The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
Labor Review N OV E MB E R 1964 VOL. 87 NO. A Review Essay United States Manpower Policy Urban Family Spending Out-of-School Youth Three September Union Conventions UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS E w an C laque, Commissioner of Labor Statistics R o bert J. M y e r s, H. M. Paul D outy, R. Deputy Commissioner of Labor Statistics Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications K er sc h ba u m , Associate Commissioner for Administrative Management J ack Alterman, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Economic Growth G ertrtide B ancroft, Special Assistant to the Commissioner Arnold E. Chase, Assistant Commissioner for Prices and Living Conditions E dward D iamond, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Administrative Management J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner H arold G oldstein, Assistant Commissioner for Manpower and Employment Statistics L eon G reenberg , Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technological Developments P eter H enle , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications W alter G. K eim , Special Assistant to the Commissioner L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Division of Publications H yman L. L ewis , Economic Consultant to the Commissioner L eonard R. L insenmayer, Assistant Commissioner for Wages and Industrial Relations F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards Abe R othman, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis W illiam C. Shelton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions K enneth G. Van Auken , Special Assistant to the Commissioner Regional Offices and Directors NEW ENGLAND REGION W endell D. M acD onald 18 Oliver Street Boston, Mass. 02110 Phone: 542-2115 Connecticut New Hampshire Maine Rhode Island Massachusetts Vermont MIDDLE ATLANTIC REGION NORTH CENTRAL REGION SOUTHERN REGION EAST CENTRAL REGION H erbert B ienstock J ohn W. L ehman 341 Ninth Avenue New York, N.Y. 10001 Phone: 735-7700 Delaware New York Maryland Pennsylvania New Jersey District of Columbia 1365 Ontario Street Cleveland, Ohio 44114 Phone: 241-7900 Kentucky Ohio Michigan West Virginia WESTERN REGION Adolph O. B erger B runswick A. Bagdon M ax D. K ossoris 219 S. Dearborn Street Chicago, 111. 60604 Phone: 828-7226 Missouri Illinois Indiana Nebraska Iowa North Dakota Kansas South Dakota Minnesota Wisconsin 1371 Peachtree Street NE. Atlanta, Ga. 30309 Phone: 876-3311 Alabama North Carolina Oklahoma Arkansas Florida South Carolina Georgia Tennessee Texas Louisiana Virginia Mississippi 450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: 556-3178 Alaska Nevada Arizona New Mexico California Oregon Colorado Utah Hawaii Washington Idaho Wyoming Montana The Monthly Labor Review is for sale by the regional offices listed above and by the Superintendent o f Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402. Subscription price per year—$7.50 domestic; $9.00 foreign. Price 75 cents a copy. The distribution o f subscription copies is handled by the Superintendent o f Documents. should be addressed to the editor-in-chief. Communications on editorial matters Use o f fu n d s for p r in tin g th is p u b lic a tio n a p p ro v e d bg th e D irec to r o f th e B u rea u o f th e B u d g e t (O c to b er 31, 1962). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Law rence R. K l e in , Editor-in-Chief CONTENTS Special Articles 1249 Contrasts in Spending by Urban Families 1254 Three September Union Conventions 1254 The United Steelworkers 1256 American Federation of Government Employees 1258 The International Union of Electrical Workers 1260 Special Labor Force Report: Out-of-School Youth, February 1963 Summaries of Studies and Reports 1269 1273 1278 1281 1283 1287 1291 1295 1295 1297 Processing of Grievances Supplementary Pay Practices in Manufacturing, 1962 and 1959 Education and Training of Technicians Salary Adjustments in White-Collar Occupations Prospects of Benefits Under Private Pension Plans Wage and Employment Guarantees in Major Agreements State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1964 When Teachers Organize Appeal From an Impasse Collective Bargaining for Public School Teachers Technical Note 1299 Health Insurance in the Revised CPI Departments ii h i 1301 1304 1306 1314 1322 1333 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis This Issue in Brief The Labor Month in Review Significant Decisions in Labor Cases Chronology of Recent Labor Events Developments in Industrial Relations U.S. Manpower and Employment Policy—A Review Essay Book Reviews and Notes Current Labor Statistics November 1964 • Vol. 87. No. 11 This Issue in Brief. . . of rising real income, urban fam ilies in the United States in 1960-61 used only 91 percent of their after-tax income for current con sumption, compared with 97 percent in 1950, and channeled the additional amounts resulting from this widened margin into increased contributions and gifts, savings, and personal insurance. Kath ryn R. Murphy’s article Contrasts in Spending by Urban Families (p. 1249), the first of a two-part presentation, traces the trends in consumer pur chases since 1950, most notable of which was the decline in the food share of the average family’s total current consumption expenditures and the increase in expenditures for shelter. The second article will relate income level and place of resi dence to these spending patterns. A fter a decade R esults of a 1963 survey of young people 16 to 21 years old who were no longer in school and were not college graduates—a report which presents ex tensive information concerning the characteristics of this group not heretofore available on a nation wide basis—indicate that about 3 million, or half of them., were school dropouts. Vera C. Perrella and Forrest A. Bogan in their Special Labor Force Report: Out-of-School Youth, February 1963 (p. 1260) discuss the education, reasons for leaving school, and labor force status of this group. An other article based on this survey will appear in a later issue of the Review and will summarize the training, geographic mobility, and work experience of these young people since leaving school. the U.S. unemployment rate to drift upward since the end of the Korean conflict ? In a review essay on U.S. Manpower and Employ ment Policy (p. 1314), Margaret S. Gordon as sesses this much-debated question, drawing pri marily upon findings and recommendations of an inquiry conducted in 1963 by the Subcommittee on Employment and Manpower of the Senate Com mittee on Labor and Public Welfare, upon the 1964 Economic Report of the President, and upon W h a t has caused ii https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis OECD Reviews of Manpower and Social Policies: Manpower Policy amd Programs in the United States, a consolidation of a report by U.S. man power authorities and a report by a team of OECD examiners who explored manpower and social policies in this country. She comments on what she views as the shortcomings of some of the sub committee’s recommendations and warns of pos sible dangers in current employment and man power policies. Following are some recent key statistics from continuing B LS series. See Current Labor Statistics, pp. 1383137i. October Total civilian labor force (.in thousands)_____________ Employment------------ ---------- ----------------------Unemployment---- -------------------------------------Unemployment rate (seasonally adjusted) (percent) ------Earnings of production workers in manufacturing (pre liminary): Average hourly earnings_______________ ______ Average weekly hours----------------Average overtime hours_______________________ September Index of average hourly earnings of production workers in manufacturing (excluding overtime and interindustry shifts) (1957-59=100)_______________ — Consumer Price Index (including single workers) (195759=100)___________________ - 1964 74,375 71,123 3,252 5.2 1963 73,344 69,891 3,453 5.6 $2. 53 40. 7 3. 2 $2.47 40. 7 3.0 119.3 116.0 108.4 107.1 When Teachers Organize, the Review continues its coverage of collective bar gaining in public education with two excerpts. Collective Bargaining for Public School Teachers (p. 1297), from a paper by Michael H. Moskow, distinguishes the “professional negotiation” ap proach to bargaining of the National Education Association from the American Federation of Teachers’ more traditional collective bargaining approach and highlights the diversity of negoti ating procedures emanating from this “lack of standardization between and within the ap proaches.” Appeal From an Impasse (p. 1295), by James B. Steffensen, appraises the currently controversial issue of the teachers’ right of appeal for mediation of a disagreement with the board of education. Significant in this controversy is the reconciliation of the dual role of the board of education—as employer and representative of the public interest—with the function of a neutral party who also represents the public interest. U nder t h e rubric The Labor Month in Review “Collective bargaining in municipal government still resides in a vast, largely uncharted sea of experimentation and ‘do-it-yourself’ arrange ments.” F or more t h a n a quarter of a century, public policy has encouraged and protected collective bar gaining in private employment. Only very re cently, however, have the commonly accepted rights to form and join unions, to bargain col lectively or to refrain from these activities, and to obtain recognition of the majority as the ex clusive bargaining agent been thought of in terms of public employment. and bargaining by government em ployees and employees of charitable institutions were prominent on the agenda of the annual meet ing of the National Association of State Labor Relations Agencies at Delton, Wis., in late Sep tember. Tracing the development of collective bargaining in public employment, Wisconsin Com missioner Arvid Anderson characterized Executive Order 10988, which extended representation rights for Federal employees and wThose impact is just beginning to be felt, as the most significant de velopment in the past few years. He enumerated recent statutory or court developments in city or State labor relations in California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Wis consin. Anderson outlined the 1959 Wisconsin law. Of the few statutes which cover public employees, it seems to be the most comprehensive. Covering municipal employees, from whom most of the current pressure for bargaining rights comes, the Wisconsin law is similar to that for private in dustry except for the addition of a factfinding procedure and a prohibition against strikes. It grants municipal employees, except law enforce ment personnel, the right to join unions and to negotiate on wages and working conditions. A 1962 amendment authorized the Wisconsin Employment Relations Board to determine ques O rganizing https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tions of representation and to enforce the pro hibited practices section. Its orders are subject to judicial review. The WERB is authorized to mediate between municipal employers and labor organizations upon request. The statute provides for factfinding with public recommendations if the parties are dead locked in negotiations, or if either party has re fused to negotiate in good faith. Factfinding may not be used in discipline or discharge cases if the municipal employer has a civil service procedure for such cases. The costs of factfinding are shared by the parties. Only labor organizations which have been certified or recognized by the municipal employer have the right to avail themselves of factfinding procedures. If an agreement is reached in negotiations with the labor organiza tion representing a majority of the employees in a collective bargaining unit, it must be reduced to writing, either in the form of an ordinance, a resolution, or an agreement. Strikes by public employees are specifically prohibited. I n 2 y 2 years , the Wisconsin Board has received 257 cases, of which 163 were election cases. Labor organizations have been certified in 111 of the 127 representation elections held. The Board says that until now most certifications confirm existing bargaining practices, and do not neces sarily represent any significant extension of public employee organization. The Board has received 17 prohibited practice cases, 25 mediation cases, 53 factfinding cases, and 1 arbitration case. Fact finding reports have been issued in 13 cases. The draftsman of the Wisconsin law would like rein stated the provision for binding arbitration of con tract interpretation, which was struck out before the law passed. He saw binding arbitration as providing the advantage of removing a difficult case from politics. hi IV B r a n c h in g out from the Wisconsin experience, several experts at drafting and developing labor relations programs for public employees related their first-hand experiences to the conference. Considerable attention was given to the political aspects of such programs—for example, the de sirability of advisory committees of various inter ests to help write the rules and regulations to implement legislation. The political nature of negotiations on wages and working conditions for government employees was stressed. However, Jerry Wurf, president of the State, County, and Municipal Employees, felt that this could be over emphasized, considering what he sees as the growth of political action in private bargaining. The chairman of the Michigan Board, Kobert Howlett, discussed a bill introduced in the last Michigan legislature, which failed because of the disapproval of a significant interest group. The Michigan law now covers most State employees; it relies on mediation, factfinding, and recom mendations. Among other changes, the bill pro posed a list of unfair labor practices—although it would not have included enforcement procedures for violation of unfair practices or for refusal to bargain. One difficulty with authorizing a State board to prosecute unfair labor practices in public employment is that it results in the prosecuting of one State agency by another State agency. The Michigan board does not have this power in the private field either, and prefers to keep it that way since the board members believe it would seriously curtail their effectiveness as mediators. Bather than legislation, Ida Klaus, a pioneer labor-management practitioner in public employ ment, advocated an executive order, such as those promulgated for Federal employees and for New York City employees. Keviewing the history of the New York order, Miss Klaus indicated that most of the employee groups had favored an exec utive order, which had the advantage that it could not be lost along the tortuous route toward an “agreed-bill.” On the other hand, she noted, the executive order has no legal sanction and depends on the executive’s relationship with his agency heads for its effectiveness. Before the attempt is made to get overall legislation, she reasoned, there must be “either a receptive legislature or a back ground of experience that is acceptable, practical, and useful.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 The conferees recognized that many issues still need study: The status of strikes, exclusive versus multiple recognition, the right of the public to be informed of progress in negotiations, arbitration of new agreements and of grievances (in Wiscon sin and Pennsylvania, courts are laying to rest the legal objections to grievance arbitration), union security agreements (while checkoff exists in a number of jurisdictions, more stringent union se curity provisions are rare), and the tendency of one side or the other to race to the legislature after an agreement is reached. P h i l i p F eldblum of the New York Board led a discussion on charitable institutions and labor laws which revealed a diversity of provisions regarding recognition and collective bargaining. For exam ple, a number of States expressly exclude nurses and practical nurses, two States specifically in clude them, and a number neither exclude nor in clude them. In the absence of specific provisions, some courts have held nurses to be covered by the law and some have held to the contrary. Feldblum’s paper was devoted to the arguments, legal, social, and economic, for covering workers in charitable institutions under State labor relations laws. Basically, these arguments flow from the right to organize, independent of statute, and the inadequate level of wages in many institutions that together make for labor strife, which is against public policy. T h e discussion on charitable employees was much more charged than the one on public employees, and it adverted more often to the basic question of whether employees should or should not have the same rights that industrial workers secured long ago. The discussion on public employees focussed on techniques of accommodating the needs of pub lic employees and their employers to the tradi tional collective bargaining system—and to some extent on how far should such rights be extended. One conferee noted that the doctrine of sover eignty, the once-popular frame of reference for conducting arguments on employee representation in government service, seems to have fallen into disuse, along with the traditional proprietary versus governmental division of functions. It failed to appear in any of the papers presented at the Wisconsin meeting. 11I t is much more difficult to recede from a, scale of expendi ture once adopted than it is to extend the accustomed scale in response to an accession of wealth.” —Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Glass. Contrasts in Spending by Urban Families Part I. Trends Since 1950 Kathryn R. Murphy* in 196061 provides a new benchmark in studying the spending patterns of American families.1 The myriad of individual consumer purchases ac counted for 65 percent of the gross national prod uct (GNP) in 1960-61, and throughout the post war period consumer spending consistently has absorbed more than three-fifths of the GNP.2 The timing, as well as the volume and character, of these purchases, has commanded growing atten tion since the depression of the 1930’s. The 1960-61 survey continues the series of fam ily expenditure studies initiated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1888. Economic indicators of the strength of the consumers’ buying power showed that during the 1950’s several recessions were mitigated considerably because—while busi ness and government curtailed their buying—con sumers as a whole had maintained their spending.3 Detailed information on family spending patterns had not been collected, however, since the Bureau’s comprehensive survey in 1950. As part of its pro gram to revise the Consumer Price Index (CPI), the Bureau obtained reports on consumers’ ex penditures and incomes in 1960 and 1961 by per sonal interviews with a nationwide sample of fami lies. These reports from all types of families point up significant differences in their levels and pat terns of expenditures in 1960-61, and provide a fund of new data that can be integrated with a variety of time series in analyzing consumer behavior. T h e S urvey of C onsum er E xpenditures https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Survey findings among urban families in the United States4 are summarized in this article, pre sented in two parts. Broad trends since 1950 in the income, spending, and saving of urban families as a whole are analyzed in Part I. Variations in 1960-61 consumption patterns of families grouped by income and other characteristics will be ex amined in Part II, to appear in a later issue of the Review. Income and Expenditures Over the decade of the 1950’s, average expendi tures for current consumption of all urban families and single consumers increased 42 percent, to *Of the Division of Living Conditions Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1 In this article, the term s ‘fam ily” and “consumer u n it” are used interchangeably and include persons living alone as well as families of two persons or more. 2 E stim ates of the U.S. D epartm ent of Commerce, as compiled and published in Economic Report of the President Transmitted to the Congress, January 1963, Together W ith the Annual Re port of the Council of Economic Advisers, p. 171. 3 See Robert Ferber, “Research on Household Behavior,” The American Economic Review, March 1962, p. 53. 4 Greater detail for these urban families has been published in a series of statistical reports. (See Survey on Consumer E x penditures, 1960—61: Consumer Expenditures and Income, BLS Reports, Series 23,7.) These reports contain tabulations for each of the 66 m etropolitan areas and other places in the urban sample and summary tabulations for the entire urban United States (Report 237-38) and the four major geographic regions (Reports 237-34 through 237-37). The 1960-61 urban sample included 9,476 consumer units who furnished complete and usable schedules. The sample was de signed to be a representative cross section of all families residing in urban places in the 50 States. The United States and regional data have been obtained by applying population weights to the averages for the families in the samples for the 66 urban places. They represent the estim ated universe of 40,131,000 consumer units in all urban places in the United States. In 1961, the Bureau, in cooperation with the U.S. D epartm ent of Agriculture, extended the survey to cover ru ral as well as urban areas. All data in both parts of this article refer to urban families only, but reports in preparation will contain sim ilar inform ation for rural families and for the total U.S. population. 1249 1250 $5,390 in 1960-61. (See table.) During this period, the prices of goods and services increased 24 percent, as measured by the CPI, so that their added spending bought urban families about 14 percent more in goods and services in 1960-61 than in the earlier period. The before-tax income of these families rose 58 percent, to an annual average of $6,691 in 1960-61. Personal taxes—principally Federal, State, and local income and personal property taxes—in creased proportionately more than income. Taxes of $785 per family in 1960-61 were 140 percent higher than the comparable 1950 levies. Never theless, the average family’s income after taxes registered a 51-percent gain between 1950 and 1960-61—from $3,910 to $5,906. On the average, families used only 91 percent of their after-tax income for current consumption in 1960-61, com pared with 97 percent in 1950.5 Savings, Gifts, and Insurance The widened margin between income and ex penditures permitted families to increase gifts and contributions substantially, to save more, and to channel larger amounts into personal insurance in 1960-61 than in 1950. Gifts to friends and relatives and contributions to religious, welfare, educational, and similar institutions averaged $303 per family in 1960-61, almost double the 1950 amount. In recent years, it has become increasingly diffi cult to draw a line between spending and saving. It was already clear in 1950 that the family se curity earlier represented by “money in the bank” had acquired new dimensions with the expansion of long-term credit, social security coverage, and insurance programs.6 Trends observed in 1950 were accentuated a decade later. To illustrate, the average family’s outlays for personal insurance (which in the BLS survey are classified with dis bursements and do not enter into the computation of either expenditures or savings) rose from $177 in 1950 to $324 in 1960-61, or 83 percent. The ma jor expansion was in social security and other pension plans,7 which accounted for 53 percent of the total for personal insurance in 1960-61, com pared with 31 percent in 1950. This shift reflects two recent developments. Larger social security deductions have resulted from broader coverage, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 increased rates and earnings base, and higher in comes. On the other hand, the growing practice of providing life insurance as an employment benefit, frequently without cost to the employee, has increased insurance protection without a com mensurate rise in costs to the family. The social security programs and the vast expansion of life insurance, especially group insurance, provide an almost automatic form of workers’ saving. As these and similar defenses against economic in security have multiplied, the average family is less impelled to accumulate cash savings and other liquid assets to tide them over emergencies. More over, as homeownership has increased, the family’s equity in a home and its equipment has constituted a growing share of its savings. The BLS surveys measure the consumer unit’s savings in terms of the net change in assets and liabilities during the survey year. By this cri terion, families showed average savings of $177 in 1960-61, in contrast to an average net increase in liabilities over assets of $74 in 1950. This shift in the average savings position is seen more clearly when viewed from the perspective of postwar cyclical changes in income and spending. After the 1948-49 recession, consumers stepped up the rate at which they had been buying houses, house hold equipment, automobiles, and other durable goods for which a backlog of demand had accumu lated during the 1930’s and World War II. The outbreak of the Korean conflict accelerated the pace. In the 1950 upturn, families were drawing on savings or going into debt to such a degree that in September 1950 the Federal Reserve Board issued regulations to restrain the expansion of credit on automobiles and a long list of household durables. The following month the Board im posed additional restrictions to reduce inflationary pressures and to curtail new home construction by 5 These ratios for urban families correspond generally with the Departm ent of Commerce ratios of personal consumption expen ditures to total disposable income. The Commerce estimates show th a t consumers spent a fairly constant proportion of their after-tax income—averaging 93 percent in the postw ar years— except for the very early postwar years and sporadically during the Korean conflict (195CM51). High ratios occurred when dur able goods buying, particularly of autos, w ith resultant borrowing, was exceptionally brisk. See Louis J. Paradiso, “Consumer and Business Income and Spending in the Postw ar Period,” Survey of Current Business, March 1963, pp. 12-14. 9 How American Buying Habits Change (U.S. D epartm ent of Labor, 1959), pp. 32—33. 7 This refers to the amounts paid by employees ; it does not include employer contributions. 1251 CONTRASTS IN SPENDING BY URBAN FAMILIES restricting the flow of funds into the mortgage market.8 In contrast, the 1960-61 survey spanned a reces sion, which began in the first half of 1960 and reached its trough in February 1961. Prices were comparatively stable, the early postwar demand had been satisfied, and consumers in 1960-61 tended predominantly to increase their savings or keep up payments on debts rather than incur new obligations.9 Current Living Expenses The average urban family spent more for each major category of goods and services in 1960-61 than in 1950. A comparison of the shares of the family dollar used for the various categories indi cates in addition that the relative amounts spent for different groups of goods and services also changed. Food, clothing, housefurnishings and equipment, and recreation accounted for smaller percentages of family expenditures. In contrast, shelter, fuel and utilities, household operations, medical and personal care, automobile purchase and operation, and education each took a larger share. These shifts in relative importance re sulted from numerous interacting factors, includ ing the differences in rates of price changes for various groups of goods and services. The major change over the past decade was the decline in the food share of the average urban family’s total current consumption expenditures. (See chart.) The decrease from almost 30 percent 8 See Federal Reserve Bulletin, September 1950, pp. 1177 and 1184; October 1950, pp. 1284 and 1309 ; and November 1950, p. 1472. 9 See also “P attern s of Consumer Spending,” Federal Reserve B ulletin, April 1962, pp. 389-393. Measures of postwar changes In fam ilies’ liquid asset holdings, obtained in the nationwide Surveys of Consumer Finances, moved similarly to the BLS data on average net changes in assets and liabilities between 1950 and 1960. Median liquid asset holdings of all spending units were down to $280 in 1950 (having dropped from $435 in 1946), and showed an irregular upward trend during the fifties to $475 in 1960. In both 1946 and 1960, 24 percent of the spending units reported no liquid asset hold ings, in contrast to 31 percent w ith none in 1950. Liquid asset holdings include U.S. savings bonds, checking accounts, savings accounts in banks, and shares in savings and loan associations and credit unions. See 1960 Survey of Consumer Findings (Ann Arbor, Mich., Survey Research Center, In stitu te for Social Re search, University of Michigan, 1961 )i, p. 77. 10 The declining share of food was also pronounced when the distribution of 1950 expenditures was calculated afte r conversion to 1960-01 dollars using the Consumer Price Index as a deflator. See also Survey of Consumer Expenditures, 1960-61: Changing P atterns of Consumer Expenditures (BLS Report 238—5, 1964). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F in a n c ia l and O t h e r C h a r a c t e r ist ic s of A ll F a m il ie s 1 in U r b a n U n it e d S ta t e s , 1960-61 and 1950 Average per family Characteristic 1960-61 (annual) 1950 2 Percent increase, 1950 to 1960-61 F inancial Characteristics Receipts, total_______________________ Money income before taxes----------------Other money receipts________________ $6, 773 6,691 82 $4,286 4,237 49 58 58 67 Use of funds, total----- ------------------------Expenditures for current consumption 3... Personal insurance *-------------------------Social security, railroad and other Gov ernment and private retirement------Life, endowment, annuity, and other personal insurance----------------------Gifts and contributions............. ............... Taxes (income, personal property, and capitation)_______________________ Net change in assets and liabilities (savings) 6 _________________ 6,979 5,390 324 4,403 3,808 177 59 42 83 171 55 211 153 303 122 165 25 84 785 327 140 177 -74 A c c m in t b a l a n c in g d ifT e re n e e 6 -207 -117 91.3 97.4 5,906 5,390 4,848 4,721 3.1 47 3.0 47 11 10 53 73 12 45 59 10 9,476 12,489 Expenditures as percent of money income In 1960-61 dollars— Money income after taxes 7. ------ --------Expenditures for current consumption 7_. 22 14 Other C haracteristics A g e o f f a m i l y hp.ad ( y e a r s ! Education of head "(years of school comp let.p d ) _______________________________ Percent of families who were— I T o m p o w t i prs , a ll y e a r ________________ A n to o w n ers, e n d of y ea r ______________ _________________________ N o n w h it e N u m b e r o f f a m i li e s in s a m p le 1For definition, see text footnote 1. 2 Does not include Alaska and Hawaii. 3 Expenditures for current consumption include outlays for all goods and services purchased for family use. The total cost of durable goods purchased in the year is included, except for owned homes where only the costs of cur rent operations (i.e., interest on mortgages, taxes, insurance, and repairs and replacements) are considered current consumption expenditures. Pay ments on mortgage principal and installment debts are considered reductions in liabilities (i.e., saving in the current year). Mortgage and installment debts incurred in the year are considered as dissaving. 1 Personal insurance includes employee contributions to social security and government and private retirement funds, as well as premium payments for life and other types of personal insurance, except health insurance. The family’s outlays for personal insurance are shown separately as a disburse ment and do not enter into the computation of net change in assets and liabilities (i.e., average saving or dissaving). 5The algebraic sum of increases and decreases in assets and liabilities. Net increases in assets or decreases in liabilities represent a net saving (+) during the survey year. Net decreases in assets or increases in liabilities represent a deficit (—) or net dissaving. « A statistical measure of the net reporting discrepancy of the receipts and disbursements accounts. In this table, the balancing difference is obtained by subtracting the total “Use of funds” from the total “ Receipts.” If reported receipts are less than disbursements, the balancing difference is negative (—). 7 After adjustment for the change in the Consumer Price Index. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Survey of Consumer Expenditures, 1960-61: Consumer Expendi tures and Income, Urban United States, 1960-61 (BLS Report 237-38, 1964), and Study of Consumer Expenditures, Incomes, and Savings—Statistical Tables, Urban U.S., 1960, (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Whar ton School of Finance and Commerce, 1956-57), Vol. XVIII. in 1950 to 24 percent in 1960-61 continued a trend shown by Bureau surveys since the early 1900’s.10 The most significant uptrend in family spending during the 1950’s was for shelter. The unprece dented volume of postwar residential building 1252 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 meant that on the average families were living in newer homes and, by Census of Housing criteria, in better quality housing. For these improve ments, they paid more in 1960-61 than in 1950, whether as renters or homeowners. The propor tion of homeowners rose, the average value of homes appreciated, and the mortgage debt per home increased substantially.11 Concurrently, rates for mortgage interest and property insurance advanced, as did the cost of home maintenance and repairs, when measured by the CPI. On the other hand, expenditures for housefurnishings and equipment decreased in relative importance between 1950 and 1960-61. As has already been noted, expenditures for many of these items had been abnormally high in 1950 because of “scare buying.” 12 Moreover, contrary to most price movements, prices of household appliances were lower in 1960-61 than in 1950.13 In addition, the trend for residential builders to install refrig erators, stoves, and other equipment in homes and apartments has resulted in the cost of these items appearing increasingly in the purchase price of houses or in rents, rather than in direct consumer purchases of major appliances. The decline in the share used for housefurnishings and equipment was offset, however, by mounting expenditures for household operations, major components of which were telephone service, household help and laundry service, and laundry, cleaning, and paper supplies. A decrease in the relative importance of recrea tional expenses (from 4.4 percent of total expendi tures in 1950 to 4.0 percent in 1960-61) seems anomalous in a decade of rising real income. The downward shift reflects changes in leisure-time ac11 See U.S. Census of Housing: 1960, Final Report H C (1 )-1 , United States Summary (U.S. Bureau of the Census), p. x liii; and Census of Housing data published in Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1962 (U.S. Bureau of the Census), p. 762. 12 In publishing the results of the Bureau’s 1950 survey, it was stated, “While virtually any year is subject to special influ ences, the year 1950 might be regarded as especially so in view of the onset of hostilities in Korea a t the end of June, which gave an Inflationary impetus to an already prosperous economy. Buy ing of consumer durables moved up sharply relative to income in the second half of 1950, unlike the situation for most other items of expenditures. To examine this situation, a tabulation was prepared showing expenditures on durable goods in the first half of the year separately from those in the second half, . . . .” Study of Consumer Expenditures, Incomes and Savings, S ta tis tical Tables, Urban U.S.— 1950 Vol. I (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 1956-57), p. vii. For a comparison of purchases and inventories of selected household durable goods in 1950 and 1960-61, see “Expanding Ownership of Household Equipment, 1960-61,” M onthly Labor Review, October 1964, pp. 1131-1137. 13 See “Price Trends and the Postw ar M arket for Appliances,” M onthly Labor Review, November 1963, pp. 1259-1265. Allocation of Average Annual Expenditures of A ll Urban Families, 1960-61 and 1950 Average expenditure t 1,31 1 1,130 Food 1,588 1,035 H ousing ^ Shelter, fuel, light. refrigeration, water & 992 596 C lothing and clothing m aterials and services 553 A utom obile purchase and operation 700 443 M edical care 355 197 All other expenditures 878 566 1Shelter, fuel, Percent of total expenditures IO I5 20 437 etc.; household operations; and housefurnishings and equipment. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2Included in housing. 25 30 CONTRASTS IN SPENDING BY URBAN FAMILIES tivities, not all of which are represented in recre ational expenditures as classified in these surveys.14 Families reported less for admissions to movies, sports events, concerts, plays, etc., in 1960-61 than in 1950. They spent about the same proportions for television sets, radios, and musical instruments in both periods, but increased their spending for sports equipment, hobbies, and other recreation. The average urban family spent $217 per year in 1960-61 for recreation as defined in the Bureau’s survey. However, the surveys followed the prac tice of most families, who tend to include vacation and other recreational travel expenses in their accounts for automobile operation, other transpor tation, food, and lodging away from home. Some impression of the extent and scale of such recrea tion may be gained from a recent study by the Survey Research Center which disclosed that 27 percent of the spending units spent $100 or more on vacation travel in 1961 and the average ex14 As defined in the survey, “recreation” includes the purchase and repair of televisions, radios, phonographs, musical instru ments, and related ite m s; spectator admissions to movies, sports events, concerts, e tc .; dues, fees, and equipment for participant sp o rts ; club memberships ; hobbies ; p e ts ; and toys and play equipment. 15 George Katona, Charles A. Lininger, and Richard F. Kosobud, 1962 Survey of Consumer Finances (Ann Arbor, Mich., Survey Research Center, In stitu te for Social Research, University of Michigan, 1963), pp. 143-157. 1253 penditure on such “major” vacation trips was $380.15 Such travel was partially responsible for the marked increase in spending for automobile pur chase and operation over the decade. The fam ilies’ growing dependence on automobiles with the spread of suburban living, as well as the ad vances during the 1950’s in the purchase price, financing charges, insurance, maintenance, and other costs incident to operating automobiles also contributed to this rise. Spending Patterns This comparison highlights the changes in the buying habits of city families during a decade of rising real incomes. Consumer expenditure sur veys are unique in that they are devised to show at a point in time the diverse spending patterns which are merged in the composite pattern. The Bureau’s recent survey was designed to provide an abundance of information on the variation in spending associated with selected family charac teristics. This information will be drawn upon in Part I I of this article which summarizes the survey findings on the relation of income level and place of residence to the spending patterns of urban families in 1960-61. In summary, economic value is a function of cultural, class, and group values. Consumer choices, therefore, always have a large social content that constantly alters economic realities and typically makes the discovery of consumer demand difficult. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis —W. T. Tucker, T h e S o c ia l C o n te x t o f E c o n o m ic B e h a v io r (New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1964), p. 49. Three September Union Conventions The United Steelworkers Henry S. Rosenbloom* T h e f o r m u l a t i o n of a comprehensive collective bargaining and legislative program, including the goal of “total job security,” was the main accom plishment of the 12th biennial convention of the United Steelworkers, meeting in Atlantic City, September 21-25. The 3,500 delegates also amended the union’s constitution to set up age qualifications for international officers and provide a salary increase for district directors. Delegates rejected “national productivity guideposts” in a strongly worded resolution. Collective Bargaining In his opening address to the convention, Steel worker President David J. McDonald informed delegates of a previously unannounced plan for job security in the steel industry: We are going to start a campaign to bring to the mem bers of the United Steelworkers of America what I choose to call “total job security” . . . that means that once a steelworker becomes a permanent employee of a cor poration he must have complete career security . . . He must be considered a permanent part of that industry in which he is employed until he is honorably retired at a decent pension . . . Never fully spelling out the content of this con cept, McDonald did state that present benefits such as extended vacations, pensions, insurance, SUB, etc., would in some way be integrated. A sub sequent resolution on collective bargaining pro vided a few additional details, but added no concrete program or strategy for achieving this objective. McDonald indicated that total job se curity would have to be achieved over a number of years. A dialog is to be started with the com panies to bring this concept to fruition. The goal will also be put before the joint Human Relations Committee. 1254 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The announcement of this plan comes at a time when job security is a major concern of the union. Reports to the convention indicated that an in creasing number of jobs are being eliminated by the advance of automation, in the form of basic oxygen converters, the continuous casting process, and fully automated rolling mills. In 1963, ingot production fell short, of 1957 output by only 3.1 percent, but production and maintenance employ ment was 23 percent (or 123,000) lower than in 1957. The downward trend in employment will continue, the delegates were warned, as the pace of automation in the steel industry continues. Although the employment picture in steel has brightened in recent months, with many plants reporting labor shortages, concern for the future remains. To deal, in part., with this problem, the delegates urged increases in wages to stimulate consumer demand, advocating this as a key factor in achieving full employment. The resolution re jecting national productivity guideposts was based on the argument that they interfere with accom plishing this objective. The convention directed the Wage Policy Com mittee to consider a wage increase as a bargaining aim when steel contracts are renegotiated in 1965. Since 1960, basic steel contracts have not provided for wage increases. Human Relations Committee. The Officers’ Re port, approved by the delegates, expressed satis faction with the Human Relations Committee’s achievements over the past 2 years. Besides ob taining the 13-week extended vacation plan in basic steel, some vexing job security problems are on their way to resolution under the 1963 “experi mental agreement.” 1 The Human Relations Committee is to review experience under this agreement, looking toward the formulation of more permanent solutions. Delegates were told that the Committee is now studying a number of *Of the Division of Industrial and Labor Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1 For discussion of these provisions, see M onthly Labor Review, August 1963, pp. 959-960. 1255 THE UNITED STEELWORKERS possibilities for future negotiation, including medical care, wage incentives, training needs and methods, and the application of basic steel con tract terms to certain other operations of steel companies. mitted by early December 1964.2 With some de bate, the delegates passed the following amend ment to the constitution: Wage Policy Committee. The union’s Wage Pol icy Committee was once again charged with devel oping a collective bargaining policy for the 1965 negotiations. A total of 184 widely varying sug gestions were offered by local unions, including company pay for grievance committeemen, nego tiation for the removal of the no-strike clause, a “sharing plan” similar to that at Kaiser Steel, settlement of local issues before contract ratifica tion, reinstatement of cost-of-living clauses, dele tion of arbitration provisions (to be replaced with a “strike” clause), elimination of arbitration boards as outlined in contracts, and a limitation of management’s right to change job descriptions when new equipment is installed. This amendment will be effective June 1, 1965, when the 4-year term of office begins. President McDonald will be 62 years old in November, and thus eligible for two more terms. Salaries for District Directors were raised by $4,000 to $20,000 per year. Another amendment provided for a Civil Rights Committee to be established in each local union to “implement our union’s commitment to the pro tection and extension of civil rights and liberties.” Proposals to reduce salaries of the three top in ternational officers, present incumbents to be ex empted from this cut, were voted down. (Con cerning this proposal, McDonald remarked that he and the two other officers did not want to be “redcircled” if the delegates were to vote for the reso lution.) The constitution committee also con curred with a number of resolutions from local unions asking that there be no change in the dues structure, and its position was supported by a vote of the delegates. Legislative Proposals A major resolution was directed at increasing the growth rate of the national economy. It stated that the achievement of full employment would require a growth rate of at least 5 percent—a task that could not be left to private business alone. Vigorous legislative action was called for to finance more housing, urban renewal, highways, hospitals, and schools. Delegates also endorsed a shorter workweek, double time for overtime work, a strengthened public employment service, full relocation allowances for workers and their families, expanded training programs for unem ployed workers, and national standards for in creasing unemployment benefits and liberalizing eligibility provisions. Another resolution called for liberalized social security benefits and age standards. It recommended a lowering of the full retirement age from 65 to 60, with adjusted bene fits at age 55. Medical care for the aged under social security received strong support. Internal Affairs The next election of international officers is to take place in February 1965 by a referendum vote of the membership. Nominations must be sub https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis No member shall be eligible for nomination or election to international office, if, upon assuming such office, he would have attained the age of 68 years. Organizing Faced with the increasing number of whitecollar jobs created by shifts in production meth ods, unions, McDonald said, require new types of organizations, techniques, and organizers. He expressed his hope that the AFL-CIO Executive Council would go along with some specific pro posals he plans to make. He continued: If you are with me I will do the follow ing: If the fed eration is not prepared to move, the United Steelworkers of America will be prepared to move. Vice President Howard R. Hague informed the delegates that since the last convention in 1962 the union has organized 50,000 new members in 317 local unions, 219 in the United States and 98 in Canada. This figure, he said, did not include members that have come into the organization under union shop agreements. The union’s total membership was reported at 1,120,000. 2 In November, Secretary-Treasurer I. W. Abel and D istrict Directors W alter J. Burke and Joseph P. Molony announced their candidacy in opposition to the McDonald adm inistration. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 1256 American Federation of Government Employees Martha F. Riche* T h e c a m p a i g n for the presidency of the 140,000member American Federation of Government Em ployees polarized the issues facing the union at its 19th biennial convention held in Dallas Septem ber 7-11, 1964. Under the stimulus of Executive Order 10988, which set up a recognition system for Federal employee unions beginning in July 1962, the union has experienced rapid growth and changes in its composition—and these changes af fected the election battle and the convention de bate. Nonetheless, organizing the great unorga nized proportion of the union’s jurisdiction, which most officials consider the AFGE’s biggest chal lenge, became a secondary issue to questions of leg islative effectiveness, democratic procedures, and financial acumen. The division between supporters of the incum bent, John F. Griner, and the challenger, Adrian Roberts, reflected both regional and occupational interests. The rollcall disclosed that Griner, who won reelection by a vote of 3 to 1, had the support of the union’s blue-collar members; Roberts, who had been narrowly defeated by Griner in 1962, had the support of his fellow professional employees and other white-collar members, who were pri marily from Washington and other eastern cities. The occupational division deflected Roberts from his announced campaign of emphasizing faults in the AFGE’s current leadership and ways to rem edy them into a defense against charges that he would abandon the blue-collar employees. Constitutional Amendments The two candidates and their supporters sought to achieve some of their aims through resolutions for constitutional amendments and other changes. Seeking closer supervision of their national repre sentatives, delegates overrode the recommendation of the constitutional committee and amended their constitution to require a report of national execu tive council meetings, including a detailed record of each council member’s votes. A proposal by President Griner to pay the council members, who https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis are the 14 national vice presidents, was defeated after complaints that the resolution left to the president’s discretion the selection of those vice presidents to be paid. Griner had also asked for an assistant, and the delegates created the post of executive vice president, to be appointed now and elected every 2 years beginning in 1966 with the other national officers. The convention tabled a proposal to extend the term that the national officers serve. Delegates also proposed adjusting the district boundaries so that each national vice president would represent approximately the same number of members, and changing the time-consuming rollcall procedure of electing national officers; although these resolutions had considerable sup port they did not get the two-thirds majority required to amend the constitution. Instead, del egates adopted a constitutional committee recom mendation that the executive council study the election procedure and suggest changes for the next convention. Finances. Hot debate greeted the national officers’ plea for an increase in the per capita tax to pro vide an electronic accounting system and other services required by a growing membership. Pres ident Griner told the delegates that the union, by using administrative methods appropriate to a smaller organization, had reached a point where each new member costs more than he pays in dues. The original proposal of an increase of 25 cents monthly beginning April 1, 1965 (with 5 cents earmarked for a building fund) and an additional 25 cents a year later, along with other formulas specifying lesser increases, failed to get the nec essary two-thirds majority—though delegates re peatedly appealed for more help in organizing and in winning representation rights. At length, the delegates relented and agreed to increase their present monthly per capita rate of 75 cents to 85 cents beginning April 1, 1965, the first such increase since 1958. Much of the oppo sition to a dues increase was expressed in the form of questions from the delegates on the national’s expenditures; one group of delegates brought their own CPA and others repeatedly questioned the allocation of the union’s funds among the districts, particularly for organizing purposes. ♦Of the Division of Publications, Bureau of Labor Statistics. AMERICAN FEDERATION OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES Rules. One of the first votes of the convention came on an attempt by Roberts’ lodge to change the convention procedure by eliminating the rule that permits a majority of the lodges located in a district, area, or council of the union to bind the rest of the lodges in their group to vote as a unit in rollcall votes. Regarded by many delegates as a preview of the presidential vote, the resolution was defended primarily as a means of bringing the union’s convention rules within the confines of the Standards of Conduct for Employee Orga nizations and Code of Fair Labor Practices for unions in the government service, issued by Presi dent Kennedy in 1963. The majority of the dele gates agreed with President Griner that there was no need to change the rules since the unit rule was rarely used. The Union’s Program Voting on resolutions submitted by the lodges and districts, the delegates resolved to seek early retirement (preferably after 30 years of service), and demanded repeal of the acceptable level of competence requirement for within-grade in creases, repeal of the Hatch Act, limitations on contracting-out work performed by government employees, and curbs on the substitution of mili tary personnel or military retirees for civilian employees. Resolutions submitted by several lodges for fully paid health and retirement pro grams found favor with the convention; and enough delegates agreed with Roberts’ contention that the AFGE trailed the postal unions in legis lative success to pass a resolution demanding an executive council investigation of why the AFGE is not more effective with the Congress. The convention also adopted a program for “wage board” employees (whose wages are set by a board after determining the prevailing area rate for comparable work) that seeks greater wage uniformity and increased union participation in rate determinations. Membership Though it received little discussion on the floor, membership growth was a major issue in the presi dential campaign. Griner’s supporters pointed to a 2-year increase of 27,000 members and 246 lodges, while noting that approximately 250 lodges now have exclusive recognition, as compared with https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1257 only 4 or 5 at the time of Griner’s election. In addition, approximately 425 lodges have won for mal recognition. On the other hand, Roberts claimed that a record of organizing less than 140,000 out of a potential 1 million members was “disgraceful,” and that these “modest increases” in AFGE membership “were caused solely by Ex ecutive Order 10988 and those few lodges with the resources to organize.” Speakers Most of the convention time up to the election was devoted to speeches, mainly by congressional civil service experts and personnel executives. Delegates heard Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall, Senators Olin Johnston and Ralph Yar borough, and Congressmen Joe Pool and James Morrison praise the union’s administration and discuss election-year politics and the union’s legis lative aims (Senator Yarborough received one of the biggest responses of the convention when he told the delegates to thank the highly organized and politically active Letter Carriers for their pay raises). The praise accorded President Griner by many of the speakers was generally considered by delegates and convention observers to have been a factor in his reelection. Speakers from the personnel management side of government discussed their experiences with and recommendations for changes in Executive Order 10988. Repeatedly stressing the impor tance of communication and cooperation, the ad ministrators opposed the union’s proposals to amend promotion and appeals policies, but ad mitted the need for improvements in these areas. Although President Griner had pointed out fac tors which make bargaining at the national level almost a necessity (among them the tendency of local management to await direction from agency headquarters), several of the personnel managers emphasized the greater efficiency of bargaining on a local level where the participants have greater familiarity with the issues, especially if both sides have the authority to negotiate a final agreement. Invariably, they selected as sources of unionmanagement disagreement under the Executive Order the problems of defining a representation unit, defining an eligible employee organization, determining whom the conflict of interest provi sion affects, and deciding what to do wdien a dead lock occurs. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 1258 The International Union of Electrical Workers Rose T. Selby* T h e r i f t in the International Union of Electrical Workers, widening since it first surfaced in 1960— and patched over at the 1962 convention—split the 819 delegates to the 11th constitutional meeting in Washington, D.C., into anti- and pro-administra tion factions. Disputes between the two camps on issues affecting the form and financing of the union’s government disrupted and delayed the proceedings throughout most of the convention. The disputes caused many items to be referred to the Executive Board for action following the termination of the convention on September 25. During bitter floor fighting, accusations of “dic tatorship” and “one-man control” were repeatedly made by the anti-Carey faction with demands for “a new beginning,” “an end to purges and recalls,” “freedom from fear to talk out without reprisal,” and “a return to democracy.” In turn, President James B. Carey and his supporters accused the insurgents of seeking personal power and control without regard for the good of the union and its members. On the other hand, supporters of Paul Jennings, candidate for president of the union, told a divided and turbulent session that if their man was elected he would “promote unity rather than discord,” work in a “team effort,” and “get the kind of patternmaking settlements we need.” For the first time in the union’s 15 years of exist ence, and of Carey’s presidency, an opponent was nominated and placed on the referendum ballot to challenge Carey for the presidency. To be eligible, the candidate needed nomination by delegates from at least 10 local unions from three or more districts accounting for at least a combined 15 percent of the membership represented at the convention. Voting of the members by referendum ballot, as stipulated by the union’s constitution, is to be concluded by mid-November. Jennings is Execu tive-Secretary of District 3 (New York and New Jersey), the union’s largest district, representing approximately 40 percent of the IU E ’s member ship of approximately 300,000. The convention did, however, unanimously elect Secretary-Treas urer George Collins, who had been appointed to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis fill the unexpired term of former Secretary-Treas urer A1 Hartnett, removed by a recall referendum in late 1963. Two resolutions introduced by the Jennings fac tion touched off prolonged and at times acrimoni ous debate, leaving little time for other convention business. These resolutions proposed to revise the election procedure, “providing safeguards for the conduct of a free, honest and democratic election,” and to open the IUE News prior to election to all candidates. President Carey denied Jennings’ move to refer the resolution on election procedure to the Resolutions Committee for action at the con vention, ruling that it was out of order because it had not been submitted prior to the convention. Controversy over Carey’s ruling and repeated de nial of Jennings’ appeal for a vote on this de cision continued throughout the fourth day. Neither of the two resolutions was acted upon at the convention. Repeated wrangling occurred during the elec tion to the five-man Board of Trustees, whose duties include the counting of referendum ballots. Carey’s slate of nominees won—four incumbents and one new Carey nominee were elected. Two candidates nominated by the Jennings faction were defeated. Dues Proposal Crossing factional lines, strong opposition de veloped to a proposal by Carey to revise the dues structure and increase the International defense fund; the proposed amendment was defeated by a vote of 4 to 1. The amendment would have given each local union the following alternatives: (1) Locals could increase dues, on a weekly basis from a minimum of $4 a month to U/2 percent of total earnings up to a maximum of $1.50 weekly or ap proximately $6.50 monthly; with per capita tax to the International to be raised from $2 to a maximum of $3.25, to represent 50 percent of dues, and 23 cents each week going into the International defense fund; or (2) locals could vote to retain or increase monthly dues in effect on September 1, 1964. Under this alternative, per capita tax to the International was to continue at $2 monthly, *Of the Division of Industrial and Labor Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics. THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF ELECTRICAL WORKERS and in addition, the present monthly allocation of 35 cents to the defense fund was to be increased by an additional 65 cents. Where agreements pro vide for checkoff, employers were to transmit di rectly to the International its share of the dues. The delegates appeared more strongly opposed to the method than to the increased dues. The financial report placed the defense fund at $1,891,392. Considerations which seemed to help defeat the amendment were control of the increased fund by the International, and the principle of basing dues on a percentage of earnings. Delegates ex pressed fear that the percentage formula, if adopted, would split some locals. Among those favoring this method were a number of delegates from small locals in low-wage areas. A third ob jection was to the dues increase itself. Some dele gates felt it was unjustified; others, that the locals would not be able to ask their members for ad ditional assessments when needed for the locals; and some delegates, while willing to vote for a temporary assessment by the International to build up the defense fund, objected to a permanent increase. Although the 1964 financial report of the IU E indicated an increase in its total net worth since 1962 of approximately $1 million, bringing it to nearly $3 million, the net worth of the union’s operating fund declined from $1,217,494 in 1962 to $1,102,338 in 1964. This decrease was offset by an increase of over $1 million in defense fund net worth, from $737,467 in 1962 to $1,891,392 in 1964. President Carey reported an increase in member ship of approximately 10,000 since 1962, reflecting a growth rate unequaled since 1957. Because of lack of time, approximately half of the resolutions submitted did not come before the convention. These were referred to the Executive Board for action, over strong protests of Jennings, who moved to continue the convention. All of the resolutions brought before the convention were https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1259 passed, most of them unanimously; those referred to the Executive Board were passed by the Board after the convention adjourned. National and International Affairs A resolution on foreign trade was passed over strong opposition. Objection to the reciprocal trade program, voiced by a number of delegates, was aimed mainly at the advantages given to “run away plants” of large U.S. owned or controlled corporations in foreign countries. Other resolutions dealing with international and domestic affairs endorsed stands made by previous conventions. Collective Bargaining Included in the collective bargaining program were the following items: (1) A job and income assurance plan calling for a change from an hourly to a weekly salary basis, with a 52-week annual guarantee; supplemental pay for employees work ing less than 40 hours, and improved unemploy ment benefits, until a guaranteed salary basis can be obtained; reduction of hours to average 35 hours instead of 40, with no reduction in pay; improved severance pay, special retraining, and reemployment rights for displaced workers; and restrictions on overtime and contracting-out; (2) wage increases, cost-of-living escalators, restora tion of such escalators where they have been dis continued, and inclusion of previous escalator in creases in base pay; and no change from incentive to daily pay basis, without mutual consent; and (3) improved fringe benefits, including extended vacations up to 15 weeks for long-service employ ees, at age 65; liberalized pension, health, and insurance plans; and an improved collective bar gaining program to attract professional, technical, and salaried workers into the union ranks. Special Labor Force Report Part I of a Study of Young People No Longer in School— Their Education, Reasons for Leaving School, and Labor Force Status Out-of-School Youth, February 1963 Vera C. Perrella and F orrest A. Bogan* entry into the full-time labor force follows upon leaving school, and youth and lack of work experience inevitably result in higher unemployment rates than for older, experienced workers. In addition to this age-old hurdle, to day’s young people are faced with the paradox of comparative prosperity overall and increasing dif ficulties for themselves in a labor market progres sively and rapidly more selective under the impact of technological change. Jobs of the types which served as entering wedges for young workers are not increasing in proportion to the growing num bers competing for them. Population and labor force projections indicate a sharpening of the problems of young people in the labor market. The decade of the sixties may be described as the decade of the young worker in terms of expected population and labor force de velopments. By 1970, it is estimated that the population 16 to 21 years old will number 22 mil lion, almost half again as large as in 1960. Al though the proportions in these ages who will be in school are expected to be higher, the number in the labor force is also expected to increase by 3y2 million, constituting 28 percent of the total in crease of 12.6 million in the labor force between 1960 and 1970. To get information about the early work experi ence of youth, a sample survey of 16- to 21-yearold persons who were no longer in school and were T not college graduates was made in February 1963.1 The survey provides more extensive information about the socioeconomic characteristics of this group than was previously available on a nation wide basis. Educational Attainment r a d it io n a l l y , 1260 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In February 1963, there were 6.7 million outof-school persons 16 to 21 years old who were not college graduates (table 1). About 45 percent had dropped out before completing high school, 48 percent had completed high school, and 7 per cent had completed 1 to 3 years of college. Three million did not have a high school diploma. Onefourth of these did not even reach high school, and one-half had dropped out in the second or third year of high school. The concentration of •Both of the Division of Population and Labor Force Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1 This article is based prim arily on information from supple m entary questions in the February 1963 monthly survey of the labor force, conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census through its C urrent Population Survey. D ata in this report relate to persons 16 to 21 years of age who were no longer in school, were not college graduates, and were in the civilian noninstitutional population in the calendar week ending February 16, 1963. Members of the Armed Forces and inm ates of institutions are excluded. Since the estim ates resulting from this survey are based on a sample, they may differ from the figures th a t would have been obtained from a complete census. The sampling variability may be relatively large in cases where the numbers are small. Be cause of the comparatively small size of the group covered in this survey, the number of' sample cases th a t could be used was small. Consequently, numbers under 200,000 and percents based on them should be used with caution. The findings of the survey may be compared with an earlier study on School and Early Employm ent Experience of Youth, A Report on Seven Communities, 1952-57 (BLS Bulletin 1277, 1960). Reprints of all articles in the Special Labor Force Reports series, including in most cases additional detailed tables and an explanatory note, are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, or to any of its regional offices. OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH, FEBRUARY 1963 1261 dropouts in the second and third year of high school seems to be largely the result of the normal coincidence of those school grades with the age of 16—in most States the minimum age at which students may stop going to school. Notwithstand ing the usual legal age minimum, about a third of all the dropouts had left school before reaching 16. Nonwhite students more often than whites had dropped out before they were 16 and before enter ing high school: , . Percent of dropouts who At time of dropout, were— Under 16 years of age_____________________ Under 15 years............................ 15 years.----- ----------------------Did not attend high school...................................... All Nonwhite dropouts dropouts . . 34 2 44 6 1 2 .8 2 1 .5 21.4 22. 9 23.2 30. 7 A large proportion of dropouts were below the usual grade for their age at time of dropout: Age at time of dropout 15tol8years_ 15 years................ 16 years------------17 years................. 18 years------------- Usual grade 1 ________ ___ ___ ___ 2d or 1st year high school.. 3d or 2d year high school. 4th or 3d year high school 4th year high school____ Percent of dropouts below usual grade 42.4 26.8 47.1 38.2 71.0 1 In this report, the two school grades with the largest numbers of students of a given age, as shown in the Census of Population, I960, Detailed Characteris tics, U.S. Summary, PC(1)-1 D, U.S. Bureau of the Census, are considered the usual or normal grades for that age. were not interested in school was almost five times that of the nonwhite. There was no significant difference in the proportions of white and non white males who gave economic reasons. Among the female dropouts, the reasons most often given were marriage or pregnancy (40 per cent) and school-connected factors (26 percent) ; the proportion who gave economic reasons was about half that of the males. About half the nonwhite girls left because of marriage or preg nancy, compared with 38 percent of the white girls. Generally, then, for the males, school-connected rather than economic or other outside factors were the overriding consideration which led them to drop out of school, whatever other elements may have been weighed in making the decision. School-connected factors were also important among the females, though to a lesser extent. T a b le 1. Y ears of S ch oo l C o m p l e t e d , by and A g e , F e b r u a r y 1963 C o lo r , S e x , [Percent distribution of out-of-school youth] Total Age in February 1963, color, and sex Num ber (thou sands) Per cent Reasons for Leaving School Years of school completed Less than 4 4 years 1 to 3 years of of high years of high school college school All P ersons While it is possible that the relative importance of the various reasons leading to dropout would be different if reported by school authorities rather than by the dropouts themselves, the rele vance of the dropouts’ own report of what moti vated them is indisputable, despite the coloration that subjective bias and the passage of time may have added. Close to half the male dropouts attributed their leaving school to school-connected reasons (lack of interest in school, poor grades, difficulties with the school authorities) and about a fourth gave economic reasons (unemployment or inadequate income in the family). Half again as many white as nonwhite males gave school-connected reasons. About the same proportions of white and non white males said they left school because of poor grades, and a higher proportion of nonwhite males than white left because of difficulties with the school authorities. However, the proportion of the white males who said they left because they 747-5719 O— 64— — 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Both sexes, 16 to 21 years.. 6,708 16 and 17 years__ _ . . . . . . 658 18 and 19 years.._ _____ _ . _ 2,752 20 and 21 years. __ . _ _ _ 3,298 Male, 16 to 21 years____ 2,669 16 and 17 years__ _____ _ _ 247 18 and 19 years. __ _ . . 1,071 20 and 21 years. _ ____ ______ 1,351 100.0 45.4 47.6 7.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 92.4 44.5 36.8 76 51.6 52.1 3.9 11.1 100.0 51.4 41.7 6.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.4 50.7 43.6 36 4 5 .5 4 5 .7 3.8 10.7 7.1 Female, 16 to 21 years__ 4,039 100.0 41.5 51.4 16 and 17 years._. .. ______ 18 and 19 years... .. ... 20 and 21 years_______ ._ ... 411 1,681 1,947 100.0 100.0 100.0 89.8 40.6 32.1 10.2 5 5 .5 56.5 3.9 11.4 6.4 N onwhite Both sexes, 16 to 21 years. 1,001 100.0 59.5 34.1 16 and 17 years. . . . . . . _ . 18 and 19 years____ ___ _ . 20 and 21 years___ __ _ 134 419 448 100.0 100.0 100.0 92.5 58.9 50.2 7. 5 3 7 .5 3 9 .2 3.6 10.5 401 Male, 16 to 21 years.. .. 16 and 17 years____ ______ . 18 and 19 years__ ... _____ 20 and 21 years. _____ _ . ._ Female, 16 to 21 years__ 16 and 17 years___ _ . . . ._ 18 and 19 years. _____ . .. . . 20 and 21 y e a rs ..__ _______ 100.0 66.3 29.2 4.5 50 (!) 187 100.0 164 100.0 66.8 56.1 33. 2 32.9 11.0 600 100.0 55.0 37.7 7.3 (1) 84 232 100.0 284 1 0 0 .0 52.6 46.8 40.9 43.0 1 0 .2 6.5 1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 1262 Family Characteristics The extent to which environmental factors in fluence the roles of both the student and the school are illustrated by a study of family characteris tics, such as the money income of the student’s family, the amount of schooling his parents had had, and their residence. Income. Low levels of family income were highly associated with early school-leaving. For example, of the more recent dropouts who were unmarried and still living at home, 2 out of 5 were members of families with an annual income under $3,000; the income was less than $2,000 in more than half the families within that group (table 2). In contrast, of those who had com pleted at least 4 years of high school, only 1 out of 5 families had incomes under $3,000. The number of grades completed was also related to family income. Among youths in families with less than $3,000 income, the proportion who dropped out before reaching high school was al most double that of those who dropped out of high school. Farm residence may have had some influence here, since money income of farm fam ilies tends to be low, and relatively high propor tions of farm dropouts leave school before reach ing high school. Among both dropouts and graduates, greater proportions of nonwhite than white youths were in families with less than $3,000 income. Nonwhite graduates were four times as likely as white graduates, and even twice as likely as white dropouts, to be members of families in this low-income group. Parents'1 Education. Another aspect of family background, the school attainment of parents, also plays a strong role in the student’s school achieve ment. Among the young people for whom parents’ schooling was reported, the great majority of drop outs were from families in which neither parent had completed high school (table 3). A high pro portion—almost half—of the young people at tained at least a high school diploma even though neither of their parents had graduated from high school, illustrating the increasing trend toward more education. Residence. Historically, farm residents have left school earlier than nonfarm residents. Among https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 this group of young people, too, those who were farm residents when they last attended school were somewhat more likely to be dropouts than those who were nonfarm residents. Moreover, the proportion of the farm males who dropped out of elementary school was about twice that of the non farm males; for girls from farm families, the pro portion of elementary school dropouts was not quite double that of those from nonfarm families, as shown in the following tabulation: Residence, in last year of school Farm Nonfarm Highest grade c o m p l e t e d ---------------- ------------------Male Female Male Female Total (percent)_________________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 4 years of high school_________ 54. 5 48. 5 50. 7 40.3 8 years of elementary school, or less... 34.6 19.8 16.4 11.8 1 to 3 years of high school__________ 19. 8 28. 6 34. 3 28. 5 4 years of high school, or more__________ 45. 5 51. 5 49. 3 59. 7 Migration Since leaving school, about 4 out of 10 of the men and 6 out of 10 of the women who were farm residents when they last attended school had moved to nonfarm areas. Among those with at least a high school diploma, the men were more likely to remain farm residents than the women, reflecting the lesser opportunity for jobs for women in farm areas. The continuing exodus of young people from farms has increased the supply of young people competing for jobs in nonagricultural in dustries, in addition to contributing to raising the median age of the farm population. Status After School The survey included a series of questions about labor force status, beginning with, “When you left school, did you have a job waiting for you?” Nearly 30 percent had a job waiting. Over 50 per cent looked for a job after leaving school; a small proportion of the men, and about 1 in 4 of the women, did not look for work. Among those who looked for work, a majority of both the graduates and dropouts found their first job, either full or part time, within 4 weeks after they started to look. About 13 percent had to look for 15 weeks or longer before finding a job, and about the same proportion had not yet found one as of February 1963 (some of these had un doubtedly started to look only a short time prior to the survey date). Dropouts were much more 1263 OUT-OF-SGHOOL YOUTH, FEBRUARY 1963 jobs are not open to persons under 18 years of age. In addition, there is no way to tell how many of the youths, both graduates and dropouts, initially were not interested in working and therefore did not start looking for some time, or at first wanted only a part-time job and later decided to look for a full time one. Most of the young people obtained their first full-time jobs either by applying directly or through friends or relatives. Other methods, such as referrals by schools, public or private employ ment offices, etc., accounted for about 15 percent of the dropouts’ jobs and 30 percent of the grad uates’. Graduates were more likely to apply di rectly than dropouts. Overall, larger proportions of white than nonwhite youths applied directly. likely than graduates to have looked for work without finding any. The nonwhite graduates had the most difficulty in finding jobs. They were less likely than either white or nonwhite dropouts to have a job waiting when they left school, and— in contrast to the white graduates—it took them about as long to find work as it did the dropouts. This may reflect an unwillingness, at least initially, to settle for the less-skilled jobs more readily avail able to non white workers. Among the youths who had worked at some time since leaving school, fewer than one-tenth each of the men and the women had worked at part-time jobs only—a large majority of the men, and nearly half of the women, because they could not find full-time jobs. In terms of the time which elapsed between leav ing school and obtaining the first full-time job, graduates were better off than dropouts. Onehalf the high school graduates started to work on their first full-time job within a month after leav ing school, compared with 40 percent of the drop outs. On the other hand, relatively twice as many dropouts as graduates did not start on their first full-time job for at least a year. The larger pro portion of younger persons among the dropouts may have some bearing here, since they may either have waited longer than the graduates before start ing to look, or had to look longer because of their youth. A contributing factor may be that many T a b l e 2. I n co m e of F a m il ie s of Occupations. About two-thirds of the men, both dropouts and graduates, found their first full-time jobs in blue-collar occupations. Male graduates were much more likely than dropouts to obtain white-collar jobs (22 percent and 8 percent, re spectively). Dropouts were twice as likely as graduates to obtain work as farm laborers, reflect ing to some extent the high proportion of dropouts that occur among farm youths. There is no sharp evidence of the advantage of a high school diploma with respect to occupation groups of the jobs obtained by male graduates and dropouts upon leaving school. The circumstances Y o u t h s 1 W ho L a st A t t e n d e d S c h o o l in 1961 C o m p l e t e d and C o lo r , F e b r u a r y 1963 or L ater, by Y ears of S c h oo l [Percent distribution of out-of-school youth 16 to 21 years of age] Total Years of school completed and color Number (thousands) Family income Less than $3,090 Percent Total Less than $2,000 $2,000 to $2,999 $3,000 to $4,999 $5,000 to $7,499 $7,500 to $9,999 $10,000 and over A ll P ersons Less than 4 years of high school. . 8 years of elementary school, or less___ 1 to 3 years of high school__ _ _ __ .. 4 years of high school, or more......... _ 613 195 418 1,363 100. 0 40.3 59.2 31.3 20.4 23.9 39. 7 16.4 9.9 16.4 19.6 14.9 10. 5 32.2 21. 8 37.1 21.9 15.3 19. 0 13.5 26.1 6.5 5.8 100.0 100.0 9.5 14.8 8.5 16.9 479 1,190 100.0 100.0 32.8 14.6 16. 5 6.1 16.3 8.5 33.7 21.4 19.0 29.0 7.4 16.0 7.1 19.0 134 173 100.0 100.0 71.3 59.1 54.6 35.1 16.7 24.0 25. 9 25.3 22.8 2 15.6 100.0 W hite Less than 4 years of high school.. _ . _ 4 years of high school, or more____ ______ N onwhite Less than 4 years of high school. _ ______ _ 4 years of high school, or more_______ 1Includes only never-married persons living with, and related to, a head of household. 2Data for all income groups $5,000 and over included with $5,000 to $7,499 group. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals, 1264 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 19G4 Chart 1. Weekly Wage or Salary Earnings of Drop outs and High School Graduates on First Full-Time job PERCENT 0 20 40 60 80 100 ---------- 1---------- 1--------- 1---------- 1--------MA L E Ope r a t i v es and ki ndr ed wor ker s Dropouts Graduat es Dr opout s G r a d u a t es Dr opout s Gr aduat es Dropouts Gr a du a t es Status in February 1963 Dr opout s Graduates m |L e s s than $50 $50-$79 [i&jjlil $80 or more are somewhat different for women. In many oc cupations considered women’s work (typing, stenography, clerical work, etc.), high school edu cation has immediate, tangible relevancy. Among these 16- to 21-year-old women, 60 percent of the graduates were clerical workers in their first full time jobs, a proportion about four times that of the dropouts. A majority of the latter were serv ice workers (42 percent) and operatives (25 per cent) . Earnings. The data on weekly earnings of two groups—graduates who had 4 years of high school or more, and dropouts—who were wage and salary workers in their first full-time jobs clearly buttress the advantage of a high school diploma. About two-fifths of the male graduates earned $60-$T9 (their modal group), compared with onefifth of the dropouts. The proportion who earned https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $80 or more was also double that of the dropouts. About a fourth of the male dropouts—three times as many as graduates—earned less than $40. Although women, on the average, earned less than men, the advantage of graduation was un mistakable. The proportion of graduates who earned less than $40 on their first full-time job was less than half that of the dropouts. Over half the graduates earned $50 or more on their first full time job, compared with one-fifth of the dropouts. Forty percent of the female dropouts got their first full-time job in private household work or other service occupations, and almost all of these earned less than $40. The greater proportion of gradu ates in the higher earnings groups reflects to some extent the occupations they held. Earnings differentials in the same occupation group further confirm the advantage the graduate has over the dropout. About half the male drop outs who were operatives earned less than $50 a week, compared with about a fourth of the gradu ates (chart 1). Among women clerical workers, relatively twice as many dropouts as graduates earned less than $50 a week. Largely because many girls married and left the labor force, there was a reduction of about 13 per centage points (to 69 percent) in labor force par ticipation between the time of leaving school (varying, since they left school at different times) and February 1963, the time of the survey. The decrease was greater among the white than the nonwhite girls and among the dropouts than the graduates. Most of the males who did not look for a job immediately after leaving school had worked or looked for work since then. Among the women, the proportion who had never worked and never looked remained high—close to one-fourth of the dropouts and one-tenth of the graduates. Eightysix percent of the married women gave family responsibilities as the reason why they had never looked for work. Among the single women, fam ily responsibilities and taking training were equally important—about 30 percent each. Only 220,000 men (8 percent of the total) were not in the labor force in February 1963; about half of these were dropouts, and 1 out of 5 was non white. Almost two-thirds were taking job OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH, FEBRUARY 1963 1265 training, were waiting to join the Armed Forces, or were ill or unable to work (table 4). A major ity of the 220,000 had worked at some time since leaving school. About 20 percent each had never looked for work and had looked but without suc cess. Of all the women covered in the survey, 45 per cent were not in the labor force in February 1963. The proportion of dropouts who were not in the labor force was two times that of the graduates. About 80 percent of those not in the labor force— both graduates and dropouts—were married, and family responsibilities bulked large among the reasons given for not being in the labor force. However, about 1 in 6 of all the women not in the labor force was interested in working. The Unemployed About 850,000 of these youths were unemployed in February 1963—18.6 percent of those in the labor force at that time. (The rate is not season ally adjusted.) There was considerable variation in the rate for different groups (table 5). Men had a higher unemployment rate than women. The dropouts’ rate of 27 percent was twice that of the graduates’. The non white rate was as high as that for all dropouts, largely because one-third of the T a b le 3. E d u c a tio n a l At t a in m e n t of Y ouths by non white women graduates in the labor force were unemployed. The male nonwhite graduates had improved their position considerably over what it had been right after leaving school, at least in terms of having a job, since their unemployment rate in February was not significantly different from that of white male graduates. Farm males had lower unemployment rates than nonfarm males. Among high school graduates who had taken vocational courses in school, unemployment rates were appreciably lower for those who also had postschool training, as apprentices, in special schools, or elsewhere. For youths who had com pleted elementary school but had dropped out of high school, training—wdiether taken in vocational courses in high school or subsequently—did not appear to have any significant effect on lowering unemployment rates. Among unemployed males, unemployment of 15 weeks or more as of February 1963 was more common among dropouts (32 percent) than grad uates (17 percent). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the proportions for women graduates and women dropouts—about a fourth in each group had been unemployed 15 weeks or more. About one-third of the unem ployed men and 40 percent of the unemployed women had never worked. Of the unemployed E d u c a tio n a l A t t a in m e n t of P a rents, by C o lo r , F e b r u a r y 1963 [Percent distribution of out-of-school youth] Years of school completed by youths Educational attainment of parents and color Less than 4 years of high school Total 8 years of elementary school, or less 1 to 3 years of high school 4 years of high school, or more Total 4 years of high school 1 to 3 years of college All P ersons All youths, 16 to 21 years (thousands)________________ Percent reporting parents’ education______________ Educational attainment reported, total____________ 3,046 68.8 100.0 1,055 66.6 100.0 1,991 69.9 100.0 3.662 84.4 100.0 3,190 83.8 100.0 472 88.3 100.0 Neither parent completed 4 years of high school________ One or both parents completed 4 years of high school One or both parents attended but did not complete college One or both parents completed college________________ 78.1 16.8 3.1 2.1 93.6 5.3 .6 .6 70.2 22.6 4.4 2.8 47.2 36.0 11.2 5.7 50.6 34.1 10.3 5.0 24.9 48.4 16.8 9.8 All youths, 16 to 21 years (thousands)________________ Percent reporting parents’ education______________ Educational attainment reported, total____________ 596 54.4 100.0 257 50.4 100.0 339 57.5 100.0 405 70.9 100.0 343 68.2 100.0 Neither parent completed 4 years of high school______ One or both parents completed 4 years of high school____ One or both parents attended but did not complete college One or both parents completed college________________ 81.5 13.5 2.5 2.5 96.9 71.3 22.6 4.1 2.1 55.9 35.1 5. 2 3.8 67.1 23.9 6. 4 2.6 N onwhite 1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3.1 (>) (') 62 N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 1266 T able 4. R e a so n s G iv e n F or N ot B e in g in L abor F orce , b y S e x , and by M a rita l S ta t u s of W o m e n , F ebr u a r y 1963 [Percent distribution of out-of-school youth 16 to 21 years of age] Womer Men Reason Total Single Married 1 All persons: Number (thousands). Percent___ _____ 219 100.0 1,829 100.0 390 100.0 1,439 100.0 Waiting to join Armed Forces Do not want to work ----------Family responsibilities----- ---------Taking job training. ______ . . No work available... _________ . .. Ill or disabled... . _________ . . . Oth6r ________ ____ ______ 21. 7 5.0 2.0 23.2 6.6 18.7 22.7 8.2 69.5 5.5 3.1 3.7 10.0 9.8 25.8 22.6 5.9 10.4 25.5 7.7 81.1 .9 2.3 2.0 5.9 1Includes some women who were widowed, divorced, or separated. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. men who had worked at some time, three-fourths had been blue-collar workers, a larger proportion than among the employed. Among the women, two-fifths of the unemployed had been service workers on their last job, compared with one-fifth of the employed, as shown in the following tabuation: Men Women Experienced Employed Experienced Employed unemployed unemployed All occupations. White-collar workers___ Blue-collar workers.. ... Service w orkers...__ _ Farmworkers _ . ... 100.0 5.7 76.0 9.8 8.4 100.0 17.3 64.7 7.8 10.3 100.0 39.8 19.3 40.9 100.0 66.6 13.6 18.5 1.3 The young people who were unemployed were asked, “What is the lowest weekly wage or salary you will accept?” and “If you were offered a job in another part of the country at this weekly wage or salary, would you take it?” Among the men, graduates and dropouts showed the same willing ness to move—3 out of 5. However, rela tively three times as many graduates as dropouts attached conditions regarding the kind of work, living costs, and other considerations. Unem ployed women were less willing to move, and this attitude was as strong for dropouts as for those with more schooling. Single women were some what more willing to move then married women. Men most often gave economic reasons for being unwilling to move (too expensive to move, wage or salary too low, etc.), as shown below: Reason for unwillingness to move Total___________________________________ Home or family_____________ ____ ___ ____ ____ Economic_______________ _____ ___ ____ ______ Other_______________________________________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In February, roughly 3 out of 4 unem ployed graduates and dropouts, men and women, were taking training, had definite plans to do so, or were interested in doing so: Male 100.0 30. 4 52.1 17.5 Female 100.0 44.3 36.1 19.6 Total unemployed_____ With plans or interested_____ Taking training____ ____ Definite plans______ ___ Interested______________ Definitely__________ Maybe___ _____ ___ Not interested in training____ Men GraduDropates outs 100.0 100.0 79.5 72.7 5.6 3.3 25.2 9.5 42.0 66.8 34.3 57.3 9.5 7.7 27.3 20.5 Women DropGraduates outs 100.0 100.0 66.3 77.1 4.6 15.4 14.0 46.3 63.1 32.0 47.8 14.3 15.3 22.9 33.7 The Employed The total number employed in February 1963 was 3.8 million, almost equally divided between men and women. In addition to 350,000 men and women who had had 1 to 3 years of college, there were 1.8 million men and 1.7 million women who were either high school graduates or dropouts. Eighty-three percent of the men and 78 percent of the women were working full time. Another 10 percent each of the men and the women usually worked full time, although they worked part time during the survey week. In February 1963, approximately half the men worked in manufacturing industries and retail trade, with graduates more likely to be working in the better paying durable goods industries. Only 11 percent of the men worked in agriculture, and about 40 percent in service, construction, and the other industries. Among the women, proportion ately more graduates than dropouts worked in service industries, including finance, but more dropouts worked in manufacturing and retail trade. Overall, for both graduates and dropouts these three industries accounted for more than 8 out of 10 of the jobs held by women. In the job held in February 1963, as on the first full-time job they held after leaving school, most of the men were concentrated in blue-collar occu pations ; most of the women graduates were cleri cal and kindred workers, and the women dropouts were operatives and service workers. Job-Changing. While many of the young people had changed jobs between their first full-time job and the job they held in February 1963, there were few overall changes in the proportions in the sev eral broad occupation groups. There was some OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH, FEBRUARY 1963 1267 shifting from farm to nonfarm jobs among male dropouts. Fewer women graduates were in serv ice (excluding private household) jobs, and more were in white-collar jobs. Among women drop outs, the proportion in service (excluding private household) occupations declined. The occupation groups of the longest held jobs for both men and women were much the same as for the first full time and the current jobs. About 1.7 million of these young people, at a minimum, had changed jobs at least once. It is likely that the volume of job changing was even greater, since this total excludes both those who never had a full-time job and those who may have held only part-time jobs before. Others who either were unemployed in February or had left the labor market are also excluded. Even this T able 5. L abor F orce S ta tus , by Y ea r s of minimal figure represents about a third of the number who entered the labor force at the time of leaving school. Earnings. Among those who had full-time jobs in February 1963, 20 percent of the male dropouts were earning less than $40, compared with 6 per cent of the men who had at least a high school diploma; 71 percent of the latter were earning $60 or more, compared with 45 percent of the dropouts. Among women, 33 percent of the dropouts were earning less than $40 on full-time jobs, compared with 12 percent of the graduates. Substantially larger proportions of nonwhite than white work ers had earnings in the low-income groups. These earnings differentials between graduates and dropouts and between whites and nonwhites S chool C ompleted , C olor , and S e x , F e b r u a r y 1963 [Percent distribution of out-of-school youth 16 to 21 years of age] T otal1 In civilian labor force Years of school completed, color, and sex Number (thousands) Percent Total Em ployed Unem ployed Not in labor force Unemploy ment rate * All P ersons Both sexes, total_______ _ Less than 4 years of high school,. 4 years of high school, or more___ , 4 years of high school__________ 1 to 3 years of college__ _ 6,708 100.0 69.3 56.4 12.9 30.7 18.6 3,046 3,662 3,190 472 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 60.6 76.5 76.0 80.3 44.1 66.6 65.5 74.0 16.4 9.9 10.4 6.3 39.4 23.5 24.0 19.7 27.1 13.0 13.8 7.9 Male, total_________ _ 2,669 100.0 91.7 72.9 18.8 8.3 20.5 Less than 4 years of high school. _. . 4 years of high school, or more... . 4 years of high school. . . 1 to 3 years of college .. . 1,371 1,298 1,113 185 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 91.2 92.3 91.2 98.4 66.2 80.0 77.9 92.5 25.1 12.3 13.4 5.9 8.8 7.7 8.8 1.6 27.8 13.3 14.6 6.0 Female, total_____ 4,039 100.0 54.5 45.6 8.9 45.5 16.4 Less than 4 years of high school. 4 years of high school, or more .. 4 years of high school____ 1 to 3 years of college. . . 1, 675 2,364 2,077 287 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 35.6 67.9 67.8 68.6 26.2 59.3 58.9 62.0 9.4 8.6 8.9 6.6 64.4 32.1 32.2 31.4 26.4 12.7 13.1 9.6 N onwhite Both sexes, total Less than 4 years of high school.. 4 years of high school, or more. . 4 years of high school____ 1 to 3 years of college__ Male, total____ . Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school, or more 4 years of high school____ 1 to 3 years of college. Female, total__ Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school, or more 4 years of high school.. 1 to 3 years of college Persons for whom labor force status is not known: distribution is based on persons reporting labor force status. * Unemployed as a percent of civilian labor force. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1,001 100.0 68.0 50.5 17.6 32.0 25.8 596 405 343 62 64.8 72.8 71.6 47.8 54.3 53.7 16.9 18.5 17.9 35.3 27.2 28.4 26.1 25.4 25.0 401 100.0 100.0 100.0 (3) 100.0 88.8 70.3 18.5 11.2 20.8 266 135 117 18 100.0 100.0 100.0 (3) 90.6 85.2 83.5 66.9 77.0 73.9 23.7 8.1 9.6 9.4 14.8 16.5 26.1 9.6 600 100.0 54.0 37.1 16.9 46.0 31.4 330 270 226 44 100.0 100.0 100.0 (3) 43.6 66.7 65.5 32.2 43.0 43.4 11.3 23.7 22.1 56.4 33.3 34.5 26.7 35.6 33.8 (3) (3) (3) (3) 3 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 1268 Chart 2. Dropouts and High School Graduates W ith Full-Time Wage or Salary Earnings of $50 or More a Week • PERCENT 0 20 40 60 60 100 MA L E Dr o p o u t s • • G r a d u a t es FEMALE • Dr opout s • Graduat es • J___________I___________ L Y//////X F i r s t full-time job • Full-time job held in February 1963 in the jobs held in February indicated a persist ence of the contrast shown in their first jobs. However, both dropouts and graduates, men and women, showed improvement, as evidenced by the larger proportions who were earning over $50 a week at their current job (chart 2). Nonwhite men improved their earnings position, but non white women did not; about 8 out of 10 were earn ing less than $50 a week on both the first and the February full-time jobs. Review of Findings • About 3 million, or half, of the young people 16 to 21 years old in February 1963 who were no longer in school and were not college graduates https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • • • • were school dropouts. Boys were somewhat more likely to have dropped out than girls. Almost one-fourth of all the dropouts did not even reach high school, and half left school in the second or third year of high school. Among those who dropped out when 15 to 18 years old, 2 out of 5 were overage in grade. About one-third of the dropouts had left school at 16—more than at any other age. Close to half the boys and one-fourth of the girls said they dropped out of school because of school-connected reasons. About one-fifth of the dropouts said they had to leave school because of economic reasons. Two out of 5 of the dropouts who were still living at home were in families with incomes below $3,000. Half the high school graduates, but only onefifth of the dropouts, had at least one parent who had graduated from high school. More of the dropouts who lived on farms dropped out before going to high school, com pared with nonfarm dropouts. A greater pro portion of girls than of boys who were farm residents at the time of leaving school had since moved to nonfarm areas. In February 1963, the unemployment rate for the dropouts was 27 percent—twice as high as for graduates. Male dropouts were twice as likely as graduates to be out of work for long periods (15 weeks or more) before finding their first job. Employed dropouts, on the average, earned less than employed graduates, even in the same occupation group. Nonwhite youths had a more difficult time get ting jobs than white youths, and earned less, on the average. Summaries of Studies and Reports Processing of Grievances* C ollective bargaining has developed the griev ance procedure as the principal means of removing employee grievances on the job from among poten tial sources of industrial strife. An employee’s complaint against management has become a mat ter of contractual relationship, to be handled in a manner agreed upon by his union and employer without exposing the complainant to a possible re taliation or the loss of job. What constitutes a grievable issue, and who has the right or responsibility to initiate a settlement procedure, was discussed in the preceding article. The subject here is the variety of methods usually employed toward the resolution of grievances. The process through which unresolved disputes move from the complaining worker to ultimate settlement varies considerably among agreements. The distinctions reflect different plant and com pany organizational or decisionmaking structures. The size of the plant or company is a key factor : the larger the unit, the more formalized the griev ance procedure tends to become. Since this study deals with agreements covering 1,000 workers or more,1 the procedures described in this article are generally appropriate to large units. In multi employer agreements, however, the procedures are usually less formal. A grievance involving a small employer is processed by the employer him self, and is appealed to the association only if he cannot resolve the dispute. Procedural Steps Contracts usually listed the successive proce dural steps through which a dispute was to be proc essed toward a solution. These procedures ranged from the simple informal to the highly formalized ones of six steps or more, with most specifying three or four steps. A formalized procedure in cludes detailed requirements, such as written pres entation of the grievance, appeals, and decisions; signed copies of minutes of meetings; time limit https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis for each step; and types and numbers of represent atives permitted at various steps. In a simple one-step procedure, the employee takes his complaint to the union, and the union deals directly with the employer or his representa tive; if no agreement is reached, the dispute goes to arbitration, or is dropped, or perhaps becomes a strike issue. Under a two-step procedure, the complaint is usually processed by the employee and shop steward, or the steward alone, for the employee and the foreman for the company be fore an appeal—through the steward or shop committee—to the employer. An illustrative three-step procedure was as follows: Step For employee For company 1. Employee and/or departmental Foreman. steward. 2. Shop committee. Factory manager or representative from the personnel department. 3. Officer(s) of the union or any au- President of the company. thorized representative(s). (Arbitration) A six-step procedure is illustrated by the follow ing sequence: Step For employee For company 1. Employee. Immediate supervisor. 2. Shop steward. Immediate supervisor. 3. Area grievance man. Departmental foreman. 4. President of localunion or his Personnel director. representative. Joint Industrial Relations Committee of not more than— 5. 7 union representatives. 7 management representatives. 6. 7 union representatives, but must 7 management representatives, but include president of international must include manager of indusunion or his representative. trial relations. (Mediation and/or Arbitration) Informal procedures were frequently found in multiemployer agreements covering small retail, wholesale trade, and construction companies. This type of procedure usually called for the union or a grievance committee to negotiate with the employer on grievances, without mentioning ♦This is the second of two articles based on a new BLS study published under the title of Major Collective Bargaining Agree ments: Grievance Procedures (BLS Bulletin 1425-1). I t deals w ith processing of grievances up to the point of arbitration. The previous article, published in the October issue, dealt with the scope of the study, the range of grievance procedures, and the presentation of grievances. 1 The study included a to tal of 1,717 agreements, covering 7.4 million workers in all industries except railroads and airlines. (See Pt. I, M onthly Labor Review, October 1964, pp. 1125-1130.) 1269 1270 participation of the employee, the steward, or the foreman. Levels of Authority Multistep procedures usually called for the par ticipation of the employee or the steward, or both, and the foreman in the initial stage of the griev ance process. The number of additional steps and the parties who were to participate at each step were related, to some extent, to the delegation of authority within the company—and possibly with in the union—so that the appeal of a grievance from one step to the next nearly always involved carrying the issue to a broader area of responsi bility in the management, often involving the com pany personnel director. In some agreements, the union participant in each step also represented a higher level of authority ; in others, the same union representative was to participate at some or all in termediate steps of the procedure. In the longer multistep procedures, union participation often changed from local to national representation in the last or next to the last step of the procedure. Although the processing of the grievance, once the union took charge, was the union’s responsibility, provision was made in some agreements for the em ployee’s participation in the process, usually at his option. Multiemployer association agreements fre quently listed a three-step procedure. Participa tion in the second stage was usually open to a representative of the association, with a joint union-association committee provided for in the third step. Procedures of four steps or more were usually established under large single-plant or multiplant single-employer agreements. Gener ally, the procedural steps closely follow the au thority structure of the company, e.g., from plant floor level, to plant personnel supervisory level, to plant management, to company management. Multiplant master agreements, however, fre quently outlined the general framework of a grievance procedure but left the steps of the pro cedure to be fixed at the local plant level or per mitted adjustment of steps to fit local needs. Deviations. Modification of the procedural steps by mutual consent, limited to a particular griev ance, was provided for in some instances. For specific types of grievances, many agreements also specified deviation from the procedural steps pre https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 scribed in the general procedure. These were usually disputes relating to company or union policy matters, discipline, discharge, problems of an emergency nature, or other disputes which were outside the authority of stewards, foremen, or other lower echelon personnel. Special handling of these disputes included initiation at some inter mediate step, and omitting or adding other steps in the general grievance procedure. (These ex ceptions are discussed elsewhere in this article.) Some agreements specifically stated that pro cedural steps of the grievance process must be followed, while others required this before the case could be submitted to arbitration. Under many agreements, failure to use all the steps of grievance procedure could nullify the strike and lockout ban. Time Limits. Time limits aiming at expeditious processing of grievances but affording ample time for investigation of relevant facts in the case were found in many agreements. In procedures where no time limits were specified, a mutual agreement to attempt prompt settlement was often found. Nearly 5 out of 6 of the 416 agreements exam ined in detail set time limits on some or all steps of the grievance procedure. Approximately onesixth of these provisions set a time limit for each action, fixing it from the time the act complained of took place until the terminal point of the griev ance procedure (prior to submittal to arbitration or other action). The remaining provisions varied considerably, ranging from time limits on certain phases of the procedure—e.g., on manage ment’s answer in each step—to limits on all steps except the initiation or the final step, or both. Limits on the initiation of a complaint varied in both length of time and the effective starting date. The amount of time allowed for the initiation of a grievance ordinarily ranged from 2 weeks to 2 months from a specified beginning date, but inter vals as short as 3 days and as long as 1 year were also found. Exceptions to the regular initiation time limits were often specified for discharge and discipline grievances. Here, more stringent time limits, usually ranging from 1 day to 1 week, were found. Under some agreements, all grievances relating to errors in wage payments were also ex empted from the initiation time limits.2 2 The F a ir Labor Standards Act includes a 2-year statu te of lim itations for filing suits for the recovery of backpay. A num ber of States also have statu tes of lim itations for filing wage claims. 1271 PROCESSING OF GRIEVANCES Usually any grievance that was not filed within the initiation period was considered dropped. Penalties for noncompliance with other time lim its of the procedure frequently resulted in settle ment of the grievance in favor of the last party to act; less frequently, the grievance was dropped, or—in some cases—was to go to the next step. Written Records. Written presentation of the grievance at some stage of the grievance procedure was indicated in most agreements. Although a few required submission of the complaint in writing at the first step of the procedure, most pro visions required it at the second step, while some specified another intermediate phase or the final step of the procedure. Some agreements gave the grieving party the option of making the initial presentation orally or in writing; others required that initial presentation of certain types of griev ances be in writing. Specifications for a written presentation of grievance ranged from a mere statement that the complaint be submitted in writing, or that a state ment of the grievance be filed, to a requirement that all data concerning the issue be included. Where a written account was required, the com pany usually furnished the grievance forms to be used. The number of copies to be made was also specified. Some agreements made the writing of the grievance a responsibility of the employee while others specified the union representative. Generally, where a written grievance was re quired, the agreements also specified that man agement’s reply was to be in writing. A few re quired a written answer only on request of either party. Joint minutes of some or all steps of the procedure were required in some agreements. The items to be included were often indicated. The Complainant's Status. The status of a dis ciplined employee during the processing of the grievance was often defined in the agreement. Generally, the employee, at the discretion of the employer, could be suspended from work, with 3 Does not include procedures set forth in separate documents (i.e., benefit plan booklets). 4 This analysis of grievance procedures for benefit-plan dis putes was limited to those included in the basic agreements. Procedures for the settlem ent of such disputes are frequently outlined in separate documents ; an analysis of these procedures will be included in a separate study. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis provision for reimbursement for wages and bene fits lost if exonerated. Although most of the agreements provided for appeal after dismissal where discharge was involved, a few prohibited severance of the employee from the payroll until final determination under the grievance procedure but specified that the company and union could agree to the discharge pending final settlement. Special Grievance Procedures Over half of the 416 agreements included pro visions to be used in combination with the regular procedure in the handling of certain kinds of situations. Most of these provisions called for such deviations from the regular course as skip ping or adding additional procedural steps, im posing special time limits, or appointing special representatives; a few supplemented the regular procedure with a completely separate one, de signed for certain limited purposes. Both of these auxiliary provision types were classified in this study as special grievance procedures. Special procedures were employed primarily when it v-as necessary to expedite the handling of issues that required immediate attention, to handle grievances of a general nature, or to pro vide technical assistance to the parties if the dis pute could not be handled by the regular griev ance representatives. Many agreements provided more than one spe cial procedure for different issues. The most common issue requiring a special procedure was discharge and/or discipline (113). Other issues were company-union grievances (77), plantwide areawide grievances (32), safety and health (14), incentives (8), job evaluation (8), hiring (8), issues requiring technical assistance (7), benefit plans (6),3 and a variety of other special problem areas. Completely separate procedures, wThere all the representatives and all the steps were different from those under the regular rules, were found only in agreements which included detailed bene fit plans, and applied only to those plans.4 Mediation of Grievances Forty-five, or 2.6 percent of the 1,717 agreements examined, had provision for mediation of unsettled grievance disputes by an outside party. Worker 1272 coverage under these agreements totaled 84,700, or 1.1 percent of the total coverage of all the agreements. Under these 45 agreements, any de cision of the impartial mediator was binding only upon mutual acceptance by the employer and the union. Multiemployer agreements accounted for 6 of the 45 provisions. Twenty-seven unions were signatory to agree ments with mediation provisions; only one or two major agreements of any union had mediation provisions, except for the Auto Workers (6 agree ments) and the Electrical Workers (IBEW) (4). Under 16 of the 45 agreements, unsettled dis putes were automatically referred to mediation; under 23, referral was made at the request of either party; and under 6, only by mutual consent.5 Mediation was the final step provided for proc essing grievances in 10 of the 45 agreements. The remaining 35 agreements made provisions for arbi tration of grievances not settled through media tion. Two of the 35, however, specified arbitra tion by mutual consent only. An absolute ban on strikes was found in 23 of the 45 agreements with mediation; all but 3 of the 23 had provision for arbitration. Nineteen of the re maining 22 agreements banned strikes over issues subject to grievance until the grievance procedure, including mediation and arbitration where appli cable, was exhausted; provision for arbitration was made in all but 6 of the 19 agreements. Two of the 19 agreements waived the strike ban if either party violated the grievance-arbitration pro visions of the agreement. Three agreements made no mention of strikes or lockouts; one did not provide for arbitration. Unsettled Disputes Settlements arrived at jointly by labor and man agement at any step in the grievance procedure were, generally, final and binding on the parties concerned. Some agreements stipulated whether decisions were applicable to similar cases in the future, or only to the case in dispute. Many agree ments provided that a grievance would be con5 The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service was specified as the mediation agency or as an alternate choice in 31 agree m ents ; State conciliation agencies, in 11 ; the U.S. Departm ent of Labor, in 3 ; and selection by joint union-management commit tees, in 2. Five agreements did not specify the mediation agency. (These figures are not additive because several agree ments specified more than one agency.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 sidered settled unless it was appealed within speci fied time limits. Provision was often made for retroactivity of adjustments reached through grievance settlement. All but 88 of the 1,697 agreements with griev ance procedures made provision for the arbitra tion of unsettled disputes. In the 88 agreements, which covered a total of 215,550 workers, the for mal procedures for settling disputes were ex hausted at the last step in the procedure, or (in 10 agreements) with an attempt at nonbinding me diation. It is important to note that, at the exhaustion of the grievance procedure, the employer’s position prevails unless another re course is available to the union. Sixty-two of the 88 agreements without arbitra tion provisions explicitly allowed strike action if no settlement was reached upon exhaustion of the grievance procedure. Nine others, with a total coverage of 16,100 workers, had an absolute ban on strikes during the term of the agreement. The largest of these nine agreements tempered the no-strike ban by allowing cancellation of the agreement if any violation or annulment of work rules occurred, if the employer sublet or transferred work without union approval, or if the workers were employed in any manner inconsistent with the provisions of the agreement. The remaining 17 agreements neither banned strikes nor explicitly permitted them, thus implic itly opening the possibility of strike action. Five industries—tobacco, lumber and wood products, primary metals, transportation equip ment, and construction—accounted for over twothirds of the agreements without arbitration clauses. Twenty-three of the 88 agreements were negotiated by the Automobile Workers. Among the various other signatory unions, but to a much lesser extent, were the Tobacco Workers, Electrical Workers (IB E W ), Carpenters, Woodworkers, and Teamsters. Fifty-six of the 88 agreements without arbitra tion provisions specified that all disputes could be processed according to the grievance procedure; the remaining 32 specified that all disputes over interpretation, application, or violation of the agreements could be processed. None listed speci fied exclusions. — R ose T. S elby a n d M aurice L. C u n n in g h a m Division of Industrial and Labor Relations SUPPLEMENTARY PAY PRACTICES IN MANUFACTURING Supplementary Pay Practices in Manufacturing, 1962 and 1959 D u r in g 1962, employer expenditures for selected supplementary compensation practices amounted to about 57 cents for every hour that production and related workers spent at the plant. In 1959, such expenditures approximated 48 cents per plant hour.1 The 18-percent increase in expenditures for the selected supplements studied is substantially greater than the relative increase in average hourly earnings of production workers for the same period.2 Similar differences in the rate of increase between employer expenditures for supplementary compensation and for basic wages can be found in all the industries for which data are available. This difference in movements emphasizes the in creasing importance of supplements in the wage structure in the Nation’s manufacturing indus tries. Between 1959 and 1962, the structure of em ployer payments for the supplements changed sig nificantly. In 1959, the supplements which com prise part of payroll (leave, premiums, and bonuses) accounted for more than half the ex penditures; in 1962, more than half of the ex penditures were for legally required insurance programs and private welfare plans that provided factory workers in the manufacturing industries with life, health, and accident insurance, private pensions, social security, and unemployment bene fits, among other benefits. (See chart.) The change in structure between the*years is more like ly indicative of the choices available to employers and workers during the period than of a trend. It does, however, indicate that during the period ob served, health and welfare benefits had been strengthened and extended, not necessarily at the expense of direct payroll supplements, but at least at a more rapid pace. Scope and Method of Study Information on expenditures was obtained through surveys based on highly stratified prob ability samples of manufacturing establishments. The data were collected primarily by mail ques tionnaire and were weighted in accordance with the probability of selection of the establishment. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1273 The aggregates were further adjusted to the level of gross man-hours in each survey year, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’monthly employ ment statistics series. The 1962 data were col lected from 5,194 establishments, and those for 1959 were obtained from some 4,400 establish ments.3 The studies were limited to cash disbursements of employers during the year studied made either directly to the employees or to funds and insur ance companies. The practices studied, meeting these criteria, are itemized in table 1. They com prise the major elements of supplementary com pensation for production and related workers in the Nation’s manufacturing industries. 1962 Expenditures4 In 1962,10.9 percent of the gross payroll, or 11.3 percent of the straight-time payroll, for produc tion and related workers in the manufacturing industries consisted of payments for leave time; premium pay for overtime, weekend, holiday, and shift work ; and yearend, Christmas, and other ir regular bonuses (table 1) .5 In addition, employer payments for legally required insurance programs and private welfare plans covering the production work force equaled 11.2 percent of gross or 11.7 percent of straight-time payroll.6 Pay for leave, premiums, and bonuses amounted to 26.4 cents per hour paid for in 1962 or 28.0 1 Expenditures expressed as percentages are not totaled. Pay ments for leave, bonuses, and premiums are integral p arts of the denominator (gross payroll), and would be basic components of the num erator (expenditures for the supplementary practices studied). Hence, such totaling would count the same value twice. However, such double counting is not a factor in aggre gating the expenditures in cents per plant hour. F o r each hour spent a t the plant, employers actually made payments for the supplements studied in addition to the basic pay for the hour’s work. 2 The average hourly earnings of production workers in m anu facturing rose 9.1 percent, from $2.19 per hour in 1959 to $2.39 in 1962. See Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-62 (BLS Bulletin 1312-1, 1963), table 3. 3 For detailed information about the 1959 study, see Employer Expenditures for Selected Supplementary Remuneration Practices for Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries, 1959 (BLS Bulletin 1308, 1962). 4 The expenditure ratios shown in this study are based on data for all m anufacturing establishments, including those without expenditures for practices. The ratios for only those with ex penditures were generally higher, the amount depending on the proportion of the establishm ents w ithout expenditures and their relative importance in term s of employment size, payrolls, and hours. 5 For purposes of this study, production bonuses, incentive and suggestion awards, and bonuses for longevity and perfect atten d ance were not considered to be yearend or irregular bonuses. 6 Straight-tim e payroll is comprised of gross payroll minus premiums for overtime, weekend, holiday, and shift work. 1274 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 Expenditures for Selected Supplementary Practices, Production and Related Workers in Manufacturing, 1962 and 1959 CENTS PE R P L A N T HOUR 0 2 4 6 8 I0 I2 14 I6 expenditures for some type of private welfare plan—usually life, accident, and health insurance (about 90 percent), and pension and retirement plans (about 60 percent). Paid leave time—primarily for vacations and holidays—was provided by establishments that employed 96 percent of the production and related workers,8 and premium payments for overtime, weekend, holiday, and shift work were made by establishments with about 93 percent of the pro duction employment. About a third of the work ers were employed by manufacturing establish ments that paid yearend, Christmas, or other irregular bonuses during 1962. Comparisons of 1962 and 1959 cents per plant hour. Employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and private welfare plans amounted to an additional 27.0 cents per hour paid for or 28.7 cents per plant hour.7 In general, employer expenditures for the se lected practices studied tended to be highest in the higher wage, highly unionized industries and, within each industry, tended to rise with increases in size of establishment and in average wage level. However, lower wage industries generally had a higher level of expenditures, relative to payroll, for the legally required insurance programs, but a lower level of expenditures measured in cents per hour than did the higher wage industries. Bonus payments did not follow any defined indus try wage pattern. Industries at both ends of the wage spectrum had relatively low levels of bonus expenditures, while some of the industries in the midrange of the wage pattern had comparatively high bonus expenditures. Prevalence of Supplements. All of the produc tion and related workers in the manufacturing industries during 1962 were covered by social security and almost all were also covered by un employment insurance and workmen’s compensa tion. In addition, the vast majority of the work ers were employed by establishments that had https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Expenditures per plant hour for the selected supplements rose in all the industries for which data were available in both 1959 and 1962.9 The largest increase, over 16 cents, was in tobacco manufactures (more than 50 percent), and the smallest ( about 5 cents, or less than 20 percent), in the apparel and other finished textile products, and textile mill products industries. The indus tries (for which data could be published) with the highest cents per plant hour expenditures in 1962, primary metals and transportation equipment, in creased expenditures by about 12 and 15 cents (about 16 and 24 percent), respectively. (See table 2.) When selected establishment characteristics were measured independently, the largest relative increases in cents per plant hour, in general, were found in unionized establishments; in plants lo cated in nonmetropolitan areas ; in establishments employing between 100 and 500 workers; and in plants whose average hourly production worker earnings were among the lowest third of all man ufacturing establishments. 7 P lant hours are aggregate hours paid for during the year minus paid leave hours. 8 In addition to the payments made directly to the workers for leave time, some employers contribute to vacation and holiday funds. These funds make payments to the workers for vacation and holiday hours. The payments to the funds were counted as expenditures for a private welfare plan. The hours so compen sated were excluded from the scope of this study. 9 Excluded from these year-to-year comparisons are the ord nance and accessories, chemicals and allied products, petroleum refining and related products, and the electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies industries. Data for these industries for either or both of 1959 and 1962 did not meet publication criteria. 1275 SUPPLEMENTARY PAY PRACTICES IN MANUFACTURING ments employing 500 workers or more; and in plants whose average hourly production worker earnings were in the highest third of the establish ment earnings distribution. The greatest relative increase in cents-per-planthour expenditures, 38.3 percent, occurred among the legally required insurance programs,10 and the next largest increase, 18.8 percent, in private wel fare plans. Payments to the workers for over- As in 1959, however, expenditures per plant hour in 1962 were highest in unionized plants; in plants located in metropolitan areas; in establish10 The greatest increase— 50 percent, from 1.2 to 1.8 cents per plant hour— was actually noted in expenditures for nonproduc tion bonuses. However, p a rt of this increase reflects a change in the definition : In 1959, payments for bonuses primarily made under profit-sharing plans were excluded ; in 1962, these payments were included. The extent of the impact of this change in definition cannot be measured. T able 1. E mployer E xpenditures F or S elected S upplementary C ompensation P ractices F or P roduction and R elated W orkers in the M anufacturing I ndustries , by R egion , 1962 Employer expenditures in all establishments, by region 1 Supplementary compensation practice Paid leave_______ . . ___ ____________ Vacation______________________________ Holiday_______________________________ Sick__________________________________ Other 2. - .. __________ ___ _______ Premium payments__________ . . __________ Overtime, weekend, and holiday work_____ . Shift differentials________________________ Percent of gross payroll United States North east South 6.0 3.6 2.1 .3 (3) 4.2 3.3 .9 6.4 3.7 2.4 .3 .1 5.1 3.2 1.6 .3 .1 3.8 3.0 .8 4.3 3.5 .8 Percent of straight-time payroll North Central 6.1 3.7 2.2 .2 (3) 4.6 3.6 1.0 West 5.9 3.3 2.2 .4 (3) 4.0 3.1 .9 United States North east 6.2 3.7 2.2 .3 (3) 4.4 3.5 .9 6.6 3.8 2.5 .3 .1 5.3 3.3 1.7 .3 .1 4.0 3.1 .9 4.5 3.7 .8 South North Central 6.4 3.9 2.3 .2 (3) 4.8 3.8 1.0 West 6.2 3.4 2.3 .4 (3) 4.1 3.2 .9 Yearend, Christmas, and other irregular bonuses... .7 .9 .6 .6 .5 .7 .9 .6 .7 .6 Legally required insurance programs___________ Social security__________________________ Unemployment compensation_____________ Workmen’s compensation..____ _______ ._ Other *. . ____ ... ----- --------- ._ 5.8 2.6 2.1 1.0 (3) 5.4 2.7 2.4 (3) .3 .1 6.1 2.6 2.4 .9 .1 5.7 2.8 1.9 .9 (3) 4.8 2.2 2.3 (3) .2 .1 5.3 2.5 1.9 .9 (3) 6.1 3.1 2.6 (3) .4 (3) 6.4 2.5 2.3 1.5 (3) 4.7 2.5 2.0 (3) .2 (3) 6.0 2.7 2.2 1.0 (3) 5.7 2.8 2. 5 (3) .3 .1 6.3 2.7 2.5 .9 .1 5.9 2.9 2.0 1.0 (3) 5.1 2.3 2.4 (3) .2 .1 5.6 2.7 1.9 .9 (3) 6.4 3.2 2.7 (3) .4 (s) 6.7 2.6 2.4 1.6 Private welfare plans__________________ ___ Life, accident, and health insurance_________ Pension and retirement plans.. . __ . .. Vacation and holiday funds________ ___ Severance or dismissal pay and supplemental unemployment benefits_________________ Savings and thrift plans_________ _______ 5.3 2.6 2.3 .1 .2 .1 5.5 2.7 2.4 .1 .2 .1 (3) 4.9 2.6 2. 1 (3) .2 (3) Cents per plant hour Cents per hour paid for Paid leave_____________________________ _ Vacation. ____ ___________ Holiday.. . . . . ________ _ Sick__________________________________ Other2. _ . ______ _____ . .. _ _ _ _ _ __ 14.5 8.6 5.1 .6 .1 15.2 8.7 5.7 .7 .1 10.4 6.5 3.2 .5 .1 15.9 9.7 5.6 .5 .1 16.2 9.0 5.9 1.2 .1 15.4 9.1 5.5 .7 .1 16.2 9.3 6.1 .7 .1 10.9 6.8 3.4 .6 .1 17.0 10.4 6.0 .5 ,i 17.3 9.6 6.3 1.2 .1 Premium payments______ _______________ Overtime, weekend, and holiday work___ Shift differentials________________________ 10.2 8.1 2.1 9.2 7.2 2.0 8.8 7.2 1.6 12.0 9.4 2.5 10.8 8.5 2.4 10.8 8.6 2.3 9.8 7.7 2.1 9.3 7.6 1.7 12.8 10.1 2.7 11.5 9.0 2. 5 Yearend, Christmas, and other irregular bonuses... 1.7 2.2 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.8 2.3 1.3 1.7 1.6 12.1 5. 9 4.1 2.0 (3) 10.4 4.7 4.9 (3) .4 .3 14.8 7.1 5.2 2, 5 (3) 16.9 8.6 7.1 .1 18.7 7.3 6. 7 4. 5 .1 Legally required insurance programs___________ Social security_______ _ .. .. .. . .. ... Unemployment compensation... ... . .. __ Workmen’s compensation_________________ Other *_____ ____ ___ _______ . . . __ 13.9 6.3 5.1 2.4 .1 14.5 6.3 5.8 2.1 .3 Private welfare plans____ _ _ _ . ____ ____ Life, accident, and health insurance______ .. Pension and retirement plans______ ____ ... Vacation and holiday funds______ ________ Severance or dismissal pay and supplemental unemployment benefits___ _____ _ ____ Savings and thrift plans... _________ . . . 13.1 6.5 5.7 .1 12.7 6.3 5.6 .1 .6 .5 .1 .1 11.5 5.7 3.9 1.9 (3) 9.9 4.5 4.7 (3) .4 .3 1 The regions used in this study are: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Flarida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Mich igan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and West—Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 13.9 6.7 4.8 2.3 (3) 15.8 8.0 6.7 .1 17.5 6.9 6.3 4.2 .1 14.8 6.7 5.4 2. 5 .1 15.5 6.7 6.2 2.2 .3 12.8 6.8 5.4 .1 13.9 6.9 6.1 .1 13.6 6.7 6.0 .1 .9 .1 .4 .1 .7 .1 .1 .6 13.6 7.3 5. 8 .1 1. 0 .1 Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 2 Includes military, jury, witness, votmg, and personal leave. 2 Less than 0.05 percent or cents. 4 Principally State Temporary Disability Insurance. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 1276 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 time, weekend, holiday, and shift work premiums increased least—4.9 percent; leave payments rose by 7.7 percent. The rise in expenditures for the legally required insurance programs was due in large part to man dated increases in contribution rates. The con tribution rate for social security rose 25 percent, from 2.5 percent of the first $4,800 of earnings in 1959 to 3.125 percent in 1962. The net Federal unemployment contribution rates rose from 0.3 percent of the first $3,000 of earnings in 1959 to 0.8 T able 2. percent in all States during 1962 and additional rises were noted in two States.11 State unemploy ment contribution rates rose as a result of high levels of unemployment compensation payments in recent years, and legislative changes in either the maximum contribution rates, earnings base, or both. u The major p a rt of this increase, 0.4 percent, was levied as a result of the tem porary extended unemployment compensation program. This levy has subsequently been reduced, and the net Federal rate in 1964 is 0.4 percent of the first $3,000 in earnings. The 1962 rate was 1.1 percent in Alaska, and 0.95 percent in Michigan. E mployer E xpenditures for S elected S upplementary C ompensation P ractices for P roduction and B elated Workers in the M anufacturing I ndustries , by I ndustry G roup , 1962 and 1959 Employer expenditures in all establishments Percent of straight-time payroll Region 1and industry group Paid leave 1962 Premium pay 1959 1962 1959 Legally required insurance pro grams Bonuses 1962 1959 1962 1959 Private welfare plans 1962 1959 United States 2_____________________ Northeast_______ _____ _____ south____________________ : : : : : : : North Central____________"III"!' West________________________ 6.2 6.6 6.3 6.4 6. 2 6.3 6.6 6.3 6. 5 6.0 4.4 4.0 4.5 4.8 4.1 4.5 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.4 0.7 .9 .6 .7 .6 0.5 .6 .5. .4 .4 6.0 6.3 5.9 5.6 6.7 4.7 5.0 4.7 4.2 5.3 5.7 5.5 5.1 6.4 4.9 5. ) 5.1 4. 6 5.7 4.2 Food and kindred products________ Tobacco manufactures___________ Textile mill products____________ Apparel and other finished textiles products. Lumber and wood products__ Furniture and fixtures_____ Paper and allied products____________ “ Printing, publishing, and allied industries.,. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products. Leather and leather products________ Stone, clay, and glass products" Primary metal industries____________ Fabricated metal products__________ Machinery, except electrical__________ Transportation equipment____ Instruments and related products..............” Miscellaneous manufacturing industries___ 6.4 6. 0 3. 8 3.3 3.3 4. 8 6. 9 6. 9 7.1 5, 2 6. 8 7.2 6.1 6.3 7. 0 7.1 6.3 6.3 5. 8 3. 7 3. 5 3.2 4.7 6. 6 6.8 6.7 5.2 5.3 7.8 5. 9 6.6 7.2 6.9 5. 4 4.0 2.6 4.1 1.5 4.0 3.1 7.3 4.7 5.2 1.9 5.4 5.0 4.4 4.3 5.6 3.9 2.7 4.4 2.5 4.3 1.8 3.8 3.7 7.4 6.2 5.5 1.7 5.6 5.2 4.7 4.5 4.7 4.2 3.9 .9 1.2 .6 .6 .8 .7 .5 .8 .5 .6 .5 .4 1.2 1.3 .3 2.0 1.6 .5 .3 .5 .3 .5 .7 .5 .7 .4 .5 .5 .2 .6 .6 .3 2.5 1.2 6.2 5.8 6.2 6.8 8.7 7.0 5.7 4.8 6.2 7.1 6.3 5.4 6.8 5.5 5.7 5.7 6.6 5.0 4.8 5.1 5.4 6.7 5.2 4.4 3.5 4.4 5.2 5.1 4.5 4.9 4.2 4.5 4.1 5.2 5.5 8.1 3.1 3.2 2.8 3.9 5.4 4.2 6.5 3.2 5.5 8.2 5.9 5.7 7.6 6.0 4.1 4. 9 5.4 2.7 3.0 2.0 3.2 4. 8 3.7 6.4 2.9 5.1 6.9 5.2 5. 5 6.0 5.3 3.6 Cents per plant hour United States 2________ _____ ___ Northeast_______________ South___________________ North Central__________ West_________________ 15.4 16.2 10.9 17. 0 17.3 14.3 14.9 9.7 16.3 15. 4 10.8 9.8 9.3 12.8 11.5 10.3 9.8 8.6 11.7 11.1 1.8 2.3 1.3 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.1 .9 14.8 15.5 12.1 14.8 18.7 10.7 11.4 8.5 10.6 13.3 13.9 13.6 10.4 16.9 13.6 11.7 11.6 8.3 14.2 10.9 Food and kindred products_____ ___ Tobacco manufactures________ Textile mill products___________ Apparel and other finished textiles products. Lumber and wood products _ Furniture and fixtures_____ Paper and allied products. Printing, publishing, and allied" industries’"." Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products. Leather and leather products____________ Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries________ Fabricated metal products____ 111-11111".! Machinery, except electrical_________""" Transportation equipment_______ !!!!!!!! Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing industries!!” ! 15.0 12.1 6. 6 Ö.8 6. 4 9. / 16.9 20. 5 18.1 9. 5 14.6 23. 0 15.8 17. 5 20.4 18.1 11. 3 13.4 9. 7 5.9 5.7 5.8 9.1 14.4 18.4 16.0 9.1 11.7 22.6 14.4 17.4 19. 5 16.7 10.2 9.3 5.3 7.2 2.6 7.8 6.2 18.0 13.9 13.2 3.5 13.6 15.7 11.3 11.8 16.4 9.9 5.9 9.4 4.3 6.8 2.9 6.9 7.2 16.5 17.0 13.1 2.9 12.4 15.2 11.6 11.8 12.7 10.3 7.4 2.1 2.4 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.1 2.5 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 3.1 3.7 .9 5.1 3.5 1.0 .5 .8 .5 .9 1.3 1.2 2.0 1.0 .9 1.2 .5 1.4 1.5 .9 5.9 2.2 14.5 11.7 10.8 11.9 17.1 14.1 14.2 14.1 15.8 13.0 16.0 17.3 17.5 15.3 16.8 14.5 14.1 10.6 8.2 8.2 8.7 12.1 10.0 9.8 9.6 10.6 9.0 11.4 13.1 12.0 11.1 12.3 9.9 9.8 12.8 16.5 5.3 5.7 5.4 7.8 13.3 12. 5 16.4 5.8 13.9 26.0 15.3 15.7 22.1 15.3 8.8 10.5 9.1 4.2 4.8 3.6 6.2 10.7 9.9 15.2 5.0 11.2 20.2 12.7 14.8 16.3 12.9 6.9 1 F°r definition of regions, see footnote 1, table 1. Includes the ordnance and accessories, chemicals and allied products, pe https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis troleum refining and related products, and electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies industries not presented separately. 1277 SUPPLEMENTARY PAY PRACTICES IN MANUFACTURING The major increase among the private welfare plans was for one or more forms of life, health, and accident insurance, for which expenditures rose to 6.9 cents per plant hour—38 percent more than in 1959. The rise in insurance payments changed the rel ative importance—in terms of expenditures—of insurance plans and pension plans. In 1959, pension plans—at 5.7 cents per plant hour—rep resented 49 percent of the private welfare plan expenditures (excluding nonproduction bonuses) ; in 1962, the expenditures for pensions increased to 6.1 cents, but they represented only 44 percent of total expenditures for private welfare. The change in the relationship of these expendi tures resulted, among other factors, partly from greatly increased health insurance costs and partly from the liquidation of their past-service liabilities by some of the older pension plans, gen erally increased income from investment of pen sion funds, and increases in actuarial assumptions regarding investment income.12 In all manufacturing industries and in a num ber of other industries for which data are avail able, leave and premium payments declined slightly as a percent of straight-time payroll while expenditures for bonuses, legally required in surance programs, and private welfare plans increased. The decline in leave expenditures as a percent of straight-time payroll, like that for premiums, re sulted from a change in the contribution to the total by establishments of different sizes. Leave expenditures in establishments with more than 100 workers increased as a percent of straight-time payroll ; the expenditure ratios in the smaller size establishments (fewer than 100 workers) declined. By earnings group, those establishments in the 12 For a detailed discussion of these points, see “EmployeeBenefit Plans, 1954-62” by Joseph Krislov, in the April 1964 issue of the Social Security B ulletin, and pages 38-39 in the July 1964 Issue of Employee Benefit Plan Review, Charles D. Spencer and Associates, Inc., Chicago, 111. While both of these discussions are a t the all-industry level, it is believed th a t they are equally applicable, in general terms, to the m anufacturing industries. 18 BLS Bulletin 1312-1. 747-579 0 — 64------ 3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis middle and upper end of the earnings distribution showed some increase in the expenditure ratio ; the establishments with the lowest average hourly production worker earnings, however, had the same ratio in 1962 as in 1959. At the same time, employment in establishments with 500 or more production workers, according to Census figures, dropped as a proportion of the total, while em ployment in the two smaller groups increased pro portionately—the largest rise being in establish ments with fewer than 100 production workers. Therefore the shift in establishment contributions to the total by size resulted in a small decrease in the expenditure ratio. The entire drop in premium expenditures, at the all-manufacturing level, was in overtime, weekend, and holiday premiums. It is estimated that the average number of week ly overtime premium hours of production workers in 1962 were greater than in 1959, and were also a slightly larger proportion of average weekly hours.13 The expenditures for overtime, weekend, and holiday premiums, however, are estimated to have declined from 3.6 percent of the 1959 straight-time production worker payroll to 3.5 percent in 1962. In general, the data indicate that overtime, weekend, and holiday premiums in large establish ments (more than 500 employees) were a greater proportion of payroll in 1962 than in 1959. These establishments are estimated to have contributed larger relative payments to the premium aggre gates in 1962 than in 1959. However, average hourly earnings in the smaller plants are estimated to have increased at a higher rate than in the larger, and premium payments in the smaller plants declined as a percent of payroll. Thus, average premium hours in all manufacturing in creased while expenditures relative to payroll showed a small decline. —A rnold S tra sser Division of National Wage and Salary Income 1278 Education and Training of Technicians I n the past decade, technicians1 have become one of the fastest growing occupational groups in the Nation. Increasing numbers have been needed to staff expanding programs in such areas as health, atomic energy, defense, and space, and to fill the needs of our increasingly complex and technical systems of production. Despite their importance, relatively little was known about their character istics—particularly the way they were educated and trained for their jobs. In order to learn more about them, the Bureau of Labor Statistics participated in a nationwide survey of persons reported as technicians in the 1960 Decennial Census.2 This article, the first of several to be prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics on the results of the study, describes the education and training of technicians, with em phasis on primary and supplementary training.3 Education School Years Completed. The median number of school years completed by technicians who were in the experienced civilian labor force in 1960 was over 14 years. Individual technician occupations varied only slightly in the median number of years of school completed, but there were significant variations in their distribution by number of school years completed. Approximately 17 percent of the engineering and physical science technicians and 1 Those whose jobs require knowledge and use of engineering, scientific, m athematical, or medical theory, and specialized edu cation or training in some aspect of technology, science, or medi cine. Four m ajor technician occupational groups are identified in this study : Engineering and physical science technicians, draftsmen, medical and dental technicians, and “other” techni cians. “Engineering and physical science technicians” include electrical and electronic technicians and other engineering and physical science technicians. “Other” technicians include de signers, surveyors, and technicians not elsewhere classified. 2 A sample of over 50,000 persons described in the 1960 cen sus enumerations as professional and technical workers were asked to complete questionnaires on their jobs, education, tra in ing, and other demographic, economic, and social characteris tics in 1960, and their supplemental training and work experi ence in the following 2 years. 3 Additional information on technicians who work with scien tists and engineers will appear in a forthcoming BLS bulletin on the employment outlook for technicians. 4 The associate degree is a form al award signifying the comple tion of an organized curriculum in a specific field. It is usually conferred upon completion of 2 years of collegiate work above the secondary level. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 draftsmen reported 16 or more years of schooling, compared with nearly 28 percent of the medical and dental technicians. Similarly, more than 14 percent of the engineering and physical science technicians reported less than 12 completed school years, compared with 12 percent of the medical and dental technicians and somewhat less than 7 per cent of the draftsmen. As might be expected, younger technicians re ported having completed more school years than those who were older. Thus, virtually all of those under age 25 had completed 12 or more years of school, compared with only a little more than half of those aged 55 or older. Educational Level. Nearly nine-tenths of the technicians employed in 1960 reported they had at least a high school education; nearly two-thirds, at least some college training; and more than onetenth, a bachelor’s degree (table 1). Only 3 per cent reported that their highest academic award was an associate degree.4 The level of education that was reported dif fered among the major technician occupations. At least high school graduation was reported by 93 percent of the draftsmen, compared with 87 percent of the medical and dental technicians and 86 percent of the engineering and physical science technicians. The highest proportion of techni cians with at least some postsecondary school work was reported by draftsmen; some 72 percent of them attained this level of education, compared with 69 percent of the medical and dental tech nicians and 60 percent of the engineering and physical science technicians. College degrees were reported by nearly 2 out of 10 medical and dental technicians, but less than 1 out of 10 draftsmen and engineering and science technicians. The as sociate degree was most prevalent among drafts men, with approximately 4 percent holding such a degree. As with years of school completed, the level of technicians’ education varied significantly by age, with younger workers generally attaining higher educational levels. For example, 72 percent of the technicians 25 t,o 34 years old reported some edu cation beyond high school, compared with 45 percent of those aged 55 years and more. The growing importance of the associate degree in the education of technicians is reflected by the fact EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF TECHNICIANS T able 1. L ev el Education of E ducation E mployed T e c h n ic ia n s , Engineering and physical science technicians Total Number of 1279 Percent Number Percent by O c cupation , 1960 Medical and dental technicians Draftsmen Number Percent Number Percent Other technicians 1 Number Percent Total______ _________ _______ 2 776,350 100.0 270,985 100.0 207,199 1Q0.0 130, 741 100.0 167,425 100.0 Less than a high school graduate.____ High school graduate_______________ Some college, but no degree .. ....... At least an associate degree, but less than a bachelor’s degree.. ________ . .. . Bachelor’s degree or more.. _________ Registered nurses_______________ ... 94,112 179,088 392, 753 12.1 23.1 50.6 39, 297 69, 867 131,014 14.5 25.8 48.3 13,830 44, 758 126,340 6.7 21.6 61.0 16,753 23, 443 61,165 12.8 17.9 46.8 24,232 41,020 74, 234 14.5 24.5 44.3 21,284 87, 944 1,169 2.7 11.3 .2 7,174 23, 633 2.6 8.7 7,353 14,918 3.5 7.2 3,860 24,414 1,106 3.0 18.7 .8 2,897 24, 979 63 1.7 14.9 (3) 1 See text footnote 1. 2 Excludes 14,708 technicians for whom data were not available. that 4 percent of those 25 to 34 years old reported such a degree, compared with only 0.4 percent of those aged 55 or over. The level of educational attainment was highest among technicians employed in educational serv ices, with more than 3 out of 4 reporting at least some college education, compared with slightly more than half of the technicians in the agricul tural, forestry, fisheries, and mining industries. The level of educational attainment is also re flected, to some extent, by the technicians’ field of specialization. For example, nearly 9 out of 10 of them specializing in education had at least some college training, and more than 2 out of 3 held at least a bachelor’s degree. On the other hand, the proportion of technicians in all other fields with at least some college training ranged from half in the agricultural sciences to nearly three-fourths in the health fields. In no field of specialization outside of education did the proportion of techni cians with at least a college degree exceed 26 per cent. Technicians with the associate degree are appar ently utilized more intensively in some fields of specialization than in others. Of those specializ ing in engineering, 4 percent had an associate degree, compared with 3 percent in the health fields, and less than 2 percent in the physical sciences. Technicians employed in 1960 were asked to state the two job activities at which they spent most of their time. The responses clearly sug gested that the level of education of technicians affects, to a significant extent, job activity. For example, over 15 percent of those reporting super visory or research and development work as one of their major activities indicated they had at https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis s Less than 0.05. N ote: Because of rounding, sum of individual items may not equal 100. least a bachelor’s degree ; this compared with only 6 percent of those reporting repair and mainte nance of equipment as one of their major functions. Training Technicians who had been in the experienced civilian labor force in 1960, and who were also em ployed as technicians in 1962, were asked to state the significant types of experience and training qualifying them for their 1962 jobs. Nearly 6 out of 10 respondents reported experience in present or related fields (table 2). Each of two other important types—special training by em ployer and course work without a degree—were reported by about 1 out of 3 technicians. T a ble 2. E x p e r ie n c e a nd T r a in in g of P e r so n s in th e 1960 E x p e r ie n c e d C iv il ia n L abor F orce W ho se O ccupational G r o u p W a s t h e S ame i n 1962 as in 1960, by O ccupation [Percent distribution] Type of experience and training Special training by employer. Course work without degree. Associate degree_________ Bachelor’s degree.. . .. ... Graduate or professional degree______ ... ____ .. Post-high school courses.. Correspondence courses____ Military training__ Experience in present or re lated field. __ Other.__ . _ _ Engineer Medical All ing and and Other occupa physical Drafts dental techni men tions 1 science techni cians 2 techni cians cians 32.8 34.7 6.3 10.2 36.3 29.6 5.6 7.3 25.7 47.2 8.5 5.9 43.5 31.2 7.6 17.5 28.0 28.7 3.0 15.0 4.5 10.8 11.5 15.0 2.8 9.1 13.7 23.6 2.2 18.2 14.3 9.7 10.5 5.0 2.4 12.3 5.4 8.1 11.6 9.8 57.9 5.4 55.1 5.5 60.8 4.3 49.3 6.1 65.7 6.2 1A total of 649,626 persons were in the same occupational group in 1962 as in 1960. Data on type of experience and training were not available for 56,319 persons. 2See text footnote 1. N o t e : Since some persons indicated more than 1 type of experience and training, the sum of percents adds to more than 100. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 1280 T able 3. T y pe s of S u pplem enta r y T r a in in g R epo rted by T e c h n ic ia n s W ho se O ccupational G ro u p S ame in 1962 as in 1960, by O ccupational G ro u p w as th e [Percent distribution] Occupational group ___ Total percent of types reported -. Draftsmen_____ ____ ______ Medical and dental technicians..- .. Engineering and physical science technicians___ _ - - -. Other technicians 2___________ _______ Appren Other company Military Total1 tice training ships programs Home study corre spond ence courses United Agricul States Armed tural training Forces courses Institute courses Workstudy pro grams Work shops and seminars 100.0 100.0 100.0 9.8 15.0 9.7 19.6 17.9 6.6 12.4 8.5 9.8 27.0 24.8 45.2 2.3 3.7 .5 16.8 21.9 3.2 0.4 .4 3.8 3.2 3.7 2.1 2.2 3.2 5.8 2. 18.1 100.0 100.0 5.9 10.3 24.9 20.4 17.2 10.0 22.6 26.5 2.5 1.1 17.4 17.5 .2 1.3 3.9 4.6 1.4 2.6 3. 5.9 1A total of 3 0 8 ,2 7 2 types of training was reported. 2 See text footnote 1. Among individual occupational groups, the pro portions of technicians reporting different types of significant experience and training varied consid erably. Special training by employers was re ported as contributing significantly by as many as 44 percent of the medical and dental technicians, but by only a little over half that percent of the draftsmen. Conversely, course work without a de gree was reported by nearly half of the draftsmen as contributing significantly to job qualifications,'" compared with only slightly more than half that percent of the “other” technicians. Medical and dental technicians—the occupa tional group with the highest percentage of college graduates—deemed college education more impor tant than did other occupational groups. Of the medical and dental technicians, 18 percent re ported that the bachelor’s degree contributed sig nificantly toward preparing them for their jobs, and an additional 11 percent reported the graduate or professional degree as contributing significant ly. The associate degree, which was more often held by draftsmen, was mentioned by 9 percent of the draftsmen as contributing towards their job qualifications.5 The technicians were also asked to state whether they had received or were receiving supplemen tary training (exclusive of formal education). 5 The fact th a t in 1962 a higher percentage of draftsm en and medical and dental technicians mentioned the importance of their degrees than the percentage reporting such degrees in 1960 is prim arily attributable to a difference in the number of tech nicians responding in each of the years and the number of them who obtained higher degrees between the survey periods. (See tables 1 and 2.) Also, in some cases, the most significant type of training reported was a t a lower educational level than the highest degree attained. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis On the job High school exten sion courses N ote: Because of rounding, sum of individual items may not equal 100. Among the individual occupational groups, the proportions reporting such training ranged from 44 percent of engineering and physical science technicians to 34 percent of “other” technicians. Many technicians described more than one subject or type of training. On-the-job training was most frequently men tioned, accounting for 27 percent of the total (table 3). Additional important types were “other” company training, correspondence courses, and military training. The extent of the different types of training varied sharply among the technicians’ occupa tions. On-the-job training, for example, made up 45 percent of the total types of training reported by medical and dental technicians, compared with 23 percent of the types reported by engineering and physical science technicians. Similarly, cor respondence school training represented 22 per cent of all types mentioned by draftsmen, but only 3 percent of types reported by medical and dental technicians. As might be expected, medical-dental health subjects made up the vast majority of the subjects taken by medical and dental technicians, and engi neering subjects accounted for half of all courses reported by engineering and physical science tech nicians. However, engineering was also important in draftsmen training, for it made up 39 percent of all subjects mentioned by draftsmen; this was a larger proportion than the 29 percent repre sented by drafting and related courses. — H oward V . S tambler and A n n ie L efkowitz Division of Manpower and Occupational Outlook 1281 SALARY ADJUSTMENTS IN WHITE-COLLAR OCCUPATIONS Salary Adjustments in White-Collar Occupations T h e m e d i a n ingrade differential between mini mum and maximum pay in salary schedules for clerical positions is a relatively uniform 30 per cent at the $3,000 to $7,000 annual salary levels. However, in professional-administrative salary schedules, the differential widens with successive grades—from 37 percent at the $5,000 level, to 47 percent at the $12,000 level. In multiestablish ment companies with separate salary schedules for clerical and for professional and administrative positions, the predominant practice is to apply the professional-administrative schedule company wide and to vary the clerical schedule according to local labor market conditions. These are some of the findings of a new Bureau of Labor Statistics study, Salary Structure Char acteristics in Large Firms, 1963 (BLS Bulletin 1417, 1964). In addition to those aspects of the salary plans discussed in this article, the study covers various other characteristics of salary ad ministration plans applying to white-collar oc cupations, such as the nature and design of salary schedules, with particular emphasis on ingrade and intergrade differentials. In about four-fifths of the companies included in the study, the structure of white-collar occupa tions provided for two or more separate salary schedules within an establishment.1 The follow ing tabulation shows the groupings and the dis tribution of salary schedules and employment. Groupings Total _ _ __ _ Clerical _ _ _ _ _ _ Professional-administrative___ Clerical-professionaladministrative. _ Other *_ _ _ _ Number of salary schedules Number of white-collar employees 441 139 165 575, 500 175, 800 194, 600 76 61 165, 800 39, 300 1Includes special schedules established for technicians, engineers, supervisory positions, and for top management positions only. Schedule Revisions Most companies did not specify a definite period between reviews of rates in salary schedules, but in practice they were usually made annually. The rates in the schedules were not necessarily revised https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis as a result of each review, although in many in stances the average interval between revision of rates was about a year. Reasons for revising schedules were most fre quently related to a policy of paying competitive rates. These revisions were based upon reviews of salary survey data or exchange of information with other employers on changes made or contem plated in their salary schedules. Other reasons for revising schedules were to maintain alinement with other schedules of the company, and to make adjustments for collective bargaining agreements covering clerical employees. The following tabulation shows that after the rates in salary schedules had been revised, it was the practice in slightly more than half the cases to adjust automatically the salaries of employees covered by clerical and clerical-professional-ad ministrative schedules.2 Method of adjusting salaries Automatically_____ _ — Merit (performance) reviews *_ General pay increases 2 _ _ _ Other methods. __ _ _ _ _ Information not available. _ Clerical Professionaladministrative 76 41 11 6 5 33 102 25 3 2 Clericalprofessionaladministrative 41 29 . 5 1 1Includes salary schedules of establishments with special provisions for adjusting salaries of those employees whose salaries fall below the revised minimum of their grade. 2 Increases not corresponding to adjustments in the rate ranges as to amount or effective date. Those in professional-administrative schedules usually received adjustments through merit (per formance) reviews. This latter method also ap plied to a majority of the clerical and clericalprofessional-administrative schedules not covered by provisions for automatic adjustment of salaries. Adjusting salaries to the revised schedules through general pay increases, which differed from auto matic adjustments in that the amount or timing of the increase did not correspond to the revisions 1 The study was limited to companies having form al salary adm inistration plans with established salary ranges for a series of pay grades or levels into which all or most white-collar posi tions were classified for pay purposes. The sample included 239 establishm ents employing 1,000 workers or more, representing 99 companies found to have salary structures th a t met the survey criteria. Total white-collar employment in the 99 companies approximated 1,300,000 persons, of whom 575,500 were employed in the 239 sample establishm ents. M anufacturing industries accounted for approximately three-fourths of the establishm ents studied. 2 This was accomplished by adjusting salaries of employees in each grade by the percentage adjustm ent made in the salary range for the grade. 1282 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 in the schedule, was the practice followed in some instances. However, a number of officials indi cated that this method of adjusting salaries had been avoided in recent years and adjustments were now being made only on the basis of merit reviews. The size of adjustments in schedule rates often was determined by considering a variety of factors. Increases shown by salary surveys was the most prevalent factor indicated, with increases in other schedules of the company and increases in the Con sumer Price Index ranking next. Direct collec tive bargaining was indicated as a major factor only in the case of clerical salary schedules. Most officials indicated that when revising rates in the schedule, a conscious effort was made to pre serve the established relationships within and be tween grades, although some flexibility in these patterns was provided for in most instances. Ingrade Adjustments As indicated in the following tabulation, ad vancement of employees within the salary ranges established for their grade was described as based solely upon merit (performance) reviews in most of the two types of salary schedules covering pro fessional and administrative positions. Basis of ingrade advancement Merit reviews Length of service. Merit reviews and length of service._ Merit reviews and general salarv increases. . Merit reviews for all grades and length of service for specified grades _ _ Information not available__ Cleri cal Professionaladministrative Clericalprofessionaladministrative 80 18 162 65 5 35 1 2 1 2 2 3 4 Although similar provisions for advancement within grades also applied to a majority of the salary schedules primarily covering clerical posi tions, provisions for advancement after specified periods of satisfactory service, or provisions for length-of-service adjustments at the lower portion of the grade range followed by merit reviews, applied in a substantial number of such salary schedules. Most merit review programs provided for per formance reviews at specified periods—usually https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis yearly—but permitted additional reviews as war ranted. Recommendations for ingrade increases were not necessarily timed with periodic performance re views, nor were salary increases given with each favorable review. Where periodic reviews were conducted, the proportion of employees receiving ingrade increases in a year ranged from less than 10 to more than 90 percent, with the median at 50 to 60 percent. Under a majority of the provisions for ingrade advancement, the salary increases were based upon a percent of the employee’s current rate, and both a minimum and a maximum permissible amount for the merit increase was established. The in creases permitted varied among the schedules, with a median minimum of 4 percent in clerical schedules and 5 percent in the other two types of schedules, and a maximum of 10 percent in all three types of schedules. Some establishments that did not specify minimum and maximum in creases provided guides as to suggested amounts or ranges for various performance ratings. Length-of-service increases—usually at semi annual intervals—primarily related to employees in clerical schedules. In a majority of clerical schedules providing for such increases, they were not given beyond the midpoint of the grade range. Relatively few of the schedules had specified step rates through which employees advanced within grade ranges, and those that did primarily covered clerical positions. In less than half of the clerical schedules with established step rates were such rates specified for the full range of all grades in the schedule. Step rates at the lower end of the range often were used for automatic increases after periods of satisfactory service, with the upper part of the range reserved for increases based upon above-average performance. General controls on within grade increases were exercised in many establishments by providing a specified budget for such increases, or by specify ing the proportion of employees whose salaries could be above a given point in the range of a grade. Such controls more often applied to pro fessional and administrative positions than to clerical positions. —Louis E. B adenhoop Division of Occupational Pay PROSPECTS OF BENEFITS UNDER PRIVATE PENSION PLANS Prospects of Benefits Under Private Pension Plans P rovisions for vesting, early retirement, portable credits, and normal retirement are among the more important determinants of whether workers will eventually receive benefits from participation in a pension plan.1 The interrelationships among these provisions are discussed in this article. Prevalence of Protective Provisions Of the 15.6 million workers in the pension plans studied,2 9.3 million (60 percent) belonged to a plan with a vesting provision (table 1). About 1 out of 7 workers in these vesting plans could qualify only if involuntarily separated. Slightly over half of the workers in plans without vesting belonged to plans with an early retirement feature. Almost a fifth of the workers were covered by plans with neither vesting nor early retirement provisions. In single-employer plans without vesting (about 30 percent of the single-employer plans with almost 30 percent of the workers), over 4 out of 5 workers were covered by early retirement provisions. About 13 percent of the single-em ployer plans with about 600,000 workers (5 per cent) had neither vesting nor early retirement. Conversely, in multiemployer plans without vesting, early retirement was provided for only 1 out of 4 workers. More than 2 out of 5 multi employer plans, covering about 2.3 million work ers (3 out of 5 workers), provided neither vesting nor early retirement. The degree of pension protection offered to all covered workers by their plans can be arrayed as shown in table 2. Least protected are those work ers who must remain with a single employer until normal retirement age to qualify for retirement benefits. Failure to do this, whether voluntary or involuntary, would cost them all of their pen sion rights. Only about 4 percent of the workers were in this category. If workers who must re main within the scope of a multiemployer plan until normal retirement age were added, the cate gory would include over a fifth of the workers. Protection of accrued pension rights after meeting early retirement qualifications was available to an https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1283 other fifth of the workers. Vesting restricted to involuntary separation after qualifying, a protec tion lost upon voluntary job change, was available to a tenth. Finally, vesting upon any type of sepa ration was available to half of the covered workers. Under all conditions protection was usually con tingent on meeting age and service requirements. Plans covering only salaried workers offered the highest degree of pension protection, followed closely by combined production and salaried work er plans (table 3) ; only 2.4 percent of salaried employee plan coverage and 4.3 percent of the combined coverage lacked both vesting and early retirement. Production worker plans, dominated by multiemployer plans, did not offer either type of protection for over a third of total coverage, offering instead portability of credits among em ployers within a plan to all but a small fraction of the workers. Industries differed substantially in the propor tion of plans and covered workers with neither vesting nor early retirement because of wide varia tions in the relative importance of multiemployer production worker plans and of collective bargain ing (table 4). The lowest degree of such protec tion was in the mining and construction industries, where most workers belonged to multiemployer plans without vesting or early retirement. In transportation, services, and trade, where collec tively bargained multiemployer plans were less common, a smaller proportion of employees—about a third, two-fifths, and a fifth, respectively—had neither early retirement nor vesting. On the other hand, in other nonmanufacturing industries, such as finance (typically providing contributory plans for salaried workers) and communications and public utilities, the vast majority of workers had either vesting, early retirement, or both. In manufacturing industries as a whole, a large proportion of workers had vesting, early retire ment, or both. Only in the apparel industries, where multiemployer plans prevail, did a large 1 This is the concluding article in a series based on Labor Mobility and Private Pension Plans (BLS Bulletin 1407)* a study sponsored by the Office of Manpower, Automation and T raining and prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The previous articles appeared in the July, September, and October 1964 issues of the Review. 2 For details of scope and method of study, see “Characteristics of the Private Pension Structure,” M onthly Labor Review, July 1964, pp. 774-780. 1284 T a ble 1. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 P r ov ision s for V est in g a n d E arly R e t ir e m e n t in P r iv a te P e n sio n P l a n s , b y T y pe U n it , T ype of V e s t in g , and T y pe of S e p a r a t io n , W in t e r 1 9 6 2 -6 3 [Workers in thousands] of E mployer Type of employer unit All plans Type of vesting and separation Single employer All plans Num Work Num Work ber ers 1 ber ers 1 With early retirement Multiemployer Without early retirement Plans Work ers » Plans All plans With early retirement Work Num Work Plans ers 2 ber ers 1 Without early retirement Work Plans ers 1 Work ers 1 All plans studied __________ 15,818 15,621 14,890 11,742 11,735 10,657 3,155 1,085 928 3,878 364 1,129 564 2,750 With vesting _ _ _____________ 10,634 7,212 Deferred full2______________ Any separation___ 6,681 Involuntary separation. _ 531 Deferred graded_____________ 3,422 Any separation__________ 3,312 Involuntary separation____ 110 9,307 7,338 5,977 1,361 1,969 1,943 27 10,340 6,941 6,423 518 3,399 3,289 110 8,393 6,815 5,482 1,333 1,578 1,552 27 9,062 6,623 6,127 4% 2,439 2,329 110 7,914 6,491 5,186 1,305 1,424 1,397 27 1, 278 318 2% 22 960 960 479 324 297 28 155 155 294 271 258 13 23 23 914 523 495 28 391 391 134 121 119 2 13 13 447 380 378 2 68 68 160 150 139 11 10 10 467 143 117 27 323 323 Without vesting________________ 6,313 4,550 3,349 2,673 2,743 1,877 606 634 2,964 230 681 404 2,283 5,184 1Active workers in 1961. 2Includes a few plans with immediate full vesting. proportion of workers have little pension credit protection other than portability. In some indus tries, portability was supplemented by reciprocal arrangements between plans. However, only about a tenth of the multiemployer and practically none of the single-employer plans had such arrangements. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Over a third of the workers would qualify if they had attained 15 years of service and age 40. Gen erally, long service was required in plans with no age requirement. T a ble 2. C o n d it io n s for B e n e f it A v a il a b il it y in P r iv a te P e n sio n P l a n s , by N u m b e r a n d P er ce n t of A ffe ct e d W o r k e r s , 1 W in t e r 196 2 -6 3 Age and Service Requirements Workers 1 Condition An evaluation of protection of accumulated pen sion rights requires consideration of the minimum age and service required before a worker can qual ify for a vested or eiarly or normal retirement bene fit (excluding disability retirement and special retirement benefits). On the whole, regardless of the type of benefit provisions, over two-thirds of the workers would have to stay with the same firm or plan for 15 years or more to retain or qualify for pension rights (table 5). Nearly all of the remaining workers would qualify with 10 years or less. About 2,750,000 workers, or about a sixth of the total, had to attain age 65 with their employer or in the scope of the plan to retain pension rights. About 10 percent first qualified for early or normal retirement at age 60. A ninth of the workers had to have over 15 years of service and attain age 65 to qualify for benefits. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Total____ ________ . ______ Workers must remain with particular employer or within coverage of multiemployer plan until— Qualified for vesting 2 ___ Qualified for vesting and involuntarily sepa rated 3_______ _____ _ ____ Qualified for early retirement_____________ Normal retirement age__ ___ ... ______ Worker must remain with particular (individual) employer until normal retirement age______ . Number (thousands) Percent 15,621 100.0 7,920 50.7 1,388 3, 424 2 2,889 8.9 21.9 <18.5 606 3.9 1Active workers in 1961. 2 About 3 million workers were in contributory plans in which vesting for qualified workers was conditioned upon nonwithdrawal of employer contributions. 3 Nearly all of the workers in this category (about 1,300,000) belonged to plans with early retirement provisions. * Includes workers who must remain with particular (individual) em ployer until normal retirement age. N o t e : Sums of individual items do not equal totals. The composite of age and service requirements varied widely among industries. In manufactur ing industries as a whole, only about a seventh of the workers had to reach age 65 to qualify for a benefit, compared with almost a fourth in non- PROSPECTS OF BENEFITS UNDER PRIVATE PENSION PLANS T a b l e 3. P r o v is io n s fo r V e s t in g and 1285 E a r l y R e t ir e m e n t i n P r iv a t e P e n s io n P la n s , e r e d , W in t e r 1 962-63 by T y pe of W o r k e r C ov [Workers in thousands] All plans No early retirement or vesting Type of worker covered Number All plans studied______ Salaried and production______ Production only____________ Salaried only. . . . ____ _ Earning in excess of a specified amount_________________ Workers 2 Early retirement1 Workers 2 Plans Plans Vesting 1 Workers 2 Plans Early retirement and vesting 1 Workers 2 Plans Workers 2 15,818 15,621 2,281 2,889 2,903 3,424 1,438 946 9,196 8,362 6,038 4,925 3,995 6,263 7,039 1,584 1,068 21, 056 155 269 32,530 38 1,195 855 793 1,866 1,211 268 984 234 142 281 536 82 2,791 2,780 2,905 3,846 2,762 1,196 860 735 2 52 60 80 78 46 720 557 1May include a few plans providing portable pension credits. 2Active workers in 1961. 3 Includes 404 multiemployer plans covering 2,283,000 workers with portable pension credits. totals. manufacturing industries. The heaviest concen tration of these restrictive requirements was in industries with a large number of collectively bar gained multiemployer plans for blue-collar work ers, such as construction, transportation, wholesale trade, and services. In marked contrast, more lib eral practices prevailed in finance and in public utilities (including the dominating telephone com pany plans). Nearly all workers in salaried worker plans, compared with 2 out of 3 workers in production worker plans, would qualify for benefits before age 65. In plans covering both salaried and pro duction workers, 95 percent of the workers quali fied earlier than age 65. The age and service requirements can be inte grated by considering the proportion of workers hired at age 25 who still would not qualify for benefits as they attained progressively greater age and service with the same employer or within the scope of a multiemployer plan. By age 50 with 25 years of service, 45 percent of the plans cover ing a slightly higher proportion of the workers provided no protection of workers’ equities in the plans. By age 60, 13 percent of the workers in IT percent of the plans remained unprotected. T able 4. P r o v isio n s for V est in g and N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal E arly R etirem ent in P rivate P e n sio n P l a n s , M ajor G r o u p , W in t e r 1962-63 by I n d u stry D iv isio n and [Workers in thousands] All plans Industry division and major group No early retirement or vesting Number Workers 2 Plans All plans studied________ ___ _________ Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries_____________ Mining___ ___ _ . _______ ___ ___ _ . . Contract construction__ ___ ___ _ ________ . Manufacturing.____ ________ ... ______ Transportation... .. . ____ ___ _ ___ _ . . Communications and public utilities. ________ . Wholesale and retail trade___ _ . . . __ . . . Wholesale trade___ __________ _ ____ Retail trade.. ______ ________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate_________ . . Services..__ ... ... . _ . . . ___ _ 15,818 15, 621 75 316 449 9, 257 673 849 1,627 1,147 480 1,853 719 26 327 1,072 9, 678 1,286 1,270 920 479 440 733 308 1 May include a few plans providing portable pension credits. 2Active workers in 1961. 3Includes provisions for portability of credits as follows: Mining........ ......... Contract construction......................... Manufacturing______________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Workers Plans (thousands) 2 206 192 582 78 930 2,281 32 3 242 3 1,017 3 176 222 3 201 3 66 3 135 54 3 367 Early retirement1 Workers2 Plans Vesting 1 Workers 2 Plans 2,889 2,903 3,424 2 206 3589 3 1,303 3 400 61 3 180 3 107 3 72 30 3 120 6 152 83 1,639 194 144 288 211 77 380 17 5 27 185 1, 523 342 834 282 103 178 171 55 1,438 2 51 831 1 27 155 6 149 360 11 Early retirement and vesting 1 Workers2 Plans Workers 2 946 9,196 8,362 2 140 394 242 26 51 34 16 43 47 69 160 73 5,770 302 456 983 864 119 1,059 324 20 92 157 6,458 302 349 408 234 174 489 85 Workers Plans (thousands) Transportation__________ 71 336 Wholesale and retail trade................. 54 129 Wholesale trade........................ 34 98 20 31 Retail trade......... ....................... Services.......................... 7 100 N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 1286 T a ble 5. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 E a r l ie s t A ge 1 and A sso c ia ted S e r v ic e 2 at W h ic h t h e W o r k e r Q u a l if ie s f o r V e s t in g , E arly R e t ir e m e n t , or N orm al R e t ir e m e n t in P r iv a t e P e n s io n P la n s , W in t e r 1 962-63 [Workers in thousands] Age i All plans Service 2 No age requirement Number All plans studied______________ ___________ Less than 5 years__ ______ _ _ - ___ _ 5 to 10 years'__ ___________________________ _ -11 to 15 y e a r s ...----------------------------------------------16 to 20 years_________________ ___ _ -----Over 20 years_____ _______________ ______ _____ Workers3 Plans 40 and under Workers3 Plans 45 Workers 3 Plans Workers3 15,818 15,621 4,870 4,157 2,037 3,599 774 811 730 4,444 5,465 2,823 2,356 328 4,114 5, 357 3,239 2,583 149 1,163 1,466 1,170 922 61 912 1,208 583 1, 393 1,377 588 52 20 2,029 1,420 147 3 279 335 75 85 321 382 81 27 Age 1 55 50 Plans All plans studied.. _________________ ___ . - Less than 5 years. _______ - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . ______ _____ 5 to 10 years__ _ __________ . 11 to 15 years-- - -_-.- - -------- --. --. . 16 to 20 years_____ _ . . --------------------------------_____ - __ Over 20 years_____ _____ _ - . Workers 3 1,226 1 165 644 159 257 Plans 65 60 Workers3 Plans Workers3 Plans Workers 3 796 3,242 1,972 1,294 1,534 2,375 2,750 4 103 307 221 162 206 572 1,081 797 586 115 289 980 414 174 8 334 343 350 259 44 232 341 562 355 366 554 1,008 220 227 105 228 720 1,230 468 1 Some plans specified alternative requirements; for each case, the one with the earliest age or no age requirement was selected. 2 For those plans which specified a period of employment to be served before participation in the plan could begin, the minimum service requirement includes the preparticipation service and the required plan membership service. 3 Active workers in 1961. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Members of salaried worker plans and of com bined plans had a much better chance of qualifying for benefits at an early age than members of pro duction worker plans. Over 3 out of 5 production workers were in plans in which a worker would not qualify until age 50, contrasted with 1 out of 4 salaried workers. By age 60, almost all salaried workers and workers in combined worker plans would qualify under the assumed conditions, but over a third of the production workers still would not. The chances, even under favorable assumptions, are less than 50-50 that workers will earn rights or benefits in two pension plans by age 65. As workers accumulate service and age under a pen sion plan, they increase their chances of receiving a benefit from that plan, but, as they age, their chances of qualifying for benefits under other plans lessen. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — W alter W . K olodrubetz Division of Industrial and Labor Relations 1287 WAGE AND EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEES IN MAJOR AGREEMENTS Wage and Employment Guarantees in Major Agreements Or s o m e 1,770 major agreements studied by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1963, fewer than 1 percent, representing a similar proportion of the covered workers, had a wage or employment guarantee provision.1 Weekly guarantees were provided by most of them, but only six contracts included an annual guarantee.2 (See table.) Guarantees varied not only 'by the length of the guarantee period, but also by such other factors as the amount of money or hours guaranteed in a specified period, by eligibility and work require ments, and by conditions under which the guaran tee could be reduced or waived. Weekly Guarantees Weekly guarantees were provided to some or all workers by 117 major agreements, which covered a total of approximately 513,000 workers. Most of the agreements (81) were in nonmanufacturing industries, chiefly trucking, local transit, and retail trade. All of the 36 agreements in manufacturing with weekly guarantees were in the food indus try—19 in meatpacking and 12 in dairies. The Teamsters Union negotiated almost half of the agreements with a weekly guarantee. Most of the remaining agreements were bargained by the Meatcutters, Retail Clerks, Packinghouse Work ers, Street, Electric Railway Employes, or Machinists. Weekly guarantees were more common in multi employer than in single-employer agreements. In both food manufacturing and retail trade, the guarantees were about equally divided between single-employer and multiemployer units, al though the proportion of workers covered by each type differed considerably. Seven out of 10 agreements in the transportation industry were negotiated with multiemployer groups. 1 As defined in this study, wage and employment guarantees assure a minimum am ount of pay or employment to eligible workers who s ta rt work or report for work a t the beginning of the guarantee period. Some contracts promise a stipulated am ount of em ploym ent; others guarantee a certain amount of pay. However, since little real distinction exists in practice be tween these two types of guarantees, the term s “wage guarantee’’ and “employment guarantee” are used interchangeably in this report. 2 Monthly and semimonthly guarantees are discussed in the full study which will appear in a forthcom ing BLS bulletin under the title Supplemental Unemployment Benefit Plans and WageEm ploym ent Guarantees (BLS Bulletin 1425-4). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Eligibility Requirements. Weekly guarantees were generally applicable to all or nearly all em ployees covered by the collective bargaining agreements. Under some provisions “all employ ees” were covered; others covered “permanent” or “regular” employees; and still others, “regular full-time hourly workers.” Workers were usually eligible for the weekly guarantee immediately upon being employed, or after serving short probationary periods. As shown below, only 16 agreements explicitly speci fied the minimum service required for coverage (other than service required solely to complete a probationary period). Minimum service requirement Total with service requirements. 2 months___________________________ 3 months___________________________ 12 months__________________________ 18 months____________________ 24 months__________________________ Agreements 16 1 1 2 1 11 Workers (thousands) 19.2 1. 2 1.0 3.9 2. 0 11.1 Ten of the 11 contracts requiring 24 months of service were negotiated between Montgomery Ward and the Teamsters. Other than length-of-service requirements, the guarantees, in general, were applicable to all eligi ble workers regardless of their seniority status. Only nine agreements—eight of which covered workers in the trucking industry—withheld the guarantee from low-seniority employees. For ex ample, under the Central Motor Freight Associa tion-Teamster agreement, the guarantee was appli cable to all employees in the top 80 percent of the seniority roster. Inherent in guarantee provisions is the under standing that the employee must be available and willing to work when work is provided. In 85 agreements, the prerequisites for a guarantee were specifically stated. The guarantee provision of 3 out of 10 of these agreements was applicable only to employees who worked during the week. The length of time that an employee had to work to be covered was specified in only one plan. In 1 out of 4 agreements, reporting to work was the criterion used in establishing whether or not a person was eligible for the guarantee. On the other hand, in 17 agreements, coverage by the guarantee during any one week was dependent on the employee’s availability and desire to work. In most of the remaining agreements (13), the guarantee was M O N TH LY LABO R R E V IE W , N O V EM BER 1964 1288 applicable only to employees scheduled to work during the week. Basis and Amount of Guarantee. Many of the weekly guarantees assured eligible workers full employment during the week. Some promised a week’s pay and others, employment or pay in lieu of employment. Most frequently, the amount of the guarantee was expressed in hours per week. Some contracts, however, described the guarantee in terms of a minimum number of hours per day and days per week. Only nine provisions expressed the weekly guarantee as a monetary amount. Generally, the regular full-time workweek, which in most cases amounted to 40 hours, was guaranteed. An im portant exception was the guarantee of 36 hours to packinghouse workers, although their regular workweek consisted of 40 hours. In the majority of provisions, a uniform amount of employment or pay was guaranteed all covered workers. About 3 out of 10 weekly guarantee provisions varied the amount according to suclq factors as job classification and seniority—the most common factors affecting the guarantee. A few contracts provided different guarantees for male and female employees. One contract, for instance, guaranteed male employees 4 hours more work than female employees. Nomvork Time. A majority of the guarantee pro visions specified the nonwork hours during a reg ular workweek which either were credited against the guarantee or reduced the employer’s obliga tion. These specifications usually were found only in those provisions which included prerequisites for the guarantee. A summary of the types of nonwork time affecting guarantees follows : Agree- Workers merits (thousands) All agreements specifying nonwork hours that affected guarantee__ Hours credited against guarantee: Paid vacation_______________________ Paid holidays________________ , ______ Hours that reduced guarantee: Absences___________________________ Time lost due to tardiness___________ Time lost due to discharge or quit____ Time lost due to being reemployed or recalled after start of workweek____ Other_______________________________ 1 63 1 344. 4 3 32 9.0 284. 8 42 30 13 118.6 81.0 14.8 15 4 63.8 6.4 1Figures do not total since most agreements specified more than 1 factor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis One out of 3 weekly guarantee provisions permitted the guarantee to be waived by manage ment, if certain circumstances existed during the week. About half of these cited “causes beyond the company’s control” as a condition under which the guarantee might be waived. This reason was, with one exception, given in conjunction with one or more of the following reasons: Acts of God, breakdown affecting operations, strikes, national emergency, discharge, or voluntary absence. Under some provisions, unexcused absence waived the guarantee and excused absences only reduced it. Annual Guarantees Only six of the major agreements studied con tained provisions for a guaranteed annual wage; that is, they assured some or all workers employ ment or pay for 10 months or longer. These agree ments are described below.3 Hormel. The Geo. A. Hormel-Packinghouse Workers guaranteed wage plan covered all employees in the company’s Austin, Minn., plant as soon as they were hired; part-time and extra workers and those hired for a specific tem porary period were hot covered. Workers were guaranteed year-round employment and 52 paychecks, each equal to regular full-time pay based on the weekly work schedule of their department. A weekly work schedule for each department, not to exceed 40 hours, was subject to annual negotia tion. In the year beginning April 1963, a 36-hour minimum was generally in effect throughout the plant. Full-time employment was not required during any one week, but the number of hours paid for could not drop below the minimum—generally 36 hours in 1963-64. During the guarantee period, overtime work was not prohibited; overtime rates were paid employees working long hours per day or week (usually over 12 hours a day or 48 hours a week) or on a Sunday or holiday. Also, holiday hours, like other over time hours, were credited toward the guarantee. 3 Summaries of the annual guarantee provisions of the follow ing agreements, which were outside the scope of this article, are presented in the Bureau’s forthcom ing bulletin : Nunn-Bush Shoe Co. and Industrial Union of M aster Craftsmen (Ind.) ; sugar refinery companies on the E ast Coast and Packinghouse Workers, and Longshoremen’s A ssociation; and a number of St. Louis, Mo., area companies negotiating with Teamsters Local No. 688. 1289 W AG E A N D EM PLO YM ENT G U A R A N T E E S IN M AJO R A G R E E M E N T S considered “permanent” ; all others were consid ered temporary and subject to layoff. Only 10 months of employment each year, con sisting of full-time work during 8 months of the year and part-time work during 4 months, was guaranteed by the agreement applicable to bushelmen, pressers, and finishers. During periods of part-time employment, work sharing was per mitted. Neither overtime work nor work per formed to make up for time lost on account of holidays counted toward the guarantee. At the end of the year, workers received a bonus for hours worked in excess of 2,080. If a worker was indebted to the company for hours paid for but not worked, his debt was canceled.4 Michigan Sugar. Unlike most of the annual wage guarantees which covered all eligible employees, the Michigan Sugar-Grain Millers guarantee was applicable to a specified number of workers at each plant—ranging from 27 to 31 men. The guaran tee was to be in effect only as long as the company operated the factories in which eligible workers were employed. If a plant was closed, the com pany had the option of either employing the af fected worker at another establishment or giving him severance pay based on his length of service. Shoe Retailers League. This contract with the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union guaranteed regular full-time employees 52 weeks of employment during each year of the 2-year con tract. Managers were guaranteed 44 hours of work weekly; all others were guaranteed 40. Retail Apparel Merchants. Salespeople were given stronger guarantees than bushelmen, pressers, and finishers in the two agreements negotiated by the Clothing Workers with the Retail Apparel Merchants Association in New York City. The 3year agreement applicable to salespeople guaran teed all permanent employees steady employment throughout the life of their contract. However, only certain employees, identified by name, were 4 The total annual income of an employee was computed ac cording to a unilaterally established and administered earnings plan to which the guarantee wage was tied. Wisconsin Public Service Gorp. Under this con tract, members of the Operating Engineers with at least 5 years of service on the effective date of the agreement were guaranteed 2,080 hours of employ ment per year, less vacation and unworked paid holiday hours, for a 2-year period. Although workers could not be laid off, they could be trans ferred to other jobs. If transferred, they were protected from reduction of their pay rate during the 6 months following transfer. M a jo r C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g A g r e e m e n t s W it h W a g e - E m pl o y m en t G u a r a n t e e s , G u a r a n t e e , 1963 by I n d u str y and T y pe of [Workers in thousands] Type of guarantee Number studied Industry Agree ments All industries__ _______ Manufacturing___ ___ Food and kindred products__ Machinery, except electrical.-Nonmanufacturing__ --------Transportation 3________ -_Utilities: electric and gas____ Wholesale trade. . . ---- - - _ Retail trade... _ . ------Services. . .. -----Construction______ . __ Work ers 1 Totals with guarantee Semimonthly Monthly Other Annual Agree Work Agree Work Agree Work Agree Work Agree Work Agree Work ments ers 1 ments ers 1 ments ers 1 ments ers 1 ments ers 1 ments ers ■' 1, 773 7, 454.1 139 602.2 117 512.8 4 10.1 26 12.5 1,023 4,137.0 40 109.7 36 102.4 2 2.3 2 5.0 124 98 801 373.0 262.7 3, 501.3 39 1 108.4 1.3 36 102.4 1 1 1.0 1.3 2 5.0 750 3,317.0 99 492.5 81 410.3 2 7.8 4 7.5 107 86 15 116 62 221 143 688.4 207.2 28.4 303.9 218.5 898.0 972.7 34 3 7 37 13 5 301.1 3.0 16.8 86.0 72.0 13.6 1 Figures represent number covered by agreements, not necessarily those covered by the guarantee. 2Includes 1 agreement covering 2,500 workers that guarantees 10 months of employment. 3 Excludes railroads and air transportation. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Weekly 29 2 7 33 7 43 274.2 2.0 16.8 77.8 33.7 5.8 4 4 4 10.9 10.9 10.9 1 23 2 7.8 1.0 6.5 8 56.0 8 56.0 1 16.0 1 6 1.7 38,3 4Includes 1 agreement covering 2,300 workers that provided a weekly guarantee from April through November and no guarantee during the other months. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 1290 Other Guarantees Eight agreements, six of which were in the mo tion picture and theatrical industry, contained other guarantees which are described below: Retail Building Material Dealers of Greater Cleveland. An agreement between this associa tion and the Teamsters guaranteed 50 percent of the average number of workers employed in De cember employment for 17 weeks starting the first week beginning on or after December 10—the slack season for building materials. However, each dealer had the right to reduce his work force before December 1 to the number he anticipated that he would need during the guarantee period. Like the weekly guarantee provisions, absences or failure to report to work reduced the hours guaranteed, and certain events that “crippled the industry” or “shut down the dealer” (such as fire, explosion, or strikes) waived the guarantee. Also, overtime hours worked, paid vacation, and paid holidays were credited toward the guarantee. Pacific Maritime Association. The Pacific Mari time Association and the Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union’s agreement provided a unique guarantee. It was an integral part of the mechanization and modernization agreement of the West Coast longshore industry which pro vided longshoremen guaranteed employment or pay for the periods during which the introduction of new machinery or cargo-handling methods ®For an early description of this plan, see “Working Rules in West Coast Longshoring,” M onthly Labor Review, January 1961, pp. 1-10. As of June 17, 1963, the base hourly rate was in creased to $3.19, and the weekly wage guarantee was, therefore, $111.65 ; as of June 15, 1964, the hourly rate was $3.32 and the weekly guarantee, $116.20. 8 This tru st was financed from funds allocated to it from the Mechanization and Modernization Fund, which was financed by employer contributions of $1% million made during the June 1959-June 1960 contract year and $5 million per year payable for 5% years beginning January 1961. 7 From 1958 until 1964, registration on the West Coast was frozen. Therefore, w ith few exceptions, all fully registered longshoremen have met this requirement. 8 In general, to qualify for a 2-week paid vacation, longshore men under age 60 m ust have been paid for 1,344 hours in the previous payroll y e a r; those age 60 and over must have been paid for 1,100 hours. 9 In June 1964, this amount was increased to $5,578. The “current 4-week benefit period” was a period during which the employment guarantee had not been met and a supplement to actual earnings was required in order to satisfy the wage guarantee. 10 The “group average hours” for each port was computed by finding the average total hours worked during a 4-week period by a representative class of employees in the group. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 were expected to cause drastic cuts in work op portunities. Under the detailed plan subsequently negotiated by labor and management, layoffs were pro hibited. Early and normal retirement was encouraged, and in some cases, compulsory retire ment was provided for. Qualified longshoremen were guaranteed 35 hours of work opportunity per week or the equivalent in pay.5 Longshore men who worked less than 35 hours were paid the difference, if any, between their total weekly earnings (including unemployment insurance compensation) and 35 hours’ pay by the trustees of the union-employer Supplemental Wage Bene fit Trust.6 The guarantee for any one 4-week period was applicable to longshoremen who— 1. Were fully registered for 3 years; T 2. Were eligible for a 2-week paid vacation; 8 3. Were available for work and had not refused work assignments; 4. Earned less than $5,359 during the 48 consecutive weeks immediately preceding the current 4-week benefit period; 9 5. Worked or had credited to them during the current benefit period at least 93 percent of the group average hours.10 Determination of eligibility and administration of the guaranteed wage provision was the respon sibility of the Board of Trustees selected by the parties. Motion Picture and Theatrical Industry. The guarantee provisions found in six agreements in this industry reflected the nature of employment in the industry and its unique type of collective bargaining. For most employees, the basic agree ments stipulated only the minimum conditions of employment, including minimum guarantees. Actual guarantees of employment and pay, as well as other conditions, were subject to negotiation between the individual employee and his em ployer. Only the initial period of employment was guaranteed under these contracts. The duration of the guarantee period was either uniform (e.g., 1 week) or varied according to the budget of the motion picture or according to the number of epi sodes in and length of a television series. — A rne H. A nderson Division of Industrial and Labor Relations 1291 STATE LABOR LEGISLATION ENACTED IN 1964 State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1964 T h e l e g i s l a t u r e s of 23 States1 and Puerto Rico met in regular sessions in 1964, a few of them solely for budget purposes. Nevertheless, enactments were made in practically all fields of labor legisla tion, the more significant ones including Michi gan’s first minimum wage law, Arizona’s provi sions for the control of radiation sources, and seven States’ measures to increase benefits of vari ous kinds under workmen’s compensation laws. Minimum Wages Michigan has now joined the ranks of the States with minimum wage laws. The new statute ap plies to men and women and sets a minimum wage rate of $1.00 beginning January 1, 1965, $1.15 as of January 1, 1966, and $1.25 as of January 1, 1967. It applies to employers of four or more em ployees between 18 and 65 years of age, with no exemptions except persons subject to the Fed eral Fair Labor Standards Act. However, the law provides that “no employer shall employ for more than 13 weeks in any four consecutive 3month periods any employee at a rate less than prescribed.” This law will make Michigan the 32d jurisdiction with really effective minimum wage laws; four other States have such laws on their statute books, but they are inoperative at present. Of the 32, 20 have a statutory minimum wage, and 17 of the 20 cover men as well as women. Three States amended their minimum wage laws. South Dakota, whose law applies to women and girls only, increased its statutory rate from $15 to $20 a week in cities with a population of 2,500 or more, and from $12 to $17 elsewhere. Massachusetts increased its statutory rate to $1.30 as of September 5, 1965, and to $1.35 as of Sep tember 5, 1966; the act further provides that such rates will be effective for manufacturing occupa tions at any time before such dates if the Federal minimum wage is equal to or higher than these rates. Puerto Rico now permits wage boards to fix piece rates, instead of hourly rates, for workers em ployed in the sewing of tobacco leaves and “any other economic activity.” The fixing of piece rates was formerly limited to coffee harvesting. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Automatic increases in minimum rates ap proved in earlier years took effect in Alaska, Con necticut, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Hampshire, and North Carolina. There are now six States with statutory rates of $1.25 or more in effect, and seven with rates of $1.00 to $1.15. California wage orders, which went into effect in August 1964, set a minimum wage of $1.30 an hour for most occupations. New York City tried again this year to estab lish by law a minimum wage rate for employment in that city of $1.50 per hour, which is higher than the State law requires in other parts of New York State. A similar 1962 law had been declared un constitutional by the Court of Appeals, but be cause of a new constitutional amendment in 1963 giving cities more power to regulate local affairs, the supporters of the new law believed it would pass the test of constitutionality. The new law was immediately challenged and was declared un constitutional by a trial court, but is still to be heard in the higher courts. Agricultural Workers A significant feature of the Michigan minimum wage law was its coverage of agriculture, subject of course to the 13-week clause already quoted. As a result of this clause, many seasonal agricul tural workers will not benefit by the act’s provi sions. Of the State minimum wage laws specify ing minimum rates, only those of Hawaii and Puerto Rico previously applied to agriculture. Among the States where minimum rates are es tablished by wage boards, only Wisconsin and California have actually issued orders covering agricultural work and these apply exclusively to women and minors. California passed a law authorizing guidance services in securing from the Federal Government financial or other aid necessary for the construc tion or operation of housing for farm laborers. Michigan created a committee to study the hous ing of migratory workers, and New York extended the life of its legislative migratory labor commit tee for another year. 1 Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Virginia, West Vir ginia, and Wisconsin (carried over from 1963). 1292 Child Labor Virginia, Maine, and Alaska amended their child labor laws. Virginia now permits children of 14 and 15 to work until 9 p.m. in the summer; it also permits boys of 14 and 15 and girls of 16 and 17 to work at soda fountains and in restau rants where the sale of alcoholic beverages is merely incidental to the business. This law also lowered the age from 16 to 14 for boys employed in bowling alleys, but not as pinsetters or in connec tion with pinsetting machines. Another Virginia act prohibited employment of girls under 18 and boys under 16 more than 25 miles from the place of employment in the solicitation of subscriptions for books, magazines, and other periodicals. In Maine, minors under 14 may now be employed in school lunch programs if the work is limited to serving food and cleaning up in the dining room. Alaska authorized the labor commissioner, under certain conditions, to grant exemptions for work in hazardous occupations. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 been out of school for at least 2 months. The other set up a subsidized program of work train ing, combined with academic training, for youths 16 to 22 who have been out of school for 6 months or have graduated from high school. Some States provided for training adults in addition to young persons. For instance, Dela ware authorized its Department of Public Welfare to assign employable recipients of public assistance to training projects designed to 'improve their chances of employment. Mississippi authorized its Agricultural and Industrial Board to formulate and put into effect plans for industrial plant train ing and recruitment for new and expanded indus tries, or both. A commission on manpower, tech nology, and training was created in West Virginia to make certain studies, including the impact of technological advancements on employment op portunities, and to survey and evaluate current programs of job training, retraining, and skill development. Industrial Relations Training and Retraining Matching Federal funds in connection with par ticipation in the program under the Manpower Development and Training Act was authorized by Hawaii, New York, and Pennsylvania, while com mittees in two South Carolina counties were charged with developing plans to comply with the intent of that program. In addition, one of these counties was authorized to study and recommend a program of vocational education for youth of high school age and for adults. Michigan and Vir ginia also provided for development of area voca tional education. A Massachusetts act set up a service corps, pat terned on the new Federal youth employment pro grams, for persons 16 and over participating as full-time volunteers, and for students 14 and over participating on part-time basis. The law in cluded a provision for education and training of school dropouts and the unemployed between 16 and 21 years of age to prepare them for regular employment. Two laws in this area were passed in Michigan. One of these established special education and sub sidized work-experience programs for unemployed dropouts between 16 and 20 years of age who have https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Following the recent trend toward bargaining rights for public employees, Louisiana granted to employees of municipally owned or operated pub lic transportation facilities the right to organize and bargain collectively. Massachusetts specifical ly strengthened these same rights for its State em ployees but made it an unfair labor practice for State employees to strike. In addition, Massachu setts amended its State labor relations act by ex tending its provisions to nurses employed in public or private health care facilities. However, such nurses are prohibited from engaging in strikes, work stoppages, or slowdowns, and employers are prohibited from causing a lockout. In Delaware, the Director of the Mediation Service was author ized to determine the necessary protective arrange ments, including collective bargaining agreements, of employees of privately owned transportation systems before any such system is acquired by any State authority. Alaska and Rhode Island prohibited any person from requesting or requiring, as a condition of em ployment, an employee or applicant for employ ment to submit to a lie detector test. The other States with such bans are California, Massachu setts, and Oregon. STATE LABOR LEGISLATION ENACTED IN 1964 In an Oklahoma referendum, the voters rejected a right-to-work constitutional amendment. In Oregon, an attempt by initiative petition to put the right-to-work issue on the ballot was almost unani mously rejected. Occupational Safety and Health Six States passed laws or amendments relating to the control of radiation sources. Arizona cre ated an Atomic Energy Commission. In Rhode Island, the Governor was authorized to enter into an agreement with the Federal Government for the transfer of responsibilities from the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission to the State when such an agreement is recommended by the State Atomic Energy Commission. Georgia, Mississip pi, and Virginia amended their laws to designate the State Department of Health as the administra tive agency. Massachusetts abolished its Atomic Energy Commission and transferred its powers and duties to the newly established Department of Commerce and Development. In all, 46 States now have laws or regulations specifically designed to control radiation hazards. These laws usually include licensing or registra tion requirements, recordkeeping requirements, and the designation of a specific regulatory agency with authority to issue rules and regulations. Safety legislation in areas other than radiation included New York amendments authorizing the issuance of regulations governing the construc tion, use, and operation of coin-operated machines which perform any manufacturing process; au thorizing the construction code to be enforced in factories, mercantile establishments, and places of public assembly in municipalities; and requiring insurance inspectors of boilers to be certified by the Commissioner of Labor. A Massachusetts amendment prohibited employers engaged in con struction work from permitting an employee to use stilts to elevate him to high-placed work; a Georgia measure created a committee to study in dustrial safety; and a Michigan resolution asked for a study of construction safety rules. Workmen’s Compensation In the area of workmen’s compensation, seven States raised benefits of one type or another, six extended coverage to additional groups of public 7 4 7 -5 7 9 0 — 64------ 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1293 employees, and four provided for studies of their laws. Kentucky amended its benefit provisions by changing the method of computing benefits; the weekly minimum and maximum benefits will now be based on the average weekly wages of the State instead of monetary amounts specified in the law. Benefits will be 66% percent of the average weekly earnings of the employee, but the minimum bene fits for all types of disability and for death will be 25 percent of 85 percent of the average weekly wages of the State. The maximum benefits vary— for death and partial disability it is 50 percent, and for total disability 55 percent, of 85 percent of the average weekly wages of the State. In addi tion, the former maximum limitation on the total amount of compensation payable in disability cases was deleted. Medical benefits, formerly lim ited to $3,500, were also increased. Now, unlim ited medical treatment may be ordered by the Workmen’s Compensation Board upon applica tion and showing of justifiable need. Virginia increased its maximum weekly com pensation for death and disability from $37 to $39, and the minimum from $12 to $14. The total max imum benefits were increased from $11,100 to $11,700 for death, and from $14,800 to $15,600 for disability. The initial period for medical bene fits was increased from 60 to 90 days after the ac cident. Alaska changed its benefits for temporary dis ability and permanent partial disability by rais ing the minimum amount from $18 to $25 a week. Benefits for certain schedule injuries were also raised: loss of an arm, for instance, is now $14,500 instead of $9,800; and loss of a leg is $12,900 in stead of $8,700. Death benefits only were increased in Massa chusetts—from a weekly maximum of $35 to $40 for the widow and to $46 for a widow with one child, with an additional weekly allowance of $6—as formerly—for each other child. In South Dakota, a former requirement that compensation payments, other than medical or hospital, be deducted from death benefits has been changed to permit deduction of only one-half of such amounts. A Virginia amendment included a provision for disfigurement benefits if the disfigurement appears on the hands, arms, or legs, in addition to head or 1294 face as formerly. Delaware also broadened its dis figurement coverage by providing for compensa tion if the disfigurement is visible and offensive with the body normally clothed, including disfig urement caused by loss of a member. Six States extended coverage to additional groups of public employees. In Mississippi, it was extended to the National Guard ; in Michigan, to full-time firemen or policemen for respiratory or heart diseases or illnesses resulting from the job; in Arizona, to certain volunteer firemen and volunteer policemen, members of the police de partment sworn as peace officers, and persons who perform services as trainees for the purpose of vocational rehabilitation. Kentucky added to its coverage employees of departments, administrative bodies, and agencies of the State. Virginia specified that certain exec utive officers—elected or appointed—of a corpora tion, municipal or otherwise, are to be considered employees of the corporation for the purposes of workmen’s compensation. Georgia proposed an amendment to the consti tution to enable county boards of education to use educational funds to provide workmen’s com pensation for school personnel. In addition, this State authorized boards of education of counties with a population of less than 300,000 (at present, only Fulton County) to adopt an appropriate reso lution providing workmen’s compensation for the employees. A Kentucky amendment provided that to be compensable, a claim must be filed within 10 years from the last injurious exposure in the case of radi ation, rather than within 5 years as is the case with other occupational diseases. The time for filing claims remained the same as before—1 year after the last injurious exposure to the occupational haz ard or after the employee first experiences a dis tinct manifestation of the disease. Puerto Rico and the States of South Carolina, Massachusetts, and Michigan all provided for com https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 mittees to study their workmen’s compensation laws. Other Laws In New York, the women’s hours law was amended to authorize employment—by special per mit-—of women 21 years of age and over in fac tories in excess of the maximum statutory hours (8 a day, 48 a week) for up to 8 weeks in the last 6 months of the calendar year. The Industrial Commissioner is authorized to issue such permits under certain conditions, providing safeguards for the health and welfare of such women are in cluded. Virginia amended its law regulating “labor agents” (those who procure laborers, usually under contract, for other persons) by exempting from coverage the so-called “temporary help agencies”— those employing individuals to give part-time or temporary service to other persons. Massachusetts provided for the regulation of agencies procuring domestic workers from outside the State but within the United States. Georgia passed—for the first time—a time-offfor-voting law, permitting employees to take up to 2 hours’ leave from work to vote if they do not have 2 consecutive hours of their own time for that purpose. There are now 30 States with timeoff-for-voting laws. Maryland enacted a law making it a “harmful” employment practice for an employer to discrim inate in matters of employment because of age against a person 40 to 65 years of age; however, the act specifically prohibits the application of penalty provisions of the labor laws to violators. The New York apprenticeship law was amended to prohibit the selection of persons for apprentice training programs on any basis other than their personal qualifications. — N orene M. D iam on d Bureau of Labor Standards When Teachers Organize “Virtually every innovation in American schools during the coming decade will be influenced by tioo strong currents of change. One of these is the growing effort to improve relations between races. The other is the increasing insistence of teachers on the right to express their views on school policy questions.” Appeal From an Impasse T he r i g h t of the teachers’ organization to appeal to a third party for the mediation of a disagree ment, or an impasse, with the board of education is one of the most controversial of the current issues on professional negotiation and collective bargaining.1 The provision in the National Edu cation Association (NEA) professional negotia tion resolution calling for an appeal “through educational channels” was not for arbitration of a board-teacher organization conflict but rather more of an effort at factfinding or mediation. However, in either mediation or arbitration, the provision of an opportunity for appeal raises the question as to any alleged usurpation of the au thority of the board of education. An NEA publication on the elements of profes sional negotiation lists as an integral part “a pro vision to deal with impasse—whether the impasse be caused by the board, by the association—or by what seems to be the most obvious cause, but the one seldom mentioned—by the simple fact that the two honestly cannot agree.” 2 The significance of this point is dramatized by the departure from the traditional concept of uni lateral or even bilateral approaches through which negotiations are currently conducted. The pro vision of such an appeal process in the event of an impasse between the teachers’ association and the board of education offers a new and untried negoti ation instrument. The possible similarity between the appeal through educational channels and the use of a tripartite body under collective bargain https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ing arrangements in private employment should be noted. There are at least two points which should be noted in regard to any implied comparability be tween such tripartite collective bargaining and professional negotiation. The first is in regard to the term “public interest.” The third or neutral party in the tripartite agreement is viewed to a degree as being representative of the public inter est. But to extend this concept to our educational enterprise would seem to imply that the board of education would not function as such a representa tive—hence the [proposal that the appeal be car ried] through educational channels. This raises a difficulty in reconciling such a third-party ap proach in collective bargaining with comparable procedures in education, since the board of educa tion in a sense acts in a dual role—the employer and the representative of the public. The use of a third party seems to suggest a voluntary denial by the board of education of this public responsibility. Its transfer by the board to a designated neutral 1 E d it o r s N ote .— This excerpt is taken from Jam es B. Steffensen, “Teachers Negotiate W ith Their School Boards,” (U.S. Departm ent of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Educa tion, OE—23026 Bulletin 1964, No. 40 )|, ch. IV. This, w ith the article beginning on page 1297, presents two' more facets of Review coverage of a subject commanding particular interest among trade union and academic circles. Steffensen ends his study with the quotation— taken from the w ritings of Dr. John H. Fischer, president of Teachers College, Columbia University, in the February 1964 Teachers College Record— which heads this m onth’s excerpts. Other recent articles are “A Case for Teachers’ Unions,” M onthly Labor Review, March 1964, p. 292; “The Case for Independent Professional Teachers’ Associa tions,” May 1964, p. 543; “The NEA Convention and the Organizing of Teachers,” August 1964, pp. 882-885 ; “Reaction of Organized B ritish Teachers to Crises,” September 1964, pp. 1022-1025 ; and “The 1964 Convention of the Teachers’ Union,” October 1964, pp. 1138-1142. 2 M artha L. Ware, Professional Negotiation (Washington, Na tional Education Association, 1962), p. 7. 1295 1296 who would accept it for a possible resolution of the impasse implies that the neutral party would assume the “public representative” designation. Another factor which must be considered in making comparisons between these two approaches to negotiation is the extent to which the third party would function in the area of compulsory arbitra ment. As Secretary of Labor Wirtz has noted, there is substantial indication of “an evolving pat tern of resort in one form or another to that arbit rament of reason rather than of economic force, which may well be essential to the continued vital ity and effectiveness of significant private collec tive bargaining.” 3 One of the problems of current negotiation pro cedures has been the inability of teachers and boards to make long-term studies of the issues prior to the initiation of negotiation sessions. Relatively few local associations have full-time staff members; and, as a result, salary negotiations, for example, are frequently characterized by a cer tain amount of sporadicity, culminating usually in a brief period of discussion in the spring when the salary schedule for the ensuing year is established. The advantage of the study committee lies in the provision for “careful study and patient discus sion [which] can provide a more constructive out look.” 4 Perhaps the lack of opportunity for both groups to have such “patient discussion,” based upon previous and continuing careful study, was instrumental in the development of the NEA reso lution calling for more formalized negotiation procedures. Some note should be made of the potential de velopment of a negotiation framework which ex tends beyond the limits of any one school district, the “industrywide” approach. It would appear to be entirely conceivable that negotiations between teacher groups and school boards may place far greater reliance on activity at the State level than has occurred in the past—negotiations between the State school boards’ association and the State teachers’ association. A suggestion of this devel opment is seen in a statement attempting to stabi lize the contractual relationship between teachers and school boards in Minnesota.5 Discussions on sanctions in Oregon have in cluded the proposal that sanctions against any one school board be viewed by the State School Boards Association as being sanctions against that State https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 association. The 1963-64 conflict in Utah was be ing conducted at the State level. The develop ment of such a statewide negotiation procedure would, of course, have severe implications for the “appeal through educational channels” as it is apparently being viewed. It is inevitable that for the present time discus sions of professional negotiation will be concerned with collective bargaining. It is within the litera ture on collective bargaining that one currently directs a major part of his efforts in search for information on employer-employee negotiation procedures. And, as suggested above, the pro vision for an appeal through educational chan nels is of particular significance to professional negotiations just as the provision for third-party involvement in collective bargaining is of interest to labor and management in private employment. In summary, teachers are showing increasing interest in formal negotiation procedures. The lack of more descriptive information to delineate procedures for the development and form of the necessary legislation has resulted in a considerable amount of conjecture. Until such time as there is rather wide implementation of such actions as the professional negotiation resolution and until guidelines are developed which make possible more discerning examination of such proposals, then discussions will probably continue to center upon the relationship between professional negotiation and collective bargaining. It is within this rela tionship, including the possible increase in the use of tripartite collective-bargaining bodies, that the use of the appeal group becomes significant. This significance is centering upon the suggestion of a possible change in the view of the board as being the representative of the public interest in its nego tiation procedures if a provision is made for an appeal from impasses which are insolvable through the traditional bilateral or unilateral approaches of the present. Whether this change legally can occur, or rightly should occur, or administratively will occur presents the basic question still un answered. 3 W. W illard Wirtz, “The Future of Collective Bargaining,’’ M onthly Labor Review, November 1961, p. 1207. 4 George W. Hildebrand, “The Use of T ripartite Bodies to Aid Collective Bargaining,’’ M onthly Labor Review, June 1961, p. 593. 5 Minnesota School Boards Association, “Revised Recommenda tions on Teacher-Board C ontract Relations,” Minnesota School Board Journal, November 1962, p. 20. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS Collective Bargaining for Public School Teachers I n S tates where collective bargaining in public education is not prohibited, two rival teacher orga nizations have made strong efforts to persuade school boards to conduct representation elections and to negotiate with the designated teacher orga nizations.1 The organizations currently engaged in increasingly bitter competition are the Ameri can Federation of Teachers, affiliated with the AFL-CIO, and the National Education Associa tion, an independent professional association. Approaches to Bargaining The NEA. The NE A uses the term “professional negotiations” to distinguish its efforts at bargain ing from the traditional procedures of the labor movement. It is a generic term covering a variety of relationships between school boards and local teacher associations. For example, a local affiliate is considered to have a Level I agreement if the school board has made a written statement—which may be in the minutes of the board meeting—that it recognizes the association as the representative of all teachers in the district or even as the repre sentative of its members. Level II agreements consist of recognition and establishment of a nego tiation procedure. If a means for settling im passes is added, the agreement is considered to be at Level III. The association will classify as professional negotiation a school board statement which establishes a procedure for recognizing employee organizations, but names no representa tive. In addition, dual and proportional systems of representation are considered professional negotiations. On the basis of this inclusive definition, it is not surprising that the NEA can claim to have over 200 local affiliates that engage in professional negotia tions. Most of these locals are merely recognized by the school board as the representative of their members or of all teachers. This is far different from any kind of meaningful negotiations. The AFT. The AFT makes no effort to distinguish its approach to teacher-board relations from tradi tional collective bargaining. Although the union https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1297 has been advocating collective bargaining for over 20 years, the confusion over the A FT’s bargaining is similar to that exhibited by the NEA on pro fessional negotiations. For example, although the AFT claims to have approximately 12 written agreements between school boards and teachers’ unions, only 4. include terms and conditions of employment; the others are merely recognition agreements. In addition, several agreements do not provide for exclusive recognition, and in two cases the school boards have signed written agreements with the NEA local as well as the AFT local. Representation Problems Because of the lack of standardization between and within the approaches of the two organiza tions, the procedures established for negotiations between school boards and public school teachers are extremely diverse. In a study by the author of 20 school districts in which negotiations were conducted, it was found that 15 had exclusive rec ognition while 5 had various systems of recognition, including dual and proportional representation. In two of the districts which did not have exclusive recognition, a system of dual representa tion was used. The school board negotiated with representatives of both teacher organizations at separate times. Representatives negotiated only for members of their own organizations, yet any agreements had to apply to all teachers in the school district. In both cases, the school board signed a written agreement with both teacher or ganizations. Although the terms and conditions of employment for all teachers in the district were identical, the written agreements were markedly different: one did not include any of the terms and conditions of employment, but provided for third party mediation in the event of an impasse; the second included the terms and conditions of em ployment that applied to all teachers in the dis trict. Two school districts had a system of propor tional representation through a joint committee consisting of representatives of all employee or1 Excerpts of a paper presented by Michael H. Moskow of the Departm ent of Economics, Lafayette College, a t the E ighth An nual Conference of the National Association of State Labor Relations Agencies a t Lake Delton, Wis., Sept. 22, 1964. Minor changes in wording and syntax have been made to provide transitions. 1298 ganizations. Membership on the committee was proportional to the size of the organization. In one of the districts, negotiations were conducted by this committee and the school board. The other district followed a unique procedure whereby the 13-member proportional committee selected by majority vote a 5-man negotiating team to meet with the school board. Since the proportional committee was composed of nine union represent atives and four representatives of the association, the negotiating team consisted of five unionists. The 20th school district had a representational system under which the teachers’ association theo retically negotiated only for its members. All agreements applied to the entire teaching staff, but since the w ritten agreem ent explicitly included the “members only” clause, it was not classified as exclusive recognition. In the school districts which had representa tional systems other than exclusive recognition, there was general dissatisfaction among the partic ipants, whether they were teachers, administrators, ,or school board members. The only exceptions were the representatives of the minority organiza tions who participated on the proportional com mittees, though the representatives on the commit tee that selected a negotiating team felt that their participation was meaningless unless they could have at least one representative on the final com mittee. In most cases, however, the dissatisfac tion was over the duplication of time and effort in negotiations. Elections and Unit Determinations. Since, in gen eral, no public agency exists to conduct repre sentation elections and no legislative guides are provided, school boards, according to the author’s research, usually unilaterally promulgated election rules and standards. The result was often a set of procedures which provided neither protection nor equity for classroom teachers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 At times, the election was conducted by an im partial person, but in most cases full-time admin istrators wh,o were employees of the school board performed the function. In other cases, an out sider, whose salary is paid by the school board, was appointed. His duties ranged from merely count ing the votes to determining the bargaining unit or to completely controling the election. In some cases, bargaining units have been limited to classroom teachers, but in others, groups such as guidance counselors, nurses, attendance teachers, department heads, and principals have been com bined with the teachers. At times, even the super intendent and assistant superintendents of schools have been included in the unit. The established principle of excluding supervisors from bargain ing units has not been followed. In setting rules for representation elections, a variety of standards have been used. Some school boards have required the winner to poll a majority of those voting. Other boards have required a plurality of those voting, and some have ordered a two-thirds majority. In one case, a board required a majority of those eligible to vote and since neither organization received the necessary num ber of votes, no winner was declared. Two school boards reserved the right to evaluate the results of the election and determine whether there was a winner. The significance of winning a representation election has varied widely. Several school boards have stated before the election that they would refuse to sign a written agreement with the teach ers’ representative. One board of education claimed that the winner would not be authorized to bargain collectively. After conducting an elec tion and negotiating an agreement with the teach ers’ representative, another school board unilater ally decertified the organization and refused to negotiate. Technical Note Health Insurance in the Revised CPI James C. D augherty* As p a r t of the recent comprehensive revision of the Consumer Price Index (C PI), the Bureau of Labor Statistics made a major change in the treat ment of the health insurance component of medical care. Pricing of actual premium rates for family group contracts has been discontinued. Instead, health insurance is represented in the new CPI by prices for a number of hospital and professional services for which claims are paid, plus a small portion representing retained earnings or “over head.” Although direct pricing of premium rates may be theoretically desirable, difficulties of obtaining prices for an adequate sample of representative plans and of making proper adjustment for quality changes in benefits have proved too great to con tinue using this method. Experience in Measurement Premium rates for Blue Cross hospitalization insurance were incorporated into the CPI in 1950. Rates were represented in the index by the gross premium rate for the most widely held family group contract in each city. In December 1958, similar rates for Blue Shield surgical insurance were introduced into the index on the same basis. Between 1950 and the 1964 CPI revision, two major problems in measuring price Changes for health insurance caused increasing concern. The first of these was a definition of constant quality for the purpose of adjusting premium rate changes. These changes in rates reported to the Bureau were evaluated by the local plans them selves with respect to three major causes: Changes in costs of covered services; changes in utiliza tion (i.e., changes in total claims paid) ; and changes in benefits. In the index, changes in premium rates at tributed to differences in the unit costs of services https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (e.g., hospital charges) for which claims are paid were clearly to be included as price changes. Con versely, changes in rates associated with obvious differences in coverage of benefits were excluded from the index calculation. Utilization changes, however, presented a number of problems, both conceptual and operational. Changes attributed to increased utilization were treated as price changes on the ground that the amount of protec tion offered by a given policy did not change because of an increase in aggregate claims. Ac cording to this reasoning, greater utilization rep resented greater cost to the insuring company and, hence, to the individual consumer who received the same protection, but at additional cost. On the other hand, authorities in the field of medical care objected to inclusion of the effect of increased utilization in CPI calculations, arguing that such treatment failed to eliminate the effect of increases in quantity of medical services pro vided. Also, another difficulty encountered in measur ing rate change was reaching agreement on what constituted a real change in benefits. For ex ample, an increased allowance for a hospital room or a physician’s fee may coincide with an increase in the cost of these services, or an increase in these rates may precede the higher allowance. Consequently, there may be no increase in benefits even though benefit payments are increased. Fur thermore, increases in utilization have, at times, been accompanied by reductions in benefits, a device used to forestall higher premiums. Repre sentatives of Blue Cross and Blue Shield, the only rate sources for the old series index, reported that there was some uncertainty, and probably a lack of uniform reporting on the part of the vari ous local plans, concerning the proper line to be drawn between utilization and cost factors. BLS also had to consider the problem of poli cies written by commercial insurance carriers. Many large group insurance contracts are being written on an industrywide or companywide basis and therefore are not representative of a single city or State (as is the case with the Blue CrossBlue Shield plans). This would have made the problem of pricing and evaluation considerably more complicated than it was previously, particu* Of the Office of Prices and Living Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1299 1300 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 P r ic e d I t e m s a n d W e ig h t A l l o c a t io n f o r H e a l t h I n s u r a n c e in t h e R e v is e d C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x , D e c e m b e r 1963 Item Relative weight Sample A * Total health insurance _ 100 Health insurance claims: Hospital services: Daily service charge, semiprivate room... . Daily service charge, private room.. _ _ .. Operating room service___ ____ Nonhospital services: Other physicians (office visit)____ Surgeons’ fees (tonsillectomy)_____ Prescriptions and drugs____ Health insurance retained earnings Sample B Total health insurance 12 8 21 21 18 5 15 i ___ Health insurance claims: Hospital services: Daily service charge, semiprivate room Daily service charge, private room. . X-ray diagnostic series.. . . . _ __ Nonhospital services: Other physicians (office visit)___ _ _ ___ Surgeons’ fees (herniorrhaphy) ____ ... . .. _ Obstetrical fees___ ___ Prescriptions and drugs____ _____ Health insurance retained earnings... ______ ____ 100 12 8 21 21 14 4 5 15 1For an explanation of tbe replication sampling design, see “The Statistical Structure of the Revised CPI,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1964, pp. larly in view of the multiplicity of rates and re porting sources. As a result of these uncertainties and as a fur ther consequence of a series of conferences with representatives of the Health Insurance Associa tion of America, the Bureau concluded that from a practical standpoint, the best method for meas uring health insurance price changes was by pric ing these services directly. Revised Index Procedure The total weight for the health insurance com ponent in each city will continue to be average expenditures for health insurance as reported in the Bureau’s expenditure surveys. (The share of insurance paid for by employers is not included in the index weights.) Expenditure weights for health insurance in each index city were first sub divided between claims and retained earnings on the basis of national findings that, in 1960, claims accounted for 85 percent of total income and re tained earnings for 15 percent. Within the claims portion, expenditure weights were further allocated to in-hospital and out-of hospital costs and within these to the priced serv ices on the basis of data collected by the Civil https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Service Commission. In general, the items se lected are also priced to represent direct expendi tures. Cost weights for the elements of health insurance will be kept distinct from those of like items representing direct medical care costs. The priced items and their respective weights are shown in the accompanying table.1 The base weight for retained earnings was di vided between Blue Cross-Blue Shield and private carriers on the basis of data for 1960. These rela tive weights will be adjusted annually, but in such a manner that the change in proportions will not be reflected directly as a price change. The over head cost component for each city will be ad justed annually and escalated from month to month on the basis of the average change for the particular city in the prices of the items repre senting claims. The annual adjustment for changes in the ratio of retained earnings to in come will be based on national financial data for Blue Cross-Blue Shield Plans and the com mercial insurance carriers, as reported to the Social Security Administration. For convenience, the calculation of these “retention factors” will be carried out by expressing them as a proportion of benefits rather than of total income, since the cost weights for priced services correspond to benefits. The annual relative of change in the retention factor will be calculated on the basis of weighted averages of the two ratios in each of the two periods for which the calculation is to be made, using data of the earlier period as weights. New weights will be linked in at each period to take account of shifts in the importance of Blue Cross-Blue Shield versus the commercial carriers. The annual relative using previous-period weights can be expressed as follows: R (i) t-l ^ < F i) t-l where R is the weighted average retention factor (ratio of retained earnings to benefits), the sub scripts indicate the time period to which the weights (benefit proportions) relate, and the su perscripts indicate the time period to which the weighted averages refer. 1 A more detailed description of the calculation procedure, in cluding an illustrative example, is available on request. Significant Decisions in Labor Cases* Labor-Management Relations Hot-Cargo, Secondary Boycott. Reversing its pre vious position, the National Labor Relations Board ruled 1that the Labor Management Relations Act’s provision permitting hot-cargo agreements in the construction industry does not forbid strikes or picketing to obtain such agreements. The Board emphasized, however, that such strikes and picket ing in the industry are illegal if undertaken to enforce such agreements, or if they have a dual purpose of obtaining the legal hot-cargo clause and disrupting business relations between primary and secondary employers. A building trades council picketed a construc tion site with signs indicating that a subcontractor on the project was not affiliated with the council and paid substandard wages. After virtually all work on the project was halted, the council re quested the general contractor to sign an agree ment with all subcontractors, providing that only those having contracts with the council’s affiliates would be permitted to work at the construction site. The trial examiner, relying on the Board’s rul ing in the Colson and Stevens case,2 found that the council had violated the act’s secondary boycott ban—section 8(b) (4) (A)—by picketing to com pel the general contractor to enter into a hot-cargo agreement which would be unlawful under the construction industry proviso to section 8(e) of the act. The Board’s position in that case was that economic force to obtain a hot-cargo agree ment in the construction industry invalidated such an agreement, although it would have been legal had it been “voluntarily” entered into. In light of the rejection of its interpretation of the 8(e) proviso by three separate courts of ap peals,3 the Board reversed its position and found no secondary boycott violation. The courts had https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis consistently held that the exception provided by section 8(e) for the construction industry is clear and unambiguous, giving no indication that it ap plied only to voluntary hot-cargo agreements. Though it overruled its previous position, the Board held that the picketing of the council was unlawful under section 8(b) (4) (B) since it found that, in addition to seeking a lawful hot-cargo agreement, the union had a concurrent objective of forcing the cessation of business between the neutral general contractor and the nonunion sub contractor. The two objectives are to be consid ered independently, the Board concluded. Assistance to Union. The NLRB held4 that a trucking company which was about to eliminate two terminals and consolidate their operations at another location violated the LMRA by extending to the mechanics of the new facility its contract with the union of the mechanics at one of the old terminals, while representation of the new unit was also claimed by a rival union representing the mechanics at the second old terminal. The me chanics at the new location did not constitute accretion to either of the preexisting units, the opinion stated. The employer had two terminals in Pennsyl vania, one in Pittsburgh and a smaller one in Greensburg. The Pittsburgh terminal employed 11 mechanics, who were represented by the Ma♦Prepared in the U.S. Departm ent of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The cases covered in this article represent a selec tion of the significant decisions believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all recent judicial and ad m inistrative developments in the field of labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which con trary results may be reached based upon local statutory pro visions, the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented. 1 Northeastern Indiana Building and Construction Trades Council and Centlivre Village Apartm ents, 148 NLRB No. 93 (Sept. 11, 1964). 2 Construction Production & Maintenance Laborers Union Lo cal 98S, AFL-CIO (Colson and Stevens Construction Co.), 137 NLRB 1650 (1962). 8 Construction, Production <£ Maintenance Laborers Union v. NLR B (Colson and Stevens Construction Co.), 323 F. 2d 422 (C.A. 9) ; Essex County and V icinity D istrict Council of Car penters v. N LRB, 332 F. 2d 636 (C.A. 3) ; Orange B elt District Council v. NLRB (Calhoun Drywall Company)|, 328 F. 2d 534 (C.A.D.C.) ; Building and Construction Trades Council v. NLRB (Gordon Fields)), 328 F. 2d 540 (C.A.D.C.)|. See also Local Union No. 48, Sheet Metal Workers v. Hardy Corp., 332 F. 2d 682 (C.A. 5). 4 Schreiber Trucking Co., Inc. and A utom otive Mechanics Lodge 1060, International Association of M achinists, 148 NLRB No. 83 (Aug. 31, 1964). 1301 1302 chinists; the other had two mechanics represented by the Teamsters. Both terminals had other units, consisting of drivers and maintenance men repre sented by the Teamsters. After the company de cided to consolidate its operations into a single new facility at Irwin, Pa., it entered into a memo randum of understanding with the Teamsters, which in effect extended their contract covering mechanics at Greensburg to those at the new termi nal. When the Pittsburgh terminal was closed, those of its employees who were represented by the Teamsters were transferred to the Irwin facility with full seniority rights. Only some of the re maining mechanics were eventually hired to work at Irwin, but they were accepted as new employees, with the loss of seniority and at substantially re duced wages. In an action by the Machinists for arbitration, an arbitrator ruled that the union’s contract at Pittsburgh did not apply to the new operation and was not in any way violated by the employer. Tire NLRB held that the extension of the Team sters’ contract to the new facility constituted un lawful assistance and support to the union, in violation of sections 8(a) (1) and 8(a)(2) of the LMRA. The employees at the Irwin terminal were not, as the Teamsters contended, an accretion to the Greensburg terminal unit, the decision noted, but formed a new unit, separate and apart from the former ones. The decision said that the employer’s agreement with the Teamsters, concluded before any work at the new terminal was begun and purporting to extend the Greensburg contract’s territorial limits, was tantamount to an illegal prehiring contract, especially since the company was on notice that the Machinists claimed representation of the new unit. The Pittsburgh mechanics who had been laid off and not rehired or who had been rehired as new employees had been discriminated against, the de cision stated, “with respect to their hire, tenure, and terms and conditions of employment, thereby discouraging membership in the Machinists and encouraging membership in the Teamsters, in vio lation of section 8(a) (1) and (3) of the act.” But for the illegal contract between the Teamsters and the employer, the opinion stated, the me chanics at Pittsburgh would not have been laid off https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 prior to transfer and would have been accorded full rights upon transfer to the new location. Fair Employment Practices Discrimination in Apprenticeship. A New York State court affirmed 5 the ruling of the New York Commission for Human Rights that the Sheet Metal Workers apprenticeship program operated discriminatorily in violation of the State’s law for bidding discrimination in membership. The Commission had found that a policy of giving preference to relatives of union members, coupled with the lack of objective standards for admission to the program, had the effect of denying to quali fied Negroes and other minority groups the right to participate. The court noted that the development of nondiscriminatory shop training programs is such a volatile problem, one involving the very “founda tion of our democracy,” that it could not be han dled “strictly within the conventional coniines of an adversary proceeding.” Therefore, the court had enlisted the aid of the parties—representatives of the State, the union, and the employers—to draft an acceptable program. The court stressed that the traditional practice of giving preference to relatives of present union members was unconstitutional and illegal under the New York law, which expressly forbids dis crimination in apprenticeship programs. The new program, drafted by the parties and approved by the court, provides a review proce dure available to those who are rejected. In ad dition, to prevent the adoption of educational standards that would be “higher than . . . rea sonably necessary,” the court approved gradually increasing educational requirements which would be fair to minorities and yet would not encourage high school dropouts. Application fees were set at $10 “in order to avert an economic barrier” and still permit the defraying of administrative costs. The 430 individuals who had applied for the program before the present suit was instituted were to be given equal treatment with later appli cants and judged by the same standards: no pref erence was to be given either group. 5 In re State Commission for Human Rights (N.Y.Sup.Ct., Aug. 25, 1964). DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES The court was satisfied that the new program, which abolished the existing practice of favorit ism and adopted objective standards for appli cants, could “serve as a model for others, and by rigid adherence to the adopted standards, itself become a standard of morality and brotherhood, equal opportunity, and democracy.” Reporting and Disclosure Act Political Rights. A Federal court of appeals ruled6 that a summary discharge of union officers who had supported an unsuccessful candidate in a union election was in violation of the Labor-Man agement Reporting and Disclosure Act’s guaran tee of equal rights and freedom of speech and as sembly to all union members. The plaintiffs, former salaried officials of the International Association of Machinists (IAM), had supported an unsuccessful candidate and were discharged the day after the election by a high union official whose candidate had won. They sued the IAM and various of its officials, contend ing that they had been wrongfully disciplined without the procedural safeguards guaranteed union members under section 101(a)(5) of the LMRDA. The district court did not decide on the merits of the case, but ruled that the section did apply to union officers. The court of appeals disagreed with this opin ion, holding that the procedural safeguards pro https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1303 vided by section 101(a) (5) for a member “fired, suspended, expelled or otherwise disciplined” were not intended to preclude summary removal of a member from union office. The appellate court agreed with the district court that the plaintiffs were entitled to engage in intraunion political activity as union members even though they were also officers. The “bill-ofrights” section of the act, the court held, applies to every member, and “nothing in the statutory language excludes members who are officers.” To exclude officer members from the coverage of the provisions granting freedom of speech and assem bly and equal political rights, the court added, “would deny protection to those best equipped to keep union government vigorously and effectively democratic.” The court further observed that the rights granted plaintiffs by the act are protected under section 609, which prohibits firing, suspending, ex pelling, or otherwise disciplining a union member for exercising his rights under the act. That sec tion permits one whose rights have been infringed to bring a civil action for appropriate relief. The court indicated that under the act, a union might be permitted to adopt a principle of “required political neutrality” of union job holders, but noted that the IAM had not adopted such a prin ciple. 6 Grand Lodge of International Association of Machinists v. King (C.A. 9, June 23, 1964). Chronology of Recent Labor Events wage for these workers—employed mostly in retail and service trades—is to be raised to $1.25 an hour for 40 hours’ work, thus equaling present standards for most other workers under the act. September 7 T h e P hoto -E ngravers and L it h o g r a p h e r s unions were formally merged into the Lithographers Engravers International Union. Kenneth former head of the Lithographers, was made the new union. (See MLR, October 1964, p. September 2, 1964 T h e year ’s first major meatpacking settlement was reached when Armour & Co. and the Meat Cutters and the Packinghouse Workers agreed on a 3-year master contract providing 12,000 workers wage increases of 6 cents an hour each year and monthly pensions of $3.25 per year of service, with full vesting rights commencing at age 40 with 15 years of employment. Wage rates are to be maintained for jobs in which the work content is changed but the end product remains the same. (See MLR, October 1964, p. 1191.) O n t h e s a m e day , the Mine Workers announced agree ment with anthracite operators on a contract providing over 10,000 hard coal miners a 35-cent-a-day wage in crease ; a 55-cent increase in daily lunch allowances; a $25 increase to $185 in vacation p ay; and 3 paid holi days. ( See MLR, October 1964, p. 1194.) T h e AFL-CIO held a 1-day conference in Washington, D.C., of national, State, and local labor leaders to outline plans for supporting the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Chron. item for July 2, MLR, September 1964.) Delegates were asked to seek nondiscrimination clauses in their contracts and to assist workers in preparing complaints. Interna tional unions were asked to develop fair employment practice programs, and central bodies were requested to establish civil rights committees. (See MLR, October 1964, p. 1197.) T h e N a tio n a l L abor R e l a t io n s B oard ruled that two unions’ fines against members for filing discrimination charges with the Board were illegal coercion under Sec tion 8 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( A) of the Taft-Hartley Act. The cases were L o c a l 1 3 8 and L o c a l 925, O p e r a tin g E n g in e e r s . September 3 E m ployers of some 3.6 million workers brought under the Fair Labor Standards Abt of 1981 by Public Law 87-30 (Chron. item for May 1, MLR, July 1961) became subject to payment of a $1.15 an hour minimum wage, and, in most cases, time-and-one-half for overtime beyond 42 hours a week. The 15-cent increase brought raises to an esti mated 565,000 workers who were not already receiving at least $1.15 an hour. On September 3, 1965, the minimum 1304 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and PhotoJ. Brown, president of 1198.) T he P resident signed the Farm Labor Contractor Regis tration Act of 1963 (P.L. 88-582). Effective January 1, 1965, persons contracting for services of workers for inter state agricultural employment must register with the U.S. Secretary of Labor and must disclose to each worker re cruited the terms and conditions of employment. September 9 T h e A uto W orkers and Chrysler Corp. announced agree ment on a 3-year contract providing 74,000 workers wage increases of 2.5 and 2.8 percent in the second and third contract years, respectively; company-paid life and sick ness and accident insurance; pensions of $4.25 a month per year of service; retirement as early as age 55; addi tional relief tim e; and increased supplementary unemploy ment benefits, survivors’ benefits, and vacations. A simi lar agreement covering 130,000 Ford Motor Co. employees was reached 9 days later. On September 30, the pattern in the farm and construction equipment industry was established when International Harvester Co, settled on substantially the same terms for its 35,000 workers. ( See also p. 1306 of this issue.) S e t t in g a pa tter n for other telephone settlements, the Communications Workers and Michigan Bell Telephone Co. reached agreement on wages under a reopening pro vision in their 36-month 1963 agreement. (Chron. item for July 9, MLR, September 1963.) General increases ranged from $2.50 to $5 a week for some 15,000 workers, with raises of up to $8.50 in upgraded skilled occupations. ( See also p. 1309 of this issue.) September 11 T h e U n ited M in e W orkers adjourned their Miami Beach convention after approving a $l-a-month increase in dues, to be divided equally between locals and districts; in dependent status for District 50 as an affiliated organiza tion ; an increase in international officers’ tenure from 4 to 5 years; and a requirement that candidates for inter national office be nominated by 50 locals rather than 5. “Provisional” districts—whose officers are appointed rather than elected—were retained. (See also pp. 13101311 of this issue.) T he addition of a third paid full-time national officer and a 10-cent per capita dues increase were among constitu- 1305 CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS tional changes approved by the Government Employees union before ending its 12th national convention in Dallas. Resolutions called for a 3-percent retirement annuity in crease for Federal employees and the right to optional social security coverage. (See also pp. 1256-1257 of this issue.) September 18 T he Miami Beach convention of the Machinists was con cluded after delegates approved a program for accommo dating to automation ; a white-collar organizational drive in the aerospace industry; a 50-cent increase in, per capita payments, bringing them to $2.50 a m onth; and a change in the union’s name to International Association of Ma chinists and Aerospace Workers. (See also p. 1311 of this issue.) September 23 A n e w l y form ed independent union—the Association of Western Pulp and Paper Workers—defeated the Papermakers and Paperworkers and the Pulp and Sulphite Workers in an election for representation rights for 21,000 workers at 49 mills in Oregon, Washington, and Califor nia. The new union was organized after a dispute arose over the way negotiations were being conducted by the two AFL-CIO affiliated unions. ( See also p. 1312 of this issue.) September 24 A “total job security” resolution that would guarantee permanent employment in the steel industry was approved by the Steelworkers before adjourning their 12th consti tutional convention at Atlantic City. Constitutional changes included a prohibition against nomination or election to international office of members who would reach 68 years of age before taking office, and a require ment that each local establish a civil rights committee. (See also pp. 1254—1255 of this issue.) September 25 Six shopcraft unions and the Nation’s railroads negotiated an agreement providing protective benefits for workers adversely affected by automation, contracting out, or operational and organizational changes. Based upon recommendations of a Presidential Emergency Board https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (Chron. item for Aug. 7, MLR, Oct. 1964), the agreement covers 150,000 workers and expires January 1, 1966. (See also p. 1308 of this issue.) c o n s t it u t io n a l c o n v e n t io n of the Electrical Workers (IUE) was adjourned in Washington, D.C., after delegates approved collective bargaining goals which in cluded a minimum 3%-percent annual wage increase, a guaranteed annual salary, elimination of area wage differ entials, and employer-paid health benefits for active and retired workers. Paul Jennings was nominated for presi dent to oppose incumbent James B. Carey. (See also pp. 1258-1259 of this issue.) T h e 11 t h September 26 r u b b e r w o r k e r s ended their 24th convention in Chicago after voting to increase salaries of international officers and field representatives by $20 a week. Among proposals defeated were a 50-cent-a-month dues increase, 3-year terms (instead of 2) for international officers, and an increase in weekly strike benefits from $25 to either $30 or $40. (See also p. 1311 of this issue.) T he September 30 C ontractors engaged in work on Federal or federally assisted construction projects became subject to an amendment (P.L. 88-349) to the Davis-Bacon Act, signed July 2, requiring them to match prevailing area standards of fringe benefits as well as wages, or to add the cash equivalent to straight-time hourly pay. The amendment does not affect contracts entered into or based on bids made prior to September 30, and for the first 270 days after this date, applies only to projects and areas specified by the Secretary of Labor. T he National Labor Relations Board, reconsidering an earlier decision (Chron. item for Aug. 26, MLR, Oct. 1960) by order of a U.S. Court of Appeals (Chron. item for Jan. 26, .MLR, Mar. 1962), ruled that 57 of 77 workers of the Kohler Co.—who were denied reinstatement for misconduct during a strike begun in 1954—be reemployed since the strike was an unfair labor practice strike from its inception. The court had concluded the Board failed to support its original finding that the strike was economic at inception and instructed it to weigh the 77 workers’ misconduct against Kohler’s violations under the TaftHartley Act. (See also p. 1312 of this issue.) Developments in Industrial Relations* Wages and Collective Bargaining Automobiles and Farm Equipment During September and early October,1the Auto mobile Workers reached agreement with the “Big Three” automobile companies and two major farm equipment producers on contracts that greatly lib eralized not only normal retirement benefits but also provisions for early retirement and pensions for those already retired. In addition, the con tracts provided that in the third and final con tract year the annual improvement factor wage increases would be advanced to 2.8 percent, al though the union gave up any first year wage-rate increase (except for inequity adjustments) in re turn for some of the supplementary benefit changes. The settlements increased relief time for assembly line employees by 50 percent; substan tially liberalized vacations and holidays; provided for the companies’ paying the full cost of insur ance and liberalized some insurance benefits; liberalized severance and supplemental unemploy ment benefits (SUB) ; and established funeral pay. Except at Chrysler, the agreements also provided that SUB contributions would continue regardless of the condition of the SUB fund, with any amounts accumulated beyond the maximum posi tion of the fund to be used to pay annual bonuses ranging from $25 to $100. About 700,000 workers were affected by the five settlements. Wages and Cost-of-Living Adjustments. None of the agreements provided an across-the-board wagerate increase during the first contract year; each provided the same increase as under previous con tracts—2.5 percent, with a minimum of 6 cents, effective September 1965 at the automobile plants and October 1965 at the farm equipment plants, and 2.8-percent wage-rate increase, with a mini mum of 7 cents, as well as 2 cents an hour across 1306 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the board, a year later. The contracts also provided for wage inequity adjustments in the first contract year; at Ford, 1 cent an hour and at General Motors, 2.5 cents was earmarked for this purpose. Quarterly cost-of-living escalation was contin ued, but a new formula was adopted related to the revised Consumer Price Index. This formula provided for a 1-cent change in the allowance for each 0.4-point change in the Index (on a 1957-59 base), with the first review scheduled for Decem ber. Of the existing 14-cent cost-of-living allow ance, 9 cents was incorporated in base rates at the auto companies.2 At all companies, any increase in the allowance in September was waived by the union. Holidays and Leave Time. A week’s leave was added for workers with a year or more of serv ice, with the additional week to be paid either with the workers’ vacations or at the end of the leave year or to be used in half-day multiples as sick or personal leave. Two paid holidays were added, bringing the total to 9. The holidays were as follows: Company New holidays General Motors_____ Good Friday and a full rather than half holiday on Christmas Eve and New Year’s Eve. Good Friday and a full rather than half holiday on Christmas Eve and New Year’s Eve. Good Friday and employee’s birth day. Ford---------------------- Chrysler----------------International Har vester----------------Deere--------------------- Good Friday and day after Thanksgiving. New Year’s Eve and day after Thanksgiving. Pensions. Normal pension benefits payable at age 65 to workers with 10 years’ service were increased slightly more than 50 percent to $4.25 a month for each year of credited service, from $2.80. ♦Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of La bor Statistics, on the basis of published m aterial available in early October. 1 Settlements were reached a t Chrysler Motor Co. on Septem ber 9 ; a t Ford on September I S ; a t General Motors on October 5 ; a t International H arvester on September 30, and a t John Deere and Co. on October 2. General Motors employees went on strike over working condition issues on September 25 ; the strike ended a t most plants October 26. 2 The escalator clause a t Deere & Co. had differed from those of other companies. DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS Monthly benefits for each year of service for work ers who were already retired were increased $1.45 ($2.90 for those on special early retirement or dis ability pensions). For early retirements taking place on or after September 1, 1965 (October 1, 1965 at the farm equipment companies), the com panies agreed to pay a supplemental benefit until retirees reach age 65 providing an employee retir ing at age 60 with 30 years’ service with the smaller of 70 percent of his former monthly earnings or $400. At age 65, early retirees will receive normal retirement benefits actuarially reduced only for retirement before age 62 and social security bene fits not actuarially reduced for retirement before age 65. The liberalization of early retirement benefits applied to workers retiring either voluntarily or at company request. Benefits for early retire ments initiated by the company will be higher than for voluntary early retirements before Sep tember 1, 1965; those retiring early at company option prior to September 1965 will receive $9.45 a month for each year of service up to 25 and $4.25 a month for each year of additional service in stead of the $4.25 a month for each year of service provided voluntary retirees. On September 1, 1965, or later, early retirement benefits for those retired before age 60 on disability or at company option will be higher than for those retiring volun tarily but in no case will total early retirement benefits exceed 70 percent of former monthly earn ings or $400, whichever is smaller. For those re tired on disability or at company option, benefits after age 65 will not be actuarially reduced for retirement before age 62. Hospitalization and Insurance. All companies agreed to pay the full cost of Blue Cross-Blue Shield coverage for retirees instead of 50 percent as in the past and to pay the full cost instead of only part of the cost of life and sickness and acci dent benefits for those on the payrolls. Health benefits were also liberalized; beginning on Sep tember 1, 1965, at General Motors and a year later at the other companies, provision was to be made for up to 730 days of convalescent and long-term care, for 45 instead of 30 days’ hospital care and in-hospital doctor’s visits for nervous and mental 8 The agreement for Chrysler Corp. salaried, office, and cleri cal employees provided for a stock-purchase plan w ith the com pany contributions beginning when the SUB plan reaches the maximum funding level. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1307 cases, and for short-term psychiatric therapy. Other changes in health insurance varied among companies: Auto contracts provided for liberal ized maternity and prenatal and postnatal care, and included unmarried dependent children up to age 25 and permanently and totally disabled children in hospital, surgical, and medical benefit coverage. The maximum duration of sickness and accident benefits was increased to 52 from 26 weeks in all agreements. In the automobile industry, in addition to life insurance, benefits were also established for sur vivors of workers dying before retirement. Un der these provisions, $100 a month will be paid for 2 years to the widow or dependent widower, to an unmarried child under 21, or to a dependent parent. A widow who is 50 at the time of her husband’s death will continue to receive $100 a month until she receives social security or re marries. In addition, all agreements provided higher pension benefits for widows; the auto agree ments provided that the widow of a man who was at least 55 and had 30 years’ service or was age 60 and had 10 years’ service when he died will receive, beginning at age 62, 55 percent (instead of the former 50 percent) of the pension he would have received if he had retired and provided for a sur viving widow’s pension. SUB. All agreements except the one at Chrysler continued the 5-cent supplemental unemployment benefit contribution regardless of the state of the SUB fund. Once the funds reach maximum funding, contributions will be used to pay a vaca tion bonus at International Harvester and a Christmas bonus at Ford and General Motors. The annual bonuses will vary from $25 to $100, de pending on the size of the bonus fund. At Chrys ler, the supplemental unemployment benefit fund was not expected to reach its maximum during the new contract period and instead provision was made for the company to contribute a lump sum of $1,153,400 to the reserve fund on March 6, 1967.3 Effective September 1, 1964, separation pay ments, paid from the SUB fund, were increased approximately 40 percent to provide from 50 hours’ pay for those with 1 but less than 2 years’ service to 2,080 hours’ pay for those with 20 or more years’ service. Former benefits ranged from 50 hours’ pay for 2 but less than 3 years’ service, to 1,500 hours for those with 20 or more years’ 1308 service. The maximum supplemental unemploy ment benefit was increased to $50 plus $1.50 for each dependent up to 4, from $40; and benefits for scheduled short workweeks were increased to 75 percent, from 65 percent, of pay for uncompen sated hours. At Chrysler, it was agreed that a completely revised SUB plan would replace the existing plan to facilitate understanding of the plan. Other Provisions. The agreements also estab lished time and one-fourth pay for Sunday work by employees on continuous operations and 3 days’ bereavement pay. Provision was made for re funding tuition to employees satisfactorily com pleting approved job-related training courses. At Chrysler, negotiations continued on the num ber of union stewards and at General Motors it was agreed to substantially increase the amount of time company-paid union representatives may spend on union work. (At Ford and some major Chrysler plants, committeemen had been working full time on union business.) General Motors agreed to at tach to the new contract a letter stating that Gen eral Motors will consider an individual’s “personal problems and individual needs when scheduling overtime and will try to excuse workers from over time that do not want to work.” A number of changes were made by the General Motors agree ment in methods used to set production standards. Other Metalworking In late August, the Labor Relations Division of the Tool and Die Institute of Chicago, 111., and a tool and die makers lodge of the Machinists, representing approximately 2,500 workers, negoti ated a 3-year agreement retroactive to June. Al though the members of the Institute employ only about 200 workers, the agreement usually sets the area pattern for other unionized and nonunion shops. The agreement provided three 10-cent-an-hour increases in the minimum rates for tool and die makers and for tool-room machin ists, bringing the 1964 minimum rates to $3.90 and $3.75 an hour, respectively. Other provisions in cluded a 2-cent-an-hour increase in employer contributions for insurance and liberalized insur ance benefits. A pension plan was established, with employers’ contributions of 5 cents an hour in 1964 and an additional 5 cents in 1965, and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 service credits for pensions transferable among shops. In late September, Douglas Aircraft Co. reached agreement with the Southern California Profes sional Engineering Association on a 2-year con tract covering some 5,100 salaried employees in California, Florida, and Oklahoma. The pact provided a 5-percent wage increase over the term of the agreement and improvements in supplemen tary benefits. Bucyrus-Erie Co., a manufacturer of heavy con struction equipment, and the Steelworkers, repre senting 2,800 workers in plants in Erie, Pa., Evansville, Ind., and South Milwaukee, Wis., set tled September 1 on a contract reportedly increas ing pay over the 3-year term by an average of 3014 cents an hour, with increases ran gin g from 15 cents in the lowest to 35 cents an hour in the highest grade. A fifth week of vacation after 25 years and early retirement benefits in the event of an extended layoff were also provided. No increase in wages or supplemental benefits was reported in 1963. Transportation and Communications Most of the Nation’s railroads and six shopcraft unions4 on September 25 negotiated a job stabili zation agreement which affected about 150,000 non operating employees. Between 1945 and 1962, shopcraft employment on the railroads declined about 60 percent from a total of over 367,000 to slightly under 150,000. Since 1955, the date of completion of dieselization, the number of posi tions had declined by about 107,000. In October 1962, the unions sought to stabilize jobs by certain rules changes. The agreement reached in September followed the recommendations made in August by a Presi dential emergency board appointed by President Johnson in March 1964.5 Effective November 1, 1964, the agreement extended the benefits of the Washington Job Protection Agreement of May 1936 to certain changes in operations made by the railroads. The benefits are to be provided if a railroad transfers work, abandons or discontinues service for 6 months or more, consolidates facili4 The B oilerm akers; Railway C arm en; Electrical Workers (IBEW ) ; M achinists; Sheet-Metal W orkers; and Firemen and Oilers. 8 See M onthly Labor Review, October 1964, p. 1197. DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ties, or contracts out work; or when the installa tion, operation, servicing, or repairing of equip ment is to be performed by the lessor or seller. Benefits will also be afforded if there is discon tinuance of equipment contracts, technological change, and trade-in or repurchase of equipment. Benefits provided under the Washington agree ment include a furlough or “coordination” allow ance for employees who are laid off but are sub ject to recall. It ranges from 60 percent of average monthly compensation for 6 months for those with 1 year of service to 5 years for those with 15 years or more. For employees resigning instead of ac cepting a furlough allowance, it provides a lump sum separation allowance ranging from 3 months’ pay for less than a year of service to 12 months’ pay for 5 years or more of service. In addition, the agreement includes a 5-year guarantee of for mer pay to employees who are transferred to a lower paying position. Employees who are re quired to move are provided traveling expenses and guaranteed against any loss from sale of a home. Employees also maintain benefits attached to their previous employment, such as free transportation, pensions, and hospitalization. Limitations were also put on subcontracting-out of work. Under the September agreement, a rail road cannot contract-out work i f : managerial skills, skilled manpower either from active or fur loughed employees, and essential equipment are available; work can be accomplished within re quired time; and the cost of contracting-out is not significantly less expensive. Agreement was reached in September by a num ber of Bell Telephone Companies with the Com munications Workers, under the first wage reopen ing provision of 3-year contracts due to expire in September 1966. A settlement on September 9 provided about 15,000 employees of Michigan Bell Telephone Co. with weekly increases ranging from $2.50 to $5, with some employees receiving up to $8.50 as a result of reclassification of rates in some areas; pay scales in Saginaw and Grand Rapids, as well as in 23 smaller towns, were increased more than those in the rest of the State. Agreement was reached on September 16 be tween Wisconsin Telephone Co. and the CWA on weekly wage increases ranging from $2.50 to $5 for 6,300 employees in all departments. Some work®See M onthly Labor Review, October 1964, p. 1191. 747-579 0 — 64------ 5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1309 ers received increases ranging up to $10 because of reclassifications and upgradings. On September 19, the CWA reached agreements with Ohio Bell Telephone Co. for some 15,300 em ployees in all departments and Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Co. of Washington, D.C., for about 9,000 employees in all departments. Basic weekly wage increases in the Ohio settlement ranged from $2 to $5, depending on the occupation, with some employees in 12 towns receiving up to $8.50 because of upgrading to higher wage zones. Reportedly, the pact was the first in the union’s history recognizing the impact of automation on telephone operators; company employment has been reduced by 3,300 workers since 1959. Some operators working up to a journeyman status re ceived pay increases of $7 a week; usually traffic employees receive smaller increases than plant workers. About 5,000 other Ohio Bell employees who are not represented by the union usually are granted similar increases. The Washington, D.C., settlement provided increases of from $3 to $5 a week. It was announced on September 23 that the Illinois Bell Telephone Co. and the CWA had agreed on pay increases ranging from $1 to $4 a week, averaging $3.11, for some 6,200 traffic em ployees in the Chicago toll-call division and in Lake and Porter Counties, Ind. On the same date, Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Co. of W. Va. came to terms with CWA on $3 to $5 a week increases for some 3,500 em ployees. Agreement was also reached between CWA and the Northwestern Bell Telephone Co. providing 17,000 employees in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa a simi lar increase effective September 27. Food Contracts generally similar to those negotiated by Armour and Co.6 were agreed to by Swift & Co. with the Meat Cutters for about 4,500 workers on September 10 and with the AFL-CIO Packing house Workers and the independent Brotherhood of Packinghouse Workers for about 16,000 em ployees late in the month. Wilson & Co., with plants in seven States, and the United Packing house Workers, representing about 5,000 em ployees, reached a similar agreement on September 15, while the same union and the Amalgamated Meat Cutters agreed on similar terms with John 1310 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 Morrell & Co. for about 10,000 workers. Six of the Morrell plants, employing about 2,000 of the workers represented by the Meat Cutters, were brought under the master agreement for the first time. All contracts reportedly added about 34 cents an hour to wage and fringe benefit costs over the 3-year contract period, including across-theboard annual wage increases of 6 cents an hour. The Wilson contract increased pension benefits to $3.50 from $2.50 a month per year of service; the other agreements increased benefits to $3.25 from $2.50. However, Wilson, unlike Armour, did not assume the cost of increases in hospital-medicalsurgical plan for retirees. Negotiations were con tinuing at a number of other meatpacking com panies. a 10-percent average salary rise to replace the 6- to 7-percent increase won last May but later abro gated by the teachers after the school board de cided not to pay them for 4 days lost in a strike preceding the May settlement. In the current set tlement, the teachers agreed to forego their pay for the recent strike period, reducing the expected annual budget deficit by $90,000. They also agreed to refund the additional 3 to 4 percent in crease if the board is unable to raise the remaining $60,000 deficit. Textiles Union conventions in September were high lighted by the announcement of a campaign for total job security by the Steelworkers, challenges to the incumbent leadership of the International Union of Electrical Workers (IUE) and the Mine Workers, and by the Mine Workers’ failure to re store autonomy to all of its district units.8 The quadrennial convention of the Mine Work ers ended on September 11 in Miami Beach, Fla. I t was voted to continue the present character of the 25 district units in the United States (6 auton omous, 3 partly autonomous, and 16 whose officers are all appointed by the union’s president) in spite of the U.S. Department of Labor’s assertion that such variations in autonomy violated the trusteeship provisions of the Landrum-Griffin law. Monthly dues were raised by $1, to $5.25, with the increase split between the districts (to bring their total to $1.50) and the locals (to $1.75), with the International’s share remaining at $2. A reso lution was approved lengthening International of ficers’ terms to 5 years, from 4 years, effective for those elected in the mail ballot scheduled for De cember. The number of local union endorsements required for nomination to International office was raised to 50, from 5, effective with the first election after December. A move for temporary The South’s largest unorganized textile mills followed the pattern established in August7 by making wage increases of approximately 5 per cent. J. P. Stevens announced 5 percent increases effective September 14 for some plants in North Carolina; Springs Cotton Mills “posted wage in creases” for 13,200 employees in 10 plants; Cone Mills announced increases for 13,000 workers ef fective September 14; Burlington Industries an nounced increases on a plant-by-plant basis. The last previous increase in the industry was effective approximately 11 months earlier and averaged about 5 percent. Dan River Mills, Inc., of Danville, Va., major unionized textile company in the South, and the United Textile Workers, representing approxi mately 9,000 employees, agreed to a 5-percent average increase effective September 14. Most em ployees received about 8 cents an hour (4.7 per cent) while skilled workers received 7^ percent. Other Settlements Some 11,000 public school students in East St. Louis, 111., returned to classes on September 14 after a 4-day strike by 500 teachers represented by Local 1220 of the American Federation of Teachers. About 225 other teachers and 11,000 other students had continued classes during the walkout. Under the settlement, the teachers won https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Other Developments Conventions 7 See M onthly Labor Review, October 1964, p. 1191. 8 Detailed summaries of the Steelworkers, the E lectrical Work ers (IU E ), and the Government Employees conventions are pre sented beginning on pages 1254, 1258, and 1251), respectively, of this issue. 1311 DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS suspension from membership of a dissident group headed by Steve Kochis was referred to the Inter national Board without being approved, thus pos sibly enabling Kochis to challenge incumbent President W. A. (Tony) Boyle, who was ap pointed to the position after the death of Thomas Kennedy in January 1963. In his report to the delegates, Mr. Boyle noted that damages sought from the union by coal oper ators and associations under the Taft-Hartley and Sherman Antitrust acts totaled more than $100 million, while, he said, union assets were only $83 million. Meeting in Miami Beach beginning Septem ber 8, some 1,500 delegates to the quadrennial con vention of the Machinists approved plans for easing the impact of automation, for organizing more white-collar workers in the aerospace indus try, and for attaining a 35-hour workweek. Sub ject to a November referendum vote of the 900,000 members, the per capita tax was increased by 50 cents and the salaries of union officers were in creased with the International President’s salary raised $5,000 to $30,000 a year. Also in Miami Beach, delegates to the Septem ber 29 quadrennial convention of the Railroad Trainmen heard their President, Charles Luna, state, “If the Switchmen’s Union of North Amer ica and the Order of Railway Conductors and Brakemen reject our offer of merger we will take them contract by contract, and vote them one at a time from one end of the country to the other.” The delegates approved bargaining goals, in cluding a supplementary pension plan, wage in creases, and longer vacations. A resolution urging the Government Printing Office to adopt a 35-hour workweek was adopted in Honolulu at the 106th annual convention of the Typographers Union. The delegates approved doubling the minimum strike benefit and defense funds (to $1 million each), subject to referendum vote. Expenditures of $50,000 to help employers will ing to experiment with the development of letter print processes that would expand employment in commercial shops was authorized at the Stereotypers 61st annual convention, held in Albany, N.Y., beginning September 14. The authoriza tion followed delegate reports of reduced job https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis opportunities resulting from substitute processes. Sixteen constitutional changes involving union finances and other matters were prepared for a December referendum vote. In their quadrennial convention, held in New York City beginning September 21, the United Textile Workers endorsed extension of unemploy ment insurance coverage, passage of legislation to protect consumers, and repeal of section 14b of the Taft-Hartley Act. President George Baldanzi told the delegates of the union’s success in organiz ing plants in the south in spite of a decline of employment in the textile industry from 1.25 mil lion 20 years ago to 700,000 today. The Rubber Workers approved $20 a week sal ary increases for three executive officers, seven dis trict directors, and 72 field representatives in the closing days of their 24th convention held in Chicago beginning September 21. A 50-cent-amonth dues increase was voted down. The 169 delegates to the Tobacco Workers quad rennial convention, beginning September 23 in Miami Beach, approved a series of resolutions dealing with the problem of automation in their industry. They also called for double time pay for overtime work and for limitation of overtime. The biennial convention of the Postal Clerks, also meeting in Miami Beach, reelected E. C. Halleck to his third 2-year term as president and approved resolutions calling for premium over time pay for substitute clerks, an end to the Post Office Department’s work measurement system, a 35-hour workweek, and additional wage and fringe benefit improvements. Union Affairs AFL-CIO President George Meany announced that the United Garment Workers had agreed to relinquish its representation rights at Brenton Fashions, Ltd. (Judy Bond) to the Ladies’ Gar ment Workers. The AFL-CIO Executive Coun cil had previously authorized the ILGWU to “raid” the firm’s Alabama plant after it was charged that the company, following a breakoff in contract negotiations at its New York City plant, had moved to Brewton, Ala., and, under a new corporate name, signed a contract with the United Garment Workers. 1312 Meany also announced sanctions9 against the Typographers union for noncompliance with an umpire’s ruling under the Federation’s internal disputes procedure. The determination of noncompliance was made by a subcommittee of the AFL-CIO Executive Council headed by William F. Schnitzler. Meany said the sanctions resulted from the ITU ’s refusal “to withdraw from its efforts to supplant the American Newspaper Guild as the collective bargaining representative of the Elizabeth Daily Journal, Elizabeth, N.J.” In an NLRB representation election, the inde pendent Association of Western Pulp and Paper Workers defeated two incumbent AFL-CIO unions, the Pulp and Sulphite Workers and the Papermakers and Paperworkers, to gain bargain ing rights for 21,000 workers at 49 mills in Cali fornia, Washington, and Oregon. The vote for the independent union was 10,653, against an 8,130 total for the other two. The new union was formed when some workers became dissatisfied with the way 1964 contract ne gotiations were conducted with the Pacific Coast Association of Pulp and Paper Manufacturers.10 A 5,300 drop in membership since May 7 was reported by H. E. Gilbert, president of the Fire men and Enginemen. May 7 was the effective date of the arbitration ruling permitting the rail roads to eliminate, mostly by attrition, 90 per cent of the firemen in freight and yard service. The number of active and furloughed members was 44,896 on August 1, compared with 50,254 on May 1. Because of the 2-year time limit on the ruling and because of “full-crew laws” in some States, Gilbert predicted a stable membership for the remainder of the period of the ruling. Kohler Decision In the 10^-year dispute between the Kohler Co. of Kohler, Wis., and the Automobile Workers, the NLRB by a 4 to 1 vote on September 29 ordered the reinstatement of 57 of 77 strikers it had refused to order rehired in a 1960 ruling. In 1960, the board had ruled that the strike, which started April 5, 1954, was initially an eco nomic walkout but that it became an unfair labor practice by the company when it granted a wage increase to nonstrikers. Under the Taft-Hartley Act the strikers would not have been entitled to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 their jobs if the strike had been purely economic. On this basis, the board had ordered the rehiring of all strikers except the 77, who had partici pated in picket line misconduct. On appeal by both parties, the U.S. District Court for the Dis trict of Columbia in 1962 sent the case back to the board, holding that (1) there was insufficient evi dence that the strike was initially economic and (2) the board erred in deciding the 77 should not be rehired because their misconduct was considered more serious than the company’s violation. The court upheld the board order that the company must bargain in good faith.11 The Board in the 1964 ruling held that the dis pute “was an unfair labor practice strike from its inception” since the company “at no time intended to accept the union as the collective bargaining representative to be dealt with in good faith” even though the firm had signed a contract with the union in 1953 prior to the strike. The 57 reinstated workers would receive back pay plus 6 percent interest from the date of the 1960 ruling until they actually returned to work. Of the remaining 20 strikers, 3 had died since 1960 and 17 were again refused reinstatement because they had engaged in picketing violence and threats. A company spokesman said that the ruling would be appealed. Mediation Code In Washington, a joint committee from the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service and the Association of Labor Mediation Agencies, rep resenting 40 State services, announced agreement on a code of ethics for government mediators. 8 Under the AFL-CIO Constitution, Article XXI, Section 15, the sanctions are : 1. The noncomplying affiliate shall not be entitled to file any complaint or appear in a complaining capacity in any proceedings under this article until such noncompliance is remedied or ex cused as provided in Section 16. 2. The Federation shall, upon request, supply every appro priate assistance and aid to any organization resisting the action determined to be in violation of this article. 3. The Federation shall appropriately publicize the fact th a t the affiliate is not in compliance w ith the constitution. 4. No affiliate shall support or render assistance to the action determined to be in violation of this article. 10 See M onthly Labor Review, July 1964, p. 817, and p. 1073 of the September issue. u Two settlem ents resulted from the board’s order to negotiate in good faith. See M onthly Labor Review, July 1963, p. 831, and January 1964, p. 71. 1313 DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS The code bars mediators from suggesting to union or management negotiators that mediation efforts be transferred to another agency; forbids them from entering a dispute without first con ferring with mediators already involved in the situation, and in cases of joint mediation, requires each mediator to keep others abreast of develop ments. The code declares that “the primary re sponsibility for the resolution of a labor dispute rests upon the parties themselves.” Accordingly, a mediator is allowed to enter a dispute at his own request only in “exceptional cases.” The code also bars mediators from using their positions for pri vate gain, from engaging in any activity that con flicts with their jobs, and from incurring obliga tions to the parties. The industrial history of the early 19th century demonstrated the help lessness of the individual employee to achieve human dignity in a society so largely affected by technological advances. Hence the trade union made itself increasingly felt, not only as an indispensable weapon of self-defense on the part of workers but as an aid to the well-being of a society in which work is an expression of life and not merely the means of earning subsistence. —Justice Felix Frankfurter, in opinion written by him in A F L v. A m e r ic a n S a s h & D o o r Co., 335 U.S. 538, decided January 3,1949. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A Review Essay U.S. Manpower and Employment Policy Margaret S. Gordon* the average growth rate of the Ameri can economy since the early fifties has compared unfavorably with the spectacular rates achieved in a number of Western European countries, its per formance in the last few years has been impressive. By mid-summer of 1964, the economy was in its 42d month of expansion since the low point of the 1960-61 recession, and most economic indicators were pointing upward. Moreover, the stimulating effects of the Federal tax cut adopted in March had been at work only a few months and could be expected to encourage increased spending for some time to come. Rates of growth in real gross na tional product of 6 percent in 1962, 3.8 percent in 1963, and 5 percent (on an annual basis) in the first half of 1964 were highly encouraging, par ticularly when compared with the annual average rate of 2.3 percent which prevailed in 1955-60. Yet unemployment continued to be a major na tional problem. Although the average annual un employment rate (on a seasonally adjusted basis) fell from 6.7 percent in 1961 to 5.6 percent in 1962, the decline in the monthly rate came to a halt about the middle of 1962, and throughout 1963 the rate fluctuated between 5.5 and 6 percent. In recent months, however, its performance has been some what more encouraging. Since February 1964, it has been below 5.5 percent, and in July, it dropped to 4.9 percent. The President’s Council of Economic Advisers has repeatedly expressed confidence that- by the time the full effects of the two-stage tax cut (the second reduction is scheduled for January 1965) are reflected in demand and output, the unemploy ment rate will have fallen to 4 percent. But the council recognizes that even at that point rates for disadvantaged groups such as nonwhites and teen agers will remain distressingly high, and that a A lth o u g h 1314 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis continuation of training and retraining programs, as well as other labor market adjustment policies, will be required to reduce unemployment differ entials and eventually bring the average rate be low 4 percent.1 Certain other observers are more pessimistic, as we shall see later in this essay. It is now widely recognized that the unemploy ment rate has drifted upward since the end of the Korean conflict and that the problem requires measures that go beyond counter-cyclical fiscal and monetary policies, since uncomfortably high unemployment has persisted through the up swings and downswings of business cycles. More over, in the last few years, there has been an in creasing tendency to characterize what has been happening in the country as a “manpower revolu tion,” whose major effect is a shift from a bluecollar to a white-collar, and from a less educated to a more educated, work force. Since about 1955, a series of congressional com mittees have inquired into problems of employ ment, unemployment, technological change, and manpower policy. The most recent and extensive investigation was conducted by the Subcommit tee on Employment and Manpower of the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. Chaired by Senator Joseph S. Clark of Pennsyl vania, the subcommittee held hearings from May to December 1963, accumulating nine volumes of testimony. In the spring of 1964, three volumes of readings were issued on manpower problems (including statements from the hearings as well as ♦Associate Director, In stitu te of Industrial Relations, Univer sity of California, Berkeley. 1 Economic Report of the President Transm itted to the Con gress, January 196k, Together W ith the Annual Report of the Council of Economic Advisers (W ashington, 1964), especially chapter 1 and appendix A. 1315 U.S. MANPOWER AND EMPLOYMENT POLICY articles and papers from other sources),2 and, in addition, the subcommittee’s report and recom mendations were published.3 Meanwhile, the Organization for Economic Co operation and Development (OECD) has been re viewing manpower and social policies in member countries. Each review includes a report by offi cials of the country concerned and a report by a team of OECD examiners (selected from coun tries other than that under review). The first re view related to Sweden and the second to the United States.4 These two recent reports on U.S. manpower and employment policy and the three volumes of read ings represent an immensely valuable and illumi nating set of materials relating to the labor mar ket problems confronting the United States in the mid-sixties and to much of the discussion and de bate on these problems during the preceding dec ade. Though critical at many points, the OECD examiners are, for rather obvious reasons, some what cautious in recommending pronounced changes in U.S. policies, whereas the Clark sub committee recommends vigorous and far-reaching changes which in some respects go beyond what 2Exploring the Dimensions of the Manpower Revolution, Vol. 1, Selected Readings in Employment and M anpow er; Convertibility of Space and Defense Resources to Civilian Needs: A Search for New Employm ent Potentials, Vol. 3, Selected Readings in Em ployment and Manpower ; The Role of Apprenticeship in Man power Development: United States and W estern Europe, Vol. 3, Selected Readings in Employment and Manpower (U.S. Senate, Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Subcommittee on Em ployment and Manpower, 88th Cong., 2d sess., 1964, Committee P rin t). [E ditor’s Note.— In August 1964, Lessons From Foreign Labor M arket Policies, Vol. 4, Selected Readings in Employment and Manpower, was issued.] 3Toward Full Em ploym ent: Proposals for a Comprehensive Employm ent and Manpower Policy in the United States— A Re port Together W ith M inority and Individual Views (U.S. Senate, Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Subcommittee on Em ployment and Manpower, 88th Cong., 2d sess., 1964, Committee P rin t). 4OECD Reviews of Manpower and Social Policies: Labor Mar ket Policy in Sweden (1963) ; OECD Reviews of Manpower and Social Policies: Manpower Policy and Programs in the United States (1964) (Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). BEconomic Report of the President, 1964, appendix A (which reprints the m ajor p a rt of the statem ent of W alter W. Heller, Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, before the Clark subcommittee, Oct. 28, 1963). 6 For this type of argument, see also Otto Eckstein, “The Rela tion of Aggregate Demand to Unemployment,” Exploring the Dimensions of the Manpower Revolution, pp. 176-193 (see foot note 2) ; and Higher Unemployment Rates, 1957-60: Structural Transformation or Inadequate Demand (U.S. Senate, Joint Eco nomic Committee, Subcommittee on Economic Statistics, 87th Cong., 1st sess., 1961). 7 Eckstein, op. cit., pp. 179-184. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis either Congress or the administration appear likely to support at present. Despite the useful ness of the volumes of readings, the reader who expects to find in them a representative sampling of the nine volumes of hearings will be disap pointed. Except for the first two parts of volume I, they are concerned with automation and tech nological change, the implications of space and defense expenditures, and apprenticeship pro grams. Much of the key testimony of Govern ment officials and others, as well as all the testi mony relating to the operation of the Manpower Development and Training Act, Area Kedevelopment Act, and other labor market adjustment pro grams, is unrepresented. Diagnosis What is responsible for the upward drift in the unemployment rate since the early fifties? The answer to this question has been intensely debated for some years. The Council of Economic Advisers, along with many other prominent economists, has argued con sistently since the spring of 1961 that the upward drift in the unemployment rate has been attributa ble primarily to a deficiency of aggregate demand, which has been associated with the lagging growth rate of the American economy. The opposite school of thought, counting among its adherents a predominantly conservative group along with some well-known labor economists, holds that structural changes in the economy have led to a growing imbalance between the increasing de mand for highly skilled and educated workers on the one hand and a rising surplus of relatively unskilled, uneducated workers on the other. In suppport of their position, the Council and its supporters have stressed the lagging rate of growth in real gross national product (GNP), the persistence of excess industrial capacity, and the decline in private investment as a percentage of GNP from 1957 to the early 1960’s.5 They have further pointed to the absence of an increase in unemployment differentials by skill level or in dustry between 1957 and 1962 as evidence that structural unemployment did not increase sig nificantly during this period of lagging growth and higher unemployment.6 Evidence has also been presented indicating that geographical dif ferentials in unemployment rates have declined.7 1316 Finally, it is contended that increases in produc tivity in the last 3 years have been impressive “but not unprecedentedly large,” and thus far have not provided clear evidence that the pace of technological change has accelerated.8 Arguing forcefully against this position before the Clark subcommittee, Charles C. Killings worth analyzed the behavior of unemployment rates by education in an attempt to show that structural unemployment had increased.9 Whereas in creases in unemployment rates between 1950 and 1962 had been pronounced for males with little education, he pointed out, the increase was con siderably less marked for high school graduates, and unemployment rates had declined for those who had gone beyond high school. Moreover, unemployment rates failed to reveal the complete picture because worsening employment prospects had led large numbers of people to drop out of the labor force, particularly among the less edu cated. The proportion of college graduates and men with some college education in the labor force, on the other hand, had increased. Thus there was a growing “reserve army” of persons out of the labor force at the lower educational levels and “no evidence of any such reserve of college-trained men.” As a result, long before we could get down to a 4-percent unemployment rate, a severe shortage of workers at the top of the edu cational ladder would create a bottleneck which would impede further expansion of employment. Killingsworth referred only briefly to the fact that the decline in labor force participation of rela tively uneducated men, particularly in the older age brackets, may have been partly attributable to factors other than labor market conditions (e.g., a marked increase since 1950 in the proportion of elderly men who could qualify for social security and other retirement benefits) .10 He failed to call attention to the fact that the relative decline in the unemployment rate for college graduates, as well as the relative increase for those with less than 8 years of schooling, occurred before 1957, whereas something of a reverse movement took place there after. As a recent study has shown, there is im pressive evidence that we must go back to the period from 1948 to 1956 (or in some cases from 1948 to 1953) to find a rise in structural unem ployment—as measured by increases in relative unemployment rates for blue-collar workers, those https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 in goods-producing industries, nonwhites, and those with less than 8 years of schooling—whereas a narrowing of such differentials has occurred since 1956. Notable exceptions, however, are the jump in the relative rate for teenagers in 1963, an upward trend throughout the last decade in the relative rate for those with no previous work ex perience, and an increase in the differential for those with 8 to 12 years of schooling both before and after 1957 (also shown by Killingsworth).11 Weighing all the evidence before it, the Clark subcommittee concluded that it was— more impressed by the degree of agreement than the range of differences. The advocates of the expansionist ap proach believe the recently enacted tax cut will be effec tive in eventually reducing unemployment to 4 percent of the labor force. However, they consider 4 percent too high as a long-run goal and believe programs to attack structural rigidities will be necessary to reduce unem ployment below 4 percent. Those who stress the struc tural approach also believe increased aggregate demand and a faster rate of growth to be an imperative of reduced unemployment. They expect structural bottlenecks to pre vent realization of even 4-percent unemployment, how ever, and place greater emphasis on education, training, and relocation. In either case, the policy implications differ in emphasis and not in content.12 Leaning considerably more toward the “struc turalist” position was the Minority Report of Sen ators Winston L. Prouty and Len B. Jordan, which 8Economic Report of the President, 196i, pp. 96-97. 9 Charles C. Killingsworth, “Automation, Jobs, and Manpower,” Exploring the Dimensions of the Manpower Revolution, pp. 1942,19 (see footnote 2). 10 Ibid., p. 217. A table giving a breakdown by age indicates th a t by fa r the sharpest decline occurred for men 65 years old and over. Although Bowen and Finegan have shown th a t there is a pronounced inverse relationship between labor force partici pation rates of elderly men and unemployment rates by metro politan area (as did an earlier analysis of my own)-—suggesting th a t high unemployment discourages labor force participation— there is also substantial evidence th a t the longrun decline in the participation rate of elderly men has been associated w ith the spread of old-age pension programs, and, in an analysis for in dustrial countries, I found a strong inverse relationship between the participation rates of elderly men and average old-age pen sion benefits expressed as a percentage of earnings. See W. G. Bowen and T. A. Finegan, “Labor Force and Unemployment,” in A rthur M. Ross, ed., Employm ent Policy and the Labor Market (to be published by the University of California Press) ; and M argaret S. Gordon, “Work and P a tte rn s of Retirem ent,” in R. W. Kleemeier, ed., Aging and Leisure: A Research Perspective Into the Meaningful Use of Time (New York, Oxford University Press, 1961) ; and “Income Security Program s and the Propen sity to Retire,” in Richard H. Williams, Clark Tibbitts, Wilma Donahue, eds., Processes of Aging, Vol. 2 (New York, PrenticeHall, Inc., 1963). 11 See R. A. Gordon, “Has Structural Unemployment Worsened?” , Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy & Society, May 196(4, pp. 53i-77. 12 See footnote 3 (pp. 28-29). U.S. MANPOWER AND EMPLOYMENT POLICY said that the Republicans in Congress had been calling attention to the manpower revolution for a number of years and that the absence of skills among the jobless was “at the root” of the persis tent unemployment problem. “A clear implica tion of the manpower revolution,” they argued, “is that the incidence of frictional and structural unemployment will be higher—and probably con siderably higher—than in earlier postwar years unless bold action is taken to reduce it. The need is for a more active labor market policy . . .” 13 The OECD examiners’ report commented only briefly on this controversy, confining itself largely to manpower policies. The continuing high level of unemployment in the United States was, in its opinion, attributable “to deficiencies of overall de mand . . . as well as structural maladjust ments.” 14 Prediction In view of the widespread consensus among lib erals and conservatives on the need for a more ac tive manpower policy, the reliability of existing predictions of future trends in labor demand and supply assumes critical importance. The need for reliable longrun projections is probably more crucial for manpower planning, particularly as it 18 Ibid., p. 113. 14 See OECD Reviews of Manpower and Social Policies: Man power Policy and Programs in the United States (Paris, Orga nization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1964), p. 12. “ Ibid., pp. 81-85. 14 See table in Exploring the Dimensions of the Manpower Revolution, p. 261 (see footnote 2). 17 See statem ent of Sidney Sonenblum in Nation’s Manpower Revolution, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Employm ent and Manpower (U.S. Senate, Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, P t. 5, 88th Cong., 1st sess., 1963, pp. 1393-1406, espe cially table, p. 1400). 18 For official and other predictions of a shortage of engineers and scientists, see Exploring the Dimensions of the Manpower Revolution, pp. 271, 284—285, and 295-301 (see footnote 2). For a dissenting view, see A rthur M. Ross, “How Do We Use Our Engineers and Scientists?”, Toward B etter Utilization of Sci entific and Engineering Talent: A Program for Action (W ash ington, National Academy of Sciences, 1964). Regarding the im pact of autom ation on skill requirements, see papers by Louis E. Davis, Paul Sultan and Paul Prasow, James R. Bright, and Thomas O’Toole in Exploring the Dimensions of the Manpower Revolution, pp. 526—586 (see footnote 2). On union criticism of official predictions of increases in the demand for electrical and other building trades workers, see The Role of Apprenticeship in Manpower Development: United States and W estern Europe, pp. 1144—1152 and 1157—1179 (see footnote 2). See also George Strauss, “A pprenticeship: Evaluation of the Need,” in A rthur M. Ross, ed., op. cit. 19 Moreover, earlier postwar projections had erred in the oppo site direction, underestim ating by a substantial margin the sharp increase in the labor force participation of middle-age women between 1950 and 1955. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1317 relates to education and training, than for employ ment policy. The volumes issued by the Clark subcommittee heighten appreciation of the complexities involved in predicting occupational changes. The OECD examiners also stressed the difficulties involved, particularly for “technologically based occupa tions.” 15 The U.S. Department of Labor has a longer established and better staffed program of analysis of future labor market trends than its counterpart in practically any other advanced in dustrial country, as well as far better labor market statistics with which to work. Only, perhaps, in the area of job vacancy statistics can it be said that a few European countries have more adequate data. On the whole, moreover, there is general agreement with the Department’s predictions of the broad pattern of probable changes in em ployment by major occupational group.16 But at least one forecast by a private organization in dicates a somewhat more rapid shift from bluecollar to white-collar employment by the early 1970’s than do the official projections.17 Moving from broad occupational trends to the more detailed projections required in planning specialized education and training programs, one encounters numerous areas of disagreement. There is dispute, for example, over the probability of a growing Shortage of engineers and scientists, the impact of automation on skill requirements, and the employment outlook in a number of the skilled crafts. In relation to certain skilled crafts, particularly in the building trades, unions have Charged that official forecasts seriously overstate the probable increase in employment and that, consequently, the need for expanding apprentice ship and other training has been exaggerated.18 On the labor supply side, there was a time in the very recent past when the Department of Labor’s projections of changes in the labor force were gen erally accepted without question in connection with predictions of future economic and labor market conditions. But the failure of the labor force to increase as rapidly in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s as official predictions had suggested has led to intensified research both within and outside Gov ernment agencies on labor force behavior, as well as to an interim revision of the official projec tions.19 A number of recent studies have suggested that labor force participation is stimulated in pe- 1318 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 riods of rapid expansion of employment and that there may be a reverse effect in prolonged periods of less favorable labor market conditions, but much additional research is needed before these findings can be applied to yield reliable predic tions.20 Even if the general thesis of interaction between labor demand and supply is accepted, there remain such complications as the possibility that curvilinear rather than linear relationships may be involved and the different ways in which particular age and sex groups may be affected by occupational changes in the demand for labor in future years. The pattern of employment expan sion in the mid-1950’s, for example, encouraged greatly increased employment and labor force par ticipation of married women, but, under the in fluence of automation in the office and other de velopments, the pattern may differ in future years. education, urban renewal, public housing, con servation, and similar “pressing public needs” should be increased. Other changes in employment policy required to achieve the goal were more adequate integration of employment and manpower policy, a more flexible tax policy, and measures which would bring Federal Reserve policy more effectively under the President’s control. These recommendations on employment policy elicited the most vigorous objections from the Re publican members of the subcommittee. The Minority Report of Senators Prouty and Jordan charged that “setting annual and long-term eco nomic goals and giving the Executive the power to meet these goals” was “revolutionary in scope and meaning.” It would involve the granting of “sweeping and unprecedented powers” to the Fed eral Government: Prescription Implicit in the majority’s proposal is the assumption that if the establishment of overall national economic goals is desirable, then the establishment of growth tar gets for specific sectors of the economy as well as for specific industries would be even more desirable. Employment Policy. Pointing out that under the Employment Act of 1946 “no clear-cut concept of maximum employment has developed and the tar get has tended to fluctuate as much as the level of effort,” the Clark subcommittee recommended that the United States adopt an official public policy of maintaining a level of unemployment no higher than 3 percent of the labor force and that 1968 should be set as the target for attainment of this goal. Such an objective “can and should be ac complished with no greater average annual rise in the consumer price level than has occurred over the postwar period.” Reaching the target by 1968 would require an increase in Federal expenditures of at least $5 bil lion a year, “in addition to the most favorable possible performance from the private sector of the economy.” 21 Echoing views identified with such economists as John K. Galbraith and Alvin H. Hansen, the subcommittee pointed out that— In a relatively wealthy society and a complex world, more and more of the protections and services demanded by the public and required in the interests of public safety and a rising standard of living are of the kind available only through the public sector.“ The accelerated public works program in dis tressed economic areas should be expanded and made permanent, a special program of direct em ployment should be undertaken in povertystricken rural and urban areas, and spending on https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis This, it warned, would “replace our system of decentralized decisionmaking” with “a system of economic planning and control by the Central Government.” Moreover, “under some conditions a 3-percent unemployment rate may be inconsist ent with relative stability of the price level.” 23 Even the milder toned dissent of Senator Jacob K. Javits expressed strong disagreement with the “aggressive expenditure policy” recommended by the majority.24 20 For evidence of an inverse relationship between unemploy ment rates and labor force participation rates by m etropolitan area, not only for elderly men, but also for other age and sex groups, see Bowen and Finegan, op. cit. Evidence, based on regression analysis, th a t short-term variations in labor supply have been “closely and positively related to variations in employ m ent,” may be found in Alfred Telia, “The Relation of Labor Force to Employment,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, April 1964, pp. 454f-4i69, and in an unpublished paper, “The Sen sitivity of Labor Force to Em ploym ent: An Age-Sex Analysis.” Those responsible for the official projections have been, perhaps wisely, quite cautious in accepting the implications of this recent research. See, for example, Gertrude Bancroft, “Labor Force Growth and Job O pportunities: Some Doctrines and the Evi dence,” in Exploring the Dimensions of the Manpower Revolu tion, pp. 306-307 (see footnote 2), in which she comments th at “firm conclusions about the relationship between job opportuni ties and the size of the labor force cannot be drawn, because various groups in the population have behaved differently in the same economic climate.” 21 See footnote 3 (pp. 38 and 40)(. 22 Ibid., p. 47. 23 Ibid., pp. 114-115. 21 Ibid., pp. 145-148. U. S. MANPOWER AND EMPLOYMENT POLICY It is difficult to discover either expressed or im plied support of “growth targets for specific sec tors of the economy” in the majority report, al though there is perhaps more justification for a charge that the question of compatibility of a 3percent unemployment goal with price stability and balance of payments equilibrium does not receive much attention. However, much of the discussion throughout the report indicates the ma jority believes that, if its recommendations on em ployment policy are accompanied by a vigorous manpower program aimed at increasing occupa tional and geographical mobility, it will be possi ble to reduce the unemployment rate to 3 percent and maintain it at about that level without exces sive inflation. I t is scarcely surprising that the OECD examiners’ report, looking at the problem from the perspective of European experience, em phasized this approach.25 It seems unlikely that Congress will adopt a deliberate public policy of increasing Federal non defense spending by as much as $5 billion a year in the near future. This does not, however, rule out the possibility that much the same result may be accomplished by specific increases aimed at meet ing particular needs. That defense spending is expected to level off strengthens the case for such increases. Another possibility, currently being ex plored by the Council of Economic Advisers and other economists, is some type of program that would make a portion of Federal revenues avail able to the States for increased expenditures if, under conditions of continued economic expan sion, the Federal budgetary deficit disappears. Mempower Policy. During the last few years, new or expanded manpower programs have been au thorized under the provisions of numerous pieces of legislation—the Area Redevelopment Act (1961), the Manpower Development and Training Act (1962), the Trade Expansion Act (1962), the Public Works Acceleration Act (1962), the Voca tional Education Act (1963), the Economic Op portunities (antipoverty) Act (1964), and others. 25 See OECD Reviews of Manpower and Social Policies: Manpovier Policy and Programs in the United States (Paris, Orga nization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1964), pp. 70-72.. Two of the examiners were Europeans and the th ird was a Canadian. 26 See particularly statem ents of Emile Benoit in Convertibility of Space and Defense Resources to Civilian Needs: A Search for New Employm ent Potentials, pp. 693-696 (see footnote 2), and of W alter Isard and Eugene W. Schooler, ibid., pp. 768-794. 27 See footnote 3 (p. 79). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1319 Our discussion will be limited to manpower pol icy recommendations which go beyond the provi sions of existing legislation or relate to weaknesses in their provisions or implementation. Pointing out that the Area Redevelopment Ad ministration has substantially weaker powers than comparable agencies in many Western European countries, the Clark subcommittee recommended expanded programs of public works and work re lief for distressed areas to provide temporary em ployment as well as needed community facilities, and greater emphasis on regional development plans, such as that for Appalachia, to replace the overly limited county-by-county approach to eco nomic development of these areas. Much of the testimony before the subcommittee was concerned with the uneven impact of defense and space expenditures on States and communities and with the implications of shifts in defense ex penditures. The effects of a possible breakthrough in disarmament negotiations were also explored, and some of the most interesting testimony con cerned research carried out on the probable alter native impacts of varying ways of adjusting to a large-scale reduction in defense expenditures.26 The subcommittee recommended advance warning by the Department of Defense to communities and industries likely to be adversely affected by shifts in expenditures; classification of areas adversely affected as distressed areas; allocation of a small proportion of the amount involved in each defense contract to a defense adjustment fund; and a spe cial Government-Industry Commission to investi gate ways of converting technological develop ments in the defense and space programs to civilian uses. On the problem of the education and training of youth, the subcommittee’s recommendations are commendable in many respects, but may not alto gether meet the problem. To enable more qual ified young people of limited means to achieve higher education, it called for expanded national programs of scholarships, loans, and work-study assistance. At the secondary level, a broad gen eral high school education should be guaranteed, while vocational and technical education or the first 2 years of college, should be available to all at public expense. “Specialized occupational train ing at the high school level should in the long run be provided only for the minority who might not profit from the regular high school course.” 27 1320 Assistance grants should also be available to schools in impoverished areas to facilitate special educational programs for underprivileged youth. In addition, expansion of apprenticeship programs should be stimulated through encouraging, or if necessary requiring, Government contractors to undertake such training. The numerous methods of subsidizing apprenticeship programs that have been developed abroad should be studied. Despite general agreement with these recom mendations, I am not convinced that they quite come to grips with the factors underlying drop ping out, as well as inadequate motivation and performance, at the high school level. As Pro fessor Eli Ginzberg put i t : There are probably several million young people above the age of 15 currently in school who are there not out of choice, but through coercion; they are not there be cause the school is making a significant contribution to their acquisition of knowledge and skill, but because our society has failed to work out any effective alternative. Probably at least 1 out of every 4 young persons above the age of 15 currently in high school would be better off working. But because of law and custom, jobs are not available for them.28 We need to take a more searching look at the potentialities of broadly based vocational educa tion in the high school for those lacking academic aptitudes, at various possibilities of combining education and work experience, and at the whole question of barriers to entry of young people into employment, including problems of wage struc ture, employer personnel policies, and union rules. Despite low overall unemployment in Western Europe, differential unemployment rates for teen agers vary widely from country to country, and the relationship of these variations to differences in vocational education systems and labor market practices deserves careful study, even though there is much to criticize in certain European methods and practices.29 A special study of European ap prenticeship practices prepared for the Clark sub committee showed that in each country there was “a substantially greater consciousness [as com pared with the United States] of the need for all elements of society to work together to assist young people to find their place in the world of work.” 30 On the retraining of adults under the Manpower Development and Training (MDTA) and Area Redevelopment (ARA) acts, the subcommittee https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 recommended a program of tuition grants for part-time vocational and technical education to em ployees in danger of unemployment, recognizing that this would require employer cooperation in providing advance notice of layoffs. It also recommended a modest increase in training allow ances and adoption of Federal standards requir ing the States to permit receipt of unemployment insurance benefits while undergoing training. Here again, I question whether the recommenda tions come to grips with some of the problems in our retraining programs, particularly what I re gard as overemphasis on identification of current labor shortages in local labor market areas as op posed to broader regional or national needs.31 In this connection, perhaps the most provocative sec tion in the OECD examiners’ report suggests that U.S. retraining policies may be excessively oriented toward “the mitigation of hardships aris ing from unemployment” rather than toward “the promotion of economic growth.” More specifi cally, they comment: . . . an unemployment orientation will tend to circum scribe the n a tu r e of manpower development and training work more narrowly than a growth-directed policy. For example, workers may be trained, but only if a specific job is in sight, and provided that the training does not exceed a time limit which tends to be short. A growthoriented policy would tend to have more flexible stand ards.32 The Minority Report of Senators Prouty and Jordan, moreover, called for individual assistance to an unemployed worker found to be qualified for a type of training for which there were no other candidates in his area, so that he could attend a private vocational education school or technical institute. Other recommendations of the majority of the Clark subcommittee dealt with strengthening the public employment service, adult education, voca tional rehabilitation, public assistance, and the 28 Exploring the Dimensions of the Manpower Revolution, p. 457 (see footnote 2). 28 See section on training of younger workers in M argaret S. Gordon, Retraining and Labor M arket A djustm ent in Western Europe, to be published by the U.S. Departm ent of Labor, Office of Manpower, Automation and Training, about the end of 1964. 30The Role of Apprenticeship in Manpower Development: United States and W estern Europe, p. 1276 (see footnote 2). 31 For fu rth er discussion, see concluding chapter of Retraining and Labor M arket A djustm ent in W estern Europe (see foot note 29). 32 See OECD Reviews of Manpower and Social Policies: Man power Policy and Programs in the United States (PAris, Orga nization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1964), p. 74. U.S. MANPOWER AND EMPLOYMENT POLICY unemployment insurance system (along the lines of recent administration proposals). A system of special allowances for displaced workers over age 55 was also recommended, as well as a prompt re port by the Secretary of Labor on experience with the experimental relocation allowances au thorized under the 1963 MDTA amendments along with recommendations for a more effective program. In addition to the recommendation already mentioned, the Minority Report presented a num ber of specific suggestions that leaned rather heavily toward special tax exemptions.33 Thus, a tax credit for college tuition fees or special tax deductions for educational expenses of working students was endorsed, along with tax deductions to cover the cost of moving to a new job and the loss of income attributable to unemployment. (Like most similar suggestions, these proposals raise the question of whether those most in need of assistance would actually be aided by the tax exemption approach. ) The minority also recommended consideration of subsistence or transportation allowances for unemployment insurance claimants seeking work away from home and a study of the transfera bility of pension rights. Other recommendations included a revolving fund to be established through collective bargaining to assist the unem ployed in maintaining payments on installment debts, a system of insurance to prevent foreclo sures on mortgages on homes of the unemployed, and a Federal program of grants to the States to provide extended unemployment benefits in recessions. Interestingly, the minority attacked the administration’s antipoverty program for its failure to do anything about the problem of poverty among the aged and recommended fur ther liberalization of the social security retirement test, extension of social security benefits to all persons 70 years old or over who have no pension from any public source, and exemption of work ing widows receiving benefits from the obligation to pay a contributory social security tax. Conclusions We have come a long way in the last few years toward adopting employment and manpower poli cies aimed at stimulating economic expansion and reducing unemployment. Yet there are a number https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1321 of dangers in the situation, of which two seem particularly important to me. Because increased spending on education, train ing, and retraining is more acceptable to many sectors of public opinion than increases in other types of nondefense public spending, there is a danger that we may put too many of our eggs in the basket of training and retraining, thereby running the risk of failing to have enough jobs available for those who complete these programs (not that I would advocate cutting back current provisions for training and retraining). The most recent manifestation of this tendency is to be found in the antipoverty program, with its em phasis on remedial and training programs, espe cially for underprivileged youth. It is to be hoped that our attack on poverty will be expanded in the near future to include the extensive im provements in our income maintenance programs which I regard as critically needed,34 along with greater emphasis on slum clearance and other pro grams which would both create jobs and improve the living conditions of those with substandard incomes. The other main danger is that we may revert to complacency if we get the unemployment rate down to 4 percent or below. This has happened all too often in the past. Despite all the hazards involved in predicting future trends, the one thing of which we can be virtually certain is that structural changes in employment will continue indefinitely into the future and that these changes can be met with less inflationary pressure and less individual hardship if a vigorous manpower program aimed at increasing occupational and geographical mobility and strengthening educa tion is continuously pursued. This point of view has been largely accepted throughout Western Europe, where manpower programs and planning are increasingly regarded as a permanent feature of public policy, as valuable in tight labor mar kets as in periods of unemployment. If we are to keep pace with the Common Market and the rest of Western Europe in the growth and pro ductivity race that has been under way for some time, we can hardly afford to neglect this area of Government policy. 33 See footnote 3 (pp. 105-144). 34 See M argaret S. Gordon, “U.S. W elfare Policies in Perspec tive,” Industrial Relations, February 1963, pp. 33—62. Book Reviews and Notes What Laws Can Do Toward Fair Employment. By Paul H. Norgren and Samuel E. Hill. New York, Columbia University Press, 1964. 296 pp., bibliog raphy. $8.50. The Civil Rights Act of 196J^: Text, Analysis, Legislative History. Washington, BNA Inc.y 1964. 424 pp. (BNA Operations Manual on Fair Employment Practices, Public Accom modations, Federal Assistance.) $9.50, cloth; $8.50, paperback. Can “fair employment practice” laws effectively combat employment discrimination against Negroes ? Norgren and Hill have searched for an answer in the experience of Federal, State, and municipal antidiscrimination programs of the past two decades. Their answer is a conditional “yes”—conditional on the makeup, powers, and practices of the enforcement agency. Though written before passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, their findings point incisively to the problems and potential of the new Federal antidiscrimination effort called for under that act. Most government antibias measures have had at best only very modest success, but the example of the most effective programs leads to the belief that an antidiscrimination agency can be a potent in strument for gaining improvement in Negro em ployment opportunities, even in typically “all white” occupations. The keys to effectiveness, the authors conclude, have been not so much substantive differences in statutory authority, but the caliber of the pro gram’s administrators, degree of financial support, quality of staff, and methods emphasized. They repeatedly and realistically stress basic guides. Meaningful sanctions must be available in the background to make efforts for voluntary com pliance effective. And such sanctions should not 1322 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis be held in reserve too long; prolonged conciliation efforts with determined noncompliers merely con sume agency resources without return. Elimination of discriminatory employment pat terns, rather than resolution of individual com plaints alone, must be the main focus. Of particu lar importance are efforts to get employer commit ments to make an “affirmative effort.” Commissions stressing this approach do not sug gest hiring of Negroes less qualified than whites, but urge broadening of recruitment efforts and modifying of formal educational requirements as means of promoting real rather than nominal equality of opportunity. Periodic followup sur veys to determine changes in racial employment patterns are another important tool. The authors do not delude themselves that fair employment requirements will produce full racial equality in employment even if administered with maximum effectiveness. But an effective Federal program is “an essential and important first step,” building a base for the longer run contribution required from enlargement and exercise of equal educational opportunities and from an expanding job market, to encourage substantial racial break throughs in formerly closed occupational fields. On one issue of the day, the authors are quite optimistic. They found no backlash. Progress in racial integration in Federal civilian agencies and military units has not bred racial conflict, and their guess is that a national fair employment pro gram could be enforced “without undue difficulty, even in the South.” BNA has drawn together, in its usually thorough manner, a handy guidebook for anyone working in detail with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Its “operations manual” deals with three titles of the act, those on employment discrimination, public accommodations, and nondiscrimination in pro grams receiving Federal financial assistance. Along with the text of the act and of key legisla tive reports, there is tracing of background, expla nations of meaning as indicated by the legislative record, and brief reviews of State antidiscrimina tion laws and of antibias regulations for Federal Government contractors. — S eym our B r a n d w e in Deputy Assistant Director For Research Office of Manpower, Automation and Training 1323 BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES Birth and Growth of ARA Federal Aid to Depressed Areas: A n Evaluation of the Area Redevelopment Administration. By Sar A. Levitan. Baltimore, Md., The Johns Hopkins Press, 1964. 268 pp. $6.95. This is essentially a study in public administra tion, which includes an excellent legislative his tory, of the Area Redevelopment Act of 1961. The author also describes in detail the organization set up to administer the law, and the “package of tools” it was given to assist in the revival of de pressed areas. Levitan’s book appeared a scant 3 years after the act was signed. Thus, while there was some last-minute updating of statistics, the book deals primarily with the first 2 years of ARA’s opera tions. The author acknowledges that some startup time was required to get the new agency off the ground and that some of his findings are neces sarily tentative. To put it mildly, however, he was not impressed by what ARA had accomplished at the time his book went to press. If he has a single major criticism, it is that ARA has tried to cover too much territory given its lim ited resources. Levitan correctly points out that Senator Douglas, and sponsors of earlier area re development bills, had more limited goals in mind. They were thinking of a program to revitalize a few score of the Nation’s industrial and mining areas which had been the victims of structural change. To ensure passage of the law, however, the scope of successive bills was broadened. As a consequence, more than a third of the Nation’s counties are “eligible” for assistance under ARA. It does not follow that all eligible areas will par ticipate in the redevelopment program; some have made it clear that they are not interested in doing so. The author leaves the impression that both Congress and ARA are to blame for this overex tension. It seems to this reviewer, however, that ARA had little choice in the matter, given the apparent “intent” of Congress and the serious lack of data on economic conditions in small areas. Levitan details some of the difficulties faced by ARA as a result of specific provisions of the act. These include the problem of working through “delegate agencies,” the result of an effort to econ omize on administrative costs. He also discusses the problems of recruitment and staffing, and the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis inevitable political pressures from Congressmen looking for quick and tangible results in their dis tricts. The discussions of problems and of what the author feels to be mistakes in administration are quite detailed. What is lacking is an equally detailed discussion of ARA’s accomplishments in spite of these problems. While he is critical of some of the provisions of the Area Redevelopment Act, and of the way in which it has been administered, Levitan concludes on a positive note. He points out that “exclusive reliance upon outmigration as a solution for the problems of the unemployed in depressed areas is as realistic today as the det-them-eat-cake’ solution proposed by Marie Antoinette.” He is also aware that the trends which caused depressed areas can not be reversed quickly. “The success of the ARA mission can be measured only in longer term devel opments, and the program should therefore be given a further chance to prove its potential as a tool to aid depressed areas.” — W il l ia m H. M ie r n y k Director, Bureau of Economic Research University of Colorado The Gompers Way Organized Labor in American History. By Philip Taft. New York, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1964. 818 pp. $12.50. This is another solid contribution by Philip Taft to the narrating of the history of the Amer ican labor movement. It provides the reader with a fair, factual, and well-organized account of al most every major episode in the story of American labor from the late 18th century to the present. But it offers little in the way of new facts, or inter pretations, or sprightly writing. The assumption of the fundamental wisdom of Saint Sam—as Gompers was sometimes called—is the viewpoint which permeates this book. Taft is convinced that under Gompers’ tutelage the American Fed eration of Labor developed a philosophy of labor and patterns of action very well suited to the American environment and to the needs of Amer ican workers. In a way, Taft’s book is a historical rejoinder to those harsh critics of contemporary unionism to whom “business unionism” is a phrase of deroga tion. He obviously has little enthusiasm for “so- 1324 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 cial unionism” and its dictum that labor organiza tions must play a central role in the reform and improvement of the larger society. In his intro duction, Taft candidly writes: Business unionism stresses limited objectives, im mediate improvements, and eschews broader programs of social and political change. It depends upon the willingness of workers to organize for mutual help, upon the existence of an expanding economy as well as political freedom and civil rights for special groups to organize for the promotion of their own inter ests . . . . Such a program, while lacking the gran deur of the elaborate programs for the reorganiza tion of society on more correct principles, is highly ¡suitable for enlarging the rights and liberties of the individual and for protecting him against changes in the supply and demand for labor. Whether writing of union corruption, the role of the Negro, labor and politics, or about almost any other phase of the development of the labor move ment, Taft concludes that the AFL approach was the practical and wise one. I t is easy to forgive this attitude because it is contained in a generally fine book. Moreover, Taft is no blind partisan. For example, he provides the reader with an ob jective and vital account of the emergence of the Congress of Industrial Organizations. Yet, I am concerned that Taft, despite his deserved emi nence as a labor historian, does not recognize suf ficiently the need for profound changes in the nature of unionism in the years to come. The philosophy of Gompers is not enough when labor has to come to grips with the nuclear age, automation, the Negro Kevolution, and a host of other dynamic new forces operating in contempo rary American society. Confronted by changes of such magnitude, the labor movement must do more than follow its old pathways. Its future health and prestige, perhaps its survival, will depend upon its ability to muster more imagination, more courage, and even more social idealism than it has displayed in the past. In short, Organized Labor in American His tory, performs its major task well; it is an excel lent outline of labor’s past, but, unfortunately, it is an inadequate guide to its future. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — M urr ay S eidler Political Science Department Wayne State University Professors to the Fore The Personnel Job in a Changing World. Ed ited by Jerome W. Blood. New York, Amer ican Management Association, 1964. 368 pp. (Management Keport 80.) $9; $6 to AMA members. The Practice of Personnel and Industrial Rela tions—A Casebook. By Lawrence Stessin. New York, Pitman Publishing Corp., 1964. 421 pp. $8.50, cloth; $5.75, paperback. The first two papers in Mr. Blood’s collection lead the reader to expect more than is realized in many of the papers which follow. Both John I. Snyder, Jr., of U.S. Industries, Inc., and Bus sell C. McCarthy, of the Industrial Management Council of Bochester, see the personnel job in its broadest social and economic context. Mr. Sny der, in particular, puts the solution to the “massive problem of automation” squarely on management. He asks his readers to consider how few manage ments have as yet recognized the seriousness of the present situation or acknowledged any responsi bility for its solution. Much of the discussion which follows shows how right Mr. Snyder is. Narrow topics are treated in a narrow way, with little or no attempt to relate the particular per sonnel problems discussed to the overall person nel job as seen by Mr. Snyder. Entirely matter-of-fact and unimaginative, for example, are the descriptions of extended vacation plans, the Pacific Coast Maritime Association agreement, the Kaiser sharing program, and other company experiences with new personnel tech niques. No author speculated on possible effects of the plans on decreasing unemployment, or in other ways affecting either the general economic situation or the long-term situation in their own companies. Exceptions to the narrower strictly “personnel problem” approach came for the most part from universities. Professor Leon Megginson of the Louisiana State University pointed out the prog ress in office automation, its effects not only on workers but on management planning and prac tices. Professor Felician F. Foltman of Cornell University emphasized the problem of the un skilled worker not pnly as a personnel but as a human and social one. BOOK R E V IE W S A N D N O TES Perhaps the fact that the imaginative look at personnel problems, as shown by Mr. Blood’s col lection, is more often taken by universit}7 and college teachers than management personnel rep resentatives is encouraging. It may mean that the people now being trained in universities and colleges will differ from present personnel man agers in outlook and breadth of understanding. The casebook on personnel practices uses arbi tration decisions to translate into operation at the plant level many of the issues discussed in Mr. Blood’s collection. One of the most valuable aspects of the casebook is that it shows into what large and small corners of labor-management rela tions the fairly recent technique of arbitration has penetrated. Dr. Stessin has prefaced each of the major areas covered by the decisions with a brief discussion of the problems and the ways in which management has attempted to deal with them. While the two books are by no means companion volumes, they complement each other in ways which should prove useful in teaching manage ment courses. — M arjorie C. E gloff Division of Publications Bureau of Labor Statistics Growth, Inflation, and Employment Leading Issues in Development Economics: Selec ted Materials and Commentary. By Gerald M. Meier. New York, Oxford University Press, 1964. 572 pp., bibliography. $7. Economic Growth: A n Américain Problem. Edited by Peter M. Gutmann. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. 181 pp., bibliography. $4.50, cloth ; $1.95, paper back. Macrodynamic Economics : Growth, Employment, and Prices. By Howard J. Sherman. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1964. 257 pp. $5. All three volumes in this group are concerned with problems of growth and, directly or indi rectly, with related problems of employment and inflation. The first volume is concerned primarily with the problems of less developed economies; the others with the problems as found in the more advanced economies. 7 4 7 - 5 7 » O— 64— — .6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1325 The volume by Professor Meier, Stanford Uni versity, is a collection of previously published articles, reports, research studies, etc., on leading issues in development economics with commentary and notes by the author. The issues covered are: (1) The validity of Rostow’s analysis of the stages of economic growth, i.e., the “traditional society,” the emergence of “the preconditions for takeoff,” and the “takeoff” ; (2) the meaning and significance of dualism—the ex istence of backward and advanced sectors in un derdeveloped countries; (3) problems of capital accumulation, including foreign and domestic in vestment; (4) effects of inflation on development; (5) criteria for allocating investment resources, covering the controversy over balanced versus un balanced growth and the role of investment in human capital; (6) the relative emphasis to be given industrialization and agriculture in the de velopment process; (7) the influence of interna tional trade on development, particularly the prob lems of stimulating exports and stabilizing export earnings; (8) the scope for development planning and the relative roles of the public and private sec tors in development planning; and (9) the various techniques of development planning. The book represents a useful and balanced selec tion of materials covering the major issues in volved in development economics as well as the diverse positions taken by economists on the issues. The volume by Dr. Gutmann, City University of New York, is also a collection of articles, but is limited to economic growth in the United States. In addition to the introductory survey article by Dr. Gutmann on “The Anatomy of Economic Growth”, the articles cover five major topics: (1) Goals for growth in this decade; (2) comparative growth rates (seven major economies, including the United States and the U.S.S.R.) ; (3) the causes of economic growth; (4) impediments to growth; and (5) policies for growth. I found the article by Robert M. Solow on “Economic Growth” particularly interesting because of its clarification of the differences between those who believe that potential growth in’the economy in the current decade is about 3 percent and those who argue for 4 percent. Professor Solow con cludes after examining some of the major points of difference that “the difference between the three-percenters and the four-percenters is not MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 1326 solidly based. That does not say who is right, but it does suggest the possibility that economic policy need not turn our society on its ear to elicit a growth of potential output near to 4 percent a year.” Professor Sherman’s book attempts to investi gate the subjects of economic growth, business cy cles, and inflationary processes in order to develop an interrelated approach covering all three. The author states explicitly that the survey is de signed primarily for the beginning student, with material for the more advanced student confined to the appendixes in the back of the book. Although the book provides a useful outline of business cycle theories and processes, it is less successful in achieving the author’s objectives of providing a consistent theory of the whole subject of “macrodynamics.” — J ack A lterm an Deputy Associate Commissioner for Economic Growth Bureau of Labor Statistics Patron and Padrone—Japanese Style Paternalism in the Japanese Economy: Anthropo logical Studies of Oyabun-Kobun Patterns. By John W. Bennett and Iwao Ishino. Min neapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1963. 307 pp., bibliography. $6.50. This book brings together, with some retrospec tive analysis, a number of studies made by Ameri can and Japanese social scientists in Occupied Japan. The “oyabun-kobun” pattern received special attention because the Occupation under took to abolish some of its worst manifestations. The pattern involved an extension into economic activities and business groups of some of the familial (and feudal) principles of traditional Japanese social organization. No single transla tion of the Japanese term fits all cases. The nearest literal translation would be in terms of “father-son status” or “parent role and child role,” but with some symbolic elements implied. In some cases, “boss and henchman” or “patron and client” come closer. Oyabun-kobun paternalism took many different forms; the case studies include examples of “laborboss,” “entrepreneur-boss,” “patron-employer,” and “landowner-tenant” relationships. The pat tern was pervasive, but by no means uniform in all its manifestations: “Local rules may be adhered https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to, but constant variation in these is to be ex pected. . . . Oyabun-kobun may be taken seri ously or not, as the demands of the situation re quire. It may be a ritual, an ideology in certain instances, or merely a tool.” The “labor-boss” system is of special interest because many Japanese in the postwar period were dependent upon this type of organization for their livelihood and because the Occupation, as one of its many labor reforms, took steps to eliminate the system. The boss was essentially a labor sup plier, particularly for casual and unskilled labor, who used the oyabun-kobun pattern to maintain quite complete control over the working lives, and often the personal lives, of his workers. The ex pected relationship between boss and kobun (workers) was one of “obedience and loyalty to the superior and benevolence to the subordinate.” The boss’ main function was “to find employment for his men, but he has related obligations of caring for his kobun in times of illness, of giving or loan ing money in time of need, and of assuring mini mum subsistence in periods of unemployment.” He collected his workers’ pay, kept part of it (usually 10 to 30 percent), and exerted much con trol over their private lives. He blocked any opportunity for direct bargaining between his men and the ultimate employers of their labor; the system often made it impossible (or dangerous) for workers to quit or shift to other jobs. A net work of ritual observances and of personal favor itism to individual workers reinforced the boss’ control. Nevertheless, the labor boss did perform certain essential social functions in finding jobs and pro viding the feudal equivalent of social security. Effective elimination of the system required the creation of new public institutions—including an effective public employment service, an unemploy ment insurance system, and functioning arrange ments for hospital care and welfare service—-before the workers slowly gained confidence in their ability to get by without an oyabun. The book is readable and informative, and will interest those who wish to study and understand the widely varied patterns of managerial organi zation and labor-management relations that exist in complex, but non-Western, cultures. — P aul L. S ta n c h field Office of Policy Planning and Research U.S. Department of Labor 1327 BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES Quotations From Recent Books Economics and Man. By John S. Gambs and Jerome B. Komisar. Homewood, 111., Rich ard D. Irwin, Inc., 1964. 433 pp. Rev. ed. $10.35. Not only automation but also the trend toward the service industries are absorbing more and more white-collar people and fewer blue-collar workers. The white-collar people will not join unions, at least not unions of the AFL-CIO type. They will join various types of associations (such as the American Association of University Professors), but these tend to be rather pallid groups, lacking in militancy. (It should be noted that this is not quite true and that in certain areas as in southern California, these professional groups are quite aggressive.) Two Worlds of Change: Readings in Economic Development. Edited by Otto Feinstein. Garden City, N.Y., Anchor Books, Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1964. 420 pp. $1.45, paperback. But the process of social change involves more than finding the techniques to increase national production by 6 percent a year and finding a group of people—like Weber’s Protestants—who, in fol lowing their own cultural imperatives, will gen erate this growth. There are many questions that must be answered. How do these people get the will to economize? Why didn’t they have it before? What is the old system of production really like? What happens when these changes start? Labor and the Public Interest. By W. Willard Wirtz. New York, Harper & Row, Publish ers, Inc., 1964. 196 pp. $3.95. But free collective bargaining can no longer depend on the defense that compulsory arbitration is evil. Nor does its protection lie in endless new administrative resourcefulness and maneuver. The preservation of free collective bargaining de pends on two necessary developments. One of these has to do with the health of the economy as a whole. It is questionable whether serious and difficult issues arising from the dis placement, or threatened displacement, of men by machines or by new work methods can be satisfac torily dealt with in major industries by free col https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis lective bargaining unless the economy is develop ing at a rate which will give displaced employees reasonable assurance of an opportunity to find other jobs . . . . Beyond this, the future of collective bargaining, free of the weakening effects of statutory arbitra tion procedures, depends upon the development of private procedures which will permit and virtually assure the settlement of major disputes in critical industries without crippling shutdowns . . . . * * * * * The fact that we have not been growing fast enough should not obscure the clear promise that we can do what needs to be done. We have the resources and the skills to make the greatest eco nomic advance in our history. America is like Gulliver in Lilliput—a giant, held down by a mass of small doubts and restrictions, needing only to exert the strength of its convictions to realize its full potential. The hard truth of the matter is that nothing—nothing!—is needed to put this country on a full employment basis except the deci sion to do it . . . . The fact of four million unemployed people in this country is so deplorable a situation, in human terms, as to warrant indignant intolerance of any explahation which is advanced for it in terms of any kind of economic analysis. If the answer to a suggestion to advance the purpose of full em ployment is that it will contribute to inflation, an unbalanced budget, or an unfavorable dollar bal ance, that cannot be the end of i t ; for full employ ment is itself an ultimate purpose. And surely the meaning of full employment cannot be arrived at by working back from an assumption about the minimum degree of unemployment which can be achieved without threat of inflation. It would be a serious error if the country were to become con ditioned to the idea that 4 percent is, for any rea son, a satisfactory unemployment rate. The most dangerous myth, in immediate terms, is that machines produce as many jobs for men as they destroy and therefore represent no threat to workers. This is a half-truth, and therefore a half-lie. The truth is that machines permit the extension of men’s work activities. The implied lie is that this will happen automatically or with out the exercise of full human responsibility. 1328 New Horizons of Economic Progress. Edited by Lawrence H. Seltzer. Detroit, Mich., Wayne State University Press, 1964. 158 pp. (Franklin Memorial Lectures, Vol. X II.) $4.95. . . . It is our job to be the worry birds for the Nation; that’s what we get paid for. When my descendants gather about my knee and say, ‘Grandpa, what did you do to add to the gross national product?’ my reply will have to be, ‘I worried.’ Employment and Unemployment in the United States: A Study of the American Labor Force. By Seymour L. Wolfbein. Chicago, Science Research Associates, Inc., 1964. 339 pp. Let us start with women and point to the change in attitude toward women’s participation in activ ities outside the home. We emphasize the phrase ‘outside the home’ because women usually put in a substantial amount of work at home. Such work does not place them in the labor force, but it is still hard and productive. (In 1900, married women had a much lower labor market participa tion rate, but the work most women put in round the clock at home was doubtless physically more difficult than the work their granddaughters are doing now outside the home.) Labor and Management in Industrial Society. By Clark Kerr. Garden City, N.Y., Anchor Books, Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1964. 372 pp. $1.45, paperback. Many people are simultaneously Theoretical Liberals in the Jeffersonian sense and Practical Pluralists of the John L. Lewis type. They talk about the supremacy of the rights of the individ ual and they work for the survival, effectiveness, and sovereignty of private associations—unions, corporations, professional associations—as against the sometimes dissident individual. The Theo retical and the Practical go their separate and in consistent ways. But there is a need for a recon ciliation of views in a world that still admires Jefferson, but lives with John L. Lewis. In think ing about this, a new phrase was coined—the ‘Lib eral Pluralist.’ The idea behind the phrase was that the private association could have a great deal of autonomy but that the State had an ob https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 ligation to provide minimum protection for the rights of the individuals within these private as sociations, these private governments. Sam Gompers: Labor's Pioneer. By David F. Selvin. New York, Abelard-Schuman, 1964. 159 pp. $3. I t was at the 1903 convention that Sam made the declaration that summed up his views of the Socialists. ‘I have kept close watch upon your doctrines for 30 years,’ he told the Socialist dele gates. ‘[I] have been closely associated with many of you and know how you think and what you propose . . . I declare it to you, I am not only at variance with your doctrines, but with your philosophy. Economically, you are unsound; so cially, you are wrong; industrially, you are an impossibility.’ Human Relations in Business: A Behavioral Science Approach. By James L. Latham. Columbus, Ohio, Charles E. Merrill Books, Inc., 1964. 290 pp., bibliography. $7.95. In recent years, workers in all vocations have been admonished that the ‘tempo of the times’ is killing them—that they need to slow down, relax, take more vacations. It has been pridefully said that the stomach ulcer is the ‘badge of the busi nessman;’ and that heart conditions are the price for mighty strife in the effort toward success. These popular assumptions have themselves pre cipitated frustration. Labor in the Tropical Territories of the Commonwealth. By B. C. Roberts. Durham, N.C., Duke University Press, 1964. 426 pp. $6.25. Many members of the European trade union organizations have felt that the American union leaders were to strongly motivated by ideological considerations. The self-righteous attitude often displayed by the representatives of the American unions has provoked distrust of their ability to understand the problems of either the European labor movements or those of the underdeveloped territories of Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. The AFL-CIO have made it abundantly clear that they believe that the European unions have not waged war vigorously enough on communism and colonialism. The Americans have not, there fore, been prepared to reduce their independent 1329 BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES activities, and they have shown at times a reluc tance to increase their contributions to the ICFTU funds until assured of changes in its policy. C o st o f I n - P la n t P r o g r a m m in g . The Division of Labor in Society. By Emile Durkheim; translated by George Simpson. New York, Free Press of Glencoe, 1964. xxiv, 439 pp. $2.45. . . . The only experimental fact proving that life is generally good is that the great mass of men pre fer it to death. To be so, in the average life, happi ness must prevail over unhappiness. If the rela tions were reversed, neither the attachment of men to life, nor its continuance jostled by the facts at each moment, could be understood. Pessimists, it is true, explain the persistence of this phenom enon by the illusions of hope. According to them, if, in spite of the deceptions of experience, we hold on to life, it is because we are wrongly hoping that the future will make up for the past. But even admitting that hope is sufficient to explain the love of life, it does not explain itself. . . . M an Careers and Opportunities in Advertising. By Charles Michael Boland. New York, E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1964. 215 pp., bibliog raphy. $4.50. The degree and character of your preparation for advertising, however, will best be reflected in what you yourself do to implement the knowledge achieved in the halls of higher learning. The creative person who studies the liberal arts and finds he has a flair for writing should spend every waking moment—not devoted to academic require ments—in writing about anything he can think of. . . . Other Recent Publications Education and Training By Geary A. Rummler and Joseph P. Yaney. Ann Arbor, Mich., University of Michigan, Center for Programmed Learning for Business, 1964. 28 pp. (Occasional Paper $1.) in a W o r ld o f W o r k . Edited by Henry Borow. Washington, National Vocational Guidance Associa tion, 1964. 606 pp. $11.25, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. By U.S. Department^ of Labor, Bureau of Employment Secu rity, Washington, July 1964, pp. 1-6. 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.) O c c u p a tio n a l C h a n g e a n d th e E m p lo y m e n t C o u n se lo r. Louis Levine. ( I n Employment Service Review, M y F u tu r e . Minneapolis, Minn., American Guidance Service, Inc., 1964. 368 pp., bibliography. 3d ed. (National Forum Guidance Series.) $4.20. P la n n in g By Adrian A. Paradis. New York, Avon Books (a Division of the Hearst C'orp.), 1964. 223 pp. 50 cents, paperback. F r o m H ig h S c h o o l to a J o h . H ow to B e c o m e a G o v e r n m e n t G irl. By Delight Hall. New York, Macfadden Books, Macfadden-Bartell Corp., 1964. 191 pp. 60 cents, paperback. By Theodore Wachs, Jr. New York, Henry Z. Walck, Inc., 1964. 102 pp., bibliog raphy. (Careers for Tomorrow.) $3.50. C a r e e r s in E n g in e e r in g . By Raymond Nathan. New York, Henry Z. Walck, Inc., 1964. 112 pp., bibli ography. (Careers for Tomorrow.) $3.50. C a r e e r s in A ir lin e s O p e r a tio n s . K n o w Y o u r U n io n : A G u id e t o J o b s in th e B u ild in g T r a d e s . By Donald F. Daly. Philadelphia, Pa., Dorrance & Co., Inc., 1964. 124 pp. $3. Employee Benefits U n ite d M in e W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a W e lf a r e a n d R e ti r e m e n t F u n d — R e p o r t f o r th e Y e a r E n d in g J u n e 30, 1 9 6 Jf. Washington, 1964. 32 pp. N ew T r e n d s in P e n s io n s [ G r e a t B r i t a i n ]. Pilch and Victor Wood. Ltd., 1964. 223 pp. By Michael London, Hutchinson & Co., Health and Safety P r o c e e d in g s o f th e 2 0 th A n n u a l C o n fe re n c e o f A m e r ic a n H e a lth I n s u r a n c e C o v e r a g e , U n ite d S t a t e s , J u l y 1 9 6 2 -J u n e S o c i e t y f o r T r a in in g a n d D e v e lo p m e n t, S a n F r a n c is c o , Washington, U.S. Department of Health, Edu cation, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1964. 37 pp. (Vital and Health Statistics Data From the Na tional Health Survey. PHS Publication No. 1000— Series 10—No. 11.) 35 cents, Superintendent of Doc uments, Washington. Training Directors Journal, New York, August 1964, pp. 2-83. $1.) C a lif., June 9—11, 1961f. (In O c c u p a tio n a l T r a in in g o f W o m e n TJnder th e M a n p o w e r T r a in in g A c t. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Manpower, Automa tion and Training, 1964. 19 pp. (Manpower Evalua tion Report 3.) D e v e lo p m e n t a n d https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1963. By Gordon L. Brown and Donald C. Waterford, Conn., National Foremen’s In- E c o n o m ic s o f S a f e t y . Whytock. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 1330 stitute, Bureau of Business Practice, 1964. 175 pp. (Complete Management Library Vol. XXVII.) F u ll E m p lo y m e n t a n d U n d e r e m p lo y m e n t in P u e r to R ico , J a n u a r y 1963 to A p r i l 196Jj. Hato Rey, P.R., Depart ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. pp. ( Special Report on the Labor Force 37.) S a f e t y O r g a n iz a tio n a n d A c t i v i t i e s o f A w a r d - W in n in g C o m p a n ie s in th e C o a l-M in in g I n d u s tr y . By Robert T. Davis and R. W. Stahl. Washington, U.S. Depart ment of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1964. 26 pp. (Information Circular 8224.) D is a b lin g W o r k - I n ju r y E x p e r ie n c e o f th e O il I n d u s tr y ( A l l A c t i v i t i e s ) a n d th e N a t u r a l G a s I n d u s t r y ( I n c lu d in g D i s t r i b u ti o n A c t i v i t i e s ) in th e U n ite d S ta t e s , 1963. Washington, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1964. Surveys.) 14 pp. H e lp W a n te d —F e m a le : A S t u d y o f D e m a n d a n d S u p p ly in a L o c a l J o b M a r k e t f o r W o m e n . By Georgina M. Smith. New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers—-The State University, Institute of Management and Labor Rela tions, 1964. 94 pp. S e le c te d R e a d in g s in E m p lo y m e n t a n d M a n p o w e r : V o l. Jj, L e s s o n s F r o m F o r e ig n L a b o r M a r k e t P o lic ie s . Wash (Mineral Industry ington, U.S. Senate, Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Subcommittee on Employment and Man power, 1964. 212 pp. (Committee Print, 88th Cong., 2d sess.) Industrial Relations B r i g h te r F u tu r e f o r C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g . By E. Robert Livernash. { I n Harvard Business Review, Boston, September-October 1964, pp. 66-70. $2.) D e v e lo p m e n t o f th e L a b o r S u r p lu s E c o n o m y : T h e o r y a n d P o lic y . By John Ö. H. Fei and Gustav Ranis. New Haven, Conn., Yale University, Economic Growth Center, 1964. 324 pp. .$8.50, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, 111. San Francisco, State Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Labor Statistics and Research, 1964. 28 pp. W o r k S to p p a g e s in C a lifo r n ia , 1963. The I n d u s tr ia l i z a t io n a n d I n d u s t r i a l R e la t i o n s : A n A n a l y ti c a l F r a m e w o r k . By Garfield Clack. { I n South African Journal of Economics, Johannesburg, South Africa, June 1964, pp. 113-127. R1.00.) 16 U se o f E q u i t y to E n f o r c e E m p lo y m e n t R i g h t s in S t a t e C o u r ts . By Roy Harris Cohen. \{I n Labor Law Journal, Chicago, August 1964, pp. 549-558. $1.25.) By Lester Velie. New York, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1964. 228 pp. Rev. ed. $4.95. L a b o r U SA T oday. Labor Force The N a t u r e o f L o n g R a n g e M a n p o w e r P la n n in g . By Eric W. Vetter. { I n Management of Personnel Quarterly, University of Michigan, Bureau of Indus trial Relations, Ann Arbor, Mich., Summer 1964, pp. 20-27.) E m p lo y m e n t o f S c ie n tific a n d T e c h n ic a l P e r s o n n e l in I n d u s tr y , 1962. Washington, U.S. Department of La bor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 86 pp. (Bul letin 1418.) 50 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. E m p lo y m e n t R e q u ir e m e n ts a n d S t r u c t u r e in C iv il A v ia tio n . C h a n g in g O c c u p a tio n a l By Sheldon H. Luskin. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 55 pp., bibliography. (Bul letin 1367.) 40 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. L a b o r a n d M a te r ia l R e q u ir e m e n ts f o r P r i v a t e O n e -F a m ily H o u se C o n s tr u c tio n . By Herman J. Rothberg. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 87 pp. (Bulletin 1404.). 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. S e a s o n a lly A d j u s te d E m p lo y m e n t in M a n u f a c tu r in g I n d u s tr ie s , P u e r to R ic o , J a n u a r y to D e c e m b e r 1963. Hato Rey, P.R., Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 13 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C a se S t u d ie s o f D i s p la c e d W o r k e r s A f t e r L a y o ff. W o r k e r s — E x p e r ie n c e s of By Herbert Hammerman. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 94 pp., bibliography. (Bul letin 1408.) 50 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. P u t ti n g Y o u th to W o r k : H o w th e N e w Y o r k S t a t e E m p lo y m e n t S e r v ic e H e lp s Y o u n g P e o p le G e t J o b s . New York, State Department of Labor, Division of Em ployment, 1964. 22 pp. Y o u th and, W o r k in L a t i n A m e r ic a : I, T h e E m p lo y m e n t o f C h ild r e n ; I I , Y o u th E m p lo y m e n t P r o s p e c ts . { I n In ternational Labor Review, Geneva, July 1964, pp. 1-23 and August 1964, pp. 150-179. 75 cents each. D is tributed in United States by Washington Branch of of ILO.) Personnel Management By Geneva Seybold. New York, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., 1964. 149 pp. (Studies in Personnel Policy 191.) P e r s o n n e l A u d i t s a n d R e p o r t s to T o p M a n a g e m e n t. T h e M e a n in g o f D i s s a ti s f a c t io n W i t h F a c to r y W o r k . By Orlando C. Behling. { I n Management of Personnel Quarterly, University of Michigan, Bureau of Indus- BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES trial Relations, Ann Arbor, Mich., Summer 1964, pp. 11-16.) 1331 O c c u p a tio n a l { I n Confer ence Board Record, National Industrial Conference Board, New York, August 1964, pp. 28-32.) S o m e A l t e r n a t i v e s to C a r e e r E m p lo y m e n t. Social Security Supplement report together with individual views of the Committee on Finance on H.R. 11865. Washington, U.S. Senate, Committee on Finance, 1964. 137 pp. (Report 1513, 88th Cong., 2d sess.) S o c ia l S e c u r i t y A m e n d m e n ts o f 1964. W o r k m e n 's C o m p e n s a tio n P r o b le m s : P r o c e e d in g s o f th e 4 9 th A n n u a l C o n v e n tio n o f th e I n te r n a t io n a l A s s o c ia tio n o f I n d u s tr ia l A c c id e n t B o a r d s a n d C o m m is s io n s , M ia m i B e a c h , F la ., N o v e m b e r 1 0 -1 4 , 1963. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1964. 267 pp. (Bulletin 261.) 75 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Ottawa, Canadian Depart ment of National Health and Welfare, 1964. 26 pp. T h e C a n a d a P e n s io n P la n . R e p o r t o f th e M i n i s tr y o f P e n s io n s a n d N a tio n a l I n s u r a n c e f o r th e Y e a r 1963. London, 1964. 151 pp. (Omnd. 2392.) 10s., H. M. Stationery Office, London. Wages and Hours W o r k e r ’s E d u c a tio n M a n u a l. Geneva, Inter national Labor Office, 1964. 176 pp., bibliography. 75 cents. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO. By Fred W. Mohr. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 56 pp. (Bulletin 1406.) 40 cents, Superintendent of Docu ments, Washington. to A p r i l 1 9 6 4 • Hato Rey, P.R., Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 7 pp. (Special Re port on the Labor Force 36.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Bulletin No. Pages 1385-67 30 25 1385-70 1385-73 1385-75 26 32 26 25 25 25 1385-76 26 25 1385-77 1385-78 1385-79 1385-80 20 18 30 30 20 20 25 25 Price (cents) By Lydia F. Hylton. New York, Child Welfare League of America, Inc., 1964. 75 pp. $1.25. S a l a r y S t u d y , 1963. Miscellaneous I n d u s tr ia l i s m a n d I n d u s t r i a l M a n : T h e P r o b le m s o f L a b o r a n d M a n a g e m e n t in E c o n o m ic G r o w th . By Clark Kerr and others. New York, Oxford University Press, 1964. 263 pp. 2d ed. $1.95, paperback. T h e H u m a n S h a p e o f W o r k : S tu d ie s in th e S o c io lo g y o f O c c u p a tio n s. Edited by Peter L. Berger. New York, McMillan Co., 1964. 241 pp. $5.95. C o n tr o l o f U n ec o n o m ic P r a c ti c e s a t G o v e r n m e n t S i t e s : A C o m p a r a tiv e S t u d y o f T w o G o v e r n m e n t P a n e ls . By W. S. Price and Annin Behr. { I n Labor Law Journal, Chicago, August 1964, pp. 519-541. $1.25.) U n d e r s ta n d in g O u r E c o n o m y —A n a ly s is , I s s u e s , P r in c ip le s . By William P. Mortenson, Donald T. Krider, Roy J. Sampson. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1964. 502 pp. $5.40. B u s in e s s C y c le s : A T h e o r e tic a l, H is to r ic a l, a n d S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s o f th e C a p i ta l i s t P r o c e s s . By Joseph A. Schumpeter. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1964. 461 pp. (Abridged, with an introduction, by Rendigs Fels.) $2.95, paperback. S o u th , J u n e 19 6 1 —J u n e 1962. M e d ia n W e e k ly E a r n in g s in P u e r t o R ic o , J a n u a r y 1963 1964. trial Relations, 1964. 43 pp. E m p lo y e e E a r n in g s in S e le c te d M e tr o p o lita n A r e a s o f th e Washington, U.S. De partment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 37 pp. (Bulletin 1403.) 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. III., A p r i l 1963 E a r n in g s a n d H o u r s , C a lif o r n ia a n d M e tr o p o lita n A r e a s . San Francisco, State Department of Indus W a g e s a n d R e la t e d B e n e f its : P a r t I I , M e tr o p o lita n A r e a s , U n ite d S t a t e s a n d R e g io n a l S u m m a r ie s , 1 9 6 2 -6 3 . By I n d u s t r y W a g e S u r v e y : H o te l s a n d M o te ls , J u n e 1963. S u rv ey : C hicago, Portland, Oreg.-Wash., May 1964Beaumont-Port Arthur, Tex., May 1964__________ Atlanta, Ga., May 1964 Lubbock, Tex., June 1964Lawrence-Haverhill, M ass.-N .H ., June 1964- Norfolk-Portsmouth and Newport N ews-Hampton, Va., June 1964 ____________ Spokane, Wash., May 1 9 6 4 .. Worcester, Mass., June 1964 ___ Akron, Ohio, June 1964. W a g es— A Toivo P. Kanninen. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 92 pp. (Bulletin 1345-83.) 50 cents, Superintendent of Doc uments, Washington. W age Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 38 pp. (Bulletin 1385-66.) 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Other bulletins in this series include: A By Howard Wilson. Deerfield, 111., Administrative Research Associates, 1964. 30 pp. 75 cents. G lo s s a r y o f E c o n o m ic T e r m s . (Handbook of basic in formation relative to the problems of poverty in the United States.) Washington, U.S. House of Repre- P o v e r t y in th e U n ite d S ta t e s . MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 1332 sentatives, Committee on Education and Labor, 1964. 304 pp. ( Committee Print, 88th Cong., 2d sess.) By Oscar W. Cooley. Cald well, Idaho, Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1964. 196 pp. $2.50. P a y in g M e n N o t T o W o r k . M e th o d of S ta tis tic a l T e s ti n g : M o n te C a rlo I m p r o v in g E x e c u ti v e M a n a g e m e n t in th e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t. New York, Committee for Economic Develop 76 pp. By Bayless Manning. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1964. 285 pp. $6.95. F e d e r a l C o n flic t o f I n t e r e s t L a w . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis By Erdman Palmore. ( I n Social Security Bulletin, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administra tion, Washington, August 1964, pp. 3-10. 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.) 1963 S u r v e y o f th e A g e d . M e th o d . Edited by Yu A. Shreider; translated by Scripta Technica, Inc. New York, American Elsevier Pub lishing Co., Inc., 1964. 303 pp. $15. ment, Research and Policy Committee, 1964. $1.50. R e ti r e m e n t P a t t e r n s A m o n g A g e d M e n : F in d in g s o f th e F e d e r a l F u n d s f o r R e s e a r c h , D e v e lo p m e n t, S c ie n tific A c tiv itie s , F isc a l Y ears a n d O th e r 1962, 1963, a n d Washington, National Science Foundation, 1964. 180 pp. ( Surveys of Science Resources Series, NSF 84-11.) $1, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. 1964- By A. Dawson. ( I n International Labor Review, Geneva, August 1964, pp. 99-129. 75 cents. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.) F o o d f o r D e v e lo p m e n t: T h e W o r ld F o o d P r o g r a m . Current Labor Statistics TABLES A.— Em ploym ent 1334 1335 1339 1343 A -l. A-2. A-3. A-4. 1343 A-5. 1344 A-6. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups, seasonally adjusted Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally adjusted Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations B .1345 B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group C.— c . - Earnings and H ours 1348 0-1. 1360 C-2. 1360 C-3. 1361 1363 C-4. C-5. 1363 C-6. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing D .1364 D -l. 1365 D-2. 1366 1368 1369 D-3. D-4. D-5. Consumer Price Index—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers (including single workers) all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical workers (including single workers) Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product E .1370 E—1. F.— Work Injuries F -l. Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1 1 This ts,ble is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review. cal N o t e : W ith the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described Series, BLS B u lle tin 1168,1954, and cover the United 8tates without Alaska and Hawaii. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in Techniques of Preparing Major BLS Statisti 1333 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 1334 A.—Employment T able A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex [In thousands] Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 Annual average 1963 Employment status Sept. Aug. July Jun. May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1961 1960 Total, both sexes Total labor force-------------------------------- 76,865 Civilian labnr force - __ 74,122 3,317 TTnemnlnvTnent __ __ - — Unemployment rate seasonally ad5.2 justed 2 _ _____ — — 1,701 Unemployed 4 week's or less 537 Unemployed 10 weeks _ Unemployed 11 14 weeks 315 353 Unemployed ifi— 26 weeks _ _ ___ 410 Unemployed over 26 weeks__ __ 70, 805 Employment _ _ 65,575 Nonagricultural _ - __ ___ 33,986 Worked hours or more 24,268 Worked 15-34 hours ............ 3,887 Worked 1-14 hours_3,432 With a job but, not at work 3 Agricultural _ _ _ _ 5,230 3,577 Worked hours or more Worked 1fi-34 hours _ _ _ _ 1,181 346 Worked 1-14 hours __ 128 With a job but, not at, work 3 - 78,509 78,958 79,389 77,490 76, 544 75,553 75,259 74,514 75,201 76,000 76,086 75, 758 76,218 76,645 74,742 73, 799 72,810 72, 527 71,793 72,461 73,261 73,344 3,654 3,813 4,692 3,640 3,921 4,293 4,524 4,565 3,846 3,936 3,453 5.5 5.5 5.9 5.4 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.3 4.9 5.1 1,691 1,670 2,781 1,671 1,660 1,620 1,669 2,069 1,734 1,955 1,623 662 859 767 988 807 1,236 705 632 674 862 1,070 251 324 349 402 455 544 321 252 231 216 312 443 492 401 654 605 742 693 556 322 485 296 476 463 436 501 510 581 543 529 535 522 494 891 72,104 72,405 71,953 71,101 69, 877 68,517 68,002 67,228 68,615 69,325 69, 64, 541 64, 576 64,548 63,234 64, 500 64,071 66,704 66, 586 66,100 66,094 65, 448 49,212 48,645 50, 777 51,505 51,452 50,556 48,953 47,179 50,817 46,129 50,960 1'2, 456 7,402 7,679 8,694 9,637 7, 717 7,115 7,211 7,602 7,817 7,676 3,169 3,264 3,718 4.466 4,206 4,191 4,321 4,164 4,092 3 , 9 3 5 3.893 7,205 7,464 4,004 2,304 2,115 2,038 2,103 2,255 1,985 2,029 2,288 5,400 5,819 5,853 5, 007 4,429 4,017 3,931 3,993 4,039 4,777 5, 350 3,716 3,980 4,154 3,448 2,903 2,391 2,108 2,108 2,179 2,994 3,716 1,085 1,218 1,195 1,089 1,029 1,029 1,077 1,042 1,100 1,196 1, 094 442 411 476 524 549 374 386 378 428 387 440 176 98 284 294 223 124 211 92 193 119 160 75,811 74,175 73,126 73,062 71,603 3,516 4,806 70,612 3,931 5.6 1,682 617 332 382 503 69, 546 64,220 50,462 7,124 3,645 2,990 5,326 3,619 1,170 424 112 5.6 6.7 1,897 1,799 823 964 353 411 502 728 454 804 66, 796 66,681 61,333 60,958 47,257 46,388 7,522 8,249 3.610 3.279 3,042 2 ; 946 5, 463 5,723 3,540 3,811 1,245 1.279 444 477 190 200 Males Total labor force______________ Civilian labor force____________ Unemployment_____________ Employment_______________ Nonagricultural___________ Worked 35 hours or more__ Worked 15-34 hours_______ Worked 1-14 hours________ With a job but not at work 3. Agricultural______________ Worked 35 hours or more__ Worked 15-34 hours_______ Worked 1-14 hours________ With a job but not at work 3. 51,083 52,584 53,057 52,813 51,294 50,665 48, 370 49,864 50,347 50,100 48, 577 47, 951 lj 813 2,074 2,183 2,630 2,067 2,345 46, 557 47; 791 48,164 47,470 46, 510 45, 607 42,476 43Ì 443 43', 571 42; 860 42,496 41,891 25,120 34,831 34,699 35,845 35, 748 35, 537 13', 729 3j 391 3; 345 3,403 3, 403 3,332 i t 599 1,429 1,450 1,538 1,969 1.759 2,028 3j 790 4,078 2 ; 077 1,376 1,265 4,081 4, 348 4,593 4,610 4,014 3, 716 3,035 Z, 243 3,439 3,552 3,019 2,622 678 667 627 704 657 ' 708 306 292 290 295 232 314 107 99 73 158 106 135 50,123 49,956 49,731 49,924 50,285 47,411 47, 255 47, 041 47,215 47, 577 2,681 2,826 2,881 2, 477 2,253 44, 730 44,429 44,160 44,739 45,324 41, 299 41, 029 40, 686 41,294 41, 488 34, 797 33,782 32,879 34, 799 32,166 3,461 4,187 4, 580 3,466 6,442 1,743 1,795 1,777 1,718 1,586 1,297 1,265 1,452 1,311 1,292 3,432 3,400 3,474 3,445 3,836 2,190 1,918 1,908 1,951 2,622 754 820 795 803 741 307 409 497 475 325 154 263 274 203 176 50,368 50, 602 49,918 49,507 47,378 3,060 44,318 39,811 32,984 3,587 1, 511 1,729 4,508 3,132 827 370 179 47, 025 2,541 44,485 39,807 32, 511 47,657 1,874 45,784 41,644 35,387 3,238 1,610 1,410 4,139 3,121 626 309 84 47,884 1,902 45, 983 41,880 35,317 3,205 1, 552 1,808 4,103 3,067 631 301 102 4 ,1 0 0 1,360 1,836 4, 678 3, 365 792 348 172 Females 25,715 25,718 25,209 24,257 25,684 25,687 25,178 24,225 1,682 1,580 1,615 1,747 24,001 24,107 23, 563 22,478 23,061 22,897 22,340 21, 523 13,962 15,572 15,147 14, 273 6,014 4,164 3,921 3,934 2,349 2,282 2,092 2,098 879 1,183 1,217 736 955 940 1,210 1,223 408 551 597 372 419 537 467 443 107 122 134 104 22 10 22 15 23,619 Total labor force______ ____ --- --- -- 25,782 25,925 25,901 26, 576 26,196 Civilian labor force ______ ___ ----- -- 25,752 25,894 25,871 26, 545 26,165 Unemployment----- -------------- ------ 1,503 1,581 1,630 2,062 1,574 Employment_______ - ---------- -- 24,248 24,313 24,241 24,483 24,591 Nonagricultural__ _______ - --- 23,099 23, 261 23,015 23,240 23,598 Worked 35 hours or more .. . _ -8, 867 14,382 13,947 14,932 15,758 Worked 15-34 hours... .. . . . ----- 10, 539 3, 723 3,867 4,199 4, 414 Worked 1-14 hours______ . -------- 2,290 1,740 1,816 2,180 2,497 928 1,404 3,415 3,386 1,928 With a job but not at work 3... .. 993 1,149 1,052 1,226 1,243 Agricultural. ______ . . . 429 542 599 541 471 Worked 35 hours or more - - - - 461 528 514 473 428 Worked 15-34 hours .. 96 83 137 112 126 Worked 1-14 hours__ - 19 20 22 35 25 With a job but not at work 3- . . ----- 25,878 25,430 25,302 24,783 25,277 25,847 25,399 25,271 24,752 25,246 1,577 1,613 1,698 1,684 1,369 24,271 23,786 23,573 23,068 23,877 23,557 23,201 23,042 22,548 23,282 15,912 15,758 15,170 14,301 16,020 4,343 4,256 4, 507 5,057 4,213 2,450 2,448 2, 526 2,387 2,377 674 803 838 740 849 594 520 531 585 713 224 199 190 201 279 280 247 273 288 350 69 53 49 61 66 21 20 20 35 16 1 Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included. Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal totals. 2 Unemployment as a percent of labor force. 3 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute. Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem ployed. N ote: For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Employment and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 23,587 1,390 22,196 21,151 13, 877 4,149 1,919 1,206 1,045 445 486 96 17 CUpigures8for periods prior to April 1962 are not strictly comparable with current data because of the introduction of 1960 Census data into the estimation procedure. The change primarily affected the labor force and em ployment totals, which were reduced by about 200,000. The unemployment totals were virtually unchanged. A.— EMPLOYMENT 1335 T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1 Revised series: see box, p. 1342. [In thousands] 1964 1963 Annual average Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 59,80Í 59,23( 58,99, 59,211 58,501 57,94, 57,383 57,04. 56, 901 64' 64Í 64, 64* 63 61 624 61 614 Metal mining... . . . . . _ _ ... _ __ 79. 80/ 87/ 86., 83/ 85/ 82/ 82/ 29/ Iron ores_________ . _________ 30. 29/ 29., 26/ 28/ 26/ 26/ 21. Copper ores_____ ___ 29/ 21. f 29.1 28/ 28/ 28/ 28/ Coal mining__ ________________ 128/ 128. 129/ 127/ 129/ 129/ 134.1 135/ 117. Bituminous________ . .. . --------117. 118.1 116/ 118/ 118/ 122.7 124.0 Crude petroleum and natural gas_____ 305. C 304.6 302/ 291.3 289.3 288/ 287.1 290/ 164.3 163/ 159/ 159/ 159.7 160.6 160 5 Crude petroleum and natural gas fields. 164. Oil and gas field services. ____ _ 140. 140.3 138.4 131/ 129.7 128/ 126/ 130.0 131.8 130.6 129.3 125/ 119/ 109.9 106/ 106.4 Quarrying and nonmetallic mining____ Total e m p lo y e e s .... . ~ ... . . . 58,58. 58, 22C 58,42f 58,211 57,174 55,841 63 634 63' 641 634 652 82/ 83/ 84.1 84.4 82.4 82.8 26/ 27/ 27/ 27.9 25/ 25.5 28/ 27/ 27/ 27.5 27/ 28.5 137.1 136.1 136/ 134.5 138/ 151.7 125/ 124/ 125/ 123.8 127/ 139.8 295/ 291/ 289/ 295.0 293.4 299.2 161/ 161.2 161/ 163.3 163/ 167.4 133.4 130.3 127/ 131.7 129.9 131.8 116.1 122.6 127.1 126.7 119.7 118.7 Contract construction__ _ . . 3,440 3,542 3,493 3,373 3,191 2,977 2,760 2,681 2,628 2,925 3,176 3,333 3,378 3,029 2,909 General building contractors. _ ___ ... 1,088.3 1, 071.1 1.031.7 972.4 906.8 839.2 816.4 803.9 889.2 972.4 1,011.6 1,026. 4 920.4 881.1 Heavy construction__ ___ ____ ___ 747.1 736.4 709.6 652.7 563.4 479.1 459.6 442.5 536.1 632.4 706.3 723.2 604.1 593.8 Highway and street construction___ _ 409.0 403.6 384.3 345.0 278.6 219.2 203.0 192.0 256.3 329.9 387.5 398/ 312.2 298.1 Other heavy construction__ _____ __ 338.1 332.8 325.3 307.7 284.8 259.9 256.6 250.5 279.8 302.5 318.8 324.4 291.9 295.7 Special trade contractors. __ _ __ _ ___ 1, 706.8 1,685.3 1.631.8 1, 566.3 1, 507.0 1,441.3 1,405.1 1,381.9 1,499. 7 1,571.2 1,615.1 1,628.4 1, 504. 5 1,434. 5 ____ _ . . . Manufacturing.. 17,774 17,550 17,354 17,404 17,186 17,106 17,051 16,982 16,935 17,139 17,229 17,367 17,398 17,035 16,859 Durable goods___________________ 10,089 9,886 9,904 9,951 9,844 9,801 9,734 9,676 9,666 9,765 9,789 9,811 9,801 9,659 9,493 Nondurable goods___. . . .. _ 7,685 7,664 7,450 7,453 7,342 7,305 7,317 7,306 7,269 7,374 7,440 7,556 7,597 7; 376 7,367 Mining . . . . . . . ... ... D u ra b le goods Ordnance and accessories____________ Ammunition, except for small arms__ Sighting and fire control equipment... Other ordnance and accessories___ . 52.8 245.8 175.0 17.9 52.9 251.8 180.4 18.0 53.4 255.7 183.4 18.2 54.1 260.3 186.8 18.6 54.9 264.8 189.1 19.2 56.5 267.9 190.5 20.7 56.7 270.0 191.9 21.4 56.7 275.5 194.9 22.3 58.3 277.6 196.0 23.0 58.6 276.4 193.8 23.6 59.0 276.7 276. 4 276 7 270 7 193.3 192.4 191.0 183.4 24. 2 25.2 27. 2 32 1 59.2 58.8 58.4 55.1 615,1 91.6 258.3 624.3 96.2 261,4 621.3 94.7 262.3 617.8 92.0 261.5 595.3 84.3 252.2 581.8 77.2 247.7 569. 5 566.3 71.9 74.9 244.6 242.2 564.1 76.0 238.9 584.4 82.3 248.3 597.2 86.8 254.8 605.9 89.9 258.0 161.9 35.1 68.2 163.2 35.1 68.4 161.4 36.0 66.9 160.9 36.8 66.6 157.5 35.6 65.7 156.2 35.0 65.7 154.0 34.1 64.9 152.8 33.6 62.8 154.8 34/ 64.2 156.3 34.6 64.7 157.6 158.3 35. 0 35.7 65.4 65.3 152.6 35 3 63.7 Furniture and fixtures______ _ _____ 415.2 Household furniture__ 307.2 Office furniture_____ _ _ _______ _ Partitions; office and store fixtures___ Other furniture and fixtures______ __ 42.1 412.9 304.7 26.7 38.7 42.8 403.7 298.1 26.0 37.5 42.1 404.2 298.0 26.1 37.3 42.8 394.5 396.5 394.4 391.3 390.0 292. 5 293. 2 292.3 289.9 287.2 24.9 26.0 26. 1 25.7 26.5 36.3 36.3 35.7 35. 7 35.5 40.8 41.0 40.3 40.0 40.8 395.5 290.7 27.0 36.3 41.5 397.8 291.2 27.2 37.8 41.6 399.7 291.5 27.5 39.3 41.4 399.1 289.3 27.4 40.5 41.9 389.8 385 1 283.3 276.0 27.1 27.8 39 0 40 6 40.5 40.7 Stone, clay, and glass products____ .. Flat glass____ ___________ ______ Glass and glassware, pressed or blown. Cement, hydraulic________________ Structural clay products___________ Pottery and related products________ Concrete, gypsum, arid plaster products. Other stone and mineral products____ 650.2 644.9 32.2 31.8 120.6 118.6 41.6 41.6 70.0 69.6 44.5 43.6 192. 5 191. 6 126.4 126.0 643.1 31.7 120. 1 41.3 69.8 43.9 188.2 126.2 626.8 31.2 118.0 40.1 67.9 44.1 180.1 123.8 603.6 32.3 111.8 38.2 67.3 44.5 167.8 121.3 619.9 32.6 113. 4 40.1 68.5 45.4 177.2 121.9 623.9 32.2 113.8 40.9 68.7 45.1 180.9 121.3 629.9 31.6 115. 9 42.0 70.1 44.8 183.3 121.6 607.5 30/ 113.1 39.9 68.1 43.9 171.8 120.0 Lumber and wood products, except furniture____ _________________ Logging camps and logging contractors. Sawmills and planing mills_______ .. Millwork, plywood, and related products_______ . ______ ____ Wooden containers_______________ Miscellaneous wood products___ ___ 242.6 172.0 647.8 121.1 41.4 68.9 189.4 126.9 614.1 30.6 116.1 38.9 66.9 44.3 172.8 123.3 598.6 31.0 114.4 37.7 65.4 44.3 162.7 121.9 152.4 33.5 63.3 589.5 31.7 112.5 36.7 63.6 43.7 159.6 120.9 584.2 32.0 108.8 36.9 64.0 44.2 158.1 120.0 614.1 93.3 261.5 585.8 588 7 81. 5 83 0 252.8 255.7 151 9 36 4 61.8 594.0 30. 4 109.6 40.1 68.3 43.8 164. 4 118.9 Primary metal industries... _________ 1, 249. 4 1,236.1 1, 228. 4 1,227. 6 1,214.4 1, 202.8 1,190. 0 1,181.3 1,167. 6 1,163. 7 1,152. 0 1,152.7 1,166. 0 1,165. 7 1,163.8 Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 645.0 637.9 633.5 627.3 617.0 607.5 596.4 589.3 578.7 576.5 568.8 571.4 ' 581.8 ' 586. 3 591. 9 Iron and steel foundries______ ____ 215. 3 213.7 212.2 214.6 211.7 209.6 208.1 207.0 204.6 203.0 201.3 200.0 201. 7 198.3 193. 6 Nonferrous smelting and refining...... . 69.4 69.8 69.5 71.0 70.6 69.9 70.1 70.0 69.9 69.7 69.9 69.7 70.2 68.8 68.1 Nonferrous, rolling, drawing, and extruding . . ____ _ _______ 184.5 183.2 182.4 181.6 183.5 184.2 184.2 184.0 183.9 184.3 182.7 182.7 182.7 182.7 181.3 Nonferrous foundries______________ 75.5 73.4 72.7 74.2 73.2 72.9 72.8 72. 6 72.3 71.8 71.3 71.0 71.3 71.3 70. 0 Miscellaneous primary metal industries. 59.7 58.1 58.1 58.9 58.4 58.7 58.4 58.4 58.2 58.4 58.0 57.9 58.3 58.2 58.9 Fabricated metal products.__ _______ l, 237. 2 1, 210. 5 1,185. 7 1,201. 6 l, 184. 7 1,179.8 1,170. 6 1,164.2 1,161.9 1,175. 6 1,177.8 1,182. 7 1,178.6 l, 152. 7 1.127.5 Metaleans______ . _ . . . . . . 65.6 67.4 65.8 65.2 64.1 63.4 62.3 61.4 59.9 60.3 61.2 61.6 64.2 62.0 61.3 Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware______ __________ _____ 145.1 139.8 133.9 138.8 139.5 139.3 139.6 139.9 140.7 141.4 139.9 138.6 137.3 136.0 134.8 Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures___ _____________ ____ 81.8 80.8 80.8 80.6 78.7 79.8 78.5 78. 5 78.4 79.0 79.0 79.3 79.2 76.9 74.9 Fabricated structural metal products.. 367.0 364.6 360.6 356.2 345.1 340.4 335.1 332.7 332.0 338.4 343.6 347.4 351.4 337.5 331.5 Screw machine products, bolts, etc... . 90.8 89. 1 88.1 89.7 88.7 89.1 89.4 89.0 88.7 89.2 88.6 88.8 89.2 88.7 87.9 Metal stamping's... . _____ _____ 214.7 201.9 192.9 203,9 203.2 204.3 203.3 203.1 204.2 205.9 205.9 205.4 198.8 196.8 190.4 Coating, engraving, and allied services. 75.9 74.8 73.1 73.7 73.8 72.7 72.4 70.7 71.1 72.6 73.0 73.6 72.3 70.0 67.2 Miscellaneous fabricated wire products. 62.6 61.8 59.3 61.6 60.6 60.8 60.0 59.5 59.3 59.7 58.9 59.5 58.4 58.0 56.7 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products__________ _______________1 133.7 130.3 131. 2' 131.91 131. 0 130.0 130.0 129.4 127.6 129.1 127.7 128.5 127.8 126.8 122.9 • See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 1336 T a ble A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1342. [In thousands] 1964 1963 Annual average Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued 1,619.1 1,605. 7 1,606.0 1,610.6 1,596.4 1,591.2 1,581.3 1,555.1 1,556.6 1, 550.0 1, 531.1 1, 527. 5 1, 524. 7 1,520.3 1,489.8 Machinery______________ _____ 87.9 87.5 86.9 87.0 86.7 86.2 85.9 85.7 85.5 86.3 86.1 86.2 86.3 85.6 84.0 Engines and turbines.. _ ------- ------122.5 123.4 126.1 126.9 128.3 128.1 126.8 123.6 120.5 117.2 116.6 116.0 119. 8 112.4 Construction and related machinery... 234.8 233.1 232.1 231.6 228.6 226.7 224.8 207.3 221.6 219.4 217.2 216.9 217.6 214.4 210.7 Metalworking machinery and equipment___ _______ ______ ____ 291.9 288.5 290.0 292.5 290.8 289.4 287.4 283.7 280.4 279.5 273.9 272.4 270.9 270.4 261.7 177.5 175.5 176.1 177.1 174.4 174.1 172.5 171.7 170.6 170.0 169.3 168.4 167.9 168.2 169.0 Special industry machinery------------General industrial machinery. _ ----- 247.7 245.1 244.4 244.9 242.2 241.0 239.8 238.8 235.8 235.1 231.8 232.2 233.4 231.1 227.6 Office, computing, and accounting 156.8 156.9 156.7 155.3 153.6 154.1 154.3 155. 2 155.2 155.8 154.0 154.4 153.9 153.8 156.3 machines___ . --------. .. Service industry machines... . ... 100.7 102.3 104.1 104.7 104.1 102.8 102.1 101.4 100.7 100.2 100.1 100.3 99.7 100.5 100.8 Miscellaneous machinery---------------- 197.5 194.3 192.3 191.4 189.1 188.6 186.4 184.5 183.2 183.2 181.5 180.1 179.0 176.5 167.4 Electrical equipment and supplies-------- 1,599. 7 1,573.3 1,561.9 1,559.7 1,546.6 1,548.4 1,551.9 1, 557.0 1,569.2 1,581.7 1, 584.9 1,595.4 1, 590. 5 1,581. 5 1,579.2 Electric distribution equipment-------- 179.3 176.3 175.0 173.9 172.2 170.8 170.8 171.0 170.8 170.6 170.3 169.0 169.5 168.9 167.8 Electrical industrial apparatus..------ 196.4 195.1 194.4 194.7 191.6 189.8 190.0 188.7 188.4 188.1 187.6 187.8 187.8 187.2 185.4 160.2 155. 8 154.4 157.6 156.2 157.6 157.1 158.0 157.5 160.3 161.9 160.8 157.9 154.7 150.2 Household appliances________ . ... Electric lighting and wiring equipment. 159. 5 156.9 154.7 ■154.2 152.8 153.1 153.3 153.1 152.1 152.8 153.8 154.3 153.0 149.3 143.2 128.7 124.5 119.1 112.1 105.6 107.0 106.8 108.6 112.1 116.9 119.7 122.6 122.2 113.0 110.7 Radio and TV receiving sets_______ 405.1 403.5 403.2 402.7 403.1 406.2 409.1 410.8 416.8 419.4 417.5 425.0 426.1 433.7 445.0 Communication equipment_____ Electronic components and accessories. 265.9 262.9 259.5 261.8 261.2 260.2 260.7 260.2 262.0 262.5 263.8 264.3 263.8 264.8 266.8 Miscellaneous electrical equipment 104.6 98.3 101.6 102.7 103.9 103.7 104.1 106.6 109.5 111.1 110.3 111.6 110.2 109.9 110.0 and supplies___________________ Transportation equipment__ ______ 1, 648.6 1,524. 6 1, 620.8 1, 640.5 1, 650.1 1, 652. 6 1, 646. 7 1, 643.7 1, 649.3 1, 664. 8 1, 659. 2 1, 650. 4 1,626.8 1, 614. 2 1,542. 3 663.7 761.6 773.6 781.0 780.4 776.3 769.1 776.2 782.8 777.3 768.3 752.3 738.4 691.6 Motor vehicles and equipment__ Aircraft and parts... . . _ . .. 616.2 613.9 617.1 621.2 623.8 631.0 636.4 641.6 647.8 656.0 654.0 652.1 648.6 649.4 634.6 Ship and boat building and repairing.. 149.9 147.8 143.8 146.8 148.2 146.2 141.0 141.9 139.0 139.2 141.2 142.1 140.4 144.2 141.3 53.1 53.3 52.9 51.8 51.3 51.2 50.3 48.1 47.7 47.2 47.3 45.1 44.1 40.6 Railroad pqnipmpnt 46.1 45.0 46.0 45.3 43.7 41.8 40.8 38.2 39.1 39.5 40.6 40.4 38.0 34.2 Other transportation equipment .. .. 384.9 381.3 377.7 378.5 374.0 374.6 374.9 373.6 374.7 376.6 376.8 375.8 375.5 371.5 360.4 Instruments and related products------ 68.9 69.0 69.1 69.3 69.9 70.6 71.1 72.6 72.7 73.0 73.2 73.1 73.6 73.9 Engineering and scientific instruments. _____ Mechanical, measuring, and control 103.5 101.4 100.4 100.6 99.2 99.5 99.6 99.3 99.0 99.0 97.1 96.5 97.1 97.5 95.0 devices. . . . . . .. ._. ---44.3 44.1 44.0 44.7 44.2 44.1 43.6 43.5 42.5 42.6 42.6 42.2 42.0 41.5 40.6 Optical and ophthalmic goods_______ Surgical, medical, and dental equip56.3 56.2 55.4 55.7 55.1 54.9 54.6 53.9 53.8 53.9 54.0 53.8 54.0 53.1 50.1 ment.. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . 81.7 79.8 79.0 77.2 77.3 77.5 76.8 77.4 78.0 78.5 78.2 77.8 75.9 72.4 Photographic pqnipmpnt arid supplies 29.0 29.1 29.4 29.0 28.9 29.0 29.0 29.4 30.4 31.6 31.9 31.5 29.8 28.3 Watches and clocks _____ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware— Toys, amusement and sporting goods... Pens, pencils, office and art materials.._ Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. Other manufacturing industries----- -- 421.5 402.2 45.7 43.6 117.1 110.0 32.7 32.0 60.4 56.5 168.3 165.6 160.1 429.2 47.3 411.4 401.1 45.0 44.9 112.4 105.7 31.6 31.3 59.9 58.1 162.5 161.1 394.4 387.9 383.5 373.3 391.2 415.4 420.2 419.2 44.5 44.1 43.3 43.3 43.7 43.8 43.4 43.1 100.9 94.7 91.6 86.5 98.0 115.9 122.8 120.1 31.3 31.3 31.6 31.7 33.2 33.4 32.2 32.4 57.4 58.0 57.7 54.9 56.8 58.3 58.8 60.1 160.3 159.8 159.3 156.9 159.5 164.0 163.0 163.5 393.4 391.2 42.1 42.3 103.8 102.5 31.9 31.0 57.3 57.8 158.3 157.6 Nondurable goods 1,850.9 1,850.2 1, 759.8 1,712.3 1,663.4 1,645. 6 1,637. 6 1,644. 8 1,660. 7 1,709.8 1,752.0 1,832.8 1,872. 6 1, 738.4 1,759.9 Food and kindred products. _____ Meat products___________ _ _ ___ 310.0 312.8 309.3 307.1 301.6 296.3 296.2 297.2 302.6 311.6 313.5 314.0 313.6 307. 9 312.9 292.7 299.9 300.8 299.1 291.6 287.7 285.7 284.2 284.3 287.9 289.3 293.5 298.9 296.2 303.4 Dairy products_____ _ ____ ____ Canned and preserved foods, except 334.3 254.9 214.7 195.1 192.8 181.7 181.8 186.6 201.8 228.4 297.8 354.2 241.7 253.7 meats ____ Grain mill products__________ . ... 134.7 133.9 131.5 133.1 130.9 127.3 128.1 128.3 129.7 130.1 130.1 133.8 135.1 131.6 130.8 292.2 295.4 295.6 295.1 290.2 288.0 288.7 288.1 287.4 291.8 293.1 294.0 292.8 292.3 293.6 Bakery products_____________ 40.5 44.1 47.2 50.7 48.8 33.0 35.6 35.3 32.7 31.7 30.9 30.4 31.2 33.3 Sugar 76.4 74.3 69.3 71.5 70.9 71.1 73.4 75.7 75.5 82.2 84.3 83.4 80.5 76.5 75.4 Confectionery and related products__ Beverages______________ ___ ____ 221. S 227.6 228.1 222.0 215.0 213.3 210.8 209.0 210.0 214.7 217.0 220.5 220.3 214.7 212.3 Miscellaneous food and kindred prod141.7 139.3 138.6 138.8 137.7 137.9 139.7 140.0 140.5 142.5 145.6 147.0 144.2 142.0 142.4 ucts___________________ . ____ 105.0 94.0 77.3 77.9 77.3 77.7 81.6 85.7 88.3 95.2 99.5 106.6 107.5 89.2 91.0 Tobacco manufactures__________ .. 37.5 37. C 37.3 37.1 37.7 38.2 38. C 38. C 38.6 37. f 38.2 37.6 37.1 36. f Cigarettes . ____ __ 23.9 23.1 25.6 25.4 26.2 25.5 25.3 25.0 24.5 22.8 23.4 23.9 23.7 23.4 C igars Textile mill products____ . . _. ... _ Cotton broad woven fabrics__ _ ___ Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics. Weaving and finishing broad woolens... Narrow fabrics and smallwares... _ _ Knitting. ___ ________ .. .. . Finishing textiles, except wool and knit. Floor covering . Yarn and thread. _ _____ ... Miscellaneous textile goods_________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 908.9 234.9 85.4 45. ( 27. t 225.1 74.3 109.6 66.9 905.6 889.8 903.3 234.0 233.2 233. É 85.4 84.8 85.7 45.1 45.3 47.5 27.4 26.8 27.4 224. ] 218.1 220. c 75.4 74.5 75.2 38. ( 38.7 37.1 110.3 105.4 109.7 65.2 64. e 65.7 895.6 232.2 85.2 47.3 27. ( 217.8 74.9 38. i 107.7 65.4 893.4 891.6 887.7 880.7 887.9 894.8 897.7 895.8 889.5 902.6 232.6 233.5 233.7 233.3 234.3 233.8 234.2 233.7 233.6 240.4 85.2 85.2 85.3 85.1 85.4 85.1 84.3 83.7 83.3 81.7 46.7 46.5 46.9 46.4 45.9 45.8 47.2 47.8 48.9 51.8 27.2 27.1 27.0 27.0 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.2 27.0 27.6 214.8 212.9 208.8 204.2 208.3 216.5 219.7 219.6 214.6 219.4 75.0 75.0 74.6 74.6 75.2 75.0 74.4 74.3 74.4 74.9 38.7 38.7 38.5 37.9 37.9 37.4 3S.4 38.7 38.5 38. ( 107.6 107.4 107.2 106.5 106.7 106.0 105.5 105.5 104.2 103.3 65.9 65.3 65.7 65.6 66.2 66.6 66.5 66.1 65.7 66.3 A.—EMPLOYMENT T able A-2. 1337 Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1342. tin thousands] 1964 Annual average 1963 Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable goods—Continued Apparel and related p ro d u c ts..------ -- 1,368.1 1, 363. 7 1,300. 2 1,330. 3 1,307.3 1,301.5 1,325. 0 1,321. 9 1,281. 5 1,297. 9 1, 310.1 1,329. 6 1,329. 0 1,297. 7 1, 266.7 Men’s and boys’ suits and coats-------- 114.4 114.7 107.2 116.1 114.5 111.6 114.6 114.8 114.4 115.2 113.2 113.5 116.1 116.3 117.2 Men’s and boys’ furnishings________ 348.4 346.3 337.0 343.1 336.4 333.4 331.7 328.8 323.0 326.7 330.1 333.6 335. 5 329.4 319.0 Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outer 413.2 415.2 391.1 397.0 392.3 396.0 411.3 411.2 391.0 391.8 392.0 399 8 400.6 392.4 381.7 wear ____ . .. ... Women’s and children’s undergarments______ .. ----------- ----- - 128.0 124.2 118.0 120.4 119.3 119.2 119.9 119.2 117.8 121.6 125.6 124.9 122.9 118.7 116.5 34.1 30.8 29.2 28.3 28.8 34. S Hats, caps, and millinery.. 35.7 32.6 31.3 30. 3 33 1 33 1 39 fi 81.4 83.8 84.2 86.0 82.6 79.3 79.8 83.4 80.0 78.2 78.7 80.0 79.6 79! 7 78.4 Girls’’ and children’s outerwear__ _ 76.7 72. 1 76.0 73.3 72.6 73.1 71.8 67. 7 71.9 76.1 78.4 77.3 73.0 73.9 Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel... Miscellaneous fabricated textile* products---------------------------------------- 170.8 168.7 159.8 162.5 160.6 160.6 159.7 157.0 155.0 161.2 164.1 166.3 163.9 155. 7 147.2 Paper and allied products____________ Paper and pulp______________ _ . Paperboard ... ______ Converted paper and paperboard products__ . _______ . . .. . Paperboard containers and boxes____ Printing, publishing, and allied industries__ _ . . -------- .. . ------Newspaper publishing and printing__ Periodical publishing and printing. __ Books __ _ . .. .. ____ Commercial printing____. . . . Bookbinding and related industries__ Other publishing and printing industries______ ____ .. __ _ . 642.6 216.1 71.0 638.8 218.9 68.9 631.3 217.9 68.2 635.3 218.3 69.1 626.3 214.3 68.3 624.8 214.3 68.2 621.2 213.2 68.3 619.0 212.7 68.2 620.1 213.4 68.3 625.7 215.5 68.2 626.4 215.3 68.2 626.3 215.5 67.9 629.0 216.9 68.0 620.7 215.2 67.8 614.5 217.3 65.8 157.5 198.0 156.7 194.3 154.2 191.0 154.4 193.5 152.9 190.8 151.9 190.4 150.5 189.2 149.6 149.7 188. 5 188.7 150.8 191.2 150.1 192.8 150.3 192.6 151.9 192.2 148.4 189.3 144.5 186.9 953.2 326.4 949.9 327.2 70.3 77.6 305.0 51.7 948.4 328.0 69.3 77.9 304.9 51.6 950.4 329.1 69.3 78.1 306.0 51.2 945.5 942.7 327.3 326.1 69.6 70.1 78.4 78.3 304.2 303.5 50.6 50.2 941.3 325.7 70.2 78.2 303.4 49.6 937.9 324.3 71.1 77.9 301.0 49.2 114.4 308.2 51.0 936.4 946.4 940.8 941.7 937.8 927.9 924.9 324.0 327.8 325.1 326.4 325.4 319. 5 324.1 70 9 71 1 70 7 70 6 70 0 70 9 76.8 76.3 75. 2 75 6 76 2 74 fi 72 fi 302.6 304.6 303.6 302.7 299.9 298.8 296.0 48.0 50.2 49.7 50.4 50.9 50.4 49.1 118.8 118.1 116.7 116.7 115.4 114.5 114.2 116.4 116.3 116.0 115.4 114.6 113.0 Chemicals and allied products________ Industrial chemicals... Plastics and synthetics, except glass__ Drugs________ ------------Soap, cleaners and toilet goods. . .. Paints, varnishes and allied products. _ Agricultural chemicals_____________ Other chemical products_________ _ 888.5 290.0 182.6 117.3 103.9 67.0 48.1 79.6 890.6 290.9 182.6 119.0 103.9 67.9 46.3 80.0 887.1 290.3 181.1 119.1 101.5 68.0 46.6 80.5 885.5 882.0 289.3 285.9 179.0 176.5 118.4 117.1 101.9 99.1 67.4 66.0 49.6 58.7 79.9 78.7 880.9 286.0 175.6 116.8 98.7 65.4 60.1 78.3 875.3 866.4 285.2 284.8 174.5 173.6 117.2 116.5 98.5 97.8 64.7 64.0 56.4 51.5 78.8 78.2 864.5 866.5 284.9 284.8 173.7 173.5 117.5 117.6 96.8 99.2 63.6 64.0 49.5 47.9 78.5 79.5 866.6 285.1 172.9 117.4 99.8 64.3 46.9 80.2 870.0 284.7 172.8 117.1 101.7 64.5 48.6 80.6 871.8 286.8 172.6 117.1 101.1 65.0 47.8 81.4 865.6 285.4 169.7 116.2 99.3 64.2 50.0 80.9 846.0 283.4 161.2 111.3 96.9 62.9 48.3 81.9 Petroleum refining and related industries. Petroleum refining.___ . Other petroleum and coal products___ 185.3 149.5 35.8 186.8 150.7 36.1 187.0 187.1 151. 1 151.4 35.9 35.7 184.7 150.3 34.4 183.8 151.0 32.8 183.2 183.4 151. 0 151.3 32.2 32.1 183.7 152.3 31.4 186.8 152.4 34.4 188.8 191.0 153. 0 154.6 35.8 36.4 188.1 153.6 34.5 195.0 160.5 34.5 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products__ _____ _____ . .. Tires and inner tubes... _ _____ Other rubber products . Miscell aneous plastic products 425.8 96.4 163.1 166.3 422.6 96.6 160.9 165.1 413.8 96.4 159.1 158.3 416.0 96.0 161.2 158.8 414.6 95.5 160.3 158.8 411.3 95.1 160.2 156.0 411.7 95.7 160.9 155.1 409.8 95.9 161.1 152.8 408.2 410.2 413.1 411.6 409.4 408.8 405.8 95.4 95.3 94.5 91.9 91.6 96.0 99.2 160. 8 162. 0 162. 9 162. 3 161. 5 161. 2 IfiO fi 152.0 152.9 155.7 157.4 156.3 151.6 146.0 Leather and leather products___ ____ Leather tanning and finishing__ _ . .. Footwear, except rubber. _____ . _ . Other leather products. ___________ 356.5 32.5 237.5 86.5 361.6 32.3 243.4 85.9 355.4 32.0 241.0 82.4 354.9 32.5 240.4 82.0 345.6 31.8 235.4 78.4 343.7 31.5 232.6 79.6 348.7 31.3 236.7 80.7 349.5 31.4 238.3 79.8 345.1 30.3 237.0 77.8 349.7 31.7 236.2 81.8 350.3 31.7 233.6 85.0 350.8 31.5 231.7 87.6 352.7 31.3 234.2 87.2 350.3 31.3 235.6 83.5 360.3 31.9 241.2 87.2 4,039 4,039 772.3 677.1 260.7 84.1 108.2 45.6 962.2 225.8 205.3 20.0 302.5 867.5 720.2 32.5 110. 5 628.4 253.8 156.3 176.2 42.1 4,025 773.8 678.6 262.4 84.0 108.8 45.8 953.8 224.6 204.5 20.0 297.2 864.9 718.5 32.8 109.3 628.4 254.0 156.5 175.8 42.1 4,000 770. 5 675.5 269.8 85.2 109.4 43.9 946.4 221. 5 201.5 19.9 299.0 853.8 708.8 32.9 107.8 619.4 251.8 152.7 173.5 41.4 3,949 764.4 670.6 279.2 85.8 111.2 42. 7 912.8 218.8 199.2 19.4 297.1 845.0 701.1 33.2 106.4 612.7 247.2 153.6 171.1 40.8 3,922 762.0 668.0 278.4 85.1 113.3 41.3 899.1 216.9 197.0 19.4 293.3 842.2 698.8 32.9 106.2 610.6 246.2 153.4 171.0 40.0 3,883 3,879 754.4 752.9 660.5 659.4 273.2 282.8 79.6 86. 8 115.1 117. 4 40.6 40.8 888.6 888.0 215.3 214. 2 195.6 194.7 19.4 19.4 290.4 283.0 832.9 830.4 690.7 688.4 32.7 32.9 105.2 104.8 609.2 608.3 245.6 245. 5 153.5 153.5 170.8 170.5 39.3 38.8 3,876 755. 0 662.4 283.8 87.0 117.3 42.1 885.3 214.6 194.4 19.4 282.5 826.9 685.1 32.8 104. 7 608.9 245.9 153.2 170.9 38.9 3,931 773.4 672.3 281.5 87.2 117.0 41.6 913.2 213.8 193.5 19.5 293.1 826.8 685.3 33.2 104. 0 609.9 246.0 154.0 171.4 38.5 3,944 770. 5 675. 9 278.9 87.5 114. 5 41. 2 924.6 212.9 192.4 19.6 300.9 825.8 684.7 33.0 103.8 611.1 246.1 154.4 171.9 38.7 3,968 3,982 776.2 780. 2 681.4 685. 8 277.9 276.2 87.8 87.8 113.1 112. 2 41.8 43.1 935.7 934.2 212.0 211.5 191.8 191.6 19.7 20.1 302.2 306.4 832.5 835.0 690.8 693.2 33.3 33.6 104.1 103.9 611.3 617.9 246.2 248.8 154.3 155.9 172.1 174.2 38.7 39.0 3,913 774.4 679 6 273.1 87.6 114.1 41. 7 898.0 210. 5 189.7 20.0 296.0 828.5 688.5 34.2 101.5 612.3 246. 5 154.8 172. 5 38.4 3,903 797.1 700. 2 271.1 90. 5 113. 2 41.4 879.9 200. 5 179. 5 21.3 297.1 824.7 687.7 37.0 95.8 611.1 246. 5 155.1 172. 7 36.7 Transportation and public utilities.. Railroad transportation. ...... Class I railroads___ Local and interurban passenger transit__ Local and suburban transportation.. Taxicabs.. . .... Intercity and rural buslines . Motor freight transportation and storage. Air transportation... _________ Air transportation, common carriers. . Pipeline transportation__ Other transportation.. ... Communication___ Telephone communication . . . . . . . . Telegraph communication__ Radio and television broadcasting__ Electric, eas, and sanitary services Electric companies and systems.. Gas companies and systems.. __ Combined utility systems__ ____ Water, steam, and sanitary systems__ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 114.1 184.5 152.0 32.5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 1338 T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1342. [In thousands] 1964 1963 Annual average Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 12,324 12,280 12,247 12,252 12,100 11,987 11,926 11,837 11,917 12,774 12,166 12,014 11,942 11,865 11,582 WhfllPMle and retail trade __ Wholesale trade 3,297 3,3Ò8 3,286 3, 251 3,207 3,195 3,188 3,187 3,201 3,238 3,208 3,208 3,199 3,143 3,061 Motor vehicles and automotive equip246.0 244.5 243.5 240.5 239.2 237.7 237.4 237.4 238.8 238.3 237.3 236.7 235.2 228.2 ment _ __ 193.6 193.7 195.3 192.1 192.4 191.9 191.4 192.6 192.8 192.7 192.1 191.7 190.5 187.0 Drugs, chemicals, and allied products.. — 138.6 137.6 136.4 135.2 134.4 134.5 134.2 132.9 134.7 135.3 134.6 134.0 133.5 131. 5 _____ Dry goods and apparel _ 524.3 526.6 515.0 500.5 496.8 497.3 497.0 500.9 506.6 501.0 512.7 514.6 494.2 487.1 Groceries and related products.. 240.1 239.2 237.3 233.9 233.3 232.7 231.7 232.3 231.7 230.2 231.0 231.1 228.5 218.1 Electrical goods .. Hardware,“ plumbing and heating 151.5 151.0 148.9 146.8 146.4 146.4 146.0 145.7 146.5 146.1 146.5 146.5 145.1 142.3 goods .. . - _______ -581.3 580.9 576.1 570.2 568.7 564.9 563.9 561.0 559.9 557.9 554.5 550.9 541.7 511.8 Machinery, equipment, and supplies— 8,972 8,961 9,001 8,893 8,792 8,738 8,650 8,716 9,536 8,958 8,806 8,743 8,722 8,521 Retail trade __ _ __ _ _ _ 9,027" 1,660.1 1,654.9 1,661.5 1,646.2 1,623.2 1,624.7 1,584.8 1,639.7 2,176.1 L805.8 1,694.3 1,652.1 1,664.0 1,627.0 General merchandise stores 973.3 974.3 981.4 969.7 959.0 957.1 930.9 975.4 1,319.6 1,070.9 992.3 '961.9 979.8 959.6 Department stores 304.6 304.1 309.0 312.9 308.2 312.6 302.6 304.8 412.4 341.9 329.7 325.4 324.6 325.3 Limited price variety stores . 1,436.1 1,438.8 1,440.3 1,434.6 1,437.1 1,434.5 1,434.9 1.436.0 1,460.3 1,431.8 1,425.1 1,414.1 1,409.1 1,371.4 Food stores __ Groeery, meat, and vegetable stores 1,272.8 1,274.1 1,271.2 1,265.0 1,267.5 1,263.5 1,261.5 1.268.1 1,279.0 1,260.0 1,255.0 1,243.4 1,236.2 1.202.9 613.1 609.8 630.9 628.7 614.8 628.0 592.6 612.3 744.8 639.9 620.9 614.5 620.4 617.2 Apparel an d aeeessories stores 102.8 102.8 105.7 102.9 101.7 101.2 102.0 109.0 133.8 104.7 99.9 99.3 102.5 100.5 Men’s and boys’ apparel stores 231.7 227.4 235.6 236.9 233.2 235.0 222.7 228.1 274.7 240.7 233.5 229.7 231.4 229.3 Women’s ready-to-wear stores 91.8 93.7 96.1 90.7 92.9 93.6 92.5 91.1 93.3 90.7 97.4 122.0 97.5 93.1 Family clothing stores 121.3 120.5 124.6 126.7 120.8 125.5 112.3 112.7 136.5 125.1 123.3 126.1 124.5 120.9 ___ Shoe stores. 397.4 396.4 398.1 395.7 395. 7 395.8 395.6 397.1 409.5 400.9 397.4 393.6 392.9 389.5 Furniture and appliance stores. _. _ 1.875.3 1,868.5 1,878.5 1,834.7 1.803.8 1.769.1 1,756.9 1.741.1 1,758.0 1,763.9 1.773.6 1,781.3 1,762.1 1,722.8 Eating and drinking places-------------- — 2.990.4 2,992.2 2,991.7 2,953.5 2.917.8 2.886.1 2,884.8 2.890.1 2,987.3 2,916.0 2.894.7 2,887.2 2,873.5 2,792.5 Other retail trade-. . 706.3 707.4 702.7 696.0 693.9 692.4 691.8 690.4 686.6 682.7 680.3 678.3 675.1 642.0 Motor vehicle dealers_______ 177.7 177.3 177.0 171.5 168.1 164.0 162.9 163.3 176.4 170.3 165.8 166.3 164.5 152.7 Other vehicle and accessory dealers___ 395.3 394.2 395.3 389.6 386.0 383.7 383.8 384.2 400.1 387.3 381.0 380.9 380.6 374.3 Drug stores . __ Finance insurance and real esta te_______ 2,965 2,992 2,991 2,958 2,924 2,913 2,895 2,885 2,875 2,880 2,878 2,884 2,887 2,866 2,798 772.3 771.8 763.1 753.7 752.4 750.8 748.9 746.5 746.2 744.7 743.6 743.6 738.4 714.0 Banking. __ 309.4 309.4 305.5 303.0 301.8 300.1 299.6 299.4 298.0 296.7 295.6 294.2 291.8 279.4 Credit agencies other than banks 93.0 93.6 92.1 91.1 90.9 90.6 90.6 91.5 89.7 89.3 88.9 88.3 87.1 81.0 Savings and loan associations.163.8 163.3 161.3 159.7 158.9 157.8 157.4 156.7 156.9 155.9 155.5 155.1 154.6 150.8 Personal credit institutions 128.9 126,9 126.3 126.0 124.9 124.4 123.4 123.9 123.8 123.6 123.4 123.8 131.8 129.0 Security dealers and exchanges. .. ____ 891.6 888.7 880.9 877.1 876.8 875.7 873.2 869.9 872.0 870.8 868.6 869.8 866.4 851.4 Insurance carriers.. __ - _. .. 474.4 471.6 468.2 467.3 468.1 467.0 466.6 465.6 466.8 465.3 464.7 465.1 462.7 454.1 Life insurance . . . 54.3 54.2 53.7 53.2 53.3 53.3 52.9 52.6 52.2 52.1 51.9 52.0 51.8 51.1 Accident and health insurance .......... 319.6 319.4 316.1 314. 5 313.5 313.6 311.8 310.1 311.2 311.5 310.2 311.1 310.5 305.7 Fire, marine, and casualty insurance .. 229.2 228. 7 225.7 223.0 223.0 222.4 221.6 221.2 220.2 220.0 219.3 219.6 218.6 211.9 Insurance agents, brokers, and services 583.2 586. 5 579.1 564.7 556.8 545.3 541.8 539.6 544.1 546.4 557.1 559.0 551.1 532.9 Real estate__ 55.8 56.3 54. 7 52.0 51.0 51.1 49.8 49.8 51.3 53.8 56.4 55.9 53.5 48.1 Operative builders. 76.1 77.0 76.1 76.9 77.0 77.1 76.4 76.0 75.7 75.5 75.2 75.0 76.0 75.8 Other finance, insurance and real estate 8,742 8, 768 8,785 8,742 8,641 8,543 8,415 8,362 8,313 8,379 8,406 8,472 8,436 8,297 7,949 Services and miscellaneous ............ 775.9 773.7 702.6 666.1 636.8 610.7 605.7 590.8 593.1 603.2 639.8 672.6 641.9 596.5 Hotels and lodging places ................ 669.7 669.4 643.7 615.8 591.3 569.3 565.0 550.3 549.8 559.2 592.8 615.6 585.3 539.9 Hotels, tourist courts, and m otels___ Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dveing plants. 520.5 526.0 525.0 519.9 512.5 508.2 507.9 508.2 507.9 511.6 513.5 512.1 510.5 516.2 Miscellaneous business services: Advertising. _ ... 109.7 109.3 109.3 108.5 108.4 109.1 108.7 108.2 109.0 110.0 109.7 108.6 108.5 107.9 182.1 180.4 175.0 169.1 166.6 158.7 156.7 157.3 165.8 166.4 172.2 176.6 170.9 176.3 Motion pictures.. . . . Motion picture filming and distrib 40.1 38.7 37.1 35.2 34.4 35.6 35.6 36.4 40.0 38.6 39.6 37.2 36.6 39.4 uting___ _ ..... . 142.0 141.7 137.9 133.9 132.2 123.1 121.1 120.9 125.8 127.8 132.6 139. 4 134.3 136.9 Motion picture theaters and services . Medical services: 1,358.1 1,361.2 1,349.9 1,336.8 1,336.8 1,333.1 1,328.7 1,323.1 1,318.6 1,320.0 1,316.7 1,310.8 1,300.8 1,246.7 Hospitals___ _ _____ 9,880 9,420 9,454 9,834 9,878 9,873 9,847 9,808 9,751 9,926 9,787 9,751 9,547 9,535 9,188 Government. _ _ Federal Government3______ - ____ 2,334 2,356 2,355 2,344 2,332 2,334 2,323 2,321 2,323 2,482 2,342 2,343 2,342 2,358 2,340 2,325.5 2,324.5 2,313. 3 2,302.4 2,304.1 2, 293.1 2,290.9 2,293.1 2,451.8 2,312.6 2,313. 5 2,312.4 2,328.0 2,310.6 Executive .......... . . .. - .. 938.5 938.4 936.9 935.0 937.0 936.8 937.3 938.1 939.7 940.1 941.5 943.0 949.2 963.3 Department of Defense___ 591.6 586.5 583.7 585.1 586.8 585.9 585.6 588.2 738.0 593.3 588.5 586.3 598.4 597.2 Post Office Department................. . ______ __ 795.4 799.6 792.7 782.3 780.3 770.4 768.0 766.8 774.1 779.2 783.5 783.1 780.4 750.2 Other agencies__ 25.0 24.9 25.0 24.2 24.3 24.3 24.1 24.1 24.2 24.1 24.1 24.3 24.1 23.7 Legislative... __ 5.5 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.8 Judicial. _ _ __ . State and local government4 7,546 7,064 7,099 7,490 7,546 7,539 7,524 7, 487 7,428 7, 444 7, 445 7,408 7,205 7,177 6,849 1,833.3 1,853.1 1,902.4 1,915.1 1,907.0 1,898.5 1,884.9 1,868.9 1,866. 5 1,868.6 1,858.1 1,801.6 1,807.2 1,726.4 State government__ .. __________ State education.. . ..... 554.0 578.6 648.7 690.2 685.0 685.8 681.4 670.1 667.8 678.4 663.9 591.1 615.7 567.7 1.279.3 1,274. 5 1,253. 7 1,224.9 1, 222. 0 1,212.7 1,203.5 1,198.8 1,198. 7 1,190. 2 1,194. 2 1,210.5 1,191.4 1,158.8 Other State government . 5,231.0 5,246.1 5.588.0 5,630.8 5.632.2 5, 625. 7 5.602.4 5,559.4 5,577. 7 5,576. 2 5,549. 4 5,403. 4 5,369.5 5,122.1 Local government... __ 2.727.3 2, 739. 4 3,133. 0 3,245. 6 3,255. 9 3,266.2 3.248.4 3,210. 3 3,228.1 3,225. 9 3,197.3 3,023.4 3,020. 6 2,832.3 Local education. _ Other local government. 2,503.7 2,506. 7 2.455.0 2,385.2 2.376.3 2,359.5 2,354. 0 2,349.1 2,349. 6 2,350.3 2,352.1 2,380.0 2,348.9 2,289.8 1 Beginning with the October 1963 issue, figures differ from those previously published. The industry series have been adjusted to March 1962 bench marks (comprehensive counts of employment). For comparable back data, see Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-62 (BLS Bulletin 1312-1). Statistics from April 1962 forward are subject to further revision when new benchmarks become available. These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all fulland part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during, or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are excluded. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2Preliminary. 2Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the last day of the month. 4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen. S o urc e : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is prepared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission. 1339 A.—EMPLOYMENT T able A--3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1 [inthousands] Revised series; see box, p. 1342. 1964 1963 Annual average Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 507 66.1 25.3 17.2 506 66.1 25.6 17.2 510 73.2 25.5 24.5 495 72.2 25.2 23.9 487 70.9 24.3 23.6 474 68.9 22.6 23.5 474 68.6 22.5 23.4 478 68.0 22.1 23.2 493 68.6 22.6 23.0 498 69.5 23.6 22.8 499 69.9 23.6 22.6 504 70.5 23.9 22.7 497 68.1 22.0 22.8 514 67.9 21.3 23.4 113.2 103.1 113.6 103.6 113.7 103.8 112.3 102.7 113.8 104.4 113.7 103.7 118.1 108.0 119.2 109.3 120.8 110.8 120.0 109.9 119.9 110.1 118.7 109.3 122.3 112.4 133.4 123.0 Crude petroleum and natural gas Crude petroleum and natural gas fields. Oil and gas field services_____ __ 217.2 94.2 123.0 217.2 94.4 122.8 214.7 94.1 120.6 205.6 91.0 114.6 203.6 90.8 112.8 202.7 91.2 111.5 201.9 92.0 109.9 205.1 92.3 112.8 209.1 92.7 116.4 206.8 93.3 113.5 204.2 93.3 110.9 209.4 95.3 114.1 208.4 214. 0 95.8 99.7 112. 5 114 3 Quarrying and nonmetallie m ining._ 110.3 109.1 108.0 104.4 98.8 89.1 85.7 85.8 94.8 101. 7 104.9 105. 6 Metal mining ___ - ____ ___ -Iron ores _ __ ______ _ __ Copper ores ____ _ _ _ _ __- Coal mining. Bituminous ______ ___- - - - ______ _ 98.7 98. 6 3,068 3,019 2,905 2,722 2,514 2,304 2,228 2,176 2,470 2,722 2,879 2,921 2,578 2,468 950.9 935.2 898.0 836.8 772.8 7Ó7.0 684.3 671.2 756.5 840.0 879.4 895.0 790.3 754. 9 663.0 652.7 625.9 568.4 481.7 398.4 380.3 363.5 457.5 554.0 626.8 645.0 526.7 515.3 374.2 369.5 350.1 310.5 245.0 186.0 170.3 159.4 223.3 296.4 353.4 365.5 280.1 267. 7 288.8 283.2 275.8 257.9 236.7 212.4 210.0 204.1 234.2 257.6 273.4 279.5 246.6 247. 6 1,453.7 1,431.4 1,381.4 1,316.9 1,259.6 1,198.2 1,163.2 1,141.1 1,256.4 1,328.4 1,372.3 1,381.3 1,261.0 1,197.5 Contract construction_______ _________ General building contractors _ _ ____ Heavy construction.___ - ____Hig-Wav and street construction... .. Other heavy construction_______ _ Special trade contractors _ __ _ _ ____ Manufacturing --- ... . --------------- 13,255 13,008 12,814 12,892 12,710 12,634 12,584 12,518 12,472 12,665 12,756 12,895 12,923 12,585 12,494 Durable goods.. ----- ------- ---------- 7,470 7,254 7,268 7,332 7,241 7,198 7,132 7,075 7,064 7,155 7,180 7,204 7,193 7,059 6,946 Nondurable goods----------------- 5,785 5,754 5,546 5,560 5, 469 5,436 5,452 5,443 5,408 5, 510 5, 576 5,691 5,730 5,526 5,548 Durable goods 35.3 103.7 60.9 7.5 35.3 105.2 62.0 7.5 35.7 106.8 109.1 63.1 64.5 7. 5 7.7 36.2 36.9 111.5 65.2 8.0 38.3 112.7 65.9 8.6 38.2 113.9 66.6 9.0 38.3 118.1 69.3 9.4 39.4 119.0 69.6 9.6 39.8 119.4 69.3 9.7 40.4 120.0 69.5 9.9 40.6 119.3 69.0 10.1 40.2 119.1 67.9 11.3 39.9 119.7 68.2 13.5 38.0 551.6 86.2 238.2 560.2 91.4 239.5 558.0 89.6 240.3 553.5 87.0 238.5 531.7 78.8 230.1 517.8 505.9 71.2 65.6 225.3 222.9 504.3 69.5 220.9 502.3 71.1 217.2 521.7 76.9 226.7 534.2 81.2 232.7 542. 7 551.0 84.3 87.5 235.6 239.3 524.0 76.4 231.0 526.2 78.2 233.0 137.6 31.5 58.1 139.0 31.7 58.6 137.5 32.6 58.0 136.9 33.4 57.7 133.8 32.2 56.8 132.6 31.6 57.1 128.9 30.2 54.8 129.3 30.3 54.4 131.2 31.4 55.5 133.0 31.2 56.1 134.3 31.8 56.7 129.5 32.0 55.2 128.6 33.0 53.5 Furniture and fixtures______________ Household furniture___ . ---------Office furniture__ __ _ Partitions; office and store fixtures___ Other furniture and fixtures________ 347.4 264.5 345.0 336.3 336.9 327.6 329.5 327.4 262.1 255.8 255.8 250.4 251.1 249.9 21.0 20.2 20.3 19.1 20.2 20.4 28.9 27.8 27.6 26.7 26.7 26.0 33.0 32.5 33.2 31.4 31.5 31.1 333.3 324.3 248.1 242.4 21.8 21.5 30.9 29.2 32.5 31.3 319.7 235.7 22. 3 30.5 31.3 Stone, clay, and glass products____ ___ Flat glass _ __ ___ - __ __ Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.. Cement, hydraulic._. -------------Structural clay products.. ---------- .. Pottery and related products___ Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products____ ... _ . .. .. ______ ... Other stone and mineral products____ 526.9 Ordnance and accessories_____ _____ Ammunition, except for small arms---Sighting and fire control equipment__ Other ordnance and accessories....... . Lumber and wood products, except furniture_______________ _______ Logging camps and logging contractors. Sawmills and planing mills---------- . M illwork, plywood, and related products_______________________ Wooden containers-----------------Miscellaneous wood products----------- 102.7 59.9 32.4 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 325.0 323.8 329.4 247.9 245.5 249.1 20.2 20.8 21.3 26.2 26.1 26.8 30.7 31.4 32.2 332.0 333.7 249.8 250.1 21.6 21.9 28.3 29.6 32.3 32.1 135.1 32.4 56.7 527.5 25.7 106. 0 105.5 32.8 32.9 58.8 59.7 37.6 521.7 25.4 103.5 32.9 59.2 36.7 520.8 25.6 105.1 32.6 59.4 37.0 506.3 25.0 103.2 31.5 57.7 37.4 494.3 24.5 101.1 30.4 56.7 37.7 480.1 24.9 99.5 29.4 55.2 37.8 470.6 25.5 97.5 28.4 53.3 37.1 466.7 25.9 94.3 28.6 53.6 37.6 485.9 26.2 97.7 29.9 56.9 37.9 500.9 26.5 98.5 31.7 58.3 38.7 504.1 25.9 98.4 32.5 58.4 38.3 510.3 25.6 100.5 33.7 59.8 38.1 489.5 24.9 97.7 31.7 57.9 37.3 479.1 25.2 93.2 32.1 58.3 37. 2 150.6 95.7 151.8 94.1 148.6 94.7 141.4 92.5 134.2 92.3 124.8 91.1 121.6 90.3 120.5 89.6 130.0 90.6 139. 2 142.8 90.9 90.5 145.0 90.8 134.5 89.2 128.9 88.8 998.0 1,000.3 519.9 515.7 181.2 184.1 52.9 54.5 989.4 978.7 966.4 506.1 497.2 486.5 181.5 179.8 178.3 54.6 53.7 54.2 958.3 480.2 177.2 53.8 944.7 469.8 175.1 53.8 940.7 466.6 173.4 53.8 928.3 458.9 171.3 53.9 929.1 461.9 169.8 53.8 942.0 472.2 171.4 54.2 942.1 476.2 168.3 53.1 935.8 475.5 163.7 52.6 137.7 60.2 139.9 60.8 140.6 60.7 140.4 60.4 140.0 60.0 140.8 59.8 139.2 59.1 139.0 58.8 138.9 59.2 139.3 59.2 139.1 58.1 46.1 153.0 94.9 Primary metal industries______ . _ ... 1,018.5 1,004.8 Blast furnace and basic steel products . 529.4 523.4 Iron and steel foundries_________ ._ 185.0 182.5 Nonferrous smelting and refining____ 53.0 53.3 Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extruding____________________ ... 140.2 138.7 Nonferrous foundries___________ .. 62.9 61.1 Miscellaneous primary metal indus48.0 45.8 tries_____ _______ _ _ _ _ _____ Fabricated metal products______ __ Metal cans___ ______ ... ______ Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware.. __ ________ ____ Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures_____ ______ ___ ___ ... Fabricated structural metal products Screw machine products, bolts, etc... Metal stampings____ __ . .. Coating, engraving, and allied services. Miscellaneous fabricated wire products. Miscellaneous fabricated metal products. 130.5 30.7 56.2 137.5 61.7 140.5 60.5 46.1 46.8 46.5 46.7 46.4 46.3 46.0 46.3 45.9 45.8 46.0 46.7 959.3 55.7 933.2 57.4 908.3 55.8 926.2 55.8 910.6 54.1 906.1 53.3 898.4 52.3 891.9 51.4 890.8 50.0 904.0 50.4 907.4 51.3 912.6 51.6 909.0 884.1 53.8 51.8 863.8 51.2 115.0 109.6 103.8 108.9 109.7 109.6 110.4 110.4 111.5 111.9 111.1 109.6 108.1 106.9 106.2 62.0 264.1 71.4 176.1 64.3 50.4 100.3 60.8 262.7 69.6 163.4 62.9 49.5 97.3 60.5 259.0 68.7 154.4 61.4 47.4 97.3 61.1 59.4 60.3 59.2 59.1 59.0 59.5 256.0 244.8 240.9 236.2 233.5 233.0 239.7 70.2 69.4 69.8 69.9 69.8 69.4 69.8 165.5 165.2 166.3 165.2 165.1 166.0 168.3 62.1 62.1 61.1 60.7 59.2 59.6 60.8 49.4 48.5 48.8 48.2 47.7 47.6 47.8 98.4 97.4 96.2 96.3 95.7 94.7 95.8 59.6 244.6 69.4 168.3 61.4 47.1 94.6 59.9 249.1 69.7 167.7 61.8 47.8 95.4 60.1 253.5 70.1 161.0 60.6 46.9 94.9 57.8 239.7 69.8 159.4 58.3 46.2 94.2 55.6 234.7 69.4 153.8 56.1 45.1 91.8 1340 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1342. [in thousands] 1964 1963 Annual average Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept 1963 1962 Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued Machinery_____ _________________ 1,129.0 1,112.7 1,114.1 1,123. 5 1,116.2 1,112. 4 1,104. 4 1,081. 3 1,083. 4 1,076.8 1,059. 3 1,056. 5 1,055.1 1,052.9 1,036.0 59.3 58. 7 57.8 58.1 58.1 57.6 57.3 56.9 56.8 57.5 57.1 56. 8 57.2 56.6 55 7 Engines and turbines... - - _ ____ 87. 1 88.8 91.6 93.2 94.8 95.1 93.6 90.8 87.2 84.3 83.6 83. 6 86. 8 80 5 Farm machinery and equipment__ Construction and related machinery... 160.9 159.2 158.5 158.5 156.4 154. 4 152. 6 135.9 149.8 147.6 145.6 145.4 146.4 143.2 139. 6 Metalworking machinery and equipment_________________________ 218.1 214.6 216.2 219.7 218.6 217.9 216. 4 213.4 210.5 210.2 204.6 203. 4 201. 7 201 7 105 4 Special industry machinery_________ 122.6 120.1 120.5 121.7 120.1 119.9 118. 8 117.9 117.3 116.6 115.8 115.0 115.2 115. 2 116. 8 General industrial machinery_______ 166.2 163.2 162.1 163.5 161.9 160.8 159. 7 160.1 156.6 155.9 153.0 153.6 154. 7 153. 7 153 8 Office, computing and accounting ma89.9 89.7 89.6 90.0 89.4 89.9 89.9 90.6 90.6 90.7 89.7 90.4 89.9 91.0 97. 4 chines_____________ __ _______ 68.5 69.8 71.8 72.4 71.9 70.9 70.2 69. f Service industry machines_________ 68.8 68.3 68.0 68.3 67.5 68. 4 69.0 Miscellaneous machinery_____ . . .. 153.6 150.3 148.8 148.0 146.6 146,2 144. 4 143.4 142.2 142. 8 141.2 140.0 138.9 136.3 128.0 Electrical equipment and supplies_____ 1, 085. 6 1, 058. 7 1, 046. 2 1,047. 2 1,035.1 1,036.1 1,036. 6 1. 040. 1 . 050.6 :, 062. 0 , 064. 7 1,073.5 1,067. 4 1,057.2 1,060. 3 121.2 117.7 116.3 116. 1 114.7 113.7 113.3 113. 1 112.8 112.8 112.8 111.4 112.1 111. 7 111.3 Electric distribution equipment____ 136.0 134.6 133. 6 134. 5 132.0 130.5 130.3 129. 1 128.9 128.9 128.6 128.5 128.8 128.0 126. 7 Electrical industrial apparatus__ ___ Household appliances__ ___ _____ 124.3 119.8 118.4 121. 7 120.2 121.6 121.2 121.1 120.2 123.8 125. 1 124.0 122.0 118.8 114.8 Electric lighting and wiring equip124.7 122.3 120.1 120.4 119.3 119.2 119.7 119.2 118.5 119.4 120.8 121.1 119.8 116.4 111.6 ment___________ .. __________ Radio and TV receiving sets________ 102.4 97.8 92.5 85.9 79.9 80.2 79.8 81.6 85.5 90.0 93.1 95.6 93.7 85.2 82.8 Communication equipment_________ 204.0 202.1 201. 8 201.1 200.7 203.2 204. 6 206 2 210.3 210.7 208.3 214.7 214.8 220.4 230. 4 Electronic components and accessories. 195.8 191.9 187.6 190.6 190.3 189.9 189. 6 189.3 191.8 192.3 192.7 193.6 192. 7 193.8 198. 8 Miscellaneous electrical equipment 77.2 72.5 75.9 76.9 78.0 77.8 78.1 80.5 82.6 84.1 83.3 84.6 83.5 83.0 84.0 and supplies... ________________ Transportation equipment___________ 1,156. 5 1,027.4 1,121.0 1,146.1 1,158. 2 1,160.0 1,153,0 1, 147.7 1,151.6 1,162. 8 1,157.0 1,149.2 1,124.8 1,113.2 1,060.7 Motor vehicles and equipment______ 485.7 .583.9 600.4 607.5 607.7 603,8 597. 6 605.4 612.5 607.8 599.2 583.8 571.8 534.1 Aircraft and parts____ ___________ 341.2 338. 9 339.3 344. 5 348.7 353.6 356.7 359. 6 362.6 366.2 363.1 361.1 356.5 355.8 350.6 Ship and boat building and repairing.. 125.4 123.5 119.5 121.8 124.3 122.7 118.3 118.2 115.8 115.8 117.9 119.1 117.0 121.3 118.6 Railroad equipment______________ 40.9 41.3 41.2 40.1 39.8 39.8 39.0 36.9 36. 7 36.1 36.3 34.1 33.3 29.9 Other transportation equipment_____ 38.4 37.0 38.2 37.6 36.2 34.4 33.3 30.9 31.6 32.1 33.5 33.4 31.0 27.6 245.6 241.6 238.2 239.3 236.2 237.2 238.0 237.0 237.2 239.9 240.6 240.2 239.9 236.9 230.4 Instruments and related products... Engineering and scientific instruments. 35.4 35.5 35.6 36.2 36.8 36.9 37.7 38.1 38. 5 38.5 38.4 38.8 39.3 35.1 Mechanical measuring and control de68.9 66.7 65.9 65.9 64.7 65.1 65.1 64.8 64.5 64.6 63.0 62.7 63.1 63.5 62.1 vices____ ________ ____ ______ 31.9 31 4 31.3 32.0 31.6 31.5 31.3 31.3 30.2 30.4 30.6 30.3 30.2 29.8 29.6 Optical and ophthalmic goods___ 39.4 39.2 38.4 38.7 38.4 38.1 38. 1 37.6 37.5 37. 7 37.9 37.8 37.9 37.3 34.9 Surgical medical and dental equipment.. Photographic equipment and supplies. 46.3 44.3 44.1 43.2 43.4 43.6 43.1 43.7 44.4 44. 7 44.6 44.3 43.2 41.6 Watches and clocks. .. . .. ____ _ 22.7 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.6 24.7 25.9 26.3 26.0 24.3 22.9 22.9 22.9 23.1 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. 346.5 339.3 320.8 330.5 320.6 314.7 308.7 304.6 294.4 312.8 336.6 342.1 341.2 316.1 314.6 37.4 35.9 34.1 35.2 35.0 34.9 34.3 33.6 33. 5 33.8 34.0 33.8 33.3 32.5 32.9 Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware... Toys, amusement, and sporting goods. 98.4 91.4 94.2 87.3 82.6 76.8 73.9 68.1 80.2 98.3 105.1 102.9 86.7 85.5 23.1 Pens, pencils, office and art materials 23.2 23 1 Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. 50 4 46! 5 49.4 48.2 47.6 48.2 47. 7 45.1 47.0 48. 5 48! 8 50.0 47.5 48.0 Other manufacturing industries___ .. 133.0 130.4 125.3 128.3 127.0 126.4 126.3 126.1 124.2 126.9 130.7 129.9 130.4 125.3 125.0 Nondurable qoods Food and kindred products.. . ______ 1,259.0 1, 252. 6 1,164.1 1,119.3 1,078.1 1, 063.1 1, 056. 7 1,063. P 1, 080. 9 1,127.5 1,168. 8 1, 248.0 1,285.3 1,155.0 1,175. 5 Meat products__ . . . _______ _ 248.2 250.8 247.6 245.6 240.6 235.5 235.5 236.6 242.6 251.2 253.3 253.9 253.3 247.5 251.6 Dairy products___ _________ .. ... 140.7 146.6 147.7 147. 5 142.2 138.8 137.3 136.4 136. 5 139.3 140.9 143.6 147.7 146.1 152.2 Canned and preserved food, except meats_________________________ 295.0 216.9 177.6 158.8 156.9 145.2 145.2 150.3 164.9 191.2 259.7 314.9 203.6 214.9 96.0 95.0 92.3 93.1 91.0 87.7 88.7 88.4 90.0 89.9 90.3 94.2 95.1 92.1 91.5 Grain mill products.............................. Bakery products_____ _ __ _ ______ 169.2 170.4 171.0 170.0 166.0 163.8 164.8 164.2 163.5 168.5 169.4 170.7 170.0 168.8 168.4 Sugar___ _ ... 23. 2 24 1 26 2 Confectionery and related products__ 62.1 50 8 54! 9 56.9 56.3 56.4 5 9 . 0 60.1 60.8 60.5 65.7 67.9 67! 9 65.4 61.1 Beverages___________________ _ _ 114.4 118. 7 119.4 114.9 110.1 109.3 107.9 106. 4 107.5 112. 5 114.0 117.2 115.7 112.4 111.7 Miscellaneous food and kindred products___ _ ____ . 93.1 90.9 90.2 90.3 89.9 90.6 92.1 92.8 93.3 95.2 98.3 99.6 96.8 94.5 95.8 Tobacco manufactures__ _ _ __ Cigarettes___ . . . .. Cigars___________ . .. __ _ Textile mill products Cotton broad woven fabrics_____ _ __ Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics. Weaving and finishing broad woolens.. Narrow fabrics and smallwares . Knitting_________ . Finishing textiles, except wool and knit. Floor covering__ Yarn and thread_________________ Miscellaneous textile goods____ _ ... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 92.9 82.0 31.8 24.1 65.8 31.2 23.9 66.4 30.8 24.6 812.9 216.1 77.1 39.5 24.6 809.7 215.2 76.9 39.5 24.2 794.3 214.4 76.2 39.8 195.4 63.9 808.5 215.3 77.2 41.8 24.2 197.6 64.7 ! 53.5 101.7 54.6 202.0 201.1 63.8 64.7 101.6 102! 3 54.1 5 5 .5 23 6 97 0 66.1 30.7 24.0 66.6 30.9 23.8 70.2 31.1 23.5 73.9 31.1 22.7 76.4 31.6 21.1 83.3 31.9 21.8 87.1 31.7 22.3 93.9 31.7 22.1 94.8 32.2 21.8 77.1 31.5 21.5 79.1 31.4 22.2 801.6 799.2 798.5 213.9 214.4 215.4 76.8 77.0 77.0 41.6 41.0 40.7 23.9 24.0 24.0 195.4 192.3 190.8 64.3 64.3 64.5 31. 5 31 8 99.7 9 9 . 5 99.3 54.5 5 4 . 9 54.5 795.1 215.7 77.2 41.1 23.9 186.9 64.1 788.4 215.8 77.0 23.8 182.2 64.2 795.3 216.8 77.3 40.3 23.9 186.2 64.6 802.0 216.2 76.9 40.1 24.0 194.3 64.4 804.4 216.7 76.0 41.4 24.1 197.3 63.6 802.7 216.5 75.5 41.9 23.9 197.4 63.6 797.2 216.3 75.1 43.1 23.6 192.9 63.6 812.4 223.4 73.9 45.9 24.2 198.1 64.3 99.1 55.1 98.4 54.8 98.6 55.4 97.9 55.9 97.3 55.8 97.2 55.2 96.0 55.2 95! 6 55.9 40 7 A.—EMPLOYMENT T able 1341 A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1342. [Inthousands] 1964 1963 Annual average Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable good*—Continued Apparel and related products - - ---------- 1,218.3 1,213.5 1,152.4 1,181. 2 1,160.3 1,155.6 1,177. 3 1,174. 4 1,135.8 1,150. 2 1,161.0 1,180.3 1,179.6 1,150.9 1,125. 4 Men’s and boys’ suits and coats----- 102.2 102.6 95.6 103.9 102.6 99.5 102.4 102.8 102.5 103.0 100.8 101.3 103.7 103.9 ' 104.9 Men’s and boys’ furnishings------- -- 316.1 314.3 304.6 311.6 305.7 302.8 301.1 298.2 292.6 296.1 298.8 302.6 304.9 299.1 289.6 Women’s, misses’, and junior’ outerwear____________________ -- 371.6 372.5 349.8 354.4 349.7 354.1 368.5 368.2 348.4 348.5 348.5 355.9 356.7 350.0 342.2 Women’s and children’s undergarments____ .. - ---------113.3 110.1 104.1 106.5 105.6 105.6 106.2 105.7 103.9 107.8 111.9 111.2 109.1 105.1 103.1 Hats, caps, and millinery.. _ __ 30 3 27.3 25.7 24.7 25. 5 31.2 31.7 29.2 27.6 26.5 29 1 28 9 Girls’ and children’s outerwear--------72.7 75.0 75.3 77.2 74.0 70.8 71.3 74.8 71.8 69.9 70.2 71.3 70.9 7L1 7o! 2 Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel... 66.9 62.5 66.2 63.9 63.4 63.6 62.1 58.2 62.2 66.1 68 2 67.5 63.2 63.9 Miscellaneous fabricated textile produts... . .. ------------ 144.1 141.8 133.2 135.7 134.1 133.9 133.0 130.9 129.2 135.1 138.2 140.7 137.9 129.8 122.4 Paper and allied products__ __ .. 504.5 499.3 492.1 498.2 490.1 487.8 485.4 483.1 484.3 490.9 491.7 492.7 495.1 488.0 486.0 Paper and pulp---------- ------- - ... 173.0 174.5 173.8 174.6 171.3 170.7 170.3 169 7 170.7 172.8 172.6 173.1 174.4 173.1 175.2 Paperboard_____________________ 56.9 55.0 54.1 55.2 54.4 54.3 54.1 53.9 53.8 54.2 54.3 54.2 54.3 54.0 52.9 Converted paper and paperboard products... ____ - - ----116.1 115.4 113.1 114.2 112.8 111.8 110.7 109.9 110.1 111.6 111.2 111.8 113.4 110.5 108.5 Paperboard containers and boxes____ 158.5 154.4 151.1 154.2 151.6 151.0 150.3 149.6 149.7 152.3 153.6 153.6 153.0 150.5 149.4 Printing, publishing, and allied industries . ... . - - - ----604.6 601.4 599.3 603.2 600.3 598.6 597.8 594.2 592.3 602.1 598.2 599.3 597.2 590.1 594.0 Newspaper publishing and printing---- 165.4 165.2 164.9 166.2 166.1 165.6 165.0 164.1 163.4 167.1 165.1 165.6 164.6 161.0 166.5 Periodical publishing and printing. 26 1 25.6 26 0 4 27.3 27.4 27.3 27.2 27.5 27.6 27.8 27. 6 27 8 28 5 Books___ ____ 47.2 47.5 48. 2 4.« fi 48.4 48.5 48.0 46.8 46.3 45.1 45.6 46. 3 45.1 44 8 Commercial printing---------- 240.9 238.1 237.8 238.9 237! 4 237.0 237.2 235.2 236.7 239.1 238.4 237.6 235.5 234.3 233.8 Bookbinding and related industries__ 41.4 41.8 41.6 41.6 40.7 40.3 39.6 39.4 38.2 40.3 39.9 40.7 41.2 40.6 39.6 Other publishing and printing industries. . --------- --------------83.5 83.0 81.9 82.3 81.1 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.0 81.8 82.1 82.0 82.0 81.3 81.4 Chemicals and allied products------------- 532.9 533.3 530.7 533.0 533.8 532.9 528.4 521.1 519.0 521.8 522.4 526.1 527.3 524.2 517.2 Industrial chemicals----------------- 165.7 165.3 165.2 165.5 163.6 163.2 162.5 162.4 162.6 162.8 163.0 163.1 164.3 164.3 165.0 Plastics and synthetics, except glass... 123.0 122.6 121.4 120.7 118.9 118.1 117.2 116.6 116.7 116.9 116.2 116.1 115.8 114.1 110.0 ... ---- ... Drugs____ 61.5 63.0 63.1 63.4 62.5 62.3 62.9 62.1 63.2 63.3 63.5 63.2 63.3 62.7 60.0 Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods----- . 64.2 63.8 61.8 62.1 60.1 60.0 59.8 59.5 58.0 60.3 61.1 63.2 62.8 60.4 58.6 Paints, varnishes, and allied products.. 38.0 39.0 39.0 38.6 37.6 37.0 36.7 36.2 35.9 36.2 36.3 36.6 37.1 36.6 36.0 Agricultural chemicals. _ ______ _ 30.8 29.4 29.5 32.3 41.6 43.3 39.4 35.1 33.2 31.7 30.9 32.2 31.4 33.7 32.9 Other chemical p r o d u c t s . __ 49.7 50.2 50.7 50.4 49.5 49.0 49.9 49.2 49.4 50.6 51.4 51.7 52.6 52.5 54.6 Petroleum refining and related industries .-_ -. ---------------------------- 115.4 116.5 116.8 117.3 115.4 114.0 114.1 114.2 114.0 115.7 117.9 120.0 121.4 119.5 125.3 Petroleum refining . .. --------- -----89.9 90.7 91.3 91.9 91.2 91.4 92.2 92.6 92.7 93.3 93.6 94.3 95.3 95.1 100.9 Other petroleum and coal products___ 25.5 25.8 25.5 25.4 24.2 22.6 21.9 21.6 21.3 22.4 24.3 25.7 26.1 24.4 24.3 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_____ _ ................... . ....... Tires and inner tubes__ _ . . _____ Other rubber products.. _ ___ ____ Miscellaneous plastic products.. _ — 330.6 326.8 68.7 69.0 128.2 125.7 132.9 132.1 Leather and leather products_________ Leather tanning and finishing Footwear, except rubber______ ___ Other leather products__________ __ 313.6 318.9 312.8 312.9 304.0 301.9 306.8 307.9 303.9 28.6 28.2 27.9 28.3 27.9 27.5 27.4 27.6 26.4 210.3 216.6 214.1 213.9 209.2 206.3 210.2 211.7 210.8 74.7 74.1 70.8 70.7 66.9 68.1 69.2 68.6 66.7 Transportation and public utilities: Local and interurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation. _ Intercity and rural buslines___ __ Motor freight transportation and storage. Pipeline transportation___ _ __ _ _ ... Communicati on : Telephone communication. Telegraph communication 3___ Radio and television broadcasting___ Electric, gas, and sanitary services. Electric companies and systems _ Gas companies and systems . ____ Combined utility systems . ... Water, steam, and sanitary systems. __ See footnotes at end of table. ,747-579 O— 4M- ■47 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 79.7 42.5 874.5 16.8 317.5 68.8 123.9 124.8 79.9 42.5 866.3 16.9 320.3 319.4 68.5 68.1 126.0 125.1 125.8 126.2 316.1 316.7 68.1 68.6 124.8 125.5 123.2 122.6 81.1 81 6 80.8 40.6 39 5 38.1 858.7 825.9 812.7 16.8 16.3 16.4 315.2 68.8 125.7 120.7 75.4 82.4 37.5 37.6 803.0 802.2 16.5 16.5 312.9 315.3 318.4 317.0 314.9 67.9 68.0 67.0 64.8 64.5 125.6 127.0 128.0 127.2 126.5 119.4 120.3 123.4 125.0 123.9 315.0 68.9 126.3 119.8 308.2 27.9 210.3 70.0 308.7 27.8 207.6 73.3 309.1 27.6 205.8 75.7 311.2 27.5 208.4 75.3 82.7 82.9 39.0 38.4 800.5 829.0 16.5 16.6 83.3 38.1 840.0 16.7 83.6 38.7 850.8 16.8 83.6 83.4 40.0 38.7 851.0 815.7 17.2 17.2 579.0 577.9 568.4 562.3 560.7 553.3 550.9 548.0 549.2 548.9 555.2 557.3 22.5 23.1 23.1 23.0 22.9 22.7 22.9 23.0 23.2 23.3 23.5 23.8 89.9 89.2 88.2 87.0 86.9 86.2 85.5 86.4 85.8 84.7 85.1 85.7 549.0 548.9 539.9 533.2 530.9 530.0 528.8 529.3 531.0 532.4 533.1 539.3 216.4 216.6 214.7 210.0 209.2 208.8 208.6 209.0 209.4 209.7 209.9 212.2 137.6 137.9 133.6 135.0 134.7 134.9 134.9 134.8 135.6 135.9 135.9 137.4 158.3 157.8 155.2 152.6 152.2 152.1 151.5 151.7 152.5 153.0 153.5 155.6 36.7 36.6 36.4 35.6 34.8 34.2 33.8 33.8 33.5 33.8 33.8 34.1 314.3 72.1 126.6 115.6 308.9 318.6 27.4 28.0 209.8 215.7 71.7 74.9 86.3 38.5 803.9 18.2 555.6 559.5 24.3 26.9 83.3 79.9 534.7 537.1 210.4 211.4 136.6 137,6 154.0 156.2 33.6 32.0 M O NTHLY LA BO R R E V IE W , N O V E M B E R 1964 1342 T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued [In thousands] Revised series; see box below. 1964 Annual average 1963 Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July Wfanfmale and retail trade Wholesale, trade _ __ _ ______ Motor vehicles and automotive equipment - _____ - __ __ Drugs chemicals, and allied products.. Dry goods and apparel.. ................. Groceries and related products__ Electrical goods__ . . . .. . . . Hardware, plumbing and heating goods . __ _ . __ __ Machinery, equipment, and supplies _ Retail trade4 _ _ __ . ... General merchandise stores. _ Department stores _ ______ . __ Limited price variety stores. _ _ Food stores _______ Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores. Apparel and accessories stores. _ _ Men’s and boys’ apparel stores___ _ _ Women’s ready-to-wear stores___ __ Family clothing stores__ ___ _ __ Shoe stores _. __ __ Furniture and appliance stores... Other retail trade __ Motor vehicle dealers ____ Other vehicle and accessory dealers___ — Drug stores _ ___ _ _ _ Finance, insurance, and real estate: Banking _ _ ___ _ _ ___________ Security dealers and exchanges 5____ Insurance carriers 5___ Life insurance *__ Accident and health insurance s___ Fire, marine, and casualty insurance {_ June Apr. May Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 9,225 9,203 9,199 9,099 9,019 9,002 8,930 9,025 9,871 9,268 9,115 9,041 8,993 8,805 2,825 2,804 2,771 2,732 2,720 2, 717 2,720 2,733 2,773 2,746 2,750 2,741 2,690 2,630 206.9 160.9 114.6 463.0 200.7 206.1 160.2 113.8 465.7 200.3 204.7 162.0 112.9 455.2 199.6 202.1 158.6 111.7 441.3 197.8 201.1 158.9 110.5 437.7 196.0 199.9 158.9 111. 1 438.8 196.0 200.1 158.7 110.9 438.5 196.9 200.0 159.3 109.7 442.6 196.5 201.2 161.0 111.3 448.3 197.3 201.1 160.0 111.8 442.6 196.5 200.6 159.3 111.3 453.1 198.1 200.6 159.0 110.7 454.2 198.2 199.1 158. 2 110.4 436.0 197.3 192.8 156.4 109.6 431.1 191.0 129.8 129.5 127.6 125.8 125.7 125.8 125.6 125.5 126.4 126.0 126.6 126.9 125.6 123.2 494.4 493.9 488.9 483.6 482.8 478.7 478.5 476.6 476.0 475.0 472.1 469.8 460.8 436.5 6,400 6,399 6, 428 6,367 6,299 6,285 6,210 6,292 7,098 6,522 6,365 6.300 6,303 6,175 1, 512. 7 1, 510.0 1, 515.0 1,499. 8 1,477. 2 1, 478. 3 1, 439.0 1, 495. 4 2,030.3 1, 662. 5 1,551.2 1,513.3 1, 525. 8 1, 496. 8 888.5 891.2 897.3 886.6 876.0 873.7 848.1 891.3 1. 233. 6 987.1 907.6 879.5 898.7 881.4 280.6 280.4 285.0 288.2 283.2 287.2 277.0 281.6 389.0 318.6 305.9 302.2 301.3 304.1 1,336. 6 1,339. 6 1,340.8 1,335.8 1,337. 8 1,335.9 1,335. 7 1, 335.1 1,361.0 1,334. 7 1, 328. 8 1,318.0 1,313. 4 1,280.2 1,181.4 1,183. 2 1,180. 7 1.174. 7 1,176. 7 1,173. 4 1,171.0 1,176.0 1,187. 8 1,171.1 1,166.8 1,155. 7 1,149.1 1,120.5 550.8 548.3 569.4 568.2 552.9 567.3 533.0 551.8 684.2 580.0 561. 7 555.1 561.9 560.3 90.3 89. 5 94. 6 92.9 91. 4 90.8 90.8 99.0 123.6 92.6 95.4 92.9 92.0 93.0 209.4 206.0 214.3 215.7 212.0 213.7 210.8 206.8 253.2 219.2 212.7 208.6 210.6 209.0 85.1 86.1 86.9 88.9 114.9 90.8 84.3 86.5 84.3 90.8 86.6 86.0 85.7 83.8 97.2 97.5 121.7 110.4 108.6 111.2 110.2 107.6 105.7 104. 7 108.9 111.4 105.5 110.5 352.4 351.0 351.7 350. 5 350.3 350.6 351.1 352.5 364.8 356.1 353.2 349.5 349.2 347.2 2, 647. 4 2,650. 2 2,650.9 2, 612. 9 2,580.8 2. 553.0 2, 550. 8 2, 557.1 2, 657. 7 2.589.0 2, 570. 4 2,563.8 2, 552. 6 2, 490. 5 611.3 611.9 608.5 602.8 601.4 599.6 599.3 598.4 596.1 592.6 590.9 589.8 587.3 559. 9 154.1 153.6 153.1 147.7 144.8 140.6 139.1 139.8 152.4 146.6 141.6 142.3 140.5 129.6 362.7 362.2 363.3 358.1 355.2 353.4 353.6 354.3 371.9 358.9 352.9 352.5 352.7 348.0 634.1 112.2 629.1 278.0 45.1 270.2 633.6 111.9 629.2 279.0 45.2 269.5 630.8 110.5 627.3 278.9 44.9 267.6 629.3 109.6 625.2 278.7 44.6 266.3 630.4 113.5 779.6 420.7 46.5 276.6 629.8 113.5 779.0 420.0 46.5 276.7 629.2 113.4 777.0 419.1 46.2 275.8 532.2 528.2 513.3 515.8 525. 0 451.0 450.1 447.7 371.6 374.8 22.5 23.1 25.9 24.8 631.8 110.8 629.4 279.2 45.3 269.3 651.6 114.8 639.5 281.9 46.2 274.5 651.6 114.6 637.9 280.3 46.2 274.3 643.4 112.8 632.2 278.4 45.7 271.6 628.6 626.9 601.6 575.6 551.7 464.0 469.3 468.5 463.0 455.5 26.0 25.0 24.7 22.8 22.4 23.4 629.3 113.3 778.7 419.8 46.3 276.9 624.9 113.7 776.5 417.9 46.2 276.8 557.2 580.7 550.9 509.2 376.4 376.0 374.1 377.7 24.8 23.7 23.3 24.6 606.7 122.3 768.0 413.0 45.8 273.9 Services and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and motels ____ Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants 6_ Motion pictures: Motion picture filming and distribution. 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October 1963, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A 2. For mining and manufacturing data, refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other industries, to nonsupervisory workers. Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper visory workers (including leadman and trainees) engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, and watchmen services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the above production operations. Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics, apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition, repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed by members of the construction trades. Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the working super visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons, operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors, watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose services are closely associated with those of the employees listed. 23Data Preliminary. relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers. * Excludes eating and drinking places. 5 Beginning January 1964, nonoffice salesmen excluded from nonsuper visory count. « Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are not comparable with the production worker levels of prior years. Caution The revised series on employment, hours, and earnings, and labor turnover in non agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior to October 1963. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “Technical Note, Revision of Establish ment Employment Statistics, 1963,” appearing in the October 1963 M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , p. 1194.) Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted to new benchmarks, the data presented in this issue should not be compared with those in later issues which reflect the adjustments. Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s S t a t i s t i c s f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 0 9 - 6 2 (BLS Bulletin 1312-1), which is available at depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents for $3.50 a copy. For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request to the Bureau. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1343 A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups, seasonally adjusted 1 A.---EMPLOYMENT T able Revised series; see box, p. 1342. [in thousands] 1964 Industry division and group Sept.2 Aug.2 July 1963 June May Apr. Mar. Feb. 3,964 3,961 3,954 3,930 3,934 3,923 3,915 Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Total---------------------------------------------------------------- 59,039 58,936 58,912 58,782 58,590 58,502 58,327 58,183 57,850 57, 748 57, 580 57,646 57,453 634 643 638 628 631 625 624 635 623 630 630 629 632 Mining-------- . . . ------------------------------------------------3,159 3,144 3,187 3,179 3,162 3,177 3,169 3,127 3,017 3,069 3,057 3,066 3,071 Contract construction____________ __________ ___ Manufacturing_______________________ ____ ______ 17,450 17,390 17,409 17,367 17,323 17,301 17,242 17,175 17,119 17,127 17,061 17,119 17,076 Durable goods. ..............- ---- ---------------- --------- 9,991 9,931 9,942 9,896 9,853 9,868 9,814 9,750 9, 726 9,737 9,688 9,718 9,705 245 253 258 266 268 262 270 243 276 276 275 277 275 Ordnance and accessories----------------------------------592 590 592 599 595 607 589 601 596 598 595 589 588 Lumber and wood products, except furniture----------409 410 406 401 401 399 407 395 394 394 392 391 392 Furniture and fixtures.. . ---------------------- ------629 630 628 623 621 623 628 618 612 612 614 611 610 Stone, clay, and glass products.. ------------------------Primary metal industries— ----------------------------- 1,247 1,241 1,240 1,221 1,206 1,202 1,183 1,177 1,169 1,166 1,155 1,155 1,164 Fabricated metal products. ___________________ 1,222 1,212 1,197 1,195 1,189 1,194 1,186 1,176 1,164 1,169 1,162 1,164 1,165 . ---------------- 1,626 1,616 1,606 1,595 1.585 1,575 1,567 1,547 1,559 1,555 1,548 1,545 1,531 Machinery....... 1,574 Electrical equipment and supplies------------------------ 1,583 1,575 1,583 1,573 1,571 1,570 1,563 1,559 1,564 1,566 1,557 1,571 1,657 1,621 1,639 1,643 1,643 1,660 1,640 1,631 1,621 1,629 1,619 1,647 1,635 Transportation equipment. . . . . . .. .. ... 377 382 380 380 376 377 375 381 375 375 373 373 373 Instruments and related products------------------------411 405 403 401 408 407 401 396 397 398 407 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. .. -------395 398 7,459 7,459 7,467 7,471 7,470 7,433 7,428 7,425 7,393 7,390 7,373 7,401 7,371 Nondurable goods------ -------------- . ----... Food and kindred products -------------- .. 1,703 1,715 1,710 1,712 1,725 1,724 1,735 1,743 1,741 1,741 1,733 1,742 1,723 90 90 90 89 85 90 90 88 91 95 83 89 86 Tobacco manufactures ----- ---------- . . . . . . . 899 898 897 897 891 899 896 897 897 888 889 890 886 Textile mill products.. . .. ------ . - -------- Apparel and related products.. ... .. . --------------- 1,344 1,333 1,337 1,348 1,336 1,318 1,309 1,310 1,299 1,295 1,291 1,312 1,306 622 631 629 627 627 624 624 622 633 633 630 620 635 Paper and allied products__ ______ . - -------------942 952 953 953 947 943 940 939 931 934 935 950 952 Printing, publishing, and allied industries_________ 869 886 885 885 884 877 873 876 872 872 871 870 871 Chemicals and allied products___________________ 184 189 190 184 184 184 184 185 185 185 186 188 189 Petroleum refining and related industries_______ ... 419 412 402 402 422 422 416 407 405 406 419 422 418 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products________ 352 348 347 352 354 354 355 351 348 348 345 356 357 Leather and leather products___ . _ ---------Transportation and public utilities.._ ______ ________ 4,007 4,003 3,985 Wholesale and retail trade________________________ _ 12,304 12,310 12,300 Wholesale trade.. . ______________ . --------- . . . 3,268 3,266 3,276 -------------------- 9,036 9,044 9,024 Retail trade---- -------------- -----2,950 2,945 2,944 Finance, insurance, and real estate___ _ . . ----- -----Service and miscellaneous_________________________ 8,681 Government _____ ___ _ . ________ ___ __ - - - 9,885 Federal______________________________________ 2,339 State and local___________ ___________ _______ 7,546 8,681 8,655 T able 2,937 2,930 2,925 8, 596 8,572 8, 543 2,918 2,911 2,904 8,552 8,474 8,447 8,515 9, 796 9, 789 9,833 9, 808 9, 793 9, 755 9,712 2, 337 2,332 2,328 2,337 2,329 2,328 2,321 7, 459 7,457 7,505 7,471 7,464 7,427 7,391 1For coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2. 2Preliminary. 3,928 3,937 3,950 12,268 12,209 12,211 12,143 12,143 12,072 11,963 11,941 11,935 11,922 3,267 3,253 3,240 3,227 3,216 3,214 3,190 3,176 3,173 3,170 9,001 8,956 8,971 8, 916 8,927 8,858 8, 773 8,765 8, 762 8,752 2,892 2,887 2,887 2,873 8,430 8,377 9, 718 9, 705 9, 653 9,643 2, 349 2,349 2,347 2,352 7,369 7,356 7,306 7,291 9, 552 2,347 7,205 8,423 N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827. A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally adjusted 1 Revised series; see box, [in thousands] Manufacturing____ __________ . ------------------- ._. Durable goods. _ ______________________________ Ordnance and accessories ---- -------------- ----------Lumber and wood products, except furniture_______ Furniture and fixtures______ . ______ ______ . Stone, clay, and glass products.. _ _ --------------Primary metal industries---------- _ ------ -----Fabricated metal products . __ . .................. Machinery--------- ---------------- . .. -------Electrical equipment and supplies.. ------ -... Transportation equipment______ _____ . - ------Instruments and related products..___ _________ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..- . -.- ___ Sept.2 Aug.2 July 12,949 7,376 103 526 339 506 1,016 944 1,136 1,068 1,169 243 326 June 12,885 12,892 12,864 7,315 7,311 7,278 105 106 108 532 529 527 341 339 340 506 507 508 1,012 1,012 993 921 935 920 1,128 1,118 1,111 1,062 1,067 1,059 1,126 1,140 1,147 242 240 242 326 327 328 1342. 1963 1964 Major industry group p. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 12,824 12,813 12,759 7, 236 7, 260 7,207 110 112 113 544 529 535 333 331 334 503 501 501 981 978 958 912 914 920 1,103 1,097 1,091 1,054 1,055 1,047 1,149 1,165 1,147 239 239 238 324 322 324 12,697 7,148 114 539 329 499 954 903 1,072 1,041 1,137 238 322 12,639 7,120 118 535 328 492 945 894 1,085 1,045 1,124 237 317 12,653 7,129 118 536 327 494 943 897 1,081 1,047 1,129 238 319 12,590 7,081 117 532 325 495 932 891 1,074 1,041 1,116 238 320 12,649 7,110 12, 611 May Apr. 120 7,097 119 525 326 490 939 895 1,061 1,049 1,136 237 320 Nondurable goods ______ ____ . _____ ___ ___ 5, 573 5, 570 5,581 5,586 5.588 5,553 5,552 5,549 5, 519 5,524 5, 509 5, 539 Food and kindred products . . . ____ ___________ 1,120 1,132 1,125 1,123 1,137 1,133 1,146 1,154 1,154 1,155 1,148 1,159 82 77 80 75 78 77 78 78 79 78 72 73 Tobacco manufactures. __ _ _ __ _ ______ . 795 795 796 804 804 804 805 798 803 800 803 800 Textile mill products_________ _____________ - . Apparel and related products. .. ___ . . . ------ 1,196 1,184 1,189 1,201 1,190 1,174 1,161 1,162 1,152 1,148 1,144 1,164 488 490 488 491 489 488 491 495 495 493 494 Paper and allied products___________________ ... 498 591 590 597 596 600 598 605 605 602 604 601 603 Printing, publishing, and allied industries ................. 524 525 527 524 526 533 529 525 527 532 533 532 Chemicals and allied products __ . ______ . 120 119 118 116 116 116 114 114 115 114 115 114 Petroleum refining and related industries__________ 311 308 310 312 321 317 323 322 326 324 326 327 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products____ _ . 310 306 307 304 306 312 308 307 312 311 315 313 Leather and leather products.__ _ __________ _. 5, 514 1,143 73 793 1,159 488 593 526 1For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-3. 2Preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 526 325 491 931 895 1,074 1,051 1,143 237 317 120 309 310 N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New Sea sonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 1344 Table A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1 [All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands] 1964 1963 Item Aug. Employment service: * New applications for work-----------------Nonfarm placements.................. — ......... 816 554 July 896 549 June May 857 572 1,160 572 Apr. 873 541 Mar. 874 478 Feb. 916 414 Jan. Dec. 1,037 443 793 432 Nov. 827 493 Oct. 953 662 Sept. 878 664 Aug. 829 611 State unemployment insurance programs: 908 1,086 1,136 1,181 1,848 1,865 1,200 1,157 976 957 1,086 937 1,238 Initial claims 14------ -----------------------Insured unemployment4(average weekly 1,447 1,755 2,050 2,243 1,972 1, 542 1,297 2,395 1,333 1,261 1,419 1,261 1,343 volume)8......................... ...................... 3.4 4.2 3.6 4.9 5.3 5.7 4.7 3.1 3.0 3.4 2.9 3.1 3.1 Rate of insured unemployment7---------5,658 7,381 8,303 8 , 060 9,186 4,733 4,923 4,650 5, 023 6 , 705 5,368 4, 556 5,098 Weeks of unemployment compensated... Average weekly benefit amount for total unemployment........... .................... ...... $35. 60 $35.35 $35.27 $35.50 $36.02 $36.26 $36.24 $36.07 $35.78 $35.37 $35.15 $34.93 $34.67 Total benefits paid___________ ______ $164, 510 $180, 519 $183,132 $201,498 $258,046 $292,618 $283, 809 $319,302 $232,954 $164, 977 $171,957 $163,126 $186, 814 Unemployment compensation for ex-service men: 88 Initial claims38-----------------------------Insured unemployment8 (average weekly volume)________________________ Weeks of unemployment compensated... Total benefits paid-------------------------- 45 57 67 72 73 60 48 43 42 42 46 44 43 164 184 261 284 174 170 184 200 281 307 231 173 173 $6,285 $6,172 $6, 626 $7,029 $9,654 $8,893 $9,586 $10,241 $7,622 $5,396 $5, 857 $5, 727 $6, 202 Unemployment compensation for Federal civilian employees:818 Initial claims 3------- ------------------------Insured unemployment5(average weekly volume)________________________ Weeks of unemployment compensated... Total benefits paid................... ............ 12 12 11 13 13 14 12 9 11 20 15 10 15 32 34 32 29 38 40 39 29 28 27 26 25 25 111 120 114 123 157 154 157 143 165 102 110 115 104 $4, 212 $3,993 $4,661 $4, 558 $5,829 $5,596 $5, 768 $6,109 $5, 369 $4, 297 $4, 723 $4, 540 $4,844 Railroad unemployment insurance: Applications 11_____________________ Insured unemployment (average weekly volume)_______ ____ ___ _____ ___ Number of payments 1J.-------------------Average amount of benefit payment13— Total benefits paid 14________________ 11 12 13 13 12 15 15 5 7 16 5 38 12 41 41 37 42 53 45 32 51 47 45 31 27 29 86 98 90 111 125 110 85 76 101 109 67 67 66 $79.65 $76.53 $74.41 $70. 46 $73.17 $80.06 $80.33 $80. 49 $79.04 $78.60 $77. 05 $76.90 $77.96 $5,169 $4, 928 $4, 851 $5, 208 $7,411 $8,466 $8,784 $9,930 $8, 590 $6,672 $7, 475 $6,416 $6,906 All programs-18 Insured unemployment8_____________ 26 1,396 32 1,491 20 25 1,448 1,605 1Includes data for Puerto Rico beginning January 1961 when the Common wealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system. 2Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands. 3Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims. 4Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands. 8Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem ployment. 8Initial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers. 7The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of the average covered employment in a 12-month period. 8Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs 8Includes the Virgin Islands. 18Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 27 1,918 28 2, 201 29 2,410 39 2,563 39 29 2,122 1,686 31 1,476 28 1,408 29 1,568 n An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re quired' for subsequent periods in the same year. 13Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods. 13The average amount is an average for all compenseble periods, not ad justed for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments. 14Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments, is Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the State, Ex-servicemen and UCFE programs and the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board. B.— LA BO R T U R N O V E R 1345 B.—Labor Turnover T able B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1 [Per 100employees] Revised series; see box, p. 1342. 1964 1963 Annual average Major industry group Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. 1963 1962 Accessions: Total Manufacturing: Actual_________________ ______ Seasonally adjusted__ _ -----------Durable goods----------------------Ordnance and accessories-------- -----Lumber and wood products, except furniture... . . . ---------- ------ .. Furniture and fixtures_____________ Stone, clay, and glass products ... . Primary metal industries.. . Fabricated metal products.. .. ____ Machinery.. . .......... ............... Electrical equipment and supplies___ Transportation equipment. _ __ Instruments and related products____ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_______ _ _ _ _ _ _ Nondurable goods___ _______ . ... Food and kindred products_________ Tobacco manufactures___ _ . Textile mill products______________ Apparel and related products__ __ Paper and allied p roducts...___ Printing, publishing, and allied industrie s... ______ ______ _________ Chemicals and allied products.__ .. . Petroleum refining and related industries___ __ ____________ _ . .. Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______ _____ _ ____ Leather and leather products.. .......... Nonmanufacturing: Metal mining___________ __ __ Coalmining.. ... _______ 4.9 3.8 4.4 4.1 5.1 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.8 4.0 3.7 4.0 3.4 4.0 3.6 3.7 2.5 3.9 2.9 3.6 3.9 39 4.8 S9 4.8 27 3.9 41 4.7 1.9 3.8 2.1 4.6 2.2 3.6 3.7 3.7 2.2 3.3 2.0 3.4 2.4 2.7 2.0 3.6 2.7 2.8 4.5 4.2 2.7 3.6 2.4 3.8 29 6.0 6.6 7.7 5.3 5.2 3.8 5.4 4. 1 4.0 4.3 3.9 7.1 4.7 4.5 3.1 4.1 2.7 3.1 3.2 2.4 4.6 4.8 3.1 4.1 3.1 3.0 3.4 2.5 5.6 4.8 4.7 3.1 4.0 3.1 3.1 3.7 2.7 4.8 4.2 3.7 3.2 3.6 3.0 3.5 3.3 2.5 2.5 3.0 4.9 4.8 3.1 6.3 5.6 3.4 2.5 4.9 3.4 3.7 7.0 3.4 6.8 5.9 3.8 2.4 4.9 3.0 3.7 5.5 3.1 5.6 4.4 3.8 3.0 4.0 2.9 3.0 4.0 55 45 3.8 3.5 5.6 5.8 4.0 2.9 4.8 3.0 3.1 3.8 2.9 7.3 6.9 6.0 5.7 5.7 5.1 7.9 16.3 .4.5 5.2 7.7 5.6 8.7 4.5 4.2 4.3 5.9 3.4 2.9 5.1 3.0 4.2 8.0 8.1 1.6 2.0 6.6 3.5 2.3 4.4 4.2 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.0 2.9 3.4 2.6 1.6 2.8 2.7 2.0 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.9 4.0 2.9 3.2 4.0 2.7 5.6 5.3 5.8 2.4 3.7 5.6 6.8 6.6 5.4 5.6 3.9 4.9 3.0 4.0 5.2 2.7 3.7 4.3 3.4 3.6 4.9 2.7 3.5 4.0 4.0 3.6 5.2 3.8 4.0 5.1 3.4 5.9 2.4 2.5 3.0 7.0 3.1 3.9 4.4 3.0 4.5 4.3 6.5 5.9 4.0 5.0 5.1 4.1 5.8 2.6 13.1 4.2 5.5 3.0 5.4 9.1 24.5 4.3 5.8 2.9 3.6 5.3 4.3 6.4 6.4 3.6 V5.5 3.0 3.5 2.9 2.1 3.0 6.0 4.4 7.2 2.9 6.2 2.6 4.0 6.0 2.8 3.1 1.9 3.1 2.1 4.2 3.5 2.7 2.1 2.8 2.2 2.9 2.5 1.4 1.7 3.4 1.9 1.7 4.9 5.2 4.9 6.1 4.8 6.1 3.7 5.7 3.7 4.7 1.3 •* 3.5 4.3 2.5 2.3 2.6 4.6 1.5 3.0 5.3 3.0 1.5 2.9 1.3 4.6 1.6 1.8 1.8 2.6 2.6 3.0 2.2 3.3 1.8 2.1 1.3 2.5 1.3 1.3 1.4 .7 .9 3.1 4.6 3.5 5.6 2.3 3.5 2.7 1.5 3.1 1.8 2.2 2.8 1.9 1.8 2.6 1.4 2.0 2.6 8.1 2.8 6.6 2.6 2.8 4.1 3.0 3.6 4.7 2.7 2.6 1.8 1.2 2.2 3.2 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 2.6 4.1 3.8 4.8 4.3 4.8 4.3 5.4 3.6 5.0 3.8 5.0 2.5 1.7 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.9 2.8 3.1 2.1 2.9 1.7 3.2 4 2.4 2 2.5 1.8 2.1 Accessions: New hires Manufacturing: Actual__________ ... . . . . Seasonally adjusted___ Durable goods_____________________ Ordnance find accessories___ ___ _ _ Lumber aid wood products, except furniture__________ ______ ... Furniture and fixtures__ ___ ______ Stone, clay, and glass products_____ Primary metal industries_____ ___ _ Fabricated metal products... . . . Machinery.. _ . . . ______ __ __ Electrical equipment and supplies___ Transportation equipment.. _____ .. Instruments and related products.. ... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries__________________________ 3.2 2.4 2.9 .9 2.9 2.5 1.1 4.2 5.7 2.4 4.7 4.9 2.9 1.7 3.0 2.1 2.5 3.6 2.0 2.5 2.4 2.0 1.4 25 2S 2 4 2.6 3.1 2S 2.3 1.1 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.7 1.3 2.4 2.8 2.0 2.6 2.1 2.3 4.6 3.6 4.0 3.5 2.4 3.3 3.1 1.7 1.5 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.7 1.5 4.2 4.0 5.5 4.8 2.4 1.3 3.5 5.9 4.9 4.2 3.5 2.3 3.9 3.5 2.2 2.6 3.2 1.9 2.3 1.9 2.5 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.4 2.4 2.7 3.3 1.3 2.4 .8 6.2 5.3 3.8 3.0 4.3 3.9 2.7 3.8 3.2 2.2 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.8 1.8 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.0 2.3 2.3 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.2 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.3 2.2 2.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.0 2.0 1.8 1.1 .8 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.2 .8 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.4 2.0 1.1 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.8 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.2 1.1 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.6 2.9 2.0 2.8 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.7 5.5 4.4 4.0 3.4 3.4 3.1 2.9 3.0 1.5 2.7 4.4 5.2 4.8 3.4 3.8 Nondurable goods______ .. _______ 3.6 Food and kindred products______ _ _ 5.5 Tobacco manufactures ______ _ __ _ 10.5 Textile mill products____ ____ _. 3.4 Apparel and related products.. ____ 3.9 Paper and allied products. __ __ 2.3 Printing, publishing, and allied industries___ _ ______ ____ __ _ 2.4 Chemicals and allied products____ 1.4 Petroleum refining and related industrie s... ___ _____ 1.0 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products.. _________ _____ 3.5 4.0 Leather and leather products.. 3.4 5.4 2.3 3.1 3.9 4.0 5.9 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.8 2.1 1.4 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.9 4.0 3.8 2.9 3.4 3.5 5.3 8.5 3.1 3.8 2.4 3.8 6.5 14.4 3.2 3.9 2.7 3.6 3.8 2.5 3.3 2.8 3.8 3.2 2.5 3.5 2.9 1.6 1.1 2.5 1.4 1.5 2.3 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.0 2.9 3.9 2.3 3.1 2.4 3.1 1.8 1.1 1.7 .9 1.5 .5 N onmanufacturing: Metal mining______ __________ _ Coal mining___ ______ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3.8 2.3 2.7 2.4 2.3 1.8 .8 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.2 2.2 3.2 3.8 3.6 3.7 1.7 2.9 3.3 2.8 1.9 2.7 3.2 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.5 .8 1.9 .9 2.4 1.3 .7 2.1 1.2 .6 .5 .7 1.9 3.2 1.3 2.3 1.7 2.6 .8 2.8 3.4 3.2 3.6 1.1 1.7 1.0 1.3 .9 1.0 1.7 1.9 2.3 3.2 1.4 2.1 2.1 .8 2.1 2.4 1.5 3.3 2.8 2.1 2.1 1.6 1.3 2.7 1.3 2.2 1.6 1.1 2.8 4.1 3.3 4.4 2.4 3.5 2.3 2.9 2.5 1.9 2.7 2.0 .8 3.6 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.7 .7 .8 .8 .9 .8 1.6 2.5 2.4 4.0 1.4 2.4 3.1 1.7 1.7 1.3 2.9 1.3 3.1 1.4 1.6 1.1 .7 2.4 1.3 2.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 1.2 2.0 1.8 2.2 1.8 1346 M O N TH LY LA BO R R E V IE W , N O V EM BER 1904 T able B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued [Per 100employees] Revised series; see box, p. 1342. 1964 1963 Annual average Major industry group Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. 1963 1962 Separations: Total Manufacturing: Actual, ---------------------------- ------Durable goods_______ ___ -................. Ordnance and accessories---------------Lumber and wood products, except furniture.. . --------------------Furniture and fixtures.. ------ -- Stone, clay, and glass products---------Primary métal industries---------------Fabricated metal products--------------______ Machinery____________ Electrical equipment and supplies....... Transportation equipment_________ Instruments and related products-----Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. . . ------ 4.1 3.6 4.3 4.2 3.5 3.9 3.6 4.0 3. 5 3.9 3. 5 3.8 3.3 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 4.1 3.7 4.9 3.9 4.7 4.2 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.8 4.3 3.5 3.3 4. 6 3.4 4.0 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.8 3.9 3.4 2.1 3.5 2.4 3.7 2.5 4.3 3.2 4.7 2.8 3.6 2.7 3.8 2.7 5.8 5.3 3.7 2.5 4.1 3.0 3.2 4.6 2.9 5.1 4.9 3.5 2.4 4.7 3.2 3.2 7.5 2.7 4.9 4.4 3.0 2.3 3.9 5.0 4.7 3.1 5.1 4.2 3.2 5.4 4.1 3.1 4.7 4.0 3.3 6.1 4.9 3.8 4.9 3.4 3.5 3.2 4.0 3.1 3.4 2.6 3.4 3.4 2.6 2.6 3.7 4.3 3.3 3.7 1.9 3.0 3.6 2.5 7.1 5.0 4.6 4.1 4.8 3.3 4.0 3.9 3.7 7.3 5.3 4.3 4.1 4.5 3.4 3.6 7.5 3.0 4.0 2.7 3.4 4. 1 2.7 5.6 4.6 4.1 3.3 4.2 3.8 2.3 3.4 2.5 3.3 3. ò 2.7 5.5 4.9 3.9 3. 5 4.3 2.7 3.4 3.5 2.7 5.5 4.4 3.8 3.8 5,84.0 4.0 2.7 4.0 2.3 3. 5 3.1 2.4 4.7 5.9 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.5 3.9 5.9 10.4 7.2 5.3 5. 4 5. 5 5.5 3.9 4.6 3.5 4.9 9.0 3.2 4.3 2.4 4.1 5.5 7.3 3.8 5.3 2.9 5.6 9.2 4. 2 4. 5 5.8 4.2 4.8 6.5 4.3 4.6 5.8 3.4 4.2 5.9 6.3 3.8 5.5 4.4 11.0 4.7 7.5 3.8 5.9 2.4 3.8 4.9 6.7 3.5 5.5 2.3 4.3 6.8 2.6 3.8 3.1 3.5 2.5 2.9 2.6 2.8 2.1 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.6 2.1 2.0 2.2 Nondurable goods--------------- -----------Food and kindred products_________ Tobacco manufactures-------------------Textile mill products__ . --------------Apparel and related products. --------Paper and allied products__________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries. ---- ---- ------ ------------Chemicals and allied products_______ Petroleum refining and related industries---------- ----------------------------Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products__________________________ Leather and leather products________ 4.4 5.9 4.6 4.3 5.5 3.1 4.4 5.4 3.7 4.4 7.4 3.7 4.5 3.1 3.3 5.2 2.4 3.9 4.6 2.5 3.7 5.7 2.4 3.2 2.2 2.7 1.9 3.0 2.2 2.9 2.4 2.6 1.9 1.7 2.6 1.6 1.9 1.6 1.7 1. 5 1.3 1.3 4.1 5.6 4.3 4.9 3.1 3.9 3.6 5.0 3.6 5.1 N onmanufacturlng: Metal mining----- -------------- -----Coal mining________________ ____ 3.0 1.3 3.4 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.5 2.6 1.8 1.6 2.0 4.7 4.7 2.5 4.2 2.2 4.1 5.5 6.6 8.6 2.8 2.8 3.3 4.6 2.6 6.0 6.2 3.3 5.7 11.9 3.6 5.3 2.7 4.0 5.5 3.2 1.9 2.5 1.7 2.7 1.5 2.3 2.0 1.8 3.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.9 1.4 1.8 1.8 3.1 3.6 5.1 3.1 4.2 3.9 5.3 3.9 5.3 3.7 4.1 3.7 4.8 4.4 5.8 4.1 5.9 3.7 5.0 3.6 5.2 2.3 2.2 1.8 2.4 2.7 2.0 3.1 3.3 1.5 3.1 1.4 3.9 1.9 2.9 1.8 3.1 2.1 3.5 1.1 1.5 1-4 1.3 2.4 1.3 2. 1 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.8 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 2.9 2.3 4.5 3.0 4.9 3. 1 1.9 2.1 1. 2 .6 1.3 1.0 1.2 .9 1.2 1.8 1.6 1.8 2.7 2.1 1.2 .6 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.2 2.0 1.8 2.6 2.8 2.8 6.7 3.7 5.8 2.8 2.1 1.8 2.8 Separations: Quits Manufacturing: Actual__________ _____________ Seasonally adjusted __ Durable goods... . .. --------Ordnance and accessories. ------Lumber and wood products, except furniture— - - - - - - - ... - -. Furniture and fixtures... . . .. -----Stone, clay, and glass products..---Primary metal industries. .. --------Fabricated metal products. ---------Machinery____ ____ __________ Electrical equipment and supplies----Transportation equipment. .......... .. Instruments and related products____ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries----- --------------- ----------------Nondurable goods-------- . . . . . . - . — Food and kindred products.. _ ------Tobacco manufactures___ _____ _ _ Textile mill products____ _________ Apparel and related products----- ----Paper and allied products__ ... _ Printing, publishing, and allied industries___________ _______ _ ----Chemicals and allied products... ___ Petroleum refining and related Industries_________ ... . ---------------Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products---------- ---------------------Leather and leather products_______ Nonmanufacturing: Metal mining..................... . .. Coal mining---- ---------- --------------See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.0 1.4 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.2 .8 2.8 2.4 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.3 .9 3.4 3.5 1.9 1.3 3.0 2.7 1.4 3.0 2.3 1.3 .7 1.4 3.0 2.6 1.3 .7 1.4 1. 1 2.9 1.9 .8 1.5 1.0 1.2 .9 1.1 2.1 1.8 2.0 1.1 2.3 2.6 1.2 1.8 1.2 1.4 .7 1.5 .7 .9 .6 .6 .8 .6 2.2 1.5 1.6 .9 1.4 2.7 2.4 2.9 1.8 2.8 2.2 1.0 1.2 .9 1.0 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.2 2.0 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 2.0 1.7 .7 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.2 0.8 1.1 .9 1.0 1.0 .6 2.4 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.9 .9 «/6 .9 2. 1 1.0 .6 1.1 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 .8 .8 .5 1.0 .9 1.0 .7 .8 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1. 1 1.3 1.3 .9 1.4 1.4 1.8 1. 1 2.2 2.3 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.1 1.0 1.8 2.0 1.4 1.3 .7 1.2 .6 1.6 1.8 .8 1.2 .6 .5 .4 .9 2.6 1.4 1.4 2.3 1.5 2.4 2.1 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.8 1.4 .5 1.4 .4 1.6 1.4 .4 1.3 .5 .4 1.1 .9 1.1 .8 1.1 1.5 1.5 3.3 .5 1.1 1.5 1.0 1.6 1.3 1-4 .7 1.0 1.5 2. 1 1. 7 1.0 .5 1.0 .8 1.1 1.2 .6 .4 .8 .6 .9 .6 .8 1.1 1.0 1.0 .7 1.1 .7 1.0 .7 .9 1.1 2.2 1.2 2.2 1.6 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.6 2.3 3.0 2.9 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.2 1.0 2.2 2.3 1.2 2.8 2.4 .8 1.6 1.8 1.2 .6 1.4 1.0 2.0 1.3 .9 3.8 1.3 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.2 1.1 1.9 1.4 1. 7 1.2 1.6 2.4 3.1 1.9 .9 1.9 2.2 1.1 1.7 1.9 .9 1.9 2.3 1. 1 2.0 1.4 1.5 1.1 2.0 .7 .7 2.8 1. 5 2.8 1.9 .9 1.3 .7 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.4 .7 .4 .4 .3 .4 1.9 1.1 1.1 2.0 1.5 1.9 .6 1.6 2.5 2.3 3.1 3.3 1.4 2.3 1.4 2.3 1.0 1. 1 .7 .3 .8 1.2 2.3 1.9 1.3 .4 1.2 .4 .6 .4 .4 .8 .9 .5 1.1 .4 .5 1.9 1. 7 .6 1.3 .6 .8 .8 .4 1347 B .— LA BO R T U R N O V E R T a ble B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group ^C ontinued Revised series; see box, p. 1342. [Per 100 employees] 1963 1964 Annual average Major industry group Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.6 1.4 2.1 1962 Aug. 1963 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.9 .9 1.9 2.0 1.1 1.8 2. 2 2.1 2.2 1.2 1.1 2. 8 3.1 Separations: Layoffs Manufacturing: Actual. __ -- - ---- -------Seasonally adjusted------------------------Durable goods------------------Ordnance and accessories-------. Lumber and wood products, except furniture.. .. -----------Furniture and fixtures.. Stone, clay, and glass products---------Primary metal industries---------- . . ----- -Fabricated metal products.. Machinery... --------- - ------Electrical equipment and supplies----Transportation equipment.. -----Instruments and related products-----M iscellaneous manufacturing industries___ ___ __ _ N ondurable goods------------ . -------Food and kindred products__ Tobacco manufactures---- ------ ... Textile mill products______ _____ Apparel and related products. . . Paper and allied products---- ---Printing, publishing, and allied industries____ .. . .. -------Chemicals and allied products... ----Petroleum refining and related industries--------------------------- -Rubber and miscellaneous plastic __ __ products. Leather and leather products_____ _ Nonmanfacturing: Metal mining_______ _____ Coal mining.. . _______ —___ 1.3 u 1.3 2.0 1.5 .9 1.1 .6 1.1 .9 .8 2.8 .8 1.2 1.4 2.3 2.1 .8 1.9 .6 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.3 1.8 1 .8 1.2 1.8 1.4 1.9 1.5 1.9 2.0 2.1 1.0 1.8 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.1 .7 1.6 .8 1.4 2.2 1.3 2.1 1.2 2.0 2.7 2.9 2.4 1.6 .8 1.8 3.7 1.3 2.3 .7 1.5 2.3 1.8 1.6 2.2 .8 1.8 2.1 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.7■ 1.4 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.2 1.3 2.9 1.3 2.5 1.0 1.4 1.3 .9 2.3 1.4 1.4 5.7 1.4 .9 1.0 .8 .8 .9 2.0 .6 2.9 1.7 2.0 1.7 1.4 2.7 1.9 1.3 3.9 2.1 1.2 .7 2.2 .9 .9 2.5 1.0 1.3 .8 1.3 .7 1.4 1.6 .9 1.7 2.5 5.1 1.0 1.4 .7 1.5 1.9 1.1 2.1 1.8 2.9 5.1 1.1 2.8 .8 3.1 .7 .7 .6 1.5 1.9 .7 .7 1.7 1.8 1.0 1.9 1.6 3.0 7.4 1.0 1.7 1.0 .9 .8 .8 .7 1.0 .6 1.0 1.2 .4 .5 .5 .4 .4 .4 1.2 2.1 1.0 1.4 1.8 1.4 2.3 1.6 2.3 .6 .6 1.2 1.6 .6 1.2 .8 .3 1.2 .3 .5 1.4 .3 .9 1.0 .6 1.4 .4 1.5 .7 .9 .9 .8 i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October 1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1.6 .8 .9 .9 .4 2.3 3.3 2.0 3.1 1.1 2.3 .8 1.8 2.4 1. 5 3.7 2.1 3.4 5.4 1.5 2.0 1.2 8.6 2.6 3.9 9.9 1.6 2.6 1.3 3.8 1.4 1.2 1.2 .6 2.0 1.5 .7 2.4 .6 1.4 .9 2.4 3.2 1.9 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.6 2.3 .9 1.6 1.7 .9 .9 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.1 1.1 1.2 1.6 .9 1.0 1. 5 li 1.7 .9 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.9 1. 5 2.2 1.8 1.0 1.1 2.3 1.7 1. 3 1. 5 .8 5. 4 .8 1.4 2.4 .9 1.6 2.2 1.7 2. 9 1.1 2.4 .7 4.7 2.1 2.4 4.5 10.7 1.5 2.3 4.6 7.0 4. 6 2.5 2.8 1.2 1.1 2.5 .9 2.3 .9 1.0 2.2 1.1 1.2 1. 0 1. 0 1.0 2.0 .8 1.2 .8 .6 .7 .6 1.4 1.6 1.6 2.0 1. 5 .5 .7 1.2 .9 1.2 .7 .7 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.9 1.9 .7 1.2 .8 .8 .5 1.7 2.9 1.9 .9 .7 2.0 3. 5 5. 0 1.2 2.6 1.0 1. 0 .8 1. 1 2.1 3.7 5. 3 1.2 2.7 1. 0 1.0 .8 2.1 1. 5 1.9 during the calendar month, while the employment series measures changes from midmonth to midmonth and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel changes caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence of such stoppages 2 Preliminary. 1348 M O N TH LY LA BO R R E V IE W , N O V EM BER 1964 C.—Earnings and Hours T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry Revised series: see box, p. 1342. 1964 1963 Annual average Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings Mining____________________________ Metal mining____________________ Iron ores____________________ Copper ores__________________ $118.86 $117.32 $118. 44 $117.60 $115.37 $113. 85 $115.09 $115.36 $116.48 $113. 99 $116. 75 $117.04 $114. 40 $110. 70 121.06 122.07 123.73 123.90 122.30 122.64 122. 51 123. Of 122. 51 119. 8f 120.60 121.06 118.66 117. 45 126.05 131.87 128.11 128.54 123.16 127. 51 126.89 129.07 127. 93 120.43 120.43 127.20 120.% 122.19 125. 87 124.03 131.02 129.68 129.13 129.33 128. 74 127.28 126. 69 128.17 130. 23 124.66 124.56 120.70 130.08 121.32 131.86 125. 78 121. 45 115.66 121.09 124. 97 125. 85 117.94 121.68 123. 48 119. 95 113.09 133.33 123. 21 134.87 129.03 123.33 117. 44 123. 52 127.12 128.40 119. 45 123. 48 124. 97 121. 59 114. 50 112.05 113. 21 110.88 111.99 111. 57 112. 78 112.94 112. 71 113. 79 113.10 113.05 113. 67 111. 99 109.20 Coal mining_____________________ Bituminous____ ___ , _________ Crude petroleum and natural gas____ Crude petroleum and natural gas fields_____________ ___ ____ Oil and gas field services________ 120.36 121.30 117.56 119.14 119.14 120. 54 121.25 122.43 121.54 120.54 119. 43 122.07 105. 67 106.89 104. 73 106. 46 105. 41 106. 38 106. 52 104. 66 107. 75 106.46 108. 43 106.64 119. 51 117. 81 116. 79 114.86 111.00 106.46 105.96 102.34 105.33 108. 24 115.04 114. 50 137.03 134.87 133. 70 133.03 131.33 128.48 127.09 122.08 124.96 125.58 134. 98 132.90 126.54 123.74 123.34 123.37 122. 76 120.98 118.29 111. 52 115.93 116.53 124.58 121.88 140.83 138.35 135.26 133.88 127. 98 121.99 123.31 118. 95 118.17 124.00 138. 65 136.85 139.80 136.16 132. 44 130. 97 122.31 114. 27 114.94 110.88 109.08 119.99 137. 81 135. 96 141.96 140. 61 138.86 137.20 133. 72 128.58 129. 81 124. 69 126. 92 128.38 140.34 137. 78 142.50 140.98 139.50 139.13 137.23 135.36 133. 81 129.24 133. 48 131. 38 139. 49 137.64 Quarrying and nonmetallie mining___ Contract construction___ _____________ General building contractors________ Heavy construction_______________ Highway and street construction... Other heavy construction_______ Special trade contractors__________ Manufacturing______________________ Durable goods________________ Nondurable goods_____________ 120.01 115.46 105.35 103.63 109.03 105. 43 127. 57 117. 72 128.03 125.16 131.54 133. 59 122. 47 112.50 122.31 118.37 126. 48 128.50 103.07 102.97 103. 48 102. 97 102.06 101. 40 101.15 99.90 102. 41 100.85 100.53 100.53 99.38 %. 56 112.05 111.92 113.01 112. 47 111.51 110.29 109.88 109. 21 111.90 110.00 109. 71 109. 45 108.09 104. 70 91.43 91.14 90. 97 90.52 89.83 89.67 89.04 87.85 90.17 89.10 88.98 89.38 87. 91 85.54 Average weekly hours Mining......................................................... Metal mining........................................ Iron ores......................................... Copper ores...______ _________ 42.0 40.9 40.4 41.0 Coal mining..... .............................. ...... Bituminous..____ ______ ______ 39.3 39.8 Crude petroleum and natural gas____ Crude petroleum and natural gas fields..................... .................... Oil and gas field services____ ___ 41.5 40.8 42.1 41.9 41.1 41.6 40.8 42.3 41.8 40.8 43.1 42.0 42.0 41.2 42.8 41.5 41.6 39.6 42.9 41.1 42.0 41.0 43.4 41.4 42.1 40.8 43.2 41.2 42.3 41.5 43.0 41.6 42.1 41.4 42.8 41.3 41.2 39.1 43.3 42.3 41.3 39.1 43.7 42.1 41.6 41.3 42.4 41.6 41.2 39.4 43.1 41.0 41.5 39.8 42.8 40.2 40.5 38.7 39.1 37.6 37.6 36.6 36.7 38.2 38.6 39.3 39.6 39.7 40.0 37.8 37.8 39.0 39.2 39.2 39.3 38.8 38.9 36.6 36.7 42.4 42.0 42.1 42.1 42.4 42.3 41.9 42.3 42.2 42.5 42.1 42.1 42.0 41.4 43.1 40.4 43.1 40.8 43.1 40.8 43.2 41.0 43.6 41.1 43.3 41.5 42.2 41.2 43.1 41.0 43.1 40.9 43.9 41.1 43.0 41.1 43.0 40.8 43.0 Quarrying and nonmetalic mining........ 46.5 46.2 45.8 45.4 44.4 43.1 42.9 41.1 42.3 44.0 46.2 45.8 44.5 44.3 Contract construction........... ............... ...... General building contractors..... ........... Heavy construction_______________ Highway and street construction... Other heavy construction.............. Special trade contractors...................... 38.6 37.0 43.2 44.1 42.0 37.6 38.1 36.5 42.7 43.5 41.6 37.1 38.2 36.6 42.4 43.0 41.7 37.3 37.9 36.5 42.1 42.8 41.2 37.1 37.1 36.0 40.5 40.5 40.4 36.4 36.5 35.9 39.1 39.0 39.2 36.0 35.9 35.1 38.9 38.7 39.1 35.4 34.1 32.8 36.6 36.0 37.0 34.1 35.3 34.3 36.7 35.3 38.0 35.5 36.4 35.1 40.0 40.4 39.5 35.7 38.9 37.3 43.6 44.6 42.4 37.7 38.3 36.6 42.9 44.0 41.5 37.2 37.3 36.0 41.3 42.0 40.6 36.5 37.0 35.6 40.5 41.1 39.9 36.3 40.9 41.5 40.1 40.7 41.3 39.8 40.9 41.7 39.9 40.7 41.5 39.7 40.5 40.4 40.3 39.8 41.3 41.0 41.0 40.6 39.4 39.5 39.4 38.7 Average hourly earnings 40.8 41.6 39.9 40.5 41.2 39.6 40.7 41.4 39.9 40.7 41.3 39.9 40.4 41.1 39.6 40.4 40.9 39.6 Mining................. . Metal mining... Iron ores__ Copper ores. $2.83 2.96 3.12 3.07 $2.80 2.97 3.17 3.04 $2.80 2.% 3.14 3.04 Coal mining___ Bituminous. 3.31 3.35 Crude petroleum and natural gas____ Crude petroleum and natural gas fields...... ......... ............................ Oil and gas field services________ 2.70 2.67 2.64 2. 95 2. 51 2.93 2.48 2.91 2.43 M anufact uring____________________ _ Durable goods___ ____________ Nondurable goods______ _______ 40.6 41.6 39.3 Quarrying and nonmetallie mining. Contract construction______ ___ ____ General building contractor_______ Heavy construction.................. ........ Highway and street construction. Other heavy construction______ Special trade contractors..... ......... . Manufacturing___________ ________ _ Durable goods.......... ..................... Nondurable goods_____________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.56 2.74 2.31 3.28 3.33 $2.80 $2.78 2. 95 2.94 3.12 3.11 3.03 3. 01 $2.77 2.92 3.11 2.98 $2.78 2.91 3.11 2.98 $2.80 2.91 3.11 2.% $2.80 2.91 3.09 2.% $2.76 2.91 3.08 2.% $2.76 2.92 3.08 2.98 $2.78 2.91 3.08 2.94 3.23 3.28 3.16 3.20 3.17 3.20 3.18 3. 21 3.17 3.21 3.12 3.16 3.12 3.15 3.15 3.18 3.12 3.15 2.66 2.65 2.66 2.67 2.69 2.69 2.68 2.66 2.70 2.66 2.60 2.92 2. 47 2.92 2.44 2.94 2.44 2.95 2.46 2.95 2.48 2.95 2.50 2.94 2.47 2.97 2.48 2.92 2.45 2.83 2.41 3.25 3.30 2.92 2. 47 $2. 75 $2.70 2.88 2.83 3.07 3.07 2.89 2.82 3.09 3.12 2.57 2.55 2.55 2.53 2.50 2.47 2. 47 2.49 2.49 2.46 2.49 2.50 2.45 2.38 3.55 3. 42 3.26 3.17 3.38 3.79 3.54 3.39 3.24 3.13 3.38 3.80 3.50 3.37 3.19 3.08 3.33 3.74 3. 51 3.38 3.18 3.06 3.33 3. 75 3.54 3.41 3.16 3.02 3.31 3. 77 3.52 3.37 3.12 2.93 3.28 3.76 3.54 3.37 3.17 2.97 3.32 3.78 3.58 3. 40 3. 25 3.08 3.37 3.79 3.54 3.38 3.22 3.09 3. 34 3.76 3.45 3.32 3.10 2.97 3.25 3.68 3.47 3.34 3.18 3.09 3.31 3.70 3.47 3.33 3.19 3.09 3.32 3.70 3.42 3. 27 3.10 2.98 3.24 3.66 3.31 3.16 3.02 2.52 2.70 2.28 2.53 2. 71 2.29 2.53 2. 71 2.28 2.53 2. 71 2.28 2.52 2.70 2.28 2. 51 2.69 2.27 2. 51 2. 51 2.69 2.27 2. 51 2.69 2.26 2.49 2.67 2.25 2.47 2.65 2.23 2.47 2.65 2.24 2.46 2.63 2.68 2.26 2.22 2.88 3.17 3.54 2.39 2.56 2.16 1349 C.— E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1342. 1964 1963 Annual average Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods Ordnance and accessories---------------- $123.22 $121.10 $119. 70 $121. 50 $120.20 $119.99 $119.39 $119. 29 $121.18 $123.26 $120.36 $121.13 $121.01 $119.60 $116.31 Ammunition, except for small arms. 125.96 123.47 122.28 122. 71 120.69 121. 71 119. 70 120.60 124.12 125.63 122. 51 122.89 121. 77 120.25 116. 69 Sighting and fire control equip130. 51 128.93 131. 65 129.43 129. 51 132.84 131.05 128.15 129.78 128.75 129.48 129.36 125. 36 126.18 ____ -- ______ __ ment Other ordnance and accessories...... 117. 58 115.14 113.08 117.96 116.97 115.14 116. 52 115.02 114. 62 117.29 114. 77 116.05 116.90 115. 77 112.34 Lumber and wood products, except furniture__ _ ... --------Sawmills and planing mills. -----Millwork, plywood, and related products.. . - --_ -.-.A Wooden containers_______ . Miscellaneous wood products------ 86. 98 Furnitime and fixtures... . .. . .. ... Household furniture. ---------- -Office furniture - - __- _ Partitions, office and store fixtures. Other furniture and fixtures-------- 85.49 81.34 89. 57 87.48 77. 42 81.39 79.98 87. 72 86.27 80.15 78.96 84.19 77.20 82.18 76.80 81.97 75.85 79.90 73.53 83.20 76.03 82.97 76.02 85.68 78.34 86.50 79.15 81.80 74.80 79.20 71.71 92. 39 94.24 69.30 69.89 79.52 79.49 94.05 71.34 77.49 92.13 68.46 76.52 92.32 91.88 67.55 66.18 75. 92 75.92 89.02 64.84 74.24 91.72 68.17 76.14 90.83 67.49 75.74 90.64 70.18 76.07 91.27 70.00 76.45 89.40 68.04 74.30 87.12 66.17 72.54 82. 21 79.59 85.06 83.43 78.94 75.25 81.87 79.68 96.82 94.40 99.17 94.37 100.36 100.62 102.26 101. 89 85. 41 83. 71 87.56 86.30 84.03 80.26 97.34 104. 38 85.68 85.48 81.09 100.44 108. 47 88.40 89.04 93.34 70.93 76.17 93.83 70.24 77.49 83.23 83.43 81.81 82.62 82.62 78. 55 79.32 77.95 79.15 78.74 98.53 95. 71 96.46 96.05 95.41 108.39 105.18 101.91 105.85 103. 62 86.52 86.52 86.27 85.84 86.27 84.03 81.39 79.37 80.06 77.30 75.07 98. 47 95.35 92. 57 105. 67 103.42 103. 57 86.11 83.64 81.41 Average weekly hours Ordnance and accessories--------Ammunition, except for small arms. Sighting and fire control equipment __________ -- ____ Other ordnance and accessories___ Lumber and wood products, except furniture__ . . -- . . . ______ Sawmills and planing mills...... ...... Millwork, plywood, and related products.. . ____ Wooden containers__ _ . Miscellaneous wood products____ Furniture and fixtures... ---- ----Household furniture-...... .. . . . _ Office furniture___ Partitions, office and store fixtures. Other furniture and fixtures__ _ 40.8 40.5 40.1 39.7 39.9 39.7 40.5 40.1 40.2 39.7 40.4 40.3 40.2 39.9 40.3 40.2 40.8 41.1 41.5 41.6 40.8 40.7 41.2 41.1 41.3 41.0 41.1 40.9 41.1 40.8 41.4 41.3 40.4 40.8 40.1 41.4 41.1 40.7 40.9 40.6 40.4 41.0 40.6 40.7 40.5 40.3 40.5 41.2 41.3 41.4 40.7 41.5 41.3 42.0 41.6 41.1 41.2 42.2 41.3 39.9 39.5 40.9 40.9 40.5 40.6 40.8 41.1 40.5 40.7 39.9 40.0 39.7 40.0 39.6 39.3 38.6 37.9 40.0 39.6 39.7 39.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.1 40.0 39.8 39.4 40.7 39.6 41.2 41.7 40.4 41.4 41.3 41.0 40.3 41.8 41.0 41.0 41.7 40.6 41.0 41.5 39.8 40.7 41.4 39.5 40.6 41.2 38.7 40.6 40.1 37.7 39.7 41.5 40.1 40.5 41.1 39.7 40.5 41.2 40.8 40.9 41.3 40.7 41.1 41.2 40.5 40.6 40.9 40.1 40.3 41.5 41.5 41.9 41.8 42.2 41.4 42.2 40.8 40.7 41.4 40.9 41.2 41.1 41.1 40.9 40.3 41.2 40.5 40.6 41.4 39.5 40.5 40.7 40.8 40.7 40.4 40.3 40.7 40.8 40.6 39.7 40.5 40.7 40.9 41.2 38.9 40.1 39.4 39.4 40.0 39.0 39.3 41.9 42.2 42.2 40.1 41.3 41.3 41.5 40.5 39.8 40.9 41.6 41.8 41.6 40.3 40.8 41.6 41.7 41.9 40.8 41.4 40.9 40.9 41.1 40.4 40.6 40.7 40.8 40.6 41.1 40.3 $2. 97 $2.97 3.02 3.02 $2.95 3.01 $2.94 2.99 $2.93 2. 97 $2. 91 2.94 $2.83 3.08 2. 81 3.05 2. 81 2.99 2.72 41. 7 Average hourly earnings Ordnance and accessories______ . . . Ammunition, except for small arms. Sighting and fire control equipment___ . . . . . . __ ___ Other ordnance and accessories___ Lumber and wood products, except furniture_____ ... . ----------------Sawmills and planing mills______ Millwork, plywood, and related products-------------- -------- . . Wooden containers___ --------Miscellaneous wood products.. ... Furniture and fixtures_______ .. - . Household furniture_______ —— Office furniture...................... Partitions, office and store fixtures. Other furniture and fixtures_____ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $3.02 3.11 $3.02 3.11 $3.00 3.08 $3.00 3.06 $2.99 3.04 $2. 97 $2.97 3.02 3.00 $2.96 3.00 2.86 2.84 3.16 2.85 3.16 2.82 3.18 2.87 3.18 3.19 2.85 3.24 2.87 3.22 2.84 3.18 2.83 3.15 2.84 3.11 2.82 3.12 2. 81 2.18 1.96 2.19 1.99 2.16 1.97 2.15 1.95 2.13 1.94 2.11 1.93 2.07 1.92 2.07 1.93 2.07 1.94 2.08 1.92 2.09 1.91 2.10 2.12 2.04 1.87 1.99 1.82 2.27 1.75 1.93 2.26 1.73 1.92 2.26 1.73 1.89 2.25 1.74 1.89 2.25 1.73 1.89 2.22 1.72 1.88 2.23 1. 71 1.87 2.13 1. 65 1.80 2.06 1.96 2.04 1.94 2.38 2.62 2.04 1.93 2.38 2.65 2.03 1.93 2.34 2.61 2.02 2.03 1.94 2.36 2.62 2.13 2.03 1.93 2.35 2.61 2.13 . 21 2.17 2.22 2. 21 2.21 2.20 21.72 1.68 1.72 1.70 1.70 1.72 1.87 1.88 1.87 1.86 1.86 1.83 2.02 2.02 1.99 2.02 2.02 2.03 2.02 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.89 2.12 2.11 2.10 2.10 2.86 1.92 2.33 2.58 2.13 1.92 1.94 2.23 1.71 1.87 1.93 2.35 2.58 2.13 1.91 2.36 2.58 2.13 1.94 2.35 2.55 2.33 2.56 2.34 2.59 2.12 2.11 2.10 2.35 2.59 2.08 2.32 2.56 2.06 1.95 1.84 2. 28 2.52 2.02 1350 M O NTHLY LA B O R R E V IE W , N O V EM BER 1964 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1342. 1964 1963 Annual average Industry Sept. Aug.2 July June Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued Stone, clay, and glass products... $106.8 $107.71 $107. 3( $107. 3f Flat glass______________ 145. r 141.8€ 146. 8f Glass and glassware, pressed or blown________________ 100.5f 102.36 103.27 102.47 127. 8( 122.81 124.91 122.30 Cement, hydraulic________ 93. U 92.35 92. If 92.82 Structural clay products___ Pottery and related products. 91.34 93.22 94.33 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products__________________ 108.29 114.37 112. 78 111. 57 Other stone and mineral products. 108.91 107.94 106. 75 107. 78 Primary metal industries.___ ______ 136.63 129.38 128. 96 130.20 Blast furnace and basic steel prod ucts_______________________ 151.85 138.43 137.61 138. 02 Iron and steel foundries_________ 114. 39 118.15 118.15 121. 24 Nonferrous smelting and refining. _ 123. 35 120.18 119. 48 119. 52 Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extruding__________________ 124.84 121.96 121.69 124.56 Nonferrous foundries___________ 110.16 109.59 109.59 110.81 Miscellaneous primary metal in dustries__________________ 132.82 133.66 129.58 133.04 May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings $106.9 $104.8, $102. Of $101. 7c 145. 2, 136.68 139.4 140.5f 103. O’ 103.27 101.1c 100.9C 122. Of 118.17 117. 2f 116. Of 91.4f 91.57 88.91 87.85 94. 4" 93.6' 92. 6f 92. 4C $99.5( $101. 5( $103.7. $105.6" $104.5t $102.45 137.9( 135. 74 143.4c 142.3c 139. Of 135. 2C 100. Of 98. 35 100. 5Í 100. 5Í 98.85 99.75 116.81 117. 2f 120. 3t 117.8Í 118.28 116.6t 85.06 88.25 90.4i 91. 12 90. 45 89.4C 90.02 92.lt 92.2? 90.05 89.54 89.77 110.88 106.75 100. 53 99.31 96.19 108.25 107. 36 105. 92 104. 49 102. 82 129. 58 128. 54 127.51 126.18 125. 77 138.10 137. 35 135. 20 133.87 133.06 119. 26 119. 26 119. 69 118. 71 117.87 119. 23 118.08 118. 53 118.98 120. 25 122.84 120.84 120.13 119.43 120.98 110. 27 109.86 109. 86 108.24 108.50 133.46 134.83 132. 82 131.88 130.41 100.86 105. 78 112. 5C 111.05 105. 65 104.33 103. 75 104.92 104.25 102.18 126.38 123.42 122. 41 123.73 124.64 131.41 128. 58 127.59 130.35 133.06 120. 81 116. 20 115.08 114. 39 113.01 119. 97 119.39 118. 98 120. 25 118.56 123.12 120. 56 119.14 119. 43 118.72 110.77 108. 62 108.21 107.42 107.12 134.19 130.73 130.21 130. 52 128.54 $98.57 126. 01 98.33 112.75 86.69 86. 85 100.96 98.33 119. 80 127.40 106. 52 114. 95 116.05 104.55 124. 50 Average weekly hours Stone, clay, and glass products______ Flat glass____________________ Glass and glassware, pressed or blown_____________________ Cement, hydraulic.___ ________ Structural clay products________ Pottery and related products......... Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products___________________ Other stone and mineral products.. Primary metal industries.___ ______ Blast furnace and basic steel prod ucts_______________________ Iron and steel foundries_________ Nonferrous smelting and refining Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extruding__________________ Nonferrous foundries___________ Miscellaneous primary metal in dustries_______________ 41.4 42.1 42.2 42.1 41.6 42.1 42.2 42.1 42.1 41.6 40.2 40.8 40.9 40.7 39.8 40.8 40.6 40.4 41.5 41.7 42.1 41. 5 41.8 40.9 41.3 40.0 40.9 38.3 39.6 41.9 41.4 40.3 41.5 41.6 39.2 40.8 42.2 41.7 39.5 40.5 41.6 42.0 39.8 40.9 41.8 41.2 40.2 40.8 41.3 41.6 40.2 40.3 41.0 40.6 39.6 40.2 40.7 40.5 40.0 40.7 39.2 38.8 39.2 41.0 40.5 39.7 40.2 41.2 41.3 40.1 40.2 41.2 41.8 39.0 39.7 41.5 41.3 39.1 39.9 41.2 41.2 39.2 40.3 41.0 40.7 39.3 42.3 41.9 44.5 42.0 44.4 41.7 44.1 42.1 44.0 42.3 42.7 42.1 41.2 1.7 40.7 41.3 39.1 40.8 41.0 41.4 43.0 41.5 45.0 41.8 44.6 41.7 43.3 41.2 42.6 40.8 43.1 41.6 41.6 42.0 41.8 41.6 41.4 41.1 41.1 41.3 40.6 40.4 40.7 41.0 40.2 44.4 41.0 42.1 41.2 42.5 41.3 41.2 42.5 41.2 41.2 43.3 41.5 41.1 42.9 41.4 41.0 42.9 41.0 40.6 42.9 41.3 40.2 42.7 41.6 40.2 42.4 41.9 39.7 43.3 41.8 39.2 42.1 41.6 38.9 42.0 41.6 39.5 41.9 41.9 40.2 41.7 41.6 39.2 40.5 41.2 42.9 40.8 42.2 41.2 42.4 41.2 43.4 41.5 42.8 41.3 42.4 41.3 42.3 41.3 42.2 41.0 42.6 41.1 43.2 41.8 42.6 41.3 42.4 41.3 42.5 41.0 42.4 41.2 42.2 41.0 41.9 41.9 41.4 42.1 42.1 42.4 42.3 42.0 41.4 42.6 41.9 41.6 41.7 41.6 41.5 Average hourly earnings Stone, clay, and glass products..____ Flat glass____________________ Glass and glassware, pressed or blown___________________ Cement, hydraulic______ ______ Structural clay products________ Pottery and related products____ Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products___________________ Other stone and mineral products.. Primary metal industries__________ Blast furnace and basic steel prod ucts_______________________ Iron and steel foundries_________ Nonferrous smelting and refining Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extruding___ ______________ Nonferrous foundries___________ Miscellaneous primary metal in dustries_____________ See footnotes a t end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.58 $2.56 3.44 $2.55 3.41 $2.55 3.48 $2.54 3.45 $2.52 3.40 $2.50 $2.50 3.42 $2.50 3.38 $2.50 3.36 $2.50 3.44 $2.51 3.43 $2.50 3.40 $2.48 3.38 $2.41 3.29 2.54 3.05 2.25 2.54 2.96 2.96 2.94 2.92 2.86 2.86 2.22 2.21 2.21 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.33 2.36 2.53 2.53 2.52 2.53 2. 51 2.50 2.87 2.17 2.32 2.51 2.86 2.50 2.92 2.19 2.30 2.50 2.18 2.32 2.86 2.18 2.31 2.49 2.85 2.19 2. 29 2.50 2.83 2.17 2.29 2.44 2.75 2.13 2. 21 2. 56 2.60 2.57 2.57 2.46 2.52 2.46 2. 52 2.46 2.50 2.50 2. 51 2.49 2.50 2.44 2.48 2.37 2.41 2.54 2. 56 2.37 2.35 2.33 2.34 2. 51 2.85 2.17 2.31 2.53 2.56 2.52 2.56 2.50 2.55 2. 44 2.54 2.44 2.53 3.17 3.11 3.10 3.10 3.10 3.09 3.08 3.07 3.06 3.06 3.04 3.03 3.04 3.04 2.98 3.42 2.79 2.93 3.36 2.78 2.91 3.34 2.78 2.90 3.35 2.80 3.36 2.78 3.35 2.78 3.33 2.79 2.87 3.33 2.78 2.86 .3.31 2.78 2.87 3.31 2.79 2.87 3.28 2. 76 2.87 3.28 2.74 2.86 3.30 2.73 2.87 3.31 2. 71 2.85 3.25 2.63 2.79 2.91 2.70 2.89 2.87 2.66 2.66 2.87 2.67 2.87 2.67 2.85 2.84 2.66 2.66 2.83 2.64 2.84 2.64 2.85 2.65 2.83 2.63 2.81 2.62 2.81 2.62 2.80 2.60 2. 75 2.55 3.17 3.19 3.13 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.14 3.14 3.15 3.15 3.12 3.13 3.13 3.09 3.00 2.88 2.88 2.88 1351 C — EARNINGS AND HOURS T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1342. 1964 1963 Annual average Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued Fabricated metal products--------------Metal cans----------------------------Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware-------------- ------------Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures.----- -----------------------Fabricated structural metal products. Screw machine products, bolts, etc. Metal stampings---------------------Coating, engraving, and allied services. Miscellaneous fabricated wire products----------------------------Miscellaneous fabricated metal products___________________ $112. 86 $112.98 $111.07 $112.29 $112.02 $111.22 $109. 59 $109.18 $108. 79 $111.04 $109.56 $109. 93 $110. 20 $108.05 $104. 81 130.10 139. 78 136. 53 133.80 132. 44 131. 21 128. 59 128.83 131.63 129. 44 129. 44 125.63 132.01 128.17 126.30 108.05 109. 78 106.04 107. 79 108. 58 108.99 103. 57 104.19 103. 68 104.34 103.83 101.63 109.33 110. 92 110. 51 110. 51 109. 71 109.33 113.05 112.36 111.67 113. 95 112. 46 112.30 130.82 123. 27 121. 98 123. 40 124. 56 123. 55 97.93 99. 29 97. 44 99. 95 97. 75 97. 75 105.37 106.14 105. 52 109. 46 108. 42 105. 32 104. 81 103. 73 99.14 101. 75 108.65 112. 56 119. 56 95.51 100.36 100.12 97.44 100.19 99.95 98. 57 98.16 109. 59 109. 45 108. 65 109. 45 108.39 106.63 105. 44 121. 26 Machinery------ --------------------------- 120. 67 121.40 121. 69 123.55 122.98 121.98 86 126.07 124. 53 Engines and turbines---------------- 129. 88 129.88 130.00 129. 48 128. 118.94 118. 66 119. 52 115. 46 117. 86 118. 43 Farm machinery and equipment... Construction and related machinery. _ 120.25 120.12 120.83 123. 69 123. 55 122. 98 121. 69 Metalworking machinery and equipment_________________ 133. 85 132.98 136. 89 139. 67 141.34 140.12 139.19 Special industry machinery--------- 112.94 113.90 113.63 114. 70 114.01 113.05 113.16 General industrial machinery------ 117. 96 120.96 120. 54 121. 82 120.83 119. 70 118. 71 Office, computing and accounting machines___________________ 119. 77 120.01 119. 54 119.95 117.38 116.11 115. 71 106.08 Service industry machines............. 110.12 108.21 108. 21 107.90 106.19 106. 75 114. 70 Miscellaneous machinery----------- 113. 82 115.99 115.02 117. 61 116. 53 115.29 103. 20 107. 45 112. 56 119.71 96. 70 98.09 102. 62 108.36 107.68 119.71 96.64 105.06 109. 25 109. 56 120. 25 96.74 104.04 109.93 109. 65 117. 70 98.05 97. 36 99. 84 97.58 97.82 98.71 99.94 106.13 110. 56 121.13 95. 27 102. 87 109. 03 110. 24 123. 26 97. 34 101. 56 107. 27 108.03 116. 47 94. 94 98. 55 104.60 106.00 111.76 93.34 97. 58 96.64 105. 44 104.00 106. 75 104.90 107. 53 108.05 105. 67 103. 53 120. 56 124. 84 119. 56 116.90 118. 71 123. 51 117. 29 118.14 120.70 129. 79 116. 31 119. 56 117.88 127. 20 112.16 117.18 117.04 123. 93 113.00 116.90 117.32 126. 48 112. 61 116.90 116.20 123. 73 111.93 115. 79 113.01 119. 88 107. 59 112.34 138.60 134. 64 135. 28 130.33 128. 44 127. 71 129.33 125. 57 112. 20 110. 62 114. 48 110. 56 110. 56 111.09 109.98 106. 77 118.14 116.60 120.13 117.03 116. 62 117.04 113.71 110.83 116. 76 113. 47 115.02 118. 78 119.07 119.07 116.40 113.15 106. 23 104. 12 106. 45 103. 57 103.83 104. 86 103.12 100.12 113. 74 112. 94 114.01 112. 25 112. 46 111.51 111.51 109.13 Average weekly hours Fabricated metal products--------------Metal cans____ ___ ______ ____ Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware_______________ ----Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures----- ------------------------Fabricated structural metal products.. Screw machine products, bolts, etc. Metal stampings______________ Coating, engraving, and allied services. Miscellaneous fabricated wire products-----------------------------Miscellaneous fabricated metal products______________ ____ Machinery— ........................................ Engines and turbines---------------Farm machinery and equipment... Construction and related machinery.. Metalworking machinery and equipment..----- ------------------Special industry machinery--------General industrial machinery-----Office, computing and accounting machines--------- ------------------Service industry machines______ Miscellaneous machinery_______ 41.2 42.3 41.2 42.1 40.9 42.6 41.9 42.3 41.5 42.5 41.8 41.6 41.9 43.0 41.4 42.3 41.1 42.1 41.6 41.0 41.3 40.9 42.1 41.7 41.3 41.1 41.0 40.8 39.7 41.1 42.7 42.9 40.9 39.9 41.0 42.8 42.1 40.3 40.0 40.7 42.8 42.3 40.8 39.5 40.2 42.2 42.5 40.2 40.5 41.3 42.4 43.4 41.6 40.4 41.2 41.9 42.6 41.3 41.2 41.7 42.3 43.1 41.7 40.8 41.8 42.5 42.8 41.9 40.3 41.1 42.2 42.2 41.1 39.9 40.7 42.4 41.7 41.3 41.8 41.3 42.0 44.8 41.6 43.9 41.9 43.3 41.8 43.0 41.5 42.6 41.4 41.9 41.1 41.3 41.6 40.3 41.1 42.5 44.8 40.3 40.7 41.7 42.4 43.1 41.2 40.5 41.7 42.3 42.5 40.6 40.6 41.7 43.0 42.7 41.3 40.4 41.4 42.6 43.1 40.9 41.3 41.2 40.6 41.4 41.3 40.9 40.9 40.7 40.4 41.6 41.0 41.1 41.3 41.0 41.3 41.2 41.9 41.1 41.9 41.3 42.3 41.1 41.3 42.0 41.0 42.4 41.4 41.2 42.1 41.3 42.9 41.5 41.5 42.8 40.9 42.7 41.3 40.8 42.9 40.7 42.5 40.8 41.5 42.7 40.4 42.4 40.3 41.7 42.4 40.4 42.3 40.4 42.1 41.6 40.0 41.8 40.1 41.3 41.6 40.9 42.5 41.6 41. 1 42.1 40.5 41.8 40.9 40.2 41.7 41.2 41.8 40.5 40.5 41.6 41.4 41.9 41.2 40.8 41.6 40.8 41.8 40.7 40.7 41.5 40.6 41.7 40.5 40.6 41.3 43.6 42.3 41.1 43.6 42.5 42.0 44.3 42.4 42.0 45.2 42.8 42.3 45.3 42.7 42.1 45.2 42.5 42.0 44.9 42.7 41.8 45.0 42.5 41.6 44.0 41.9 41.2 44.5 43.2 42.3 43.3 42.2 41.5 43.1 42.2 41.5 43.0 42.4 41.8 43.4 42.3 41.2 43.3 42.2 41.2 40.6 41.4 42.0 41.1 41.3 42.8 40.8 41.3 42.6 40.8 41.5 43.4 40.2 41.0 43.0 39.9 40.9 42.7 39.9 40.8 42.8 40.4 40.7 42.6 39.4 40.2 42.3 39.8 41.1 42.7 41.1 40.3 42.2 41.2 40.4 42.6 41.2 40.8 42.4 40.7 40.6 42.4 40.7 40.7 42.3 $2.70 3.15 $2.69 3.12 $2. 67 3.11 $2.68 3.09 $2.68 3.08 $2.68 3.08 $2.66 3.04 $2. 65 $2. 66 $2. 65 $2.64 $2.63 3.06 3.09 3. 06 3. 06 3.02 $2.63 3.07 $2. 61 3.03 $2. 55 3.00 Average hourly earnings Fabricated metal products............ ...... Metal cans_____________ _____ Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware___________________ Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures____________________ Fabricated structural metal products. Screw machine products, bolts, etc. Metal stampings.................... ....... Coating, engraving, and allied services Miscellaneous fabricated wire products______________ ____ Miscellaneous fabricated metal products___________________ Machinery______________________ Engines and turbines___________ Farm machinery and equipment... Construction and related machinery. Metalworking machinery and equipment___ ______________ Special industry machinery....... . General industrial machinery____ Office, computing and accounting machines___________________ Service industry machines______ Miscellaneous machinery_______ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2. 61 2. 62 2.58 2.61 2.61 2. 62 2. 57 2. 57 2.58 2.60 2. 60 2. 55 2. 55 2. 53 2.43 2.57 2.66 2.66 2. 92 2.43 2. 56 2. 66 2. 65 2.86 2.41 2.56 2. 65 2.64 2.87 2.40 2. 57 2. 65 2. 65 2.89 2.42 2. 57 2. 65 2. 64 2.89 2.39 2. 56 2. 66 2. 63 2.88 2.39 2. 55 2. 65 2. 63 2.84 2.37 2.58 2.64 2.63 2.83 2.37 2. 53 2. 64 2. 62 2.85 2. 37 2.54 2. 64 2. 60 2.84 2.34 2.54 2.63 2. 57 2.81 2.34 2. 55 2. 62 2.59 2.79 2. 32 2. 55 2. 63 2.58 2.75 2.34 2. 52 2.61 2.56 2.76 2.31 2.47 2. 57 2.50 2. 68 2. 26 2.43 2.43 2. 40 2. 42 2. 42 2.41 2. 40 2.41 2.41 2.40 2.38 2.38 2.39 2.38 2.34 2. 55 2. 71 2.96 2.65 2. 72 2. 87 2. 65 2. 87 3.16 2. 88 2.86 2.65 2.87 3.14 2. 88 2.87 2.65 2.88 3.12 2.88 2.89 2.65 2.88 3.12 2. 83 2.88 2. 62 2.87 3.09 2. 84 2. 88 2.61 2.86 3.09 2.84 2.87 2.61 2.85 3.09 2. 84 2.81 2. 60 2.84 3.08 2.84 2.84 2. 61 2.84 3.12 2. 83 2. 84 2.59 2. 82 3.11 2. 70 2.81 2. 61 2.80 3. 06 2. 79 2.81 2. 61 2.80 3.07 2. 76 2.81 2.59 2.78 3.04 2. 75 2.79 3. 07 2. 67 2. 87 3.05 2.68 2.88 3.09 2. 68 2. 87 3.09 2. 68 2. 88 3.12 2. 67 2.87 3.10 2. 66 2.85 3.10 2. 65 2.84 3.08 2. 64 2.84 3.06 2. 64 2. 83 3.04 2. 65 2.84 3.01 2. 62 2.82 2.98 2.62 2.81 2.97 2. 62 2. 80 2.98 2. 60 2. 76 2.90 2.53 2.69 2.95 2.66 2. 71 2. 92 2. 62 2. 71 2. 93 2. 62 2.70 2.94 2. 60 2. 71 2.92 2.59 2. 71 2.91 2.61 2. 70 2.90 2.60 2.68 2.89 2. 61 2. 67 2.88 2. 59 2. 67 2.89 2. 59 2.67 2.89 2. 57 2. 66 2.89 2. 57 2. 64 2.89 2. 57 2.63 2.86 2. 54 2.63 2.78 2.46 2.58 2.66 2.88 3.16 1352 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued R evised series; see box, p. 1342. 1964 1963 Annual average Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 $99.38 107.04 104. 70 108.12 $97.44 102.87 102.00 104.23 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued Electrical equipment and supplies---- _■$102.97 $102. 56 $101.96 $102.47 $101.81 $101. 56 $100. 90 $100.90 $100.40 $102.41 $100.60 $100. 28 $100. 53 Electric distribution equipment__ 113.84 113. 28 112.74 112. 74 110. 43 109.48 109. Of 110.29 107.3Í 113.97 109.61 109.33 108.92 Electrical industrial apparatus .. 108. 62 109.82 110.92 109.30 109.56 109.0Í 108.62 106. 75 106. 49 107.79 104.90 104.60 106.30 Household appliances________ _ 109.34 108.81 108.8) 108.41 107.3Í 108. 09 107.47 106.89 105. 29 109.88 106.93 108.39 110.92 Electric lighting and wiring equipment- _ _ ________________ 98.17 97. 92 95.20 96.15 96.32 95. 04 94.16 94.49 93.14 96.79 94.87 94.37 95.06 Radio and TV receiving sets_____ 86. 24 88. IS 88.36 84.64 85.09 86.3( 86.08 86.46 87.86 87. 25 86.63 86. 72 86.33 Communication equipment_____ 113.3C 112. 48 109. 2( 112.07 111.3Í 110.79 110. 39 109.35 108. 95 110.29 109. 08 108. 26 108.67 Electronic components and accessories_______________ ______ 86. 5i 85.79 85.32 85.39 85.39 84.99 84. 77 84.96 83. 67 84.16 84.19 84.40 82.97 Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies__________ ____ 110. 84 104.28 108. 67 110.03 109. 08 109.35 107. 06 109.48 112. 74 114. 09 111.64 110.39 108.09 Transportation equipment________ _ 134.73 129.38 128.54 131. 75 129.36 129.36 126.68 126.99 127.41 133.30 132.68 131. 52 127.80 Motor vehicles and equipment__ 137. 7C 134. 51 140.16 136.42 135.99 130.94 132 51 133 77 143 49 142 20 139 00 132 19 123.62 125.15 125. 05 124. 82 123.93 123.82 123.11 123.82 123.71 124.92 124. 20 124! 38 124.68 Aircraft and parts__ 1 ------Ship and boat building and repairing_____ - __________ 121.20 122. 01 121. 20 121.99 122. 07 121.1C 123. 37 120.39 118.8C 120. 5C 124.01 123.30 124. 01 Railroad equipment_______ 126.8S 126. 79 127. 7C 127. 08 128.33 125 55 126 38 123 82 124 34 124 22 122 71 124 34 Other transportation equipment-.. 95.49 91.35 95.99 95.37 93.11 91.80 90. 72 87.64 92.21 89.33 93.60 9 4 . 7 3 93.26 90.85 85.85 85.75 106.92 106.97 82.76 82.00 107.83 106.66 126.42 122.22 12¿ 43 119! 97 121.06 114. 97 118 10 9l! 84 86! 22 Average weekly hours Electrical equipment and supplies___ Electric distribution equipment. . . Electrical industrial apparatus___ Household appliances_________ Electric lighting and wiring equipment. _____ ______ . ___ _ Radio and TV receiving sets__ Communication equipment_____ Electronic components and accessories.— _ __________ Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies___ _ ____ __ Transportation equipment__ ____ Motor vehicles and equipment... Aircraft and parts__ ________ __ Ship and boat building and repairing . _ _ ... ______ __ _ Railroad equipment__. . . Other transportation equipment... 40.7 41.7 41.3 40.8 40.7 41.8 41.6 40.6 40.3 41.6 41.7 40.3 40.5 41.6 41.4 40.3 40.4 40.9 41.5 39 9 40.3 40.7 41.3 40.3 40.2 40.7 41.3 40.1 40.2 41.0 40.9 40.0 40.0 40.2 40.8 39.4 40.8 41.9 41.3 41.0 40.4 40.9 40.5 40.2 40.6 41.1 40.7 40.9 40.7 41.1 41.2 41.7 40.4 40.7 40.9 40.8 40.6 40.5 40.8 40.4 40.4 39.2 41.2 40.8 39.9 40.9 40.0 39.8 40.0 40.4 38.3 40.9 40.3 38.5 40.8 40.1 38.7 40.7 39.9 38.6 40.7 40.0 38.6 40.5 39.3 39.4 40.5 40.8 39.3 41.0 40.2 39.2 40.7 40.5 39.6 40.7 40.8 39.6 40.7 40.2 39.2 40.5 40.2 39.7 41.3 39.9 39.9 39.5 39.9 39.9 39.9 39.8 39.7 39.1 39.7 39.9 4.00 39.7 39.6 40.0 40.6 39.5 40.1 40.6 40.4 40.5 39.8 40.7 41.6 42.1 41.5 41.5 41.1 41.0 41.5 42.5 41.6 42.5 40.9 41.6 42.3 41.0 42.5 43.8 41.2 42.0 42. 9 40.9 42.0 42. 9 41.0 41.4 41. 7 40.9 41.5 42. 2 41.0 41.5 42 2 41.1 43.0 44 7 41.5 42.8 44 3 41.4 42.7 43 9 41.6 41.9 42 1 4L 7 42.0 42.0 4l! 5 41.8 40.4 40.8 41.7 40.4 40.9 40.6 40.8 40. 8 42.1 41.1 40. 6 42.2 40.5 41. 0 41.2 41.4 40. 5 40.8 40.4 40 0 40.5 40.0 40 2 39.3 40.3 40 5 40.8 41.2 41.1 41.2 40.9 40.2 3¿ 7 4L 6 42 !1 4L 0 40.1 40.4 40.0 Average hourly earnings Electrical equipment and supplies....... Electric distribution equipment__ Electrical industrial apparatus___ Household appliances___ . . . ._ Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent.. __ ... _____________ Radio and TV receiving sets__ _ Communication equipment_____ Electronic components and accessories. . . ___ _______ Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies________ _____ _ $2.53 2.73 2.63 2.68 $2.52 2. 71 2.64 2.68 $2.53 2. 71 2.66 2.70 $2.53 2. 71 2.64 2.69 $2.52 2.70 2.64 2.69 $2.52 2.69 2.64 2.68 $2.51 2.68 2.63 2.68 $2.51 2.69 2. 61 2.67 $2.51 2.67 2.61 2.67 $2. 51 2.72 2. 61 2.68 $2.49 2.68 2.59 2.66 2.43 2.20 2. 75 2.40 2. 21 2.75 2.38 2.22 2.73 2. 38 2. 21 2. 74 2.39 2. 21 2.73 2.37 2.23 2.72 2.36 2.23 2. 71 2. 36 2.24 2.70 2.37 2.23 2.69 2.37 2.22 2.69 2.36 2.21 2.68 2.33 2.19 2.66 2.33 2.18 2.67 2.17 2.15 2.16 2.14 2.14 2.13 2.13 2.14 2.14 2.12 2.11 2.11 2.09 2.09 2.05 2.73 2.64 2. 71 2.71 2.70 2.70 2.69 2.69 2. 71 2.71 2.69 2.66 2.63 2.63 2.57 Transportation equipment_____ ___ Motor vehicles and equipment... Aircraft and parts____ _____ . . Ship and boat building and repairing_____ _ __________ Railroad equipment_________ __ Other transportation equipment... 3.17 3.11 3. 24 3.06 3.09 3.18 3.05 3.10 3. 20 3.03 3.08 3. 18 3.03 3.08 3 17 3.02 3.06 3 14 3.01 3.06 3 14 3.02 3.07 3.10 3.10 3.08 3.05 3.01 2.91 3! 01 3.01 ¿00 2.99 2.99 2.95 2. 87 3.02 3.11 2.29 3.00 3.10 2.25 2.99 3.13 2.28 2. 97 3.13 2. 26 2.99 3 13 2. 26 2.98 3 10 2.25 2.98 3 00 2.24 2.97 3 0« ¿23 2.99 3 07 2.26 3.01 3 OQ 2 ! 25 3.00 3.01 2.96 2.86 ¿25 ¿25 2. 24 2.15 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3.06 3.03 $2. 47 $2.47 2.66 2.65 2.57 2.58 2.65 2.66 $2.46 $2.40 2.63 2.54 2. 56 2.50 2.65 2. 58 2.32 2.19 2.64 2. 26 2.16 2.59 1353 C —EARNINGS AND HOURS T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued R evised series; se e box, p. 1342. 1964 Annual average 1963 Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing;—Continued Durable goods—Continued InstmTHP.nhs and related products____ $103.89 $103. 73 $103. 22 $103. 73 $102. 56 $102.06 $101.40 $101.66 Engineering and scientific instru119.94 119.07 120. 77 117.91 118.03 117. 22 117.22 ments __ _ __________ Mechanical measuring and control 104.19 105.11 103.53 103.53 103.12 102.47 104.30 devices _______ -___ 103.63 Optical and ophthalmic goods__ _ 92.92 94.53 92.43 94.66 93.98 92. 51 92. 51 92.96 Surgical, medical, and dental equipment__ ____ ________ 88.00 87.45 86.55 86.22 86.43 86.22 85.75 85.79 Photographic equipment and sup120.27 120.96 119.68 118.94 117.38 116.28 117.26 plies ___ __ 84.32 84.32 85.97 83. 71 82.18 81.37 81.24 Watches and clocks __,!/.___ Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries ________ . _ ____ ___ Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware__ ___ _ _ ___ Toys, amusement, and sporting goods Pens, pencils, office and art materials Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions Other manufacturing industries__ $99.90 $102.91 $102.91 $102. 75 $102. 75 $101.59 $99.80 115.31 120.06 119. 65 120. 22 119.65 118. 53 115.64 100.30 103.48 104.24 104.14 104.24 102.16 92.21 95.15 94.05 95.15 94.28 93.86 83.42 86.00 86.00 85.60 87.10 85. 01 98.98 89. 62 84.45 115.75 118. 71 117.31 117.31 116.33 115.08 114.26 80.98 83.16 81.93 82. 78 83.79 83.13 83.37 81.97 82.39 81.35 82.58 81.95 82.76 82.78 82.16 79.87 82.39 81.59 81.40 80.60 80.39 90.13 88.80 87.78 89.69 89.65 89.69 89.24 87.96 84.37 94.30 92.06 92.13 90.20 88.70 84.82 78.21 74.11 75.64 73.53 73. 72 72.96 74. 50 73. 53 71.60 72.39 73.14 73.68 72. 71 72.37 71.37 80.00 75.00 79.80 78.40 78.20 78.01 78.80 75.24 78.39 78.00 78. 76 76.64 78.00 74.82 74.87 88. 75 89.42 75.64 88.75 76.80 88.98 77.20 87.91 77.01 77.16 89.20 89.24 77.18 88.58 72.96 86.85 76.57 89.02 75.01 87.82 75.76 88.04 73.45 86.58 71.68 84.82* 41.0 41.0 41.1 41.1 40.8 40.9 41.4 41.3 41.3 75.55 87.20 Average weekly hours Instruments and related products-----Engineering and scientific instru ments_____________________ Mechanical measuring and control devices__________ ___ ______ Optical and ophthalmic goods-----Surgical, medical, and dental equipment___________ ______ Photographic equipment and sup plies_____________________ 40.9 40.8 40.4 40.8 41.0 40.7 40.5i 40.4 40.5 39.8 41.5 41.2 41.5 40.8 40.7 40.7 40.7 39.9 41.4 41.4 41.6 40.9 41.1 40.7 40.9 40.9 41.7 40.6 41.4 40.6 41.3 40.6 41.3 40.5 41.5 39.8 40.8 40.9 42.1 41.2 41.8 41.0 42.1 41.2 41.9 40.7 41.9 40.4 41.3 40.3 39.7 40.1 40.2 40.1 39.7 39.9 38.8 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.7 40.1 40.6 42.2 39.4 42.0 39.4 41.7 39.8 41.3 39.3 40.9 38.4 40.8 38.2 41.0 38.5 40.9 38.2 41.8 39.6 41.6 39.2 41.6 39.8 41.4 39.9 41.1 39.4 41.7 39.7 39.6 39.8 39.3 39.7 39.4 39.6 39.8 39.5 38.4 39.8 39.8 40.1 39.9 39.6 39.7 40.6 40.0 39.9 40.4 40.2 40.4 40.2 39.8 38.7 42.1 41.1 41.5 41.0 40.5 40.2 39.6 38.7 38.8 38.4 38.6 38.6 38.1 37.1 38.1 38.7 39.4 39.3 38.7 39.0 40.2 37.5 39.7 39.2 39.1 39.4 39.6 38.0 40.2 40.0 40.6 39.1 40.0 39.8 39.2 40.1 39.6 39.8 40.0 39.9 40.0 39.6 39.9 40.0 40.4 40.2 40.2 39.9 38.0 39.3 40.3 40.1 39.9 40.1 40.3 40.2 40.4 40.0 39.7 39.9 39.6 40.2 $2. 51 $2.51 $2.44 40.0 Watches and clocks------------------ Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries______ ___________________ Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware___________ ___ ______ Toys, amusement, and sporting goods_____________ _______ Pens, pencils, office and art materials-------------------- -------Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions____________________ Other manufacturing industries---- 41.0 39.8 Average hourly earnings Instruments and related products____ Engineering and scientific instru ments___ ______________ ___ Mechanical measuring and control devices___ _________________ Optical and ophthalmic goods........ Surgical, medical, and dental equipment-------------------------Photographic equipment and sup plies............................................. Watches and clocks____________ Miscellaneous manufacturing indus trie s.............................................. — Jeweliry, silverware, and plated ware______________________ Toys, amusement, and sporting goods........................................... Pens, pencils, office and art materials...................................... Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions________________ ___ Other manufacturing industries— See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.53 $2.53 $2.53 $2.52 $2.52 $2. 51 $2.51 $2. 51 $2.50 $2.50 $2.49 2.89 2.89 2. 91 2.89 2.90 2.88 2.88 2.89 2.90 2.89 2.89 2.89 2.87 2.80 2.54 2.30 2.55 2.30 2.56 2.26 2.57 2.27 2.55 2.27 2.55 2.24 2.54 2.24 2.53 2.24 2.52 2.26 2.53 2.26 2.53 2.25 2.54 2.26 2.53 2.25 2.51 2.24 2.45 2.17 2.20 2.17 2.18 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.16 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.14 2.14 2.12 2.08 2.83 2.12 2.84 2.10 2.82 2.09 2.82 2.08 2.81 2.10 2.80 2.11 2.74 2.10 $2.54 2.07 2.22 2.85 2.14 2.88 2.14 2.87 2.16 2.88 2.13 2.87 2.14 2.85 2.13 2.86 2.11 2.07 2.07 2.08 2.08 2.09 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.02 2.03 1.97 2.22 2.22 2.21 2.18 2.24 2.24 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.11 1.83 2.22 2.20 2.22 2.23 1.91 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.92 1.93 1.93 1.93 1.90 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.87 1.98 1.99 1.98 1.95 1.95 1.94 1.96 1.95 1.88 1.91 2.22 1.92 2.22 1.92 2.21 1.90 2.22 1.88 2.19 1.88 2.19 1.87 2.18 1.85 2.17 1.81 2.11 1.99 2.23 1.91 2.23 2.00 2.01 2.00 2.00 1.91 2.23 1.92 2.23 1.93 2.22 1.93 2.23 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 1354 T a ble C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1342. 1964 Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Annual average 1963 Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued N o n d u ra b le goods __ $97.10 $97.00 $97.82 $97.99 106. 01 105.25 104.04 107.36 Dairy products. _____________ 106.14 103.21 104.00 103.03 Canned and preserved food, except 78.76 77.00 73.64 110.32 108.03 106.91 111.34 100.53 98.09 98. 57 98.16 108. 95 108. 26 108.00 Confectionery and related products 81.35 81.39 80. 75 79.76 112.20 111.78 114.36 109.33 Beverages____ ____ ___ ___ Miscellaneous food and kindred 95.53 96.18 95.53 97.13 products... . ... . . . - ... 72.47 74.88 80.13 81.39 Tobacco manufactures __ 97.58 96.08 98.29 ____ Cigarettes 64.18 62. 54 64.41 Cigars __ __ 70.92 73.10 71.81 73.10 Textile mill products.. .. 70.17 73.68 72.80 73.68 Cotton broad woven fabrics . Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics____ ______ ... --------- 80. 72 79.46 77.22 78.37 Weaving and finishing broad 73.72 77.04 78.73 78.91 N arrow fabrics and smallwares . _ 71.13 73.62 72.98 73.51 66.81 64.68 65.02 63.95 Knitting Finishing textiles, except wool. knit. 75.85 78.91 77.74 83.42 77.41 74.62 74.26 Floor covering 64. 55 67. 55 66. 91 67. 07 Yarn and thread 84. 46 84.04 86. 48 Miscellaneous textile goods____ . 84.67 jr<v>d and kindred products . __ Food and kindred products.. _ _____ Meat products______ . . . ____ Dairy "products. __ ____ Canned and preserved food, except meats _ __ ____________ ___ Grain mill products.. ... ------ .. Bakery products. ______ .. . Sugar _ __ Confectionery and related products. _ . Beverages__ Miscellaneous food, kindred products. Tobacco manufactures _ Cigarettes . . . __ ... Cigars __________ ______ Textile mill products__ __ . . Cotton broad woven fabrics_____ Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics____ ______ . --------Weaving and finishing broad woolens. ___ . ______ Narrow fabrics and smallwares... Knitting._ . . ______ . . . ----. Finishing textiles, except wool, knit Floor covering . . _ Yarn and thread_________ ____ Miscellaneous textile goods______ Food and kindred products................ . Meat products________ ____ ___ Dairy products._______________ Canned and preserved food, except meats__________ ___ _______ Grain mill products____________ Bakery products---------- -----------Sugar_______________________ Confectionery and related products. Beverages____________________ Miscellaneous food, kindred products. Tobacco manufactures______ ___ _ Cigarettes-----------------------------Cigars________ ______ _______ Textile mill products______________ Cotton broad woven fabrics_____ Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics_____________________ Weaving and finishing broad woolens. Narrow fabrics and smallwares___ Knitting_____________________ Finishing textiles, except wool, knit Floor covering________________ Yam and thread______________ Miscellaneous textile goods______ Se« footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $98.16 $96.32 $95.84 $95.68 $95.91 $96.59 $95.94 $94.35 $95. 68 $94. 48 105.32 103. 28 103.06 101. 24 105.11 108.20 107.95 101.84 104. 58 101.93 102. 55 100.74 100. 98 101.46 100.67 100.32 99.66 99.48 101.15 98. 75 77.70 76.43 74.83 74.70 74.34 73.63 71.39 77.03 80.40 75.45 106.83 104.54 104.06 104.59 108.09 106.28 108.38 108. 31 107. 81 105. 02 97.03 95.44 94. 80 94.64 93.62 95.34 94.64 94. 71 95. 34 93.90 107.47 103.60 100. 75 94.92 98.12 95.90 94.61 94.50 104.09 100. 74 80.38 79. 58 78.19 78.99 76.58 78.21 77. 81 80.19 82.00 78. 80 108. 54 108.94 107.33 106.52 103.88 106.13 107. 20 108.26 107.59 107.18 "• 96.22 94.47 94.73 96. 50 9Ô. 18 96.13 96.78 95.27 94.37 93.70 72.69 80.19 75.60 68.84 74.86 73.13 71.46 71.46 73.73 80.17 93. 85 94.56 87.66 75.37 91.26 93.67 96.82 89.55 93.06 92.20 66.50 57.73 63.24 66. 57 67.40 65.67 63.18 63.73 61.85 60.64 72. 75 71.63 71.63 71.98 70.40 72.69 72.28 71.04 69.83 69.43 73.92 72.38 72.21 73.08 72.31 73.78 73.35 69.97 67. 40 68.30 78.19 78.01 77.22 77. 58 76.68 79. 20 78. 84 75. 52 74.30 74.65 77.56 73.51 64.68 82.45 73.89 66.17 83.83 76.41 73.16 64.56 80.48 74.39 65.04 81.60 74.19 75.26 75.30 71.91 72. 57 69.74 64.51 64.34 60.45 82.64 83.66 78.74 74.88 74.64 72.18 64. 72 65.37 64.40 81.39 80.99 81.20 Average weekly hours $91.62 98.66 96.05 73. 53 101. 92 91.30 97. 75 76.61 103.31 91.38 71.41 89. 54 57.82 68.21 66.75 73.44 75. 81 73. 46 62.79 84.44 77.83 66.33 83.80 71.94 72.51 64. 30 83.76 78. 74 66.08 83.20 73.71 72.10 65. 30 80. 51 77.15 64.94 82.96 74.85 71.58 64. 80 78. 73 78. 01 63.67 80.95 75.40 71.34 62.65 79.76 75.18 63.59 81.14 77.17 70.93 61.44 78. 07 73. 04 62.22 78.91 41.1 41.6 42.3 41.1 40.8 42.8 41.0 42.1 42.4 40.9 41.3 42.2 40.3 40.5 41.8 40.1 40.1 41.9 40.2 39.7 42.1 40.3 40.9 41.6 41.1 42.6 41.8 41.0 42.5 41.7 41.2 41.4 41.8 41.6 42.0 42.5 40.9 41.1 42.2 40.9 40.6 42.5 39.4 39.2 38.8 45.2 40.7 40.5 39.7 41.4 41.9 38.4 41.0 38.2 41.3 42.1 38.5 45.3 40.9 39.8 39.2 42.2 42.0 38.9 40.2 37.9 40.8 41.6 36.1 46.2 40.9 40.0 39.1 41.1 41.9 39.7 41.3 38.8 41.3 42. 1 37.9 44.7 40.6 40.1 39.4 40.5 42.2 39.3 39.6 40.1 41.1 42.0 37.1 43.2 40.1 38.8 39.2 40.2 41.8 39.5 39.9 40.6 40.7 41.6 36.5 43.0 40.0 38.9 38.9 39.9 42.1 37.8 37.3 39.8 40.7 41.5 36.8 43.4 40.1 38.9 39.3 39.6 42.7 35.3 31.8 40.3 40.9 42.0 36.8 44.3 39.5 41.4 38.1 39.2 42.3 36.9 39.0 35.2 40.0 41.8 37.0 44.1 40.4 43.2 39.7 39.6 43.3 39.4 40.2 38.8 41.3 42.4 36.8 44.6 40.1 43.2 39.7 40.0 43.4 38.9 41.2 39.0 41.3 42.4 39.1 45.7 40.3 42.0 40.5 40.7 43.5 39.7 38.6 39.1 41.3 41.9 40.4 45.3 40.4 40.5 41.0 40. 6 42.7 39.7 39.6 38.9 40.6 40.6 38.3 44.5 40.3 41.8 39.8 40. 6 42.4 38.6 39.4 37.9 40.6 40.9 38.7 44.7 40.4 42.5 39.9 40. 2 42.7 38.6 39.1 37.3 40.6 40.7 43.4 43.9 42.9 43.3 43.2 43.1 42.9 43.1 42.6 44.0 43.8 43.4 42.7 42.9 42. 7 39.6 41.3 41.2 40.9 39.3 41.1 42.3 41.7 41.4 42. 1 41.0 38.5 40.7 41.0 41.3 41.4 42.2 41.3 38.7 43.0 40.8 41.4 42.6 41.7 41.3 38.5 42.5 40.6 41.1 41.5 41.3 40.1 40.9 40.7 41. 1 40.4 41.0 39.4 38.2 38.4 38.3 36.2 41.7 42.6 42.9 40.8 41.1 41.6 41.7 40.1 40.4 40.2 40.6 40.0 40.8 40.9 40.7 40.6 Average hourly earnings 41.2 41.5 37.6 43.3 43.0 41.2 41.9 39.1 41.2 38.5 43.4 43. 5 41.3 41.6 40.5 41.2 39.1 42.6 43.1 41.1 41.9 40. 9 40.9 38.8 42.1 43.1 40.3 41.3 41.2 41.0 38.2 42.2 42. 0 40.5 41.4 42. 4 41.0 38.4 42.4 41.1 40.2 41. 5 $2 .3 8 2 .53 2 .48 $2.36 2 .53 2 .44 $2 .3 8 2 .55 2 .43 $2 .3 9 2 .55 2 . 43 $2 .4 0 2 .55 2 . 43 $2 .39 2 . 55 2 . 41 $2 .39 2 .5 7 2.41 $2 .3 8 2 . 55 2 . 41 $2.38 2 .57 2 . 42 $2 .3 5 2 . 54 2 .40 $2 .34 2 . 54 2 .39 $2 .2 9 2 .46 2 . 38 $2 .3 0 2 . 49 2 . 38 $2 .3 1 2.48 2 .34 $2 .2 4 2.43 2 .26 2 .0 3 2 .39 2 .41 2 .69 2 . 05 2 .70 2 .28 2 .00 2 .36 2 . 41 2 .72 2 .06 2 .71 2 .29 2.04 2 . 41 2.40 2 . 70 2.04 2 . 66 2.28 2 .0 5 2 . 39 2 . 39 2 .68 2 .04 2 .68 2 .28 2.06 2 . 42 2 . 38 2 .67 2.03 2 . 71 2 .26 2.05 2 . 42 2 . 37 2 . 59 2 . 01 2.69 2 .25 2 .03 2 . 41 2 . 36 2 .44 2.01 2 . 69 2 . 26 2 .02 2 .44 2 .37 2 .37 2.0 1 2 . 65 2 . 25 1 .99 2 .41 2 .36 2 .22 1 .97 2 .68 2 . 22 1.94 2 .43 2.36 2 .19 1 .96 2.68 2 . 23 1 .9 7 2 .37 2 .35 2 .25 1 .98 2 .66 2 .19 1 .99 2 . 38 2 . 36 2 .57 2 .00 2 .6 5 2 .21 1 .9 7 2 . 36 2 .33 2 .41 1 .98 2 .64 2 .2 1 1.90 2 . 28 2 . 26 2 . 30 1 .92 2 . 57 2 .14 1 .83 1 .95 2 .38 1.68 2 . 06 2 .39 1 .6 5 2 .05 2 .38 1.66 2.04 2 .37 1 .6 6 2 .03 2 . 37 1 .6 6 2 .00 2 .35 1 .6 5 1.95 2 .37 1.65 1.97 2 . 34 1.64 1.90 2 . 33 1.63 1 .88 2 . 35 1 .62 1 .80 2 .32 1 .63 1.80 2 . 35 1 .59 1 .91 2 . 34 1 .60 1.85 2 .29 1 .55 1.80 1 .79 1 .77 1.75 1 .7 6 1 .75 1 .7 7 1 .75 1 .7 7 1.76 1 .7 6 1 .7 4 1.76 1 .7 4 1 .76 1.74 1 .7 6 1 .7 3 1 .7 6 1.74 1 .75 1 .7 3 1 .72 1.67 1.72 1.66 1.71 1 .67 1.68 1 .64 1.86 1 .90 1.81 1 . 71 1 .9 3 1.8 1 1 .87 1 .8 0 1 .7 0 1 .9 2 1 .8 3 1 .6 2 2 .04 1.80 1 .87 1.78 1.68 1 .91 1.82 1.62 2 . 03 1.8 1 1 .8 7 1.78 1.68 1 .94 1.82 1 .62 2.03 1 .81 1 .8 6 1 .7 8 1 .6 8 1 .9 4 1 .8 2 1 .61 2 .02 1.81 1 .8 5 1 .7 8 1 .69 1 .93 1.8 1 1.6 1 2.00 1 .8 0 1.85 1.78 1 .6 8 1 .9 4 1 .8 0 1 .61 1 .99 1 .80 1 .8 4 1 .7 7 1 .6 8 1 .9 5 1 .7 9 1.61 1 .99 1 .80 1 .8 5 1 .7 7 1.67 1.93 1 .8 0 1.61 2 .00 1 .8 0 1 .8 4 1 .7 7 1 .67 1 .9 5 1.81 1.61 2 .00 1 .8 0 1 .8 4 1 .7 6 1.67 1 .9 3 1.81 1 .60 2 . 00 1.74 1 .82 1.75 1 .67 1.89 1.79 1.58 1.98 1.74 1.83 1.75 1.67 1 .87 1.8 1 1.58 1 .96 1 .74 1 .83 1 .7 4 1.64 1 .8 9 1 .7 9 1.57 1 .9 6 1 .72 1 .82 1 .73 1.60 1 .85 1 .76 1 .54 1 . 92 40.8 41.9 42.8 45.4 41.2 39.3 41.1 42.6 39.6 38.8 39.3 37.4 39.3 2 .43 2 .44 2 .07 2 .73 2 .28 1 .6 3 2 .05 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able 1355 C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1342. 1964 1963 Annual average Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July M anufacturing—Continued Nondurable goods—Continued Apparel and related products-. .. Men’s and boys’ suits and coats— Men’s and boys’ furnishings... Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear..- -------------- -----Women’s and children’s undergarments __________ ______ Hats, caps, and millinery . ___ Girls’ and children’s outerwear.. ^_ Fur goods and miscellaneous ap. parel___ .. . . . . Miscellaneous fabricated textile products_________ _______ . Paper and allied products... - - - --Paper and pulp.. _____ ______ Paperboard . . . - - - - - - Converted paper and paperboard products. . . . Paperboard containers and boxes... Printing, publishing, and allied industries---------- _. . . -------- -Newspaper publishing and printing. Periodical publishing and printing. Books. Commercial printing_ ___ ______ Bookbinding and related industries. Other publishing and printing ind u stries...____________ Apparel and related products.. Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__ Men’s and boys’ furnishings_____ Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear__ __ _________ __ Women’s and children’s undergarments___ ______ ... _ _ _. Hats, caps, and millinery.. Girls’ and children’s outerwear___ Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel___ . _ ______ ___ ___ Miscellaenous fabricated textile products___ . .. .. __________ Paper and allied products Paper and pulp_______________ Paperboard... _____________ Converted paper and paperboard products... ____ ______ ___ Paperboard containers and boxes.. Printing, publishing, and allied industries _____ _________________ Newspaper publishing and printing. Periodical publishing and printing. Books___ __ . . . Commercial printing___ Bookbinding and related industries. Other publishing and printing industries.. ... _ _ _____ .. Apparel and related products. _ _ __ Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__ Men’s and boys’ furnishings_____ Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear__________________ Women’s and children’s undergarments _________________ .. Hats, caps, and millinery . _ __ Girls’ and children’s outerwear___ Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel______________________ Miscellaneous fabricated textile products__________________ Paper and allied products__________ Paper and pulp_______________ Paperboard__________________ Converted paper and paperboard products___________________ Paperboard containers and boxes.Printing, publishing, and allied industries. . . Newspaper publishing and printing. Periodical publishing and printing. Books.. ____________________ Commercial printing . . . . .. . Bookbinding and related industries. Other publishing and printing industries____________________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings $62. 47 $65. 87 $64.25 $63. 71 $63. 54 $63.90 $64. 79 $64. 61 $60.00 $63. 54 $63.01 $64. 25 $64. 25 74.05 77. 54 74.62 76.08 76.65 75.60 75. 87 76.08 73. 78 77.70 76. 59 77.38 76.38 55.54 57. 46 57.00 57.00 55.78 55.94 56. 92 56.24 53.00 55. 57 54.96 55. 87 56.17 64.00 70.00 68.11 65.43 65. 81 67.51 68.99 68.60 61.50 64.80 63.74 67.18 67.18 59.86 60.26 58. 77 57.96 58. 84 58.68 59.50 58.00 53.61 58.60 60.00 60. 58 60.64 72.93 71.04 67. 71 66. 76 67.68 73. 5C 75. 22 66. 35 65 68 64 07 54. 61 59.20 60. 47 59.98 58.28 56.64 57.72 59.73 53.27 55. 54 56. 25 5s! 08 57.32 67. 71 65.50 67.33 66.06 63. 72 66.07 64.80 62. 61 67. 66 69 73 69. 55 66.98 69.17 71.19 68.24 69.69 69.16 69. 91 68.02 67. 66 67.16 70.41 69.63 69.27 69.60 111.54 111.71 110. 51 109. 65 108. 46 107.53 106. 85 107.10 106.09 108. 36 107. 43 108. 43 108. 43 124. 64 123.60 124. 43 121. 28 120.01 120.01 119.14 119.41 118. 43 119. 24 119. 41 119. 51 119. 34 127.84 127.35 127. 92 123. 32 121. 44 121. 55 122. 27 122. 27 121. 44 122. 54 120.12 121. 76 121.11 97.34 97. 44 96.05 97.16 101. 40 102. 43 99.19 100.67 115. 62 114. 55 117. 81 116. 44 126.07 108. 62 118.50 117.41 88.70 88.85 112. 99 116.12 122. 21 105. 86 115. 24 88.62 113. 28 116. 80 123. 62 108.36 114. 85 88.30 95.87 99.07 95.40 98.12 94. 71 96.35 113. 96 117. 49 118.40 106. 49 116.03 88.85 113. 58 116.12 121.60 107. 38 115. 64 90.09 113. 58 114.66 120.50 105. 78 116.03 90.09 94. 99 94. 71 96.59 95. 58 111.93 113.04 118.01 104.90 114.07 88.32 110. 67 111.38 114. 66 103. 97 113.10 88.31 $62.09 $61.18 74. 87 72. 54 54. 31 53.53 65.32 64.45 57.41 55. 48 55.80 54. 72 65.16 64.98 66. 85 64. 26 105.90 102.00 117.75 112. 92 118.90 114. 22 98.18 98.23 95. 49 98.05 95.76 99.88 95. 99 93. 79 90.64 99.64 96.28 94. 24 113. 98 118. 24 116.91 105. 01 114.65 90. 02 110. 78 114.61 116. 51 101 27 112. 81 88. 46 111.74 114.30 118. 48 104 66 113. 68 88.17 112. 71 110.30 107. 62 113.98 112. 53 110.35 120.60 115.42 111.95 115! 34 112. 61 110.15 88. 39 88.01 85.91 116.40 116.52 115.53 114. 73 116.19 117.26 117. 95 117.18 115. 50 117. 41 113.28 113. 87 114. 43 113.96 110. 59 Average weekly hours 36.8 37.1 37.8 36.3 36.4 37.5 36.2 36.4 37.5 32.0 35.0 34.4 36.5 37.2 37. 4 36.1 36.5 37.0 37.1 36.8 37.8 42.9 44.2 44.7 34.9 35.6 36.3 35.9 36.5 36.7 36.1 36.0 36.8 33.9 34.1 34.8 36.0 36.6 36.8 36.1 36.3 36.2 36.0 36.0 35.4 35.6 36.2 36.1 35. 6 38.9 43.3 44.3 45.0 37.7 43.0 44.6 45.2 38.5 43.0 44.1 44.2 38.0 42 7 43.8 44.0 41.6 41.9 42.0 42.5 41.4 41.5 41.7 42.3 38.8 36.7 39.5 38.4 38.7 36.5 41.2 41.3 39.4 38.8 38.3 36.4 40.6 40. 1 38.8 38.7 38.8 39. 1 $1.79 2.08 1.53 $1.79 2.09 1.52 2.00 2.00 1.98 1.93 1.93 1.94 1.64 1.62 1.95 1.64 1.61 1. 92 1.63 1.61 1. 85 1.63 1.63 1.84 1.61 1.63 1. 88 1.60 1.84 1.84 1.86 1. 83 1. 79 1.83 2.60 2. 82 2. 86 1.83 2.58 2. 79 2. 83 1.81 2. 57 2. 79 2.83 1.81 2.55 2. 75 2. 79 1.82 2. 54 2. 74 2.76 2.34 2. 42 2. 32 2.41 2. 32 2.39 2.33 2.38 2.98 3. 21 3.00 2. 31 2. 96 3.19 3.06 2.63 2.98 2. 29 2. 95 3.19 3.01 2.64 2. 97 2.29 3.00 2.98 2. 97 33.5 1.63 36.4 36.3 37.2 36.3 36.4 37.0 33.9 35.3 35.1 35.2 35.0 31. 7 36.5 37.5 36.3 35.8 37. 8 37.1 33.3 34. 2 33.5 36.3 36.2 34. 4 38.2 42.5 43.8 44.2 38.0 42. 4 43.8 44.3 37.8 42.5 43.9 44.3 41.5 41.8 41.3 41.4 41.0 41.0 38.4 36.5 40.8 41.2 38.8 38.9 38.5 36.6 39.6 40. 8 39.2 38.8 38.5 36.4 40.4 41.3 39.2 39.0 38.5 36.4 39.9 41.0 39.2 39.0 38.9 38.5 38.6 $1.77 2.05 1.52 $1.76 2.09 1.52 $1.77 2.10 1.52 35.9 37.0 36.8 35.8 36.3 36.4 36.3 36.5 37.0 36.3 36.2 37.2 33.4 33.2 34.1 34.1 34.2 34.1 36.4 35 5 35.6 37.5 35 4 35.6 38.1 35 5 36.3 37.9 35 4 35'6 36.8 35 7 36! 0 36.5 35. 8 36. 7 36. 8 36.4 36.0 36.1 36.5 42.1 43.7 44.0 38.9 43.0 44.0 44.4 38.9 42.8 43.9 44.0 38.7 43.2 44.1 44.6 39.1 43.2 44.2 44.2 38.2 42.7 44.1 44.2 37.8 42.5 43.6 44.1 41.3 41.1 41.0 40.5 42.5 41.8 41.7 41.9 42.0 42.5 42.1 42.4 41.5 41.5 41.2 41.7 38.2 36.0 39.6 40 5 38.8 38.4 37.9 35.7 39.0 40 3 38.6 37.9 38.9 37.3 39.9 40 7 39.4 38.8 38.2 36.5 39.9 39 1 38.9 38.8 38.4 36.4 40.3 40 1 39.2 38.5 38.6 36.3 40.2 41 2 38.3 36.3 39.7 40 1 38.6 38.3 36.3 39.8 40 5 3 9 !1 38.6 38.7 38.8 38.8 38.5 39.4 Average hourly earnings 38.4 38.6 38.4 38.5 38.4 $1.77 $1.78 2. 10 2.09 1.52 1.53 $1. 76 $1.77 2.11 2.12 1.51 1.51 $1.77 2.11 1.51 $1.72 2. 04 1.46 $1.69 1. 95 1.42 $1.77 2.10 1.51 3 9 .5 36.1 36.7 37.2 36.2 37.2 37.7 36! 0 3 9 .2 38.7 $1.78 2.09 1. 52 $1.77 2.09 1.51 1.96 1.96 1. 94 1.94 1.92 1.97 1.97 1.91 1.89 1.63 1. 96 1.59 1.62 1. 99 1.61 1.61 1. 94 1.59 1.61 1. 85 1.56 1.60 1. 81 1.58 1.59 1. 89 1.60 1.60 1. 90 1.61 1.56 1.84 1 .5 5 1.52 1.81 1.52 1. 82 1. 79 1. 82 1. 89 1. 90 1. 89 1. 84 1. 81 1. 80 1.83 2. 53 2.74 2. 75 1.79 2. 52 2. 72 2.76 1.79 2. 52 2. 72 2.76 1.84 2. 52 2. 71 2. 76 1.81 2. 52 2. 71 2.76 1.79 2. 51 2. 72 2. 73 1.79 2.51 2. 71 2.73 1.78 2. 51 2.70 2. 74 1 .7 5 2.48 2. 67 2. 69 1. 70 2. 40 2. 59 2. 59 2.31 2.37 2.31 2.37 2.31 2. 35 2.30 2.35 2. 31 2.36 2.31 2.35 2.29 2.34 2.28 2.35 2. 28 2.35 2. 26 2.32 2.20 2.26 2. 95 3.20 3.03 2.63 2. 96 2. 27 2.96 3. 21 2. 99 2. 61 2.96 2.29 2.95 3.19 3.01 2.60 2. 95 2.31 2.95 3.15 3.02 2. 58 2.96 2.31 2.93 3.14 2.98 2. 59 2.94 2.30 2. 92 3.12 2.94 2. 58 2.93 2.33 2.93 3.17 2.93 2. 58 2. 91 2.32 2.90 3.14 2. 92 2. 59 2.90 2.28 2.91 3.14 2.94 2. 61 2.90 2.29 2.92 3.14 3.00 2.62 2. 92 2.29 2.88 3.10 2.90 2. 58 2.88 2.28 2. 81 3.04 2. 82 2. 49 2.81 2. 22 2.98 3.01 3.03 3.04 3.02 3.00 2.98 2. 95 2. 95 2. 98 2.96 2. 88 1356 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1342. 1964 Industry Sept.* Aug.J July Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable pood*—Continued Chemicals and allied products---------Industrial chemicals____ ____ Plastics and synthetics, except glass.......... ................. ................. Drugs— -----------------------------Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods---Paints, varnishes, and allied products_____- - ------- ----------Agricultural chemicals----- -------Other chemical products______ June May Annual average 1963 Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings $119.42 $116.75 $116.20 $116.34 $115.51 $114.40 $114.40 $113.99 $113.85 $115. 09 $113.85 $11?. 85 $114.13 *112 88 $109 QK 136.10 131.14 130.41 131.36 130.73 129.58 129.17 128. 75 128.86 130.42 129.27 129.79 128.96 128.44 124 fi8 120.40 117.59 118.00 117.30 115.08 114.39 114.66 113.42 112.88 114.66 102.66 101.63 100.84 102.21 101.85 101.81 101.15 102.11 101.40 101.75 110.16 108.41 107.47 110.02 107.87 107.06 106.39 106.66 106.27 107.83 110.24 109.30 111.14 109.25 110.62 110.35 108.47 107.01 104.78 106.45 96.41 94.89 94.92 93.91 100.76 95.64 97.61 95.05 93.48 94.79 114.51 112.56 111.72 111.19 112.14 110.92 109.98 110.39 111.61 111.83 112."4 112.47 112.88 112.32 109 52 100.60 101.18 100. 53 100 53 9a 40 106.86 106.60 108.62 106.08 103 89 105.93 106.71 106.14 105.22 101 59 93.26 93.29 94.16 93.53 88 39 110.46 109.67 110.20 108.00 103.75 Petroleum refining and related industries......... . - ------ , -------- ------ 138.67 133.56 134.09 133.46 133.14 130.92 131.24 132.07 132.16 132.89 132.39 131.77 Petroleum refining-------------------- 144.66 139.18 138.69 138.02 137.94 136.20 137.20 137.94 138.69 139.86 139.44 136.53 Other petroleum and coal products. 116.33 114.88 117.19 117.13 114.88 108.46 107.44 105. 75 102.56 103.63 105.83 114.04 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products------- ---------.............................. 107.59 107.52 103.63 105.66 104.74 102.25 101.59 101.09 101.25 105.08 102.91 101.93 Tires and inner tubes__ _____ 154.00 152.08 139.06 145.61 141.88 132.99 130.80 127. 79 130.54 141.19 137.53 134.06 100.69 101.35 98.82 100.45 99.31 97.77 97.77 98.25 99.06 100. 36 98.49 98. 81 Other rubber products______ Miscellaneous plastic products___ 90.92 90.29 88.15 89.02 89.66 89.44 88.81 88.80 87.74 90.09 88.17 87.98 Leather and leather products---------68.26 70.64 70.25 70.46 68.43 66.43 68.24 68.76 66.95 69.63 66.59 67.66 Leather tanning and finishing____ 95.24 94.89 93.73 95.58 95.12 93.79 91.60 90.97 90.35 94.58 92.57 93.52 65.50 68.35 68.50 68.00 66.02 63.54 66.02 66.50 65.25 67.12 63.51 64.21 Footwear, except rubber____ _ 66.02 67.23 65.80 67.23 65.28 64.40 66.15 66.85 63.53 66.64 66.12 67.86 Other leather products_________ 134.20 131.77 126 88 139.70 137.45 131 43 113.26 108.28 107.75 102.67 100.78 100.04 134.97 131.30 130.47 99.46 97.27 95. 53 89.25 87.56 85.90 67.13 91.94 64.03 66.09 66.00 91.13 63.44 64.30 64.67 87.42 62.66 62.58 Average weekly hours 41.9 42.4 41.4 41.5 41.5 41.4 41.7 41.7 41.7 41.5 41.6 41.4 41.6 41.4 41.3 41.4 41.1 41.3 41.7 41.8 41.4 41.7 41.4 41.6 41.5 41.6 41.5 41.7 41.5 41.7 43.0 40.1 40.5 42.3 39.7 40.3 42.6 39.7 40.1 42.5 40.4 40.9 42.0 40.1 40.4 41.9 40.4 40.4 42.0 40.3 40.3 41.7 40.2 40.4 41.5 40.4 39.8 42.0 40.7 41.0 41.6 40.4 41.1 41.5 40.8 41.0 41.5 40.7 41.3 41.6 40.7 40.8 41.8 41.0 40.9 41.6 42.1 42.1 41.4 41.8 42.0 42.1 42.0 42.0 41.7 42.3 41.8 41.9 45.8 41.8 44.9 41.4 45.4 4 2 .0 41.0 43.4 40.3 42.3 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 41.1 42.7 40.9 42.2 4 1 .5 4 1 .8 4 2 .2 41.2 42.6 4 2 .0 41.3 42.8 41.1 43.5 4 1 .7 4 1 .9 40.8 42.7 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 Petroleum refining and related industries_________ ____ ____ . . Petroleum refining-------------------Other petroleum and coal products. 4 3 .2 4 2 .8 4 4 .4 4 2 .0 4 1 .3 4 4 .7 4 2 .3 4 1 .4 4 5 .6 42 .1 4 1 .2 4 5 .4 4 2 .0 4 1 .3 4 4 .7 4 1 .3 4 0 .9 4 2 .7 4 1 .4 4 1 .2 4 2 .3 4 1 .4 4 1 .3 4 1 .8 4 1 .3 4 1 .4 4 0 .7 4 1 .4 4 1 .5 4 0 .8 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 4 1 .7 4 1 .0 4 4 .2 42 .2 4 1 .7 4 3 .9 4 1 .7 4 1 .4 4 2 .8 41 .6 41 .2 43.1 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products----------------------------------- ... Tires and inner tubes_____ ... .. Other rubber products_________ Miscellaneous plastic products___ 4 1 .7 4 4 .0 4 0 .6 4 1 .9 4 2 .0 4 3 .7 4 1 .2 4 1 .8 4 0 .8 4 0 .9 4 0 .5 4 1 .0 4 1 .6 4 2 .7 4 1 .0 4 1 .6 4 1 .4 42 .1 4 0 .7 4 1 .7 4 0 .9 4 0 .3 4 0 .4 4 1 .6 4 0 .8 4 0 .0 40 .4 4 1 .5 4 0 .6 3 9 .2 4 0 .6 4 1 .3 4 0 .5 3 9 .8 4 0 .6 4 1 .0 4 1 .7 4 2 .4 41 .3 4 1 .9 4 1 .0 41 .3 4 0 .7 4 1 .2 41.1 4 0 .5 4 1 .0 4 1 .5 4 1 .4 4 0 .9 41 .1 4 1 .9 4 0 .8 4 0 .4 4 0 .7 4 1 .3 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 1 .0 41.1 Leather and leather products______ Leather tanning and finishing____ Footwear, except rubber. ------Other leather products____ _____ 3 7 .3 4 0 .7 3 6 .8 3 7 .3 3 8 .6 4 0 .9 3 8 .4 3 8 .2 3 8 .6 4 0 .4 3 8 .7 3 7 .6 3 8 .5 4 1 .2 3 8 .2 3 8 .2 3 7 .6 4 1 .0 3 7 .3 3 7 .3 36 .5 4 0 .6 3 5 .9 3 6 .8 3 7 .7 4 0 .0 37 .3 3 7 .8 38 .2 3 9 .9 3 8 .0 3 8 .2 3 7 .4 3 9 .8 3 7 .5 36 .3 3 8 .9 4 1 .3 3 8 .8 38 .3 3 7 .2 4 0 .6 3 6 .5 3 8 .0 3 7 .8 4 1 .2 3 6 .9 3 9 .0 3 7 .5 4 0 .5 3 6 .8 3 8 .2 3 7 .5 4 0 .5 37.1 3 7 .6 37 .6 40.1 37 .3 3 7 .7 Chemicals and allied products____ _Industrial chemicals___________ Plastics and synthetics, except glass______________________ Drugs____ ________________ Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___ Paints, varnishes, and allied products______ ____ _________ . Agricultural chemicals__________ Other chemical products_______ $ 2 .8 5 $ 2 .8 2 $ 2 .8 0 $ 2 .7 9 $ 2 .7 7 $ 2.7 5 $ 2 .7 7 $ 2 .7 6 3 .1 6 3 .1 5 3 .1 5 3 .1 5 3 .1 3 75 3 .1 2 $ 2 .7 6 3 .2 1 $ 2.7 5 $ 2.7 2 3 .1 2 3 .1 2 75 3 .1 0 $ 2 .7 5 3.1 1 $ 2.6 5 3 .1 2 3 .1 0 3 .0 8 2 .9 9 2 .8 0 2 . 56 2 . 72 2 .7 8 2 .5 6 2 .6 9 2 .7 7 2.5 4 2.6 8 2 . 76 2 . 53 2 . 69 2.7 4 2.5 4 2.6 7 2 .7 3 2 . 52 2 .6 5 2 .7 3 2.51 2 .6 4 2 .7 2 2.5 4 2 .6 4 2 .7 2 2 . 51 2.6 7 2 . 73 2 .5 0 2 .6 3 2 . 71 2 .4 9 2 .6 0 2.71 2 .4 8 2 .6 0 2 .7 2 2.4 7 2 .6 3 2 .7 0 2.4 7 2 .6 0 2 .6 2 2 .4 0 2.5 4 2.6 5 2 . 29 2 .7 2 2.6 4 2.2 7 2 .6 8 2 .6 4 2 .2 6 2 .6 6 2 .6 2 2.2 2 2 .6 6 2.6 4 2.2 0 2 .6 7 2.6 4 2.1 3 2 .6 6 2 .6 2 2.1 5 2.6 5 2 . 61 2.1 9 2 .6 6 2 .6 0 2.2 1 2 .6 7 2 .5 9 2.2 2 2.6 5 2 .5 9 2 . 21 2.6 3 2 . 59 2.1 9 2.6 3 2 .5 7 2 .2 0 2 .6 3 2 .5 6 2 .1 5 2 .5 9 2.4 9 2.0 7 2 .5 0 Petroleum refining and related industries___ . __________ ___ Petroleum refining__________ . Other petroleum and coal products. 3 .2 1 3 .3 8 2 .6 2 3 .1 8 3 .3 7 2.5 7 3 .1 7 3 .3 5 2 .5 7 3 .1 7 3 .3 5 2 .5 8 3 .1 7 3 .3 4 2 .5 7 3 .1 7 3 .3 3 2.5 4 3 .1 7 3 .3 3 2.5 4 3 .1 9 3 .3 4 2 .5 3 3 .2 0 3 .3 5 2.5 2 3 . 21 3 .3 7 2 .5 4 3 .1 9 3 .3 6 2 .5 5 3 .1 6 3 .3 3 2 .5 8 3 .1 8 3 .3 5 2 .5 8 3 .1 6 3 .3 2 2 .5 3 3 .0 5 3 .1 9 2.5 0 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_________ _______ ____ ___ Tires and inner tubes___ _ _ _ __ Other rubber products__ ______ Miscellaneous plastic products___ 2.5 8 3 .5 0 2 .4 8 2.1 7 2 .5 6 3 .4 8 2 .4 6 2 .1 6 2.5 4 3 .4 0 2.4 4 2 .1 5 2.5 4 3.4 1 2.4 5 2.1 4 2 .5 3 3 .3 7 2.4 4 2.1 5 2 .5 0 3 .3 0 2.4 2 2.1 5 2 .4 9 3 .2 7 2.4 2 2 .1 4 2.4 9 3 .2 6 2 .4 2 2 .1 5 2 .5 0 3 .2 8 2.4 4 2 .1 4 2.5 2 3 .3 3 2.4 3 2.1 5 2.5 1 3 .3 3 2 .4 2 2 .1 4 2 .4 8 3.3 1 2.4 2 2 .1 2 2 .4 8 3 .3 0 2.4 1 2 .1 3 2 .4 7 3 .2 5 2 .3 9 2 .1 2 2.4 4 3 .1 9 2.33 2.0 9 Leather and leather products. ______ Leather tanning and finishing...... . Footwear, except rubber. ______ _ Other leather-products_________ 1.83 2 .3 4 1.78 1.77 1.83 2.3 2 1.78 1 .7 6 1.82 2 .3 2 1.77 1. 75 1.83 2 .3 2 1.78 1.7 6 1.82 2 .3 2 1.82 2.31 1.77 1.7 5 1.81 2.2 9 1.77 1.75 1.8 0 2 .2 8 1.75 1.7 5 1.79 2 .2 7 1.74 1.7 5 1.79 2 .2 9 1.73 1.74 1.79 2.2 8 1.74 1.74 1.79 2 .2 7 1.74 1.74 1.7 9 1 .7 6 2.2 5 1.71 1.71 1.72 2.1 8 1.68 1.66 Chemicals and allied products_______ Industrial chemicals___ Plastics and synthetics, except glass______________________ . . .. D rugs____ Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods----Paints, varnishes, and allied products _______ _____ __ Agricultural chemicals.. - ----- .. Other chemical products______ . Average hourly earnings See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1.77 1.7 5 $ 2. $2. 2.27 1.7 4 1.73 1357 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued R evised series; se e box, p. 1342. 1964 1963 Annual average Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings Transportation and public utilities: Railroad transportation: $122.71 $117.87 $119. 78 $118.13 $120. 68 $120.06 $119. 54 $118. 71 $120. 01 $117.04 $118. 40 $115.87 Class I railroads 8 ._ _____ Local and interurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation. .......... $105. 58 $106. 75 106.64 105. 65 103.49 98.98 101.68 103.32 102.24 102.41 102.48 102.30 101. 70 100.11 135.00 141.17 130. 52 125.24 125.97 121.64 123.65 130. 98 120. 51 123.38 126.44 138. 70 125.86 118. 40 Intercity and rural buslines. ____ Motor freight transportation and stor 125. 24 123.09 122.93 122.47 121.18 119.89 118.49 116.24 120.67 117.29 120.13 120.12 117.31 113.30 age ________ __- ____ 141.69 141. 59 137.42 141.36 141.25 141.92 141. 75 142.88 141. 51 139.47 136.49 140.15 138.38 132. 76 Pipeline transportation___... Communication: 104. 78 104. 52 104.40 104.28 101. 79 102. 70 102.56 102.18 103.36 106.08 105.04 105. 30 102.40 98.95 Telephone communication______ 118.30 117. 59 118.30 116.30 112.32 113.28 113.13 111. 51 112. 59 111.90 112.17 112. 86 110.92 107.78 Telegraph communication 141.37 143.20 139.12 138.48 138.41 136.89 136.42 135.68 137.86 134.85 137.07 135.93 133.96 127.20 Radio and television broadcasting.. 125.97 125.93 124.42 124.42 123.00 123.00 123. 00 124.09 124.92 123.79 122.96 123. 37 121.13 116.85 Electric, gas, and sanitary services. 127. 72 128.33 127.51 126.68 125. 25 125. 66 124. 94 125.25 125.55 123. 41 123.60 124.01 122.36 118. 24 Electric companies and systems__ 116. 28 115.90 114. 52 114.21 113.68 114.37 114. 77 116.90 117.16 117.16 115.36 116.47 113. 57 108.53 Gas companies and systems_____ 136.45 137.01 134.31 134.72 133. 25 132.84 133. 25 135.66 136.18 135.34 134.37 131.92 131.65 126. 59 Combined utility systems__ . . Water, steam, and sanitary sys 100.26 102.30 100.19 99.22 99.22 98. 57 98.98 98.64 100. 02 100.26 100.14 98.06 98.29 94.66 tems _____ _ . . ____ Average weekly hours Transportation and public utilitiesRailroad transportation: Class; I railroads 8.................. -___ Local and interurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation. Intercity and rural buslines_____ Motor freight transportation and stor age............................................. ......... Pipeline transportation..................... . Communication: Telephone communication______ Telegraph communication *_____ Radio and television broadcasting.. Electric, gas, and sanitary services....... Electric companies and systems__ Gas companies and systems......... Combined utility systems............. Water, steam, and sanitary sys tem s.......................................... . 44.3 42.4 43.4 42.8 43.1 43.5 43.0 42.7 43.8 42.1 42.9 42.6 42.4 45.0 42.7 46.9 43.0 43.8 42.6 42.6 41.9 42.7 40.9 41.8 41.5 42.2 42.0 44.4 41.9 41.7 41.8 42.4 42.0 43.6 42.1 46.7 42.2 43.7 42.6 42.9 42.6 40.6 42.3 41.4 42.1 40.3 41.8 41.7 41.5 41.3 41.2 40.9 41.0 40.5 40.5 41.9 41.9 40.9 41.3 40.9 42.3 40.5 42.0 41.1 41.6 40.7 41.5 40.6 40.3 42.4 39.6 41.3 41.2 40.8 41.6 40.2 42.3 40.0 41.7 41.8 41.1 41.9 40.0 42.4 39.3 41.2 41.4 40.9 41.2 39.8 42.6 38.9 41.2 41.4 40.5 41.2 39.3 41.6 39.1 41.0 41.2 40.6 41.0 39.5 41.8 39.0 41.0 41.2 40.7 41.0 39.6 41.9 39.2 41.0 41.1 40.7 41.0 39.3 41.3 39.1 41.5 41.2 41.6 42.0 39.6 41.7 39.5 41.5 41.3 41.4 41.9 40.8 41.6 39.2 41.4 41.0 41.4 41.9 40.4 41.7 39.5 41.4 41.2 41.2 41.6 40.5 41.8 39.4 41.4 41.2 41.3 41.9 40.0 41.7 39.4 41.2 41.2 41.0 41.4 39.9 42.1 38.9 41.0 41.2 40.8 41.1 41.6 42.1 41.4 41.0 41.0 40.9 40.9 41.1 41.5 41.6 41.9 41.2 41.3 40.8 Average hourly earnings Transportation and public utilities: Railroad transportation: Class I railroads 8............ .......... . Local and interurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation. Intercity and rural buslines.......... Motor freight transportation and stor age............ ............. ............. ............ Pipeline transportation............ .......... Communication: Telephone communication---------Telegraph communication ....... Radio and television broadcasting.. Electric, gas, and sanitary services___ Electric companies and systems__ Gas companies and systems_____ Combined utility systems............. Water, steam, and sanitary sys tems------------------- -------------See footnotes at end of table. 7471-5T9 0 — 64- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis -8 $2. 49 $2.50 3.00 3. 01 $2.77 $2.78 $2.76 $2.76 $2.80 $2.76 $2.78 $2.78 $2.74 $2.78 $2.76 $2.72 2.48 2.98 2.48 2.94 2.47 2.95 2.42 2.91 2.45 2.93 2.46 2.95 2.44 2.89 2.45 2.91 2.44 2.90 2.43 2.97 2.41 2.88 2.35 2.76 2.94 3.49 2.91 3.42 2.92 3.41 2.93 3.39 2.92 3.42 2.91 3.47 2.89 3.50 2.87 3.41 2.88 3.46 2.84 3.41 2.84 3. 37 2.86 3.41 2.82 3.40 2.73 3.27 2.60 2. 79 3. 57 3.05 3.10 2.85 3.28 2.60 2.78 3.58 3. 02 3.07 2.82 3. 27 2.61 2.79 3.54 3.02 3.08 2.80 3.26 2.62 2. 73 3.56 3.02 3.06 2.82 3.27 2.59 2.70 3.54 3.00 3.04 2.80 3. 25 2.60 2. 71 3. 51 3. 00 3.05 2.81 3.24 2.59 2. 70 3.48 3.00 3.04 2.82 3. 25 2.60 2.70 3. 47 2.99 3.04 2.81 3.23 2.61 2.70 3.49 3.01 3.04 2.83 3.25 2.60 2.69 3.44 2.99 3. 01 2.83 3.23 2.60 2.69 3.47 2.97 3.00 2.80 3.23 2.60 2.70 3.45 2.98 3.01 2.82 3.22 2.56 2.66 3.40 2.94 2.97 2. 77 3.18 2.48 2.56 3.27 2.85 2.87 2.66 3.08 2.41 2.43 2.42 2.42 2.42 2.41 2.42 2.40 2.41 2.41 2.39 2.38 2.38 2.32 1358 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1342. 1964 1963 Annual average Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings Wholesale ?mri retail trade 5__ _____ Wholesale trade Motor vehicles and automotive equipment Drugs^ chemicals, and allied prod ucts _ __ -- __ Dry goods and apparel _ Groceries and related products __ Electrical goods __ _ _ - ____ Hardwarerplumbing, and heating goods____ ____ ____ _ Machinery, equipment, and sup plies ____Retail trade 6 __ General merchandise stores___ Department stores __ Limited price variety stores. Food stores __ - -- __ Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores _____ ____ Apparel and accessories stores _ __ Men’s and boys’ apparel stores. Women’s ready-to-wear stores Family clothing stores__ Shoe stores $81.12 $81.33 $80.50 $79.66 $79.07 $78.69 $78.69 $78.11 $77.60 $77. 75 $77.95 $78.36 102. 56 103.07 102.82 102.97 102.31 101.66 100. 75 100.10 101.43 100.85 100.94 100.69 97.06 96.83 % 60 96.56 95.72 95.91 95.26 95.26 96.79 96.14 96.33 96.33 106.60 105. 56 104.38 104.12 104. 00 102.94 102 94 103.06 103.31 102.51 102.26 102.36 96.65 95.38 94.12 93.74 95.26 95.63 93.37 91.27 92.48 92.63 93.99 94.49 97. 76 98.75 97.39 96. 70 96.05 95. 58 94.71 94.53 95.34 95.04 93.75 94.43 109.62 111.11 110 70 111.65 111.10 109.33 107.33 106.80 109.74 106.52 105.04 104.26 99.31 98.90 98.49 97.44 111.79 112.34 110. 70 111.66 71.43 71.62 70.69 69. 75 57.92 57.56 56.93 56.10 63.14 62.45 61 72 61.18 42.84 42.84 41.21 40.30 69.97 70.17 69.15 67.18 71.24 71.80 70.40 68.40 56.54 56.70 55. 75 55.10 70.09 69.55 67.70 67.53 49.74 50. 57 49.83 49.62 54.93 55.55 53.90 54.42 56.61 56.61 56.05 53.90 109.34 69.19 55.26 60.14 40 69 66.84 109.08 68.64 55 08 59.63 40.06 66 50 68 20 54 43 66.42 49.10 53.42 53.52 67.86 53 12 64.98 48.47 52.95 51.27 97.77 97. 03 96.15 108 95 68.82 55.26 60.30 40.12 66.69 96.22 107 33 68.26 54.76 59.10 39.86 66.54 67.72 67.77 54.58 54.61 67.16 66 40 48 29 49.47 54.06 53 45 54.77 53.44 97.34 97.03 96.39 97.10 110.15 109.75 110.97 110. 56 68.40 68.26 68.25 68.61 56.32 53.88 54.54 54.86 59.49 57.94 59.31 59.84 40.66 40.00 40.00 40.13 66.62 66.59 66.43 66.85 67.82 68.16 67.82 68.45 56.32 54. 42 54.08 54.90 67.84 66. 79 66.24 67.33 50 75 48.29 48.43 48.38 54.76 54.01 52.17 53.51 56.24 54.21 55.01 55.53 $77.59 $75.08 99.47 96.22 95.08 92.82 101.05 97.84 91.99 92.48 93.38 89.86 103.83 101.59 95.41 92.97 108.65 104.14 68.04 65.95 54.13 52.59 58.65 57.10 39.98 38.91 66.15 64.78 67.74 66.22 54.70 53.63 66.77 65.82 48.62 47.46 53.75 52.45 55.58 55.61 Average weekly hours Wholesale and retail trade 5 __ ... Wholesale trade. . . ... Motor vehicles and automotive equipment ____ _ __ ___ Drugs^ chemicals, and allied prod ucts - Dry goods and apparel Groceries and related products__ Electrical goods__ . . Hardwarerplumbing, and heating goods_____ ____ Machinery, equipment, and sup plies Retail*trade 5. . . _ .. . . . ___ General merchandise stores___ _ Department stores Limited price variety stores... Food stores.1 .. . . . . Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores_____ . ___ Apparel and accessories stores____ Men’s and boys’ apparel stores. Women’s ready-to-wear stores.. Family clothing stores_____ . Shoe stores... _ ____ ___ .. 39.0 40.7 39.1 40.9 42. 2 42.1 42.0 41.8 41. 8 41.0 37.9 41.6 40.6 38.0 42.2 40.3 37.8 41.8 40.2 37.8 41.5 40.0 37.8 41.4 40.3 41.0 41.0 41.2 41.3 41.1 38.7 40.8 38.3 40.7 38. 2 40.6 38.2 40. 5 38.2 40.3 38.1 40. 2 38.8 40.9 38 3 40. 5 38 4 40. 7 38.6 40. 6 38.6 40.6 38.7 40.6 41.7 41.6 41. 6 41.9 41 8 41 7 41.7 41.7 42.0 39.9 37.8 41.2 39.9 37.8 41.0 40.1 37.1 41 1 40.2 37.9 42. 0 40.2 37.5 41.5 40.1 37.9 40.3 38.1 40.1 37. 7 40.1 37 9 40.2 40.3 41.1 40. 5 41.3 40. 4 41.6 40.1 41 5 40.4 41.6 40.8 40.7 40.4 40.7 40.7 40.6 40.6 40.4 40.6 40.9 40.6 40. 5 40.8 40. 6 40. 6 41.1 38.2 35.1 34.5 32.7 35.7 41.3 38.3 35.1 34.5 32.7 35.8 41.0 37.8 34.5 34.1 31.7 35.1 40.9 37.3 34.0 33.8 31.0 34.1 40.8 37.2 33.9 33.6 31.3 34.1 40.7 37.1 34.0 33.5 31.3 34.1 40.5 37.2 33.9 33 . 5 31.1 34.2 40.5 37.1 33.8 33.2 30.9 34.3 41.1 38.0 3t . 1 35.2 33.6 34.7 40.8 37.3 34.1 33.3 32.0 34. 5 41.1 37.5 34.3 33. 7 32.0 34 . 6 41.1 37.7 34.5 34 . 0 32.1 35.0 41.0 37.8 34.7 34.1 32.5 35.0 41.0 37.9 34.6 34.4 32.7 35.4 35.8 34.9 38.3 34.3 33.7 34.1 35.9 35.0 37.8 34.4 34.5 34.1 35.2 34.2 37.2 33.9 33.9 32.4 34.2 33.6 36.7 33.3 33.8 30.8 34.1 33.6 36.1 33.4 33.6 31.3 34.1 33.2 36.1 33.2 33.3 30.7 34.2 33.9 36.3 33.3 34.0 32.6 34.4 33.5 35.7 33.2 33.2 32.0 34.6 35.2 37.9 35.0 35.1 32.7 34.6 33.8 36.7 33.3 34.4 31.7 34.6 33.8 36.8 33.4 34.1 31.8 35.1 34.1 37.2 33.6 34.3 32.1 35.1 34.4 37.3 34.0 34.9 32.5 35.6 34.6 37.4 33.9 35.2 33.3 2.03 2.49 $ 2.03 $ 2.03 $ 2.01 2.48 2.48 2.45 1.94 2.37 Average hourly earnings Wholesale and retail trade 5___ _______ Wholesale tra d e __ Motor vehicles and automotive equipment Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod ucts________ _____ ____ _ Dry goods and apparel. ... .. Groceries and related products. Electrical goods____ Hardware, plumbing, and heating goods____ ______ ___ Machinery, equipment, and sup plies________________ . . Retail trade 5____________ . General merchandise stores.. Department stores. _ _ Limited price variety stores Food stores______ . Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores____ _ .. Apparel and accessories stores__ Men’s and boys’ apparel stores. Women’s ready-to-wear stores.. Family clothing stores.. .. Shoe stores____ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $ — 2.08 2 . 52 $ 2.08 2 . 52 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.60 2.55 2.35 2.72 2.60 2. 51 2.34 2.71 2 . 59 2.49 2.33 2.70 2 . 44 2.42 2.43 2.72 1.87 1.65 1.83 1.31 1.96 2.72 1.87 1.64 1.81 1.31 1.96 2. 70 1.87 1.65 1.81 1.30 1.97 1.99 1.62 1.83 1.45 1.63 2.00 1.62 1.84 1.47 1.61 1.66 2.00 1.63 1.82 1.47 1.59 1.73 1.66 $ 2.08 2 . 52 $ 2. 2. 08 53 $ 2. $ 2. 05 2 49 2.00 2.48 2 52 06 2 51 $ 2.06 2. 50 2.31 2.29 2.30 2.29 2.29 2.31 2.30 2.31 2.31 2.28 2 . 21 2.59 2.48 2.33 2 . 71 2 . 60 2.52 2.32 2.69 2.58 2.53 2.32 2.66 2.58 2.47 2.31 2.67 2 . 57 2.46 2.30 2.65 2.57 2 . 44 2.27 2.67 2.55 2.47 2.29 2.63 2.55 2.48 2.27 2 . 60 2.54 2.48 2.27 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.25 2.57 2.44 2 . 44 2.16 2.49 2.42 2.40 2.39 2.38 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.38 2.38 2.35 2.29 2.73 1.87 1.65 1.81 1.30 1.97 2.68 1.86 1.63 1.79 1.30 1.96 2.68 1.85 1.62 1.78 1.28 1.95 2 . 69 1.85 1.63 1.80 1.29 1.95 2.65 1.84 1.62 1.78 1.29 1.94 2.68 1.80 1.56 1.69 1.21 1.92 2 . 69 1.83 1.58 1.74 1.25 1.93 2 . 70 1.82 1.59 1.76 1.25 1.92 2.69 1.82 1.59 1.76 1.25 1.91 2.65 1.80 1.56 1.72 1.23 1.89 2.54 1.74 1.52 1.66 1.19 1.83 2.00 1.64 1.84 1.49 1.61 1.75 2.00 1.62 1.84 1.47 1.59 1.71 1.99 1.60 1.80 1.46 1.59 1.67 1.98 1.61 1.85 1.45 1.59 1.68 1.97 1.63 1.86 1.49 1.61 1.67 1.96 1.60 1.79 1.45 1.56 1.72 1.97 1.61 1.82 1.45 1.57 1.71 1.96 1.60 1.80 1.45 1.53 1.73 1.95 1.61 1.81 1.44 1.56 1.73 1.93 1.59 1.79 1.43 1.54 1.71 1.86 1.55 1.76 1.40 1.49 1.67 $ 2.07 $ $ , $ 1359 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1342. 1963 1964 Annual average Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 Average weekly earnings Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued Retail trade «—Continued Othpip retail trade ________ Motor vehicle dealers Other vehicle and accessory dealers ____ _____ Prng stores __ ____ Finance, insurance, and real estate: Ranking _ ______ ______ Security dealers and exchanges 6_ __ _ Life insurance6 _ __ __ Accident and health insurance. Fire, marine, and casualty insuranee 0 . . . _____ Services and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: TTnt.pls to u ris t c o u rts, and motels7 . Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants 8 __ ___ ___ ____ Motion pictures: Motion picture filming and distxi hoting _ ___ $86. 24 $85.86 $84.63 $84.42 $83. 81 $83.62 $83.42 $83.81 $87.15 $84. 66 $83.22 $83.64 $82.62 $80. 75 81.32 81.51 80. 73 80.34 79. 32 78. 72 78.31 78. 31 78. 85 79.10 78.69 78. 25 78. 25 75.76 100. 53 101. 87 102. 31 101. 43 99.44 97. 90 95. 48 94.83 96.58 98.76 97.45 93. 74 96.58 93. 08 87.02 61.75 88. 80 86.88 61.59 60.06 84.58 84.10 59. 79 59.26 83. 47 83.03 59.26 60.12 76.09 121. 23 91.55 92.13 81.41 75. 75 120.11 92.25 92.83 80.91 76. 50 118.64 92. 03 92.63 80. 24 75.89 118. 30 91.99 92.69 80.02 76.26 122. 50 92.04 93.09 80. 86 75. 92 122.94 91.63 92.06 80.84 94.19 94.07 93.94 93.34 93.56 47.40 47.95 47.62 49. 02 48.89 47.97 55. 87 55. 73 56.16 56.59 54. 81 82.16 82. 78 82.53 58. 32 59.29 58.93 77.08 76. 70 76.13 75.35 74.97 123.41 121. 82 127.42 128.13 126.92 92.14 91.36 97. 67 96.86 96. 79 92.65 92. 53 103.38 102.14 102.14 80.56 81.21 83.37 82.69 82.92 75.14 121. 55 96.72 102.15 82.56 80.08 57.41 74.97 71.80 121.53 116.95 96.28 93.46 101.59 99.08 82.10 78.33 92. 74 92.89 92.66 92.40 92.18 91.95 88.61 47. 70 47.72 47.86 47.72 48. 09 48.22 47.58 46.14 54.00 52.13 51.99 51.87 52. 00 51.87 50. 57 93. 24 94.46 55.63 84. 78 84. 55 82.16 59.95 60.02 59.53 53.58 140. 08 134.64 135. 95 130. 48 130. 89 128.85 128.93 129.48 134.43 133. 25 139.96 132.89 129.68 122. 27 Average weekly hours Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued Retail trade «—Continued Furniture and appliance stores Other retail trade Motor vehicle dealers Other vehicle and accessory dealers Drug stores Finance, insurance, and real estate: Ranking __ ___ _____ 40.3 41.7 43.9 40.5 41.8 44.1 40.3 41.4 44.1 40.2 41.2 44.1 40.1 41.1 44.0 40.2 41.0 43.9 40.3 41.0 43.6 40.1 41.0 43.7 41.5 41.5 43.7 40.7 41.2 43.7 40.4 41.2 43.7 40.6 41.4 43.4 40.7 41.4 43.7 41.2 41.4 43.7 44.4 37.2 44.4 37.1 44.1 36.4 43.6 35.8 43.8 35.7 43.7 35.7 43.7 36.0 43.7 35.9 44.5 36.6 43.6 36.3 43.7 36.0 43.8 36.6 43.9 36.6 44.0 36.8 37.5 37.5 37.2 37.2 37.4 37.3 37.6 37.6 37.5 37.3 37.3 37.2 37.3 37.2 39.5 39.3 38.4 38.6 38.8 39.0 39.1 38.8 38.6 38.8 39.1 39.2 39.0 39.1 38.8 38.7 39.0 39.3 38.9 38.6 38.3 38.0 38.9 38.8 39.0 39.1 39.0 38.9 Fire, marine, and casualty inServices and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and motels s_ Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants8 . ___ __ Motion pictures: Motion picture filming and distrib- Average hourly earnings Wholesale and retail trade «— Continued Retail trade «—Continued Furniture and appliance stores Other retail trade _ ___ Motor vehicle dealers _ ___ Other vehicle and accessory dealers Drug stores - Finance, insurance, and real estate: Banking _ __ $2.14 1.95 2.29 $2.12 1.95 2.31 $2.10 1.95 2.32 $2.10 1.95 2.30 $2.09 1.93 2.26 $2.08 1.92 2.23 $2.07 1.91 2.19 $2.09 1.91 2.17 $2.10 1.90 2.21 $2.08 1.92 2.26 $2.06 1.91 2.23 $2.06 1.89 2.16 $2.03 1.89 2.21 $1.96 1.83 2.13 1.96 1.66 2.00 1.66 1.97 1.65 1.94 1.67 1.92 1.66 1.91 1.66 1.90 1.67 1.94 1.67 1.90 1.64 1.88 1.64 1.88 1.62 1.89 1.62 1.88 1.61 1.82 1.56 2.02 2.04 2.04 2.05 20.3 2.04 2.05 2.04 2.03 2.02 2. 01 2.02 2. 01 1.93 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.26 1.23 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.22 1.18 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.41 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.38 Fire, marine, and casualty inServices and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: H otels tourist. p.nnrts, and motels7 . Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants 8 __ Motion pictures: Motion picture filming and distrib- i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October 1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3. 2 Preliminary. 3 Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC Group I). <"Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers. 8 Excludes eating and drinking places. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis « Beginning January 1964, data exclude earnings of nonoffice salesmen and are not necessarily comparable with series for prior years. i Money payments only, additional value of board, room, uniforms, and tips not included. 3 Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are not comparable with the production worker levels of prior years. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all series except that for Class 1 railroads. (See footnote 3.) 1360 T able MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1 Revised series; see box, p. 1342. 1964 1963 Industry division and group Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Mining________________________________________ 41.0 41.5 41.6 41.8 42.0 41.8 41.6 42.0 41.6 41.5 41.4 41.8 41.8 Contract construction___ - ______________________ 35.2 37.0 36.9 37.5 37.4 37.3 37.6 37.4 35.6 36.6 36.9 37.6 37.3 Manufacturing-------------------------- ------------------- 40.6 40.7 40.6 40.6 40.7 40.7 40.7 40.6 40.1 40.5 40.5 40.6 40.7 Durable goods_________________________________ Ordnance and accessories_______________________ Lumber and wood products, except furniture______ Furniture and fixtures___- _____ . _______ _ Stone, clay, and glass products_____ _________ Primary metal industries____________ ___ _ _ __ Fabricated metal products___ __________________ Machinery________ . .. ----------- . . . . -----------Electrical equipment and supplies___ - . .. _ ____ Transportation equipment. . ... . _________ Instruments and related products__________ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries___________ 41.6 40.9 39.3 40.6 40.9 43.1 41.3 42.1 40.3 42.6 40.9 39.5 41.5 40.4 40.3 41.2 41.4 41.9 41.6 42.4 40.7 42.3 41.0 39.8 41.4 40.3 40.3 41.2 41.6 41.6 41.6 42.4 40.7 41.7 40.9 39.8 41.4 40.7 40.0 41.1 41.5 41.5 41.4 42.5 40.3 42.4 40.8 39.5 41.4 40.1 40.1 41.2 41.8 41.8 41.7 42.4 40.5 41.7 40.8 39.5 41.4 40.4 40.2 41.4 41.8 41.4 41.8 42.3 40.7 42.0 40.7 39.8 41.2 40.0 40.3 41.2 41.6 41.2 41.6 42.3 40.4 41.5 40.6 39.8 41.3 40.3 40.3 41.4 41.7 41.1 41.8 42.4 40.4 41.8 40.8 39.8 40.8 40.6 39.2 40.1 40.7 41.0 41.3 41.9 40.0 42.0 39.8 38.8 41.5 41.0 40.7 41.0 41.0 41.1 41.8 42.4 40.3 42.3 40.7 39.5 41.1 40.6 40.1 41.0 41.3 40.9 41.5 42.1 40.2 42.3 40.7 39.4 41.2 41.2 40.3 40.7 41.6 40.6 41.6 41.9 40.3 42.3 41.0 39.7 41.3 41.4 40.2 40.7 41.3 40.7 41.4 42.1 40.3 42.0 41.1 39.8 Nondurable goods------------------------------- -------------Food and kindred products_____________________ Tobacco manufactures--------------- --------------------Textile mill products.. _____________________ . Apparel and related products_________ .. ___ _ Paper and allied products________ ____________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries_________ Chemicals and allied products-------------------------- . Petroleum refining and related industries___ __ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products__ . Leather and leather products________ __________ 39.1 40.1 37.1 39.5 35.1 42.5 38.6 41.9 42.5 41.5 38.1 39.7 40.7 38.1 41.1 35.9 42.9 38.6 41.5 ■42.0 41.8 38.1 39.5 40.5 39.5 40.8 36.0 42.8 38.4 41.5 41.6 40.5 37.6 39.7 40.8 39.2 40.8 35.9 42.7 38.4 41.4 41.7 41.0 37.9 39.8 40.9 39.6 41.1 35.9 42.8 38.5 41.6 42.0 41.3 38.3 39.8 41.0 40.5 41.1 36.4 42.8 38.7 41.4 41.4 41.5 37.8 39.9 40.8 39.7 41.1 36.3 42.7 38.5 41.8 42.0 41.2 37.7 39.9 41.0 36.5 41.2 36.4 43.0 38.5 41.5 42.2 41.1 37.9 39.1 40.7 37.6 40.4 34.7 42.5 38.1 41.2 41.4 40.7 36.5 39.6 41.0 38.2 41.1 36.0 43.0 38.4 41.7 41.9 41.5 38.2 39.5 40.9 39.2 40.8 35.7 42.8 38.1 41.4 41.5 40.9 37.4 39.8 41.0 38.1 41.0 36.4 43.0 38.4 41.5 41.6 41.0 38.9 39.7 40.9 37.2 40.7 36.6 42.8 38.4 41.5 41.5 41.2 38.3 38.5 40.6 37.5 38.6 40.6 37.7 38.5 40.7 37.6 38.5 40.7 37.5 38.4 40.7 37.4 38.4 40.7 37.4 38.5 40.6 37.5 38.3 40.3 37.3 38.6 40.7 37.8 38.6 40.5 37.7 38.5 40.6 37.8 38.6 40.5 37.7 Wholesale and retail trade 3. _________ . Wholesale trade .. ____.. __________________ Retail trade 3_________ _____________________ 1For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3. 2 Preliminary. 8 Excludes eating and drinking places. T able N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New Seasonal Adjustment Factors tor Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor Review, August I960, pp. 822-827. C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group 1 Revised series; see box, p. 1342 1964 Annual average 1963 Major industry group Manufacturing____ _ _ _________ ___ Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 $2. 42 $2.43 $2.46 $2.42 $2.44 $2.44 $2.44 $2.44 $2.43 $2.42 $2.40 $2.38 $2.38 $2. 37 $2. 31 Durable goods.._. ------ ------ ----- ... 2.63 Ordnance and accessories________ __ Lumber and wood products, except fu rn itu re...__ . .. _ _________ __ Furniture and fixtures___ ___ ____ Stone, clay, and glass products______ Primary metal industries____ __ _ _ Fabricated metal products _____ ... Machinery____ ______ _ . . . __ _ Electrical equipment and supplies___ Transportation equipment. . Instruments and related products____ Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries___ ______ _ _____ _______ 2.60 2.96 2.61 2.94 2.60 2.93 2.61 2.93 2.61 2.91 2.60 2.92 2.59 2. 91 2.60 2.90 2.58 2.88 2.57 2.88 2.55 2.85 2. 55 2. 84 2.54 2.82 2.48 2.75 2.09 1.96 2.44 2.99 2.57 2. 75 2.45 2.98 2.45 2.07 1.96 2.43 2.99 2. 57 2. 75 2.46 2.96 2.47 2.06 1.95 2.43 2. 99 2.58 2.75 2.46 2.96 2.46 2.05 1.95 2.42 2.99 2.58 2. 75 2.46 2. 96 2.45 2.03 1.97 2.42 2.99 2. 58 2. 74 2. 46 2.95 2.45 1.99 1.96 2.41 2.98 2.57 2. 73 2.45 2.95 2.45 2.00 1.96 2.41 2.97 2. 57 2. 73 2.45 2.95 2.44 2.00 1.95 2.41 2.96 2.56 2. 72 2.44 2.95 2. 44 2.00 1.94 2.40 2.96 2. 55 2.72 2.44 2.95 2.44 2.00 1.94 2.39 2.95 2.54 2. 71 2.42 2.95 2.43 2.01 1.94 2.39 2.94 2.52 2. 70 2.41 2.93 2.42 2.03 1.94 2.39 2. 94 2.52 2.69 2.40 2.92 2.42 1.96 1.92 2.37 2.95 2.52 2.68 2.40 2-89 2.42 1.91 1.88 2.31 2.90 2.47 2-61 2.34 2.80 2.37 2. 01 2.02 2.02 2. 02 2. 02 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.01 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.97 1. 92 Nondurable goods______ ______ ... _ 2.22 Food and kindred products . Tobacco manufactures . ... Textile mill products________ _ _ _ Apparel and related products.. Paper and allied products.. Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries____ _ _ ... __ . .. _ ___ _ (3) Chemicals and allied products____ _ Petroleum refining and related indus tries.. ...... . . . . Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products___ ___ ____ . . . __ Leather and leather products._ ___ 2.20 2. 26 1.91 1. 70 1. 76 2.43 2.21 2. 27 2.00 1. 70 1. 74 2. 43 2.20 2. 29 1.99 1. 69 1. 73 2.42 2.20 2. 29 1.99 1. 70 1. 74 2.41 2.20 2. 30 1.98 1. 70 1. 74 2.41 2.20 2. 30 1.96 1. 69 1. 75 2.40 2.19 2. 29 1.92 1. 69 1. 75 2.40 2.20 2. 29 1. 95 1. 69 1.75 2. 40 2.19 2. 26 1.87 1.69 1. 74 2. 39 2.17 2. 24 1.85 1.68 1.73 2.38 2.16 2. 20 1.78 1. 65 1.74 2.37 2.16 2. 20 1. 77 1.65 1.73 2.37 2.15 2.22 1.88 1.65 1.69 2. 35 2.09 2.15 1.83 1.62 1. 65 2.29 (3) 2. 73 (3) 2. 72 (3) 2. 71 (3) 2. 68 (3) 2. 66 (3) 2. 66 (3) 2. 68 0 2. 69 0 2. 69 0 2. 67 0 2.67 0 2.66 0 2.64 0 2.57 3. 08 3. 06 3. 07 3. 08 3. 09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.11 3. 07 3.08 3.07 2.97 2.44 1.78 2.44 1.77 2.43 1.79 2.42 1.79 2.42 1.79 2.41 1.78 2.41 1.76 2.42 1. 75 2.42 1.75 2.41 1.76 2.38 1. 75 2.38 1.75 2.39 1.73 2.30 1.69 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October 1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 Preliminary. 8Not available because average overtime rates are significantly above time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods total has little effect. C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able C -4 . 1361 Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1 Revised series; see box, p. 1342. 1964 Industry Sept. Manufacturing___ _ . _ _ _ Durable goods Nondurable goods________________ Durable goods Ordnance and accessories . . _ Ammunition, except for small arms___ Sighting and fire control equipment__ Other ordnance and accessories__ .. _ Lumber and wood products, except furniture . _ _____ Sawmills and planing mills_______ _ Millwork, plywood, and related products__ _ _____ -- Wooden containers._ __ _ _ Miscellaneous wood products ____ Furniture and fixtures____ _______ __ Household furniture Office furniture Partitions; office and store flxtwres__ Other furniture and fixtures. ___ Stone, clay, and glass products __ Flat glass _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Cement, hydraulic...... ......................... Structural clay products _ Pottery and related products Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products............................................ . _ _ Other stone and mineral products _ _ Primary metal industries.............. Blast furnace and basic steel products.. Iron and steel foundries _ _ . _ _ Nonferrous smelting and refining___ Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extrading. _____ _____ _ _ Nonferrous foundries____________ _ Miscellaneous primary metal industries.____ _ ______ . . . . Fabricated metal products. _ ________ Metal cans Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware. _______ Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures___ _____ _ __ Fabricated structural metal products Screw machine products, bolts, etc___ Metal stampings... _ _ ___ Coating, engraving, and allied services. Miscellaneous fabricated wire products. Miscellaneous fabricated metal products__ _ _ _ ___ Machinery... . . .. _ _ _„ Engines and turbines__ _ _ Farm machinery and equipment _ . Construction and related machinery__ Metalworking machinery and equipment___________ _________ _ _ Snecial industry machinery. . _. General industrial machinery______ Office, computing, and accounting machines_______________________ Service industry machines ... Miscellaneous machinery___ . .. Electrical equipment and supplies.. . Electric distribution equipment__ _ Electical industrial apparatus_______ Household appliances .. .... Electric lighting and wiring equipment. Radio and TV receiving sets. Communication equipment.. _ ._ Electronic components and accessories Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies_____ ____ _ . ____ Transportation equipment _ Motor vehicles and equipment . . . . Aircraft and parts__ '_ _’______ Ship and boat building and repairing _ Railroad equipment____ . .. ... Other transportation equipment__ _ Instruments and related products Engineering and scientific instruments. Mechanical measuring and control devices__ _____ _ _ _ _____ __ Optical and ophthalmic goods_______ Surgical, medical, and dental equipment________ _ ______ ______ Photographic equipment and supplies. Watches and clocks. __ .._ _______ See footnote;! at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3.3 3.5 3.0 Aug.2 July Annual average 1963 June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Dec. Nov. Oct. 3.3 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.1 2.9 3.2 3.4 2.9 3.0 3.1 2.8 2.9 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.6 2. 7 2.8 2.6 2. 7 2.9 2.5 3.1 3.3 2.8 3.0 32 2.8 30 32 2.9 Sept. 31 32 3.0 1.7 1.5 1.7 2. 1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.0 1.7 2.2 2.4 1.7 1.5 .9 2.2 1. 7 1.7 .9 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.1 1. 7 1. 6 1.6 1.3 1. 7 1. 9 2.2 1.1 1. 5 2. 5 2.8 1.7 2. 3 2. 2 2. 6 1.2 1.8 2L5 2. 9 1.1 2.2 3.9 3.8 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 2. 9 2.7 3. 2 3.2 33 3.3 3.9 3.2 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.1 3.6 3.8 4.3 3.5 3.8 2.4 3.5 1.8 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.1 2.5 3.0 3.2 4.1 2.9 3.8 2.3 3.6 2.1 3.9 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.3 2.4 2.8 3.0 4.1 3.2 3.3 2.3 3.6 2.1 3.9 3.1 3.2 2.7 2.9 2.0 1.4 2.9 4.0 3.4 3.5 2.1 3.5 2.2 3.6 2.8 3.1 2.9 3.1 1. 7 1.9 2.4 3. 6 2.5 3. 4 1. 9 3.4 1.9 3.8 2.3 2.8 2.9 3.1 1.9 2.0 2.4 3.3 2. 7 3.5 2.0 3.0 1.8 3. 7 2.1 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.1 1.5 2.3 3. 2 3.4 3.4 1. 7 2.7 1. 7 3.2 2.1 2. 6 2.5 2.8 1. 7 1.3 2.1 3.0 3.4 3. 4 1.9 2.4 1.6 3. 6 2. 6 2. 8 3.6 4.0 2. 5 1.8 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.1 1.8 2. 8 2.3 6. 7 3.6 3.3 2. 5 4.5 3.4 6.4 3.2 3.0 2.3 4.4 3.0 6.4 3.4 3.2 2.2 5.1 3.1 6. 2 3.6 3.0 2.0 4.7 2.9 5.3 3.2 2.8 1.8 4. 7 2.6 4.4 3.0 2.8 1. 7 4.6 2.9 4.1 2.9 2. 6 1.6 4. 5 2.8. 3. 5 2. 8 2.9 1.7 4. 7 3.2 4.2 3.3 3.7 3.0 4.2 3.2 3.9 3.1 3.6 Ü.2 3. 7 3.0 3.5 3.0 4.1 3.8 5.3 3.4 3.4 4.8 4.1 3.5 4. 2 3.8 3.3 3.6 4.0 3.1 3. 5 3. 7 2.9 3.0 Jan. 1963 1962 2.7 2.7 26 27 2.3 2.5 1.6 2.3 3.0 2.5 3 fi 3.5 38 3.6 34 3.3 3. 6 2. 6 3.0 3.4 3. 6 19 2. 2 3. 2 3. 8 4. 5 3. 2 1.8 3. 4 2. 2 35 30 31 3. 5 37 2 fi 27 3.0 41 3. 2 35 2.0 3. 5 2.2 39 32 33 37 38 3 fi 3n ?9 3 fi 32 32 39 40 2 fi 34 22 33 2.4 4. 3 3.0 2. 8 1. 4 4. 7 2. 9 5. 6 3.0 2. 5 1. 2 4. 2 2. 7 6. 6 3. 4 2. 4 1. 2 3. 8 3.1 fi 2 34 27 18 38 3.4 2-2 28 3 fi 24 34 21 31 2.0 fi fi 3 fi 2-7 19 37 3.0 fi 4 2-7 •Ô3 14 29 2.7 4.0 3.1 4. 2 3.4 3. 9 3.1 3. 7 3.1 3. 8 2. 9 37 3.0 3 fi 2. 9 3.4 2.8 3.3 3.6 2.9 4.1 3.8 3.3 3. 0 3.5 3.2 3.4 3. 5 3.4 2.9 3. 8 3. 5 4.1 33 3 fi 3.4 32 2. 9 3.5 3.1 33 29 29 29 30 21 30 2 fi 34 17 3 fi 18 28 1.8 3.7 2.9 3.0 3.3 3.2 2.6 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.5 2. 9 2.8 2.7 2. fi 2.5 3.5 4. 1 4.9 3.8 3.4 2.5 3.3 3.9 4.1 3.3 3.0 2.4 3.2 4.2 4.4 3.7 3.1 2.2 2.7 3.9 4.4 3.4 3.0 1.8 2.6 4.0 4.2 3.1 2.8 1.8 2. 5 4.1 3.5 3.5 2.8 1.7 2.3 4.1 3.6 3.1 2.7 1.8 2.2 3.9 3.9 3.5 2.6 2.1 3.0 3.6 4.4 3.6 3.1 2.2 2.8 3.4 4.1 3.8 3.3 2.6 3.1 3.5 4.5 4.1 3.3 2. 4 3. 5 4. Ö 4.2 4.2 3.3 2.1 2.8 3.6 3. 7 3.4 2.9 1.9 2. 5 4.0 3. 5 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.8 3.1 2.4 3.5 2.5 3.8 3.8 2.3 3.4 2.7 4.2 3.5 2.7 3.9 2.6 4.0 3.3 2.4 3.7 2.5 3.9 2.6 2.6 4.0 2.3 3.9 2.4 3.0 3.6 2.3 3.7 2.7 3.2 3.1 2.2 3.5 2.4 2.8 3.2 2.7 3.8 3.2 2.5 3.1 2. 5 3.4 2.7 1.8 3.0 2. 8 3. 2 2.0 2.1 2.8 3. 0 3.3 3.0 2. 2 3.0 2. 6 3. 2 2.5 2. 2 2. 7 2. 6 3.1 2. 2 2.1 2.6 5.2 4.1 3.6 5.7 3.9 3.4 6.3 4.2 3.6 6.4 4.0 3.4 6.4 3.7 3.3 6.4 3.8 3.1 6.3 3.6 3.1 5.7 3.5 2.9 5.6 4.2 3.5 5.0 3.6 3.1 4.6 3.4 3.1 4. 4 3.6 3.3 4.8 3.5 2.8 4. 7 3.5 2.8 1.9 2.5 4.9 2.5 2.8 3.1 2.2 2.7 2.1 2.4 2.2 1.9 2.6 4.5 2.1 2.9 3.0 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.7 5.0 2.2 2.9 2.9 2.0 2.0 1.2 2.3 1.9 1.4 2.3 4.8 2.0 2.2 2.9 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.9 1.8 1.3 2.2 4.7 2.0 1.9 2.7 2. 0 1.8 1.2 1.8 2.0 1.4 2.1 4.5 1.9 1. 7 2.8 1.8 1.7 1.2 1. 7 1.8 1.5 2.0 4.3 1.9 2.1 2.4 1.4 1.9 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.9 4.4 2.0 1.9 2.7 1.4 2.0 1.5 1.8 2.0 1.9 2.1 4. 7 2.3 2.9 2.7 2.3 2.4 1.7 2. 0 1.7 2.2 1.8 4.3 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.2 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.1 1.8 4.3 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.2 4.0 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.1 2.0 1.9 1. 7 2.1 4.1 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.8 1. 5 2.0 4.1 2.2 2.0 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.5 2.0 2.2 3.8 5.2 2.4 3.0 2.8 3.4 2.5 2.6 1.9 3.5 4.4 2.4 2.9 2.6 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.2 4.0 5.3 2.3 3.0 3.0 3.8 2.4 2.5 2.3 3.6 4.6 2.1 3.1 2.9 3.8 2.3 2.1 2.4 3.5 4.4 2.2 3.2 3.0 3.1 2.3 2.1 2.0 3.0 3.3 2.2 3.6 2.5 2.9 2.1 2.0 2.6 3.2 3.8 2. 4 3.0 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.0 3.2 3.6 4.6 2.5 2.7 1.9 2.4 2.1 2.5 3.6 4.6 6.3 2.7 3.0 2.1 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.8 4.5 6.1 2.6 3.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.9 3.0 4.2 5.4 2.8 3.2 1.8 3.2 2.7 2.6 2.5 3.7 4.2 2.9 3.6 2.4 4.0 2.7 2.8 2.6 3.6 4.4 2.6 3.2 2.1 3.1 2.3 2.5 3.2 3.5 4.1 2.9 2.8 2.0 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.1 3.2 1.7 1.7 3.2 1.2 2.0 2.9 1.4 1.9 3.0 1.5 2.0 3.1 1.0 1.7 2.5 1.2 1.7 2.6 1.1 1.6 2.6 1.5 2.0 2.8 2.2 2.1 2.9 1.7 2.1 2.3 3.2 3.1 2.2 1 2.3 2.0 2.7 1.9 1 2.3 2.9 1.9 M O N TH LY LA BO R R E V IE W , N O V E M B E R 1964 1362 T able C-4. Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1342. Annual average 1964 Industry Sept.2 Aug.2 July June May Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued 2.3 2.0 2.5 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. 3.1 2.3 3.1 Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware__1.8 1.5 2.2 Toys, amusement and sporting goods. _ 1.7 1.6 2.3 Pens, pencils, office and art materials. _ 2.4 1.9 2.4 Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. 2.4 2.4 2.6 Other manufacturing industries-------Nondurable goods 3.8 3.8 3.7 Food and kindred products---------------4.5 3.8 4.4 Meat products----------------------------3.7 3.9 3.4 Dairy products----------------------------Canned and preserved food, except 2.4 2.9 2.7 meats— ----------------------------------7.4 6.9 6.9 Grain mill products----------------------3.5 3.4 3.3 Bakery products______ ___ _______ 2.7 3.3 3.5 Sugar---------------------- -,---- ----------1.7 1.7 2.3 Confectionery and related products---3.8 4.3 3.8 Beverages_______________________ 3.7 3.7 3.8 Miscellaneous food and kindred products. 2.2 2.3 1.8 Tobacco manufactures------------------2.4 3.3 2.5 Cigarettes____________________ 2.5 1.6 2.3 Cigars_______________________ 3.7 3.3 3.6 Textile mill products_____________ 4.2 3.6 4.1 Cotton broad woven fabrics---------4.7 4.4 5.2 Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics. 4.0 4.0 3.5 Weaving and finishing broad woolens.. 2.9 2.8 3.5 Narrow fabrics and smallwares--------2.2 2.2 2.5 Knitting_______________________ 4.6 3.7 3.6 Finishing textiles, except wool and knit 3.5 4.0 4.1 Floor covering......... : ------------------3.7 3.4 3.7 Yarn and thread_________________ 4.3 3.8 3.8 Miscellaneous textile goods-------------1.3 1.2 1.5 Apparel and related products-------------1.0 .5 1.1 Men’s and boys’ suits and coats........ . 1.1 1.1 1.4 Men’s and boys’ furnishings-----------1.2 1.3 1.5 Women’s, misses’, juniors’ outerwear.. Women’s and children’s undergar 1.2 1.3 1.7 ments________________________ .9 1.5 1.3 Hats, caps, and millinery---------------1.6 1.6 1.3 Girls’ and children’s outerwear--------1.1 Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel. . Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod 1.7 2.2 ucts------- -------------------------------4.7 4.9 5.0 Paper and allied products-----------------5.6 6.0 5.8 Paper and pulp---------------------------6.1 6.9 6.8 Paperboard--------------------------------Converted paper and paperboard 3.3 3.4 3.6 products______________________ 4.2 4.0 4.6 Paperboard containers and boxes------Printing, publishing, and allied indus 2.7 2.8 3.1 tries..________________ ________ 2.5 2.3 2.5 Newspaper publishing and printing— 3.5 3.7 4.9 Periodical publishing and printing----4.2 3.5 4.6 Books__________________________ 2.6 2.8 3.2 Commercial printing______________ 2.5 2.3 2.5 Bookbinding and related industries— Other publishing and printing indus 2.7 2.6 2.8 tries__________________________ 2.6 2.6 2.7 Chemicals and allied products-----------2.6 2.6 2.6 Industrial chemicals______________ 2.9 2.7 2.-8 Plastics and synthetics, except glass— 1.6 1.5 1.9 Drugs___________________ ___ __ 2.6 2.2 2.7 Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______ 2.7 3.1 2.7 Paints, varnishes, and allied products.. 3.4 3.2 3.3 Agricultural chemicals------------------3.0 2.9 3.2 Other chemical products----------------Petroleum refining and related indus 2.8 2.9 2.7 tries_________________________ 1.8 1.9 1.7 Petroleum refining________________ 6.3 6.4 6.1 Other petroleum and coal products__ 3.6 3.1 4.2 Rubber, miscellaneous plastic products. 4.8 3.7 5.9 Tires and inner tubes___________ 2.8 2.5 3.3 Other rubber products__________ 3.7 3.5 4.1 Miscellaneous plastic products-----1.7 1.9 2.0 Leather and leather products.............. 3.3 2.9 3.0 Leather tanning and finishing_____ 1.5 1.9 1.8 Footwear, except rubber_________ 1.7 1.5 2.0 Other leather products 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October 1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3. These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related workers during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Over time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1.9 2.1 1.3 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.4 4.4 1.3 2.4 2.5 4.1 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.7 4.0 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.6 3.4 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.2 3.1 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 3.0 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.5 3.2 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.9 2.9 3.4 4.9 2.7 3.5 4.9 2.5 3.5 4.0 2.7 3.8 4.5 3.2 3.4 3.8 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.4 2.3 5.3 3.1 3.0 2.3 2.8 4.3 2.1 6.2 2.8 4.1 2.0 2.3 4.2 2.0 5.5 2.9 3.0 2.6 2.6 3.9 1.3 1.2 1.5 3.5 4.0 4.9 3.1 3.2 1.7 4.6 5.0 3.2 3.9 1.2 .9 1.0 1.0 1.7 6.2 2.9 3.3 2.7 2.9 4.2 1.4 1.6 1.7 3.7 4.3 5.2 2.4 3.4 2.2 4.7 5.0 3.6 3.9 1.3 .9 .9 2.4 7.5 3.0 4.4 2.9 3.1 4.1 1.1 3.2 7.2 3.3 3.9 3.4 3.3 4.0 1.4 1.6 1.4 3.3 3.4 4.4 3.4 2.7 2.3 3.9 5.4 3.0 3.3 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.3 2.4 6.3 3.0 3.6 2.5 3.1 3.9 1.1 1.2 1.1 3.2 3.4 4.3 3.4 3.1 2.0 4.1 4.4 3.1 3.5 1.3 1.0 2.6 6.3 3.1 3.7 2.5 2.8 3.9 1.0 .9 .9 3.2 3.2 4.3 4.2 3.3 2.2 4.2 4.1 3.2 3.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.4 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.8 Apr. Mar. Feb. 2.2 3.1 1.9 1.5 2.5 2.2 2.4 3.2 1.8 2.3 3.0 2.5 2.6 1.3 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.7 1.7 1.6 2.8 2.3 3.6 4.0 3.7 3.2 3.7 3.3 3.1 3.5 3.3 2.3 6.4 3.2 2.7 1.8 3.3 4.0 1.8 1.4 2.7 3.5 4.3 4.8 3.6 2.9 2.0 4.1 3.1 3.5 3.7 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 2.0 5.3 2.9 2.2 1.8 3.2 3.8 2.1 1.8 3.1 3.3 3.8 4.5 3.2 3.0 2.0 4.2 3.5 3.1 3.1 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.9 5.0 2.8 2.7 1.8 3.0 3.7 1.3 .5 2.6 3.3 3.7 4.6 2.6 2.9 2.0 4.5 4.5 3.1 3.1 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.2 .7 2.1 3.3 4.0 4.6 2.8 2.9 1.8 4.4 3.8 3.1 3.0 1.3 1.1 .9 1.5 Jan .8 .5 1.1 3.2 4.0 4.6 3.1 2.8 1.4 3.6 3.6 3.0 3.3 1.0 1.0 .7 1.1 2.6 2.6 1.1 .8 1.8 3.6 4.0 4.7 2.9 3.3 2.4 4.3 5.1 3.4 4.0 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.3 1962 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.3 2.1 1.3 1.0 1.2 2.2 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.2 .7 1.4 1.2 .9 1.2 1.8 1.0 1.1 1.6 2.0 1.4 1.2 1.6 4.4 5.4 5.9 1.8 4.3 5.5 5.5 1.5 4.3 5.4 5.9 1.3 4.3 5.5 5.8 1.6 4.3 5.5 5.9 2.2 4.5 5.3 5.9 2.1 4.6 5.5 5.9 4.8 5.5 6.2 5.0 5.8 6.3 4.5 5.4 5.9 1.7 4.4 5.2 5.9 3.1 3.8 3.0 3.6 3.0 3.4 3.0 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.6 3.7 3.3 3.9 3.4 4.4 3.8 4.5 3.2 3.7 3.0 3.9 2.9 2.7 3.0 4.1 3.0 2.5 2.9 2.4 4.0 4.3 3.0 2.5 2.8 2.2 3.9 3.7 3.1 2.6 2.5 2.0 3.6 3.2 2.7 2.1 2.5 1.8 3.2 3.4 2.8 2.3 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.3 2.5 2.7 2.4 3.7 2.7 2.9 2.4 2.9 2.6 4.1 3.3 3.1 2.3 3.1 2.4 3.9 4.4 3.5 2.4 2.7 2.3 3.3 3.5 3.0 2.2 2.8 2.5 3.1 3.4 3.0 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.5 2.4 1.8 2.2 2.7 7.6 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.0 2.2 2.4 7.1 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.1 1.9 2.2 1.7 3.9 2.9 3.0 2.4 2.4 2.2 1.9 2.6 1.9 3.7 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.7 2.4 3.8 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.3 1.9 3.0 2.4 3.8 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.3 4.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.1 4.1 2.6 2.5 1.7 5.6 3.6 4.6 2.6 4.0 1.4 3.1 1.2 1.4 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.0 2.8 6.9 2.8 2.1 2.2 2.2 4.3 2.6 2.1 2.0 2.5 1.9 3.5 2.8 1.2 1.2 1.1 2.3 2.3 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 4.8 4.5 5.2 5.4 3.6 3.3 2.9 3.6 4.2 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.2 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.9 3.3 3.0 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.6 2.2 2.0 2.7 2.9 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.4 2.3 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.6 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.2 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 2.9 3.2 2.7 2.6 2.8 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.0 1.8 1.6 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.3 1.9 1.3 either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums were paid are excluded. 2 Preliminary. C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able C -5 . 1363 Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities 1 [1957- 5 9 = 100] R evised series; see box p. 1342. 1964 1963 A nnual average A c tiv ity S ep t.2 A ug.2 Ju ly June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. D ec. N ov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 Man-hours 108.0 83.2 117.9 107.5 108.6 84.6 128.9 106.1 106.4 84.1 125.3 104.0 106.8 85.7 120.8 105.3 103.8 82.5 112.4 103.3 101.2 80.2 101.5 102.2 98.9 77.4 91.5 101.4 97.8 77.9 87.0 100.7 95.5 78.1 80.8 99.0 101.2 81.5 95.0 103.3 103.0 81.7 107.8 103.2 106.5 83.8 121.8 104.9 106.7 84.3 121.7 105.0 101.3 82.1 104.8 101.6 99.8 83.6 99.3 100.6 D urable g o o d s ... -------- . . . - -- -Ordnance and accessories ----L um ber and wood products, except ... ----- -furniture__________ Fu rn itu re and fixtures................................. Stone, clav, and glass products____ Prim ary m etal in d u stries-------- - - - - - Fabricated m etal p ro d u c ts.. . . . M a chinery___ . . ------- . - E lectrical eq u ip m en t and su p p lies------T ransportation eq u ip m en t___ _ Instru m en ts and related products_____ M iscellaneous m anufacturing indust r i e s .. ________________________ . . . 109.7 128.0 106.2 126.7 105.9 128.1 107.9 132.1 105.9 133.7 105.0 137.3 103.3 138.3 102.3 140.1 101.2 147.1 105.0 150.5 104.5 148.5 105.3 150.8 104.9 150.2 102.4 149.2 100.3 150.3 98.1 115.9 111.4 111.3 113.7 111.7 118.7 98.3 110.0 102.1 116.2 113.5 106.0 111. 1 110.9 115.8 85.6 108.6 100.7 110.3 112.4 105.2 107.1 111.3 113.5 93.4 106.4 100.8 111.3 112.2 106.4 109.9 113.6 114.1 97.6 107.6 96.1 106.8 109.0 104.7 107.7 112.3 112.3 97.5 105.3 92.1 107.9 105.2 103.2 106.6 111.6 112.4 97.5 105.2 89.5 107.1 100.3 101.4 104.9 110.5 112.1 95.5 105.2 89.1 106.3 97.8 99.9 104.2 107.9 112.5 95.4 105.1 86.5 102.6 95.0 98.5 103.3 106.7 112.9 95.6 103.6 93.0 111.1 100.8 98.4 107.2 107.8 116.7 100.2 107.8 94.6 110.2 106.4 95.6 106.7 104.4 115.6 99.2 108.0 98.9 111.6 108.5 95.2 108.1 104.3 117.1 98.2 108.1 100.4 111.6 109.1 97.2 107.9 104.4 116.8 94.3 108.2 93.7 106.6 103.4 97.9 103.6 103.8 114.7 93.7 105.9 93.3 104.8 100.3 95.3 100.6 101.9 115.8 88.7 103.2 112.0 110.4 102.9 107.0 103.1 101.8 100.2 98.2 92.4 101.8 109.4 112.1 111.2 102.3 102.1 N ond u rab le goods . . . ---------Food and kindred p rod u cts___ - _____ T obacco m a n u fa c tu r e s ..___ . --------T ex tile m ill products________ . - .- . A pparel and related p r o d u c ts.. .. _ Paper and allied p r o d u c ts.-. ------ ------P iin tin g , p ub lishing, and allied ind u str ie s.. __________________________ C hem icals and allied p rod ucts. . . . P etroleu m refining and related industries______ -_ ______ _ ---------------R ubber and m iscellaneous p lastic p rod ucts----------- -----------------------------Leather and leather p rod u cts. -------- -- 104.6 101.8 112.0 94.6 111.4 110.5 106.0 101.9 95.9 98.8 117.1 110.3 101.5 94.8 78.0 95.8 109.6 108.0 102.0 90.9 80.4 98.7 112.1 109.4 99.9 87.4 79.3 97.2 109.4 106.8 98.5 84.8 80.3 96.0 109.3 105.9 98.9 84.0 80.9 95.9 112.5 105.0 98.6 84.6 79.5 96.1 111.7 104.7 96.3 86.3 85.9 93.2 101.1 104.1 101.1 91.7 100.1 96.9 108.1 107.8 101.6 94.8 103.4 97.9 109.0 107.4 104.4 101.8 113.5 98.1 112.4 108.6 105.1 105.8 114.7 96.3 112.2 109.1 100.6 93.5 90.9 95.6 109.1 106.4 101.1 95.3 93.2 97.4 106.9 105.5 107.7 107.7 107.1 106.3 105.6 106.0 106.5 107.0 106.3 107.3 106.0 106.8 105.9 105.8 104.2 103.7 103.1 102.8 107.6 104.7 105.1 104.3 105.8 105.0 105.9 105.4 104.0 104.9 104.7 103.5 T otal . ^ ----M in in g ___ - . . . - - ------------------------C ontract construction___________ . . . ____ -- --M an u factu rin g___ 82.2 80.9 81.6 81.6 80.1 77.7 78.1 78.1 77.7 79.1 80.8 82.6 84.5 82.2 86.1 121.3 95.6 120.6 100.7 113.9 98.8 117.1 98.5 116.2 93.6 113.6 90.3 113.5 94.6 112.5 96.3 111.6 93.1 115.7 98.1 114.9 94.1 114.5 95.6 114.6 95.4 113.1 94.8 131.4 98.1 87.8 102.4 117.7 91.4 119.2 122.4 90.5 131.5 121.5 92.8 149.7 122.6 94. 0 149.5 122.6 90. 6 127.0 118.0 90. 5 116.4 113. 7 Payrolls M in in g _________ C ontract construction___ ... __ _ M an u factu rin g_____ _____________________ 130.1 95.9 162.1 126.6 94.4 157.1 124.4 96.2 149.8 126.1 92.5 139.7 123.6 i Foi com parability of data w ith those published in issues prior to October 1963, see footnote 1, table A -2. For m in in g and m anufacturing, data refer to production and related T able C -6 . 89.4 127.1 122.0 85.9 114.1 120.4 86.9 109.2 119.4 workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined in footnote 1, table A -3. 2 Prelim inary. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing 1 R evised series; see box p. 1342. [in current and 1957-59 dollars]1 1964 A nnual average 1963 Item A ug.2 Ju ly June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. D ec. N ov. Oct. Sept. A ug. 1963 1962 M a n u f a c tu r in g Gross average w eek ly earnings: Current dollars_________________________ $103. 07 $102.97 $103. 48 $102. 97 $102. 06 $101. 40 $101.15 $99. 90 $102. 41 $100.85 $100. 53 $100. 53 $98.42 $99.38 $96. 56 1957-59 dollars__________________________ 95. 26 95. 08 95.81 95. 52 94.68 94.15 94. 01 92. 76 95.18 93. 90 93. 78 93.87 91.90 93.14 91.61 S pendable average w eek ly earnings: W orker w ith no dependents: 78.89 79.63 77.86 84.48 84.40 84.80 84. 40 83.68 83.16 82.97 81.98 81.95 80. 75 80. 51 80.51 Current d ollars----------------- ------- - ____ 1957-59 dollars________________________ 78. 08 77.93 78. 52 78.29 77.63 77. 21 77.11 76.12 76.16 75.19 75.10 75.17 73. 66 74.63 73. 87 W orker w ith 3 dependents: 92. 26 92.18 92. 60 92.18 91.43 90.89 90.68 89. 65 89.86 88.58 88. 31 88.31 86.58 87. 37 85.53 Current dollars. __________ _________ 1957-59 dollars________________________ 85. 27 85.12 85. 74 85. 51 84.81 84. 39 84.28 83. 24 83.51 82. 48 82.38 82.46 80. 84 81.88 81.15 1 For com parability of data w ith those published in issues prior to October 1963, see footnote 1, table A -2. For em ployees covered, see footnote 1, table A -3. S pendable average w eek ly earnings are based on gross average w eek ly earnings as published in table C - l less th e estim ated am ount of th e workers’ Federal social security and incom e tax lia b ility . Since the am ount of tax lia b ility depends on the num ber of dependents supported b y the worker as w ell as on the level of his gross incom e, spendable earnings have been com https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis puted for 2 ty p es of incom e receivers: (1) A worker w ith no dependents, and (2) a worker w ith 3 dependents. T he earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes in purchasing power as m easured b y th e B ureau’s C onsum er Price Index. 2 Prelim inary. N ote: T hese series are described in “ T h e C alculation and U ses of the Spendable Earnings Series,’’ M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , January 1959, pp. 50-54. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 1364 D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices T able D -l. Consumer Price Index1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers (including single workers) all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items [1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified] 1964: N e w series 2 1963 A nn u al average Group Sept. A ug. J u ly June M ay Apr. M ar. F eb . Jan. D ec. N ov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 A ll ite m s ------------------------------------------------ - 108.4 A ll item s (1947-49-100)------------------------------ 133.0 108.3 132.8 108.3 132.9 108.0 132.5 107.8 132.3 107.8 132.3 107.7 132.1 107.6 132.0 107.7 132.1 107.6 132.0 107.4 131.8 107.2 131.5 107.1 131.4 106.7 131.0 105.4 129.3 107.2 105.6 109.9 101.4 104.6 112.2 103.5 115.5 106.9 105.3 109.6 99.2 104.4 117.3 101.9 115.3 107.2 105.7 109.2 98.9 104.3 122.3 101.0 115.2 106.2 104.4 109.2 96.8 104.0 120.2 100.3 115.1 105.5 103.7 108.9 96.6 103.9 115.7 100.5 115.0 105.7 103.9 108.8 97.0 104.1 115.7 101.1 114.9 105.7 104.0 108.8 97.2 104.5 115.1 100.9 114.7 106.0 104.4 109.0 98.3 104.8 113.9 101.7 114.4 105.8 104.2 109.1 98.3 105.0 112.4 101.8 114.3 105.4 103.7 109.0 99.2 105.0 109.8 100.2 114.3 105.1 103.4 109.1 99.7 104.8 108.2 99.5 114.0 104.9 103.2 109.1 100.4 104.6 106.3 99.6 114.0 105.4 103.8 109.1 101.5 104.3 108.1 99.5 113.6 105.1 103.5 109.1 100.2 103.8 111. 0 97.8 113.2 103.6 102.2 107.6 101.7 104.1 105.0 96.1 110.7 107.4 109.0 107.9 TTom«ownership 5___ ____ ____________ 109.5 "Ftip.1 and u tilitie s 6 _ _ ______ _ _____ _ 107.2 101.5 Gas and electricity ____ _____ ____ -- 108.2 H ou seh old furnishings and operation 3__ 102.8 A pparel and u pk eep 9-------------------------------- 105.9 106.6 M e n ’s and b oys’-------- --------------------- — W om en ’s and girls’---------------------- ------- 102.4 F ootw ear_______________________________ 110.9 107.2 108.8 107.9 109.2 107.1 100.9 108.2 102.6 105.3 106.0 101.3 110.8 107.1 108.6 107.8 108.9 107.0 100.9 107.9 102.8 105.5 106.0 101.9 110.8 107.1 108.4 107.8 108.7 107.1 101.4 108.1 102.9 105.7 106.3 102.2 111.0 106.9 108.2 107.7 108.4 107.2 102.1 108.0 102.9 105.7 106.2 102.3 111.0 107.0 108.2 107.7 108.6 107.4 103.3 108.0 102.9 105.6 105.9 102.2 110.9 107.1 108.4 107.5 108.9 107.3 106.1 107.1 102.8 105.3 105.2 102.1 110.7 106.9 108.3 107.5 108.8 106.8 106.6 106.2 102.7 105.1 105.0 101.8 110.7 106.9 108.1 107.3 108.5 107.7 106.6 108.1 102.7 105.0 105.2 101.4 110.9 106.9 108.0 107.3 108.4 107.6 105.8 108.1 102.9 106.1 106.2 103.3 111.2 106.6 107.7 107.2 108.0 107.5 105.4 108.0 102.7 106.1 106.1 103.5 111.1 106.3 107.3 107.1 107.4 107.3 104.5 108.1 102.6 105.9 105.7 103.5 110.9 106.2 107.1 107.0 107.2 107.0 103.7 108.0 102.7 105.4 105.2 102.5 110.7 106.0 106.9 106.8 107.0 107.0 104.0 107.9 102.4 104.8 104.7 101.7 110.5 104.8 105.6 105.7 105.6 106.1 102.1 107.9 101. 5 103.6 103.3 100.9 109.3 108.9 107.4 119.3 109.3 107.9 119.1 109.4 107.9 119.0 109.2 107.8 118.9 109.1 107.7 118.6 109.0 107.6 118.4 108.9 107.4 118.3 108.6 107.2 118.4 109.4 108.0 118.3 108.9 107.5 118.3 109.1 107.8 117.6 109.0 107.7 117.6 107.9 106.5 117.1 107.8 106.4 116.9 107.2 105.9 115.4 113.9 __ _____ _ 119.7 Personal care _____ _______ ____ _ 109. 5 R eading and recreation----- ---------------- __ 114.3 Other goods and services 70_______ _ - - - 109.0 113.8 119.8 109.4 114.2 108.9 113.7 119.5 109.3 114.1 108.9 113.5 119.3 109.1 114.0 108.7 113.5 119.1 108.9 114.1 108.7 113.4 119.0 108.7 114.0 108.6 113.1 118.7 108.7 113.6 108.5 112.9 118.5 108.4 113.3 108.4 112.7 118.2 108.5 113.1 108.3 112.7 117.9 108.8 113.1 108.3 112.4 117.9 108.4 112.8 108.3 112.3 117.7 108.4 112.7 108.2 112.1 117.5 108.2 112.3 108.0 111.4 117.0 107.9 111.5 107.1 109.4 114.2 106.5 109.6 105.3 Food at hom e - - ____ _ ____ - ______ Cereals and bakery products______ M eats, p oultry, and fish -------------- ------D airy products____________ _______ F ruits and v e g e ta b le s ____ ___ - ___ Other foods at hom e 3_- - - Food aw ay from h om e. -------- - - - -H o u sin g................. — ................................... ......... Shelter * ____________ ____________ T ransportation --- ------------------------------- P u b lic __________________________________ H ealth and r e c r e a tio n -____ Special groups: A ll item s less s h e lte r .. . . . . A ll item s less food . . . . ----- --- ------ ... 108.2 109.0 108.1 108.9 108.2 108.8 107.9 108.8 107.7 108.7 107.7 108.6 107.5 108.6 107.5 108.4 107.6 108.4 107.5 108.5 107.4 108.4 107.2 108.1 107.1 107.8 106.7 107.4 105.4 106.1 C o m m o d ities11 __ __ __ ______ ___ ___ N o n durables __ __ _ _____ _ D urables n 13 __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Services 77 74 73_________ ____ ____ 105.4 106.4 102.8 115.5 105.2 106.1 102.8 115.4 105.3 106.3 102.9 115.3 105.0 105.8 102.9 115.1 104.8 105.5 102.8 114.9 104.9 105.6 102.9 114.8 104.8 105.6 102.9 114.5 104.8 105.6 102.9 114.3 104.9 105.7 102.9 114.2 104.9 105.6 103.0 114.1 104.7 105.4 103.1 113.9 104.5 105.2 102.7 113.7 104.4 105.3 102.2 113.5 104.1 104.9 102.1 113.0 103.2 103.6 101.8 110.9 C om m odities less food 77. . _ _ __ ______ N ondurables less fo o d .. _ _______ . . A pparel com m od ities - - - - A pparel less footw ear. ___ N ondurables less food and apparel______ N ew cars ___ _________ ___________ U sed cars __ . . ___ ___ - ____ H ousehold durables 73_________ _________ H ousefurnishings----------------------------------- 104.3 105.8 105.1 103.9 106.2 98.7 121.9 98.2 98.3 104.2 105.6 104.4 103.1 106.3 99.9 122.2 98.1 98.1 104.3 105.6 104.7 103.4 106.1 100.6 122.7 98.3 98.4 104.3 105.6 104.9 103.7 106.0 100.8 122.7 98.5 98.6 104.3 105.7 104.9 103.7 106.1 101.2 121.6 98.7 98.7 104.3 105.6 104.7 103.5 106.1 101.6 120.9 98.7 98.7 104.3 105.6 104.5 103.2 106.2 101.8 119.6 98.7 98.6 104.1 105.3 104.2 102.9 106.0 102.2 119.0 98.6 98.4 104.3 105.6 104.2 102.8 106.5 102.3 119.6 98.7 98.5 104.5 105.9 105.4 104.2 106.2 102.1 120.3 98.9 98.8 104.5 105.8 105.4 104.3 106.0 103.2 121.0 98.8 98.8 104.2 105.6 105.3 104.2 105.8 103.1 120.0 98.7 98.7 103.7 105.2 104.6 103.4 105.5 99.8 120.1 98.6 98.6 103.5 104.8 104.0 102.8 105.3 101.5 116.6 98.5 98.5 102.8 103.8 103.0 101.8 104.2 102.1 115.2 98.8 98.9 Services less rent 77 74____ . . . . _________ H ousehold services less r e n t 77. . . ----------T ransportation serv ices.- . . ............. . M edical care services. . . . . - ___ Other services 1177_ --------------------------- - 117.4 115.3 115.1 123.7 119.0 117.2 115.0 115.0 123.7 118.8 117.0 114.8 114.9 123.4 118.6 116.8 114.7 114.7 123.1 118.4 116.6 114.4 114.6 122.9 118.3 116.5 114.4 114.4 122.7 118.2 116.3 114.3 114.1 122.3 117.7 116.0 113.9 114.2 122.1 117.4 116.0 114.1 114.1 121.7 117.1 115.8 114. 0 113.7 121.3 117.1 115.5 113.8 113.3 121.3 116.6 115.3 113.5 113.1 121.1 116.5 115.1 113.4 112.9 120.9 116.2 114.5 113.0 112.4 120.3 115.3 112.1 110.6 111.2 116.8 112.6 1The CPI measures the average change in prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families. 2Beginning January 1964, the Consumer Price Index structure has been revised to reflect buying patterns of wage earners and clerical workers in the 1960’s. The “new series” indexes shown here are based on expenditures of all urban wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers, including single workers living alone, as well as families of two or more persons. Separate indexes for families only (excluding single persons) for the U.S. city average are available on request. The “old series” indexes were discontinued after June 1964. 3Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and prepared and partially prepared foods. 4Also includes hotel and motel room rates not shown separately. 3 Includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and main tenance and repairs. 3Also includes telephone, water, and sewerage service not shown separately. 7Called "Solid and petroleum fuels” prior to 1964. 3Includes housefumishings and housekeeping supplies and services. 2Includes dry cleaning and laundry of apparel, infants’ wear, sewing materials, jewelry, and miscellaneous apparel, not shown separately. Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank service Charges. 11Recalculated group—indexes prior to January 1964have been recomputed. 11Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drugs and pharmaceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, newspapers, magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages. 13Includes home purchase, which was classified under services prior to 1964, building materials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household appliances, dtnnerware, tableware, cleaning equipment, power tools, lamps, Venetian blinds, hardware, automobiles, tires, radios, television sets, tape recorders, durable toys, and sports equipment. 14Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading prior to 1964. ' 13Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property, home maintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, water, sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto insurance, registration and license fees, parking and garage rent, local transit, taxicab, airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services, health insurance, barber and Beauty shop services, movies, fees for sports, television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services. 73Called ‘'Durables less cars” prior to 1964. Does not include auto parts, durable toys, and sports equipment. 77Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and recreation, and other goods and services. Not comparable with series pub lished prior to 1964. D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES T able D-2. 1365 Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical workers (including single workers)1 11957-59=100 unless otherwise specified] 1964; New series 3 (except as noted) Sept. Area 2 Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. 1963 Feb. Jan. Annual average 194749=100 Dec. Nov. Oct. 107.7 107.6 107.4 107.2 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) 105.8 (8) 105.8 107.5 (8) 106.1 105.1 105.8 (8) 105.2 (8) (8) 99.7 (8) (8) 103.6 103.1 103.7 100.5 (8) (8) 107.2 (8) (8) 108.5 (8) (8) (8) 105.0 (8) (8) 104.7 103.5 (8) 103.6 103.7 103.5 103.3 103.2 102.2 129.0 (8) (8) 106.7 (8) (8) 108.7 105.7 107.2 104.6 106.1 109.7 109.0 109.6 106.2 (8) (8) 107.5 (8) (8) 110.0 110.1 109.7 108.4 108.7 108.6 107.7 (8) (8) 107.6 (8) (8) 108.7 <8) (8) 109.9 108.5 (8) (8) 109.3 105.2 (8) 109.7 108.3 (8) (8) 109.1 (8) 107.4 109.4 108.2 107.4 107.1 108.2 104.9 107.0 108.7 107.2 107.1 106.6 106.6 103.9 105.5 106.4 105.2 105.9 104.6 107.5 (8) 109.9 (8) 108.8 (8) 109.4 (8) 107.3 (8) 107.3 109.9 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) 107.9 109.3 107.1 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) 108.6 (8) (8) 109.3 107.6 (8) (8) 106.5 109.2 (8) (8) (8) 106.2 108.9 107.3 108.2 106.4 105.1 107.4 105.9 106.5 104.6 (8) (8) 137.2 (8) (8) 133.6 133.9 (8) (8) 134.9 140.9 (8) (8) (8) 104.9 105.4 Sept. 1963 1962 107.1 Sept. 1964 All Items U.S. city average4------ --- .. - 108.4 Atlanta, Oa__________________ Baltimore, Md_____________ Boston, Mass_____ - - Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963=100)___ Chicago, 111.-Northwestern Ind----Cincinnati, Ohio.-Kentucky 8------ 107.2 107.9 (8) (5) 106.3 107.0 108.2 108.3 (8) (8) (8) 101.3 106.3 (8) 106.3 108.0 111.2 (8) (8) (8) 106.6 106.2 106.1 (8) (8) (8) 105.2 Cleveland, Ohio____*--------------(8) (8) 99.9 Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963=100)...... .. (5) (8) Detroit, Mich------------------- --- - 104.6 104.3 104.2 Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963 = 100). 100.5 (8) (8) 107. S Houston, Tex.6.. . -------------(8) (8) 109.5 Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas8 . . . . (8) (») Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif___ 110.0 Milwaukee, Wis.7____________ . (8) Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.6____ (8) NewYork,N.Y.-Northeastern N.J. 110.9 109.0 Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J_________ Pittsburgh, Pa________________ (8) Portland, Oreg.-Wash.8_________ (8) St. Louis, Mo.-Ill_____________ 108.7 San Francisco-Oakland, Calif------ 111.0 Scranton, Pa.8________________ (8) Seattle, Wash_____________ ___ (») Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va.. ___ (8) 110.2 109.9 106. S (8) 108.1 (8) 110.5 110.5 108.6 108.8 108.8 (8) 109.1 (8) (8) (8) 1 1 0.0 110.3 108.7 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) 108.0 107.8 107.8 107.7 106.6 (8) 107.5 11(80).6 (8) (8) (8) 105. 7 105.7 105.6 (8) (8) (8) (8) 100.7 105.9 (8) 104.5 (8) (8) 100.3 (8) (8) 103.6 103.2 103.8 99.9 (8) (8) 106.9 (8) (8) 109.0 (8) (8) 110.0 (8) (8) 109.9 105.6 (8) 109.9 (8) 107.3 108.5 (8) (8) 108.4 (8) (8) 108.4 108.1 108.6 107.7 (8) (8) 108.7 109.1 107.5 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) 110.2 110.2 110.1 110.6 (8) (8) (8) 107.6 (8) (8) (8) 100.1 105.7 (8) 110.1 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) 106.7 105.4 133.0 110.0 105. 2 105.1 107.1 106.8 109.5 (8) 104.1 105.2 107.4 106.0 (8) 106.0 105.1 104.6 103.6 132.7 133.9 (8) (5) 134.0 ISO. 2 105.3 104.7 Food U.S. city average4------------- ----- 107.2 106.9 107.2 106.2 105.5 105.7 105.7 105.8 105.4 105.1 105.1 103.6 Atlanta, Ga . . . . . ... . . Baltimore, Md . . . . . ___ . . Boston, Mass. . .......................... Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963=100)___ Chicago, Hl.-Northwestern Ind__ Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky 6_. . 106.1 107.1 105.4 106.6 104.9 107.1 102.4 107.0 106.2 103.9 106.1 108.5 104.0 104.0 106. 2 106.3 108.8 108. 5 103. 7 104.0 104.1 103.8 104.4 104. 7 105. 4 104. 7 108.0 108.1 108.1 107. 4 103.0 103. 3 104. 6 106.8 105.7 105.1 103.3 105.1 103.4 104.4 105.9 108. 5 100.8 100.4 105.7 105.8 103.2 102.9 103.8 105.7 108.4 106.3 105.5 103.9 103.9 (») m 109.2 109.1 101.9 100.9 105.7 104.8 106.1 103.9 106.1 102.7 105.8 102.5 104.6 101.9 _______ Cleveland, Ohio__ Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963 = 100)____ Detroit, Mich.. .. . . . ... __ Honolulu, Ha.waii (Dec. 1963= 100). Houston, Tex.6 . . . _ . ... Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas 6__ 102.5 102.3 101.3 101.0 101.5 101.5 102.1 102.3 101.9 101.6 101.0 100.9 100.5 100.0 99. 5 100.1 99. 7 100.1 100.0 102.4 103.0 101.8 101.0 101.4 101.1 101.4 101.4 100.8 100.9 100.8 101.1 100.8 100.7 100.6 100.8 100.5 100.3 99.8 105.8 108.2 105.8 108.4 105.8 108.2 Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif. . Milwaukee, Wis.7.. __ _____ ... Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.6____ New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J. Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J__________ Pittsburgh, P a.. ___ . . . . . Portland, Oreg.-Wash.8____ . . . 108.3 105.6 105.7 109.6 105.9 106.2 108.1 108.1 105.6 1016 108.9 105.4 105.5 107.7 St. Louis, Mo.-Ill______________ San Francisco-Oakland, Calif __ Scranton, Pa.8__ . . . . . . . . . Seattle, Wash . . . ___ _ .. Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va_____ 109.1 107.6 106.8 109.3 108.0 108.7 107.3 106.8 109.1 107.5 110.8 111.1 111.0 102.2 102.6 106.0 102.6 106.0 105.7 103. 2 102.9 102. 2 101.8 101.0 101.5 101.1 103.0 101.7 102.4 100. 7 101.3 104. 8 105.1 105.3 105.0 103. 8 104. 3 102.9 103. 3 105. 5 104. 2 1019 106.6 IO4 .6 106.3 105.2 106.1 106.5 105.7 105.5 105.6 106.0 105.9 105. 5 105.0 105.3 105.2 108.3 107.6 105.7 109.2 105.8 105.9 108.1 IO4 .7 108.0 104.9 104.3 106.9 107.4 IO4 .9 IO4 .2 107.5 104.5 103.5 107.9 107.3 107.8 107.0 106.4 IO4 .O 108.1 105.2 103.8 106.2 103.4 107.8 104.3 103.3 105.6 107.6 104.8 103.0 107.4 103.9 102.9 105.4 107.5 103.3 107.5 104.3 104.8 106.0 108.0 IO4 . 3 103.8 108.1 105.5 104.3 106.5 108.1 103.7 107.5 104. 5 104.1 106.8 103.2 106.9 104.3 102.9 105.2 102.9 107.4 104.3 103. 6 105. 5 107.1 104.9 102. 5 107.1 104.2 103. 6 105. 2 108. 5 108.3 107.4 109.2 107.5 107.6 107.2 106.2 108.5 105.3 106.6 107.0 IO4 .7 107.9 104.9 106.7 106.1 107. 7 108.0 IO4 .5 IO4 .7 108. 7 108.4 105.2 105.0 106.1 108.0 105.0 108. 7 104.9 106.1 107.3 IO4 .9 108.2 104.6 105.9 106.5 104.7 107.9 103.9 105.1 107.0 103.8 107.4 104.0 105.1 106.6 104.4 107.4 104.6 105.3 107. 2 104.8 107.6 105.0 104. 9 106.8 104.1 107.3 104.2 1See footnote 1, table D-l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in prices. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one area than in another. 2The areas listed include, for the new series, not only the central city but the entire urban portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1960 Census of Population; except that the Standard Con solidated Area is used for New York and Chicago. For the old series “area” refers to the “ urbanized area.” 3See footnote 2, table D-l. 4Average of 50 “cities” (metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan urban places). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 101.1 101.1 106.0 101.8 104.9 103.1 102. 4 103. 6 103.0 105.4 103.1 105. 7 102.0 5All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 areas and once every 3 months on a rotating cycle for other areas. 6Old series. Indexes for Cincinnati, Houston, Kansas City, and Minne apolis will be published on the old series basis through 1964 and the first part of 1965, and will be added to the new series national index in 1966. 7Old series. The present index for Milwaukee, calculated by special arrangement with the City of Milwaukee, is now published on the old series basis, and will also be added to the new series national index in 1966. 8Old series. Contrary to original plans, indexes for Portland and Scranton will be published on the old series basis temporarily. »Insufficient data due to work stoppage in food stores. 1366 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 T able D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities [1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2 1964 1963 A nn u al average C om m odity group A ll c o m m o d itie s -.. . . . ----- . Farm products and processed foods_______ Farm products ________________________ Fresh and dried fruits and veg e ta b les.. G rains_____________ _____________ . . . L ivestock and live p oultry . . . _____ . P lant and anim al fibers_________ F luid m ilk ____________________________ E ggs--------------- -----------------------------------H a y , hayseeds, and oilseeds---------------Other farm p rod ucts_____ _________ . ....... ..................... Processed f o o d s ... Cereal and bakery products _________ M eats, poultry, and f is h ........................ D airy products and ice cream ____ ___ C anned and frozen fruits and vegeta b le s .. . . . . . ________ ____ ______ Sugar and confectionery. . . . _____ Packaged beverage m aterials__________ A nim al fats and o ils. _______________ Crude vegetable o ils______________ _ _ R efined vegetable oils . . . _ _ ___ V egetable oil en d p rod u cts. ___ M iscellaneous processed foods_________ A ll com m odities except farm p rod ucts____ All com m odities except farm and foods____ T extile products and apparel _____ . . . C otton p rod ucts_______________ _____ W ool p rod ucts. _ ____________________ M anm ade fiber textile p r o d u c t s ...___ Silk p rod ucts_______________ __ . . . __ A pparel ______________________ ____ M iscellaneous textile p rod ucts________ H ides, skins, leather, and leather produ cts _____ . . . . _ _______ __ _ H ides and sk in s. _____ __________ L e a th e r __________________________ F o o tw e a r ... ___________________ . Other leather p rod ucts____ _ _______ F u el and related products, and pow er___ C oal____________________ . _ C o k e ... . . ____________ . . Gas fuels 5__ . . . _. E lectric power 5_____ _____________ Petroleum products, refined__________ C hem icals arid allied p roducts. _______ Industrial chem icals . . Prepared p a in t____ . . . _ P ain t m a te r ia ls .......... . . D rugs and pharm aceuticals. . . ___ _ _ F ats and oils in ed ib le____ _ _____ M ixed fertilizer.. _____ ___ _ Fertilizer m aterials . . . ___ Other chem icals and allied p rod ucts___ R ubber and rubber p ro d u c ts... _____ _____ _ _____ . . C rude ru b b e r.. Tires and tu b e s____ ___________ M iscellaneous rubber p rod ucts________ L um ber and w ood p rod ucts____. . . ____ L u m ber___ _______ _ _ _____ __ . . M illw o r k .. _ __ P ly w o o d ___________ _________ _ ____ P u lp , paper, and allied p r o d u c ts._______ W ood pu lp ______________________ _ W astepaper____ _ _ . _________ ____ P ap er_____ ____ _________ . . P a p e r b o a r d ____ _________ _ _ . . C onverted paper and paperboard produ c ts ... ________ _ _ _______ . . . . . . B u ild ing paper and board__________ __ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis S ep t.3 A ug. Ju ly June M ay Apr. M ar. F eb. Jan. D ec. N ov. Oct. Sept. 1963 100.7 100.3 100.4 100.0 100.1 100.3 100.4 100.5 101.0 100.3 100.7 100.5 100.3 100.3 99.3 4 97.7 98.1 97.1 96.8 97.8 98.2 98.1 99.7 97.2 99.7 99.1 98.5 98.7 99.6 95.6 93.6 101.1 4 97.9 90.2 85.7 90.9 88.4 94.4 96.0 103.6 <101.8 96.9 98.6 108.8 105.8 98.5 96.8 102.2 101.0 108.1 <108.3 96.0 93.3 108.7 107.3 94.1 108.9 85.7 87.7 99.4 100.5 87.3 105.6 98.3 101.2 108.6 93.3 107.0 93.2 113.1 89.8 82.3 101.2 98.8 88.7 105.1 98.7 100.2 107.9 90.2 107.1 93.7 107.4 103.2 81.2 101.3 98.4 76.9 104.9 99.4 99.4 107.5 86.9 106.6 94.4 105.9 103.3 82.4 102.1 99.6 79.5 107.4 99.5 100.4 107.8 88.3 107.1 95.2 104.9 99.1 83.8 102.1 101.2 90.5 110.7 100.7 100.5 106.8 88.7 107.3 94.5 97.9 102.0 82.8 101.7 102.3 89.7 113.9 96.4 100.9 107.4 88.9 107.5 96.3 95.9 103.9 84.7 101.5 102.8 106.3 115.5 99.0 102.5 107.0 91.8 108.0 93.3 94.8 101.8 79.9 101.4 103.4 99.8 114.6 90.6 100.4 106.9 87.7 108.1 96.2 96.1 100.3 87.9 99.8 103.2 102.4 117.5 90.7 102.5 107.3 91.7 107.9 95.1 89.1 101.8 88.0 99.4 102.6 97.9 114.1 90.4 102.2 107.7 93.2 107.4 95.5 88.0 102.9 88.6 99.4 101.8 107.8 110.5 89.0 100.9 107.0 94.2 108.0 95. 7 96.1 101.9 88.8 100.6 100.6 94.0 113.0 89.3 101.1 107.3 93.3 107.5 97 7 97.7 98. 8 96.2 98.4 101.2 95.2 105.4 91. 8 101 2 107.6 99.1 106.9 102.4 <102.3 105.1 106.4 98.2 98.2 97.3 <93.5 87.7 <82.3 79.4 84.0 88.3 87.7 109.3 108.9 101.3 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.2 101.2 98.9 98.6 102.9 103.0 95.6 <95.8 117.0 117.0 103.3 103.3 120.7 119.8 105.3 106.6 98.4 90.8 80.4 79.2 87.7 108.8 101.1 101.1 101.1 98.3 102.6 96.2 117.0 103.3 H 7.2 106.1 108.0 98.3 90.7 78.5 76.5 87.3 108.4 100.9 100.9 101.0 98.7 102.8 96.2 117.0 102.8 117.3 106.3 111.9 98.3 89.2 79.0 77.0 87.3 108.9 100.8 101.1 101.2 99.6 102.8 96.0 116.4 102.7 116.2 107.3 115.5 98.1 90.0 75.1 77.1 87.5 110.0 101.0 101.1 101.1 100.5 103.2 95.5 116.4 102.3 115.8 107.5 117.3 98.1 89.3 75.1 75.9 87.6 107.7 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.1 103.3 95.5 116.6 102.3 115.8 107.4 122.9 94.6 91.0 73.7 74.8 88.1 106.6 101.2 101.2 101.2 101.2 103.3 95.1 116.8 102.3 116.7 107.2 130.3 90.6 88.2 74.4 74.8 87.9 107.4 101.5 101.3 101.2 101.3 103.2 94.7 121.6 102.3 117.6 106.8 124.9 85.7 88.4 76.7 77.4 87.9 107.4 101.1 101.2 101.2 101.5 102.8 94.6 126.3 102.3 115.3 106.4 131.2 84.1 93.5 84.0 84.1 87.4 107.8 101.2 100.9 101.1 101.3 101.6 94.4 130.5 102.3 118.3 105.8 125.4 81.8 90.2 84.8 82.3 86.0 108.7 101.2 100.9 100.7 100.2 100.6 94.2 126.1 102.5 116.3 105.3 112.5 80.9 84.1 78.6 80.8 86.2 106.5 100.8 100.7 100.5 99.9 100.6 94.0 130.1 102.3 116.2 103.9 118.4 81.2 83.9 82.0 84.2 88.0 104.3 100.8 100.7 100.5 100.3 100.9 93.9 139.9 101.9 117.1 98.0 102 2 81.7 88.4 84.5 93.1 97.3 101.8 100.9 100.8 100.6 101.7 99.1 93.9 125. 9 101.5 122.4 105.5 105.6 95.5 96.0 104.0 104.5 108.4 108.3 103.8 <103.7 95.5 < 96.4 97.2 <96.6 107.3 107.3 121.4 <121. 2 101.5 <101.4 89.5 91.4 96.6 96.5 93.9 93.9 104.8 104.8 89.9 89.8 94.6 94. 7 106.2 <101.3 104.4 <103. 4 99.1 100.2 99.6 99.6 91.9 91.8 90.4 89.9 88.0 88.0 96.4 96.4 100.6 100.9 100.7 <101. 1 109.1 109. 1 91.7 91.8 98. 7 98.7 95.5 95. 5 92.2 93.3 103.7 103.7 96.4 96.4 105.4 92.6 104.7 108.3 103.9 96.7 96.1 107.3 120. 2 100.6 92.5 96.6 94.3 104.1 90.7 94.8 95.9 103.5 101.1 99.6 91.8 90.0 88.0 96.4 101.2 101.5 109.1 92.3 98.7 95.5 93.4 103.7 96.5 104.8 90.3 103.3 108.3 103.2 96.3 95.3 107.3 116.0 100.9 92.3 96.5 94.3 103.9 90.8 94.6 93.2 103.6 100. 2 99.5 91.6 90.6 88.0 95.7 101.4 101.8 109.0 92.6 98.7 95.5 93. 5 103.7 96. 5 104.7 85.7 104.5 108.3 103.4 96.4 95.1 107.3 116.6 101. 3 92. 2 96. 7 94.5 104.8 91.8 95.5 88.6 103.6 100. 2 99.4 92.6 90. 7 88.0 97.9 101.8 102.2 108.9 94.2 98. 7 95.5 90.8 103.7 96.5 104.5 88.1 102.0 108.3 103.8 96.1 95.0 106.1 120.4 101.3 91.1 96.6 94.4 104.8 91.6 95.4 87.3 103.9 100. 2 99.3 93. 1 91.3 89.2 97.8 101.8 102.0 108.8 94.9 99. 1 96.2 90.2 103.6 96.5 102.5 75.7 99.6 108.2 101.4 97.0 97.1 103.6 123.2 99.4 92.9 96.5 94.4 104.8 91.8 95.2 85.8 103.8 100.2 99.1 93.9 91.2 91.3 97.7 101.0 101.4 107.4 94.6 99.3 96.1 91.9 103.5 96.5 102.5 74.0 99.7 108.2 101.9 99.0 98.1 103.6 126.8 101.3 95.3 96. 4 94.2 104.6 91.5 95.3 83. 2 103.8 100.2 99.1 93.6 89.5 91.3 97.6 99.9 100.3 106.9 92.2 99.9 96.1 91.1 103.1 96.5 102.7 76.1 99.5 108.3 101.9 99.5 98.3 103.6 124.8 101.3 96.6 96.3 94.3 105.1 91.2 95.4 83.1 103.6 99.4 99.2 93.7 89.4 91.3 97.9 99.0 99.2 106.7 91. 1 99.8 96. 1 91.1 103.1 96.5 103.0 76.3 99.5 108.2 103.3 99.3 98.3 103.6 124.8 101. 3 96.1 96.2 94.3 105.1 91.0 95.0 85.0 103.5 98.4 99.1 93.8 89.9 91.4 97.9 99.1 99.2 106.3 92.4 99.4 94.4 90.8 102 9 96.5 103.5 82.7 99.7 108.2 103.2 97.9 98.3 103.6 122.3 101. 3 93.8 96.3 94. 2 104.9 91.1 95.0 90. 2 103.7 98.4 99.0 94. 2 91.6 91.7 97.9 99.2 99.3 106.2 92.5 99.4 94.4 91.0 102.9 96.6 103.4 80.5 99.5 108.4 103.4 98.8 97.7 103.6 122.0 101.4 95.6 96.2 94.2 103.9 90.8 94.9 88. 5 103.8 97.1 99.0 94. 2 91.5 91. 7 97.9 99.2 99.3 106.2 92.4 99.5 95.0 90.7 102.8 96.6 103.1 77.3 99.5 108.4 103.4 99.0 97.2 103.6 121.7 101.8 95.9 96.0 94.5 103.9 89.2 94.9 81.3 103.8 97. 2 98.9 93.4 88.9 91. 7 97. 2 99.9 100.7 105.6 92. 6 99.1 91.7 90.9 102.2 94.1 104.2 84.0 101.9 108.3 104.0 99.8 96.9 103.6 122.8 102. 0 97. 2 96.3 94.8 103.8 91.1 95. 1 80.3 103.6 99.9 99.0 93.8 91.9 90.1 98. 3 98.6 98.9 104.0 93. 5 99.2 91.7 92.2 102.4 94.7 107.4 106.2 108.5 108.6 104.3 100.2 96.8 103.6 119. 2 102. 8 98. 2 97. 5 96.3 103.8 95. 6 96.0 76. 3 103.8 101.9 99.4 93.3 93.6 87.1 99.4 96.5 96.5 101.8 92.4 100.0 93.2 97.5 102.6 93.1 97.5 94.2 97.6 94.4 97.6 94.4 98.6 93.5 98.9 93.7 100.1 100.0 95.0 I 95.2 99.5 95.2 99.4 95.1 99.4 96.9 99.8 97.6 99.7 96.2 101.0 97.2 97.6 94.3 97.6 93.9 1962 100.6 1367 D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES T able D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued [1957-59 = 100, unless otherwise specified]2 1964 1963 A nnual average C om m odity group S ep t.3 Aug. Ju ly June M ay Apr. M ar. F eb. Jan. D ec. N ov. Oct. Sept. 1963 1962 103.0 100.5 N onferrous m etals------------------------------- 107.0 M e ta l containers---------------------------------- 105.6 104.9 P lu m b in g fixtures and brass fittings _ 103.0 91.7 H eatin g eq u ip m en t----------------------------99.6 F abricated structural m etal p rod ucts.Fabricated nonstructural m etal produ c ts_________________________________ 108.1 M a chinery and m otive products-------------- 102.9 A gricultural m achinery and eq u ip m en t. 112.9 C onstruction m achinery and eq u ip -------- 112.4 m en t . . . __ ___ -M etalw orkin g m achinery and equip113.3 m en t- ___ - ____ G eneral purpose m achinery and equipm en t________________________________ 104.0 M iscellaneous m ach in ery. . . . . . . . . 104.6 Special in d u stry m achinery and eq u ip m en t 8------- ------- -------------------------------- 106.0 96.6 Electrical m achinery and e q u ip m e n t.. 100.5 M otor v eh icles. . . . . T ransportation eq u ip m en t railroad rolling stock 8_______________________ 100.6 F urniture and other household durables _ 98.6 105.6 H ousehold furniture___ 103.2 C om m ercial furniture______ __ _ _ 99.0 Floor coverin gs-----------------------------------H ou seh old a p p lia n c e s... . . . . . - - 91.3 T elev ision , radio receivers, and phono 87.3 graphs------------- -------------— -------------Other household durable goods_______ 104.4 101.7 N o n m eta llic m ineral p rod ucts_______ F la t glass_____________________________ 103.1 102.8 C oncrete in gredien ts. ----- . . . C oncrete p rod ucts___ _ . . . . . ----- 100.9 Structural clay p rod ucts---------------------- 104.6 G yp su m p rod ucts_____________________ 108.6 91.2 Prepared asphalt roofing. -------101.5 Other nonm etallic m inerals. __ ... 107.5 Tobacco products and b ottled beverages Tobacco p rod ucts-------------------------------- 106.1 100.8 Alcoholic beverages__ _ __ ___ N onalcoholic beverages___ _ ______ _ 127.3 M iscellaneous p rod u cts.—. . . . -------- 109.2 T o y s, sporting goods, sm all arms, am101.2 m u n ition ___ _ _ __ M anufactured anim al fe e d s .. ______ 113.7 99.1 N o tio n s and accessories. ----------Jew elry, w atch es, and photographic e q u ip m e n t.. . . . ----------------- 103.8 Other m iscellaneous p r o d u c t s ..---------- 103.1 4103. 0 101.2 4105.8 105.6 4104.9 4102. 9 4 91. 7 99.4 102.5 100.7 104.4 105.6 104.9 101.3 92.1 99.3 102.3 100.4 104.0 105.6 104.8 100.5 92.4 99.2 102.1 100.3 103.9 105.6 104.8 100.5 92.0 98.7 102.2 100.2 104.0 105.6 104.8 100.3 92.1 98.9 102.0 100.2 102.8 105.6 104.8 100.3 92.1 98.7 101.8 100.2 101.7 105.6 104.6 100.4 91.8 99.1 101.7 100.2 101.4 104.6 104.6 100.5 92.0 99.0 101.3 100.0 101.0 104.6 104.3 100.6 92.7 98.8 101.0 99.9 100.2 104.6 104.4 100.6 92.8 98.8 100.9 99.9 99.9 104.6 104.4 100.6 93.1 98.7 100.3 99.1 99.6 104.7 104.2 100.6 93.1 98.6 100.1 99.1 99.1 104.7 104.1 100.5 92.9 98.2 100.0 99.3 99.2 103.7 104.0 100.1 93.2 98.2 108.0 4102. 9 113.1 108.0 103.1 112.9 108.4 103.0 112.7 108.2 103.3 112.7 108.9 102.9 112.7 109.0 102.7 112.6 109.4 102.5 112.5 109.3 102.5 112.1 108.2 102.6 111.9 107.1 102.5 111.4 107.0 102.3 111.2 105.0 102.2 110.9 105.1 102.2 111. 1 103.9 102.3 109.5 A ll com m odities except farm and foods— C ontinu ed M e ta ls anrl m etal products __ 112.3 112.3 112.3 112.3 112.2 112.0 111.8 111.8 111.2 110.9 110.4 110.1 109.6 107.8 113.3 113.3 112.4 111.8 111.4 111.2 111.0 110.8 110.8 110.5 110.3 110.2 109.8 109.3 104.4 4104. 5 104.7 104.5 104.8 104.4 104.7 104.4 104.8 104.4 104.6 104.3 104.6 104.1 104.6 103.7 104.4 103.7 104.2 103.5 104. 1 103.5 103.8 103.5 103.3 103.2 106.0 106.0 105.9 96.5 96.5 96.6 4100. 7 4100.9 4100.9 105.8 97.7 101.2 105.8 97.7 99.9 105.8 97.0 99.9 105.2 96.9 99.8 105.2 96.9 99.8 105.0 97.7 99.9 104.7 97.5 99.9 104.8 97.4 99.9 104.6 97.2 99.3 104.0 97.4 100.0 101.9 98.4 100.8 4103. 9 104.7 100.6 98.6 4105. 6 103.2 99.0 91.3 100.6 98.6 105.4 103.2 99.0 91.2 100.1 98.5 105.3 103.2 98.6 91.2 100.1 98.6 105.3 103.1 99.8 91.6 100.1 98.6 105.2 103.1 100.1 91.6 100.5 98.5 105.0 103.1 100.1 91.7 100.5 98.5 105.0 103.1 100.1 91,8 100.5 98.4 105.0 103.1 100.1 91.5 100.5 98.0 104.7 103.1 98.0 91.1 100.5 98.1 104.8 103.1 97.9 91.2 100.5 98.1 104.8 103.1 97.4 91.2 100.5 98.1 104.8 103.2 96.8 91.4 100.5 98.1 104.6 102.7 96.6 91.8 100.5 98.8 103.8 102.3 97.0 94.0 87.3 104.4 4101.7 4103.1 4102.8 100.8 104.5 108.6 91.2 101.8 107.5 106.0 100.8 127.4 4107.3 87.3 104.4 101. 5 102.4 102.7 100.9 104.4 108.6 88.9 101.8 107.3 106.0 100.3 127.4 107.5 87.3 104.4 101.4 102.4 102.8 100.8 104.5 108.6 86.4 101.7 107.4 106.0 100.3 127.4 106.7 87.3 104.3 101.3 102.4 102.7 100.6 104.5 108.6 86.4 101.3 107.3 106.0 100.5 126.6 107.2 87.3 104.1 101.3 102.8 102.8 100.6 104.5 108.6 86.4 101.3 107.1 106.0 100.7 125.3 109.5 87.2 103.7 101.1 101.7 102.7 100.7 103.9 108.6 86.4 101.3 107.1 106.0 100.7 125.3 109.8 87.2 103.7 101.2 101.0 102.7 101.0 103.8 108.6 87.4 101.3 107.1 105.9 101.0 125.3 110.9 87.2 103.6 101.1 101.0 102. 7 101.2 103.5 106.1 87.4 101.3 107.6 105.9 101.0 127.7 112.6 87.3 103.3 101.3 101.0 103.1 101.4 103.5 106.1 87.4 101.4 107.5 105.9 101.0 127.7 112.2 87.8 103.4 101.2 101.0 102.9 101.4 103.5 106.1 87.4 101.4 107.5 105.9 100.9 127.7 110.9 87.8 103.4 101.3 101.6 102.9 101.3 103.4 106.1 87.4 101.4 107.5 105.9 100.9 127.7 111.2 87.8 103.5 101.1 100.0 103.0 101.3 103.4 106.1 88.2 100. 9 107.5 105.7 101.0 127.7 111.8 88.6 103.2 101.3 98.3 103.0 101.7 103.6 105.4 90.0 101.4 106.1 104. 5 101.0 122.6 110.4 91.1 103.1 101.8 97.0 103.2 102. 6 103.5 105.0 94. 8 102.2 104.1 102.1 101.0 116.9 107.3 101.0 4110. 2 99.1 101.0 110.7 99.1 100.9 109.6 99.1 100.8 110.5 99.1 100.8 114.8 99.1 101.1 115.3 99.1 100.9 117.4 99.1 100.9 120.4 99.1 101.1 119.7 99.1 101.0 117.2 99.1 101.1 117.9 99.1 101.1 119.0 99.1 101.0 116.4 98.8 100.8 110.6 98. 7 103.9 102.5 103.9 102.5 102.9 102.4 103.2 102.4 103.2 102.4 103.2 102.4 103.3 101.7 103.6 101.7 103.6 101.4 103.6 101.4 103.5 101.1 103.4 101.1 103.7 101.4 104.2 101.3 1As of January 1961, new weights reflecting 1958 values were introduced into the index. See “Weight Revisions in the Wholesale Price Index 18901960,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1962, pp. 175-182. 2As of January 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base of 1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59=100. Technical details and earlier https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau. 3Preliminary. 4 Revised. 5January 1958=100. 8January 1961= 100. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 1368 T able D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1 [1957-59=100, unless otherw ise sp e cified ]2 1964 1963 Sept.3 Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Commodity group All foods____________________________________ All fish_____________________________________ All commodities except farm products____________ Textile products, excluding hard fiber products-------Bituminous coal—domestic sizes_________________ Refined petroleum products------------------------------East Coast markets________________ ____ -.Midcontinent markets_____________________ Gulf Coast markets____________ __________ Pacific Coast markets____________________ . Midwest markets 8___ ___ _ _ _ — --------_______ Soaps_____________________ ____ Synthetic detergents----------- ---------- -- --- -----Pharmaceutical preparations-----------------------------Ethical preparations 8_____ _____ ____ - _ Anti-infectives 8--- ----------- _ _ - - _ _ __ _ Anti-arthritics 8._ ______ _ . - _ _ ____ Sedatives and hypnotics 8________________ -_ - ------------Ataractics 8____ Anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinergics 8_____ Cardiovasculars and anti-hypertensives 8____ Diabetics 8_____ - - . __ -_- . ___ _____ Hormones 8_______ __ - ____ . . .. .. Diuretics 8_____ . - ______ - - - - - - - __ Dermatologicals8___ _ _. . ____ _ Hematinics8—_ ___ _______________ _ Analgesics 8__ _ -- ------ - __ ___ Anti-obesity preparations 8____________ __ Cough and cold preparations 8_______ Vitamins 8__ _ _____ ____ .. . . .. _ Proprietary preparations 8__________________ Vitamins8- . - ___ -_ -- -_.. _ Cough and cold preparations 8. .. Laxatives and elimination aids 8____ _ _ Internal analgesics 8_____________________ Tonics and alteratives 8______________ _ _ External analgesics 8_________________ ___ 101.9 108.5 101.3 98.4 97.6 89.5 91.8 81.7 91.3 100.7 101.3 100.8 105.4 106.6 105.6 101.1 101.1 100.9 498.3 98.3 98.5 495.4 93.9 92.4 91.4 92.5 92.3 91.8 91.8 91.8 83.1 90.2 88.8 94.3 94.3 94.3 89.7 88.2 88.2 85.8 85.8 85.8 106.8 106.8 106.5 99.8 99.8 99.8 96.8 96.8 96.6 94.8 94.8 94.8 83.4 83.4 83.4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1963 1962 99.9 101.9 101.0 100.2 100.4 100.6 107.5 106.1 106.8 107.1 112.0 119.2 101.1 101.2 101.2 100.8 100.8 100.9 99.4 99.1 98.3 98.1 98.8 101.0 100.9 100.6 99.0 98.3 98.4 98.3 96.1 93.8 97.8 95.1 93.0 85.4 96.1 96.1 89.2 89.2 94.6 90.8 105.4 105.4 99.4 99.4 97.1 96.9 95.8 95.8 95.6 95.9 93.4 93.4 96.8 99.7 95.4 95.4 89.2 89.7 92.1 90.9 105.4 105.4 99.6 99.6 96.7 96.7 95.5 95.5 88.2 88.3 97.2 96.7 96.6 97.6 89.7 94.2 104.3 99.5 96.8 95.7 88.4 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 99.9 103.8 100.5 104.0 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 104.3 104.3 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 103.3 108.8 100.7 108.5 104.9 98.9 98.9 99.9 103.5 99.7 97.7 98.0 100.4 99.6 95.6 95.9 99.2 100.5 102.0 103.2 112.1 109.9 111.3 107.2 4 95.7 90.8 96.3 99.0 99.3 100.5 102.0 103.1 112.2 109.4 111.3 107.5 4 93.7 90.8 96.7 98.5 100.1 100.5 101.4 102.9 HO. 5 108.8 109.4 107.4 93.0 90.8 98.5 98.3 88.2 84.6 107.6 99.8 96.7 94.7 83.4 98.2 99.4 98.2 98.6 90.9 94.2 102.6 99.7 97.3 96.9 93.1 88.2 88.2 88.2 88.2 88.2 88.2 88.2 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.4 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.0 112.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.0 100.1 100.0 97.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.1 99.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0ilOO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 96.8 96.8 96.8 97.0 99.3 100.0 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.9 88.1 103.4 103.4 103.5 102.7 103.4 102.7 102.2 102.7 102.6 102. 1 101.6 101.6 101.5 101.5 100.5 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.1 100.9 100.9 101.5 101.5 101.5 100.5 ,100.5 100.5 99.9 99.2 99.2 99.2 98.6 99.6 100.0 105.4 105.4 105.4 105.4 105.0 105.0 '104. 7 104.7 104.7 104.4 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.5 101.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.8 101.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.3 103.3 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 100.8 A n tise p tic s 8- . ______ - ______ __ --_ 110.6 110.6 A n ta c id s 8_______ __ ___ ___ _____ -_ _ 103.0 103.0 Lum ber and w ood products (excluding m ill w ork)___ 98.7 99.1 __________ _____ . . . Softwood lu m b er_____ _ 99.1 99.7 P u lp , paper, and allied products (excluding build in g paper and b oard )__________________________________ 98.9 98.9 Special m etals and m etal products 6_____ ___________ 102.8 102.8 Steel m ill products___ _ _______ . . _ _ _____ __ 102.3 4102. 9 M achinery and eq u ip m en t_______ . . . ____ ______ 103.8 103.8 A gricultural m achinery (in clud in g tractors)_____ ____ 114.3 114.5 M etalw orkin g m a c h i n e r y .- .___ __ ____ ______ _ 113.1 113.1 A ll tractors_____ ____ ___________________ ______ 114.3 114.3 Industrial va lv e s________________________________ . 107.3 4107. 2 Industrial fittin g s_________________ ___ _ . 93.0 4 93.0 A ntifriction bearings and com p on en ts________________ 86.8 86.7 95.5 96.2 A brasive grinding w h eels___ __ _ - . ___________ C onstruction m aterials___ . ________ ___________ 99.7 99.7 1 See footnote 1, tab le D -3 . 2 See footnote 2, table D -3 . 3 Prelim inary. 4 R evised . 99.2 100.1 100.5 100.3 102.1 105.4 103.1 104.1 109.0 109.8 100.8 101.0 101.0 101.2 101.5 98.9 99.2 99.5 99.4 99.4 92.0 92.1 97.9 100.6 101.1 92.2 91.1 92.9 95.3 96.6 92.3 93.4 95.1 97.8 97.8 90.2 84.5 88.5 89.7 94.5 94.3 94.9 95.4 96.5 96.7 84.1 84.1 84.1 87.7 87.7 86.4 84.5 88.3 93.7 95.5 106.5 106.0 105.4 105.4 105.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 97.7 97.5 97.4 97.5 97.5 96.2 96.2 96.2 96.2 96.2 Annual average 110.6 105.2 110.6 106.8 103.5 106.8 106.8 104.9 104.9 104.9 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 98.9 98.9 99.4 99.8 100.4 100.4 99.8 98.5 97.4 97.6 97.8 97.8 100.1 100.6 101.1 100.9 100.4 99.2 97.7 97.8 97.9 98.1 98.9 102.5 102.9 103.8 114.3 113.1 114.1 107.9 93.5 89.2 96.2 99.7 98.9 102.4 103.0 103.7 114.1 112.5 114.1 107.9 4 92.4 90.6 96.2 99.7 98.8 102.3 103.1 104.1 . 114.1 111.9 114.0 107.9 4 94. 8 91.8 96.2 99.7 99.4 102.0 103.1 104.1 114.0 111.4 114.0 107.9 4 94. 8 91.3 96.2 99.7 99.6 101.9 103.2 103.8 113.9 111.4 114.0 107.9 4 94. 8 91.3 96.8 99.4 100.1 101.7 103.2 103.6 113.8 111.1 113.9 107.9 4 94. 8 90.8 96.8 99.1 100.0 101.6 103.1 103. 5 113.4 110.8 113.9 107.6 4 96. 5 90.8 96.5 98.8 99.6 101.4 103.1 103.7 113.2 110.8 113.2 107.8 4 96. 5 90.8 96.5 98.8 99.6 101.1 103.1 103.5 112.6 110.4 112.6 107.8 4 96. 5 90.8 96.3 98.8 99.6 101.1 103.0 103.3 112.4 110.1 111.9 107.8 4 96. 5 90.8 96.3 98.8 8 N e w series. January 1961 = 100. 8 M etals and m etal products, agricultural m achinery and eq u ip m en t, and m otor vehicles. 1369 D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES T able D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product [1957-59=100] 2 1964 1963 Annual average Commodity group S e p t .2 A u g . All commodities---------------------------------------------- J u ly June M ay A p r. M ar. F eb. Jan. D ec. N ov. O ct. S e p t. 1963 1962 1 0 0 .7 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .4 1 0 0 .5 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .7 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .6 9 5 .7 9 4 .4 9 7 .7 4 9 4 .1 9 1 .7 9 7 .9 9 3 .8 9 1 .5 9 7 .5 9 2 .4 8 9 .6 9 7 .5 9 3 .5 9 1 .3 9 7 .3 9 4 .2 9 2 .1 9 7 .9 9 4 .3 9 2 .5 9 7 .1 9 4 .0 9 2 .2 9 6 .6 9 5 .1 9 4 .0 9 6 .6 9 2 .6 9 0 .1 9 6 .3 9 5 .1 9 4 .2 9 6 .1 9 4 .8 9 3 .8 9 6 .1 9 4 .8 9 4 .0 9 5 .6 9 5 .0 9 4 .0 9 6 .2 9 7 .1 9 6 .8 9 7 .4 Stage of processing Crude materials for further processing------------------Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs----------------------Crude nonfood materials except fuel----------------Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manufacturing-----------------------------------Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for construction_________________ ___ ___ Crude fuel_____ _____ _____ _____ ____ r-----Crude fuel for manufacturing------------ ------Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing--------------Intermediate materials, supplies, and components---Intermediate materials and components for manu facturing_____ ___ —-U--------------------------Intermediate materials for food manufacturing. Intermediate materials for nondurable manu facturing------ ---- ------------------------------Intermediate materials for durable manu facturing-- -------- --------- ---- ---------------Components for manufacturing----------------Materials and components for construction-------Processed fuels and lubricants----------------------Processed fuels and lubricants for manufac turing------------------ --------------------- -----Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanu facturing....................................... ................ Containers, nonreturnable---------------------- -----Supplies----- -------- ------------------- --------- -........ Supplies for manufacturing----------------------Supplies for nonmanufacturing-----------------Manufactured animal feeds___________ Other supplies_____________________ Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and fuels)_________________________________ Consumer finished goods-----------------------------Consumer foods________________________ Consumer crude foods------------- ---------Consumer processed foods------------------Consumer other nondurable goods-------------Consumer durable goods_________________ Producer finished goods____________________ Producer finished goods for manufacturing---Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing. 9 7 .2 9 7 .5 9 7 .1 9 7 .1 9 6 .9 9 7 .6 9 6 .6 9 6 .1 9 6 .1 9 5 .7 9 5 .5 9 5 .5 9 4 .9 9 5 .6 9 6 .9 1 0 2 .8 1 0 2 .8 1 0 2 .7 1 0 3 .0 4 1 0 2 .8 4 102. 3 4 1 0 2 .2 4 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .8 1 0 1 .7 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .9 1 0 2 .8 9 9 .8 9 9 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .8 9 9 .9 9 9 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .8 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .3 1 0 2 .7 1 0 3 .2 1 0 3 .1 1 0 3 .6 1 0 2 .7 1 0 5 .1 1 0 4 .9 1 0 5 .5 1 0 2 .7 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .4 1 0 4 .9 1 0 3 .1 1 0 4 .6 1 0 4 .4 1 0 4 .9 1 0 3 .0 1 0 3 .7 1 0 3 .6 1 0 4 .1 1 0 2 .9 1 0 3 .3 1 0 3 .3 1 0 3 .6 1 0 3 .0 1 0 2 .9 1 0 2 .8 1 0 3 .1 1 0 3 .0 103. 0 1 0 3 .0 1 0 3 .3 1 0 3 .2 1 0 1 .8 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .0 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .4 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .9 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .9 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .2 1 0 3 .8 100 .1 1 0 3 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 3 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .7 1 0 0 .2 1 0 3 .6 1 0 0 .4 1 0 5 .3 1 0 0 .4 1 0 5 .5 1 0 0 .4 1 0 7 .2 1 0 0 .6 1 1 0 .2 1 0 0 .2 1 0 7 .1 1 0 0 .4 1 1 0 .6 1 0 0 .1 1 0 8 .8 9 9 .1 1 0 3 .7 9 9 .4 1 0 5 .5 9 9 .2 1 0 0 .5 9 7 .6 9 7 .5 9 7 .6 9 7 .6 9 7 .8 9 7 .8 9 7 .8 9 7 .6 9 7 .6 9 7 .5 9 7 .4 9 7 .2 9 6 .6 9 7 .1 9 8 .0 1 0 2 .5 1 0 2 .5 9 9 .4 9 9 .3 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .6 9 6 .7 4 9 7 .8 1 0 2 .4 9 9 .3 1 0 0 .6 9 8 .0 1 0 2 .3 9 9 .4 1 0 0 .6 9 7 .8 1 0 2 .3 9 9 .9 1 0 0 .7 9 7 .8 1 0 2 .4 9 9 .9 1 0 0 .7 9 7 .1 1 0 2 .3 9 9 .7 1 0 0 .4 9 7 .4 1 0 1 .9 9 9 .6 1 0 0 .3 9 9 .3 1 0 1 .8 9 9 .5 1 0 0 .1 9 9 .8 1 0 1 .6 9 9 .6 1 0 0 .1 9 9 .7 1 0 1 .4 9 9 .4 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .3 1 0 1 .3 9 9 .2 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .4 1 0 0 .8 9 9 .0 9 9 .8 9 9 .9 1 0 0 .5 9 8 .8 9 9 .6 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .4 9 8 .8 9 9 .3 1 0 1 .2 9 8 .8 4 9 9 .6 9 9 .6 9 9 .4 9 9 .5 9 9 .1 9 9 .1 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .7 1 0 2 .3 9 3 .2 9 8 .7 1 0 4 .6 1 0 5 .7 1 0 3 .7 1 0 7 .2 9 9 .7 4 94. 7 9 8 .7 4 103. 6 1 0 5 .7 4 1 0 2 .2 4 103. 9 9 9 .4 9 5 .3 9 8 .4 1 0 3 .8 1 0 5 .8 1 0 2 .4 1 0 4 .3 9 9 .4 9 5 .1 9 8 .3 1 0 3 .4 1 0 5 .0 1 0 2 .2 1 0 3 .3 9 9 .7 9 5 .1 9 8 .3 1 0 4 .2 1 0 5 .6 1 0 3 .0 1 0 4 .1 aoo.5 9 3 .9 9 9 .0 1 0 5 .6 1 0 5 .7 1 0 5 .0 1 0 8 .2 1 0 1 .1 9 4 .6 9 9 .1 1 0 5 .6 1 0 5 .2 1 0 5 .1 1 0 8 .6 1 0 1 .1 9 6 .7 9 9 .9 1 0 6 .6 1 0 5 .4 1 0 6 .5 1 1 0 .8 1 0 2 .0 9 7 .3 9 9 .6 1 0 7 .4 1 0 5 .3 1 0 7 .7 1 1 3 .6 1 0 2 .1 9 7 .3 1 0 0 .4 1 0 7 .0 1 0 5 .3 1 0 7 .1 1 1 2 .9 1 0 1 .6 9 5 .5 1 0 0 .6 1 0 6 .3 1 0 5 .4 1 0 6 .0 1 1 0 .6 1 0 1 .4 9 7 .1 1 0 0 .6 106. 5 1 0 5 .4 1 0 6 .3 1 1 1 .2 1 0 1 .4 9 7 .6 1 0 0 .9 1 0 6 .6 1 0 5 .1 1 0 6 .6 1 1 2 .2 1 0 1 .3 9 8 .1 1 0 1 .0 1 0 6 .1 1 0 5 .4 1 0 5 .8 1 0 9 .7 1 0 1 .4 9 9 .4 1 0 2 .2 1 0 4 .5 1 0 5 .7 1 0 3 .5 1 0 4 .1 1 0 1 .3 1 0 2 .1 1 0 1 .9 1 0 1 .3 1 0 0 .9 1 0 2 .2 1 0 0 .9 1 0 0 .7 4 9 9 .1 1 0 2 .4 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .1 4 101. 4 1 0 0 .0 4 9 9 .9 1 0 4 .1 1 0 4 .3 1 0 6 .3 1 0 6 .4 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .1 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .5 1 0 0 .1 1 0 4 .3 1 0 6 .4 1 0 2 .2 1 0 1 .7 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .7 1 0 2 .8 1 0 0 .3 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 4 .1 1 0 6 .2 1 0 2 .1 1 0 1 .3 1 0 0 .2 9 8 .9 9 6 .9 9 9 .2 1 0 1 .3 1 0 0 .1 1 0 4 .3 1 0 6 .2 1 0 2 .3 1 0 1 .3 1 0 0 .3 9 9 .7 9 7 .1 1 0 0 .1 1 0 1 .1 9 9 .7 1 0 3 .9 1 0 6 .0 1 0 1 .8 1 0 1 .5 1 0 0 .7 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .2 1 0 1 .5 9 9 .6 1 0 3 .8 1 0 5 .9 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .6 1 0 0 .8 9 9 .9 9 7 .5 1 0 0 .2 1 0 2 .1 9 9 .6 1 0 3 .7 1 0 5 .7 1 0 1 .7 1 0 2 .1 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .4 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .5 1 0 2 .4 9 9 .5 103. 5 1 0 5 .6 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .4 1 0 0 .6 9 9 .4 9 8 .8 9 9 .4 1 0 2 .2 9 9 .5 1 0 3 .6 1 0 5 .6 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .8 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .2 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .7 9 9 .6 1 0 3 .4 1 0 5 .5 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .6 1 0 0 .9 1 0 0 .4 9 5 .4 1 0 1 .2 1 0 2 .0 9 9 .6 1 0 3 .2 1 0 5 .3 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .5 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .3 9 7 .1 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .9 9 9 .4 1 0 3 .0 1 0 5 .1 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .4 1 0 0 .7 1 0 0 .1 9 7 .0 1 0 0 .6 1 0 1 .9 9 9 .5 1 0 3 .1 1 0 5 .0 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .7 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .3 9 8 .6 1 0 1 .7 1 0 1 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .9 1 0 4 .4 1 0 1 .4 . 1 0 2 .2 98A V 98. 9 1 0 2 .0 9 9 .2 1 0 0 .9 1 0 2 .2 9 9 .6 9 7 .9 9 3 .1 9 8 .2 1 0 1 .8 9 9 .5 1 0 1 .1 1 0 2 .1 10 0 .0 9 7 .8 9 2 .1 9 8 .2 1 0 1 .7 1 0 0 .3 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .9 1 0 0 .5 9 9 .4 9 2 .1 9 9 .8 1 0 1 .6 9 9 .2 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .9 9 9 .9 9 7 .1 9 1 .2 9 7 .4 1 0 1 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .8 1 0 0 .1 9 9 .2 9 0 .5 9 9 .7 1 0 1 .4 9 9 .8 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .7 1 0 0 .2 9 8 .4 9 0 .7 9 8 .8 1 0 1 .1 9 9 .5 1 0 0 .7 1 0 1 .4 9 9 .9 9 8 .0 9 0 .5 9 8 .5 1 0 1 .0 9 9 .6 1 0 0 .6 1 0 1 .3 9 9 .8 9 8 .5 8 9 .6 9 9 .1 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .3 1 0 0 .1 9 9 .5 8 9 .2 1 0 0 .1 X Durability of product Total durable goods------------ ----------------------------Total nondurable goods________________________ Total manufactures___________________________ Durable manufactures--------------------------------Nondurable manufactures---------- ----------------Total raw or slightly processed goods— ---------------Durable raw or slightly processed goods_____ Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods... 1See footnote 1, table D-3. 2 See footnote 2, table D-3. 2 Preliminary. 1 Revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis " \ 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .5 9 9 .4 9 8 .7 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .0 1 0 2 .5 1 0 2 .5 9 9 .5 9 9 .8 9 8 .4 4 9 7 .1 1 0 0 .7 101.1 9 8 .3 4 9 6 .9 1 0 2 .4 9 8 .9 101 .1 1 0 2 .5 9 9 .7 9 7 .0 9 6 .8 9 7 .0 U loirs ; l 0 2 i 9 8 .4 1 0 0 .8 102.4 9 9 .1 96 .4 9 5 .6 9 6 .4 iOV.'H 1 0 0 . 9 1 0 2 .6 9 9 .0 9 6 .6 9 5 .1 9 6 .7 102 .4 9 9 .4 9 7 .5 9 6 .2 9 7 .6 N o t e : For description of the series by stage of processing, see “New BLS Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices,’’ Monthly Labor Review, December 1955, pp. 1448-1453; and by durability of product and data begin ning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bulletin 1235 (1958) MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1964 1370 E.—Work Stoppages T able E -l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1 Number of stoppages Month and year Beginning in month or year Workers involved in stoppages In effect dur ing month Beginning in month or year In effect dur ing month Man-days idle during month or year Number ___________ _______ ____ _____ _______ __________ _ _________ ____ ___________ _ _____________ __________ _ __________ _____________ _____________ ________ __ _ __ ________ ___ _____ _ _ _ __________________ ___________ ___________________________ _______ _______________ ____ _ _ _______ ____ _______ _ _ _ _________________________ _ _________________________ _ _________________ ______ _______ _ ________ _ __ ______ __________ _ _ _____ __ ___ _ __ - --__ _____ _ _ -- -- - - __- ________ __ __ __ ____ __ ____ - - 2,862 3,573 4,750 4,985 3,693 3,419 3,606 4,843 4,737 5,117 5,091 3,468 4,320 3,825 3j 673 3, 694 3, 708 3,333 3i 367 3,614 3,362 1963: September, --------------------------------------------October---------------------------------------November.. ------ ---------- ------------ -December____ , ----- -- ----- ----------- 287 346 223 132 500 574 467 336 81,400 95,700 79,900 27,300 155,000 153,000 152,000 82,400 985,000 1,420,000 1,410,000 977, 000 1964: January2. . -------------------------------------------February 2----- -------------- — ---------March 2------- ------------------------------------ April2. . . --------- ---------- - ----------- -------_____ May 2 _____ _ _______ _ ___ ____ June2___ __ - . ------------- . .. _ . July 2. ----- -- --------- . .. ------ - -----August2-------------------- ----------------------------September 2------------------ .. ----------- 210 60,000 80, 0 0 0 65,000 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 300 410 370 375 360 450 570 360 420 340 275 585 660 595 515 1Q45 1947 194« 1949 1950 ]951 ]9 5 2 I9 5 3 I9 5 4 1955 1950 1957 1953 1959 1900 1961 1962 1963 ' ~ 225 220 1The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1,130,000 2,380, 000 3,470,000 4,600,000 2,170,000 1,960,000 3,030,000 2,410,000 2,220,000 3,540,000 2,400,000 1,530, 000 2,650,000 1,900,000 1,390,000 2 , 060,000 1,880,000 1,320,000 i; 450,000 1,230,000 941,000 Percent of estimated working time 16,900,000 39' 700j000 38| 000i 000 116,000,000 34,600,000 34,100,000 50,500,000 38,800,000 22,900,000 59,100,000 28,300,000 22,600,000 28,200,000 33,100,000 16,500,000 23,900, 000 69,000,000 19,100,000 16,300,000 1 8 , 6 0 0 ,0 0 0 16,100, 0 0 0 1 2 2 ,0 0 0 163,000 , 1,130,000 800,000 1 , 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 1 7 6 ,0 0 0 1 3 4 ,0 0 0 1 3 3 ,0 0 0 8 3 ,0 0 0 3 4 2 ,0 0 0 2 1 8 ,0 0 0 227, 000 194, 000 147, 000 4 0 9 ,0 0 0 2 , 180, 000 1 , 9 3 0 ,0 0 0 1 , 7 1 0 ,0 0 0 1 , 3 5 0 ,0 0 0 2 , 3 2 0 ,0 0 0 125,000 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 0. 27 .46 .4 7 1 .4 3 .41 .37 .59 .44 .23 .57 .26 .2 1 .26 .29 . 14 .2 2 .61 .17 .14 .16 .13 .1 0 .13 .15 .1 0 1 0 1 0 ,0 0 0 .1 0 .1 2 .2 1 .1 8 .1 5 . 13 .2 2 .08 .1 0 or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages. 2 Preliminary. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1964 O— 747-579 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis New Publications Available For Sale Order sale publications from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Wash ington, D.C., 20402. Send check or money order, payable to the Superintendent of Documents. Currency sent at sender’s risk. Copies may also be purchased from any of the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.) BLS Bulletin 1000: Brief History of the American Labor Movement. (1964 edition.) 100 pp. 40 cents. BLS Bulletin 1370-1: Employment and Earnings Statistics for States and Areas, 1939-63. 692 pp. $3.75. Occupational Wage Surveys: BLS Bulletins— 1385-70: Beaumont-Port Arthur, Tex., May 1964. 26 pp. 25 cents. 1385-72: New York, N.Y., April 1964. 66 pp. 40 cents. 1385-73: Atlanta, Ga., May 1964. 32 pp. 25 cents. 1385-77: Norfolk-Portsmouth and Newport News-Hampton, Va., June 1964. 20 pp. 20 cents. 1385-79: Worcester, Mass., June 1964. 30 pp. 25 cents. 1385-80: Akron, Ohio, June 1964. 30 pp. 25 cents. 1385-81: Houston, Tex., June 1964. 32 pp. 25 cents. BLS Bulletin 1406: Industry Wage Survey, Hotels and Motels, June 1963. 56 pp. 40 cents. BLS Bulletin 1414: Industry Wage Survey, Synthetic Textiles, May 1963. 43 pp. 35 cents. BLS Report 225: Wage Chronology: Sinclair Oil Companies, 1941-63. 22 pp. 25 cents. (Revised 1964.) BLS Report 258: Labor Law and Practice in the Trust Territory of New Guinea. 93 pp. 50 cents. For Limited Free Distribution Single copies of the reports listed below are furnished without cost as long as supplies permit. Write to Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., 20210, or to any of the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.) Survey of Consumer Expenditures, 1960-61: Consumer Expenditures and Income: BLS Reports— 237-34: Urban Places in the Northeastern Region, 1960-61. Supplement 3-Part A. 165 pp. 237-36: Urban Places in the Southern Region, 1960-61. Supplement 3Part A. 165 pp. 237-37: Urban Places in the Western Region, 1960-61. Supplement 3-Part A. 165 pp. 237-38: Urban United States, 1960-61. Supplement 3-Part A. 165 pp. 237-38: Urban United States, 1960. Supplement 3-Part B. 165 pp. 237-38: Urban United States, 1961. Supplement 3-Part C. 165 pp. Tables to be used with Supplement 3 to BLS Reports 237-34 to 237-38 inclusive. 7 pp. Major BLS Programs, A Summary of Their Characteristics, 1965 Edition. 26 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U G n it e d o v er n m en t P S t a t e s r in t in g O f f ic e DIVISION O F P U B L IC D O C U M E N T S W a s h i n g t o n , D .C . 20402 O F F IC IA L B U S IN E S S https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P E N A LTY FOR PR IVATE USE TO AVO ID P A Y M E N T OF POSTAGE, $ 3 0 0 (GPO)