plants, employing about 2,000 of the
workers represented by the Meat Cutters, were
brought under the master agreement for the first
time. All contracts reportedly added about 34
cents an hour to wage and fringe benefit costs over
the 3-year contract period, including across-theboard annual wage increases of 6 cents an hour.
The Wilson contract increased pension benefits to
$3.50 from $2.50 a month per year of service; the
other agreements increased benefits to $3.25 from
$2.50. However, Wilson, unlike Armour, did not
assume the cost of increases in hospital-medicalsurgical plan for retirees. Negotiations were con­
tinuing at a number of other meatpacking com­
panies.

a 10-percent average salary rise to replace the 6- to
7-percent increase won last May but later abro­
gated by the teachers after the school board de­
cided not to pay them for 4 days lost in a strike
preceding the May settlement. In the current set­
tlement, the teachers agreed to forego their pay
for the recent strike period, reducing the expected
annual budget deficit by $90,000. They also
agreed to refund the additional 3 to 4 percent in­
crease if the board is unable to raise the remaining
$60,000 deficit.

Textiles

Union conventions in September were high­
lighted by the announcement of a campaign for
total job security by the Steelworkers, challenges
to the incumbent leadership of the International
Union of Electrical Workers (IUE) and the Mine
Workers, and by the Mine Workers’ failure to re­
store autonomy to all of its district units.8
The quadrennial convention of the Mine Work­
ers ended on September 11 in Miami Beach, Fla.
I t was voted to continue the present character of
the 25 district units in the United States (6 auton­
omous, 3 partly autonomous, and 16 whose officers
are all appointed by the union’s president) in
spite of the U.S. Department of Labor’s assertion
that such variations in autonomy violated the
trusteeship provisions of the Landrum-Griffin law.
Monthly dues were raised by $1, to $5.25, with
the increase split between the districts (to bring
their total to $1.50) and the locals (to $1.75), with
the International’s share remaining at $2. A reso­
lution was approved lengthening International of­
ficers’ terms to 5 years, from 4 years, effective for
those elected in the mail ballot scheduled for De­
cember. The number of local union endorsements
required for nomination to International office
was raised to 50, from 5, effective with the first
election after December. A move for temporary

The South’s largest unorganized textile mills
followed the pattern established in August7 by
making wage increases of approximately 5 per­
cent. J. P. Stevens announced 5 percent increases
effective September 14 for some plants in North
Carolina; Springs Cotton Mills “posted wage in­
creases” for 13,200 employees in 10 plants; Cone
Mills announced increases for 13,000 workers ef­
fective September 14; Burlington Industries an­
nounced increases on a plant-by-plant basis. The
last previous increase in the industry was effective
approximately 11 months earlier and averaged
about 5 percent.
Dan River Mills, Inc., of Danville, Va., major
unionized textile company in the South, and the
United Textile Workers, representing approxi­
mately 9,000 employees, agreed to a 5-percent
average increase effective September 14. Most em­
ployees received about 8 cents an hour (4.7 per­
cent) while skilled workers received 7^ percent.
Other Settlements
Some 11,000 public school students in East St.
Louis, 111., returned to classes on September 14
after a 4-day strike by 500 teachers represented
by Local 1220 of the American Federation of
Teachers. About 225 other teachers and 11,000
other students had continued classes during the
walkout. Under the settlement, the teachers won


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Other Developments
Conventions

7 See M onthly Labor Review, October 1964, p. 1191.
8 Detailed summaries of the Steelworkers, the E lectrical Work­
ers (IU E ), and the Government Employees conventions are pre­
sented beginning on pages 1254, 1258, and 1251), respectively, of
this issue.

1311

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

suspension from membership of a dissident group
headed by Steve Kochis was referred to the Inter­
national Board without being approved, thus pos­
sibly enabling Kochis to challenge incumbent
President W. A. (Tony) Boyle, who was ap­
pointed to the position after the death of Thomas
Kennedy in January 1963.
In his report to the delegates, Mr. Boyle noted
that damages sought from the union by coal oper­
ators and associations under the Taft-Hartley and
Sherman Antitrust acts totaled more than $100
million, while, he said, union assets were only $83
million.
Meeting in Miami Beach beginning Septem­
ber 8, some 1,500 delegates to the quadrennial con­
vention of the Machinists approved plans for
easing the impact of automation, for organizing
more white-collar workers in the aerospace indus­
try, and for attaining a 35-hour workweek. Sub­
ject to a November referendum vote of the 900,000
members, the per capita tax was increased by 50
cents and the salaries of union officers were in­
creased with the International President’s salary
raised $5,000 to $30,000 a year.
Also in Miami Beach, delegates to the Septem­
ber 29 quadrennial convention of the Railroad
Trainmen heard their President, Charles Luna,
state, “If the Switchmen’s Union of North Amer­
ica and the Order of Railway Conductors and
Brakemen reject our offer of merger we will take
them contract by contract, and vote them one at a
time from one end of the country to the other.”
The delegates approved bargaining goals, in­
cluding a supplementary pension plan, wage in­
creases, and longer vacations.
A resolution urging the Government Printing
Office to adopt a 35-hour workweek was adopted
in Honolulu at the 106th annual convention of the
Typographers Union. The delegates approved
doubling the minimum strike benefit and defense
funds (to $1 million each), subject to referendum
vote.
Expenditures of $50,000 to help employers will­
ing to experiment with the development of letter
print processes that would expand employment in
commercial shops was authorized at the Stereotypers 61st annual convention, held in Albany,
N.Y., beginning September 14. The authoriza­
tion followed delegate reports of reduced job


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

opportunities resulting from substitute processes.
Sixteen constitutional changes involving union
finances and other matters were prepared for a
December referendum vote.
In their quadrennial convention, held in New
York City beginning September 21, the United
Textile Workers endorsed extension of unemploy­
ment insurance coverage, passage of legislation to
protect consumers, and repeal of section 14b of the
Taft-Hartley Act. President George Baldanzi
told the delegates of the union’s success in organiz­
ing plants in the south in spite of a decline of
employment in the textile industry from 1.25 mil­
lion 20 years ago to 700,000 today.
The Rubber Workers approved $20 a week sal­
ary increases for three executive officers, seven dis­
trict directors, and 72 field representatives in the
closing days of their 24th convention held in
Chicago beginning September 21. A 50-cent-amonth dues increase was voted down.
The 169 delegates to the Tobacco Workers quad­
rennial convention, beginning September 23 in
Miami Beach, approved a series of resolutions
dealing with the problem of automation in their
industry. They also called for double time pay
for overtime work and for limitation of overtime.
The biennial convention of the Postal Clerks,
also meeting in Miami Beach, reelected E. C. Halleck to his third 2-year term as president and
approved resolutions calling for premium over­
time pay for substitute clerks, an end to the Post
Office Department’s work measurement system, a
35-hour workweek, and additional wage and
fringe benefit improvements.
Union Affairs
AFL-CIO President George Meany announced
that the United Garment Workers had agreed to
relinquish its representation rights at Brenton
Fashions, Ltd. (Judy Bond) to the Ladies’ Gar­
ment Workers. The AFL-CIO Executive Coun­
cil had previously authorized the ILGWU to
“raid” the firm’s Alabama plant after it was
charged that the company, following a breakoff in
contract negotiations at its New York City plant,
had moved to Brewton, Ala., and, under a new
corporate name, signed a contract with the United
Garment Workers.

1312
Meany also announced sanctions9 against the
Typographers union for noncompliance with an
umpire’s ruling under the Federation’s internal
disputes procedure. The determination of noncompliance was made by a subcommittee of the
AFL-CIO Executive Council headed by William
F. Schnitzler. Meany said the sanctions resulted
from the ITU ’s refusal “to withdraw from its
efforts to supplant the American Newspaper Guild
as the collective bargaining representative of the
Elizabeth Daily Journal, Elizabeth, N.J.”
In an NLRB representation election, the inde­
pendent Association of Western Pulp and Paper
Workers defeated two incumbent AFL-CIO
unions, the Pulp and Sulphite Workers and the
Papermakers and Paperworkers, to gain bargain­
ing rights for 21,000 workers at 49 mills in Cali­
fornia, Washington, and Oregon. The vote for
the independent union was 10,653, against an 8,130
total for the other two.
The new union was formed when some workers
became dissatisfied with the way 1964 contract ne­
gotiations were conducted with the Pacific Coast
Association of Pulp and Paper Manufacturers.10
A 5,300 drop in membership since May 7 was
reported by H. E. Gilbert, president of the Fire­
men and Enginemen. May 7 was the effective
date of the arbitration ruling permitting the rail­
roads to eliminate, mostly by attrition, 90 per­
cent of the firemen in freight and yard service.
The number of active and furloughed members
was 44,896 on August 1, compared with 50,254 on
May 1. Because of the 2-year time limit on the
ruling and because of “full-crew laws” in some
States, Gilbert predicted a stable membership for
the remainder of the period of the ruling.
Kohler Decision
In the 10^-year dispute between the Kohler Co.
of Kohler, Wis., and the Automobile Workers, the
NLRB by a 4 to 1 vote on September 29 ordered
the reinstatement of 57 of 77 strikers it had refused
to order rehired in a 1960 ruling.
In 1960, the board had ruled that the strike,
which started April 5, 1954, was initially an eco­
nomic walkout but that it became an unfair labor
practice by the company when it granted a wage
increase to nonstrikers. Under the Taft-Hartley
Act the strikers would not have been entitled to


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

their jobs if the strike had been purely economic.
On this basis, the board had ordered the rehiring
of all strikers except the 77, who had partici­
pated in picket line misconduct. On appeal by
both parties, the U.S. District Court for the Dis­
trict of Columbia in 1962 sent the case back to the
board, holding that (1) there was insufficient evi­
dence that the strike was initially economic and
(2) the board erred in deciding the 77 should not
be rehired because their misconduct was considered
more serious than the company’s violation. The
court upheld the board order that the company
must bargain in good faith.11
The Board in the 1964 ruling held that the dis­
pute “was an unfair labor practice strike from its
inception” since the company “at no time intended
to accept the union as the collective bargaining
representative to be dealt with in good faith” even
though the firm had signed a contract with the
union in 1953 prior to the strike.
The 57 reinstated workers would receive back
pay plus 6 percent interest from the date of the
1960 ruling until they actually returned to work.
Of the remaining 20 strikers, 3 had died since 1960
and 17 were again refused reinstatement because
they had engaged in picketing violence and threats.
A company spokesman said that the ruling would
be appealed.
Mediation Code
In Washington, a joint committee from the
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service and
the Association of Labor Mediation Agencies, rep­
resenting 40 State services, announced agreement
on a code of ethics for government mediators.

8
Under the AFL-CIO Constitution, Article XXI, Section 15,
the sanctions are :
1. The noncomplying affiliate shall not be entitled to file any
complaint or appear in a complaining capacity in any proceedings
under this article until such noncompliance is remedied or ex­
cused as provided in Section 16.
2. The Federation shall, upon request, supply every appro­
priate assistance and aid to any organization resisting the action
determined to be in violation of this article.
3. The Federation shall appropriately publicize the fact th a t
the affiliate is not in compliance w ith the constitution.
4. No affiliate shall support or render assistance to the action
determined to be in violation of this article.
10 See M onthly Labor Review, July 1964, p. 817, and p. 1073 of
the September issue.
u Two settlem ents resulted from the board’s order to negotiate
in good faith. See M onthly Labor Review, July 1963, p. 831,
and January 1964, p. 71.

1313

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

The code bars mediators from suggesting to
union or management negotiators that mediation
efforts be transferred to another agency; forbids
them from entering a dispute without first con­
ferring with mediators already involved in the
situation, and in cases of joint mediation, requires
each mediator to keep others abreast of develop­
ments. The code declares that “the primary re­

sponsibility for the resolution of a labor dispute
rests upon the parties themselves.” Accordingly,
a mediator is allowed to enter a dispute at his own
request only in “exceptional cases.” The code also
bars mediators from using their positions for pri­
vate gain, from engaging in any activity that con­
flicts with their jobs, and from incurring obliga­
tions to the parties.

The industrial history of the early 19th century demonstrated the help­
lessness of the individual employee to achieve human dignity in a society
so largely affected by technological advances. Hence the trade union made
itself increasingly felt, not only as an indispensable weapon of self-defense on
the part of workers but as an aid to the well-being of a society in which work
is an expression of life and not merely the means of earning subsistence.
—Justice Felix Frankfurter, in opinion written by him in A F L v. A m e r ic a n S a s h
& D o o r Co., 335 U.S. 538, decided January 3,1949.


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A Review Essay

U.S. Manpower and Employment Policy
Margaret S. Gordon*

the average growth rate of the Ameri­
can economy since the early fifties has compared
unfavorably with the spectacular rates achieved in
a number of Western European countries, its per­
formance in the last few years has been impressive.
By mid-summer of 1964, the economy was in its
42d month of expansion since the low point of the
1960-61 recession, and most economic indicators
were pointing upward. Moreover, the stimulating
effects of the Federal tax cut adopted in March
had been at work only a few months and could be
expected to encourage increased spending for some
time to come. Rates of growth in real gross na­
tional product of 6 percent in 1962, 3.8 percent in
1963, and 5 percent (on an annual basis) in the
first half of 1964 were highly encouraging, par­
ticularly when compared with the annual average
rate of 2.3 percent which prevailed in 1955-60.
Yet unemployment continued to be a major na­
tional problem. Although the average annual un­
employment rate (on a seasonally adjusted basis)
fell from 6.7 percent in 1961 to 5.6 percent in 1962,
the decline in the monthly rate came to a halt about
the middle of 1962, and throughout 1963 the rate
fluctuated between 5.5 and 6 percent. In recent
months, however, its performance has been some­
what more encouraging. Since February 1964,
it has been below 5.5 percent, and in July, it
dropped to 4.9 percent.
The President’s Council of Economic Advisers
has repeatedly expressed confidence that- by the
time the full effects of the two-stage tax cut (the
second reduction is scheduled for January 1965)
are reflected in demand and output, the unemploy­
ment rate will have fallen to 4 percent. But the
council recognizes that even at that point rates for
disadvantaged groups such as nonwhites and teen­
agers will remain distressingly high, and that a
A lth o u g h

1314


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

continuation of training and retraining programs,
as well as other labor market adjustment policies,
will be required to reduce unemployment differ­
entials and eventually bring the average rate be­
low 4 percent.1 Certain other observers are more
pessimistic, as we shall see later in this essay.
It is now widely recognized that the unemploy­
ment rate has drifted upward since the end of the
Korean conflict and that the problem requires
measures that go beyond counter-cyclical fiscal
and monetary policies, since uncomfortably high
unemployment has persisted through the up­
swings and downswings of business cycles. More­
over, in the last few years, there has been an in­
creasing tendency to characterize what has been
happening in the country as a “manpower revolu­
tion,” whose major effect is a shift from a bluecollar to a white-collar, and from a less educated
to a more educated, work force.
Since about 1955, a series of congressional com­
mittees have inquired into problems of employ­
ment, unemployment, technological change, and
manpower policy. The most recent and extensive
investigation was conducted by the Subcommit­
tee on Employment and Manpower of the Senate
Committee on Labor and Public Welfare.
Chaired by Senator Joseph S. Clark of Pennsyl­
vania, the subcommittee held hearings from May
to December 1963, accumulating nine volumes of
testimony. In the spring of 1964, three volumes
of readings were issued on manpower problems
(including statements from the hearings as well as
♦Associate Director, In stitu te of Industrial Relations, Univer­
sity of California, Berkeley.
1 Economic Report of the President Transm itted to the Con­
gress, January 196k, Together W ith the Annual Report of the
Council of Economic Advisers (W ashington, 1964), especially
chapter 1 and appendix A.

1315

U.S. MANPOWER AND EMPLOYMENT POLICY

articles and papers from other sources),2 and, in
addition, the subcommittee’s report and recom­
mendations were published.3
Meanwhile, the Organization for Economic Co­
operation and Development (OECD) has been re­
viewing manpower and social policies in member
countries. Each review includes a report by offi­
cials of the country concerned and a report by a
team of OECD examiners (selected from coun­
tries other than that under review). The first re­
view related to Sweden and the second to the
United States.4
These two recent reports on U.S. manpower and
employment policy and the three volumes of read­
ings represent an immensely valuable and illumi­
nating set of materials relating to the labor mar­
ket problems confronting the United States in the
mid-sixties and to much of the discussion and de­
bate on these problems during the preceding dec­
ade. Though critical at many points, the OECD
examiners are, for rather obvious reasons, some­
what cautious in recommending pronounced
changes in U.S. policies, whereas the Clark sub­
committee recommends vigorous and far-reaching
changes which in some respects go beyond what
2Exploring the Dimensions of the Manpower Revolution, Vol. 1,
Selected Readings in Employment and M anpow er; Convertibility
of Space and Defense Resources to Civilian Needs: A Search for
New Employm ent Potentials, Vol. 3, Selected Readings in Em­
ployment and Manpower ; The Role of Apprenticeship in Man­
power Development: United States and W estern Europe, Vol. 3,
Selected Readings in Employment and Manpower (U.S. Senate,
Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Subcommittee on Em­
ployment and Manpower, 88th Cong., 2d sess., 1964, Committee
P rin t). [E ditor’s Note.— In August 1964, Lessons From Foreign
Labor M arket Policies, Vol. 4, Selected Readings in Employment
and Manpower, was issued.]
3Toward Full Em ploym ent: Proposals for a Comprehensive
Employm ent and Manpower Policy in the United States— A Re­
port Together W ith M inority and Individual Views (U.S. Senate,
Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Subcommittee on Em­
ployment and Manpower, 88th Cong., 2d sess., 1964, Committee
P rin t).
4OECD Reviews of Manpower and Social Policies: Labor Mar­
ket Policy in Sweden (1963) ; OECD Reviews of Manpower and
Social Policies: Manpower Policy and Programs in the United
States (1964) (Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development).
BEconomic Report of the President, 1964, appendix A (which
reprints the m ajor p a rt of the statem ent of W alter W. Heller,
Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, before the Clark
subcommittee, Oct. 28, 1963).
6 For this type of argument, see also Otto Eckstein, “The Rela­
tion of Aggregate Demand to Unemployment,” Exploring the
Dimensions of the Manpower Revolution, pp. 176-193 (see foot­
note 2) ; and Higher Unemployment Rates, 1957-60: Structural
Transformation or Inadequate Demand (U.S. Senate, Joint Eco­
nomic Committee, Subcommittee on Economic Statistics, 87th
Cong., 1st sess., 1961).
7 Eckstein, op. cit., pp. 179-184.

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either Congress or the administration appear
likely to support at present. Despite the useful­
ness of the volumes of readings, the reader who
expects to find in them a representative sampling
of the nine volumes of hearings will be disap­
pointed. Except for the first two parts of volume
I, they are concerned with automation and tech­
nological change, the implications of space and
defense expenditures, and apprenticeship pro­
grams. Much of the key testimony of Govern­
ment officials and others, as well as all the testi­
mony relating to the operation of the Manpower
Development and Training Act, Area Kedevelopment Act, and other labor market adjustment pro­
grams, is unrepresented.
Diagnosis
What is responsible for the upward drift in the
unemployment rate since the early fifties? The
answer to this question has been intensely debated
for some years.
The Council of Economic Advisers, along with
many other prominent economists, has argued con­
sistently since the spring of 1961 that the upward
drift in the unemployment rate has been attributa­
ble primarily to a deficiency of aggregate demand,
which has been associated with the lagging growth
rate of the American economy. The opposite
school of thought, counting among its adherents a
predominantly conservative group along with
some well-known labor economists, holds that
structural changes in the economy have led to a
growing imbalance between the increasing de­
mand for highly skilled and educated workers on
the one hand and a rising surplus of relatively
unskilled, uneducated workers on the other.
In suppport of their position, the Council and
its supporters have stressed the lagging rate of
growth in real gross national product (GNP), the
persistence of excess industrial capacity, and the
decline in private investment as a percentage of
GNP from 1957 to the early 1960’s.5 They have
further pointed to the absence of an increase in
unemployment differentials by skill level or in­
dustry between 1957 and 1962 as evidence that
structural unemployment did not increase sig­
nificantly during this period of lagging growth
and higher unemployment.6 Evidence has also
been presented indicating that geographical dif­
ferentials in unemployment rates have declined.7

1316
Finally, it is contended that increases in produc­
tivity in the last 3 years have been impressive
“but not unprecedentedly large,” and thus far
have not provided clear evidence that the pace of
technological change has accelerated.8
Arguing forcefully against this position before
the Clark subcommittee, Charles C. Killings worth
analyzed the behavior of unemployment rates by
education in an attempt to show that structural
unemployment had increased.9 Whereas in­
creases in unemployment rates between 1950 and
1962 had been pronounced for males with little
education, he pointed out, the increase was con­
siderably less marked for high school graduates,
and unemployment rates had declined for those
who had gone beyond high school. Moreover,
unemployment rates failed to reveal the complete
picture because worsening employment prospects
had led large numbers of people to drop out of
the labor force, particularly among the less edu­
cated. The proportion of college graduates and
men with some college education in the labor
force, on the other hand, had increased. Thus
there was a growing “reserve army” of persons
out of the labor force at the lower educational
levels and “no evidence of any such reserve of
college-trained men.” As a result, long before we
could get down to a 4-percent unemployment rate,
a severe shortage of workers at the top of the edu­
cational ladder would create a bottleneck which
would impede further expansion of employment.
Killingsworth referred only briefly to the fact
that the decline in labor force participation of rela­
tively uneducated men, particularly in the older
age brackets, may have been partly attributable to
factors other than labor market conditions (e.g., a
marked increase since 1950 in the proportion of
elderly men who could qualify for social security
and other retirement benefits) .10 He failed to call
attention to the fact that the relative decline in the
unemployment rate for college graduates, as well
as the relative increase for those with less than 8
years of schooling, occurred before 1957, whereas
something of a reverse movement took place there­
after. As a recent study has shown, there is im­
pressive evidence that we must go back to the
period from 1948 to 1956 (or in some cases from
1948 to 1953) to find a rise in structural unem­
ployment—as measured by increases in relative
unemployment rates for blue-collar workers, those

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

in goods-producing industries, nonwhites, and
those with less than 8 years of schooling—whereas
a narrowing of such differentials has occurred
since 1956. Notable exceptions, however, are the
jump in the relative rate for teenagers in 1963, an
upward trend throughout the last decade in the
relative rate for those with no previous work ex­
perience, and an increase in the differential for
those with 8 to 12 years of schooling both before
and after 1957 (also shown by Killingsworth).11
Weighing all the evidence before it, the Clark
subcommittee concluded that it was—
more impressed by the degree of agreement than the range
of differences. The advocates of the expansionist ap­
proach believe the recently enacted tax cut will be effec­
tive in eventually reducing unemployment to 4 percent
of the labor force. However, they consider 4 percent too
high as a long-run goal and believe programs to attack
structural rigidities will be necessary to reduce unem­
ployment below 4 percent. Those who stress the struc­
tural approach also believe increased aggregate demand
and a faster rate of growth to be an imperative of reduced
unemployment. They expect structural bottlenecks to pre­
vent realization of even 4-percent unemployment, how­
ever, and place greater emphasis on education, training,
and relocation. In either case, the policy implications
differ in emphasis and not in content.12

Leaning considerably more toward the “struc­
turalist” position was the Minority Report of Sen­
ators Winston L. Prouty and Len B. Jordan, which
8Economic

Report of the President, 196i, pp. 96-97.
9 Charles C. Killingsworth, “Automation, Jobs, and Manpower,”
Exploring the Dimensions of the Manpower Revolution, pp. 1942,19 (see footnote 2).
10 Ibid., p. 217. A table giving a breakdown by age indicates
th a t by fa r the sharpest decline occurred for men 65 years old
and over. Although Bowen and Finegan have shown th a t there
is a pronounced inverse relationship between labor force partici­
pation rates of elderly men and unemployment rates by metro­
politan area (as did an earlier analysis of my own)-—suggesting
th a t high unemployment discourages labor force participation—
there is also substantial evidence th a t the longrun decline in the
participation rate of elderly men has been associated w ith the
spread of old-age pension programs, and, in an analysis for in­
dustrial countries, I found a strong inverse relationship between
the participation rates of elderly men and average old-age pen­
sion benefits expressed as a percentage of earnings. See W. G.
Bowen and T. A. Finegan, “Labor Force and Unemployment,” in
A rthur M. Ross, ed., Employm ent Policy and the Labor Market
(to be published by the University of California Press) ; and
M argaret S. Gordon, “Work and P a tte rn s of Retirem ent,” in R.
W. Kleemeier, ed., Aging and Leisure: A Research Perspective
Into the Meaningful Use of Time (New York, Oxford University
Press, 1961) ; and “Income Security Program s and the Propen­
sity to Retire,” in Richard H. Williams, Clark Tibbitts, Wilma
Donahue, eds., Processes of Aging, Vol. 2 (New York, PrenticeHall, Inc., 1963).
11 See R. A. Gordon, “Has Structural Unemployment
Worsened?” , Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy &
Society, May 196(4, pp. 53i-77.
12 See footnote 3 (pp. 28-29).

U.S. MANPOWER AND EMPLOYMENT POLICY

said that the Republicans in Congress had been
calling attention to the manpower revolution for
a number of years and that the absence of skills
among the jobless was “at the root” of the persis­
tent unemployment problem. “A clear implica­
tion of the manpower revolution,” they argued,
“is that the incidence of frictional and structural
unemployment will be higher—and probably con­
siderably higher—than in earlier postwar years
unless bold action is taken to reduce it. The need
is for a more active labor market policy . . .” 13
The OECD examiners’ report commented only
briefly on this controversy, confining itself largely
to manpower policies. The continuing high level
of unemployment in the United States was, in its
opinion, attributable “to deficiencies of overall de­
mand . . . as well as structural maladjust­
ments.” 14
Prediction
In view of the widespread consensus among lib­
erals and conservatives on the need for a more ac­
tive manpower policy, the reliability of existing
predictions of future trends in labor demand and
supply assumes critical importance. The need for
reliable longrun projections is probably more
crucial for manpower planning, particularly as it
18 Ibid., p. 113.
14 See OECD Reviews of Manpower and Social Policies: Man­
power Policy and Programs in the United States (Paris, Orga­
nization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1964), p. 12.
“ Ibid., pp. 81-85.
14 See table in Exploring the Dimensions of the Manpower
Revolution, p. 261 (see footnote 2).
17 See statem ent of Sidney Sonenblum in Nation’s Manpower
Revolution, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Employm ent
and Manpower (U.S. Senate, Committee on Labor and Public
Welfare, P t. 5, 88th Cong., 1st sess., 1963, pp. 1393-1406, espe­
cially table, p. 1400).
18 For official and other predictions of a shortage of engineers
and scientists, see Exploring the Dimensions of the Manpower
Revolution, pp. 271, 284—285, and 295-301 (see footnote 2). For
a dissenting view, see A rthur M. Ross, “How Do We Use Our
Engineers and Scientists?”, Toward B etter Utilization of Sci­
entific and Engineering Talent: A Program for Action (W ash­
ington, National Academy of Sciences, 1964). Regarding the
im pact of autom ation on skill requirements, see papers by Louis
E. Davis, Paul Sultan and Paul Prasow, James R. Bright, and
Thomas O’Toole in Exploring the Dimensions of the Manpower
Revolution, pp. 526—586 (see footnote 2). On union criticism of
official predictions of increases in the demand for electrical and
other building trades workers, see The Role of Apprenticeship in
Manpower Development: United States and W estern Europe,
pp. 1144—1152 and 1157—1179 (see footnote 2). See also George
Strauss, “A pprenticeship: Evaluation of the Need,” in A rthur
M. Ross, ed., op. cit.
19 Moreover, earlier postwar projections had erred in the oppo­
site direction, underestim ating by a substantial margin the sharp
increase in the labor force participation of middle-age women
between 1950 and 1955.


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1317
relates to education and training, than for employ­
ment policy.
The volumes issued by the Clark subcommittee
heighten appreciation of the complexities involved
in predicting occupational changes. The OECD
examiners also stressed the difficulties involved,
particularly for “technologically based occupa­
tions.” 15 The U.S. Department of Labor has a
longer established and better staffed program of
analysis of future labor market trends than its
counterpart in practically any other advanced in­
dustrial country, as well as far better labor market
statistics with which to work. Only, perhaps, in
the area of job vacancy statistics can it be said that
a few European countries have more adequate
data. On the whole, moreover, there is general
agreement with the Department’s predictions of
the broad pattern of probable changes in em­
ployment by major occupational group.16 But at
least one forecast by a private organization in­
dicates a somewhat more rapid shift from bluecollar to white-collar employment by the early
1970’s than do the official projections.17
Moving from broad occupational trends to the
more detailed projections required in planning
specialized education and training programs, one
encounters numerous areas of disagreement.
There is dispute, for example, over the probability
of a growing Shortage of engineers and scientists,
the impact of automation on skill requirements,
and the employment outlook in a number of the
skilled crafts. In relation to certain skilled crafts,
particularly in the building trades, unions have
Charged that official forecasts seriously overstate
the probable increase in employment and that,
consequently, the need for expanding apprentice­
ship and other training has been exaggerated.18
On the labor supply side, there was a time in the
very recent past when the Department of Labor’s
projections of changes in the labor force were gen­
erally accepted without question in connection with
predictions of future economic and labor market
conditions. But the failure of the labor force to
increase as rapidly in the late 1950’s and early
1960’s as official predictions had suggested has led
to intensified research both within and outside Gov­
ernment agencies on labor force behavior, as well
as to an interim revision of the official projec­
tions.19 A number of recent studies have suggested
that labor force participation is stimulated in pe-

1318

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

riods of rapid expansion of employment and that
there may be a reverse effect in prolonged periods
of less favorable labor market conditions, but
much additional research is needed before these
findings can be applied to yield reliable predic­
tions.20 Even if the general thesis of interaction
between labor demand and supply is accepted,
there remain such complications as the possibility
that curvilinear rather than linear relationships
may be involved and the different ways in which
particular age and sex groups may be affected by
occupational changes in the demand for labor in
future years. The pattern of employment expan­
sion in the mid-1950’s, for example, encouraged
greatly increased employment and labor force par­
ticipation of married women, but, under the in­
fluence of automation in the office and other de­
velopments, the pattern may differ in future years.

education, urban renewal, public housing, con­
servation, and similar “pressing public needs”
should be increased.
Other changes in employment policy required
to achieve the goal were more adequate integration
of employment and manpower policy, a more
flexible tax policy, and measures which would
bring Federal Reserve policy more effectively
under the President’s control.
These recommendations on employment policy
elicited the most vigorous objections from the Re­
publican members of the subcommittee. The
Minority Report of Senators Prouty and Jordan
charged that “setting annual and long-term eco­
nomic goals and giving the Executive the power to
meet these goals” was “revolutionary in scope and
meaning.” It would involve the granting of
“sweeping and unprecedented powers” to the Fed­
eral Government:

Prescription

Implicit in the majority’s proposal is the assumption
that if the establishment of overall national economic
goals is desirable, then the establishment of growth tar­
gets for specific sectors of the economy as well as for
specific industries would be even more desirable.

Employment Policy. Pointing out that under the
Employment Act of 1946 “no clear-cut concept of
maximum employment has developed and the tar­
get has tended to fluctuate as much as the level of
effort,” the Clark subcommittee recommended that
the United States adopt an official public policy of
maintaining a level of unemployment no higher
than 3 percent of the labor force and that 1968
should be set as the target for attainment of this
goal. Such an objective “can and should be ac­
complished with no greater average annual rise in
the consumer price level than has occurred over
the postwar period.”
Reaching the target by 1968 would require an
increase in Federal expenditures of at least $5 bil­
lion a year, “in addition to the most favorable
possible performance from the private sector of
the economy.” 21 Echoing views identified with
such economists as John K. Galbraith and Alvin
H. Hansen, the subcommittee pointed out that—
In a relatively wealthy society and a complex world,
more and more of the protections and services demanded
by the public and required in the interests of public
safety and a rising standard of living are of the kind
available only through the public sector.“

The accelerated public works program in dis­
tressed economic areas should be expanded and
made permanent, a special program of direct em­
ployment should be undertaken in povertystricken rural and urban areas, and spending on

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This, it warned, would “replace our system of
decentralized decisionmaking” with “a system of
economic planning and control by the Central
Government.” Moreover, “under some conditions
a 3-percent unemployment rate may be inconsist­
ent with relative stability of the price level.” 23
Even the milder toned dissent of Senator Jacob K.
Javits expressed strong disagreement with the
“aggressive expenditure policy” recommended by
the majority.24
20 For evidence of an inverse relationship between unemploy­
ment rates and labor force participation rates by m etropolitan
area, not only for elderly men, but also for other age and sex
groups, see Bowen and Finegan, op. cit. Evidence, based on
regression analysis, th a t short-term variations in labor supply
have been “closely and positively related to variations in employ­
m ent,” may be found in Alfred Telia, “The Relation of Labor
Force to Employment,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review,
April 1964, pp. 454f-4i69, and in an unpublished paper, “The Sen­
sitivity of Labor Force to Em ploym ent: An Age-Sex Analysis.”
Those responsible for the official projections have been, perhaps
wisely, quite cautious in accepting the implications of this recent
research. See, for example, Gertrude Bancroft, “Labor Force
Growth and Job O pportunities: Some Doctrines and the Evi­
dence,” in Exploring the Dimensions of the Manpower Revolu­
tion, pp. 306-307 (see footnote 2), in which she comments th at
“firm conclusions about the relationship between job opportuni­
ties and the size of the labor force cannot be drawn, because
various groups in the population have behaved differently in the
same economic climate.”
21 See footnote 3 (pp. 38 and 40)(.
22 Ibid., p. 47.
23 Ibid., pp. 114-115.
21 Ibid., pp. 145-148.

U. S. MANPOWER AND EMPLOYMENT POLICY

It is difficult to discover either expressed or im­
plied support of “growth targets for specific sec­
tors of the economy” in the majority report, al­
though there is perhaps more justification for a
charge that the question of compatibility of a 3percent unemployment goal with price stability
and balance of payments equilibrium does not
receive much attention. However, much of the
discussion throughout the report indicates the ma­
jority believes that, if its recommendations on em­
ployment policy are accompanied by a vigorous
manpower program aimed at increasing occupa­
tional and geographical mobility, it will be possi­
ble to reduce the unemployment rate to 3 percent
and maintain it at about that level without exces­
sive inflation. I t is scarcely surprising that the
OECD examiners’ report, looking at the problem
from the perspective of European experience, em­
phasized this approach.25
It seems unlikely that Congress will adopt a
deliberate public policy of increasing Federal non­
defense spending by as much as $5 billion a year in
the near future. This does not, however, rule out
the possibility that much the same result may be
accomplished by specific increases aimed at meet­
ing particular needs. That defense spending is
expected to level off strengthens the case for such
increases. Another possibility, currently being ex­
plored by the Council of Economic Advisers and
other economists, is some type of program that
would make a portion of Federal revenues avail­
able to the States for increased expenditures if,
under conditions of continued economic expan­
sion, the Federal budgetary deficit disappears.
Mempower Policy. During the last few years, new
or expanded manpower programs have been au­
thorized under the provisions of numerous pieces
of legislation—the Area Redevelopment Act
(1961), the Manpower Development and Training
Act (1962), the Trade Expansion Act (1962), the
Public Works Acceleration Act (1962), the Voca­
tional Education Act (1963), the Economic Op­
portunities (antipoverty) Act (1964), and others.
25 See OECD Reviews of Manpower and Social Policies: Manpovier Policy and Programs in the United States (Paris, Orga­
nization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1964), pp.
70-72.. Two of the examiners were Europeans and the th ird was
a Canadian.
26 See particularly statem ents of Emile Benoit in Convertibility
of Space and Defense Resources to Civilian Needs: A Search for
New Employm ent Potentials, pp. 693-696 (see footnote 2), and
of W alter Isard and Eugene W. Schooler, ibid., pp. 768-794.
27 See footnote 3 (p. 79).


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1319
Our discussion will be limited to manpower pol­
icy recommendations which go beyond the provi­
sions of existing legislation or relate to weaknesses
in their provisions or implementation.
Pointing out that the Area Redevelopment Ad­
ministration has substantially weaker powers than
comparable agencies in many Western European
countries, the Clark subcommittee recommended
expanded programs of public works and work re­
lief for distressed areas to provide temporary em­
ployment as well as needed community facilities,
and greater emphasis on regional development
plans, such as that for Appalachia, to replace the
overly limited county-by-county approach to eco­
nomic development of these areas.
Much of the testimony before the subcommittee
was concerned with the uneven impact of defense
and space expenditures on States and communities
and with the implications of shifts in defense ex­
penditures. The effects of a possible breakthrough
in disarmament negotiations were also explored,
and some of the most interesting testimony con­
cerned research carried out on the probable alter­
native impacts of varying ways of adjusting to a
large-scale reduction in defense expenditures.26
The subcommittee recommended advance warning
by the Department of Defense to communities and
industries likely to be adversely affected by shifts
in expenditures; classification of areas adversely
affected as distressed areas; allocation of a small
proportion of the amount involved in each defense
contract to a defense adjustment fund; and a spe­
cial Government-Industry Commission to investi­
gate ways of converting technological develop­
ments in the defense and space programs to civilian
uses.
On the problem of the education and training
of youth, the subcommittee’s recommendations are
commendable in many respects, but may not alto­
gether meet the problem. To enable more qual­
ified young people of limited means to achieve
higher education, it called for expanded national
programs of scholarships, loans, and work-study
assistance. At the secondary level, a broad gen­
eral high school education should be guaranteed,
while vocational and technical education or the
first 2 years of college, should be available to all at
public expense. “Specialized occupational train­
ing at the high school level should in the long run
be provided only for the minority who might
not profit from the regular high school course.” 27

1320
Assistance grants should also be available to
schools in impoverished areas to facilitate special
educational programs for underprivileged youth.
In addition, expansion of apprenticeship programs
should be stimulated through encouraging, or if
necessary requiring, Government contractors to
undertake such training. The numerous methods
of subsidizing apprenticeship programs that have
been developed abroad should be studied.
Despite general agreement with these recom­
mendations, I am not convinced that they quite
come to grips with the factors underlying drop­
ping out, as well as inadequate motivation and
performance, at the high school level. As Pro­
fessor Eli Ginzberg put i t :
There are probably several million young people above
the age of 15 currently in school who are there not out
of choice, but through coercion; they are not there be­
cause the school is making a significant contribution to
their acquisition of knowledge and skill, but because our
society has failed to work out any effective alternative.
Probably at least 1 out of every 4 young persons above
the age of 15 currently in high school would be better off
working. But because of law and custom, jobs are not
available for them.28

We need to take a more searching look at the
potentialities of broadly based vocational educa­
tion in the high school for those lacking academic
aptitudes, at various possibilities of combining
education and work experience, and at the whole
question of barriers to entry of young people into
employment, including problems of wage struc­
ture, employer personnel policies, and union rules.
Despite low overall unemployment in Western
Europe, differential unemployment rates for teen­
agers vary widely from country to country, and
the relationship of these variations to differences
in vocational education systems and labor market
practices deserves careful study, even though there
is much to criticize in certain European methods
and practices.29 A special study of European ap­
prenticeship practices prepared for the Clark sub­
committee showed that in each country there was
“a substantially greater consciousness [as com­
pared with the United States] of the need for all
elements of society to work together to assist
young people to find their place in the world of
work.” 30
On the retraining of adults under the Manpower
Development and Training (MDTA) and Area
Redevelopment (ARA) acts, the subcommittee

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

recommended a program of tuition grants for
part-time vocational and technical education to em­
ployees in danger of unemployment, recognizing
that this would require employer cooperation in
providing advance notice of layoffs. It also
recommended a modest increase in training allow­
ances and adoption of Federal standards requir­
ing the States to permit receipt of unemployment
insurance benefits while undergoing training.
Here again, I question whether the recommenda­
tions come to grips with some of the problems in
our retraining programs, particularly what I re­
gard as overemphasis on identification of current
labor shortages in local labor market areas as op­
posed to broader regional or national needs.31 In
this connection, perhaps the most provocative sec­
tion in the OECD examiners’ report suggests that
U.S. retraining policies may be excessively
oriented toward “the mitigation of hardships aris­
ing from unemployment” rather than toward “the
promotion of economic growth.” More specifi­
cally, they comment:
. . . an unemployment orientation will tend to circum­
scribe the n a tu r e of manpower development and training
work more narrowly than a growth-directed policy. For
example, workers may be trained, but only if a specific
job is in sight, and provided that the training does not
exceed a time limit which tends to be short. A growthoriented policy would tend to have more flexible stand­
ards.32

The Minority Report of Senators Prouty and
Jordan, moreover, called for individual assistance
to an unemployed worker found to be qualified for
a type of training for which there were no other
candidates in his area, so that he could attend a
private vocational education school or technical
institute.
Other recommendations of the majority of the
Clark subcommittee dealt with strengthening the
public employment service, adult education, voca­
tional rehabilitation, public assistance, and the
28 Exploring the Dimensions of the Manpower Revolution,
p. 457 (see footnote 2).
28 See section on training of younger workers in M argaret S.
Gordon, Retraining and Labor M arket A djustm ent in Western
Europe, to be published by the U.S. Departm ent of Labor, Office
of Manpower, Automation and Training, about the end of 1964.
30The Role of Apprenticeship in Manpower Development:
United States and W estern Europe, p. 1276 (see footnote 2).
31 For fu rth er discussion, see concluding chapter of Retraining
and Labor M arket A djustm ent in W estern Europe (see foot­
note 29).
32 See OECD Reviews of Manpower and Social Policies: Man­
power Policy and Programs in the United States (PAris, Orga­
nization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1964), p. 74.

U.S. MANPOWER AND EMPLOYMENT POLICY

unemployment insurance system (along the lines
of recent administration proposals). A system of
special allowances for displaced workers over age
55 was also recommended, as well as a prompt re­
port by the Secretary of Labor on experience
with the experimental relocation allowances au­
thorized under the 1963 MDTA amendments
along with recommendations for a more effective
program.
In addition to the recommendation already
mentioned, the Minority Report presented a num­
ber of specific suggestions that leaned rather
heavily toward special tax exemptions.33 Thus, a
tax credit for college tuition fees or special tax
deductions for educational expenses of working
students was endorsed, along with tax deductions
to cover the cost of moving to a new job and the
loss of income attributable to unemployment.
(Like most similar suggestions, these proposals
raise the question of whether those most in need
of assistance would actually be aided by the tax
exemption approach. )
The minority also recommended consideration
of subsistence or transportation allowances for
unemployment insurance claimants seeking work
away from home and a study of the transfera­
bility of pension rights. Other recommendations
included a revolving fund to be established
through collective bargaining to assist the unem­
ployed in maintaining payments on installment
debts, a system of insurance to prevent foreclo­
sures on mortgages on homes of the unemployed,
and a Federal program of grants to the States
to provide extended unemployment benefits in
recessions. Interestingly, the minority attacked
the administration’s antipoverty program for
its failure to do anything about the problem of
poverty among the aged and recommended fur­
ther liberalization of the social security retirement
test, extension of social security benefits to all
persons 70 years old or over who have no pension
from any public source, and exemption of work­
ing widows receiving benefits from the obligation
to pay a contributory social security tax.
Conclusions
We have come a long way in the last few years
toward adopting employment and manpower poli­
cies aimed at stimulating economic expansion and
reducing unemployment. Yet there are a number

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1321
of dangers in the situation, of which two seem
particularly important to me.
Because increased spending on education, train­
ing, and retraining is more acceptable to many
sectors of public opinion than increases in other
types of nondefense public spending, there is a
danger that we may put too many of our eggs in
the basket of training and retraining, thereby
running the risk of failing to have enough jobs
available for those who complete these programs
(not that I would advocate cutting back current
provisions for training and retraining). The
most recent manifestation of this tendency is to
be found in the antipoverty program, with its em­
phasis on remedial and training programs, espe­
cially for underprivileged youth. It is to be
hoped that our attack on poverty will be expanded
in the near future to include the extensive im­
provements in our income maintenance programs
which I regard as critically needed,34 along with
greater emphasis on slum clearance and other pro­
grams which would both create jobs and improve
the living conditions of those with substandard
incomes.
The other main danger is that we may revert
to complacency if we get the unemployment rate
down to 4 percent or below. This has happened
all too often in the past. Despite all the hazards
involved in predicting future trends, the one
thing of which we can be virtually certain is that
structural changes in employment will continue
indefinitely into the future and that these changes
can be met with less inflationary pressure and
less individual hardship if a vigorous manpower
program aimed at increasing occupational and
geographical mobility and strengthening educa­
tion is continuously pursued. This point of view
has been largely accepted throughout Western
Europe, where manpower programs and planning
are increasingly regarded as a permanent feature
of public policy, as valuable in tight labor mar­
kets as in periods of unemployment. If we are
to keep pace with the Common Market and the
rest of Western Europe in the growth and pro­
ductivity race that has been under way for some
time, we can hardly afford to neglect this area of
Government policy.
33 See footnote 3 (pp. 105-144).
34 See M argaret S. Gordon, “U.S. W elfare Policies in Perspec­
tive,” Industrial Relations, February 1963, pp. 33—62.

Book Reviews
and Notes

What Laws Can Do
Toward Fair Employment. By Paul H. Norgren
and Samuel E. Hill. New York, Columbia
University Press, 1964. 296 pp., bibliog­
raphy. $8.50.
The Civil Rights Act of 196J^: Text, Analysis,
Legislative History. Washington, BNA Inc.y
1964. 424 pp. (BNA Operations Manual on
Fair Employment Practices, Public Accom­
modations, Federal Assistance.) $9.50, cloth;
$8.50, paperback.
Can “fair employment practice” laws effectively
combat employment discrimination against
Negroes ? Norgren and Hill have searched for an
answer in the experience of Federal, State, and
municipal antidiscrimination programs of the past
two decades. Their answer is a conditional
“yes”—conditional on the makeup, powers, and
practices of the enforcement agency.
Though written before passage of the 1964 Civil
Rights Act, their findings point incisively to the
problems and potential of the new Federal antidiscrimination effort called for under that act.
Most government antibias measures have had at
best only very modest success, but the example of
the most effective programs leads to the belief that
an antidiscrimination agency can be a potent in­
strument for gaining improvement in Negro em­
ployment opportunities, even in typically “all
white” occupations.
The keys to effectiveness, the authors conclude,
have been not so much substantive differences in
statutory authority, but the caliber of the pro­
gram’s administrators, degree of financial support,
quality of staff, and methods emphasized. They
repeatedly and realistically stress basic guides.
Meaningful sanctions must be available in the
background to make efforts for voluntary com­
pliance effective. And such sanctions should not
1322

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be held in reserve too long; prolonged conciliation
efforts with determined noncompliers merely con­
sume agency resources without return.
Elimination of discriminatory employment pat­
terns, rather than resolution of individual com­
plaints alone, must be the main focus. Of particu­
lar importance are efforts to get employer commit­
ments to make an “affirmative effort.”
Commissions stressing this approach do not sug­
gest hiring of Negroes less qualified than whites,
but urge broadening of recruitment efforts and
modifying of formal educational requirements as
means of promoting real rather than nominal
equality of opportunity. Periodic followup sur­
veys to determine changes in racial employment
patterns are another important tool.
The authors do not delude themselves that fair
employment requirements will produce full racial
equality in employment even if administered with
maximum effectiveness. But an effective Federal
program is “an essential and important first step,”
building a base for the longer run contribution
required from enlargement and exercise of equal
educational opportunities and from an expanding
job market, to encourage substantial racial break­
throughs in formerly closed occupational fields.
On one issue of the day, the authors are quite
optimistic. They found no backlash. Progress
in racial integration in Federal civilian agencies
and military units has not bred racial conflict, and
their guess is that a national fair employment pro­
gram could be enforced “without undue difficulty,
even in the South.”
BNA has drawn together, in its usually thorough
manner, a handy guidebook for anyone working
in detail with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Its
“operations manual” deals with three titles of the
act, those on employment discrimination, public
accommodations, and nondiscrimination in pro­
grams receiving Federal financial assistance.
Along with the text of the act and of key legisla­
tive reports, there is tracing of background, expla­
nations of meaning as indicated by the legislative
record, and brief reviews of State antidiscrimina­
tion laws and of antibias regulations for Federal
Government contractors.
— S eym our B r a n d w e in
Deputy Assistant Director For Research
Office of Manpower, Automation and Training

1323

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

Birth and Growth of ARA
Federal Aid to Depressed Areas: A n Evaluation
of the Area Redevelopment Administration.
By Sar A. Levitan. Baltimore, Md., The
Johns Hopkins Press, 1964. 268 pp. $6.95.
This is essentially a study in public administra­
tion, which includes an excellent legislative his­
tory, of the Area Redevelopment Act of 1961. The
author also describes in detail the organization set
up to administer the law, and the “package of
tools” it was given to assist in the revival of de­
pressed areas.
Levitan’s book appeared a scant 3 years after
the act was signed. Thus, while there was some
last-minute updating of statistics, the book deals
primarily with the first 2 years of ARA’s opera­
tions. The author acknowledges that some startup
time was required to get the new agency off the
ground and that some of his findings are neces­
sarily tentative. To put it mildly, however, he
was not impressed by what ARA had accomplished
at the time his book went to press.
If he has a single major criticism, it is that ARA
has tried to cover too much territory given its lim­
ited resources. Levitan correctly points out that
Senator Douglas, and sponsors of earlier area re­
development bills, had more limited goals in mind.
They were thinking of a program to revitalize a
few score of the Nation’s industrial and mining
areas which had been the victims of structural
change. To ensure passage of the law, however,
the scope of successive bills was broadened. As a
consequence, more than a third of the Nation’s
counties are “eligible” for assistance under ARA.
It does not follow that all eligible areas will par­
ticipate in the redevelopment program; some have
made it clear that they are not interested in doing
so. The author leaves the impression that both
Congress and ARA are to blame for this overex­
tension. It seems to this reviewer, however, that
ARA had little choice in the matter, given the
apparent “intent” of Congress and the serious lack
of data on economic conditions in small areas.
Levitan details some of the difficulties faced by
ARA as a result of specific provisions of the act.
These include the problem of working through
“delegate agencies,” the result of an effort to econ­
omize on administrative costs. He also discusses
the problems of recruitment and staffing, and the


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inevitable political pressures from Congressmen
looking for quick and tangible results in their dis­
tricts. The discussions of problems and of what
the author feels to be mistakes in administration
are quite detailed. What is lacking is an equally
detailed discussion of ARA’s accomplishments in
spite of these problems.
While he is critical of some of the provisions of
the Area Redevelopment Act, and of the way in
which it has been administered, Levitan concludes
on a positive note. He points out that “exclusive
reliance upon outmigration as a solution for the
problems of the unemployed in depressed areas is
as realistic today as the det-them-eat-cake’ solution
proposed by Marie Antoinette.” He is also aware
that the trends which caused depressed areas can­
not be reversed quickly. “The success of the ARA
mission can be measured only in longer term devel­
opments, and the program should therefore be
given a further chance to prove its potential as a
tool to aid depressed areas.”
— W il l ia m

H.

M ie r n y k

Director, Bureau of Economic Research
University of Colorado

The Gompers Way
Organized Labor in American History. By
Philip Taft. New York, Harper & Row,
Publishers, 1964. 818 pp. $12.50.
This is another solid contribution by Philip
Taft to the narrating of the history of the Amer­
ican labor movement. It provides the reader with
a fair, factual, and well-organized account of al­
most every major episode in the story of American
labor from the late 18th century to the present.
But it offers little in the way of new facts, or inter­
pretations, or sprightly writing. The assumption
of the fundamental wisdom of Saint Sam—as
Gompers was sometimes called—is the viewpoint
which permeates this book. Taft is convinced
that under Gompers’ tutelage the American Fed­
eration of Labor developed a philosophy of labor
and patterns of action very well suited to the
American environment and to the needs of Amer­
ican workers.
In a way, Taft’s book is a historical rejoinder
to those harsh critics of contemporary unionism to
whom “business unionism” is a phrase of deroga­
tion. He obviously has little enthusiasm for “so-

1324

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

cial unionism” and its dictum that labor organiza­
tions must play a central role in the reform and
improvement of the larger society. In his intro­
duction, Taft candidly writes:
Business unionism stresses limited objectives, im­
mediate improvements, and eschews broader programs
of social and political change. It depends upon the
willingness of workers to organize for mutual help,
upon the existence of an expanding economy as well
as political freedom and civil rights for special groups
to organize for the promotion of their own inter­
ests . . . . Such a program, while lacking the gran­
deur of the elaborate programs for the reorganiza­
tion of society on more correct principles, is highly
¡suitable for enlarging the rights and liberties of the
individual and for protecting him against changes in
the supply and demand for labor.

Whether writing of union corruption, the role of
the Negro, labor and politics, or about almost any
other phase of the development of the labor move­
ment, Taft concludes that the AFL approach was
the practical and wise one. I t is easy to forgive
this attitude because it is contained in a generally
fine book. Moreover, Taft is no blind partisan.
For example, he provides the reader with an ob­
jective and vital account of the emergence of the
Congress of Industrial Organizations. Yet, I am
concerned that Taft, despite his deserved emi­
nence as a labor historian, does not recognize suf­
ficiently the need for profound changes in the
nature of unionism in the years to come.
The philosophy of Gompers is not enough when
labor has to come to grips with the nuclear age,
automation, the Negro Kevolution, and a host of
other dynamic new forces operating in contempo­
rary American society. Confronted by changes of
such magnitude, the labor movement must do more
than follow its old pathways. Its future health
and prestige, perhaps its survival, will depend
upon its ability to muster more imagination, more
courage, and even more social idealism than it has
displayed in the past.
In short, Organized Labor in American His­
tory, performs its major task well; it is an excel­
lent outline of labor’s past, but, unfortunately, it
is an inadequate guide to its future.


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— M urr ay S eidler
Political Science Department
Wayne State University

Professors to the Fore
The Personnel Job in a Changing World. Ed­
ited by Jerome W. Blood. New York, Amer­
ican Management Association, 1964. 368 pp.
(Management Keport 80.) $9; $6 to AMA
members.
The Practice of Personnel and Industrial Rela­
tions—A Casebook. By Lawrence Stessin.
New York, Pitman Publishing Corp., 1964.
421 pp. $8.50, cloth; $5.75, paperback.
The first two papers in Mr. Blood’s collection
lead the reader to expect more than is realized
in many of the papers which follow. Both John I.
Snyder, Jr., of U.S. Industries, Inc., and Bus­
sell C. McCarthy, of the Industrial Management
Council of Bochester, see the personnel job in its
broadest social and economic context. Mr. Sny­
der, in particular, puts the solution to the “massive
problem of automation” squarely on management.
He asks his readers to consider how few manage­
ments have as yet recognized the seriousness of the
present situation or acknowledged any responsi­
bility for its solution. Much of the discussion
which follows shows how right Mr. Snyder is.
Narrow topics are treated in a narrow way, with
little or no attempt to relate the particular per­
sonnel problems discussed to the overall person­
nel job as seen by Mr. Snyder.
Entirely matter-of-fact and unimaginative, for
example, are the descriptions of extended vacation
plans, the Pacific Coast Maritime Association
agreement, the Kaiser sharing program, and other
company experiences with new personnel tech­
niques. No author speculated on possible effects
of the plans on decreasing unemployment, or in
other ways affecting either the general economic
situation or the long-term situation in their own
companies.
Exceptions to the narrower strictly “personnel
problem” approach came for the most part from
universities. Professor Leon Megginson of the
Louisiana State University pointed out the prog­
ress in office automation, its effects not only on
workers but on management planning and prac­
tices. Professor Felician F. Foltman of Cornell
University emphasized the problem of the un­
skilled worker not pnly as a personnel but as a
human and social one.

BOOK R E V IE W S A N D N O TES

Perhaps the fact that the imaginative look at
personnel problems, as shown by Mr. Blood’s col­
lection, is more often taken by universit}7 and
college teachers than management personnel rep­
resentatives is encouraging. It may mean that
the people now being trained in universities and
colleges will differ from present personnel man­
agers in outlook and breadth of understanding.
The casebook on personnel practices uses arbi­
tration decisions to translate into operation at the
plant level many of the issues discussed in Mr.
Blood’s collection. One of the most valuable
aspects of the casebook is that it shows into what
large and small corners of labor-management rela­
tions the fairly recent technique of arbitration has
penetrated. Dr. Stessin has prefaced each of the
major areas covered by the decisions with a brief
discussion of the problems and the ways in which
management has attempted to deal with them.
While the two books are by no means companion
volumes, they complement each other in ways
which should prove useful in teaching manage­
ment courses.
— M arjorie C. E gloff
Division of Publications
Bureau of Labor Statistics

Growth, Inflation, and Employment
Leading Issues in Development Economics: Selec­
ted Materials and Commentary. By Gerald
M. Meier. New York, Oxford University
Press, 1964. 572 pp., bibliography. $7.
Economic Growth: A n Américain Problem.
Edited by Peter M. Gutmann. Englewood
Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. 181
pp., bibliography. $4.50, cloth ; $1.95, paper­
back.
Macrodynamic Economics : Growth, Employment,
and Prices. By Howard J. Sherman. New
York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1964. 257
pp. $5.
All three volumes in this group are concerned
with problems of growth and, directly or indi­
rectly, with related problems of employment and
inflation. The first volume is concerned primarily
with the problems of less developed economies;
the others with the problems as found in the more
advanced economies.
7 4 7 - 5 7 » O— 64— — .6


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1325
The volume by Professor Meier, Stanford Uni­
versity, is a collection of previously published
articles, reports, research studies, etc., on leading
issues in development economics with commentary
and notes by the author.
The issues covered are: (1) The validity of
Rostow’s analysis of the stages of economic growth,
i.e., the “traditional society,” the emergence of “the
preconditions for takeoff,” and the “takeoff” ; (2)
the meaning and significance of dualism—the ex­
istence of backward and advanced sectors in un­
derdeveloped countries; (3) problems of capital
accumulation, including foreign and domestic in­
vestment; (4) effects of inflation on development;
(5) criteria for allocating investment resources,
covering the controversy over balanced versus un­
balanced growth and the role of investment in
human capital; (6) the relative emphasis to be
given industrialization and agriculture in the de­
velopment process; (7) the influence of interna­
tional trade on development, particularly the prob­
lems of stimulating exports and stabilizing export
earnings; (8) the scope for development planning
and the relative roles of the public and private sec­
tors in development planning; and (9) the various
techniques of development planning.
The book represents a useful and balanced selec­
tion of materials covering the major issues in­
volved in development economics as well as the
diverse positions taken by economists on the issues.
The volume by Dr. Gutmann, City University
of New York, is also a collection of articles, but
is limited to economic growth in the United States.
In addition to the introductory survey article by
Dr. Gutmann on “The Anatomy of Economic
Growth”, the articles cover five major topics: (1)
Goals for growth in this decade; (2) comparative
growth rates (seven major economies, including
the United States and the U.S.S.R.) ; (3) the
causes of economic growth; (4) impediments to
growth; and (5) policies for growth. I found
the article by Robert M. Solow on “Economic
Growth” particularly interesting because of its
clarification of the differences between those who
believe that potential growth in’the economy in
the current decade is about 3 percent and those
who argue for 4 percent. Professor Solow con­
cludes after examining some of the major points
of difference that “the difference between the
three-percenters and the four-percenters is not

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

1326
solidly based. That does not say who is right, but
it does suggest the possibility that economic policy
need not turn our society on its ear to elicit a
growth of potential output near to 4 percent a
year.”
Professor Sherman’s book attempts to investi­
gate the subjects of economic growth, business cy­
cles, and inflationary processes in order to develop
an interrelated approach covering all three. The
author states explicitly that the survey is de­
signed primarily for the beginning student, with
material for the more advanced student confined
to the appendixes in the back of the book.
Although the book provides a useful outline of
business cycle theories and processes, it is less
successful in achieving the author’s objectives of
providing a consistent theory of the whole subject
of “macrodynamics.”
— J ack A lterm an
Deputy Associate Commissioner for Economic Growth
Bureau of Labor Statistics

Patron and Padrone—Japanese Style
Paternalism in the Japanese Economy: Anthropo­
logical Studies of Oyabun-Kobun Patterns. By
John W. Bennett and Iwao Ishino. Min­
neapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1963.
307 pp., bibliography. $6.50.
This book brings together, with some retrospec­
tive analysis, a number of studies made by Ameri­
can and Japanese social scientists in Occupied
Japan. The “oyabun-kobun” pattern received
special attention because the Occupation under­
took to abolish some of its worst manifestations.
The pattern involved an extension into economic
activities and business groups of some of the
familial (and feudal) principles of traditional
Japanese social organization. No single transla­
tion of the Japanese term fits all cases. The
nearest literal translation would be in terms of
“father-son status” or “parent role and child
role,” but with some symbolic elements implied.
In some cases, “boss and henchman” or “patron
and client” come closer.
Oyabun-kobun paternalism took many different
forms; the case studies include examples of “laborboss,” “entrepreneur-boss,” “patron-employer,”
and “landowner-tenant” relationships. The pat­
tern was pervasive, but by no means uniform in all
its manifestations: “Local rules may be adhered


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to, but constant variation in these is to be ex­
pected. . . . Oyabun-kobun may be taken seri­
ously or not, as the demands of the situation re­
quire. It may be a ritual, an ideology in certain
instances, or merely a tool.”
The “labor-boss” system is of special interest
because many Japanese in the postwar period were
dependent upon this type of organization for their
livelihood and because the Occupation, as one of
its many labor reforms, took steps to eliminate the
system. The boss was essentially a labor sup­
plier, particularly for casual and unskilled labor,
who used the oyabun-kobun pattern to maintain
quite complete control over the working lives, and
often the personal lives, of his workers. The ex­
pected relationship between boss and kobun
(workers) was one of “obedience and loyalty to the
superior and benevolence to the subordinate.”
The boss’ main function was “to find employment
for his men, but he has related obligations of caring
for his kobun in times of illness, of giving or loan­
ing money in time of need, and of assuring mini­
mum subsistence in periods of unemployment.”
He collected his workers’ pay, kept part of it
(usually 10 to 30 percent), and exerted much con­
trol over their private lives. He blocked any
opportunity for direct bargaining between his
men and the ultimate employers of their labor;
the system often made it impossible (or dangerous)
for workers to quit or shift to other jobs. A net­
work of ritual observances and of personal favor­
itism to individual workers reinforced the boss’
control.
Nevertheless, the labor boss did perform certain
essential social functions in finding jobs and pro­
viding the feudal equivalent of social security.
Effective elimination of the system required the
creation of new public institutions—including an
effective public employment service, an unemploy­
ment insurance system, and functioning arrange­
ments for hospital care and welfare service—-before
the workers slowly gained confidence in their
ability to get by without an oyabun.
The book is readable and informative, and will
interest those who wish to study and understand
the widely varied patterns of managerial organi­
zation and labor-management relations that exist
in complex, but non-Western, cultures.
— P aul L. S ta n c h field
Office of Policy Planning and Research
U.S. Department of Labor

1327

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

Quotations From Recent Books
Economics and Man. By John S. Gambs and
Jerome B. Komisar. Homewood, 111., Rich­
ard D. Irwin, Inc., 1964. 433 pp. Rev. ed.
$10.35.
Not only automation but also the trend toward
the service industries are absorbing more and more
white-collar people and fewer blue-collar workers.
The white-collar people will not join unions, at
least not unions of the AFL-CIO type. They
will join various types of associations (such as the
American Association of University Professors),
but these tend to be rather pallid groups, lacking
in militancy. (It should be noted that this is not
quite true and that in certain areas as in southern
California, these professional groups are quite
aggressive.)
Two Worlds of Change: Readings in Economic
Development. Edited by Otto Feinstein.
Garden City, N.Y., Anchor Books, Doubleday
& Co., Inc., 1964. 420 pp. $1.45, paperback.
But the process of social change involves more
than finding the techniques to increase national
production by 6 percent a year and finding a group
of people—like Weber’s Protestants—who, in fol­
lowing their own cultural imperatives, will gen­
erate this growth. There are many questions that
must be answered. How do these people get the
will to economize? Why didn’t they have it
before? What is the old system of production
really like? What happens when these changes
start?
Labor and the Public Interest. By W. Willard
Wirtz. New York, Harper & Row, Publish­
ers, Inc., 1964. 196 pp. $3.95.
But free collective bargaining can no longer
depend on the defense that compulsory arbitration
is evil. Nor does its protection lie in endless new
administrative resourcefulness and maneuver.
The preservation of free collective bargaining de­
pends on two necessary developments.
One of these has to do with the health of the
economy as a whole. It is questionable whether
serious and difficult issues arising from the dis­
placement, or threatened displacement, of men by
machines or by new work methods can be satisfac­
torily dealt with in major industries by free col­


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lective bargaining unless the economy is develop­
ing at a rate which will give displaced employees
reasonable assurance of an opportunity to find
other jobs . . . .
Beyond this, the future of collective bargaining,
free of the weakening effects of statutory arbitra­
tion procedures, depends upon the development of
private procedures which will permit and virtually
assure the settlement of major disputes in critical
industries without crippling shutdowns . . . .
*

*

*

*

*

The fact that we have not been growing fast
enough should not obscure the clear promise that
we can do what needs to be done. We have the
resources and the skills to make the greatest eco­
nomic advance in our history. America is like
Gulliver in Lilliput—a giant, held down by a mass
of small doubts and restrictions, needing only to
exert the strength of its convictions to realize its
full potential. The hard truth of the matter is
that nothing—nothing!—is needed to put this
country on a full employment basis except the deci­
sion to do it . . . .
The fact of four million unemployed people in
this country is so deplorable a situation, in human
terms, as to warrant indignant intolerance of any
explahation which is advanced for it in terms of
any kind of economic analysis. If the answer to
a suggestion to advance the purpose of full em­
ployment is that it will contribute to inflation, an
unbalanced budget, or an unfavorable dollar bal­
ance, that cannot be the end of i t ; for full employ­
ment is itself an ultimate purpose. And surely
the meaning of full employment cannot be arrived
at by working back from an assumption about the
minimum degree of unemployment which can be
achieved without threat of inflation. It would be
a serious error if the country were to become con­
ditioned to the idea that 4 percent is, for any rea­
son, a satisfactory unemployment rate.
The most dangerous myth, in immediate terms,
is that machines produce as many jobs for men as
they destroy and therefore represent no threat to
workers. This is a half-truth, and therefore a
half-lie. The truth is that machines permit the
extension of men’s work activities. The implied
lie is that this will happen automatically or with­
out the exercise of full human responsibility.

1328
New Horizons of Economic Progress. Edited by
Lawrence H. Seltzer. Detroit, Mich., Wayne
State University Press, 1964. 158 pp.
(Franklin Memorial Lectures, Vol. X II.)
$4.95.
. . . It is our job to be the worry birds for the
Nation; that’s what we get paid for. When my
descendants gather about my knee and say,
‘Grandpa, what did you do to add to the gross
national product?’ my reply will have to be, ‘I
worried.’
Employment and Unemployment in the United
States: A Study of the American Labor
Force. By Seymour L. Wolfbein. Chicago,
Science Research Associates, Inc., 1964. 339
pp.

Let us start with women and point to the change
in attitude toward women’s participation in activ­
ities outside the home. We emphasize the phrase
‘outside the home’ because women usually put in
a substantial amount of work at home. Such work
does not place them in the labor force, but it is
still hard and productive. (In 1900, married
women had a much lower labor market participa­
tion rate, but the work most women put in round
the clock at home was doubtless physically more
difficult than the work their granddaughters are
doing now outside the home.)
Labor and Management in Industrial Society.
By Clark Kerr. Garden City, N.Y., Anchor
Books, Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1964. 372 pp.
$1.45, paperback.
Many people are simultaneously Theoretical
Liberals in the Jeffersonian sense and Practical
Pluralists of the John L. Lewis type. They talk
about the supremacy of the rights of the individ­
ual and they work for the survival, effectiveness,
and sovereignty of private associations—unions,
corporations, professional associations—as against
the sometimes dissident individual. The Theo­
retical and the Practical go their separate and in­
consistent ways. But there is a need for a recon­
ciliation of views in a world that still admires
Jefferson, but lives with John L. Lewis. In think­
ing about this, a new phrase was coined—the ‘Lib­
eral Pluralist.’ The idea behind the phrase was
that the private association could have a great
deal of autonomy but that the State had an ob­


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

ligation to provide minimum protection for the
rights of the individuals within these private as­
sociations, these private governments.
Sam Gompers: Labor's Pioneer. By David F.
Selvin. New York, Abelard-Schuman, 1964.
159 pp. $3.
I t was at the 1903 convention that Sam made
the declaration that summed up his views of the
Socialists. ‘I have kept close watch upon your
doctrines for 30 years,’ he told the Socialist dele­
gates. ‘[I] have been closely associated with
many of you and know how you think and what
you propose . . . I declare it to you, I am not only
at variance with your doctrines, but with your
philosophy. Economically, you are unsound; so­
cially, you are wrong; industrially, you are an
impossibility.’
Human Relations in Business: A Behavioral
Science Approach. By James L. Latham.
Columbus, Ohio, Charles E. Merrill Books,
Inc., 1964. 290 pp., bibliography. $7.95.
In recent years, workers in all vocations have
been admonished that the ‘tempo of the times’ is
killing them—that they need to slow down, relax,
take more vacations. It has been pridefully said
that the stomach ulcer is the ‘badge of the busi­
nessman;’ and that heart conditions are the price
for mighty strife in the effort toward success.
These popular assumptions have themselves pre­
cipitated frustration.
Labor in the Tropical Territories of the Commonwealth. By B. C. Roberts. Durham, N.C.,
Duke University Press, 1964. 426 pp. $6.25.
Many members of the European trade union
organizations have felt that the American union
leaders were to strongly motivated by ideological
considerations. The self-righteous attitude often
displayed by the representatives of the American
unions has provoked distrust of their ability to
understand the problems of either the European
labor movements or those of the underdeveloped
territories of Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean.
The AFL-CIO have made it abundantly clear
that they believe that the European unions have
not waged war vigorously enough on communism
and colonialism. The Americans have not, there­
fore, been prepared to reduce their independent

1329

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

activities, and they have shown at times a reluc­
tance to increase their contributions to the ICFTU
funds until assured of changes in its policy.

C o st o f I n - P la n t P r o g r a m m in g .

The Division of Labor in Society. By Emile
Durkheim; translated by George Simpson.
New York, Free Press of Glencoe, 1964. xxiv,
439 pp. $2.45.
. . . The only experimental fact proving that life
is generally good is that the great mass of men pre­
fer it to death. To be so, in the average life, happi­
ness must prevail over unhappiness. If the rela­
tions were reversed, neither the attachment of men
to life, nor its continuance jostled by the facts
at each moment, could be understood. Pessimists,
it is true, explain the persistence of this phenom­
enon by the illusions of hope. According to them,
if, in spite of the deceptions of experience, we hold
on to life, it is because we are wrongly hoping that
the future will make up for the past. But even
admitting that hope is sufficient to explain the love
of life, it does not explain itself. . . .

M an

Careers and Opportunities in Advertising. By
Charles Michael Boland. New York, E. P.
Dutton & Co., Inc., 1964. 215 pp., bibliog­
raphy. $4.50.
The degree and character of your preparation
for advertising, however, will best be reflected in
what you yourself do to implement the knowledge
achieved in the halls of higher learning. The
creative person who studies the liberal arts and
finds he has a flair for writing should spend every
waking moment—not devoted to academic require­
ments—in writing about anything he can think
of. . . .

Other Recent Publications
Education and Training

By Geary A. Rummler
and Joseph P. Yaney. Ann Arbor, Mich., University
of Michigan, Center for Programmed Learning for
Business, 1964. 28 pp. (Occasional Paper $1.)

in a W o r ld o f W o r k . Edited by Henry Borow.
Washington, National Vocational Guidance Associa­
tion, 1964. 606 pp. $11.25, Houghton Mifflin Co.,
Boston.

By
U.S.
Department^ of Labor, Bureau of Employment Secu­
rity, Washington, July 1964, pp. 1-6. 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)

O c c u p a tio n a l C h a n g e a n d th e E m p lo y m e n t C o u n se lo r.
Louis Levine. ( I n Employment Service Review,

M y F u tu r e . Minneapolis, Minn., American
Guidance Service, Inc., 1964. 368 pp., bibliography.
3d ed. (National Forum Guidance Series.) $4.20.

P la n n in g

By Adrian A. Paradis. New
York, Avon Books (a Division of the Hearst C'orp.),
1964. 223 pp. 50 cents, paperback.

F r o m H ig h S c h o o l to a J o h .

H ow

to B e c o m e a G o v e r n m e n t G irl. By Delight Hall.
New York, Macfadden Books, Macfadden-Bartell
Corp., 1964. 191 pp. 60 cents, paperback.

By Theodore Wachs, Jr. New
York, Henry Z. Walck, Inc., 1964. 102 pp., bibliog­
raphy. (Careers for Tomorrow.) $3.50.

C a r e e r s in E n g in e e r in g .

By Raymond Nathan.
New York, Henry Z. Walck, Inc., 1964. 112 pp., bibli­
ography. (Careers for Tomorrow.) $3.50.

C a r e e r s in A ir lin e s O p e r a tio n s .

K n o w Y o u r U n io n : A G u id e t o J o b s in th e B u ild in g T r a d e s .

By Donald F. Daly. Philadelphia, Pa., Dorrance &
Co., Inc., 1964. 124 pp. $3.

Employee Benefits
U n ite d M in e W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a W e lf a r e a n d R e ti r e m e n t
F u n d — R e p o r t f o r th e

Y e a r E n d in g J u n e 30, 1 9 6 Jf.

Washington, 1964. 32 pp.
N ew

T r e n d s in P e n s io n s [ G r e a t B r i t a i n ].

Pilch and Victor Wood.
Ltd., 1964. 223 pp.

By Michael
London, Hutchinson & Co.,

Health and Safety

P r o c e e d in g s o f th e 2 0 th A n n u a l C o n fe re n c e o f A m e r ic a n

H e a lth I n s u r a n c e C o v e r a g e , U n ite d S t a t e s , J u l y 1 9 6 2 -J u n e

S o c i e t y f o r T r a in in g a n d D e v e lo p m e n t, S a n F r a n c is c o ,

Washington, U.S. Department of Health, Edu­
cation, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1964. 37
pp. (Vital and Health Statistics Data From the Na­
tional Health Survey. PHS Publication No. 1000—
Series 10—No. 11.) 35 cents, Superintendent of Doc­
uments, Washington.

Training Directors
Journal, New York, August 1964, pp. 2-83. $1.)
C a lif.,

June

9—11,

1961f.

(In

O c c u p a tio n a l T r a in in g o f W o m e n TJnder th e M a n p o w e r
T r a in in g A c t. Washington, U.S.
Department of Labor, Office of Manpower, Automa­
tion and Training, 1964. 19 pp. (Manpower Evalua­
tion Report 3.)
D e v e lo p m e n t a n d


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1963.

By Gordon L. Brown and Donald C.
Waterford, Conn., National Foremen’s In-

E c o n o m ic s o f S a f e t y .

Whytock.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

1330
stitute, Bureau of Business Practice, 1964. 175 pp.
(Complete Management Library Vol. XXVII.)

F u ll E m p lo y m e n t a n d U n d e r e m p lo y m e n t in P u e r to R ico ,
J a n u a r y 1963 to A p r i l 196Jj. Hato Rey, P.R., Depart­

ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964.
pp. ( Special Report on the Labor Force 37.)

S a f e t y O r g a n iz a tio n a n d A c t i v i t i e s o f A w a r d - W in n in g
C o m p a n ie s in th e C o a l-M in in g I n d u s tr y . By Robert

T. Davis and R. W. Stahl. Washington, U.S. Depart­
ment of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1964. 26 pp.
(Information Circular 8224.)
D is a b lin g W o r k - I n ju r y E x p e r ie n c e o f th e O il I n d u s tr y
( A l l A c t i v i t i e s ) a n d th e N a t u r a l G a s I n d u s t r y ( I n ­
c lu d in g D i s t r i b u ti o n A c t i v i t i e s ) in th e U n ite d S ta t e s ,
1963. Washington, U.S. Department of the Interior,

Bureau of Mines, 1964.
Surveys.)

14 pp.

H e lp W a n te d —F e m a le : A S t u d y o f D e m a n d a n d S u p p ly
in a L o c a l J o b M a r k e t f o r W o m e n . By Georgina M.

Smith. New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers—-The State
University, Institute of Management and Labor Rela­
tions, 1964. 94 pp.
S e le c te d R e a d in g s in E m p lo y m e n t a n d M a n p o w e r : V o l. Jj,
L e s s o n s F r o m F o r e ig n L a b o r M a r k e t P o lic ie s . Wash­

(Mineral Industry

ington, U.S. Senate, Committee on Labor and Public
Welfare, Subcommittee on Employment and Man­
power, 1964. 212 pp. (Committee Print, 88th Cong.,
2d sess.)

Industrial Relations
B r i g h te r F u tu r e f o r C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g . By E. Robert
Livernash. { I n Harvard Business Review, Boston,

September-October 1964, pp. 66-70.

$2.)

D e v e lo p m e n t o f th e L a b o r S u r p lu s E c o n o m y : T h e o r y a n d
P o lic y . By John Ö. H. Fei and Gustav Ranis. New

Haven, Conn., Yale University, Economic Growth
Center, 1964. 324 pp. .$8.50, Richard D. Irwin, Inc.,
Homewood, 111.

San Francisco, State
Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Labor
Statistics and Research, 1964. 28 pp.

W o r k S to p p a g e s in C a lifo r n ia , 1963.

The
I n d u s tr ia l i z a t io n a n d I n d u s t r i a l R e la t i o n s : A n A n a l y ti c a l
F r a m e w o r k . By Garfield Clack. { I n South African

Journal of Economics, Johannesburg, South Africa,
June 1964, pp. 113-127. R1.00.)

16

U se o f E q u i t y to E n f o r c e E m p lo y m e n t R i g h t s in
S t a t e C o u r ts . By Roy Harris Cohen. \{I n Labor

Law Journal, Chicago, August 1964, pp. 549-558.
$1.25.)
By Lester Velie. New York, Harper
& Row, Publishers, 1964. 228 pp. Rev. ed. $4.95.

L a b o r U SA T oday.

Labor Force
The

N a t u r e o f L o n g R a n g e M a n p o w e r P la n n in g . By
Eric W. Vetter. { I n Management of Personnel
Quarterly, University of Michigan, Bureau of Indus­
trial Relations, Ann Arbor, Mich., Summer 1964, pp.
20-27.)

E m p lo y m e n t o f S c ie n tific a n d T e c h n ic a l P e r s o n n e l in
I n d u s tr y , 1962. Washington, U.S. Department of La­

bor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 86 pp. (Bul­
letin 1418.) 50 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
E m p lo y m e n t R e q u ir e m e n ts a n d
S t r u c t u r e in C iv il A v ia tio n .

C h a n g in g

O c c u p a tio n a l

By Sheldon H. Luskin.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1964. 55 pp., bibliography. (Bul­
letin 1367.) 40 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.

L a b o r a n d M a te r ia l R e q u ir e m e n ts f o r P r i v a t e O n e -F a m ily
H o u se
C o n s tr u c tio n . By Herman J. Rothberg.

Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1964. 87 pp. (Bulletin 1404.). 30
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
S e a s o n a lly A d j u s te d E m p lo y m e n t in M a n u f a c tu r in g I n ­
d u s tr ie s , P u e r to R ic o , J a n u a r y to D e c e m b e r 1963.

Hato Rey, P.R., Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1964. 13 pp.


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W o r k e r s A f t e r L a y o ff.

W o r k e r s — E x p e r ie n c e s

of

By Herbert Hammerman.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1964. 94 pp., bibliography. (Bul­
letin 1408.) 50 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.

P u t ti n g Y o u th to W o r k : H o w th e N e w Y o r k S t a t e E m ­
p lo y m e n t S e r v ic e H e lp s Y o u n g P e o p le G e t J o b s . New

York, State Department of Labor, Division of Em­
ployment, 1964. 22 pp.
Y o u th and, W o r k in L a t i n A m e r ic a : I, T h e E m p lo y m e n t o f
C h ild r e n ; I I , Y o u th E m p lo y m e n t P r o s p e c ts .
{ I n In­

ternational Labor Review, Geneva, July 1964, pp. 1-23
and August 1964, pp. 150-179. 75 cents each. D is­
tributed in United States by Washington Branch of
of ILO.)

Personnel Management
By
Geneva Seybold. New York, National Industrial
Conference Board, Inc., 1964. 149 pp. (Studies in
Personnel Policy 191.)

P e r s o n n e l A u d i t s a n d R e p o r t s to T o p M a n a g e m e n t.

T h e M e a n in g o f D i s s a ti s f a c t io n W i t h F a c to r y W o r k . By
Orlando C. Behling. { I n Management of Personnel

Quarterly, University of Michigan, Bureau of Indus-

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
trial Relations, Ann Arbor, Mich., Summer 1964, pp.
11-16.)

1331
O c c u p a tio n a l

{ I n Confer­
ence Board Record, National Industrial Conference
Board, New York, August 1964, pp. 28-32.)

S o m e A l t e r n a t i v e s to C a r e e r E m p lo y m e n t.

Social Security
Supplement report
together with individual views of the Committee on
Finance on H.R. 11865. Washington, U.S. Senate,
Committee on Finance, 1964. 137 pp. (Report 1513,
88th Cong., 2d sess.)

S o c ia l S e c u r i t y A m e n d m e n ts o f 1964.

W o r k m e n 's C o m p e n s a tio n P r o b le m s : P r o c e e d in g s o f th e
4 9 th A n n u a l C o n v e n tio n o f th e I n te r n a t io n a l A s s o ­
c ia tio n o f I n d u s tr ia l A c c id e n t B o a r d s a n d C o m m is ­
s io n s , M ia m i B e a c h , F la ., N o v e m b e r 1 0 -1 4 , 1963.

Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Standards, 1964. 267 pp. (Bulletin 261.)
75 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Ottawa, Canadian Depart­
ment of National Health and Welfare, 1964. 26 pp.

T h e C a n a d a P e n s io n P la n .

R e p o r t o f th e M i n i s tr y o f P e n s io n s a n d N a tio n a l I n s u r ­
a n c e f o r th e Y e a r 1963.
London, 1964. 151 pp.

(Omnd. 2392.)

10s., H. M. Stationery Office, London.

Wages and Hours
W o r k e r ’s E d u c a tio n M a n u a l. Geneva, Inter­
national Labor Office, 1964. 176 pp., bibliography. 75
cents. Distributed in United States by Washington
Branch of ILO.

By Fred W. Mohr. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 56 pp.
(Bulletin 1406.) 40 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.

to A p r i l 1 9 6 4 • Hato Rey, P.R., Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 7 pp. (Special Re­
port on the Labor Force 36.)


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Bulletin
No.

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30

25

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1385-73
1385-75

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32
26

25
25
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25

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1385-79
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(cents)

By Lydia F. Hylton. New York, Child
Welfare League of America, Inc., 1964. 75 pp. $1.25.

S a l a r y S t u d y , 1963.

Miscellaneous
I n d u s tr ia l i s m a n d I n d u s t r i a l M a n : T h e P r o b le m s o f L a b o r
a n d M a n a g e m e n t in E c o n o m ic G r o w th . By Clark Kerr

and others. New York, Oxford University Press, 1964.
263 pp. 2d ed. $1.95, paperback.
T h e H u m a n S h a p e o f W o r k : S tu d ie s in th e S o c io lo g y o f
O c c u p a tio n s. Edited by Peter L. Berger. New York,

McMillan Co., 1964. 241 pp. $5.95.
C o n tr o l o f U n ec o n o m ic P r a c ti c e s a t G o v e r n m e n t S i t e s : A
C o m p a r a tiv e S t u d y o f T w o G o v e r n m e n t P a n e ls . By
W. S. Price and Annin Behr. { I n Labor Law Journal,

Chicago, August 1964, pp. 519-541. $1.25.)
U n d e r s ta n d in g O u r E c o n o m y —A n a ly s is , I s s u e s , P r in c ip le s .

By William P. Mortenson, Donald T. Krider, Roy J.
Sampson. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1964. 502 pp.
$5.40.
B u s in e s s C y c le s : A T h e o r e tic a l, H is to r ic a l, a n d S t a t i s t i c a l
A n a l y s i s o f th e C a p i ta l i s t P r o c e s s . By Joseph A.

Schumpeter. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1964.
461 pp. (Abridged, with an introduction, by Rendigs Fels.) $2.95, paperback.

S o u th , J u n e 19 6 1 —J u n e 1962.

M e d ia n W e e k ly E a r n in g s in P u e r t o R ic o , J a n u a r y 1963

1964.

trial Relations, 1964. 43 pp.

E m p lo y e e E a r n in g s in S e le c te d M e tr o p o lita n A r e a s o f th e

Washington, U.S. De­
partment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964.
37 pp. (Bulletin 1403.) 30 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.

III., A p r i l

1963 E a r n in g s a n d H o u r s , C a lif o r n ia a n d M e tr o p o lita n
A r e a s . San Francisco, State Department of Indus­

W a g e s a n d R e la t e d B e n e f its : P a r t I I , M e tr o p o lita n A r e a s ,
U n ite d S t a t e s a n d R e g io n a l S u m m a r ie s , 1 9 6 2 -6 3 . By

I n d u s t r y W a g e S u r v e y : H o te l s a n d M o te ls , J u n e 1963.

S u rv ey : C hicago,

Portland, Oreg.-Wash., May 1964Beaumont-Port Arthur, Tex., May
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N ews-Hampton,
Va., June
1964 ____________
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Worcester, Mass., June 1964 ___
Akron, Ohio, June 1964.

W a g es— A

Toivo P. Kanninen. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 92 pp.
(Bulletin 1345-83.) 50 cents, Superintendent of Doc­
uments, Washington.

W age

Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1964. 38 pp. (Bulletin 1385-66.)
30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Other bulletins in this series include:

A

By Howard Wilson.
Deerfield, 111., Administrative Research Associates,
1964. 30 pp. 75 cents.

G lo s s a r y o f E c o n o m ic T e r m s .

(Handbook of basic in­
formation relative to the problems of poverty in the
United States.) Washington, U.S. House of Repre-

P o v e r t y in th e U n ite d S ta t e s .

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

1332
sentatives, Committee on Education and Labor, 1964.
304 pp. ( Committee Print, 88th Cong., 2d sess.)
By Oscar W. Cooley. Cald­
well, Idaho, Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1964. 196 pp.
$2.50.

P a y in g M e n N o t T o W o r k .

M e th o d

of

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T e s ti n g :

M o n te

C a rlo

I m p r o v in g E x e c u ti v e M a n a g e m e n t in th e F e d e r a l G o v e r n ­
m e n t. New York, Committee for Economic Develop­

76 pp.

By Bayless Manning.
Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1964.
285 pp. $6.95.

F e d e r a l C o n flic t o f I n t e r e s t L a w .


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By Erdman Palmore. ( I n
Social Security Bulletin, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administra­
tion, Washington, August 1964, pp. 3-10. 25 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
1963 S u r v e y o f th e A g e d .

M e th o d .

Edited by Yu A. Shreider; translated by Scripta
Technica, Inc. New York, American Elsevier Pub­
lishing Co., Inc., 1964. 303 pp. $15.

ment, Research and Policy Committee, 1964.
$1.50.

R e ti r e m e n t P a t t e r n s A m o n g A g e d M e n : F in d in g s o f th e

F e d e r a l F u n d s f o r R e s e a r c h , D e v e lo p m e n t,
S c ie n tific

A c tiv itie s ,

F isc a l

Y ears

a n d O th e r

1962, 1963, a n d

Washington, National Science Foundation,
1964. 180 pp. ( Surveys of Science Resources Series,
NSF 84-11.)
$1, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.

1964-

By
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August 1964, pp. 99-129. 75 cents. Distributed in
United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)

F o o d f o r D e v e lo p m e n t: T h e W o r ld F o o d P r o g r a m .

Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.— Em ploym ent
1334
1335
1339
1343

A -l.
A-2.
A-3.
A-4.

1343

A-5.

1344

A-6.

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted
Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted
Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations

B .1345

B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group

C.—
c . - Earnings and H ours
1348 0-1.
1360 C-2.
1360 C-3.
1361
1363

C-4.
C-5.

1363

C-6.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing,
by major industry group
Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing

D .1364

D -l.

1365

D-2.

1366
1368
1369

D-3.
D-4.
D-5.

Consumer Price Index—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers
(including single workers) all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers (including single workers)
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product

E .1370 E—1.
F.— Work Injuries

F -l.

Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1

1 This ts,ble is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.

cal

N o t e : W ith the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described
Series, BLS B u lle tin 1168,1954, and cover the United 8tates without Alaska and Hawaii.


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in Techniques of Preparing Major BLS Statisti­

1333

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

1334

A.—Employment
T able

A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1
Annual
average

1963

Employment status
Sept.

Aug.

July

Jun.

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1961

1960

Total, both sexes
Total labor force-------------------------------- 76,865
Civilian labnr force
- __ 74,122
3,317
TTnemnlnvTnent
__ __ - —
Unemployment rate seasonally ad5.2
justed 2
_ _____
— —
1,701
Unemployed 4 week's or less
537
Unemployed 10 weeks _
Unemployed 11 14 weeks
315
353
Unemployed ifi—
26 weeks _ _ ___
410
Unemployed over 26 weeks__ __
70, 805
Employment
_
_
65,575
Nonagricultural
_ - __ ___
33,986
Worked
hours or more
24,268
Worked 15-34 hours
............
3,887
Worked 1-14 hours_3,432
With a job but, not at work 3
Agricultural
_
_
_ _ 5,230
3,577
Worked hours or more
Worked 1fi-34 hours
_
_ _ _ 1,181
346
Worked 1-14 hours __
128
With a job but, not at, work 3
-

78,509 78,958 79,389 77,490 76, 544 75,553 75,259 74,514 75,201 76,000 76,086
75, 758 76,218 76,645 74,742 73, 799 72,810 72, 527 71,793 72,461 73,261 73,344
3,654 3,813 4,692 3,640 3,921 4,293 4,524 4,565 3,846 3,936 3,453
5.5
5.5
5.9
5.4
5.6
5.4
5.4
5.1
5.3
4.9
5.1
1,691 1,670 2,781 1,671 1,660 1,620 1,669 2,069 1,734 1,955 1,623
662
859
767
988
807 1,236
705
632
674
862 1,070
251
324
349
402
455
544
321
252
231
216
312
443
492
401
654
605
742
693
556
322
485
296
476
463
436
501
510
581
543
529
535
522
494
891
72,104 72,405 71,953 71,101 69, 877 68,517 68,002 67,228 68,615 69,325 69,
64,
541
64,
576
64,548
63,234
64,
500
64,071
66,704 66, 586 66,100 66,094 65, 448
49,212 48,645 50, 777 51,505 51,452 50,556 48,953 47,179 50,817 46,129 50,960
1'2,
456
7,402
7,679
8,694
9,637
7,
717
7,115 7,211 7,602 7,817 7,676
3,169 3,264 3,718 4.466 4,206 4,191 4,321 4,164 4,092 3 , 9 3 5 3.893
7,205 7,464 4,004 2,304 2,115 2,038 2,103 2,255 1,985 2,029 2,288
5,400 5,819 5,853 5, 007 4,429 4,017 3,931 3,993 4,039 4,777 5, 350
3,716 3,980 4,154 3,448 2,903 2,391 2,108 2,108 2,179 2,994 3,716
1,085 1,218 1,195 1,089 1,029 1,029 1,077 1,042 1,100 1,196 1, 094
442
411
476
524
549
374
386
378
428
387
440
176
98
284
294
223
124
211
92
193
119
160

75,811 74,175

73,126

73,062 71,603
3,516 4,806

70,612
3,931

5.6
1,682
617
332
382
503
69, 546
64,220
50,462
7,124
3,645
2,990
5,326
3,619
1,170
424
112

5.6
6.7
1,897 1,799
823
964
353
411
502
728
454
804
66, 796 66,681
61,333 60,958
47,257 46,388
7,522 8,249
3.610 3.279
3,042
2 ; 946
5, 463 5,723
3,540 3,811
1,245 1.279
444
477
190
200

Males
Total labor force______________
Civilian labor force____________
Unemployment_____________
Employment_______________
Nonagricultural___________
Worked 35 hours or more__
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work 3.
Agricultural______________
Worked 35 hours or more__
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work 3.

51,083 52,584 53,057 52,813 51,294 50,665
48, 370 49,864 50,347 50,100 48, 577 47, 951
lj 813 2,074 2,183 2,630 2,067 2,345
46, 557 47; 791 48,164 47,470 46, 510 45, 607
42,476 43Ì 443 43', 571 42; 860 42,496 41,891
25,120 34,831 34,699 35,845 35, 748 35, 537
13', 729 3j 391 3; 345 3,403 3, 403 3,332
i t 599 1,429 1,450 1,538 1,969 1.759
2,028 3j 790 4,078 2 ; 077 1,376 1,265
4,081 4, 348 4,593 4,610 4,014 3, 716
3,035 Z, 243 3,439 3,552 3,019 2,622
678
667
627
704
657
' 708
306
292
290
295
232
314
107
99
73
158
106
135

50,123 49,956 49,731 49,924 50,285
47,411 47, 255 47, 041 47,215 47, 577
2,681 2,826 2,881 2, 477 2,253
44, 730 44,429 44,160 44,739 45,324
41, 299 41, 029 40, 686 41,294 41, 488
34, 797 33,782 32,879 34, 799 32,166
3,461 4,187 4, 580 3,466 6,442
1,743 1,795 1,777 1,718 1,586
1,297 1,265 1,452 1,311 1,292
3,432 3,400 3,474 3,445 3,836
2,190 1,918 1,908 1,951 2,622
754
820
795
803
741
307
409
497
475
325
154
263
274
203
176

50,368 50, 602 49,918

49,507

47,378
3,060
44,318
39,811
32,984
3,587
1, 511
1,729
4,508
3,132
827
370
179

47, 025
2,541
44,485
39,807
32, 511

47,657
1,874
45,784
41,644
35,387
3,238
1,610
1,410
4,139
3,121
626
309
84

47,884
1,902
45, 983
41,880
35,317
3,205
1, 552
1,808
4,103
3,067
631
301
102

4 ,1 0 0

1,360
1,836
4, 678
3, 365
792
348
172

Females
25,715 25,718 25,209 24,257
25,684 25,687 25,178 24,225
1,682 1,580 1,615 1,747
24,001 24,107 23, 563 22,478
23,061 22,897 22,340 21, 523
13,962 15,572 15,147 14, 273
6,014 4,164 3,921 3,934
2,349 2,282 2,092 2,098
879 1,183 1,217
736
955
940 1,210 1,223
408
551
597
372
419
537
467
443
107
122
134
104
22
10
22
15

23,619

Total labor force______ ____ --- --- -- 25,782 25,925 25,901 26, 576 26,196
Civilian labor force ______ ___ ----- -- 25,752 25,894 25,871 26, 545 26,165
Unemployment----- -------------- ------ 1,503 1,581 1,630 2,062 1,574
Employment_______ - ---------- -- 24,248 24,313 24,241 24,483 24,591
Nonagricultural__ _______ - --- 23,099 23, 261 23,015 23,240 23,598
Worked 35 hours or more .. . _ -8, 867 14,382 13,947 14,932 15,758
Worked 15-34 hours... .. . . . ----- 10, 539 3, 723 3,867 4,199 4, 414
Worked 1-14 hours______ . -------- 2,290 1,740 1,816 2,180 2,497
928
1,404 3,415 3,386 1,928
With a job but not at work 3... ..
993
1,149 1,052 1,226 1,243
Agricultural. ______ . . .
429
542
599
541
471
Worked 35 hours or more - - - - 461
528
514
473
428
Worked 15-34 hours ..
96
83
137
112
126
Worked 1-14 hours__
- 19
20
22
35
25
With a job but not at work 3- . . -----

25,878 25,430 25,302 24,783 25,277
25,847 25,399 25,271 24,752 25,246
1,577 1,613 1,698 1,684 1,369
24,271 23,786 23,573 23,068 23,877
23,557 23,201 23,042 22,548 23,282
15,912 15,758 15,170 14,301 16,020
4,343 4,256 4, 507 5,057 4,213
2,450 2,448 2, 526 2,387 2,377
674
803
838
740
849
594
520
531
585
713
224
199
190
201
279
280
247
273
288
350
69
53
49
61
66
21
20
20
35
16

1 Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
2 Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
3 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had

new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem­
ployed.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Employment and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,


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23,587
1,390
22,196
21,151
13, 877
4,149
1,919
1,206
1,045
445
486
96
17

CUpigures8for periods prior to April 1962 are not strictly comparable with
current data because of the introduction of 1960 Census data into the estimation procedure. The change primarily affected the labor force and em­
ployment totals, which were reduced by about 200,000. The unemployment
totals were virtually unchanged.

A.— EMPLOYMENT

1335

T able

A-2.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
Revised series: see box, p. 1342.

[In thousands]
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

59,80Í 59,23( 58,99, 59,211 58,501 57,94, 57,383 57,04. 56, 901
64'
64Í
64,
64*
63
61
624
61
614
Metal mining... . . . . . _ _ ... _ __
79.
80/
87/
86.,
83/
85/
82/
82/
29/
Iron ores_________
. _________
30.
29/
29.,
26/
28/
26/
26/
21.
Copper ores_____
___
29/
21. f
29.1
28/
28/
28/
28/
Coal mining__ ________________
128/ 128.
129/ 127/ 129/ 129/ 134.1 135/
117.
Bituminous________ . .. . --------117.
118.1 116/ 118/ 118/ 122.7 124.0
Crude petroleum and natural gas_____
305. C 304.6 302/ 291.3 289.3 288/ 287.1 290/
164.3 163/ 159/ 159/ 159.7 160.6 160 5
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
164.
Oil and gas field services. ____ _
140.
140.3 138.4 131/ 129.7 128/ 126/ 130.0
131.8 130.6 129.3 125/ 119/ 109.9 106/ 106.4
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining____

Total e m p lo y e e s ....

. ~ ... . .

.

58,58. 58, 22C 58,42f 58,211 57,174 55,841
63
634
63'
641
634
652
82/
83/
84.1
84.4 82.4
82.8
26/
27/
27/
27.9 25/
25.5
28/
27/
27/
27.5 27/
28.5
137.1 136.1 136/ 134.5 138/ 151.7
125/ 124/ 125/ 123.8 127/ 139.8
295/ 291/ 289/ 295.0 293.4 299.2
161/ 161.2 161/ 163.3 163/ 167.4
133.4 130.3 127/ 131.7 129.9 131.8
116.1 122.6 127.1 126.7 119.7 118.7
Contract construction__
_ . .
3,440 3,542 3,493 3,373 3,191 2,977 2,760 2,681 2,628 2,925 3,176 3,333 3,378 3,029 2,909
General building contractors. _ ___ ...
1,088.3 1, 071.1 1.031.7 972.4 906.8 839.2 816.4 803.9 889.2 972.4 1,011.6 1,026. 4 920.4 881.1
Heavy construction__ ___ ____ ___
747.1 736.4 709.6 652.7 563.4 479.1 459.6 442.5 536.1 632.4 706.3 723.2 604.1 593.8
Highway and street construction___ _
409.0 403.6 384.3 345.0 278.6 219.2 203.0 192.0 256.3 329.9 387.5 398/ 312.2 298.1
Other heavy construction__ _____ __
338.1 332.8 325.3 307.7 284.8 259.9 256.6 250.5 279.8 302.5 318.8 324.4 291.9 295.7
Special trade contractors. __ _ __ _ ___
1, 706.8 1,685.3 1.631.8 1, 566.3 1, 507.0 1,441.3 1,405.1 1,381.9 1,499. 7 1,571.2 1,615.1 1,628.4 1, 504. 5 1,434. 5
____ _ . . .
Manufacturing..
17,774 17,550 17,354 17,404 17,186 17,106 17,051 16,982 16,935 17,139 17,229 17,367 17,398 17,035 16,859
Durable goods___________________ 10,089 9,886 9,904 9,951 9,844 9,801 9,734 9,676 9,666 9,765 9,789 9,811 9,801 9,659 9,493
Nondurable goods___. . .
.. _
7,685 7,664 7,450 7,453 7,342 7,305 7,317 7,306 7,269 7,374 7,440 7,556 7,597 7; 376 7,367
Mining . . . . . . .

...

...

D u ra b le goods

Ordnance and accessories____________
Ammunition, except for small arms__
Sighting and fire control equipment...
Other ordnance and accessories___ .

52.8

245.8
175.0
17.9
52.9

251.8
180.4
18.0
53.4

255.7
183.4
18.2
54.1

260.3
186.8
18.6
54.9

264.8
189.1
19.2
56.5

267.9
190.5
20.7
56.7

270.0
191.9
21.4
56.7

275.5
194.9
22.3
58.3

277.6
196.0
23.0
58.6

276.4
193.8
23.6
59.0

276.7 276. 4 276 7 270 7
193.3 192.4 191.0 183.4
24. 2 25.2 27. 2 32 1
59.2 58.8 58.4 55.1

615,1
91.6
258.3

624.3
96.2
261,4

621.3
94.7
262.3

617.8
92.0
261.5

595.3
84.3
252.2

581.8
77.2
247.7

569. 5 566.3
71.9 74.9
244.6 242.2

564.1
76.0
238.9

584.4
82.3
248.3

597.2
86.8
254.8

605.9
89.9
258.0

161.9
35.1
68.2

163.2
35.1
68.4

161.4
36.0
66.9

160.9
36.8
66.6

157.5
35.6
65.7

156.2
35.0
65.7

154.0
34.1
64.9

152.8
33.6
62.8

154.8
34/
64.2

156.3
34.6
64.7

157.6 158.3
35. 0 35.7
65.4 65.3

152.6
35 3
63.7

Furniture and fixtures______ _ _____ 415.2
Household furniture__
307.2
Office furniture_____ _ _ _______ _
Partitions; office and store fixtures___
Other furniture and fixtures______ __ 42.1

412.9
304.7
26.7
38.7
42.8

403.7
298.1
26.0
37.5
42.1

404.2
298.0
26.1
37.3
42.8

394.5 396.5 394.4 391.3 390.0
292. 5 293. 2 292.3 289.9 287.2
24.9 26.0 26. 1 25.7 26.5
36.3 36.3 35.7 35. 7 35.5
40.8 41.0 40.3 40.0 40.8

395.5
290.7
27.0
36.3
41.5

397.8
291.2
27.2
37.8
41.6

399.7
291.5
27.5
39.3
41.4

399.1
289.3
27.4
40.5
41.9

389.8 385 1
283.3 276.0
27.1 27.8
39 0 40 6
40.5 40.7

Stone, clay, and glass products____ ..
Flat glass____ ___________ ______
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Cement, hydraulic________________
Structural clay products___________
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, arid plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products____

650.2 644.9
32.2 31.8
120.6 118.6
41.6 41.6
70.0 69.6
44.5 43.6
192. 5 191. 6
126.4 126.0

643.1
31.7
120. 1
41.3
69.8
43.9
188.2
126.2

626.8
31.2
118.0
40.1
67.9
44.1
180.1
123.8

603.6
32.3
111.8
38.2
67.3
44.5
167.8
121.3

619.9
32.6
113. 4
40.1
68.5
45.4
177.2
121.9

623.9
32.2
113.8
40.9
68.7
45.1
180.9
121.3

629.9
31.6
115. 9
42.0
70.1
44.8
183.3
121.6

607.5
30/
113.1
39.9
68.1
43.9
171.8
120.0

Lumber and wood products, except
furniture____ _________________
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing mills_______ ..
Millwork, plywood, and related
products_______ . ______ ____
Wooden containers_______________
Miscellaneous wood products___ ___

242.6
172.0

647.8
121.1
41.4
68.9
189.4
126.9

614.1
30.6
116.1
38.9
66.9
44.3
172.8
123.3

598.6
31.0
114.4
37.7
65.4
44.3
162.7
121.9

152.4
33.5
63.3

589.5
31.7
112.5
36.7
63.6
43.7
159.6
120.9

584.2
32.0
108.8
36.9
64.0
44.2
158.1
120.0

614.1
93.3
261.5

585.8 588 7
81. 5 83 0
252.8 255.7
151 9
36 4
61.8

594.0
30. 4
109.6
40.1
68.3
43.8
164. 4
118.9

Primary metal industries... _________ 1, 249. 4 1,236.1 1, 228. 4 1,227. 6 1,214.4 1, 202.8 1,190. 0 1,181.3 1,167. 6 1,163. 7 1,152. 0 1,152.7 1,166. 0 1,165. 7 1,163.8
Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 645.0 637.9 633.5 627.3 617.0 607.5 596.4 589.3 578.7 576.5 568.8 571.4 ' 581.8 ' 586. 3 591. 9
Iron and steel foundries______ ____ 215. 3 213.7 212.2 214.6 211.7 209.6 208.1 207.0 204.6 203.0 201.3 200.0 201. 7 198.3 193. 6
Nonferrous smelting and refining...... .
69.4 69.8 69.5 71.0 70.6 69.9 70.1
70.0 69.9 69.7 69.9 69.7 70.2 68.8 68.1
Nonferrous, rolling, drawing, and
extruding . . ____ _ _______
184.5 183.2 182.4 181.6 183.5 184.2 184.2 184.0 183.9 184.3 182.7 182.7 182.7 182.7 181.3
Nonferrous foundries______________
75.5 73.4 72.7 74.2 73.2 72.9 72.8 72. 6 72.3 71.8 71.3 71.0 71.3 71.3 70. 0
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
59.7 58.1 58.1 58.9 58.4 58.7 58.4 58.4 58.2 58.4 58.0 57.9 58.3 58.2 58.9
Fabricated metal products.__ _______ l, 237. 2 1, 210. 5 1,185. 7 1,201. 6 l, 184. 7 1,179.8 1,170. 6 1,164.2 1,161.9 1,175. 6 1,177.8 1,182. 7 1,178.6 l, 152. 7 1.127.5
Metaleans______ . _ . . . . . .
65.6 67.4 65.8 65.2 64.1 63.4 62.3 61.4 59.9 60.3 61.2 61.6 64.2 62.0 61.3
Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware______ __________ _____
145.1 139.8 133.9 138.8 139.5 139.3 139.6 139.9 140.7 141.4 139.9 138.6 137.3 136.0 134.8
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures___ _____________ ____
81.8 80.8 80.8 80.6 78.7 79.8 78.5 78. 5 78.4 79.0 79.0 79.3 79.2 76.9 74.9
Fabricated structural metal products.. 367.0 364.6 360.6 356.2 345.1 340.4 335.1 332.7 332.0 338.4 343.6 347.4 351.4 337.5 331.5
Screw machine products, bolts, etc... .
90.8 89. 1 88.1 89.7 88.7 89.1 89.4 89.0 88.7 89.2 88.6 88.8
89.2 88.7 87.9
Metal stamping's... . _____ _____
214.7 201.9 192.9 203,9 203.2 204.3 203.3 203.1 204.2 205.9 205.9 205.4 198.8 196.8 190.4
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
75.9 74.8 73.1
73.7 73.8 72.7 72.4 70.7 71.1 72.6 73.0 73.6 72.3 70.0 67.2
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
62.6 61.8 59.3 61.6 60.6 60.8 60.0 59.5 59.3 59.7 58.9 59.5 58.4 58.0 56.7
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products__________ _______________1 133.7 130.3 131. 2' 131.91 131. 0 130.0 130.0 129.4 127.6 129.1 127.7 128.5 127.8 126.8 122.9
• See footnotes at end of table.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

1336
T a ble

A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1342.

[In thousands]
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
1,619.1 1,605. 7 1,606.0 1,610.6 1,596.4 1,591.2 1,581.3 1,555.1 1,556.6 1, 550.0 1, 531.1 1, 527. 5 1, 524. 7 1,520.3 1,489.8
Machinery______________ _____
87.9 87.5 86.9 87.0 86.7 86.2 85.9 85.7 85.5 86.3 86.1 86.2 86.3 85.6 84.0
Engines and turbines.. _ ------- ------122.5 123.4 126.1 126.9 128.3 128.1 126.8 123.6 120.5 117.2 116.6 116.0 119. 8 112.4
Construction and related machinery... 234.8 233.1 232.1 231.6 228.6 226.7 224.8 207.3 221.6 219.4 217.2 216.9 217.6 214.4 210.7
Metalworking machinery and equipment___ _______ ______ ____ 291.9 288.5 290.0 292.5 290.8 289.4 287.4 283.7 280.4 279.5 273.9 272.4 270.9 270.4 261.7
177.5 175.5 176.1 177.1 174.4 174.1 172.5 171.7 170.6 170.0 169.3 168.4 167.9 168.2 169.0
Special industry machinery------------General industrial machinery. _ ----- 247.7 245.1 244.4 244.9 242.2 241.0 239.8 238.8 235.8 235.1 231.8 232.2 233.4 231.1 227.6
Office, computing, and accounting
156.8 156.9 156.7 155.3 153.6 154.1 154.3 155. 2 155.2 155.8 154.0 154.4 153.9 153.8 156.3
machines___
.
--------. .. Service industry machines...
. ... 100.7 102.3 104.1 104.7 104.1 102.8 102.1 101.4 100.7 100.2 100.1 100.3 99.7 100.5 100.8
Miscellaneous machinery---------------- 197.5 194.3 192.3 191.4 189.1 188.6 186.4 184.5 183.2 183.2 181.5 180.1 179.0 176.5 167.4
Electrical equipment and supplies-------- 1,599. 7 1,573.3 1,561.9 1,559.7 1,546.6 1,548.4 1,551.9 1, 557.0 1,569.2 1,581.7 1, 584.9 1,595.4 1, 590. 5 1,581. 5 1,579.2
Electric distribution equipment-------- 179.3 176.3 175.0 173.9 172.2 170.8 170.8 171.0 170.8 170.6 170.3 169.0 169.5 168.9 167.8
Electrical industrial apparatus..------ 196.4 195.1 194.4 194.7 191.6 189.8 190.0 188.7 188.4 188.1 187.6 187.8 187.8 187.2 185.4
160.2 155. 8 154.4 157.6 156.2 157.6 157.1 158.0 157.5 160.3 161.9 160.8 157.9 154.7 150.2
Household appliances________ . ...
Electric lighting and wiring equipment. 159. 5 156.9 154.7 ■154.2 152.8 153.1 153.3 153.1 152.1 152.8 153.8 154.3 153.0 149.3 143.2
128.7 124.5 119.1 112.1 105.6 107.0 106.8 108.6 112.1 116.9 119.7 122.6 122.2 113.0 110.7
Radio and TV receiving sets_______
405.1 403.5 403.2 402.7 403.1 406.2 409.1 410.8 416.8 419.4 417.5 425.0 426.1 433.7 445.0
Communication equipment_____
Electronic components and accessories. 265.9 262.9 259.5 261.8 261.2 260.2 260.7 260.2 262.0 262.5 263.8 264.3 263.8 264.8 266.8
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
104.6 98.3 101.6 102.7 103.9 103.7 104.1 106.6 109.5 111.1 110.3 111.6 110.2 109.9 110.0
and supplies___________________
Transportation equipment__ ______ 1, 648.6 1,524. 6 1, 620.8 1, 640.5 1, 650.1 1, 652. 6 1, 646. 7 1, 643.7 1, 649.3 1, 664. 8 1, 659. 2 1, 650. 4 1,626.8 1, 614. 2 1,542. 3
663.7 761.6 773.6 781.0 780.4 776.3 769.1 776.2 782.8 777.3 768.3 752.3 738.4 691.6
Motor vehicles and equipment__
Aircraft and parts... . .
_ . .. 616.2 613.9 617.1 621.2 623.8 631.0 636.4 641.6 647.8 656.0 654.0 652.1 648.6 649.4 634.6
Ship and boat building and repairing.. 149.9 147.8 143.8 146.8 148.2 146.2 141.0 141.9 139.0 139.2 141.2 142.1 140.4 144.2 141.3
53.1 53.3 52.9 51.8 51.3 51.2 50.3 48.1 47.7 47.2 47.3 45.1 44.1
40.6
Railroad pqnipmpnt
46.1 45.0 46.0 45.3 43.7 41.8 40.8 38.2 39.1 39.5 40.6 40.4 38.0 34.2
Other transportation equipment .. ..
384.9 381.3 377.7 378.5 374.0 374.6 374.9 373.6 374.7 376.6 376.8 375.8 375.5 371.5 360.4
Instruments and related products------ 68.9 69.0 69.1 69.3 69.9 70.6 71.1 72.6 72.7 73.0 73.2 73.1 73.6 73.9
Engineering and scientific instruments. _____
Mechanical, measuring, and control
103.5 101.4 100.4 100.6 99.2 99.5 99.6 99.3 99.0 99.0 97.1 96.5 97.1 97.5 95.0
devices. . . . . .
.. ._. ---44.3 44.1 44.0 44.7 44.2 44.1 43.6 43.5 42.5 42.6 42.6 42.2 42.0 41.5 40.6
Optical and ophthalmic goods_______
Surgical, medical, and dental equip56.3 56.2 55.4 55.7 55.1 54.9 54.6 53.9 53.8 53.9 54.0 53.8 54.0 53.1 50.1
ment.. . . . .. . ..
. . ..
. .
81.7 79.8 79.0 77.2 77.3 77.5 76.8 77.4 78.0 78.5 78.2 77.8 75.9 72.4
Photographic pqnipmpnt arid supplies
29.0 29.1 29.4 29.0 28.9 29.0 29.0 29.4 30.4 31.6 31.9 31.5 29.8 28.3
Watches and clocks
_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware—
Toys, amusement and sporting goods...
Pens, pencils, office and art materials.._
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries----- --

421.5 402.2
45.7 43.6
117.1 110.0
32.7 32.0
60.4 56.5
168.3 165.6 160.1

429.2
47.3

411.4 401.1
45.0 44.9
112.4 105.7
31.6 31.3
59.9 58.1
162.5 161.1

394.4 387.9 383.5 373.3 391.2 415.4 420.2 419.2
44.5 44.1 43.3 43.3 43.7 43.8 43.4 43.1
100.9 94.7 91.6 86.5 98.0 115.9 122.8 120.1
31.3 31.3 31.6 31.7 33.2 33.4 32.2 32.4
57.4 58.0 57.7 54.9 56.8 58.3 58.8 60.1
160.3 159.8 159.3 156.9 159.5 164.0 163.0 163.5

393.4 391.2
42.1 42.3
103.8 102.5
31.9 31.0
57.3 57.8
158.3 157.6

Nondurable goods
1,850.9 1,850.2 1, 759.8 1,712.3 1,663.4 1,645. 6 1,637. 6 1,644. 8 1,660. 7 1,709.8 1,752.0 1,832.8 1,872. 6 1, 738.4 1,759.9
Food and kindred products. _____
Meat products___________ _ _ ___ 310.0 312.8 309.3 307.1 301.6 296.3 296.2 297.2 302.6 311.6 313.5 314.0 313.6 307. 9 312.9
292.7 299.9 300.8 299.1 291.6 287.7 285.7 284.2 284.3 287.9 289.3 293.5 298.9 296.2 303.4
Dairy products_____ _ ____ ____
Canned and preserved foods, except
334.3 254.9 214.7 195.1 192.8 181.7 181.8 186.6 201.8 228.4 297.8 354.2 241.7 253.7
meats
____
Grain mill products__________ . ... 134.7 133.9 131.5 133.1 130.9 127.3 128.1 128.3 129.7 130.1 130.1 133.8 135.1 131.6 130.8
292.2 295.4 295.6 295.1 290.2 288.0 288.7 288.1 287.4 291.8 293.1 294.0 292.8 292.3 293.6
Bakery products_____________
40.5 44.1 47.2 50.7 48.8 33.0 35.6 35.3
32.7 31.7 30.9 30.4 31.2 33.3
Sugar
76.4 74.3 69.3 71.5 70.9 71.1 73.4 75.7 75.5 82.2 84.3 83.4 80.5 76.5 75.4
Confectionery and related products__
Beverages______________ ___ ____ 221. S 227.6 228.1 222.0 215.0 213.3 210.8 209.0 210.0 214.7 217.0 220.5 220.3 214.7 212.3
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod141.7 139.3 138.6 138.8 137.7 137.9 139.7 140.0 140.5 142.5 145.6 147.0 144.2 142.0 142.4
ucts___________________ . ____
105.0 94.0 77.3 77.9 77.3 77.7 81.6 85.7 88.3 95.2 99.5 106.6 107.5 89.2 91.0
Tobacco manufactures__________ ..
37.5
37. C 37.3
37.1 37.7 38.2 38. C 38. C 38.6 37. f
38.2 37.6 37.1 36. f
Cigarettes
. ____ __
23.9
23.1
25.6 25.4 26.2 25.5 25.3 25.0 24.5 22.8 23.4 23.9 23.7 23.4
C igars
Textile mill products____ . . _. ... _
Cotton broad woven fabrics__ _ ___
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens...
Narrow fabrics and smallwares... _ _
Knitting. ___ ________ .. .. .
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering .
Yarn and thread. _ _____
...
Miscellaneous textile goods_________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

908.9
234.9
85.4
45. (
27. t
225.1
74.3
109.6
66.9

905.6 889.8 903.3
234.0 233.2 233. É
85.4
84.8 85.7
45.1 45.3 47.5
27.4
26.8 27.4
224. ] 218.1 220. c
75.4
74.5 75.2
38. (
38.7 37.1
110.3 105.4 109.7
65.2 64. e 65.7

895.6
232.2
85.2
47.3
27. (
217.8
74.9
38. i
107.7
65.4

893.4 891.6 887.7 880.7 887.9 894.8 897.7 895.8 889.5 902.6
232.6 233.5 233.7 233.3 234.3 233.8 234.2 233.7 233.6 240.4
85.2 85.2 85.3 85.1 85.4 85.1 84.3 83.7 83.3 81.7
46.7 46.5 46.9 46.4 45.9 45.8 47.2 47.8 48.9 51.8
27.2 27.1 27.0 27.0 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.2 27.0 27.6
214.8 212.9 208.8 204.2 208.3 216.5 219.7 219.6 214.6 219.4
75.0 75.0 74.6 74.6 75.2 75.0 74.4 74.3 74.4 74.9
38.7 38.7 38.5 37.9 37.9 37.4
3S.4
38.7 38.5 38. (
107.6 107.4 107.2 106.5 106.7 106.0 105.5 105.5 104.2 103.3
65.9 65.3 65.7 65.6 66.2 66.6 66.5 66.1 65.7 66.3

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-2.

1337
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1342.

tin thousands]
1964

Annual
average

1963

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

Manufacturing—Continued

Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related p ro d u c ts..------ -- 1,368.1 1, 363. 7 1,300. 2 1,330. 3 1,307.3 1,301.5 1,325. 0 1,321. 9 1,281. 5 1,297. 9 1, 310.1 1,329. 6 1,329. 0 1,297. 7 1, 266.7
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats-------- 114.4 114.7 107.2 116.1 114.5 111.6 114.6 114.8 114.4 115.2 113.2 113.5 116.1 116.3 117.2
Men’s and boys’ furnishings________ 348.4 346.3 337.0 343.1 336.4 333.4 331.7 328.8 323.0 326.7 330.1 333.6 335. 5 329.4 319.0
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outer
413.2 415.2 391.1 397.0 392.3 396.0 411.3 411.2 391.0 391.8 392.0 399 8 400.6 392.4 381.7
wear
____
. .. ...
Women’s and children’s undergarments______ .. ----------- ----- - 128.0 124.2 118.0 120.4 119.3 119.2 119.9 119.2 117.8 121.6 125.6 124.9 122.9 118.7 116.5
34.1
30.8
29.2
28.3
28.8
34. S
Hats, caps, and millinery..
35.7
32.6
31.3 30. 3 33 1 33 1 39 fi
81.4 83.8 84.2 86.0 82.6 79.3 79.8 83.4 80.0 78.2 78.7 80.0 79.6 79! 7 78.4
Girls’’ and children’s outerwear__ _
76.7 72. 1 76.0 73.3 72.6 73.1 71.8 67. 7 71.9 76.1 78.4 77.3 73.0 73.9
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
Miscellaneous fabricated textile* products---------------------------------------- 170.8 168.7 159.8 162.5 160.6 160.6 159.7 157.0 155.0 161.2 164.1 166.3 163.9 155. 7 147.2
Paper and allied products____________
Paper and pulp______________ _ .
Paperboard ... ______
Converted paper and paperboard
products__ . _______ . . .. .
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries__ _ . . -------- .. . ------Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing. __
Books
__ _ . .. .. ____
Commercial printing____. . . .
Bookbinding and related industries__
Other publishing and printing industries______ ____
.. __ _ .

642.6
216.1
71.0

638.8
218.9
68.9

631.3
217.9
68.2

635.3
218.3
69.1

626.3
214.3
68.3

624.8
214.3
68.2

621.2
213.2
68.3

619.0
212.7
68.2

620.1
213.4
68.3

625.7
215.5
68.2

626.4
215.3
68.2

626.3
215.5
67.9

629.0
216.9
68.0

620.7
215.2
67.8

614.5
217.3
65.8

157.5
198.0

156.7
194.3

154.2
191.0

154.4
193.5

152.9
190.8

151.9
190.4

150.5
189.2

149.6 149.7
188. 5 188.7

150.8
191.2

150.1
192.8

150.3
192.6

151.9
192.2

148.4
189.3

144.5
186.9

953.2
326.4

949.9
327.2
70.3
77.6
305.0
51.7

948.4
328.0
69.3
77.9
304.9
51.6

950.4
329.1
69.3
78.1
306.0
51.2

945.5 942.7
327.3 326.1
69.6 70.1
78.4 78.3
304.2 303.5
50.6 50.2

941.3
325.7
70.2
78.2
303.4
49.6

937.9
324.3
71.1
77.9
301.0
49.2
114.4

308.2
51.0

936.4 946.4 940.8 941.7 937.8 927.9 924.9
324.0 327.8 325.1 326.4 325.4 319. 5 324.1
70 9 71 1 70 7 70 6 70 0 70 9
76.8 76.3 75. 2 75 6 76 2 74 fi 72 fi
302.6 304.6 303.6 302.7 299.9 298.8 296.0
48.0 50.2 49.7 50.4 50.9 50.4 49.1

118.8

118.1

116.7

116.7

115.4

114.5

114.2

116.4

116.3

116.0

115.4

114.6

113.0

Chemicals and allied products________
Industrial chemicals...
Plastics and synthetics, except glass__
Drugs________
------------Soap, cleaners and toilet goods. . ..
Paints, varnishes and allied products. _
Agricultural chemicals_____________
Other chemical products_________ _

888.5
290.0
182.6
117.3
103.9
67.0
48.1
79.6

890.6
290.9
182.6
119.0
103.9
67.9
46.3
80.0

887.1
290.3
181.1
119.1
101.5
68.0
46.6
80.5

885.5 882.0
289.3 285.9
179.0 176.5
118.4 117.1
101.9 99.1
67.4 66.0
49.6 58.7
79.9 78.7

880.9
286.0
175.6
116.8
98.7
65.4
60.1
78.3

875.3 866.4
285.2 284.8
174.5 173.6
117.2 116.5
98.5 97.8
64.7 64.0
56.4 51.5
78.8 78.2

864.5 866.5
284.9 284.8
173.7 173.5
117.5 117.6
96.8 99.2
63.6 64.0
49.5 47.9
78.5 79.5

866.6
285.1
172.9
117.4
99.8
64.3
46.9
80.2

870.0
284.7
172.8
117.1
101.7
64.5
48.6
80.6

871.8
286.8
172.6
117.1
101.1
65.0
47.8
81.4

865.6
285.4
169.7
116.2
99.3
64.2
50.0
80.9

846.0
283.4
161.2
111.3
96.9
62.9
48.3
81.9

Petroleum refining and related industries.
Petroleum refining.___ .
Other petroleum and coal products___

185.3
149.5
35.8

186.8
150.7
36.1

187.0 187.1
151. 1 151.4
35.9 35.7

184.7
150.3
34.4

183.8
151.0
32.8

183.2 183.4
151. 0 151.3
32.2 32.1

183.7
152.3
31.4

186.8
152.4
34.4

188.8 191.0
153. 0 154.6
35.8 36.4

188.1
153.6
34.5

195.0
160.5
34.5

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products__ _____ _____
. ..
Tires and inner tubes...
_ _____
Other rubber products .
Miscell aneous plastic products

425.8
96.4
163.1
166.3

422.6
96.6
160.9
165.1

413.8
96.4
159.1
158.3

416.0
96.0
161.2
158.8

414.6
95.5
160.3
158.8

411.3
95.1
160.2
156.0

411.7
95.7
160.9
155.1

409.8
95.9
161.1
152.8

408.2 410.2 413.1 411.6 409.4 408.8 405.8
95.4 95.3 94.5 91.9 91.6 96.0 99.2
160. 8 162. 0 162. 9 162. 3 161. 5 161. 2 IfiO fi
152.0 152.9 155.7 157.4 156.3 151.6 146.0

Leather and leather products___ ____
Leather tanning and finishing__ _ . ..
Footwear, except rubber. _____ . _ .
Other leather products. ___________

356.5
32.5
237.5
86.5

361.6
32.3
243.4
85.9

355.4
32.0
241.0
82.4

354.9
32.5
240.4
82.0

345.6
31.8
235.4
78.4

343.7
31.5
232.6
79.6

348.7
31.3
236.7
80.7

349.5
31.4
238.3
79.8

345.1
30.3
237.0
77.8

349.7
31.7
236.2
81.8

350.3
31.7
233.6
85.0

350.8
31.5
231.7
87.6

352.7
31.3
234.2
87.2

350.3
31.3
235.6
83.5

360.3
31.9
241.2
87.2

4,039

4,039
772.3
677.1
260.7
84.1
108.2
45.6
962.2
225.8
205.3
20.0
302.5
867.5
720.2
32.5
110. 5
628.4
253.8
156.3
176.2
42.1

4,025
773.8
678.6
262.4
84.0
108.8
45.8
953.8
224.6
204.5
20.0
297.2
864.9
718.5
32.8
109.3
628.4
254.0
156.5
175.8
42.1

4,000
770. 5
675.5
269.8
85.2
109.4
43.9
946.4
221. 5
201.5
19.9
299.0
853.8
708.8
32.9
107.8
619.4
251.8
152.7
173.5
41.4

3,949
764.4
670.6
279.2
85.8
111.2
42. 7
912.8
218.8
199.2
19.4
297.1
845.0
701.1
33.2
106.4
612.7
247.2
153.6
171.1
40.8

3,922
762.0
668.0
278.4
85.1
113.3
41.3
899.1
216.9
197.0
19.4
293.3
842.2
698.8
32.9
106.2
610.6
246.2
153.4
171.0
40.0

3,883 3,879
754.4 752.9
660.5 659.4
273.2 282.8
79.6 86. 8
115.1 117. 4
40.6 40.8
888.6 888.0
215.3 214. 2
195.6 194.7
19.4
19.4
290.4 283.0
832.9 830.4
690.7 688.4
32.7 32.9
105.2 104.8
609.2 608.3
245.6 245. 5
153.5 153.5
170.8 170.5
39.3 38.8

3,876
755. 0
662.4
283.8
87.0
117.3
42.1
885.3
214.6
194.4
19.4
282.5
826.9
685.1
32.8
104. 7
608.9
245.9
153.2
170.9
38.9

3,931
773.4
672.3
281.5
87.2
117.0
41.6
913.2
213.8
193.5
19.5
293.1
826.8
685.3
33.2
104. 0
609.9
246.0
154.0
171.4
38.5

3,944
770. 5
675. 9
278.9
87.5
114. 5
41. 2
924.6
212.9
192.4
19.6
300.9
825.8
684.7
33.0
103.8
611.1
246.1
154.4
171.9
38.7

3,968 3,982
776.2 780. 2
681.4 685. 8
277.9 276.2
87.8 87.8
113.1 112. 2
41.8 43.1
935.7 934.2
212.0 211.5
191.8 191.6
19.7 20.1
302.2 306.4
832.5 835.0
690.8 693.2
33.3 33.6
104.1 103.9
611.3 617.9
246.2 248.8
154.3 155.9
172.1 174.2
38.7 39.0

3,913
774.4
679 6
273.1
87.6
114.1
41. 7
898.0
210. 5
189.7
20.0
296.0
828.5
688.5
34.2
101.5
612.3
246. 5
154.8
172. 5
38.4

3,903
797.1
700. 2
271.1
90. 5
113. 2
41.4
879.9
200. 5
179. 5
21.3
297.1
824.7
687.7
37.0
95.8
611.1
246. 5
155.1
172. 7
36.7

Transportation and public utilities..

Railroad transportation.
......
Class I railroads___
Local and interurban passenger transit__
Local and suburban transportation..
Taxicabs.. .
....
Intercity and rural buslines .
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Air transportation... _________
Air transportation, common carriers. .
Pipeline transportation__
Other transportation..
...
Communication___
Telephone communication . . . . . . . .
Telegraph communication__
Radio and television broadcasting__
Electric, eas, and sanitary services
Electric companies and systems..
Gas companies and systems..
__
Combined utility systems__
____
Water, steam, and sanitary systems__
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

114.1

184.5
152.0
32.5

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

1338
T able

A-2.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1342.

[In thousands]
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

12,324 12,280 12,247 12,252 12,100 11,987 11,926 11,837 11,917 12,774 12,166 12,014 11,942 11,865 11,582
WhfllPMle and retail trade
__
Wholesale trade
3,297 3,3Ò8 3,286 3, 251 3,207 3,195 3,188 3,187 3,201 3,238 3,208 3,208 3,199 3,143 3,061
Motor vehicles and automotive equip246.0 244.5 243.5 240.5 239.2 237.7 237.4 237.4 238.8 238.3 237.3 236.7 235.2 228.2
ment
_ __
193.6 193.7 195.3 192.1 192.4 191.9 191.4 192.6 192.8 192.7 192.1 191.7 190.5 187.0
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products.. —
138.6 137.6 136.4 135.2 134.4 134.5 134.2 132.9 134.7 135.3 134.6 134.0 133.5 131. 5
_____
Dry goods and apparel
_
524.3 526.6 515.0 500.5 496.8 497.3 497.0 500.9 506.6 501.0 512.7 514.6 494.2 487.1
Groceries and related products..
240.1
239.2 237.3 233.9 233.3 232.7 231.7 232.3 231.7 230.2 231.0 231.1 228.5 218.1
Electrical goods ..
Hardware,“ plumbing and heating
151.5 151.0 148.9 146.8 146.4 146.4 146.0 145.7 146.5 146.1 146.5 146.5 145.1 142.3
goods ..
.
- _______ -581.3 580.9 576.1 570.2 568.7 564.9 563.9 561.0 559.9 557.9 554.5 550.9 541.7 511.8
Machinery, equipment, and supplies—
8,972
8,961 9,001 8,893 8,792 8,738 8,650 8,716 9,536 8,958 8,806 8,743 8,722 8,521
Retail trade
__ _
__
_ _ _ 9,027"
1,660.1 1,654.9 1,661.5 1,646.2 1,623.2 1,624.7 1,584.8 1,639.7 2,176.1 L805.8 1,694.3 1,652.1 1,664.0 1,627.0
General merchandise stores
973.3 974.3 981.4 969.7 959.0 957.1 930.9 975.4 1,319.6 1,070.9 992.3 '961.9 979.8 959.6
Department stores 304.6 304.1 309.0 312.9 308.2 312.6 302.6 304.8 412.4 341.9 329.7 325.4 324.6 325.3
Limited price variety stores .
1,436.1 1,438.8 1,440.3 1,434.6 1,437.1 1,434.5 1,434.9 1.436.0 1,460.3 1,431.8 1,425.1 1,414.1 1,409.1 1,371.4
Food stores
__
Groeery, meat, and vegetable stores
1,272.8 1,274.1 1,271.2 1,265.0 1,267.5 1,263.5 1,261.5 1.268.1 1,279.0 1,260.0 1,255.0 1,243.4 1,236.2 1.202.9
613.1 609.8 630.9 628.7 614.8 628.0 592.6 612.3 744.8 639.9 620.9 614.5 620.4 617.2
Apparel an d aeeessories stores
102.8 102.8 105.7 102.9 101.7 101.2 102.0 109.0 133.8 104.7 99.9 99.3 102.5 100.5
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores
231.7 227.4 235.6 236.9 233.2 235.0 222.7 228.1 274.7 240.7 233.5 229.7 231.4 229.3
Women’s ready-to-wear stores
91.8 93.7 96.1
90.7 92.9 93.6 92.5 91.1 93.3 90.7 97.4 122.0 97.5 93.1
Family clothing stores
121.3 120.5 124.6 126.7 120.8 125.5 112.3 112.7 136.5 125.1 123.3 126.1 124.5 120.9
___
Shoe stores.
397.4 396.4 398.1 395.7 395. 7 395.8 395.6 397.1 409.5 400.9 397.4 393.6 392.9 389.5
Furniture and appliance stores. _. _
1.875.3 1,868.5 1,878.5 1,834.7 1.803.8 1.769.1 1,756.9 1.741.1 1,758.0 1,763.9 1.773.6 1,781.3 1,762.1 1,722.8
Eating and drinking places-------------- —
2.990.4 2,992.2 2,991.7 2,953.5 2.917.8 2.886.1 2,884.8 2.890.1 2,987.3 2,916.0 2.894.7 2,887.2 2,873.5 2,792.5
Other retail trade-. . 706.3 707.4 702.7 696.0 693.9 692.4 691.8 690.4 686.6 682.7 680.3 678.3 675.1 642.0
Motor vehicle dealers_______
177.7 177.3 177.0 171.5 168.1 164.0 162.9 163.3 176.4 170.3 165.8 166.3 164.5 152.7
Other vehicle and accessory dealers___
395.3 394.2 395.3 389.6 386.0 383.7 383.8 384.2 400.1 387.3 381.0 380.9 380.6 374.3
Drug stores .
__
Finance insurance and real esta te_______ 2,965 2,992 2,991 2,958 2,924 2,913 2,895 2,885 2,875 2,880 2,878 2,884 2,887 2,866 2,798
772.3 771.8 763.1 753.7 752.4 750.8 748.9 746.5 746.2 744.7 743.6 743.6 738.4 714.0
Banking.
__
309.4 309.4 305.5 303.0 301.8 300.1 299.6 299.4 298.0 296.7 295.6 294.2 291.8 279.4
Credit agencies other than banks 93.0 93.6 92.1 91.1 90.9 90.6 90.6 91.5 89.7 89.3 88.9 88.3 87.1 81.0
Savings and loan associations.163.8 163.3 161.3 159.7 158.9 157.8 157.4 156.7 156.9 155.9 155.5 155.1 154.6 150.8
Personal credit institutions
128.9 126,9 126.3 126.0 124.9 124.4 123.4 123.9 123.8 123.6 123.4 123.8 131.8
129.0
Security dealers and exchanges. .. ____
891.6 888.7 880.9 877.1 876.8 875.7 873.2 869.9 872.0 870.8 868.6 869.8 866.4 851.4
Insurance carriers..
__ - _. ..
474.4
471.6
468.2 467.3 468.1 467.0 466.6 465.6 466.8 465.3 464.7 465.1 462.7 454.1
Life insurance . . .
54.3 54.2 53.7 53.2 53.3 53.3 52.9 52.6 52.2 52.1 51.9 52.0 51.8 51.1
Accident and health insurance ..........
319.6
319.4
316.1 314. 5 313.5 313.6 311.8 310.1 311.2 311.5 310.2 311.1 310.5 305.7
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance ..
229.2 228. 7 225.7 223.0 223.0 222.4 221.6 221.2 220.2 220.0 219.3 219.6 218.6 211.9
Insurance agents, brokers, and services
583.2
586.
5
579.1 564.7 556.8 545.3 541.8 539.6 544.1 546.4 557.1 559.0 551.1 532.9
Real estate__
55.8 56.3 54. 7 52.0 51.0 51.1 49.8 49.8 51.3 53.8 56.4 55.9 53.5 48.1
Operative builders.
76.1 77.0 76.1 76.9
77.0 77.1 76.4 76.0 75.7 75.5 75.2 75.0 76.0 75.8
Other finance, insurance and real estate
8,742 8, 768 8,785 8,742 8,641 8,543 8,415 8,362 8,313 8,379 8,406 8,472 8,436 8,297 7,949
Services and miscellaneous ............
775.9 773.7 702.6 666.1 636.8 610.7 605.7 590.8 593.1 603.2 639.8 672.6 641.9 596.5
Hotels and lodging places ................
669.7 669.4 643.7 615.8 591.3 569.3 565.0 550.3 549.8 559.2 592.8 615.6 585.3 539.9
Hotels, tourist courts, and m otels___
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dveing plants.
520.5 526.0 525.0 519.9 512.5 508.2 507.9 508.2 507.9 511.6 513.5 512.1 510.5 516.2
Miscellaneous business services:
Advertising.
_
...
109.7 109.3 109.3 108.5 108.4 109.1 108.7 108.2 109.0 110.0 109.7 108.6 108.5 107.9
182.1 180.4 175.0 169.1 166.6 158.7 156.7 157.3 165.8 166.4 172.2 176.6 170.9 176.3
Motion pictures.. . . .
Motion picture filming and distrib­
40.1 38.7 37.1 35.2 34.4 35.6 35.6 36.4 40.0 38.6 39.6 37.2 36.6 39.4
uting___
_
..... .
142.0 141.7 137.9 133.9 132.2 123.1 121.1 120.9 125.8 127.8 132.6 139. 4 134.3 136.9
Motion picture theaters and services .
Medical services:
1,358.1 1,361.2 1,349.9 1,336.8 1,336.8 1,333.1 1,328.7 1,323.1 1,318.6 1,320.0 1,316.7 1,310.8 1,300.8 1,246.7
Hospitals___ _
_____
9,880 9,420 9,454 9,834 9,878 9,873 9,847 9,808 9,751 9,926 9,787 9,751 9,547 9,535 9,188
Government. _
_
Federal Government3______ - ____ 2,334 2,356 2,355 2,344 2,332 2,334 2,323 2,321 2,323 2,482 2,342 2,343 2,342 2,358 2,340
2,325.5 2,324.5 2,313. 3 2,302.4 2,304.1 2, 293.1 2,290.9 2,293.1 2,451.8 2,312.6 2,313. 5 2,312.4 2,328.0 2,310.6
Executive
.......... . .
.. - ..
938.5 938.4 936.9 935.0 937.0 936.8 937.3 938.1 939.7 940.1 941.5 943.0 949.2 963.3
Department of Defense___
591.6 586.5 583.7 585.1 586.8 585.9 585.6 588.2 738.0 593.3 588.5 586.3 598.4 597.2
Post Office Department................. .
______
__
795.4 799.6 792.7 782.3 780.3 770.4 768.0 766.8 774.1 779.2 783.5 783.1 780.4 750.2
Other agencies__
25.0 24.9 25.0 24.2 24.3 24.3 24.1 24.1 24.2 24.1 24.1 24.3 24.1 23.7
Legislative...
__
5.5
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.8
5.8
Judicial.
_ _
__ .
State and local government4
7,546 7,064 7,099 7,490 7,546 7,539 7,524 7, 487 7,428 7, 444 7, 445 7,408 7,205 7,177 6,849
1,833.3 1,853.1 1,902.4 1,915.1 1,907.0 1,898.5 1,884.9 1,868.9 1,866. 5 1,868.6 1,858.1 1,801.6 1,807.2 1,726.4
State government__ .. __________
State education.. .
.....
554.0 578.6 648.7 690.2 685.0 685.8 681.4 670.1 667.8 678.4 663.9 591.1 615.7 567.7
1.279.3 1,274. 5 1,253. 7 1,224.9 1, 222. 0 1,212.7 1,203.5 1,198.8 1,198. 7 1,190. 2 1,194. 2 1,210.5 1,191.4 1,158.8
Other State government .
5,231.0 5,246.1 5.588.0 5,630.8 5.632.2 5, 625. 7 5.602.4 5,559.4 5,577. 7 5,576. 2 5,549. 4 5,403. 4 5,369.5 5,122.1
Local government...
__
2.727.3 2, 739. 4 3,133. 0 3,245. 6 3,255. 9 3,266.2 3.248.4 3,210. 3 3,228.1 3,225. 9 3,197.3 3,023.4 3,020. 6 2,832.3
Local education. _
Other local government.
2,503.7 2,506. 7 2.455.0 2,385.2 2.376.3 2,359.5 2,354. 0 2,349.1 2,349. 6 2,350.3 2,352.1 2,380.0 2,348.9 2,289.8

1 Beginning with the October 1963 issue, figures differ from those previously
published. The industry series have been adjusted to March 1962 bench­
marks (comprehensive counts of employment). For comparable back data,
see Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-62 (BLS
Bulletin 1312-1). Statistics from April 1962 forward are subject to further
revision when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all fulland part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked
during, or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th
of the month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are
excluded.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2Preliminary.
2Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for,
the last day of the month.
4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
S o urc e : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.

1339

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

A--3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[inthousands]

Revised series; see box, p. 1342.

1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

507
66.1
25.3
17.2

506
66.1
25.6
17.2

510
73.2
25.5
24.5

495
72.2
25.2
23.9

487
70.9
24.3
23.6

474
68.9
22.6
23.5

474
68.6
22.5
23.4

478
68.0
22.1
23.2

493
68.6
22.6
23.0

498
69.5
23.6
22.8

499
69.9
23.6
22.6

504
70.5
23.9
22.7

497
68.1
22.0
22.8

514
67.9
21.3
23.4

113.2
103.1

113.6
103.6

113.7
103.8

112.3
102.7

113.8
104.4

113.7
103.7

118.1
108.0

119.2
109.3

120.8
110.8

120.0
109.9

119.9
110.1

118.7
109.3

122.3
112.4

133.4
123.0

Crude petroleum and natural gas
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services_____
__

217.2
94.2
123.0

217.2
94.4
122.8

214.7
94.1
120.6

205.6
91.0
114.6

203.6
90.8
112.8

202.7
91.2
111.5

201.9
92.0
109.9

205.1
92.3
112.8

209.1
92.7
116.4

206.8
93.3
113.5

204.2
93.3
110.9

209.4
95.3
114.1

208.4 214. 0
95.8 99.7
112. 5 114 3

Quarrying and nonmetallie m ining._

110.3

109.1

108.0

104.4

98.8

89.1

85.7

85.8

94.8

101. 7 104.9

105. 6

Metal mining ___ - ____
___ -Iron ores
_ __ ______ _ __
Copper ores
____ _ _ _ _ __- Coal mining.
Bituminous

______ ___- - - - ______ _

98.7

98. 6

3,068 3,019 2,905 2,722 2,514 2,304 2,228 2,176 2,470 2,722 2,879 2,921 2,578 2,468
950.9 935.2 898.0 836.8 772.8 7Ó7.0 684.3 671.2 756.5 840.0 879.4 895.0 790.3 754. 9
663.0 652.7 625.9 568.4 481.7 398.4 380.3 363.5 457.5 554.0 626.8 645.0 526.7 515.3
374.2 369.5 350.1 310.5 245.0 186.0 170.3 159.4 223.3 296.4 353.4 365.5 280.1 267. 7
288.8 283.2 275.8 257.9 236.7 212.4 210.0 204.1 234.2 257.6 273.4 279.5 246.6 247. 6
1,453.7 1,431.4 1,381.4 1,316.9 1,259.6 1,198.2 1,163.2 1,141.1 1,256.4 1,328.4 1,372.3 1,381.3 1,261.0 1,197.5

Contract construction_______ _________
General building contractors _ _ ____
Heavy construction.___ - ____Hig-Wav and street construction... ..
Other heavy construction_______ _
Special trade contractors _ __ _ _ ____

Manufacturing --- ... . --------------- 13,255 13,008 12,814 12,892 12,710 12,634 12,584 12,518 12,472 12,665 12,756 12,895 12,923 12,585 12,494
Durable goods.. ----- ------- ---------- 7,470 7,254 7,268 7,332 7,241 7,198 7,132 7,075 7,064 7,155 7,180 7,204 7,193 7,059 6,946
Nondurable goods----------------- 5,785 5,754 5,546 5,560 5, 469 5,436 5,452 5,443 5,408 5, 510 5, 576 5,691 5,730 5,526 5,548
Durable goods

35.3

103.7
60.9
7.5
35.3

105.2
62.0
7.5
35.7

106.8 109.1
63.1 64.5
7. 5
7.7
36.2 36.9

111.5
65.2
8.0
38.3

112.7
65.9
8.6
38.2

113.9
66.6
9.0
38.3

118.1
69.3
9.4
39.4

119.0
69.6
9.6
39.8

119.4
69.3
9.7
40.4

120.0
69.5
9.9
40.6

119.3
69.0
10.1
40.2

119.1
67.9
11.3
39.9

119.7
68.2
13.5
38.0

551.6
86.2
238.2

560.2
91.4
239.5

558.0
89.6
240.3

553.5
87.0
238.5

531.7
78.8
230.1

517.8 505.9
71.2 65.6
225.3 222.9

504.3
69.5
220.9

502.3
71.1
217.2

521.7
76.9
226.7

534.2
81.2
232.7

542. 7 551.0
84.3 87.5
235.6 239.3

524.0
76.4
231.0

526.2
78.2
233.0

137.6
31.5
58.1

139.0
31.7
58.6

137.5
32.6
58.0

136.9
33.4
57.7

133.8
32.2
56.8

132.6
31.6
57.1

128.9
30.2
54.8

129.3
30.3
54.4

131.2
31.4
55.5

133.0
31.2
56.1

134.3
31.8
56.7

129.5
32.0
55.2

128.6
33.0
53.5

Furniture and fixtures______________
Household furniture___
. ---------Office furniture__
__
_
Partitions; office and store fixtures___
Other furniture and fixtures________

347.4
264.5

345.0 336.3 336.9 327.6 329.5 327.4
262.1 255.8 255.8 250.4 251.1 249.9
21.0 20.2 20.3 19.1 20.2 20.4
28.9 27.8 27.6 26.7 26.7 26.0
33.0 32.5 33.2 31.4 31.5 31.1

333.3 324.3
248.1 242.4
21.8 21.5
30.9 29.2
32.5 31.3

319.7
235.7
22. 3
30.5
31.3

Stone, clay, and glass products____ ___
Flat glass
_ __ ___ - __ __ Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Cement, hydraulic._.
-------------Structural clay products.. ---------- ..
Pottery and related products___
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products____ ... _ . .. .. ______ ...
Other stone and mineral products____

526.9

Ordnance and accessories_____ _____
Ammunition, except for small arms---Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories....... .
Lumber and wood products, except furniture_______________ _______
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing mills---------- .
M illwork, plywood, and related products_______________________
Wooden containers-----------------Miscellaneous wood products-----------

102.7
59.9

32.4

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

325.0 323.8 329.4
247.9 245.5 249.1
20.2 20.8 21.3
26.2 26.1 26.8
30.7 31.4 32.2

332.0 333.7
249.8 250.1
21.6 21.9
28.3 29.6
32.3 32.1

135.1
32.4
56.7

527.5
25.7
106. 0 105.5
32.8 32.9
58.8 59.7
37.6

521.7
25.4
103.5
32.9
59.2
36.7

520.8
25.6
105.1
32.6
59.4
37.0

506.3
25.0
103.2
31.5
57.7
37.4

494.3
24.5
101.1
30.4
56.7
37.7

480.1
24.9
99.5
29.4
55.2
37.8

470.6
25.5
97.5
28.4
53.3
37.1

466.7
25.9
94.3
28.6
53.6
37.6

485.9
26.2
97.7
29.9
56.9
37.9

500.9
26.5
98.5
31.7
58.3
38.7

504.1
25.9
98.4
32.5
58.4
38.3

510.3
25.6
100.5
33.7
59.8
38.1

489.5
24.9
97.7
31.7
57.9
37.3

479.1
25.2
93.2
32.1
58.3
37. 2

150.6
95.7

151.8
94.1

148.6
94.7

141.4
92.5

134.2
92.3

124.8
91.1

121.6
90.3

120.5
89.6

130.0
90.6

139. 2 142.8
90.9 90.5

145.0
90.8

134.5
89.2

128.9
88.8

998.0 1,000.3
519.9 515.7
181.2 184.1
52.9 54.5

989.4 978.7 966.4
506.1 497.2 486.5
181.5 179.8 178.3
54.6 53.7 54.2

958.3
480.2
177.2
53.8

944.7
469.8
175.1
53.8

940.7
466.6
173.4
53.8

928.3
458.9
171.3
53.9

929.1
461.9
169.8
53.8

942.0
472.2
171.4
54.2

942.1
476.2
168.3
53.1

935.8
475.5
163.7
52.6

137.7
60.2

139.9
60.8

140.6
60.7

140.4
60.4

140.0
60.0

140.8
59.8

139.2
59.1

139.0
58.8

138.9
59.2

139.3
59.2

139.1
58.1

46.1

153.0
94.9

Primary metal industries______ . _ ... 1,018.5 1,004.8
Blast furnace and basic steel products . 529.4 523.4
Iron and steel foundries_________ ._ 185.0 182.5
Nonferrous smelting and refining____
53.0 53.3
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extruding____________________ ... 140.2 138.7
Nonferrous foundries___________ ..
62.9 61.1
Miscellaneous primary metal indus48.0 45.8
tries_____ _______ _ _ _ _ _____
Fabricated metal products______ __
Metal cans___ ______ ... ______
Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware.. __ ________ ____
Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures_____ ______ ___ ___ ...
Fabricated structural metal products
Screw machine products, bolts, etc...
Metal stampings____
__
. ..
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.

130.5
30.7
56.2

137.5
61.7

140.5
60.5

46.1

46.8

46.5

46.7

46.4

46.3

46.0

46.3

45.9

45.8

46.0

46.7

959.3
55.7

933.2
57.4

908.3
55.8

926.2
55.8

910.6
54.1

906.1
53.3

898.4
52.3

891.9
51.4

890.8
50.0

904.0
50.4

907.4
51.3

912.6
51.6

909.0 884.1
53.8 51.8

863.8
51.2

115.0

109.6

103.8

108.9

109.7

109.6

110.4

110.4

111.5

111.9

111.1

109.6

108.1

106.9

106.2

62.0
264.1
71.4
176.1
64.3
50.4
100.3

60.8
262.7
69.6
163.4
62.9
49.5
97.3

60.5
259.0
68.7
154.4
61.4
47.4
97.3

61.1 59.4 60.3 59.2 59.1 59.0 59.5
256.0 244.8 240.9 236.2 233.5 233.0 239.7
70.2 69.4 69.8 69.9 69.8 69.4 69.8
165.5 165.2 166.3 165.2 165.1 166.0 168.3
62.1 62.1 61.1 60.7 59.2 59.6 60.8
49.4 48.5 48.8 48.2 47.7 47.6 47.8
98.4 97.4 96.2 96.3 95.7 94.7 95.8

59.6
244.6
69.4
168.3
61.4
47.1
94.6

59.9
249.1
69.7
167.7
61.8
47.8
95.4

60.1
253.5
70.1
161.0
60.6
46.9
94.9

57.8
239.7
69.8
159.4
58.3
46.2
94.2

55.6
234.7
69.4
153.8
56.1
45.1
91.8

1340

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964
T able

A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1342.

[in thousands]
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept

1963

1962

Manufacturing—Continued

Durable goods—Continued
Machinery_____ _________________ 1,129.0 1,112.7 1,114.1 1,123. 5 1,116.2 1,112. 4 1,104. 4 1,081. 3 1,083. 4 1,076.8 1,059. 3 1,056. 5 1,055.1 1,052.9 1,036.0
59.3 58. 7 57.8 58.1 58.1 57.6 57.3 56.9 56.8 57.5 57.1 56. 8 57.2 56.6 55 7
Engines and turbines... - - _ ____
87. 1 88.8 91.6 93.2 94.8 95.1 93.6 90.8 87.2 84.3 83.6 83. 6 86. 8 80 5
Farm machinery and equipment__
Construction and related machinery... 160.9 159.2 158.5 158.5 156.4 154. 4 152. 6 135.9 149.8 147.6 145.6 145.4 146.4 143.2 139. 6
Metalworking machinery and equipment_________________________ 218.1 214.6 216.2 219.7 218.6 217.9 216. 4 213.4 210.5 210.2 204.6 203. 4 201. 7 201 7 105 4
Special industry machinery_________ 122.6 120.1 120.5 121.7 120.1 119.9 118. 8 117.9 117.3 116.6 115.8 115.0 115.2 115. 2 116. 8
General industrial machinery_______ 166.2 163.2 162.1 163.5 161.9 160.8 159. 7 160.1 156.6 155.9 153.0 153.6 154. 7 153. 7 153 8
Office, computing and accounting ma89.9 89.7 89.6 90.0 89.4 89.9 89.9 90.6 90.6 90.7 89.7 90.4 89.9 91.0 97. 4
chines_____________ __ _______
68.5 69.8 71.8 72.4 71.9 70.9 70.2 69. f
Service industry machines_________
68.8 68.3 68.0 68.3 67.5 68. 4 69.0
Miscellaneous machinery_____ . . .. 153.6 150.3 148.8 148.0 146.6 146,2 144. 4 143.4 142.2 142. 8 141.2 140.0 138.9 136.3 128.0
Electrical equipment and supplies_____ 1, 085. 6 1, 058. 7 1, 046. 2 1,047. 2 1,035.1 1,036.1 1,036. 6 1. 040. 1 . 050.6 :, 062. 0 , 064. 7 1,073.5 1,067. 4 1,057.2 1,060. 3
121.2 117.7 116.3 116. 1 114.7 113.7 113.3 113. 1 112.8 112.8 112.8 111.4 112.1 111. 7 111.3
Electric distribution equipment____
136.0 134.6 133. 6 134. 5 132.0 130.5 130.3 129. 1 128.9 128.9 128.6 128.5 128.8 128.0 126. 7
Electrical industrial apparatus__ ___
Household appliances__ ___ _____ 124.3 119.8 118.4 121. 7 120.2 121.6 121.2 121.1 120.2 123.8 125. 1 124.0 122.0 118.8 114.8
Electric lighting and wiring equip124.7 122.3 120.1 120.4 119.3 119.2 119.7 119.2 118.5 119.4 120.8 121.1 119.8 116.4 111.6
ment___________ .. __________
Radio and TV receiving sets________ 102.4 97.8 92.5 85.9 79.9 80.2 79.8 81.6 85.5 90.0 93.1 95.6 93.7 85.2 82.8
Communication equipment_________ 204.0 202.1 201. 8 201.1 200.7 203.2 204. 6 206 2 210.3 210.7 208.3 214.7 214.8 220.4 230. 4
Electronic components and accessories. 195.8 191.9 187.6 190.6 190.3 189.9 189. 6 189.3 191.8 192.3 192.7 193.6 192. 7 193.8 198. 8
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
77.2 72.5 75.9 76.9 78.0 77.8 78.1 80.5 82.6 84.1 83.3 84.6 83.5 83.0 84.0
and supplies... ________________
Transportation equipment___________ 1,156. 5 1,027.4 1,121.0 1,146.1 1,158. 2 1,160.0 1,153,0 1, 147.7 1,151.6 1,162. 8 1,157.0 1,149.2 1,124.8 1,113.2 1,060.7
Motor vehicles and equipment______
485.7 .583.9 600.4 607.5 607.7 603,8 597. 6 605.4 612.5 607.8 599.2 583.8 571.8 534.1
Aircraft and parts____ ___________ 341.2 338. 9 339.3 344. 5 348.7 353.6 356.7 359. 6 362.6 366.2 363.1 361.1 356.5 355.8 350.6
Ship and boat building and repairing.. 125.4 123.5 119.5 121.8 124.3 122.7 118.3 118.2 115.8 115.8 117.9 119.1 117.0 121.3 118.6
Railroad equipment______________
40.9 41.3 41.2 40.1 39.8 39.8 39.0 36.9 36. 7 36.1 36.3 34.1 33.3 29.9
Other transportation equipment_____
38.4 37.0 38.2 37.6 36.2 34.4 33.3 30.9 31.6 32.1 33.5 33.4 31.0 27.6
245.6 241.6 238.2 239.3 236.2 237.2 238.0 237.0 237.2 239.9 240.6 240.2 239.9 236.9 230.4
Instruments and related products...
Engineering and scientific instruments.
35.4 35.5 35.6 36.2 36.8 36.9 37.7 38.1 38. 5 38.5 38.4 38.8 39.3
35.1
Mechanical measuring and control de68.9 66.7 65.9 65.9 64.7 65.1 65.1 64.8 64.5 64.6 63.0 62.7 63.1 63.5 62.1
vices____ ________ ____ ______
31.9 31 4 31.3 32.0 31.6 31.5 31.3 31.3 30.2 30.4 30.6 30.3 30.2 29.8 29.6
Optical and ophthalmic goods___
39.4 39.2 38.4 38.7 38.4 38.1 38. 1 37.6 37.5 37. 7 37.9 37.8 37.9 37.3 34.9
Surgical medical and dental equipment..
Photographic equipment and supplies.
46.3 44.3 44.1 43.2 43.4 43.6 43.1
43.7 44.4 44. 7 44.6 44.3 43.2 41.6
Watches and clocks. .. . .. ____ _
22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.6 24.7 25.9 26.3 26.0 24.3 22.9
22.9 22.9 23.1
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. 346.5 339.3 320.8 330.5 320.6 314.7 308.7 304.6 294.4 312.8 336.6 342.1 341.2 316.1 314.6
37.4 35.9 34.1 35.2 35.0 34.9 34.3 33.6 33. 5 33.8 34.0 33.8 33.3 32.5 32.9
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware...
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods.
98.4 91.4 94.2 87.3 82.6 76.8 73.9 68.1 80.2 98.3 105.1 102.9 86.7 85.5
23.1
Pens, pencils, office and art materials
23.2 23 1
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
50 4 46! 5 49.4 48.2 47.6 48.2 47. 7 45.1 47.0 48. 5 48! 8 50.0 47.5 48.0
Other manufacturing industries___ .. 133.0 130.4 125.3 128.3 127.0 126.4 126.3 126.1 124.2 126.9 130.7 129.9 130.4 125.3 125.0
Nondurable qoods
Food and kindred products.. . ______ 1,259.0 1, 252. 6 1,164.1 1,119.3 1,078.1 1, 063.1 1, 056. 7 1,063. P 1, 080. 9 1,127.5 1,168. 8 1, 248.0 1,285.3 1,155.0 1,175. 5
Meat products__ . . . _______ _
248.2 250.8 247.6 245.6 240.6 235.5 235.5 236.6 242.6 251.2 253.3 253.9 253.3 247.5 251.6
Dairy products___ _________ .. ... 140.7 146.6 147.7 147. 5 142.2 138.8 137.3 136.4 136. 5 139.3 140.9 143.6 147.7 146.1 152.2
Canned and preserved food, except
meats_________________________
295.0 216.9 177.6 158.8 156.9 145.2 145.2 150.3 164.9 191.2 259.7 314.9 203.6 214.9
96.0 95.0 92.3 93.1 91.0 87.7 88.7 88.4 90.0 89.9 90.3 94.2 95.1 92.1 91.5
Grain mill products..............................
Bakery products_____ _ __ _ ______ 169.2 170.4 171.0 170.0 166.0 163.8 164.8 164.2 163.5 168.5 169.4 170.7 170.0 168.8 168.4
Sugar___ _ ...
23. 2 24 1 26 2
Confectionery and related products__
62.1 50 8 54! 9 56.9 56.3 56.4 5 9 . 0
60.1
60.8 60.5 65.7 67.9 67! 9 65.4 61.1
Beverages___________________ _ _ 114.4 118. 7 119.4 114.9 110.1 109.3 107.9 106. 4 107.5 112. 5 114.0 117.2 115.7 112.4 111.7
Miscellaneous food and kindred products___ _ ____
.
93.1 90.9 90.2 90.3 89.9 90.6 92.1 92.8 93.3 95.2 98.3 99.6 96.8 94.5 95.8
Tobacco manufactures__ _ _ __
Cigarettes___
. . . ..
Cigars___________ . .. __ _
Textile mill products
Cotton broad woven fabrics_____ _ __
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares .
Knitting_________ .
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering__
Yarn and thread_________________
Miscellaneous textile goods____ _ ...
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

92.9

82.0
31.8
24.1

65.8
31.2
23.9

66.4
30.8
24.6

812.9
216.1
77.1
39.5
24.6

809.7
215.2
76.9
39.5
24.2

794.3
214.4
76.2
39.8
195.4
63.9

808.5
215.3
77.2
41.8
24.2
197.6
64.7

!
53.5

101.7
54.6

202.0 201.1
63.8

64.7

101.6

102! 3
54.1

5 5 .5

23 6

97 0

66.1
30.7
24.0

66.6
30.9
23.8

70.2
31.1
23.5

73.9
31.1
22.7

76.4
31.6
21.1

83.3
31.9
21.8

87.1
31.7
22.3

93.9
31.7
22.1

94.8
32.2
21.8

77.1
31.5
21.5

79.1
31.4
22.2

801.6 799.2 798.5
213.9 214.4 215.4
76.8 77.0 77.0
41.6 41.0 40.7
23.9 24.0 24.0
195.4 192.3 190.8
64.3 64.3 64.5
31. 5 31 8
99.7 9 9 . 5
99.3
54.5 5 4 . 9
54.5

795.1
215.7
77.2
41.1
23.9
186.9
64.1

788.4
215.8
77.0
23.8
182.2
64.2

795.3
216.8
77.3
40.3
23.9
186.2
64.6

802.0
216.2
76.9
40.1
24.0
194.3
64.4

804.4
216.7
76.0
41.4
24.1
197.3
63.6

802.7
216.5
75.5
41.9
23.9
197.4
63.6

797.2
216.3
75.1
43.1
23.6
192.9
63.6

812.4
223.4
73.9
45.9
24.2
198.1
64.3

99.1
55.1

98.4
54.8

98.6
55.4

97.9
55.9

97.3
55.8

97.2
55.2

96.0
55.2

95! 6
55.9

40 7

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

1341

A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1342.

[Inthousands]
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable good*—Continued
Apparel and related products - - ---------- 1,218.3 1,213.5 1,152.4 1,181. 2 1,160.3 1,155.6 1,177. 3 1,174. 4 1,135.8 1,150. 2 1,161.0 1,180.3 1,179.6 1,150.9 1,125. 4
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats----- 102.2 102.6 95.6 103.9 102.6 99.5 102.4 102.8 102.5 103.0 100.8 101.3 103.7 103.9 ' 104.9
Men’s and boys’ furnishings------- -- 316.1 314.3 304.6 311.6 305.7 302.8 301.1 298.2 292.6 296.1 298.8 302.6 304.9 299.1 289.6
Women’s, misses’, and junior’ outerwear____________________ -- 371.6 372.5 349.8 354.4 349.7 354.1 368.5 368.2 348.4 348.5 348.5 355.9 356.7 350.0 342.2
Women’s and children’s undergarments____ .. - ---------113.3 110.1 104.1 106.5 105.6 105.6 106.2 105.7 103.9 107.8 111.9 111.2 109.1 105.1 103.1
Hats, caps, and millinery.. _ __
30 3 27.3 25.7 24.7 25. 5 31.2 31.7 29.2 27.6 26.5 29 1 28 9
Girls’ and children’s outerwear--------72.7 75.0 75.3 77.2 74.0 70.8 71.3 74.8 71.8 69.9 70.2 71.3 70.9 7L1
7o! 2
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
66.9 62.5 66.2 63.9 63.4 63.6 62.1 58.2 62.2 66.1 68 2 67.5 63.2 63.9
Miscellaneous fabricated textile produts...
. ..
------------ 144.1 141.8 133.2 135.7 134.1 133.9 133.0 130.9 129.2 135.1 138.2 140.7 137.9 129.8 122.4
Paper and allied products__
__ .. 504.5 499.3 492.1 498.2 490.1 487.8 485.4 483.1 484.3 490.9 491.7 492.7 495.1 488.0 486.0
Paper and pulp---------- ------- - ... 173.0 174.5 173.8 174.6 171.3 170.7 170.3 169 7 170.7 172.8 172.6 173.1 174.4 173.1 175.2
Paperboard_____________________
56.9 55.0 54.1 55.2 54.4 54.3 54.1 53.9 53.8 54.2 54.3 54.2 54.3 54.0 52.9
Converted paper and paperboard products... ____ - - ----116.1 115.4 113.1 114.2 112.8 111.8 110.7 109.9 110.1 111.6 111.2 111.8 113.4 110.5 108.5
Paperboard containers and boxes____
158.5 154.4 151.1 154.2 151.6 151.0 150.3 149.6 149.7 152.3 153.6 153.6 153.0 150.5 149.4
Printing, publishing, and allied industries .
... .
- - - ----604.6 601.4 599.3 603.2 600.3 598.6 597.8 594.2 592.3 602.1 598.2 599.3 597.2 590.1 594.0
Newspaper publishing and printing---- 165.4 165.2 164.9 166.2 166.1 165.6 165.0 164.1 163.4 167.1 165.1 165.6 164.6 161.0 166.5
Periodical publishing and printing.
26 1 25.6 26 0
4 27.3 27.4 27.3 27.2 27.5 27.6 27.8 27. 6 27 8 28 5
Books___ ____
47.2 47.5 48. 2 4.« fi 48.4 48.5 48.0 46.8 46.3 45.1 45.6 46. 3 45.1 44 8
Commercial printing---------- 240.9 238.1 237.8 238.9 237! 4 237.0 237.2 235.2 236.7 239.1 238.4 237.6 235.5 234.3 233.8
Bookbinding and related industries__
41.4 41.8 41.6 41.6 40.7 40.3 39.6 39.4 38.2 40.3 39.9 40.7 41.2 40.6 39.6
Other publishing and printing industries. .
--------- --------------83.5 83.0 81.9 82.3 81.1 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.0 81.8 82.1 82.0 82.0 81.3 81.4
Chemicals and allied products------------- 532.9 533.3 530.7 533.0 533.8 532.9 528.4 521.1 519.0 521.8 522.4 526.1 527.3 524.2 517.2
Industrial chemicals----------------- 165.7 165.3 165.2 165.5 163.6 163.2 162.5 162.4 162.6 162.8 163.0 163.1 164.3 164.3 165.0
Plastics and synthetics, except glass... 123.0 122.6 121.4 120.7 118.9 118.1 117.2 116.6 116.7 116.9 116.2 116.1 115.8 114.1 110.0
...
---- ...
Drugs____
61.5 63.0 63.1 63.4 62.5 62.3 62.9 62.1 63.2 63.3 63.5 63.2 63.3 62.7 60.0
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods----- .
64.2 63.8 61.8 62.1 60.1 60.0 59.8 59.5 58.0 60.3 61.1 63.2 62.8 60.4 58.6
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
38.0 39.0 39.0 38.6 37.6 37.0 36.7 36.2 35.9 36.2 36.3 36.6 37.1 36.6 36.0
Agricultural chemicals. _ ______ _ 30.8 29.4 29.5 32.3 41.6 43.3 39.4 35.1 33.2 31.7 30.9 32.2 31.4 33.7 32.9
Other chemical p r o d u c t s . __
49.7 50.2 50.7 50.4 49.5 49.0 49.9 49.2 49.4 50.6 51.4 51.7 52.6 52.5 54.6
Petroleum refining and related industries .-_ -. ---------------------------- 115.4 116.5 116.8 117.3 115.4 114.0 114.1 114.2 114.0 115.7 117.9 120.0 121.4 119.5 125.3
Petroleum refining . .. --------- -----89.9 90.7 91.3 91.9 91.2 91.4 92.2 92.6 92.7 93.3 93.6 94.3 95.3 95.1 100.9
Other petroleum and coal products___
25.5 25.8 25.5 25.4 24.2 22.6 21.9 21.6 21.3 22.4 24.3 25.7 26.1 24.4 24.3
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_____ _ ................... . .......
Tires and inner tubes__ _ . . _____
Other rubber products.. _ ___ ____
Miscellaneous plastic products.. _ —

330.6 326.8
68.7 69.0
128.2 125.7
132.9 132.1

Leather and leather products_________
Leather tanning and finishing
Footwear, except rubber______ ___
Other leather products__________ __

313.6 318.9 312.8 312.9 304.0 301.9 306.8 307.9 303.9
28.6 28.2 27.9 28.3 27.9 27.5 27.4 27.6 26.4
210.3 216.6 214.1 213.9 209.2 206.3 210.2 211.7 210.8
74.7 74.1 70.8 70.7 66.9 68.1 69.2 68.6 66.7

Transportation and public utilities:
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation. _
Intercity and rural buslines___
__
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Pipeline transportation___ _ __ _ _ ...
Communicati on :
Telephone communication.
Telegraph communication 3___
Radio and television broadcasting___
Electric, gas, and sanitary services.
Electric companies and systems _
Gas companies and systems . ____
Combined utility systems .
...
Water, steam, and sanitary systems. __
See footnotes at end of table.

,747-579 O— 4M-

■47


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

79.7
42.5
874.5
16.8

317.5
68.8
123.9
124.8

79.9
42.5
866.3
16.9

320.3 319.4
68.5 68.1
126.0 125.1
125.8 126.2

316.1 316.7
68.1 68.6
124.8 125.5
123.2 122.6

81.1 81 6 80.8
40.6 39 5 38.1
858.7 825.9 812.7
16.8 16.3 16.4

315.2
68.8
125.7
120.7

75.4 82.4
37.5 37.6
803.0 802.2
16.5 16.5

312.9 315.3 318.4 317.0 314.9
67.9 68.0 67.0 64.8 64.5
125.6 127.0 128.0 127.2 126.5
119.4 120.3 123.4 125.0 123.9

315.0
68.9
126.3
119.8

308.2
27.9
210.3
70.0

308.7
27.8
207.6
73.3

309.1
27.6
205.8
75.7

311.2
27.5
208.4
75.3

82.7 82.9
39.0 38.4
800.5 829.0
16.5 16.6

83.3
38.1
840.0
16.7

83.6
38.7
850.8
16.8

83.6 83.4
40.0 38.7
851.0 815.7
17.2 17.2

579.0 577.9 568.4 562.3 560.7 553.3 550.9 548.0 549.2 548.9 555.2 557.3
22.5 23.1 23.1 23.0 22.9 22.7 22.9 23.0 23.2 23.3 23.5 23.8
89.9 89.2 88.2 87.0 86.9 86.2 85.5 86.4 85.8 84.7 85.1 85.7
549.0 548.9 539.9 533.2 530.9 530.0 528.8 529.3 531.0 532.4 533.1 539.3
216.4 216.6 214.7 210.0 209.2 208.8 208.6 209.0 209.4 209.7 209.9 212.2
137.6 137.9 133.6 135.0 134.7 134.9 134.9 134.8 135.6 135.9 135.9 137.4
158.3 157.8 155.2 152.6 152.2 152.1 151.5 151.7 152.5 153.0 153.5 155.6
36.7 36.6 36.4 35.6 34.8 34.2 33.8 33.8 33.5 33.8 33.8 34.1

314.3
72.1
126.6
115.6

308.9 318.6
27.4 28.0
209.8 215.7
71.7 74.9
86.3
38.5
803.9
18.2

555.6 559.5
24.3 26.9
83.3 79.9
534.7 537.1
210.4 211.4
136.6 137,6
154.0 156.2
33.6 32.0

M O NTHLY LA BO R R E V IE W , N O V E M B E R 1964

1342
T

able

A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]

Revised series; see box below.

1964

Annual
average

1963

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July
Wfanfmale and retail trade

Wholesale, trade
_ __ _ ______
Motor vehicles and automotive equipment
- _____ - __ __
Drugs chemicals, and allied products..
Dry goods and apparel.. .................
Groceries and related products__
Electrical goods__ . . .
.. . . .
Hardware, plumbing and heating
goods
.
__ _ . __ __
Machinery, equipment, and supplies _
Retail trade4
_ _ __ .
...
General merchandise stores.
_
Department stores _ ______ . __
Limited price variety stores. _ _
Food stores
_______
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.
Apparel and accessories stores. _ _
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores___ _ _
Women’s ready-to-wear stores___ __
Family clothing stores__ ___ _ __
Shoe stores _.
__ __
Furniture and appliance stores...
Other retail trade
__
Motor vehicle dealers
____
Other vehicle and accessory dealers___ —
Drug stores _ ___
_
_ _

Finance, insurance, and real estate:

Banking _ _ ___ _ _ ___________
Security dealers and exchanges 5____
Insurance carriers 5___
Life insurance *__
Accident and health insurance s___
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance {_

June

Apr.

May

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

9,225 9,203 9,199 9,099 9,019 9,002 8,930 9,025 9,871 9,268 9,115 9,041 8,993 8,805
2,825 2,804 2,771 2,732 2,720 2, 717 2,720 2,733 2,773 2,746 2,750 2,741 2,690 2,630
206.9
160.9
114.6
463.0
200.7

206.1
160.2
113.8
465.7
200.3

204.7
162.0
112.9
455.2
199.6

202.1
158.6
111.7
441.3
197.8

201.1
158.9
110.5
437.7
196.0

199.9
158.9
111. 1
438.8
196.0

200.1
158.7
110.9
438.5
196.9

200.0
159.3
109.7
442.6
196.5

201.2
161.0
111.3
448.3
197.3

201.1
160.0
111.8
442.6
196.5

200.6
159.3
111.3
453.1
198.1

200.6
159.0
110.7
454.2
198.2

199.1
158. 2
110.4
436.0
197.3

192.8
156.4
109.6
431.1
191.0

129.8 129.5 127.6 125.8 125.7 125.8 125.6 125.5 126.4 126.0 126.6 126.9 125.6 123.2
494.4 493.9 488.9 483.6 482.8 478.7 478.5 476.6 476.0 475.0 472.1 469.8 460.8 436.5
6,400 6,399 6, 428 6,367 6,299 6,285 6,210 6,292 7,098 6,522 6,365 6.300 6,303 6,175
1, 512. 7 1, 510.0 1, 515.0 1,499. 8 1,477. 2 1, 478. 3 1, 439.0 1, 495. 4 2,030.3 1, 662. 5 1,551.2 1,513.3 1, 525. 8 1, 496. 8
888.5 891.2 897.3 886.6 876.0 873.7 848.1 891.3 1. 233. 6 987.1 907.6 879.5 898.7 881.4
280.6 280.4 285.0 288.2 283.2 287.2 277.0 281.6 389.0 318.6 305.9 302.2 301.3 304.1
1,336. 6 1,339. 6 1,340.8 1,335.8 1,337. 8 1,335.9 1,335. 7 1, 335.1 1,361.0 1,334. 7 1, 328. 8 1,318.0 1,313. 4 1,280.2
1,181.4 1,183. 2 1,180. 7 1.174. 7 1,176. 7 1,173. 4 1,171.0 1,176.0 1,187. 8 1,171.1 1,166.8 1,155. 7 1,149.1 1,120.5
550.8 548.3 569.4 568.2 552.9 567.3 533.0 551.8 684.2 580.0 561. 7 555.1 561.9 560.3
90.3
89. 5
94. 6
92.9
91. 4
90.8
90.8
99.0 123.6
92.6
95.4
92.9
92.0
93.0
209.4 206.0 214.3 215.7 212.0 213.7 210.8 206.8 253.2 219.2 212.7 208.6 210.6 209.0
85.1
86.1
86.9
88.9
114.9
90.8
84.3
86.5
84.3
90.8
86.6
86.0
85.7
83.8
97.2
97.5 121.7 110.4 108.6 111.2 110.2 107.6
105.7 104. 7 108.9 111.4 105.5 110.5
352.4 351.0 351.7 350. 5 350.3 350.6 351.1 352.5 364.8 356.1 353.2 349.5 349.2 347.2
2, 647. 4 2,650. 2 2,650.9 2, 612. 9 2,580.8 2. 553.0 2, 550. 8 2, 557.1 2, 657. 7 2.589.0 2, 570. 4 2,563.8 2, 552. 6 2, 490. 5
611.3 611.9 608.5 602.8 601.4 599.6 599.3 598.4 596.1 592.6 590.9 589.8 587.3 559. 9
154.1 153.6 153.1 147.7 144.8 140.6 139.1 139.8 152.4 146.6 141.6 142.3 140.5 129.6
362.7 362.2 363.3 358.1 355.2 353.4 353.6 354.3 371.9 358.9 352.9 352.5 352.7 348.0
634.1
112.2
629.1
278.0
45.1
270.2

633.6
111.9
629.2
279.0
45.2
269.5

630.8
110.5
627.3
278.9
44.9
267.6

629.3
109.6
625.2
278.7
44.6
266.3

630.4
113.5
779.6
420.7
46.5
276.6

629.8
113.5
779.0
420.0
46.5
276.7

629.2
113.4
777.0
419.1
46.2
275.8

532.2

528.2

513.3

515.8

525. 0

451.0

450.1

447.7

371.6

374.8

22.5

23.1

25.9

24.8

631.8
110.8
629.4
279.2
45.3
269.3

651.6
114.8
639.5
281.9
46.2
274.5

651.6
114.6
637.9
280.3
46.2
274.3

643.4
112.8
632.2
278.4
45.7
271.6

628.6

626.9

601.6

575.6

551.7

464.0

469.3

468.5

463.0

455.5

26.0

25.0

24.7

22.8

22.4

23.4

629.3
113.3
778.7
419.8
46.3
276.9

624.9
113.7
776.5
417.9
46.2
276.8

557.2

580.7

550.9

509.2

376.4

376.0

374.1

377.7

24.8

23.7

23.3

24.6

606.7
122.3
768.0
413.0
45.8
273.9

Services and miscellaneous:

Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels ____
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants 6_
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distribution.

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A 2.
For mining and manufacturing data, refer to production and related
workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other
industries, to nonsupervisory workers.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper­
visory workers (including leadman and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.
Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,

repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
by members of the construction trades.
Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the working super­
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
23Data
Preliminary.
relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
* Excludes eating and drinking places.
5 Beginning January 1964, nonoffice salesmen excluded from nonsuper­
visory count.
« Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are
not comparable with the production worker levels of prior years.

Caution
The revised series on employment, hours, and earnings, and labor turnover in non­
agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior
to October 1963. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “Technical Note, Revision of Establish­
ment Employment Statistics, 1963,” appearing in the October 1963 M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w ,
p. 1194.) Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted to new benchmarks, the data
presented in this issue should not be compared with those in later issues which reflect
the adjustments.
Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s
S t a t i s t i c s f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 0 9 - 6 2 (BLS Bulletin 1312-1), which is available at
depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents
for $3.50 a copy. For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request
to the Bureau.


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1343
A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted 1

A.---EMPLOYMENT
T able

Revised series; see box, p. 1342.

[in thousands]
1964
Industry division and group

Sept.2 Aug.2 July

1963

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

3,964

3,961

3,954

3,930

3,934 3,923 3,915

Jan.

Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept.
Total---------------------------------------------------------------- 59,039 58,936 58,912 58,782 58,590 58,502 58,327 58,183 57,850 57, 748 57, 580 57,646 57,453
634
643
638
628
631
625
624
635
623
630
630
629
632
Mining-------- . . . ------------------------------------------------3,159
3,144
3,187
3,179
3,162
3,177
3,169
3,127
3,017 3,069 3,057 3,066 3,071
Contract construction____________ __________ ___
Manufacturing_______________________ ____ ______ 17,450 17,390 17,409 17,367 17,323 17,301 17,242 17,175 17,119 17,127 17,061 17,119 17,076
Durable goods. ..............- ---- ---------------- --------- 9,991 9,931 9,942 9,896 9,853 9,868 9,814 9,750 9, 726 9,737 9,688 9,718 9,705
245
253
258
266
268
262
270
243
276
276
275
277
275
Ordnance and accessories----------------------------------592
590
592
599
595
607
589
601
596
598
595
589
588
Lumber and wood products, except furniture----------409
410
406
401
401
399
407
395
394
394
392
391
392
Furniture and fixtures.. . ---------------------- ------629
630
628
623
621
623
628
618
612
612
614
611
610
Stone, clay, and glass products.. ------------------------Primary metal industries— ----------------------------- 1,247 1,241 1,240 1,221 1,206 1,202 1,183 1,177 1,169 1,166 1,155 1,155 1,164
Fabricated metal products. ___________________ 1,222 1,212 1,197 1,195 1,189 1,194 1,186 1,176 1,164 1,169 1,162 1,164 1,165
.
---------------- 1,626 1,616 1,606 1,595 1.585 1,575 1,567 1,547 1,559 1,555 1,548 1,545 1,531
Machinery.......
1,574
Electrical equipment and supplies------------------------ 1,583 1,575 1,583 1,573 1,571 1,570 1,563 1,559 1,564 1,566 1,557 1,571
1,657 1,621 1,639 1,643 1,643 1,660 1,640 1,631 1,621 1,629 1,619 1,647 1,635
Transportation equipment. . . . .
. .. .. ...
377
382
380
380
376
377
375
381
375
375
373
373
373
Instruments and related products------------------------411
405
403
401
408
407
401
396
397
398
407
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. .. -------395
398
7,459 7,459 7,467 7,471 7,470 7,433 7,428 7,425 7,393 7,390 7,373 7,401 7,371
Nondurable goods------ -------------- . ----...
Food and kindred products
-------------- .. 1,703 1,715 1,710 1,712 1,725 1,724 1,735 1,743 1,741 1,741 1,733 1,742 1,723
90
90
90
89
85
90
90
88 91
95
83
89
86
Tobacco manufactures ----- ---------- . . . . . . .
899
898
897
897
891
899
896
897
897
888 889 890 886
Textile mill products.. . .. ------ . - -------- Apparel and related products.. ... .. . --------------- 1,344 1,333 1,337 1,348 1,336 1,318 1,309 1,310 1,299 1,295 1,291 1,312 1,306
622
631
629
627
627
624
624
622
633
633
630
620
635
Paper and allied products__ ______ . - -------------942
952
953
953
947
943
940
939
931
934
935
950
952
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_________
869
886 885 885 884 877 873 876 872 872 871 870 871
Chemicals and allied products___________________
184
189
190
184
184
184
184
185
185
185
186
188
189
Petroleum refining and related industries_______ ...
419
412
402
402
422
422
416
407
405
406
419
422
418
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products________
352
348
347
352
354
354
355
351
348
348
345
356
357
Leather and leather products___ . _ ---------Transportation and public utilities.._ ______ ________ 4,007

4,003

3,985

Wholesale and retail trade________________________ _ 12,304 12,310 12,300
Wholesale trade.. . ______________ . --------- . . . 3,268 3,266 3,276
-------------------- 9,036 9,044 9,024
Retail trade---- -------------- -----2,950 2,945 2,944
Finance, insurance, and real estate___ _ . . ----- -----Service and miscellaneous_________________________

8,681

Government _____ ___ _ . ________ ___ __ - - - 9,885
Federal______________________________________ 2,339
State and local___________ ___________ _______ 7,546

8,681

8,655

T able

2,937 2,930 2,925

8, 596

8,572

8, 543

2,918 2,911

2,904

8,552

8,474 8,447

8,515

9, 796 9, 789 9,833 9, 808 9, 793 9, 755 9,712
2, 337 2,332 2,328 2,337 2,329 2,328 2,321
7, 459 7,457 7,505 7,471 7,464 7,427 7,391

1For coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
2Preliminary.

3,928

3,937

3,950

12,268 12,209 12,211 12,143 12,143 12,072 11,963 11,941 11,935 11,922
3,267 3,253 3,240 3,227 3,216 3,214 3,190 3,176 3,173 3,170
9,001 8,956 8,971 8, 916 8,927 8,858 8, 773 8,765 8, 762 8,752
2,892 2,887

2,887

2,873

8,430

8,377

9, 718 9, 705 9, 653 9,643
2, 349 2,349 2,347 2,352
7,369 7,356 7,306 7,291

9, 552
2,347
7,205

8,423

N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.

A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
Revised series; see box,

[in thousands]

Manufacturing____ __________ . ------------------- ._.
Durable goods. _ ______________________________
Ordnance and accessories ---- -------------- ----------Lumber and wood products, except furniture_______
Furniture and fixtures______ . ______ ______ .
Stone, clay, and glass products.. _ _ --------------Primary metal industries---------- _ ------ -----Fabricated metal products . __ . ..................
Machinery--------- ---------------- . ..
-------Electrical equipment and supplies.. ------ -...
Transportation equipment______ _____ . - ------Instruments and related products..___ _________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..- . -.- ___

Sept.2 Aug.2 July
12,949
7,376
103
526
339
506
1,016
944
1,136
1,068
1,169
243
326

June

12,885 12,892 12,864
7,315 7,311 7,278
105
106
108
532
529
527
341
339
340
506
507
508
1,012 1,012 993
921
935
920
1,128 1,118 1,111
1,062 1,067 1,059
1,126 1,140 1,147
242
240
242
326
327
328

1342.

1963

1964
Major industry group

p.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

12,824 12,813 12,759
7, 236 7, 260 7,207
110 112 113
544
529
535
333
331
334
503
501
501
981
978
958
912
914
920
1,103 1,097 1,091
1,054 1,055 1,047
1,149 1,165 1,147
239
239
238
324
322
324

12,697
7,148
114
539
329
499
954
903
1,072
1,041
1,137
238
322

12,639
7,120
118
535
328
492
945
894
1,085
1,045
1,124
237
317

12,653
7,129
118
536
327
494
943
897
1,081
1,047
1,129
238
319

12,590
7,081
117
532
325
495
932
891
1,074
1,041
1,116
238
320

12,649
7,110

12, 611

May

Apr.

120

7,097
119
525
326
490
939
895
1,061
1,049
1,136
237
320

Nondurable goods ______ ____ . _____ ___ ___ 5, 573 5, 570 5,581 5,586 5.588 5,553 5,552 5,549 5, 519 5,524 5, 509 5, 539
Food and kindred products . . . ____ ___________ 1,120 1,132 1,125 1,123 1,137 1,133 1,146 1,154 1,154 1,155 1,148 1,159
82
77
80
75
78
77
78
78
79
78
72
73
Tobacco manufactures. __ _ _
__ _ ______ . 795
795
796
804
804
804
805
798
803
800
803
800
Textile mill products_________ _____________ - .
Apparel and related products. .. ___
. . . ------ 1,196 1,184 1,189 1,201 1,190 1,174 1,161 1,162 1,152 1,148 1,144 1,164
488
490
488
491
489
488
491
495
495
493
494
Paper and allied products___________________ ...
498
591
590
597
596
600
598
605
605
602
604
601
603
Printing, publishing, and allied industries .................
524
525
527
524
526
533
529
525
527
532
533
532
Chemicals and allied products __ .
______ .
120
119
118
116
116
116
114
114
115
114
115
114
Petroleum refining and related industries__________
311
308
310
312
321
317
323
322
326
324
326
327
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products____ _ .
310
306
307
304
306
312
308
307
312
311
315
313
Leather and leather products.__ _ __________ _.

5, 514
1,143
73
793
1,159
488
593
526

1For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-3.
2Preliminary.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

526
325
491
931
895
1,074
1,051
1,143
237
317

120

309
310

N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New Sea­
sonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

1344

Table A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1
[All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1964

1963

Item
Aug.
Employment service: *
New applications for work-----------------Nonfarm placements.................. — .........

816
554

July
896
549

June

May
857
572

1,160
572

Apr.
873
541

Mar.
874
478

Feb.
916
414

Jan.

Dec.

1,037
443

793
432

Nov.
827
493

Oct.
953
662

Sept.
878
664

Aug.
829
611

State unemployment insurance programs:
908 1,086 1,136 1,181 1,848 1,865 1,200 1,157
976
957 1,086
937 1,238
Initial claims 14------ -----------------------Insured unemployment4(average weekly
1,447
1,755
2,050
2,243
1,972
1,
542
1,297
2,395
1,333
1,261
1,419
1,261
1,343
volume)8......................... ......................
3.4
4.2
3.6
4.9
5.3
5.7
4.7
3.1
3.0
3.4
2.9
3.1
3.1
Rate of insured unemployment7---------5,658
7,381
8,303
8
,
060
9,186
4,733
4,923
4,650
5,
023
6
,
705
5,368
4,
556
5,098
Weeks of unemployment compensated...
Average weekly benefit amount for total
unemployment........... .................... ...... $35. 60 $35.35 $35.27 $35.50 $36.02 $36.26 $36.24 $36.07 $35.78 $35.37 $35.15 $34.93 $34.67
Total benefits paid___________ ______ $164, 510 $180, 519 $183,132 $201,498 $258,046 $292,618 $283, 809 $319,302 $232,954 $164, 977 $171,957 $163,126 $186, 814
Unemployment compensation for ex-service­
men: 88
Initial claims38-----------------------------Insured unemployment8 (average weekly
volume)________________________
Weeks of unemployment compensated...
Total benefits paid--------------------------

45
57
67
72
73
60
48
43
42
42
46
44
43
164
184
261
284
174
170
184
200 281
307
231
173
173
$6,285 $6,172 $6, 626 $7,029 $9,654 $8,893 $9,586 $10,241 $7,622 $5,396 $5, 857 $5, 727 $6, 202

Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees:818
Initial claims 3------- ------------------------Insured unemployment5(average weekly
volume)________________________
Weeks of unemployment compensated...
Total benefits paid................... ............

12
12
11
13
13
14
12
9
11
20
15
10
15
32
34
32
29
38
40
39
29
28
27
26
25
25
111 120 114
123
157
154
157
143
165
102 110 115
104
$4, 212 $3,993 $4,661 $4, 558 $5,829 $5,596 $5, 768 $6,109 $5, 369 $4, 297 $4, 723 $4, 540 $4,844

Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 11_____________________
Insured unemployment (average weekly
volume)_______ ____ ___ _____ ___
Number of payments 1J.-------------------Average amount of benefit payment13—
Total benefits paid 14________________

11
12
13
13
12
15
15
5
7
16
5
38
12
41
41
37
42
53
45
32
51
47
45
31
27
29
86
98
90
111 125
110
85
76
101 109
67
67
66
$79.65 $76.53 $74.41 $70. 46 $73.17 $80.06 $80.33 $80. 49 $79.04 $78.60 $77. 05 $76.90 $77.96
$5,169 $4, 928 $4, 851 $5, 208 $7,411 $8,466 $8,784 $9,930 $8, 590 $6,672 $7, 475 $6,416 $6,906

All programs-18
Insured unemployment8_____________

26

1,396

32

1,491

20

25

1,448

1,605

1Includes data for Puerto Rico beginning January 1961 when the Common­
wealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system.
2Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands.
3Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims.
4Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands.
8Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem­
ployment.
8Initial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the
program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers.
7The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
8Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs
8Includes the Virgin Islands.
18Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

27

1,918

28

2, 201

29

2,410

39

2,563

39

29

2,122 1,686

31

1,476

28

1,408

29

1,568

n An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re­
quired' for subsequent periods in the same year.
13Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods.
13The average amount is an average for all compenseble periods, not ad­
justed for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
14Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments,
is Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and UCFE programs and the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.

B.— LA BO R T U R N O V E R

1345

B.—Labor Turnover
T

able

B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
[Per 100employees]

Revised series; see box, p. 1342.

1964

1963

Annual
average

Major industry group
Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1963

1962

Accessions: Total
Manufacturing:
Actual_________________ ______
Seasonally adjusted__
_ -----------Durable goods----------------------Ordnance and accessories-------- -----Lumber and wood products, except
furniture...
. . . ---------- ------ ..
Furniture and fixtures_____________
Stone, clay, and glass products ... .
Primary metal industries..
.
Fabricated metal products.. .. ____
Machinery..
. .......... ...............
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Transportation equipment. _
__
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_______ _ _ _ _ _ _
Nondurable goods___ _______ . ...
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures___ _ .
Textile mill products______________
Apparel and related products__ __
Paper and allied p roducts...___
Printing, publishing, and allied industrie s... ______ ______ _________
Chemicals and allied products.__ .. .
Petroleum refining and related industries___ __ ____________ _ . ..
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products______ _____ _ ____
Leather and leather products.. ..........
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining___________
__ __
Coalmining.. ...
_______

4.9
3.8

4.4
4.1

5.1
4.1

3.9
3.8

3.8
4.0

3.7
4.0

3.4
4.0

3.6
3.7

2.5
3.9

2.9
3.6

3.9
39

4.8
S9

4.8
27

3.9

41

4.7
1.9

3.8

2.1

4.6

2.2

3.6

3.7

3.7

2.2

3.3

2.0

3.4

2.4

2.7

2.0

3.6
2.7

2.8

4.5

4.2
2.7

3.6
2.4

3.8
29

6.0
6.6

7.7
5.3
5.2
3.8
5.4
4. 1
4.0
4.3
3.9

7.1
4.7
4.5
3.1
4.1
2.7
3.1
3.2
2.4

4.6
4.8
3.1
4.1
3.1
3.0
3.4
2.5

5.6
4.8
4.7
3.1
4.0
3.1
3.1
3.7
2.7

4.8
4.2
3.7
3.2
3.6
3.0

3.5
3.3
2.5
2.5
3.0

4.9
4.8
3.1

6.3
5.6
3.4
2.5
4.9
3.4
3.7
7.0
3.4

6.8

5.9
3.8
2.4
4.9
3.0
3.7
5.5
3.1

5.6
4.4
3.8
3.0
4.0
2.9
3.0
4.0

55
45
3.8

3.5

5.6
5.8
4.0
2.9
4.8
3.0
3.1
3.8
2.9

7.3

6.9

6.0

5.7

5.7

5.1
7.9
16.3
.4.5

5.2
7.7

5.6
8.7
4.5
4.2

4.3
5.9

3.4
2.9
5.1
3.0
4.2

8.0

8.1

1.6

2.0
6.6

3.5
2.3

4.4
4.2
3.6
3.5
3.9
3.0
2.9
3.4

2.6

1.6
2.8
2.7
2.0
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.5
2.0

2.0

2.5
2.9

4.0
2.9
3.2
4.0
2.7

5.6

5.3

5.8

2.4

3.7

5.6

6.8

6.6

5.4

5.6

3.9
4.9
3.0
4.0
5.2
2.7

3.7
4.3
3.4
3.6
4.9
2.7

3.5
4.0
4.0
3.6
5.2

3.8
4.0
5.1
3.4
5.9
2.4

2.5
3.0
7.0

3.1
3.9
4.4
3.0
4.5

4.3
6.5
5.9
4.0
5.0

5.1

4.1
5.8

2.6

13.1
4.2
5.5
3.0

5.4
9.1
24.5
4.3
5.8
2.9

3.6
5.3

4.3
6.4
6.4
3.6
V5.5

3.0

3.5

2.9

2.1

3.0

6.0

4.4
7.2
2.9

6.2

2.6
4.0
6.0
2.8

3.1
1.9

3.1

2.1

4.2
3.5

2.7

2.1

2.8
2.2

2.9
2.5

1.4

1.7

3.4

1.9

1.7

4.9
5.2

4.9

6.1

4.8

6.1

3.7
5.7

3.7
4.7

1.3
•*
3.5
4.3

2.5
2.3

2.6

4.6
1.5

3.0

5.3

3.0
1.5

2.9

1.3

4.6

1.6

1.8

1.8

2.6

2.6

3.0

2.2
3.3
1.8
2.1
1.3

2.5
1.3

1.3

1.4

.7

.9

3.1
4.6

3.5
5.6

2.3
3.5

2.7
1.5

3.1

1.8

2.2
2.8
1.9

1.8

2.6

1.4

2.0

2.6

8.1

2.8

6.6

2.6

2.8

4.1
3.0
3.6
4.7
2.7

2.6

1.8
1.2

2.2

3.2
1.9

1.4

1.3

1.5

1.4

2.6

4.1

3.8
4.8

4.3
4.8

4.3
5.4

3.6
5.0

3.8
5.0

2.5
1.7

2.7

2.6
2.3

2.9

2.8

3.1

2.1

2.9
1.7

3.2
4

2.4

2

2.5

1.8

2.1

Accessions: New hires
Manufacturing:
Actual__________ ... . . . .
Seasonally adjusted___
Durable goods_____________________
Ordnance find accessories___ ___ _ _
Lumber aid wood products, except
furniture__________ ______ ...
Furniture and fixtures__ ___ ______
Stone, clay, and glass products_____
Primary metal industries_____ ___ _
Fabricated metal products... . . .
Machinery.. _ . . . ______ __ __
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Transportation equipment.. _____ ..
Instruments and related products.. ...
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries__________________________

3.2
2.4
2.9
.9

2.9
2.5

1.1

4.2
5.7
2.4

4.7
4.9
2.9
1.7
3.0

2.1

2.5

3.6

2.0

2.5

2.4

2.0

1.4
25

2S

2 4

2.6

3.1
2S

2.3

1.1

2.2
1.2

1.2

1.9

1.9

1.3

1.7
1.3

2.4

2.8
2.0

2.6

2.1

2.3

4.6
3.6

4.0
3.5
2.4

3.3
3.1
1.7
1.5

3.0
3.1

2.9
2.7
1.5

4.2
4.0

5.5
4.8
2.4
1.3
3.5

5.9
4.9

4.2
3.5
2.3

3.9
3.5

2.2
2.6

3.2
1.9
2.3
1.9

2.5
1.9
1.9
1.9

2.4

2.4
2.7

3.3
1.3

2.4

.8

6.2

5.3
3.8
3.0

4.3
3.9
2.7
3.8
3.2

2.2

2.6

2.5
2.4

2.6

2.8
1.8
2.6
2.2
1.8

1.0

2.3
2.3
1.7
1.9

2.1
2.2
1.5
1.6
1.5

1.6
1.3
2.2
2.2
1.6
1.7
1.6

1.0
2.0
1.8
1.1
.8
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.2

.8
2.0
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.4

2.0
1.1
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.0

1.8

1.9

2.8
1.2

1.5

2.0

2.2
1.1
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.0

2.2

2.6
2.6

2.9

2.0
2.8
2.1
1.8
1.8
1.7

1.9
1.7

5.5

4.4

4.0

3.4

3.4

3.1

2.9

3.0

1.5

2.7

4.4

5.2

4.8

3.4

3.8

Nondurable goods______ .. _______
3.6
Food and kindred products______ _ _ 5.5
Tobacco manufactures ______ _ __ _ 10.5
Textile mill products____ ____
_.
3.4
Apparel and related products.. ____
3.9
Paper and allied products.
__ __
2.3
Printing, publishing, and allied industries___ _ ______ ____ __ _
2.4
Chemicals and allied products____
1.4
Petroleum refining and related industrie s... ___
_____
1.0
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products.. _________ _____
3.5
4.0
Leather and leather products..

3.4
5.4
2.3
3.1
3.9

4.0
5.9

2.8

2.5

2.3
2.3

2.1
2.1
2.1

2.1
2.1
1.8
2.1

1.4

1.9
2.3
2.3

2.9
4.0
3.8
2.9
3.4

3.5
5.3
8.5
3.1
3.8
2.4

3.8
6.5
14.4
3.2
3.9

2.7
3.6
3.8
2.5
3.3

2.8

3.8
3.2
2.5
3.5

2.9

1.6
1.1

2.5
1.4

1.5

2.3
1.5

1.0

1.1

1.0

2.9
3.9

2.3
3.1

2.4
3.1

1.8
1.1

1.7
.9

1.5
.5

N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining______ __________ _
Coal mining___ ______
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.8
2.3
2.7
2.4
2.3

1.8
.8

2.1

1.9
1.9

2.2

2.2

3.2
3.8
3.6

3.7
1.7
2.9
3.3

2.8

1.9
2.7
3.2
1.9

1.6

1.8

1.8

2.0

2.1

1.5

.8

1.9
.9

2.4
1.3

.7

2.1
1.2
.6

.5

.7

1.9
3.2

1.3
2.3

1.7

2.6

.8
2.8

3.4

3.2
3.6

1.1

1.7

1.0

1.3
.9

1.0

1.7

1.9

2.3
3.2
1.4

2.1

2.1

.8
2.1

2.4
1.5

3.3

2.8

2.1
2.1
1.6

1.3

2.7

1.3

2.2
1.6
1.1

2.8

4.1

3.3
4.4

2.4
3.5

2.3
2.9

2.5

1.9
2.7

2.0
.8

3.6

1.9

2.1

1.9

1.7
.7

.8

.8

.9

.8

1.6

2.5
2.4

4.0
1.4

2.4
3.1
1.7

1.7

1.3

2.9

1.3

3.1
1.4

1.6
1.1

.7

2.4
1.3

2.1

1.2

2.1

2.2

1.2

2.0

1.8
2.2

1.8

1346

M O N TH LY LA BO R R E V IE W , N O V EM BER 1904
T

able

B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100employees]

Revised series; see box, p. 1342.

1964

1963

Annual
average

Major industry group
Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1963

1962

Separations: Total
Manufacturing:
Actual, ---------------------------- ------Durable goods_______ ___ -.................
Ordnance and accessories---------------Lumber and wood products, except
furniture.. . --------------------Furniture and fixtures.. ------ -- Stone, clay, and glass products---------Primary métal industries---------------Fabricated metal products--------------______
Machinery____________
Electrical equipment and supplies.......
Transportation equipment_________
Instruments and related products-----Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
.
.
------

4.1
3.6

4.3
4.2

3.5
3.9

3.6
4.0

3. 5
3.9

3. 5
3.8

3.3
3.8

4.0
4.0

3.7
3.7

3.8
3.7

4.1
3.7

4.9
3.9

4.7
4.2

3.9

4.1

3.8
3.8

4.3
3.5

3.3
4. 6

3.4
4.0

3.2
3.2

3.2
3.4

3.1
3.1

3.8
3.9

3.4

2.1

3.5
2.4

3.7
2.5

4.3
3.2

4.7

2.8

3.6
2.7

3.8
2.7

5.8
5.3
3.7
2.5
4.1
3.0
3.2
4.6
2.9

5.1
4.9
3.5
2.4
4.7
3.2
3.2
7.5
2.7

4.9
4.4
3.0
2.3
3.9

5.0
4.7
3.1

5.1
4.2
3.2

5.4
4.1
3.1

4.7
4.0
3.3

6.1

4.9
3.8
4.9

3.4

3.5

3.2
4.0

3.1
3.4

2.6

3.4
3.4

2.6

2.6

3.7
4.3
3.3

3.7
1.9
3.0
3.6
2.5

7.1
5.0
4.6
4.1
4.8
3.3
4.0
3.9
3.7

7.3
5.3
4.3
4.1
4.5
3.4
3.6
7.5
3.0

4.0
2.7
3.4
4. 1
2.7

5.6
4.6
4.1
3.3
4.2

3.8
2.3

3.4
2.5
3.3
3. ò
2.7

5.5
4.9
3.9
3. 5
4.3
2.7
3.4
3.5
2.7

5.5
4.4
3.8

3.8

5,84.0
4.0
2.7
4.0
2.3
3. 5
3.1
2.4

4.7

5.9

4.4

4.6

4.5

4.5

3.9

5.9

10.4

7.2

5.3

5. 4

5. 5

5.5

3.9
4.6

3.5
4.9
9.0
3.2
4.3
2.4

4.1
5.5
7.3
3.8
5.3
2.9

5.6
9.2
4. 2
4. 5
5.8
4.2

4.8
6.5
4.3
4.6
5.8
3.4

4.2
5.9
6.3
3.8
5.5

4.4

11.0

4.7
7.5

3.8
5.9
2.4

3.8
4.9
6.7
3.5
5.5
2.3

4.3

6.8

2.6

3.8
3.1

3.5
2.5

2.9

2.6
2.8

2.1
2.6

2.6

2.2
2.6

2.1

2.0
2.2

Nondurable goods--------------- -----------Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures-------------------Textile mill products__ . --------------Apparel and related products. --------Paper and allied products__________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries. ---- ---- ------ ------------Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related industries---------- ----------------------------Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products__________________________
Leather and leather products________

4.4
5.9
4.6
4.3
5.5
3.1

4.4
5.4
3.7
4.4
7.4

3.7
4.5
3.1
3.3
5.2
2.4

3.9
4.6
2.5
3.7
5.7
2.4

3.2

2.2

2.7
1.9

3.0

2.2

2.9
2.4

2.6
1.9

1.7

2.6
1.6

1.9

1.6

1.7

1. 5

1.3

1.3

4.1
5.6

4.3
4.9

3.1
3.9

3.6
5.0

3.6
5.1

N onmanufacturlng:
Metal mining----- -------------- -----Coal mining________________ ____

3.0
1.3

3.4

2.4

2.5

2.2

2.5

2.6

1.8

1.6

2.0

4.7
4.7
2.5
4.2

2.2

4.1
5.5

6.6

8.6

2.8

2.8

3.3
4.6

2.6
6.0
6.2

3.3
5.7

11.9
3.6
5.3
2.7

4.0
5.5

3.2
1.9

2.5
1.7

2.7

1.5

2.3

2.0
1.8

3.1

2.1

2.0
2.0

2.9

1.4

1.8
1.8

3.1

3.6
5.1

3.1
4.2

3.9
5.3

3.9
5.3

3.7
4.1

3.7
4.8

4.4
5.8

4.1
5.9

3.7
5.0

3.6
5.2

2.3

2.2
1.8

2.4
2.7

2.0

3.1

3.3
1.5

3.1
1.4

3.9
1.9

2.9

1.8

3.1

2.1

3.5

1.1

1.5
1-4
1.3

2.4
1.3

2. 1
1.5

1.4

1.4

1.7

1.3

1.8

1.2
1.0

1.2
1.2

2.9
2.3

4.5
3.0

4.9
3. 1
1.9

2.1
1. 2
.6
1.3
1.0
1.2
.9
1.2
1.8
1.6
1.8

2.7

2.1
1.2
.6
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.2
2.0

1.8

2.6

2.8

2.8

6.7
3.7
5.8

2.8

2.1
1.8

2.8

Separations: Quits
Manufacturing:
Actual__________ _____________
Seasonally adjusted __
Durable goods... .
.. --------Ordnance and accessories. ------Lumber and wood products, except
furniture— - - - - - - - ...
- -.
Furniture and fixtures... . . .. -----Stone, clay, and glass products..---Primary metal industries. .. --------Fabricated metal products. ---------Machinery____ ____ __________
Electrical equipment and supplies----Transportation equipment. .......... ..
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries----- --------------- ----------------Nondurable goods-------- . . . . . . - . —
Food and kindred products.. _ ------Tobacco manufactures___ _____ _ _
Textile mill products____ _________
Apparel and related products----- ----Paper and allied products__ ...
_
Printing, publishing, and allied industries___________ _______ _ ----Chemicals and allied products... ___
Petroleum refining and related Industries_________ ... . ---------------Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products---------- ---------------------Leather and leather products_______
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining..................... . ..
Coal mining---- ---------- --------------See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.0

1.4

1.8

1.5
1.5

1.4
1.4

1.5
1.5

1.3
1.4

1.2
.8
2.8
2.4
1.2

1.3

1.0

1.3

1.1

1.3

1.3
.9

3.4
3.5
1.9
1.3

3.0
2.7
1.4

3.0
2.3
1.3
.7
1.4

3.0

2.6
1.3
.7
1.4
1. 1

2.9
1.9

.8
1.5
1.0
1.2
.9
1.1
2.1
1.8
2.0
1.1
2.3
2.6
1.2

1.8
1.2

1.4
.7

1.5
.7

.9

.6

.6

.8
.6

2.2
1.5
1.6
.9
1.4

2.7
2.4
2.9

1.8
2.8

2.2

1.0
1.2
.9
1.0
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.2
2.0
2.1
1.1

1.1
1.0
1.1
2.0
1.7

.7
1.3

1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0

1.2

1.5

1.5

1.2

0.8

1.1

.9

1.0
1.0

.6

2.4

1.9
1.7

1.9
1.9
.9
«/6

.9

2. 1
1.0
.6
1.1
1.0
1.0
.9
.9

.8

.8
.5
1.0
.9
1.0
.7
.8

1.9

1.6

1.4

1.5

1.4
1.4
1. 1

1.3
1.3
.9

1.4
1.4

1.8
1. 1
2.2
2.3
1.1

1.2
2.1
2.1
1.0

1.8
2.0

1.4

1.3
.7

1.2
.6

1.6
1.8
.8
1.2
.6

.5

.4

.9

2.6

1.4

1.4
2.3

1.5
2.4

2.1

1.4

1.2
2.0

1.8

1.4
.5

1.4
.4

1.6

1.4
.4

1.3
.5

.4

1.1
.9
1.1
.8
1.1

1.5
1.5

3.3
.5

1.1

1.5

1.0
1.6

1.3

1-4

.7

1.0

1.5

2. 1
1. 7
1.0
.5
1.0
.8
1.1

1.2
.6
.4
.8
.6
.9
.6
.8
1.1
1.0
1.0
.7
1.1

.7

1.0

.7
.9

1.1

2.2
1.2
2.2
1.6
2.0
1.5
2.0

1.6

2.3

3.0

2.9

1.3
1.5

1.8
2.2
1.0
2.2
2.3
1.2

2.8

2.4

.8
1.6
1.8

1.2
.6
1.4
1.0

2.0

1.3
.9

3.8
1.3

2.8
2.8
2.6
2.2

1.1

1.9
1.4
1. 7

1.2
1.6

2.4

3.1
1.9

.9
1.9

2.2
1.1

1.7
1.9
.9
1.9
2.3
1. 1

2.0

1.4

1.5

1.1
2.0

.7

.7

2.8
1. 5
2.8

1.9
.9

1.3
.7

1.4

1.0

1.1

1.4
.7

.4

.4

.3

.4

1.9

1.1

1.1
2.0

1.5

1.9

.6
1.6

2.5

2.3
3.1

3.3

1.4
2.3

1.4
2.3

1.0

1. 1

.7
.3

.8

1.2

2.3

1.9

1.3
.4

1.2

.4

.6

.4

.4

.8

.9

.5

1.1
.4

.5

1.9

1. 7

.6

1.3

.6

.8

.8

.4

1347

B .— LA BO R T U R N O V E R

T a ble

B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group ^C ontinued
Revised series; see box, p. 1342.

[Per 100 employees]

1963

1964

Annual
average

Major industry group
Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

2.1

1.9
1.7

1.8
1.8

2.0

1.6

1.4

2.1

1962

Aug.

1963

1.9

1.8

2.0

1.7

1.2

1.9
.9

1.9

2.0
1.1

1.8
2. 2
2.1
2.2
1.2
1.1
2. 8
3.1

Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing:
Actual. __
-- - ---- -------Seasonally adjusted------------------------Durable goods------------------Ordnance and accessories-------. Lumber and wood products, except
furniture.. ..
-----------Furniture and fixtures..
Stone, clay, and glass products---------Primary metal industries---------- . .
----- -Fabricated metal products..
Machinery... --------- - ------Electrical equipment and supplies----Transportation equipment..
-----Instruments and related products-----M iscellaneous manufacturing industries___ ___
__ _
N ondurable goods------------ . -------Food and kindred products__
Tobacco manufactures---- ------ ...
Textile mill products______ _____
Apparel and related products. . .
Paper and allied products---- ---Printing, publishing, and allied industries____
.. . ..
-------Chemicals and allied products... ----Petroleum refining and related industries--------------------------- -Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
__
__
products.
Leather and leather products_____ _
Nonmanfacturing:
Metal mining_______ _____
Coal mining.. .
_______

—___

1.3
u
1.3

2.0
1.5
.9

1.1
.6
1.1
.9
.8
2.8
.8
1.2
1.4
2.3

2.1
.8
1.9
.6

1.6
1.7

1.5
1.7

2.0

2.3

1.8

1 .8

1.2
1.8

1.4
1.9

1.5
1.9

2.0

2.1
1.0

1.8
1.1

1.0
1.3
1.1
.7
1.6
.8
1.4
2.2

1.3

2.1
1.2

2.0

2.7

2.9
2.4

1.6
.8

1.8

3.7
1.3
2.3
.7
1.5
2.3

1.8
1.6
2.2
.8

1.8

2.1

1.3
1.6

1.4
1.7■

1.4

2.0

2.2
2.1
1.2

1.3
2.9

1.3
2.5

1.0

1.4
1.3
.9
2.3
1.4
1.4
5.7

1.4
.9

1.0

.8
.8
.9
2.0
.6

2.9

1.7

2.0

1.7

1.4

2.7
1.9
1.3
3.9

2.1
1.2
.7
2.2

.9

.9
2.5

1.0
1.3
.8

1.3
.7
1.4

1.6
.9

1.7
2.5
5.1

1.0

1.4
.7

1.5
1.9

1.1
2.1
1.8

2.9
5.1

1.1
2.8
.8

3.1
.7
.7

.6

1.5
1.9
.7

.7
1.7

1.8
1.0
1.9

1.6

3.0
7.4

1.0
1.7
1.0

.9

.8
.8
.7

1.0

.6
1.0
1.2

.4

.5

.5

.4

.4

.4

1.2

2.1

1.0

1.4

1.8

1.4
2.3

1.6

2.3

.6
.6
1.2
1.6

.6

1.2
.8

.3

1.2

.3

.5
1.4

.3
.9

1.0

.6

1.4
.4

1.5

.7

.9

.9

.8

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series
for the following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.6

.8

.9

.9

.4

2.3

3.3

2.0
3.1
1.1
2.3
.8
1.8
2.4
1. 5

3.7

2.1

3.4
5.4
1.5

2.0

1.2
8.6
2.6
3.9
9.9

1.6

2.6
1.3

3.8
1.4

1.2

1.2

.6
2.0

1.5

.7

2.4

.6

1.4

.9

2.4
3.2
1.9
1.4

1.8

1.6
1.6

2.3
.9

1.6
1.7
.9

.9

1.7
1.7

2.0
2.1
2.1
1.1
1.2
1.6
.9

1.0
1. 5

li

1.7

.9

1.4
1.3

1.6

1.6

1.9
1. 5

2.2
1.8
1.0
1.1

2.3
1.7
1. 3

1. 5
.8

5. 4
.8

1.4
2.4
.9

1.6
2.2

1.7

2. 9

1.1

2.4

.7

4.7

2.1

2.4
4.5
10.7
1.5

2.3
4.6
7.0

4. 6
2.5

2.8
1.2
1.1

2.5
.9

2.3
.9

1.0

2.2
1.1

1.2

1. 0

1. 0

1.0
2.0

.8
1.2

.8

.6

.7

.6

1.4

1.6

1.6
2.0

1. 5

.5
.7

1.2

.9

1.2
.7

.7

1.5

1.7

1.3
1.9

1.9
.7

1.2

.8
.8

.5

1.7
2.9
1.9
.9
.7

2.0

3. 5
5. 0

1.2
2.6
1.0
1. 0
.8

1. 1

2.1

3.7
5. 3

1.2
2.7
1. 0
1.0
.8

2.1
1. 5
1.9

during the calendar month, while the employment series measures changes
from midmonth to midmonth and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel
changes caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence
of such stoppages
2 Preliminary.

1348

M O N TH LY LA BO R R E V IE W , N O V EM BER 1964

C.—Earnings and Hours
T

able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
Revised series: see box, p. 1342.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Mining____________________________
Metal mining____________________
Iron ores____________________
Copper ores__________________

$118.86 $117.32 $118. 44 $117.60 $115.37 $113. 85 $115.09 $115.36 $116.48 $113. 99 $116. 75 $117.04 $114. 40 $110. 70
121.06 122.07 123.73 123.90 122.30 122.64 122. 51 123. Of 122. 51 119. 8f 120.60 121.06 118.66 117. 45
126.05 131.87 128.11 128.54 123.16 127. 51 126.89 129.07 127. 93 120.43 120.43 127.20 120.% 122.19
125. 87 124.03 131.02 129.68 129.13 129.33 128. 74 127.28 126. 69 128.17 130. 23 124.66 124.56 120.70
130.08 121.32 131.86 125. 78 121. 45 115.66 121.09 124. 97 125. 85 117.94 121.68 123. 48 119. 95 113.09
133.33 123. 21 134.87 129.03 123.33 117. 44 123. 52 127.12 128.40 119. 45 123. 48 124. 97 121. 59 114. 50
112.05 113. 21 110.88 111.99 111. 57 112. 78 112.94 112. 71 113. 79 113.10 113.05 113. 67 111. 99 109.20

Coal mining_____________________
Bituminous____ ___ , _________
Crude petroleum and natural gas____
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields_____________ ___ ____
Oil and gas field services________

120.36 121.30 117.56 119.14 119.14 120. 54 121.25 122.43 121.54 120.54 119. 43 122.07
105. 67 106.89 104. 73 106. 46 105. 41 106. 38 106. 52 104. 66 107. 75 106.46 108. 43 106.64
119. 51 117. 81 116. 79 114.86 111.00 106.46 105.96 102.34 105.33 108. 24 115.04 114. 50
137.03 134.87 133. 70 133.03 131.33 128.48 127.09 122.08 124.96 125.58 134. 98 132.90
126.54 123.74 123.34 123.37 122. 76 120.98 118.29 111. 52 115.93 116.53 124.58 121.88
140.83 138.35 135.26 133.88 127. 98 121.99 123.31 118. 95 118.17 124.00 138. 65 136.85
139.80 136.16 132. 44 130. 97 122.31 114. 27 114.94 110.88 109.08 119.99 137. 81 135. 96
141.96 140. 61 138.86 137.20 133. 72 128.58 129. 81 124. 69 126. 92 128.38 140.34 137. 78
142.50 140.98 139.50 139.13 137.23 135.36 133. 81 129.24 133. 48 131. 38 139. 49 137.64

Quarrying and nonmetallie mining___
Contract construction___ _____________
General building contractors________
Heavy construction_______________
Highway and street construction...
Other heavy construction_______
Special trade contractors__________
Manufacturing______________________
Durable goods________________
Nondurable goods_____________

120.01

115.46
105.35 103.63

109.03 105. 43
127. 57
117. 72
128.03
125.16
131.54
133. 59

122. 47
112.50
122.31
118.37
126. 48
128.50

103.07 102.97 103. 48 102. 97 102.06 101. 40 101.15 99.90 102. 41 100.85 100.53 100.53 99.38 %. 56
112.05 111.92 113.01 112. 47 111.51 110.29 109.88 109. 21 111.90 110.00 109. 71 109. 45 108.09 104. 70
91.43 91.14 90. 97 90.52 89.83 89.67 89.04 87.85 90.17 89.10 88.98 89.38 87. 91 85.54
Average weekly hours

Mining.........................................................
Metal mining........................................
Iron ores.........................................
Copper ores...______ _________

42.0
40.9
40.4
41.0

Coal mining..... .............................. ......
Bituminous..____ ______ ______

39.3
39.8

Crude petroleum and natural gas____
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields..................... ....................
Oil and gas field services____ ___

41.5
40.8
42.1

41.9
41.1
41.6
40.8

42.3
41.8
40.8
43.1

42.0
42.0
41.2
42.8

41.5
41.6
39.6
42.9

41.1
42.0
41.0
43.4

41.4
42.1
40.8
43.2

41.2
42.3
41.5
43.0

41.6
42.1
41.4
42.8

41.3
41.2
39.1
43.3

42.3
41.3
39.1
43.7

42.1
41.6
41.3
42.4

41.6
41.2
39.4
43.1

41.0
41.5
39.8
42.8

40.2
40.5

38.7
39.1

37.6
37.6

36.6
36.7

38.2
38.6

39.3
39.6

39.7
40.0

37.8
37.8

39.0
39.2

39.2
39.3

38.8
38.9

36.6
36.7

42.4

42.0

42.1

42.1

42.4

42.3

41.9

42.3

42.2

42.5

42.1

42.1

42.0

41.4
43.1

40.4
43.1

40.8
43.1

40.8
43.2

41.0
43.6

41.1
43.3

41.5
42.2

41.2
43.1

41.0
43.1

40.9
43.9

41.1
43.0

41.1
43.0

40.8
43.0

Quarrying and nonmetalic mining........

46.5

46.2

45.8

45.4

44.4

43.1

42.9

41.1

42.3

44.0

46.2

45.8

44.5

44.3

Contract construction........... ............... ......
General building contractors..... ...........
Heavy construction_______________
Highway and street construction...
Other heavy construction..............
Special trade contractors......................

38.6
37.0
43.2
44.1
42.0
37.6

38.1
36.5
42.7
43.5
41.6
37.1

38.2
36.6
42.4
43.0
41.7
37.3

37.9
36.5
42.1
42.8
41.2
37.1

37.1
36.0
40.5
40.5
40.4
36.4

36.5
35.9
39.1
39.0
39.2
36.0

35.9
35.1
38.9
38.7
39.1
35.4

34.1
32.8
36.6
36.0
37.0
34.1

35.3
34.3
36.7
35.3
38.0
35.5

36.4
35.1
40.0
40.4
39.5
35.7

38.9
37.3
43.6
44.6
42.4
37.7

38.3
36.6
42.9
44.0
41.5
37.2

37.3
36.0
41.3
42.0
40.6
36.5

37.0
35.6
40.5
41.1
39.9
36.3

40.9
41.5
40.1

40.7
41.3
39.8

40.9
41.7
39.9

40.7
41.5
39.7

40.5 40.4 40.3 39.8
41.3 41.0 41.0 40.6
39.4 39.5 39.4 38.7
Average hourly earnings

40.8
41.6
39.9

40.5
41.2
39.6

40.7
41.4
39.9

40.7
41.3
39.9

40.4
41.1
39.6

40.4
40.9
39.6

Mining................. .
Metal mining...
Iron ores__
Copper ores.

$2.83
2.96
3.12
3.07

$2.80
2.97
3.17
3.04

$2.80
2.%
3.14
3.04

Coal mining___
Bituminous.

3.31
3.35

Crude petroleum and natural gas____
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields...... ......... ............................
Oil and gas field services________

2.70

2.67

2.64

2. 95
2. 51

2.93
2.48

2.91
2.43

M anufact uring____________________ _
Durable goods___ ____________
Nondurable goods______ _______

40.6
41.6
39.3

Quarrying and nonmetallie mining.
Contract construction______ ___ ____
General building contractor_______
Heavy construction.................. ........
Highway and street construction.
Other heavy construction______
Special trade contractors..... ......... .
Manufacturing___________ ________ _
Durable goods.......... .....................
Nondurable goods_____________
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.56
2.74
2.31

3.28
3.33

$2.80 $2.78
2. 95 2.94
3.12 3.11
3.03 3. 01

$2.77
2.92
3.11
2.98

$2.78
2.91
3.11
2.98

$2.80
2.91
3.11
2.%

$2.80
2.91
3.09
2.%

$2.76
2.91
3.08
2.%

$2.76
2.92
3.08
2.98

$2.78
2.91
3.08
2.94

3.23
3.28

3.16
3.20

3.17
3.20

3.18
3. 21

3.17
3.21

3.12
3.16

3.12
3.15

3.15
3.18

3.12
3.15

2.66

2.65

2.66

2.67

2.69

2.69

2.68 2.66

2.70

2.66

2.60

2.92
2. 47

2.92
2.44

2.94
2.44

2.95
2.46

2.95
2.48

2.95
2.50

2.94
2.47

2.97
2.48

2.92
2.45

2.83
2.41

3.25
3.30

2.92
2. 47

$2. 75 $2.70
2.88 2.83
3.07 3.07
2.89 2.82
3.09
3.12

2.57

2.55

2.55

2.53

2.50

2.47

2. 47

2.49

2.49

2.46

2.49

2.50

2.45

2.38

3.55
3. 42
3.26
3.17
3.38
3.79

3.54
3.39
3.24
3.13
3.38
3.80

3.50
3.37
3.19
3.08
3.33
3.74

3. 51
3.38
3.18
3.06
3.33
3. 75

3.54
3.41
3.16
3.02
3.31
3. 77

3.52
3.37
3.12
2.93
3.28
3.76

3.54
3.37
3.17
2.97
3.32
3.78

3.58
3. 40
3. 25
3.08
3.37
3.79

3.54
3.38
3.22
3.09
3. 34
3.76

3.45
3.32
3.10
2.97
3.25
3.68

3.47
3.34
3.18
3.09
3.31
3.70

3.47
3.33
3.19
3.09
3.32
3.70

3.42
3. 27
3.10
2.98
3.24
3.66

3.31
3.16
3.02

2.52
2.70
2.28

2.53
2. 71
2.29

2.53
2. 71
2.28

2.53
2. 71
2.28

2.52
2.70
2.28

2. 51
2.69
2.27

2. 51

2. 51
2.69
2.27

2. 51
2.69
2.26

2.49
2.67
2.25

2.47
2.65
2.23

2.47
2.65
2.24

2.46
2.63

2.68
2.26

2.22

2.88

3.17
3.54
2.39
2.56
2.16

1349

C.— E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
T

able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1342.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories---------------- $123.22 $121.10 $119. 70 $121. 50 $120.20 $119.99 $119.39 $119. 29 $121.18 $123.26 $120.36 $121.13 $121.01 $119.60 $116.31
Ammunition, except for small arms. 125.96 123.47 122.28 122. 71 120.69 121. 71 119. 70 120.60 124.12 125.63 122. 51 122.89 121. 77 120.25 116. 69
Sighting and fire control equip130. 51 128.93 131. 65 129.43 129. 51 132.84 131.05 128.15 129.78 128.75 129.48 129.36 125. 36 126.18
____ -- ______ __
ment
Other ordnance and accessories...... 117. 58 115.14 113.08 117.96 116.97 115.14 116. 52 115.02 114. 62 117.29 114. 77 116.05 116.90 115. 77 112.34
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture__ _ ... --------Sawmills and planing mills. -----Millwork, plywood, and related
products.. . - --_
-.-.A
Wooden containers_______ .
Miscellaneous wood products------

86. 98

Furnitime and fixtures... . .. . .. ...
Household furniture. ---------- -Office furniture
- - __- _ Partitions, office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures--------

85.49
81.34

89. 57 87.48
77. 42 81.39 79.98

87. 72 86.27
80.15 78.96

84.19
77.20

82.18
76.80

81.97
75.85

79.90
73.53

83.20
76.03

82.97
76.02

85.68
78.34

86.50
79.15

81.80
74.80

79.20
71.71

92. 39 94.24
69.30 69.89
79.52 79.49

94.05
71.34
77.49

92.13
68.46
76.52

92.32 91.88
67.55 66.18
75. 92 75.92

89.02
64.84
74.24

91.72
68.17
76.14

90.83
67.49
75.74

90.64
70.18
76.07

91.27
70.00
76.45

89.40
68.04
74.30

87.12
66.17
72.54

82. 21 79.59 85.06 83.43
78.94 75.25 81.87 79.68
96.82 94.40 99.17 94.37
100.36 100.62 102.26 101. 89
85. 41 83. 71 87.56 86.30

84.03
80.26
97.34
104. 38
85.68

85.48
81.09
100.44
108. 47
88.40 89.04

93.34
70.93
76.17

93.83
70.24
77.49

83.23 83.43 81.81 82.62 82.62
78. 55 79.32 77.95 79.15 78.74
98.53 95. 71 96.46 96.05 95.41
108.39 105.18 101.91 105.85 103. 62
86.52 86.52 86.27 85.84 86.27

84.03 81.39 79.37
80.06 77.30 75.07
98. 47 95.35 92. 57
105. 67 103.42 103. 57
86.11 83.64 81.41

Average weekly hours
Ordnance and accessories--------Ammunition, except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equipment
__________ -- ____
Other ordnance and accessories___
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture__ . . -- . . . ______
Sawmills and planing mills...... ......
Millwork, plywood, and related
products.. . ____
Wooden containers__ _ .
Miscellaneous wood products____
Furniture and fixtures... ---- ----Household furniture-...... .. .
.
. _
Office furniture___
Partitions, office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures__ _

40.8
40.5

40.1
39.7

39.9
39.7

40.5
40.1

40.2
39.7

40.4
40.3

40.2
39.9

40.3
40.2

40.8
41.1

41.5
41.6

40.8
40.7

41.2
41.1

41.3
41.0

41.1
40.9

41.1
40.8

41.4

41.3
40.4

40.8
40.1

41.4
41.1

40.7
40.9

40.6
40.4

41.0
40.6

40.7
40.5

40.3
40.5

41.2
41.3

41.4
40.7

41.5
41.3

42.0
41.6

41.1
41.2

42.2
41.3

39.9
39.5

40.9
40.9

40.5
40.6

40.8
41.1

40.5
40.7

39.9
40.0

39.7
40.0

39.6
39.3

38.6
37.9

40.0
39.6

39.7
39.8

40.8
40.8

40.8
40.8

40.1
40.0

39.8
39.4

40.7
39.6
41.2

41.7
40.4
41.4

41.3
41.0
40.3

41.8
41.0
41.0

41.7
40.6
41.0

41.5
39.8
40.7

41.4
39.5
40.6

41.2
38.7
40.6

40.1
37.7
39.7

41.5
40.1
40.5

41.1
39.7
40.5

41.2
40.8
40.9

41.3
40.7
41.1

41.2
40.5
40.6

40.9
40.1
40.3

41.5
41.5

41.9
41.8
42.2
41.4
42.2

40.8
40.7
41.4
40.9
41.2

41.1
41.1
40.9
40.3
41.2

40.5
40.6
41.4
39.5
40.5

40.7
40.8
40.7
40.4
40.3

40.7
40.8
40.6
39.7
40.5

40.7
40.9
41.2
38.9
40.1

39.4
39.4
40.0
39.0
39.3

41.9
42.2
42.2
40.1
41.3

41.3
41.5
40.5
39.8
40.9

41.6
41.8
41.6
40.3
40.8

41.6
41.7
41.9
40.8
41.4

40.9
40.9
41.1
40.4
40.6

40.7
40.8
40.6
41.1
40.3

$2. 97 $2.97
3.02 3.02

$2.95
3.01

$2.94
2.99

$2.93
2. 97

$2. 91
2.94

$2.83

3.08
2. 81

3.05
2. 81

2.99
2.72

41. 7

Average hourly earnings
Ordnance and accessories______ . . .
Ammunition, except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equipment___ . . .
. . . __ ___
Other ordnance and accessories___
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_____ ... . ----------------Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork, plywood, and related
products-------------- -------- . .
Wooden containers___
--------Miscellaneous wood products.. ...
Furniture and fixtures_______ .. - .
Household furniture_______ ——
Office furniture......................
Partitions, office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures_____
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$3.02
3.11

$3.02
3.11

$3.00
3.08

$3.00
3.06

$2.99
3.04

$2. 97 $2.97
3.02 3.00

$2.96
3.00

2.86

2.84

3.16
2.85

3.16
2.82

3.18
2.87

3.18

3.19
2.85

3.24
2.87

3.22
2.84

3.18
2.83

3.15
2.84

3.11
2.82

3.12
2. 81

2.18
1.96

2.19
1.99

2.16
1.97

2.15
1.95

2.13
1.94

2.11
1.93

2.07
1.92

2.07
1.93

2.07
1.94

2.08
1.92

2.09
1.91

2.10 2.12

2.04
1.87

1.99
1.82

2.27
1.75
1.93

2.26
1.73
1.92

2.26
1.73
1.89

2.25
1.74
1.89

2.25
1.73
1.89

2.22
1.72
1.88

2.23
1. 71
1.87

2.13
1. 65
1.80

2.06
1.96

2.04
1.94
2.38
2.62

2.04
1.93
2.38
2.65

2.03
1.93
2.34
2.61

2.02

2.03
1.94
2.36
2.62
2.13

2.03
1.93
2.35
2.61
2.13

. 21 2.17
2.22 2. 21 2.21 2.20 21.72
1.68
1.72 1.70 1.70 1.72
1.87 1.88 1.87 1.86 1.86 1.83
2.02 2.02 1.99
2.02 2.02 2.03 2.02
1.92 1.92 1.92 1.89

2.12 2.11 2.10 2.10

2.86

1.92
2.33
2.58
2.13

1.92

1.94

2.23
1.71
1.87

1.93
2.35
2.58
2.13

1.91
2.36
2.58
2.13

1.94
2.35
2.55

2.33
2.56

2.34
2.59

2.12 2.11 2.10

2.35
2.59
2.08

2.32
2.56
2.06

1.95
1.84

2. 28
2.52
2.02

1350

M O NTHLY LA B O R R E V IE W , N O V EM BER 1964
T

able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1342.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.

Aug.2 July

June

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products...
$106.8 $107.71 $107. 3( $107. 3f
Flat glass______________
145. r
141.8€ 146. 8f
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown________________
100.5f 102.36 103.27 102.47
127. 8( 122.81 124.91 122.30
Cement, hydraulic________
93. U 92.35 92. If 92.82
Structural clay products___
Pottery and related products.
91.34 93.22 94.33
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products__________________
108.29 114.37 112. 78 111. 57
Other stone and mineral products. 108.91 107.94 106. 75 107. 78
Primary metal industries.___ ______ 136.63 129.38 128. 96 130.20
Blast furnace and basic steel prod­
ucts_______________________ 151.85 138.43 137.61 138. 02
Iron and steel foundries_________ 114. 39 118.15 118.15 121. 24
Nonferrous smelting and refining. _ 123. 35 120.18 119. 48 119. 52
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding__________________ 124.84 121.96 121.69 124.56
Nonferrous foundries___________ 110.16 109.59 109.59 110.81
Miscellaneous primary metal in­
dustries__________________
132.82 133.66 129.58 133.04

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
$106.9 $104.8, $102. Of $101. 7c
145. 2, 136.68 139.4 140.5f
103. O’ 103.27 101.1c 100.9C
122. Of 118.17 117. 2f 116. Of
91.4f 91.57 88.91 87.85
94. 4" 93.6' 92. 6f 92. 4C

$99.5( $101. 5( $103.7. $105.6" $104.5t $102.45
137.9( 135. 74 143.4c 142.3c 139. Of 135. 2C
100. Of 98. 35 100. 5Í 100. 5Í 98.85 99.75
116.81 117. 2f 120. 3t 117.8Í 118.28 116.6t
85.06 88.25 90.4i 91. 12 90. 45 89.4C
90.02 92.lt 92.2? 90.05 89.54 89.77

110.88 106.75 100. 53 99.31 96.19
108.25 107. 36 105. 92 104. 49 102. 82
129. 58 128. 54 127.51 126.18 125. 77
138.10 137. 35 135. 20 133.87 133.06
119. 26 119. 26 119. 69 118. 71 117.87
119. 23 118.08 118. 53 118.98 120. 25
122.84 120.84 120.13 119.43 120.98
110. 27 109.86 109. 86 108.24 108.50
133.46 134.83 132. 82 131.88 130.41

100.86

105. 78 112. 5C 111.05 105. 65
104.33 103. 75 104.92 104.25 102.18
126.38 123.42 122. 41 123.73 124.64
131.41 128. 58 127.59 130.35 133.06
120. 81 116. 20 115.08 114. 39 113.01
119. 97 119.39 118. 98 120. 25 118.56
123.12 120. 56 119.14 119. 43 118.72
110.77 108. 62 108.21 107.42 107.12
134.19 130.73 130.21 130. 52 128.54

$98.57
126. 01
98.33
112.75
86.69
86. 85
100.96
98.33
119. 80
127.40
106. 52
114. 95
116.05
104.55
124. 50

Average weekly hours
Stone, clay, and glass products______
Flat glass____________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown_____________________
Cement, hydraulic.___ ________
Structural clay products________
Pottery and related products.........
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products___________________
Other stone and mineral products..
Primary metal industries.___ ______
Blast furnace and basic steel prod­
ucts_______________________
Iron and steel foundries_________
Nonferrous smelting and refining
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding__________________
Nonferrous foundries___________
Miscellaneous primary metal in­
dustries_______________

41.4

42.1
42.2

42.1
41.6

42.1
42.2

42.1
42.1

41.6
40.2

40.8
40.9

40.7

39.8
40.8

40.6
40.4

41.5
41.7

42.1
41. 5

41.8
40.9

41.3
40.0

40.9
38.3

39.6
41.9
41.4

40.3
41.5
41.6
39.2

40.8
42.2
41.7
39.5

40.5
41.6
42.0
39.8

40.9
41.8
41.2
40.2

40.8
41.3
41.6
40.2

40.3
41.0
40.6
39.6

40.2
40.7
40.5

40.0
40.7
39.2
38.8

39.2
41.0
40.5
39.7

40.2
41.2
41.3
40.1

40.2
41.2
41.8
39.0

39.7
41.5
41.3
39.1

39.9
41.2
41.2
39.2

40.3
41.0
40.7
39.3

42.3
41.9

44.5
42.0

44.4
41.7

44.1
42.1

44.0
42.3

42.7
42.1

41.2
1.7

40.7
41.3

39.1
40.8

41.0
41.4

43.0
41.5

45.0
41.8

44.6
41.7

43.3
41.2

42.6
40.8

43.1

41.6

41.6

42.0

41.8

41.6

41.4

41.1

41.1

41.3

40.6

40.4

40.7

41.0

40.2

44.4
41.0
42.1

41.2
42.5
41.3

41.2
42.5
41.2

41.2
43.3
41.5

41.1
42.9
41.4

41.0
42.9
41.0

40.6
42.9
41.3

40.2
42.7
41.6

40.2
42.4
41.9

39.7
43.3
41.8

39.2
42.1
41.6

38.9
42.0
41.6

39.5
41.9
41.9

40.2
41.7
41.6

39.2
40.5
41.2

42.9
40.8

42.2
41.2

42.4
41.2

43.4
41.5

42.8
41.3

42.4
41.3

42.3
41.3

42.2
41.0

42.6
41.1

43.2
41.8

42.6
41.3

42.4
41.3

42.5
41.0

42.4
41.2

42.2
41.0

41.9

41.9

41.4

42.1

42.1

42.4

42.3

42.0

41.4

42.6

41.9

41.6

41.7

41.6

41.5

Average hourly earnings
Stone, clay, and glass products..____
Flat glass____________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown___________________
Cement, hydraulic______ ______
Structural clay products________
Pottery and related products____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products___________________
Other stone and mineral products..
Primary metal industries__________
Blast furnace and basic steel prod­
ucts_______________________
Iron and steel foundries_________
Nonferrous smelting and refining
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding___ ______________
Nonferrous foundries___________
Miscellaneous primary metal in­
dustries_____________
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.58

$2.56
3.44

$2.55
3.41

$2.55
3.48

$2.54
3.45

$2.52
3.40

$2.50

$2.50
3.42

$2.50
3.38

$2.50
3.36

$2.50
3.44

$2.51
3.43

$2.50
3.40

$2.48
3.38

$2.41
3.29

2.54
3.05
2.25

2.54
2.96

2.96 2.94 2.92 2.86 2.86
2.22 2.21 2.21 2.22
2.20 2.19
2.33 2.36

2.53

2.53

2.52

2.53

2. 51

2.50
2.87
2.17
2.32

2.51

2.86

2.50
2.92
2.19
2.30

2.50

2.18
2.32

2.86
2.18
2.31

2.49
2.85
2.19
2. 29

2.50
2.83
2.17
2.29

2.44
2.75
2.13
2. 21

2. 56
2.60

2.57
2.57

2.46
2.52

2.46
2. 52

2.46
2.50

2.50
2. 51

2.49
2.50

2.44
2.48

2.37
2.41

2.54
2. 56

2.37

2.35

2.33

2.34

2. 51
2.85
2.17
2.31

2.53
2.56

2.52
2.56

2.50
2.55

2. 44
2.54

2.44
2.53

3.17

3.11

3.10

3.10

3.10

3.09

3.08

3.07

3.06

3.06

3.04

3.03

3.04

3.04

2.98

3.42
2.79
2.93

3.36
2.78
2.91

3.34
2.78
2.90

3.35
2.80

3.36
2.78

3.35
2.78

3.33
2.79
2.87

3.33
2.78

2.86

.3.31
2.78
2.87

3.31
2.79
2.87

3.28
2. 76
2.87

3.28
2.74

2.86

3.30
2.73
2.87

3.31
2. 71
2.85

3.25
2.63
2.79

2.91
2.70

2.89

2.87

2.66 2.66

2.87
2.67

2.87
2.67

2.85

2.84

2.66 2.66

2.83
2.64

2.84
2.64

2.85
2.65

2.83
2.63

2.81
2.62

2.81
2.62

2.80
2.60

2. 75
2.55

3.17

3.19

3.13

3.16

3.17

3.18

3.14

3.14

3.15

3.15

3.12

3.13

3.13

3.09

3.00

2.88 2.88 2.88

1351

C — EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1342.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products--------------Metal cans----------------------------Cutlery, handtools, and general
hardware-------------- ------------Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures.----- -----------------------Fabricated structural metal products.
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings---------------------Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products----------------------------Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products___________________

$112. 86 $112.98 $111.07 $112.29 $112.02 $111.22 $109. 59 $109.18 $108. 79 $111.04 $109.56 $109. 93 $110. 20 $108.05 $104. 81
130.10 139. 78 136. 53 133.80 132. 44 131. 21 128. 59 128.83 131.63 129. 44 129. 44 125.63 132.01 128.17 126.30
108.05 109. 78 106.04 107. 79 108. 58 108.99
103. 57 104.19 103. 68 104.34 103.83 101.63
109.33 110. 92 110. 51 110. 51 109. 71 109.33
113.05 112.36 111.67 113. 95 112. 46 112.30
130.82 123. 27 121. 98 123. 40 124. 56 123. 55
97.93 99. 29 97. 44 99. 95 97. 75 97. 75

105.37 106.14 105. 52 109. 46 108. 42 105. 32 104. 81 103. 73 99.14
101. 75
108.65
112. 56
119. 56
95.51

100.36 100.12 97.44 100.19 99.95 98. 57 98.16
109. 59 109. 45 108. 65 109. 45 108.39 106.63 105. 44
121. 26
Machinery------ --------------------------- 120. 67 121.40 121. 69 123.55 122.98 121.98
86 126.07 124. 53
Engines and turbines---------------- 129. 88 129.88 130.00 129. 48 128.
118.94 118. 66 119. 52 115. 46 117. 86 118. 43
Farm machinery and equipment...
Construction and related machinery. _ 120.25 120.12 120.83 123. 69 123. 55 122. 98 121. 69
Metalworking machinery and
equipment_________________ 133. 85 132.98 136. 89 139. 67 141.34 140.12 139.19
Special industry machinery--------- 112.94 113.90 113.63 114. 70 114.01 113.05 113.16
General industrial machinery------ 117. 96 120.96 120. 54 121. 82 120.83 119. 70 118. 71
Office, computing and accounting
machines___________________ 119. 77 120.01 119. 54 119.95 117.38 116.11 115. 71
106.08
Service industry machines............. 110.12 108.21 108. 21 107.90 106.19 106. 75 114.
70
Miscellaneous machinery----------- 113. 82 115.99 115.02 117. 61 116. 53 115.29

103. 20
107. 45
112. 56
119.71
96. 70
98.09

102. 62
108.36
107.68
119.71
96.64

105.06
109. 25
109. 56
120. 25
96.74

104.04
109.93
109. 65
117. 70
98.05

97. 36 99. 84 97.58

97.82

98.71

99.94
106.13
110. 56
121.13
95. 27

102. 87
109. 03
110. 24
123. 26
97. 34

101. 56
107. 27
108.03
116. 47
94. 94

98. 55
104.60
106.00
111.76
93.34

97. 58 96.64

105. 44 104.00 106. 75 104.90 107. 53 108.05 105. 67 103. 53
120. 56
124. 84
119. 56
116.90

118. 71
123. 51
117. 29
118.14

120.70
129. 79
116. 31
119. 56

117.88
127. 20
112.16
117.18

117.04
123. 93
113.00
116.90

117.32
126. 48
112. 61
116.90

116.20
123. 73
111.93
115. 79

113.01
119. 88
107. 59
112.34

138.60 134. 64 135. 28 130.33 128. 44 127. 71 129.33 125. 57
112. 20 110. 62 114. 48 110. 56 110. 56 111.09 109.98 106. 77
118.14 116.60 120.13 117.03 116. 62 117.04 113.71 110.83
116. 76 113. 47 115.02 118. 78 119.07 119.07 116.40 113.15
106. 23 104. 12 106. 45 103. 57 103.83 104. 86 103.12 100.12
113. 74 112. 94 114.01 112. 25 112. 46 111.51 111.51 109.13

Average weekly hours
Fabricated metal products--------------Metal cans____ ___ ______ ____
Cutlery, handtools, and general
hardware_______________ ----Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures----- ------------------------Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings______________
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products-----------------------------Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products______________ ____
Machinery— ........................................
Engines and turbines---------------Farm machinery and equipment...
Construction and related machinery..
Metalworking machinery and
equipment..----- ------------------Special industry machinery--------General industrial machinery-----Office, computing and accounting
machines--------- ------------------Service industry machines______
Miscellaneous machinery_______

41.2
42.3

41.2
42.1

40.9
42.6

41.9
42.3

41.5
42.5

41.8
41.6

41.9
43.0

41.4
42.3

41.1
42.1

41.6

41.0

41.3

40.9

42.1

41.7

41.3

41.1

41.0

40.8

39.7
41.1
42.7
42.9
40.9

39.9
41.0
42.8
42.1
40.3

40.0
40.7
42.8
42.3
40.8

39.5
40.2
42.2
42.5
40.2

40.5
41.3
42.4
43.4
41.6

40.4
41.2
41.9
42.6
41.3

41.2
41.7
42.3
43.1
41.7

40.8
41.8
42.5
42.8
41.9

40.3
41.1
42.2
42.2
41.1

39.9
40.7
42.4
41.7
41.3

41.8
41.3

42.0
44.8

41.6
43.9

41.9
43.3

41.8
43.0

41.5
42.6

41.4

41.9

41.1

41.3

41.6

40.3
41.1
42.5
44.8
40.3

40.7
41.7
42.4
43.1
41.2

40.5
41.7
42.3
42.5
40.6

40.6
41.7
43.0
42.7
41.3

40.4
41.4
42.6
43.1
40.9

41.3

41.2

40.6

41.4

41.3

40.9

40.9

40.7

40.4

41.6

41.0

41.1

41.3

41.0

41.3

41.2
41.9
41.1
41.9

41.3
42.3
41.1
41.3
42.0

41.0
42.4
41.4
41.2
42.1

41.3
42.9
41.5
41.5
42.8

40.9
42.7
41.3
40.8
42.9

40.7
42.5
40.8
41.5
42.7

40.4
42.4
40.3
41.7
42.4

40.4
42.3
40.4
42.1
41.6

40.0
41.8
40.1
41.3
41.6

40.9
42.5
41.6
41. 1
42.1

40.5
41.8
40.9
40.2
41.7

41.2
41.8
40.5
40.5
41.6

41.4
41.9
41.2
40.8
41.6

40.8
41.8
40.7
40.7
41.5

40.6
41.7
40.5
40.6
41.3

43.6
42.3
41.1

43.6
42.5
42.0

44.3
42.4
42.0

45.2
42.8
42.3

45.3
42.7
42.1

45.2
42.5
42.0

44.9
42.7
41.8

45.0
42.5
41.6

44.0
41.9
41.2

44.5
43.2
42.3

43.3
42.2
41.5

43.1
42.2
41.5

43.0
42.4
41.8

43.4
42.3
41.2

43.3
42.2
41.2

40.6
41.4
42.0

41.1
41.3
42.8

40.8
41.3
42.6

40.8
41.5
43.4

40.2
41.0
43.0

39.9
40.9
42.7

39.9
40.8
42.8

40.4
40.7
42.6

39.4
40.2
42.3

39.8
41.1
42.7

41.1
40.3
42.2

41.2
40.4
42.6

41.2
40.8
42.4

40.7
40.6
42.4

40.7
40.7
42.3

$2.70
3.15

$2.69
3.12

$2. 67
3.11

$2.68
3.09

$2.68
3.08

$2.68
3.08

$2.66
3.04

$2. 65 $2. 66 $2. 65 $2.64 $2.63
3.06 3.09 3. 06 3. 06 3.02

$2.63
3.07

$2. 61
3.03

$2. 55
3.00

Average hourly earnings
Fabricated metal products............ ......
Metal cans_____________ _____
Cutlery, handtools, and general
hardware___________________
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures____________________
Fabricated structural metal products.
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings.................... .......
Coating, engraving, and allied services
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products______________ ____
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products___________________
Machinery______________________
Engines and turbines___________
Farm machinery and equipment...
Construction and related machinery.
Metalworking machinery and
equipment___ ______________
Special industry machinery....... .
General industrial machinery____
Office, computing and accounting
machines___________________
Service industry machines______
Miscellaneous machinery_______
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2. 61

2. 62

2.58

2.61

2.61

2. 62

2. 57

2. 57

2.58

2.60

2. 60

2. 55

2. 55

2. 53

2.43

2.57
2.66
2.66
2. 92
2.43

2. 56
2. 66
2. 65
2.86
2.41

2.56
2. 65
2.64
2.87
2.40

2. 57
2. 65
2. 65
2.89
2.42

2. 57
2. 65
2. 64
2.89
2.39

2. 56
2. 66
2. 63
2.88
2.39

2. 55
2. 65
2. 63
2.84
2.37

2.58
2.64
2.63
2.83
2.37

2. 53
2. 64
2. 62
2.85
2. 37

2.54
2. 64
2. 60
2.84
2.34

2.54
2.63
2. 57
2.81
2.34

2. 55
2. 62
2.59
2.79
2. 32

2. 55
2. 63
2.58
2.75
2.34

2. 52
2.61
2.56
2.76
2.31

2.47
2. 57
2.50
2. 68
2. 26

2.43

2.43

2. 40

2. 42

2. 42

2.41

2. 40

2.41

2.41

2.40

2.38

2.38

2.39

2.38

2.34
2. 55
2. 71
2.96
2.65
2. 72

2. 87

2. 65
2. 87
3.16
2. 88
2.86

2.65
2.87
3.14
2. 88
2.87

2.65
2.88
3.12
2.88
2.89

2.65
2.88
3.12
2. 83
2.88

2. 62
2.87
3.09
2. 84
2. 88

2.61
2.86
3.09
2.84
2.87

2.61
2.85
3.09
2. 84
2.81

2. 60
2.84
3.08
2.84
2.84

2. 61
2.84
3.12
2. 83
2. 84

2.59
2. 82
3.11
2. 70
2.81

2. 61
2.80
3. 06
2. 79
2.81

2. 61
2.80
3.07
2. 76
2.81

2.59
2.78
3.04
2. 75
2.79

3. 07
2. 67
2. 87

3.05
2.68
2.88

3.09
2. 68
2. 87

3.09
2. 68
2. 88

3.12
2. 67
2.87

3.10
2. 66
2.85

3.10
2. 65
2.84

3.08
2. 64
2.84

3.06
2. 64
2. 83

3.04
2. 65
2.84

3.01
2. 62
2.82

2.98
2.62
2.81

2.97
2. 62
2. 80

2.98
2. 60
2. 76

2.90
2.53
2.69

2.95
2.66
2. 71

2. 92
2. 62
2. 71

2. 93
2. 62
2.70

2.94
2. 60
2. 71

2.92
2.59
2. 71

2.91
2.61
2. 70

2.90
2.60
2.68

2.89
2. 61
2. 67

2.88
2. 59
2. 67

2.89
2. 59
2.67

2.89
2. 57
2. 66

2.89
2. 57
2. 64

2.89
2. 57
2.63

2.86
2. 54
2.63

2.78
2.46
2.58

2.66
2.88
3.16

1352

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
R evised series; see box, p. 1342.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

$99.38
107.04
104. 70
108.12

$97.44
102.87
102.00
104.23

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Electrical equipment and supplies---- _■$102.97 $102. 56 $101.96 $102.47 $101.81 $101. 56 $100. 90 $100.90 $100.40 $102.41 $100.60 $100. 28 $100. 53
Electric distribution equipment__ 113.84 113. 28 112.74 112. 74 110. 43 109.48 109. Of 110.29 107.3Í 113.97 109.61 109.33 108.92
Electrical industrial apparatus ..
108. 62 109.82 110.92 109.30 109.56 109.0Í 108.62 106. 75 106. 49 107.79 104.90 104.60 106.30
Household appliances________ _ 109.34 108.81 108.8) 108.41 107.3Í 108. 09 107.47 106.89 105. 29 109.88 106.93 108.39 110.92
Electric lighting and wiring equipment- _ _ ________________ 98.17 97. 92 95.20 96.15 96.32 95. 04 94.16 94.49 93.14 96.79 94.87 94.37 95.06
Radio and TV receiving sets_____ 86. 24 88. IS 88.36 84.64 85.09 86.3( 86.08 86.46 87.86 87. 25 86.63 86. 72 86.33
Communication equipment_____ 113.3C 112. 48 109. 2( 112.07 111.3Í 110.79 110. 39 109.35 108. 95 110.29 109. 08 108. 26 108.67
Electronic components and accessories_______________ ______ 86. 5i 85.79 85.32 85.39 85.39 84.99 84. 77 84.96 83. 67 84.16 84.19 84.40 82.97
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies__________ ____ 110. 84 104.28 108. 67 110.03 109. 08 109.35 107. 06 109.48 112. 74 114. 09 111.64 110.39 108.09
Transportation equipment________ _ 134.73 129.38 128.54 131. 75 129.36 129.36 126.68 126.99 127.41 133.30 132.68 131. 52 127.80
Motor vehicles and equipment__
137. 7C 134. 51 140.16 136.42 135.99 130.94 132 51 133 77 143 49 142 20 139 00 132 19
123.62 125.15 125. 05 124. 82 123.93 123.82 123.11 123.82 123.71 124.92 124. 20 124! 38 124.68
Aircraft and parts__ 1 ------Ship and boat building and repairing_____ - __________ 121.20 122. 01 121. 20 121.99 122. 07 121.1C 123. 37 120.39 118.8C 120. 5C 124.01 123.30 124. 01
Railroad equipment_______
126.8S 126. 79 127. 7C 127. 08 128.33 125 55 126 38 123 82 124 34 124 22 122 71 124 34
Other transportation equipment-..
95.49 91.35 95.99 95.37 93.11 91.80 90. 72 87.64 92.21 89.33 93.60 9 4 . 7 3

93.26 90.85
85.85 85.75
106.92 106.97
82.76

82.00

107.83 106.66
126.42 122.22
12¿ 43 119! 97
121.06 114. 97
118 10
9l! 84 86! 22

Average weekly hours
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Electric distribution equipment. . .
Electrical industrial apparatus___
Household appliances_________ Electric lighting and wiring equipment. _____ ______ . ___ _
Radio and TV receiving sets__
Communication equipment_____
Electronic components and accessories.—
_ __________
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies___ _ ____ __
Transportation equipment__
____
Motor vehicles and equipment...
Aircraft and parts__ ________ __
Ship and boat building and repairing . _ _ ... ______ __ _
Railroad equipment__. . .
Other transportation equipment...

40.7
41.7
41.3
40.8

40.7
41.8
41.6
40.6

40.3
41.6
41.7
40.3

40.5
41.6
41.4
40.3

40.4
40.9
41.5
39 9

40.3
40.7
41.3
40.3

40.2
40.7
41.3
40.1

40.2
41.0
40.9
40.0

40.0
40.2
40.8
39.4

40.8
41.9
41.3
41.0

40.4
40.9
40.5
40.2

40.6
41.1
40.7
40.9

40.7
41.1
41.2
41.7

40.4
40.7
40.9
40.8

40.6
40.5
40.8
40.4

40.4
39.2
41.2

40.8
39.9
40.9

40.0
39.8
40.0

40.4
38.3
40.9

40.3
38.5
40.8

40.1
38.7
40.7

39.9
38.6
40.7

40.0
38.6
40.5

39.3
39.4
40.5

40.8
39.3
41.0

40.2
39.2
40.7

40.5
39.6
40.7

40.8
39.6
40.7

40.2
39.2
40.5

40.2
39.7
41.3

39.9

39.9

39.5

39.9

39.9

39.9

39.8

39.7

39.1

39.7

39.9

4.00

39.7

39.6

40.0

40.6

39.5

40.1

40.6

40.4

40.5

39.8

40.7

41.6

42.1

41.5

41.5

41.1

41.0

41.5

42.5

41.6
42.5
40.9

41.6
42.3
41.0

42.5
43.8
41.2

42.0
42. 9
40.9

42.0
42. 9
41.0

41.4
41. 7
40.9

41.5
42. 2
41.0

41.5
42 2
41.1

43.0
44 7
41.5

42.8
44 3
41.4

42.7
43 9
41.6

41.9
42 1
4L 7

42.0

42.0

4l! 5

41.8

40.4
40.8
41.7

40.4
40.9
40.6

40.8
40. 8
42.1

41.1
40. 6
42.2

40.5
41. 0
41.2

41.4
40. 5
40.8

40.4
40 0
40.5

40.0
40 2
39.3

40.3
40 5
40.8

41.2

41.1

41.2

40.9

40.2

3¿ 7

4L 6

42

!1

4L 0

40.1

40.4
40.0

Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipment and supplies.......
Electric distribution equipment__
Electrical industrial apparatus___
Household appliances___ . . . ._
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent.. __ ... _____________
Radio and TV receiving sets__ _
Communication equipment_____
Electronic components and accessories. . . ___ _______
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies________ _____ _

$2.53
2.73
2.63
2.68

$2.52
2. 71
2.64
2.68

$2.53
2. 71
2.66
2.70

$2.53
2. 71
2.64
2.69

$2.52
2.70
2.64
2.69

$2.52
2.69
2.64
2.68

$2.51
2.68
2.63
2.68

$2.51
2.69
2. 61
2.67

$2.51
2.67
2.61
2.67

$2. 51
2.72
2. 61
2.68

$2.49
2.68
2.59
2.66

2.43
2.20
2. 75

2.40
2. 21
2.75

2.38
2.22
2.73

2. 38
2. 21
2. 74

2.39
2. 21
2.73

2.37
2.23
2.72

2.36
2.23
2. 71

2. 36
2.24
2.70

2.37
2.23
2.69

2.37
2.22
2.69

2.36
2.21
2.68

2.33
2.19
2.66

2.33
2.18
2.67

2.17

2.15

2.16

2.14

2.14

2.13

2.13

2.14

2.14

2.12

2.11

2.11

2.09

2.09

2.05

2.73

2.64

2. 71

2.71

2.70

2.70

2.69

2.69

2. 71

2.71

2.69

2.66

2.63

2.63

2.57

Transportation equipment_____ ___
Motor vehicles and equipment...
Aircraft and parts____ _____ . .
Ship and boat building and repairing_____ _ __________
Railroad equipment_________ __
Other transportation equipment...

3.17

3.11
3. 24
3.06

3.09
3.18
3.05

3.10
3. 20
3.03

3.08
3. 18
3.03

3.08
3 17
3.02

3.06
3 14
3.01

3.06
3 14
3.02

3.07

3.10

3.10

3.08

3.05

3.01

2.91

3! 01

3.01

¿00

2.99

2.99

2.95

2. 87

3.02
3.11
2.29

3.00
3.10
2.25

2.99
3.13
2.28

2. 97
3.13
2. 26

2.99
3 13
2. 26

2.98
3 10
2.25

2.98
3 00
2.24

2.97
3 0«
¿23

2.99
3 07
2.26

3.01
3 OQ
2 ! 25

3.00

3.01

2.96

2.86

¿25

¿25

2. 24

2.15

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.06
3.03

$2. 47 $2.47
2.66 2.65
2.57 2.58
2.65 2.66

$2.46 $2.40
2.63 2.54
2. 56 2.50
2.65 2. 58
2.32
2.19
2.64

2. 26
2.16
2.59

1353

C —EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
R evised series; se e box, p. 1342.
1964

Annual
average

1963

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing;—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
InstmTHP.nhs and related products____ $103.89 $103. 73 $103. 22 $103. 73 $102. 56 $102.06 $101.40 $101.66
Engineering and scientific instru119.94 119.07 120. 77 117.91 118.03 117. 22 117.22
ments
__ _ __________
Mechanical measuring and control
104.19 105.11 103.53 103.53 103.12 102.47
104.30
devices _______ -___ 103.63
Optical and ophthalmic goods__ _ 92.92 94.53 92.43 94.66 93.98 92. 51 92. 51 92.96
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment__ ____ ________ 88.00 87.45 86.55 86.22 86.43 86.22 85.75 85.79
Photographic equipment and sup120.27 120.96 119.68 118.94 117.38 116.28 117.26
plies
___
__
84.32 84.32 85.97 83. 71 82.18 81.37 81.24
Watches and clocks
__,!/.___
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries ________ . _ ____ ___
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware__ ___ _
_ ___
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions
Other manufacturing industries__

$99.90 $102.91 $102.91 $102. 75 $102. 75 $101.59 $99.80
115.31 120.06 119. 65 120. 22 119.65 118. 53 115.64
100.30 103.48 104.24 104.14 104.24 102.16
92.21 95.15 94.05 95.15 94.28 93.86
83.42

86.00

86.00

85.60 87.10

85. 01

98.98
89. 62
84.45

115.75 118. 71 117.31 117.31 116.33 115.08 114.26
80.98 83.16 81.93 82. 78 83.79 83.13 83.37

81.97

82.39

81.35

82.58

81.95

82.76

82.78

82.16

79.87

82.39 81.59

81.40

80.60 80.39

90.13

88.80

87.78

89.69

89.65

89.69

89.24

87.96

84.37

94.30 92.06

92.13

90.20 88.70 84.82

78.21

74.11

75.64

73.53

73. 72 72.96

74. 50 73. 53

71.60

72.39

73.14

73.68

72. 71

72.37

71.37

80.00

75.00

79.80

78.40

78.20 78.01

78.80

75.24

78.39

78.00

78. 76 76.64

78.00

74.82

74.87
88. 75 89.42

75.64
88.75

76.80
88.98

77.20
87.91

77.01 77.16
89.20 89.24

77.18
88.58

72.96
86.85

76.57
89.02

75.01
87.82

75.76
88.04

73.45
86.58

71.68
84.82*

41.0

41.0

41.1

41.1

40.8

40.9

41.4

41.3

41.3

75.55
87.20

Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products-----Engineering and scientific instru­
ments_____________________
Mechanical measuring and control
devices__________ ___ ______
Optical and ophthalmic goods-----Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment___________ ______

Photographic equipment and sup­
plies_____________________

40.9
40.8
40.4

40.8

41.0

40.7

40.5i

40.4

40.5

39.8

41.5

41.2

41.5

40.8

40.7

40.7

40.7

39.9

41.4

41.4

41.6

40.9
41.1

40.7
40.9

40.9
41.7

40.6
41.4

40.6
41.3

40.6
41.3

40.5
41.5

39.8
40.8

40.9
42.1

41.2
41.8

41.0
42.1

41.2
41.9

40.7
41.9

40.4
41.3

40.3

39.7

40.1

40.2

40.1

39.7

39.9

38.8

40.0

40.0

40.0

40.7

40.1

40.6

42.2
39.4

42.0
39.4

41.7
39.8

41.3
39.3

40.9
38.4

40.8
38.2

41.0
38.5

40.9
38.2

41.8
39.6

41.6
39.2

41.6
39.8

41.4
39.9

41.1
39.4

41.7
39.7

39.6

39.8

39.3

39.7

39.4

39.6

39.8

39.5

38.4

39.8

39.8

40.1

39.9

39.6

39.7

40.6

40.0

39.9

40.4

40.2

40.4

40.2

39.8

38.7

42.1

41.1

41.5

41.0

40.5

40.2

39.6

38.7

38.8

38.4

38.6

38.6

38.1

37.1

38.1

38.7

39.4

39.3

38.7

39.0

40.2

37.5

39.7

39.2

39.1

39.4

39.6

38.0

40.2

40.0

40.6

39.1

40.0

39.8

39.2
40.1

39.6
39.8

40.0
39.9

40.0
39.6

39.9
40.0

40.4
40.2

40.2
39.9

38.0
39.3

40.3
40.1

39.9
40.1

40.3
40.2

40.4
40.0

39.7
39.9

39.6
40.2

$2. 51 $2.51

$2.44

40.0

Watches and clocks------------------

Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries______ ___________________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware___________ ___ ______
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods_____________ _______
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials-------------------- -------Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions____________________
Other manufacturing industries----

41.0

39.8

Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products____
Engineering and scientific instru­
ments___ ______________ ___
Mechanical measuring and control
devices___ _________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods........
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment-------------------------Photographic equipment and sup­
plies.............................................
Watches and clocks____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
trie s.............................................. —
Jeweliry, silverware, and plated
ware______________________
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods...........................................
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials......................................
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions________________ ___
Other manufacturing industries—
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.53

$2.53

$2.53

$2.52

$2.52

$2. 51

$2.51

$2. 51

$2.50

$2.50

$2.49

2.89

2.89

2. 91

2.89

2.90

2.88

2.88

2.89

2.90

2.89

2.89

2.89

2.87

2.80

2.54
2.30

2.55
2.30

2.56
2.26

2.57
2.27

2.55
2.27

2.55
2.24

2.54
2.24

2.53
2.24

2.52
2.26

2.53
2.26

2.53
2.25

2.54
2.26

2.53
2.25

2.51
2.24

2.45
2.17

2.20

2.17

2.18

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.16

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.14

2.14

2.12

2.08

2.83
2.12

2.84
2.10

2.82
2.09

2.82
2.08

2.81
2.10

2.80
2.11

2.74
2.10

$2.54

2.07
2.22

2.85
2.14

2.88
2.14

2.87
2.16

2.88
2.13

2.87
2.14

2.85
2.13

2.86
2.11

2.07

2.07

2.08

2.08

2.09

2.08

2.08

2.08

2.07

2.05

2.03

2.02

2.03

1.97

2.22

2.22

2.21

2.18

2.24

2.24

2.22

2.20

2.19

2.11
1.83

2.22

2.20

2.22

2.23

1.91

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.92

1.93

1.93

1.93

1.90

1.89

1.87

1.85

1.87

1.98

1.99

1.98

1.95

1.95

1.94

1.96

1.95

1.88

1.91
2.22

1.92
2.22

1.92
2.21

1.90
2.22

1.88
2.19

1.88
2.19

1.87
2.18

1.85
2.17

1.81
2.11

1.99
2.23

1.91
2.23

2.00

2.01

2.00

2.00

1.91
2.23

1.92
2.23

1.93
2.22

1.93
2.23

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

1354
T a ble

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1342.
1964

Industry

Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Annual
average

1963
Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
N o n d u ra b le goods

__ $97.10 $97.00 $97.82 $97.99
106. 01 105.25 104.04 107.36
Dairy products. _____________ 106.14 103.21 104.00 103.03
Canned and preserved food, except
78.76 77.00 73.64
110.32 108.03 106.91 111.34
100.53 98.09 98. 57 98.16
108. 95 108. 26 108.00
Confectionery and related products 81.35 81.39 80. 75 79.76
112.20
111.78 114.36 109.33
Beverages____ ____ ___ ___
Miscellaneous food and kindred
95.53 96.18 95.53
97.13
products... . ... . . . - ...
72.47 74.88 80.13 81.39
Tobacco manufactures __
97.58 96.08 98.29
____ Cigarettes
64.18 62. 54 64.41
Cigars
__ __
70.92 73.10 71.81 73.10
Textile mill products.. ..
70.17 73.68 72.80 73.68
Cotton broad woven fabrics .
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics____ ______ ... --------- 80. 72 79.46 77.22 78.37
Weaving and finishing broad
73.72 77.04 78.73 78.91
N arrow fabrics and smallwares . _ 71.13 73.62 72.98 73.51
66.81 64.68 65.02
63.95
Knitting
Finishing textiles, except wool. knit. 75.85 78.91 77.74 83.42
77.41 74.62 74.26
Floor covering
64. 55 67. 55 66. 91 67. 07
Yarn and thread
84.
46 84.04 86. 48
Miscellaneous textile goods____ . 84.67
jr<v>d and kindred products . __

Food and kindred products.. _ _____
Meat products______ . . . ____
Dairy "products. __ ____
Canned and preserved food, except
meats _ __ ____________ ___
Grain mill products.. ... ------ ..
Bakery products. ______ .. .
Sugar _ __
Confectionery and related products.
_ .
Beverages__
Miscellaneous food, kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures _
Cigarettes . . .
__ ...
Cigars __________
______
Textile mill products__ __ . .
Cotton broad woven fabrics_____
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics____ ______ . --------Weaving and finishing broad
woolens. ___
.
______
Narrow fabrics and smallwares...
Knitting._ . . ______ . . . ----.
Finishing textiles, except wool, knit
Floor covering .
. _
Yarn and thread_________ ____
Miscellaneous textile goods______
Food and kindred products................ .
Meat products________ ____ ___
Dairy products._______________
Canned and preserved food, except
meats__________ ___ _______
Grain mill products____________
Bakery products---------- -----------Sugar_______________________
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages____________________
Miscellaneous food, kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures______ ___ _
Cigarettes-----------------------------Cigars________ ______ _______
Textile mill products______________
Cotton broad woven fabrics_____
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics_____________________
Weaving and finishing broad woolens.
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
Knitting_____________________
Finishing textiles, except wool, knit
Floor covering________________
Yam and thread______________
Miscellaneous textile goods______
Se« footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$98.16 $96.32 $95.84 $95.68 $95.91 $96.59 $95.94 $94.35 $95. 68 $94. 48
105.32 103. 28 103.06 101. 24 105.11 108.20 107.95 101.84 104. 58 101.93
102. 55 100.74 100. 98 101.46 100.67 100.32 99.66 99.48 101.15 98. 75
77.70 76.43 74.83 74.70 74.34 73.63 71.39 77.03 80.40 75.45
106.83 104.54 104.06 104.59 108.09 106.28 108.38 108. 31 107. 81 105. 02
97.03 95.44 94. 80 94.64 93.62 95.34 94.64 94. 71 95. 34 93.90
107.47 103.60 100. 75 94.92 98.12 95.90 94.61 94.50 104.09 100. 74
80.38 79. 58 78.19 78.99 76.58 78.21 77. 81 80.19 82.00 78. 80
108. 54 108.94 107.33 106.52 103.88 106.13 107. 20 108.26 107.59 107.18
"•
96.22 94.47 94.73 96. 50 9Ô. 18 96.13 96.78 95.27 94.37 93.70
72.69
80.19
75.60
68.84
74.86 73.13 71.46 71.46 73.73
80.17
93. 85 94.56 87.66 75.37 91.26 93.67 96.82 89.55 93.06 92.20
66.50
57.73
63.24
66. 57 67.40 65.67
63.18 63.73 61.85 60.64
72. 75 71.63 71.63 71.98 70.40 72.69 72.28 71.04 69.83 69.43
73.92 72.38 72.21 73.08 72.31 73.78 73.35 69.97 67. 40 68.30
78.19 78.01 77.22 77. 58 76.68 79. 20 78. 84 75. 52 74.30 74.65
77.56
73.51
64.68
82.45
73.89
66.17
83.83

76.41
73.16
64.56
80.48
74.39
65.04
81.60

74.19 75.26 75.30
71.91 72. 57 69.74
64.51 64.34 60.45
82.64 83.66 78.74
74.88 74.64 72.18
64. 72 65.37 64.40
81.39 80.99 81.20
Average weekly hours

$91.62
98.66
96.05
73. 53
101. 92
91.30
97. 75
76.61
103.31
91.38
71.41
89. 54
57.82
68.21
66.75
73.44

75. 81
73. 46
62.79
84.44
77.83
66.33
83.80

71.94
72.51
64. 30
83.76
78. 74
66.08
83.20

73.71
72.10
65. 30
80. 51
77.15
64.94
82.96

74.85
71.58
64. 80
78. 73
78. 01
63.67
80.95

75.40
71.34
62.65
79.76
75.18
63.59
81.14

77.17
70.93
61.44
78. 07
73. 04
62.22
78.91

41.1
41.6
42.3

41.1
40.8
42.8

41.0
42.1
42.4

40.9
41.3
42.2

40.3
40.5
41.8

40.1
40.1
41.9

40.2
39.7
42.1

40.3
40.9
41.6

41.1
42.6
41.8

41.0
42.5
41.7

41.2
41.4
41.8

41.6
42.0
42.5

40.9
41.1
42.2

40.9
40.6
42.5

39.4
39.2

38.8
45.2
40.7
40.5
39.7
41.4
41.9
38.4
41.0
38.2
41.3
42.1

38.5
45.3
40.9
39.8
39.2
42.2
42.0
38.9
40.2
37.9
40.8
41.6

36.1
46.2
40.9
40.0
39.1
41.1
41.9
39.7
41.3
38.8
41.3
42. 1

37.9
44.7
40.6
40.1
39.4
40.5
42.2
39.3
39.6
40.1
41.1
42.0

37.1
43.2
40.1
38.8
39.2
40.2
41.8
39.5
39.9
40.6
40.7
41.6

36.5
43.0
40.0
38.9
38.9
39.9
42.1
37.8
37.3
39.8
40.7
41.5

36.8
43.4
40.1
38.9
39.3
39.6
42.7
35.3
31.8
40.3
40.9
42.0

36.8
44.3
39.5
41.4
38.1
39.2
42.3
36.9
39.0
35.2
40.0
41.8

37.0
44.1
40.4
43.2
39.7
39.6
43.3
39.4
40.2
38.8
41.3
42.4

36.8
44.6
40.1
43.2
39.7
40.0
43.4
38.9
41.2
39.0
41.3
42.4

39.1
45.7
40.3
42.0
40.5
40.7
43.5
39.7
38.6
39.1
41.3
41.9

40.4
45.3
40.4
40.5
41.0
40. 6
42.7
39.7
39.6
38.9
40.6
40.6

38.3
44.5
40.3
41.8
39.8
40. 6
42.4
38.6
39.4
37.9
40.6
40.9

38.7
44.7
40.4
42.5
39.9
40. 2
42.7
38.6
39.1
37.3
40.6
40.7

43.4

43.9

42.9

43.3

43.2

43.1

42.9

43.1

42.6

44.0

43.8

43.4

42.7

42.9

42. 7

39.6
41.3

41.2
40.9
39.3
41.1
42.3
41.7
41.4

42. 1
41.0
38.5
40.7
41.0
41.3
41.4

42.2
41.3
38.7
43.0
40.8
41.4
42.6

41.7
41.3
38.5
42.5
40.6
41.1
41.5

41.3 40.1 40.9 40.7
41. 1 40.4 41.0 39.4
38.2 38.4 38.3 36.2
41.7 42.6 42.9 40.8
41.1 41.6 41.7 40.1
40.4 40.2 40.6 40.0
40.8 40.9 40.7 40.6
Average hourly earnings

41.2
41.5
37.6
43.3
43.0
41.2
41.9

39.1
41.2
38.5
43.4
43. 5
41.3
41.6

40.5
41.2
39.1
42.6
43.1
41.1
41.9

40. 9
40.9
38.8
42.1
43.1
40.3
41.3

41.2
41.0
38.2
42.2
42. 0
40.5
41.4

42. 4
41.0
38.4
42.4
41.1
40.2
41. 5

$2 .3 8
2 .53
2 .48

$2.36
2 .53
2 .44

$2 .3 8
2 .55
2 .43

$2 .3 9
2 .55
2 . 43

$2 .4 0
2 .55
2 . 43

$2 .39
2 . 55
2 . 41

$2 .39
2 .5 7
2.41

$2 .3 8
2 . 55
2 . 41

$2.38
2 .57
2 . 42

$2 .3 5
2 . 54
2 .40

$2 .34
2 . 54
2 .39

$2 .2 9
2 .46
2 . 38

$2 .3 0
2 . 49
2 . 38

$2 .3 1
2.48
2 .34

$2 .2 4
2.43
2 .26

2 .0 3
2 .39
2 .41
2 .69
2 . 05
2 .70
2 .28

2 .00
2 .36
2 . 41
2 .72
2 .06
2 .71
2 .29

2.04
2 . 41
2.40
2 . 70
2.04
2 . 66
2.28

2 .0 5
2 . 39
2 . 39
2 .68
2 .04
2 .68
2 .28

2.06
2 . 42
2 . 38
2 .67
2.03
2 . 71
2 .26

2.05
2 . 42
2 . 37
2 . 59
2 . 01
2.69
2 .25

2 .03
2 . 41
2 . 36
2 .44
2.01
2 . 69
2 . 26

2 .02
2 .44
2 .37
2 .37
2.0 1
2 . 65
2 . 25

1 .99
2 .41
2 .36
2 .22
1 .97
2 .68
2 . 22

1.94
2 .43
2.36
2 .19
1 .96
2.68
2 . 23

1 .9 7
2 .37
2 .35
2 .25
1 .98
2 .66
2 .19

1 .99
2 . 38
2 . 36
2 .57
2 .00
2 .6 5
2 .21

1 .9 7
2 . 36
2 .33
2 .41
1 .98
2 .64
2 .2 1

1.90
2 . 28
2 . 26
2 . 30
1 .92
2 . 57
2 .14

1 .83

1 .95
2 .38
1.68

2 . 06
2 .39
1 .6 5

2 .05
2 .38
1.66

2.04
2 .37
1 .6 6

2 .03
2 . 37
1 .6 6

2 .00
2 .35
1 .6 5

1.95
2 .37
1.65

1.97
2 . 34
1.64

1.90
2 . 33
1.63

1 .88
2 . 35
1 .62

1 .80
2 .32
1 .63

1.80
2 . 35
1 .59

1 .91
2 . 34
1 .60

1.85
2 .29
1 .55

1.80
1 .79

1 .77
1.75

1 .7 6
1 .75

1 .7 7
1 .75

1 .7 7
1.76

1 .7 6
1 .7 4

1.76
1 .7 4

1 .76
1.74

1 .7 6
1 .7 3

1 .7 6
1.74

1 .75
1 .7 3

1 .72
1.67

1.72
1.66

1.71
1 .67

1.68
1 .64

1.86
1 .90
1.81
1 . 71
1 .9 3

1.8 1
1 .87
1 .8 0
1 .7 0
1 .9 2
1 .8 3
1 .6 2
2 .04

1.80
1 .87
1.78
1.68
1 .91
1.82
1.62
2 . 03

1.8 1
1 .8 7
1.78
1.68
1 .94
1.82
1 .62
2.03

1 .81
1 .8 6
1 .7 8
1 .6 8
1 .9 4
1 .8 2
1 .61
2 .02

1.81
1 .8 5
1 .7 8
1 .69
1 .93
1.8 1
1.6 1
2.00

1 .8 0
1.85
1.78
1 .6 8
1 .9 4
1 .8 0
1 .61
1 .99

1 .80
1 .8 4
1 .7 7
1 .6 8
1 .9 5
1 .7 9
1.61
1 .99

1 .80
1 .8 5
1 .7 7
1.67
1.93
1 .8 0
1.61
2 .00

1 .8 0
1 .8 4
1 .7 7
1 .67
1 .9 5
1.81
1.61
2 .00

1 .8 0
1 .8 4
1 .7 6
1.67
1 .9 3
1.81
1 .60
2 . 00

1.74
1 .82
1.75
1 .67
1.89
1.79
1.58
1.98

1.74
1.83
1.75
1.67
1 .87
1.8 1
1.58
1 .96

1 .74
1 .83
1 .7 4
1.64
1 .8 9
1 .7 9
1.57
1 .9 6

1 .72
1 .82
1 .73
1.60
1 .85
1 .76
1 .54
1 . 92

40.8
41.9
42.8
45.4
41.2
39.3
41.1
42.6
39.6

38.8
39.3
37.4
39.3

2 .43
2 .44
2 .07
2 .73
2 .28

1 .6 3
2 .05

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

1355

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1342.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July
M anufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products-. ..
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats—
Men’s and boys’ furnishings... Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear..- -------------- -----Women’s and children’s undergarments __________
______
Hats, caps, and millinery . ___
Girls’ and children’s outerwear.. ^_
Fur goods and miscellaneous ap.
parel___ .. . . . .
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products_________ _______ .
Paper and allied products... - - - --Paper and pulp.. _____ ______
Paperboard . . . - - - - - - Converted paper and paperboard
products. . . .
Paperboard containers and boxes...
Printing, publishing, and allied industries---------- _. . . -------- -Newspaper publishing and printing.
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books.
Commercial printing_ ___ ______
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing ind u stries...____________
Apparel and related products..
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_____
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear__ __ _________ __
Women’s and children’s undergarments___
______ ... _ _ _.
Hats, caps, and millinery..
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel___ . _ ______ ___ ___
Miscellaenous fabricated textile
products___ . .. .. __________
Paper and allied products
Paper and pulp_______________
Paperboard...
_____________
Converted paper and paperboard
products... ____ ______ ___
Paperboard containers and boxes..
Printing, publishing, and allied industries _____ _________________
Newspaper publishing and printing.
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books___
__
. . .
Commercial printing___
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing industries.. ... _ _ _____ ..
Apparel and related products. _ _ __
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_____
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear__________________
Women’s and children’s undergarments _________________ ..
Hats, caps, and millinery . _ __
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel______________________
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products__________________
Paper and allied products__________
Paper and pulp_______________
Paperboard__________________
Converted paper and paperboard
products___________________
Paperboard containers and boxes.Printing, publishing, and allied industries. .
.
Newspaper publishing and printing.
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books.. ____________________
Commercial printing . . .
. .. .
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing industries____________________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
$62. 47 $65. 87 $64.25 $63. 71 $63. 54 $63.90 $64. 79 $64. 61 $60.00 $63. 54 $63.01 $64. 25 $64. 25
74.05 77. 54 74.62 76.08 76.65 75.60 75. 87 76.08 73. 78 77.70 76. 59 77.38 76.38
55.54 57. 46 57.00 57.00 55.78 55.94 56. 92 56.24 53.00 55. 57 54.96 55. 87 56.17
64.00 70.00 68.11 65.43 65. 81 67.51 68.99 68.60 61.50 64.80 63.74 67.18 67.18
59.86 60.26 58. 77 57.96 58. 84 58.68 59.50 58.00 53.61 58.60 60.00 60. 58 60.64
72.93 71.04 67. 71 66. 76 67.68 73. 5C 75. 22 66. 35 65 68 64 07
54. 61 59.20 60. 47 59.98 58.28 56.64 57.72 59.73 53.27 55. 54 56. 25 5s! 08 57.32
67. 71 65.50 67.33 66.06 63. 72 66.07 64.80 62. 61 67. 66 69 73 69. 55 66.98
69.17 71.19 68.24 69.69 69.16 69. 91 68.02 67. 66 67.16 70.41 69.63 69.27 69.60
111.54 111.71 110. 51 109. 65 108. 46 107.53 106. 85 107.10 106.09 108. 36 107. 43 108. 43 108. 43
124. 64 123.60 124. 43 121. 28 120.01 120.01 119.14 119.41 118. 43 119. 24 119. 41 119. 51 119. 34
127.84 127.35 127. 92 123. 32 121. 44 121. 55 122. 27 122. 27 121. 44 122. 54 120.12 121. 76 121.11
97.34 97. 44 96.05 97.16
101. 40 102. 43 99.19 100.67
115. 62 114. 55
117. 81 116. 44
126.07
108. 62
118.50 117.41
88.70 88.85

112. 99
116.12
122. 21
105. 86
115. 24
88.62

113. 28
116. 80
123. 62
108.36
114. 85
88.30

95.87
99.07

95.40
98.12

94. 71
96.35

113. 96
117. 49
118.40
106. 49
116.03
88.85

113. 58
116.12
121.60
107. 38
115. 64
90.09

113. 58
114.66
120.50
105. 78
116.03
90.09

94. 99 94. 71
96.59 95. 58
111.93
113.04
118.01
104.90
114.07
88.32

110. 67
111.38
114. 66
103. 97
113.10
88.31

$62.09 $61.18
74. 87 72. 54
54. 31 53.53
65.32

64.45

57.41

55. 48

55.80

54. 72

65.16

64.98

66. 85 64. 26
105.90 102.00
117.75 112. 92
118.90 114. 22

98.18
98.23

95. 49
98.05

95.76
99.88

95. 99 93. 79 90.64
99.64 96.28 94. 24

113. 98
118. 24
116.91
105. 01
114.65
90. 02

110. 78
114.61
116. 51
101 27
112. 81
88. 46

111.74
114.30
118. 48
104 66
113. 68
88.17

112. 71 110.30 107. 62
113.98 112. 53 110.35
120.60 115.42 111.95
115! 34 112. 61 110.15
88. 39 88.01 85.91

116.40 116.52 115.53 114. 73 116.19 117.26 117. 95 117.18 115. 50 117. 41 113.28 113. 87 114. 43 113.96 110. 59
Average weekly hours
36.8
37.1
37.8

36.3
36.4
37.5

36.2
36.4
37.5

32.0

35.0

34.4

36.5

37.2
37. 4
36.1

36.5
37.0
37.1

36.8
37.8
42.9
44.2
44.7

34.9
35.6
36.3

35.9
36.5
36.7

36.1
36.0
36.8

33.9

34.1

34.8

36.0
36.6
36.8

36.1
36.3
36.2

36.0
36.0
35.4

35.6

36.2

36.1

35. 6

38.9
43.3
44.3
45.0

37.7
43.0
44.6
45.2

38.5
43.0
44.1
44.2

38.0
42 7
43.8
44.0

41.6
41.9

42.0
42.5

41.4
41.5

41.7
42.3

38.8
36.7
39.5
38.4

38.7
36.5
41.2
41.3
39.4
38.8

38.3
36.4
40.6
40. 1
38.8
38.7

38.8

39. 1

$1.79
2.08
1.53

$1.79
2.09
1.52

2.00

2.00

1.98

1.93

1.93

1.94

1.64

1.62
1.95
1.64

1.61
1. 92
1.63

1.61
1. 85
1.63

1.63
1.84
1.61

1.63
1. 88
1.60

1.84

1.84

1.86

1. 83

1. 79

1.83
2.60
2. 82
2. 86

1.83
2.58
2. 79
2. 83

1.81
2. 57
2. 79
2.83

1.81
2.55
2. 75
2. 79

1.82
2. 54
2. 74
2.76

2.34
2. 42

2. 32
2.41

2. 32
2.39

2.33
2.38

2.98
3. 21
3.00
2. 31

2. 96
3.19
3.06
2.63
2.98
2. 29

2. 95
3.19
3.01
2.64
2. 97
2.29

3.00

2.98

2. 97

33.5

1.63

36.4
36.3
37.2

36.3
36.4
37.0

33.9
35.3
35.1

35.2

35.0

31. 7

36.5
37.5
36.3

35.8
37. 8
37.1

33.3
34. 2
33.5

36.3

36.2

34. 4

38.2
42.5
43.8
44.2

38.0
42. 4
43.8
44.3

37.8
42.5
43.9
44.3

41.5
41.8

41.3
41.4

41.0
41.0

38.4
36.5
40.8
41.2
38.8
38.9

38.5
36.6
39.6
40. 8
39.2
38.8

38.5
36.4
40.4
41.3
39.2
39.0

38.5
36.4
39.9
41.0
39.2
39.0

38.9

38.5

38.6

$1.77
2.05
1.52

$1.76
2.09
1.52

$1.77
2.10
1.52

35.9
37.0
36.8

35.8
36.3
36.4

36.3
36.5
37.0

36.3
36.2
37.2

33.4

33.2

34.1

34.1

34.2

34.1

36.4
35 5
35.6

37.5
35 4
35.6

38.1
35 5
36.3

37.9
35 4
35'6

36.8
35 7
36! 0

36.5

35. 8

36. 7

36. 8

36.4

36.0

36.1

36.5
42.1
43.7
44.0

38.9
43.0
44.0
44.4

38.9
42.8
43.9
44.0

38.7
43.2
44.1
44.6

39.1
43.2
44.2
44.2

38.2
42.7
44.1
44.2

37.8
42.5
43.6
44.1

41.3
41.1

41.0
40.5

42.5
41.8

41.7
41.9

42.0
42.5

42.1
42.4

41.5
41.5

41.2
41.7

38.2
36.0
39.6
40 5
38.8
38.4

37.9
35.7
39.0
40 3
38.6
37.9

38.9
37.3
39.9
40 7
39.4
38.8

38.2
36.5
39.9
39 1
38.9
38.8

38.4
36.4
40.3
40 1
39.2
38.5

38.6
36.3
40.2
41 2

38.3
36.3
39.7
40 1

38.6

38.3
36.3
39.8
40 5
3 9 !1
38.6

38.7 38.8 38.8 38.5 39.4
Average hourly earnings

38.4

38.6

38.4

38.5

38.4

$1.77 $1.78
2. 10 2.09
1.52 1.53

$1. 76 $1.77
2.11
2.12
1.51
1.51

$1.77
2.11
1.51

$1.72
2. 04
1.46

$1.69
1. 95
1.42

$1.77
2.10
1.51

3 9 .5

36.1
36.7
37.2

36.2
37.2
37.7

36! 0

3 9 .2

38.7

$1.78
2.09
1. 52

$1.77
2.09
1.51

1.96

1.96

1. 94

1.94

1.92

1.97

1.97

1.91

1.89

1.63
1. 96
1.59

1.62
1. 99
1.61

1.61
1. 94
1.59

1.61
1. 85
1.56

1.60
1. 81
1.58

1.59
1. 89
1.60

1.60
1. 90
1.61

1.56
1.84
1 .5 5

1.52
1.81
1.52

1. 82

1. 79

1. 82

1. 89

1. 90

1. 89

1. 84

1. 81

1. 80

1.83
2. 53
2.74
2. 75

1.79
2. 52
2. 72
2.76

1.79
2. 52
2. 72
2.76

1.84
2. 52
2. 71
2. 76

1.81
2. 52
2. 71
2.76

1.79
2. 51
2. 72
2. 73

1.79
2.51
2. 71
2.73

1.78
2. 51
2.70
2. 74

1 .7 5

2.48
2. 67
2. 69

1. 70
2. 40
2. 59
2. 59

2.31
2.37

2.31
2.37

2.31
2. 35

2.30
2.35

2. 31
2.36

2.31
2.35

2.29
2.34

2.28
2.35

2. 28
2.35

2. 26
2.32

2.20
2.26

2. 95
3.20
3.03
2.63
2. 96
2. 27

2.96
3. 21
2. 99
2. 61
2.96
2.29

2.95
3.19
3.01
2.60
2. 95
2.31

2.95
3.15
3.02
2. 58
2.96
2.31

2.93
3.14
2.98
2. 59
2.94
2.30

2. 92
3.12
2.94
2. 58
2.93
2.33

2.93
3.17
2.93
2. 58
2. 91
2.32

2.90
3.14
2. 92
2. 59
2.90
2.28

2.91
3.14
2.94
2. 61
2.90
2.29

2.92
3.14
3.00
2.62
2. 92
2.29

2.88
3.10
2.90
2. 58
2.88
2.28

2. 81
3.04
2. 82
2. 49
2.81
2. 22

2.98

3.01

3.03

3.04

3.02

3.00

2.98

2. 95

2. 95

2. 98

2.96

2. 88

1356

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1342.
1964

Industry
Sept.* Aug.J July
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable pood*—Continued
Chemicals and allied products---------Industrial chemicals____
____
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass.......... ................. .................
Drugs— -----------------------------Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods---Paints, varnishes, and allied products_____- - ------- ----------Agricultural chemicals----- -------Other chemical products______

June

May

Annual
average

1963
Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
$119.42 $116.75 $116.20 $116.34 $115.51 $114.40 $114.40 $113.99 $113.85 $115. 09 $113.85 $11?. 85 $114.13 *112 88 $109 QK
136.10 131.14 130.41 131.36 130.73 129.58 129.17 128. 75 128.86 130.42 129.27 129.79 128.96 128.44 124 fi8
120.40 117.59 118.00 117.30 115.08 114.39 114.66 113.42 112.88 114.66
102.66 101.63 100.84 102.21 101.85 101.81 101.15 102.11 101.40 101.75
110.16 108.41 107.47 110.02 107.87 107.06 106.39 106.66 106.27 107.83
110.24 109.30 111.14 109.25 110.62 110.35 108.47 107.01 104.78 106.45
96.41 94.89 94.92 93.91 100.76 95.64 97.61 95.05 93.48 94.79
114.51 112.56 111.72 111.19 112.14 110.92 109.98 110.39 111.61 111.83

112."4 112.47 112.88 112.32 109 52
100.60 101.18 100. 53 100 53 9a 40
106.86 106.60 108.62 106.08 103 89
105.93 106.71 106.14 105.22 101 59
93.26 93.29 94.16 93.53 88 39
110.46 109.67 110.20 108.00 103.75

Petroleum refining and related industries......... . - ------ , -------- ------ 138.67 133.56 134.09 133.46 133.14 130.92 131.24 132.07 132.16 132.89 132.39 131.77
Petroleum refining-------------------- 144.66 139.18 138.69 138.02 137.94 136.20 137.20 137.94 138.69 139.86 139.44 136.53
Other petroleum and coal products. 116.33 114.88 117.19 117.13 114.88 108.46 107.44 105. 75 102.56 103.63 105.83 114.04
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products------- ---------.............................. 107.59 107.52 103.63 105.66 104.74 102.25 101.59 101.09 101.25 105.08 102.91 101.93
Tires and inner tubes__ _____ 154.00 152.08 139.06 145.61 141.88 132.99 130.80 127. 79 130.54 141.19 137.53 134.06
100.69 101.35 98.82 100.45 99.31 97.77 97.77 98.25 99.06 100. 36 98.49 98. 81
Other rubber products______
Miscellaneous plastic products___ 90.92 90.29 88.15 89.02 89.66 89.44 88.81 88.80 87.74 90.09 88.17 87.98
Leather and leather products---------68.26 70.64 70.25 70.46 68.43 66.43 68.24 68.76 66.95 69.63 66.59 67.66
Leather tanning and finishing____ 95.24 94.89 93.73 95.58 95.12 93.79 91.60 90.97 90.35 94.58 92.57 93.52
65.50 68.35 68.50 68.00 66.02 63.54 66.02 66.50 65.25 67.12 63.51 64.21
Footwear, except rubber____ _
66.02 67.23 65.80 67.23 65.28 64.40 66.15 66.85 63.53 66.64 66.12 67.86
Other leather products_________

134.20 131.77 126 88
139.70 137.45 131 43
113.26 108.28 107.75
102.67 100.78 100.04
134.97 131.30 130.47
99.46 97.27 95. 53
89.25 87.56 85.90
67.13
91.94
64.03
66.09

66.00
91.13
63.44
64.30

64.67
87.42
62.66
62.58

Average weekly hours
41.9
42.4

41.4
41.5

41.5
41.4

41.7
41.7

41.7
41.5

41.6
41.4

41.6
41.4

41.3
41.4

41.1
41.3

41.7
41.8

41.4
41.7

41.4
41.6

41.5
41.6

41.5
41.7

41.5
41.7

43.0
40.1
40.5

42.3
39.7
40.3

42.6
39.7
40.1

42.5
40.4
40.9

42.0
40.1
40.4

41.9
40.4
40.4

42.0
40.3
40.3

41.7
40.2
40.4

41.5
40.4
39.8

42.0
40.7
41.0

41.6
40.4
41.1

41.5
40.8
41.0

41.5
40.7
41.3

41.6
40.7
40.8

41.8
41.0
40.9

41.6
42.1
42.1

41.4
41.8
42.0

42.1
42.0
42.0

41.7
42.3
41.8

41.9
45.8

41.8
44.9

41.4
45.4

4 2 .0

41.0
43.4

40.3
42.3

4 1 .7

4 1 .5

41.1
42.7

40.9
42.2

4 1 .5

4 1 .8

4 2 .2

41.2
42.6

4 2 .0

41.3
42.8

41.1
43.5

4 1 .7

4 1 .9

40.8
42.7

4 1 .7

4 1 .5

Petroleum refining and related industries_________ ____ ____ . .
Petroleum refining-------------------Other petroleum and coal products.

4 3 .2
4 2 .8
4 4 .4

4 2 .0
4 1 .3
4 4 .7

4 2 .3
4 1 .4
4 5 .6

42 .1
4 1 .2
4 5 .4

4 2 .0
4 1 .3
4 4 .7

4 1 .3
4 0 .9
4 2 .7

4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 2 .3

4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .8

4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 0 .7

4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 0 .8

4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .5

4 1 .7
4 1 .0
4 4 .2

42 .2
4 1 .7
4 3 .9

4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 2 .8

41 .6
41 .2
43.1

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products----------------------------------- ...
Tires and inner tubes_____ ... ..
Other rubber products_________
Miscellaneous plastic products___

4 1 .7
4 4 .0
4 0 .6
4 1 .9

4 2 .0
4 3 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .8

4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 1 .0

4 1 .6
4 2 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .6

4 1 .4
42 .1
4 0 .7
4 1 .7

4 0 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 1 .6

4 0 .8
4 0 .0
40 .4
4 1 .5

4 0 .6
3 9 .2
4 0 .6
4 1 .3

4 0 .5
3 9 .8
4 0 .6
4 1 .0

4 1 .7
4 2 .4
41 .3
4 1 .9

4 1 .0
41 .3
4 0 .7
4 1 .2

41.1
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
4 1 .5

4 1 .4
4 0 .9
41 .1
4 1 .9

4 0 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 1 .3

4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
41.1

Leather and leather products______
Leather tanning and finishing____
Footwear, except rubber. ------Other leather products____ _____

3 7 .3
4 0 .7
3 6 .8
3 7 .3

3 8 .6
4 0 .9
3 8 .4
3 8 .2

3 8 .6
4 0 .4
3 8 .7
3 7 .6

3 8 .5
4 1 .2
3 8 .2
3 8 .2

3 7 .6
4 1 .0
3 7 .3
3 7 .3

36 .5
4 0 .6
3 5 .9
3 6 .8

3 7 .7
4 0 .0
37 .3
3 7 .8

38 .2
3 9 .9
3 8 .0
3 8 .2

3 7 .4
3 9 .8
3 7 .5
36 .3

3 8 .9
4 1 .3
3 8 .8
38 .3

3 7 .2
4 0 .6
3 6 .5
3 8 .0

3 7 .8
4 1 .2
3 6 .9
3 9 .0

3 7 .5
4 0 .5
3 6 .8
3 8 .2

3 7 .5
4 0 .5
37.1
3 7 .6

37 .6
40.1
37 .3
3 7 .7

Chemicals and allied products____ _Industrial chemicals___________
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass______________________
Drugs____ ________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
Paints, varnishes, and allied products______ ____ _________ .
Agricultural chemicals__________
Other chemical products_______

$ 2 .8 5

$ 2 .8 2

$ 2 .8 0

$ 2 .7 9

$ 2 .7 7

$ 2.7 5

$ 2 .7 7

$ 2 .7 6

3 .1 6

3 .1 5

3 .1 5

3 .1 5

3 .1 3

75
3 .1 2

$ 2 .7 6

3 .2 1

$ 2.7 5

$ 2.7 2

3 .1 2

3 .1 2

75
3 .1 0

$ 2 .7 5

3.1 1

$ 2.6 5

3 .1 2

3 .1 0

3 .0 8

2 .9 9

2 .8 0
2 . 56
2 . 72

2 .7 8
2 .5 6
2 .6 9

2 .7 7
2.5 4
2.6 8

2 . 76
2 . 53
2 . 69

2.7 4
2.5 4
2.6 7

2 .7 3
2 . 52
2 .6 5

2 .7 3
2.51
2 .6 4

2 .7 2
2.5 4
2 .6 4

2 .7 2
2 . 51
2.6 7

2 . 73
2 .5 0
2 .6 3

2 . 71
2 .4 9
2 .6 0

2.71
2 .4 8
2 .6 0

2 .7 2
2.4 7
2 .6 3

2 .7 0
2.4 7
2 .6 0

2 .6 2
2 .4 0
2.5 4

2.6 5
2 . 29
2 .7 2

2.6 4
2.2 7
2 .6 8

2 .6 4
2 .2 6
2 .6 6

2 .6 2
2.2 2
2 .6 6

2.6 4
2.2 0
2 .6 7

2.6 4
2.1 3
2 .6 6

2 .6 2
2.1 5
2.6 5

2 . 61
2.1 9
2 .6 6

2 .6 0
2.2 1
2 .6 7

2 .5 9
2.2 2
2.6 5

2 .5 9
2 . 21
2.6 3

2 . 59
2.1 9
2.6 3

2 .5 7
2 .2 0
2 .6 3

2 .5 6
2 .1 5
2 .5 9

2.4 9
2.0 7
2 .5 0

Petroleum refining and related industries___
.
__________ ___
Petroleum refining__________ .
Other petroleum and coal products.

3 .2 1
3 .3 8
2 .6 2

3 .1 8
3 .3 7
2.5 7

3 .1 7
3 .3 5
2 .5 7

3 .1 7
3 .3 5
2 .5 8

3 .1 7
3 .3 4
2 .5 7

3 .1 7
3 .3 3
2.5 4

3 .1 7
3 .3 3
2.5 4

3 .1 9
3 .3 4
2 .5 3

3 .2 0
3 .3 5
2.5 2

3 . 21
3 .3 7
2 .5 4

3 .1 9
3 .3 6
2 .5 5

3 .1 6
3 .3 3
2 .5 8

3 .1 8
3 .3 5
2 .5 8

3 .1 6
3 .3 2
2 .5 3

3 .0 5
3 .1 9
2.5 0

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_________ _______ ____ ___
Tires and inner tubes___ _ _ _ __
Other rubber products__ ______
Miscellaneous plastic products___

2.5 8
3 .5 0
2 .4 8
2.1 7

2 .5 6
3 .4 8
2 .4 6
2 .1 6

2.5 4
3 .4 0
2.4 4
2 .1 5

2.5 4
3.4 1
2.4 5
2.1 4

2 .5 3
3 .3 7
2.4 4
2.1 5

2 .5 0
3 .3 0
2.4 2
2.1 5

2 .4 9
3 .2 7
2.4 2
2 .1 4

2.4 9
3 .2 6
2 .4 2
2 .1 5

2 .5 0
3 .2 8
2.4 4
2 .1 4

2.5 2
3 .3 3
2.4 3
2.1 5

2.5 1
3 .3 3
2 .4 2
2 .1 4

2 .4 8
3.3 1
2.4 2
2 .1 2

2 .4 8
3 .3 0
2.4 1
2 .1 3

2 .4 7
3 .2 5
2 .3 9
2 .1 2

2.4 4
3 .1 9
2.33
2.0 9

Leather and leather products. ______
Leather tanning and finishing...... .
Footwear, except rubber. ______ _
Other leather-products_________

1.83
2 .3 4
1.78
1.77

1.83
2.3 2
1.78
1 .7 6

1.82
2 .3 2
1.77
1. 75

1.83
2 .3 2
1.78
1.7 6

1.82
2 .3 2

1.82
2.31
1.77
1.7 5

1.81
2.2 9
1.77
1.75

1.8 0
2 .2 8
1.75
1.7 5

1.79
2 .2 7
1.74
1.7 5

1.79
2 .2 9
1.73
1.74

1.79
2.2 8
1.74
1.74

1.79
2 .2 7
1.74
1.74

1.7 9

1 .7 6
2.2 5
1.71
1.71

1.72
2.1 8
1.68
1.66

Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial chemicals___
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass______________________
.
. ..
D rugs____
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods----Paints, varnishes, and allied products _______
_____ __
Agricultural chemicals.. - ----- ..
Other chemical products______ .

Average hourly earnings

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.77

1.7 5

$ 2.

$2.

2.27
1.7 4
1.73

1357

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
R evised series; se e box, p. 1342.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
$122.71 $117.87 $119. 78 $118.13 $120. 68 $120.06 $119. 54 $118. 71 $120. 01 $117.04 $118. 40 $115.87
Class I railroads 8 ._
_____
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation. .......... $105. 58 $106. 75 106.64 105. 65 103.49 98.98 101.68 103.32 102.24 102.41 102.48 102.30 101. 70 100.11
135.00 141.17 130. 52 125.24 125.97 121.64 123.65 130. 98 120. 51 123.38 126.44 138. 70 125.86 118. 40
Intercity and rural buslines. ____
Motor freight transportation and stor­
125. 24 123.09 122.93 122.47 121.18 119.89 118.49 116.24 120.67 117.29 120.13 120.12 117.31 113.30
age ________ __- ____
141.69 141. 59 137.42 141.36 141.25 141.92 141. 75 142.88 141. 51 139.47 136.49 140.15 138.38 132. 76
Pipeline transportation___...
Communication:
104. 78 104. 52 104.40 104.28 101. 79 102. 70 102.56 102.18 103.36 106.08 105.04 105. 30 102.40 98.95
Telephone communication______
118.30 117. 59 118.30 116.30 112.32 113.28 113.13 111. 51 112. 59 111.90 112.17 112. 86 110.92 107.78
Telegraph communication
141.37 143.20 139.12 138.48 138.41 136.89 136.42 135.68 137.86 134.85 137.07 135.93 133.96 127.20
Radio and television broadcasting..
125.97 125.93 124.42 124.42 123.00 123.00 123. 00 124.09 124.92 123.79 122.96 123. 37 121.13 116.85
Electric, gas, and sanitary services.
127. 72 128.33 127.51 126.68 125. 25 125. 66 124. 94 125.25 125.55 123. 41 123.60 124.01 122.36 118. 24
Electric companies and systems__
116. 28 115.90 114. 52 114.21 113.68 114.37 114. 77 116.90 117.16 117.16 115.36 116.47 113. 57 108.53
Gas companies and systems_____
136.45 137.01 134.31 134.72 133. 25 132.84 133. 25 135.66 136.18 135.34 134.37 131.92 131.65 126. 59
Combined utility systems__ . .
Water, steam, and sanitary sys­
100.26 102.30 100.19 99.22 99.22 98. 57 98.98 98.64 100. 02 100.26 100.14 98.06 98.29 94.66
tems
_____ _ . . ____
Average weekly hours
Transportation and public utilitiesRailroad transportation:
Class; I railroads 8.................. -___
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines_____
Motor freight transportation and stor­
age............................................. .........
Pipeline transportation..................... .
Communication:
Telephone communication______
Telegraph communication *_____
Radio and television broadcasting..
Electric, gas, and sanitary services.......
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems.........
Combined utility systems.............
Water, steam, and sanitary sys­
tem s.......................................... .

44.3

42.4

43.4

42.8

43.1

43.5

43.0

42.7

43.8

42.1

42.9

42.6

42.4
45.0

42.7
46.9

43.0
43.8

42.6
42.6

41.9
42.7

40.9
41.8

41.5
42.2

42.0
44.4

41.9
41.7

41.8
42.4

42.0
43.6

42.1
46.7

42.2
43.7

42.6
42.9

42.6
40.6

42.3
41.4

42.1
40.3

41.8
41.7

41.5
41.3

41.2
40.9

41.0
40.5

40.5
41.9

41.9
40.9

41.3
40.9

42.3
40.5

42.0
41.1

41.6
40.7

41.5
40.6

40.3
42.4
39.6
41.3
41.2
40.8
41.6

40.2
42.3
40.0
41.7
41.8
41.1
41.9

40.0
42.4
39.3
41.2
41.4
40.9
41.2

39.8
42.6
38.9
41.2
41.4
40.5
41.2

39.3
41.6
39.1
41.0
41.2
40.6
41.0

39.5
41.8
39.0
41.0
41.2
40.7
41.0

39.6
41.9
39.2
41.0
41.1
40.7
41.0

39.3
41.3
39.1
41.5
41.2
41.6
42.0

39.6
41.7
39.5
41.5
41.3
41.4
41.9

40.8
41.6
39.2
41.4
41.0
41.4
41.9

40.4
41.7
39.5
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.6

40.5
41.8
39.4
41.4
41.2
41.3
41.9

40.0
41.7
39.4
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.4

39.9
42.1
38.9
41.0
41.2
40.8
41.1

41.6

42.1

41.4

41.0

41.0

40.9

40.9

41.1

41.5

41.6

41.9

41.2

41.3

40.8

Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 8............ .......... .
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines..........
Motor freight transportation and stor­
age............ ............. ............. ............
Pipeline transportation............ ..........
Communication:
Telephone communication---------Telegraph communication
.......
Radio and television broadcasting..
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems_____
Combined utility systems.............
Water, steam, and sanitary sys­
tems------------------- -------------See footnotes at end of table.

7471-5T9 0 — 64-


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

-8

$2. 49 $2.50
3.00 3. 01

$2.77

$2.78

$2.76

$2.76

$2.80

$2.76

$2.78

$2.78

$2.74

$2.78

$2.76

$2.72

2.48
2.98

2.48
2.94

2.47
2.95

2.42
2.91

2.45
2.93

2.46
2.95

2.44
2.89

2.45
2.91

2.44
2.90

2.43
2.97

2.41
2.88

2.35
2.76

2.94
3.49

2.91
3.42

2.92
3.41

2.93
3.39

2.92
3.42

2.91
3.47

2.89
3.50

2.87
3.41

2.88
3.46

2.84
3.41

2.84
3. 37

2.86
3.41

2.82
3.40

2.73
3.27

2.60
2. 79
3. 57
3.05
3.10
2.85
3.28

2.60
2.78
3.58
3. 02
3.07
2.82
3. 27

2.61
2.79
3.54
3.02
3.08
2.80
3.26

2.62
2. 73
3.56
3.02
3.06
2.82
3.27

2.59
2.70
3.54
3.00
3.04
2.80
3. 25

2.60
2. 71
3. 51
3. 00
3.05
2.81
3.24

2.59
2. 70
3.48
3.00
3.04
2.82
3. 25

2.60
2.70
3. 47
2.99
3.04
2.81
3.23

2.61
2.70
3.49
3.01
3.04
2.83
3.25

2.60
2.69
3.44
2.99
3. 01
2.83
3.23

2.60
2.69
3.47
2.97
3.00
2.80
3.23

2.60
2.70
3.45
2.98
3.01
2.82
3.22

2.56
2.66
3.40
2.94
2.97
2. 77
3.18

2.48
2.56
3.27
2.85
2.87
2.66
3.08

2.41

2.43

2.42

2.42

2.42

2.41

2.42

2.40

2.41

2.41

2.39

2.38

2.38

2.32

1358

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1342.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale ?mri retail trade 5__ _____
Wholesale trade
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment
Drugs^ chemicals, and allied prod­
ucts
_ __ -- __
Dry goods and apparel _
Groceries and related products __
Electrical goods __ _ _ - ____
Hardwarerplumbing, and heating
goods____
____ ____ _
Machinery, equipment, and sup­
plies
____Retail trade 6
__
General merchandise stores___
Department stores __
Limited price variety stores.
Food stores __ - -- __
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores
_____
____
Apparel and accessories stores _ __
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores
Family clothing stores__
Shoe stores

$81.12 $81.33 $80.50 $79.66 $79.07 $78.69 $78.69 $78.11 $77.60 $77. 75 $77.95 $78.36
102. 56 103.07 102.82 102.97 102.31 101.66 100. 75 100.10 101.43 100.85 100.94 100.69
97.06 96.83 % 60 96.56 95.72 95.91 95.26 95.26 96.79 96.14 96.33 96.33
106.60 105. 56 104.38 104.12 104. 00 102.94 102 94 103.06 103.31 102.51 102.26 102.36
96.65 95.38 94.12 93.74 95.26 95.63 93.37 91.27 92.48 92.63 93.99 94.49
97. 76 98.75 97.39 96. 70 96.05 95. 58 94.71 94.53 95.34 95.04 93.75 94.43
109.62 111.11 110 70 111.65 111.10 109.33 107.33 106.80 109.74 106.52 105.04 104.26
99.31

98.90 98.49

97.44

111.79 112.34 110. 70 111.66
71.43 71.62 70.69 69. 75
57.92 57.56 56.93 56.10
63.14 62.45 61 72 61.18
42.84 42.84 41.21 40.30
69.97 70.17 69.15 67.18
71.24 71.80 70.40 68.40
56.54 56.70 55. 75 55.10
70.09 69.55 67.70 67.53
49.74 50. 57 49.83 49.62
54.93 55.55 53.90 54.42
56.61 56.61 56.05 53.90

109.34
69.19
55.26
60.14
40 69
66.84

109.08
68.64
55 08
59.63
40.06
66 50

68 20
54 43
66.42
49.10
53.42
53.52

67.86
53 12
64.98
48.47
52.95
51.27

97.77

97. 03 96.15
108 95
68.82
55.26
60.30
40.12
66.69

96.22
107 33
68.26
54.76
59.10
39.86
66.54

67.72 67.77
54.58 54.61
67.16 66 40
48 29 49.47
54.06 53 45
54.77 53.44

97.34

97.03

96.39

97.10

110.15 109.75 110.97 110. 56
68.40 68.26 68.25 68.61
56.32 53.88 54.54 54.86
59.49 57.94 59.31 59.84
40.66 40.00 40.00 40.13
66.62 66.59 66.43 66.85
67.82 68.16 67.82 68.45
56.32 54. 42 54.08 54.90
67.84 66. 79 66.24 67.33
50 75 48.29 48.43 48.38
54.76 54.01 52.17 53.51
56.24 54.21 55.01 55.53

$77.59 $75.08
99.47 96.22
95.08

92.82

101.05 97.84
91.99 92.48
93.38 89.86
103.83 101.59
95.41

92.97

108.65 104.14
68.04 65.95
54.13 52.59
58.65 57.10
39.98 38.91
66.15 64.78
67.74 66.22
54.70 53.63
66.77 65.82
48.62 47.46
53.75 52.45
55.58 55.61

Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade 5 __
...
Wholesale trade. .
. ...
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment ____ _ __ ___
Drugs^ chemicals, and allied prod­
ucts
- Dry goods and apparel
Groceries and related products__
Electrical goods__
. .
Hardwarerplumbing, and heating
goods_____
____
Machinery, equipment, and sup­
plies
Retail*trade 5. . . _
.. . . . ___
General merchandise stores___ _
Department stores
Limited price variety stores...
Food stores.1 .. . . . .
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores_____
. ___
Apparel and accessories stores____
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores..
Family clothing stores_____ .
Shoe stores... _ ____ ___ ..

39.0
40.7

39.1
40.9

42. 2

42.1

42.0

41.8

41. 8

41.0
37.9
41.6

40.6
38.0
42.2

40.3
37.8
41.8

40.2
37.8
41.5

40.0
37.8
41.4

40.3

41.0

41.0

41.2

41.3

41.1

38.7
40.8

38.3
40.7

38. 2
40.6

38.2
40. 5

38.2
40.3

38.1
40. 2

38.8
40.9

38 3
40. 5

38 4
40. 7

38.6
40. 6

38.6
40.6

38.7
40.6

41.7

41.6

41. 6

41.9

41 8

41 7

41.7

41.7

42.0

39.9
37.8
41.2

39.9
37.8
41.0

40.1
37.1
41 1

40.2
37.9
42. 0

40.2
37.5
41.5

40.1
37.9

40.3
38.1

40.1
37. 7

40.1
37 9

40.2

40.3

41.1

40. 5

41.3
40. 4

41.6
40.1

41 5
40.4

41.6
40.8

40.7

40.4

40.7

40.7

40.6

40.6

40.4

40.6

40.9

40.6

40. 5

40.8

40. 6

40. 6

41.1
38.2
35.1
34.5
32.7
35.7

41.3
38.3
35.1
34.5
32.7
35.8

41.0
37.8
34.5
34.1
31.7
35.1

40.9
37.3
34.0
33.8
31.0
34.1

40.8
37.2
33.9
33.6
31.3
34.1

40.7
37.1
34.0
33.5
31.3
34.1

40.5
37.2
33.9
33 . 5
31.1
34.2

40.5
37.1
33.8
33.2
30.9
34.3

41.1
38.0
3t . 1
35.2
33.6
34.7

40.8
37.3
34.1
33.3
32.0
34. 5

41.1
37.5
34.3
33. 7
32.0
34 . 6

41.1
37.7
34.5
34 . 0
32.1
35.0

41.0
37.8
34.7
34.1
32.5
35.0

41.0
37.9
34.6
34.4
32.7
35.4

35.8
34.9
38.3
34.3
33.7
34.1

35.9
35.0
37.8
34.4
34.5
34.1

35.2
34.2
37.2
33.9
33.9
32.4

34.2
33.6
36.7
33.3
33.8
30.8

34.1
33.6
36.1
33.4
33.6
31.3

34.1
33.2
36.1
33.2
33.3
30.7

34.2
33.9
36.3
33.3
34.0
32.6

34.4
33.5
35.7
33.2
33.2
32.0

34.6
35.2
37.9
35.0
35.1
32.7

34.6
33.8
36.7
33.3
34.4
31.7

34.6
33.8
36.8
33.4
34.1
31.8

35.1
34.1
37.2
33.6
34.3
32.1

35.1
34.4
37.3
34.0
34.9
32.5

35.6
34.6
37.4
33.9
35.2
33.3

2.03
2.49

$ 2.03

$ 2.03

$ 2.01

2.48

2.48

2.45

1.94
2.37

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade 5___ _______
Wholesale tra d e __
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod­
ucts________ _____ ____ _
Dry goods and apparel. ... ..
Groceries and related products.
Electrical goods____
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods____ ______ ___
Machinery, equipment, and sup­
plies________________ . .
Retail trade 5____________ .
General merchandise stores..
Department stores. _ _
Limited price variety stores
Food stores______ .
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores____ _ ..
Apparel and accessories stores__
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores..
Family clothing stores.. ..
Shoe stores____
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$

—

2.08
2 . 52

$ 2.08
2 . 52

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.60
2.55
2.35
2.72

2.60
2. 51
2.34
2.71

2 . 59
2.49
2.33
2.70

2 . 44

2.42

2.43

2.72
1.87
1.65
1.83
1.31
1.96

2.72
1.87
1.64
1.81
1.31
1.96

2. 70
1.87
1.65
1.81
1.30
1.97

1.99
1.62
1.83
1.45
1.63

2.00
1.62
1.84
1.47
1.61
1.66

2.00
1.63
1.82
1.47
1.59
1.73

1.66

$

2.08
2 . 52

$ 2.
2.

08
53

$ 2.

$ 2.

05
2 49

2.00
2.48

2 52

06
2 51

$ 2.06
2. 50

2.31

2.29

2.30

2.29

2.29

2.31

2.30

2.31

2.31

2.28

2 . 21

2.59
2.48
2.33
2 . 71

2 . 60
2.52
2.32
2.69

2.58
2.53
2.32
2.66

2.58
2.47
2.31
2.67

2 . 57
2.46
2.30
2.65

2.57
2 . 44
2.27
2.67

2.55
2.47
2.29
2.63

2.55
2.48
2.27
2 . 60

2.54
2.48
2.27
2.60

2.52
2.44
2.25
2.57

2.44
2 . 44
2.16
2.49

2.42

2.40

2.39

2.38

2.37

2.38

2.39

2.38

2.38

2.35

2.29

2.73
1.87
1.65
1.81
1.30
1.97

2.68
1.86
1.63
1.79
1.30
1.96

2.68
1.85
1.62
1.78
1.28
1.95

2 . 69
1.85
1.63
1.80
1.29
1.95

2.65
1.84
1.62
1.78
1.29
1.94

2.68
1.80
1.56
1.69
1.21
1.92

2 . 69
1.83
1.58
1.74
1.25
1.93

2 . 70
1.82
1.59
1.76
1.25
1.92

2.69
1.82
1.59
1.76
1.25
1.91

2.65
1.80
1.56
1.72
1.23
1.89

2.54
1.74
1.52
1.66
1.19
1.83

2.00
1.64
1.84
1.49
1.61
1.75

2.00
1.62
1.84
1.47
1.59
1.71

1.99
1.60
1.80
1.46
1.59
1.67

1.98
1.61
1.85
1.45
1.59
1.68

1.97
1.63
1.86
1.49
1.61
1.67

1.96
1.60
1.79
1.45
1.56
1.72

1.97
1.61
1.82
1.45
1.57
1.71

1.96
1.60
1.80
1.45
1.53
1.73

1.95
1.61
1.81
1.44
1.56
1.73

1.93
1.59
1.79
1.43
1.54
1.71

1.86
1.55
1.76
1.40
1.49
1.67

$ 2.07

$

$

,

$

1359

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1342.
1963

1964

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued
Retail trade «—Continued
Othpip retail trade
________
Motor vehicle dealers
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers
____ _____
Prng stores
__ ____
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Ranking
_ ______ ______
Security dealers and exchanges 6_ __ _
Life insurance6
_ __ __
Accident and health insurance.
Fire, marine, and casualty insuranee 0
. . . _____
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
TTnt.pls to u ris t c o u rts, and motels7 .
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants 8
__ ___ ___ ____
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distxi hoting
_ ___

$86. 24 $85.86 $84.63 $84.42 $83. 81 $83.62 $83.42 $83.81 $87.15 $84. 66 $83.22 $83.64 $82.62 $80. 75
81.32 81.51 80. 73 80.34 79. 32 78. 72 78.31 78. 31 78. 85 79.10 78.69 78. 25 78. 25 75.76
100. 53 101. 87 102. 31 101. 43 99.44 97. 90 95. 48 94.83 96.58 98.76 97.45 93. 74 96.58 93. 08
87.02
61.75

88. 80 86.88
61.59 60.06

84.58 84.10
59. 79 59.26

83. 47 83.03
59.26 60.12
76.09
121. 23
91.55
92.13
81.41

75. 75
120.11
92.25
92.83
80.91

76. 50
118.64
92. 03
92.63
80. 24

75.89
118. 30
91.99
92.69
80.02

76.26
122. 50
92.04
93.09
80. 86

75. 92
122.94
91.63
92.06
80.84

94.19

94.07

93.94

93.34

93.56

47.40

47.95

47.62

49. 02 48.89

47.97

55. 87

55. 73 56.16

56.59

54. 81

82.16 82. 78 82.53
58. 32 59.29 58.93

77.08 76. 70 76.13 75.35 74.97
123.41 121. 82 127.42 128.13 126.92
92.14 91.36 97. 67 96.86 96. 79
92.65 92. 53 103.38 102.14 102.14
80.56 81.21 83.37 82.69 82.92

75.14
121. 55
96.72
102.15
82.56

80.08
57.41

74.97 71.80
121.53 116.95
96.28 93.46
101.59 99.08
82.10 78.33

92. 74 92.89

92.66

92.40

92.18

91.95

88.61

47. 70 47.72

47.86

47.72

48. 09 48.22

47.58

46.14

54.00

52.13

51.99

51.87

52. 00 51.87

50. 57

93. 24 94.46

55.63

84. 78 84. 55 82.16
59.95 60.02 59.53

53.58

140. 08 134.64 135. 95 130. 48 130. 89 128.85 128.93 129.48 134.43 133. 25 139.96 132.89 129.68 122. 27
Average weekly hours

Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued
Retail trade «—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores
Other retail trade
Motor vehicle dealers
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers
Drug stores
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Ranking
__ ___ _____

40.3
41.7
43.9

40.5
41.8
44.1

40.3
41.4
44.1

40.2
41.2
44.1

40.1
41.1
44.0

40.2
41.0
43.9

40.3
41.0
43.6

40.1
41.0
43.7

41.5
41.5
43.7

40.7
41.2
43.7

40.4
41.2
43.7

40.6
41.4
43.4

40.7
41.4
43.7

41.2
41.4
43.7

44.4
37.2

44.4
37.1

44.1
36.4

43.6
35.8

43.8
35.7

43.7
35.7

43.7
36.0

43.7
35.9

44.5
36.6

43.6
36.3

43.7
36.0

43.8
36.6

43.9
36.6

44.0
36.8

37.5

37.5

37.2

37.2

37.4

37.3

37.6

37.6

37.5

37.3

37.3

37.2

37.3

37.2

39.5

39.3

38.4

38.6

38.8

39.0

39.1

38.8

38.6

38.8

39.1

39.2

39.0

39.1

38.8

38.7

39.0

39.3

38.9

38.6

38.3

38.0

38.9

38.8

39.0

39.1

39.0

38.9

Fire, marine, and casualty inServices and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels s_
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants8 .
___
__
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distrib-

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade «— Continued
Retail trade «—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores
Other retail trade
_
___
Motor vehicle dealers _ ___
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers
Drug stores
- Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking
_
__

$2.14
1.95
2.29

$2.12
1.95
2.31

$2.10
1.95
2.32

$2.10
1.95
2.30

$2.09
1.93
2.26

$2.08
1.92
2.23

$2.07
1.91
2.19

$2.09
1.91
2.17

$2.10
1.90
2.21

$2.08
1.92
2.26

$2.06
1.91
2.23

$2.06
1.89
2.16

$2.03
1.89
2.21

$1.96
1.83
2.13

1.96
1.66

2.00
1.66

1.97
1.65

1.94
1.67

1.92
1.66

1.91
1.66

1.90
1.67

1.94
1.67

1.90
1.64

1.88
1.64

1.88
1.62

1.89
1.62

1.88
1.61

1.82
1.56

2.02

2.04

2.04

2.05

20.3

2.04

2.05

2.04

2.03

2.02

2. 01

2.02

2. 01

1.93

1.20

1.22

1.24

1.27

1.26

1.23

1.22

1.23

1.24

1.23

1.23

1.23

1.22

1.18

1.44

1.44

1.44

1.44

1.43

1.42

1.41

1.41

1.34

1.34

1.33

1.33

1.33

1.38

Fire, marine, and casualty inServices and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
H otels tourist. p.nnrts, and motels7 .
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants 8
__
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distrib-

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
2 Preliminary.
3 Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC
Group I).
<"Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
8 Excludes eating and drinking places.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

« Beginning January 1964, data exclude earnings of nonoffice salesmen and
are not necessarily comparable with series for prior years.
i Money payments only, additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
3 Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are
not comparable with the production worker levels of prior years.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class 1 railroads. (See footnote 3.)

1360
T able

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1342.
1964

1963

Industry division and group
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Mining________________________________________

41.0

41.5

41.6

41.8

42.0

41.8

41.6

42.0

41.6

41.5

41.4

41.8

41.8

Contract construction___ - ______________________

35.2

37.0

36.9

37.5

37.4

37.3

37.6

37.4

35.6

36.6

36.9

37.6

37.3

Manufacturing--------------------------

-------------------

40.6

40.7

40.6

40.6

40.7

40.7

40.7

40.6

40.1

40.5

40.5

40.6

40.7

Durable goods_________________________________
Ordnance and accessories_______________________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture______
Furniture and fixtures___- _____ . _______ _
Stone, clay, and glass products_____
_________
Primary metal industries____________ ___ _ _ __
Fabricated metal products___ __________________
Machinery________ . .. ----------- . . . . -----------Electrical equipment and supplies___ - . .. _ ____
Transportation equipment. .
...
. _________
Instruments and related products__________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries___________

41.6
40.9
39.3
40.6
40.9
43.1
41.3
42.1
40.3
42.6
40.9
39.5

41.5
40.4
40.3
41.2
41.4
41.9
41.6
42.4
40.7
42.3
41.0
39.8

41.4
40.3
40.3
41.2
41.6
41.6
41.6
42.4
40.7
41.7
40.9
39.8

41.4
40.7
40.0
41.1
41.5
41.5
41.4
42.5
40.3
42.4
40.8
39.5

41.4
40.1
40.1
41.2
41.8
41.8
41.7
42.4
40.5
41.7
40.8
39.5

41.4
40.4
40.2
41.4
41.8
41.4
41.8
42.3
40.7
42.0
40.7
39.8

41.2
40.0
40.3
41.2
41.6
41.2
41.6
42.3
40.4
41.5
40.6
39.8

41.3
40.3
40.3
41.4
41.7
41.1
41.8
42.4
40.4
41.8
40.8
39.8

40.8
40.6
39.2
40.1
40.7
41.0
41.3
41.9
40.0
42.0
39.8
38.8

41.5
41.0
40.7
41.0
41.0
41.1
41.8
42.4
40.3
42.3
40.7
39.5

41.1
40.6
40.1
41.0
41.3
40.9
41.5
42.1
40.2
42.3
40.7
39.4

41.2
41.2
40.3
40.7
41.6
40.6
41.6
41.9
40.3
42.3
41.0
39.7

41.3
41.4
40.2
40.7
41.3
40.7
41.4
42.1
40.3
42.0
41.1
39.8

Nondurable goods------------------------------- -------------Food and kindred products_____________________
Tobacco manufactures--------------- --------------------Textile mill products.. _____________________ .
Apparel and related products_________ .. ___ _
Paper and allied products________ ____________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_________
Chemicals and allied products-------------------------- .
Petroleum refining and related industries___ __
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products__ .
Leather and leather products________ __________

39.1
40.1
37.1
39.5
35.1
42.5
38.6
41.9
42.5
41.5
38.1

39.7
40.7
38.1
41.1
35.9
42.9
38.6
41.5
■42.0
41.8
38.1

39.5
40.5
39.5
40.8
36.0
42.8
38.4
41.5
41.6
40.5
37.6

39.7
40.8
39.2
40.8
35.9
42.7
38.4
41.4
41.7
41.0
37.9

39.8
40.9
39.6
41.1
35.9
42.8
38.5
41.6
42.0
41.3
38.3

39.8
41.0
40.5
41.1
36.4
42.8
38.7
41.4
41.4
41.5
37.8

39.9
40.8
39.7
41.1
36.3
42.7
38.5
41.8
42.0
41.2
37.7

39.9
41.0
36.5
41.2
36.4
43.0
38.5
41.5
42.2
41.1
37.9

39.1
40.7
37.6
40.4
34.7
42.5
38.1
41.2
41.4
40.7
36.5

39.6
41.0
38.2
41.1
36.0
43.0
38.4
41.7
41.9
41.5
38.2

39.5
40.9
39.2
40.8
35.7
42.8
38.1
41.4
41.5
40.9
37.4

39.8
41.0
38.1
41.0
36.4
43.0
38.4
41.5
41.6
41.0
38.9

39.7
40.9
37.2
40.7
36.6
42.8
38.4
41.5
41.5
41.2
38.3

38.5
40.6
37.5

38.6
40.6
37.7

38.5
40.7
37.6

38.5
40.7
37.5

38.4
40.7
37.4

38.4
40.7
37.4

38.5
40.6
37.5

38.3
40.3
37.3

38.6
40.7
37.8

38.6
40.5
37.7

38.5
40.6
37.8

38.6
40.5
37.7

Wholesale and retail trade 3. _________ .
Wholesale trade .. ____.. __________________
Retail trade 3_________ _____________________
1For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3.
2 Preliminary.
8 Excludes eating and drinking places.

T able

N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New
Seasonal Adjustment Factors tor Labor Force Components,” Monthly
Labor Review, August I960, pp. 822-827.

C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1342

1964

Annual
average

1963

Major industry group

Manufacturing____ _ _ _________ ___

Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

$2. 42 $2.43

$2.46

$2.42

$2.44

$2.44

$2.44

$2.44

$2.43

$2.42

$2.40

$2.38

$2.38

$2. 37

$2. 31

Durable goods.._. ------ ------ ----- ... 2.63
Ordnance and accessories________ __
Lumber and wood products, except
fu rn itu re...__ . .. _ _________ __
Furniture and fixtures___ ___ ____
Stone, clay, and glass products______
Primary metal industries____ __ _ _
Fabricated metal products _____ ...
Machinery____ ______ _ . . . __ _
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Transportation equipment. .
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries___ ______ _ _____ _______

2.60
2.96

2.61
2.94

2.60
2.93

2.61
2.93

2.61
2.91

2.60
2.92

2.59
2. 91

2.60
2.90

2.58
2.88

2.57
2.88

2.55
2.85

2. 55
2. 84

2.54
2.82

2.48
2.75

2.09
1.96
2.44
2.99
2.57
2. 75
2.45
2.98
2.45

2.07
1.96
2.43
2.99
2. 57
2. 75
2.46
2.96
2.47

2.06
1.95
2.43
2. 99
2.58
2.75
2.46
2.96
2.46

2.05
1.95
2.42
2.99
2.58
2. 75
2.46
2. 96
2.45

2.03
1.97
2.42
2.99
2. 58
2. 74
2. 46
2.95
2.45

1.99
1.96
2.41
2.98
2.57
2. 73
2.45
2.95
2.45

2.00
1.96
2.41
2.97
2. 57
2. 73
2.45
2.95
2.44

2.00
1.95
2.41
2.96
2.56
2. 72
2.44
2.95
2. 44

2.00
1.94
2.40
2.96
2. 55
2.72
2.44
2.95
2.44

2.00
1.94
2.39
2.95
2.54
2. 71
2.42
2.95
2.43

2.01
1.94
2.39
2.94
2.52
2. 70
2.41
2.93
2.42

2.03
1.94
2.39
2. 94
2.52
2.69
2.40
2.92
2.42

1.96
1.92
2.37
2.95
2.52
2.68
2.40
2-89
2.42

1.91
1.88
2.31
2.90
2.47
2-61
2.34
2.80
2.37

2. 01

2.02

2.02

2. 02

2. 02

2.03

2.03

2.03

2.01

1.98

1.97

1.96

1.97

1. 92

Nondurable goods______ ______ ... _ 2.22
Food and kindred products .
Tobacco manufactures . ...
Textile mill products________ _ _ _
Apparel and related products..
Paper and allied products..
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries____ _ _ ... __ . .. _ ___ _ (3)
Chemicals and allied products____ _
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries..
......
. . . .
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products___ ___
____ . . . __
Leather and leather products._ ___

2.20
2. 26
1.91
1. 70
1. 76
2.43

2.21
2. 27
2.00
1. 70
1. 74
2. 43

2.20
2. 29
1.99
1. 69
1. 73
2.42

2.20
2. 29
1.99
1. 70
1. 74
2.41

2.20
2. 30
1.98
1. 70
1. 74
2.41

2.20
2. 30
1.96
1. 69
1. 75
2.40

2.19
2. 29
1.92
1. 69
1. 75
2.40

2.20
2. 29
1. 95
1. 69
1.75
2. 40

2.19
2. 26
1.87
1.69
1. 74
2. 39

2.17
2. 24
1.85
1.68
1.73
2.38

2.16
2. 20
1.78
1. 65
1.74
2.37

2.16
2. 20
1. 77
1.65
1.73
2.37

2.15
2.22
1.88
1.65
1.69
2. 35

2.09
2.15
1.83
1.62
1. 65
2.29

(3)
2. 73

(3)
2. 72

(3)
2. 71

(3)
2. 68

(3)
2. 66

(3)
2. 66

(3)
2. 68

0
2. 69

0
2. 69

0
2. 67

0
2.67

0
2.66

0
2.64

0
2.57

3. 08

3. 06

3. 07

3. 08

3. 09

3.10

3.11

3.12

3.13

3.11

3. 07

3.08

3.07

2.97

2.44
1.78

2.44
1.77

2.43
1.79

2.42
1.79

2.42
1.79

2.41
1.78

2.41
1.76

2.42
1. 75

2.42
1.75

2.41
1.76

2.38
1. 75

2.38
1.75

2.39
1.73

2.30
1.69

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming
that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 Preliminary.
8Not available because average overtime rates are significantly above
time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods
total has little effect.

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -4 .

1361

Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1342.
1964

Industry
Sept.
Manufacturing___ _ . _ _
_
Durable goods
Nondurable goods________________
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories . . _
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories__ .. _
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture
. _ _____
Sawmills and planing mills_______ _
Millwork, plywood, and related products__ _ _____
-- Wooden containers._ __
_
_
Miscellaneous wood products
____
Furniture and fixtures____ _______ __
Household furniture
Office furniture
Partitions; office and store flxtwres__
Other furniture and fixtures. ___
Stone, clay, and glass products
__
Flat glass _ _ _ _ _ _
_ __ _
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown
Cement, hydraulic...... .........................
Structural clay products _
Pottery and related products
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products............................................ . _ _
Other stone and mineral products _ _
Primary metal industries..............
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries _ _ . _ _
Nonferrous smelting and refining___
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extrading. _____
_____ _ _
Nonferrous foundries____________ _
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.____ _ ______ . . . .
Fabricated metal products. _ ________
Metal cans
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware. _______
Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures___ _____
_ __
Fabricated structural metal products
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
Metal stampings...
_ _ ___
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products__ _
_ _ ___
Machinery... .
. .. _ _ _„
Engines and turbines__ _
_
Farm machinery and equipment _ .
Construction and related machinery__
Metalworking machinery and equipment___________ _________ _ _
Snecial industry machinery.
. _.
General industrial machinery______
Office, computing, and accounting machines_______________________
Service industry machines ...
Miscellaneous machinery___
. ..
Electrical equipment and supplies.. .
Electric distribution equipment__ _
Electical industrial apparatus_______
Household appliances ..
....
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
Radio and TV receiving sets.
Communication equipment..
_ ._
Electronic components and accessories
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies_____ ____ _ . ____
Transportation equipment _
Motor vehicles and equipment . . . .
Aircraft and parts__ '_ _’______
Ship and boat building and repairing _
Railroad equipment____ . .. ...
Other transportation equipment__ _
Instruments and related products
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control devices__ _____ _ _ _ _____ __
Optical and ophthalmic goods_______
Surgical, medical, and dental equipment________ _ ______ ______
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks. __ .._ _______
See footnote;! at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.3
3.5
3.0

Aug.2 July

Annual
average

1963

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

3.3
3.4
3.1

3.0
3.1
2.9

3.2
3.4
2.9

3.0
3.1
2.8

2.9
3.1
2.7

2.8
2.9
2.6

2. 7
2.8
2.6

2. 7
2.9
2.5

3.1
3.3
2.8

3.0
32
2.8

30
32
2.9

Sept.
31
32
3.0

1.7
1.5
1.7
2. 1

1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6

2.0
1.7
2.2
2.4

1.7
1.5
.9
2.2

1. 7
1.7
.9
1.9

1.5
1.4
1.1
1. 7

1. 6
1.6
1.3
1. 7

1. 9
2.2
1.1
1. 5

2. 5
2.8
1.7
2. 3

2. 2
2. 6
1.2
1.8

2L5
2. 9
1.1
2.2

3.9
3.8

3.4
3.5

3.5
3.5

3.5
3.4

3.2
3.1

3.2
3.1

3.1
3.0

2. 9
2.7

3. 2
3.2

33
3.3

3.9
3.2
3.9
3.7
3.7
3.1
3.6
3.8
4.3
3.5
3.8
2.4
3.5
1.8

3.3
3.3
3.2
3.0
3.1
2.5
3.0
3.2
4.1
2.9
3.8
2.3
3.6
2.1

3.9
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.3
2.4
2.8
3.0
4.1
3.2
3.3
2.3
3.6
2.1

3.9
3.1
3.2
2.7
2.9
2.0
1.4
2.9
4.0
3.4
3.5
2.1
3.5
2.2

3.6
2.8
3.1
2.9
3.1
1. 7
1.9
2.4
3. 6
2.5
3. 4
1. 9
3.4
1.9

3.8
2.3
2.8
2.9
3.1
1.9
2.0
2.4
3.3
2. 7
3.5
2.0
3.0
1.8

3. 7
2.1
2.7
2.8
3.0
2.1
1.5
2.3
3. 2
3.4
3.4
1. 7
2.7
1. 7

3.2
2.1
2. 6
2.5
2.8
1. 7
1.3
2.1
3.0
3.4
3. 4
1.9
2.4
1.6

3. 6
2. 6
2. 8
3.6
4.0
2. 5
1.8
3.0
3.3
3.4
3.1
1.8
2. 8
2.3

6. 7
3.6
3.3
2. 5
4.5
3.4

6.4
3.2
3.0
2.3
4.4
3.0

6.4
3.4
3.2
2.2
5.1
3.1

6. 2
3.6
3.0
2.0
4.7
2.9

5.3
3.2
2.8
1.8
4. 7
2.6

4.4
3.0
2.8
1. 7
4.6
2.9

4.1
2.9
2. 6
1.6
4. 5
2.8.

3. 5
2. 8
2.9
1.7
4. 7
3.2

4.2
3.3

3.7
3.0

4.2
3.2

3.9
3.1

3.6
Ü.2

3. 7
3.0

3.5
3.0

4.1
3.8
5.3

3.4
3.4
4.8

4.1
3.5
4. 2

3.8
3.3
3.6

4.0
3.1
3. 5

3. 7
2.9
3.0

Jan.

1963

1962

2.7

2.7

26
27
2.3
2.5

1.6
2.3

3.0
2.5

3 fi
3.5

38
3.6

34
3.3

3. 6
2. 6
3.0
3.4
3. 6
19
2. 2
3. 2
3. 8
4. 5
3. 2
1.8
3. 4
2. 2

35
30
31
3. 5
37
2 fi
27
3.0
41
3. 2
35
2.0
3. 5
2.2

39
32
33
37
38

3 fi
3n
?9
3 fi
32

32
39
40
2 fi
34
22
33
2.4

4. 3
3.0
2. 8
1. 4
4. 7
2. 9

5. 6
3.0
2. 5
1. 2
4. 2
2. 7

6. 6
3. 4
2. 4
1. 2
3. 8
3.1

fi 2
34
27
18
38
3.4

2-2
28
3 fi
24
34
21
31
2.0
fi fi
3 fi
2-7
19
37
3.0

fi 4
2-7
•Ô3
14
29
2.7

4.0
3.1

4. 2
3.4

3. 9
3.1

3. 7
3.1

3. 8
2. 9

37
3.0

3 fi
2. 9

3.4
2.8
3.3

3.6
2.9
4.1

3.8
3.3
3. 0

3.5
3.2
3.4

3. 5
3.4
2.9

3. 8
3. 5
4.1

33
3 fi
3.4

32
2. 9
3.5

3.1
33
29
29
29
30
21
30
2 fi
34
17
3 fi
18
28
1.8

3.7

2.9

3.0

3.3

3.2

2.6

2.7

3.0

3.4

3.5

2. 9

2.8

2.7

2. fi

2.5
3.5
4. 1
4.9
3.8
3.4

2.5
3.3
3.9
4.1
3.3
3.0

2.4
3.2
4.2
4.4
3.7
3.1

2.2
2.7
3.9
4.4
3.4
3.0

1.8
2.6
4.0
4.2
3.1
2.8

1.8
2. 5
4.1
3.5
3.5
2.8

1.7
2.3
4.1
3.6
3.1
2.7

1.8
2.2
3.9
3.9
3.5
2.6

2.1
3.0
3.6
4.4
3.6
3.1

2.2
2.8
3.4
4.1
3.8
3.3

2.6
3.1
3.5
4.5
4.1
3.3

2. 4
3. 5
4. Ö
4.2
4.2
3.3

2.1
2.8
3.6
3. 7
3.4
2.9

1.9
2. 5
4.0
3. 5
3.3
3.0

2.9
3.8
3.1
2.4
3.5

2.5
3.8
3.8
2.3
3.4

2.7
4.2
3.5
2.7
3.9

2.6
4.0
3.3
2.4
3.7

2.5
3.9
2.6
2.6
4.0

2.3
3.9
2.4
3.0
3.6

2.3
3.7
2.7
3.2
3.1

2.2
3.5
2.4
2.8
3.2

2.7
3.8
3.2
2.5
3.1

2. 5
3.4
2.7
1.8
3.0

2. 8
3. 2
2.0
2.1
2.8

3. 0
3.3
3.0
2. 2
3.0

2. 6
3. 2
2.5
2. 2
2. 7

2. 6
3.1
2. 2
2.1
2.6

5.2
4.1
3.6

5.7
3.9
3.4

6.3
4.2
3.6

6.4
4.0
3.4

6.4
3.7
3.3

6.4
3.8
3.1

6.3
3.6
3.1

5.7
3.5
2.9

5.6
4.2
3.5

5.0
3.6
3.1

4.6
3.4
3.1

4. 4
3.6
3.3

4.8
3.5
2.8

4. 7
3.5
2.8

1.9
2.5
4.9
2.5
2.8
3.1
2.2
2.7
2.1
2.4
2.2

1.9
2.6
4.5
2.1
2.9
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.8

1.9
2.7
5.0
2.2
2.9
2.9
2.0
2.0
1.2
2.3
1.9

1.4
2.3
4.8
2.0
2.2
2.9
1.9
1.9
1.3
1.9
1.8

1.3
2.2
4.7
2.0
1.9
2.7
2. 0
1.8
1.2
1.8
2.0

1.4
2.1
4.5
1.9
1. 7
2.8
1.8
1.7
1.2
1. 7
1.8

1.5
2.0
4.3
1.9
2.1
2.4
1.4
1.9
1.3
1.6
1.8

1.2
1.9
4.4
2.0
1.9
2.7
1.4
2.0
1.5
1.8
2.0

1.9
2.1
4. 7
2.3
2.9
2.7
2.3
2.4
1.7
2. 0
1.7

2.2
1.8
4.3
2.1
2.4
2.4
2.1
2.2
1.6
1.8
2.1

2.1
1.8
4.3
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.1
1.8
2.0

2.2
2.2
4.0
2.3
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.1
2.0
1.9

1. 7
2.1
4.1
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.8
1.8

1. 5
2.0
4.1
2.2
2.0
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.5
2.0

2.2
3.8
5.2
2.4
3.0
2.8
3.4
2.5
2.6

1.9
3.5
4.4
2.4
2.9
2.6
2.8
2.2
2.2

2.2
4.0
5.3
2.3
3.0
3.0
3.8
2.4
2.5

2.3
3.6
4.6
2.1
3.1
2.9
3.8
2.3
2.1

2.4
3.5
4.4
2.2
3.2
3.0
3.1
2.3
2.1

2.0
3.0
3.3
2.2
3.6
2.5
2.9
2.1
2.0

2.6
3.2
3.8
2. 4
3.0
2.3
2.4
2.1
2.0

3.2
3.6
4.6
2.5
2.7
1.9
2.4
2.1
2.5

3.6
4.6
6.3
2.7
3.0
2.1
3.0
2.5
3.0

2.8
4.5
6.1
2.6
3.5
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.9

3.0
4.2
5.4
2.8
3.2
1.8
3.2
2.7
2.6

2.5
3.7
4.2
2.9
3.6
2.4
4.0
2.7
2.8

2.6
3.6
4.4
2.6
3.2
2.1
3.1
2.3
2.5

3.2
3.5
4.1
2.9
2.8
2.0
2.5
2.4
2.6

2.5
2.2

2.2
1.9

2.4
2.5

2.3
2.5

2.3
2.3

2.3
2.2

2.3
2.2

2.0
2.0

2.3
2.7

2.7
2.5

2.7
2.8

2.6
2.7

2.3
2.4

2.2
2.2

2.1
3.2
1.7

1.7
3.2
1.2

2.0
2.9
1.4

1.9
3.0
1.5

2.0
3.1
1.0

1.7
2.5
1.2

1.7
2.6
1.1

1.6
2.6
1.5

2.0
2.8
2.2

2.1
2.9
1.7

2.1
2.3
3.2
3.1
2.2 1 2.3

2.0
2.7
1.9 1

2.3
2.9
1.9

M O N TH LY LA BO R R E V IE W , N O V E M B E R 1964

1362
T

able

C-4. Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1342.
Annual
average

1964
Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
2.3
2.0
2.5
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
3.1
2.3
3.1
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware__1.8
1.5
2.2
Toys, amusement and sporting goods. _
1.7
1.6
2.3
Pens, pencils, office and art materials. _
2.4
1.9
2.4
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
2.4
2.4
2.6
Other manufacturing industries-------Nondurable goods
3.8
3.8
3.7
Food and kindred products---------------4.5
3.8
4.4
Meat products----------------------------3.7
3.9
3.4
Dairy products----------------------------Canned and preserved food, except
2.4
2.9
2.7
meats— ----------------------------------7.4
6.9
6.9
Grain mill products----------------------3.5
3.4
3.3
Bakery products______ ___ _______
2.7
3.3
3.5
Sugar---------------------- -,---- ----------1.7
1.7
2.3
Confectionery and related products---3.8
4.3
3.8
Beverages_______________________
3.7
3.7
3.8
Miscellaneous food and kindred products.
2.2
2.3
1.8
Tobacco manufactures------------------2.4
3.3
2.5
Cigarettes____________________
2.5
1.6
2.3
Cigars_______________________
3.7
3.3
3.6
Textile mill products_____________
4.2
3.6
4.1
Cotton broad woven fabrics---------4.7
4.4
5.2
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
4.0
4.0
3.5
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
2.9
2.8
3.5
Narrow fabrics and smallwares--------2.2
2.2
2.5
Knitting_______________________
4.6
3.7
3.6
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit
3.5
4.0
4.1
Floor covering......... : ------------------3.7
3.4
3.7
Yarn and thread_________________
4.3
3.8
3.8
Miscellaneous textile goods-------------1.3
1.2
1.5
Apparel and related products-------------1.0
.5
1.1
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats........ .
1.1
1.1
1.4
Men’s and boys’ furnishings-----------1.2
1.3
1.5
Women’s, misses’, juniors’ outerwear..
Women’s and children’s undergar­
1.2
1.3
1.7
ments________________________
.9
1.5
1.3
Hats, caps, and millinery---------------1.6
1.6
1.3
Girls’ and children’s outerwear--------1.1
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel. .
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod­
1.7
2.2
ucts------- -------------------------------4.7
4.9
5.0
Paper and allied products-----------------5.6
6.0
5.8
Paper and pulp---------------------------6.1
6.9
6.8
Paperboard--------------------------------Converted paper and paperboard
3.3
3.4
3.6
products______________________
4.2
4.0
4.6
Paperboard containers and boxes------Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
2.7
2.8
3.1
tries..________________ ________
2.5
2.3
2.5
Newspaper publishing and printing—
3.5
3.7
4.9
Periodical publishing and printing----4.2
3.5
4.6
Books__________________________
2.6
2.8
3.2
Commercial printing______________
2.5
2.3
2.5
Bookbinding and related industries—
Other publishing and printing indus­
2.7
2.6
2.8
tries__________________________
2.6
2.6
2.7
Chemicals and allied products-----------2.6
2.6
2.6
Industrial chemicals______________
2.9
2.7
2.-8
Plastics and synthetics, except glass—
1.6
1.5
1.9
Drugs___________________ ___ __
2.6
2.2
2.7
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______
2.7
3.1
2.7
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
3.4
3.2
3.3
Agricultural chemicals------------------3.0
2.9
3.2
Other chemical products----------------Petroleum refining and related indus­
2.8
2.9
2.7
tries_________________________
1.8
1.9
1.7
Petroleum refining________________
6.3
6.4
6.1
Other petroleum and coal products__
3.6
3.1
4.2
Rubber, miscellaneous plastic products.
4.8
3.7
5.9
Tires and inner tubes___________
2.8
2.5
3.3
Other rubber products__________
3.7
3.5
4.1
Miscellaneous plastic products-----1.7
1.9
2.0
Leather and leather products..............
3.3
2.9
3.0
Leather tanning and finishing_____
1.5
1.9
1.8
Footwear, except rubber_________
1.7
1.5
2.0
Other leather products
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Over­
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1.9
2.1
1.3
1.5
2.1
2.2

2.4
4.4
1.3
2.4

2.5
4.1
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.6

2.7
4.0
2.4
2.5
2.8
2.7

2.6
3.4
2.3
2.6
2.6
2.6

2.2
3.1
1.8
2.1
2.3
2.3

2.3
3.0
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.5

3.2
3.0
3.3

3.3
3.9
2.9

3.4
4.9
2.7

3.5
4.9
2.5

3.5
4.0
2.7

3.8
4.5
3.2

3.4
3.8
3.1

3.4
3.6
3.4

2.3
5.3
3.1
3.0
2.3
2.8
4.3

2.1
6.2
2.8
4.1
2.0
2.3
4.2

2.0
5.5
2.9
3.0
2.6
2.6
3.9
1.3
1.2
1.5
3.5
4.0
4.9
3.1
3.2
1.7
4.6
5.0
3.2
3.9
1.2
.9
1.0
1.0

1.7
6.2
2.9
3.3
2.7
2.9
4.2
1.4
1.6
1.7
3.7
4.3
5.2
2.4
3.4
2.2
4.7
5.0
3.6
3.9
1.3
.9
.9

2.4
7.5
3.0
4.4
2.9
3.1
4.1
1.1

3.2
7.2
3.3
3.9
3.4
3.3
4.0
1.4
1.6
1.4
3.3
3.4
4.4
3.4
2.7
2.3
3.9
5.4
3.0
3.3
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.3

2.4
6.3
3.0
3.6
2.5
3.1
3.9
1.1
1.2
1.1
3.2
3.4
4.3
3.4
3.1
2.0
4.1
4.4
3.1
3.5
1.3
1.0

2.6
6.3
3.1
3.7
2.5
2.8
3.9
1.0
.9
.9
3.2
3.2
4.3
4.2
3.3
2.2
4.2
4.1
3.2
3.5
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.4

2.0
1.6
1.2

1.4
1.4

1.3
1.5
1.2
1.2

1.8

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

2.2
3.1
1.9
1.5
2.5
2.2

2.4
3.2
1.8

2.3
3.0

2.5
2.6

1.3
2.7
2.4

2.2
2.7
1.7
1.6
2.8
2.3

3.6
4.0
3.7

3.2
3.7
3.3

3.1
3.5
3.3

2.3
6.4
3.2
2.7
1.8
3.3
4.0
1.8
1.4
2.7
3.5
4.3
4.8
3.6
2.9
2.0
4.1
3.1
3.5
3.7
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.2

2.0
5.3
2.9
2.2
1.8
3.2
3.8
2.1
1.8
3.1
3.3
3.8
4.5
3.2
3.0
2.0
4.2
3.5
3.1
3.1
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.4

1.9
5.0
2.8
2.7
1.8
3.0
3.7
1.3
.5
2.6
3.3
3.7
4.6
2.6
2.9
2.0
4.5
4.5
3.1
3.1
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.6

1.6

1.8

1.2

.7

2.1

3.3
4.0
4.6
2.8
2.9
1.8

4.4
3.8
3.1
3.0
1.3
1.1
.9
1.5

Jan

.8

.5
1.1
3.2
4.0
4.6
3.1
2.8
1.4
3.6
3.6
3.0
3.3
1.0
1.0
.7
1.1

2.6
2.6

1.1

.8

1.8
3.6
4.0
4.7
2.9
3.3
2.4
4.3
5.1
3.4
4.0
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.3

1.1

1.3

1962

1.2
1.0
1.2

1.2
1.3
1.0

1.3
2.1
1.3
1.0

1.2
2.2
1.5
1.0

1.1
1.2
.7

1.4
1.2
.9
1.2

1.8
1.0
1.1
1.6

2.0
1.4
1.2
1.6

4.4
5.4
5.9

1.8
4.3
5.5
5.5

1.5
4.3
5.4
5.9

1.3
4.3
5.5
5.8

1.6
4.3
5.5
5.9

2.2
4.5
5.3
5.9

2.1
4.6
5.5
5.9

4.8
5.5
6.2

5.0
5.8
6.3

4.5
5.4
5.9

1.7
4.4
5.2
5.9

3.1
3.8

3.0
3.6

3.0
3.4

3.0
3.3

3.1
3.2

3.6
3.7

3.3
3.9

3.4
4.4

3.8
4.5

3.2
3.7

3.0
3.9

2.9
2.7
3.0
4.1
3.0
2.5

2.9
2.4
4.0
4.3
3.0
2.5

2.8
2.2
3.9
3.7
3.1
2.6

2.5
2.0
3.6
3.2
2.7
2.1

2.5
1.8
3.2
3.4
2.8
2.3

3.2
3.2
3.3
3.6
3.3
2.5

2.7
2.4
3.7
2.7
2.9
2.4

2.9
2.6
4.1
3.3
3.1
2.3

3.1
2.4
3.9
4.4
3.5
2.4

2.7
2.3
3.3
3.5
3.0
2.2

2.8
2.5
3.1
3.4
3.0
2.4

2.6
2.8
2.5
2.4
1.8
2.2
2.7
7.6
2.9

2.7

2.5
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.0
2.2
2.4
7.1
2.6

2.5
2.4
2.4
2.2

2.5
2.4
2.4
2.1
1.9
2.2
1.7
3.9
2.9

3.0
2.4
2.4
2.2
1.9
2.6
1.9
3.7
2.8

2.4
2.4
2.4

2.5
2.5
2.5
2.2
2.2
2.7
2.4
3.8
2.8

2.9
2.6
2.4
2.3
1.9
3.0
2.4
3.8
3.0

2.5
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.5
2.3
4.7
2.7

2.6
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.7
2.1
4.1
2.6

2.5
1.7
5.6
3.6
4.6
2.6
4.0
1.4
3.1
1.2
1.4

2.8
2.4
2.5
2.1
2.0
2.8
6.9
2.8

2.1

2.2
2.2
4.3
2.6

2.1

2.0
2.5
1.9
3.5
2.8

1.2

1.2
1.1

2.3
2.3
2.7
2.5
2.3
2.1
1.9
2.0
2.0
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.7
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
4.8
4.5
5.2
5.4
3.6
3.3
2.9
3.6
4.2
3.1
3.0
3.3
3.5
3.2
3.2
2.8
2.6
2.9
3.3
3.0
3.7
3.5
3.7
3.6
2.2
2.0
2.7
2.9
2.6
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.4
2.3
3.2
3.3
3.5
3.8
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.6
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.2
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
2.9
3.2
2.7
2.6
2.8
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.0
1.8
1.6
2.4
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.3
1.9
1.3
either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week­
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums
were paid are excluded.
2 Preliminary.

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -5 .

1363

Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
[1957- 5 9 = 100]

R evised series; see box p. 1342.

1964

1963

A nnual
average

A c tiv ity
S ep t.2 A ug.2

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

Man-hours
108.0
83.2
117.9
107.5

108.6
84.6
128.9
106.1

106.4
84.1
125.3
104.0

106.8
85.7
120.8
105.3

103.8
82.5
112.4
103.3

101.2
80.2
101.5
102.2

98.9
77.4
91.5
101.4

97.8
77.9
87.0
100.7

95.5
78.1
80.8
99.0

101.2
81.5
95.0
103.3

103.0
81.7
107.8
103.2

106.5
83.8
121.8
104.9

106.7
84.3
121.7
105.0

101.3
82.1
104.8
101.6

99.8
83.6
99.3
100.6

D urable g o o d s ...
-------- . . . - -- -Ordnance and accessories ----L um ber and wood products, except
...
----- -furniture__________
Fu rn itu re and fixtures.................................
Stone, clav, and glass products____
Prim ary m etal in d u stries-------- - - - - - Fabricated m etal p ro d u c ts.. . . .
M a chinery___
. .
------- .
- E lectrical eq u ip m en t and su p p lies------T ransportation eq u ip m en t___ _
Instru m en ts and related products_____
M iscellaneous m anufacturing indust r i e s .. ________________________ . . .

109.7
128.0

106.2
126.7

105.9
128.1

107.9
132.1

105.9
133.7

105.0
137.3

103.3
138.3

102.3
140.1

101.2
147.1

105.0
150.5

104.5
148.5

105.3
150.8

104.9
150.2

102.4
149.2

100.3
150.3

98.1
115.9
111.4
111.3
113.7
111.7
118.7
98.3
110.0

102.1
116.2
113.5
106.0
111. 1
110.9
115.8
85.6
108.6

100.7
110.3
112.4
105.2
107.1
111.3
113.5
93.4
106.4

100.8
111.3
112.2
106.4
109.9
113.6
114.1
97.6
107.6

96.1
106.8
109.0
104.7
107.7
112.3
112.3
97.5
105.3

92.1
107.9
105.2
103.2
106.6
111.6
112.4
97.5
105.2

89.5
107.1
100.3
101.4
104.9
110.5
112.1
95.5
105.2

89.1
106.3
97.8
99.9
104.2
107.9
112.5
95.4
105.1

86.5
102.6
95.0
98.5
103.3
106.7
112.9
95.6
103.6

93.0
111.1
100.8
98.4
107.2
107.8
116.7
100.2
107.8

94.6
110.2
106.4
95.6
106.7
104.4
115.6
99.2
108.0

98.9
111.6
108.5
95.2
108.1
104.3
117.1
98.2
108.1

100.4
111.6
109.1
97.2
107.9
104.4
116.8
94.3
108.2

93.7
106.6
103.4
97.9
103.6
103.8
114.7
93.7
105.9

93.3
104.8
100.3
95.3
100.6
101.9
115.8
88.7
103.2

112.0

110.4

102.9

107.0

103.1

101.8

100.2

98.2

92.4

101.8

109.4

112.1

111.2

102.3

102.1

N ond u rab le goods . . .
---------Food and kindred p rod u cts___ - _____
T obacco m a n u fa c tu r e s ..___ .
--------T ex tile m ill products________ .
- .- .
A pparel and related p r o d u c ts..
.. _
Paper and allied p r o d u c ts.-. ------ ------P iin tin g , p ub lishing, and allied ind u str ie s.. __________________________
C hem icals and allied p rod ucts. . . .
P etroleu m refining and related industries______
-_ ______ _ ---------------R ubber and m iscellaneous p lastic
p rod ucts----------- -----------------------------Leather and leather p rod u cts. -------- --

104.6
101.8
112.0
94.6
111.4
110.5

106.0
101.9
95.9
98.8
117.1
110.3

101.5
94.8
78.0
95.8
109.6
108.0

102.0
90.9
80.4
98.7
112.1
109.4

99.9
87.4
79.3
97.2
109.4
106.8

98.5
84.8
80.3
96.0
109.3
105.9

98.9
84.0
80.9
95.9
112.5
105.0

98.6
84.6
79.5
96.1
111.7
104.7

96.3
86.3
85.9
93.2
101.1
104.1

101.1
91.7
100.1
96.9
108.1
107.8

101.6
94.8
103.4
97.9
109.0
107.4

104.4
101.8
113.5
98.1
112.4
108.6

105.1
105.8
114.7
96.3
112.2
109.1

100.6
93.5
90.9
95.6
109.1
106.4

101.1
95.3
93.2
97.4
106.9
105.5

107.7
107.7

107.1
106.3

105.6
106.0

106.5
107.0

106.3
107.3

106.0
106.8

105.9
105.8

104.2
103.7

103.1
102.8

107.6
104.7

105.1
104.3

105.8
105.0

105.9
105.4

104.0
104.9

104.7
103.5

T otal .
^
----M in in g ___ - . . . - - ------------------------C ontract construction___________ . . .
____ -- --M an u factu rin g___

82.2

80.9

81.6

81.6

80.1

77.7

78.1

78.1

77.7

79.1

80.8

82.6

84.5

82.2

86.1

121.3
95.6

120.6
100.7

113.9
98.8

117.1
98.5

116.2
93.6

113.6
90.3

113.5
94.6

112.5
96.3

111.6
93.1

115.7
98.1

114.9
94.1

114.5
95.6

114.6
95.4

113.1
94.8

131.4
98.1

87.8
102.4
117.7

91.4
119.2
122.4

90.5
131.5
121.5

92.8
149.7
122.6

94. 0
149.5
122.6

90. 6
127.0
118.0

90. 5
116.4
113. 7

Payrolls
M in in g
_________
C ontract construction___
...
__ _
M an u factu rin g_____ _____________________

130.1

95.9
162.1
126.6

94.4
157.1
124.4

96.2
149.8
126.1

92.5
139.7
123.6

i Foi com parability of data w ith those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A -2.
For m in in g and m anufacturing, data refer to production and related

T able C -6 .

89.4
127.1
122.0

85.9
114.1
120.4

86.9
109.2
119.4

workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined
in footnote 1, table A -3.
2 Prelim inary.

Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing 1
R evised series; see box p. 1342.

[in current and 1957-59 dollars]1
1964

A nnual
average

1963

Item
A ug.2

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

A ug.

1963

1962

M a n u f a c tu r in g

Gross average w eek ly earnings:
Current dollars_________________________ $103. 07 $102.97 $103. 48 $102. 97 $102. 06 $101. 40 $101.15 $99. 90 $102. 41 $100.85 $100. 53 $100. 53 $98.42 $99.38 $96. 56
1957-59 dollars__________________________
95. 26 95. 08 95.81 95. 52 94.68 94.15 94. 01 92. 76 95.18 93. 90 93. 78 93.87 91.90 93.14 91.61
S pendable average w eek ly earnings:
W orker w ith no dependents:
78.89 79.63 77.86
84.48 84.40 84.80 84. 40 83.68 83.16 82.97 81.98 81.95 80. 75 80. 51 80.51
Current d ollars----------------- ------- - ____
1957-59 dollars________________________
78. 08 77.93 78. 52 78.29 77.63 77. 21 77.11 76.12 76.16 75.19 75.10 75.17 73. 66 74.63 73. 87
W orker w ith 3 dependents:
92. 26 92.18 92. 60 92.18 91.43 90.89 90.68 89. 65 89.86 88.58 88. 31 88.31 86.58 87. 37 85.53
Current dollars. __________ _________
1957-59 dollars________________________
85. 27 85.12 85. 74 85. 51 84.81 84. 39 84.28 83. 24 83.51 82. 48 82.38 82.46 80. 84 81.88 81.15
1 For com parability of data w ith those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A -2. For em ployees covered, see footnote 1, table
A -3.
S pendable average w eek ly earnings are based on gross average w eek ly
earnings as published in table C - l less th e estim ated am ount of th e workers’
Federal social security and incom e tax lia b ility . Since the am ount of tax
lia b ility depends on the num ber of dependents supported b y the worker as
w ell as on the level of his gross incom e, spendable earnings have been com ­


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puted for 2 ty p es of incom e receivers: (1) A worker w ith no dependents,
and (2) a worker w ith 3 dependents.
T he earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as m easured b y th e B ureau’s C onsum er Price Index.
2 Prelim inary.

N ote: T hese series are described in “ T h e C alculation and U ses of the
Spendable Earnings Series,’’ M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , January 1959, pp. 50-54.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

1364

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able

D -l. Consumer Price Index1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers
(including single workers) all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1964: N e w series 2

1963

A nn u al
average

Group
Sept.

A ug.

J u ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

F eb .

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

A ll ite m s ------------------------------------------------ - 108.4
A ll item s (1947-49-100)------------------------------ 133.0

108.3
132.8

108.3
132.9

108.0
132.5

107.8
132.3

107.8
132.3

107.7
132.1

107.6
132.0

107.7
132.1

107.6
132.0

107.4
131.8

107.2
131.5

107.1
131.4

106.7
131.0

105.4
129.3

107.2
105.6
109.9
101.4
104.6
112.2
103.5
115.5

106.9
105.3
109.6
99.2
104.4
117.3
101.9
115.3

107.2
105.7
109.2
98.9
104.3
122.3
101.0
115.2

106.2
104.4
109.2
96.8
104.0
120.2
100.3
115.1

105.5
103.7
108.9
96.6
103.9
115.7
100.5
115.0

105.7
103.9
108.8
97.0
104.1
115.7
101.1
114.9

105.7
104.0
108.8
97.2
104.5
115.1
100.9
114.7

106.0
104.4
109.0
98.3
104.8
113.9
101.7
114.4

105.8
104.2
109.1
98.3
105.0
112.4
101.8
114.3

105.4
103.7
109.0
99.2
105.0
109.8
100.2
114.3

105.1
103.4
109.1
99.7
104.8
108.2
99.5
114.0

104.9
103.2
109.1
100.4
104.6
106.3
99.6
114.0

105.4
103.8
109.1
101.5
104.3
108.1
99.5
113.6

105.1
103.5
109.1
100.2
103.8
111. 0
97.8
113.2

103.6
102.2
107.6
101.7
104.1
105.0
96.1
110.7

107.4
109.0
107.9
TTom«ownership 5___ ____ ____________ 109.5
"Ftip.1 and u tilitie s 6 _ _ ______ _ _____ _ 107.2
101.5
Gas and electricity ____ _____ ____ -- 108.2
H ou seh old furnishings and operation 3__ 102.8
A pparel and u pk eep 9-------------------------------- 105.9
106.6
M e n ’s and b oys’-------- --------------------- —
W om en ’s and girls’---------------------- ------- 102.4
F ootw ear_______________________________ 110.9

107.2
108.8
107.9
109.2
107.1
100.9
108.2
102.6
105.3
106.0
101.3
110.8

107.1
108.6
107.8
108.9
107.0
100.9
107.9
102.8
105.5
106.0
101.9
110.8

107.1
108.4
107.8
108.7
107.1
101.4
108.1
102.9
105.7
106.3
102.2
111.0

106.9
108.2
107.7
108.4
107.2
102.1
108.0
102.9
105.7
106.2
102.3
111.0

107.0
108.2
107.7
108.6
107.4
103.3
108.0
102.9
105.6
105.9
102.2
110.9

107.1
108.4
107.5
108.9
107.3
106.1
107.1
102.8
105.3
105.2
102.1
110.7

106.9
108.3
107.5
108.8
106.8
106.6
106.2
102.7
105.1
105.0
101.8
110.7

106.9
108.1
107.3
108.5
107.7
106.6
108.1
102.7
105.0
105.2
101.4
110.9

106.9
108.0
107.3
108.4
107.6
105.8
108.1
102.9
106.1
106.2
103.3
111.2

106.6
107.7
107.2
108.0
107.5
105.4
108.0
102.7
106.1
106.1
103.5
111.1

106.3
107.3
107.1
107.4
107.3
104.5
108.1
102.6
105.9
105.7
103.5
110.9

106.2
107.1
107.0
107.2
107.0
103.7
108.0
102.7
105.4
105.2
102.5
110.7

106.0
106.9
106.8
107.0
107.0
104.0
107.9
102.4
104.8
104.7
101.7
110.5

104.8
105.6
105.7
105.6
106.1
102.1
107.9
101. 5
103.6
103.3
100.9
109.3

108.9
107.4
119.3

109.3
107.9
119.1

109.4
107.9
119.0

109.2
107.8
118.9

109.1
107.7
118.6

109.0
107.6
118.4

108.9
107.4
118.3

108.6
107.2
118.4

109.4
108.0
118.3

108.9
107.5
118.3

109.1
107.8
117.6

109.0
107.7
117.6

107.9
106.5
117.1

107.8
106.4
116.9

107.2
105.9
115.4

113.9
__ _____ _
119.7
Personal care
_____ _______ ____ _ 109. 5
R eading and recreation----- ---------------- __ 114.3
Other goods and services 70_______ _ - - - 109.0

113.8
119.8
109.4
114.2
108.9

113.7
119.5
109.3
114.1
108.9

113.5
119.3
109.1
114.0
108.7

113.5
119.1
108.9
114.1
108.7

113.4
119.0
108.7
114.0
108.6

113.1
118.7
108.7
113.6
108.5

112.9
118.5
108.4
113.3
108.4

112.7
118.2
108.5
113.1
108.3

112.7
117.9
108.8
113.1
108.3

112.4
117.9
108.4
112.8
108.3

112.3
117.7
108.4
112.7
108.2

112.1
117.5
108.2
112.3
108.0

111.4
117.0
107.9
111.5
107.1

109.4
114.2
106.5
109.6
105.3

Food at hom e - - ____ _ ____ - ______
Cereals and bakery products______
M eats, p oultry, and fish -------------- ------D airy products____________ _______ F ruits and v e g e ta b le s ____
___ - ___
Other foods at hom e 3_- - - Food aw ay from h om e. -------- - - - -H o u sin g................. — ................................... .........
Shelter *
____________ ____________

T ransportation

---

-------------------------------

P u b lic __________________________________
H ealth and r e c r e a tio n -____

Special groups:
A ll item s less s h e lte r .. . . . .
A ll item s less food . . . . ----- --- ------

...

108.2
109.0

108.1
108.9

108.2
108.8

107.9
108.8

107.7
108.7

107.7
108.6

107.5
108.6

107.5
108.4

107.6
108.4

107.5
108.5

107.4
108.4

107.2
108.1

107.1
107.8

106.7
107.4

105.4
106.1

C o m m o d ities11 __ __ __
______ ___ ___
N o n durables
__ __ _ _____ _
D urables n 13
__ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Services 77 74 73_________ ____ ____

105.4
106.4
102.8
115.5

105.2
106.1
102.8
115.4

105.3
106.3
102.9
115.3

105.0
105.8
102.9
115.1

104.8
105.5
102.8
114.9

104.9
105.6
102.9
114.8

104.8
105.6
102.9
114.5

104.8
105.6
102.9
114.3

104.9
105.7
102.9
114.2

104.9
105.6
103.0
114.1

104.7
105.4
103.1
113.9

104.5
105.2
102.7
113.7

104.4
105.3
102.2
113.5

104.1
104.9
102.1
113.0

103.2
103.6
101.8
110.9

C om m odities less food 77. . _ _ __ ______
N ondurables less fo o d .. _ _______ . .
A pparel com m od ities
- - - - A pparel less footw ear. ___
N ondurables less food and apparel______
N ew cars
___ _________ ___________
U sed cars
__
. . ___ ___ - ____ H ousehold durables 73_________ _________
H ousefurnishings-----------------------------------

104.3
105.8
105.1
103.9
106.2
98.7
121.9
98.2
98.3

104.2
105.6
104.4
103.1
106.3
99.9
122.2
98.1
98.1

104.3
105.6
104.7
103.4
106.1
100.6
122.7
98.3
98.4

104.3
105.6
104.9
103.7
106.0
100.8
122.7
98.5
98.6

104.3
105.7
104.9
103.7
106.1
101.2
121.6
98.7
98.7

104.3
105.6
104.7
103.5
106.1
101.6
120.9
98.7
98.7

104.3
105.6
104.5
103.2
106.2
101.8
119.6
98.7
98.6

104.1
105.3
104.2
102.9
106.0
102.2
119.0
98.6
98.4

104.3
105.6
104.2
102.8
106.5
102.3
119.6
98.7
98.5

104.5
105.9
105.4
104.2
106.2
102.1
120.3
98.9
98.8

104.5
105.8
105.4
104.3
106.0
103.2
121.0
98.8
98.8

104.2
105.6
105.3
104.2
105.8
103.1
120.0
98.7
98.7

103.7
105.2
104.6
103.4
105.5
99.8
120.1
98.6
98.6

103.5
104.8
104.0
102.8
105.3
101.5
116.6
98.5
98.5

102.8
103.8
103.0
101.8
104.2
102.1
115.2
98.8
98.9

Services less rent 77 74____ . . . . _________
H ousehold services less r e n t 77. . . ----------T ransportation serv ices.- .
. ............. .
M edical care services. . . . .
- ___
Other services 1177_ --------------------------- -

117.4
115.3
115.1
123.7
119.0

117.2
115.0
115.0
123.7
118.8

117.0
114.8
114.9
123.4
118.6

116.8
114.7
114.7
123.1
118.4

116.6
114.4
114.6
122.9
118.3

116.5
114.4
114.4
122.7
118.2

116.3
114.3
114.1
122.3
117.7

116.0
113.9
114.2
122.1
117.4

116.0
114.1
114.1
121.7
117.1

115.8
114. 0
113.7
121.3
117.1

115.5
113.8
113.3
121.3
116.6

115.3
113.5
113.1
121.1
116.5

115.1
113.4
112.9
120.9
116.2

114.5
113.0
112.4
120.3
115.3

112.1
110.6
111.2
116.8
112.6

1The CPI measures the average change in prices of goods and services
purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families.
2Beginning January 1964, the Consumer Price Index structure has been
revised to reflect buying patterns of wage earners and clerical workers in the
1960’s. The “new series” indexes shown here are based on expenditures of all
urban wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers, including single workers
living alone, as well as families of two or more persons. Separate indexes for
families only (excluding single persons) for the U.S. city average are available
on request. The “old series” indexes were discontinued after June 1964.
3Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and
prepared and partially prepared foods.
4Also includes hotel and motel room rates not shown separately.
3 Includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and main­
tenance and repairs.
3Also includes telephone, water, and sewerage service not shown separately.
7Called "Solid and petroleum fuels” prior to 1964.
3Includes housefumishings and housekeeping supplies and services.
2Includes dry cleaning and laundry of apparel, infants’ wear, sewing
materials, jewelry, and miscellaneous apparel, not shown separately.
Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank
service Charges.
11Recalculated group—indexes prior to January 1964have been recomputed.
11Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household

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textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drugs and
pharmaceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, newspapers,
magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages.
13Includes home purchase, which was classified under services prior to
1964, building materials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household
appliances, dtnnerware, tableware, cleaning equipment, power tools, lamps,
Venetian blinds, hardware, automobiles, tires, radios, television sets, tape
recorders, durable toys, and sports equipment.
14Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading
prior to 1964.
'
13Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property,
home maintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, water,
sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni­
ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto insurance,
registration and license fees, parking and garage rent, local transit, taxicab,
airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services,
health insurance, barber and Beauty shop services, movies, fees for sports,
television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services.
73Called ‘'Durables less cars” prior to 1964. Does not include auto parts,
durable toys, and sports equipment.
77Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and
recreation, and other goods and services. Not comparable with series pub­
lished prior to 1964.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-2.

1365

Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers (including single workers)1
11957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1964; New series 3 (except as noted)
Sept.

Area 2

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963
Feb.

Jan.

Annual
average

194749=100

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

107.7

107.6

107.4

107.2

(8)
(8)

(8)
(8)
(8)

(8)
(8)

(8)
105.8
(8)

105.8
107.5
(8)
106.1
105.1

105.8
(8)

105.2
(8)
(8)
99.7
(8)
(8)
103.6 103.1 103.7
100.5
(8)
(8)
107.2
(8)
(8)
108.5
(8)
(8)

(8)

105.0

(8)

(8)

104.7

103.5

(8)

103.6

103.7

103.5

103.3

103.2

102.2

129.0

(8)
(8)

106.7
(8)

(8)
108.7

105.7
107.2

104.6
106.1

109.7 109.0 109.6
106.2
(8)
(8)
107.5
(8)
(8)
110.0 110.1 109.7
108.4 108.7 108.6
107.7
(8)
(8)
107.6
(8)
(8)

108.7
<8)
(8)
109.9
108.5
(8)
(8)

109.3
105.2
(8)
109.7
108.3
(8)
(8)

109.1
(8)
107.4
109.4
108.2
107.4
107.1

108.2
104.9
107.0
108.7
107.2
107.1
106.6

106.6
103.9
105.5
106.4
105.2
105.9
104.6

107.5
(8)
109.9
(8)
108.8
(8)
109.4
(8)
107.3
(8)

107.3
109.9
(8)
(8)
(8)

(8)
(8)
107.9
109.3
107.1

(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)

(8)
(8)
108.6
(8)
(8)
109.3
107.6
(8)
(8)
106.5
109.2
(8)
(8)
(8)

106.2
108.9
107.3
108.2
106.4

105.1
107.4
105.9
106.5
104.6

(8)
(8)
137.2
(8)
(8)
133.6
133.9
(8)
(8)
134.9
140.9
(8)
(8)
(8)

104.9

105.4

Sept.

1963

1962

107.1

Sept.
1964

All Items
U.S. city average4------ ---

.. - 108.4

Atlanta, Oa__________________
Baltimore, Md_____________ Boston, Mass_____ - - Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963=100)___
Chicago, 111.-Northwestern Ind----Cincinnati, Ohio.-Kentucky 8------

107.2
107.9
(8)
(5)
106.3
107.0

108.2

108.3

(8)
(8)
(8)
101.3
106.3
(8)

106.3
108.0
111.2 (8)
(8)
(8)
106.6 106.2
106.1
(8)
(8)
(8)

105.2
Cleveland, Ohio____*--------------(8)
(8)
99.9
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963=100)...... ..
(5)
(8)
Detroit, Mich------------------- --- - 104.6 104.3 104.2
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963 = 100). 100.5
(8)
(8)
107. S
Houston, Tex.6.. .
-------------(8)
(8)
109.5
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas8 . . . .
(8)
(»)
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif___ 110.0
Milwaukee, Wis.7____________ . (8)
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.6____ (8)
NewYork,N.Y.-Northeastern N.J. 110.9
109.0
Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J_________
Pittsburgh, Pa________________
(8)
Portland, Oreg.-Wash.8_________ (8)
St. Louis, Mo.-Ill_____________ 108.7
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif------ 111.0
Scranton, Pa.8________________
(8)
Seattle, Wash_____________ ___
(»)
Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va.. ___
(8)

110.2 109.9
106. S
(8)
108.1
(8)
110.5 110.5
108.6 108.8
108.8
(8)
109.1
(8)
(8)
(8)

1 1 0.0

110.3
108.7

(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)

108.0

107.8

107.8

107.7

106.6
(8)
107.5
11(80).6 (8)
(8)
(8)
105. 7 105.7
105.6
(8)

(8)
(8)
(8)
100.7
105.9
(8)
104.5
(8)
(8)
100.3
(8)
(8)
103.6 103.2 103.8
99.9
(8)
(8)
106.9
(8)
(8)
109.0
(8)
(8)

110.0
(8)
(8)

109.9
105.6
(8)

109.9
(8)
107.3

108.5
(8)
(8)

108.4
(8)
(8)

108.4
108.1
108.6

107.7

(8)
(8)
108.7
109.1
107.5

(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)

110.2 110.2 110.1

110.6
(8)
(8)
(8)

107.6
(8)
(8)
(8)

100.1
105.7
(8)

110.1

(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)

106.7

105.4

133.0

110.0

105. 2 105.1
107.1 106.8
109.5
(8)

104.1
105.2
107.4

106.0
(8)

106.0
105.1

104.6
103.6

132.7
133.9
(8)
(5)
134.0
ISO. 2

105.3
104.7

Food
U.S. city average4------------- ----- 107.2

106.9

107.2

106.2

105.5

105.7

105.7

105.8

105.4

105.1

105.1

103.6

Atlanta, Ga . . . . .
... . .
Baltimore, Md . . . . . ___ . .
Boston, Mass. . ..........................
Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963=100)___
Chicago, Hl.-Northwestern Ind__
Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky 6_. .

106.1
107.1

105.4
106.6

104.9
107.1

102.4
107.0
106.2

103.9
106.1
108.5

104.0 104.0
106. 2 106.3
108.8 108. 5

103. 7 104.0 104.1 103.8
104.4 104. 7 105. 4 104. 7
108.0 108.1 108.1 107. 4

103.0
103. 3
104. 6

106.8
105.7

105.1
103.3

105.1
103.4

104.4
105.9
108. 5
100.8 100.4
105.7 105.8
103.2 102.9

103.8
105.7
108.4

106.3
105.5

103.9 103.9
(»)
m
109.2 109.1
101.9 100.9
105.7 104.8
106.1 103.9

106.1
102.7

105.8
102.5

104.6
101.9

_______
Cleveland, Ohio__
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963 = 100)____
Detroit, Mich.. .. . . .
... __
Honolulu, Ha.waii (Dec. 1963= 100).
Houston, Tex.6 . .
. _ . ...
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas 6__

102.5 102.3 101.3 101.0 101.5 101.5 102.1 102.3 101.9 101.6
101.0 100.9 100.5 100.0 99. 5 100.1 99. 7 100.1 100.0
102.4 103.0 101.8 101.0 101.4 101.1 101.4 101.4 100.8 100.9
100.8 101.1 100.8 100.7 100.6 100.8 100.5 100.3 99.8

105.8
108.2

105.8
108.4

105.8
108.2

Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif. .
Milwaukee, Wis.7.. __ _____ ...
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.6____
New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J.
Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J__________
Pittsburgh, P a.. ___ . . . . .
Portland, Oreg.-Wash.8____ . . .

108.3
105.6
105.7
109.6
105.9
106.2
108.1

108.1
105.6
1016
108.9
105.4
105.5
107.7

St. Louis, Mo.-Ill______________
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif __
Scranton, Pa.8__ . . . . . . . . .
Seattle, Wash . . . ___ _
..
Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va_____

109.1
107.6
106.8
109.3
108.0

108.7
107.3
106.8
109.1
107.5

110.8 111.1 111.0
102.2 102.6

106.0

102.6

106.0 105.7
103. 2 102.9

102. 2 101.8 101.0
101.5 101.1

103.0

101.7

102.4

100. 7

101.3

104. 8
105.1

105.3
105.0

103. 8
104. 3

102.9
103. 3
105. 5
104. 2

1019
106.6

IO4 .6
106.3

105.2 106.1
106.5 105.7

105.5 105.6
106.0 105.9

105. 5 105.0
105.3 105.2

108.3

107.6

105.7
109.2
105.8
105.9
108.1

IO4 .7
108.0
104.9
104.3
106.9

107.4
IO4 .9
IO4 .2
107.5
104.5
103.5

107.9

107.3

107.8

107.0

106.4

IO4 .O
108.1
105.2
103.8
106.2

103.4
107.8
104.3
103.3
105.6

107.6
104.8
103.0
107.4
103.9
102.9
105.4

107.5

103.3
107.5
104.3
104.8
106.0

108.0
IO4 . 3
103.8
108.1
105.5
104.3
106.5

108.1

103.7
107.5
104. 5
104.1
106.8

103.2
106.9
104.3
102.9
105.2

102.9
107.4
104.3
103. 6
105. 5

107.1
104.9
102. 5
107.1
104.2
103. 6
105. 2

108. 5
108.3
107.4
109.2
107.5

107.6
107.2
106.2
108.5
105.3

106.6
107.0
IO4 .7
107.9
104.9

106.7 106.1
107. 7 108.0
IO4 .5 IO4 .7
108. 7 108.4
105.2 105.0

106.1
108.0
105.0
108. 7
104.9

106.1
107.3
IO4 .9
108.2
104.6

105.9
106.5
104.7
107.9
103.9

105.1
107.0
103.8
107.4
104.0

105.1
106.6
104.4
107.4
104.6

105.3
107. 2
104.8
107.6
105.0

104. 9
106.8
104.1
107.3
104.2

1See footnote 1, table D-l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one area than in
another.
2The areas listed include, for the new series, not only the central city but
the entire urban portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as
defined for the 1960 Census of Population; except that the Standard Con­
solidated Area is used for New York and Chicago. For the old series “area”
refers to the “ urbanized area.”
3See footnote 2, table D-l.
4Average of 50 “cities” (metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan urban
places).


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

101.1 101.1

106.0

101.8

104.9
103.1
102. 4
103. 6

103.0
105.4
103.1
105. 7

102.0

5All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 areas and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for other areas.
6Old series. Indexes for Cincinnati, Houston, Kansas City, and Minne­
apolis will be published on the old series basis through 1964 and the first part
of 1965, and will be added to the new series national index in 1966.
7Old series. The present index for Milwaukee, calculated by special
arrangement with the City of Milwaukee, is now published on the old series
basis, and will also be added to the new series national index in 1966.
8Old series. Contrary to original plans, indexes for Portland and Scranton
will be published on the old series basis temporarily.
»Insufficient data due to work stoppage in food stores.

1366

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964
T able

D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2
1964

1963

A nn u al
average

C om m odity group

A ll c o m m o d itie s -..

. . .

-----

.

Farm products and processed foods_______
Farm products ________________________
Fresh and dried fruits and veg e ta b les..
G rains_____________ _____________ . . .
L ivestock and live p oultry . . . _____ .
P lant and anim al fibers_________
F luid m ilk ____________________________
E ggs--------------- -----------------------------------H a y , hayseeds, and oilseeds---------------Other farm p rod ucts_____ _________ .
....... .....................
Processed f o o d s ...
Cereal and bakery products _________
M eats, poultry, and f is h ........................
D airy products and ice cream ____ ___
C anned and frozen fruits and vegeta b le s .. . . . . . ________ ____ ______
Sugar and confectionery. . . .
_____
Packaged beverage m aterials__________
A nim al fats and o ils.
_______________
Crude vegetable o ils______________ _ _
R efined vegetable oils . . . _ _
___
V egetable oil en d p rod u cts.
___
M iscellaneous processed foods_________
A ll com m odities except farm p rod ucts____
All com m odities except farm and foods____
T extile products and apparel _____ . . .
C otton p rod ucts_______________ _____
W ool p rod ucts. _ ____________________
M anm ade fiber textile p r o d u c t s ...___
Silk p rod ucts_______________ __ . . . __
A pparel
______________________ ____
M iscellaneous textile p rod ucts________
H ides, skins, leather, and leather produ cts
_____ . . . . _ _______ __ _
H ides and sk in s. _____ __________
L e a th e r __________________________
F o o tw e a r ... ___________________ .
Other leather p rod ucts____ _ _______
F u el and related products, and pow er___
C oal____________________ . _
C o k e ... . . ____________ . .
Gas fuels 5__ . . . _.
E lectric power 5_____
_____________
Petroleum products, refined__________
C hem icals arid allied p roducts. _______
Industrial chem icals . .
Prepared p a in t____ . . .
_
P ain t m a te r ia ls .......... . .
D rugs and pharm aceuticals. . . ___ _ _
F ats and oils in ed ib le____ _ _____
M ixed fertilizer..
_____
___ _
Fertilizer m aterials . .
.
___
Other chem icals and allied p rod ucts___
R ubber and rubber p ro d u c ts... _____
_____ _ _____ . .
C rude ru b b e r..
Tires and tu b e s____ ___________
M iscellaneous rubber p rod ucts________
L um ber and w ood p rod ucts____. . . ____
L u m ber___
_______ _ _ _____ __ . .
M illw o r k ..
_ __
P ly w o o d ___________ _________ _ ____
P u lp , paper, and allied p r o d u c ts._______
W ood pu lp ______________________ _
W astepaper____ _ _ . _________ ____
P ap er_____ ____ _________ . .
P a p e r b o a r d ____ _________ _ _ . .
C onverted paper and paperboard produ c ts ... ________ _ _ _______ . . . . . .
B u ild ing paper and board__________ __

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

S ep t.3 A ug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

100.7

100.3

100.4

100.0

100.1

100.3

100.4

100.5

101.0

100.3

100.7

100.5

100.3

100.3

99.3

4 97.7

98.1

97.1

96.8

97.8

98.2

98.1

99.7

97.2

99.7

99.1

98.5

98.7

99.6

95.6
93.6
101.1 4 97.9
90.2
85.7
90.9
88.4
94.4
96.0
103.6 <101.8
96.9
98.6
108.8 105.8
98.5
96.8
102.2 101.0
108.1 <108.3
96.0
93.3
108.7 107.3

94.1
108.9
85.7
87.7
99.4
100.5
87.3
105.6
98.3
101.2
108.6
93.3
107.0

93.2
113.1
89.8
82.3
101.2
98.8
88.7
105.1
98.7
100.2
107.9
90.2
107.1

93.7
107.4
103.2
81.2
101.3
98.4
76.9
104.9
99.4
99.4
107.5
86.9
106.6

94.4
105.9
103.3
82.4
102.1
99.6
79.5
107.4
99.5
100.4
107.8
88.3
107.1

95.2
104.9
99.1
83.8
102.1
101.2
90.5
110.7
100.7
100.5
106.8
88.7
107.3

94.5
97.9
102.0
82.8
101.7
102.3
89.7
113.9
96.4
100.9
107.4
88.9
107.5

96.3
95.9
103.9
84.7
101.5
102.8
106.3
115.5
99.0
102.5
107.0
91.8
108.0

93.3
94.8
101.8
79.9
101.4
103.4
99.8
114.6
90.6
100.4
106.9
87.7
108.1

96.2
96.1
100.3
87.9
99.8
103.2
102.4
117.5
90.7
102.5
107.3
91.7
107.9

95.1
89.1
101.8
88.0
99.4
102.6
97.9
114.1
90.4
102.2
107.7
93.2
107.4

95.5
88.0
102.9
88.6
99.4
101.8
107.8
110.5
89.0
100.9
107.0
94.2
108.0

95. 7
96.1
101.9
88.8
100.6
100.6
94.0
113.0
89.3
101.1
107.3
93.3
107.5

97 7
97.7
98. 8
96.2
98.4
101.2
95.2
105.4
91. 8
101 2
107.6
99.1
106.9

102.4 <102.3
105.1
106.4
98.2
98.2
97.3 <93.5
87.7 <82.3
79.4
84.0
88.3
87.7
109.3 108.9
101.3 101.1
101.1 101.1
101.2 101.2
98.9
98.6
102.9 103.0
95.6 <95.8
117.0 117.0
103.3
103.3
120.7 119.8

105.3
106.6
98.4
90.8
80.4
79.2
87.7
108.8
101.1
101.1
101.1
98.3
102.6
96.2
117.0
103.3
H 7.2

106.1
108.0
98.3
90.7
78.5
76.5
87.3
108.4
100.9
100.9
101.0
98.7
102.8
96.2
117.0
102.8
117.3

106.3
111.9
98.3
89.2
79.0
77.0
87.3
108.9
100.8
101.1
101.2
99.6
102.8
96.0
116.4
102.7
116.2

107.3
115.5
98.1
90.0
75.1
77.1
87.5
110.0
101.0
101.1
101.1
100.5
103.2
95.5
116.4
102.3
115.8

107.5
117.3
98.1
89.3
75.1
75.9
87.6
107.7
101.0
101.1
101.2
101.1
103.3
95.5
116.6
102.3
115.8

107.4
122.9
94.6
91.0
73.7
74.8
88.1
106.6
101.2
101.2
101.2
101.2
103.3
95.1
116.8
102.3
116.7

107.2
130.3
90.6
88.2
74.4
74.8
87.9
107.4
101.5
101.3
101.2
101.3
103.2
94.7
121.6
102.3
117.6

106.8
124.9
85.7
88.4
76.7
77.4
87.9
107.4
101.1
101.2
101.2
101.5
102.8
94.6
126.3
102.3
115.3

106.4
131.2
84.1
93.5
84.0
84.1
87.4
107.8
101.2
100.9
101.1
101.3
101.6
94.4
130.5
102.3
118.3

105.8
125.4
81.8
90.2
84.8
82.3
86.0
108.7
101.2
100.9
100.7
100.2
100.6
94.2
126.1
102.5
116.3

105.3
112.5
80.9
84.1
78.6
80.8
86.2
106.5
100.8
100.7
100.5
99.9
100.6
94.0
130.1
102.3
116.2

103.9
118.4
81.2
83.9
82.0
84.2
88.0
104.3
100.8
100.7
100.5
100.3
100.9
93.9
139.9
101.9
117.1

98.0
102 2
81.7
88.4
84.5
93.1
97.3
101.8
100.9
100.8
100.6
101.7
99.1
93.9
125. 9
101.5
122.4

105.5 105.6
95.5
96.0
104.0 104.5
108.4 108.3
103.8 <103.7
95.5 < 96.4
97.2 <96.6
107.3 107.3
121.4 <121. 2
101.5 <101.4
89.5
91.4
96.6
96.5
93.9
93.9
104.8 104.8
89.9
89.8
94.6
94. 7
106.2 <101.3
104.4 <103. 4
99.1
100.2
99.6
99.6
91.9
91.8
90.4
89.9
88.0
88.0
96.4
96.4
100.6 100.9
100.7 <101. 1
109.1 109. 1
91.7
91.8
98. 7
98.7
95.5
95. 5
92.2
93.3
103.7 103.7
96.4
96.4

105.4
92.6
104.7
108.3
103.9
96.7
96.1
107.3
120. 2
100.6
92.5
96.6
94.3
104.1
90.7
94.8
95.9
103.5
101.1
99.6
91.8
90.0
88.0
96.4
101.2
101.5
109.1
92.3
98.7
95.5
93.4
103.7
96.5

104.8
90.3
103.3
108.3
103.2
96.3
95.3
107.3
116.0
100.9
92.3
96.5
94.3
103.9
90.8
94.6
93.2
103.6
100. 2
99.5
91.6
90.6
88.0
95.7
101.4
101.8
109.0
92.6
98.7
95.5
93. 5
103.7
96. 5

104.7
85.7
104.5
108.3
103.4
96.4
95.1
107.3
116.6
101. 3
92. 2
96. 7
94.5
104.8
91.8
95.5
88.6
103.6
100. 2
99.4
92.6
90. 7
88.0
97.9
101.8
102.2
108.9
94.2
98. 7
95.5
90.8
103.7
96.5

104.5
88.1
102.0
108.3
103.8
96.1
95.0
106.1
120.4
101.3
91.1
96.6
94.4
104.8
91.6
95.4
87.3
103.9
100. 2
99.3
93. 1
91.3
89.2
97.8
101.8
102.0
108.8
94.9
99. 1
96.2
90.2
103.6
96.5

102.5
75.7
99.6
108.2
101.4
97.0
97.1
103.6
123.2
99.4
92.9
96.5
94.4
104.8
91.8
95.2
85.8
103.8
100.2
99.1
93.9
91.2
91.3
97.7
101.0
101.4
107.4
94.6
99.3
96.1
91.9
103.5
96.5

102.5
74.0
99.7
108.2
101.9
99.0
98.1
103.6
126.8
101.3
95.3
96. 4
94.2
104.6
91.5
95.3
83. 2
103.8
100.2
99.1
93.6
89.5
91.3
97.6
99.9
100.3
106.9
92.2
99.9
96.1
91.1
103.1
96.5

102.7
76.1
99.5
108.3
101.9
99.5
98.3
103.6
124.8
101.3
96.6
96.3
94.3
105.1
91.2
95.4
83.1
103.6
99.4
99.2
93.7
89.4
91.3
97.9
99.0
99.2
106.7
91. 1
99.8
96. 1
91.1
103.1
96.5

103.0
76.3
99.5
108.2
103.3
99.3
98.3
103.6
124.8
101. 3
96.1
96.2
94.3
105.1
91.0
95.0
85.0
103.5
98.4
99.1
93.8
89.9
91.4
97.9
99.1
99.2
106.3
92.4
99.4
94.4
90.8
102 9
96.5

103.5
82.7
99.7
108.2
103.2
97.9
98.3
103.6
122.3
101. 3
93.8
96.3
94. 2
104.9
91.1
95.0
90. 2
103.7
98.4
99.0
94. 2
91.6
91.7
97.9
99.2
99.3
106.2
92.5
99.4
94.4
91.0
102.9
96.6

103.4
80.5
99.5
108.4
103.4
98.8
97.7
103.6
122.0
101.4
95.6
96.2
94.2
103.9
90.8
94.9
88. 5
103.8
97.1
99.0
94. 2
91.5
91. 7
97.9
99.2
99.3
106.2
92.4
99.5
95.0
90.7
102.8
96.6

103.1
77.3
99.5
108.4
103.4
99.0
97.2
103.6
121.7
101.8
95.9
96.0
94.5
103.9
89.2
94.9
81.3
103.8
97. 2
98.9
93.4
88.9
91. 7
97. 2
99.9
100.7
105.6
92. 6
99.1
91.7
90.9
102.2
94.1

104.2
84.0
101.9
108.3
104.0
99.8
96.9
103.6
122.8
102. 0
97. 2
96.3
94.8
103.8
91.1
95. 1
80.3
103.6
99.9
99.0
93.8
91.9
90.1
98. 3
98.6
98.9
104.0
93. 5
99.2
91.7
92.2
102.4
94.7

107.4
106.2
108.5
108.6
104.3
100.2
96.8
103.6
119. 2
102. 8
98. 2
97. 5
96.3
103.8
95. 6
96.0
76. 3
103.8
101.9
99.4
93.3
93.6
87.1
99.4
96.5
96.5
101.8
92.4
100.0
93.2
97.5
102.6
93.1

97.5
94.2

97.6
94.4

97.6
94.4

98.6
93.5

98.9
93.7

100.1 100.0
95.0 I 95.2

99.5
95.2

99.4
95.1

99.4
96.9

99.8
97.6

99.7
96.2

101.0
97.2

97.6
94.3

97.6
93.9

1962
100.6

1367

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957-59 = 100, unless otherwise specified]2
1964

1963

A nnual
average

C om m odity group
S ep t.3

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

1963

1962

103.0
100.5
N onferrous m etals------------------------------- 107.0
M e ta l containers---------------------------------- 105.6
104.9
P lu m b in g fixtures and brass fittings _ 103.0
91.7
H eatin g eq u ip m en t----------------------------99.6
F abricated structural m etal p rod ucts.Fabricated nonstructural m etal produ c ts_________________________________ 108.1
M a chinery and m otive products-------------- 102.9
A gricultural m achinery and eq u ip m en t. 112.9
C onstruction m achinery and eq u ip ­
-------- 112.4
m en t . . . __ ___ -M etalw orkin g m achinery and equip113.3
m en t- ___ - ____ G eneral purpose m achinery and equipm en t________________________________ 104.0
M iscellaneous m ach in ery. . . . .
. . . . 104.6
Special in d u stry m achinery and eq u ip ­
m en t 8------- ------- -------------------------------- 106.0
96.6
Electrical m achinery and e q u ip m e n t..
100.5
M otor v eh icles. .
. . .
T ransportation eq u ip m en t railroad
rolling stock 8_______________________ 100.6
F urniture and other household durables _ 98.6
105.6
H ousehold furniture___
103.2
C om m ercial furniture______ __ _ _
99.0
Floor coverin gs-----------------------------------H ou seh old a p p lia n c e s... . . . .
. - - 91.3
T elev ision , radio receivers, and phono­
87.3
graphs------------- -------------— -------------Other household durable goods_______ 104.4
101.7
N o n m eta llic m ineral p rod ucts_______
F la t glass_____________________________ 103.1
102.8
C oncrete in gredien ts.
----- . . .
C oncrete p rod ucts___ _ . . . . .
----- 100.9
Structural clay p rod ucts---------------------- 104.6
G yp su m p rod ucts_____________________ 108.6
91.2
Prepared asphalt roofing. -------101.5
Other nonm etallic m inerals. __
...
107.5
Tobacco products and b ottled beverages
Tobacco p rod ucts-------------------------------- 106.1
100.8
Alcoholic beverages__ _
__ ___
N onalcoholic beverages___ _ ______ _ 127.3
M iscellaneous p rod u cts.—. . . .
-------- 109.2
T o y s, sporting goods, sm all arms, am101.2
m u n ition
___
_ _ __
M anufactured anim al fe e d s ..
______ 113.7
99.1
N o tio n s and accessories. ----------Jew elry, w atch es, and photographic
e q u ip m e n t.. .
. . ----------------- 103.8
Other m iscellaneous p r o d u c t s ..---------- 103.1

4103. 0
101.2
4105.8
105.6
4104.9
4102. 9
4 91. 7
99.4

102.5
100.7
104.4
105.6
104.9
101.3
92.1
99.3

102.3
100.4
104.0
105.6
104.8
100.5
92.4
99.2

102.1
100.3
103.9
105.6
104.8
100.5
92.0
98.7

102.2
100.2
104.0
105.6
104.8
100.3
92.1
98.9

102.0
100.2
102.8
105.6
104.8
100.3
92.1
98.7

101.8
100.2
101.7
105.6
104.6
100.4
91.8
99.1

101.7
100.2
101.4
104.6
104.6
100.5
92.0
99.0

101.3
100.0
101.0
104.6
104.3
100.6
92.7
98.8

101.0
99.9
100.2
104.6
104.4
100.6
92.8
98.8

100.9
99.9
99.9
104.6
104.4
100.6
93.1
98.7

100.3
99.1
99.6
104.7
104.2
100.6
93.1
98.6

100.1
99.1
99.1
104.7
104.1
100.5
92.9
98.2

100.0
99.3
99.2
103.7
104.0
100.1
93.2
98.2

108.0
4102. 9
113.1

108.0
103.1
112.9

108.4
103.0
112.7

108.2
103.3
112.7

108.9
102.9
112.7

109.0
102.7
112.6

109.4
102.5
112.5

109.3
102.5
112.1

108.2
102.6
111.9

107.1
102.5
111.4

107.0
102.3
111.2

105.0
102.2
110.9

105.1
102.2
111. 1

103.9
102.3
109.5

A ll com m odities except farm and foods—
C ontinu ed
M e ta ls anrl m etal products
__

112.3

112.3

112.3

112.3

112.2

112.0

111.8

111.8

111.2

110.9

110.4

110.1

109.6

107.8

113.3

113.3

112.4

111.8

111.4

111.2

111.0

110.8

110.8

110.5

110.3

110.2

109.8

109.3

104.4 4104. 5
104.7 104.5

104.8
104.4

104.7
104.4

104.8
104.4

104.6
104.3

104.6
104.1

104.6
103.7

104.4
103.7

104.2
103.5

104. 1
103.5

103.8
103.5

103.3
103.2

106.0 106.0 105.9
96.5
96.5
96.6
4100. 7 4100.9 4100.9

105.8
97.7
101.2

105.8
97.7
99.9

105.8
97.0
99.9

105.2
96.9
99.8

105.2
96.9
99.8

105.0
97.7
99.9

104.7
97.5
99.9

104.8
97.4
99.9

104.6
97.2
99.3

104.0
97.4
100.0

101.9
98.4
100.8

4103. 9
104.7

100.6
98.6
4105. 6
103.2
99.0
91.3

100.6
98.6
105.4
103.2
99.0
91.2

100.1
98.5
105.3
103.2
98.6
91.2

100.1
98.6
105.3
103.1
99.8
91.6

100.1
98.6
105.2
103.1
100.1
91.6

100.5
98.5
105.0
103.1
100.1
91.7

100.5
98.5
105.0
103.1
100.1
91,8

100.5
98.4
105.0
103.1
100.1
91.5

100.5
98.0
104.7
103.1
98.0
91.1

100.5
98.1
104.8
103.1
97.9
91.2

100.5
98.1
104.8
103.1
97.4
91.2

100.5
98.1
104.8
103.2
96.8
91.4

100.5
98.1
104.6
102.7
96.6
91.8

100.5
98.8
103.8
102.3
97.0
94.0

87.3
104.4
4101.7
4103.1
4102.8
100.8
104.5
108.6
91.2
101.8
107.5
106.0
100.8
127.4
4107.3

87.3
104.4
101. 5
102.4
102.7
100.9
104.4
108.6
88.9
101.8
107.3
106.0
100.3
127.4
107.5

87.3
104.4
101.4
102.4
102.8
100.8
104.5
108.6
86.4
101.7
107.4
106.0
100.3
127.4
106.7

87.3
104.3
101.3
102.4
102.7
100.6
104.5
108.6
86.4
101.3
107.3
106.0
100.5
126.6
107.2

87.3
104.1
101.3
102.8
102.8
100.6
104.5
108.6
86.4
101.3
107.1
106.0
100.7
125.3
109.5

87.2
103.7
101.1
101.7
102.7
100.7
103.9
108.6
86.4
101.3
107.1
106.0
100.7
125.3
109.8

87.2
103.7
101.2
101.0
102.7
101.0
103.8
108.6
87.4
101.3
107.1
105.9
101.0
125.3
110.9

87.2
103.6
101.1
101.0
102. 7
101.2
103.5
106.1
87.4
101.3
107.6
105.9
101.0
127.7
112.6

87.3
103.3
101.3
101.0
103.1
101.4
103.5
106.1
87.4
101.4
107.5
105.9
101.0
127.7
112.2

87.8
103.4
101.2
101.0
102.9
101.4
103.5
106.1
87.4
101.4
107.5
105.9
100.9
127.7
110.9

87.8
103.4
101.3
101.6
102.9
101.3
103.4
106.1
87.4
101.4
107.5
105.9
100.9
127.7
111.2

87.8
103.5
101.1
100.0
103.0
101.3
103.4
106.1
88.2
100. 9
107.5
105.7
101.0
127.7
111.8

88.6
103.2
101.3
98.3
103.0
101.7
103.6
105.4
90.0
101.4
106.1
104. 5
101.0
122.6
110.4

91.1
103.1
101.8
97.0
103.2
102. 6
103.5
105.0
94. 8
102.2
104.1
102.1
101.0
116.9
107.3

101.0
4110. 2
99.1

101.0
110.7
99.1

100.9
109.6
99.1

100.8
110.5
99.1

100.8
114.8
99.1

101.1
115.3
99.1

100.9
117.4
99.1

100.9
120.4
99.1

101.1
119.7
99.1

101.0
117.2
99.1

101.1
117.9
99.1

101.1
119.0
99.1

101.0
116.4
98.8

100.8
110.6
98. 7

103.9
102.5

103.9
102.5

102.9
102.4

103.2
102.4

103.2
102.4

103.2
102.4

103.3
101.7

103.6
101.7

103.6
101.4

103.6
101.4

103.5
101.1

103.4
101.1

103.7
101.4

104.2
101.3

1As of January 1961, new weights reflecting 1958 values were introduced
into the index. See “Weight Revisions in the Wholesale Price Index 18901960,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1962, pp. 175-182.
2As of January 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base of
1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59=100. Technical details and earlier


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau.
3Preliminary.
4 Revised.
5January 1958=100.
8January 1961= 100.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

1368
T able

D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1957-59=100, unless otherw ise sp e cified ]2

1964

1963

Sept.3 Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan.

Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept.

Commodity group

All foods____________________________________
All fish_____________________________________
All commodities except farm products____________
Textile products, excluding hard fiber products-------Bituminous coal—domestic sizes_________________
Refined petroleum products------------------------------East Coast markets________________ ____ -.Midcontinent markets_____________________
Gulf Coast markets____________ __________
Pacific Coast markets____________________ .
Midwest markets 8___ ___ _ _ _ — --------_______
Soaps_____________________ ____
Synthetic detergents----------- ---------- -- --- -----Pharmaceutical preparations-----------------------------Ethical preparations 8_____ _____ ____ - _
Anti-infectives 8--- ----------- _ _ - - _ _ __ _
Anti-arthritics 8._ ______ _ . - _ _ ____
Sedatives and hypnotics 8________________
-_ - ------------Ataractics 8____
Anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinergics 8_____
Cardiovasculars and anti-hypertensives 8____
Diabetics 8_____ - - . __ -_- . ___ _____
Hormones 8_______ __ - ____ . . .. ..
Diuretics 8_____ . - ______ - - - - - - - __
Dermatologicals8___ _ _.
. ____ _
Hematinics8—_ ___ _______________ _
Analgesics 8__ _
-- ------ - __ ___
Anti-obesity preparations 8____________ __
Cough and cold preparations 8_______
Vitamins 8__ _ _____ ____
.. . . .. _
Proprietary preparations 8__________________
Vitamins8- . - ___ -_ -- -_.. _
Cough and cold preparations 8. ..
Laxatives and elimination aids 8____ _
_
Internal analgesics 8_____________________
Tonics and alteratives 8______________ _ _
External analgesics 8_________________ ___

101.9
108.5
101.3
98.4
97.6
89.5
91.8
81.7
91.3

100.7 101.3 100.8
105.4 106.6 105.6
101.1 101.1 100.9
498.3 98.3 98.5
495.4 93.9 92.4
91.4 92.5 92.3
91.8 91.8 91.8
83.1 90.2 88.8
94.3 94.3 94.3
89.7 88.2 88.2
85.8 85.8 85.8
106.8 106.8 106.5
99.8 99.8 99.8
96.8 96.8 96.6
94.8 94.8 94.8
83.4 83.4 83.4


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1963

1962

99.9 101.9 101.0 100.2 100.4 100.6
107.5 106.1 106.8 107.1 112.0 119.2
101.1 101.2 101.2 100.8 100.8 100.9
99.4 99.1 98.3 98.1
98.8
101.0 100.9 100.6 99.0 98.3
98.4
98.3
96.1 93.8
97.8 95.1
93.0 85.4
96.1 96.1
89.2 89.2
94.6 90.8
105.4 105.4
99.4 99.4
97.1 96.9
95.8 95.8

95.6 95.9
93.4 93.4
96.8 99.7
95.4 95.4
89.2 89.7
92.1 90.9
105.4 105.4
99.6 99.6
96.7 96.7
95.5 95.5
88.2 88.3

97.2
96.7
96.6
97.6
89.7
94.2
104.3
99.5
96.8
95.7
88.4

97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6
103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8

99.9
103.8

100.5
104.0

108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 104.3 104.3
108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8

103.3
108.8

100.7
108.5

104.9
98.9
98.9
99.9

103.5
99.7
97.7
98.0

100.4
99.6
95.6
95.9

99.2
100.5
102.0
103.2
112.1
109.9
111.3
107.2
4 95.7
90.8
96.3
99.0

99.3
100.5
102.0
103.1
112.2
109.4
111.3
107.5
4 93.7
90.8
96.7
98.5

100.1
100.5
101.4
102.9
HO. 5
108.8
109.4
107.4
93.0
90.8
98.5
98.3

88.2

84.6
107.6
99.8
96.7
94.7
83.4

98.2
99.4
98.2
98.6
90.9
94.2

102.6
99.7
97.3
96.9
93.1

88.2 88.2 88.2 88.2 88.2 88.2 88.2
100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6
113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.4 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.0 112.5
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.0 100.1 100.0
97.6
100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.1 99.6
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0ilOO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.6 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 96.8 96.8 96.8 97.0 99.3 100.0
87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7
87.9
88.1
103.4 103.4 103.5 102.7 103.4 102.7 102.2 102.7 102.6 102. 1 101.6 101.6 101.5 101.5 100.5
100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3
100.3 100.1
100.9 100.9 101.5 101.5 101.5 100.5 ,100.5 100.5 99.9 99.2 99.2 99.2 98.6
99.6 100.0
105.4 105.4 105.4 105.4 105.0 105.0 '104. 7 104.7 104.7 104.4 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.5 101.1
102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 101.9 101.9
101.9 101.9 101.8 101.2
100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
103.3 103.3 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3
100.8

A n tise p tic s 8- . ______
- ______ __
--_
110.6 110.6
A n ta c id s 8_______ __
___ ___ _____
-_ _ 103.0 103.0
Lum ber and w ood products (excluding m ill w ork)___
98.7 99.1
__________ _____ . . .
Softwood lu m b er_____ _
99.1 99.7
P u lp , paper, and allied products (excluding build in g
paper and b oard )__________________________________
98.9 98.9
Special m etals and m etal products 6_____ ___________
102.8 102.8
Steel m ill products___ _ _______ . . _ _ _____ __
102.3 4102. 9
M achinery and eq u ip m en t_______ . . .
____ ______ 103.8 103.8
A gricultural m achinery (in clud in g tractors)_____ ____ 114.3 114.5
M etalw orkin g m a c h i n e r y .- .___ __
____ ______ _ 113.1 113.1
A ll tractors_____
____ ___________________ ______
114.3 114.3
Industrial va lv e s________________________________
.
107.3 4107. 2
Industrial fittin g s_________________ ___ _
.
93.0 4 93.0
A ntifriction bearings and com p on en ts________________
86.8 86.7
95.5 96.2
A brasive grinding w h eels___ __ _ - .
___________
C onstruction m aterials___
. ________
___________
99.7 99.7
1 See footnote 1, tab le D -3 .
2 See footnote 2, table D -3 .
3 Prelim inary.
4 R evised .

99.2 100.1 100.5 100.3 102.1
105.4 103.1 104.1 109.0 109.8
100.8 101.0 101.0 101.2 101.5
98.9 99.2 99.5 99.4 99.4
92.0 92.1 97.9 100.6 101.1
92.2 91.1 92.9 95.3 96.6
92.3 93.4 95.1 97.8 97.8
90.2 84.5 88.5 89.7 94.5
94.3 94.9 95.4 96.5 96.7
84.1 84.1 84.1 87.7 87.7
86.4 84.5 88.3 93.7 95.5
106.5 106.0 105.4 105.4 105.4
99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4
97.7 97.5 97.4 97.5 97.5
96.2 96.2 96.2 96.2 96.2

Annual average

110.6 105.2 110.6 106.8 103.5 106.8 106.8 104.9 104.9 104.9
103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 98.9 98.9
99.4 99.8 100.4 100.4 99.8 98.5 97.4 97.6 97.8 97.8
100.1 100.6 101.1 100.9 100.4 99.2 97.7 97.8 97.9 98.1

98.9
102.5
102.9
103.8
114.3
113.1
114.1
107.9
93.5
89.2
96.2
99.7

98.9
102.4
103.0
103.7
114.1
112.5
114.1
107.9
4 92.4
90.6
96.2
99.7

98.8
102.3
103.1
104.1
. 114.1
111.9
114.0
107.9
4 94. 8
91.8
96.2
99.7

99.4
102.0
103.1
104.1
114.0
111.4
114.0
107.9
4 94. 8
91.3
96.2
99.7

99.6
101.9
103.2
103.8
113.9
111.4
114.0
107.9
4 94. 8
91.3
96.8
99.4

100.1
101.7
103.2
103.6
113.8
111.1
113.9
107.9
4 94. 8
90.8
96.8
99.1

100.0
101.6
103.1
103. 5
113.4
110.8
113.9
107.6
4 96. 5
90.8
96.5
98.8

99.6
101.4
103.1
103.7
113.2
110.8
113.2
107.8
4 96. 5
90.8
96.5
98.8

99.6
101.1
103.1
103.5
112.6
110.4
112.6
107.8
4 96. 5
90.8
96.3
98.8

99.6
101.1
103.0
103.3
112.4
110.1
111.9
107.8
4 96. 5
90.8
96.3
98.8

8 N e w series. January 1961 = 100.
8 M etals and m etal products, agricultural m achinery and eq u ip m en t, and
m otor vehicles.

1369

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59=100] 2
1964

1963

Annual average

Commodity group
S e p t .2 A u g .

All commodities----------------------------------------------

J u ly

June

M ay

A p r.

M ar.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S e p t.

1963

1962

1 0 0 .7

1 0 0 .3

1 0 0 .4

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .1

1 0 0 .3

1 0 0 .4

1 0 0 .5

1 0 1 .0

1 0 0 .3

1 0 0 .7

1 0 0 .5

1 0 0 .3

1 0 0 .3

1 0 0 .6

9 5 .7
9 4 .4
9 7 .7

4 9 4 .1
9 1 .7
9 7 .9

9 3 .8
9 1 .5
9 7 .5

9 2 .4
8 9 .6
9 7 .5

9 3 .5
9 1 .3
9 7 .3

9 4 .2
9 2 .1
9 7 .9

9 4 .3
9 2 .5
9 7 .1

9 4 .0
9 2 .2
9 6 .6

9 5 .1
9 4 .0
9 6 .6

9 2 .6
9 0 .1
9 6 .3

9 5 .1
9 4 .2
9 6 .1

9 4 .8
9 3 .8
9 6 .1

9 4 .8
9 4 .0
9 5 .6

9 5 .0
9 4 .0
9 6 .2

9 7 .1
9 6 .8
9 7 .4

Stage of processing
Crude materials for further processing------------------Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs----------------------Crude nonfood materials except fuel----------------Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
manufacturing-----------------------------------Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
construction_________________ ___ ___
Crude fuel_____ _____ _____ _____ ____ r-----Crude fuel for manufacturing------------ ------Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing--------------Intermediate materials, supplies, and components---Intermediate materials and components for manu­
facturing_____ ___ —-U--------------------------Intermediate materials for food manufacturing.
Intermediate materials for nondurable manu­
facturing------ ---- ------------------------------Intermediate materials for durable manu­
facturing-- -------- --------- ---- ---------------Components for manufacturing----------------Materials and components for construction-------Processed fuels and lubricants----------------------Processed fuels and lubricants for manufac­
turing------------------ --------------------- -----Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanu­
facturing....................................... ................
Containers, nonreturnable---------------------- -----Supplies----- -------- ------------------- --------- -........
Supplies for manufacturing----------------------Supplies for nonmanufacturing-----------------Manufactured animal feeds___________
Other supplies_____________________
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods
and fuels)_________________________________
Consumer finished goods-----------------------------Consumer foods________________________
Consumer crude foods------------- ---------Consumer processed foods------------------Consumer other nondurable goods-------------Consumer durable goods_________________
Producer finished goods____________________
Producer finished goods for manufacturing---Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing.

9 7 .2

9 7 .5

9 7 .1

9 7 .1

9 6 .9

9 7 .6

9 6 .6

9 6 .1

9 6 .1

9 5 .7

9 5 .5

9 5 .5

9 4 .9

9 5 .6

9 6 .9

1 0 2 .8
1 0 2 .8
1 0 2 .7
1 0 3 .0

4 1 0 2 .8
4 102. 3
4 1 0 2 .2
4 1 0 2 .6

1 0 2 .8
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .9

1 0 2 .8
9 9 .8
9 9 .8
1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .8
9 9 .9
9 9 .8
1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .8
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .3

1 0 2 .7
1 0 3 .2
1 0 3 .1
1 0 3 .6

1 0 2 .7
1 0 5 .1
1 0 4 .9
1 0 5 .5

1 0 2 .7
1 0 4 .5
1 0 4 .4
1 0 4 .9

1 0 3 .1
1 0 4 .6
1 0 4 .4
1 0 4 .9

1 0 3 .0
1 0 3 .7
1 0 3 .6
1 0 4 .1

1 0 2 .9
1 0 3 .3
1 0 3 .3
1 0 3 .6

1 0 3 .0
1 0 2 .9
1 0 2 .8
1 0 3 .1

1 0 3 .0
103. 0
1 0 3 .0
1 0 3 .3

1 0 3 .2
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .8
1 0 2 .0

1 0 0 .6

1 0 0 .4

1 0 0 .5

1 0 0 .3

1 0 0 .6

1 0 0 .9

1 0 0 .9

1 0 1 .2

1 0 1 .3

1 0 1 .1

1 0 1 .0

1 0 0 .9

1 0 0 .5

1 0 0 .5

1 0 0 .2

1 0 0 .2
1 0 3 .8

100 .1
1 0 3 .1

1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .1

1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .7

1 0 0 .2
1 0 3 .6

1 0 0 .4
1 0 5 .3

1 0 0 .4
1 0 5 .5

1 0 0 .4
1 0 7 .2

1 0 0 .6
1 1 0 .2

1 0 0 .2
1 0 7 .1

1 0 0 .4
1 1 0 .6

1 0 0 .1
1 0 8 .8

9 9 .1
1 0 3 .7

9 9 .4
1 0 5 .5

9 9 .2
1 0 0 .5

9 7 .6

9 7 .5

9 7 .6

9 7 .6

9 7 .8

9 7 .8

9 7 .8

9 7 .6

9 7 .6

9 7 .5

9 7 .4

9 7 .2

9 6 .6

9 7 .1

9 8 .0

1 0 2 .5 1 0 2 .5
9 9 .4
9 9 .3
1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .6
9 6 .7 4 9 7 .8

1 0 2 .4
9 9 .3
1 0 0 .6
9 8 .0

1 0 2 .3
9 9 .4
1 0 0 .6
9 7 .8

1 0 2 .3
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .7
9 7 .8

1 0 2 .4
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .7
9 7 .1

1 0 2 .3
9 9 .7
1 0 0 .4
9 7 .4

1 0 1 .9
9 9 .6
1 0 0 .3
9 9 .3

1 0 1 .8
9 9 .5
1 0 0 .1
9 9 .8

1 0 1 .6
9 9 .6
1 0 0 .1
9 9 .7

1 0 1 .4
9 9 .4
1 0 0 .0
9 8 .3

1 0 1 .3
9 9 .2
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .4

1 0 0 .8
9 9 .0
9 9 .8
9 9 .9

1 0 0 .5
9 8 .8
9 9 .6
1 0 0 .3

1 0 0 .4
9 8 .8
9 9 .3
1 0 1 .2

9 8 .8

4 9 9 .6

9 9 .6

9 9 .4

9 9 .5

9 9 .1

9 9 .1

1 0 0 .9

1 0 1 .2

1 0 1 .1

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .8

1 0 1 .2

1 0 1 .7

1 0 2 .3

9 3 .2
9 8 .7
1 0 4 .6
1 0 5 .7
1 0 3 .7
1 0 7 .2
9 9 .7

4 94. 7
9 8 .7
4 103. 6
1 0 5 .7
4 1 0 2 .2
4 103. 9
9 9 .4

9 5 .3
9 8 .4
1 0 3 .8
1 0 5 .8
1 0 2 .4
1 0 4 .3
9 9 .4

9 5 .1
9 8 .3
1 0 3 .4
1 0 5 .0
1 0 2 .2
1 0 3 .3
9 9 .7

9 5 .1
9 8 .3
1 0 4 .2
1 0 5 .6
1 0 3 .0
1 0 4 .1

aoo.5

9 3 .9
9 9 .0
1 0 5 .6
1 0 5 .7
1 0 5 .0
1 0 8 .2
1 0 1 .1

9 4 .6
9 9 .1
1 0 5 .6
1 0 5 .2
1 0 5 .1
1 0 8 .6
1 0 1 .1

9 6 .7
9 9 .9
1 0 6 .6
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .5
1 1 0 .8
1 0 2 .0

9 7 .3
9 9 .6
1 0 7 .4
1 0 5 .3
1 0 7 .7
1 1 3 .6
1 0 2 .1

9 7 .3
1 0 0 .4
1 0 7 .0
1 0 5 .3
1 0 7 .1
1 1 2 .9
1 0 1 .6

9 5 .5
1 0 0 .6
1 0 6 .3
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .0
1 1 0 .6
1 0 1 .4

9 7 .1
1 0 0 .6
106. 5
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .3
1 1 1 .2
1 0 1 .4

9 7 .6
1 0 0 .9
1 0 6 .6
1 0 5 .1
1 0 6 .6
1 1 2 .2
1 0 1 .3

9 8 .1
1 0 1 .0
1 0 6 .1
1 0 5 .4
1 0 5 .8
1 0 9 .7
1 0 1 .4

9 9 .4
1 0 2 .2
1 0 4 .5
1 0 5 .7
1 0 3 .5
1 0 4 .1
1 0 1 .3

1 0 2 .1 1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .3 1 0 0 .9
1 0 2 .2 1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .7 4 9 9 .1
1 0 2 .4 1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .1 4 101. 4
1 0 0 .0 4 9 9 .9
1 0 4 .1 1 0 4 .3
1 0 6 .3 1 0 6 .4
1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .2

1 0 2 .1
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .5
1 0 0 .1
1 0 4 .3
1 0 6 .4
1 0 2 .2

1 0 1 .7
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .7
1 0 2 .8
1 0 0 .3
1 0 1 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .1
1 0 6 .2
1 0 2 .1

1 0 1 .3
1 0 0 .2
9 8 .9
9 6 .9
9 9 .2
1 0 1 .3
1 0 0 .1
1 0 4 .3
1 0 6 .2
1 0 2 .3

1 0 1 .3
1 0 0 .3
9 9 .7
9 7 .1
1 0 0 .1
1 0 1 .1
9 9 .7
1 0 3 .9
1 0 6 .0
1 0 1 .8

1 0 1 .5
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .2
1 0 1 .5
9 9 .6
1 0 3 .8
1 0 5 .9
1 0 1 .6

1 0 1 .6
1 0 0 .8
9 9 .9
9 7 .5
1 0 0 .2
1 0 2 .1
9 9 .6
1 0 3 .7
1 0 5 .7
1 0 1 .7

1 0 2 .1
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .4
1 0 0 .9
1 0 1 .5
1 0 2 .4
9 9 .5
103. 5
1 0 5 .6
1 0 1 .5

1 0 1 .4
1 0 0 .6
9 9 .4
9 8 .8
9 9 .4
1 0 2 .2
9 9 .5
1 0 3 .6
1 0 5 .6
1 0 1 .5

1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .1
1 0 1 .0
1 0 0 .2
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .7
9 9 .6
1 0 3 .4
1 0 5 .5
1 0 1 .3

1 0 1 .6
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .4
9 5 .4
1 0 1 .2
1 0 2 .0
9 9 .6
1 0 3 .2
1 0 5 .3
1 0 1 .1

1 0 1 .5
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .3
9 7 .1
1 0 0 .8
1 0 1 .9
9 9 .4
1 0 3 .0
1 0 5 .1
1 0 0 .9

1 0 1 .4
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .1
9 7 .0
1 0 0 .6
1 0 1 .9
9 9 .5
1 0 3 .1
1 0 5 .0
1 0 1 .2

1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .3
9 8 .6
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .9
1 0 4 .4
1 0 1 .4

. 1 0 2 .2
98A V 98. 9

1 0 2 .0
9 9 .2
1 0 0 .9
1 0 2 .2
9 9 .6
9 7 .9
9 3 .1
9 8 .2

1 0 1 .8
9 9 .5
1 0 1 .1
1 0 2 .1
10 0 .0
9 7 .8
9 2 .1
9 8 .2

1 0 1 .7
1 0 0 .3
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .9
1 0 0 .5
9 9 .4
9 2 .1
9 9 .8

1 0 1 .6
9 9 .2
1 0 0 .9
1 0 1 .9
9 9 .9
9 7 .1
9 1 .2
9 7 .4

1 0 1 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .9
1 0 1 .8
1 0 0 .1
9 9 .2
9 0 .5
9 9 .7

1 0 1 .4
9 9 .8
1 0 0 .9
1 0 1 .7
1 0 0 .2
9 8 .4
9 0 .7
9 8 .8

1 0 1 .1
9 9 .5
1 0 0 .7
1 0 1 .4
9 9 .9
9 8 .0
9 0 .5
9 8 .5

1 0 1 .0
9 9 .6
1 0 0 .6
1 0 1 .3
9 9 .8
9 8 .5
8 9 .6
9 9 .1

1 0 1 .0
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .8
1 0 1 .3
1 0 0 .1
9 9 .5
8 9 .2
1 0 0 .1

X

Durability of product
Total durable goods------------ ----------------------------Total nondurable goods________________________
Total manufactures___________________________
Durable manufactures--------------------------------Nondurable manufactures---------- ----------------Total raw or slightly processed goods— ---------------Durable raw or slightly processed goods_____
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods...
1See footnote 1, table D-3.
2 See footnote 2, table D-3.
2 Preliminary.
1 Revised.


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"

\
1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .5
9 9 .4
9 8 .7
1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .0
1 0 2 .5 1 0 2 .5
9 9 .5
9 9 .8
9 8 .4 4 9 7 .1
1 0 0 .7 101.1
9 8 .3 4 9 6 .9

1 0 2 .4
9 8 .9
101 .1
1 0 2 .5
9 9 .7
9 7 .0
9 6 .8
9 7 .0

U

loirs ; l 0 2 i
9 8 .4
1 0 0 .8
102.4
9 9 .1
96 .4
9 5 .6
9 6 .4

iOV.'H 1 0 0 . 9

1 0 2 .6
9 9 .0
9 6 .6
9 5 .1
9 6 .7

102 .4
9 9 .4
9 7 .5
9 6 .2
9 7 .6

N o t e : For description of the series by stage of processing, see “New BLS
Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices,’’ Monthly Labor Review,
December 1955, pp. 1448-1453; and by durability of product and data begin­
ning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bulletin
1235 (1958)

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964

1370

E.—Work Stoppages
T able

E -l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Number of stoppages

Month and year

Beginning in
month or year

Workers involved in stoppages

In effect dur­
ing month

Beginning in
month or year

In effect dur­
ing month

Man-days idle during month
or year
Number

___________ _______ ____
_____ _______ __________
_ _________ ____ ___________
_ _____________ __________
_ __________ _____________
_____________ ________ __
_ __ ________ ___ _____ _ _
_ __________________ ___________
___________________________
_______ _______________ ____
_ _ _______ ____ _______ _ _ _
_________________________
_ _________________________
_ _________________ ______
_______ _ ________ _
__
______ __________ _ _ _____
__ ___ _ __
- --__ _____ _ _ -- -- - - __- ________ __ __ __ ____ __ ____ - -

2,862
3,573
4,750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4,320
3,825
3j 673
3, 694
3, 708
3,333
3i 367
3,614
3,362

1963: September, --------------------------------------------October---------------------------------------November.. ------ ---------- ------------ -December____ , ----- -- ----- -----------

287
346
223
132

500
574
467
336

81,400
95,700
79,900
27,300

155,000
153,000
152,000
82,400

985,000
1,420,000
1,410,000
977, 000

1964: January2. . -------------------------------------------February 2----- -------------- — ---------March 2------- ------------------------------------ April2. . . --------- ---------- - ----------- -------_____
May 2 _____ _ _______ _ ___ ____
June2___ __ - . ------------- . .. _ .
July 2. ----- -- --------- . .. ------ - -----August2-------------------- ----------------------------September 2------------------ .. -----------

210

60,000
80, 0 0 0
65,000

1 0 0 ,0 0 0

300
410

370
375
360
450
570

360
420
340
275

585
660
595
515

1Q45
1947

194«
1949
1950
]951
]9 5 2
I9 5 3
I9 5 4
1955

1950
1957
1953
1959

1900
1961
1962
1963

'

~

225

220

1The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or
more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab­
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect


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1,130,000
2,380, 000
3,470,000
4,600,000
2,170,000
1,960,000
3,030,000
2,410,000
2,220,000
3,540,000
2,400,000
1,530, 000
2,650,000
1,900,000
1,390,000
2 , 060,000
1,880,000
1,320,000
i; 450,000
1,230,000
941,000

Percent of
estimated
working time

16,900,000
39' 700j000
38| 000i 000
116,000,000
34,600,000
34,100,000
50,500,000
38,800,000
22,900,000
59,100,000
28,300,000
22,600,000
28,200,000
33,100,000
16,500,000
23,900, 000
69,000,000
19,100,000
16,300,000
1 8 , 6 0 0 ,0 0 0
16,100, 0 0 0

1 2 2 ,0 0 0

163,000

,
1,130,000
800,000
1 , 1 0 0 ,0 0 0

1 7 6 ,0 0 0
1 3 4 ,0 0 0
1 3 3 ,0 0 0
8 3 ,0 0 0
3 4 2 ,0 0 0

2 1 8 ,0 0 0
227, 000
194, 000
147, 000
4 0 9 ,0 0 0

2 , 180, 000
1 , 9 3 0 ,0 0 0
1 , 7 1 0 ,0 0 0
1 , 3 5 0 ,0 0 0
2 , 3 2 0 ,0 0 0

125,000
1 0 0 ,0 0 0

0. 27
.46
.4 7
1 .4 3

.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
.2 1

.26
.29
. 14
.2 2

.61
.17
.14
.16
.13
.1 0

.13
.15
.1 0

1 0 1 0 ,0 0 0

.1 0
.1 2

.2 1
.1 8
.1 5
. 13
.2 2

.08
.1 0

or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
2 Preliminary.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1964

O— 747-579


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