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RY
Labor
Review
NOVEMBER
1957
VOL.
80
NO.
W ages in the Motor Vehicle Industry, 1957
Maintenance o f Way Employment—II
Effects o f the $1 Minimum W age in the Shirt Industry
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
James P. Mitchell, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Commissioner
E w an C lague,
H e n r y J . F it z g e r a l d ,
H erm an
W. D
Assistant Commissioner
B. B y e r , Assistant Commissioner
uane
E v ans,
P h il ip A r n o w ,
Assistant Commissioner
Assistant Commissioner
Arnold E. C hase, Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
H. M. D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
L eon G reenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Office of Management
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Division of Field Service
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
L eonard R. L insenmayer , Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
H. E . R iley . Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
Oscar W eigert, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
F aith M. W illiams, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
Seymour L. W olfbein , Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
Regional Offices and Directors
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
U N IT E D STATES DEPA R TM EN T OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Editor-in-Chief
S. B e d e l l , Executive Editor
L a w r en c e R . K l e in ,
M ary
CONTENTS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Special Articles
1315
1321
1330
1335
Maintenance of Way Employment—II
Wages in the Motor Vehicle Industry, 1957
The Relationship of Size of Firm and Strike Activity
The 17th Convention of the Teamsters Union
Summaries of Studies and Reports
1339
1343
1348
1351
1356
1361
Effects of the $1 Minimum Wage: Men’s and Boys’ Shirt Industry
Earnings in the Women’s and Misses’ Coat and Suit Industry
Manpower Requirements in the Air Transportation Industry
International Comparisons of White-Collar Working Conditions
Supplementary Wage Provisions in 17 Labor Markets, 1956-57
Wage Chronology No. 3: United States Steel Corp.—Supplement No. 7—
1956-57
Technical Note
1367 The BLS Employment Series and Manufacturing Reporting Practices
Departments
in
1334
1372
1376
1378
1379
1386
1393
The Labor Month in Review
Conferences and Institutes, December 16, 1957, to January 15, 1958
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Erratum, August 1957 issue
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
November 1957 • Voi. 80 • No. 11
Occupational Wage Surveys
(BLS Bulletins 1202-1 Through 17)
The U. S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics has released
the last of this year’s occupational wage surveys for major labor markets.
The studies cover 17 areas and were conducted during the winter 1956-57.
The individual bulletins provide earnings information on about 60 jobs
selected from the following categories: Office clerical, professional and
technical, maintenance and powerplant, and custodial and material
movement.
In addition to areawide averages and distributions of workers by earnings
classes for each job, information is provided wherever possible by major
industry division, including manufacturing, public utilities, finance, trade,
and services.
Also presented for all areas except Memphis and Minneapolis-St. Paul
are data for paid holidays; paid vacations; scheduled weekly hours; health,
insurance, and pension plans; minimum entrance rates; and shift differential
practices.
Area covered
Atlanta__________________
Birmingham______________
Boston___________________
Buffalo__________________
Chicago__________________
Cleveland________________
Dallas___________________
Kansas City (M o.)________
Los Angeles-Long Beach__
Memphis________________
Minneapolis-St. Paul_____
New York City___________
Philadelphia______________
Pittsburgh_______________
Portland (Oreg.)__________
San Francisco-Oakland____
Seattle___________________
Survey date
April 1957._ _ _
.____
January 1957._ _ _______ . __
September 1956_ _ _____ ____
September 1956. _______ _____
April 1957_______
_____ ____
October 1956_____
___ ____
October 1956 __
_ .____
December 1956___
____
March 1957______
____ ____
February 1957__
__ _ ____
March 1957 ___
___
____
April 1957________________ ____
November 1956__
__ _ ____
December 1956_ _
____
April 1957________________ ____
January 1957._ _ __
____
August 1956
_____ ____
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The Labor Month
in Review
on October 24 of the Teamsters from
the AFL-CIO for failure to comply fully with
established standards for trade union conduct
coincided with a new phase of the hearings con
ducted by the Senate Select Committee on Im
proper Activities in the Labor or Management
Field. The new line of inquiry dealt with manage
ment. It followed a succession of hearings
begun last spring, bearing chiefly on the Team
sters, but also involving the Bakers, Allied Indus
trial Workers, and the former AFL Textile
Workers.
Teamsters directly or indirectly also played a
role in much of the management testimony,
chiefly through the machinations of Labor Rela
tions Associates, a consulting firm operated by
Nathan Shefferman, participant in some of the
fiscal schemes revealed by the committee’s in
vestigation of Dave Beck. The Shefferman firm
engaged in labor spying and other antiunion
activities, reminiscent of the La Follette Com
mittee disclosures of the mid-1930’s. Among
Shefferman’s clients were Morton Packing Co. (a
subsidiary of Continental Bakery), Sears Roebuck,
and the Whirlpool Corp. The Mennen Co.
signed what the committee termed a sweetheart
contract with a union headed by Johnny Dio,
convicted extortionist connected by previous
testimony to James R. Hoffa, Teamster president
elect.
In the same session at which it suspended the
Teamsters, the AFL-CIO Executive Council put
the Bakers and United Textile Workers on notice
to institute reforms or face ouster from the
federation. By November 2 the textile union was
in virtual compliance, following resignation of its
two top officers. Probation of the Allied Indus
trial Workers was lifted following election of a
new slate of “cleanup” officers. The Distillery
Workers, also under charges by the council, on
November 25 was to hold a special officer-election
convention under the aegis of a council monitor.
An appeal to the AFL-CIO convention in
Atlantic City on December 5 was planned by the
S uspension
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Teamsters instead of an interim effort to comply
with the council’s cleanup instructions. Mean
while, legal embarrassments faced the newlyelected officers of the union. A temporary Federal
court injunction granted to 13 rank-and-file
Teamsters, which prevented President-elect Hoffa
and his slate of incoming officers from taking
control of the union, on grounds that a substantial
number of convention delegates had been fraudu
lently elected, was upheld on appeal on November
4. Hoffa faces Federal court trials for wire tap
law violation and for perjury.
T he mid-October to mid-November period was
one of stock taking by labor unions and of legis
lative proposals by public officials—all growing
out of disclosures by the Senate select committee.
President George Meany of the AFL-CIO, in an
address November 1 before the second constitu
tional convention of the Industrial Union Depart
ment, vigorously defended the disciplinary action
taken against AFL-CIO unions which had trans
gressed the ethical practices codes of the parent
body. He acknowledged a “let-down in what
we term trade union morals . . . very frankly, we
were concerned [lest the public assume that] cor
ruption were to become some sort of creeping
paralysis . . . on the trade union movement.”
He pledged that cries of invasion of union auton
omy would not deter him, and warned those who
wished him to disregard corruption “for the
convenience of some people . . . had better get
another president.”
Mr. Meany told the IUD convention that “the
trade union movement is going to rally as one
man” to fight antilabor legislation proposals sub
mitted in the “guise” of combatting corruption,
but he accepted an invitation from the select
committee chairman to submit suggestions for
corrective legislation.
Senator John L. McClellan, chairman of the
committee, predicted that Congress would enact
“whatever legislation may be necessary to drive
the crooks . . . out of . . . the labor movement.”
More than a dozen suggestions were made public,
some by prominent members of Congress. They
ranged from a national outlawing of the union
shop and application of anti-trust laws to unions
to laws guaranteeing democratic procedures and
prescribing accounting methods for the protection
of union funds.
Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell, however,
hi
IV
cautioned against “cures that might kill the
patient” and against those “whose aim is usually
the destruction of the social and economic gains
of the American worker . . . ” He proposed the
following: compulsory filing of financial reports
and public disclosure of all union financial opera
tions; guaranteed secret ballot election of officers
at least every 4 years; and outlawing of picket
lines imposed to coerce an employer and his
employees to recognize and join a union against
their will.
U nions were in difficulty late in October in at
least three legal matters considered serious by
labor. The 17-month strike of the United Rubber
Workers against the O’Sullivan Rubber Corp.
collapsed with the application of section 9 (c) (3)
of the Taft-Hartley Act in a representation
election which the union lost, 285 to 5. The
section bars voting by replaced strikers if the
strike is over economic issues. President Meany
personally petitioned President Eisenhower for
assistance in repealing that section.
Picketing for exclusive recognition by a union
with only a minority membership in a concern
violates the Taft-Hartley Act, the national Labor
Relations Board ruled on October 31. However,
it pointed out that it was not ruling on whether
such a union could picket for organizing purposes.
On November 6 it ruled that picketing by a
minority union to advertise an employer as
“unfair” was also a violation.
A Federal court jury in Detroit on November 6
acquitted the United Auto Workers of charges
of illegal expenditures of union funds during the
primary and general elections of 1954. The
indictment had originally been dismissed, but
on appeal the United States Supreme Court had
ordered the case to trial.
A lthough there were some wage adjustments in
October, most important contract negotiations
were scheduled for the spring of 1958. Included
were those in the auto industry, in preparation
for which the UAW will hold a special convention
on January 22-24 in Detroit. Initial companyunion talks with Ford will, for the first time, be
held at the union’s international headquarters.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
About 50,000 Ladies’ Garment Workers in
New York City in mid-October received an
umpire’s 5%-percent cost-of-living award, averag
ing about 15 cents an hour. On November 1,
close to a million railroad employees received a
cost of living increase of 5 cents as well as a con
tractually deferred wage boost of 7 cents an hour.
Two unions voted special strike funds during
October. The International Chemical Workers
(which also called for joint bargaining with the
larger Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers, and
other unions in the field) approved a 25-cents-amonth special assessment. After two previous
rejections, the International Typographical Union
narrowly passed a referendum establishing a
$1.2 million strike fund based on a 1-percent tax
on earnings for 3 months.
Merger of former AFL and CIO State organiza
tions in major industrial areas, with an AFL-CIO
deadline of December 5 at hand, appeared stalled
on the issue of building trades-industrial union
jurisdictional disputes settlement. New York
and Rhode Island are the States in which merger
negotiations recently collapsed. However, New
Hampshire and North Dakota late in October
became the 31st and 32d States to merge.
L iving cost advances were mainly responsible for
widespread strikes in a number of foreign countries
throughout October. In France, sporadic rioting
accompanied stoppages and demonstrations in
shipyards, public utilities, and transportation.
In Sao Paulo, Brazil, nearly 400,000 workers in
textile, metal, printing, paper, and tanning indus
tries participated in strikes which brought out the
armed forces to restore order after riots. A 45percent wage increase demand was compromised
at 25 percent. Strikes and slowdowns harassed
Japan’s mines, docks, railroad baggage handling,
and salt and cigarette industries. Unrest among
British unions, centering in the railroad industry,
has been evident, with Government policy di
rected at discouraging wage increases of the
magnitude sought by labor. In addition to the
railway workers, miners, building trades workers,
and others are asking either for wage rises or
reductions in hours.
Maintenance of Way Employment
E ditor’s N ote.— This article concludes a two-part summary oj a study 1under
taken at the request oj the Brotherhood oj Maintenance oj Way Employes
and covering problems oj insecurity and instability in maintenance oj way
employment. Part I, which dealt with the long-run employment decline and
possible moderating measures, appeared in the October 1957 issue.
II—Cyclical and Seasonal Instability
and Possible Remedial Measures
W il l ia m H a b e r
and
M ark L. K a h n *
S evere cyclical and seasonal fluctuations in main
tenance of way employment aggravate the uncer
tainty and insecurity generated by the continuing
long-run decline.
Cyclical and Seasonal Variations
A substantial proportion of physical main
tenance of way requirements is independent of
variations in railroad traffic. One might therefore
presume that maintenance of way employment
would exhibit less cyclical instability than railroad
employment as a whole. Actually, however, in
comparison to other railroad employment, main
tenance of way employment has been about 50
percent more sensitive to cyclical fluctuations. In
fact, it is not unusual for the amplitude of these
cyclical fluctuations in the number of maintenance
of way jobs to exceed the concurrent relative
changes in railroad traffic.
Unlike most other aspect of railroad operations,
deferral of many types of maintenance is feasible
within wide limits without immediately endanger
ing safety. Moreover, under present accounting
procedures prescribed by the Interstate Commerce
Commission, deferral of maintenance improves the
apparent economic position of the carrier. Con
sequently, deterioration in the cash position of a
carrier can be offset, accountingwise, by a down
ward revision of maintenance schedules.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A managerial policy of using maintenance of
way outlays as a balancing item in annual railroad
budgets does appear to be responsible for some of
the cyclical sensitivity in maintenance of way
employment. In effect, short-run accounting and
financial considerations often take priority over
stability in maintenance of way operations.
Over the long run, haphazard timing of main
tenance involves real costs. The prospects for
cyclical stabilization are brightened by the fact
the railroad managements are giving increasing
recognition to this fact. Some railroads, to
achieve maximum efficiency and economy on a
long-run basis, are already—
. . . performing renewals (on given sections of track) at
fixed intervals of time according to the probable life of
existing materials in track and working toward a track
condition in which most material will reach the end of its
probable useful life at the end of a cycle.2
This type of farsighted practice based on cycles of
presumptive physical depreciation is inconsistent
‘Professor of Economics, University of Michigan, and Associate Professor
of Economics, Wayne State University, respectively.
1 William Haber; John J. Carroll, Associate Professor of Economics, St.
Lawrence University; M ark L. Kahn; and Merton J. Peck, Assistant Pro
fessor of Business Administration, Harvard University, Maintenance of Way
Employment on U. S. Railroads—An Analysis of the Sources of Instability
and Remedial Measures (Detroit, Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way
Employes, 1957).
3 Lloyd J. Kiernan, Application of Modem Scientific Research on Rail
roads of the United States (in Transport and Communications Review,
Vol. VII, No. 3, 1954, p. 29).
1315
1316
Employment of Maintenance of W ay Workers as
Percentage of 12-Month Moving Average, 1950-55
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
cyclical fluctuations, there seems to be a common
managerial practice of adjusting maintenance
outlays to changes in operating revenues. On
many carriers, operating revenues exhibit con
siderable seasonal variation. It is not unusual
for an annually conceived maintenance budget to
give way before a tightening cash position and
deteriorate to a monthly or even weekly level of
commitment.
Efforts to reduce seasonality may involve
certain types of cost increases, such as the loss of
some worktime because of inclement weather or
the use of additional man-hours when some kinds
of work are performed under unfavorable condi
tions. On the other hand, greater stability holds
out the promise of substantial offsetting economies.
Prospects for Stabilization
with fluctuating maintenance activities based on
short-run accounting motivations.
About one-fifth of the maintenance of way jobs
that are present during the midsummer peak
disappear by the midwinter low. (See chart.)
Aggregate data conceal the fact that for many
maintenance of way employees the seasonality
problem is even more serious because seasonal
variation is much greater on some carriers than
on others, and the brunt of the instability is borne
by the section and extra gang trackmen—about
60 percent of all maintenance of way employees—
for whom a full one-third of summer peak jobs
are lost by midwinter.
Since maintenance of way work takes place
almost entirely out of doors, weather conditions
are certainly a factor in its seasonality. Tradi
tionally, adverse weather has been regarded as the
major culprit because of the difficulties (real or
assumed) of performing some kinds of operations
in winter. Cold and snowy weather is not a
significant problem on southern carriers, however,
while officials of northern carriers have expressed
widely divergent views about the feasibility of
winter track maintenance. That some authorities
have found that many types of maintenance are
practical under northern winter conditions suggests
that custom and inertia may account for the extent
to which winter layoff practices persist.
Our analysis suggests, in fact, that on many
carriers the major source of seasonality is other
than climatic. As noted in connection with
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There are grounds for optimism about the design
and adoption of practical measures for coping
effectively with the cyclical and seasonal sources of
instability. Given the fact that the underlying
maintenance needs, in “real” terms, are fairly
stable, the carriers could realize significant ad
vantages from stabilization which should largely
offset any costs associated directly with the
implementation of a stabilization program.
These advantages may be outlined as follows:
(1) stabilization will mean reduced labor turnover,
less reliance on inexperienced workers, a higher
average quality of personnel, and improved
employee morale; (2) long-range scheduling of
maintenance based on the presumptive physical
life of materials is more economical than the
traditional practice of repair or replacement only
as testing shows the individual item to be defective ;
(3) the gains derived from stabilization are en
hanced by the continuing increase in mechaniza
tion, since stabilization facilitates full utilization
of expensive capital equipment; (4) maintenance of
way work is cheapest when traffic is lightest,
although current practice tends in the opposite
direction because of the correlation between
maintenance and operating revenues; and (5)
stabilization will reduce the cost of railroad
unemployment insurance.
Remedial measures may be classified under two
headings: (1) positive steps to stabilize the avail
ability of work and (2) protective measures for
employees.
MAINTENANCE OF WAY EMPLOYMENT
Positive Stabilization Measures
Effective annual maintenance budgets, firmly
committed and based on long-term physical
maintenance programs, would certainly make a
major contribution toward stabilization and would
appear to make good sense from a carrier point of
view. A few railroads have already demonstrated
this in practice. Of course, maintenance budget
ing per se is a management function, and it may
not be the business of the Brotherhood of Mainte
nance of Way Employes to negotiate with carriers
about such matters. On the other hand, it is
wholly appropriate for the Brotherhood to advise
the carriers that the personal budgets of its
members are being upset by the consequences of
their prevailing maintenance budget practices.
Apart from the economic sources of short-term
instability, there is the problem of subfreezing or
inclement weather. This appears to be a sig
nificant obstacle to seasonal stabilization, chiefly
on northern carriers. On the basis of what some
carriers have achieved, it seems likely that addi
tional progress can be made by rescheduling
specific maintenance activities so as to leave for
cold or bad weather as much as possible of the
particular kinds of work that can be economically
performed under such conditions, and shift workers
to locations where other available work can be
carried out.
Ballast cleaning, for example, generally becomes
impossible after a week of subfreezing weather,
but such activities as laying new rail, rail mainte
nance, and burning brush on the right of way can
be conducted efficiently in very cold temperatures.
When carriers have a significant north-south
spread in their route patterns, then specialized
gangs might concentrate on the southerly segments
during the winter months. In this way, climatic
variation can be a source of job stability, although
at some real cost in altered working conditions.
Attention should also be given to possibilities of
timing small-scale capital renewal or new capital
projects so that they might function in a counterseasonal and even a countercyclical manner.
Joint (union-management) study of short-term
instability problems, carried out at the system
level, should prove helpful on many carriers in
developing specific solutions that fit the particular
conditions involved.
s See P art I of this article, M onthly Labor Review, October 1957, p. 1179.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1317
In connection with both maintenance budgeting
and the functional rescheduling of specific opera
tions, it is worth emphasizing that the very defer
ment of many kinds of maintenance of way work
which has been a major source of instability can
be redirected so as to make a positive contribution
to stable employment by scheduling such work
during slack periods.
Protective Measures
The protective measures which are adopted
should enhance the established railroad unem
ployment insurance program so as to provide
maximum combined protection for any given addi
tional cost, and they should also encourage man
agements to take effective positive steps toward
employment stabilization.
Minimum Monthly Employment Quotas or Ratios.
This type of measure was advocated by the
Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employes
as Proposal II of its 1950 Employment Stabiliza
tion Program. Specifically, the Brotherhood
asked that:
The ratio of employees in each major [maintenance of
way] class . . . to the total number of railway employees
employed by the carrier for each calendar month after the
effective date of this rule shall not be less than the average
ratio between such forces for the same calendar month of
the 10 years 1940-49, inclusive.
This proposal raises questions analogous to those
suggested in our evaluation of Proposal I of the
BMWE 1950 Employment Stabilization Plan.3
It would obstruct technological change by pre
venting occupational realinement within mainte
nance of way departments and by imposing mini
mum employment requirements unrelated to
changing needs. It would freeze, on each carrier,
the particular average seasonal pattern which the
carrier happened to experience during the base
period chosen. It implicitly accepts as satis
factory the base period seasonal variation. By
requiring high employment during the (base
period) seasonal peak, it would render impossible
a program for stable annual employment even at
a level corresponding to the base period annual
average.
Minimum Individual Work Guarantees. A differ
ent line of attack on seasonal instability is to
give a guarantee of employment or pay to the
1318
individual worker. The third and last proposal
put forward in the 1950 BMWE Stabilization
Plan was of this type:
Each employee who holds employment within the first
pay period in January of any year after 1950 shall be
guaranteed full employment for the 12 months of that
year; each additional employee employed at any time after
the end of the first pay period to and including March 15
shall be guaranteed full employment for 8 consecutive
months; each additional employee employed after March
15th to and including April 15th shall be guaranteed full
employment for 6 consecutive months; and each additional
employee employed after April 15th of any year shall be
guaranteed not less than 4 consecutive months of full
employment . . .
The guarantees proposed above would not apply
in cases involving voluntary leaving of employ
ment, requested leaves of absence, retirement,
disability, or death.
This is the “call-in pay” approach: “You don’t
have to employ me, but if you do, I have some
minimum work or pay coming to me.” This type
of provision imposes no particular employment
minimum on a carrier. It does create a substantial
potential liability which materializes only when a
carrier fails to provide an individual with the
duration of steady employment which is pre
scribed. It costs a carrier nothing, at least directly,
if employment is stabilized within the specified
individual minimums. While not necessarily
endorsing the specific guarantee schedule of
Proposal III, we suggest that this kind of measure
merits serious consideration as a means of provid
ing some assurances to employees and some new
employment stabilization incentives to carriers.
The impact of Proposal III, in conjunction with
Proposal II, could be intolerably expensive.
Under Proposal II, some given number of em
ployees would have to be on the payroll as of the
seasonal peak. Once hired, the individual guar
antee of at least 4 months of employment would
go into force. Since large proportions of mainte
nance of way men have characteristically worked
in only 1, 2, or 3 months during the summer peak,
Proposal III would require carriers to give such
men more work or pay than during the base period
experience. Apart from the criticisms of Proposal
* For further discussion of work-sharing under collective bargaining agree
ments, see Layoff, Recall, and Work-Sharing Procedures (in M onthly Labor
Review, Part I, December 1956, pp. 1385-1393, and P art IV, March 1957,
pp. 329-335).
5 This is a simplified generalization, of course. Any "individual’s benefit
rights are subject to all of the eligibility and disqualification conditions in
the R R U I Act.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
II noted earlier, it would be quite impractical to
combine Proposal II and Proposal III as pro
posed in 1950 by the Brotherhood.
Short-Run Work-Sharing. This measure involves a
temporary reduction in the workweek so as to
spread a given quantity of employment among a
larger number of individuals. It is commonly
utilized in industries characterized by sharp
fluctuations of a seasonal character, such as the
needle trades and shoe manufacturing. Many
collective bargaining agreements provide for tem
porary work-sharing (within specified limits or by
joint agreement) before regular employees are laid
off.4 From the employer’s point of view, work
sharing keeps a productive team together, keeps
men from getting rusty, and tends to reduce
turnover. If carried too far, however, it can be
come a share-the-unemployment plan and may
run counter to established seniority practices.
A unique feature of railroad unemployment
insurance (RRUI) is that its benefits are deter
mined on a daily basis. Maintenance of way men
who are partly employed during the course of a
week may collect benefits (equal to at least onehalf of their regular daily rate) on the other days.6
Thus, the income loss which work-sharing ordi
narily imposes might be partially offset by a work
sharing plan integrated with railroad unemploy
ment insurance. With proper safeguards, and
designed to carry groups of regular maintenance of
way men through some brief seasonal lull in de
mand which cannot be otherwise avoided, work
sharing might serve a useful limited purpose.
Railroad Unemployment Insurance. Railroad em
ployees are covered by the only single-industry
public system of unemployment compensation in
the United States. It is a Federal system, ad
ministered by the Railroad Retirement Board
and financed by employer contributions. In each
calendar year, the uniform rate of employer
contribution depends upon the balance in the
RRUI account (trust fund) as of the preceding
September 30. From 1948, when the present
schedule was enacted by Congress, until 1956,
carriers paid the minimum 0.5-percent rate. The
1956 contribution rate was 1.5 percent, while the
1957 rate is 2.0 percent. Employer contributions
are levied on “taxable compensation,” i. e., the
first $350 per month earned by each employee.
MAINTENANCE OF WAY EMPLOYMENT
An employee’s eligibility for benefits is based on
his “taxable compensation” during the calendar
year (base year) preceding the fiscal year (benefit
year) in which be becomes unemployed and applies
for benefits. To be “qualified,” the employee
must have earned at least $400 in taxable com
pensation during the base year. The amount of
the daily RRUI benefit is related to total base
year taxable earnings, but cannot be less than
one-half of the employee’s regular daily rate of
pay. The maximum daily benefit, however, is
$8.50. Benefits may continue for approximately
6 months, except that total benefits paid may not
exceed total base year taxable earnings in railroad
employment. Disqualifying conditions are gen
erally less restrictive than under State laws, and
postpone rather than cancel benefit rights.6
There is, however, a fortuitous relationship of
potential benefits to the dates of employment and
of layoff because of the 6-month gap between the
calendar base year and the fiscal benefit year. For
example, a man who is newly employed on
October 1, 1957, and who works 9 months until
he is laid off on June 30, 1958, may start to collect
benefits immediately. On the other hand, if a
man is newly hired on January 1, 1957, and works
a full year before being laid off December 31,
1957, he must wait for 6 months before he is
eligible for any benefits.
Two-fifths of the extra gangmen and one-fifth
of the section men, helpers, and apprentices failed
to earn the qualifying $400 in 1954. Half of the
section and extra gang trackmen who collected
benefits in 1954-55 collected minimum (half-rateof-pay) benefits, indicating considerable base year
unemployment. Regular employees who work at
least 6 months a year, however, can generally
count on RRUI benefits to cover their weeks or
months of unemployment.
The RRUI system does not provide the indi
vidual carrier with a significant economic incentive
to stabilize. Whether or not individual carrier
experience rating, such as exists under State un
employment compensation systems, would provide
such an incentive, the present uniform industry
wide rate prevents any single carrier from having
• Limitations of space preclude a fuller description of railroad unemploy
ment insurance. For further details, see The Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act as amended to September 1, 1954 (Chicago, Railroad Retire
ment Board, 1954), ch. 6, on which this discussion is based; see also Domenico
Gagliardo, American Social Insurance (New York, Harper, 1955), ch. 13.
» See Part I, M onthly Labor Review, October 1957, p. 1182.
444525— 57------ 2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1319
a significant effect on its own level of contribu
tions. The higher contribution rates in 1956 and
1957 are, however, making the railroads as a
whole more conscious of the current cost of un
employment benefits. One result may be that
when job openings are available, carriers will ad
minister more carefully than in the past the
preferential hiring of RRUI beneficiaries.
Improvement and extension of the RRUI ben
efits is an alternative to the development of sup
plemental unemployment benefit plans at the
bargaining table. The Harris bill7 was a recent
effort along these lines. In addition to proposing
extended periods of benefits for long-service em
ployees, it would have increased the schedule of
daily benefits to a new maximum of $10.20 per
day and prescribed a minimum daily benefit of at
least 60 percent of the employee’s regular daily
wage (instead of 50 percent as at present).
So far as the problem of short-term instability
is concerned, the kind of legislative approach em
bodied in the Harris bill would obviously provide
laid-off employees with additional protection.
On the other hand, because of the uniform con
tribution rate paid by employers under RRUI,
privately negotiated SUB plans may prove more
effective in focusing attention on short-term in
stability at the system level, where positive
programs need to be designed.
Supplemental Unemployment Benefit Plans. The
railroad industry’s first supplemental unemploy
ment benefit (SUB) plan was established on De
cember 27, 1956, by an agreement between the
Chicago & North Western Railway Co. (CNW)
and 12 unions, including the BMWE, representing
the nonoperating employees of that carrier. This
plan, possibly a pattern for industrywide negoti
ations, warrants a brief description here.
The CNW SUB plan provides two kinds of
benefits:
(a) Employees with 2 or more years of service
will have their public RRUI benefit supplemented
so as to yield a combined benefit equal to 60
percent of gross regular pay (or about 75 percent
of “take home” pay), subject to a combined
maximum of $10.20 a day. Disqualifying condi
tions are stricter than under RRUI, and include
discharge for cause (which RRUI does not include).
(b) Employees with 15 or more years of service
are also eligible for so-called “interim” benefits,
1320
equal to 60 percent of gross regular pay. These
benefits are provided by the company after an
employee has exhausted his RRUI benefits for
the current benefit year, provided the employee
will again be eligible for additional RRUI benefits
in the succeeding benefit year. Duration of these
“interim” benefits depends upon the time of year
in which the layoff takes place, and may range
from 0 to 6 months.
The plan contains no financing provisions, and
its costs are presumably being met by the com
pany on a pay-as-you-go basis. Since such costs
can be reduced by stabilizing employment, they
can generate a significant additional incentive to
stabilize. Other consequences might include the
tighter administration of disqualifications and the
concentration of instability on lower service em
ployees not yet eligible for supplemental benefits.8
The CNW plan specifically excludes “seasonal
track forces” laid off between October 1 and the
following May 1, and will, therefore, make no
direct contribution as it stands to the greatest
instability problem in the maintenance of way
group. There is, however, a provision that reduc
tion in track-force employment below the October
1955-March 1956 (inclusive) average will not be
regarded as seasonal. As productivity rises, this
clause will increase the stabilization incentive on
the company in relation to this group.
Any SUB plan that makes instability more ex
pensive encourages stabilization, provided the
carrier has effective alternative courses of action.
Such alternatives appear to be clearly available
in connection with maintenance of way work, be
cause of its deferability. Apart from the actual
costs, administration of a private SUB plan serves
to focus managerial attention on the instability
problem in a systematic way.
The method of financing is also pertinent. A
plan in which all benefits were paid from a fund,
and in which the employer’s total obligation was
to deposit money at a specified rate into that fund
would seem to impose little direct stabilization
incer tive. At the other extreme—represented by
the CNW plan—is a pure pay-as-you-go approach,
in which every supplemental benefit is an out-ofpocket cost to the carrier.
An exceedingly strong case exists for the de
velopment of a system of private supplementary
unemployment benefits. SUB plans on individual
carriers will compel serious attention to layoffs,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
and create a clear relationship between layoff
avoidance and SUB costs. The railroad com
panies would thus be establishing a private experi
ence rating system without the disadvantages
which now characterize many State unemployment
insurance plans. Since the timing of maintenance
work is largely within managerial control, SUB
plans should not prove to be costly in practice.
Summary
In light of the preceding observations, the
following measures appear to warrant sympathetic
examination by the carriers and the Brotherhood
as possible approaches to the problem of short
term (cyclical and seasonal) instability: (1) effec
tive annually determined maintenance budgeting
based on long-term maintenance needs; (2) func
tional rescheduling of work, perhaps guided by
the results of joint study at the system level, so
as to maximize available work during seasonal
lows; (3) minimum individual work guarantees;
and (4) supplemental unemployment benefit plans
or (in lieu thereof) extension of the public railroad
unemployment insurance program. Limited shortrun work-sharing, integrated with RRUI benefits,
may also be a useful method on some carriers for
cushioning the impact of temporary drops in
employment demand.
*
*
*
*
*
If income and employment stability for main
tenance of way employees is given sufficient
priority at the bargaining table by the carriers
as well as by the Brotherhood of Maintenance of
Way Employes, it is our judgment that effective
steps can readily be taken, within practical
economic limits, toward this objective. We be
lieve that it will be in the long-run interest of all
parties to evolve a workable program out of thenown negotiations, and to emphasize the collective
bargaining rather than the legislative route.
The general problem of employment instability
is one that has become the focus of much attention
in our society. There is little doubt that Congress
could, in the case of the railroads, be persuaded
to enact additional legislation to cope with the
problem. If collective bargaining bogs down, then
congressional action may be the only route along
which progress can be achieved.
8 The authors have not yet had an opportunity to study the CNW SUB
plan in operation.
Wages in the
Motor Vehicle
industry, 1957
H . M . D outy*
T h e a s s e m b l y of passenger automobiles in the
United States is carried on in 1957 by five com
panies. These same companies account for the
bulk of truck assembly. The output of the vehicle
companies also includes a variety of automotive
subassemblies and other components; however, an
independent automotive parts industry of sub
stantial proportions contributes importantly to
production in the automobile industry as a whole.
This article deals with wages as of July 1957 in
the five companies that make up the passenger
vehicle branch of the industry.1 The Bureau of
Labor Statistics survey on which it is based
covered over 490,000 production and related
workers engaged in the assembly of completed
vehicles (passenger cars and trucks) and in the
manufacture of such major components as engines,
bodies, and transmissions, as well as minor parts.
Included within the scope of the study were all
of the automotive operations of the 5 companies
except for 1 establishment producing heavy-duty
trucks and a small number of establishments
manufacturing automotive parts sold extensively
to other producers.
Recent Changes in the Industry
When the Bureau made its 1950 survey of
wages in the automobile industry,2 there were 10
firms producing passenger vehicles. Of the seven
“independent” companies, Crosley ceased pro
duction in 1953. During the same year, Kaiser
combined with Willys; by 1957, the output of
this company was confined to utility vehicles and
trucks. In 1954, Nash and Hudson merged to
form American Motors; at about the same time,
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Studebaker and Packard combined forces in an
effort to strengthen their position in the industry.
Table 1 shows the proportion of total passenger
car output accounted for by the present 5 com
panies in 1950, 1955, and the first 7 months of
1957. It will be observed that in 1950, 13 per
cent of the passenger car market was held by
companies other than the Big Three; by the boom
year of 1955, the output of the independent com
panies had fallen to 4.4 percent of the total, and
by 1957 (first 7 months), to less than 3 percent.
In 1957, the relative position of General Motors
was approximately the same as in 1950, but had
declined significantly from 1955. Both Ford and
Chrysler had increased their share of the market
as compared with either 1950 or 1955. In truck
production, the Big Three account for about
three-fourths of the output; in addition, Studebaker-Packard has a well-established truck line.
The decline in the number of vehicle companies
represents the continuation of a long-term trend
in the industry.3 The economies of scale are so
great in automobile manufacturing that a producer
must achieve substantial output to maintain a
position in the industry. There are also certain
market factors that may affect the competitive
position of some of the existing companies. For
example, there appears to be a growing market
for cars of smaller size and greater economy in
operation than the major firms seem inclined to
produce. Possibilities may also exist in the
adaptation of a variety of European automotive
engineering developments to cars designed spe
cifically for the American market.
Since 1950, significant changes in technology
have occurred in the industry. There has been
an enormous investment in new plant and ma
chinery. The already high mechanization of pro
duction has been further advanced by the
introduction of “automated” equipment. One
authority has characterized “Detroit automation”
as the “integration of machines with one another.” 4
*Of the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
1
A subsequent article by the Bureau of Labor Statistics will deal with
wages in the automotive parts manufacturing industry.
3
Wage Structure: Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1950, BLS Bull. 1015. For
a discussion of the 1950 survey, see M onthly Labor Review, September 1950,
pp. 351-355, and January 1951, pp. 37-39.
8 More than 2,500 different automobile manufacturers have been in exist
ence at some period since the beginning of the industry. See W ard’s Auto
motive Yearbook, 1956 (Detroit, Ward’s Reports Inc., 1956), p. 273.
* John Diebold, Applications and Uses in the Challenge of Automation
(Washington, Public Affairs Press, 1955), p. 14.
1321
1322
T a b l e 1.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
Percent of total 'passenger car output, by com
pany, 1950, 1955, and 1957
Company
General Motors Corp___________________
Ford Motor Co___ 1_____________________
Chrysler Corp__ ________ _________ _____
American Motors Corp_________________ _
Studebaker-Paekard Corp________________
Other________________I ____________ . _
1950
45.7
23.3
18.0
5.0
5.1
2.9
1955
1957 (first
7 months)
50.2
28.2
17.2
2 1 .2
2 .0
1.7
2.3
.1
45.8
30.2
1 .1
Source: Ward’s Automotive Yearbook, 1956 (Detroit, W ard’s Reports
Inc., 1956); W ard’s Automotive Reports, August 19, 1957.
In a sense, “automation,” whether within or
without the automobile industry, represents simply
a continuation of that technological development
which underlies modern civilization. But rapid
technical advance, whatever its form, inevitably
creates problems of social adjustment and ac
commodation.
There has been a tendency for the vehicle com
panies to produce a larger proportion of car and
truck components than they did formerly. This
is nota,bly true in the case of car bodies; in fact,
the independent body manufacturing industry has
all but disappeared. The most general explana
tion of the increasing integration of output by
the vehicle companies is that it represents a
technique for minimizing employment fluctuations.
The independent automotive parts industry has
met this development, at least in part, through
product and market diversification.5
In the immediate postwar years, the seasonal
pattern of output and employment in the vehicle
industry was broken. With the return of more
normal production and marketing conditions, the
pattern has tended to reassert itself. Employ
ment tends to taper off during the summer months,
reach a low point in early fall with preparation
for the introduction of new models, and then
build up through the late fall, winter, and spring.
In terms of the product and product-mix,
technology, labor requirements, corporate organi
zation, and in such matters as marketing policy,
the industry presents a picture of restless change.
The struggle for market position among the few
firms in the industry is ceaseless and intense.
sented for collective bargaining purposes by the
United Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural
Implement Workers of America (UAW).
Collective bargaining in the industry is on a
companywide rather than an industry basis.
However, a settlement arrived at with one com
pany tends to be adopted also by the other firms
in the industry. For example, the settlements
reached with General Motors in 1950 and with
Ford in 1955 served as patterns for bargains with
the other companies.
Pattern bargaining means that general wage
rate changes, as well as changes in supplementary
benefits, have been for practical purposes uniform
in recent years among the motor vehicle producers.
This does not mean that rates for particular job
classifications are necessarily uniform throughout
the industry or even among the establishments
of a single company. In fact, the companywide
agreements typically provide that “the establish
ment of wage scales for each operation is neces
sarily a matter for local negotiation and agree
ment between plant managements and the shop
committees.” 6 But even at that level of wage
determination, ultimate authority is centralized.
Thus, under the current companywide contract
at General Motors, the “local wage agreements
consists of the wage scale by job classifications
as were [sic] in effect in the local wage agreements
as of May 28, 1955, plus any written changes,
additions, or supplements thereto.” 7 However,
any changes in the local wage agreements are
subject to the approval of the corporation and the
international union.
Method of Wage Payment
The Pattern of Collective Bargaining
The structure of wages in the motor vehicle
industry cannot adequately be understood without
reference to certain labor force and wage payment
characteristics.
The plant work force is predominantly male.
Women constitute roughly 7 percent of plant
employment. The occupational composition of
the labor force is heavily weighted by relatively
unskilled and semiskilled jobs. Very large num-
The concentration of managerial power in motor
vehicle manufacturing is paralleled by the power
of union organization. The overwhelming ma
jority of plant workers in the industry are repre-
8 W. G. Patton, Auto Part Makers Go After Diverse Markets (in Iron
Age, Philadelphia, Pa., May 16, 1957, pp. 107-109).
6 Agreement between the General Motors Corp. and the UAW (June 12,
1955), par. 97.
1 1 bid., par. 1 0 0 .
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WAGES IN THE MOTOR VEHICLE INDUSTRY, 1957
1323
bers of employees are engaged in highly repetitive
assembly work and in comparatively routine
machine operation and inspection tasks. Minute
division of labor is made possible by the intense
mechanization of the industry which in turn
depends largely on the fact that production is
typically in long runs. It should be noted, how
ever, that production exhibits considerable flexi
bility in terms of specifications, reflecting con
sumer preferences for body styles, colors, and
equipment.
The wages of over 98 percent of the production
workers are on a time basis. Wage incentives,
since their elimination at Studebaker in 1954, are
largely confined to forging occupations and to
some light machine and assembly operations in
some plants. Except for workers classified into
the skilled trades, a system of single job rates
prevails. Under the terms of the collective bar
gaining agreements in the industry, a new em
ployee may be hired in at a rate no lower than
10 cents an hour below the rate for the job
classification to which he is assigned. An auto
matic increase of 5 cents an hour is granted at
the expiration of 30 days; the full job rate is
reached typically within 90 days. For skilled job
classifications, rate ranges are utilized, with ad
vancement within the ranges based on merit
review.
Most unskilled workers are likely to be found
at the job rates of their respective classifications.
Only in periods of active recruitment would any
appreciable proportion of nonskilled production
workers be found below these rates. Moreover,
companywide wage bargaining undoubtedly tends
toward the elimination of interestablishment
differentials within companies for particular job
classifications. Consequently, local labor market
conditions that play such an important role in
wage determination in many industries would
appear to be relatively unimportant in motor
vehicle manufacture. Furthermore, the fact that
the industry is composed of a small number of
companies, each bargaining with the same union,
tends, along with other factors, such as the high
concentration of the industry in Michigan, to
minimize wage-rate differences among companies.
In simple, automobile vehicle manufacture presents
a measure of wage-rate uniformity found in few
other industries.
1
The employment data developed in the survey are representative of an
April 1957 payroll period, but the wage data were adjusted to reflect cost-ofliving adjustments as of June and annual-improvement-factor increases pay
able in 1957. These latter increases were effective at 4 of the companies on
either M ay 29 or June 1 , and at Studebaker-Packard on August 28.
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Distribution of Workers by Hourly Earnings
Production workers in the motor vehicle indus
try earned, on the average, $2.37 an hour in July
1957, exclusive of premium pay for overtime or
for work on holidays, weekends, and late shifts.8
(See table 2.) In Michigan, where almost twothirds of the workers were employed, the average
was $2.38. In the North Central region (except
Michigan), with approximately 20 percent of the
employment, the average rate was $2.36, and in
the remainder of the country, $2.33. Differences
in occupational composition may largely account
for these small variations in area wage levels.
The most striking fact about the wage distribu
tions is the narrow band of rates within which the
2 .
Percentage distribution of all production workers
in motor vehicle establishments by straight-time average
hourly earnings,1 United States and selected areas, July
1957
T able
Average hourly earnings 1
(in cents)
Under 200_______________
200 and under 205______ . .
205 and under 210.. _ ___
210 and under 215_______
215 and under 220______
220 and under 2 2 5 ...___
225 and under 230_____ _
230 and under 235_______
235 and under 240_____
240 and under 245_____
245 and under 250____ _ _
250 and under 255___
255 and under 260_____
260 and under 265___
265 and under 270_____ .
270 and under 275_____
275 and under 280___ .
280 and under 285_____
285 and under 290___
290 and under 295.. ___
295 and under 300.
300 and under 305____
305 and under 3 1 0 ..___
310 and under 315___ . . .
315 and under 320____
320 and under 325... _
325 and under 330_______
330 and under 335.........
335 and under 340___
340 and under 345_________
345 and under 350. — . . .
350 and over___________
Total,
United
States
Michigan
0 .1
1 .2
2 .2
1 0 .1
8 .1
29.9
32.1
1 2 .2
1 1 .0
8.9
7.0
1.4
.7
.7
.7
1 .8
Remain
der of
United
States
(2)
1.7
3.8
1. 5
2 .2
4.3
3.2
15. 5
26.6
13. 9
15.3
6 .0
1 1 .0
26.0
14.2
12.9
5.3
1. 6
.5
6 .1
1 8
.7
.4
.7
.8
.6
1 .1
1 .6
2 .1
.8
1 .0
1 .2
2 .2
2 .1
2 .6
1 .0
.7
1 .2
2.4
2.4
3.1
1.9
2.5
9
i.i
.3
1 .1
1 .0
.4
1.4
.4
.3
.i
.2
.2
.2
.2
1. 0
.2
.1
.2
.2
.3
.4
.1
.2
.1
(J)
0.4
0 .1
.9
2.3
4.2
6.5
4.1
5.8
10.9
6.5
1.5
.7
.7
.7
.9
North
Central
States
(except
Michi
gan)
.1
.1
.2
.2
(2)
.1
.3
.2
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1. 5
1. 6
1 .1
1
.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
.2
(2)
i
.1
Total_________________
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
Number of workers____
Average hourly earnings 1_____
490,674
$2.37
303, 344
$2.38
96, 580
$2. 36
90. 750
$2.33
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
1 Less than 0.05 percent.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
1324
Percentage Distribution of Production Workers in the Motor V e h icle Industry, by Straight-Time
Average Hourly Earnings, February 1950 and July 1957
JULY 1957
FEBRUARY 1950
PERCENT
PERCENT
0
10
20
30
o
40
io
20
30
40
— i---------------------------- 1----------------------------- 1
Under $2.00
$ 2 .0 0
and
under
$ 2 .1 0
and
under $ 2 . 2 0
$ 2 .2 0
and
under $ 2 . 3 0
$ 2 .3 0
and
under $ 2 . 4 0
$ 2 .4 0
and $ 2 . 5 0
under
$ 2 .5 0
and
under $ 2 . 6 0
$ 2 .6 0
and $ 2 . 7 0
under
$ 2 .1 0
and
$ 2 . 7 0 under $ 2 . 8 0
$ 2 .8 0
and
under $ 2 . 9 0
$ 2 .9 0
and
under $ 3 . 0 0
$ 3 .0 0
bulk of the workers fell. Thus, for the United
States as a whole, 63 percent of the workers were
clustered within the 20-cent range of $2.20-$2.40.
Some 13 percent of the plant workers had rates of
less than $2.20, with only 0.1 percent earning less
than $2. Above the $2.40 level, the distribution
trailed out to over $3.50 an hour. Rates of $2.40
or more were received by 24 percent of the produc
tion workers.
The character of the wage distribution in motor
vehicle manufacture in 1957 is explained, at least
in considerable measure, by factors that have
already been referred to, such as the skill composi
tion of the labor force, the absence of incentive
wage systems, and companywide wage bargaining.
The general shape of the distribution does not
appear to have changed substantially since the
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and
Over
time of the previous survey in 1950, as the accom
panying chart suggests. However, the chart does
indicate some shift of the distribution in that, by
1957, a larger proportion of the workers were in
the relatively high-wage intervals.
Relative wage dispersion has declined. Thus,
if dispersion is measured by dividing the inter
quartile range by the median, the resulting dis
persion factor is found to be 9 percent in 1950 and
6 percent in 1957. This means for 1957 that the
wage rates of half the workers were within 6
percent of the median rate. This dispersion
factor is by far the lowest for any industry studied
by the Bureau.9 The decline in relative dispersion
since 1950 reflects almost entirely the nature of
« See Wage Dispersion in Manufacturing Industries (in M onthly Labor
Review, July 1956, pp. 780-786).
WAGES IN THE MOTOR VEHICLE INDUSTRY, 1957
the wage adjustments that have occurred in the
industry. For the workers found within the
interquartile range, these adjustments have been
uniform cents-per-hour changes. Hence, absolute
differences in rates have been maintained, but
relative differences, with a rising wage level, have
declined.
of-living adjustments based on changes in the
Bureau’s Consumer Price Index; and (3) occasional
special increases to workers in the skilled trades.11
If General Motors may be used as an example,
there were during this period, across-the-board
increases of approximately 79 cents an hour,12 and
wage decreases under the cost-of-living provision
of the contract of 9 cents. Hence, the net in-
Change in Wage Levels, 1950-57
10 The 3-year 1955 contracts provide for annual-improvement-factor in
creases of 2 A percent of base rates or 6 cents an hour, whichever is greater.
(The term “base rate” excludes cost-of-living allowance and shift premium.)
Six cents is 2 A percent of $2.40. However, 3 of the 5 contracts (General
Motors, Chrysler, and Studebaker-Packard) provide a table by which im
provement-factor increases of 6 cents are payable to workers with base rates
of less than $2.60; 7 cents for those with rates of $2.60-$2.99; 8 cents, $3-$3.99;
9 cents, $3.40-$3.79; and 10 cents, $3.80-$4.19.
11 See BLS Wage Chronology No. 5, Chrysler Corp.; No. 9, General Motors
Corp.; No. 14, Ford Motor Co., for the details of general wage changes during
the period since 1950. (These wage chronologies were reprinted from the
M onthly Labor Review in the following issues: April and September 1949,
April 1951, August and November 1953, January 1954, and October 1955.)
I t should be noted that the annual-improvement and escalator provisions of
the automobile contracts do not correspond exactly among companies as to
the timing of the improvement increases or the quarterly period to which
cost-of-living changes relate.
u Actually, the improvement-factor increases in 1955-57 have amounted to
slightly more than 6 cents annually, and hence the total across-the-board
increases add to fractionally more than 79 cents. See text footnote 10.
The 1950 study disclosed that the average
straight-time wage rate for production workers in
motor vehicles was $1.63 an hour. The increase
over the 7-year period to $2.37 represents an
advance of 74 cents, or 45.4 percent.
There is a very close correspondence between
this change in average rates and the net increase
in wage rates that has occurred in the industry.
Since 1950, wage changes in motor vehicle manu
facturing generally have taken the form of (1)
annual-improvement-factor increases, which for
most workers have been flat amounts; 10 (2) costT able 3.
1325
Straight-time average hourly earnings,1 for selected occupations in the motor vehicle manufacturing industry,
United States and selected areas, July 1957
Total, United States
Michigan
North Central States
(except Michigan)
Remainder of
United States
Occupation
Number of
workers
Average Number of Average Number of Average Number of Average
hourly
workers
hourly
workers
hourly
workers
hourly
earnings 1
earnings 1
earnings 1
earnings 1
M a in te n a n c e
Carpenters, maintenance_________________
Electricians, maintenance______ -_________
Machine, repairmen______________________
Millwrights_____________________________
Pipefitters, maintenance__________________
Sheet-metal workers, maintenance (tinsmiths).
912
5,262
5,298
5, 715
3,297
862
$2.74
2.81
2.85
2.76
2. 76
2.75
626
3,313
3, 556
3,595
1,987
557
$2.75
2.82
228
5,462
610
500
8,720
4.08
2 . 82
3. 42
3.37
2.95
6 , 715
10,173
17,963
10,147
89,021
20,754
1,603
1,398
34,421
6,274
1,014
16,062
4,593
4,850
10,402
4,669
13,282
2. 77
2.77
2.74
123
1,062
1,170
1,184
701
158
$2. 72
2. 78
2.83
2.74
2. 74
2.75
163
887
572
936
609
147
$2.72
2 . 80
2.80
2.71
2.74
2.75
151
4,090
417
387
5,762
4.10
2. 83
3.42
3.38
2.96
892
138
83
1,826
66
4.05
2 . 80
3.41
3. 34
2.92
480
55
30
1,132
11
3.85
2.79
3.44
3.41
2.91
2.25
2. 07
2.17
2.23
3,869
6,430
10, 552
6,165
2.23
2.07
2.18
2.23
1,344
2,060
3,528
2,149
2 . 26
2.07
2.17
2.24
1,502
1,683
3,883
1,833
2.27
2.05
2.17
2.24
2.27
2.31
2. 42
2.36
2.28
2.40
2.38
2.30
2.18
2.39
2. 34
2.39
2.31
49,975
13,070
1,130
1,194
25,809
3,270
727
11,194
3,806
1,801
3,467
2,900
6,930
2. 27
2. 30
2.44
2.36
2. 29
2.41
2.37
2.29
2.19
2.40
2.37
2. 39
2.29
18,636
3,791
369
30
6,195
1,026
189
3, 737
747
1,267
1,846
832
3,401
2.27
2.33
2.39
2.47
2.29
2.40
2.39
2.31
2.13
2.40
2.34
2.39
2.32
20,410
3,893
104
174
2,417
1,978
98
1,131
40
1,782
5,089
937
2,951
2.27
2.32
2.31
2.31
2.24
2.39
2.43
2.34
2.30
2.38
2.32
2.39
2.33
2 .8 6
T oolroom
Die sinkers, drop-forge dies__________ _____
Machine-tool operators, toolroom___ _______
Patternmakers, metal______ ______________
Patternmakers, wood_____________________
Tool and die makers....... ....................................
C u sto d ia l a n d m a te ria l ha n d lin g
Checkers, receiving and shipping___________
Janitors, porters, or cleaners_______________
Laborers, material handling_______________
Truckers, power..................................................
Other selected o c c u p a tio n s
Assemblers, line and bench_________ ______
Inspectors, general production______________
Bar stock screw-machine operators__________
Crankshaft grinders______________________
Machine-tool operators, production, other____
M etal finishers....................................................
Molders, machine____________ ___________
Punch-press operators_____________________
Sewing-machine operators________________ •_
Sprayers, body, fender, and hood___ _______
Trimmers_______________________________
Welders, hand......................................................
Welders, machine (resistance)..........................
1
Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
1326
T able 4. Occupational wage relationships, selected jobs,
motor vehicle manufacture, 1950 and 1957
Occupation
Indexes
(average hourly
rate for
janitors = 100 )
1950
1957
Laborers, material handling.........
Truckers, power.............................
Assemblers, line and bench-------Punch-press operators...................
Carpenters-------------- - ................
Millwrights................... - ...............
Pipefitters........ ............ - ..............
Electricians.......................... - ........
Machine-tool operators, toolroom.
Tool and die makers......................
Patternmakers, wood--------------Patternmakers, metal........- ..........
105
108
110
111
132
133
133
136
136
143
163
165
108
111
116
119
131
131
132
135
138
145
157
153
crease was 70 cents, excluding the special adjust
ments to skilled trades workers. There were three
such special adjustments during the 1950-57
period; these wage adjustments, when spread over
all workers, undoubtedly added several cents to
the average rate level.
It would appear, therefore, that the increase in
the level of rates between 1950 and 1957, as com
puted from the wage distributions, can be ac
counted for largely by formal wage changes.
There has apparently been no marked shift in the
occupational composition of the labor force such
as might have greatly influenced the rate level in
either an upward or downward direction. The
absence of incentive systems precluded a “wage
drift” from this source. Such shifts in industry
location as have occurred have not measurably
affected the rate level because of the large measure
of rate uniformity among geographic areas.
Occupational Wages
The general nature of the occupational wage-rate
structure in motor vehicle manufacture is indicated
by the data in table 3. Information is shown for
28 occupational groups which together account for
over 291,000 workers, or 59.3 percent of the pro
duction employees in the industry. Some of the
occupational categories cover large numbers of
workers, especially in assembly, inspection, and
machine-tool operation. The apparent lack of
significant wage-rate differentiation within these
job categories suggested that any extensive break
down by specific type of work would have little
use for wage analysis. In the case of machine-tool
operators on production jobs, the extent of varia
tion in average rates is indicated by the data for
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bar stock screw-machine operators, crankshaft
grinders, and the large group of workers classified
as machine-tool operators, production, other.
As previously pointed out, extensive techno
logical changes have taken place in the industry
in recent years. As far as the Bureau could deter
mine, these changes, insofar as job rate classifi
cations are concerned, have been accommodated
largely within the existing job structure. The
occupational data in the survey thus includes
many thousands of workers on automated equip
ment in such fields as machine-tool operation and
inspection.
Workers classified as janitors, porters, or
cleaners averaged $2.07 an hour in the industry as
a whole in July 1957. Material handling laborers
averaged $2.17. The average rate of $2.27 for
the large group of employees on line and bench
assembly work exceeded the average for janitors
by 20 cents. The major group of the production
machine-tool operators averaged $2.28 and in
spectors $2.31.
Average rates for the skilled maintenance jobs
represented in the survey fell within the 10-cent
range of $2.75 to $2.85 an hour. Among toolroom
jobs, the numerically important classifications of
machine-tool operators and tool and die makers
averaged $2.82 and $2.95 an hour, respectively.
There was comparatively little variation in
occupational pay levels by region. Average rates
in the dominant Michigan area were typically
slightly above the corresponding industry averages.
In the North Central States (except Michigan),
average rates in the skilled trades tended to be a
few cents below the Michigan levels; levels in most
of the unskilled or semiskilled occupations, on the
other hand, equaled or slightly exceeded the
Michigan averages.
For selected occupations, table 4 shows occu
pational wage relationships existing in motor
vehicle manufacture in 1950 and 1957. For each
year, the average hourly rate for janitors (the
lowest among the occupations studied) was used
as the base (100); average hourly rates for the
other jobs were expressed as indexes of this base.13
Thus, in 1950, material handling laborers averaged
8 percent above the wage-rate level for janitors;
in 1957, the differential was 5 percent. In general,
is The index for any other job can be used as a base. Thus, in 1950, car
penters had average rates 13 percent above those of assemblers (131-M16X
100=112.9).
WAGES IN THE MOTOR VEHICLE INDUSTRY, 1957
1327
the data for the four unskilled or semiskilled jobs
indicate a decline in relative occupational wage
differentials over the 7-year period.
On the other hand, the differentials between the
average rates for skilled maintenance and tool
room jobs and the average janitor rate were sub
stantially maintained during this period; as com
pared with other unskilled or semiskilled jobs,
relative differentials widened. Thus, in 1950, the
average rate for carpenters was 13 percent above
the average rate for assemblers as compared with
20 percent in 1957. Tool and die makers averaged
25 percent more than assemblers in 1950 and 30
percent more in 1957.
The explanation for these changes in occupa
tional wage relationships is found in the nature of
wage changes in the industry between 1950 and
1957. The unskilled and semiskilled workers
received uniform cents-per-hour increases, which
meant that, percentagewise, larger increases were
obtained by the lower paid workers. Hence, rela
tive pay differentials among this large body of
workers contracted. As pointed out earlier,
workers in the skilled trades received the same
general increases; in addition, special increases
were negotiated for these workers in 1950, 1953,
and 1955. They were thus able to maintain their
relative position as compared with workers at the
bottom of the pay structure and to improve their
relative position with respect to many other
groups of workers outside of the skilled-trades
category.
mental unemployment insurance had added about
34 cents an hour to the compensation of employees
in industry.14
Supplementary Wage Practices
The motor vehicle companies and the United
Automobile Workers have negotiated a variety
of benefits that add to the leisure, security, or
money income of the workers in the industry.
Company expenditures on these benefits are not
known. The union recently estimated that the
inauguration or liberalization between 1946 and
1956 of health, insurance, and pension plans, paid
holidays, vacations, shift premiums, and supplen United Automobile Workers, Financial Report for 1956, p. 14.
is See The 1955 Ford and General Motors Union Contracts (in M onthly
Labor Review, August 1955, pp. 875-881).
w The details of the Ford plan are on pp. 119-170 of the 1955 agreement
between the Ford Motor Co. and the UAW.
” One eondition relates to State approval for the integration of State
unemployment insurance and supplementary unemployment benefits.
Such approval has been obtained from most States with significant auto
mobile employment. The major exceptions are Ohio and Indiana.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Supplementary Unemployment Benefits. The most
striking development in the field of employee
benefits in the motor vehicle industry since 1950
was the negotiation in 1955 of supplementary
unemployment benefit plans. The initial agree
ment was made with the Ford Motor Co. and
represented acceptance by the union of a Ford
counterproposal to the union’s demand for a
guaranteed annual wage.15 Similar although not
identical plans were subsequently negotiated with
all of the motor vehicle companies.
The purpose of these plans is to provide greater
income security to automobile workers in time of
layoff than is available under State unemployment
insurance systems. Although conceptually simple,
the details of the plans are complicated.16 In
essence, each plan is financed by company pay
ments into a trust fund of 5 cents for each man
hour paid for. A company’s contributions cease
if the fund is built up to a defined maximum and
resume if the fund falls below that point. Benefits
are paid from the fund to laid-off hourly rated
workers with at least 1 year’s seniority who meet
certain other tests of eligibility. The duration of
benefits, up to a maximum of 26 weeks at any one
time, depends on the “credit units” accumulated
by each eligible employee and the position of the
trust fund at the time of layoff. In general, laid-off
employees can receive cash benefits ranging up to
$25 a week. These benefits, when combined with
State unemployment compensation, are designed
to give the employee an amount equal to a maxi
mum of 65 percent of his weekly straight-time pay
(after taxes) for a 40-hour week for the first 4
consecutive weeks of benefits, and thereafter a
maximum of 60 percent of his pay for a period of
up to 22 additional weeks.
Provided that certain conditions were met,
benefits under the plans became payable to eligible
workers on or after June 1, 1956, in the case of
Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler; September
1, 1956, in the case of Studebaker-Packard; and
September 15, 1957, in the case of American
Motors.17 For roughly the second half of 1956, the
union has reported total supplementary unemploy
ment benefit payments of $790,827 by Ford,
$1,545,200 by General Motors, and $1,937,569
1328
by Chrysler; payments by Studebaker-Packard
amounted to $164,736 from September 1956
through February 8, 1957.18 Weekly benefit pay
ments were stated to have averaged $12.89 at
General Motors and about $12 at Chrysler. The
trust funds from which payments are made are
still in the process of being built up to their
maximum positions.
Health and Insurance and Pension Plans. Health
and insurance and pension plans were included in
collective bargaining agreements in all companies
included in the survey. These programs, par
ticularly pensions, were characterized by the
similarity or identical nature of their provisions.19
All pension plans were financed entirely by the
employer while each health and insurance plan
was jointly financed.
Each of the five plans provided life insurance
(with permanent and total disability provisions)
and accident and sickness benefits for the em
ployee as well as hospital, surgical, and inhospital medical benefits for the employee and
his dependents. Life insurance was extended to
retired workers without further cost to them
under all plans. With one exception, the pro
grams permitted a worker to retain, at his own
expense, hospital, surgical, and medical benefit
coverage upon retirement; the one exception
limited this coverage to hospital and surgical
benefits. Two of the five plans included acci
dental death and dismemberment benefits.
Life insurance and accident and sickness bene
fits varied according to basic hourly rate classi
fications. For a worker with an hourly rate of
$2.30, for example, 2 plans specified $5,500 life
insurance coverage, and the other 3 provided
$5,200, $5,000, and $4,800. Accident and sick
ness benefits for workers with an hourly rate of
$2.30 ranged from $45.50 weekly under one plan
to $60 under the most liberal plan. These bene
fits were available for up to 26 weeks per dis
ability for both nonoccupational and occupational
cases. In the latter case, the amount was reduced
by the amount of workmen’s compensation
benefit.
Hospital, surgical, and medical benefits were
identical for both employees and their dependents
under each of the plans. Four of the 5 plans
provided semiprivate room accommodations for
120 days per disability, and the fifth plan specified
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
365-day coverage of the same type. The maxi
mum surgical allowance specified under each of
the plans was $300; four of these provided that
the schedule allowances constituted full payment
of the surgeon’s fee for workers with incomes under
specified levels. Medical benefits (in-hospital
physician allowance) under 3 plans were identical:
workers received $12.50 for the 1st day, $5 for
the 2d through the 4th day, and $4 thereafter for
a maximum of 120 days. The other 2 plans
provided $3 and $5, respectively, for up to 70 days
of hospital confinement.
Reduced amounts of life insurance based on
service at time of retirement were extended to
workers retiring after age 65 under 4 plans; the
amounts specified ranged from a minimum of
$500 to a maximum of $1,000.
With few exceptions, and these were confined
to one plan, the major provisions of all pension
programs were identical. A worker must have
reached age 65 with a minimum of 10 years of
service to qualify for normal retirement benefits.
Early retirement requirements were the same in
all plans, namely—at least age 60 with 10 years
of service. Retirement in the event of permanent
and total disability was provided for in all plans
and the worker was eligible after 15 years of
service except in one plan which stipulated a
further requirement of age 50.
Vesting, a relatively recent development under
plans in the motor vehicle industry, was found in
all plans. Under 4 plans, workers terminated
after reaching age 40 with at least 10 years’
service were granted full rights to accrued benefits,
deferred until age 65. The fifth plan, although
specifying 10 years of service, did not include an
age requirement.
Under all plans, workers qualifying for normal
retirement benefits were guaranteed a monthly
payment equal to $2.25 times years of service,
exclusive of social security benefits. In the case
of early retirement, the same formula applied;
however, the amount was actuarially reduced to
take into account the earlier age of retirement.
For disability retirement, workers under 4 plans
18
President’s Report, Sixteenth Constitutional Convention, XJAW, Apr.
7-12, 1957, pp. 3-D, 9-D, 19-D, 70-D.
' 9 Benefits under the health and insurance plans varied somewhat in
different parts of the country, due primarily to coverage under different
hospital, surgical, and medical programs and also to the effect of State tem
porary disability laws. In such cases, the benefits described here are those
provided workers in the State of Michigan.
WAGES IN THE MOTOR VEHICLE INDUSTRY, 1957
1329
received $4.50 times years of service and under the
remaining plan, $3 per year; upon becoming
eligible for benefits under the Federal social
security program, the amount was recomputed
under the normal retirement formula ($2.25
times years of service), counting those years of
service to date of disability.
sive of night-shift and overtime premium pay, for
8 hours in the case of full holidays and 4 hours
for half holidays.
Eligibility for paid holidays extends to all em
ployees with seniority status;20 typically it depends
on whether the employee was scheduled to work
on the days named as holidays, and on whether
the employee worked the last scheduled workday
prior to, and the next scheduled workday after, a
holiday within the employee’s scheduled work
week. When a holiday falls on Saturday, eligible
employees receive holiday pay provided they
worked the last preceding workday within the
week in which the holiday falls. When a holiday
falls on Sunday, and the day following is observed
as the holiday by the State or Federal Govern
ment, the day of observance is considered to be
the holiday.
Vacation Pay. Workers in motor vehicle compa
nies with 1 year or more of seniority, who otherwise
qualified under the eligibility rules in the collective
bargaining contracts, were entitled in 1957 to paid
vacations or to payment in lieu of vacation.
Four companies observed the following schedule
of payments:
S e n io rity
V a ca tio n p a y m e n t
1 but less than 3 years_________________
3 but less than 5 years_________________
5 but less than 10 years________________
10 but less than 15 years__________________
15 years or more__________________________
40 hours
60 hours
80 hours
100hours
120hours
Vacation pay in these four companies is computed
on the basis of the employee’s straight-time hourly
rate exclusive of late shift and overtime premiums.
At the fifth company, vacation pay is computed
as a percentage of earnings in the year preceding
the worker’s employment anniversary date. The
range is from 2% percent for employees with 1 but
less than 5 years’ service to 7% percent for those
with 15 years or more.
Eligibility rules differed among the firms. For
example, one contract required that the employee,
if not on active duty at the eligibility date for
vacation payments, should have worked for the
company during 8 of the 12 preceding months;
another contract provided that the employee
should have worked 75 percent of the preceding
52 pay periods. Several agreements provided for
lesser amounts of vacation pay if an employee
had some minimum amount of service during the
year but failed to attain the service necessary for
full vacation pay.
Paid Holidays. Automobile workers in 4 com
panies are entitled annually to 6 full holidays and
2 half-day holidays with pay, and to 7 full holi
days in the fifth company. The half-day holidays
fall on the days before Christmas and New Year’s.
Holiday pay is computed on the basis of the em
ployee’s regular straight-time hourly rate, exclu
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Shift Premiums. Late shift premiums, and the
definition of shifts, are not uniform among motor
vehicle companies. The most typical provision
is for a premium of 5 percent of regular pay,
including overtime premium, for work on the
second shift and a premium of 10 percent for
third-shift work. One collective bargaining agree
ment, however, provides for a 7%-percent premium
on the third shift, another specifies a 10-cent
premium on the second shift and 15 cents on the
third, and still another, a premium of 6 percent
for second-shift work and 8 percent for third.
Shift definitions vary considerably among the
five companies. For example, one company pays
a 5-percent premium for work starting on or after
10:30 a. m. but before 7 p. m.; several companies
pay the same premium for shifts during which
half or more of the working hours are scheduled
between 6 p. m. and 6 a. m. One of the companies
provides a 10-percent premium for work beginning
on or after 7 p. m. but before 4 a. m.; another
company pays the same premium for shifts
regularly scheduled to start between the hours of
10 p. m. and 4:45 a. m. Several agreements
contain provision for special shift arrangements.
At the time of the wage survey, information was
not available on the proportions of workers
employed on various shifts.
20 Seniority is typically obtained in the motor vehicle industry after 60 or
90 working days of employment within a specified time period.
The Relationship of
Size of Firm
and Strike Activity
a stoppage may result from an industrywide strike
by the dominant union or from a dispute involving
a multiemployer bargaining unit.2 Nevertheless,
it is obvious that there are certain significant
relationships between size of firm and the incidence
of work stoppages.
Size of Work Stoppages, 1947-56
M il l a r d C a s s *
T h e d e g r e e of industrial peace in the United
States, to the extent that it can be measured by
work stoppage statistics, has, since 1947, been
largely determined by the incidence of strikes
idling large numbers of workers. In some years,
these have involved the employees of a few large
• companies. Aside from the fact that such stop
pages have accounted for nearly three-fourths of
all workers involved in strikes, they have tended
to last somewhat longer than the average and
consequently have caused a slightly larger pro
portion of all strike idleness. Analysis of the
causes of work stoppages suggests that this record
reflects, in part, some important differences in the
kinds of issues that arise in bargaining relation
ships involving small firms as compared with
large ones. Often the larger unions and larger
companies are involved in settlements of a pioneer
ing or “pattern” character and, in addition, dis
putes over such issues as workloads and layoffs
may result in stoppages more frequently in a
large factory.
These observations are based upon an analysis
of statistics on work stoppages compiled by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U. S. Department
of Labor.1 The basic data have been classified
by the number of workers involved in each stop
page. A particular stoppage may include em
ployees of more than one establishment or firm;
conversely, it may idle only part of an establish
ment or firm. For purposes of this article, it has
been assumed that most stoppages idling fewer
than 20 workers involve but a single establishment
or firm. On the other hand, the assumption that
a large work stoppage involves one large company
is often, but not always, valid. For example, such
1330
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Although data on size of firm are not available
for precisely the same size categories as those used
in the work stoppage statistics, they can be used
for some approximate comparisons. Of the 4%
million firms in the United States,3 over 3 million,
including those which are sole proprietorships,
have less than 4 paid employees. More than half
a million have 4 to 7 paid employees, and another
third of a million have from 8 to 19 employees.
At the other end of the scale, only 3,300 companies
have 1,000 or more employees. All but about
200.000 (or 5 percent) of the firms in operation in
this country have less than 20 employees. These
200.000 firms, however, have over 32 million
workers.
During the 10 years 1947-56, over 15 percent
of all strikes involved from 6 to 19 workers, but,
on the average, these stoppages accounted for less
than 0.5 percent of the workers involved and the
man-days of strike idleness (table 1). On the
other hand, work stoppages involving 1,000 or
more workers amounted to only 8 percent of the
total, but accounted for about three-fourths of the
workers involved and man-days of idleness. Only
0.5 percent of the work stoppages per year in
volved 10,000 or more workers, but these strikes
involved about two-fifths of the workers and
accounted for over half of all strike idleness.
Not only did the largest work stoppages idle
more workers, but they tended to last longer than
the smaller ones, with the exception of those
involving less than 20 workers. In that size
group, idleness for each worker involved in work
stoppages during 1947-56 averaged 16.8 days,
‘Deputy Under Secretary of Labor.
1 For definitions see footnote 1, table 1.
* In early 1956, 557 of the 1,737 agreements covering 1,000 or more workers
on file with the Bureau of Labor Statistics involved a multiemployer bar
gaining group. See Characteristics of Major Union Contracts (in Monthly
Labor Review, July 1956, pp. 807-808).
‘ Estimates of businesses in operation, by size of firm, for 1951 (in Survey
of Current Business, U. S. Department of Commerce, M ay 1954, p. 18)
adjusted to the beginning of 1956 on basis of estimated growth in business
population (in Survey of Current Business, June 1956, p. 8 ).
1831
SIZE OF FIRM AND STRIKE ACTIVITY
compared with 14.3 days in all stoppages com
bined. (See table 2.) The only other size group
in which man-days of idleness substantially ex
ceeded the average was that involving 10,000 or
more workers, where the average was 17.1 days.
The data on duration, in calendar days, also show
that in most of the last 10 years the smallest and
the largest strikes were longer than those of inter
mediate size. It should be noted, however, that
both the duration and the man-days of idleness
per worker varied somewhat more from year to
year in the case of the larger stoppages—those
involving 5,000 or more workers-—than in stop
pages involving fewer workers. -This results from
the fact that a single large dispute may materially
influence both measures in a particular year, so
that comparisons should be made with caution.
Major Issues in Work Stoppages
Most issues which precipitate a work stoppage
can arise in a small shop as well as in a large fac
tory. Disagreement over wages, for example,
knows no size. On the other hand, postwar ex
perience indicates that some types of issues are
more likely to arise—or to be contested quite
strongly—among bargaining situations of the
larger unions and larger companies. Frequently,
these are pioneering and pattern types of settle
ments—welfare programs, pensions, supplemental
unemployment benefits. In some instances, of
course, these same issues may subsequently be
come the source of strikes among the smaller
establishments as well. The pervasiveness of
pattern settlements—especially if business oppor
tunities are favorable—tends, however, to dampen
the willingness of many smaller employers to
hazard a work stoppage simply to resist terms that
have already been agreed upon for substantial
numbers of workers in the industry or labor mar
ket. Thus it is typically the larger situations
where the social pioneering in collective bargaining
most frequently occurs. As a result, long and big
strikes sometimes occur in the largest companies
or largest industries over issues that have not
caused work stoppages at all in smaller companies
and smaller industries. This does not, of course,
mean that the relations between the larger unions
and companies are necessarily “bad,” or that they
are “good” in the smaller units. More often it
means that the larger organizations are the pace
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T able
1. Percentage distribution of work stoppages1 in
the United ¡States, by size, 1947-56 average
Size of stoppage (number of workers
involved)
6 and under 2 0 __________ _________
20 and under 1 0 0 __________________
100 and under 250_________________
250 and under 500__ ____________
500 and under 1,000___ _________
1,000 and under 5,000______________
5,000 and under 10,000 ------------------10 ,00 0 and over______________ _____
Stoppages
15.4
35.7
2 1 .0
1 2 .2
7.5
7.0
.7
.5
Man-days
Workers
involved *
idle
0.3
3.1
5.9
7.4
9.2
24.7
8.3
41.0
0.4
3.2
5.3
6 .1
7.7
19.0
6.5
51.8
All sizes____________________
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
Number, annual average, 1947-56____
4,212
2,381,000
35,220,000
1 Includes all work stoppages known to the Bureau of Labor Statistics
and its various cooperating agencies involving 6 or more workers and lasting
a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and man-days idle
include all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in establishments directly
involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary
effects on other establishments or industries whose employees are made idle
as a result of material or service shortages.
The number of stoppages and workers involved relates to stoppages begin
ning in the period, man-days of idleness to all stoppages in effect.
> Workers are counted more than once in these figures if they were involved
in more than 1 stoppage during the period.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
setters in introducing new types of benefits through
collective bargaining—and the bargaining process
involves negotiation, compromise, and sometimes
a resort to a test of economic strength and/or
public support.
In addition, there is some reason to believe that
certain kinds of controversies are likely to occur
with greater frequency in larger establishments
than in smaller ones. Thus, disputes over speedup
or workloads, job classifications, and seniority
may take place more frequently in a large factory
where employer-employee relations are more im
personal; the pressures for production are greater;
and because of the numbers of workers involved,
the possibilities for disagreement or friction over
promotions, layoffs, or other grievances are almost
always present.
In the 7 years from the passage of the Wagner
Act to the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor,
work stoppages primarily over union organization
accounted for over half of all stoppages and about
three-fifths of all man-days of idleness. During
this same period, stoppages over wages, hours,
and “fringe” benefits accounted for about 30 per
cent of both the stoppages and the man-days of
idleness. In the decade 1947-56, the situation
reversed itself. Stoppages primarily over union
organization have accounted for only 13 percent
of all stoppages and 4 percent of idleness ; stoppages
over wages, hours, and fringe benefits, for half of
the stoppages and two-thirds of the man-days of
idleness. (See table 3.)
1332
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
T able 2.
Average number of man-days idle and duration 1 {in calendar days) of work stoppages,2 by size of stoppage, 1947—56
Size of stoppage (number of
workers involved)
1956
1955
1954
1953
1952
1951
1950
1949
1948
1947
Average,
1947-56
Average number of man-days idle 1 during year per worker involved
All sizes_____ _____________ _______
16.5
1 0 .6
14.2
1 1 .6
16.5
1 0 .2
13.7
16.5
17.2
15.5
14.3
6and under 2 0 ______________________
15.4
14.0
10.9
11.4
15.4
13.2
17.6
14.6
13.1
13.6
10.7
16.2
14.6
13.3
16.2
13.9
16.0
12.9
2 0 .2
1 2 .8
1 2 .8
1 0 .2
1 0 .0
16.8
14.2
13.4
16.1
16.8
14.8
16.8
14.7
13.0
12.3
10.5
12.4
9.6
9.1
9.6
12.4
17.8
17.2
16.2
15.2
15.5
14.2
9.5
16.8
20 and under 10 0 —
___________ .
100 and under 250___________________
250 and under 500_ ______ ___
500 and under 1,000 _ _______ ____ .
1,000 and under 5,000__ . _ ___ ____
5,000 and under 10,000____ ___
10 ,00 0 and over______
_____________
1 1 .2
11.9
1 1 .1
1 1 .2
10.5
16.4
23.6
11.7
6.3
1 0 .2
1 2 .8
16.7
16.1
1 1 .8
12.3
10.4
12.4
1 1 .2
2 1 .8
1 0 .1
1 0 .6
8 .8
9.5
19.0
15.6
14.3
1 1 .8
14.8
1 2 .6
16.1
18.2
1 2 .0
17.4
14.0
7.5
21.7
1 2 .1
1 2 .6
11.5
1 1 .6
17.1
Average duration 1 of strikes ending in year (in calendar days)
All sizes___________________ _______
18.9
18.5
22.5
20.3
19.6
17.4
19.2
22.5
2 1 .8
25.6
2 0 .6
6and under 2 0 ___________ ______
21.5
2 1 .1
25.9
23.6
22.5
21.5
19.6
18.5
19.2
16.5
23.1
18.3
22.7
20.9
18.0
17.5
17.6
18.4
2 2 .2
24.1
19.8
18.5
14.8
17.6
16.3
15.4
30.7
26.2
23.4
2 0 .6
26.2
26.0
24.6
2 1 .8
and under 1 0 0 ______
___ ___
100 and under 250___ _____ ____
250 and under 500__ _
___
500 and under 1,000.__
. _
....
1,000 and under 5,000
5,000 and under 10,000
.. .
10 ,00 0 and over.
. _____ _____
20
2 0 .1
16.2
16.4
16.0
19.6
24.8
50.1
19.8
15.2
19.1
15.0
17.3
24.1
23.2
2 1 .2
19.1
17.3
2 0 .1
17.7
22.9
2 0 .8
24.0
19.0
17.2
14.6
12.4
12.9
15.1
2 1 .6
2 1 .1
17.3
2 0 .8
2 2 .1
22.3
27.8
24.0
20.7
18.3
23.8
22.5
1 0 .6
16.0
2 2 .8
29.0
24.2
35.9
50.6
23.3
19.2
17.8
18.9
19.0
2 1 .0
28.5
1 Average number of man-days refers to workdays and is based on all
strikes in effect during the year. All strikes are given equal weight in com
puting duration, which is based on calendar days and is limited to stoppages
ending during the year. The annual figures for average number of man-days
idle differ somewhat from those published in the Monthly Labor Review
and the BLS annual strike bulletin; the published figures were based on
number of workers in strikes beginning in the year and the averages in this
table on number of workers idle in all strikes in effect during the year.
2 For definitions, see footnote 1, table 1.
Thus wages, hours, and fringe benefits are the
issues which currently cause more man-days of
idleness than any others. Strikes over wages
and hours in combination with recognition, union
security, and strengthening of the union’s bargain
ing position are usually longer than strikes over
purely economic issues, such as wages. By con
trast, controversies in which the major issue was
union security have averaged smaller in size than
those involving wages in the postwar period and
have also tended to be of somewhat shorter
duration.
Analysis of data for 1956 indicates that the
causes of work stoppages varied significantly by
number of workers involved. Generally speaking,
the larger the stoppage, the more often were wages,
hours, supplementary benefits, and other working
conditions the cause. (See table 4.) Thus wages,
hours, and supplementary benefits were the major
issues in only 35 percent of those stoppages involv
ing less than 20 workers, and in 48 to 55 percent
of the larger stoppages. Similarly, other working
conditions (including such matters as job security,
physical working conditions, and workloads) were
a major issue in 12 percent of work stoppages
where under 20 workers were involved, and in 32
to 38 percent where 250 or more workers were
involved. Conversely, the larger the stoppage,
the less frequently was union organization, either
alone or in combination with wages, hours, and
supplementary benefits, the cause. It diminished
from 42 percent in stoppages involving under 20
workers to 7 percent in stoppages involving 1,000
or more workers.
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Conclusions
Whether the Nation’s overall record of labor
peace appears good or bad in a particular year
depends primarily upon a relatively few bargaining
situations, often involving large companies. The
92 percent of all work stoppages which take place
in situations involving less than 1,000 employees
typically may have a minimal impact upon the
total economy. And the 15 percent of all work
stoppages which take place in the firms having less
than 20 employees (and they are 95 percent of all
firms) have virtually no impact upon the economy
as a whole because they account for considerably
less than 0.5 percent of all idleness.
This does not mean that these small-scale
stoppages do not sometimes have disastrous
effects upon the workers or the employer. Nor
does it mean that they do not dramatically, and
sometimes adversely, affect communities. It
also does not mean that they are all unimportant
1333
SIZE OF FIRM AND STRIKE ACTIVITY
T a b le 3.
Major issues involved in work stoppages,1 1935-4.1 and 1947-56
Stoppages
Major issues
Number
Workers involved
Man-days idle
Percent of Number Percent of Number Percent of
total
(thousands)
total
(thousands)
total
Total, 1935-41
All issues___________________
_________________ _____________________
21,097
1 0 0 .0
8,561
1 0 0 .0
114,210
Wages, hours, and supplementary benefits 2_______________ ______________
Union organization, wages, hours, and supplementary benefits 2_______________
Union organization ..1..'._____ ______ 11_______ 1________________________
Other working conditions____________________________________ _______ . . .
Interunion or intraunion m atters-. ____ __ ____________ ________________
Not reported—- __ _ _ _ __________ _________________ ___ _
* 6,689
(3)
3 10,933
3 3 3,475
(4)
(s)
31.7
3,299
(3)
3 3,612
4 31,648
(4)
(3)
38.5
34,840
(3)
51.8
16.5
42.2
19.3
1 0 0 .0
30.5
59.6
9.9
3 6 8 ,1 2 0
* 3 11,344
(4)
(5)
Total, 1947-56
All issues_________ __________________ ____________________
___________
42,119
1 0 0 .0
23,810
1 0 0 .0
352,200
1 0 0 .0
Wages, hours, and supplementary benefits 2______________________________
Union organization, wages, hours, and supplementary benefits 2______
Union organization - _________ __________________ ______________ ______
Other working conditions______________________________ _________ _______
Interunion or intraunion m atters._ __________ ______ — _________________
Not reported__________________________________________________________
20, 760
2,808
5,452
9,916
2,557
626
49.3
6.7
12.9
23.5
13,041
2,128
863
6 ,595
1,079
93
54.8
8.9
3.6
27.7
4.5
.4
230,800
63,829
14,009
36,270
6,757
457
65.5
18.1
4.0
10.3
1.9
6 .1
1.5
.1
1 For definitions, see footnote 1, table 1.
8 Supplementary benefits were added to the title in 1951 for purposes of
clarification; no change was made in definition or content of this category.
3 For 1935-41, stoppages primarily over union organization matters (e. g.,
recognition, strengthening the union’s bargaining position, union security)
but which also involved wage and hour issues were classified under union
organization.
* For 1935-41, stoppages primarilj over inter- or intra-union matters (juris
dictional and rival union disputes) were classified under other working
conditions.
5
For 1935-41, stoppages in which the major issue was not reported were
included under other working conditions.
N ote: The sums of the individual items may not equal totals because
of rounding and, for number of workers involved and man-days idle, because
they are based on published data which were rounded to the first three
significant digits.
to the economy, because sometimes a stoppage in a
small supplier’s operations can cause a bottleneck
in a larger production process.
It does mean, however, that the Nation’s
industrial peace record is heavily influenced by
work stoppages in large bargaining units-—many
of which are in the less than 0.1 percent of all firms
having 1,000 or more employees. In relation to
all agreements in effect, the number of labormanagement contracts covering as many as 1,000
T
able
4.
Percentage distribution of work stoppages 1 beginning in 1956 by major issue and size of stoppage
Size of stoppage (number of workers involved)
Major issues
All stoppages
6 and
under 20
20 and
under 100
10 0 and
under 250
250 and
500 and
under 500 under 1,0 00
and
over
1,0 0 0
Percentage distribution by size of stoppage
Wages, hours, and supplementary benefits.- _____________ —
Other working conditions. ___________________________ . . .
Union organization, wages, hours, and supplementary benefits...
Union organization________________________________ ______
Intraunion or interunion matters____ _________ _____ _____
Not reported_________________________ _ . . . . . . . . ___
All issues_____ . . . __________________________ _______
Num ber
1,821
862
329
445
317
51
3,825
P ercent
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
10 0 . 0
1 0 0 .0
13.0
9.7
31.0
41.8
18.6
23.5
17.8
35.8
24.9
40.1
42.2
40.7
43.1
35.0
22.4
25.4
16.4
8.5
2 1 .1
25.5
20.9
13.5
17.5
6 .1
3.4
11.7
3.9
1 2 .2
6 .8
11.4
2.7
2 .2
8.7
1 1 .0
3.6
1 .8
3.8
3.9
0
4.1
6 .6
7.5
48.4
38.6
3.5
3.9
4.7
55.4
33.1
4.2
Percentage distribution by major issue
P e rc en t
Wages, hours, and supplementary benefits____ _______________
Other working conditions. _______________________________
Union organization, wages, hours, and supplementary benefits__
Union organization... _ _______________ ______________
Intraunion or interunion m atters_________________ _________
N ot reported_________________________ _____________ _ .
47.6
22.5
8 .6
1 1 .6
8.3
1.3
34.9
12.4
15.0
27.4
8.7
48.7
16.1
9.9
14.1
9.6
51.0
27.4
1 .8
1 .6
1 .6
52.4
32.3
4.3
3.2
7.9
.4
6 .8
4.8
8.4
.8
2 .8
4.5
0
All issues__________________________ ________________
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
Num ber of stoppages......................................................... ........ ........
3,825
680
1,338
798
468
254
287
i For definitions, see footnote 1, table 1.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
1334
workers is actually remarkably small, although in
terms of workers covered it is impressively large.
The file of bargaining agreements maintained by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics, which contains
virtually all current agreements covering 1,000 or
more workers, exclusive of the railroad and airline
industries, contained only 1,859 such agreements
in July 1957.4 Together, however, these agree
ments covered 8,143,100 workers, or about onehalf of total collective bargaining coverage. Yet
there are now in existence an estimated total of
at least 125,000 collectively bargained contracts.
The overall figures of work stoppages do not tell
the whole story of industrial relations in the
Nation; they merely measure the most dramatic
aspect of a complex economic and social subject.
We have seen that there is a relation between
business size and strike activity. We have also
seen that there are differences in the frequency and
duration of, and the issues involved in, work
stoppages by size of firm and number of workers
involved. Perhaps even more significant, how
ever, but not available in the data, are the differ
ences which undoubtedly exist as between different
kinds of firms and different kinds of unions.
< See Membership of American Trade Unions, 1956 (in Monthly Labor
Review, October 1957, p. 1210, footnote 18).
Conferences and Institutes, December 16, 1957, to January 15, 1958
Editor’s Note. —As a service to its readers, the Monthly Labor Review publishes
a list of forthcoming conferences and institutes devoted to the broad field of indus
trial relations. Institutes and organizations are invited to submit schedules of
such meetings for listing. To be timely enough for publication, announcements
must be received 90 days prior to the date of a conference.
Date
Dec. 16-18_____
Dec. 16-18_____
Dec. 16-20------Dec. 19-20_____
Dec. 28-30------Jan. 6-8-----------
Jan. 13-15--------
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Conference and sponsor
Place
Workshop on Selection, Training, Motivation, and Compensation of Research and Development Personnel. Sponsor:
American Management Association.
Conference on Holding Meetings. Sponsor: Management
Center, Marquette University.
Conference on Fundamentals of Collective Bargaining. Sponsor: Management Center, Marquette University.
Orientation Seminar on Personnel Record Keeping. Sponsor:
American Management Association.
Annual meeting. Sponsor: American Economic Association.
Workshops on (1) Selecting, Interviewing, and Orienting the
New Employee; (2) Personnel Administration in the Non
union Plant; (3) Improving Supervisory Training Methods.
Sponsor: American Management Association.
Workshops on (1) The Personnel Department’s Role in Cost
Reduction; (2) Preparation for and Administration of SUB
Plans; (3) Improving the Plant Safety Program. Sponsor:
American Management Association.
New York, N. Y.
Milwaukee, Wis.
Milwaukee, Wis.
New York, N. Y.
Philadelphia, Pa.
New Orleans, La.
New York, N. Y.
The 17th Convention
of the
Teamsters Union
H arry P . Cohany*
M eeting against a background of serious charges
of corruption and other unethical practices, the
17th quinquennial convention of the International
Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Ware
housemen and Helpers of America (IBT) re
peatedly expressed confidence that it would over
come the difficulties it faces and gave a strong
vote of confidence to its newly elected leader,
James R. Hoffa. The 1,750 delegates overwhelm
ingly rejected accusations leveled by the AFLCIO Ethical Practices Committee against several
of the union’s leaders. In other actions, the
convention, in session from September 30 through
October 5 in Miami Beach, Fla., adopted numerous
constitutional amendments designed to tighten
the union’s administration and to guard its
treasury against financial misdeeds.
The union’s outgoing president, Dave Beck,
informed the delegates the union was stronger
than it had ever been. Average membership for
the first 8 months of 1957 stood at 1.4 million, an
increase of nearly 300,000 since 1952. But these
figures, he stressed, did not reflect the full strength
of the Teamster membership. During August
1957, Teamster locals paid per capita tax to the
international on 1,589,850 members. The finan
cial position of the union was also strong, Secre
tary-Treasurer John F. English announced, point
ing to the union’s net worth of more than $38
million, a gain of $11 million in the 5 years since
the last convention. During this period, nearly
$5 million went for organizing expenses and $4
million for strike benefits.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Intraunion Political Activity
As widely predicted, Mr. Hoffa was overwhelm
ingly elected president, sweeping his chosen slate
of candidates into General Executive Board offices.
The election was preceded by a prolonged hassle
over the seating of delegates.1 On the trouble
some question of whether the delegates had been
elected in accordance with the union’s constitution
(namely, 30 days or more prior to the opening day
of the convention, at a membership meeting or by
the local’s Executive Board, if the meeting so
authorizes), President Beck ruled that the 30-day
requirement “is not mandatory but directory and
is for the administrative convenience of the
General Secretary-Treasurer.” After repeated
screenings, and with a wary eye in the direction
of the Senate Select Committee on Improper
Practices in the Labor or Management Field and
the courts, the Credentials Committee decided to
seat 1,753 delegates, and recommended that 65
delegates not be seated. In addition, 49 delegates
withdrew their credentials, and 24 failed to appear
before the committee.
Originally opposing Vice President Hoffa in his
bid for the top post were four “reform” candidates,
pledged to rid the union of unsavory individuals
and practices and determined to keep the IBT
within the AFL-CIO. One of the 4, Congress
man John F. Shelley of California, withdrew on
Monday, September 30, vainly urging the other 3
candidates to pool their forces against Hoffa.
Only one other contender, Thomas L. Hickey, sixth
vice president, withdrew; he threw his support
behind the candidacy of the seventh vice president,
William A. Lee. Lee and Thomas J. Haggerty,
secretary-treasurer of Local No. 753, Chicago,
were apparently unable to agree on a single
opposition candidate. These contenders were no
match for the efficient and well-financed Hoffa
*Of the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
i
On Friday, September 27, Judge F. Dickinson Letts of the U. S. District
Court in the District of Columbia granted a temporary injunction blocking
the election of Teamster leaders after 13 rank-and-file members had charged
that the convention delegates had been selected in violation of the union’s
constitution. This injunction was set aside on September 28 by the U. S.
Court of Appeals in the District which stipulated, however, that all delegates
be seated in accordance with the union’s constitution. On October 1, Chief
Justice Earl Warren of the United States Supreme Court upheld the order of
the court of appeals.
1335
1336
forces. The final vote was Hoffa, 1,208; Lee,
313; and Haggerty, 140.
John F. English was unanimously reelected
secretary-treasurer. All of the other 13 members
elected to the General Executive Board had the
full support of President-elect Hoffa. In the only
contest for vice president, John J. O’Rourke,
president of the New York Joint Council of
Teamsters, defeated Thomas L. Hickey for the
office of sixth vice president by a vote of 1,105 to
133. Eight members of the new board were
elected for the first time, and 5 are holdovers.2
To enable President-elect Hoffa to assume office
on October 15, President Beck agreed to step down
6 weeks ahead of the December 1 expiration of his
term. The constitution, as amended, permits a
new president to take office during the “lame
duck” period should his predecessor resign or die.
The convention eliminated the Office of General
President Emeritus which would have granted
Dave Beck a voice in the union’s affairs and would
have permitted him to retain all the perquisites
of his office as president.3 The convention took
no action regarding his occupancy of the unionowned home in Seattle.
Constitutional Changes
In the wake of widespread criticism of the con
duct of the union’s internal affairs, the union’s
constitution was substantially revised. Acting on
the recommendation of the constitution commit
tee headed by Einar O. Mohn, the convention
voted to curb the president’s powers by enlarg
ing those of the General Executive Board. The
president’s supervision over the union’s affairs was
expressly made subject to review and approval of
the board. Any action taken by the president
between sessions of the board must be reported at
its next meeting for approval. The ultimate
power to approve bylaws of local unions and
joint (city) councils now rests with the board, as
does the removal of conference4 chairmen and
international representatives. This body was also
given a decisive voice in the editorial content
of the official publication, the International
Teamster.
The delegates also took action to tighten
financial reporting practices. The secretary-treas
urer is now required to publish semiannual finan
cial reports together with a certified public ac
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
countant’s statement in the official journal of the
union. He is now empowered to hire a staff of
auditors to check the books of every local union,
joint council, and other affiliated bodies. Such an
audit is to take place once every 2 years. Local
affiliates must have their books checked, at their
own expense, at least annually. Should they fail
to do so, the international will make the audit.
In a related action, the convention approved an
amendment which rules out loans from the inter
national’s treasury to anyone, except upon ap
proval of the Finance Committee and the General
Executive Board.
Allegations that the Teamsters had chartered
“paper” locals (locals with fictitious membership)
in New York City were probably responsible for
a revision of the constitution’s section dealing with
the issuance of local charters. The amendment
provides that all charter applications must be
signed by at least 7 members employed within the
jurisdiction of the international, and must be
jointly approved by the secretary-treasurer, the
president, and a majority of the General Executive
Board. The following sentence was also added:
Affiliation with and the issuance of a charter by the inter
national union and compliance with all the provisions and
requirements of this international constitution are in no
way conditional upon the affiliation or nonaffiliation of the
international union with any other organization either at
the time of the issuance of a charter or subsequent thereto.
Rules pertaining to local unions under trustee
ship (direct control by the international) were also
modified. Trustees are to make reports to the
president at least every 6 months, indicating
whether the trusteeship should continue or be
terminated. As a rule, local union self-govern
ment is to be restored after 2 years. For the
2 The 5 holdovers are: John J. Conlin, first vice president; John T. O’Brien'
second vice president; Joseph J. Diviny, third vice president; Einar O. Mohn,
fourth vice president; and Harry Tevis, fifth vice president. New vice presi
dents are: John J. O’Rourke, sixth vice president; Owen Burt Brennan,
seventh vice president; Thomas E. Flynn, eighth vice president; John J.
Backhus, ninth vice president; Gordon R. Conklin, tenth vice president;
M urray W. Miller, eleventh vice president; George E. Mock, twelfth vice
president; and Harold J. Gibbons, thirteenth vice president. The convention
amended the constitution to increase the number of vice presidents from 1 1 to
13. Vice President Gibbons, it was expected, would assume the office of
executive assistant to the president, the job formerly held by Vice President
Mohn.
3 This action did not, however, affect Mr. Beck’s pension of $50,000 a year.
4 Under the Teamsters’ structure, 4 area conferences are established to
handle the union’s affairs. These are: the Western Conference, embracing
11 western States, western Canada, Alaska, and the Hawaiian Islands; the
Central Conference, embracing 12 central States and 2 central Canadian
Provinces; the Eastern Conference, embracing 15 eastern States, the District
of Columbia, and 4 Canadian Provinces; and the Southern Conference, em
bracing 10 southern States.
THE TEAMSTERS UNION 17TH CONVENTION
trusteeship to remain in effect for a longer period
of time, special approval of the General Executive
Board is mandatory .
Considerable debate developed over an amend
ment to centralize collective bargaining in the
hands of area conferences. As adopted, the new
provision compels local unions to affiliate with
their respective conferences, which, in turn, are
authorized to negotiate areawide agreements sub
ject to approval by a majority of the membership.
Advocates of greater local autonomy were defeated
when President-elect Hoffa threw his full support
behind the proposed amendment.
Hoffa also succeeded in defeating a proposal
which would have automatically removed from
office any officer found guilty of committing a
crime. The old constitutional clause giving local
unions the sole authority to revoke membership
of their convicted officers was retained.
Labor Unity
One of the central issues the convention had to
face was the future of the IBT within the united
labor movement.5 Secretary-Treasurer English,
the man elected last May by the AFL-CIO
Executive Council to replace Dave Beck whom it
had removed as a member of that body, explained
his personal attitude on the first day of the con
vention in strong and defiant terms. In a “no
appeasement” speech, he urged the delegates to
be prepared to go it alone. By being expelled,
the Teamsters would save $1 million a year in
taxes to the parent federation. “. . . We will
have that million dollars to play with, if you
know what I mean,” Mr. English said. The
applause of the delegates indicated that they
understood.
A less defiant tone, however, was struck by
President-elect Hoffa during the closing minutes
of the convention. He declared: “. . . We have
always enjoyed working with our brothers in the
labor movement and we hope that we will be able
to continue such mutually valuable cooperation.
We value our affiliation with the AFL-CIO. We
shall do all things that we reasonably can to
5 The union has been ordered to report to the AFL-CIO Executive Council
on October 24 what steps it has taken to comply with the council's ultimatum
th at it rid itself of corruption and oust “ those who are responsible for . . .
abuses.”
6 For discussion of the committee’s charges against Mr. Hoffa, see p. 1381
of this issue.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1837
maintain that affiliation without sacrificing our
honor or our basic autonomy. We hope that we
will be successful in our efforts to do so . . .”
Early in the proceedings, Vice President Lee
asked President Beck to invite AFL-CIO President
George Meany to address the convention on the
“differences” dividing the two organizations.
This request was rejected by President Beck as
being too “time consuming.” In a surprise move,
however, the AFL-CIO Ethical Practices Com
mittee’s report condemning the IBT was read in
full to the delegates. After listening to the in
dictment for more than 2 hours, the delegates
voted to strike the entire report from the record of
the convention. A motion by anti-Hoffa forces that
the charges be referred to a committee for further
study was rejected. Subsequently, President
elect Hoffa rose to read into the record his reply
to the Ethical Practices Committee, denying, in
general terms, any wrongdoing on his part.6
In a series of impromptu press conferences, Mr.
Hoffa repeatedly indicated that he saw no reason
why the Teamsters should be expelled from the
AFL-CIO. The convention had, he pointed out,
acted to bring the union into compliance, in large
measure, with the ethical practices codes recom
mended by the parent federation. Three of the
individuals singled out for censure by the Ethical
Practices Committee—President Beck and Vice
Presidents Brewster and Sidney L. Brennan—
had been removed from positions of leadership.
(Hoffa himself was a fourth.) The constitution,
he added, had been amended so as to make vir
tually impossible financial malpractices or char
tering of phantom locals. He pledged that the
IBT would become a model of trade unionism.
However, President-elect Lloffa was also pre
pared to use other means to stay in the AFLCIO. Pointing to the key posts held by Teamster
officials in State and local labor bodies, he pre
dicted a strong campaign to convince President
Meany not to expel the union. In addition, Mr.
Hoffa indicated to reporters that he expected to
meet with other union presidents for the purpose of
“seeking advice” as to his future course.
Threats of a secession movement, heard re
peatedly during the convention, were discussed
openly by the union leader. In his estimate, no
more than 10 percent of the membership would
leave the IBT were the AFL-CIO to charter a
competing union.
His opponents, however,
1338
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
warned of a higher rate of disaffiliation. AntiHoffa forces have their greatest strength in the
New York City area and in the Pacific Northwest.
Other Convention Affairs
In sharp contrast with other large labor con
ventions, the Teamsters spent no convention
time in discussing domestic political, social, and
economic issues or international labor affairs, or
in formulating general collective bargaining goals.
No guest speakers appeared. Of the handful of reso
lutions read before the convention, most dealt with
purely internal union matters and were adopted
without discussion.
Friendly telegrams were read from a small
number of unions, including the Garment Workers,
the Barbers, and the Carpenters.
AFL-CIO Suspension Notice to Teamsters Union
o t e .— On October 24, 1957, the Executive Council of the
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations
suspended the International Brotherhoodfof Teamsters. The text of
the council’s resolution, in part, follows.
E d it o r ’s N
o f T e a m s t e r s held a
convention in the week of September 30, 1957, at Miami
Beach. The [Executive] Council notes that at that con
vention, according to published reports, certain actions
were taken. Among those actions were the following:
1. The report of the Ethical Practices Committee was
read to the convention but immediately thereafter, was
expunged from its minutes.
2. A motion from the floor of the convention that the
union undertake its own investigations of the matters
referred to in the findings of the Ethical Practices Com
mittee was rejected.
3. An investigation was apparently ordered with respect
to the so-called paper locals in the New York area, but no
investigation and no proceedings were begun with respect
to officials of the Teamsters union, including President
Dave Beck and Vice Presidents Sidney Brennan and Frank
Brewster, who were found by the Ethical Practices Com
mittee to have engaged in corrupt practices.
4. Other officials of the Teamsters union who were in
volved in the matters set forth in the report of the Ethical
Practices Committee were not only retained in office but
were promoted. Among these were Vice President James
Hoffa, who was found by the Ethical Practices Committee
to have engaged in corrupt activities and was elected
president of the I n t e r n a t io n a l Brotherhood; John
O’Rourke, who as president of Joint Council 16 invoked
the fifth amendment with respect to questions of improper
activities, and was elected as a vice president; and Owen
Brennan, who was a partner of Hoffa in many of the activi
ties found by the Ethical Practices Committee to be im
proper, and recently invoked the fifth amendment before
the McClellan committee, and who was also named as a
vice president by the International Brotherhood.
5. The convention did not take any action to amend
the constitution of the Teamsters union to accord with the
principles set forth in the ethical practices codes adopted
by the council with respect to union democratic practices.
The actions of the convention of the International
Brotherhood of Teamsters constitute without question a
T h e I n t e r n a t io n a l B r o t h e r h o o d
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
rejection of the “basic principle,” set forth in Article 8,
Section 7, of the AFL—CIO constitution, “of this Federa
tion that it must be and remain free from any and all
corrupt influences,” as well as a defiance of the Executive
Council of the AFL—CIO. Taken as a whole, the actions
of the convention imply an adherence to the principles of
corrupt rather than the principles of free and honest trade
unionism.
In accordance with the power vested in it by Article 8,
Section 7, of the constitution, the Executive Council there
fore directs that the International Brotherhood of Team
sters shall stand immediately suspended from the AFLCIO. Such suspension shall be lifted if and when the
International Brotherhood of Teamsters shall agree:
A. To remove and bar from office in the international
union those named by this Executive Council in its Sep
tember 25 report as being responsible for the abuses re
ferred to in that report.
B. That a special committee appointed by the Executive
Council, and assisted by such representative or representa
tives as may be appointed by the president, shall be given
authority to direct such actions as the committee deems
appropriate to correct the abuses set forth in the report
of the Ethical Practices Committee; to eliminate all other
corrupt influences from the International Brotherhood, and
to insure compliance with the AFL-CIO constitution, the
codes of ethical practices adopted by the Executive Coun
cil and the directives of the Executive Council in this
matter.
In the event the International Brotherhood of Teamsters
fails promptly to consent to the conditions set forth above,
the Executive Council will recommend to the forthcoming
convention of the AFL-CIO that the International
Brotherhood of Teamsters be expelled from the AFL-CIO.
This action of the Executive Council puts the ultimate
fate of the Teamsters union squarely in the hands of the
leadership of that union. The suspension can be lifted at
any time that the union complies with the council’s direc
tive to eliminate corrupt influences from positions of
leadership.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Effects of the $1 Minimum Wage:
Men’s and Boys’ Shirt Industry
impact of the $1 minimum in relation to level of
earnings in various industry segments.
Industry Characteristics
of the eifects of Federal minimum wage
legislation on the wage structure of the men’s and
boys’ shirt and nightwear industry 1 have demon
strated: (1) in the short run (immediately follow
ing the introduction of a higher minimum), average
hourly earnings are significantly increased, geo
graphic and occupational wage differentials are
narrowed, an increased proportion of the workers
are concentrated about the minimum wage, and
relatively minor increases in the proportion of
workers are found in the higher earnings levels;
(2) in the long run, wage-rate* adjustments for
workers above the new minimum tend to reverse
some of the early effects. These wage structure
changes have been noted in surveys of this industry
conducted by the U. S. Department of Labor’s
Bureau of Labor Statistics following both the
1950 increase in the minimum to 75 cents an hour,
and the 1956 increase to $1 an hour.2 In these
surveys, the Bureau’s field representatives exam
ined payroll and personnel records relating to
periods before and after increases in the minimum
wage (including immediate and longer run periods)
in a sample of plants representing all those
throughout the country with 21 or more workers.
The 1956 study of the effects of the $1 minimum
wage reflected earnings data for approximately
95,000 nonsupervisory workers during 3 payroll
periods—February, April, and October 1956 (the
$1 minimum wage became effective on March 1,
1956). The data show a 9-percent increase in
straight-time average hourly earnings between
February and April, and a further 2.5-percent
increase between April and October 1956. These
overall upward adjustments were not recorded
equally among various regional and product
segments of the industry, nor were they entirely
due to the increased minimum; nonetheless, the
survey clearly indicated the differences in the
S t u d ie s
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Two shifts in the industry’s characteristics have
taken place during the last decade which have had
significant influence on the wage structure: (1) the
shift of the major employment area from the
Middle Atlantic region to the Southeast; and (2)
the shift of the major product from dress shirts
to sport shirts.
About two-thirds of the shirt manufacturing
plants are located in the Middle Atlantic and
Southeast regions and employ about three-fourths
of the industry’s workers. However, in 1945,
nearly 60 percent of the plants and over half of
the workers were in the Middle Atlantic region
while the Southeast had about 8 percent of the
plants and 18 percent of the workers. Since then,
employment rose in both regions but a spectacular
growth in the Southeast changed the major area
of employment. By 1956, the Southeast had 31
percent of the plants and 43 percent of the work
ers while the Middle Atlantic had 36 percent of the
plants and 32 percent of the workers. Since
average hourly earnings had been consistently
lower in the Southeast than in the Middle Atlantic
prior to the effective date of the $1 minimum, this
major shift of employment deflated the rise in
average earnings for the industry. It also accent
uated the industrywide effects of the minimum
wage since a larger proportion of the industry’s
workers were in lower paying plants.
1 The industry consists of establishments primarily engaged in manu
facturing men’s, youths’, and boys’ shirts, collars, and nightwear, cut and
sewed from purchased woven or knit fabric (industry group 2321) as defined
in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual (U. S. Bureau of the Budget,
1945 edition). Work shirts are excluded.
2 These surveys were published in the following bulletins: Wage Structure,
Cotton Garments, Series 2 , No. 75,1949; Wage Structure, Men’s Dress Shirts
and Nightwear, Series 2 , No. 80, 1950; Wage Structure, M en’s and Boys’
Dress Shirts and Nightwear, BLS Report 74, M ay 1954; and the forthcoming
Wage Structure, Men’s and Boys’ Shirts (except work shirts) and Nightwear,
BLS Report 116, February, April, and October 1956.
1339
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
1340
wages for workers in predominantly sport shirt
plants among the regions (49 cents an hour be
tween the Southeast region, where the majority
of lower quality sport shirts are produced and the
Pacific region where better quality sport shirts are
manufactured). Over 50 percent of all workers
in sport shirt plants in 1956 were employed in
the lower paying Southeast region which dampened
the average for all workers in these plants. The
differences in the impact of the higher minimum
wage on average earnings of workers in plants
producing dress shirts (5 cents) and sport shirts
(13 cents) reflected the phenomenal growth of
plants producing lower price-line sport shirts in
the Southeast. Average hourly earnings in sport
The second change in the industry’s character
istics—the shift of the major product from dress
shirts to sport shirts—was a transformation which
coincided with the growth of the Southeast as the
important shirt manufacturing area. In 1947, the
industry manufactured approximately 150 million
men’s dress shirts and 55 million men’s sport
shirts. In 1956, these figures had changed to
92 million dress shirts (a 39-percent decrease)
and 175 million sport shirts (a 218-percent in
crease). The variation in styles, materials, and
prices are greater among sport shirts than dress
shirts and earnings appear to be related to these
variations. The wide range in sport shirt quality
and price lines accounts in part for the range in
1. Percentage distribution of nonsupervisory workers by selected straight-time average hourly earnings1 intervals,
men’s and boys’ shirt (except work shirt) and nightwear industry, February, April, arid October 1956, United States and
selected regions 2
T able
Average hourly earnings
(in cents)
United States »
Border States
Middle Atlantic
New England
1
February
April
October
February
October
April
February
April
October
February
(4)
12.4
21.5
(4)
1 .8
50.7
30.3
April
October
Effective m inim um wage
75
and under 76____ ____
and under 1 0 1 _______
100
15.2
(4)
(4)
34.6
(4)
30.1
45.0
28.7
14.4
8.9
1.9
1.9
68.9
17.2
2.9
63.9
19.0
11.9
1 0 0 .0
5.7
(4)
(4)
23.4
(4)
13.7
2 .1
4.0
(4)
(4)
20.4
(4)
43.9
(4)
36.9
3.5
71.7
17.2
.6
3.0
76.5
14.3
5.5
.7
Earnings intervals
Under 7/5
75 and under 100________
100 and under 125_______
125 and under 150_______
150 and under 200_ .
200 and over___________
Total____
_____
Number of workers_____
Average straight-time
hourly earnings.-......... .
1 .0
1 .2
.2
53.6
25.3
16.5
2.5
2.5
40.1
29.1
24.3
4.0
23.8
35.3
2 .2
21.5
36.2
24.6
15.5
2.3
14.5
3.2
54.2
24.7
16.7
3.4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
95,328
93,116
96, 628
3, 844
3,846
3,904
30, 521
29,820
30, 509
8,401
8,144
8,519
$1.09
$1.19
$1 .2 2
$1.23
$1.27
$1.35
$1.23
$1.28
$1.34
$1 .0 2
$1 .1 2
$1.15
1 0 .0
2 .1
2 2 .8
45.5
27.8
1 1 .8
5.5
2 0 .2
4.9
Great Lakes
Southeast
February
1 .2
April
October
(4)
(4)
February
6 .8
.9
Pacific
April
October
(4)
(4)
February
April
October
(4)
(4)
Effective m inim um wage
75 and under 76___ _____
100 and under 1 0 1 _______
24.9
(4)
46.1
44.1
2.7
(4)
2 0 .2
2.7
2 .0
2.7
50.0
28.8
16.3
3.5
(4)
19.2
21.4
Earnings intervals
Under 7Ft
7F\ and under 100
100 and under 125_______
125 and under 150_______
150 and under 200___. . .
200 and over___________
1 .6
6 6 .2
2 1 .2
.6
.6
Total____________
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
Number of workers. . . . .
Average straight-time
hourly earnings_______
41, 758
$0.95
6.9
3.7
2.3
82.1
3.8
79.5
1 0 .8
1 1 .0
.4
2 0 .8
.1
38.2
22.5
25.8
13.6
58.6
25.4
1 2 .6
.8
1.9
1 2 .1
2 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
40,621
42, 440
3, 506
3,652
3,785
3,979
3, 773
4,205
$1 . 1 1
$1 . 1 1
$1 .2 1
$1.24
$1.27
$1.41
$1.47
$1.44
4.2
4.9
1
Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on holidays, weekends,
and late shifts.
* The regions used in this study include: N ew England— Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont; Middle
Atlantic— N ew Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania; Border States— Delaware,
District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia; South
east— Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina,. South Caro
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
13.9
27.3
22.4
24.7
11.7
39.7
24.7
2 .0
40.1
2 2 .0
26.5
11.3
lina, Tennessee; Great Lakes —Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio,
Wisconsin; Pacific— California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington.
* Includes data for regions other than those shown separately.
Not applicable.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
THE $1 MINIMUM WAGE AND THE SHIRT INDUSTRY
shirt plants were higher than those in dress shirt
plants in all regions except the South.
Other characteristics which help design the
industry’s wage structure include the predomi
nance of women workers (90 percent of all nonsupervisory workers), the concentration of workers
in the single job of sewing-machine operators (58
percent), the prevalence of the piecework method
of wage payment (79 percent), and the fact that
nearly half of the workers were employed in plants
which had labor-management contracts covering
a majority of their workers.
1341
Comparison of regional averages with straighttime average hourly earnings1 in Southeast, men’s and
hoys’ shirt (except work shirt) and nightwear industry, 1956
T a b l e 2.
Region
Pacific_____________
New England______
Middle Atlantic_____
Great Lakes_________
Border States_______
Cents-per-hour differ
ence over Southeast
Indexes
(Southeast= 100 )
Febru
ary
April
Octo
ber
Febru
ary
April
46
28
28
26
7
36
16
17
13
33
24
23
16
4
148
129
129
127
107
132
114
115
1
11 2
101
Octo
ber
3 130
122
121
114
104
i Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays
and late shifts.
Effects of the $1 Minimum Wage
Wage Levels. Several of the elements of the in
dustry wage structure as they existed in February
1956 3 and the subsequent changes in the structure
in April and October 1956 are shown in table 1.
Straight-time average hourly earnings for all nonsupervisory workers were $1.09 in February, rose
10 cents in the period immediately following the
increase in the minimum wage to $1, and rose
another 3 cents by October. One month prior
to the effective date of the new minimum, 46 per
cent of the workers earned less than $1 an hour
and 15 percent earned 75 cents an hour, the then
legal minimum wage; 1 month after the effective
date of the new minimum, less than 2 percent
earned under $1 (reported as learners and handi
capped workers), and nearly 35 percent earned
$1 an hour; 7 months after the new m inim u m ^
nearly 3 percent earned under $1 (an increase in
the number of learners), and 30 percent earned
$1 an hour.
These changes in average hourly earnings and
the distribution of workers by earnings intervals
largely reflect the pattern observed in previous
minimum wage increases: an increased proportion
of workers earning the minimum wage; a com
pression of the earnings range; and a small in
crease in the proportion of workers earning rates
exceeding the new minimum.
The October data show a decline in the propor
tion of workers earning $1 and an increase in the
proportion earning more than the new minimum.
However, these latter changes were attributable
to a general wage-rate increase of 10 cents an
3
The industry’s wage structure in February 1956 was virtually unchanged
from th at reported in the May 1954 survey.
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hour, effective September 4, 1956, negotiated be
tween management and the Amalgamated Cloth
ing Workers rather than to longer run changes
directly attributable to the minimum wage.
Table 1 indicates that changes in earnings in
duced by the $1 minimum wage and the new con
tract provisions produced different results in the
separate regions, depending on the level of earn
ings prior to the increase in the minimum and the
extent of unionization. The composite data for
the whole of the United States largely reflect an
average of the data for the Middle Atlantic and
Southeast regions which employ three-fourths of
the workers and whose wage structures differ from
each other. In February 1956, nearly one-fourth
of the shirt workers in the Middle Atlantic region
earned less than $1 and 4 percent earned 75 cents
whereas in the Southeast, two-thirds earned less
than $1 and one-fourth earned 75 cents. The $1
minimum wage, therefore, produced greater
changes in the southern region than in the
northern.
Average straight-time hourly earnings in the
Middle Atlantic region rose from $1.23 to $1.28
between February and April, a modest 4 percent,
compared with the nearly 17-percent increase in
the Southeast (from 95 cents to $1.11 an hour).
Over 20 percent of the workers in the Middle
Atlantic were earning the higher minimum in
April—a significantly new concentration at the
legal minimum—and 46 percent in the Southeast
earned $1—nearly double the proportion of
workers who earned the legal minimum in
February.
The wage provisions of the new union contract
greatly affected earnings in the Middle Atlantic
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
1342
region, where about 80 percent of the workers
were employed in plants which had labor-manage
ment contracts covering a majority of the workers,
but had virtually no effect in the Southeast, where
only about 20 percent of the workers were in
plants having such contracts. Average hourly
earnings in the Middle Atlantic rose 6 cents (4.7
percent) between April and October but remained
unchanged in the Southeast.
T able 3. Straight-time average hourly earnings1 for
selected occupations, men’s and boys’ shirt (except work
shirt) and nightivear industry, Middle Atlantic and South
east regions, February, April, and October 1956
Southeast
Middle Atlantic
Occupation
Febru April
ary
Cutters, machine (men)------ $1.95 $1.97
Pressers, finish, hand (worn1.36
en)_______ — --------------- 1.33
Repairmen, sewing-machine
1.95
1.94
(men). ---- ------- -----------Sewing-machine
operators
1.25
1.19
(women) ____
--------1. 34
Spreaders (men)----------------- 1.33
Work distributors (women).. 1.12 1.15
Octo Febru April
ary
ber
Octo
ber
$1.48
$2.08
$1.43
$1.46
1.44
.97
1.13
1.13
2.03
1.62
1. 69
1.67
1.32
1. 42
1.24
1.00
.95
1.11
1 .1 1
.91
1.15
1.04
1.16
1.07
i Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holi
days, and late shifts.
The average wage differentials between the
high- and low-wage regions were significantly
narrowed immediately following the increase in
the minimum and some of the advantage was
restored by October. These changes are recorded
in table 2 which shows both the absolute and
relative wage differential between the Southeast
and each of the other regions. For example, the
28-cent differential in average hourly earnings
for workers in Middle Atlantic plants over those
in the Southeast was reduced in April to 17 cents.
By October, the difference had increased to 23
cents. Federal minimum wage legislation appears
to have played a prominent role in the shirt in
dustry in reducing wage differences between the
high and low paying regions. The studies made
by the Bureau indicate that the pay adjustments
made immediately following the establishment of
the 75-cent and $1 minimums accounted for only
10 cents of the 32-cent increase in the Middle
Atlantic but for 28 cents of the 36-cent increase
in the Southeast, that occurred between August
1949 and April 1956.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Occupational Differentials. Jobs in the shirt in
dustry are generally well defined, representing a
basic core of duties and levels of skill in one plant
that generally correspond to those in almost any
other shirt plant. Earnings for workers in these
jobs tend to reflect the hierachy of skills, although
factors other than skill—for example, the time or
incentive method of pay—affect individual earn
ings.
As has already been indicated, most of the
workers in a typical shirt plant are sewing-machine
operators. Among the other numerically im
portant jobs studied, 2 of the highest paid were
men machine cutters and sewing-machine repair
men and 1 of the lowest paid was women work
distributors. Men spreaders and women finish
hand pressers occupied a middle level in the earn
ings relationships. These jobs are fairly repre
sentative of the various skills and pay levels and
provide sufficient data for an analysis of pay
differentials between the Middle Atlantic and
Southeast regions (table 3).
In the Middle Atlantic region, men machine
cutters and sewing-machine repairmen were paid
about the same rates in February 1956, averaging
$1.95 and $1.94, respectively. In the Southeast,
repairmen were the higher paid, averaging $1.62,
19 cents above cutters. At the other end of the
pay scale, women work distributors averaged $1.12
in the Middle Atlantic and 91 cents in the South
east. Immediately following the effective date of
the $1 minimum, the averages for these 3 jobs
increased 1 to 3 cents in the Middle Atlantic; but
in the Southeast, the average for women work
distributors increased 13 cents, repairmen 7 cents,
and cutters 3 cents. Job pay differentials between
the lower and higher paid jobs were sharply re
duced, therefore, in the Southeast but only
slightly affected in the northern region. By
October 1956, these job averages increased 8 to 11
cents in the Middle Atlantic but not over 3 cents
in the Southeast. As a result of these changes
the relative job pay advantages held by workers
in the Middle Atlantic over the Southeast workers
were reduced between February and April bul
were wholly or partly restored by October. Th(
union-negotiated increases were primarily respon
sible for this restoration.
WAGES IN THE WOMEN’S COAT AND SUIT INDUSTRY
Employment. In terms of total number of plants
and workers within the scope of the survey, the
$1 minimum wage appeared to have no significant
influence either in the short-run period (February
to April 1956) or in the longer run period (April
to October 1956). The fluctuations in employ
ment during the periods studied seem to reflect
normal changes in the production pattern. A
small proportion of employers attributed a few of
their discharges during the first quarter of 1956 to
the new minimum wage and some of these em
ployers reported new hires to replace these dis
charges. The long-run trends in employment—
industrywide increases in employment and larger
increases in the Southeast than in the Middle
Atlantic region—also appeared to a slight degree
during these 1956 payroll periods studied.
Plant Policies and Fringe Benefits. Plant policies
relating to scheduled hours of work, paid holidays,
vacations, health, insurance and pension plans,
and nonproduction bonuses were unaffected by
the increase in the minimum wage. Ninety per
cent or more of all workers were scheduled to
work 40 hours a week during each of the pay
periods studied. The majority of workers were
employed in plants providing paid holidays—gen
erally 6 days—except in the Southeast and South
west regions. One week or more of vacation with
pay after 1 year of service was common in the
industry throughout the country; 2 weeks after 5
years of service were available to practically all
workers in the Middle Atlantic region and to
about one-third of those in the Southeast. Life
insurance, sickness and accident, hospitalization,
and surgical insurance were available in plants em
ploying a majority of the workers. These benefits
and retirement pensions were included in the
Amalgamated Clothing Workers Welfare Plan, to
which employers contributed 5 percent of their
payrolls. About 37 percent of the production
workers were in such establishments. Christmas
or year-end bonuses were paid in some plants in
all regions but no more than 20 percent of the
workers in any region were employed in these
plants.
—N
orman
J. S a m u e l s
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
444525— 57------ 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1343
Earnings in the Women’s and
M isses’ Coat and Suit Industry
of production workers in the women’s
and misses’ coat and suit manufacturing industry
in New York City averaged $2.67 an hour in
February 1957, and were the highest among the
10 important centers surveyed by the U. S.
Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statis
tics.1 The study provides information on the
straight-time hourly earnings of production work
ers by selected job classifications as well as data
on certain establishment practices including hours
of work, paid holidays and vacations, and health
and pension benefits.
E a r n in g s
Industry Characteristics
The 10 centers covered in this study accounted
for fully three-fourths of the total employed in the
industry. New York City with 27,000 production
workers had by far the largest concentration.
Almost 13,000 workers were employed in the
nearby areas of Newark-Jersey City and Paterson.
Los Angeles with approximately 3,600 workers
was next in numerical importance. In all except
three areas—Newark-Jersey City, Paterson, and
San Francisco-Oaldand—the estimated produc
tion-worker employment had declined since Sep
tember 1951, the date of the last previous study.2
February, the survey month, is one of compara
tively high employment for the industry as estab
lishments produce for spring orders. In February
1957, the unit production of coats outnumbered
that of suits by a ratio of more than 3 to 2.3 A
large majority of the establishments surveyed in
nearly all of the 10 areas reported that coats
See Wage Structure: Women’s and Misses’ Coats and Suits, BLS Report
The study covered establishments primarily engaged in the production
of women’s and misses’ coats and suits, including regular and contract shops
and also those jobbing shops which perform some manufacturing operation
such as cutting or finishing. Shops primarily manufacturing fur coats or
skirts were excluded except those contract shops which produce skirts for suit
manufacturers or suit jobbers. The study was limited to shops employing
four or more workers at the time the establishment lists were compiled.
2 See Earnings of Workers Making Women’s Coats and Suits, 1951 (in
M onthly Labor Review, April 1952, pp. 409-412).
3 See Facts for Industry, Women’s, Misses’, and Juniors’ Apparel, Series
M23H-27, April 2,1957, U. S. Bureau of the Census.
1
122.
1344
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
represented their major product for the preceding
year.
Three distinct types of organizations comprise
the industry. Regular or “inside” shops, which
own the materials and perform all or most of the
manufacturing operations, employed almost onehalf of the workers in the shops surveyed in New
York City and were predominant in all other
areas studied except Mewark-Jersey City, Pater
son, and Boston. Contract shops, which manu
facture from materials owned (and frequently cut)
by others, accounted for nearly all of the employ
ment in the shops studied in Newark-Jersey City
and Paterson, and for a majority in Boston.
Jobbing shops, which contract out most of the
manufacturing operations, were significant only in
New York City.
T able
1.
Two types of sewing systems are employed by
the industry. On the single-hand or tailor system,
an individual performs all or most of the sewing
operations required on a garment. Three-fifths of
the operators in New York City and roughly half
of the operators in Chicago and Los Angeles-Long
Beach were employed on the single-hand system.
In the other areas, a majority of the operators
were employed on the section system, where the
operator’s sewing is limited to a specific part (or
parts) of the garment. Generally speaking, the
single-hand system requires a higher skilled work
force and is usually reflected in higher earnings.
Employment of men and women varied sub
stantially among the 10 areas studied. In New
York City, fully three-fifths of the workers were
men. In each of the remaining areas, however,
Percentage distribution of production workers in women's and misses’ coat and suit manufacturing shops, by
straight-time average hourly earnings,1 10 selected areas,2 February 1957
Average hourly earnings
(in cents)
Balti
more
1
Under 100______ ______________
and under 1 1 0 _______________
and under 1 2 0 _______________
120 and under 130______________
130 and under 140___ . .
____
140 and under 150._
. .. .
150 and under 160. . . _ ________
160 and under 170_______
____
170 and under 180..
180 and under 190..
. ............
190 and under 200____ ________
20 0 and under 2 1 0 _____
_______
2 10 and under 2 2 0 . .
___
____
220 and under 230.. _______
230 and under 240.
_____ .
240 and under 250... .............. .
250 and under 260______ _______
260 and under 2 7 0 ..___
. . ...
270 and under 280
280 and under 290...............
290 and under 300___ ______
300 and under 320___ _________
320 and under 3 4 0 ...___________
340 and under 360.. ___________
360 and under 380.. .
________
380 and under 400..
400 and under 420___ _ . ______
420 and under 440______ _
440 and under 460.. ____ ___ _
460 and under 480______
__
480 and under 500.. ____________
500 and over__________
10 0
110
1 1 .8
9.6
8 .1
6.4
15.6
7.9
5.1
4.7
3.4
2.9
3.5
2.3
2.5
1.5
1 .0
1 .8
1 .6
1.3
.8
1 .0
1.5
1 .6
1 .2
Boston Chicago
5.2
4.9
4.7
2 .0
5.5
5.5
3.8
6.4
6 .1
5.8
6.4
3.8
4.7
5.5
3.2
2.9
2 .0
5.8
1.7
1 .2
1.7
1.5
2 .0
.5
.9
.8
.6
.6
.5
.1
.9
3.2
1.7
5.6
2.3
2.7
4.8
5.1
4.1
2.4
3.4
3.3
3.2
4.3
3.4
4.6
2.9
2 .2
4.7
3.7
3.4
3.5
1.3
6.9
5.4
3.3
2.3
1.7
2.4
Los
Kansas Angeles- NewarkLong
Jersey
City
Beach
City
0 .1
5.5
17.7
6 .6
7.2
6 .8
7.8
6.4
6.3
5.6
4.2
4.8
4.2
4.2
2.7
2.5
2 .2
1.3
.8
.5
.8
.8
.3
.3
.1
.1
(4)
4.3
3.6
5.3
5.8
5.5
5.6
4.8
4.6
4.4
3.6
3.9
3.6
3.9
2.3
3.2
4.1
2 .6
2.4
1.9
2.3
3.2
2.9
3.9
2.7
2.4
1 .0
1 .8
1 .1
1. 5
1.4
.6
1 .1
1 .0
1. 2
1.4
4.9
5.0
4.9
4.8
4.9
6.7
5.9
6 .8
6.4
4.2
7.4
5.1
4.5
2 .2
3.1
3.6
2.7
2 .1
1.5
1.3
2.5
2 .1
2 .1
1.7
.6
1 .0
.6
.5
.5
.1
New York City
All
shops
(4)
1 .2
1.3
2 .6
1.9
2.3
2.7
1 .8
3.3
3.0
2 .2
5.1
4.5
5.1
3.3
4.4
4.4
3.4
4.3
5.3
2.3
9.4
8 .8
6.4
2.4
1.9
1.7
Regular
shops 3
0.7
1.3
3.1
2 .1
1 .8
1 .8
1.5
Contract
shops
(4)
1 .8
1.4
2 .1
1 .6
2 .8
3.6
2 .2
3.0
4.7
3.3
2.9
7.8
5.3
6.3
4.1
4.7
4.2
3.2
3.5
3.8
2.7
6.9
5.2
4.7
1.7
2 .2
1 .6
1.5
1.3
1.9
.9
.6
.6
.8
2 .1
2.7
1 .6
2 .6
3.7
4.0
2 .6
4.2
4.5
3.7
5.0
6 .6
2 .0
1 1 .6
11.9
8 .0
1 .1
.6
.6
.6
2 .0
.5
.3
1.3
2 .8
.9
San
Phila
Paterson delphia FranciscoOakland
6.3
4.3
5.2
3.9
5.1
7.1
4.5
0 .2
8 .8
7.3
4.4
7.9
5.4
4.0
3.4
4.4
4.1
3.7
5.9
4.7
4.8
3.7
4.0
4.7
2.4
4.1
2 .0
2 .8
1 1 .0
2.9
3.6
2 .1
1.9
1 .6
.7
3.2
3.8
3.6
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.3
4.4
4.9
9.5
6.9
7.3
8 .1
5.4
5.4
6.7
7.5
4.4
5.8
3.1
1.5
1.9
1.5
1 .0
2 .1
2 .2
1.5
6 .0
2 .6
1.7
.4
3.8
3.1
2.5
1.9
.2
.6
1 .2
.6
1 .6
1.3
.8
.4
.1
.4
.7
.4
1 .6
.9
.3
.4
1 .0
.1
.2
.2
.3
2.3
.4
1 .1
___
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
Number of workers_____
. __
Average hourly earnings 1________
865
$1.73
344
$2.16
1, 419
$2.49
1 ,6 6 6
3, 553
$2.30
7, 481
$2.05
27,049
$2. 67
14,426
$2. 76
12,623
$2.57
5, 420
$1.96
833
$2.23
1,040
$1.87
Total_____ . . .
$1. 67
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
* Areas conform with standard metropolitan area definitions of the Bureau
of the Budget with the following exceptions: N e w a r k -J e r s e y C ity — Essex,
Hudson, and Union counties, N. J.; N e w Y o rk C ity — 5 boroughs; P a te rso n —
Bergen and Bassaic counties, N. J.; P h ila d e lp h ia — Philadelphia and Dela
ware counties, Pa. and Camden County, N. J.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.5
3 Includes jobbing shops performing some manufacturing operations, in
addition to the regular (inside) shops, a
* Less than 0.05 percent.
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
1345
WAGES IN THE WOMEN’S COAT AND SUIT INDUSTRY
T able 2.
Number and straight-time average hourly earnings 1 of workers in selected occupations in women’s and misses’ coat
and suit manufacturing shops, 10 selected areas,2 February 1957
Baltimore
Occupation and sex
All production workers..........-....................
M en____________________________
Women......... ............................. ...........
Boston
Chicago
Kansas City
Los AngelesLong Beach
NewarkJersey City
Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average
of work hourly of work hourly of work hourly of work hourly of work hourly of work hourly
earnings
ers
ers
earnings
ers
earnings
earnings
ers
ers
earnings
ers
earnings
865
262
603
$1.73
2.08
1.57
344
151
193
$2.16
2.70
1.74
1,419
614
805
$2.49
3.13
1 ,6 6 6
222
1,444
$1.67
1.97
1.62
3,553
1 ,2 0 1
2 .0 0
2,352
$2.30
3.19
1.85
7,481
2,004
5,477
$2.05
2.57
1.87
49
2.31
1.75
10
2.56
96
14
3.06
1. 51
57
31
2.23
1.34
153
19
3.33
1.67
121
3.54
2.47
14
16
1.51
1.42
4.24
4. 24
13
93
1.24
1.62
20
2.13
93
97
62
35
1.62
2.34
2. 57
1.93
415
353
62
396
388
2.39
2 52
1. 65
2.98
3.02
172
1.56
172
788
1. 56
1.80
2.57
1 . 81
2. 41
1.77
2 58
2.03
1 .2 1
Selected, p r o d u c tio n occu p a tio n s
Cutters and markers 3 _________________
Inspectors, final (examiners)___________
Men ________ - ______________
Women_______ _________ . . . . __
Packers, shipping 3______ ____________
Pressers, h a n d ..! .........................................
Men ___________ _____________
Women___________ - ____________
Pressers, machine......... -----------------------M en......... ..................... ............. - ..........
Women_______ - - ______ ____
Pressers, hand and machine 3 __________
Sewers, hand (finishers)_____________ Men ___________________________
Women ________________________
Sewing-machine operators, section system_
Men - _________________________
Women
_
- __ __ ______
Sewing-machine operators, single-hand
(tailor) system_________ - _____ _____
M en____________________________
Women_____________________ ____
Thread trimmers (cleaners) 4------------------
8
29
21
21
1.09
2.62
2.62
15
15
3.35
3.35
68
68
14
14
2. 83
2.83
11
11
4.33
4.33
58
58
4.36
4.36
12
59
1.67
70
3.70
59
263
1.67
1.54
263
1.54
25
387
30
357
262
65
197
3.38
2 . 00
2.09
1.99
2. 57
2.79
2.50
62
30
32
18
3.09
3.47
2. 73
1.07
333
230
103
28
2. 79
3.03
2. 25
1.08
74
67
7
1 .6 8
2.62
2.65
2.35
New York City
All shops
Regular shops
3
1.35
33
Paterson
169
69
100
131
109
22
2.25
3.12
1.64
3.61
4.02
1.54
3.69
2.06
2.46
55
35
95
671
77
594
700
45
655
1.82
2.09
1.80
198
1,321
80
1,241
3,800
434
3,366
684
443
241
56
3.20
3. 54
2. 58
1.28
186
2 .0 1
PhiladelDhia
Contract shops
2 .6 6
2 .1 0
San FranciscoOakland
Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average
of work- hourly of work- hourly of work- hourly of work- hourly of work- hourly of work- hourly
earnings
ers
earnings
ers
earnings
ers
ers
earnings
ers
earnings
ers
earnings
All production workers........ ............. .........
M en___ ________________________
Women_______________ _________ -
27,049
16, 843
10,206
$2. 67
2.95
14,426
10, 609
3,817
$2. 76
2. 93
2.30
12, 623
6,234
6,389
$2. 57
2. 97
2.17
5,420
1,174
4,246
$1.96
2. 52
1.80
833
364
469
$2.23
2.82
1.77
1,040
189
851
$1.87
2.65
1.69
2,055
422
342
80
846
1,499
3.35
2.51
2.64
1.92
1.47
3.46
1, 796
309
3.35
2.57
2.94
1.92
1.92
36
2.92
22
22
3.25
1.90
2. 25
1.55
45
1.47
3. 45
3.45
3.38
2. 34
2.73
1.49
1.61
3.48
52
44
828
763
763
259
113
77
36
18
736
50
50
54
1 03
2.27
867
867
3. 88
3. 88
416
416
4.03
4.03
451
451
3. 74
3. 74
1.91
2.08
1. 47
2.97
2. 97
1.34
3.09
3.09
6
345
247
98
317
317
30
30
3.48
3.48
23
2.72
805
7,137
1,677
5,460
3,603
1,301
2 ,302
3. 64
2. 42
2. 69
2.34
2. 45
2. 95
2.18
323
3,674
3. 69
2.51
2. 77
2.40
3.16
3. 47
2.38
482
3,463
577
86
2 .6 8
15
181
3.12
1.82
25
207
3.02
1.63
2,992
867
2,125
3. 61
2.33
2.53
2 . 28
2.31
171
204
60
144
1.80
2.34
3. 40
1. 90
207
1.63
6,026
5', 286
' 740
217
2. 89
2. 96
2. 43
1.40
3,234
3,014
2.97
3. 00
2 . 60
1.37
2,792
2 ,272
' 520
175
84
84
2.93
2.93
121
15
1.06
2 54
3 01
2.39
2 .2 2
Selected p r o d u c tio n occu p a tio n s
Cutters and markers 3___ _____________
Inspectors, final (examiners)___________
’Men __________________________
Women.
. _____ __________ ..
Packers, shipping 3__ _ ____ _______
Pressers, h a n d ..! -. .
_____ _____. . .
M en____________________________
Women__________________________
Pressers, machine____________________
M en___________________ ________
Women________________ _________
Pressers, hand and machine 3 __________
Sewers, hand (finishers)_______________
M en________________________ ____
Women_________________________
Sewing-machine operators, section system.
M en____________ _______________
W o m en ______________________ .
Sewing-machine operators, single-hand
(tailor) system_________ ___ ________
M en. ____________ ___ ___________
Women___________________ ____
Thread trimmers (cleaners) 4___________
1
3
3
4
See footnote 1, table 1 .
See footnote 2, table 1.
Virtually all workers in nearly all areas were men.
Virtually all workers in all areas were women.
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1 ,1 0 0
2,574
611
434
177
'2 2 0
12
2 ,8 8 6
2 .6 8
2.16
2.80
2.90
2. 36
1.41
6
6
8
646
11
635
2,879
282
2,597
271
1.80
2. 48
1.80
2. 03
2.54
1.97
1 .2 1
30
91
s See footnote 3, table 1 .
N ote: Dashes indicate no data or insufficient data to warrant presentation.
1346
women predominated in proportions ranging
from slightly more than half of the total in Boston,
Chicago, and Philadelphia to two-thirds in Bal
timore and Los Angeles-Long Beach and more
than four-fifths in Kansas City and San FranciscoOaldand.
Extensive use of the piece-rate system of wage
payment, usually applicable to sewing-machine
operations and in many shops to other types of
direct work such as pressing, was noted. The pro
portions of workers paid on a piecework basis
ranged from one-fourth in Paterson and one-third
in San Francisco-Oakland to two-thirds or more
in Chicago, Kansas City, Los Angeles-Long Beach,
and Philadelphia.
Labor-management contracts covering wages
and related items applied to a great majority of the
workers in each of the areas studied. In virtually
all cases, the workers were represented by the
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union
(AFL-CIO).
Average Hourly Earnings
Production workers’ average hourly earnings in
February 1957 were highest in New York City
($2.67) and in Chicago ($2.49). Other cities in
which workers’ average earnings exceeded $2 an
hour included Los Angeles-Long Beach ($2.30),
Philadelphia ($2.23), Boston ($2.16), and NewarkJersey City ($2.05). Lowest averages were re
corded in Baltimore ($1.73) and Kansas City
($1.67). (See table 1.)
Variations in area earnings are due, at least
partially, to a number of factors associated with
differences in manufacturing processes. For
example, the comparatively high average recorded
for New York City reflects the large proportion
of workers employed under the single-hand
(tailor) system of sewing which requires a more
highly trained operative than is generally needed
on the section system of sewing—predominant in
Baltimore and Kansas City as well as NewarkJersey City and Paterson. Also, in the latter two
areas, contract shops which frequently do not
employ highly paid cutters are more prevalent;
this work is often performed by the establishment
owning the materials.
Men, as a group, averaged more than $2.50 an
hour in all areas except Baltimore ($2.08) and
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
Kansas City ($1.97). By way of contrast,
averages for women ranged from $1.57 in Baltimore
to $2.22 in New York City. This difference in
general earnings level reflects the concentration of
men in higher paid jobs such as cutting and mark
ing, pressing, and single-hand system of sewing.
Earnings of individual workers in each area
varied substantially, usually from the $1 an hour
Federal minimum wage to $5 or more. From 1
percent in New York City to about 12 percent
in Baltimore earned less than $1.10. A lack of
concentration of workers at any particular point
in the distributions reflects the extensive use of
piece-rate pay plans and the sharply differing
earnings in the major occupations.4
Occupational Earnings
Sewing-machine operators accounted for at
least one-third of the work force in each area 5 and
for more than one-half in Newark-Jersey City
and Paterson. Single-hand system operators were
predominant in New York City where their earn
ings averaged $2.89 an hour. (See table 2.)
Most operators were employed on the section
system of production in Baltimore (average earn
ings, $1.54), Kansas City ($1.80), NewarkJersey City ($2.10), and Paterson ($2.03). In the
5 areas for which averages are presented for both
types of operators, those working on the single
hand system received from 22 cents to $1.55 more
in average hourly earnings than the sectionsystem operators.
Machine pressers had the highest earnings in
half of the areas studied, averaging more than
$3.50 an hour in Boston, Chicago, Los AngelesLong Beach, and New York City. The other two
groups of pressers—those who do hand pressing
and those performing both hand and machine
pressing—also were among the highest paid
groups. Cutters and markers, predominantly
men and paid on a time basis, averaged $3.25 or
more in Los Angeles-Long Beach, Newark-Jersey
City, New York City, and Paterson.
4
Distributions of workers by earnings are shown for each occupation in B LS
Report 122.
6
Information provided in table 2 does not account for all of the sewingmachine operators in some of the areas, since in some instances entries were
omitted in order to avoid disclosure of individual company data.
WAGES IN THE WOMEN’S COAT AND SUIT INDUSTRY
Thread trimmers had the lowest earnings among
the occupations studied in nearly all of the 8 areas
for which data for this occupation could be pre
sented, their averages ranging from $1.06 to
$1.40 an hour.
Scheduled Hours
A work schedule of 35 hours a week was in effect
in February 1957 in shops employing nine-tenths
or more of the workers in Los Angeles-Long Beach,
Newark-Jersey City, New York City, Paterson,
Philadelphia, and San Francisco-Oakland. This
was also the schedule in shops with at least half
of the workers in each of the other areas except
Baltimore, where a 40-hour work schedule pre
vailed for a majority of the workers.
Supplementary Wage Provisions
Collective bargaining agreements with the Inter
national Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, which
were in effect in nearly all of the shops for which
data were obtained, included the following provi
sions for paid holidays, health and vacation bene
fits, and retirement plans.
Paid Holidays. Provisions for paid holidays dif
fered among the areas studied both as to the num
ber of days granted and the groups of workers
eligible for holiday pay. In five areas and the
New Jersey section of the Philadelphia area, only
time-rated workers were granted paid holidays.
These varied from 4 days annually in Chicago to
6% days in New York City, Newark-Jersey City,
Paterson, and the New Jersey segment of the
Philadelphia area. In the remainder of the
Philadelphia area and in the 4 other areas, all
workers were provided paid holidays, ranging
from 2 days for time-rated workers and 1 day for
incentive-paid workers in San Francisco-Oakland
to 6 days for all workers in Baltimore.
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1347
Health and Vacation Benefits. Plealth benefits in
all areas and vacation payments in all except two
of them were provided through employer contri
butions to a health and welfare fund of specified
percentages of their payrolls for workers covered
by the union agreement. The health provisions
typically included hospitalization and disability
benefits. Health centers are maintained in Chi
cago and Kansas City by employer contributions
of 1 percent of their payrolls applicable to workers
covered by union agreements. In these two areas,
vacation benefits are provided directly to the
employees by their employers.
Vacation payments to workers in 3 areas varied
by occupation, ranging from $25 to $60 in New
York City and from $35 to $50 in Newark-Jersey
City and in Paterson. Vacation allowances in
San Francisco-Oakland were based on earnings
brackets and varied from $26 to $79. In Chicago,
workers with 6 months’ service received paid
vacations of one-half week; those with 9 months’
service, three-fourths week; and those with 1 or
more years of service, 1 week. Provisions in
Kansas City were 1 week after 1 year and 2 weeks
after 5 years of service. In the other areas, the
workers’ vacation payments were determined as a
percentage of their annual earnings.
Pension Plans. Retirement funds were estab
lished in all areas. Employer contributions to
these funds, however, differed among the areas
studied, ranging from 2 to 5 percent of their pay
rolls for workers covered by union agreements.
Benefits of $65 per month were paid to qualified
workers over age 65 in New York City, NewarkJersey City, and Paterson, and $50 a month in
the other areas, exclusive of social security annui
ties. In most areas, benefits were also provided
to qualified totally disabled workers at age 60.
— F red W. M ohr
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
1348
Manpower Requirements in the
Air Transportation Industry
T h e air transportation industry h a s b e e n o n e
o f t h e N a t i o n ’s f a s t e s t g r o w in g fie ld s o f e m p lo y
m en t.
It
is
e x p e c te d
to
c o n tin u e
to
expand
r a p id ly d u r in g t h e n e x t d e c a d e . I n c r e a s e d c o n
s u m e r p u r c h a s in g p o w e r , t h e tr e n d to w a r d lo n g e r
v a c a t io n s , th e g r e a te r d e p e n d e n c e u p o n a ir tr a v e l
b y b u s in e s s m e n , fa s te r flig h ts a t r a te s c o m p e t it iv e
w it h r a il a n d b u s tr a n s p o r ta tio n , a n d t h e in t r o
d u c tio n o f air c o a c h s e r v ic e in m e d iu m a n d s h o r t
d is t a n c e flig h ts w ill b e t h e m a jo r fa c t o r s in th e
in d u s t r y ’s e x p a n s io n .
The development of an adequate supply of
trained workers to meet the needs of such expand
ing industries is one of the major objectives of
the U. S. Department of Labor. In order to
plan for meeting the skilled worker requirements
of an industry, it is essential to have reliable
estimates of the future needs for workers in each
significant occupation. This article presents an
analysis of the future manpower requirements in
the air transportation industry.
Trends in Air Traffic and Employment
Increases Since 1937. The manifold increase
over the past two decades in the number of reve
nue passenger miles flown by the scheduled air
lines illustrates the magnitude of the industry’s
expansion. In 1937, the scheduled airlines flew
less than 500 million revenue passenger miles.
Three years later, the number of revenue pas
senger miles exceeded 1 billion for the first time,
and by 1950, the number had increased to more
than 10 billion. In 1956, the scheduled airlines
flew nearly 28 billion revenue passenger miles,
more than 2% times those flown in 1950, and
nearly 24 times those flown in 1940.1
Employment in the air transportation industry
has also increased considerably since 1937, al
though not as rapidly as airline traffic. In 1937,
less than 12,000 workers were employed in
scheduled airline operations. By 1940, employ
ment reached 22,000, and by 1950, the airlines
employed more than 82,000 workers. After some
sharp fluctuations in the immediate postwar
period, employment increased rapidly, and by
mid-1957, the scheduled airlines employed more
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than 140,000 workers in their domestic and inter
national operations.2
Anticipated Expansion. Traffic forecasts by the
Civil Aeronautics Administration in mid-1956
indicated that the number of revenue passenger
miles flown by the scheduled airlines in 1965 will
be more than 60 billion, about 150 percent more
than were flown in 1955.3 Considerable expansion
in air cargo shipment is also expected during the
next decade.
Employment is also expected to increase, but at
a slower rate than air traffic. This has been the
industry’s experience in recent years. For ex
ample, between 1950 and 1955, revenue passenger
miles flown by the scheduled airlines increased by
about 140 percent, whereas employment in the
scheduled airlines increased by about 50 percent.
Faster, bigger, and more efficient planes will make
it possible to carry more passengers per airline
employee in the future. Electronic computing
and accounting machines currently being intro
duced will enable the airlines to handle a much
greater volume of reservations, scheduling, and
accounting operations without a comparable ex
pansion in employment. On the basis of an
analysis of the effects of such developments on
employment in the various airline jobs, it is
expected that the 150-percent increase in traffic
will result in about a 40- to 50-percent growth in
employment by 1965.
In anticipation of greatly increased traffic, the
airlines placed orders for hundreds of new aircraft
to augment the more than 1,700 planes they
operated in 1956. Over 160 new aircraft were
scheduled for delivery in 1957. Most of these
planes were large 4-engine aircraft of conventional
design—DC-6’s, DC-7’s, and Constellations. By
September of this year, many were already in
service. During the 1958-60 period, more than
280 aircraft are expected to be added to the civil
air transport fleet. Almost all of these will be new
types of planes which carry considerably more
passengers and cargo than those now in use. More
than 100 of them will be powered hy turboprop
engines and more than 150 will have jet engines.
1 CAA Statistical Handbook, 1956 (U. S. Department of Commerce, Civil
Aeronautics Administration, 1956), pp. 73 and 80.
2 Employment by the scheduled airlines accounted for about 90 percent of
all air transportation employment in early 1957.
3 Civil Aviation and Federal Airways Forecast, 1960, 1965, 1970 (U. S. De
partm ent of Commerce, Civil Aeronautics Administration, Program Plan
ning Office, December 1956).
1349
MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS IN AIR TRANSPORTATION
Manpower Requirements, 1957-60
The effect of these equipment acquisitions on
employment in the major skilled airline occupa
tions over the 1957 through 1960 period was
analyzed in a study made in early 1957 by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. This study, which
was designed to determine the manpower require
ments necessary to operate the civil air transport
fleet under assumptions of peacetime as well as
full mobilization conditions, was made at the
request of the Interdepartmental Aviation Man
power Committee.4
In making this detailed analysis, the character
istics of the air transportation industry in a base
period (1955) were studied intensively to deter
mine normal relationships between employment in
skilled airline jobs and the numbers, types, and
utilization of aircraft.
On the basis of these data and expected techno
logical developments, relationships between per
sonnel and aircraft have been developed and ap
plied to projections of the numbers and types of
aircraft in the civil air transport fleet for each
year through 1960, to determine manpower needs
in the major airline occupations, under the
assumption that peacetime conditions will pre
vail. The resulting increases in employment in
selected major airline jobs are shown in the ac
companying table. Additional workers will be
required to replace those who die, retire, or trans
fer to other fields of work.
Requirements for flight engineers and mechanics
are expected to increase most rapidly. These
groups will be directly affected by the airlines’
acquisition of the new larger capacity jet and
turboprop aircraft. The need for pilots, steward
esses, dispatchers, and meteorologists, whose
work is more affected by the number of flights than
the size of the planes, will also increase, but at a
slower rate. These and other factors affecting
the employment projections and their manpower
implications are discussed for each of these occu
pations, which make up more than two-fifths of
all air transportation employment, including the
nonscheduled airlines.
4
For results of this analysis, see report by James J. Treires and Howard V.
Stambler, Mobilization Manpower Requirements for Operating the Civil
Air Transport Fleet, A Technical Report to Subcommittee “ B” of the
Interdepartm ental Aviation Manpower Committee (U. S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 1,1957).
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Estimated employment in selected air transportation occupa
tions, at end, of years 1956-60, and net increase by 1960 >
End of calendar years—
Net increase,
1956-60
Occupation
1956
Pilots and copilots___
Flight engineers........
Stewardesses________
Dispatchers________
Meteorologists______
Mechanics_________
1
1957
1958
1959
1960
Num
ber
14,050 15,400 15.600 16, 950 17,650 3.600
2,600 3,200 3,350 4, 000 4,350 1, 750
8 , 800 9, 600 9,800 1 1 ,0 0 0 11, 550 2,750
1,400 1, 540 1, 560 1,700 1, 760
360
580
590
640
660
520
140
34,300 39, 500 40, 700 48,850 54,100 19,800
Per
cent
26
67
31
26
27
58
Includes both scheduled and nonscheduled airlines, passenger and cargo.
Pilots and Copilots. All scheduled airline flights
must carry a pilot and copilot. Under the Civil
Aeronautics Board’s regulations, pilots may not
fly more than 85 hours a month. The time spent
by pilots in taxiing, takeoffs, and landings is
included within this 85-hour limit, and actual
aircraft flight time per pilot currently averages
between 55 and 60 hours a month. Since aircraft
are currently utilized about 225 to 235 hours a
month, about 8 pilots and copilots (4 crews) are
required for each aircraft in operation. Although
most of the new planes entering the fleet in the
late 1950’s will be larger and will fly faster than
those now in service, it is expected that they will
be operated at about the same rate of utilization
as current aircraft and will require the same
number of pilots per plane.
Large increases in pilot requirements will occur
in 1959 and 1960, when many new jet and turbo
prop aircraft will be placed into service. In
addition to the pilot requirements arising from the
addition of new aircraft to the fleet, the airlines
will have to retrain currently employed pilots in
the techniques of flying jet and turboprop planes.
As a consequence, the airlines will require many
pilots qualified as instructors.
Flight Engineers. Flight engineers, who assist
pilots by assuming responsibility for the proper
functioning of the aircraft and its engines during
flights, are required on all 4-engine aircraft which
have a gross takeoff weight of more than 80,000
pounds. A relatively small proportion of the air
craft now in use are of this type, and flight engi
neers are employed by only a few airlines. How
ever, since most of the new planes that will be
added to the fleet over the 1957 through 1960
period will be large planes, flight engineer require
ments will increase considerably. Almost all of
1350
the nearly 450 planes entering the civil air trans
port fleet in 1957 through 1960 will require flight
engineers (4 for each of these large planes). As a
result, the employment of flight engineers by 1960
is expected to increase by about one-third over
current employment.
Stewardesses. Stewardesses are carried on all com
mercial passenger flights. Two-engine aircraft
and 4-engine planes on coach flights usually have
only 1 stewardess. Domestic first-class flights on
4-engine planes usually carry 2 stewardesses, and
international flights often carry 3 stewardesses.
The large number of new aircraft which will
enter the civil air transport fleet during 1957
through 1960 is expected to bring about a major
increase in stewardess requirements. Since most
of these new aircraft will be large planes with pas
senger capacities up to 40 percent greater than
the largest planes now in use, employment of
stewardesses will probably increase somewhat
faster than the number of planes. In place of the
2 stewardesses who serve about 60 passengers on
present day flights, the new aircraft will probably
require 3 stewardesses to serve 80 or 90 passengers.
On the other hand, a marked shift of traffic from
first-class to coach flights, which require only one
stewardess, would reduce the requirements for
stewardesses. The largest number of additional
stewardesses will be needed in 1959 and 1960 when
most of the jet aircraft will be delivered. The
great majority of hirings in this occupation, how
ever, will continue to result from the extremely
high turnover rate. In recent years, between 35
and 50 percent of the stewardesses have left their
jobs each year.
Dispatchers. Flight dispatchers assist flight oper
ations by studying weather information, approving
flight plans, and keeping pilots informed of weather
and other conditions affecting their flights. Sta
tioned at airline terminals, they control all flights
for their airline within an assigned area.
As the new jet and turboprop aircraft are
placed in service and schedules are expanded to
meet the growing demand for air transportation,
closer and more accurate control of airline flights
will become increasingly necessary. The rapid
rise expected in the number of takeoffs and
landings and the higher speeds of jet and turboprop
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
aircraft will also bring about an expansion in
dispatcher requirements. However, this is a
small occupation and only a few hundred addi
tional dispatchers will be needed during 1957
through 1960.
Meteorologists. Meteorologists analyze and pre
pare maps, charts, and diagrams on weather con
ditions, for use by airline flight personnel and air
line operations and traffic departments. When
the new and extremely fast jet and turboprop
planes enter the civil air transport fleet in 1957
through 1960, up-to-the-minute analysis of weath
er conditions will become increasingly vital in
preventing schedule delays and in maintaining
safety. This small group of highly skilled workers
is expected to grow moderately.
Mechanics. Since most of the new aircraft which
will be added to the fleet in 1957 through 1960
will be larger and more complex than the planes
currently in use, the employment of mechanics is
expected to increase at a faster rate than most
other skilled occupations. These new aircraft
will have elaborate pressurizing and air condi
tioning systems and complex electronic equipment.
In addition, the turboprop and jet engines will be
relatively new to the mechanic workforce. These
aircraft are expected to require more maintenance
hours per hour of flight than the present planes,
at least during the first few years after their
introduction.
Slightly more than half of the airplane mechanics
employed by the scheduled airlines work at the
main overhaul bases reconditioning and over
hauling engines and aircraft. The remaining
mechanics perform line maintenance at airports
served by their airline, making minor repairs and
checking the airworthiness of the planes before
every takeoff. Additional mechanics will be
required in both overhaul and line maintenance
work. By the end of 1960, the airlines will
probably employ 15,000 more mechanics than in
late 1957. In addition to these new jobs created
by expansion, many new mechanics will be
required as a result of normal turnover, particu
larly transfers to other fields of work.
—J ames J. T reires
and
H oward V. S tambler
Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
1351
WHITE-COLLAR WORKING CONDITIONS
International Comparisons of
White-Collar Working Conditions
i
of the white-collar labor force
is a phenomenon that is occurring in many coun
tries of the world, and is related to the level of
economic development reached. The ratio of
salaried employees to the number of wage earners
in industry and service occupations is increasing.
In some European countries, according to infor
mation collected by the International Labor Office
(ILO), the number of wage earners has actually
declined (both relatively and absolutely) in recent
years, whereas the number of salaried employees
has increased in all of the countries for which data
are published.1 (See table 1.)
The United States has also witnessed a rapid
expansion of its white-collar labor force.2 Avail
able statistics indicate that the employment of
white-collar workers has grown faster than the
labor force as a whole in the period since 1940.3
(See table 2.) While both men and women whitecollar workers have shared in this growth, the
increase in the number of women in these occupa
tions has been especially remarkable. Only in
professional and technical occupations (within
the white-collar category) has the increase in the
number of employed men exceeded that of em
ployed women.
The expansion in the nonmanual sector of the
labor force is an indication of rising levels of
economic development and of a progressive
raising of standards of living. Both in the
United States and other countries, much of this
expansion is related to technological advances;
increases in banking, insurance, and professional
services of many kinds, both private and govern
mental; and to the growing tendency in all types
of enterprise for more recordkeeping and more
research.4
In view of this extraordinary growth, the work
of the International Labor Organization in collect
ing information on nonmanual workers and in
arranging conferences for the discussion of their
problems is very important. The ILO body that
deals with matters concerning these workers is the
Advisory Committee on Salaried Employees and
Professional Workers.5
T h e rapid growth
444525— 57-
•4
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This committee held its fourth session in Geneva
in April 1957 to discuss the working conditions of
technical and supervisory staffs in industry, ex
cluding management, and collective bargaining of
nonmanual workers. Twenty-one countries 6were
represented by employer, worker, and Govern
ment delegates at this session; in addition, repre
sentatives of 22 international unions and organ
izations were there as observers. Of the 21
countries represented, 13 were from northern,
western, and southern Europe, 5 were from the
Western Hemisphere (the United States and 4
Latin American States), and 3 were from South
Asia and the Near East; there was no representa
tion of the “Iron Curtain’’ countries. The
countries represented various stages of economic
and social development.
Work of the ILO Advisory Committee
At its fourth session, the advisory committee
drew up a series of resolutions concerning prob
lems which are of special interest to its members.
These resolutions call for (1) inquiries by the
International Labor Office among member govern
ments on such problems as the conditions of
work of public servants, and the training, employ
ment, and conditions of work of hospital and health
service staffs; (2) the continued study of problems
concerning the salaried inventor (with a view to
adopting international standards on this subject),
1 Recent Events and Developments Affecting Salaried Employees and
Professional Workers, ILO, Advisory Committee on Salaried Employees
and Professional Workers, Fourth Session, Geneva, 1956, General Report No.
1, Item 1 (c), pp. 3-16.
s White-collar workers do not constitute a strict occupational group, but for
all practical purposes, they fall within the census categories of professional,
technical, and kindred workers; nonfarm managers, officials, and proprietors;
clerical and kindred; and sales workers.
3 See White-Collar Employment and Income (in M onthly Labor Review,
April 1956, pp. 491-409).
4 See, for example, Nonproduction Workers in Factories, 1919-56 (in
M onthly Labor Review, April 1957, pp. 435-440).
3 The present Advisory Committee on Salaried Employees and Professional
Workers was established after World War II by the Governing Body of the
International Labor Organization. I t held its first meeting in October 1949.
Prior to World War II, there were two separate advisory committees for
salaried employees and for professional workers, which had been established
in the late 1920’s. These committees were composed of representatives of
national and international organizations of salaried and professional workers,
and of experts on various matters considered on the agendas of the com
mittees.
• Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Ceylon, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France,
Germany (Federal Republic), Greece, India, Italy, Mexico, the Nether
lands, Norway, Peru, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United
States, and Uruguay.
1352
the radius clause,7 and conditions of employment
of teachers; (3) the preparation of a program of
study, with other specialized agencies, concerning
the problems of jounalists and their training;
and (4) the inclusion of nonmanual workers in the
ILO research, study, and technical assistance
programs on industrial relations.
Since its first meeting in 1949, the committee
has seen some of its resolutions incorporated into
conventions or recommendations adopted by the
International Labor Conference.8 Among these
are (1) the revised International Convention on
Maternity Protection (No. 103), adopted in 1952,
which takes account of the committee’s request
to include several additional nonindustrial occu
pations, e. g., women salaried employees and pro
fessional workers in offices, hotels, restaurants,
theaters, places of entertainment, and nursing
establishments, and which liberalizes maternity
leave provisions; (2) a convention (No. 106) and
supplementary recommendation on weekly rest in
commerce and offices, of not less than 24 consecu
tive hours in each period of 7 days, adopted in
1957.
Working Conditions and Personnel Practices
Reports of member countries to the Inter
national Labor Office on working conditions
affecting salaried and professional workers indi
cate that many countries have legislation govern
ing hours of work, rest periods, holidays and other
types of leave, working surroundings, and other
conditions of work. In some of these countries,
many of these matters are supplemented by col
lective bargaining agreements. The survey which
follows does not attempt to be exhaustive, but
merely to indicate some of the practices followed
in the various member countries,9 and to show
how they differ from those in the United States.
The area of State legislation and practice in the
United States is excluded from this discussion be
cause of limitations of space.10
Most striking is the extent to which countries
legislate on working conditions for salaried and
professional employees, frequently in the same
legislation which applies to production workers.
Hours of Work. In the United States, 40 hours is
recognized as the basic workweek under the
Federal Fair Labor Standards Act, which provides
for payment of not less than time and a half for
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
T able
1.
Trends in proportions of wage earners and
salaried employees 1
Country
Year
Total em
ployees
(thou
sands)
Wage earn Salaried
ers
employees
Percent of
total
employees
Percent of
total
employees
Austria........... .................. .......... 1934
1951
2,141
2,072
78.5
6 8 .0
21.5
32.0
Denmark___ ___________
1,081
1,498
79.9
71.1
28.9
1906
1921
1936
1946
11, 761
13,084
12,035
13,006
86.7
81.8
77.7
76.7
13.3
18.2
22.3
23.3
Germany (Federal Republic).. 1939
1950
13, 413
15, 632
72.5
72.0
27.5
28.0
Italy............... ................ ...........
1936
1954
9, 461
10, 721
84.4
82.0
15.6
18.0
Norway.................... .................. 1930
1950
763
981
79.3
71.5
20.7
28.5
1940
1950
2,106
2,394
71.4
65.1
28.6
34.9
Switzerland...................... ........ 1900
1920
1941
1950
947
1, 231
1,421
1,606
85.9
78.5
74.4
70.4
14.1
21.5
25.5
29.6
. 1930
1950
France 2._ ___ _____________
Sweden...................................
2 0 .1
1 Excludes persons “seeking work for the first time,” as well as the u n
employed where their distribution between wage earners and salaried
employees was not available.
2 Excludes the Armed Forces; domestic servants are included as wage
earners.
Source: Recent Events and Developments Affecting Salaried Employees
and Professional Workers, op. cit., p. 9.
work in excess of 40 hours a week. This legisla
tion applies to employees engaged in or producing
goods for interstate commerce. The time and a
half after 40 hours a week does not apply to execu
tives, administrative and professional workers,
outside salesmen, and persons engaged in local
retail selling, or to employees of certain retail
and service establishments, provided specified
conditions are met. Technical personnel, such as
engineers, chemists, physicists, and biologists,
will usually qualify as professional workers under
this legislation and consequently are exempted.
Draftsmen, however, do come within the jurisdic7 A clause sometimes included in agreements with trainees or other em
ployees whereby the employee agrees not to leave his employer and join a
competitive organization within a specified radius until the passage of a speci
fied period of time.
8 An ILO convention is a draft international treaty which, following adop
tion by the ILO Conference, m ust be considered by each ILO member nation
for ratification and application. While not subject to the convention ratifica
tion procedure, a recommendation is also a standard which the Conference
believes should be incorporated into the domestic practice of ILO members.
s Data on legislative provisions in the various countries are from the ILO
Legislative Series from 1951 to 1956, and from reports of member countries of
the Advisory Committee to the International Labor Office from 1949 to 1957.
10
Data on United States practices are from Federal legislation and from re
ports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the National Industrial Con
ference Board.
1353
WHITE-COLLAR WORKING CONDITIONS
tion of this legislation, as do other workers in
similar technical occupations. Hence, hours that
they work in excess of 40 must be paid for at
premium rates (time and one-half). Most workers
in the Federal Government are, by law, on a
40-hour workweek, with overtime rates ranging
downward from time and a half in the lowest
salary brackets.
Whereas in the United States, executive, ad
ministrative, and professional employees who meet
certain conditions are largely exempted from
Federal wage and hour legislation, in other
countries, according to the reports of members to
the International Labor Office, the standard work
week of many of these employees is regulated by
legislation.11 In India, Ceylon, the Netherlands,
Guatemala, Honduras, and Ecuador, for example,
legislation provides for a standard 8-hour workday,
but the workweek varies from 44 hours, as in
Ecuador, to 48, as in Guatemala and Honduras.
In Ecuador, the labor code, which is applicable
to salary earners in private employment as well as
to wage earners, provides that the half day at the
end of the week shall be counted as a full day for
purposes of pay. Ceylon and the Netherlands
provide for a 45-hour week.
In countries where overtime hours and pay are
regulated by legislation, the legislation generally
calls for paying for overtime at premium rates,
ranging from time and a quarter to double time for
overtime worked late at night, or for work on
Sundays, holidays, or other days of rest. Hours
legislation in Finland exempts persons holding
management posts, but applies to other workers in
industry or business establishments. Employers
may not schedule overtime for supervisors for
more than 1 hour per day or 3 hours per week for
preparatory or finishing work. The maximum
overtime that other employees in Finland may
work is 24 hours in a fortnight or 36 hours in a
3-week period, up to 200 hours per calendar year;
but only if they consent to it. The normal
workweek in Finnish industry is 47 to 48 hours.
Ecuador limits the number of overtime hours to
4 per day or 12 per week, and requires that they
be paid for at time and one-half, except that if
» The following salaried and professional workers are also exempted from
Swedish hours of work legislation, because their actual working hours are
usually less than the statutory 48 hours relating to manual workers, super
visory personnel, office workers, and other salaried employees except shop
clerks and certain ship officers.
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they are worked between midnight and 6 a. m.,
they must be paid for at twice the normal rate.
In the Netherlands, special permission from the
Government must be obtained to work overtime;
if granted, total hours may not exceed 10 per day
or 54 per week, and overtime must be paid for at
time and a half. Overtime is illegal in industrial
establishments in Italy, unless it is of a purely
casual nature or in the case of exceptional techni
cal requirements relating to production, where it is
impossible to meet such requirements by hiring
additional workers. When overtime is worked,
the Italian hours of work law prescribes that it
shall be paid for at the increased rates stipulated
in collective agreements and that employers shall
pay into the unemployment relief funds 15 percent
of the overtime pay due.
Most of the countries legislating on hours have
separate provisions for nightwork. For example,
in Guatemala, where the 8-hour day, 48-hour week
is normal for daywork, a 6-hour day, 36-hour week
is prescribed for nightwork. When part of the
work is done in the daytime and part at night,
the labor code specifies a 7-hour day and 42-hour
week. Ecuador attempts to discourage night
work by requiring that it be paid for at time and
one-quarter. Honduras prohibits nightwork
(i. e., between 6 p. m. and 6 a. m.) for girls under
16, and limits it to 6 hours per day and 36 hours
per week for women over 16.
In many countries, hours of work of salaried
and professional workers are covered by collective
agreements. This is true to a much larger extent
in Europe than in the United States, where the
great majority of white-collar workers are not
organized into unions. However, even in the
T able 2. Percent change in employed persons, by nonfarm
occupational group, and by sex, April 194.0 to April 1956
Percent change
Occupational group
Both
sexes
Men
Women
Total nonfarm employed...... ............- ------- -------
54.0
46.6
71.4
Total white-collar employed. ------------------------Professional, technical, and kindred workers..
Nonfarm managers, officials, and proprietors..
Clerical and kindred workers— --------------Sales workers-------- .
---- -----------------Total other nonfarm employed------ ------- ---------Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers---Operatives and kindred workers----------------Private household workers_________ ______
Service workers, except private household---Laborers, except farm and m in e -----------------
68.4
74.9
63.9
88.3
34.3
44.3
64.9
51.0
-4 .4
57.5
52.1
107.8
58.2
29.5
17.3
43.3
63.4
47.1
-77.9
34.3
13.5
97.8
35.4
107.1
141.3
78.3
14.6
130.0
62.0
.5
92.4
-7 .0
1 2 .8
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census and Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1354
United States, salaried and professional workers
are to some extent covered by collective bargain
ing agreements, negotiated either by unions of
these workers only or by unions which include
both plant and office workers. For example, there
are unions among engineers, particularly in the
aircraft and electrical machinery industries, among
office workers, and among professional and salaried
employees in the entertainment field.
An act passed in 1952 in Western Germany,
prescribing the minimum conditions of employ
ment, requires that remuneration and other
conditions of employment be fixed by “collective
agreements freely negotiated between bargaining
parties,” or by the law only when such organiza
tions do not exist.12 A Belgian law on contracts
of salaried employment,13 passed in July 1955,
specifies certain matters which must be included
in employment contracts,14 and then requires that
“matters not covered by any joint industrial
agreement rendered binding by Royal Order shall
be governed by collective agreements, joint indus
trial committee agreements, or by custom, in the
absence of any express stipulation by the parties.”
Hours and pay are among the matters which are
governed by collective agreements, etc.
Frequently, collective agreements in other
countries recognize the need for supervisors to
work somewhat longer hours than the workers they
supervise.15 This is also true in the United States,
where many engineering union contracts state that
exempt engineers (i. e., those exempted from
Federal minimum wage or public contracts legisla
tion) are expected to work additional time beyond
the regular 8-hour workday or 40-hour workweek
at their own discretion and of their own choice,
without being so directed, and without receiving
additional compensation for it. However, if the
overtime is directed, then the contracts generally
provide extra payment over and above thenregular rates of pay.16
Salary Provisions. In some countries, there is a
national statutory minimum wage (or salary) for
salaried and professional employees. In Ceylon,
for example, a wage board for nonmanual workers
determines, with the consent of the employer and
the worker, the minimum salary for particular
categories of workers in shops or offices. Similarly,
in Uruguay, special wage councils are established
to fix minimum wages and regulate working
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
conditions of nonmanual workers. In Montevideo,
wage boards have been set up even for such pro
fessional occupations as musician, teacher, and
doctor, and for commercial employees. The Uru
guayan employer delegate to the 1957 session
reported that “the activities of the wage councils
had greatly influenced collective bargaining be
cause in most instances the awards of such
councils replaced collective agreements.” 17 In the
United States, Federal minimum wage legislation
is applicable to nonmanual workers, and to
certain lower technical and supervisory grades, but
not to the executive, administrative, or profes
sional grades which meet the exemptions of the
Fair Labor Standards Act.
Salaries are frequently determined through col
lective bargaining negotiations, particularly in
western and northern Europe, where salaried and
professional workers are highly organized. In the
United States, salary levels of technical and profes
sional workers are negotiated through collective
agreements only in certain companies in, e. g., the
aircraft, electrical machinery, and communications
industries, or in certain professions, e. g., radio
technicians and radio and television performers,
where there are organizations of salaried and pro
fessional workers. Office workers in the United
States also are sometimes organized, and their
salaries are thus subject to collective bargaining.
For example, in 1956-57 in 17 labor market areas,
about one-sixth of the office workers in all indus
tries combined were organized; in public utilities,
the proportion exceeded 50 percent in 11 of the
17 areas.18 However, it is much more common in
United States industry for salaries, especially of
12 Minimum Conditions of Employment, ILO Legislative Series, 1952,
Federal Republic of Germany.
13 Contracts of Salaried Employment, ILO Legislative Series, 1955, Bel
gium.
14 Included are termination notice, conditions under which the contract
of employment may be suspended, immunity from attachm ent of wages
and salaries.
15 See, for example, 2 national agreements in France, 1 for the chemical
industries and 1 for engineers and supervisors in the paper, cardboard, and
woodpulp industry, which specify higher pay for supervisors to help com
pensate for longer hours, and 1 in Belgium for the Belgian National Union of
Supervisors. Working Conditions of Technical and Supervisory Staff in
Industry, Excluding Management, ILO Advisory Committee on Salaried
Employees and Professional Workers, Fourth Session, Geneva, 1956, Report
No. 3, p. 105.
16 Unionization Among American Engineers, Studies in Personnel Policy,
No. 155 (New York, National Industrial Conference Board, 1956), pp. 21-22.
17 Report of the Sixth Plenary Sitting, ILO Advisory Committee on Sal
aried Employees and Professional Workers, Fourth Session, Geneva, April
1957, p. 9.
48 See Coverage of Collective Agreements in 17 Labor Markets, 1956-57
(in M onthly Labor Review, October 1957, p. 1223).
WHITE-COLLAR WORKING CONDITIONS
technical, professional, and supervisory workers,
to be determined by management.
Paid Leave. For many years, salaried and pro
fessional employees enjoyed longer paid vacations
than did hourly paid workers, not only in the
United States but also in a number of other coun
tries. It was only after industrial workers’ trade
union movements became widespread, or as a re
sult of national industrial policies brought about
by World War II, that industrial workers began to
receive paid vacations or vacations of more than
1 or, at most, 2 weeks. Today, legislative pro
visions, where they exist in other countries,19
make little or no distinction in the length of vaca
tions for wage and salary earners. In the United
States, collective agreements for engineers often
provide longer vacations after a shorter period of
service than do contracts for production workers.
According to reports of establishment practices
in the United States, office workers typically
receive 2 weeks’ paid vacation after 1 year of
service, whereas plant workers generally do not
receive 2 weeks until 2 or more years of service.20
For salaried employees in private industry, the
practice of granting paid leave for vacations and
other reasons developed largely after World War I,
whereas for hourly employees, the practice started
to develop during World War II.21
In the United States, paid leave is generally a
matter of management policy, or a subject for
collective agreements, except that public em
ployees receive such leave through legislation.
Unlike the United States, many countries have
legislation regulating paid vacation and sick leave
that applies to all workers, salaried and wage
earners both in government and private business,
although salaried employees frequently receive
longer vacations.
Among the Latin American countries which
have statutes regulating paid vacations and sick
leave for salaried and professional workers are
Honduras, Uruguay, Peru, Haiti, Ecuador, El
Salvador, and Bolivia. The Bolivian legislation
applies to all wage and salary earners, whether
they are in private or government employment.
The legislation in El Salvador provides for longer
vacations for commercial and office employees in
private business (15 days after 1 year), and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1355
shorter vacations for industrial (10 days) and
other workers (6 days).
Legislation in Ceylon provides that employees
in shops and offices may take from 4 to 14 days of
vacation with pay after 1 year of employment,
depending on when their employment began;22
after 2 years, they are eligible for 14 days, of which
7 must be taken consecutively. The Ceylon
statute also provides an additional 7 days, after 2
years of service, for personal (nonvacation) leave.
The Leave and Holidays Act of 1951 of Burma,
which exempts, among others, all those earning
more than 400 rupees per month, and hence
probably a large proportion of technical, super
visory, and other salaried and professional em
ployees, provides for 10 days of vacation with pay
for workers over age 15.23 In Egypt, a statute on
contracts of employment, which applies equally
to manual and salaried employees of both sexes,
specifies 14 days’ paid leave after 1 year of service
and 21 days with pay after 10 years’ service.
Several European countries having legislation
providing for paid vacations stipulate that at
least part of this leave is to be taken during speci
fied vacation periods, as in the Scandinavian
countries. The vacation legislation of the Scandi
navian countries generally applies to both wage
and salary workers. A 3-week vacation is decreed
in Norway and Sweden, and is common in Den
mark. The Norwegian vacation law is based on
the vacation provisions of collective agreements
between members of the Employers’ Association
and the Federation of Labor. It provides for 3
weeks with pay, at least 2 of which must be taken
consecutively within the vacation period. In
Denmark, legislation provides for vacation leave
of only 1 day for each month worked in the
previous year, but collective agreements frequently
extend the vacation to 3 weeks.
—A nna -S tina E ricson
Office of Labor Economics
19 Vacations
of employees in private industry are not regulated by legisla
tion in the United States.
20 See Wages and Related Benefits, 17 Labor Markets, 1956-57 (BLS Bull.
1202, 1957).
21 Time Off with Pay, Studies in Personnel Policy, No. 156 (New York,
National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., 1957) p. 7 .
2214 days with pay if they began work in the 1st quarter of the year, 10 days
if they began in the 2d quarter, 7 in the 3d, and 4 in the 4th. See Shops and
Offices Act, No. 19, 1954, ILO Legislative Series, 1954, Ceylon.
23For workers under age 15, the law provides for 14 d ays w ith p a y . See
L eave and H olid ays A ct o f 1951, IL O L egislative Series, 1952, Burm a.
1356
Supplementary Wage Provisions
in 17 Labor Markets, 1956-57
T h e prevalence of supplementary wage pro
visions in a number of widely dispersed labor
markets of substantially different industrial com
position is studied each year in the community
wage program of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1
These studies, over a period of years, indicate that
the proportions of workers entitled to receive
these benefits have increased and that, typically,
the substantive nature of the benefits has been
enlarged or liberalized in some fashion.
According to the Bureau’s 1956-57 surveys,
vacation pay is almost universally available in the
industries and areas surveyed, often after 6
months’ service, and, to the extent of a week’s
pay, to virtually all workers after a year’s service.2
In general, 6 paid full-day holidays were the most
common single provision for both office and plant
workers, with 7 the next most common.
Life insurance is available to 90 percent or more
of the office workers and to 84 percent or more of
the plant workers in the great majority of the 17
areas. In almost as many areas, hospitalization
and surgical insurance were each available to from
70 to 90 percent of both types of workers. Medical
insurance applied to half or more in a majority of
the areas. All three types are available to pro
portionately more office than plant workers.
Protection against loss of income by illness was
more prevalent in manufacturing than in any non
manufacturing division except public utilities,
paid sick leave being the typical provision for
office workers and sickness and accident insurance
for plant workers. Catastrophe (extended medi
cal) insurance applied to from a fourth to twofifths of the office workers in 5 areas and to 10 to
20 percent in the remaining areas, but to as many
as a tenth of the plant workers in only 6 areas.
Retirement pension plans applied to 70 percent or
more of the office and 60 percent or more of the
plant workers in a majority of the areas.
These estimates of prevalence relate to the
availability of such benefits to the overall groups
of office or plant workers included in the surveys
(excluding technical and professional personnel),
under plans to which the employer contributes
at least part of the cost.3 For each type of benefit,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
aside from the factor of proportionate cost alloca
tion, there is a wide (but unmeasured) range in the
dollars-and-cents value to the worker of the bene
fits specified. Also varying service (seniority)
requirements for eligibility are an obvious factor
in evaluating the extent to which individual
workers participate in or benefit by a particular
supplementary benefit type of arrangement. Thus,
length of service is a limiting factor both as to the
number of workers who receive the benefit in any
given period and the amount of the benefit.
Relatively long seniority requirements, as in the
case of retirement programs, limit the number
of workers who ultimately qualify; or, as in the
case of paid vacations, limit the number who
receive 3- or 4-week pay amounts at any given
time.
Paid Vacations
Except for about 10 percent of the workers in
the southern areas, 2 weeks’ vacation pay after 5
years’ service is available to almost as many
workers as is the virtually universal provision of 1
week’s pay after 1 year. Three or more weeks’
pay is available to a fourth after 10 years and to
a lm ost three-fourths after 15 years, in most areas.
Four weeks’ pay is generally available to from a
i This article is the third and last of a series of analyses of wages, establish
ment practices, and supplementary wage provisions in 17 major labor market
areas. For the first two articles, see Earnings and Wage Differentials in 17
Labor Markets, 1956-57, and Coverage of Collective Agreements in 17 Labor
Markets, 1956-57 (in Monthly Labor Review, October 1957, pp. 1216 and 1222,
respectively). Further analysis and data are contained in Wages and
Related Benefits, 17 Labor Markets, 1956-57, BLS Bull. 1202 (1957), and
individual area bulletins.
The surveys in the 17 areas were made between August 1956 and April
1957. Metropolitan areas were covered except in Chicago (Cook County),
New York City (the five boroughs), and Philadelphia (Philadelphia and
Delaware counties, Pa., and Camden County, N. J.).
Major industry divisions within the scope of the surveys were manufactur
ing; transportation (except railroads), communication, and other public
utilities; wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate;
and services (selected industries).
The minimum establishment size was 51 workers in each of the 6 industry
divisions surveyed, except that in 8 of the larger areas, the minimum in manu
facturing, public utilities, and retail trade was 101 workers. The construction
and extractive industries, and Government-operated establishments were
excluded.
The 4,100 firms studied, employing
million workers, were selected to
represent 21,0 0 0 firms within the scope of the studies with a total employment
of 7 million in the 17 areas.
» Although most of the discussion in this article is supported by data in the
accompanying table, this analysis and some others draw on material in BLS
Bull. 1202 (1957) and the more detailed individual area bulletins.
s The most recent data on the proportions of workers, in most of the areas
surveyed, who were subject to contributory and noncontributory life insur
ance and pension plans, are presented in Health, Insurance, and Pension
Plans in 17 Labor Markets (in M onthly Labor Review, November 1954,
pp. 1228-1232).
1357
SUPPLEMENTARY WAGE PROVISIONS IN 17 LABOR MARKETS, 1956-57
For the bulk of both plant and office workers in
most areas, vacation pay for 3 weeks was the
maximum provided. The proportion of plant
workers for whom the maximum vacation pay
provision was 2 weeks was somewhat greater than
the proportion of office workers with this maxi
mum. A greater proportion of office than plant
sixth to a fourth of the workers if they have 20 or
25 years’ service.
Typically, the maximum pay ceilings attainable
and the amount of pay for comparable service
were more liberal for office workers. This observa
tion applies to the great majority of the areas and
individual industry divisions.
Percent of workers employed in establishments having formal provisions for selected supplementary wage benefits in 17 major
labor markets, August 1956-April 1957 1
Paid holidays (full days)
Paid vacations 1
2
weeks or
more
3 weeks or more
4 weeks or
more
Area
After After After After After After After
25
10
15
20
5
1
5
year years years years years years years
1 to
Total 5
7
6
8
Insurance
3
AcciRetiredenment
Hostal
death pital- Surgi- Medi- Catas- Sick- pen9 or
cal trophe ness sion *
izacal
more Life and
pay4
tion
dismemberment
Office workers
Northeast:
Boston___________
Buffalo__________
New York City___
Philadelphia______
Pittsburgh________
South:
A tlanta______ ____
Birmingham______
Dallas __________
Memphis 7 _______
North Central:
Chicago ________
Cleveland________
Kansas C ity______
Minneapolis-St.
P a u l 7__________
West:
Los Angeles-Long
B e ach ______
Portland ________
San FranciscoOakland___ ____
Seattle _________
96
81
92
77
78
99
99
99
99
99
78
62
67
65
98
94
97
99
80
84
64
99
99
99
69
80
85
0
42
37
56
33
13
(6)
19
64
55
51
46
26
6
18
7
0
8
3
4
9
16
6
37
10
7
17
4
3
88
88
83
88
5
0
0
3
29
26
49
32
15
26
7
16
15
11
3
7
32
14
29
99
99
99
78
81
78
81
83
37
71
6
68
68
10
62
85
63
69
61
24
14
20
80
72
79
75
74
74
60
10
70
74
79
39
53
53
35
45
55
29
47
50
84
61
78
85
82
61
75
85
45
32
55
44
41
45
56
80
74
75
80
71
75
53
33
58
45
76
75
46
39
41
30
42
78
87
77
98
93
92
91
16
11
30
15
16
99 (8)
99 (8)
99 2
50
76
50
28
19
27
8
2
14
17
3
95
93
91
66
24
6
4
91
48
45
29
39
17
15
6
1
68
88
44
89
83
89
82
74
74
43
18
80
70
80
74
2
1
49
56
34
40
15
3
94
98
40
73
80
55
80
55
68
27
15
72
93
72
72
84
91
92
93
99
52
38
42
43
43
74
89
87
80
93
70
85
75
93
33
52
58
46
32
3
4
91
80
85
94
89
82
76
79
72
56
23
49
41
92
95
84
47
52
50
88
100
32
84
6
31
100
100
100
8
80
69
7
4
100
3
24
24
18
68
21
82
83
100
100
27
9
81
42
5
5
22
74
91
92
87
94
76
82
74
57
78
89
93
93
94
95
19 8
46 (8)
20
4
20
5
5
24
85
19
74
33
35
18
38
17
99
8
3
5
11
21
10
36
26
38
58
99
99
99
23
i9)
10
37
14
2
25
37
99
6
21
2
39
0
0
100
85
89
72
0
(6)
0
99 (8)
100
100
(8)
21
45
8
3
8
1
97
66
19
48
Plant workers
Northeast:
Boston _______ -Buffalo__________
New York C ity ... .
Philadelphia______
P ittsb u rg h _______
South:
Atlanta ________
Birmingham____ Dallas___________
Memphis 7_ ______
North Central:
Chicago ________
Cleveland________
Kansas C ity______
Minneapolis-St.
Paul 7_ _________
West:
Los Angeles-Long
Beach__________
P o rtla n d ________
San FranciscoO ak lan d _______
Seattle
________
40
18
44
24
6
32
6
18
98
99
95
95
98
13
7
15
5
(6)
26
28
35
34
83
91
3
(8)
(6)
(6)
16
4
3
7
30
15
88
12
84
18
19
98
99
97
18
99
38
13
100
11
26
43
0
6
98
12
(6)
100
97
4
11
0
8
6
74
9
7
86
63
71
92
42
73
38
39
6
3
5
7
(6)
(6)
5
3
1
47
16
36
1
20
85
94
89
85
39
17
42
44
35
19
23
23
11
20
98
97
98
6
4
28
17
24
22
14
18
11
12
( 6)
8
6
0
11
12
6
14
40
3
33
20
6
2
7
9 (8)
56 2
22
1
86
1
2
16
72
80
58
60
59
61
54
42
33
88
87
79
72
59
40
53
10
76
72
5
13
89
85
77
65
67
59
48
78
76
53
4
88
58
67
74
62
51
55
91
63
63
66
22
46
32
0
13
5
6
72
3
23
98
2
73
18
6
25
18
76
50
5
3
11
95
89
3
51
51
27
32
14
4
0
93
71
70
47
92
79
92
79
79
72
28
16
31
39
87
71
3
17
9
95
93
7
4
52
51
29
32
0
94
93
49
52
84
90
84
90
80
85
19
0
0
2
7
6
2
95
17
81
72
77
64
12
24
8
88
8
27
4
2
5
56
75
74
59
82
6
82
87
65
10
7
88
55
76
57
1 Reports issued for the separate areas present, where possible, separate
data for the 6 maior industry divisions studied, depending largely on their
relative size and importance within a given area. Thus, data for manu
facturing and public utilities are available in each of the 17 areas, for retail
trade and finance in 11, wholesale trade in 10, and services in 5.
a A week’s pay for a year’s service applied to 99 percent of the office workers
and 98 percent of the plant workers in virtually every area.
* Full-day holidays provided annually, exclusive of half holidays. For
information on the latter, see p. 1359 of this issue, BLS Bull. 120 2 (1957), and
individual area bulletins.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
27
40
31
34
67
95
97
97
99
97
16
0
6
6
4
Unduplicated total of workers receiving paid sick leave or sickness and
accident insurance or both.
«Includes retirement-type profit-sharing plans that provide for regular
payments to retirees for the remainder of their lives.
6 Less than 0.5 percent.
7 Data relate to winter 1955-56.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
1358
workers could expect eventually to receive vaca
tion pay for 4 weeks or more.
The greatest differences between the benefits
for office and plant workers are in the provisions
for service periods up to 3 years. Much larger
proportions of office workers, for example, qualify
for vacation pay after 6 months. Also, pay of 2
weeks or more after a year of service was much
more widely granted to office workers. Provi
sions were about the same for both groups for em
ployees with 5 years’ service, except in 3 southern
areas. However, vacation pay arrangements per
taining to 10, 15, 20, and 25 years of service pro
gressively favor office workers in most areas,
tending to provide an increasingly higher propor
tion of such workers with 3 and 4 weeks’ vacations.
Some marked differences for both office and
plant workers were noted among the areas, not
only in respect to maximum pay offered, but also
as regards length of service. Moreover, not all of
the areas that offer the most (or least) liberal
vacation provisions for office workers held the
same relative rank with respect to plant workers.
To some extent, such variations reflect the local
importance of particular industries. For example,
in New York City, financial institutions, and in
Birmingham and Pittsburgh, the steel industry,
provide employment to an unusually high propor
tion of the total office and manufacturing plant
workers, respectively, in the area. Thus, vacation
practices in these industries influence the overall
data for these cities. All areas had in common,
however, the practice of at least 1 week’s pay for
1 year’s service applicable to the great majority of
office and plant workers in each area.
Among the 5 industry divisions (excluding
finance) for which data are available for plant
workers, public utilities led in the proportions of
workers (50 to 90 percent in most areas) who were
offered a week’s pay for as little as 6 months’
service. The proportions of plant workers to
whom 2 weeks’ or more pay was available after a
year’s service were highest in wholesale trade in
most areas affording comparison. Likewise, 2
weeks’ or more pay after 2 and 3 years’ service was
generally available to the greatest extent in public
utilities and retail trade. Three weeks’ or more
pay after 15 years’ service was available to the
greatest extent in public utilities and wholesale
trade, and after 10 years’ service, in retail trade.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
Retail trade also led all divisions in offering 4
weeks’ pay to a third or more of its nonoffice
workers in most areas, as against a proportion of
a sixth or more in the next highest industry divi
sion—public utilities.
For most workers, vacation pay is expressed in
terms of regular or average weekly earnings, grad
uated on a sliding scale from as little as 1 day’s
pay after a short length of employment to as much
as 4 weeks’ pay after long service. Some plans of
this type also provide 1 day’s pay for each year of
service, providing in this way progression for inter
mediate years. Graduated plans of another type
which express vacation pay as a percentage of the
workers’ annual earnings applied to higher pro
portions of the plant than of the office workers—
the great majority of these workers being em
ployed in the production departments of manu
facturing firms. Although applicable to only a
few workers in some areas, the practice applied
to almost a third of the factory workers in Phila
delphia and to a fifth in Los Angeles-Long Beach,
Memphis, and San Francisco-Oakland. Other
types of payment, including flat-sum payments,
were not usual, applying to only 3 to 4 percent of
the plant workers in but 3 areas.
Paid Holidays
Paid holidays were provided to virtually all
office workers and to 85 percent or more of the
plant workers in each area (see table). The num
ber of paid holidays varied widely within and
among the areas. Six full-day holidays, in some
cases supplemented by one or more half days, was
the most common single provision for both office
and plant workers in a majority of the areas.
However, as many as half the office and plant
workers were covered by such provisions only in
the 4 North Central areas; in Portland and Los
Angeles-Long Beach, half of the plant workers,
but a slightly smaller proportion of office workers,
received 6 full-day holidays. In Birmingham,
Pittsburgh, San Francisco-Oakland, and Seattle,
7 full days was the usual provision for both
groups. Eleven full-day holidays were provided
to a majority of the office workers in Boston and
to two-fifths in New York City. Five days were
as commonly granted as 6 days in some of the
southern areas.
SUPPLEMENTARY WAGE PROVISIONS IN 17 LABOR MARKETS, 1956-57
1359
Seven or more paid holidays were provided to
almost all office workers in Boston, New York
City, San Francisco-Oakland, and Seattle and,
along with Pittsburgh, to from 75 to 85 percent
of the plant workers. Among other areas, the
proportion of office workers receiving 7 or more
paid full-day holidays ranged between 50 and 75
percent in Birmingham and the other areas in the
Northeast and West, and among the remaining
areas, was lowest in the South and in Cleveland
(20 to 30 percent). The proportion of plant
workers receiving 7 or more full holidays ranged
among other areas from about 60 percent (Bir
mingham and Philadelphia) down to 10 to 25
percent in the same areas as were lowest for office
workers. Provisions for more than 8 full-day
holidays were not common for plant workers ex
cept in Boston and New York City, nor for office
workers except in these 2 areas and Philadelphia.
In each of the major industry groups, virtually
all office workers and the great majority of plant
workers received one or more paid full-day holi
days. In a few industries and areas, 10 percent
or more of the plant workers received no paid
full-day holidays, chiefly factory and public utility
workers in 3 southern areas and Portland, and
plant workers in service industries. Manufactur
ing industries as a group did not provide as many
full-day holidays as did the finance, public utility,
and wholesale trade divisions of nonmanufacturing.
In order to determine workers’ total paid
holiday time (not presented in the table) in
clusive of half holidays, the half-day holidays were
added to the basic full holiday data such as ap
pear in the accompanying table. For example,
workers receiving 7 full days and 2 half days (or
6 full days and 4 half days, and so on) were con
sidered as having received 8 days of paid holiday
time. These workers, added to those who received
8 full days but no half days, provided a new esti
mate of workers who received 8 days’ paid
holiday time. In 8 areas affording comparison,
the proportions of office and plant workers re
ceiving the equivalent of 6 days of paid holiday
time in the 1956-57 survey period were generally
3 to 6 percentage points lower than in the winter
of 1955-56. A corresponding increase was re
corded in the proportions receiving 7 or 8 days.
Total paid holiday time equal to 11 or more
days was received by a majority of office workers
in Boston and New York City. Approximately
half of the office workers in Philadelphia and San
Francisco-Oakland received an equivalent of 8
or more days, and 6 or 7 or more were provided in
all other areas except Memphis (5 or more). A
majority of plant workers in Boston received the
equivalent of 8 or more days, in New York City
7}i or more, in Birmingham (atypical for the
South) 7 or more, and in other areas 6 or 7 or more,
except in 3 southern areas (5 or more).
Total Holiday Time. More than a sixth of the
office workers and a smaller proportion of plant
workers in most areas now receive pay for at least
1 half holiday in addition to their full holidays, 1
or 2 half days, often the day before Christmas and
New Year’s, being the usual number. Paid half
holidays were most prevalent in the Northeast
and North Central areas studied—1 or more paid
half holidays were received by from 20 to 30 per
cent of the plant workers in 3 of these 9 areas
and by similar proportions of office workers in 5.
Among industry divisions, paid half holidays were
most frequent among office workers in the finance
and manufacturing divisions, and among plant
workers in manufacturing. One or more half
holidays were received by half or more of the office
workers in Boston public utilities and retail trade
and Pittsburgh finance, and half or more of the
plant workers in Boston public utilities.
Health and Insurance Plans
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
As in earlier surveys in these areas, life insurance
coverage was the most common benefit provision.
It was available to 90 percent or more of the office
workers in each area except Boston and Portland,
and to 84 percent or more of the plant workers in
each area except Memphis and Portland.
Provisions for hospitalization insurance and
surgical insurance applied to from 70 to 90 percent
or more of both the office and plant workers in each
area except Philadelphia, Birmingham, Memphis,
and Seattle. In the latter two areas, however,
the proportionate coverage of office workers in
Memphis (85 percent) and of plant workers in
Seattle (90 percent) ranked among the highest
of the 17 areas. Medical insurance was available
to more than half of the office and plant workers
in 9 of the areas.
1360
Hospitalization, surgical, and medical insurance
have each become increasingly available in recent
years in all areas studied. Between the winters
of 1952-53 4 and 1956-57, hospitalization was
extended to an additional 15 to 39 percent of the
office workers in a third of the areas and to an
additional 15 to 68 percent of the plant workers in
half the areas. Furthermore, during this 4-year
span, in all of the 14 areas affording comparison,
surgical and medical coverage grew more rapidly
than hospitalization.
Hospitalization, earlier available to proportion
ately more office than plant workers in a majority
of the areas, is now available to more plant work
ers in two-thirds of the 14 areas studied in 195253. The proportion of plant workers now re
ceiving hospitalization and surgical protection
exceeds that of office workers by 35 percent in
Seattle, and by approximately 10 to 20 percent
in New York City, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and
Birmingham. In only 2 of the areas in which the
office worker coverage was the greater (Boston
and Memphis) did the difference between office
and plant coverage exceed 5 percent.
Protection for employee illnesses may take the
form of sick leave with full or partial pay or
insurance benefits. Many establishments pro
vided both sickness insurance and sick leave.
In about half the areas, the proportions of office
and plant workers covered by some type of sick
ness pay equaled or exceeded not only the pro
portion who were provided hospitalization, but
also those who had surgical insurance.
Sick-leave plans providing for full pay and
requiring no waiting period were much more
prevalent for office workers than for plant workers.
For example, the area proportions of workers
covered by such plans ranged between 28 and 83
percent of the office workers compared with
between 5 and 36 percent (Los Angeles-Long
Beach) of the plant workers. On the other hand,
sickness and accident insurance was more com
monly provided for plant workers, for whom the
proportions covered ranged from 26 to 89 percent
as compared to a range of 31 to 51 percent for
office workers. Limited-type sick leave requiring
a waiting period or providing partial pay or both
was provided to up to 15 percent of office and up
to 23 percent of plant workers. Illness plans were
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
more prevalent in manufacturing establishments
than in nonmanufacturing divisions, except public
utilities.
The availability of catastrophe (extended medi
cal) insurance, for which information was first
collected in the winter of 1953-54,® ranged from
25 to 40 percent of the office workers in Atlanta,
Chicago, New York City, Los Angeles-Long
Beach, and San Francisco-Oakland, and from 10
to 20 percent in most other areas. In 9 areas
permitting comparison, the 3-year increment
ranged between 12 and 35 percent. In 1956-57,
catastrophe insurance was available to as many
as 10 percent of the plant workers in only 6 of the
17 areas, the highest coverage being 28 percent
(Los Angeles-Long Beach).
Retirement Plans
Retirement plans were somewhat more preva
lent for office workers than for plant workers.
Pension coverage for office workers ranged from
60-70 percent (in 3 southern areas) to 80-85
percent in Atlanta, Buffalo, Los Angeles-Long
Beach, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh. Plant work
er coverage ranged more widely, from about 40
percent in Memphis and 50-55 percent in Boston,
Dallas, and Portland up to 74-75 percent in
Buffalo and New York City and over 80 percent
in Pittsburgh.
Coverage varied widely among industry divi
sions. Relatively more workers were covered in
public utilities than in other major industry groups
studied. Lowest pension plan coverage was in
services and retail trade.
Between 1952-53 and 1956-57, pensions became
available to additional office and plant workers
in each area. The gain in the proportion of office
workers covered by pension provisions ranged
between 11 and 15 percent in most areas, with
slightly larger increases in coverage noted for
plant workers.
— O tto H o llberg
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations
<See Wages and Related Benefits, 1952-53, BLS Bull. 1116 (1953).
5
See Wage Differences and Establishment Practices, 17 Labor Markets,
1953-54, BLS Bull. 1173 (1954); also Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans
in 17 Labor Markets (in M onthly Labor Review, November 1954, pp. 12281232).
WAGE CHRONOLOGY—U. S. STEEL CORP.
Wage Chronology No. 3:
United States Steel Corp.
Supplement No. 7—1956-57
i n f o r m a t i o n contained in this supplement
of the United States Steel Corp. chronology1
results from the negotiations for new contracts in
the basic steel industry started on May 28, 1956,
between the United States Steel Corp. and two
other major steel producers and the United Steel
workers of America. Similar discussions were held
with other producers at about the same time.
Earlier, the companies and the union had served
formal 60-day notices terminating their contracts
on June 30, 1956.
In the initial meeting with the companies, the
union presented a list of 23 proposed contract
changes that had been formulated by its Wage
Policy Committee. The detailed proposal included
a “substantial” wage increase, premium pay for
work on Saturday and Sunday as such, a sup
plemental unemployment benefit plan, an im
proved health and welfare plan, and a variety of
other contract changes. Bargaining sessions were
recessed at the end of May to permit the companies
to study the union’s proposal. On June 15, a
counterproposal advanced by the companies was
rejected by the union. This proposal included a
5-year contract (reopenable only in the event of
a national emergency), with a general wage
increase averaging 7.3 cents an hour annually; a
cost-of-living provision; a supplemental unemploy
ment benefit plan; an improved insurance plan;
and other deferred improvements to become
effective during the life of the contract.
When it became evident that a settlement would
not be reached by June 30, 1956, the expiration
date of the existing agreements, efforts were made
to extend the contracts while negotiations con
tinued but met with no success. The companies
requested an indefinite contract extension (without
provision for making new benefits retroactive),
subject to a 72-hour termination notice; the union
proposed a 2-week contract extension, with new
benefits retroactive to July 1. The parties failed
to resolve their difference on contract extension.
T he
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1361
On July 1, a work stoppage idled most of the
industry and bargaining was discontinued.
With the assistance of the Federal Mediation
and Conciliation Service, bargaining was resumed
in mid-July, and a memorandum of agreement with
United States Steel Corp. and 11 other basic steel
producers on new 3-year contracts, subject to
union ratification, was signed on July 27. How
ever, a return to work was delayed until early
August to allow the parties to work out details
(e. g., with respect to supplemental unemployment
benefit plan provisions and incentive inequity
problems) and to sign individual contracts.
The new settlement provided for a general
increase in basic rates averaging about 9.5 cents
an hour (about 10.5 cents in hourly earnings,
including incentive pay), effective August 3, 1956;
deferred increases averaging 8.3 cents an hour
(about 9.1 cents when incentive pay was included),
effective on July 1 of both 1957 and 1958; and
a semiannual cost-of-living escalator formula.
Changes in supplementary benefits, effective at
various dates throughout the contract period,
included a supplemental unemployment benefit
plan, premium pay for nonovertime Sunday work,
an additional paid holiday (Good Friday), in
creased pay for holiday work, an improved
insurance program, increased pension benefits,
increased shift premiums, additional vacation pay
after specified periods of service, and pay for jury
duty. The agreement also provided for establish
ing joint committees to review job classifications
and the existing wage incentive system.
The new agreements, to be in force from August
3, 1956, through June 30, 1959, made no provision
for wage reopenings—the first long-term agree
ments without reopenings in basic steel’s collective
bargaining history. (Pension and insurance agree
ments remain in force through October 1, 1959.)
The following tables bring the wage changes of
the United States Steel Corp. chronology through
July 1, 1957, and take into account the revisions
in supplemental benefits and other changes pro
vided in the agreement of August 3, 1956.
1 For basic chronology and previous supplements, see M onthly Labor
Review, February 1949, p. 194; October 1950, p. 473; May 1951, p. 563; Febru
ary 1953, p. 151; October 1953, p. 1084; and March 1956, p. 317; or BLS Report
106.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
1362
A—General Wage Changes
Effective date
Provision
Aug. 3, 1956 (by agreement
of same date).
7.5 cents an hour increase plus
increases in increments be
tween standard job class rates
resulting in added increases up
to 9 cents for the top classi
fication. Total increase aver
aged approximately 9.5 cents
an hour in base rates or 10.5
cents when effect on incentive
pay is included.
January 1957 (first pay
p e r i o d b e g i n n i n g in
month).
July 1, 1957 (by agreement
dated Aug. 3, 1956).
3 cents an hour allowance added
to straight-time hourly earn
ings.
7 cents an hour increase, plus
increase in increments between
standard job class rates, re
sulting in added increases up
to 6 cents for the top classifi
cation. Total increase aver
aged approximately 8.3 cents
an hour in base rates or 9.1
cents when the effect on in
centive pay is included.
4 cents an hour allowance added
to straight-time hourly earn
ings.
July 1957 (first pay period
beginning in month).
i The new agreement provided that semiannual cost-of-living adjustments
be based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index (1947-49=
100) for the index months of May and November as follows:
C o n su m e r P ric e In d ex
C ost-of-living allo w a n ce
116.5 or less................................................... None.
116.6 to 117.0________________________ 1 cent an hour.
117.1 to 117.4,....... -........ .......................... 2 cents an hour.
117.5 to 117.9— ........................ ................— 3 cents an hour.
118.0 to 118.3— ______________________ 4 cents an hour.
and so forth, with 1 -cent adjustments in straight-time hourly earnings
for alternating 0.4- and 0.5-point changes in the index, and with down
ward adjustments occurring only when the index declines sufficiently
to warrant a 2 -cent decrease.
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Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Included in computing total was additional 6 cents an
hour for employees formerly in job class 1 which was
eliminated and combined with job class 2.
Increments between job classes were increased from 6
cents to 6.3 cents an hour, thus providing additional
increases ranging from 0.3 cent in job class 3 to 9 cents
for job class 32. (See schedule of standard hourly rates.)
Proportionate increase in incentive earnings under
pay plans in effect on April 22, 1947, as well as for
subsequent plans. (Previously cents per hour increases
added to incentive earnings under pay plans in effect
on April 22, 1947.)
Deferred increases of 7 cents an hour, plus 0.2-cent
increases in increment between job classes effective
July 1, 1957, and July 1, 1958.
The new agreement provided for semiannual cost-ofliving adjustments of 1 cent an hour, added to straighttime hourly earnings, for alternating 0.4-and 0.5-point
changes in the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer
Price Index above a level of 116.2. No reductions in
the cost-of-living allowance unless the decline in the
index warrants a wage decrease of at least 2 cents.1
Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Increments between job classes were increased from 6.3
cents to 6.5 cents an hour, thus providing additional
increases ranging from 0.2 cent in job class 3 to 6 cents
for job class 32. Proportionate increase in incentive
earnings under pay plans in effect on April 22, 1947.
Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Examples of changes in the cost-of-living allowance are shown in the
following tabulation:
Change in cost-of-living
alloivance in cents in
accordance w ith table
+ 4 cents............
+3 cents______
— 2 cents.............
— 1 c e n t.._____
— 1 cent_______
+ 2 cents______
— 1 cent_______
+ 1 cent_______
— 1 cent_______
+ 2 cents.............
—3 cents---------— 1 cent_______
— 1 cent_______
—3 cents______
+ 2 cents.............
A c tu a l cost-of-living
a d ju s tm e n t
4 cents an hour.
7 cents an hour.
5 cents an hour.
5 cents an hour.
3 cents an hour.
5 cents an hour.
5 cents an horn.
5 cents an hour.
5 cents an hour.
6 cents an hour.
3 cents an hour.
3 cents an hour.
1 cent an hour.
None.
None.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY—U. S. STEEL CORP.
1363
Schedule of Standard Hourly Rates in Steel-Producing Operations of United States Steel Corp.
Job July 1, Aug. 3, July 1, July 1,
class1 1955
1956 1957 2 1958 2
0 -1 ___
2___
3___
4___
5___
6___
7___
8___
9___
10___
11___
$1. 685
(3)
(3)
(3)
1. 745 $1. 820 $1. 890 $1. 960
1. 805 1. 883 1. 955 2. 027
1. 865 1. 946 2. 020 2. 094
1. 925 2. 009 2. 085 2. 161
1. 985 2. 072 2. 150 2. 228
2. 045 2. 135 2. 215 2. 295
2. 105 2. 198 2. 280 2. 362
2. 165 2. 261 2. 345 2. 429
2. 225 2. 324 2. 410 2. 496
2. 285 2. 387 2. 475 2. 563
Job July 1, Aug. 3, July 1, July 1,
class 1 1955
1956 1957 2 1958 2
Job July 1, Aug. 3, July 1, July 1,
class 1 1955
1956 19572 19582
12___
13___
14___
15___
16___
17___
18___
19___
20___
21___
22___
23___
24___
25___
26___
27___
28___
29___
30___
31___
32___
2. 345
2. 405
2. 465
2. 525
2. 585
2. 645
2. 705
2. 765
2. 825
2. 885
2. 945
2. 450
2. 513
2. 576
2. 639
2. 702
2. 765
2. 828
2. 891
2. 954
3. 017
3. 080
1 For typical occupations in each job class, see BLS Report 106, Wage Chronology: U. S. Steel Corp. (1937-55).
3 Does not include cost-of-living adjustm ent.
2. 540
2. 605
2. 670
2. 735
2. 800
2. 865
2. 930
2. 995
3. 060
3. 125
3. 190
2. 630
2. 697
2. 764
2. 831
2. 898
2. 965
3. 032
3. 099
3. 166
3. 233
3. 300
3. 005
3. 065
3. 125
3. 185
3. 245
3. 305
3. 365
3. 425
3. 485
3. 545
3. 143
3. 206
3. 269
3. 332
3. 395
3. 458
3. 521
3. 584
3. 647
3. 710
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
255
320
385
450
515
580
645
710
775
840
3. 367
3. 434
3. 501
3. 568
3. 635
3. 702
3. 769
3. 836
3. 903
3. 970
3 Under the new agreements, workers who were formerly in job class 0-1
were moved up and combined with job class 2. Employees in former job
class 0-1 received an extra 6 cents an hour increase (the old increment) in
addition to the general increases for all workers.
C—Related Wage Practices
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters
Shift Premium Pay
July 1, 1958 (by agreement
dated Aug. 3, 1956).
Increased to: 8 cents an hour for work on after
noon (second) shift; 12 cents an hour on night
(third) shift.
•
Pay for Sunday Work
Sept. 1, 1956 (by agreement
dated Aug. 3, 1956).
July 1, 1957 (by agreement
dated Aug. 3, 1956).
July 1, 1958 (by agreement
dated Aug. 3, 1956).
Time and one-tenth for hours worked on Sunday
not paid for on an overtime basis.
Increased to: Time and one-fifth
Sunday premium also paid for reporting
allowance hours.
Increased to: Time and one-fourth
Holiday Pay
Aug. 3, 1956 (by agreement
of same date).
July 1, 1957 (by agreement
dated Aug. 3, 1956).
July 1, 1958 (by agreement
dated Aug. 3, 1956).
Added: Seventh paid holiday
Good Friday.
Increased to: Double time and one-tenth (total)
for all work performed on 7 specified holidays.
Increased to: Double time and one-fourth (total)
for work on holidays.
Paid Vacations
Jan. 1, 1958 (by agreement
dated Aug. 3, 1956).
See footnotes at end of table.
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Added: An additional half week’s vacation pay
for 3 but less than 5, 10 but less than 15, and
25 or more years’ service.1
No change in length of vacation period.
Eliminated: Requirement that workers
receive earnings for 60 percent of
pay periods during preceding year
and work during calendar year to be
eligible for vacation.
Added: Employees absent at least 6
consecutive months in preceding year
disqualified for benefits.
1364
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters
Severance Allowance
Sept. 1,1957 (by agreement
dated Aug. 3, 1956).
Employees eligible for severance allowance to
have option within 30 days after shutdown
either to be treated as on layoff (and hence
eligible for supplemental unemployment bene
fits) or to accept the severance allowance.
Employee electing severance allowance
to have any supplemental unemploy
ment benefit payments received dur
ing the 30-day period deducted from
the allowance to which he would
otherwise have been eligible at the
beginning of the period.
Jury-Duty Pay
Aug. 3, 1956 (by agreement
of same date).
Employee to receive difference between 8 hours
average straight-time earnings and payment
for jury service for each day of jury duty on
which he would have otherwise worked.
Employee to present proof of service
and amount of pay received.
Insurance Benefits
Mar. 15, 1956___
_ _
Sept. 1, 1956 (by agree
ment dated Aug. 3, 1956).
Hospitalization and surgical benefits improved
without additional contributions.
Changed to: Total cost based on an initial aver
age of $19 a man-month .2 Company to match
employees’ monthly contribution estimated to
average $9.50 per worker instead of limiting
payment to a fixed amount per man-hour;
amount of each employee’s contribution to
depend on insurance provided .3
Life insurance: New schedule of group term
insurance based on higher wage scales— mini
mum insurance increased from $3,000 to
$3,500; maximum from $5,500 to $6,000.3
Accident and sickness benefits: Changed from a
flat benefit of $40 a week to benefits gradu
ated from $42 to $57 a week .3
Hospitalization: Benefits improved and allow
ance for private room and board increased to
$ 1 2 a day.
Added: Diagnostic benefits for employees and
dependents.
Surgical benefits: Increased to a maximum of
$300.4 In-hospital oral surgery, diagnostic
X-ray, and diagnostic medical services (elec
trocardiogram, electroencephalogram and basal
metabolism) added.
Any increase in cost of insurance during
period of agreement to be shared
equally between employees and em
ployer.
Insurance upon retirement after age 65
changed from flat $1,250 to benefits
graduated from $1,300 to $1,550.
Pension Plan
Nov. 1 , 1957 (by agree
ment dated Aug. 3, 1956).
Minimum monthly pension at age 65 increased
to company payment of $2.40 a month for
each year of service prior to November 1 , 1957,
and $2.50 a month for each year of service
thereafter, up to 30 years—plus Social Secu
rity benefits.
Minimum monthly pension prior to age 65 for
permanent incapacity changed to the larger
of (1) $90 a month less any Social Security
disability benefits payable; (2 ) minimum pen
sion described above ($2.40 or $2.50 times
years of service); or (3) amount under basic
1-percent formula less flat $85 offset for Social
Security or, in Workmen’s Compensation
cases, actual Social Security if less than $85.
Normal minimum thereafter.
See footnotes at end of table.
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Minimum monthly pension of employees
who retired under the 1949 plan
changed to $2 for each year of service
up to 30; for those who retired under
the 1954 plan changed to $2.25 a
month per year of service up to 30
(plus Social Security benefits).
Minimum monthly pensions for pen
sioners already retired for disability
as follows: Those entitled to Social
Security disability benefits minimum
pension described above ($2 or $2.25
times years of service); those ineligible
for Social Security disability benefits
$60 a month if retired under the 1949
plan and $80 a month if retired under
the 1954 plan.
1365
WAGE CHRONOLOGY—U. S. STEEL CORF.
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters
Pension Plan— Continued
Added: Early retirement: Employees aged 60
but less than 65 with 15 years’ continuous
service permitted to retire at own option;
could elect ( 1 ) deferred normal pension starting
at age 65 or (2) an immediate pension, actuarially reduced.
Added: Deferred vested rights: Employees laid
off for more than 2 years or terminated as a
result of a permanent shutdown of a plant,
department, or a subdivision and who at the
end of such 2 years or upon such termination
had reached age 40 with at least 15 years’
continuous service to receive deferred monthly
pensions at age 65 based on years of continuous
service and on average monthly compensation
during the 120 months prior to the expiration
of such 2 years or such termination.
Supplemental Unemployment Benefit Plan
Aug. 3, 1956 (by agreement
dated Aug. 3, 1956).
Plan established to supplement benefits paid
under State unemployment systems.
Contributions: Company to contribute 3 cents
per man-hour actually worked, with a “con
tingent liability” of an additional 2 cents if
needed to pay benefits provided by the plan.
Size of benefits: An amount which when added to
State unemployment benefits and other com
pensation will be the smaller of (1) 65 percent
of the employee’s (after tax) weekly straighttime wages for 40 hours of work, or (2) $25 a
week for the maximum duration of State un
employment benefits and $47.50 thereafter,
with $2 additional for each dependent, up to
4. Benefits to continue for a maximum of
52 weeks. Benefits will be reduced by 25 to
85 percent depending on trust fund position
in any month in which the financial position
is less than 75 percent.® If such position is
less than 10 percent, no benefits are payable .7
Benefits to be first payable for weeks begin
ning September 1, 1957, for employees laid off
on or after July 1, 1957, if favorable rulings
from S ta te 8 and Federal Governments are
obtained.
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Company’s contributions to be paid into
a fund which with “contingent lia
bility” will eventually be built up to
a “maximum financing” of 10.5 cents
for each man-hour worked in the
first 12 of the 14 months that precede
the month for which the calculation is
made .5 This would be about $200
per employee, assuming an average
workyear of about 1,900 hours.
Company contributions to fund and in
crease in contingent liability to cease
when fund reaches 100 percent
“maximum financing” and will be
resumed only as necessary to restore
this level.
Plan contingent on obtaining rulings (1)
that company contributions are de
ductible for Federal income tax pur
poses; (2 ) that such contributions
would be excluded in computation of
overtime pay under the Fair Labor
Standards Act. If these rulings were
not obtained by September 1, 1957,
the company’s obligation to con
tribute to the plan would cease. If
the plan was terminated in this
manner, the company and the union
were to negotiate with respect to
modifying the plan or use of the
money the company has contributed
or would otherwise be obligated to
contribute to the fund; if no agree
ment was reached within 60 days,
either party could thereafter resort to
a strike or a lockout .9
1366
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters
Supplemental Unemployment Benefit Plan— Continued
Eligibility: Laid-off employees with at least 2
years’ continuous service (who meet certain
other requirements) and with credit units will
be eligible for benefits after waiting a period of
1 week within the benefit year. To obtain a
week of benefits, employees will surrender 1
credit unit until the financial position of the
fund declines below 52.5 percent, when the
number of credits surrendered will vary from 1
to 5, depending on length of service and finan
cial position of the fund .7
Accrual of credit units: Employees will accumu
late credit units at the rate of }{o unit for
each 8 credited hours beginning on or after
August 1, 1955. A maximum of 52 credit
units can be accumulated by a worker at any
one time.
1 Vacation provisions effective January
follows:
Years of service
1,
1958, can be summarized as
Extra vacation pay
Duration of vacation
1 or m ore._.......... ......
1 week______ ______ . . . 0 .
3 or more__________
1 week_______________
Y i week.
5 or more____ ______
2 weeks_______________ 0 .
10 or more_________
2 weeks________ ........... - Y week.
15 or more_________
3 weeks_______________ 0.
25 or more_________
3 weeks____ ____
Y week.
2 Benefits of the revised plan were applicable to participating employees
actively at work on or after September 1, 1956. Benefits of the plan in effect
prior to that date were continued for participating employees not actively
at work on September 1 , 1956, until they return to active employment.
3 Schedule of benefits—in addition to the National Blue Cross, 120-Day
Hospitalization Plan and National Blue Shield Surgical Plan—and employee
contributions revised as follows:
Once an employee has been credited
with units, he cannot earn more than
26 credit units in any 1 2 -month
period.
6 In September 1957, the financial position of the fund (for purposes of de
termining benefit levels) will be considered to be 10 0 percent if total finances
equal 5 cents times hours worked in the applicable 12-month period. Sub
sequently, until normal maximum financing is first reached (but no later than
July 1959), the maximum will be computed on the basis of 5 cents times hours
worked in the applicable 12 -month period plus one-fourth of 1 cent for each
month after September 1957.
7 The amount of weekly benefit and number of credit units to be canceled
for a week of benefits is summarized as follows:
The
If the financial position appli weekly
cable to the week for which benefit
the weekly benefit is paid is—
shall
be—
Life insurance
Employee’s standard
hourly wage rate*
Before
retire
ment
Less than $1.94_________ $3, 500
$1.94 but less than $2.32..
4,000
$2.32 but less than $2.70 -_
4, 500
$2.70 but less than $3.14.._ 5,000
$3.14 but less than $3.52... 5, 500
$3.52 and over.......... .......... 6 ,0 0 0
Employee’s
Acci
dent
monthly cost
and
sickness
insur
After
ance No de With
retire (weekly pend depend
ment bene
ents
ents
fits)
$1,300
1,350
1,400
1,450
1,500
1,550
$42
45
48
51
54
57
$7.50
7.80
$9.50
9.80
8 .1 0
1 0 .1 0
8.40
8.70
9.00
10.40
10.70
1 1 .0 0
*On basis of Sept. 1, 1956, wage scale, excluding incentive earnings.
4 In addition, for steelworkers in the State of Pennsylvania who are mar
ried and earn $6,000 a year or less and single employees who earn $4,000 or
less, the schedule of surgical benefits will provide full payment for the pro
cedure.
5 Beginning in November 1958, maximum financing will be revised down
ward according to the following scale, if during the first 12 of the last 14 months
the average weekly benefit payment falls below $16:
I f the average weekly benefit is—
$16 or more_______________________ _____ . .
$12 to $15.99_____ ___ _____ ______ ___________
$8 to $11.99__________________________ _____ _
Less than $ 8 ___- ................................ .............. ..........
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The adjusted
maximum
financing for
the month
w ill be the
following per
centage of the
m axim um
financing
100
80
60
40
And if the continuous
service of the applicant
is—
2to 8 8to 15
years
years
15 years
and over
The credit units canceled
for such benefits shall
be—
75.0 percent or m ore... . .
67.5 but less than 75.0 percent___
60.0 but less than 67.5 percent___
52.5 but less than 60.0 percent___
45.0 but less than 52.5 percent___
38.0 but less than 45.0 percent___
31.0 but less than 38.0 percent___
24.0 but less than 31.0 percent___
17.0 but less than 24.0 percent___
10.0 but less than 17.0 percent___
Less than 10.0 percent__ _____
P e rc en t
100.0
75.0
67.5
60.0
52.5
45.0
37.5
30.0
22.5
15.0
0
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1. 25
1.25
2.00
2.00
2.00
5.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.25
1.25
2.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.25
3 If there was any State in which supplementation was not permitted, the
parties were by August 1957 to negotiate an alternative arrangement for
providing benefits to workers in such States. If possible, this arrangement
was to provide for payment of benefits in a lump sum at the termination of
periods of layoff or of State benefits, with further payments in the latter case
to be made on a weekly basis.
8
Necessary rulings were obtained so that plans went into effect as sched
uled.
Technical Note
The BLS Employment Series and
Manufacturing Reporting Practices
f ir s t
of a series of surveys to analyze the
response patterns of establishments cooperating
in the Bureau of Labor Statistics current employ
ment statistics program was conducted in the
spring of 1956. Officials of a sample of manu
facturing firms were interviewed to determine the
amount of variations which had occurred in the
reporting of employment, payroll, and man-hour
data for the month of January 1956. In sum
mary, the data obtained from the interviews
revealed an astonishingly low level of errors;
these were, in the main, the result of counter
balancing deviations. The net effect of these
deviations in the data on employment, hours, and
earnings reported by these firms ranged from 0.1
to 1.0 percent.
The current employment statistics program of
the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U. S. Depart
ment of Labor includes monthly estimates of
employment, average hours worked and paid for
per week, and average weekly and hourly earnings
for all manufacturing industries in the United
States. Because of their timeliness and their
industrial and geographical detail, these data are
among the most important economic statistics in
the country and they constitute one of the most
useful tools available for measuring changing
industrial conditions. The series serve other pur
poses also. For example, earnings data are used
to escalate labor costs in some sales contracts for
goods requiring a long time to manufacture, and
the series on hours and employment are important
components of the index of industrial production
of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve
Board.
Data are collected on a report form, designed
by the BLS, which is completed by a cooperating
establishment, mailed to the collecting agency,
and returned to the establishment each month.
Reports are solicited from a sample of establish
T he
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ments, in which large firms predominate.1 Cur
rently, data for manufacturing are obtained from
over 40,000 establishments, which represent all
industries and account for about 65 percent of
total employment. The complexity of this statis
tical system has increased since its inception over
40 years ago not only because of increased coverage
but also because of the progressive decentralization
of the program. Under a cooperative arrange
ment with the Bureau, designated agencies in each
State (usually the Employment Security Agency)
mail the report forms to sample establishments,
edit the returns and prepare the State and area
series, and then forward the data to the national
office of the Bureau for use in preparing the
national series.
The accuracy of the statistics prepared through
this program is of prime importance to the users
of the data and to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Therefore, a system has been developed for de
tecting and controlling the possible sources of
error in measurement. Errors of measurement
may be classified into two broad groups: Those
caused by inadequate processing or technical
treatment of the data received and those oc
casioned by deficiencies in reported data. Defi
ciencies which might be introduced by inadequate
processing are controlled by such procedures as
verification of the data punched on IBM cards,
and review of edited data by an electronic com
puter to check for internal consistency and overthe-month trend against predetermined levels of
acceptability. Examples of technical control are
the annual review and adjustment to “bench
mark” levels of employment which represent a
complete count of employed persons, the design
of samples, and the development of estimating
techniques consistent with the other technical
processes used.
To some extent, errors stemming from deviations
or deficiencies in the data which are submitted to
the collecting agencies can be controlled by careful
clerical editing, by questioning reported data
which appear unreasonable, by careful definition
of items of information requested, and by use of
the “shuttle” schedule which the respondent
always has available for reference to the figures
reported for one or more prior months.
1 For a discussion of methodology, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series (BLS Bull. 1168,1954), ch. 6 , or Technical Note on the
Measurement of Industrial Employment (in M onthly Labor Review,
September 1953, pp. 968-973).
1367
1368
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
Availability of employment and payroll data in
the records of manufacturing firms, by number of days
T a b l e 1.
Number of days from
end of pay period
Total______ _________
4 days or less____ _____
6 to 7 days____________
8 to 14 days______ _____
15 days or more________
Does not report item__
Percent of
establishments
Percent of
production workers
All
ProductionAll
Productionemployees
worker
employees
worker
payroll
payroll
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
50.1
35.5
46.8
37.5
2 1 .1
1 1 .6
2 .8
1 1 .8
2 .6
18.0
47.4
29.1
5.5
1.3
44.6
29.6
4.7
In order to evaluate completely the extent and
significance of deviations in reporting, however,
it is also essential to know how the respondents
interpret the questions asked on the employment,
payrolls, and hours schedule; and whether com
pany records are summarized in such a way that
the information requested can be readily reported.
The accuracy of reports from individual establish
ments is of particular importance in this program
because variations in reporting practices on the
part of a few large firms could result in serious
errors in the trends shown for whole industries, in
which month-to-month changes seldom amount to
more than 2 percent.
For the Bureau’s survey of response patterns by
manufacturing firms, 429 establishments were se
lected as a fully representative sample of all manu
facturing establishments which submit reports on
employment, hours, and earnings. Information
was obtained by the Bureau’s staff through per
sonal interviews with officials of the sample com
panies. The questionnaire used in the interviews
was designed to elicit information on the sources
and causes of errors in response having their origin
in the recordkeeping and reporting practices of
manufacturing establishments. Detailed ques
tions were asked about such matters as what types
of payroll records were maintained and when
records were available; whether certain groups of
employees were included in the data reported ; and
how employees on sick leave, paid holidays, or
vacations or working on holidays were counted
for purposes of the report. More than 99 percent
of the establishments in the sample were success
fully interviewed. All of the respondents were
very cooperative and there was a high degree of
interest in and approbation of the survey and its
objectives. The most important findings are
summarized here.
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Source of Reported Data
Company records are the source of almost every
figure reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Data reported by 90 percent of the establishments
came solely from payroll records; an additional 8
percent relied principally on payroll records but
supplemented them with personnel records. The
reliance of reporters on their own recordkeeping
systems is a strong guarantee that the data re
ported are accurate and free from the subjective
bias which might accompany an attempt to fill out
the schedule by reconstructing employment, pay
roll, and hours figures without reference to com
pany records.
Time of Availability of Records
Great emphasis is placed on the need to publish
economic indicators of all kinds as rapidly as
possible. Preliminary data on employment, hours,
and earnings for major industry groups in manu
facturing are now published about a month after
the end of the pay period to which they relate.
These preliminary figures are based on returns
from about half of the establishments in the
sample. The first estimates are revised a month
later after all returns have been received. The
officials interviewed in the survey were asked,
without reference to their present reporting prac
tices, how soon each of the items on the schedule
was available from their records. About half of
the plants had both employment and payroll data
available within 4 days following the end of the
payroll period. However, these were predom
inantly the smaller plants and they represented
only about one-fifth of manufacturing employ
ment or production-worker payrolls. Although
only 14 percent of the establishments took more
than a week to prepare data on total employment,
these establishments represented 34 percent of
manufacturing employment and productionworker payrolls. (See table 1.)
As time must be allowed for the mailing and
processing of the returns, these data suggest that
a further speedup in publication of the employ
ment, hours, and earnings series is impractical
without changes in the record-compiling practices
of large companies. In this connection, it is note
worthy that 40 percent of the establishments em
ploying 70 percent of the production workers were
1369
EMPLOYMENT REPORTING PRACTICES OF MANUFACTURERS
plants of multiunit companies; and for about half
of these plants, the reports to the Bureau were
prepared in the central office of the company.
Recordkeeping and Reporting Practices
Data for the month of January 1956 were used
to determine the extent to which the information
requested and the definitions specified on the
schedule are understood by thé respondents and
conform to industry recordkeeping practices.
Analysis of these data disclosed that some adjust
ment in the “all employees” reports of about onethird of the firms, primarily to correct for omis
sions, would be required to make the reports con
form completely to the definitions specified.
About half of the establishments also deviated
from the concepts in their reports on the number
of production workers, number of hours worked
or paid for, and dollars of payroll. With the
exception of payrolls, however, the number of
reporters making errors in one direction was
balanced by the number erring in the opposite
manner. For example, 23.9 percent of the firms
understated man-hours and 23.5 percent over
stated them. (See table 2.)
Most important among the variations from the
information requested on the schedule w~ere (1)
the omission of a particular group of workers—
usually because they were listed on a confidential
payroll or were not considered to be part of the
work force of the reporting establishment, or, in
the case of production workers, were erroneously
thought outside of the production and related
worker definition; and (2) the shifting of the pay
roll period, usually to one falling later than the
period ending nearest the 15th of the month,
because the reporter judged that the data for some
different period more accurately represented a
“normal” situation for the plant. Such shifting
was most prevalent where plants were either com
pletely or partially shut down during the proper
reporting period.
Errors in the reporting of workers on vacation,
the reporting for periods which included paid
holidays, and the count of production workers,
were believed before the survey was undertaken
to be of considerable importance. The question
naire used contained a substantial number of
questions on each in order to find out what cir
cumstances might lead to erroneous reporting.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The reporting of employees on vacation and of
their pay and hours is influenced by a variety of
practices. Ninety-three percent of the plants in
the BLS sample provided for paid vacations.
Fifty-three percent of these issue vacation pay
before the vacation is taken, 22 percent make the
payment during the time the vacation is being
taken, and the remainder indicate a wide variety
of vacation pay practices. Almost half of all
plants reported that they shut down their plants
completely for vacation periods.
The magnitude of error introduced under the
present reporting instructions by variations in
the reporting of employees on vacation at a time
when vacations are at a peak was not measured
by the survey since the adjustments were secured
for the pay period ending nearest the 15th of
January. However, the general pattern of report
ing which would be followed when vacation and
reporting periods coincide was determined. As
shown in the following tabulation, 37 percent of
the plants would report correctly by including the
employees on vacation in their count of employ
ment and also by reporting their pay and the
horns allocable to that pay. The next largest
group, 23 percent, would completely exclude
employees on vacation from the report. This
omission would have little effect on the hours and
earnings averages but would cause a downward
bias in the trend of employment during a month
when vacations were heavy which would then be
compensated for by a “false” rise as vacationing
employees returned to work. In any plant where
a substantial proportion of the work force was on
vacation at the same time and such data were
submitted, routine editing would catch the error.
Frequency distribution of establishments, by per
cent of net adjustment required to correct reported data for
January 1956
T a b l e 2.
Percent of net adjustment
All em Production
ployees and related
workers
Pay
rolls
Man
hours
T o ta l..------------- --------------- ------
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
No adjustment--------------- ------ - Understatement_______________
Under 5 percent------------------5 to 9 percent---------------------1 0 percent and over--------------Overstatement- ____ __________
Under 5 percent----- ----------5 to 9 percent_______________
10 percent and over---------------
67.1
23.5
8.4
8.4
6.7
9.4
6.7
56.4
21.5
53.0
20.9
13.7
3.3
3.9
26.1
9.9
8.3
7.9
52.6
23.9
15.4
4.2
4.3
23.5
13.2
1 .1
0 .2
Net effect on monthly employment
sample:
1 1 .6
4.1
5.8
2 2 .1
1 2 .1
1 .0
1.7
7.0
3.0
0 .2
0 .1
6 .0
4.3
1370
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
Percent of
manufacturing
establishments,
January 1956
All vacation reporting practices_____________
No paid vacations_________________________
Paid vacations____________________________
Employment, pay, and hours included__
Different pay period selected___________
Employment, pay, and hours excluded.__
Employment included, pay and hours ex
cluded______________________________
Employment and pay included, hours ex
cluded______________________________
Other and inapplicable_________________
100. 0
6. 8
93. 2
37. 2
13. 7
23.4
4. 4
1. 5
13. 0
Fourteen percent of the plants having paid
vacations would shift the pay period for which
data were reported to show a period of “normal”
operation. This avoidance of reporting for a
period of vacation shutdown would, as in the case
of omitting vacationing employees entirely, have
little effect on averages of hours and earnings and
would distort employment trends only to the
extent that, if the vacation shutdown period had
been reported, some employees on unpaid vaca
tions would have been excluded from the count.
In 4 percent of the plants, employees on paid
vacation would be included in the count of em
ployment but their pay and hours omitted. Again
the effect on trends and averages would be neg
ligible. In 1.5 percent of the plants, however,
misreporting would distort the level of earnings
and hours; these plants would include the employ
ees and their pay but omit the hours of vacation
to which the pay should be allocated, thus showing
earnings higher than they should be and average
hours of work lower.
With respect to the practice of reporting for
paid holidays, the proportion of correct reports
would be higher and the shifting of the pay period
to another much less frequent than was the case
in reporting practices for employees on vacation.
None of these errors in reporting holidays would
cause a distortion in employment trends since
holidays do not last for a whole pay period.
Furthermore, in a third of the establishments,
holiday reporting practices would constitute no
problem, either because the establishment had no
paid holidays or paid holidays never fell in the
reporting period. The only plants whose reports
might cause a serious distortion in level of earnings
would be that 2.2 percent which would include
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
pay for the holiday but exclude hours, as shown
in the following tabulation :
Percent of
manufacturing
establishments,
January 1956
All holiday reporting practices______________
Holiday hours and pay included in proper
period---------------------------------------------------Different pay period selected________________
No paid holidays given or holidays never fell in
reporting period_________________________
Holiday hours and pay excluded____________
Hours excluded and pay included___________
100. 0
56. 0
4. 4
33. 4
4. 0
2. 2
There is one notable exception to this general
statement. If employees work on a holiday for
which they would otherwise receive holiday pay,
they will normally be paid the amount of their
holiday pay plus payment for time worked on the
holiday, frequently at a premium rate. If, for
example, a person worked 8 hours on a holiday, he
may be considered as being paid for 16 hours—8
hours as a holiday and 8 hours as time worked.
Of the plants which answered a hypothetical
question about how they would report if such a
situation should occur, about half indicated that
they would interpret the present reporting instruc
tions correctly by including both the hours worked
and the holiday hours paid for. The other half
of the establishments indicated that they would
report only the hours worked, but full pay for
holidays and time worked, a practice which would
result in a lower level of average weekly hours and
a higher level of average hourly earnings. How
ever, average weekly earnings would not be
affected by this interpretation. This hypothetical
question is applicable primarily to continuous
process industries, where a significant proportion
of the work force is employed on holidays.
The count of production workers was subject to
many variations in reporting which counter
balanced each other. Supervisors and cafeteria
employees who, according to the reporting instruc
tions, should not have been reported as production
workers were, in fact, included by a substantial
number of firms. Recordkeeping employees
associated with production, and repair and mainte
nance workers who should have been included
were omitted. The error in each case amounted
to about 0.5 percent of all production workers in
manufacturing. There seems little doubt in these
and similar cases that the detailed instructions on
EMPLOYMENT REPORTING PRACTICES OF MANUFACTURERS
the schedule are clear. It is apparent, however,
that reporting firms have a strong tendency to
group categories of workers by the methods of
payment and payroll summarizations typical of
the establishment, and they do not attempt to
modify these categories in order to conform to the
concepts specified in the reporting instructions
when only small numbers of employees are in
volved. The most usual principle underlying the
reporting of production workers appeared to be the
inclusion of all hourly rated employees or of all
those on certain payrolls, and the exclusion of all
salaried employees or office workers.
Net Effect of Deviations in Reporting
Deviations in reports submitted to the BLS for
the month of January 1956 had a net quantitative
effect on the employment, hours, and earnings
estimates which may be summarized as follows:
The figure for total manufacturing employment
was 0.2 percent too low as originally reported; the
production worker figure was 0.1 percent too low;
average hourly earnings were 1.0 percent too high;
and average weekly hours worked or paid for were
0.2 percent too high. These errors apply only to
the all-manufacturing level; reporting errors in
individual industries could not be measured by a
sample survey of this size.
In addition, it must be emphasized that the
corrections shown above relate to data for the
month of January 1056; these percentages are not
applicable as corrections to the published data
over a period of time. With respect to the em
ployment series, many of the reporting errors
discovered in the survey were of a type which
were likely to have been reported consistently
from month to month, and, therefore, would have
little or no effect on the trend of the series.
Furthermore, while the levels of the employment
series derived from the sample might be in error
for a particular month, these levels are corrected
at annual intervals from an independent “bench
mark” source. In the case of the hours and
earnings series, seasonal variations in the incidence
of vacations, shutdowns, overtime worked, and
holidays are pronounced, and there is no guarantee
that the correction factor measured for January
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1371
would be equally valid in another month. Finally,
since the survey was based on a sample of slightly
more than 1 percent of the 40,000 establishments
reporting each month, the results may differ
slightly from what would have been obtained if
officials in all reporting establishments had been
interviewed.
Implications for the Collection Program
Most significant for determining what changes
could be made in the information requested or
the definitions supplied by BLS to assure greater
uniformity in the employment, payrolls, and
hours reports submitted by establishments is the
fact that existing variations had, overall, a
negligible effect on the manufacturing estimates
for the period studied. This is so because the
variations which exist are of many different types
and tend to counterbalance each other. The
survey indicated that there are some well-defined
areas in which continuing efforts can be made to
get closer adherence to reporting instructions;
notable among these are the desirability of getting
reports for the pay period ending nearest the 15th
of the month, and of improving reporting of
workers on paid vacations and holidays. Beyond
this, however, there is no simple change in instruc
tions or procedures which will eliminate any of the
existing variations.
An important reason why the information asked
for is available from the great majority of estab
lishments is the fact that the concepts contained
in the present reporting instructions were de
veloped after a careful examination of industry
recordkeeping practices. The minor deviations
which exist under the present concepts and instruc
tions are the consequence of a lack of complete
uniformity among all establishments and indus
tries in recordkeeping systems; therefore, changes
in the definitions of the items collected which
would meet the problems of firms now reporting
incorrectly on a particular item would undoubtedly
create new problems among some of the firms now
reporting correctly.
■— D
E. Y o u n g a n d S id n e y G o l d st e in
D ivision of Manpower and Employment Statistics
udley
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
Confidential Character of NLRB Documents. The
National Labor Relations Board held 1 that the
doctrine enunciated by the United States Supreme
Court in the Jencks case 2 is confined to criminal
cases and does not require the Board to furnish
to a defendant in an unfair labor practice proceed
ing, statements, affidavits, or reports of the facts
furnished to the Board by a witness for the General
Counsel.
Complaints of unfair labor practice charges
were brought against the defendant. Prior to
cross examination of the General Counsel’s first
witness, the defendant had moved that the General
Counsel be directed to furnish to him any written
statements submitted by the witness, any affi
davits of the witness, and any reports made by
the Board on the basis of information supplied by
the witness which contained facts the witness
alleged were facts he knew of his own knowledge.
The trial examiner denied the defendant’s motion
on the ground that the Board’s rules and regula
tions 3 deprived him of authority to direct the
General Counsel to produce the documents sought.
The employer appealed this ruling to the Board.
“We do not believe,” the Board stated, “that
the Jencks case has overturned statutes author
izing Departments and Independent Agencies to
adopt rules promulgated pursuant to such statutes,
or measures reasonably calculated to maintain
records inviolable, absent an explicit holding in
that regard. In our opinion, the holding of
Jencks is confined to criminal cases. . . . While
we recognize that some of tbe language in Jencks,
especially if read out of context, may lead to an
inference that the decision extends to the present
proceedings, nevertheless, we are convinced that
the tenor of the opinion as a whole concerns only
criminal cases.”
One member of the Board dissented stating:
“Whether the rule in Jencks will be applied by the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Court in ‘purely’ civil proceedings remains to be
seen. But, in my opinion, it should apply to any
case where the Government prosecutes a violation
of law . . . The intent and rationale of Jencks
is that the Government must not be out to win
at any cost but that justice must be done at any
cost. The reason for and objective of our prosecu
tions should be the same. For the General Coun
sel to refuse access by a Respondent to an affidavit
of a witness who has testified that he made such
an affidavit and that it covers his oral testimony
could create the lurking suspicion that ‘something
is rotten in Denmark.’ . . . Therefore, whether
the rule of the Jencks case applies to strictly civil
proceedings for the reasons stated above, it is my
opinion that it applies to prosecutions by Govern
ment Agencies under public laws such as the Labor
Management Relations Act.”
State Jurisdiction in Absence of Conflict. The
supreme court of the State of Washington held 4
that a State court has jurisdiction of an action to
recover damages for unlawful interference with
the employment of a union member by his union,
even though the alleged union conduct constitutes
an unfair labor practice under sections 8 (b) (1)
and 8 (b) (2) of the National Labor Relations Act.
The plaintiff had been a truckdriver in the
beverage and brewing industry and for several
years had secured employment through the union
hiring hall with establishments engaged in inter
state commerce. For some time, there had been
’ Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or
to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
1Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., and Independent Bakery Workers Union,
118 NLRB No. 138 (Sept. 3, 1957).
sJencks v. United States, 358 U. S. 657 (1957).
3 Section 102.87 of the Boards Rules and Regulations, in relevant part,
provides that “ No regional director, field examiner, trial examiner, attorney,
specially designated agent, general counsel, member of the Board, or other
officer or employee of the Board shall produce or present any files, documents,
reports, memoranda, or records of the Board or testify in behalf of any party
to any cause pending in any court or before the Board, or any other board,
commission, or other administrative agency of the United States, or of any
State, Territory, or the District of Columbia with respect to any information,
facts, or other matter coming to his knowledge in his official capacity or with
respect to the contents of any files, documents, reports, memoranda, or
records of the Board, whether in answer to a subpena, subpena duces tecum,
or otherwise, without the written consent of the Board or the chairman of the
Board if the official or document is subject to the supervision or control of
the Board; or the general counsel, if the official or document is subject to the
supervision or control of the general counsel.”
4Selles v. Local 171, International Brotherhood of Teamsters (Wash. Sup.
Ct., Aug. 8 , 1957).
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
a controversy within the union with respect to
the method of selecting officers and the availability
of information relative to union funds. The
plaintiff and others arranged a meeting of certain
union members for a discussion of their views.
A few days later when plaintiff went to the
hiring hall, he was told there would be no work
for him. The trial court had found that this was
done in retaliation for his activities in helping to
organize the meeting. Plaintiff was without work
for over a year and ultimately left the industry
and found less remunerative work elsewhere.
The plaintiff filed charges with the National
Labor Relations Board alleging these facts and the
Board issued a complaint. However, before a
hearing could be held, he withdrew his charges
and instituted an action in the State court seeking
damages from the union for interference with his
employment. A jury awarded him $6,572.15 and
the union appealed.
On appeal, the union contended that the subject
matter of this suit was covered by the provisions
of the National Labor Relations Act, that Con
gress by that act had preempted the field, and
that the State court had no jurisdiction. The
court conceded that the facts alleged did constitute
a violation of the act, but pointed out that the
relief granted by the State court differed from
that furnished by the Board.
“We know” the court stated, “that the Federal
Government has preempted the field as to many
phases of labor relations, but not as to all. We
cannot find from the act, as interpreted by the
Supreme Court, that it was the intention of Con
gress to deprive a workman of his time-honored
right to sue in his own State court for damages
resulting from a common-law tort and to relegate
him, for sole relief, to this particular Federal
agency.
“Under the facts of this case, there is no
‘resounding collision’ between the remedies af
forded under the act and in the State court.
Under the one, the Board shall issue a cease and
desist order and may order reinstatement with or
without back pay. Under the other, the State
court may not enjoin or issue a cease and desist
order (except in case of violence), and may not
s P in e I n d u s tria l R e la tio n s C o m m itte e , I n c ., and L o c a l U n io n s 6 -7 and
6-122, In te r n a tio n a l W o o d w o rk ers o f A m e r ic a , 118 NLRB No. 142 (Aug. 20,
19S7).
6
NLRB
v.
T r u itt M a n u fa c tu r in g C o.,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
351 U. S. 149 (1956).
1373
order back pay, but it can award damages for a
common-law tort. The relief granted by the
Board, with the exception of the cease and desist
order, is entirely discretionary and is exercised to
effectuate the policies of the act and, in particular,
to prevent unfair labor practices. The relief
granted in a common-law tort action is compen
sation to a plaintiff for damages sustained by
reason of tort.
“Where the relief granted under State procedure
is so similar to that granted under the act that a
conflict ensues between the two, the conflicting
State procedure is excluded. Where such relief is
not similar to that afforded under the act, there
is no conflict between the State and Federal
remedies, and the State procedure survives.
. . . right to damages . . . for a commonlaw tort, differs from any remedy which the
Board has power to provide. The State court,
therefore, had jurisdiction to entertain the action.”
Refusal to Furnish Data. The National Labor
Relations Board held 5 that an employer who did
not assert inability to pay did not violate the
National Labor Relations Act by refusing to
furnish sales and production figures requested by
the union to determine the employer’s ability to
pay contemplated wage demands.
During negotiations for a new contract the
union, in order to determine the size of its wage
demands, requested information as to the em
ployer’s production and sales figures. The em
ployer refused to divulge the information re
quested, but at no time claimed inability to pay
as a defense to the union’s wage demands. Sub
sequently, the union filed charges with the Board
alleging that the employer’s refusal to furnish the
data requested constituted a refusal to bargain in
violation of section 8 (a) (5) of the act.
In upholding the position of the employer, the
Board stated: “ . . . the Board and the courts
have, in effect, held that the employer’s ability
to pay must be brought into issue before a refusal
to furnish information relating thereto can be
found to be violative of the act.”
In the recent Truitt case,6 the Supreme Court
ruled that the act does not require that “in every
case where economic inability is raised as an
argument against increased wages it automatically
follows that the employees are entitled to sub
stantiating evidence. Each case must turn upon
1374
its particular facts.” “Consequently,” the Board
ruled, “if we were to hold that it is bad faith
bargaining for an employer to withhold from a
union at the outset facts about its economic posi
tion, whether or not a claim of inability to pay
has been made, the result would be that in every
wage case the employer would automatically have
to disclose his financial status in whole or in part
upon request. We would thus be doing by in
direction what, under the Truitt decision, we may
not do by direction. That we are not willing
to do.”
Loss of Immunity in Antitrust Actions. A United
States district court held 7 that a union was a
party to a conspiracy to fix the price at which
milk and other dairy products were sold, and that
the union action is subject to and could be en
joined under the provisions of the Sherman AntiTrust Act.
The antitrust action was originally instituted
against the union, seven distributors of milk in
the Minneapolis area, an unincorporated associa
tion of these dairy distributors, and several indi
viduals; it sought to enjoin the defendants from
combining to fix prices. On June 23, 1955, the
court approved the entry of a consent decree as
against all of the defendants other than the union.
The union denied that it was a party to any
combination conspiring to fix prices and took the
position that even if it was found to have com
mitted acts which constituted a violation of the
antitrust laws, it could not be enjoined from so
doing because of the specific prohibition against
the use of injunctions in labor disputes contained
in the Clayton and Norris-LaGuardia Acts.
The court found that the case involved two
different types of “restraint” : (1) A collective
bargaining contract with the association of dairy
distributors permitted union members to refuse to
handle or deliver milk or other dairy products to
retail outlets which sold their products at prices
which the union determined constituted unfair
competition. (2) The contract also provided that
no dairy would sell its products for resale to any
peddlers or so-called independent milkmen, ex
cept those who had been working in this capacity
and making purchases for resale from the dairy
for 2 years or more.
From these two provisions of the contract and
the testimony of Government witnesses, many of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
them storekeepers and dairy executives, the court
found that the union engaged with the dairy
companies and certain storeowners in a plan to
maintain the price of milk at retail outlets at or
near the price for home delivered milk. It said
that the second restraint would result in the
elimination of competition and the stabilization
of prices by removing from the milk business a
class of vendor-driver which is able to price its
product as it wishes.
The court, citing the U. S. Supreme Court
decision in the Allen-Bradley 8 case, held that since
the action of the union in both situations was in
combination with the action of nonlabor groups,
the dairies and others, the immunity afforded the
union by the Clayton and Norris-LaGuardia Acts
was inapplicable.
Denial of Injunction in Labor Dispute. A New
York supreme court held 9 that the breach of a
collective bargaining contract constitutes a con
troversy concerning terms and conditions of
employment and is a “labor dispute” within the
meaning of the New York Anti-Injunction Act.
The employer and the union in this case had
entered into a contract which permitted renegotia
tion during its term of wages and other monetary
matters. In addition, the contract provided that
application for renegotiation would not terminate
the agreement, that grievances rising out of the
performance of the contract should be submitted
to arbitration, and that there should be no strikes,
lockouts, or work stoppages while the contract
was in effect.
During the term of the contract, the union
sought a renegotiation of wages and other mone
tary matters. After a series of conferences, the
parties reached a deadlock and the union began
picketing the employer’s place of business. The
employer sought to have the picketing enjoined
on the theory that the union had no right to
strike in support of wage demands made under
the renegotiation clause since the contract between
the parties continued in force and required the
issue to be submitted to arbitration. He con
tended that since he was seeking to enforce the
provisions of an agreement between the parties,
7
U n ite d S ta te s v. M il k D riv ers a n d D a ir y E m p lo y e e s U n io n , L o c a l N o . H I ,
I n te r n a tio n a l Brotherhood o f T e a m ste rs (U. S. D. C., Minn., Aug. 30, 1957).
> A lle n B ra d le y C o. v. L o c a l U n io n N o . 3, I n te r n a tio n a l B rotherhood of
E le c trica l W o rk ers, 325 U. S. O. 797 (1945).
» B u ll S te a m s h ip C o. v. H a ll (N. Y. Sup. Ct., Sept. 4, 1957).
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
New York’s Anti-Injunction Act, which prohibits
issuance of injunctions in labor disputes, was
inapplicable and the union’s action could be
enjoined.
In denying the injunction the court stated: “A
labor dispute does not lose its characterization as
such merely because it occurs in violation of an
agreement. . . . in this State, the weight of
authority supports the proposition that a breach
of a collective bargaining agreement constitutes a
controversy concerning terms and conditions of
employment and is a labor dispute . . . ”
Unemployment Compensation
Protection Against Libel Suits. A New York
supreme court held 10 that an employer’s report
submitted pursuant to regulations of the State
Department of Labor may not be used by an
employee as the basis of a libel action against the
employer.
Claimant in this case was discharged by his
employer and thereafter made application to the
State Department of Labor, Division of Employ
ment, for unemployment insurance benefits. In
processing the application, the department made
inquiry of the employer as to the reasons for the
discharge. The employer stated the reasons for
the discharge in a letter to the department.
Claimant alleged that the contents of the letter
were false and defamatory and were made with
malice. He instituted suit against the employer
for libel. The employer made a motion to dis
miss the complaint on the ground that on its face
it failed to state a cause of action.
The court pointed out that Department regu
lations issued pursuant to the New York Labor
Law require an employer, upon request, to fur
nish the Department with the reasons for an
employee’s separation, and that failure to comply
with such request is a misdemeanor. Because an
employer is bound by this regulation, the court
said, he is given protection by another section of
the Labor Law which provides that such informa
tion “ . . . shall not be open to the public nor
be used in any court in any action or proceeding
pending therein unless the commissioner is a party
to such action or proceeding, notwithstanding any
other provision of law.” The court concluded
that the State legislature apparently had weighed
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1375
the potential benefits to the greater number by
providing for confidential communications, as
against the potential damage that might be done
to an individual by a malicious response to an
inquiry, and had decided in favor of the greater
benefits to the greater number.
Transfer of Experience Rating Record. An Illinois
circuit court affirmed without opinion 11 a holding
of the State’s Division of Unemployment Com
pensation that two requirements for the transfer
of an experience rating record of a dissolved part
nership to a former partner were not met.
In this case, an application was made for review
of an Illinois employer’s State unemployment tax
rate determination. Two individuals had en
gaged in the retail hardware, appliance, and farm
equipment business on a partnership basis for a
number of years. On January 1, 1954, the part
nership was dissolved, with one partner taking
all the hardware and appliance inventory and
the other taking the farm-equipment inventory.
From that point on, the two units were conducted
as separate businesses.
The appellant partner succeeded to approxi
mately 80 percent of the assets of the former
partnership and 60 percent of its former employees.
He applied for a reduced rate based on the expe
rience rating record of the predecessor partner
ship, but was assigned the maximum 2.7 percent
rate. In deciding the appellant’s application for
review of this determination, the State division
held 12 that the percent of assets retained and the
percent of employees retained did not satisfy the
requirement that the successor enterprise must
succeed to “substantially all” of the predecessor’s
employing enterprise in order to qualify for its
experience rating. It was further held that the
appellant, as a new employing unit, had not
incurred liability for the payment of contributions
for 5 calendar years preceding 1954, as required
by the Illinois act in effect prior to July 1, 1955,
and hence was ineligible for a variable rate of
contribution with respect to the calendar year
1954 on the basis of his individual experience.
B re n e r v. B o -C r a ft E n te r p r is e s , I n c . (N. Y. Sup. Ct., N. Y. Co., July
31, 1957).
11 E versole v. C u m m in s (111. Cir. Ct., Aug. 8 , 1957).
12 Director’s Representative Decision No. 54-RH-21.
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
court held it had authority to enjoin certain unions from
conducting illegal picketing against a contractor in inter
state commerce who could not meet Board jurisdictional
standards. The case was Johnson v. Grand Rapids Build
ing and Construction Trades Council.
September 10
September 3, 1957
National Labor Relations Board ruled, in the Great
Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. and Independent Bakery
Workers Union, that the U. S. Supreme Court doctrine
enunciated in Jencks v. United States, requiring the De
partment of Justice to produce for a defendant’s inspec
tion and use as evidence all the pretrial statements and
reports in its possession made by Government witnesses
and touching on the subject matter of the witnesses’
testimony at the trial, applies only to criminal cases and
not to Government agencies’ proceedings under the Ad
ministrative Procedure Act, such as labor-dispute cases
before the Board. (See also p. 1372 of this issue.)
T he
h e M a c h in is t s and the Yale and Towne Manufacturing
Co. signed a contract providing for a 2-step, 20-cent wage
increase, effective August 31, for 2,000 production and
maintenance workers in the company’s plant in Phila
delphia. Other provisions of the pact included an increase
in sickness and accident benefits from $15 to $35 a week.
T
a r b it r a t o k refused to approve the union-controlled
pension plan of the Western Conference of Teamsters,
which the union proposed to an employers’ association,
and instead approved one of the association’s counter
proposals providing for union-management administra
tion. He reasoned that union-fund abuses by Teamster
officials, disclosed by the Senate Select Committee on
Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field,
would not sanction compelling the employers to accede
to the Teamster plan, notwithstanding recently adopted
corrective measures. A fiduciary relationship, the arbi
trator held, requires "the highest trust and confidence”
of the parties concerned. The case was In re Rock Prod
ucts Employers of Southern California and International
Brotherhood of Teamsters . . .
An
September 7
A M ic h ig a n circuit court ruled that the Federal preemp
tion of labor disputes affecting interstate commerce, where
it results in leaving parties without legal redress, is con
trary to the due process provision of the fifth amendment
to the Constitution. In what appeared to be the first
challenge of the U. S. Supreme Court ruling in Guss v.
Utah Labor Relations Board and accompanying cases (see
Chron. item for Mar. 25, 1957, and p. 603, MLR, May
1957), which barred State action in such cases unless the
National Labor Relations Board ceded jurisdiction, the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T h e O p e r a t in g E n g i n e e r s ’ Executive Board announced
it had removed Victor S. Swanson from office as its sixth
vice president and also as business manager of the union’s
San Francisco Local 3, and barred him from holding any
union office for 5 years. The board had found him guilty
of abuses in union real estate transactions in Stockton,
Calif. (See also p. 1383 of this issue.)
T h e N e w Y o r k Supreme Court for Richmond County
ruled, in De Veau v. Braisted, that (1) a provision of the
New York Waterfront Commission Act, forbidding a union
to collect membership dues if any of its officers or agents
has been convicted of a felony, is not in conflict with the
rights of employees to self-organization under the Labor
Management Relations Act, and (2) a local union officer
who received a suspended sentence after pleading guilty
to a felony must be considered as convicted under the
New York act.
September 11
Massachusetts Leather Manufacturing Association
and the Leather Workers’ Union reached agreement on a
2-year contract providing for hourly wage advances of
6 cents effective September 1, 1957, and other benefits
for about 3,500 workers. (See p. 1380 of this issue.)
T he
T h e S t e e l w o r k e r s signed a 2-year contract with the
Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corp., providing for an 18-cent
hourly wage increase in 2 steps, plus improved fringe
benefits, for about 2,000 workers at the company’s Eddystone division in Philadelphia, producing heavy machinery.
Earlier, a 73-day strike of the Steelworkers at the
Crompton & Knowles Corp., Worcester, Mass., ended in
a 22-month agreement calling for a 7)4-cent hourly pay
boost, a wage reopening in 1958, and fringe benefits for
about 1,000 employees in this loom-manufacturing plant.
September 12
American Radio Association and the Radio Officers
Union, representing more than 90 percent of the American
merchant marine’s radio personnel, signed an agreement
of mutual aid and of cooperation aimed at technical ad
vancement, economic gains, and improved public relations.
(See also p. 1384 of this issue.)
T he
U. S. Potters Association and the Brotherhood of
Operative Potters reached a 2-year agreement providing
for a package increase valued at 14 cents an hour for
about 20,000 workers in 14 china and pottery ware plants
in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, and
California. (See p. 1379 of this issue.)
T he
CHRONOLOGY OF RECENT LABOR EVENTS
1377
September 15
September 18
Two l o c a l s of the United Automobile Workers ratified
2-year contracts with the Wright Aeronautical Division
of the Curtiss-Wright Corp., providing for a 13-cent-anhour general wage increase plus additional wage advances
for the skilled trades, and liberalized fringe benefits for
about 12,000 engineers and clerical, production, and
maintenance employees in 4 New Jersey localities. (See
also p. 1380 of this issue.)
J. R a d l e y M e t z g e r Co., I nc., a Bronx plastics manufactur
ing firm struck by its employees over alleged exploitation,
went out of business after it bad obtained a New York su
preme court injunction against the picketing. Metzger’s
employees, mostly Puerto Ricans, were led out on August
21 by local 485 of the International Union of Electrical
Workers, aided by the Association of Catholic Trade
Unionists, in protest against an allegedly substandard
contract maintained by the company with local 229 of the
United Textile Workers. Earlier, the officers of the UTW
local had been suspended on grounds of corruption and the
local put under a trusteeship by the international.
September 16
E i s e n h o w e r appointed Rocco C. Siciliano,
Assistant Secretary of Labor for Manpower and Employ
ment, as his Special Assistant for Personnel Management.
P r e s id e n t
T h e F e d e r a l court of appeals in Washington, D. C., ruled
that the NLRB had violated the Taft-Hartley Act by
including nonprofessional employees in a professional
bargaining unit without the professionals’ consent, since
section 9 (b) 1 of the act expressly forbids this practice
unless the majority of the professionals vote for it. Up
holding the lower court’s judgment against the Board, the
court further ruled that Board unit-determination actions
may be reviewed by district courts where such action
amounts to a statutory violation resulting in injury to the
employees concerned. The case was Leedom et al., con
stituting N LRB v. Kyne of Buffalo Section, Westinghouse
Engineers Association.
The F e d e r a l court of appeals in San Francisco ruled that
employer contributions to a joint industry board, created
by a “trust agreement” between an employers’ association
and a union to pursue objectives of interest to both parties,
including an apprenticeship program and the settlement
of labor disputes, were violative of the Taft-Hartley Act’s
provision forbidding payment of money by employers to
representatives of their employees. The court held that
the joint board was an employee “representative” within
the meaning of the act’s provision, and none of its purposes
were such as to bring the employer contributions within
the exceptions stated in that provision. The case was
Sheet Metal Contractors Association of San Francisco v.
Sheet Metal Workers International Association.
September 17
A N e w Y o rk supreme court ruled that section 301 of the
Taft-Hartley Act does not deprive a State court of juris
diction in actions to enforce arbitration clauses of collective
bargaining contracts with employers in interstate commerce
since it contains no specific or implied provision of Federal
preemption. The court held that past U. S. Supreme
Court decisions (e. g., Textile Workers Union v. Lincoln
Mills of Alabama, see Chron. item for June 3, 1957, MLR,
Aug. 1957) did not decide whether Federal courts alone
had jurisdiction of the field. The case was In re Steinberg
(Mendel Rosenzweig Fine Furs, Inc.).
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A $ 1 - m il l io n medical center, jointly sponsored by the
Brooklyn segment of the International Longshoremen’s
Association and the New York Shipping Association, was
dedicated in Brooklyn, N. Y. The clinic, which will pro
vide free medical services for 12,000 longshoremen and
their families, wras financed by employer contributions of
3 cents per man-hour wrorked and will be managed by a
6-man board equally representing management and the
union.
Septem ber 19
T h e T e x t i l e W o r k e r s U n i o n ’s organizing headquarters
at Greensboro, N. C., disclosed that the union had canceled
its 5-State intensive campaign of the last 20 months to
organize Burlington Industries, Inc., reportedly the
country’s largest textile employer. A union spokesman
alleged that a company-created “reign of fear” among the
workers w-as responsible for the campaign’s failure, while
the company attributed it to its wmrkers’ “confidence in
their company . . . and no confidence in the union . . .”
T h e F e d e r a l court of appeals for the District of Columbia
affirmed a low-er court decision that the provision of the
Public Contracts Act, which exempts from coverage of the
act “purchases of such materials, supplies, articles, or
equipment as may usually be bought on the open market,”
does not apply to bituminous coal and, therefore, the
Secretary of Labor has authority to determine prevailing
minimum w^age rates for the industry. (See Chron. item
for Oct. 21, 1955, MLR, Dec. 1955.) The court also held
that the regular dealers in supplies of bituminous coal had
the right to judicial review of any wrage determination or
its applicability under section 10 (b) of the act, even though
they have not contracted with the Government to supply
bituminous coal. The case was Ruth Elkhorn Coal, Inc. v.
Mitchell.
September 20
and the Western Electric
Co., after a 4-day nationwide strike of 23,000 telephoneequipment installers, reached agreement on a 2-year con
tract providing for a wage increase of 6 to 12 cents an
hour, the elimination of overnight travel, liberalization of
T h e C o m m u n ic a t io n s W o r k e r s
1378
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
certain transfer allowances, and a wage reopener. (See
also p. 1379 of this issue.)
Shortly before the installers’ strike began, the company
and the union agreed to similar terms for 9,000 distribu
tion and warehouse workers in 31 cities and 2,000 manu
facturing plant employees in Lincoln, Nebr., Duluth, Minn.,
and Long Island, N. Y.
Ohio, ended when the United Automobile Workers and
the company reached an agreement on transfer, seniority,
and hiring provisions of a new contract for the recently
created UAW Local 549. Wages were not an issue.
September 27
c o m m it t e e appointed last month by the Teamsters
General Executive Board to investigate 6 locals in New
York (see Chron. item for Aug. 29, 1957, MLR, Oct. 1957)
recommended superseding all the officers of the locals
with a trustee, barring the delegates of 5 locals from the
union’s convention beginning on September 30, and re
voking the charter of 1 local and consolidating 4 others,
with a combined membership of 3,500, into 1 unit. Only
one local was found to operate in a field clearly within the
Teamsters jurisdiction. The committee said the con
tracts signed by the locals were substandard, and the
welfare-administration costs in at least one instance
amounted to 25 percent. Some of the units faced bank
ruptcy as a result of paying high salaries to officials.
T he
September 24
T h e AFL-CIO Executive Council, in a 2-day special session
at New York City to hear corruption charges against 3
unions, ordered the United Textile Workers to correct the
abuses set forth in the report of the Federation’s Ethical
Practices Committee and to remove and bar from any posi
tion in the union those who were responsible for the abuses
(see Chron. item for July 17,1957, MLR, Sept. 1957, and also
p. 1382 of this issue). On the following day, the Bakery and
Confectionery Workers Union and the Teamsters Union
were so ordered. All 3 unions were directed to report the
actions taken to comply with the directive on October 24.
On the following day, the council approved admission
of the 160,000-member Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen
into the Federation (see Chron. item for Aug. 16, 1957,
MLR, Oct. 1957, and also p. 1383 of this issue).
September 25
J a m e s R. H o f f a , a vice president of the Teamsters union,
and an officer of Hoffa’s Teamster local in Detroit were
indicted on perjury charges by a Federal grand jury in
New York City investigating wiretapping of the tele
phones at the union’s headquarters in Detroit. (See
Chron. item for May 14, 1957, MLR, July 1957.)
September 26
A n 8 - d a y w o r k s t o p p a g e by 1,200 employees of the
General Motors Fisher Body Division’s plant in Mansfield,
September 28
A F e d e r a l d is t r ic t c o u r t injunction obtained by 13
New York rank-and-file teamsters to prevent the Miami
Beach convention of the International Brotherhood of
Teamsters from electing officers, on the ground that more
than 80 percent of the delegates were “handpicked” to
insure the election of Vice President James R. Hoffa as
president, was stayed by the appellate court in Washing
ton, D. C., as going “beyond the necessities of the situa
tion.” The court stipulated, however, that all seated
delegates shall be selected according to requirements of
the union’s constitution.
convention opened on September 30 in
Miami Beach, Fla. (See p. 1335 of this issue.)
T h e T e a m ster s’
Erratum
In the August 1957 issue (Developments in Industrial Relations, p. 985),
it was stated that the Associated General Contractors and the Operating
Engineers negotiated a wage increase for workers in Utah, Nevada, and
northern California. This agreement was signed by the northern California
and central California chapters of the Associated General Contractors and
covered an estimated 8,000 employees, some of whom are employed at work
sites in Nevada and Utah as well as in northern California. However, the
settlement did not involve the Associated General Contractors of Utah whose
agreement with the Operating Engineers, made in 1956 and providing for
deferred increases in 1957, 1958, and 1959, is still in force.
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Developments in
Industrial Relations*
many agreements continuing throughout
1957 without reopening provisions and bargaining
in many other settlements already concluded,
September was a relatively quiet month from the
standpoint of collective bargaining. Among the
industries affected by wage increases negotiated
in September or effective as a result of bargaining
in earlier years were communications, electrical
manufacture, meatpacking, and stone, clay, and
glass. The announcement by the U. S. Depart
ment of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics of the
August Consumer Price Index resulted in wage
increases ranging from 2 to 8 cents an hour for
about 157,000 workers, with about three-fourths
of them (largely in the aircraft industry) receiving
adjustments of 3 cents an hour. The Teamsters
union, whose activities occupied much of the labor
news during September, and several other unions
faced expulsion from the AFL-CIO if they did
not correct abuses.
W ith
Wage Developments and Collective Bargaining
Communications and Transportation. A 2-year
contract signed September 20 by the Western
Electric Co. and the Communications Workers of
America ended a 4-day nationwide strike of
telephone installers which had begun September
16; however a strike of 18,500 plant, traffic, and
clerical workers of the Ohio Bell Telephone Co.
that had also begun September 16 continued
through the end of the month. The installers’
contract applied to about 23,000 workers, but
their picket lines kept several times that number
of Bell Telephone System employees in 44 States
and the District of Columbia off their jobs.
Wage-rate increases ranged from 6 to 12 cents an
hour, with certain groups of eligible installers who
had not received merit advances scheduled to
receive an additional 2 cents on January 13, 1958.
Other agreement provisions included elimination
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of overnight travel wherever possible and some
liberalization in certain transfer allowances. A
reopening on wages, travel allowances, and
vacations is provided for the second contract
year.
Earlier in the month, the same union and the
Western Electric Co. agreed to a settlement
covering over 9,000 distribution and warehouse
plant employees in 31 cities and 2,000 production
and maintenance workers in plants at Duluth,
Minn., Lincoln, Nebr., and Long Island, N. Y.
The contracts included wage increases also ranging
from 6 to 12 cents an hour (except at Queensboro,
Long Island, N. Y., where the top increase was
14 cents) plus supplementary benefits.
Pottery and Glass. On September 12, 1957,
agreement was reached on a 14-cent-an-hour
package increase in a 2-year contract by the
International Brotherhood of Operative Potters
and the United States Potters Association. The
new contract provides a 9-cent-an-hour pay
increase effective October 1 and a wage reopening
after 1 year for about 20,000 workers in 14 china
and pottery ware plants in Ohio, West Virginia,
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and California. Other
terms include an employer-employee contribution
of $3.19 a month each for a new health and
welfare program and the establishment of 2 paid
holidays annually at an estimated cost of 2 cents.
Some 2,000 moldmakers were covered in a
2-year contract between the American Flint Glass
Workers’ Union and the Glass Container Man
ufacturers Institute negotiated on August 30.
The agreement calls for a wage rise of 3K percent
plus l}i cents the first year, and a 2-percent in
crease on September 1, 1958. In addition to
increasing the night-shift differential from 5 to
7y2 cents effective in 1958, the contract provided
for an increase in company payment to the
insurance program in 1957, and an improved
pension plan effective March 1, 1958. A wage
reopening clause in the event the Consumer Price
Index rises by 3% percent between July 1957 and
September 1, 1958, was also included in the
contract.
One-year agreements between the same union
and 10 table and art glassware manufacturers in
•Prepared in the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of currently available published material.
1379
1380
Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio gave
about 2,300 employees a base-rate advance of 10
cents an hour (the increase to be reflected in piece
and incentive earnings). Additional increases
were also negotiated for certain miscellaneous help
in the hot-metal department and for skilled glass
finishers on certain jobs. Other terms of this
agreement included a 3-cent-an-hour night-shift
differential and changes in supplementary benefits
that varied among firms.
Employees at 2 flat glass companies—Pitts
burgh Plate Glass Co. and Libbey-Owens-Ford
Glass Co.—received wage increases of 13 cents an
hour effective September 25, 1957, under terms of
3-year contracts negotiated in September 1955.1
Representatives of the United Glass and Ceramic
Workers union exercised their option under this
agreement to take a deferred adjustment in the
form of a 5-cent hourly increase in lieu of an in
crease in fringe benefits; the remaining 8 cents
was due as a cost-of-living allowance based on the
change in the August 1957 Consumer Price Index
from its level a year earlier. Approximately
23.000 workers of the 2 companies were affected.
L e a th e r a n d A p p a r e l .
On September 11, the
Massachusetts Leather Manufacturing Associa
tion and the Leather Workers’ union came to
terms on a 2-year contract increasing wage rates
6 cents an hour retroactive to the beginning of
the month. Other provisions included increased
employer contributions to a health insurance
fund and establishment of a pension fund into
which the manufacturers will pay 2 cents a man
hour beginning January 1, 1958, and an additional
5 cents on September 1, 1958. Approximately
3,500 workers in 70 tanneries located in the SalemPeabody-Danvers, Mass., area are affected.
In the New York City area, approximately
14.000 members of the Ladies’ Garment Workers’
union received wage adjustments under contracts
tying wage reopenings to the Consumer Price
Index. Approximately 4,000 workers of local 40,
employed by member companies of the Belt Asso
ciation, Inc., and by other shops, received a 5percent raise in pay. The settlement was nego
tiated under a clause in the contract of August
1955 which provided that if the Bureau of Labor
Statistics Consumer Price Index increased 5 per
cent over its August 15, 1955, level, the union
could reopen the contract on the subject of wages.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
Under similar contract provisions with 3 other
employer associations in the area, a $3.50-a-week
increase (effective in October) was negotiated for
about 10,000 embroidery and pleating crafts
workers of local 66, employed by about 500 firms.
O th e r M a n u f a c t u r i n g .
On September 1, a general
wage and salary increase went into effect for about
27.000 employees of Sylvania Electric Products,
Inc. The increase—third in a 3-year program of
deferred wage increases—raised hourly rates by
5 to 8 cents and increased the pay of salaried em
ployees by 3 percent. Approximately half of the
workers affected are covered by union contracts.
Union members, as well as some salaried employees
at General Electric Co., also received a 3-percent
increase with a minimum of 4% cents (third in a
5-year program), while workers in the meatpacking
industry received a 7%-cent increase due under
contracts negotiated in the late summer and early
fall of 1956.
On September 15, members of 2 locals of the
Auto Workers union ratified 2-year contracts with
the Wright Aeronautical Division of CurtissWright Corp. The agreements, affecting about
12.000 engineers, clerical, production, and main
tenance employees in Wood-Ridge, Clifton, Gar
field, and Hackensack, N. J., provided for a 13cent-an-hour general increase, additional advances
of 1 to 4 cents for employees in higher rated jobs,
and some job evaluation increases. In addition,
an improved vacation schedule was agreed upon
and monthly pension benefits were raised to $2.25
for each year of service, vesting rights were added,
and disability benefits were also liberalized.
Other benefits included an increase in the hospital
allowance for both employees and their depend
ents, and a raise in company-paid life insurance
from $4,000 to $5,000. Members of the skilled
trades voted on the contract separately, following
ratification by the general membership, and for
the first time, a program emphasizing job security
was established for these employees.2
T r a d e a n d S e r v ic e s .
About 10,000 workers em
ployed by major food chains in northern Ohio
were scheduled to receive multistep wage increases
See Monthly Labor Review, November 1955, p. 1286.
The United Auto Workers’ convention, in April of this year, adopted
amendments to the constitution granting to skilled trades direct represen
tation on local and national bargaining committees (see Monthly Labor
Review, June 1957, p. 697).
1
8
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
over a 2-year period under contracts announced
on August 30 between the Cleveland Food In
dustry Committee and 2 unions—the Meat Cut
ters and Retail Clerks. Full-time food clerks
were to receive a total advance of 20 cents an
hour in 4 equal instalments at 6-month intervals,
beginning on August 4; and part-time food store
workers were to receive 16-cent increases over the
2-year period. Rates of produce managers and
assistant managers will be raised by 27K cents an
hour over the contract period and those of head
cashiers, by 24 cents. The Meat Cutters agree
ment called for $7.50-a-week increases for wrap
pers, $11 to $11.60 for meatcutters, and $11 to
$11.20 for meat department heads—all divided
in 3 installments. Both contracts provided a
fourth week of vacation after 20 years; an increase
of $1 a week in company payments to the health
and welfare fund, to a total of $13 a month per
employee, and other benefits plus establishment
of a joint committee to study pensions.
Approximately 4,000 members of the Laundry
Workers’ union received increases in wages and
other benefits averaging from 12 to 15 percent
under a new contract negotiated with 30 linen
supply companies in northern New Jersey.
Ethical Practices
Teamsters. During September, past activities of
officials of the International Brotherhood of
Teamsters were scrutinized by the American
Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial
Organizations and the U. S. Senate Select Com
mittee on Improper Activities in the Labor or
Management Field while the union was preparing
for its quinquennial convention that opened on
September 30.3
In a Labor Day speech, AFL-CIO President
George Meany pledged that the Federation “can
and will expel from our ranks organizations that
are found by public investigatory bodies to be
substantially influenced in the conduct of their
affairs by corrupt elements or individuals.” Mr.
Meany further added that the AFL-CIO will
“support the enactment of whatever legislation
is necessary to protect the funds of our member
ship and to correct abuses that adversely affect
the public interest.”
•F o r additional details of this convention, see p. 1335 of this issue.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1381
A few days later on September 5, Teamster
President Dave Beck, accompanied by other
union Executive Board members, appeared before
the AFL-CIO Ethical Practices Committee to
answer charges of corrupt influence in the union.
The 650-word statement issued by the Teamsters
asserted that none of the committee’s charges
was of such magnitude as to support a belief that
the Teamster union was “dominated, controlled,
or substantially influenced by corrupt influences.”
The report also stated that a committee had been
appointed to revise the union’s constitution “in
conformity with present day needs and the
principles of good trade unionism.”
The AFL-CIO Ethical Practices Committee
concluded, however, in a 64-page report issued on
September 16, that the union was dominated by
corrupt influences in violation of the standards
set forth in the AFL-CIO constitution. The
committee’s findings against Teamster officials
specified that President Dave Beck and vice
presidents James R. Hoffa and Frank Brewster
used union money for personal purposes; Hoffa
and Beck profited from conflict-of-interest busi
ness deals with employers that had contractual
relationships with the union; and Hoffa “asso
ciated with, sponsored, and promoted the interests
of notorious labor racketeers.”
The Ethical Practices Committee sent its report
to the AFL-CIO Executive Council which, at a
special meeting in New York on September 25,
issued a 30-day ultimatum to the Teamsters to
show results, by the next council meeting, on rid
ding themselves of corruption and “those who are
responsible for these abuses” or be subject to sus
pension from the parent organization. In a lone
dissenting vote, John F. English (secretary-treas
urer of the 1.4-million member truck union, as
well as a Federation vice president) urged the
council not to rush into a decision that might not
only cut the “heart” out of the labor movement,
but would also punish hundreds of thousands of
members for the misdeeds of a few.
When the Senate select committee reopened
hearings on corruption charges against James R.
Hoffa on September 24, Frank Fitzsimmons (vice
president of a Teamster Detroit local) testified
that Hoffa and other delegates from local 299
were elected in September to represent local mem
bers at the convention. Robert F. Kennedy, com
mittee counsel, pointed out that since the formal
1382
opening date of the convention was September 30,
delegates selected during the month could not
legally be seated under terms of the international
union's constitution which states “all convention
delegates, except substitute delegates, shall be
selected during the period from the receipt by the
union of the convention call up to the 30th day
preceding the first day of the convention." 4
A few days before this testimony, on September
19, 13 rank-and-file members (mostly from the
New York metropolitan area) fded suit in a Federal
district court to block not only election of new
officers at the Teamster convention, but also to
stop Dave Beck from being named president
emeritus of the union.5 Requesting a temporary
restraining order, the suit charged that over 50
percent of the convention delegates had been
chosen in violation of the international’s consti
tution, and asked the court to appoint special
masters to supervise election of new delegates.
The suit contended that more than half of the
locals failed to hold general membership meetings
and that more than 80 percent of the delegates
were “handpicked" with the knowledge of the
General Executive Board in order to “rig" the
election “by fraud, deception, or stratagem, as
well as by intimidation, coercion, or threats."
The following day the district court issued an order
to Teamster leaders to show cause why the elec
tion should not be postponed. On September 28,
District Court Judge F. Dickenson Letts signed
the order barring not only Teamster election of
national officers, but also banning recognition of
credentials of delegates not elected or appointed
to the convention according to rules established
by the international’s constitution. Six hours
later, however, the U. S. Court of Appeals re
versed this ruling, declaring it “beyond the neces
sities of the situation as shown by the record and
as presented to the court." The appellate court
ruling was nonetheless conditioned by providing
“that all delegates recognized or seated by the
credentials committee shall be selected in accord
ance with the requirements of the constitution of
the union. . . .’’
On September 30, attorneys for the plaintiffs
filed their petition with Chief Justice Earl Warren
asking for a reinstatement of the injunction but
on the following day, the Chief Justice rejected
the motion commenting that, “many of the allega
tions . . . are based on events known by peti
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
tioners to have occurred months and years ago."
Reinstatement of the injunction, he went on to
say, “would call for an extraordinary exercise of
judicial power that only the most compelling con
siderations could warrant."
On October 4, James Hoffa was elected to the
presidency of the Teamsters’ union while John F.
English, present secretary-treasurer, w^as reelected
to office. John J. O’Rourke, George Mock, and
Gordin Conklin replaced Frank Brewster, Thomas
Hickey, and Sidney Brennan, as vice presidents.
Other testimony coming to the Senate hearing
during the closing days of the month included
statements that several of Hoifa’s associates loaned
money to him, and that many of these loans dated
from 1952. All five witnesses who testified that
they had loaned him money stated Hoffa had
given them no notes in return. All of the loans
were suddenly repaid on September 19 and 20 by
Herbert Grosbery, accountant for the Teamsters
in Detroit.
The hearings also brought charges that Hoffa
had paid more than $170,000 to finance the de
fense of union officials convicted of extortion or
dynamiting; and that Owen Brennan (president
of Michigan Teamster Local 337) together with
Hoffa had been involved in a horserace betting
system that enriched them up to $20,000 a year.
In concluding its September hearings, the Senate
select committee accused Hoffa of 34 more “im
proper practices" in addition to the 48 leveled at
him in August.6 In summing up, Chairman John
L. McClellan charged Hoffa with giving “aid and
comfort to Teamster union officials who were sell
ing out the interests of Teamster union members
by setting themselves up in highly improper
business activities and by entering into collusive
agreements with employers."
T e x tile
W o rk ers a n d B a k ers.
The AFL-CIO
Ethical Practices Committee moved not only
against the Teamsters but against the Bakery
and Confectionary Workers’ International Union
and the United Textile Workers union as well,
4 Article III, sec. 5.
‘ On September 26, the Teamsters’ constitution committee announced
that it had unanimously agreed to revoke plans to make retiring President
Dave Beck president emeritus by abolishing the post that had been created
in 1952. Under the union’s constitution, Mr. Beck will automatically
receive a pension of $50,000 a year but as president emeritus he would have
received in addition an unlimited expense account and travel allowance for
himself and his wife, and continued use of the Seattle home he sold to the
union.
• See M onthly Labor Review, October 1957, p. 1254.
1383
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
ordering its counsel to prepare a report finding
both unions controlled by corrupt influences.7 On
September 24, the Committee issued a 53-page
report to the AFL-CIO Executive Council on the
138,000-member Bakery Workers and the 90,000member United Textile Workers in which they
found that the two unions did “not meet the
standards for ethical union practices set forth in
the AFL-CIO constitution.”
The Executive Council directed the United Tex
tile Workers to correct existing abuses and to
eliminate and bar from office those who were
responsible for them. Mr. Meany added that it
was “quite obvious that both the secretary and
president are very deeply involved in the corrup
tion.” The Textile Workers were given until
October 24 to report to a special meeting of the
Executive Council on what steps had been taken
to comply with the directive.
The Ethical Practices Committee report stated
that although the Bakers had undertaken “certain
corrective measures,” 8 these were not “sufficient
. . . to eliminate corrupt influences and loose and
unethical practices and to prevent wrongdoing.”
On September 28, James Cross, in defending
himself against charges of corrupt practices at a
meeting of New York local 3, stated that although
he might have made “errors in judgment,” he was
not dishonest. The meeting was picketed in
protest against Cross. Joseph G. Kane,9president
of local 525, stated that the purpose of the demon
stration was to “further inform the rank and file
of local 3 that they have other rank-and-file
members who will fight side by side to get rid of
Cross.”
Laundry Workers. Meantime, the Executive
Board of the suspended Laundry Workers union 10
had announced that it would not hold a special
convention ordered by the AFL-CIO. Ralph T.
Fagan, president of the union, said that a special
7 In June and July, these two unions had been investigated by the Senate
select committee. See Monthly Labor Review, August 1957, p. 986,
and September 1957, p. 1108.
8 In a letter to the Ethical Practices Committee, James G. Cross, president
of the Bakers union, had outlined a series of proposed reforms which would
include better accounting controls and revised budget procedures.
» Earlier in the year, Mr. Kane testified that he was beaten up by Cross
and George Stuart—former vice president of the union—because of his opposi
tion to changes in the union’s constitution proposed by Mr. Cross. See
M onthly Labor Review, August 1957, p. 987.
See Monthly Labor Review, July 1957, p. 856.
ii See Monthly Labor Review, August 1957, p. 987.
4 4 4 5 2 5 — 5 7 ---------0
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
convention would impose a financial burden upon
the union’s locals, that the international had
accomplished its “cleanup,” and further, that Mr.
Meany’s order was “an invasion of the autonomous
rights of an international union and its respective
locals.”
Other Unions. Charges of illegal or unethical
real estate transactions by union officials were
also in the news during the month. The Inter
national Union of Operating Engineers’ Executive
Board found Vice President Victor S. Swanson
guilty of corruption after 3 days of hearings on
charges by another international union official and
2 union members of involvement in union real
estate transactions in Stockton, Calif. The board
barred him from holding any union office for the
next 5 years and permanently ousted him from
his international office and his position as business
manager of a San Francisco local, which was then
ordered to take necessary steps to recover funds
and property to which it was legally entitled.
The union stated that it had acted upon its own
initiative without prompting from either the
AFL-CIO parent body or any congressional
committee.
Also, in September, a Lake County (Indiana)
grand jury found no evidence of criminal activity
in the personal affairs of three officials of the
Carpenters union. Earlier in the year, these
officials, President Maurice Hutcheson, Vice
President O. William Blair, and Secretary Frank
M. Chapman, had been questioned by a Senate
subcommittee on alleged participation in profits
of right-of-way land sales in that State.11 The
subcommittee made it clear that no charge of
misuse of union funds was involved.
Other Union Developments
On September 25, the Executive Council
announced that the independent Brotherhood of
Railroad Trainmen had been accepted for ad
mission into the AFL-CIO. Mr. Meany reported
that the union had given assurance that it
would move to eliminate from its constitution
provisions excluding Negroes from membership.
(The Federation president also pointed out that
the Trainmen already had 2,000 Negro members
despite the present constitutional ban.) In
August, the Council had tentatively accepted the
1384
BRT’s application for affiliation with the AFLCIO.12
A 4-point program of cooperation was adopted on
September 12 by 2 marine radio officers’ unions
which had been engaged in feuds since their
separate secessions from the American Communi
cations Association. The American Radio As
sociation and the Radio Officers Union, both
affiliated with the AFL-CIO, pledged to work
together for mutual aid, technical advancement,
economic gains, and improved public relations,
which would include formulation of a joint code of
professional ethics for seagoing radio officers.
While the Teamsters convention occupied the
center of public attention, several other union
conventions were held during September. At
the convention of the International Woodworkers
of America, delegates representing nearly 100,000
members voted to appoint a committee to draft
a new constitution which would incorporate a
plan for consolidating the present 13 district
councils into regions based on “geographic, eco
nomic, administrative, and contractual aspects.”
The revised constitution will be presented to a
special convention not later than April 1, 1958,
and then be submitted to the membership for
final approval. A resolution was passed proposing
that all unions adopt a “bill of rights” to insure
safeguards against corrupt practices, including
audited reports on finances and health and wel
fare funds, and a guarantee oi free election of
officers. The union’s four international officers 13
were nominated for reelection without opposition
but their election will be subject to membership
referendum.
At the 34th convention of the Street, Electric
Railway and Motor Coach Employees union,
delegates voted to approve an increase in strike
benefits from $15 to $25 a week. This increase
is to be financed by assessing each member $1 per
month if the defense fund falls to $1 million
(present funds for this purpose total $1.8 million),
and such assessments would then continue until
the fund reached a new total of $3 million. All
executive officers and 16 vice presidents were
reelected; the number of vice presidents is to be
reduced from 16 to 12 by not filling vacancies as
they occur.
In Philadelphia, at the Photo Engravers 56th
convention, a “package” program was adopted
calling for retirement, disability, and death bene
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
fits. Principal features of the plan include $50-amonth pension at age 65, $600 death benefits,
and $50-a-month disability payment, all after
5 years’ coverage. Cost to members will be $10
monthly, if approved by membership referendum.
The International Stereotypers’ and Electro
typers’ union, at its 54th annual convention in
Toronto, Canada, also passed a resolution favoring
a union pension plan which would provide a
maximum pension of $12 monthly. The dele
gates also voted to increase the union defense
fund from the present $150,000 to $500,000. Both
proposals were subject to referendum by the
14.000 members of the union.
Establishment of a $2-million lithography in
dustry fund in order “to harness new technological
developments for the material benefit of the in
dustry and the consuming public” was advanced
by Edward Swayduck, president of New York
City local No. 1 of the Amalgamated Lithog
raphers of America. The proposal, adopted at
the union’s 75th convention held in Chicago on
September 23-28, visualized automated processes
in terms of opportunity to lower costs with re
sulting savings for the consumer and broader
markets, thus insuring fair profits to employers
and full employment to workers. A committee
was appointed to work with management in initi
ating the plan under which the union is ready to
contribute $1 million if employers will match
this amount. The convention also voted an
all-out drive for the organization of lithographic
workers. This action was motivated by long
standing disputes with other printing unions as to
jurisdiction over workers employed in new printing
processes.
Disaffection with the AFL-CIO stemming from
jurisdiction disagreements was expressed by repre
sentatives of building trades councils from seven
midwestern States meeting in Detroit. They
endorsed a resolution to consider withdrawal
from the AFL-CIO unless jurisdictional disputes
between craft and industrial unions can be re
solved. The delegates (representing more than
350.000 workers of 19 craft unions in Illinois,
Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio,
and Wisconsin) criticized the AFL-CIO merger as
a “sacrifice of the Building Trades.” A related
12See M onthly Labor Review, October 1957, p. 1251.
President A. F. Hartung, vice presidents James Dicey and Claude
Ballard, and Secretary-Treasurer William Botkin.
13
1385
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
resolution recommended to the Building; Trades
Department that it stop payment of the per capita
tax to the AFL-CIO until the disputes were
settled.
Other Developments
Efforts to prevent abuses of employees’ insur
ance funds continued to spread. In California, a law
went into effect September 11 requiring trustees of
workers pension and welfare funds to make com
prehensive annual reports on the operation of the
funds to all covered employees (trustees of funds
covering fewer than 25 workers were exempted).
Legislation enacted in 1957 and designed to pro
tect welfare funds has been passed by Wisconsin,
Connecticut, and Massachusetts. (The Massa
chusetts law does not go into effect until October 1,
1958.) Safeguards of welfare funds had already
been put into effect in 1955 and 1956 in Washing
ton and New York, respectively.
Also in California, an arbitrator ruled on the
administration of a pension fund provided by a
1956 settlement between locals of the Teamsters
union and the Southern California Rock, Sand, and
Gravel Association which included an employer
contribution to a pension fund. At issue was
whether the companies should contribute to the
Western Conference of Teamsters Pension Fund
or to a locally administered fund. The arbitrator
ruled in favor of the latter.
Pension plans of another union—this time the
International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union (Ind.)—covering about 17,000 em
ployees of the Pacific Maritime Association were
liberalized in September. On September 26,
trustees of the jointly administered pension fund
announced that under a new policy widows of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
pensioners will continue to receive full pensions for
a year after the death of the retiree. Claimed by
the union to be a “pioneering social advance not
heretofore achieved by any pension plan in the
country,” the new benefits became effective
October 1.
Also in September, alternate arrangements for
paying benefits due under supplemental unemplojunent benefit (SUB) plans were worked out
by the Steelworkers union and major steel pro
ducers for workers in four States whose statutes or
rulings now prohibit simultaneous payment of
private and public unemployment compensation.
Approximately 190,000 workers in Indiana, North
Carolina, Ohio, and Virginia are affected. In
Indiana and Virginia, the means of paying bene
fits will be determined by a special board of arbi
tration consisting of the regular impartial umpire
for U. S. Steel Corp., Bethlehem Steel Co., and
Republic Steel Corp., while in North Carolina it
was agreed to pay benefits in a lump sum upon a
laid-off worker’s recall to his job.
In Ohio, where some 114,000 workers are
affected, the union and companies agreed to a
court test of the legality of the ruling 14 against
such benefits issued by the Ohio Unemployment
Compensation Administrator.
On September 13, the United Auto Workers
and Ford Motor Co. also signed an agreement on
a supplemental unemployment benefit plan to
cover workers at the company’s Ohio plants dur
ing model changeover shutdowns. Because of
the Ohio ruling, the amount due each worker will
be set aside in a trust fund and the accrued benefits
will be paid if the courts reverse existing rulings,
or when a new payment plan is devised.
h
See Monthly Labor Review, August 1956, p. 954.
Book Reviews
and Notes
E ditor’s N ote .—Listing of a publication in this
section is for record and reference only and does
not constitute an endorsement of point of view
or advocacy of use.
Special Reviews
The Dynamics of Interviewing■
—Theory, Technique,
and Cases. By Robert L. Kahn and Charles
F. Cannell. New York, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 1957. 368 pp., bibliography. $7.75.
The authors have undertaken the development
of a rather complete account of the theory and
technique of interviewing as a means of gathering
information. The development is very general.
The type of situations treated range from the
public opinion inquiry to the medical interview.
The principal feature of the work is its grounding
in behavioral psychology. The authors adopted
the psychological field theory developed by Kurt
Lewin, in which any given behavior is the result
of forces within the individual. A sufficient
explanation of the underlying theory is given to
make the book self-contained.
The authors have done more than present an
analysis of the psychological factors involved.
There are explicit suggestions on the training of
interviewers and the design of questionnaires as
well as useful discussions of the subjects of closed
versus open questions and, of particular interest
to those in survey work, of random errors and
bias. A set of criteria by which the interviewer
can judge his progress has also been given.
The skeptical may argue that this is very good
for those who aim to study attitudes and opinions,
but that it serves no purpose for the measuring of
objective facts. It will surprise them to learn
that the form and wording of a question may often
elicit the wrong response and that socially accept
able rather than factual answers might be forth
coming.
1386
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Other important points are the study of the
interaction between the interviewer and the
respondent, the effect of the interviewer’s social
status on the interview, and the concept of shared
language. Some of these may be truisms to those
versed in survey work, but the authors’ develop
ment presents them in a coherent form that
greatly increases their usefulness and accessibility
and lends them the great advantage that an
organized discipline has over folklore.
The last third of the book is devoted to illus
trative interviews from the medical, personnel,
and social work fields.
-—S amuel E. C ohen
Bureau of Labor Statistics
The Profession of Labor Arbitration: Selected Papers
from the First Seven Annual Meetings of the
National Academy of Arbitrators, 1948-1954.
Edited by Jean T. McKelvey. Washington,
Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1957. 185
pp. $4.50.
Critical Issues in Labor Arbitration: Proceedings of
the Tenth Annual Meeting, National Academy
of Arbitrators, Philadelphia, Pa., January 31February 2, 1957. Edited by Jean T.
McKelvey. Washington, Bureau of National
Affairs, Inc., 1957. 211 pp. $5.50.
The use of arbitration in the settlement of labor
disputes has grown enormously since World War
II. At the same time, the number of persons who
devote all, or a large part of their time, to
serve as impartial arbitrators has likewise in
creased. The National Academy of Arbitrators
was established in 1947 by a group of such people
primarily to formulate and promote appropriate
standards for an occupation obviously professional
and to promote the study and understanding of the
arbitration process.
The Profession of Labor Arbitration is a collection
of several excellent papers and committee reports
given at the first seven meetings of the Academy.
In one paper, The Future of Labor Arbitration—
A Challenge, Professor Edwin Witte emphasizes
a belief that labor arbitration must be dis
tinguished both from litigation and commercial
arbitration because of the concern of labor arbitra
tion with human relations. Arbitration should
not, in his opinion, be treated as a contest to be
won, but as a means of resolving a labor relations
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
problem which the parties in collective bargaining
have failed to solve. He deflates the notion that
honesty and impartiality alone are adequate
requisites for an arbitrator. In his view, arbi
tration is an art, and the successful arbitrator must
also possess a broad knowledge of industrial
relations, and a specialized knowledge of the is
sues, a realization that basic to these issues is a
human relations problem, and a skill in finding
“acceptable bases of settlement within the frame
work of reference.”
Professor George Taylor’s paper on Effectuating
the Labor Contract Through Arbitration recog
nizes that labor arbitration is a substitute for the
strike or lockout, and points out that grievance
settlements, including arbitration, frequently con
tain much that may fairly be styled “agreement
making.”
Arbitration in the World Today, by Ralph T.
Seward, highlights the role of arbitration as one of
democracy’s methods of resolving conflicts, a
method which involves “the creation of concepts
of justice by those to whom the concepts are to be
applied.”
Among the more important contributions of the
Academy are the committee reports contained in
the appendixes. The formulation of a Code of
Ethics for arbitrators is an important achieve
ment. This Code recognizes that a code for
arbitrators cannot be considered apart from the
conduct of the parties themselves. The arbitra
tion process is, to a large extent, in the hands of the
parties. Part III of the Code dealing with the
conduct of the parties recognizes that it takes
three to make arbitration work, the company, the
union, and the arbitrator or arbitrators.
The committee report on the education and
training of arbitrators marks out an area impor
tant to the future of arbitration. Curiously
enough, apart from the arbitrator, the persons
who develop experience in the field of arbitration
are the representatives of the parties, and they
are almost invariably precluded from a future
role as impartial arbitrators by virtue of their
backgrounds. The problem of training people as
arbitrators is a problem of how the necessary
experience can be acquired. As the report points
out, such people cannot get the needed experience
unless they are acceptable, and generally speaking,
they are not acceptable without experience.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1387
Critical Issues in Labor Arbitration reproduces
the papers given at the 10th annual meeting of
the National Academy of Arbitrators. Professor
J. Fred Holly, in The Arbitration of Discharge
Cases: A Case Study, and Professor Arthur Ross,
in The Arbitration of Discharge Cases: What
Happens After Reinstatement, both attempt
statistical analyses while recognizing the limita
tions of such analyses. The paper by Professor
Ross is a pioneer study in finding out what happens
to employees who have been reinstated by arbitra
tors. He concludes that from an operational
standpoint two-thirds of the cases have worked
out well and that the most significant variable
is seniority status. (Both papers were excerpted
in the June 1957 issue of the Monthly Labor Re
view.)
A stimulating panel discussion concerning the
proposed Uniform Arbitration Act is reproduced.
The proponents of the legislation believe that labor
and commercial arbitration can be embodied
successfully in a single statute and that statutory
treatment will promote the cause of arbitration.
The opponents of the act consider that the rapid
growth of arbitration shows there is no need for
statutory treatment. They fear that by formaliz
ing procedures for judicial review and court
litigation, litigation will be invited, and the impor
tant attributes of speed, voluntarism, and finality
will be lost.
Professor Taylor, in his article Effectuation of
Arbitration by Collective Bargaining points out,
among other things, that the arbitration process in
action reflects the nature of the collective bargain
ing relationship between the parties. In order
to retain its vitality, it must operate in a fashion
that makes it preferable to strikes and lockouts.
The kind of arbitration that will produce such a
result is itself a matter for bargaining.
There are also valuable discussions on the arbi
tration of disputes involving incentive problems
and the halting of any trend toward technicalities
in arbitration. Mr. Harold Davey’s exposition
of the operation of the John Deere-United
Automobile Workers permanent arbitration system
is a useful discussion of the approach of those
parties to the arbitration process.
•— B e r n a r d C u sh m a n
Labor Bureau of Middle West
1388
Economic Institutions and Human Welfare. By
John Maurice Clark. New York, Alfred A.
Knopf, Inc., 1957. 295 pp. $5.50.
In the author’s words, “This collection of
essays deals, not with economics in the technical
sense, but with some of the human and com
modity factors that underlie it.” Technical
economics is primarily concerned with the opera
tion of the market. Professor Clark, considered
by many to be the dean of American economists,
probes into the environment of “commodity set
ting in which the market operates.” His com
ments are a deft mixture of qualitative economic
theory and institutional observations. He crosses
the boundaries of conventional economics into its
companion social sciences, sociology and psychol
ogy, and political science. The relevancy of
many of his conclusions (and prescriptions) there
fore stands or falls on the validity of his insights
into these other disciplines.
Professor Clark feels that our age has “a badly
split personality. Religion, art, and literature,
economic life and economic analysis are too little
integrated with one another, to put it mildly.”
In the many years of his writing, he has been
trying to integrate the economic personality of his
times.
The wide range of topics covered includes
“pseudo individualism,” atomic warfare, automa
tion, stabilization policy, price flexibility, maxi
mizing long-run profits, basic needs of human
nature, benefits of competition, and collective
bargaining.
Long an authority in the field of competition, he
contributes many gems of analysis. Perhaps his
most significant conclusion in this area is, “Big
organization, both in industry and labor, carries
responsibility for its internal integrity and its
external power. Industry has responsibilities—in
which we all share—for what it does to its products,
to the quality of our activities in leisure and in
work, for equitable distribution of incomes, for
security, for employment opportunity, for avoid
ing inflation, and for good citizenship generally, in
taking care of the ramifying effects and social by
products of industry. These ramifying effects
create problems: something generally needs to be
done about them if industry is to be self-sustaining
for society in the large, and if it is to justify itself,
as a contributor to social welfare, rather than a
parasite preying upon it.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
Professor Clark is not reluctant to comment
vigorously on problems confronting us today. On
the use of credit restrictions, he concludes that
vigorous use of this weapon would be less likely to
level off the economy than to precipitate a reces
sion. Fear of this on the part of policymakers is
likely to mean using credit restriction too gingerly
to have full effect in curbing inflationary pressures.
He is a little more optimistic about the use of
fiscal policy. But there too, according to Clark,
increasing government expenditures can lead to a
tax burden which can impair business incentives
and limit expansion of small businesses.
He is deeply concerned with the threat of inter
national Communism. He feels that a successful
reply to Communism “must include elements that
classical individualism neglected, as well as those
it emphasized, and must build them into a better
balanced synthesis.”
■— H a r o ld W olozin
Bureau of Labor Statistics
The Teamsters Union—A Study of Its Economic
Impact. By Robert D. Leiter. New York,
Bookman Associates, Inc., 1957. 304 pp.,
bibliography. $5.
This study of the Teamsters union reminds one
of an almanac—it crams in a wealth of information
with, for the most part, only superficial attempts
to integrate the material. It is also as timely as
the annual almanac. This year, as interest in
the Teamsters runs high, those who wish to know
more about the union will perforce turn to this
book, which is the most comprehensive and current
study available.
Extensive research obviously went into the
preparation of the book. A 2-year grant from
the Rockefeller Foundation aided the author, a
member of the City College of New York faculty,
to conduct many interviews and read apparently
everything written on the union. The source
notes and bibliography occupy nearly a tenth
of the entire volume.
However, Brofessor Leiter has not been equally
diligent in evaluating and analyzing the material
collected. An example of the qualities and defects
of the book is provided by the chapter on juris
dictional disputes. This contains a great deal of
useful material tracing the history and background
of Teamster jurisdictional difficulties in several
major areas. However, in discussing his research
1389
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
findings, the author adds little to the reader’s
understanding. For instance, in a section intro
ducing the subject, he states that to arrive at
dispute solutions, “the AFL has been forced to
use many techniques including discussion, con
ciliation, investigation, compromise, consent, and
patience. Generally, however, the IBT has been
able to gain its jurisdictional objectives. Its
effectiveness has stemmed from . . . [among other
things] . . . its dominant position on the execu
tive council of the AFL.” Yet later, in sum
marizing the chapter, he speaks of the union’s
“policy of supporting decisions of the AFL in
these matters” as a distinguishing characteristic
of the Teamsters approach to jurisdictional
problems.
Too often, sources were accepted uncritically.
For instance, Professor Leiter reports that in 1954
Harold J. Gibbons was indicted twice by grand
juries “on technicalities,” citing as his source the
Officers Report of Local 688, of which Gibbons is
secretary-treasurer. These unspecified technical
ities were actually charges of filing false reports
with a Federal agency.
The value of the book lies in its mass of historical
material and detailed information on little-known
facets of the union and the trucking industry.
Among the most useful chapters are those which
describe the complex structure of the union and
indicate how factors such as the growth of overthe-road trucking and increasing governmental
regulation have shaped this structure and
influenced the union’s behavior.
— T h eo d o r e A lliso n
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Arbitration and Mediation
Procedural and Substantive Aspects of Labor-Management
Arbitration. New York, American Arbitration Associ
ation, [1957]. 39 pp. (AAA Research Report.)
Disciplinary Actions and the Arbitrators. By Walter L.
Daykin. Iowa City, State University of Iowa,
College of Commerce, Bureau of Labor and Manage
ment, 1957. 17 pp. (Research Series, 18.)
Mediation as a Harmonizing Influence in Collective Bar
gaining. By Stanley Young. (In Personnel Admin
istration, Washington, September-October 1957, pp.
21-28. $ 1 .)
Puerto Rico: A Frontier in Mediation. By Julio Machuca.
(In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, September 1957,
pp. 010-614. $1.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cooperative Movement
Consumer Cooperatives. By Jean A. Flexner and AnnaStina Ericson. Washington, U. S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1957. 87 pp.,
bibliography. (Bull. 1211.) 50 cents, Superintend
ent of Documents, Washington.
Statistics of Farmer Cooperatives, 1954-55. By Anne L.
Gessner. Washington, U. S. Department of Agricul
ture, Farmer Cooperative Service, 1957. 73 pp.
(General Report 31.) Free,
Methods of Financing Farmer Cooperatives. By Helim H.
Hulbert, Nelda Griffin, Kelsey B. Gardner. Wash
ington, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmer
Cooperative Service, 1957. 46 pp. (General Report
32.) Free.
Cooperation in Canada, 1956— Twenty-fifth Annual Sum
mary. By B. H. Kristjanson. Ottawa, Canadian
Department of Agriculture, Marketing Service, 1957.
19 pp.
Education and Training
Sixth Annual Institute for Training Specialists at Cornell
University, Ithaca, N. Y., M ay 28-June 1, 1956.
Ithaca, New York State School of Industrial and
Labor Relations, [1957?]. 183 pp. $1, Coordinator
of Special Programs, Cornell University.
Workers Abroad: III, The Travelling Journeyman Takes
the Road Again. Paris, United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1957. 95 pp.
Available from UNESCO Publications Center, New
York.
Training and Recruitment of Skilled Tradesmen in Selected
Industries in Canada, 1951-56. Ottawa, Canadian
Department of Labor, Economics and Research
Branch, 1957. 32 pp. 25 cents, Queen’s Printer,
Ottawa.
Employment and Unemployment
Maintenance of Way Employment on U. S. Railroads— An
Analysis of the Sources of Instability and Remedial
Measures. By William Haber and others. Detroit,
Mich., Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Em
ployes, 1957. 237 pp. Free.
Major Manufacturing Industries as Potential Sources of
Employment in Low Income Farm Areas. By Paul
Mehl. Washington, U. S. Department of Agricul
ture, Agricultural Marketing Service, 1957. 28 pp.
(AMS 176.) Free.
Work Experience in Puerto Rico: 1953 to 1956. San Juan,
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1957. 12 pp. (Special Report on the Labor Force,
17.)
1390
Handicapped
Teamwork in Serving the Handicapped— [A. Symposium],
(In Employment Security Review, U. S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, U. S.
Employment Service, Washington, September 1957,
pp. 3-40. 20 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)
Report of the Committee of Inquiry on the Rehabilitation,
Training, and Resettlement of Disabled Persons.
London, 1956. 126 pp. (Cmd. 9883.) 5s. 6 d.,
H. M. Stationery Office, London.
Labor-Management Relations
Labor and Management Face the Future: Manpower Re
sources, Labor Relations, Economic Trends. New
York, American Management Association, 1957. 76
pp. (Personnel Series, 172.) $1.75; $1 to AMA
members.
Report on a Program of Labor Relations for New York City
Employees. New York, Department of Labor of the
City of New York, 1957. 110 pp.
How to Bargain on Wages. (An interview with George W.
Taylor.) (In Nation’s Business, Chamber of Com
merce of the United States, Washington, September
1957, pp. 29-31, 106, et seq.)
Labor Mobility
Job Mobility of Workers in 1955. Washington, U. S. De
partment of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1957.
27 pp. (Current Population Reports, Labor Force,
Series P-50, No. 70.) 20 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
Obstacles to Labor Mobility and Social Problems of Resettle
ment: A Survey by the European Coal and Steel Com
munity. (In International Labor Review, Geneva,
July 1957, pp. 72-83. 60 cents. Distributed in
United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Manpower
Development of Scientific, Engineering, and Other Profes
sional Manpower. Prepared by the Legislative Refer
ence Service of the Library of Congress. Washington,
United States Senate, Committee on Government
Operations, 1957. 172 pp. (Committee Print, 85th
Cong., 1st Sess.)
Engineering and Scientific Manpower Problems— An
Annotated Bibliography. By Morris A. Horowitz.
Boston, Mass., Northeastern University, Bureau of
Business and Economic Research (for American
Society for Engineering Education), August 1957.
37 pp.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
How to Reduce the Shortage of Engineers
Survey of Research. By Donald E.
sonnel Administration, Washington,
ber 1957, pp. 29-34, bibliography.
and Scientists: A
Baier. (In Per
September-Octo$1.)
Scientists and Engineers in Greater Kansas City: A Survey
of Demand and Supply Factors. By Frank T. Stockton. Kansas City, Mo. (1411 Walnut Street),
Scientific and Technical Manpower Study for Greater
Kansas City, 1957. 47 pp.
Manpower Requirements and Training Needs Study—
Phoenix Labor Market Area; Tucson Labor Market
Area. Tucson, Arizona State Employment Service,
1957. 52 and 48 pp., respectively.
The Labor Market in the Lower M ississippi River Industrial
Area. Baton Rouge, Louisiana Department of
Labor, Division of Employment Security, 1957.
55 pp.
Manpower Planning in Norway. By Thor Skrindo. (In
International Labor Review, Geneva, August 1957,
pp. 124-138. 60 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Medical Care
Medical Care for Welfare Recipients— Basic Problems.
By Margaret Greenfield. Berkeley, University of
California, Bureau of Public Administration, 1957.
83 pp., bibliography. (1957 Legislative Problems, 3.)
$1.75.
Medical Care for Welfare Recipients— State Programs. By
Margaret Greenfield. Berkeley, University of Cali
fornia, Bureau of Public Administration, 1957
121 p p .
$2.
Occupations
Occupational Outlook Handbook: Employment Information
on Major Occupations for Use in Guidance. Washing
ton, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, in cooperation with Veterans Administra
tion, 1957. 697 pp. (Bull. 1215—revision of Bull.
998.) $4, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Career as Food Technologists; Careers in Biological Sciences;
Osteopathy; Psychology. Washington, B’nai B’rith
Vocational Service, 1957. 11, 15, 11, 15 pp., bibliog
raphies. (Occupational Brief Series.) 25 cents each.
Inventors Past and Present. By Jacob Schmookler. (In
Review of Economics and Statistics, Cambridge,
Mass., August 1957, pp. 321-333. $ 2 .)
Older Workers and the Aged
A Positive Policy Toward Aging. Report of New Jersey
Old Age Study Commission. Trenton, [Department
of Public Health and Welfare], 1957. 217 pp.
1391
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
The Length of Working Life. By Seymour L. Wolfbein.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1957. 32 pp. Free.
Employment Practices for Older Workers. Report by the
Committee on Employment and Retirement Practices
for Older Workers of the Community Council of
Greater New York. New York, The Council, [1957].
19 pp.
Personnel Management and Practices
Proceedings of 18th Annual Louisiana Personnel Manage
ment Conference Held at Louisiana State University,
February 81-22, 1957. [Baton Rouge], Louisiana
State University, College of Commerce, 1957. 102 pp.
Proceedings of 44th Annual Convention of International
Association of Personnel in Employment Security,
Miami Beach, Fla., June 25-28, 1957. [Louisville,
Ky. (2008 Highland Street)], the Organization’s
Office of Publication and Circulation, 1957. 76 pp.
Organization and Action for Improved Administration.
New York, American Management Association, 1957.
66 pp. (Personnel Series, 173.) $1.75; $1 to AMA
members.
Selecting Company Executives. By Stephen Habbe. New
York, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc.,
1957. 54 pp. (Studies in Personal Policy, 161.)
The Foreman's Job in Settling Grievances. By Bertram R.
Crane and Roger M. Hoffman. (In Supervision,
Madison, N. J., September 1957, pp. 4-6, 29. 50
cents.)
Moonlighting and Its Controls. By Stephen Habbe. (In
Management Record, National Industrial Conference
Board, Inc., New York, July 1957, pp. 234^237.)
A Selected List of Books and Periodicals in the Field of
Personnel Administration and Labor-Management
Relations. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan,
Bureau of Industrial Relations, 1957. 18 pp.
New Dimensions in Top Executive Reading. By Edward C.
Bursk. (In Harvard Business Review, Boston,
September-October 1957, pp. 93-112. $2.)
Social Security
World Trends in Social Security Benefits, 1955 to 1957. By
Carl H. Farman. (In Social Security Bulletin, U. S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Social Security Administration, Washington, August
1957, pp. 3-14. 25 cents, Superintendent of Docu
ments, Washington.)
Public Assistance under the Social Security Act. Washing
ton, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Social Security Administration, Bureau of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Public Assistance, 1957. 29 pp. 25 cents, Superin
tendent of Documents, Washington.
Handbook of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Statistics—
Employment, Wages, and Insurance Status of Workers
in Covered Employment, 1958-54• Washington, U. S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Social Security Administration, Bureau of Old-Age
and Survivors Insurance, 1957. 208 pp. $1.25,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
The Australian Social Security Program. By F. H. Rowe.
(In Bulletin of the International Social Security
Association, Geneva, June 1957, pp. 219-239.)
Die Angestelltenversicherung in den Jahren 1949 bis 1952
in der Bundesrejmblik Deutschland. Bonn, Bundesministerium Für Arbeit, 1957. 43 pp.
Social Security in the Czechoslovak Republic. (In Bulletin
of the International Social Security Association,
Geneva, May 1957, pp. 167-207.)
Women Workers
Executive Careers for Women. By Frances Maule.
York, Harper & Brothers, 1957. 205 pp. $3.
New
Tables of Working Life for Women, 1950. By Stuart H.
Garfinkle. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1957. 33 pp. (Bull.
1204.) 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Part-Time Employment for Women with Family Responsi
bilities. (In International Labor Review, Geneva,
June 1957, pp. 543-553. 60 cents. Distributed in
United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Work Injuries and Accident Prevention
Injury Experience in the Metal and Nonmetal Industries,
1954— Detailed Analysis of Safety Factors and Related
Employment Data; and Unpublished Statistics for
1943-53. By John C. Machisak and others. Wash
ington, U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Mines, 1957. 56 pp. (Information Circular 7798.)
Free.
Annual Report on Compensable TYork Injuries, 1956: Part
I, Work Injuries Reported During 1956 to the Illinois
Industrial Commission Under the Workmen's Compen
sation and Occupational Diseases Acts. [Chicago],
Illinois Department of Labor, 1956. 64 pp. Free.
Report on the Industrial Accidents Statistics of New Zealand,
1955. Wellington, Department of Statistics, 1957.
70 pp.
Administration of the Federal Coal-Mine Safety Act, Cal
endar Year 1956. By James Westfield, H. F. Weaver,
C. M. Keenan. Washington, U. S. Department of
1392
the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1957.
formation Circular 7795.) Free.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
69 pp.
(In
Union-Management Cooperation for Safety.
(The Joint
Safety Program of the Forstmann Woolen Co. and
Local 656, Textile Workers Union of America, 194856.) By Richard H. Wood and Jack Chernick.
New Brunswick, N. J., Rutgers University, Institute
of Management and Labor Relations, 1957. 25 pp.
(Case Studies of Cooperation between Labor and
Management, 3.)
Miscellaneous
Economic Fictions: A Critique of Subjectivistic Economic
Theory. By Paul K. Crosser. New York, Philo
sophical Library, Inc., 1957. xxiii, 322 pp. $4.75.
Man Unlimited: Technology's Challenge to Human Endur
ance. By Heinz Gartmann. New York, Pantheon
Books, Inc., 1957. 214 pp., bibliography. $4.50.
His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh’s Study Confer
ence on the Human Problems of Industrial Communities
within the Commonwealth and Empire, Oxford, July
9-27, 1956: Volume I, Report and Proceedings; Volume
II, Background Papers, Appendixes, and Index.
London, Oxford University Press, 1957. 338 and 339
pp., respectively. $6.75, Oxford University Press,
New York.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1957. Washington,
U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
1957. 1,045 pp. 78th ed. $3.50, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
Productivity, Prices, and Incomes: Materials Prepared for
the [Congressional] Joint Economic Committee by the
Committee Staff. Washington, 1957. 281 pp. (Joint
Committee Print, 85th Cong., 1 st sess.)
Inflation and Price Expectations. By Albert T. Sommers.
(In Business Record, National Industrial Conference
Board, Inc., New York, August 1957, pp. 353-357.)
Economic Prospects in Western Europe. By Milton
Gilbert. (In Annals of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science, Philadelphia, July 1957,
pp. 109-115. $2 ; $1.50 to Academy members.)
Technical Cooperation in Latin America: How United
States Business Firms Promote Technological Progress.
By Simon Rottenberg. Washington, National Plan
ning Association, 1957. 132 pp. $3, cloth; $1.75,
paper.
Soviet Economic Growth: A Comparison with the United
States. A study prepared for the Subcommittee on
Foreign Economic Policy of the [Congressional] Joint
Economic Committee by the Legislative Reference
Service of the Library of Congress. Washington,
1957. 149 pp. (Joint Committee Print, 85th Cong.,
1 st sess.)
Current Labor Statistics
CONTENTS
A.—Employment and Payrolls
1395 Table A -l.
1396 Table A-2.
1400 Table A-3.
1403 Table A-4.
1403 Table A-5.
Table A-6.
Table A-7.
1404 Table A-8.
1405 Table A-9.
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing
Government civilian employment and Federal military personnel
Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of
unemployment compensation for Federal employees, by geographic
division and State
Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, se
lected operations
B.—Labor Turnover
1406 Table B--1. Labor turnover rates in manufacturing
1407 Table B-2. Labor turnover rates in selected industries
C.—Earnings and Hours
1409 Table C -l.
1425 Table C~2.
1425 Table C-3.
1426 Table C-4.
1427 Table 0-5.
Table C-6.
1This table is
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49
dollars
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construc
tion activity
Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of produc
tion workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1
included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1393
1394
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
CONTENTS—Continued
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
1428 Table D -l.
1429 Table D-2.
1429 Table D-3.
1430 Table D-4.
1431
1432
1433
1434
1436
1436
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
D-5.
D-6.
D-7.
D-8.
D-9.
D-10.
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: All items and
major groups of items
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Food, housing,
apparel, transportation, and their subgroups
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Special groups of
items
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Retail prices
and indexes of selected foods
Consumer Price Index—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city
Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices, by economic sectors
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
-Work Stoppages
1437 Table E -l.
F.
Building and Con
1438 Table F -l.
1439 Table F-2.
1440 Table F-3.
1440 Table F-4.
1441 Table F-5.
1442 Table F-6.
Expenditures for new construction
Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of
construction
Building permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership,
class of construction, and type of building
Building permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and
geographic region
Building permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetro
politan location and State
Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by owner
ship and location, and construction cost
-Work Injuries
Table G -l.
2This table
is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1395
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
A.—Employment and Payrolls
T able
A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over
1
Annual average
1956
1957»
Employment status
1956
1955
T otal labor force............................................ 71,044 71, 833 73,051 72, 661 70, 714 69, 771 69, 562 69,128 68,638 69, 855 70, 560 70,905 70, 896
70,387
68,896
68,069
1, 998
1,019
368
139
261
209
66 , 071
58, 683
47, 371
5, 963
2, 516
2, 834
7,388
5, 554
1, 348
329
157
67, 530
2, 551
1, 214
594
301
232
64, 979
58,394
46,062
6 , 715
2,648
2,969
6,585
4. 577
1,399
416
192
65,847
2,654
1,138
598
217
367
336
63,193
56, 464
45,046
6,422
2 , 261
2, 736
6 , 730
4, 887
1, 332
314
198
48, 579
48,054
45, 756
1 , 608
44,148
38,870
32, 536
3,388
1,135
1,810
5,278
3,993
806
308
171
45,041
1, 752
43, 290
37,803
31, 897
3, 257
967
1,081
5,487
4,298
777
233
177
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Jan.
Feb.
Dec.
Nov .8
Oct.
Sept.
Total, both sexes
C ivilian labor force---------------- ------------U n em p lo y m en t_____ ____ __________
U nem ployed 4 weeks or less..........
U nem ployed 5-10 w eek s________
U nem ployed 11-14 w eek s_______
U nem ployed 15-26 w eek s_______
U n em ployed over 26 w eek s--------E m p lo y m en t_______________________
N onagricultural_________________
W orked 35 hours or m ore___
W orked 15-34 hours_________
W orked 1-14 hours...... ........... .
W ith a job but not at work
A gricultural____ ______ ________
W orked 35 hours or m ore___
W orked 15-34 hours_________
W orked 1-14 hours_____ ____
W ith a job bu t not at work
70, 228 69,842
2, 609 3,007 3,337
1,386 1, 582 2,028
620
506
731
201
182
247
234
261
238
260
232
247
66,385 67, 221 66,504
59, 562 59, 449 58,970
45, 992 44, 272 46,988
5,637 5, 969 6,241
2 .1 1 0
2, 345 2,498
5,823 6 , 863 3,243
7, 772 7,534
6 , 823
4,918 5, 742 5,402
1,364 1,514 1,622
396
317
366
224
150
115
68 , 225 68 ,994
2,552
1, 438
448
210
263
193
65, 674
59,156
47,652
6,207
2,664
4 2, 632
6 . 518
4,318
1,633
421
4 146
67,893
2,715
1,398
520
161
377
260
65,178
58, 519
47,116
6,576
2,942
1 ,8 8 6
6 . 659
4, 616
1, 523
351
170
66.951 66 , 746 66,311
2,690 2,882 3,121
1,251 1,167 1, 335
684
883
507
224
288
36)8
439
410
390
267
253
227
64,261 63, 865 63,190
58, 506 58, 431 57, 996
47, 230 46, 989 46, 183
6,699 7, 134
6 , 671
2, 920 3,065 2,894
1, 684 1,678 1,787
5, 755 5, 434 5,195
3,851 3, 492 3. 254
1,411 1, 352 1,264
364
454
356
222
225
137
65, 821
3,244
1, 645
808
292
312
188
62, 578
57, 643
46, 638
6,612
2,672
1,721
4, 935
3,032
1,162
471
270
67,029
2, 479
1,231
580
183
238
247
64. 550
59, 440
48,309
6 , 555
2,804
1,772
5,110
3,245
1,175
460
229
67, 732 68 , 082
2, 463 1, 909
964
1,401
408
443
182
117
233
209
204
211
65. 269 66,174
59, 076 59, 000
43,158 46, 867
11,164 7,305
2, 775 2,646
1,980 2,182
6 , 192 7,173
4,163 5,384
1, 445 1, 305
433
350
134
151
211
Males
Total labor force___________________ 48, 620 49, 745 50,307 50,160 48, 657 48, 214 48,006 47, 692 47, 498 47,927 48, 303 48, 340 48, 490
46,940 47, 517 47,375 45,870 45,428 45,223 44. 908 44,714 45, 135 45, 508 45, 550 45, 697
1,596 1, 803 2,054 1,665 1,809 1.050 2, 095 2. 150 1,665 1,466 1,124 1,152
45,344 45, 713 45,321 44, 205 43, 620 43, 273 42, 813 42,564 43, 470 44,042 44, 426 44, 546
39,953 39, 738 39, 647 38, 982 38, 747 38, 635 38,331 38, 244 39,112 39, 020 39,007 39, 056
32, 992 31, 823 33,713 33, 251 33, 027 33,046 32, 439 32,619 33.620 30,422 33,036 33, 519
2, 711 2, 891 2,984 3,165 3,3.50 3, 200 3, 424 3,291 3,080 6,232 3,482 2, 771
950 1 ,0 1 0 1,096 1,309 1,248 1,218 1,228 1,143 1,219 1,126 1, 123 1 ,0 1 2
3,299 4, 015 1,854 1,257 1 ,1 2 2 1 , 111 1. 240 1, 190 1,193 1,240 1, 366 1, 754
5,391 5, 975 5,674 5, 222 4,872 4, 638 4.482 4,320 4, 358 5, 022 5,419 5, 490
4,221 4, 862 4,499 4,006 3.560 3, 279 3, 076 2,854 2,998 3, 741 4,374 4, 484
691
636
825
773
837
856
867
741
754
820
815
912
226
226
307
260
309
354
400
378
249
282
231
238
144
137
128
194
185
240
210
121
96
152
198
118
Civilian labor force------------------------- 45,835
Unemployment__________________ 1,565
Employm ent-.................................. . 44,270
N o n ag ricu ltu ral--..................... - 39,155
Worked 35 hours or more- -_ 33,371
Worked 15-34 hours_______ 2,992
1.162
Worked 1-14 hours..- With a job but not at work 4 1,630
Agricultural.
______________ 5,115
Worked 35 hours or more. -- 3, 779
Worked 15-34 hours_______
925
282
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work A
128
Females
Total labor force___________________ 22,424 22,088 22, 745 22,500 22,056 21, 556 21, 557 21,436 21,140 21,928 22, 258 22, 565 22,405
Civilian labor force________________
Unemployment-____ ____________
Employment____________________
Nonagricultural__ __________
Worked 35 hours or more. -Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 h o u rs.- ______
With a job but not at work 4
Agricultural _______________
Worked 35 hours or more -Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours______ ..
With a job but not at work 4.
22, 390 22,054 22, 711
986 1,013 1,203
21,404 21,041 21, 508
2 0 ,0 0 1 19, 609 19, 711
14, 281 12,999 12. 449
3, 215 2,926 3, 078
1,502 1,159 1,335
2, 524 2,849
1 ,0 0 2
1, 403 1,433 1, 797
879
539
697
623
760
708
86
129
139
29
26
17
22,467
1,283
21,183
19,323
13, 275
3,257
1,402
1,389
1,860
902
802
137
19
22,023
1,050
20,974
19, 537
13,865
3,411
1,632
628
1.437
609
708
21, 523
882
20, 641
19. 758
14, 203
3. 322
1, 672
562
883
291
499
74
101
19
18
• Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
J Beginning with January 1957, two groups numbering between 200,000 and
300,000 which were formerly classified as employed (under “with a job but
not at work”) were assigned to different classifications, mostly to the unem
ployed. For a full explanation, see Monthly Report on the Labor Foroe,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
21, 524
932
20, 592
19, 796
13.943
3,439
1,847
567
796
213
496
56
31
21.107 21,894 22, 224 22, 532
785
814
997
1,094
20, 013 2 1 , 080 21, 227 21. 748
19, 399 20, 327 20, 056 19,994
14,018 14, 689 12, 736 13,831
3, 321 3,475 4, 932 3,823
1, 529 1,585 1,649 1, 523
817
579
740
531
614
752 1,171 1, 754
422 1 ,0 1 0
178
248
614
403
608
337
124
126
82
100
71
6
20
14
30
36
21, 403
1,026
20, 377
19, 665
13, 745
3, 710
1 , 666
544
712
178
398
22, 372
847
21, 525
19, 627
13,852
3,192
1,504
1,080
1,898
1,070
712
103
13
2 1 , 808
20,842
21, 774
943
20,831
19, 524
13, 526
3, 327
1, 513
1,158
1,307
585
594
108
20,806
903
19,904
18,661
13,147
3, 164
1,294
1,055
1,243
589
555
81
19
21
February 1957 (Current Population Reports, Labor Force, Series P-57,
No. 176).
8 Survey week contained legal holiday.
4 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layofl with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as
unemployed.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
1396
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
T able
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1957
1966
Annual
average
Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1956
1955
53,169 52,920 52, 605 52,881 52,482 52.270 51,919 51, 704 51, 716 53, 639 53, 007 52,952 52, 663 51,878 50,056
858
863
857
858
835
833
831
833
832
837
837
836
842
816
777
109.7 1 1 1 .8 113.4 112.4 111.9 1 1 0 .8 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .2 1 1 1 .1 111.3 112.4 113.8 108.3 101.4
—
39.8
39.3
38.9
38.2
36.1
34.8
34.9
35.1
35.7
36.5
38.0
38.8
34.6
34. 2
33.3
33.4
33.4
33.0
33.5
33.9
33.7
33.6
33.7
33.7
33.6
33.8
33.3
28.9
15.3
16.8
17.5
17.4
18.2
18.3
18.3
18.3
18.3
18.1
17.7
17.7
17.4
16.6
A nth racite______________________________
27.2
30.6
26.6
31.0
28.5
30.4
30.8
31.1
31.8
30.6
30.3
29.8
29.7
31
B itum inous-coal________________________
237.1 238.7 231.3 241.9 238.7 239.0 240.1 242.9 242.0 242.4 240.7 240.6 239.4 230.8 218.73
T otal em ployees....................................................
M in in g___________________________________
M eta l__________________________________
Iron_____ ___________________ ____ ___
C opper_______________________________
Lead and zinc________________________
C rude-petroleum and natural-gas pro
d u ctio n _____ _______ _____ ______ _
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)___________
—
121.4
N on m etalllc m in ing and quarrying...........
Contract construction_____________________
N on b u ild in g construction_______________
H igh w ay and street________ _____ ____
Other non build ing construction_______
B u ild in g construction________ ________
General contractors___________________
Special-trade contractors______________
P lu m b in g and h eatin g______________
P ain tin g and decorating____________
E lectrical w ork_____________________
Other special-trade contractors______
M anufacturing_____ _____ ________________
D urable goods ____________ ____
N ondu rab le goods _____________
2
4
Ordnance and accessories_______________
Pood and kindred products_____________
M eat products_______________ ____ ___
D airy products_______________________
C anning and preserving_______________
Grain-mill products___________________
B akery products______________________
S u g a r ..____ __________________ ____ _
C onfectionery and related produ cts___
B everages_____________________________
M iscellaneous food products__________
T obacco m anufactures__________________
C igarettes_______________________ ____
Cigars______ ________________ _______ _
T obacco and sn u ff_____ ______________
T obacco stem m in g and redrying.............
T extile-m ill products____________________
Scouring and com bing p lan ts_________
Y arn and thread m ills________________
Broad-w oven fabric m ills_____________
N arrow fabrics and sm all wares_______
K n ittin g m ills_____ ____ _______ _____
D y ein g and finishing textiles__________
C arpets, rugs, other floor coverings........
H a ts (except cloth and m illin e r y )..........
M iscellaneous textile goods____________
3,248
—
—
—
—
363.6
362.0
354.8
340.0
339.8
338.8
338.7
336.5
336.1
335.4
333.1
338.5
330.8
218.2
217.6
2 1 2 .0
203.6
204.0
202.3
2 0 1 .8
200.4
197.6
197.6
197.3
202.9
196.4
188.0
121.4
119.2
118.7
118.2
115.3
1 1 1 .8
1 1 0 .0
1 1 1 .8
115.7
118.7
119.9
1 2 0 .6
116.2
108.3
317.1
3,296 3,275 3,232 3, 0S2 2,906 2,756 2,673 2,667 2,997 3,174 3,296 3,342 2,993 2,759
742
714
663
728
514
572
496
502
580
647
698
715
606
516
340.5 331.0 321.5 296.2 237.3 199.9 184.9 191.5 233.3 274. 1 309.7 324. 2 263.3 232.4
401.7 397.4 392.0 366.8 334.7 314. 1 310.6 310.4 346.9 372.8 388.5 391.2 342.6 284.0
2,554 2, 547 2,518 2,419 2,334 2, 242 2. 177 2,165 2,417 2, 527 2,598 2.627 2,387 2, 243
1,025. 4 1,039.8 1,005.5 977.5 944. 6 898.7 878.2 885.7 1 , 0 0 1 .6 1,054. 7 1,099.1 1,116.5 995.1 922. 6
1, 528.6 1, 507.1 1,512.5 1,441.1 1,389. 5 1,343. 3 1, 298. 5 1. 279. 5 1,415.5 1,472.5 1,498. 7 1, 510. 9 1, 391.8 1,320.8
344.0 332.6 342.7 333.7 334.6 331.8 331.5 335.1 345. 7 351.1 355. 9 355. 2 334.0 317.0
226.5 226.5 205.2 190.5 176.5 159.0 148.9 151.5 176.4 192.0 203.8 214.0 179.5 162.3
244.0 241.2 237.2 223. 5 218.2 219.5 2 2 1 .0 223. 2 228.7 226.4 226.4 2 2 1 .2 198.1 168. 4
714.1 700.8 727.4 693.4 660.2 633.0 597.1 569.7 664. 7 703.0 712.6 720.5 680.2 673.1
16,917 16,968 16,710 16,852 16, 762 16,822 16,933 16,945 16,959 17,159 17,180 17,238 17.119 16,905 16,563
9, 718 9,811 9, 756 9,913 9,895 9,927 9, 976 9, 992 9,990 10.067 10,071 9,999 9, 826 9,825 9, 549
7,199 7,157 6 ,954 6 ,939 6,867 6,895 6 ,957 6 .953 6 , 969 7,088 7,113 7,239 7,293 7', 080 i , 014
122.3 127.4 126.2 126.7 127.6 129.4 130.0 130.6 132.0 132.9 131. 7 131.0 131.6 130.6 139.2
1,675.6 1,659.0 1, 578.9 1,510.7 1,451.8 1, 433.1 1,430.8 1,429. 2 1,459.0 1, 521. 8 1, 573.0 1, 659. 3 1, 738. 1 1, 552. 0 1, 536.9
326.3 328.9 325.7 320.7 320.3 323.1 325. 4 338.2 350.8 353. 1 347.9 342. 6 337.4 325.9
109.0 1 1 1 .1 109.8 104.3 101.5
99.4
98.7 10 2 . 6 103. 8 105. 7 107.0 1 1 2 .2 109.3 112.7
331. 5 253.9 197.1 168. 2 166.1 158.0 159.5 164.9 183. 0 215.8 300. 7 392.6 231.1 227.4
—
118.7 115.1 113.2 113.5 114. 4 116. 1 116.3 116.5 117.0 116.8 120 . 1 1 2 1 .0 118. 7 121.3
292.4 292.2 289.5 287.6 286.5 285.9 286.2 286. 3 290.8 292. 1 293.1 290. 7 289.1 285.9
28.8
27.9
27.1
25.0
25.4
25.2
25.9
30.4
42.7
46.8
44.6
29.8
31.8
32.4
79.0
71.3
73.8
73.5
75.6
77.4
79. 1 81. 1
8 6 .6
80. 6
87.2
83.8
79.3
229.9 234.4 229.4 218.8 207.4 209.0 202. 7 204.2 2 1 1 . 1 218.1 218. 2 224.7 215.3 2 79.8
11. i
143.4 144.1 145.1 140.2 135.9 136.7 135.4 134.8 136.0 138.0 139.9 140.7 140.0 140.4
107.8 103.3
80.1
82.5
81.9
85.9
82.8
92.6
97.3 101.7 104.7 112.4 114.7
97.3 1 0 2 .2
35.9
34.2
34.3
33.7
33.7
33.7
33.7
34.2
34.3
34.6
34.2
34.3
34.2
33.0
32.2
30.1
32.6
32. 9
33.4
33.4
33.7
33.1
34.4
34. 1 33.8
34.7
34.5
38.1
6. 5
6.3
6 .6
6 .6
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6 .8
6 .8
7.0
7.0
7.4
28.7
9.5
9.0
8.7
9.0
1 2 .1
18.5
23.3
20.3
28.6
37.3
39.6
2 1 .6
23.7
998.9 1 , 0 0 2 .1 986.2 1,004.2 1,003.6 1 , 0 1 2 .1 1 , 0 2 0 .1 1,024. 5 1,026. 9 1,039. 3 1,046. 7 1.049. 5 1,046.8 1,057.3 1.077.0
6 .6
6.4
6.9
6 .6
6 .2
6.4
6.7
6 .8
6.9
6 .8
6 .8
6.9
6.9
6 6
—
118.6 114.9 117.7 118.1 118. 5 119.2 120.5 120.7 1 2 1 .6 1 2 1 . 5 120.5 1 2 0 .8 123.0 129.9
—
426.1 423.1 428.4 429.2 434.5 437.4 441.5 444.9 448.1 449.9 451.0 451.2 457.2 467.4
29.1
28.5
29.0
29.2
29.4
29.6
29.8
29.6
29.2
29.8
29.9
29.7
29.8
30.5
216.7 2 1 1 .2 216.2 213.2 211.7 2 1 2 .6 209.6 208.9 215. 6 221.7 224.7 2 2 2 .6 2 2 0 .6 221.9
—
87.3
8 6 .1
8 8 .1
88.9
8 8 .0
89.1
89.3
89.6
90.6
0 0 .8
90.6
89.6
91.
7
91.0
—
50.0
49.4
49.0
51.1
52.8
55.2
54.3
54.0
53.8
53. 5 53.7
53.6
54.2
53.1
9.8
1 0 .2
1 0 .6
1 0 .0
10.9
11.5
11.5
1 1 .1
1 1 .8
11.7
11.3
11.9
12.3
13.1
57.9
57.9
56.8
58.2
59.2
60.0
60.4
61.3
61.7
61.0
61.0
60.5
61.6
63.5
Apparel and other finished textile prod
u cts_________ ______________________ 1, 217. 6 1, 218. 7 1,156.8 1,180.5 1.173. 2 1,204. 5 1,233. 4 1,228. 5 1, 209. 2 1,227.4 1,226.9
1,230. 4 1.217.9 1, 215. 4 1,206.3
M en ’s and b oys’ su its and coats_______
1 2 2 .1
117.3 1 2 2 .8 1 2 1 .0 1 2 2 .6 124.8 124.8 124.5 125.9 125.1 125.1 125.8 124.1 119.7
M en ’s and boys’ furnishings and work
cloth in g____________________________
311.5 303.9 309.4 304.9 307.2 310.1 309.0 303.3 305.6 311.1 317.8 316.8 315.4 309.7
W om en’s outerwear____ ______________ —
358.9 328.4 336.1 337. 2 357.9 372.6 372.1 368. 1 371.0 359.0 353.0 350.5
356.4 358.0
W om en’s, children's undergarm ents . .
1 2 1 .6
115.8 119.2 1 2 1 .1 123.8 124.8 123.6 120.7 1 2 1 .8 125.0 124.5 123. 2 1 2 1 .6 119.7
M illin ery --------------------------------------------20.4
16.1
14.1
15.3
20.5
22.4
21.9
18.9
18.6
16.6
19.
5
19.0
18.7
2 0 .2
C hild ren’s o u ter w e a r...____ __________
80.0
78.9
79.6
75.4
72.5
76.5
78.4
75.8
74.9
75.1
77.0
75.7
74.8
73.0
Fu r goods____________________________
11. 6
1 2 .0
12.5
11.7
9.8
9.8
9.5
1 0 .0
1 2 .8
13.1
13.2
12.4
11. 6
12.3
M iscellaneous apparel and accessories._ —
63.1
60.9
61.7
60.3
61.2
61.1
62.7
60.2
62.8
65.3
66.5
65.8
63.4
61.4
Other fabricated textile products______
129.5 123.5 125.1 126.3 129.0 129.7 128.1 127.7 134.0 136.6 133.8
128.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
129.4
132.3
1397
A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
A nnual
average
1956
1957
In d u stry
S e p t.2 A u g .2
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Lum ber and w ood products (except
fu rniture).^ _____ _______ ___________
Logging cam ps and contractors.............
Saw m ills and planing m ills___________
M illw ork, plyw ood , and prefabricated
structural wood products___________
W ooden containers . . . _______________
M iscellaneous w ood produ cts_________
705.9
July
June
M ay
Apr.
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
Oct,
Sept.
1956
1955
720.3
100.8
377.9
713.7
101.6
373.0
729.7
110.9
377.3
708.1
100.6
368.4
680.0
83.2
359. 5
660.9
75.4
349.4
657.4
72.0
349.4
662.9
71.4
353.5
696.9
89.0
366.9
723.9
102.6
377.5
754.4
115.9
390.1
770.9
120.9
397.2
741.4
104.0
388.1
746.6
103.0
393.1
135.2
50.2
56.2
132.7
50.1
56.3
131.9
52. 5
57.1
129.2
52. 5
57.4
127.2
52.2
57.9
126.4
52.0
57.7
125.9
52.6
57.5
127.2
53.3
57.5
129.2
53.6
58.2
131.3
53.6
58.9
134.6
54.8
69.0
139.2
54.4
59.2
135.8
55.0
58.5
139.8
55.3
55.4
379.2
266.9
369. 6
259.1
371.8
261.0
368.6
259.1
372.5
263.2
373.1
263.1
373.9
263.1
373.0
261.5
380.4
267.4
381.0
268.4
386.0
271.2
384.8
269.2
379.0
266.4
368.2
259.3
47.9
47.0
47.5
47.1
47.6
47.4
47.9
47.4
48.0
48.2
48.9
49.4
48.1
44.2
39.1
38.8
38.6
38.1
37.7
37.6
37.6
38.3
38.5
37.7
39.1
39.5
37.9
37.7
25.3
24.7
24.7
24.3
24.0
25.0
25.3
25.8
26.6
26.7
26.8
26.7
26.6
27.0
Fu rn iture and fixtures_____ ______ _____
H ousehold furniture__________________
Office, public-building, and profes
sional fu rniture__ __________________
P artitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures__ ________________________
Screens, blinds, and m iscellaneous
furniture and fixtures_______________
380.4
Paper and allied p r o d u cts..____ ________
P u lp , paper, and paperboard m ills____
Paperboard containers and boxes______
Other paper and allied products
584.6
579.0
281.5
159.2
138.3
569.7
276. 0
156.6
137.1
578.7
281.5
158.8
138.4
573.1
277.8
157.1
138.2
575.0
278.8
157.1
139.1
574.6
279.1
156.7
138.8
573.1
279.6
155.9
137.6
575.7
280.9
157.6
137.2
580.1
282.5
160.5
137.1
577.0
279.2
161.9
135.9
577.2
279.6
161.2
136.4
578.3
281.9
159.3
137.1
569.9
278.0
156.7
135.2
550.0
271.2
148.3
130.5
867.4
855.0
313.4
58.9
53.6
229.2
62.2
17.4
45.2
860.3
320.0
59.1
53.6
228.0
62.1
17. 2
45.4
861.7
321.8
68. 5
53.3
227.2
62. 5
17.6
46.1
859.5
320.5
59.2
53.4
227.0
62.1
16.6
45.9
863.8
320.0
59.7
54.0
227.6
62.6
16.4
46.4
864.4
319.5
60.5
55.0
227.9
62. 7
16.3
45.9
861.0
318.8
61.0
54.7
225.8
62.1
16.2
45.9
862.2
317.3
61.5
54.4
228.1
62.2
17.2
46.2
874.8
321.0
66.5
54.4
228.9
64.0
18.7
46.5
868.6
316.7
65.6
54.0
227.3
64.5
20.0
46.1
867.8
317.7
65.0
53.6
226.5
64.3
20.3
46.7
858.8
316.1
63.7
53.2
224.0
63.6
19.8
46.8
852.5
313.7
64.2
53. 1
222.4
63.1
18.8
46.0
823.6
302.1
64.0
51.1
214.2
62.0
18.9
42.9
75.1
74.9
74.7
74.8
77.1
76.6
76.5
75.3
74.8
74.4
73.7
71.6
71.2
68.4
835.7
107.6
317.4
100.9
834.5
107.8
318.8
100.3
834.4
107.8
318.0
100.5
832.6
107.7
316.9
100.2
835.5
108.3
316.3
99.9
834.0
109.4
317.7
99.8
830.6
108.4
315.7
97.7
810.5
105.0
308.6
93.2
Prin ting, p u blishing, and allied IndusN ew spapers _________________________
Periodicals . _________________________
__________________________
B ooks
C om m ercial printing__________________
L ith o g ra p h in g .. _____________________
G reeting cards . ___________________
B ookbin ding and related in d u stries. . .
M iscellaneous publishing and printing
services. ___________________________
831.3
107.4
314.0
105.7
829.4
107.7
316.0
104.4
831.8
108.1
315.8
102.6
837.8
108.0
314.7
101.5
841.8
107. 7
316.4
101.5
840 1
107.7
317.1
101.4
51 1
78.7
8. 8
31.1
36. 6
97.9
50.6
79 0
8. 8
30.5
35 5
96.9
50.7
77.9
8. 5
33.5
36. 5
98.2
50 1
77.5
8. 6
42.5
37.2
97.7
50 3
77.0
8. 7
44.9
38.0
97.3
60.6
76.6
8. 7
42.0
39.4
86.6
50.6
76.6
8.6
36.7
40.6
96.7
50.2
76.4
8. 5
34.4
41.2
96.9
50.1
76.2
8. 5
33.3
42.1
97.9
50.3
76.5
8.4
32.2
42.7
97.7
50.6
76.4
8.4
33.7
43.3
98.6
50.7
76.7
8.4
31.9
41.4
98.0
50.3
76.2
8.4
36.0
40.5
97.4
49.8
73.8
8.0
36.7
41.5
93.9
260.2
260.9
207.9
259.9
207. 2
259.1
206.3
257.2
205.4
256.8
205.5
255.6
204.4
255.9
204. 5
253.0
203.9
255.2
203.9
256.0
203.9
257.0
204.0
259.1
205.7
254.3
202.6
252.8
201.3
53.0
52.7
52.8
51.8
51.3
51.2
51.4
49.1
61.3
52.1
53.0
53.4
51.7
61.5
268.1
R ubber p rod u cts._____ _________________
Tires and inner tu b es_________________
R ubb er fo o tw e a r .____________________
Other rubber products________________ .............
264.9
111. 7
22.0
131.2
259.7
110 6
21. 6
127.5
255.7
104. 5
21.8
129.4
262.1
110. 7
21.6
129.8
249.7
97.5
21.7
130.5
269.9
113.1
22.1
134.7
271.1
113.1
22.1
136.9
274.5
113.6
22.6
138.3
274.3
113.6
22.9
137.8
251.6
94.6
23.3
133.7
273.1
112.3
23.8
137.0
268.4
112.3
24.0
132.1
209.2
111.5
24.1
133.6
271.9
115.4
22.5
134.0
Leather and leather produ cts. ..................
Leather: tanned, curried, and finishedIndustrial leather belting and p ack in g..
B oot and shoe cu t stock and fin d in g s...
Footw ear (except rubber)..........................
L uggage_______________________ _____
H andbags and sm all leather goods____
G loves and m iscellaneous leather goods.
379.5
382.9
41.0
5.1
20.0
246.6
17.5
34.9
17.8
372.5
40.3
5.0
20.0
243.2
17.0
29.9
17.1
373.9
4.10
5.0
19.9
243.6
17.1
30.2
17.1
366.3
40.4
5.1
19.7
238.4
16.8
29.2
16.7
375.3
40.7
5.2
19.9
243.7
16.6
32.6
16.6
382.3
40.9
5.2
20.4
248.2
16.8
34.0
16.8
381.3
41.5
5.3
20.5
246.5
16.5
35.0
16.0
376.6
41.7
5.3
20.2
245.8
15.9
33.0
14.7
378.9
42.2
5.3
20.4
244.2
16.3
33.9
16.6
376.1
42.2
5.2
20.1
239.6
16.4
35.2
17.4
376.3
42.3
5.1
19.6
237.6
16.6
37.2
17.9
377.0
41.8
5.1
19.3
239.9
16.6
36.2
18.1
381.5
42.7
5.2
20.0
246.3
16.6
33.7
17.0
382.9
44.6
5.0
18.3
248.4
16.8
33.1
16.7
Stone, clay, and glass products.............. .
F la t glass_____________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or b low n .
Glass products m ade of purchased glass
C em ent, hyd rau lic____________________
Structural clay products.............................
P o ttery and related p rod u cts......... .........
C oncrete, gypsum , and plaster prod
u cts_________________________________
C ut-stone and stone products_________
M iscellaneous non m etallic mineral
products________ _______ ___________
555. 2
553.2
31.3
96.5
16.5
41.0
83.9
50.6
538.2
30.9
94.3
16 3
29.7
83.5
49.7
555.2
30. 7
97.7
16 5
41.5
83.3
51.4
550.4
30. 7
96.0
16. 5
42.6
80.7
52.0
549.0
31.5
94.8
16.7
42.2
80.5
53.4
545.5
32.3
94.1
16. 9
42.4
79.3
54.0
543.0
33.4
93.1
16.9
42.3
78.1
64.6
545.6
34.2
93.6
17.2
42.4
80.5
54.0
558.0
34.9
95.5
17. 8
43.2
83.2
65.1
563.4
35.0
96.9
17.8
43.4
84.6
55.3
667.6
34.7
97.4
17.6
43.6
87.1
55.2
663.5
34.3
92.3
17.3
44.0
88.4
53.9
561.5
34.2
95.0
17.5
43.4
86.9
54.6
548.1
33.5
93.7
17.3
42.6
82.5
53.9
120.8
19.2
121.5
19.2
122.2
18.9
120.2
19.1
117.6
19.2
114.8
18.9
113.3
18.8
112.9
18.8
116.1
19.2
118.3
19.4
119.9
19.4
121.3
19.6
117.6
19.5
111.7
19.8
93.4
93.1
93.0
92.6
93.1
92.8
92.5
92.0
93.0
92.7
92.7
92.4
92.8
93.1
C hem icals and allied products_____ ____
Industrial inorganic c h e m ic a ls ............
Industrial organic chem icals__________
D rugs and m edicin es_________________
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations
P ain ts, pigm ents, and fillers__________
G um and wood chem icals_____________
Fertilizers____________________________
V egetable and anim al oils and fats____
M iscellaneous chem icals______________
838.8
P roducts of petroleum and coal....... ......... .
Petroleum refining____________________
C oke, other petroleum and coal
products ___________________________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1398
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
T able
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry x-—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1956
1957
Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1956
1955
M an u fa c tu rin g — Continued
Primary metal industries____ ________ 1, 295.5 1, 304.1 1, 302. 7 1, 318.9 1, 318. 7 1, 328.0 1, 338. 2 1, 348.8 1, 355.4 1, 357.3 1, 353.6 1, 350. 6 1, 345.0 1, 311.0 1, 284.1
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills
_ ____________________
649.5 648.9 652.1 651.5 654.6 659.5 662.2 661.8 663. 7 663.5 663.8 666.6 630.6 635.3
224.2 224.3 229.0 229.8 231.5 234.9 240.4 241.8 242.9 240.9 241.0 234.8 241.0 230.5
Iron and steel foundries_____________
Primary smelting and refining of non69.4
67.9
68.9
68.9
68.5
70.3
70.3
69.7
70.2
67.0
67.1
67.9
67.5
63.4
ferrous metals
- . ___________
Secondary smelting and refining of
14.1
14.4
14.4
14.5
14.0
14.1
14.4
14.5
14.5
14.3
14.6
14 3
14.3
nonferrous metals___ ______ _____
13.0
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non109.8 109.9 112.3 112.2 112.4 109.7 112.2 115.8 115.5 115.5 114.1 116.3 116.9 114.0
ferrous metals
________________
75.3
79.6
82.3
82.6
83.8
83.5
83.3
77.0
77.4
82.8
79.7
76.6
79.6
Nonferrous foundries______________
77.5
Miscellaneous primary metal indus163. 0 163.1 166. 5 165.5 166.6 168.5 168.4 167.4 166.9 166.4 164.9 163.1
161.1 150.4
tries
. . ___________________
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)................................... 1, 124. 6 1, 120.4 1, 108. 2 1, 125. 6 1, 121.1 1, 128.2 1, 134.1 1, 138.8 1, 137.8 1, 141.8 1, 142.2 1, 140.6 1, 114.3 1, 116.6 1, 108.6
59.9
57.4
55.4
53.4
58.4
54.7
53.8
53.3
58.5
60.8
61.7
56.6
57. 7
58.3
Tin cans and other tinware__________
Cutlery handtonls, and hardware___
138.7 136.6 140.9 142. 7 144.4 147.9 150.1 152.3 153.1 151.8 148.2 143.5 149.2 154.1
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
112.9 109.7 111.4 111.7 111.7 111.4 111.6 110.3 113.6 117.0 121.2 121.2 121.4 125.7
plumbers’ supplies_______________
335.5 332.4 334.2 327.5 323.4 322.1 320.2 317.0 316.7 316.0 315.8 314.0 303.4 278.2
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engrav222.3 222.6 228.7 230.4 236.0 240.6 244.1 246.3 247.5 246.6 242.3 226.1
ins:
234.3 242.4
________________________
50.8
52.0
53.4
53.2
53.4
51.1
52.7
53.8
52.9
51.8
51.2
49.8
Lighting fixtures__________________
50.8
51.6
59.4
62.1
65.0
65.1
64.9
58.7
60.4
62.8
63.8
64.0
61.6
60.6
61.9
Fabricated wire products----------------61.1
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod139.7 136.8 140.5 140.4 141.2 141.2 140. 9 339.9 138.7 139.1
137.7 136.4 137.9 137.2
ucts . _________________________
Machinery (except electrical)--------------- 1, 650. 3 1, 656.3 1, 686. 4 1, 714. 6 1, 728.4 1, 750.1 1, 764.0 1, 763. 6 1, 752.4 1, 740. 5 1, 722.2 1, 711.0 1, 711.6 1, 716. 4 1, 592.3
81.6
83.0
84.1
85.0
85.5
85.8
85.5
86. 5
86.5
84.1
Engines and turbines_______________
83.9
82.6
79.6
74.3
143.0 143.2 146.6 147.7 154. 2 157.3 154.7 149.4 144.9 139.2 134.4 142.3 149.5 154.3
Agricultural machinery and tractors—
150.0 151.2 152.1 153.9 155.2 155.4 156.9 154. 6 154. 7 153.1
154.0 154.1 151.9 132.7
Construction and mining machinery__
277.1 283.5 289.1 290.9 292.3 293.5 291.7 290.7 289.5 286.9 284.4 283.6 282.5 262.9
Metalworking machinery___________
Special-industry machinery (except
175.8 179.9 183.7 183.6 183.8 185.4 185.8 187.9 188.4 188.2 187. 4 188.4 188.1 179.0
metalworking machinery)_________
261.8 267.7 267.3 266.7 268.2 269.8 269.2 268.3 267.3 267.1 265.7 265.0 259. 6 236.8
General industrial machinery________
128.7 131.3 134.9 135.2 136.0 136.4 136.0 134.5 131.4 130.0 127.9 123.8 124. 7 109.8
Office and store machines and devices.Service-industry and household ma164.6 174.1 179.6 187.3 192.9 196.7 199.6 198.5 196.1
193. 7 195. 9 197.7 205. 6 189.3
chines ________________________
272.3 273.9 277.4 279.0 282. 5 284.0 283.2 282.7 281.7 278.5 277.2 274.1
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
274.9 253. 2
Electrical machinery.................................. 1, 242. 7 1, 230.7 1, 219.7 1, 222.0 1, 211.2 1, 216.2 1, 228. 2 1, 232.0 1, 236.2 1, 250. 7 1, 260.9 1, 251.2 1, 228. 8 1, 202.9 1, 123.6
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa408.0 413.7 417.6 419. 6 424.1 428.6 430.1 433.0 433.2 432.0 432.0 428.5 415. 9 383.4
_______________________
ratus
47.9
47.0
50.4
52.4
47.4
48.1
51.5
53.6
54 3
46 4
Electrical appliances_______________
52.6
53. 2
54.0
52 6
26.2
26.1
26.2
26.0
26.2
27.5
26.8
27.0
27.6
27.1
26.4
Insulated wire and cable-----------------27.0
26.1
22.8
72.6
73.1
75.3
79.1
77.2
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
73.6
71.8
79.4
79.6
78.6
74.1
70 3
73 9
80 3
28.4
28.2
28. 5
Electric l a m p s ._______ ________ ___
28.4
28.4
28.5
28.3
28.6
28.6
28. 4
96 6
28.6
28.3
27 1
_ 597.1 580.9 578.6 568.0 562. 4 564.9 565.5 566.1 579.7 592.1 585. 2 570.0 557.7 515.7
Communication equipment-------------50.0
51.2
Miscellaneous electrical Droducts_____
49.3
50.3
49.3
48. 9
48.8
49.0
50.4
51 0
48 4
50.0
50 3
49 6
Transportation equipment------------------ 1, 800. 2 1, 884. 2 1, 888.3 1, 925.9 1, 941.4 1, 950.8 1, 980.1 1, 984. 7 1, 977.3 1, 971.0 1, 928.1 1, 839.0 1, 718.9 1, 830. 5 1, 832.1
774.5 762.9 793.9 812.7 823. 4 853.1 863. 6 872. 7 876. 4 856.1 787. 7 684. 9 815 2 903 8
Motor vehicles and equipment*______
Aircraft _
________ _________
Aircraft engines and parts_________
Aircraft propellers and parts_______
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent..
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Shipbuilding and repairing________
Boatbuilding and repairing_______
Ttailroad equipment_____________
Other transportation equipment_____
—
Instruments and related products............
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments_______________ _____
Mechanical measuring and controlling
in strum ents_________ _________
Optical instruments and lenses__ ___
Surgical, medical, and dental instruments____ ____________________
Ophthalmic goods_________________
Photographic apparatus___ _________
Watches and clocks_______________
339.1
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Musical instruments and parts_______
Toys and sporting goods.. . . _____
Pens, pencils, other office supplies
Costume jewelry, buttons, notious___
Fabricated plasties products_________
Other manufacturing industries______
502.1
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Q05 6
10.1
902.0
553.9
176.9
21.0
150.2
146.6
129.8
16.8
67.2
9.6
340.7
74.8
909 1
557.0
183.3
20.6
148.2
143.6
124.0
19.6
65.3
9.4
90S 6
557. 2
184.2
20. 4
146.8
145. 2
125. 5
19. 7
64 0
9.2
904 S
554.9
183.8
20.1
146.0
142.3
122 7
19. 6
65 0
9.0
891 5
546.8
181.0
19. 7
144.0
139.6
120. 7
18.9
65 2
8.3
SS4 a
10.0
906 9
558.3
179. 7
20.4
148.5
146. 5
127.1
19.4
65.6
9.7
335.2
338.0
339,0
342.3
342.2
341.2
341.7
343.4
75.6
75.1
74.8
75.6
73.9
73 8
72. 7
72. 2
84.6
13.5
84. 6
13.8
85.4
13.8
85.5
13.7
86.4
14.0
87.3
14.1
86.3
14.1
87.5
14.0
88.2
14.1
41.2
24.0
70.5
32.1
41.5
23.5
70.0
26.2
42.2
24.0
69.4
28.1
42.2
24.0
68.5
30.3
42.3
24.2
42.0
24. 5
41. 7
24. 7
69.2
31. 9
41. 5
24 9
69.3
494.9
48.7
17.0
94.1
32.8
61.9
88.5
151.6
468.0
45. S
16.5
83.8
31.4
57.4
485.0
47. 2
16.9
480.6
47.2
17.1
31.9
59. 5
31.1
58.1
475.5
50. 3
18.1
76.1
31.4
60 8
89. 6
149.2
884. 7
542.4
172.1
20.4
149.8
148.0
132.0
16.0
66.9
86.0
147.0
556.2
178.9
20.6
149.9
148.7
129.9
18.8
67. 7
88.9
88.2
88.8
88.0
151.8
150.9
31.2
31. 6
42.0
24. 7
69.0
31 3
480.1
47.7
17.3
84. C
31.0
59.0
87.9
152.3
479. 4
48.8
17.8
80.8
30.7
60.3
89.9
151.1
477.6
50 1
18.0
79.1
30.7
60 4
89.6
149.7
68.6
68.8
870 7
531.6
177.7
19 0
142.4
132.3
115 1
17.2
58 4
853 4
S41 2
S14 4
522! 1
173.9
18 5
138. 9
127.1
no 6
16. 5
499 1
165.6
16 9
132 8
128 9
466 6
147.1
13 8
113 0
123 0
101 0
18 9
62 1
10.6
69 8
515 6
170.6
18 0
137 0
125 3
109 1
16. 2
56 4
1 1 .0
1 1 .1
9 .9
22 0
55 8
9!6
343.4
342.4
340.8
3 3 5 .9
321.0
71.9
71 6
70.1
67.3
57.6
88 1
85 S
14. 0
85 5
14. 0
87 2
13.9
82 4
13.8
33. 2
41.3
24 9
69.3
33 S
40.8
25. 2
69.1
34 6
41.0
25 4
69.6
34 £
498. 5
51 6
18.9
85. C
32.3
62. 2
90. 7
157.8
516.7
52.0
18.9
97 2
33.0
64.1
91 4
160.0
525.3
62. 5
18.8
104 1
515.9
51 5
18.5
103 0
32 9
65 6
87. 8
156.6
540.0
181.1
19. 6
143.9
137 6
119 5
18.1
63 6
8.8
33.3
65 9
90 6
160.1
110 0
13.9
41.0
25 7
68.1
34 4
4 9 9 .3
50 8
18.3
93 2
31 9
63 8
86 5
154.8
39 9
25 2
65.7
36 4
485.2
52 3
17.7
86 9
30 7
64 9
81. 5
151.2
1399
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A -2. Em ployees in nonagricultural establishm ents, by in d u stry 1— C ontinued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1956
1957
Industry
Sept.2 A ug.2 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1956
1955
4,224 4,218 4,199 4,181 4,15G 4,153 4,147 4,120 4,126 4,194 4,184 4,189 4,191 4,157 4,062
Transportation and public utilities_______
Transportation ......................................... 2,797 2,779 2, 760 2, 762 2,749 2, 747 2,746 2, 723 2, 733 2,797 2, 785 2, 792 2, 783 2, 768 2, 727
1,151.8 1,139. 8 1,144. 5 1,137.1 1,136.0 1,132. C 1,132. 5 1,139. 0 1,172. 5 1,174.1 1,188.1 1,188. 6 1,190. 5 1. 205. 3
Interstate railroads____ ___________
1,007.2 1,007.7 1,011.9 1,004. 4 992.4 988. C 988.7 996.1 1,016. C 1, 027. 7 1,041.1 1,040.8 1. 042. 6 1,057.2
Class I railroads . ______________
107.7 107.7 108.0 108.4 108.4 108.6 108. 5 108. 2 108.6 108.6 109.0 109.8 110.6 116.1
Local railways and buslines____ _____
838.1 833. 4 829.2 821.0 821.1 820.2 819.3 817.0 842.8 838.6 832. 6 820. 1 807. 5 764.9
Trucking and warehousing.. ________
681.0 678.8 679.8 682.6 681.4 685.2 662.3 669.0 672.9 663.2 661.8 664.5 658. 9 640.7
Oth.er transportation and services
43.2
43.6
45.7
42.6
42.3
42.5
41.8
42.0
42.5
43.0
42.4
46.2
45.1
44.0
Buslines, except local
147.7 147.0 146.1 145.2 144.7 143.1 141.8 141.2 137.9 136.3 135.2 134.5 130.5 114.3
Air transportation (common carrier).
806
824
809
799
802
803
801
795
813
806
803
750
824
810
Communication ........................................ 818
781. 3 781.6 770.0 767.1 766.3 763.8 760.9 756.9 759.4 760. 1 757.9 762.1 751.2 706.7
Telephone . . . . . ____ . .
42. 1 41.7
41.4
42.1
42.4
41.9
42.6
42.3
41.8
41.9
41.9
41.8
42.8
42.6
T elegraph________________________
597
594
593
596
596
602
594
585
615
606
695
595
615
597
Other public utilities.................................. 609
590.2 589.6 581. 5 573.3 572. 5 570.7 569.9 509 6 571.0 571.8 572.1 578.2 570.1 562.1
Gas and electric utilities__
256.9 256. 6 253.0 249.3 248.8 247.9 247.1 246.6 247.2 247.3 247.4 251.2 247.8 248.7
Electric light and power u tilitie s__
147.7 147. 7 140.1 143.7 143.6 143.1 143.4 143.8 144.5 145.2 145.4 146.5 144.2 140.8
Gas utilities
Electric light and gas utilities com185. 6 185. 3 182.4 180.3 180.1 179.7 179.4 179.2 179.3 179. 3 179.3 180.5 178.1 172.6
bined. _
24.9
24.1
24.4
24.0
23.6
23.6
23.8
24.0
23.0
24.9
23.9
24.0
23.8
23.9
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified.. —
Wholesale and retail trade_____________
Wholesale trade_______________ ______
Wholesalers, full-service and limited
function........................................ .
Automotive
Groceries, food specialties, beer,
wines, and liquors
Electrical goods, machinery, hardware, and plumbing equipment
Other full-service and limited-function wholesalers__ - -----------------Wholesale distributors, other________
Eetail trade.............. ....... .......................
Genera! merchandise stores__________
Department stores and general mailorder houses
Other general merchandise stores. .
Food and liquor stores______________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable markets
Dairy product stores and dealers
Other food and liquor stores
Automotive and accessories dealers___
Apparel and accessories stores________
Other retail trade____________ _____
Furniture and appliance stores
Drug stores.
Finance, insurance, and real estate_______
Banks and trust companies...................
Security dealers and exchanges________
Insurance carriers and agents
Other finance agencies and real estate
Service and miscellaneous_____________
Hotels and lodging places. .
Personal services:
Laundries________________________
Cleaning and dyeing p lan ts..................
Motion pictures
11,608 11,495 11,493 11,505 11,411 11,428 11,265 11,225 11,298 12, 2G0 11,657 11,445 11,319 11,292 10,846
3,173 3,177 3,166 3,140 3,113 3,114 3,117 3,114 3,1Ô6 3,149 3,119 3,090 3,068 3,032 2,873
1, 830. 9 1, 825.3 1,807. 9 1, 795. 8 1, 796.3 1,800. 9 1,800.6 1,803. 2 1,837. 5 1,811.2 1,795.7 1,784.3 1, 767. 5 1, 679. 4
125. 8 125.1 123.7 121.0 121.6 120.3 119.8 119.5 119.5 119.1 119.5 120.5 118.8 113.4
320.9
321.2
319.3
315.2
318.4
466.8
466.3
464.4
460.9
461.4
319.2
317.8
316.4
322.3
318.1
313.4
312.3
310. 2
298.4
462.8
462.7
462.4
464.8
464.1
461.5
462.3
456.9
432.2
917.4 917.2 900.5 898.1 894.9 898.6 900. 3 904.9 930.9 909.9 901.3 889.2 881.6 835.4
1, 346.3 1,340.3 1,332. 0 1,317.3 1,317.6 1,315.9 1, 313.6 1,302.7 1.311.8 1, 307. 6 1, 294.0 1, 283.3 1,264.9 1,193. 9
8, 435 8,318 8, 327 8, 365 8, 298 8,314 8,148 8, 111 8,192 9,111 8, 538 8, 355 8, 251 8,260 7,973
1, 397. 6 1, 343.1 1, 346. 9 1, 379. 8 1,382. 2 1, 401.9 1,343.0 1, 333. 2 1, 387.7 1,969.6 1, 600. 2 1,475. 9 1,421.5 1, 450. 7 1,430.9
871.6 871.1 888.4 885. 0 890.5 862.0 859.2 899.4 1, 266. 8 1,049.1 955.0 917.3 938. 8 912.7
471.5 475.8 491.4 497.2 511.4 481.0 474.0 488.3 702.8 551.1 620.9 504.2 511.9 518.2
1, 615.0 1, 601.8 1, 605.8 1,606.9 1, 600. 7 1, 602. 6 1, 590. 8 1, 586.8 1, 575. 2 1,612. 2 1, 587.9 1, 567. 5 1,549.4 1, 553. 6 1,486.4
1,122. 6 1.126. 5 1,127.6 1,120.2 1,124.7 1,123. 5 1,118. 5 1,113.3 1,137. 0 1.119. 0 1,102.1 1,082.8 1,086. 4 1,034. 2
244.7 245. 4 241.9 237.3 234.0 230.3 227.3 226.7 227.4 228.8 229.5 236. 4 231.9 226.6
234.5 233.9 237.4 237.2 243.9 237.0 241.0 235.2 247.8 240.1 235.9 230.2 235.3 225.6
803.4 805.4 806.5 803.6 798.2 795.8 796.0 793.2 794.1 816.6 804.1 795.5 797.1 808.7 803.0
614.2 573.1 580.7 619. 8 621. 7 657. 9 592.4 581. 2 608.2 758. 5 655. 8 633. 4 610.5 616.0 596.8
4,004. 5 3, 994. 3 3,987. 4 3, 955.1 3, 895. 5 3, 855. 6 3, 826.1 3,816.2 3, 827.1 3, 954. 2 3,889. 5 3,883.1 3, 872.0 3,831.0 3, 655.9
393.2 392.6 392.8 392.2 394.7 395.3 395.1 394.2 415. 7 402.8 397. 1 393. 9 395. 8 384. 7
374.3 376.5 372.4 360.9 364.2 354.7 352.2 360.1 378.7 354.9 354. 7 346.5 345.6 328.5
2,358
___
___
6,549
2,389
630.0
85.5
869.0
804.9
2,390
626.0
85.3
865.0
814.0
2,359
614.4
83.8
853.1
807.8
2,329
606.7
82.8
845.8
793.4
2,320
606.9
83.0
845.6
784.3
2,310
605.2
83. 6
842.5
779.1
2,301
602.3
82.7
837.0
779.1
2,293
596.5
82.6
830. 3
783.1
2,308
597.2
83.0
829.9
797.6
2.314
594.9
82.9
828.5
807.9
2,315
590.4
82.7
826.0
815.7
2,325
588.1
82.8
826. 2
828.0
2,306
581.9
82.4
821.7
820.1
2,219
549.3
77.6
795.4
796.8
6,526
597.6
6,524
598.0
G, 551
539.7
G, 520
512.6
G, 432
499.0
6,317
482.3
G, 273
480.7
G, 239
473.6
6,295
482.0
6,327
488.2
6,343
494.8
G, 322
534. 5
6,231
518.0
5,916
498.7
332.8
155. 8
230.5
337.9
162.7
229.3
336.5
167.6
228.9
333.5
168. 0
227.0
328. 5
164.0
224.1
328.2
160. 3
216.5
328.0
158.9
212.3
329.6
160.6
211.6
330.2
162.9
214.8
331.7
163.8
220.2
332.9
165.7
228.8
333. 7
164.3
234.3
333. 5
164.8
226.6
332.1
163.4
231.6
Government__________________________ 7,407 7,165 7,157 7,343 7,387 7,37G 7,3G0 7,334 7,302 7,589 7,331 7,290 7,203 7,178 6,914
Federal •___ _______________________ 2,204 2, 212 2, 219 2,211 2,202 2,205 2, 203 2,200 2,196 2, 483 2,201 2,202 2,196 2,209 2,187
State and local8.......... ................................ 5,203 4, 953 4,938 5,132 5,185 5,171 5,157 5,134 5,106 5,106 5,133 5,088 5,007 4,969 4, 727
1 Beginning with the July 1957 issue, the data for 1955-56 shown in this
table are not comparable with those published in previous issues. They have
been revised because of adjustment to first quarter 1956 benchmark levels indi
cated by data from government social insurance programs. Comparable data
for earlier years are available upon request. Data for 1956 and 1957 are sub
ject to revision when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based on establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than one establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex
cluded.
* Preliminary; subject to revision without notation.
8 Durable goods include; Ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood
products (except furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass
products; primary metal industries; fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment); machinery (except
electrical); electrical machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and
related products; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
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4Nondurable goods include: Food and kindred products; tobacco manu
factures; textile-mill products; apparel and other finished textile products;
paper and allied products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chem
icals and allied products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products;
and leather and leather products.
5 Data for Federal establishments refer to the continental United States;
they relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the last
day of the month.
8 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
‘ Formerly titled “ Automobiles.” Data not affected.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source; U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U. S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U. S. Interstate Commerce Commission.
1400
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
T able
A-3. Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1
[In thousands]
1957
1956
Annual
average
Industry
Sept.’ Aug.2
M in in g _______________________ ____ ______________
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1956
1955
M etaL____ ___________ ______ ________ ____
Iron____ _____________________________ _
Copper...... ............................................... ............
Lead and zinc.......................................................
704
94.3
34.6
27. S
12. 7
699
95.8
34.3
27.7
14.2
704
95.5
34.2
28.0
14.8
686
95.7
33.8
27.7
14.8
685
94.2
31.5
28.1
15.5
686
93.9
30.;
28. €
15.6
689
94.5
30. €
28. i
15.7
689
94.6
30. f
28.5
15.6
696
95.2
31.5
28.5
15.6
696
95.7
32 2
28.7
15.4
696
95.9
33 4
28.4
15.1
699
97.1
34.1
28.6
15.0
680
92.5
30.0
28.3
14.9
651
86.6
29.7
24.4
14.2
Anthracite___ ____________________________
Bituminous coal___________________________
25.2
215.6
28.9
208.6
28.3
218.9
24.7
216.7
26.6
217.4
28.4
218.4
28.9
221.8
28.9
221.4
29.4
222.0
28.2
220.5
27.7
220.3
27.2
219.5
27.1
210.8
28.3
200.5
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro
duction_________ ______________ _______
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services).................... .......... .
264.7
264.0
260.6
248.5
248.8
249.7
250.5
249.4
250.7
250.2
248.6
251.7
249.8
243.1
137.7
137.9
136.3
129.5
130.1
130.1
131.0
130.3
129.0
128.8
128.8
132.1
130.7
129.4
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying.
103.7
101.5
100.9
100.8
98.0
95.2
93.4
95.0
99.0
101.8
103.0
103.8
99.5
1, 223. 5 1,198.0 1,120.2 1,056.4 1,004. 2
259.3 261.1 257.9 253.2
75.3
77.1
71.5
76.0
295. 4 220.8 164.3 136.2
83. 5 79.2
77.5
78.4
171.9 173.1 171.6 169.4
23. 6 22.7
22.0
19.8
64. 5 57.4
59.9
59.6
125.9 130.0 127.1 120.9
98.6
98.8 100.1
95.2
989.8
252.7
68.5
135.1
78.7
168.4
20.3
61.3
113.0
91.8
988.8
255.3
66.8
127.2
80. 5
168.2
20.2
62.8
114.8
93.0
Manufacturing__________
Durable goods *___
Nondurable goods 4
Ordnance and accessories___________
Food and kindred products...............
M eat products_________________
Dairy products________________
Canning and preserving_________
Orain-mill products_____________
Bakery products_______________
Sugar.............. .................................
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages_____________________
Miscellaneous food products______
92.7
13,042 13,050 12,788 12,955 12,894 12,960 13,085 13,114 13,150 13,350 13,392 13,465 13,345 13,196 13,061
7,427 7,490 7,432 7,603 7,600 7,635 7,693 7, 721 7, 740 7,827 7,839 7, 788 7. 616 7, 659 7, 551
5.615 5, 560 5,356 5,352 5,294 5,325 5,392 5,393 5,410 5,523 5,553 5, 677 5, 729 5,537 5,510
72.2
74.9
74.0
76.5
75.8
78.3
79.0
79.4
80.6
82.5
81.8
81.6
81.6
83.0
93.8
987.1 1,014.9 1,075. 6 1,125. 2 1, 209.3 1. 281.6 1,105. 3 1,097.3
257.6 269.9 282.9 283.8 279.2 274.2 269.1 255. 9
67.2
65.3
67.9
69.4
71.1
74.7
7. 27 74.9
128.6 134.3 152.0 184.6 268.3 358.6 199.6 196 3
81.4
80.7
81.9
81.8
85.0
85.7
83. 7 87.1
168.5 168.3 172.5 174.7 175.7 173.4 172.1 172.1
20.9
25.3
37.3
40.9
38.9
24.6
26. 5 27.0
64.5
66.4
71.0
71.7
72.2
69. 1 64.8
65. 5
109.2 111.0 117.9 124.2 123.8 125.3 120.8 119.9
91.8
91.1
92.2
94.1
95.1
96.0
96.0
98.6
Tobacco manufactures______ ________
Cigarettes............................................ II
Cigars...... ................................................
Tobacco and snuff________ _____ __
Tobacco stemming and redrying____
98.7
94.1
31.3
30. 5
5. 5
26.8
70.8
29.6
28.4
5.3
7.5
73.2
29.8
30.9
6. 6
6.9
72.8
29.3
31.2
5.6
6.7
73.6
29.3
31.7
5.7
6.9
76.5
29.3
31.6
5.6
10.0
83.7
29.8
32.0
5.6
16.3
88.1
30.4
31.2
5.7
20.8
93.0
30.7
32.7
5.7
23.9
95.7
30.9
33.0
5.7
26.1
103.5
30.7
32.4
5.7
34.7
108.2
31.0
32.2
5.9
37.1
88.7
30. 7
32.8
5. 9
19.3
93.8
30.0
36.3
63
21.2
Textile-mill products....................... . .........
Scouring and combing plants___
Yarn and thread mills...... ........... .
Broad-woven fabric mills............. .
Narrow fabrics and small wares...
Knitting mills________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles........
Carpets, rugs, other floor covering
Hats (except cloth and millinery).
Miscellaneous textile goods...........
909.1
912.0
6.0
109.7
399.5
25. 2
196.9
76.3
41. 4
8.7
48.3
895.4
5.8
106.0
396.0
24.8
191.2
75.2
40.3
9.0
47.1
912.9
6.2
108.7
401.4
25.4
196.7
76.7
40.2
9.4
48.2
911.2
5.9
109.2
401.9
25.6
193.2
76.5
41.9
8.8
48.2
919.4
5.5
109.5
407.1
25.8
191.5
77.4
43.7
9.6
49.3
928.5
5.8
110.6
410.4
26.0
192.7
77.5
45.3
10.1
50.1
932.7
6.1
111.5
414.5
26.2
189 5
77.8
46.2
10.1
50.8
934.6
6.2
111.6
417.6
26.0
188.7
78.2
45.2
9.7
51.4
947.8
6.3
112.6
421.2
25.6
195.2
79.2
45.1
10.5
52.1
955.4
6.2
112.4
422.9
26.3
201.5
79.5
44.7
10.3
51.6
957.9
6.2
111.6
423.8
26.3
204.8
79.2
45.0
9.8
51.2
955.5
6.3
111.8
423.9
26.2
203.0
78.4
44.9
10.4
50.6
965. 6
6.3
113. 9
430.0
26. 2
200.7
80.1
45.6
10. 8
52.0
983. 7
60
120 4
439 6
26 8
201.0
79. 7
44. 8
11 6
54.0
Apparel and other finished textile prod
i ( 084.6 1, 083. 8 1,023. 8 1,044. 7 1,039. 0 1,068. 9 1,098.1 1.094. 5 1.075.5 1, 092. 8 1,092.1 1,096. 4 1,085.2
ucts.................
1,077.1
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats........ II
109.2 104.7 110.0 108.1 110.0 112.2 112.5 112.3 113.2 112.6 112.7 113.5 1,083.3
' 111.8 107. 7
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing.................. ...... ...................... ..
285. 4 277.5 282.2 278.3 280.6 282.8 282.1 277.0 278.9 284.6 291.3 290.6 289.5 285 6
Women’s outerwear__________________
318.1 289.1 295.8 296.9 316.5 331.9 331.2 327.8 329.7 318.1 312.3 310.2 316.0 317.5
Women’s, children’s undergarments_____
108.7 102.6 106.0 107.9 110.5 111.9 111.0 107.5 108.9 111.9 111.4 110.1 108.9 107.1
Millinery_______ __________ _____ ___
17.8
13.8
11.9
13.1
18.1
20.0
16.5
19.5
16 4
14.5
17.1
16.8
16.4
17 9
Children’s outerwear..............
_I
71. 2 70.2
70.6
66.8
63.7
67.8
69.8
67.4
66.7
66.8
69.0
67.9
66.9
65 9
Fur goods.......... .........
_
8.8
9.2
9.4
8.9
7.0
7.2
7.0
7.3
9.8
9.8
10.2
9.6
8.6
93
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories!! _I
56.9
54.7
55.2
54.9
54.0
56.3
54.7
53.6
56.7
58.5
59.8
59.2
57.0
54.9
Other fabricated textile products.............
107. 7 102.0 103.6 105.0 107.6 108.0 106.7 106.1 112.5 115.3 112.6 107.3 108.2
111.2
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture).............. ................. ............. 635.1 651.2 645.3 658.9 638.0 611.8 592.6 589.0 594.3 627.8 654.9 683. 5 699.7
672.2 679.2
Logging camps and contractor.............
93.7
94.8 103.1
92.6
76.3
68.3
64.5
64.8
81.6
95.2 107.7 112.8
96.6
96.3
Sawmills and planing mills....................
347.8 342.6 345.5 337.6 329.2 318.9 318.9 322.9 335.9 346.8 358.4 366.0 358.0 364.5
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products__________
114.3 112.1 111.5 108.8 107.1 106.5 106.1 107.0 109.1 111.0 114.3 118.1 115.0 118.3
Wooden containers................................
45. 6 45.8
48.2
48.2
47.9
47.8
48.3
49.0
49.3
49.3
50.5
50.0
50.6
51.0
Miscellaneous wood products................
49.8
50.0
50.6
50.8
51.3
51.1
50.9
50.9
51.9
52.6
52.6
52.8
52.0
49.1
Furniture and fixtures.
319.1 317.7 308.6 311.0 307.5 311.5 312.3 312.8 312.4 319.6 320.0 324.6 323.6 318.5 310.8
Household furniture.
230.4 222.9 225.0 222.5 226.9 226.6 226.5 225.4 231.1 232.0 234.6 233.0 230.4 225.3
Office public-building, and professional
furniture______
38.0
37.4
37.8
37.5
38.0
38.0
38.5
37.9
38.9
38.9
39.5
39.8
38.9
35.7
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix
tures___________________ _______
29.6
29.1
28.9
28.6
27.9
28.1
28.0
28.7
29.0
28.2
29.6
30.0
28.6
29.1
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures..........................
19.7
19.2
19.3
18.9
18.7
19.6
19.8
20.4
20.6
20.9
20.9
20.8
20.6
20.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1401
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
A-3. Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries ^C ontinued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1956
1957
Industry
Sept.* A ug.3 July
M a n u fa c tu rin g —Continued
June*
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept
1956
1955
Paper and allied products-------------Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes...
Other paper and allied products—
475.1
468. 5
232.5
127.9
108.1
459.0
226.6
125.6
106.8
468.9
232.8
128.0
108.1
464.9
230.0
126.7
108.2
467.1
231.1
126.6
109.4
466.5
231.1
126. 5
108.9
465.5
231.5
126.1
107.9
467.8
232.0
127.8
108.0
472.2
233.9
130.7
107.6
469.9
230.6
132.6
106.7
470.2
231.0
131.9
107.3
471.8
233.1
130.6
108.1
465.2
230.4
128.0
106.8
452.5
227.4
121.7
103.4
Printing, publishing and allied industries .
Newspapers______________________
Periodicals_____________ _________
Books_________________ _________
Commercial printing......... ....................
L ithography..........................................
Greeting cards--------------------- ------ Bookbinding and related industries—
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
se rv ic e s ....................... - ....................
562.2
550.9
153.3
24.8
33.9
185.7
47.2
556.0
159.3
24.2
34.1
184.1
47.4
554.9
159.3
24.9
34.2
183.4
47.1
655.3
157.8
25.5
34.8
182.0
47.2
12.6
11.6
11.2
11.2
37.1
36.9
559.2
158.7
25.4
34.8
184.2
47.7
11.3
37.4
558.7
158. 5
25.6
34.9
184.1
47.9
35.9
552.2
157.1
24.1
33.7
184.4
47.0
12.3
36.3
557.1
157.4
25.5
34.8
183.9
47.3
11.9
37.6
565.9
160.8
27.5
34.5
185.0
48.9
13.3
37.8
563.7
158.7
28.0
34 0
184.1
49.2
14.3
37.5
563.4
158.9
28.1
33.6
183.9
48.7
14.8
38.0
556.9
157.4
27 7
33.6
181. 7
48 2
14 6
38.1
551.1
156.0
27.7
33.1
180.6
47.6
13.6
37.2
529.1
150.4
26.7
31.0
173.8
46.9
13.9
34.3
57.5
57.3
57.2
57.5
59.7
59.3
59.6
58.7
58.1
57.9
57.4
55.6
55.3
52.1
531.8
71.8
203.4
60.5
528.8
72.0
203.3
59.9
534.7
73.0
205.8
59.2
544.3
73.2
206.7
58.8
549.1
73.2
208.4
58.7
550.0
73.5
210.7
58.8
547.9
73.6
548.5
73 8
214.4
59.1
647.4
73.7
213.5
58.6
545.8
74.1
212.0
549.8
74.6
212.2
58.7
58.3
548.1
75 3
212.9
58.7
551.6
75.0
215.6
57.8
546.0
74.1
215.0
56.6
30.5
47.1
7.1
25.1
31.0
63.9
30.8
47.4
7.1
23.4
29.3
63.2
30.4
47.3
7.1
27.3
28.3
62.8
30.1
46.6
176.2
133.2
177.2
133.9
173.8
132.2
173.8
132.2
12.6
Chemicals and allied p ro d u cts........... .
Industrial inorganic chemicals.............
Industrial organic chemicals________
Drugs and medicines--------------- -----Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara
tions....... ...... ........ — ........................
Paints, pigments, and fillers-----------Gum and wood chemicals----------------Fertilizers_______________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats---Miscellaneous chemicals.......................
539.9
Products of petroleum and coal-----------Petroleum refining............................ .
Coke, other petroleum and coal prod
ucts........ ................. ........ ..................
175.7
37.2
37.2
212.1
58.8
30.4
47.5
7.3
33.3
24.9
62.2
30.7
47.2
7.4
35.8
25.9
61.8
30.9
46.9
7.4
33.1
27.5
61.2
31.0
47.2
7.3
27.8
28.7
61.4
30.6
47.3
7.2
25.7
28.9
61.5
30.4
47.1
7.1
24.6
29.8
62.6
30.5
47.1
7.1
23.4
30.1
62.8
175.9
133.9
24.9
62.0
23.7
61.4
30.7
47.7
7.2
24.4
24.4
62.3
175.9
134.1
174.8
133.0
175.3
133.3
174.0
132.9
173.4
132.7
172.8
132.0
173.4
132.3
171.8
132.8
174.3
133.1
41.8
41.8
42.0
41.1
40.7
40.8
41.1
39.0
41.2
42.0
43.0
43.3
41.6
41.6
214.5
209.9
211.1
19.3
109.2
19.4
104.5
85.2
19.8
106.1
214.7
31.5
48.0
7.5
22.2
31.0
48.5
7.4
21.6
6.8
27.8
28.7
60.3
211.4
86.9
17.8
106.7
212.6
86.8
102.0
191.3
71.1
17.5
102.7
17.8
108.0
216.0
87.4
18.3
110.3
215.8
87.3
18.6
109.9
194.4
70.1
18.9
105.4
332.7
36.7
3.9
17.8
219.0
14.4
25.8
15.1
324.8
36.0
3.9
17.6
213.8
14.1
24.7
14.7
333.6
36.3
4.0
17.7
218.9
14.0
28.1
14.6
340.8
36.5
4.0
18.2
223.4
14.1
29.8
14.8
340.1
37.1
4.0
18.3
335.5
37.3
4.0
18.1
221.8
221.2
14.0
30.8
14.1
13.4
28.9
12.6
337.8
37.8
4.0
18.3
219.5
13.8
29.8
14.6
335.2
37.7
3.9
18.0
215.2
14.0
31.0
15.4
335.8
37.9
3.8
17.5
213.6
14.1
33.0
15.9
336.5
37.5
3.9
17.2
215.7
14.2
32.0
16.0
340.8
38.4
4.0
18.0
221.5
14.2
29.7
15.0
442.6
27.2
79.9
13.
23.0
73.4
42.8
459.3
27.1
83.0
13.8
34.6
73.3
44.5
456.2
27.4
81.7
13.8
35.7
70.8
45.3
455.2
28.3
80.5
14.0
35.3
70.5
46.7
451.4
28.9
79.6
14.1
35.5
68.9
47.2
449.0
30.0
78.4
14.2
35.4
47.8
453.3
30.9
79.1
14.5
35.7
70.4
47.3
464.5
31.3
81.0
15.1
36.4
72.9
48.4
470.4
31.4
82.6
15.1
36.6
74.7
48.6
475.6
31.1
83.1
15.0
36.8
77.2
48.8
469.4
30.7
76.6
14.6
37.1
78.4
47.1
469.6 460.6
30.1
30.6
80.4
79.6
14.9
14.8
36. 5 35.8
77.0
73.7
48.1
47.6
98.4
16.7
99.0
16.6
99.
16..
97.3
16.7
94.8
16.8
92.5
16.5
90.7
16.4
91.0
16.4
93.8
16.7
96.1
16.9
97.8
16.9
99.2
17.0
96.3
17.0
91.7
17.4
67.2
67.0
67.
67.5
68.3
68.2
68.0
68.0
68.9
68.4
68.9
68.7
68.9
69.8
Prim ary metal industries_______ _____ 1, 070. 1,075.7 , 075. 3 1,092. 1,092. 6 1, 101.0
Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
546.4 548.9
542.3 542.5 546.
mills___________________________
198.4 199.9
193.0 193.1 197.
Iron and steel foundries------------------Primary smelting and refining of non54.7
53.9
53.
52.6
52.6
ferrous m etals.--------------------------Secondary smelting and refining of
10.8
10.7
10.
10.5
10.4
nonferrous metals________________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non87.5
87.2
87.
85.1
85.2
ferrous metals___________________
65.6
63.3
63.
61.5
62.5
Nonferrous foundries---------------------Miscellaneous primary metal indus
133.
132.7
133.4
130.0
129.7
tries......................................................
, 112.0
Rubber products.............................
Tires and inner tubes_________
Rubber footwear___ _________
Other rubber products................
208.5
Leather and leather products...............
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Industrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings
Footwear (except rubber)-------------Luggage................................................
Handbags and small leather goods-----Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
338.0
Stone, clay, and glass products............
Flat glass.------------ ------ -------------Glass and glassware, pressed or blown .
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic________________
Structural clay products.............. ........
Pottery and related products-----------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod
ucts___________________________
Cut-stone and stone products........ —
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products_______________________
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and trans
886.6
portation equipment)------------------Tin cans and other tinware_________
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware----Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies------------------1Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving..
Lighting fixtures___________________
Fabricated wire products.......................
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.
See footnotes at end of table
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
203.9
84.8
17.2
101.9
199.8
83.9
16.8
99.1
196.8
78.2
17.4
204.2
84.9
17.3
101.2
341.4
36.7
3.9
17.8
14.8
30.4
15.7
331.6
36.0
3.8
17.8
218.9
14.2
25.7
15.2
457.8
27.3
82.5
13.9
34.3
73.7
43.8
222.1
68.1
86.0
88.6
18.2
107.9
342.0
40.1
3.8
16.3
223.6
14.4
29.4
14.4
,123.7 1,132.7 1,135.4 1,134.1 1,133. 5 1,128.0 1, 096.0 1,084.8
553.7 558.7 559.0 562.5 564.3 565.9 569.5 532.9 544.6
203. 3 208.3 210.4 211.1 209.8 209.8 203.5 210.0 202.2
54.2
51.1
56.6
55.8
56.0
56.5
56.5
54.6
54.6
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.9
10.7
11.0
10.7
10.7
9.8
85.5
91.1
69.7
90.6
69.3
90.6
69.1
90.0
68.0
87.2
68.3
68.6
91.3
65.7
92.6
65.8
91.2
64.4
136.1
135.9
135.2
134.5
133.6
132.4
130.7
129.8
121.5
903.7
46.8
123.2
907.8
46.2
124.1
910.5
46.3
122.9
910.3
51.2
119.6
885.1
54.4
115.1
888.4
50.5
120.3
893.6
51.0
126.6
86.4
83.5
235.5 235.8
205.2 206.0
43 2
42.7
54.1
53.6
113.21 112.0
89.6
235.8
206.5
42.9
53.8
112.7
93.5
236.8
42.8
53.0
94.0
235.1
185.9
39.7
50.7
94.1
226.1
193.9
40.7
51.2
98.9
209.0
203.5
41.7
50.9
111.2
110.2
111.6
112.1
880.9
53.2
109.4
868.6
52.5
107.2
886.5
51.0
111.4
882.9
49.3
113.4
889.4
50.2
114.9
898.0
48.3
118.5
902.4
47.5
87.1
249.6
181.7
40.9
47.5
111.5
83.7
247.7
181.0
39.
48.1
108.6
85.2
249.7
187.8
40.
48.8
112.4
85.3
243.4
189.1
40.6
49.2
85.1
239.5
193.9
41.4
50.7
113.7
84.5
239.6
199.6
42.0
51.3
114.2
84.5
237.6
112.6
86.0
121.2
202.6
42.7
62.5
113.8
202.2
1402
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
T able
A-3. Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries *■—Continued
[In thousands]
1957
1956
Annual
average
Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July
June
May
Apr,
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1956
1955
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)_________ 1,182.2 1,178. 3 1, 206. 6 1, 238. 6 1,255. 4 1, 277.3 1, 291.1 1, 294.4 1, 287.4 1, 277. 2 1, 262. 3 1,254.6 1, 254.4 1, 267. 9 1,178.8
Engines and turbines______________
57.6
59.2
56.9
60.5
59.5
61.3
62.3
61.9
62.8
61.7
61.2
60.1
57.9
53.4
Agricultural machinery and tractors..
99.6 101
104.3 106.5 111.8 114.3 112. 4 107.8 103. 2 98.6
92.9 100.8 108.0 114.4
Construction and mining m achinery..
106.7 107.7 109.1 110.8 112.5 112.6 114.4 112.6 112.4 110.7 112.1 112.2 111. 1 96.2
Metalworking machinery___________
207,
224. 3 225.7 224.4 223.5 222.5 220.5 218.5 217.9 217.2 200.9
213.9 220.2 222.
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking m achinery)...............
120.6 124.3 127.9 128.
128.4 129.7 130.2 132.0 132.5 132.8 132.4 133.4 133. 5 127.0
General industrial m achinery............ .
168.2 172.6 174.1 174.
175. 8 178.3 178.6 178.7 178.5 178. S 177.5 176.4 174.3 159.6
Office and store machines and devices.
90.3
92.
97.2
99.8 100.2 101.2 100.5
98.5
97.9
96.7
91.8
94.2
85.4
Service-industry and household ma
chines_____ _________ __________
119.5 127.4 133.4 140.
146.4 149.6 152.0 150. 8 148.2 145 6 148.0 149.5 157.4 143.7
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
208.0 209.5 213.2 214.
217.8 219.4 218.9 219.6 218.6 216.2 215.3 212.3 214.3 198.0
Electrical machinery.................................. 876.6 859.6 847.5 854.9 847.3 853.0 869.4 876.7 884.4 900.1 912.9 908.4 886.3 871.3 822.0
Electrical generating, transmission, dis
tribution, and industrial apparatus...
276.0 280.9 286.7 290.1 294.2 299.2 301.8 304.9 307.4 307.5 309.8 306.1 297.3 270.1
Electrical appliances.___ __________
35.2
35.6
38.7
35.9
36.
41.1
39.9
41.1
41.6
42.0
43.2
42.7
41.8
37.3
Insulated wire and cable____________
19.9
19.9
19.
19.9
19.8
20.6
20.9
21.5
21.7
21.5
21.5
20.9
20.8
18.2
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
57.0
59.5
57.6
56.5
55.8
63. 2 63.9
64.3
63.6
62.4
59.5
55.6
59.0
65.6
Electric lamps_______ ____________
24.4
24.7
24.5
24.5
24.8
24.7
24.8
24.9
25.1
24.8
25.1
24.9
23.9
23.2
Communication equipment_________
409.
393.7 394.2 384.6 380.3 386.5 389.0 392.3 404.5 417.5 413.1 398.3 392 0 371.5
Miscellaneous electrical products.........
37.3
36.1
36.4
35.7
35.6
35.3
35.2
35.4
36.5
36.9
36.7
37.3
36.5
36.1
Transportation equipm ent..................
1,293. 6 1, 372.0 1,373. 0 1,415.2 , 434. 8 l, 446.0 1,474.3 1, 482. 2 1,480. 8 1, 477.8 1,438.4 1, 354.1 1, 236.2 1,358.3 1,407.7
Motor vehicles and equipment*____
611.3 602.6 632.4 651.9 663.0 689.2 699.8 709.7 714.6 693.7 627.6 524.8 651.8 746.4
Aircraft and parts___________ ____
574.6 585.0 593.9 598.3 601.6 603.1 602.6 595.2 589.2 579. 2 564.0 554.0 540.8 506.6
Aircraft....... ....................... ............
353.1 357.8 363.2 366
366.5 367.2 367.3 362. 6 358.0 351. 9 343.0 337.7 329.8 319.3
Aircraft engines and parts...................
103.9 109.0 112.3 113.2 116.8 117.9 117.6 116.0 115.1 112.8 109.7 106. 5 104.4
95.3
Aircraft propellers and parts_____
14.2
13
14.1
14.4
13.9
13.9
13.6
13.3
13.2
12.8
12.4
12.0
11.3
9.4
Other aircraft parts and equipment-.
104.2 104.4 104.2 104.1 104.1 103.3 102. 9 101.7
103. 8 103
98.9
97.8
95.3
82.6
Ship and boat building and repairing
126.4 125.5 128.0 125.8 123.2 124.9 122.3 119.8 118.2 113.1 108.4 106.6 110.5 105.7
Shipbuilding and repairing...........
113.1 111.4 111.9 109.1 106.3 107.8 105.4 103.5 102. 6 98.5
94.4
92.9
94.1
86.6
Boatbuilding and repairing______
13.3
14.1
16.9
16.1
16.7
17.1
16.9
16.3
15.6
14.6
14.0
13.7
16.4
19.1
Railroad equipment_____ ________
51.3
50.5
52.0
52.7
50.
49.6
50.1
49.5
4S. 7 43.6
44.9
41.4
47.0
Other transportation equipment_____
8.4
8.2 8.0 7.7 7.5 7.4 6.6 7.1 8.8 9.2 9.4 8.2 41.7
7,
7.3
Instruments and related products..........
227.7 220.6 224.0 226.1 229.5 230.6 230.2 231.4 233.3 234.6 234.4 232.6 230.3 223.8
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments__ _____________ ____
42.2
42.2
44.3
42.3
42.6
42.2
42.3
41.9
41.9
41.5
40.4
39.1
34.0
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments_______ _______ _____
57.9
57.7
58.3
58.5
60.6
58.5
59.5
61.0
61.6
61.9
61.6
60.1
59.9
58.5
Optical instruments and lenses______
10.0
10.2
10.2
10.4
10.2
10.5
10.6
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.6
10.6
10.6
Surgical, medical, and dental instru
m ents___ _____ ________________
28.0
28.4
29.0
29.4
29.1
29.2
29.3
28.9
28.8
28.8
28.5
28.6
28.5
27.6
Ophthalmic goods_________________
18.7
18.3
18.7
18.9
18.8
19.2
19.3
19.3
19.5
19.6
19.9
20.0
20.3
20.0
Photographic apparatus____________
44.1
43.5
43.5
42.
42.9
43.2
43. 5 43.7
44. 1 44. 3 44.2
44.5
43.9
43.3
Watches and clocks________________
26.8
20.5
22.1
25.1
24.3
25.5
25.5
25.8
26.9
27.6
28.2
28.4
28.0
29.8
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware—.
Musical instruments and parts..........
Toys and sporting goods........................
Pens, pencils, other office supplies____
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___
Fabricated plastics products_________
Other manufacturing industries______
402.2
394.3
38.1
14.2
79.7
25.0
49.9
68.1
119.3
369.4
35.7
13.7
69.7
23.5
45.7
65.8
115.3
386.1
36.8
14.0
74.5
24.0
47.6
69.2
120.0
i For coverage of the series and comparability of data with those published
in issues prior to July 1957, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, watchman services,
product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e. g., power
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
382.7
36.7
14.3
73.4
23.2
46.6
68.8
119.7
382.3
37.1
14.4
70.1
23.2
47.5
68.9
121.1
382.0
38.2
14.9
66.2
23.1
48.5
71.2
119.9
380.7
39.6
15.1
64.7
23.0
48.5
71.4
118.4
379.0 401.0
40.0
41.1
15.2
16.0
62. 1 70.8
23. 1 24.0
48.9
50.1
71.4
72.8
118.3 126.2
418.8
41.3
16.1
82.7
24.7
51.6
73.5
128.9
427.2
42.0
15.9
88.7
25.0
53.3
72.9
129.4
418.8
41.1
15.7
87.9
24.8
53.1
70.3
125.9
403. 5
40.6
15.5
78.3
23.8
51.7
69.5
124.1
395.9
42.0
15.1
73.0
22.8
53.9
66.4
122.7
plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the
aforementioned production operations.
2 Preliminary; subject to revision without notation.
8 See footnote 3, table A-2.
4 See footnote 4, table A-2.
•Formerly titled “ Automobiles.” Data not affected.
S ource: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1403
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T a ble A -4. Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in manufacturing 1
[1947-49=100]
Employ
ment
Period
1939* Avfira,?fi
1940* Avprflffft
1941 * Avpragft
1942* Avpragfl
1943* AvfvrftPfi
1944* Avp.ragfi
1945: Avpragfi
194fi* Avflragp.
1947* Avflragft
1948: Average
1949: Average. - .................
Period
Weekly
payrolls
66.2
71.2
87.9
103.9
121.4
118.1
104.0
97.9
103.4
102.8
93.8
29.9
34.0
49.3
72. 2
99.0
102.8
87.8
81.2
97.7
105.1
97.2
Employ
ment
Average __________
Average____________
Average____________
Average____________
Average-- _________
Average____________
Average____________
99.6
106.4
106.3
111.8
101.8
105.6
106.7
111.7
129.8
136.6
151.4
137. 7
152.9
161.4
1956: September__________
October____________
107.9
108.9
166.7
169.0
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1 For coverage of the series and comparability of data with those published
In issues prior to July 1957, see footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
1Preliminary,
Period
Weekly
payrolls
Employ Weekly
payrolls
ment
1956: November_________
December- -- ______
1957: January- _____ _ -_
February____March___________ _
April_______________
M ay....... ......................
June_______________
July_______________
A ugust2. . . _______ Septem ber2____ _____
108.3
107.9
106.3
106.0
105.8
104.8
104.2
104.7
103.4
105.5
105.4
168.2
171.4
165. 5
165.0
164.3
161.5
161.0
163.8
160.5
165.0
165.7
N ote : For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
T a ble A -5. Government civilian employment and Federal military personnel1
[In thousands]
Aug.
T o ta l civilian em ploym e n t2________________ 7,165
July*
7,157
June
7, 343
May
7,361
Annual average
1956
1957
Item
Apr.
7,351
Mar.
7,335
Feb.
7,334
Jan.
7,302
Dec.
7,589
Nov.
7,334
Oct.
7,290
Sept.
7,203
Aug.
6,981
1956
7,178
1955
6,914
2,209
2,202
2,208
2, 211
2, 202
2, 201
2,196
2,205
2,200
2,196
2,483
2,203
2,219
Federal employment______ 2,212
Executive____________ 2,184. 7 2,192.0 2,184. 4 2,175. 8 2,178. 6 2,176. 5 2,173.3 2,170.1 2, 456. 2 2,174. 7 2,175. 9 2,169.1 2,181.1 2,183.1
Department of Defense___________ 1,018.1 1,023.4 1,023.0 1,021.1 1,025. 2 1,028. 7 1,031. 7 1,033.5 1,034. 8 1,037.5 1, 041. 0 1.038. 8 1,046. 5 1,034.1
Post Office Depart535.3
514.0
511.4
509.8
520.4
519.1
805.3
518.9
522.3
521.9
521.9
521.4
518.7
521.8
m ent__________
613.7
618.9
624.8
632.4
625.9
621.3
617.6
616.1
618. 3 620.9
647.2
642.7
031.6
Other agencies......... 644.7
21.9
22.1
22.1
22.1
21.9
21.9
21.9
22.0
22.0
22.0
21.8
22.3
22.3
22.3
Legislative___________
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
Judicial..... .....................
2,187
2,161. 7
530.0
603.8
21.6
4.1
235.4
214.3
237.0
215.9
236.3
215.2
232.1
211.3
232.8
212.0
232.9
212.0
232.5
211.6
232.2
211.4
239.4
218.5
231.4
210.4
231.2
210.1
230.3
209.2
233.0
211.9
231.2
210.3
230.1
209.6
87.3
88.3
88.2
87.0
87.3
87.4
87.5
88.0
88.0
88.1
88.3
88.2
89. 7
88.0
89.3
8.9
118.1
20.4
.7
8.8
118.8
20.4
.7
8.9
118.1
20.4
.7
8.9
115.4
20.1
.7
9.0
115.7
20.1
.7
8.9
115. 7
20.2
.7
8.9
115.2
20.2
.7
8.9
114.5
20.1
.7
16.8
113.7
20.2
.7
8.8
113.5
20.3
.7
8.7
113.1
20.4
.7
8.6
112.4
20.4
.7
8.6
113.6
20.4
.7
9.3
112.4
20.2
.7
9.3
111.0
19.8
.7
4, 953
1,290.9
3, 662. 2
1,992.8
2, 960.3
4, 938
1, 298. 5
3, 639.8
1, 982.3
2,956.0
5,132
1,340.3
3, 791.3
2, 216. 5
2, 915.1
5,159
1,344. 7
3, 814. 2
2,342. 6
2, 816. 3
5,146
1,340. 7
3, 804.9
2,350. 8
2, 794. 8
5,132
1, 333. 4
3, 798. 6
2,351.0
2, 781.0
5,134
1,328. 5
3, 805. 9
2,345. 5
2, 788. 9
5,106
1, 323. 9
3, 782. 3
2,313. 9
2, 792.3
5,106
1, 321. 5
3, 784. 7
2, 314. 3
2, 791. 9
5,133
1,322. 7
3, 810. 2
2,316. 4
2, 816. 5
5,088
1,319.2
3, 769.0
2, 283. 0
2,805. 2
5,007
1, 279. 4
3, 728.0
2,159.8
2, 847. 6
4, 773
1, 252.1
3, 521. 0
1, 878. 5
2, 894. 6
4,969
1, 281. 5
3, 687.3
2,178. 6
2, 790. 2
4, 727
1, 215.4
3, 511. 2
2, 060. 8
2,665.8
2,839
2,826
2,820
2,821
2,821
2, 817
2, 816
2,809
2,827
2,829
2,824
2, 827
2, 848
3, 024
District of Columbia 3___
Executive___________
Department of Defense--___ _____
Post Office Department _________
Other agencies........
Legislative___________
Judicial_____________
State and local employm e n t4............................. .
State. ______________
Local...............................
Education___________
Other— ..........................
1,027.9
Total military personnel'. . . 2,820
A rm y -....... ...................
Air Force......... ...............
N avy.. . . . _________
Marine Corps________
Coast Guard..... .............
992.4 1, 001.3
922.2
920.8
685.5
675.8
199. 5 200.7
30.5
30.5
998.0 1,000. 2 1,001.1 1,001. 2
916.4
914.2
919.8
914.8
675.9
678.0
678.3
677.1
197.4
200.9
198.1
197.7
29.9
29.3
29.7
29. 5
i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to July
1957, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Data for Federal establishments relate to persons who worked on, or
received pay for, the last day of the month. Those for State and local govern
ment relate to employees who worked during, or received pay for, any part
of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
Because of rounding, the sums of individual items may not equal totals.
3 Data refer to the continental United States only.
* Includes all Federal civilian employment in Washington Standard Met
ropolitan Area (District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia
counties).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
997.3
915.3
676.4
198.9
29.1
993.4
918. 4
676.0
199.6
29.0
992.3 1,002. 4 1, 004.1 1,005. 6 1,013. 5 1,030.1
911.5
909.0
916.1
916.0
918.3
914.6
672.7
676.9
675.1
675.0
677.7
673.1
200.4
200.9
201.5
202.1
202.8
200.8
28.8
28.7
28.8
28.7
28.8
28.6
1,165.8
955.3
668.8
205. 9
28.6
* Excludes, as nominal employees, elected officials of small local units and
paid volunteer firemen.
s Data refer to the continental United States and elsewhere.
* Revised.
Source: Federal civilian employment, U. S. Civil Service Commission;
State and local government employment, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau
of Labor Statistics; military personnel, U. S. Department of Defense. Office
of the Secretary.
1404
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. NOVEMBER 1957
A-8. Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of unemployment compen
sation for Federal employees,1 by geographic division and State
[I d thousands]
1957
1956
Annual average
Geographic division and State
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Continental United States............... . 1,150.7 1, 284.6 1, 251. 2 1,349.7 1, 475. 4 1, 592. 5 1, 730.3 1, 737.4 1, 285.0 1,013.4
98. 3 113.7 122.9 125.4 136.1 145. £ 109.3
98.2 110.1
80.7
New England_____________________
7.6
10.2
Maine__________________ _____
7.7
7. £
11. C 13.3
10.6
11.7
7. 3
10 .c
5.4
5.3
4.9
5.6
5. £
6.9
5.9
5. 3
New Hampshire_______________
6.6
7.0
2.1
2.0
2.3
3.2
2.2
Vermont_____________________
1£
2.7
3 1
2.6
1.6
50.2
64.7
72.1
59.4
42. £
45. £
53.4
57 2 59.8
79.9
Massachusetts___________ _____
14.3
17.2
19.8
17 2 18. S 19.8
18.9
12.8
8. £
13.8
Rhode Island__________________
18.8
24.2
21.2
22.0
24.5
14.7
19.5
25.9
19.0
Connecticut___________________
24.0
Middle Atlantic_______ ___________
New York___ ________________
New Jersey____________________
Pennsylvania____ _____________
343.7
140. 7
66.7
136.3
405.2
183.1
77.1
145.1
390.3
183.8
71.2
135.3
411 6
190 5
77.2
143.9
429.4
191.7
81.1
156.5
441.6
195.2
83.1
163.3
481.6
217.8
91.3
172.6
511.9
231.5
101. 5
178.9
East North C entral..______________
Ohio....... ............................... ...........
In d ia n a _____ ________________
Illinois_______________________
Michigan_______ _____ ______
Wisconsin____________________
234.4
50.7
26.5
61.1
79.2
16.9
248.7
52 6
28.0
63.1
87.1
17.8
252.3
54.0
28.7
70.5
81.2
17.8
254.8
55.3
31.8
67.0
81.4
19.3
272.3
62.4
33.7
68.1
84.8
23.3
283.8
65.8
33.7
74.9
82.7
26.7
304.2
70.7
41.6
79.6
82.8
29.5
308.5 228.3
69. 1 51.4
29.3
43.8
85.3
56.0
80.4
67.8
23.9
30.0
West North Central_______ ____ . . .
Minnesota_______ ____________
Iowa. ______________________
Missouri.. ___________________
North Dakota_________________
South Dakota _________________
Nebraska..................................... .
Kansas______ ______________ ...
45.2
11.3
5.8
19.8
.4
.5
2.6
4.9
51.1
12.1
6.2
23.1
.4
.5
3.0
5.8
58.8
13.5
6.3
28.3
.5
.5
3.1
6.6
69 6
18.7
7.2
29 9
1.0
.8
4.3
7.6
96.0
32.1
9.6
32 0
3.4
2.1
6.9
10.0
110.8
37.2
12.7
31.7
5.6
3.7
8.9
11.1
126.6
38.1
15.5
37.8
6.0
4.5
10.8
13.8
120.0
34.8
14.2
38.7
5.4
4.0
9.9
12.9
South Atlantic._____ ______________
Delaware__________________ ...
Maryland _____ _____________
District of Columbia____________
Virginia.___ __________________
West Virginia_________________
North Carolina___ _______ ____
South Carolina________________
Georgia_____________ ________
Florida______ ___________ ____
145. 6
2.5
16.7
4.8
14.2
11.9
30.5
13.8
24.9
26.3
166.1
2.8
17.1
4.8
16.9
13.1
40.9
16.7
29.8
24.1
148.8
2. 4
15.5
4.4
15.9
12.1
40.7
14.8
26 8
16.3
148.3
2.5
16 9
4.4
12 3
12 2
44 5
14 6
26 8
14.0
146.5
3.0
15.3
5. 1
11.1
12. 7
44.9
14.9
26.5
13.0
154.3
3.7
14.0
6.1
14.2
13.9
45.8
15.3
27.2
14.1
163.2
4.2
17.3
7.2
15.5
15.7
45.9
15.3
27.6
14.5
East South Central......... .....................
Kentucky______ . __________
Tennessee........... ...... ........... ...........
Alabama_____________________
Mississippi............. ......................... .
90.6
28.9
32.7
17.7
11.2
102.7
30 8
38.6
19 7
13.7
101.8
31.9
37.3
18.9
13.7
109.2
34.5
38.6
20.5
15.5
119.8
37 4
43.5
22 1
16.9
125.7
38.5
45.0
23.8
18.4
West South Central________________
Arkansas..........................................
Louisiana____________________
Oklahoma____________________
Texas__ _____________________
53.4
9.8
9.4
9.7
24.5
58.5
11.0
11.8
9.8
25.9
62.5
11.4
12.3
11.4
27.4
72.6
14.3
14 2
13.1
31.0
81.5
18.2
15.9
14.0
33.5
M o u n ta in ___ ___ _______ _. . .
M ontana_____ ________ _____
Idaho____ ____________ _____
W voniing_____________________
Colorado__ _____ ______ ______
New Mexico.......... ............... ........
Arizona__________
___ ____
Utah ............................. ...........
N evada.._____ _______________
19.4
2.7
2.2
.5
3.2
2.4
4.5
2.2
1.6
19.8
2.7
2.1
.6
3.5
2.7
4.2
2.5
1.5
20.4
2.9
1.9
.9
3.7
2.7
4.0
2.8
1.5
26.8
4.5
3.3
1.3
4.5
3.2
4.6
3.6
1.8
Pacific_______________________
W ashington..___ _____ _______
Oregon__________ _____ ______
California... _______ __________
120.1
20.0
11.9
88.2
12? 3
16 4
113
94.7
118.0
13.3
9. 1
95.7
143.1
18.3
13 1
111.7
Sept.
Aug.
878.4 988.3 1,058.6
66. C 64.8
69. 1
4.8
5.1
5.1
5. 1
6. C
5.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
34. C 31.5
30.1
8.2
8. C
9.5
12.7
13.0
17.8
1956
1955
1,225.2
86 7
8.2
6.4
l.S
41.7
12.0
16.5
1, 269.4
100.9
10.6
6.4
2.9
47 3
12.5
21.1
292.7 259. 5
125.6 102.0
57. 1 50.8
110.0 106.7
284.0
114.4
53.2
116.3
308.8
117.2
55.9
135.7
370.8
165.4
67.6
137.8
403.5
185.5
67.1
150.9
193.0
38.4
24.4
51.4
58. S
19.8
195. 4
30.7
23.0
45.8
83.8
12.2
274.0
35.2
29 5
53.9
142.7
12.6
277.7
43.4
32.7
58.5
128.0
15.1
257.5
47.5
31.3
59.6
100.0
19.0
221.1
48.9
23.7
78.3
51.8
18.4
83.6
23.1
9.5
29.4
3.4
2.4
6.9
8.8
60.0
14.2
6.2
26.0
1.5
1.1
4.3
6.5
46.6
9.1
4.7
23.5
.4
.5
2.7
5.7
47.6
9.1
4.6
26.0
.2
.4
2.6
4.6
49.2
11.9
5.7
22.7
.3
.5
3.0
5.1
71.9
19.8
7.8
27.9
2.2
1.6
5.1
7.6
75.9
22.3
6.7
29.3
2.7
1.5
4.2
9.2
162.6
3.7
17.9
6.3
13.9
15.0
43.9
16.8
30.1
15.1
116.4
2.6
12.2
4.6
9.4
10.3
30. 1
12. 7
21.6
13.0
100.8
1.9
8.7
4.0
7.1
8.3
25.2
12.4
19.1
14.1
96.6
2.2
8.1
3.7
6.0
7.8
20 5
12.1
18.1
18.1
109.7
1.7
9.3
3.5
7.7
9. 1
23.2
13.8
19.5
21.9
120 8
1.9
11.0
3.9
10.4
11.7
24.8
12.4
21.5
23.2
123.3
2.1
12.2
4.4
11.3
11.0
31.3
13.0
21.9
16.0
133.8
2.2
16.5
4.9
12.9
17.2
30.8
11.5
21.1
16.6
133.3
40.4
49. 7
24.1
19.1
127.0
35.6
60.4
22.6
18.4
97.7
29.6
36 4
17.5
14.1
85.8
27.3
32.1
15.6
10.8
75.5
26.0
28.3
12.8
8.4
76.9
26.1
28.2
14.2
8.4
92. 7
29. 1
32.8
20. 5
10.3
98.5
30.1
36. 1
20.8
11.5
95.9
31.0
35.6
17.9
11.3
85.7
19.3
16.7
14.9
34.7
94.2
23.0
17.8
17.4
36.0
86.5
21.6
16.5
15.8
32.7
65.3
15.0
11.2
12.3
26.8
61.7
10.6
8.8
9.8
22.5
42.5
7.6
7.5
8.1
19.4
42.9
7.1
8.6
7.8
19.4
48.1
8.8
9.9
8.4
21.0
57.9
11.6
12.4
10.5
23.5
63.6
11.8
16.4
11.3
24.1
37.8
7.8
5.4
1.9
5.7
4.0
5.6
4.9
2.5
49.6
10.5
8.4
30
6.6
4.8
6.4
67
3.4
56.9
11.3
10.2
3.6
7.5
5.5
6.8
8.1
3.9
49.4
8.9
90
3.1
6.6
4.3
6.0
7.8
3.8
33.0
5.2
6.5
1.7
4.7
2.7
4.2
4.8
3.2
21.5
2.3
3.6
.9
34
2. 1
3.5
3.1
2.7
13.5
.9
1.6
.4
2.2
1.5
3.1
1.8
2.1
12.5
.7
1.2
.3
2.0
1.5
3.1
1.8
1.9
14.3
.8
1.4
.4
2.6
1.8
3.4
2.3
1.6
26.5
3.7
3.9
1.4
3.6
2.7
4.5
3.9
2.8
28.3
3.9
4.7
1.6
3.5
33
4.5
4.6
2.1
169.1
26.6
20. 7
121.8
215. 5
38.8
30.0
146.6
234.2
51.4
35.6
147.2
225.4
52.2
37.5
135.8
173.5
41.8
28.8
102.9
127.3
30.6
19.3
77.5
82.8
19.5
10.1
53.2
75.9
15.0
6.4
54.6
78.0
14.4
5.8
57.9
132.2
28.1
16.2
87.8
146.6
30.9
17.1
98.4
1 A verage of weekly data adjusted for split weeks in the month. Figures
may not add to exact column totals because of rounding.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
377.9
176.3
68.2
133.4
Oct.
S o u r c e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security.
1405
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
A-9. Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected operations 1
[All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1957
Item
Aug.
Employment service:
New applications for work_____
Nonfarm placements__________
June
July
672
536
738
533
832
528
May
Apr.
740
534
1955
1956
Mar.
709
480
Feb.
691
425
Jan.
747
387
Dec.
898
433
Nov.
612
410
674
474
Sept.
Oct.
683
599
608
591
Aug.
660
577
Aug,
626
603
State unemployment insurance pro
grams 8
842 1,267
881
1,001
1,099
Initial claims 8 ............................
897
1,002
1,565
1,229
834
973
837
761
877
Insured unem ploym ent4 (aver
1,151
1,285
1,251
1,350
1,475
1,592
1, 730
1,737
1,285
1,013
878
988
1,059
age weekly volume)_________
980
3.1
3.1
Rate of insured unemployment •_
28
3.3
3.6
4.0
4.4
4.3
3.3
2.6
2.3
2.7
2.6
2.6
Weeks of unemployment com
4,883
4, 686
pensated.....................................
4, 497
5,517
5,766
6,302
6,118
6,680
3,950
3,503
3,461
3,556
4,286
3,858
Average weekly benefit amount
$27.87 $27. 59 $27.44 $27.47 $27. 72 $27. 72 $27. 85 $27. 73 $27.42 $27.26 $27. 57 $27. 77 $27.05 $25. 06
for total unemployment.........
Total benefits paid___________ $121, 333 $130,130 $123, 540 $145,657 $154,329 $168,841 $164,860 $177, 598 $104, 245 $91, 700 $91,476 $94, 919 $112, 207 $92,834
Unemployment compensation for
veterans:8
Initial claims 8__ ____________
Insured unem ploym ent4 (aver
age weekly v o lu m e)................
Weeks of unemployment com
pensated ___ ____________
Total benefits paid 7.....................
Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications *..............................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume).........................
Number of payments 4________
Average amount of benefit pay
ment 1 ......................................
Total benefits paid 10__________
All programs:11
Insured unemployment4.........
21
20
24
16
18
21
23
31
23
21
18
18
27
35
34
33
31
39
47
49
45
35
28
24
33
42
60
165
$4,406
165
$4, 539
138
$3, 710
156
$4,222
191
$5,155
218
$5,886
207
$5, 594
206
$5, 572
145
$3,883
118
$3,168
122
$3,258
169
$4, 499
211
$5,630
289
$7, 681
18
54
33
16
10
9
11
19
17
21
12
11
23
15
43
113
50
94
36
86
42
109
53
125
60
151
67
138
68
165
59
119
49
98
37
89
41
94
57
173
28
70
$58, 62
$6, 660
$53. 50
$4, 960
$60. 86
$5,109
$57.68
$6,211
$58.14
$7,227
$59. 68
$8,973
$60.01
$8, 252
$58. 65
$9, 772
$58. 08
$6,868
$58.04
$5,637
$59.19
$5,197
$.58. 92 $58. 23
$5, 561 $10, 201
$54.25
$3, 731
1,228
1,368
1, 319
1,424
1,565
1,700
1,846
1,850
1,379
1,090
939
> Average weekly insured unemployment excludes territories; other items
Include them.
1 Data include activities under the program of Unemployment Compensa
tion for Federal Employees (UCFE1, which became effective on January 1,
1955.
* An initial claim is a notice filed by a worker at the beginning of a period
of unemployment which establishes the starting date for any insured unem
ployment which may result if he is unemployed for 1 week or longer.
* Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem
ployment.
* The rate of insured unemployment is the number of insured unemployed
expressed as a percent of the average covered employment in a 12-month
period.
6 Based on claims filed under the Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act
of 1952. Excludes claims filed by veterans to supplement State, U CFE, or
railroad unemployment insurance benefits.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
37
1,060
1,158
1,068
7 Federal portion only of benefits paid jointly with other programs. Weekly
benefit amount for total unemployment is set by law at $26.
8 An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of
his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required
for subsequent periods in the same year.
• Payment? are for unemployment in 14 day registration periods; the aver
age amount is an average for all compensable periods. Not adjusted for
recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
i" Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments.
11 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, UCFE, and veterans’ programs, and that covered by the Railroad
Unemployment Insurance Act.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security
for all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which are prepared
by the U. S. Railroad Retirement Board.
1406
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
B.—Labor Turnover
T a b l e B - l . L a b o r tu r n o v e r r a te s in m a n u f a c tu r in g 1
[Per 100 employees]
Year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual
average
Total accessions
1948_____ _________________ _
1949_____ __________________
1950_______ ________________
1951________________________
1952.______ ____________ ____
1953________________________
1954________________________
1955________________________
1956___________________ _____
1957________________________
4.6
3.2
3.6
5.2
4.4
4.4
2.8
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.9
2.9
3.2
4.5
3.9
4.2
2. 5
3.2
3.1
2.8
4.0
3.0
3.6
4.6
3.9
4.4
2.8
3.6
3.1
2.8
4.1
3.5
4.4
4. 5
3.9
4.1
2.7
3.8
3.4
3.0
4.0
2.9
3.5
4.5
3.7
4.3
2.4
3.5
3.3
2.8
5.7
4.4
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.1
3.5
4.3
4.2
3.9
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.2
4.4
4.1
2.9
3.4
3.3
3. 2
5.0
4.4
6.6
4.5
5.9
4.3
3.3
4. 5
3.8
8 3.1
5.1
4.1
5.7
4.3
5.6
4.0
3.4
4.4
4.1
4.5
3.7
5.2
4.4
5.2
3.3
3.6
4.1
4.2
3.9
3.3
4.0
3.9
4.0
2.7
3.3
3.3
3.0
2.7
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.3
2.1
2.5
2.5
2.2
4.4
3.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
3.9
3.0
3.7
3.4
5.1
4.0
4 .2
5.3
4.6
4.8
3.5
4.0
3 .9
8 3. 9
5.4
4.2
4.9
5.1
4.9
5.2
3.9
4. 4
4.4
4.5
4.1
4.3
4 .7
4.2
4.5
3.3
3.5
3 .5
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
3.5
4. 2
3.0
3.1
3.3
4.3
3.2
3.6
3.5
3.4
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.8
4.6
4.3
3.5
4.4
4.1
4.3
3.5
3.3
3.5
3.4
1.8
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.9
1.4
2.2
2.2
8 1. 8
3.9
2.1
3.4
3.1
3.5
3.1
1.8
2.8
2.6
2.8
1.5
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.1
1.2
1.8
1.7
2.2
1.2
2.1
1.9
2.1
1. 5
1.0
1. 4
1.3
1.7
.9
1.7
1.4
1.7
1.1
.9
1.1
1.0
2.8
1.5
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.3
1.1
1.6
1.6
0.4
0 .4
.2
0.4
.2
.4
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
0.3
J2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
Total separations ¡
1SH8 __________________________________
4.3
4.5
4.7
4.7
1949
______________ ______________ ______________
______________
4.1
4.6
4.8______________
4.8
1950
________________________
3.1
3.0
2.8
2.9
1951. _______ ________________________
4.1
4.1
4.6
3.8
1952. . . . ______ ______________________
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.7
1953
______________ ______________ ______________
4.1
3.8
3.6
4.3
1954
______________ _________
4.3
3. 5
3. 7
3.8
1955
________________________
2.9
2. 5
3.0
3.1
1956
________________________
3.6
3.6
3.5
3 .4
1957
________________________
3.3
3.3
3.0
3.3
4.3
5.2
3.1
4.8
3.9
4.4
3 .3
3.2
3 .7
3.4
4.5
4.3
3.0
4.3
3 .9
4.2
3.1
3. 2
3 .4
3.0
4.4
3.8
2.9
4.4
5.0
4.3
3.1
3.4
3 .2
3.1
Q u its
1948_______________________ ________
1949_________________________________
1950_________________________________
1951 _________________________________
1952. _____ __________________________
1953_________________________________
1954_________________________________
1955_________________________________
1956_________________________________
1957____________________________
2.6
1. 7
1. 1
2. 1
1. 9
2.1
1. 1
1.0
1.4
1.3
2.5
1.4
1.0
2. 1
1.9
2.2
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.2
2.8
1.6
1.2
2.5
2.0
2.5
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.3
3.0
1. 7
1.3
2.7
2.2
2.7
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.3
2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
2.2
2. 7
1.0
1.5
1.6
1.4
2.9
1.5
1.7
2.5
2.2
2.6
1. 1
1.5
1.6
1. 3
1948 _________________________________
1949 _________________________________
1950 _________________________________
1951 _________________________________
1952 _________________________________
1953____________________________
1954____________________________
1955 _________________________________
1956 _________________________________
1957 ............. .................. ...................................
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
0.4
.2
0.4
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
0.3
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
1948_______________________
1949________________________
1950________________________
1951________________________
1952_________________ _____ _
1953________________________
1954___________________ ____
1955________________________
1956_______ _______ _________
1957____ ______________ ____
1.2
2.5
1.7
1.0
1.4
.9
2.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.7
2.3
1.7
.8
1.3
.8
2.2
1.1
1.8
1.4
1.2
2.8
1.4
.8
1.1
.8
2.3
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.3
.9
2.4
1.2
1.4
1. 5
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.9
1.1
1.6
1.5
1.1
2.5
.9
1.0
1.1
.9
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.1
1948________________________
1949________________________
1950________________________
1951________________________
1952____ ______ ___________ _
1953______________ ________ _
1954______________ _________
1955______ _____— ....................
1956______________ _________
1957_____ __________________
0.1
.1
.1
.7
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
0.1
.1
.1
.6
.4
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
2.9
1.4
1.8
2.4
2.2
2.5
1. 1
1.6
1.5
1.4
Discharges
.4
.2
.4
.2
.4
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.2
.4
.2
.3
.3
8.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
1.2
1.8
.6
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.2
8 1. 6
1.0
1.8
.7
1.3
.7
1.5
1.7
1.1
1.4
1.2
2.3
.8
1.4
.7
1.8
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.5
1.1
1.7
.7
2.3
1.6
1.2
1.5
2.2
2.0
1.3
1.5
1.0
2.5
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
0.1
.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.1
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.2
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
Layoffs
1.0
2.1
.6
1.3
2.2
1.1
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.3
Miscellaneous separations, including military
1 Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus
tries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the following reasons:
(1) The labor turnover series measure changes during the calendar month,
while the employment series measure changes from midmonth to midmonth;
(2) Industry coverage is not identical, as the printing and publishing
industry and some seasonal industries are excluded from turnover;
(3) Turnover rates tend to be understated because small firms are not as
prominent in the turnover sample as in the employment sample; and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
0.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
2.2
0.1
.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
(4) Reports from plants affected by work stoppages are excluded from the
turnover series, but the employment series reflect the influence of such
stoppages.
8 Preliminary.
• Beginning with data for October 1952, components may not add to total
separation rates because of rounding.
N ote; Fora description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1964).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1407
B: LABOR TURNOVER
T a ble B -2 . L abor tu rn o v e r rates in selected in d u strie s 1
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
Industry
Total accessions
Aug.
1957
July
1957
Total
Aug.
1957
July
1957
Aug.
1957
July
1957
Aug.
1957
Miscellaneous, in
cluding military
Layoffs
Discharges
Quits
Aug.
1957
July
1957
Aug.
1957
J u ly
1957
July
1957
M a n u fa c tu r in g
All manufacturing,.....................................
Durable goods 2__________________
Nondurable goods
....... ...... ........
Ordnance and accessories______________
Pood and kindred products.----- ----------Meat products... ________________
Orain-mill products---------------------Bakery products___________ ______
Beverages:
M alt liquors---- ---------------------Tobacco manufactures___________ ____
Cigarettes_______________ ________
Cigars___________________________
Tobacco and snuff________________
Textile-mill products_________________
Yarn and thread mills_____________
Broad-woven fabric mills_______ ______
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber_____
Woolen and worsted___________
Knitting mills____ _ _ _ _________
Full-fashioned hosiery ......... ........... ..
Seamless hosiery_______ . -----------Knit underwear---------------- --------------------Dyeing and finishing textiles_______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings...
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts ------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------Men’s and boys’ suits and coats...... ....
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing ________________________________________
Lumber and wood products (except fur
n iture). ............. . . _______ _____________ _____
Logging camps and contractors_____
Sawmills and planing mills_________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products_________
Furniture and fixtures................. ............. .................
Household furniture_______________
Other furniture and fixtures____
Paper and allied products ________________________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills_____
Paperboard containers and boxes_______
Chemicals and allied products _________________
Industrial inorganic chemicals___________
Industrial organic chemicals______________
Synthetic fibers___________________________
Drugs and medicines______________
Paints, pigments, and fillers................
Products of petroleum and coal_________
Petroleum refining___________ _____
Rubber products..........................................
Tires and inner tubes ............................... .. ..............
Rubber footwear__________________
Other rubber products _______________ _______
Leather and leather products _____ _____________
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished
Footwear (except rubber). ............................... ..
Stone, clay, and glass products ________________
Glass and glass products.......................
Cement, hydraulic....... .........................
Structural clay products___________
Pottery and related products.............
Prim ary metal industries______ _______
Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
mills...................................................
Iron and steel foundries...........................................
Gray-iron foundries_____________________
Malleable-iron foundries.. ................... ..
Steel foundries_____________________________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc. ............. ..............
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper.............. .. ...........................................................
Nonferrous foundries ______________ _________
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings..................
See footnotes at end of table.
444525— 57------ 7
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3.1
3.0
3.2
1. 7
3.6
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.4
3T
4.3
3.3
3.9
4.0
3.7
2.8
4.9
4.8
3.1
3.3
2.9
2.3
3.7
3.2
1.8
1.7
2.1
1.1
2.0
1.1
3.4
4.0
4.0
4.8
4. 1
3 .2
3 .2
2.5
4.4
4.1
4.5
4.2
0
2.9
2.6
4.3
2.8
0
3.3
3.5
3.5
1.4
3.3
4.2
3.7
3.6
4.0
2.9
2.0
3.2
2.4
2.1
0
1.1
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.8
3.2
3.0
4.4
3.8
1.7
4.4
3.3
4.0
3.7
3.9
3.5
2.0
2.3
6.6
4.4
4.2
3. 7
4.1
3.4
0
2.8
1. 7
4.3
1.6
3 .3
3. 2
3 .3
3.0
5.0
3.8
5.1
2.8
2.0
0
1.6
1.1
2.3
1.2
2.2
2.3
2.1
22
1.9
2.6
1.9
2.7
1.4
1.3
1.5
0.9
1.4
.7
.9
1.7
1.9
2.5
1. 7
4.7
3.5
4.0
2.4
4. 1
2.9
3 .6
2.2
3 .2
4.8
4.4
4.4
3 .9
3.4
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.4
7.0
4.3
6.4
12.3
5.4
4.9
9.7
4. 2
2.9
4.6
4. 2
3.2
4.3
2.9
2.3
4.1
4.3
3.8
4.2
4.4
3.6
3.0
4.3
4.0
5. 2
3.1
3 .2
3.4
2.9
2.3
2.3
2.5
3.9
2.3
2.7
1.7
2.4
1.5
1.3
2.9
1.3
1.7
.4
1.5
.3
. 9
.7
.3
2.6
1. 5
3.8
2.0
2.4
1.6
1.8
2.2
1.4
1.1
.5
2.7
1.6
2.1
3.8
3.8
2.6
4.0
3.1
4.8
2.3
2.2
3.3
1.8
1. 2
2.2
2.1
2.6
2.1
1.0
1.6
2. 1
2.0
3.1
1.7
1.3
1.6
2.5
1.4
1.5
.9
2.6
2.2
3.0
3.0
5.0
2.5
5.4
2.2
2.1
2.1
1.7
2. 5
2.1
2.0
1.8
2.9
1.7
2.2
1.6
1. 2
1.6
.8
.6
2.0
1.4
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.2
1.2
.8
1.6
1.2
1.0
1.2
.7
1.6
1.6
2.7
1.0
4.0
4.5
4.2
4.6
2.9
3.2
2.5
3.9
4 .2
3.1
3.7
3.0
1.4
1.4
4.1
3 .2
1.9
1.7
1.7
3.3
3 6
2.7
1.4
2.0
3.1
3.7
2.5
2.9
2.8
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.8
2. 1
3.6
4.0
2.5
3.5
1.7
2.2
1.1
1.6
2.6
1.8
2.1
1.7
2.9
3 .2
2.0
1.1
1.0
.8
1.3
1.3
1.4
2.9
1.1
2.3
1.0
.6
.2
. 2
.3
.3
. 2
2
.2
.3
2
. 2
.3
. 2
. 1
2
.T
0
.8
.8
1.4
1.4
.9
1.4
.9
4.3
1.5
2.0
.8
1.6
1.4
0
.6
.2
7
.4
1.3
1. 2
. 1
.3
3
.2
.2
.2
.2
_2
.2
2
. 1
.5
.4
. 1
. 1
. 1
.3
.2
4
. 0
.2
.3
.4
.3
.
1
.
.2
.3
.3
.6
1.8
1.2
.6
.9
.8
.6
. 8
. 1
-2
.2
.2
. 1
_2
. 2
.2
.2
. 1
. 2
. 2
. 2
. 1
. 1
0)
0 .2
0
. 3
. 1
. 1
. 1
. 1
. 2
.3
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
. 1
. 1
.3
.5
.22
.2
1
.2
0 .3
.2
. 1
4. 5
.3
(5)
.2
3.0
7.3
.7
.2
. 1
. 1
2
.1
. 1
«
. 1
1.3
.9
2.3
. 1
1.3
1.5
. 1
.2
.7
.3
.4
.3
. 1
2.6
.9
.6
.2
.7
.2
.2
3.1
1.4
5
4
.
.
.1
.2
.5
. 1
. 1
. 1
0.2
.3
.2
0.2
.2
. !
. 1
.3
2
2
.8
1.8
0
1.2
.9
1.1
.8
5
2.1
1.6
2
2.0
1.7
.6
0.2
•2
.2
0. 1
.3
.8
.2
.
.
.
1.3
1. 4
1.0
1.1
1.9
3 .3
.9
3
.4
.4
.
.
0
0
.3
.5
.7
.9
.2
.
.4
.2
2. 1
.2
.3
.8
.6
1.0
1.1
1.0
.2
. 0
. 5
.7
1.5
.7
. 1
.3
1.4
1.3
1.2
2.6
1.2
1. 1
1.0
1.8
#2
.3
2.0
1.8
2.0
1.4
2.4
2
.2
.3
.5
.22
4.6
2.4
.2
3.1
0
2.8
2.6
1. 1
.7
1.6
.2
.2
.4
2
.2
.3
2
.2
.2
.3
.2
18
1.8
1.4
2.0
2.0
1.1
1.0
1.6
1.8
1.2
1. 5
2.4
0
1.1
2. 2
1.7
1.7
0.2
.2
.2
0.1
.3
.3
.4
1.5
2.2
1.6
0
2.8
.2
.8
1. 2
2.1
2.5
2.7
2.9
2.1
0.3
.3
2
0.1
.3
1
. 0
.8
.8
.6
. 1
.2
.5
.6
.5
1.2
.6
.3
1.8
1.1
2. 5
.9
1.0
. 1
.2
.2
.3
2
2
.2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 1
.6
.7
9
.
1
2
. 1
5
.4
2
1
1
1
o
.2
.
1
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.4
.4
1.4
.4
.7
1.5
1.3
2.2
.2
.2
.3
1.9
1.3
.3
.3
1.0
.2
.2
.9
.7
.3
1.4
. 1
.2
.2
.2
. 1
. 1
. 1
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
3
.3
.
.5
.3
.6
.2
.
3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
1.8
2.2
.7
1.8
1.6
.7
1.6
.2
.2
1
.2
.2
.2
.2
. 1
.3
.8
.8
.3
. 2
.3
.3
. 2
. 1
.8
.4
1.0
.2
.6
1.5
.
. 2
.4
5.5
1.7
1.1
. 1
2.7
1.5
3.1
. 1
3.6
.3
.3
3.3
5
1.4
.2
.3
1.8
1.6
2.4
1.9
.9
.9
.3
.2
.9
.6
.3
.2
.
5
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
1408
Labor turnover rates
T able B -2 .
in
selected industries 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
Industry
Total accessions
Total
Quits
Discharges
Miscellaneous, in
cluding military
Layoffs
Aug.
July
Aug.
July
Aug.
July
Aug.
July
Aug.
1957
1957
1957
1957
1957
1957
1957
July
1957
1957
Aug.
1957
July
1957
1957
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C ontinued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation
equipm ent).. _________________
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware___
Cutlery and edge tools.____ _______
Handtools.................... . . ..
Hardware___________ _
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies........... ..........
Sanitary ware and plumbers’
supplies_____________ _____
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not elsewhere classified_________
Fabricated structural metal products.
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving__________________
Machinery (except electrical)._________
Engines and turbines________ . . . _
Agricultural machinery and tractors..
Construction and mining m achinery..
Metalworking machinery____ _____
Machine to o ls_____ . . .
Metalworking machinery (except
machine to o l s ) ..._____ ____
Machine-tool accessories________
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)...........
General industrial m achinery...
Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household machines_________________
Miscellaneous machinery parts............
Electrical m achinery... _________
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial app a ra tu s___________________
Communication equipment
Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment_________
Telephone, telegraph, and related
equipment______ _____
Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous products.. _______ _ .
Transportation equipment__________
Motor vehicles and equipment*_____
Aircraft and parts_________
Aircraft. ______________
Aircraft engines and parts
Aircraft propellers and parts____
Other aircraft parts and equipment______ _______
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipment____ __________
Locomotives and parts_____
Railroad and street cars______
Other transportation equipment___
Instruments and related products...........
Photographic apparatus.....................
Watches and clocks__________
Professional and scientific instruments___________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.
3.3
3.2
3.8
2.8
3.4
3.6
2.5
2.2
1.9
2.9
4.0
3.2
2.5
3.5
3.1
3.6
2.9
4.3
2.2
2.9
1. 7
1.6
1.6
1.1
1.9
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.0
1. 7
0.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
0.3
.3
.1
.2
.3
1. 7
1.0
.5
1.9
.7
1.6
1.0
3.0
.7
.5
0. 2
.2
.1
.2
.2
0 3
.3
2
4
3
3.9
3.6
4.0
4.4
1. 7
1.8
.4
.4
1.6
2.0
2
2
3.0
2.7
3.1
1.9
1.3
1.0
.3
.3
1.4
.5
.2
2
4.5
2.6
4.1
4.0
4.4
3.4
5.7
2.7
1.9
1.8
2.2
1.4
.4
.5
.4
1.8
.9
2.7
.7
.2
.2
4.2
3.7
5.0
4.8
1.9
1. 2
.3
.2
2.6
2.9
.4
2.0
1.7
2.1
1. 7
1. 2
.9
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.0
1.2
.9
3.4
5.0
2.0
3.9
3.5
3. 1
2.6
3.6
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.3
1. 2
1.3
.9
1.5
1. 2
1.2
.9
.8
.9
1.1
.8
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
1. 7
3.4
.7
2.0
1.8
1.5
1. 2
2.3
1. 5
1.2
1.3
1. 2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
3
.3
.4
4
.2
1. 2
1.6
1. 1
2.0
3.6
4.0
2.5
3.1
1.4
1.2
.8
1.0
.i
1.4
1 6
2
3
.2
1. 7
1.9
2.7
1.8
2.4
1.8
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.1
2.2
2.1
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.1
.7
.3
.2
.2
.2
3.4
2.2
2.8
1.9
4.4
3.1
4.3
2.0
.9
1.1
.8
.9
3.4
3.2
3.4
2.6
2.0
2.0
4 0
2.3
3.7
2.6
3.8
2.4
2.5
6.0
5.3
4.7
1.5
.9
2.6
.3
.2
.1
.1
3
2
2
.3
.3
2.0
2.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
1.4
1.3
1.1
.7
.1
.1
.2
.2
3.0
1. 6
3.0
.6
1.4
.3
.2
.8
.8
1.3
2.5
1. 2
1.6
.1
.2
.9
.8
2.8
3.1
1.8
.4
.3
.9
.6
4
1
1.9
1.8
.9
.3
.1
.1
.6
4
9
2.2
.3
3
4
2
1
3
.4
4
7
2
2
4.0
3.5
4.1
4.1
1.6
1. 2
.3
.3
1.8
3.4
3.9
1.9
2.0
1.0
(4)
3.9
3.7
2.9
3.0
2.4
2.2
5.5
5.2
4.9
4.9
5.3
(4)
4.5
4.3
3.7
4.0
2.7
1.6
1. 7
1.1
1.9
2.0
1.4
(4)
1.4
.8
1.6
1.8
1. 1
1.2
.3
2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
3.3
3.4
2.6
2.5
3. 5
(4)
3.6
(4)
3.4
3.9
3.2
5.3
3.6
11.3
2.8
1.3
3.4
6.5
5. 7
(4)
9.1
8.5
9.4
4.7
5.0
10.1
5.8
5.3
6.0
2.5
2.1
(4)
1. 1
1.0
1.1
3.4
1.9
3.0
1.0
.6
1.1
1. 7
3.2
(4)
6.0
2.0
2.4
3.3
3.4
(4)
2.5
2.0
1. 2
4.7
2.0
(4)
1.4
.9
.7
.9
(4)
.6
(4)
(4)
.2
.1
.3
.9
(8)
.5
.8
.2
.3
.5
.4
.2
2
4
.2
4
.i
.1
2.1
1. 7
3.0
1.9
1.9
1.0
.2
4.5
4.0
4.7
2.0
4.1
2.0
3.3
1. 7
2.2
1. 5
1.8
1.0
4
.i
2.0
.7
2.1
.6
2.7
.7
2.7
1.6
3.2
.7
3.9
8.5
4.2
.7
5.9
7.2
1.6
.4
2.1
1.8
2.0
.2
2.7
2.1
1.4
2.0
1. 5
1. 5
.9
1.1
(5)
(5)
1.2
1.1
1. 7
2.2
.5
.5
(5)
(5)
1.5
1.1
(4)
(4)
2. 9
(4)
7.3
6. 7
7. 5
.2
9
( 4)
.7
2.
2.
1.
1
1
(4)
_2
5
7
7
8
2
.3
.2
3
4
.3
2
.3
2
2
9
1
(4)
2. 5
6.1
4. 2
3 9
4 2
(5)
8
2
2 9
3
1
(4)
J2
j2
5
7
4
!l
( 4) ’
1
g
3
.3
J2
_2
9
.7
.6
.l
.i
1 3
.2
q
9
.3
.2
2
2
1 5
2. 5
4.7
1
J2
3
.i
.2
.4
.1
.2
.2
1.0
1.4
.2
.2
N o n m an u factu rin g
Metal mining_______ _________ _
Iron mining__________________
Copper mining_____ _______
Lead and zinc mining_____________
Anthracite mining_________________
Bituminous-coal mining..............................
Communication:
Telephone____ _________________
Telegraph 8_________ _________
«
«
2.1
1.9
(4)
(4)
1 See footnote 1 and Note, table B-l.
2 For definition, see footnote 3, table A-2.
3 For definition, see footnote 4, table A-2, except that the labor turnover
series excludes the printing, publishing, and allied industries group, and the
following industries' canning and preserving; women's, misses’, and children's
outerwear; and fertilizer.
4 Not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.8
1.7
(4)
(4)
(8)
.3
( 2)
.
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
j
.1
.1
1 1
( 5)
1.3
6.3
(4)
(4)
( $)
9
( 4)
.3
(4)
4
4
5
1
.2
8 Less than 0.05.
6 Data relate to domestic employees except messengers and those compen
sated entirely on a commission basis.
‘ Formerly titled “ Automobiles.” Data not affected.
Sotjkce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS
1409
C.—Earnings and Hours
T a b l e C - l . H o u r s a n d g r o s s e a r n in g s o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s or n o n s u p e r v is o r y e m p lo y e e s 1
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Mining
Metal
Total: Metal
1955: Average..........
1956: Average_____
August............
September___
October...........
November___
December.......
1957: January..........
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay...... .........
June________
July________
August______
$92. 42
96.83
92. 40
100.30
97.39
96.00
99. 92
98.05
97.29
97.23
97.10
97. 58
98.81
100. 28
100.12
42.2 $2.19 $92. 86
42.1
2. 30 96. 71
40.0
2. 31 82.38
42.5
2. 36 103.41
41.8
2.33 97. 71
41.2
2. 33 98. 21
42.7
2.34 103. 09
41.9
2.34 100.90
41.4
2.35 99.31
41.2
2. 36 99.45
40.8
2.38 96. 26
41.0
2. 38 99. 58
2.41 103.06
41.0
40.6
2. 47 109. 61
40.7
2.46 108. 94
M ining—C ont inued
Petroleum and natural-gas production (except contract services)
1955: Average........... $94.19
1956: Average......... 101.68
A ugust........... 100.28
September___ 107. 70
October_____ 101.09
November___ 101.50
December___ 104. 58
1957: Jan u ary ... . . 104. 83
February........ 101.91
M arch______ 101.25
April___ ____ 100. 75
M ay________ 104.23
J u n e . . _____ 109.18
July------------- 110.00
August______ 106. 78
40.6
41.0
40.6
42.4
40.6
40.6
41.5
41.6
40.6
40.5
40.3
40.4
41.2
41.2
40.6
$96.29
36.2 $2.66
101.92
2.80
36.4
104. 53 37.2
2.81
2.84
106. 22 37.4
37.4
2.86
106.96
2. 87
102. 75 35.8
2.89
104. 91 36.3
D ecem ber
34.1
2.
92
99.57
1957: January
2. 91
36.3
105.63
February
2.91
104. 76 36.0
2.92
105. 70 36.2
A p ril
107. 02 36.4
2.94
2.94
108. 49 36.9
2.96
108. 93 36.8
July
2. 96
August______ 110. 70 37.4
Building construetion—Con.
Special-trade contractors—Continued
vi f
contractors
1955: Average.......... $96. 21 35.5
1956: Average.......... 102. 39 35.8
August______ 105. 33 36.7
September___ 107. 22 37.1
October_____ 107. 67 37.0
November.
103. 08 35.3
December....... 104. 73 35.5
1957: January_____ 95.93
32.3
February____ 104. 25 35.1
M arch______ 103. 49 35.2
35.4
April............... 105.14
June________ 108.84 36.4
July________ 108.60
36.2
August............ 112. 34 37.2
See footnotes at end of table.
4 4 4 5 2 5 — 5 7 --------- 8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.31
2. 43
2. 43
2.51
2. 48
2. 48
2.49
2. 51
2.54
2. 55
2.56
2. 56
2.57
2. 68
2.67
44.5
44.6
45.2
45.8
45.6
44.5
43.6
42.0
43.1
43.4
43.3
44.3
45.0
44.9
45.5
$1.82
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.97
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.98
2.01
2.02
2.03
General contractors
1055: Average
1056; Average
Aiignsti
September
Oetoher
November
-
40.2
39.8
33.9
41.2
39.4
39.6
41.4
40.2
39.1
39.0
37.6
38.9
40.1
40.9
40.8
Copper
Nonmetallic mining
and quarrying
$2.32 $80. 99
2. 48 85.63
2. 47 87.69
2. 54 89. 77
2. 49 89. 83
2.50 87.22
2. 52 85.46
2. 52 82. 32
2.51 84.05
2. 50 84.63
2.50 84.87
2. 58 87. 71
2. 65 90. 45
2. 67 90. 70
2. 63 92. 37
construction
nn
Coal
Iron
a
*.
$90. 22
95.04
98.05
99.06
99.80
96. 21
96. 48
89. 76
98.19
95.93
97. 46
99.00
100. 65
102. 03
103. 69
35.8
36.0
37.0
37 i
37.1
35.5
35.6
33.0
36.1
35.4
35.7
36.0
36.6
36.7
37.3
$95. 70
100. 28
100. 62
103.84
101.32
96.93
100.66
99.68
98.37
98. 94
99.83
99.17
98.88
98.00
96.87
44.1
43.6
43.0
44.0
43.3
41.6
43.2
42.6
42.4
42.1
42.3
42.2
41.2
40.0
39.7
Lead and zinc
$2.17 $83. 82
2. 30 89.24
2.34 91.37
2.36 89.40
2.34 89.25
2.33 88. 37
2. 33 91.14
2.34 89. 44
2. 32 88. 78
2. 35 90.25
2. 36 91.10
2.35 90. 03
2. 40 89.60
2. 45 87. 85
2.44 88. 51
Total: Contract
construction
$95.94
101.83
104.94
106. 92
107.14
102. 48
103. 78
98. 55
104.80
104. 23
104.88
106.39
108.11
109.15
111.27
41.7 $2.01 $84. 50 33.4
41.7
2.14 87. 65 33.2
42.3
2.16 87. 25
33.3
41.2
2.17 87. 88
33.8
41.9
2.13 94.87
35.4
41.1
33.9
2.15 91.19
42.0
2.17 107. 45 36.3
41.6
2.15 105. 55 35.9
41.1
2.16 95.36
32.0
41.4
2.18 79. 79
27.8
41.6
2.19 92.06
31.1
41.3
2.18 88. 70 30.8
41.1
2.18 100. 50 34.3
40.3
2.18
40.6
2.18 91.08
3Ï.3
Contract construction
36.4
36.7
37.4
37.7
37.6
36.0
36.8
34.9
36. 5
36.5
36.5
36.8
37.2
36.8
37.5
Bituminous
$2.53
2.64
2.62
2.60
2. 68
2. 69
2. 96
2.94
2.98
2. 87
2.96
2.88
2. 93
$96.26
106. 22
102. 49
106.12
110. 38
106. 79
115.33
110.63
112. 51
109. 58
111.74
107. 76
114.68
112.17
2.91 110.05
37.6
37.8
37.0
37.9
37.8
36.2
38.7
37.5
38.4
37.4
37.0
35.8
37.6
36.3
36.2
$2. 66
2.81
2. 77
2.80
2.92
2.95
2.98
2.95
2.93
2.93
3.02
3.01
3.05
3.09
3.04
Nonbuilding construction
Total: Nonbuilding
construction
36.9 $2.60 $95.11
40.3 $2.36
37.3
2. 73 101. 59
40.8
2.49
38.3
2. 74 106.42
42.4
2.51
38.6
2. 53
2. 77 108.28
42.8
38.4
2. 79 108.12
42.4
2. 55
36.6
2.80 100.84
2. 54
39.7
2. 55
36.8
2.82 99.96
39.2
34.7
2.84 94. 86 37.2
2. 55
36.9
2. 84 101.38
39.6
2.56
36.7
2. 84 100.47
39.4
2. 55
2. 58
36.8
2.85 100.88
39.1
37.2
2.86 103. 88
39.8
2.61
37.8
2. 62
2.86 106. 63 40.7
37.9
2. 88 110. 77
41.8
2. 65
2. 89 112. 67
38.5
42.2
2. 67
Building construction
Special-trade
Total Special-trade
contractors
$2. 52 $100.83
2.64 107. 16
2.65 109.96
2.67 111.97
2.69 112. 05
2. 71 108. 00
2. 71 111. 14
2. 72 106.45
2. 72 111.33
2.71 110. 96
2.73 111.33
2. 75 112.61
2. 75 114.58
2. 78 113.34
2. 78 115. 88
Anthracite
Plumbing and
heating
$2. 77 $106. 40
2. 92 112.31
2.94 114.35
2.97 115.03
2.98 115.41
3.00 112.57
3.02 117.56
3.05 115.67
3.05 116.89
3.04 116.97
3. 05 116.97
3.06 117. 73
3.08 119. 42
3.08 116. 80
3.09 119. 42
38.0
38.2
38.5
38.6
38.6
37.4
38.8
37.8
38.2
38.1
38.1
38.1
38.4
37.8
38.4
$2.80
2.94
2. 97
2.98
2.99
3.01
3.03
3.06
3.06
3.07
3.07
3.09
3.11
3.09
3.11
Highway and street
$91.27
97. 63
105.16
106.12
106. 52
95.41
90. 94
83. 90
93.09
91.77
93.37
96.64
101. 33
107.01
109.37
41.3
41.9
44.0
44.4
44.2
40.6
39.2
36.8
40.3
39.9
39.9
40.1
41.7
43.5
44.1
$2.21
2.33
2.39
2. 39
2. 41
2.35
2. 32
2. 28
2.31
2.30
2.34
2.41
2.43
2.46
2.48
Other nonbuilding
construction
$98. 50
104. 94
107. 83
110. 27
109. 75
105. 30
106. 23
101.73
106. 50
106. 35
106. 54
109. 93
111.32
114. 05
116.12
39.4
39.9
41.0
41.3
40.8
39.0
39.2
37.4
39.3
39.1
38.6
39.4
39.9
40.3
40.6
$2.50
2.63
2.63
2. 67
2.69
2. 70
2. 71
2.72
2. 71
2. 72
2. 76
2.79
2. 79
2. 83
2.86
contractors
Painting and
decorating
$94.38
100.10
103.10
103. 24
104.11
98.36
100. 74
97.28
99. 57
102.31
102.31
104.14
105. 55
105.95
107.10
34.7
35.0
35.8
35.6
35.9
33.8
34.5
33.2
34.1
34.8
34.8
35.3
35.3
35.2
35.7
Electrical work
$2. 72 $116.52
2.86 125. 61
2.88 127.68
2.90 131. 78
2.90 130. 87
2.91 124. 97
2.92 129. 82
2. 93 127. 65
2.92 130.75
2.94 131. 26
2. 94 130. 48
2. 95 131.66
2.99 134.06
3.01 132.83
3.00 132. 50
39.1
39.5
39.9
40.3
39.9
38.1
39.7
38.8
39.5
39.3
39.3
39.3
39.9
39.3
39.2
$2.98
3.18
3.20
3.27
3.28
3.28
3. 27
3.29
3.31
3.34
3.32
3. 35
3.36
3.38
3.38
Manufacturing
Total: Manufacturing
$2.71 $76.52
2. 86 79.99
2. 87 79.79
2.89 81.81
2. 91 82. 21
2.92 82.22
2. 95 84. 05
2.97 82.41
2. 97 82. 41
2.94 82.21
2.97 81.59
2.99 82.80
3.00 82.18
3.02 82.80
40.7
40.4
40.3
40.7
40.7
40.5
41.0
40.2
40.2
40.1
39.8
40.0
39.7
40.0
Durable goods a
$1.88 $83. 21
1.98 86.31
1.98 85.68
2.01 88.38
2.02 89.01
2.03 88.99
2.05 91.34
2.05 89.16
2.05 88. 75
2.05 88.94
2.05 88.29
2.07 88.70
2.07 88.00
2.07 88.66
41.4
41.1
40.8
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.9
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.5
40.0
40.3
Nondurable goods *
$2.01 $68.06
2.10 71.10
2.10 71.68
2.14 72.44
2.15 72. 65
2.16 72.86
2.18 73.84
2.18 72.73
2.17 73.10
2.18 73.12
2.18 72. 74
2.19 74.09
2. 20 74.47
2.20 74. 26
39.8
39.5
39.6
39.8
39.7
39.6
39.7
39.1
39.3
39.1
38.9
39.2
39.4
39.5
Total: Ordnance
and accessories
$1.71 $83.44
1.80 91.54
1.81 90.64
1.82 93 88
1.83 95.18
1.84 94.50
1.86 96. 70
1.86 95.76
1.86 96.18
1.87 95.68
1.87 95.63
1.89 94.83
1.89 93.60
1.88 93. 83
40.7
41.8
41.2
42.1
42.3
42.0
42.6
42.0
42.0
4.16
41.4
40.7
40.0
40.1
Food and kindred
products
Total: Food and
kindred products4
$2. 05 $72.10
2.19 75.03
2.20 74.16
2.23 76.02
2.25 75.99
2.25 78.06
2.27 77. 71
2.28 77.18
2. 29 77.39
2.30 76. 81
2.31 77.20
2.33 78.94
2.34 79.27
2.34 77. 93
41.2
41.0
41.2
42.0
41.3
41.3
40.9
40.2
40.1
39.8
40.0
40.9
41.5
40.8
$1.75
1.83
1.80
1.81
1.84
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.91
1.91
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
1410
T able
C - l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
M anufacturing—C on tinued
Year and month
Food and kindred products—Continued
Meat products *5
1955: Average_____ $83.16
1956: Average_____ 84.03
80.59
A ugust------September-... 85. 20
84. 23
October....... .
November___ 91.80
87.14
December___
1957: January_____ 87.10
February------ 85. 57
March__ ___
83. 71
84.99
April_______
M ay--- --------- 86.28
87.13
June_____ Ju ly ------------- 87. 31
A u g u s t-------- 85.20
42.0 $1.98 $86. 92
2.02 92.00
41.6
40.7
1.98 87. 74
2.00 93. 74
42.6
41.7
2.02 92.84
43.3
2.12 101.85
41.3
2. 11 96. 87
40.7
2.14 97. 25
2.15 94. 71
39.8
39.3
2.13 92.52
39.9
2.13 93.15
40.7
2.12 95.17
41. 1 2.12 95. 87
40.8
2.14 95. 76
40.0
2.13 94.13
Canning and
preserving 8
1955: Average------- $56. 50
1956: Average_____ 62.02
August--------- 65. 05
September__
66. 73
64. 96
October. . .
November___ 57.56
December----- 61.02
1957: January_____ 61.99
February____ 61.78
March__ . . .
61.59
62.83
A p ril---------M ay________ 62.75
61.18
June........... .
July------------- 64.17
A ugust........ — 66.33
40.9
40.6
40.5
40.9
40.6
40.5
40.3
39.8
40.0
39.8
40.2
40.4
40.9
41.0
40.8
1955: Average-------- $.58.11
1956: Average_____ 61.85
August.. __
61. 54
September___ 64.53
October... ._ 63. 34
November___ 62. 71
December___
63.02
1957: January_____ 62.0E
February____ 63.84
64.32
March______
A p ril____ _
63.60
M a y . . _____ 63. 57
June________ 65.85
July------------- 64. 22
August............ 65.29
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
39.9 $1.47 $77. 62
41.5
1.59 80.97
43.4
1.58 81.59
44.9
1.59 85.00
43. 1 1.63 84. 42
39.0
1.57 82.70
39.4
1.65 83. 14
38.8
1.68 83. 38
39.3
1.67 82.60
38.4
1. 71 82. 03
38.2
1.74 82. 22
39.2
1. 70 83. 61
38.6
1.66 83.66
44.0
1. 53 86.72
41.2
1. 68 87. 76
39.7
40.0
40.1
41.4
40.0
39.0
39.3
38.7
38.9
38.8
39.0
39.6
40.9
41.6
40.7
39.7 $1.41 $82. 22
39.8
1.5C 85. 41
39.5
1. 51 87.51
1.53 84.99
41.0
40.4
1.52 84.96
40.1
1.52 85.97
1.52 86.18
40.3
1.53 84. 67
39.0
1.56 85. 72
39.6
40. C 1.56 86.2E
39.2
1. 57 87.16
38.7
1. 58 88. 62
40.2
1.5f 91.35
39. C 1.5S 92.74
40.1
1.58 89. 73
40.5
40.1
40.7
39.9
39.7
39.8
39. £
39.2
39.5
39.4
39.8
40.1
40.6
41.4
40.6
44.1
43.3
43.4
44.5
44.2
43.3
43.3
43.2
42.8
42.5
42.6
43.1
43.8
44.7
44.1
42.7
41.8
42.6
43.5
43.9
41.7
40.9
41.1
39.7
40.9
40.2
41.6
45.3
43.4
40.6
M a lt liquors
42.0 $1.51 $97.84
41.2
1. 57 103.08
42.3
1.58 107.33
41.1
1. 59 102. 31
40.6
1.56 100. 49
40.4
1. 58 102. 57
41.6
1.61 104.28
40.5
1. 58 102.18
40.7
1.58 103. 49
40.6
1.60 103. 74
41. C 1.59 105. 86
41.5
1.62 108.13
1.67 111 35
42.5
43.7
1.66 112. 74
42.2
1. 62 110.00
40.1
39.8
40.5
39.5
38.5
39.0
39.5
39.0
39.2
39.0
39.5
39.9
40.2
40.7
40.0
42.9
42.1
42.0
42. 7
42.2
41.8
41.3
40.7
41.4
41.4
41.5
42.8
42.8
43.8
41.9
$1. 75
1.84
1.83
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.91
1. 93
1.96
1.97
1.95
P re p a r e d feed s
44.9 $1.86 $74. 25
43.9
1.93 76. 83
43.9
1.96 75. 86
45.9
2.00 78. 94
45. 4 1.98 78. 32
44.6
2.00 77.94
44.8
1.98 78.99
45.5
2.00 79. 17
44.1
1.98 I f. 47
43.3
1.96 77.29
43. 1 1.97 79. 06
43.4
1.97 79. 17
43.3
1.99 80. 10
44.3
2.02 81.99
2.04 81.90
43.3
C an e-sugar refining
43.8 $1.76 $84.12
1.86 86.94
43.0
40.8
1. 95 87. 76
41.8
1.98 92.22
1.81 93.95
43.0
49. 5 1.73 89.66
47.5
1.76 86. 71
39.4
2.00 88. 78
40.6
2.01 85. 75
40.8
2.04 88. 75
39.4
2.06 87. 64
40.2
2.08 91. 10
43.4
2.13 102.38
42.0
2. 09 96.78
38.7
2.06 88.51
Ice cream a n d ices
45.4 $1.64 $75. 08
43.9
1.73 77. 46
1.74 76. 86
44.0
44.4
1. 77 79. 42
1.75 78. 49
43.0
42.5
1.77 78. 17
42. 7 1.78 78. 47
43.4
1.80 77. 33
42.6
1.80 78.66
42.9
1.83 79.07
42.7
1.83 79. 27
43.3
1.83 82.60
43.2
1.85 83.89
43.6
1.85 86. 29
42.8
1.84 81.71
F lo u r a n d other
g ra in -m ill p ro d u c ts
$1.76 $83. 51
1.87 84.73
1.88 86. 04
1.91 91.80
1.91 89. 89
1.91 89. 20
1.92 88.70
1.93 91.00
1.93 87. 32
1.93 84.87
1.93 84.91
1.94 85. 50
1. 91 86.17
1.94 89. 49
1.99 88.33
B o ttled so ft drin k s
$2.03 $63. 42
2.13 64. 68
2.15 66.83
2.13 65. 35
2.14 63. 34
2.16 63.83
2.16 66.98
2.16 63.99
2.17 64.31
2.19 64.96
2. IE 65. IE
2.21 67.23
2. 25 70.98
2. 24 72. 54
2. 21 68.36
C on den sed a n d
evaporated m ilk
$1.67 $74. 46
1.74 75.95
1.74 76.56
1.76 78.59
1.76 75.25
1. 77 75.23
1. 79 76.01
1.81 78.12
1.80 76. 68
1.81 78.51
1.81 78.14
1.82 79. 24
1.83 79. 92
1.85 89. 66
1.84 78. 75
Sugar 8
$1.58 $77.09
1.65 79. 98
1.66 79. 56
1.66 82. 76
1.66 77.83
1.67 85.64
1.70 83. 60
1.71 78.80
1.71 81.61
1.70 83.23
1. 71 81. 16
1.71 83. 62
1. 72 92. 44
1.73 87. 78
1.73 79. 72
Beverages 5
43.4
42.3
42.8
43.0
42.5
42.5
42.2
41.8
41.7
42.0
41.9
42.6
43.1
43.7
42.3
Grain-mill products8
B is c u its , crackers,
a n d p r e tz e ls
$1.75 $62. 73
1.84 66.00
1.86 66. 57
1.87 68. 72
1.87 66. 40
1.89 65.13
1.86 66.81
1.87 66.18
1.88 66. 52
1.88 65.96
1.89 66.69
1.91 67. 72
1.92 70.35
1.93 71.97
1.92 70. 41
C onfectionery
39.8 $1.46 $55.98
39. S 1. 55 59.7(1
39.7
1.55 59. 65
41.1
1.57 62. 73
1.56 61.41
40.6
40.2
1.56 60.95
40.4
1. 56 61.26
39.3
1.58 59.67
39. E 1.60 61.78
40.2
1.6C 62.4C
1. 61 61. 54
39 5
39. C 1. 6£ 61.15
40.4
1. 63 63. 92
39.4
1.6Î 61. 62
1.62 63.36
40.3
See footnotes at end of table.
41.1
40.7
40.6
40.8
40.7
40.9
40.6
40.1
40.3
40.1
40.5
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.8
41.8 $1.94 $72. 48
2. 05 74. 47
41.5
41.7
2.04 74. 47
41.9
2.06 75.68
40.7
2.05 74. 80
42.2
2.10 75.23
41 4 2.11 75. 54
40. 1 2.12 75.66
39.8
2.13 75.06
39.3
2.13 76.02
40.5
2.15 75. 84
41.0
2.17 77. 53
41.8
2. 18 78.87
41.6
2. 19 80.85
40.5
2.18 77. 83
C a n n ed f r u its vegetables, a n d so u p s
$1. 57 $58. 65
1. 65 65. 99
1.61 68. 57
1.69 71.39
1. 67 70.25
1.67 61 23
1. 72 65.01
1.70 65. 18
1.69 65. 63
1. 72 65. 66
1.71 66. 47
1. 73 66.64
1.57 64.08
1.63 67. 32
1.71 69.22
B re a d a n d other
bakery p ro d u c ts
$1.72 $71. 93
1.80 74. 89
1.82 75. 52
1.83 76.30
1.83 76.11
1.85 77. 30
1.83 75. 52
1.84 74.99
1.85 75. 76
1.84 75.39
1.85 76. 55
1.87 77. 55
1.88 78. 53
1.89 78.94
1.88 78.34
Confectionery and
related products 5
32.2
30.7
30.9
28.9
30.1
26.8
31.9
29.7
27.4
30.9
31.4
31.1
32.0
33.6
29.8
Dairy products8
Sa u sa g es and
casings
42.4 $2.05 $81.09
2.18 85.08
42.2
2.14 85.07
41.0
2.17 86. 31
43.2
42.2
2.20 83. 44
2. 32 88. 62
43.9
2.29 87.35
42.3
42. 1 2.31 85.01
2.31 84. 77
41.0
40 4 2. 29 83. 71
2. 30 87. 08
40.5
2.31 88. 97
41.2
41.5
2.31 91.12
41.1
2. 33 91.10
40.4
2.33 88. 29
Seafood, ca n n ed and
cured
38.7 $1.46 $50. 55
39.5
1. 57 50.66
41.7
1.56 49. 75
1.57 48.84
42.5
1.60 50. 27
40.6
36.9
1.56 44. 76
37.9
1.61 54. 87
37.8
1.64 50. 49
37.9
1.63 46.31
37. 1 1.66 53. 15
37.4
1.68 53. 69
37.8
1.66 53.80
1.61 50. 24
38.0
41.4
1.55 54.77
40.2
1.65 50. 96
Bakery products 8
1955: Average_____ $70.35
1956: Average_____ 73.08
August______ 73. 71
74.85
September__
October___
74.30
November___ 74. 93
December___
73. 75
73. 23
1957: J a n u a ry .___
February........ 74.00
March_____
73.23
74. 37
April----------M ay................ 75. 55
76.89
June_____ _
July------------- 77.49
August______ 76. 70
M e a tp a c k in g , wholesale
45.0
43.9
43.6
44.6
44.0
43.3
43.4
43.5
42.8
42.7
43.2
43.5
44.5
45.3
45.0
$1.65
1.75
1. 74
1. 77
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.83
1.82
1.80
1.81
1.82
B eet sugar
$1.97 $73. 35
2. 08 78.12
2.06 72.57
2. 12 77.60
2.14 71.88
2.15 85. 31
2.12 85.80
2.16 71.23
2. 16 83.07
2. 17 79.98
2. 18 78. 39
2. 19 74. 40
2. 26 81.61
2.23 79. 79
2.18 70.75
42.4
43.4
37.6
40.0
43.3
49.6
48.2
37.1
42.6
39.4
39.0
37.2
40.2
40 3
35.2
$1.73
1.80
1.93
1.94
1.66
1.72
1.78
1.92
1.95
2.03
2. 01
2.00
2.03
1.98
2.01
D is tille d , rectified, and
blended liquors
$2. 44 $78. 76
2.59 81. 9C
2.65 79. 46
2.59 80.05
2.61 86. 62
2.63 88. 94
2. 64 82.35
2. 62 80.59
2.64 84.42
2.66 83. 76
2.68 85 0E
2.71 83. 54
2. 77 84. 42
2. 77 86.02
2. 75 86.36
38.8 $2.03
39.0
2.10
38.2
2.08
38.3
2.09
40.1
2.16
40.8
2.18
38.3
2.15
36.8
2.19
38.2
2.21
37. S 2.21
38.5
2. 21
37.8
2.21
38.2
2. 21
39.1
2.20
38.9
2.22
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
1411
T able C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Miscellaneous food
products 8
1955: Average_____ $67.97
1956: Average—........ 72.92
August............ 73.80
September___ 75.17
October......... . 74. 98
November___ 75.95
75.40
December___
1957: January_____ 75. 62
February____ 77.00
M arch______
75.03
April_______
74.85
74. 30
M ay________
76. 36
June__ _____
J u l y - ....... ...... 77. 79
August............ 78.06
41.7
41.2
41.0
41.3
41.2
41.5
41.2
41.1
41.4
41.0
40.9
40.6
41.5
41.6
41.3
$1.63
1. 77
1. 80
1. 82
1. 82
1.83
1.83
1. 84
1.86
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.87
1.89
C orn s ir u p , sugar,
oil, a n d starch
$83.16
86. 53
90.09
89.62
92. 42
90. 50
90. 03
89. 44
87. 53
87. 10
86.88
88.80
90.69
95. 37
96.02
42.0
41.4
41.9
41.3
42.2
41.9
41.3
41.6
40.9
40.7
40.6
41.3
41.6
42.2
42.3
Tobacco manufactures
M a n u fa c tu r e d ice
$1.98 $66. 28
2. 09 69. 71
2.15 69.64
2.17 69. 76
2.19 69.28
2.16 71. 07
2.18 72. 61
2.15 71.97
2.14 73. 55
2.14 72.58
2.14 73. 02
2.15 72.90
2.18 72.70
2.26 74.49
2.27 73.37
45.4
44.4
43.8
43.6
43.3
43.6
45.1
44.7
45.4
44.8
44.8
45.0
44.6
45.7
44.2
$1.46
1. 57
1. 59
1.60
1.60
1.63
1.61
1. 61
1. 62
1. 62
1.63
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.66
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
$51.60
56.41
55.52
56.30
54.91
56.41
58. 90
57. 81
57. 37
57. 99
57.04
61.78
60.99
63. 76
57. 51
Tobacco manufactures—Continued
Tobacco and snuff
1955: Average....... ... $54.17
57.13
1956: Average____
August.........— 57. 44
September___ 58. 28
October........... 58. 28
November___ 58.88
60. 29
December___
1957: January_____ 58.30
February____ 57. 56
March______
57.92
April ..........
57.83
M a y _______
59.98
June__ . . . . 61.94
Julv________
62.16
August______ 62. 27
37.1
37.1
37.3
37.6
37.6
37.5
38.4
36.9
36.2
36.2
35. 7
36.8
38.0
37.9
38.2
$1. 46
1. 54
1. 54
1. 55
1. 55
1. 57
1. 57
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.64
1.63
39.8
39.5
39.6
39.2
38.4
38.2
40.0
39.9
39.5
39. 1
39.0
39.2
38.9
38.9
39.4
$1.30 $54. 27
1. 35 56.28
1. 37 54. 23
1.37 55.04
1.40 58. 46
1. 42 59. 42
1. 40 59. 71
1.41 57. 57
1. 40 56. 70
1.41 56.55
1.40 56.26
1.40 55.97
1.40 56. 41
1.41 56.26
1.42 56. 99
Narrow fabrics
and small wares
1955: Average_____ $56. 28
1956: Average_____ 58. 51
August______ 58.31
September___ 59.05
O cto b er____
58.80
November___ 58. 59
December....... 60.30
1957: January_____ 60.80
February____ 60. 40
M arch______
60.70
April_______
60.10
M ay________
60.10
June_______
61. 40
July________
61.51
August_____ _ 61.10
40.2
39.8
39.4
39.9
39.2
38.8
40.2
40.0
40.0
40.2
39.8
39.8
40.4
40.2
40.2
See footnotes at end of table,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.5
40.2
39.3
39.6
40.6
40.7
40.9
39.7
39.1
39.0
38.8
38.6
38.9
38.8
39.3
Total: Textilemill products
$1.06 $55. 74
1.20 57. 57
1.17 56.45
1.14 56. 99
1.13 59. 75
1.18 60. 30
1. 24 60. 30
1.25 58. 65
1.27 58.80
1. 34 58. 35
1. 45 57. 90
1.46 57.60
1.45 58.35
1.44 57.90
1.22 58. 65
Broad-woven
fabric mills 8
T h read m ills
1955: Average_____ $51. 74
1956: Average_____
,53. 33
August______ 54. 25
September___ 53.70
October_____
53. 76
November___ 54. 24
December___
56.00
1957: January.. . . . 56. 26
February____ 55.30
M arch______
55.13
A p ril.......... .
54.60
May________
54.88
June________ 54.46
July________
54.85
August______ 55. 95
39.7
39.2
39.3
43.6
40.4
37.3
39.4
38.1
38.7
36.9
37.0
38.6
37.6
38.3
38.3
$1.33 $67.30
1. 45 70.88
1. 42 72.34
1. 38 71. 98
1. 39 70.35
1.45 72. 85
1. 48 76.08
1. 49 75.17
1.49 71.06
1.53 71.28
1. 55 67.88
1.58 77.19
1.58 74.59
1.61 81.16
1.49 71.92
40.3
40.5
41.1
40.9
40.2
40.7
41.8
41.3
39.7
39.6
37.5
41.5
40.1
43.4
39.3
$1.67
1. 75
1. 76
1. 76
1.75
1.79
1.82
1. 82
1.79
1.80
1. 48
1.88
1.86
1.87
1.83
$43. 90
47.63
47. 87
48. 77
49.41
50.57
49. 92
48.12
49.01
48. 10
47. 55
48.86
49.63
47. 78
50.67
37.2
37.5
37.4
38.1
38.3
38.6
38.4
37.3
37.7
37.0
36.3
37.3
37.6
36.2
38.1
$1.18
1.27
1.28
1.28
1. 29
1.31
1.30
1. 29
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.33
40.1
39.7
39.2
39.3
40.1
40.2
40.2
39. 1
39.2
38.9
38.6
38.4
38.9
38.6
39.1
Scouring and
combing plants
$1.39 $63. 86
1. 45 66. 56
1.44 68. 48
1.45 66. 33
1.49 66. 67
1. 50 67. 16
1.50 67. 23
1.50 65. 19
1. 50 65.83
1.50 62. 65
1.50 64. 72
1. 50 65.92
1.50 68.20
1. 50 69.47
1. 50 62.81
41.2
41.6
42.8
41.2
40.9
40.7
41.5
41.0
41.4
39.4
40.2
41.2
42.1
42.1
39.5
Yarn and
thread mills 8
$1.55 $50.04
1.60 52.53
1.60 51.86
1.61 51.72
1.63 53.72
1.65 55. 46
1.62 54. 79
1. 59 54.10
1.59 53. 82
1. 59 52.99
1.61 52.44
1.60 52. 68
1.62 52.85
1.65 53.10
1.59 53.24
39.4
39.2
3S.7
38.6
39.5
39.9
39.7
39.2
39.0
38.4
38.0
37.9
38.3
38.2
38.3
V a rn m ills
$1. 27 $50.04
1.34 52. ,53
1.34 51. 86
1.34 51.72
1. 36 54. 25
1.39 56. 00
1.38 55.18
1.38 54. 49
1. 38 54.21
1.38 52. 99
1.38 52.68
1.39 52. 54
1.38 53. 24
1.39 53.10
1.39 53.24
39.4
39.2
3S. 7
38.6
39.6
40.0
39.7
39.2
39.0
38.4
37.9
37.8
38.3
38.2
3^.3
$1.27
1.34
1. 34
1.34
1.37
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.38
1.39
1.39
1..39
1.36
1.39
C otton , silk , syn th etic fiber
W oolen a n d w orsted
United States
$1.34 $52. 79
1. 40 54. 66
1.38 52. 65
1. 39 53. 06
1. 44 57. 51
1. 46 58.54
1. 46 58.34
1.45 56. 49
1.45 55.10
1. 45 55.34
1.45 55. 06
1.45 54.10
1.45 54. 91
1.45 54. 77
1.45 55. 77
40.3
39.9
39.0
39.3
40.5
40.8
40.8
39.5
38.8
38.7
38.5
38.1
38.4
38.3
39.0
North
$1.31 $57. 63
1.37 58. 46
1.35 57. 37
1. 35 57. 75
1. 42 60.10
1. 43 59. 58
1.43 61.16
1.43 57.00
1. 42 56. 47
1. 43 57. 61
1.43 57. 46
1.42 57.61
1.43 59. 67
1.43 59. 98
1.43 60. 59
40.3
39.5
38.5
38.5
39.8
39.2
40.5
37.5
37.4
37.9
37.8
37.9
39.0
39.2
39.6
South
$1.43 $51.99
1.48 54.00
1. 49 51. 61
1.50 52.40
1. 51 56. 84
1. 52 58. 36
1.51 58.08
1. 52 56.12
1. 51 54. 99
1.52 54. 71
1.52 54.43
1.52 53.72
1.53 54.00
1.53 53. 86
1.53 54. 85
40.3
40.0
39.1
39.4
40.6
41.1
40.9
39.8
39.0
38.8
38.6
38.1
38.3
38.2
38.9
F u ll-fash ion ed hosiery
Knitting mills 8
$1.40 $50. 81
1.47 53.68
1.48 54.10
1.48 54.20
1.50 55.06
1.51 55.15
1.50 54.43
1.52 53. 36
1. 51 54. 09
1. 51 54. 31
1.51 53. 65
1.51 53. 73
1.52 54. 46
1.53 53. 94
1.52 54. 81
Cigars
Textile-mill products
Tobacco stemming
and redrying
$42.08
47.04
45. 98
49.70
45. 65
44.01
48. 86
47.63
49. 15
49.45
53. 65
56. 36
54. 52
55.15
46.73
38.8
38.9
39.
40.8
39.5
38.9
39.8
38.8
38.
37.9
36.8
39.1
38.6
39.6
38.6
Cigarettes
United States
38.2 $1.33 $56. 54
37.8
1. 42 58. 98
38. 1 1. 42 57. 53
37.9
1.43 57. 83
38.5
1.43 59. 21
38.3
1.44 60.37
1. 44 60. 61
37.8
36.8
1.45 59. 59
37.3
1.45 59. 59
37.2
1. 46 59. 75
37.0
1.45 57. 97
36.8
1.46 55.80
37.3
1.46 54. 56
37.2
1.45 54.10
1. 45 55. 75
37.8
38.2
38.3
37.6
37.8
38.7
39.2
39.1
38. 2
38.2
38.3
37.4
36.0
35.2
34.9
36.2
$1. 48 $55. 42
1.54 58. 98
1.53 58. 67
1.53 59. 98
1.53 59.89
1. 54 61.20
1. 55 59. 34
1. 56 58. 75
1.56 58.60
1. 56 59. 06
1.55 56. 62
1.55 57 60
1.55 58.06
1.55 58. 37
1. 54 59. 21
North
37.7
38.8
38.6
39.2
39.4
40.0
39.3
37.9
38.3
38.6
38.0
37.4
37.7
37.9
38.2
41.7
41.6
41.0
41.3
41.1
40.1
41.3
40.9
41.3
41.2
40.9
41.7
42.0
41.6
41.3
$1. 52
1.57
1.57
1.57
1. 60
1.60
1. 61
1.60
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.59
S ea m less hosiery
South
$1.47 $56.83
1. 52 59.06
1.52 57. 13
1.53 56. 92
1. 52 58. 75
1.53 60.30
1. 51 61. 23
1. 55 59. 75
1.53 59.82
1.53 59.82
1.49 58.40
1.54 55. 22
1.54 53.20
1.54 52.08
1.55 54. 52
$1.29 $63.38
1.3p 65. 31
1.3, 64. 37
1.33 64. 84
1.40 65. 76
1.42 64. 16
1.42 66. 49
1.41 65. 44
1.41 66. 49
1.41 65. 92
1.41 65.44
1.41 66. 72
1.41 67.20
1.41 66. 56
1.41 65.67
38.4
38.1
37.1
37.2
38.4
38.9
39.0
38.3
38.1
38. 1
37.2
35.4
34.1
33.6
35.4
United States
$1.48 $42.80
1. 55 46.21
1. 54 47.09
1.53 47.06
1. 53 49. 13
1. 55 49. 50
1. 57 49. 24
1.56 47. 75
1.57 48. 64
1.57 47.97
1.57 47. 30
1.56 47.88
1.56 49. 21
1.55 47. 95
1. 54 49.50
36.9 $1.16
36. 1 1.28
36.5
1.29
36.2
1.30
37.5
1. 31
37. 5 1.32
37.3
1.32
35.9
1. 33
36.3
1.34
35.8
1.34
35.3
1.34
36.0
1.33
37.0
1.33
36.6
1.31
37.5
1.32
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
1412
T able C - l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Year and month
Textile-mill products—Continued
S e a m le ss hosiery —Continued
38.6
37.9
38.6
38.8
39.1
38.4
37.4
36.9
37.6
36.9
37.2
37.9
38.1
38.6
39.0
$1.21 $42. 21
1.30 45.82
1.29 46.57
1.33 46.18
1.33 48.73
1.33 49.24
1.34 49.24
1.36 47.61
1.37 48.01
1.38 47.35
1.36 46.90
1.35 47.48
1.34 48.94
1.35 47.19
1.34 49.24
Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings *
1955: Average-------- $73. 74
1956: Average_____ 73.98
74.48
August....... .
September___ 75.89
76.49
October_____
76.31
November---December....... 77.28
1957: January-------- 76. 96
February........ 78. 26
M arch..........— 75. 44
74.34
April_______
M ay________ 73.05
• June................ 72.29
Ju ly .— ........... 72.07
August............ 73.02
41.9
41.1
41.6
41.7
41.8
41.7
42.0
41.6
42.3
41.0
40.4
39.7
39.5
39.6
39.9
Dyeing and finishing
textues •
36.7
35.8
36.1
35.8
37.2
37.3
37.3
35.8
36.1
35.6
35.0
35.7
36.8
36.3
37.3
$1.15 $53. 76
1.28 56.15
1.29 58.31
1.29 56.83
1.31 58.80
1.32 58.05
1.32 55. 58
1.33 53.87
1.33 55.43
1.33 56.10
1.34 55.88
1.33 57.00
1.33 58. 75
1.30 59.14
1.32 59.52
W o o l c a rp ets, ru g s,
a n d c a rp e t y a rn
$1.76 $71.05
1.80 73,26
1.79 73.44
1.82 76.18
1.83 75.81
1.83 74.85
1.84 76. 54
1.85 77.15
1.85 77.52
1.84 73.20
1.84 72. 44
1.84 71.16
1.83 68.76
1.82 68. 76
1.83 70.62
40.6
40.7
40.8
41.4
41.2
40.9
41.6
41.7
41.9
40.0
39.8
39.1
38.2
38.2
38.8
38.4
38.2
39.4
38.4
39.2
38.7
37.3
36.4
37.2
37.4
37.5
37.5
38.4
38.4
38.9
$1.40 $48.34
1.47 49.91
1.48 49.28
1.48 50.94
1.50 49.34
1.50 49.82
1.49 48.74
1.48 48.55
1.49 49. 87
1.50 50.14
1.49 51. 47
1.52 50.05
1.53 51.14
1.54 50.86
1.53 51.38
Hats (except cloth
and millinery)
$1.75 $58.03
1.80 57.38
1.80 60.09
1.84 56.91
1.84 53. 79
1.83 55.61
1.84 58.13
1.85 53. 61
1.85 61.15
1.83 56.76
1.82 54. 61
1. 82 58.48
1.80 59.76
1.80 59.01
1.82 60.54
37.2
35.2
36.2
34.7
32.8
33.5
34.6
33.3
36.4
34.4
33.3
36.1
36.0
36.2
37.6
39.3
38.1
38.2
38.3
37.1
36.9
36.1
35.7
36.4
36.6
37.3
36.8
37.6
37.4
37.5
$1.23 $65.14
1.31 65. 92
1.29 64.78
1.33 63.90
1.33 68.97
1.35 70.22
1.35 69.55
1.36 65.51
1.37 68.15
1.37 68.06
1.38 67.49
1.36 66.83
1.36 69.22
1.36 65.60
1.37 66.58
Miscellaneous textile
goods *
$1. 56 $66. 56
1.63 66.83
1.66 66.40
1.64 68.14
1.64 70.04
1. 66 70.28
1.68 71.99
1.61 69.02
1.68 68.85
1.65 68.68
1.64 67.49
1.62 67.15
1.66 69.37
1.63 69. 95
1. 61 69.25
41.6
40.5
40.0
40.8
41.2
41.1
42.1
40.6
40.5
40.4
39.7
39.5
40.1
40.2
39.8
$1.60
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.70
1.71
1.71
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1. 70
1.73
1.74
1.74
P a d d in g s a n d u p h o l
stery fillin g
43.2
40.5
40.1
41.7
42.6
41.9
42.9
40.9
41.6
41.3
40.6
40.4
40.2
40.5
39.8
$1.70 $51.17
1.70 53.97
1.71 52.93
1.74 53.33
1.72 54. 95
1.72 56.71
1.76 59. 60
1.74 56. 72
1.74 57.54
1.73 57. 55
1.73 56.30
1.72 57.26
1.74 58.66
1.76 58.80
1.78 58.24
M en’s and boys’
furnishings and
work clothing 1
37.1
1955: Average_____ $41.92
36.5
1956: Average......... 45. 26
36.8
46.0
C
August............
36.7
September___ 46. 24
46.61
36.7
October-------35.8
November___ 45. 82
35. £
45.9,
December___
35.5
1957: January.......... 45.44
36.
46.3
C
February........
36.
46. 72
March______
36.
45.
7‘
April----------36.2
M ay________ 45.9'
36.
46.3
June...............
46.4
36.
July___ ____
37.
47.5
August...........
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P ro cessed w a ste and
recovered fibers
41.6
41.2
40.1
40.4
40.7
41.7
43.5
41.4
42.0
41.4
40.5
40.9
41.6
41.7
41.6
S h irts, collars, a n d
n ig h tw ea r
$1.13 $42. 29
1.24 45.51
1.25 46.13
1.26 47.87
1.27 48.63
1.28 48. 49
1.28 47.32
1.28 46.44
1.2' 46. 21
1.28 46.18
1.2' 44.6'
1.2- 45. 5'
1.2( 45.9'
1.2' 46. 48
1.2( ' 47.88
37.1
36.7
37.
37.4
37.7
37.
36.4
36.
36.1
35.8
34.
35.
36.
36.
37.
A r tific ia l leather, o il
cloth,
and
other
coated fa b rics
$1.23 $88. 59
1.31 88.00
1.32 87.96
1.32 89.89
1.35 94.60
1.36 93.11
1.37 98.70
1.37 92.35
1.37 86.10
1.39 85. 27
1.39 85.28
1.40 86. 53
1.41 93.07
1.41 97.00
1.40 95.90
45.9
44.0
44.2
44.5
45.7
45.2
47.0
44.4
42.0
41.8
41.6
41.8
43.9
44.7
44.4
Cordage a n d tw in e
$1.93 $55. 58
2.00 56.99
1.99 55.83
2.02 57.82
2.07 57.09
2.06 57.87
2.10 59.60
2.08 59.40
2.05 59.70
2. 04 59.85
2.05 58.80
2.07 57.15
2.12 57.68
2.17 57.83
2.16 58.82
S e p a ra te tro u sers
$1.14 $43. 52
1.24 46. 49
1.24 46.34
1.28 45.09
1.29 46.44
1.3C 45. 54
1.3C 48.1C
1.29 47.84
1.28 48. 3t
1.29 48.78
1.28 47. 5E
1.28 46.8f
1.2' 47. It
1.2- 47.34
1.2' ' 48.21
42.3
41.2
41.0
40.7
41.8
42.3
41.9
39.7
41.3
41.0
40.9
40.5
41.7
40.0
40.6
$1.54 $64.87
1.60 65.51
1.58 64.37
1.57 63.80
1.65 69.30
1.66 70.55
1.66 69.89
1.65 65.44
1.65 68.15
1.66 67. 65
1.65 66. 75
1.65 66.09
1.66 68. 81
1.64 64.87
1.64 65.85
F e lt goods (except
w oven fe lts a n d h a ts ) 4
$73. 93
71.10
70.27
75.66
79.18
80.09
81.65
77.89
74.74
75. 62
71.02
71.23
73.49
72. 52
74. 84
41.3
40.4
39.7
41.8
42.8
42.6
43.2
42.1
40.4
41. r
38.6
38.5
39.3
39.2
39.6
42.4
41.2
41.0
40.9
42.0
42.5
42.1
39.9
41.3
41.0
40.7
40.3
41.7
39.8
40.4
$1.53
1.59
1.57
1.56
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.63
1.63
L a ce goods
$1. 79 $63. 91
1.76 66.09
1. 77 67.23
1.81 67.86
1.85 68.11
1.88 66.02
1.89 67.97
1.85 67.68
1.85 67.28
1.84 67. 32
1.84 67.32
1.85 67.13
1.87 68.80
1.85 69.36
1.89 67.14
38.5
38.2
38.2
39.0
38.7
37.3
38.4
37.6
37.8
37.4
37.4
37.5
37.8
37.9
37.3
$1.66
1.73
1.76
1.74
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.80
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.82
1.83
1.80
Apparel and other finished textile products
Textile-mill products—Continued
1955: Average........... $73.44
1956: Average-------- 68.85
August______ 68. 57
September___ 72. 56
October_____ 73.27
November----- 72.07
December___ 75.50
1957: January........... 71.17
February........ 72.38
71.45
M arch______
April............... 70.24
M ay________ 69.49
June................ 69.95
July................. 71.28
August............ 70.84
D y e in g a n d fin ish in g
textiles (except w ool)
South
North
1955: Average.......... $46.71
1956: Average........... 49.27
49.79
August........ .
September___ 51.60
52.00
October_____
November___ 51.07
50.12
December___
1957: January........... 50.18
February____ 51.51
M arch__ ____ 50.92
April....... ........ 50.59
M ay________ 51.17
June________ 51.05
July------------- 52.11
August............ 52.26
K n i t u n d e rw e a r
K n i t outerw ear
39.7
39.3
38.5
39.6
39.1
39.1
40.0
39.6
39.8
39.9
39.2
38.1
38.2
38.3
38.7
$1.40 $49.41
1.45 52.64
1.45 54.17
1.46 53.28
1.46 54.24
1.48 53. 43
1.49 54.45
1.50 53.49
1.50 54. 39
1.50 64. 75
1.50 52.84
1.50 52.98
1.51 53.34
1.51 54.15
1.52 55.35
37.8
36.2
36.0
35.9
35.4
32.3
35.1
34.3
38.8
35.8
36.1
36.
37.
37.
38.2
36.6
36.3
36.6
36.0
36.4
36.1
36.3
35.9
36.5
36.5
35.7
35.8
35.8
36.1
36.9
$0.96
1.10
1.12
1.14
1.15
1.15
1. 16
1.18
1.17
1.19
1. IS
l.ie
1. 1C
1.1C
1. IE
$52.90
57.02
59.26
56.45
57.44
56.54
58.38
58.27
58. 74
59. 48
57. 7C
57.3E
55.24
58.98
60.12
35.5
35.2
35.7
33.8
34.6
34.9
35.6
35.1
35.6
35.8
35.1
35.4
34.1
34.
36.
Men’s and boys’
suits and coats
$1.35 $59.86
1.45 63.12
1.48 65.33
1.48 64.97
1.49 65.16
1.48 64. 25
1.50 64.78
1.49 63.89
1.49 64.06
1.50 64.05
1.48 62.48
1.48 63. 37
1.49 64.08
1.50 63.90
1.50 65.34
Women’s outerwear4
W o rk sh irts
37.2 $1.17 $36.29
1.26 39.82
36.9
1.28 40. 32
36.2
1.27 40.93
35.
36. C 1.29 40. 71
1.29 37. IE
35.
37. C 1.3C 40.72
1.3C 40.47
36.
1.3C 45. 4C
37.2
1.31 42.6C
37.2
1.31 42.6f
36.2
1.3C 42.31
36.
1.3( 42.92
36.2
1. 29 43. 5C
36.'
1.3C 43.9E
37.1
Total: Apparel and
other finished tex
tile products
36.5
36.7
36.7
36.5
36.4
36.3
36.6
36.3
36.4
36.6
35.5
35.8
35.8
36.1
36.3
$1.64
1.72
1.78
1.78
1.79
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.76
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.79
1.77
1.80
W o m e n ’s dresses
$1.49 $53. 40
1.62 55.62
1.66 57.16
1.67 54.76
1. 66 55. 5E
1.62 55.97
1.64 57.28
1.66
55.4S
1.6E 55.62
1.66
57.8C
1. 6k 59.01
1.62 58.08
1.62 53.09
1. 69 54. 42
1. 6" 57. 82
35.6
35.2
35.5
33.8
34.5
35.2
35.8
34.9
35.2
35.9
36.2
35.6
33.6
33.8
35.7
$1.50
1.58
1.61
1.62
1.61
1.59
1.60
1.59
1.58
1.61
1.63
1.63
1.58
1.61
1.62
1413
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
H ou seh old a p p a r e l
1955: Average-------- $40. 52
44. 76
1956: Average.......
August______ 45 11
September___ 43 56
October........... 44.58
November___ 45. 97
December........ 47. 74
46. 08
1957: Ja n u a ry ____
February____ 46.83
48.23
M arch______
April..............- 48. 10
M ay.............. . 47.97
J u n e .............. 45.50
45.06
Ju ly ________
August______ 45.44
36.5
36.1
35.8
34.3
35.1
36.2
37.3
36 0
36.3
37.1
37.0
36.9
35.0
35.2
35.5
W o m e n ’s m i t t , coats,
a n d sk irts
$i. h $64. 27
1. 24 68. 14
1.26 73.19
1.27 68.13
1. 27 69.63
1. 27 65. 27
1.28 68. 74
1.28 70. 52
1.29 70. 45
1.30 68. 68
1.30 59.87
1.30 63.70
1.30 65.73
1.28 74.91
1.28 74.52
33.3
33.9
35.7
32.6
33.8
32.8
34.2
34.4
34.2
33.5
30.7
32.5
32.7
35.5
36.0
$1.93 $44. 77
2.01 47.55
2.05 47.68
2.09 49.08
2.06 50 49
1. 99 49. 48
2.01 48. 81
2.05 48.28
2.06 49. 21
2.05 49. 45
1.95 47.70
1.96 47. 57
2.01 48.11
2.11 48.01
2.07 49. 61
apparel
Children’s outerwear Miscellaneous
and accessories
1955: Average-......... $45. 38
1956: A verage...___ 48 31
August--------- 49 45
September___ 48 33
October.......... 49. 58
November___ 48. 94
December....... 49.14
1957: January........... 50 55
February____ 51. 27
M arch. ......... 50.86
April_______
48.28
49.41
M ay_____ _
51.61
June...... .........
J u l y . . . _____ 52.72
August______ 51.00
37.2
36.6
36. 9
35.8
37.0
36.8
36.4
36.9
37.7
37.4
36.3
36.6
37.4
38.2
37.5
$1.22 $45 63
1.32 49. 71
1. 34 50. 86
1. 35 51.24
1. 34 52.30
1.33 50.37
1.35 51.15
1.37 49.23
1.36 49. 73
1.36 49. 27
1.33 48.37
1.35 48.16
1.38 49.63
1.38 50.40
1.36 48. 02
37.1
37.1
37.4
37.4
37.9
36.5
36.8
36.2
36.3
35.7
34.8
34.4
35.2
36.0
34.8
Women’s and chil
dren’s undergarments4
36.7
36.3
36.4
36.9
37.4
37.2
36.7
36.3
37.0
36.9
35.6
35.5
35.9
36.1
37.3
$1. 22
1.31
1.31
1.33
1.35
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.33
Other fabricated
textile' products 4
$1.23 $51.32
1.34 53.53
1.36 53.16
1.37 54.10
1.38 56.12
1.38 56.30
1. 39 57.22
1. 36 55.35
1. 37 55. 86
1.38 55. 42
1.39 54. 54
1.40 55.73
1.41 57. 23
1.40 56.10
1.38 57.98
U n d erw ea r and n ight
w ea r, except corsets
$42. 44
45.50
46. 12
47.62
49.14
48.00
46.74
45.86
47.50
47. 62
45.95
45. 70
45.95
46.46
48.26
36.9
36.4
36.6
37.2
37.8
37.5
36.8
36.4
37.4
37.2
35.9
35.7
35.9
36.3
37.7
C orsets a n d allied
g a rm e n ts
$1.15 $48. 78
1.25 51. 77
1. 26 51.62
1.28 52.13
1. 30 53.07
1.28 52. 93
1. 27 52. 93
1.26 52. 85
1. 27 52. 64
1.28 52. 85
1.28 51.60
1.28 51.74
1.28 52.41
1.28 51.62
1.28 53. 00
C u rta in s, d ra p eries,
a n d other housefurnishings
38.3 $1. 34 $45. 72
1.42 46.98
37.7
1. 41 48. 38
37.7
38. 1 1. 42 48.64
38. 7 1. 45 50. 31
1.47 48.62
38.3
1. 49 48. 10
38.4
37.4
1.48 47. 45
1.47 48.86
38.0
1. 47 49.52
37.7
1. 47 48.86
37.1
37.4
1.49 46.64
1.51 47.92
37.9
1.50 48.34
37.4
1.51 50.18
38.4
38.1
36.7
37.5
38.0
39.0
37.4
37.0
36. 5
37.3
37.8
37.3
35.6
36.3
36.9
38.6
36.4
36.2
36.1
36.2
36.6
36.5
36.5
36.2
36.3
36.2
35.1
35.2
35.9
35.6
36.3
T extile bags
$1.20 $53. 65
1.28 57.28
1.29 58. 90
1.28 59. 05
1.29 58. 95
1.30 57.09
1.30 59.64
1.30 58. 07
1.31 59. 35
1.31 57.72
1.31 56. 74
1.31 57.30
1.32 59.40
1.31 60. 50
1.30 59.00
38.6
39.5
39.8
39.9
40.1
39.1
40.3
39.5
40.1
39.0
38.6
38.2
39.6
39.8
39.6
Millinery
$1.34 $56. 99
1.43 61. 85
1.43 63.13
1.44 66 61
1. 45 67. 20
1.45 56. 95
1.45 61.03
1.46 63.00
1. 45 69. 27
1.46 72.98
1.47 57.02
1. 47 51.15
1.46 54.94
1.45 58.64
1.46 64.64
36.3
36.6
37.8
38.5
39.3
33.9
35.9
36.0
38.7
40.1
34.3
31.0
32.9
34.7
37.8
$1. 57
1.69
1. 67
1.73
1. 71
1.68
1.70
1.75
1.79
1. 82
1.68
1. 65
1.67
1.69
1. 71
C an vas p ro d u c ts
$1. 39 $53.58
1.45 55.66
1. 48 56.34
1.48 54. 81
1. 47 56. 41
1.46 54. 53
1.48 56.06
1.47 56. 99
1.48 55.20
1.48 56.06
1.47 56.34
1.50 58.69
1.50 59.09
1.52 59.45
1.49 60.76
39.4
39.2
39.4
38.6
38.9
38.4
39.2
39.3
38.6
39.2
39.4
40.2
40.2
39.9
38.7
$1.36
1. 42
1.43
1.42
1.45
1.42
1.43
1. 45
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.46
1.47
1.49
1.67
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex
cept furniture)
1955: Average.......... $68. 88
1956: Average-------- 70. 93
August--------- 75. 12
September___ 74.03
73.03
October. ___
November___ 70.80
December----- 69 25
1957: January-------- 67 25
February____ 68. 51
M arch______
70. 27
72. 00
April_______
73.16
M a y .______
June________ 74. 89
71.71
Ju ly ________
August______ 75.07
41.0
40.3
41. 5
40 9
40.8
40.0
39.8
39. 1
39. 6
39 7
40.0
40.2
40.7
39.4
40.8
M illw o r k
1955: Average_____ $72. 56
1956: Average-------- 72.90
August--------- 74. 44
September___ 74 70
October_____
73 35
November___ 72.98
73.93
December___
72. 65
1957: January..........
February____ 72.86
72.68
March______
73.63
April_______
75.33
M ay............
June________ 77.46
Ju ly ------------- 77.64
August............ 77.64
41.7
40. 5
40.9
40.6
40.3
40.1
40.4
39. 7
39.6
39. 5
39.8
40.5
41.2
41.3
41.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Sawmills and plan
ing mills 4
$1.68 $69. 55
1.76 71. 51
1.81 74.80
1.81 73. 71
1. 79 72 90
1. 77 71.20
1.74 69. 13
1. 72 66. 95
1.73 68. 21
1. 77 69. 74
1.80 70. 67
1.82 72.00
1.84 73.42
1.82 70.23
1.84 73.75
41.4
40.4
41. 1
40.5
40.5
40.0
39. 5
38.7
39.2
39.4
39.7
40.0
39.9
38.8
40.3
P ly w o o d
$1.74 $78. 37
1.80 76 22
1.82 75. 99
1. 84 74.85
1. 82 73. 71
1. 82 73.02
1.83 75. 67
1.83 74 37
1.84 76.07
1.84 71.23
1.85 76.11
1.86 78.31
1.88 78. 34
1.88 72.95
1.88 77.57
43.3
41.2
41.3
40.9
40.5
39.9
40.9
40.2
40.9
38.5
40.7
41.0
40.8
38.6
40.4
S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m ills , general
$1.68 $70.38
1. 77 72. 54
1.82 76. 22
1.82 74.93
1.80 74.12
1.78 72.22
1. 75 89 95
1. 73 67. 94
1. 74 69. 21
1. 77 70.53
1.78 71.86
1.80 73.20
1.84 74.40
1.81 70.82
1.83 74. 56
41.4
40.3
41.2
40.5
40.5
39.9
39.3
38 6
39. 1
39.4
39.7
40.0
40.0
38.7
40.3
$1.70 $46. 76
1.80 49.09
1.85 50. 52
1. 85 50. 52
1.83 50.16
1. 81 49.80
1.78 49. 56
1. 76 48.00
1. 77 48.12
1. 79 48.52
1.81 48.64
1.83 50.26
1.86 49.25
1.83 49.13
1.85 49.97
Wooden containers 4
$1. 81 $52. 48
1. 85 56.71
1.84 57. 92
1.83 57.92
1.82 58.50
1.83 56.14
1.85 57. 53
1. 85 55. 72
1.86 55.30
1.85 56.00
1.87 56.82
1.91 57.08
1.92 57.08
1.89 57.60
1.92 57.46
41.0
40.8
40.5
40.5
41.2
40.1
40.8
39.8
39.5
40-0
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.0
39.9
West
South
United States
43.7
41.6
42.1
42.1
41.8
41.5
41.3
40.0
40.1
40.1
40.2
41.2
40.7
40.6
41.3
$1.07 $88. 43
1.18 90. 87
1.20 95. 51
1.20 92.90
1.20 91.73
1.20 90. 64
1.20 86.16
1.20 84.04
1.20 86. 18
1. 21 87.78
1.21 89.31
1.22 90.25
1.21 91.89
1.21 85.74
1.21 94.33
W ooden boxes, other
than cigar
$1.28 $53.12
1.39 56.58
1.43 57.11
1.43 57.94
1. 42 57. 95
1. 40 56.03
1.41 56.30
1.40 55.18
1.40 55.04
1.40 55.88
1.41 56.42
1.42 56.96
1.42 57.49
1.44 58. 58
1.44 57.86
41.5
41.0
40.5
40.8
41.1
40.6
40.5
39.7
39 6
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.4
39.9
39.3
39.0
40.3
39.2
39.2
38.9
37.3
36.7
37.8
38.5
39.0
38.9
39.1
36.8
39.8
Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural wood
products 4
$2. 25 $73. 99
2. 33 74.30
2. 37 75.26
2. 37 74. 70
2. 34 73. 75
2. 33 73.02
2.31 75. 11
2.29 73.63
2. 28 74.00
2.28 71.97
2.29 74.40
2.32 76. 73
2.35 77. 71
2.33 75.98
2.37 77.52
41.8
40.6
40.9
40.6
40.3
39.9
40.6
39.8
40.0
38.9
40.0
40.6
40.9
40.2
40.8
$1. 77
1.83
1.84
1. 84
1.83
1.83
1.85
1. 85
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.89
1.90
1.89
1.90
Furniture and fixtures
Miscellaneous wood
Total: Furniture and
products
fixtures
$1.28 $57. 82
1.38 60.15
1.41 60.27
1.42 61.57
1.41 61. 80
1.38 61. 39
1.39 61. 39
1.39 60.05
1.39 60. 94
1. 39 61. 50
1.40 61.76
1.41 61.86
1.43 63.14
1.45 61.91
1.45 62.12
41.6
41.2
41.0
41.6
41.2
41.2
41.2
40.3
40.9
41.0
40.9
40.7
41.0
40.2
40.6
$1.39 $67.07
1.46 68 95
1.47 69. 87
1. 48 71.04
1. 50 71. 97
1.49 69. 66
i. 49 71.45
1. 49 68. 46
1. 49 69. 55
1.50 69. 55
1.51 68.28
1.52 67.82
1.54 69.08
1.54 68.38
1.53 71.40
41.4
40.8
41.1
41.3
41.6
40.5
41.3
39.8
40. 2
40.2
39. 7
39.2
39.7
39.3
40.8
$1. 62
1. 69
1.70
1. 72
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.74
1. 75
1414
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
T able C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Furniture and fixtures
Household furniture «
1955: Average_____ $64.17
1958: Average_____ 65. 77
August______ 66.10
September___ 67.90
October __
68. 64
November___ 66.42
December___
68. 56
1957: Ja n u ary ......... 64. 78
February____ 66.00
March______ 66.40
April_______
65.01
M ay_______
64. 02
June________ 65.74
64.68
July________
August............ 68.14
41.4
40.6
40.8
41.4
41.6
40.5
41.3
39.5
40.0
40.0
39.4
38.8
39.6
39.2
40.8
42.3
41.7
41.6
42.5
42.5
42.2
42.1
41.1
41.1
41.3
41.0
40.8
41.6
41.6
42.2
Books
1955: Average_____ $80. 40
1956: Average____
83.84
August______ 85. 48
September___ 85.06
October_____
85.69
November___ 84. 44
December___
84. 66
1957: January_____ 82.74
February........ 84.80
M arch______
85. 68
April.......... .
85. 26
M ay_____ _
85.84
June________ 84. 56
July................. 83. 95
August............ 83.80
40.0
40.5
40.9
40.7
41.0
40.4
40.7
39.4
40.0
40.8
40.6
40.3
39.7
39.6
40.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Partitions, shelving,
lockers, and fixtures
F ib er ca n s, tu b es,
an d dru m s
$1.74 $77.30
1.82 79.37
1.84 77.95
1.85 79.38
1.85 81.36
1.84 83. 42
1.85 82. 61
1.86 78.21
1.87 81.20
1.88 81.61
1.88 82. 42
1.89 81.80
1.91 84.87
1. 94 83.01
1.93 83.23
40.9
40.7
40.6
40.5
41.3
41.5
41.1
39.3
40.2
40.2
40.4
39.9
41.0
40.1
40.6
$2. 01 $90.23
2.07 93. 03
2.09 92. 57
2.09 95.82
2.09 95. 41
2.09 92. 90
2.08 95. 41
2. 10 94. 24
2.12 94.80
2.10 96.39
2.10 95. 20
2.13 94. 49
2.13 95.04
2.12 95.12
2.17 95.36
40.1
40.1
39.9
40.6
40.6
39.7
40.6
40.1
40.0
40.5
40.0
39.7
39.6
39.8
39.9
41.3
40.5
40.6
40.3
40.0
39.1
40.3
39.4
39.6
40.1
40.5
39.8
40.0
39.9
40.3
41.4
41.2
41.1
41.3
41.0
41.2
41.4
40.7
41.0
40.9
40.8
40.7
41.0
41.0
41.2
40.2
39.9
40.4
40.7
40.3
39.3
39.5
38.8
39.4
39. 7
39.3
39.4
39.7
39.4
40. 1
40.9
39. 4
41.6
41.5
40.6
38.4
39. 4
38.8
39.0
38.5
37.2
38.7
40.3
40.5
40.1
38.9
38.8
38.8
39.0
39. 1
38.6
39.1
38.3
38.5
38.8
38.5
38.4
38.4
38.3
38.6
$2.35
2. 43
2. 43
2. 46
2. 45
2. 45
2. 46
2. 46
2. 48
2. 49
2. 49
2.51
2. 51
2. 51
2. 51
Greeting cards
$2. 28 $56. 68
2.36 61.44
2.39 60. 36
2. 42 60.10
2. 39 62.63
2. 36 63. 76
2. 39 62.32
2.41 64. 56
2. 42 65. 15
2.44 64. 77
2. 43 64.98
2. 45 65. 45
2. 46 63. 96
2.50 63.63
2. 48 6 3 . 96
W ood office fu r n itu r e
Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills
Newspapers
$96.65
99.64
99. 08
100. 24
101. 36
102. 28
103. 21
97. 86
98. 84
99. 76
101.03
103. 25
102.96
100. 54
100.67
36.2
36.1
35.9
35.8
36.2
36.4
36.6
35.2
35.3
35.5
35.7
36.1
36.0
35.4
35.7
39.6
39.4
40.0
39.3
39.7
39.0
39.9
39.1
39.6
39.6
39.0
38.9
39.4
38.8
39.8
$1.55
1.66
1.65
1.67
1.63
1.63
1.65
1.60
1.61
1. 59
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.56
1.59
42.2
41.6
41.5
42.3
42.4
32.1
42.0
40.9
41.0
41.2
40.9
40.7
41.5
41.4
42.0
$1.75
1.83
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.93
1.95
1.94
Periodicals
$2. 67
2. 76
2. 76
2.80
2.80
2. 81
2.82
2. 78
2. 80
2. 81
2.83
2.86
2.86
2. 84
2.82
Bookbinding and
related industries
38.3 ■$1.48 $70.09
38.4
1.60 72.10
38.2
1.58 73.60
37.8
1.59 72. 71
38.9
1.61 73.84
39.6
1.61 72. 54
38.0
1.64 74. 61
38.2
1.69 73.12
38. 1 1.71 73. 66
38. 1 1.70 74. 45
38.0
1.71 73. 32
38.5
1.70 73.13
38.3
1.67 74.07
38.8
1.64 72.94
38. 3
1. 67 76.02
42.0
42.9
42.9
42.7
42.8
41.0
42.7
42.0
42.0
41.4
40.8
39.9
41.1
40.5
41.5
Paperboard con
tainers and boxes 8
43.0 $1.83 $85. 94
44.3 $1.94 $73. 85
42.8
1.94 91.05
44.2
2.06 76.13
42.6
1.96 92.19
43.9
2.10 76. 78
43.0
1. 97 93. 05
44. 1 2. 11 78. 68
42.9
1. 98 93.28
44.0
2. 12 78. 86
42.7
1.98 92.86
43.0
2.12 78. 31
43.0
1. 99 94. 15 44.2
2.13 78. 54
42.3
1.99 93. 07
43.9
2.12 76. 48
42.3
2.00 93. 08
43.7
2.13 77. 49
42.3
2. 00 92.66
43.5
2.13 78.28
42.1
2.00 92. 44 43.4
2.13 77. 71
42.0
2.01 92.23
43.3
2.13 77.74
42.2
2.03 93.53
43.1
2.17 80.10
42.3
2.06 95.48
43.4
2.20 80.73
42.4
2.06 95. 04 43.2
2.20 81.48
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Total: Printing,
publishing, and
allied industries
$1.69 $91. 42
1.77 94. 28
1.78 94. 28
1.79 95. 94
1.81 95. 80
1. 81 94. 57
1.82 96.19
1.83 94. 22
1.83 95. 48
1.83 96. 61
1.84 95. 87
1.84 96.38
1.85 96.38
1.87 96.13
1.88 96. 89
Office, p u b lic
b u ild in g , a n d
p ro fe ssio n a l
f u r n itu r e *
$1.75 $75. 78
42.1 $1.80 $65.10
1.83 79.42
41.8
1.90 71. 21
1.83 80. 41
42.1
1. 91 70. 79
1. 86 77. 71
40.9
1.90 71.31
1.87 80.83
42.1
1.92 69. 76
1. 87 79. 52
41.2
1. 93 66.83
1.87 82.91
42.3
1.96 70. 46
1.88 78. 55 40.7
1.93 67.20
1.88 79.13
41.0
1.93 67.62
1. 86 79.73
41. 1 1. 94 65.83
1.84 77.78
40.3
1.93 64. 06
1.87 77.79
40.1
1.94 63.04
1.91 77. 22 39.6
1.95 64. 94
1.90 77.61
39.8
1.95 63.18
1.91 81.34
41.5
1.96 65. 99
Paper and allied products
Total: Paper and
allied products
$1.59 $78. 69
1.64 83. 03
1.63 83 50
1.66 84. 71
1.66 84.94
1.66 84. 55
1.69 85. 57
1.66 84 18
1.68 84.60
1.69 84.60
1.68 84.20
1. 69 84. 42
1.70 85.67
1.72 87.14
1.73 87.34
Lithographing
$2.25 $91. 66
2. 32 94.16
2. 32 96. 56
2. 36 98.49
2.35 96. 32
2. 34 92. 75
2.35 94. 41
2. 35 93.51
2. 37 95.35
2.38 96. 87
2.38 95. 50
2. 38 96. 53
2.40 97. 66
2.39 98.50
2. 39 90. 45
M a ttr e ss e s a n d
b e d sp rin g s
$1.70 $71.58
1.80 72.10
1. 79 76. 13
1.82 77. 19
1.83 75.92
1. 82 71.81
1.86 73.68
1.80 72. 94
1. 84 73. 32
1.84 71.61
1.83 68.45
1.81 72. 37
1.83 76. 97
1.80 76. 95
1.82 76.59
Other paper and
allied products
$1.89 $69.97
1.95 72. 92
1.92 73.16
1.96 73. 93
1.97 74.21
2.01 74. 57
2.01 75.35
1.99 74. 48
2.02 75. 03
2.03 74. 85
2.04 75.07
2.05 74.89
2.07 75.85
2.07 76.67
2.05 77.46
Commercial printing
40.7
39.9
39.7
41.1
41.5
41.0
41.9
38.1
39.6
40.2
39.3
37.3
38.8
37.9
40.0
Screens, blinds, and
miscellaneous furni
ture and fixtures
42.2 $1.99 $80. 78 40.8 $1.98 $65.67
41.6
2.09 84. 05
41.0
2. 05 66. 42
41.0
2. 08 88. 62
42.2
2.10 66. 18
39.1
2.07 87.15
41.5
2.10 66.90
42.0
2.14 87. 78 41.8
2.10 66.40
2.14 84. 45 40.6
41.5
2.08 64 91
42.4
2.18 85. 70 41.2
2. 08 68. 11
40.8
2.15 86. 32
2. 09 65.40
41.3
40.4
40.9
2.15 84. 66
2.07 66.53
40.3
41.0
2.15 85. 69
2. 09 67. 77
39.3
2.14 84. 23
2.09 68.04
40.3
39.1
40.4
2.15 85. 24
2.11 67. 26
37.5
40.4
2.15 86.05
2.13 68.00
39.6
2.18 84.96
2.14 68.63
39.7
2.20 86. 43
40.6
40.2
2.15 69.72
Paper and allied products—Continued
P a p erb o a rd boxe»
$73. 60
1955: Average____
75. 89
1956: Average____
August______ 76. 54
September___ 78. 63
78. 63
October....... .
November___ 77. 65
December....... 77. 89
76. 45
1957: January.........
76. 86
February___
77.64
March______
77.08
April_______
77.11
M ay____
June________ 79. 46
July------------- 80.70
81.45
August..........
W o o d household
f u r n itu r e , up h o lstered
$1.55 $58. 24
42.2 $1.38 $69.19
1.62 59.20
41.4
1. 43 71.82
1.62 59. 06
1. 43 71.06
41.3
1.64 60.61
41.8
1.45 74.80
1.65 61.76
1.46 75. 95
42.3
1. 64 60.15
41.2
1. 46 74. 62
1.66 61. 45
41.8
1.47 77.93
1.64 58. 84 40.3
1. 46 68. 58
1.65 58. 98 40.4
1. 46 72. 86
1.66 59. 39
40.4
1. 47 73. 97
1.65 58. 80
40.0
1. 47 71.92
1.65 58. 61
39.6
1.48 67. 51
1. 66 59.20
40.0
1.48 71.00
1.65 58. 21
39.6
1.47 68.22
1.67 61.69
41.4
1.49 72. 80
Furniture and fixtures—Continued
M e ta l office fu r n itu r e
1955: Average_____ $83.98
1966: Average.........
86.94
August........... 85. 28
September___ 80. 94
O ctober,........ 89.88
November___ 88. 81
92. 43
December___
1*57: January_____ 87. 72
February____ 86. 86
86. 65
March______
A p ril_______ 84.10
M ay...............
84.07
June______ _ 80. 63
July------------- 86.33
89.32
August....... .
W ood household
fu r n itu r e (e x c e p t
u p h o lste re d )
$1.77
1.83
1.82
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.86
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.91
$92.97
39.9 $2. 33
96.16
2.41
39.9
100.77
41.3
2. 44
102. 41
40.8
2.51
102. 56 40.7
2. 52
96. 92 39.4
2. 46
93.30
39.7
2.35
95. 68 39.7
2.41
99.60
40.0
2.49
99. 75 39.9
2.50
101.09
2. 54
39.8
96. 47
38.9
2. 48
97. 71
39.4
2.48
100.90
40.2
2.51
105.37
41.0
2. 57
Miscellaneous pub
lishing and printing
services
$109.05
109 09
110.94
110. 94
107. 59
108.64
110. 26
109.06
112. 22
113. 18
109. 52
110. 88
110.30
110.30
111.84
39.8
39.1
39.2
39.2
38.7
38.8
39.1
38.4
39.1
39.3
38.7
38.5
38.3
38.3
38.7
$2. 74
2.79
2.83
2.83
2. 78
2.80
2.82
2.84
2.87
2.88
2.83
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.89
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS__________________________________ __________________________________________ 1415
T able C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing-Continued
Year and month
Chemicals and allied products
Total: Chemicals and Industrial inorganic
chemicals *
allied products
1855: Average........... $82. 39
1956: Average-------- 87. 14
August............ 87. 74
September___ 88.60
October ____ 88. 60
November___ 89. 23
December___
89. 86
1957: January......... . 89. 21
February____ 89.40
M arch______
89.40
A p r il- ..____
89. 40
90.64
M a y ........... .
June________ 91.88
Ju ly ________
92.25
August______ 92.25
41.4
41.3
41.0
41.4
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.0
$1.99 $89. 98
2.11 95.12
2.14 95. 94
2.14 98. 53
2.14 97. 17
2.15 97.00
2. 16 98. 12
2.16 96. 93
2.17 97. 34
2.17 97. 51
2.17 97. 99
2.20 98.33
2.23 99. 63
2.25 100. 53
2.25 100. 94
S yn th etic fibers
1955: Average........... $75. 36
1956: Average_____ 77. 81
August______ 77.22
September___ 79. 19
O ctober......... 78.20
November___ 78. 99
79.38
December___
1957: January_____ 79. 79
February____ 80. 00
March...........
79. 60
April________ 80.80
M ay________ 81.61
June________ 83. 03
Ju ly ________
83.42
August--------- 83.22
40.3
39.9
39.4
40.2
39.9
40.3
40.5
40.5
40.2
40.0
40.4
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.4
1955: Average_____ $82. 29
1956: Average.......... 84.04
August............ 84.66
September___ 85.49
October_____ 86. 32
November___ 85. 70
December___
86. 11
1957: January........... 85. 28
February____ 85. 69
85. 06
M arch______
86. 93
April_______
M ay________ 86. 92
June________ 88. 61
July____ ____ 88.81
August______ 89.01
$2.20 $87. 67
2. 32 93.20
2.34 95. 30
2.38 95. 94
2. 37 95.06
2.36 93.96
2. 37 95. 94
2. 37 94.37
2. 38 95.71
2. 39 95. 24
2. 39 95. 65
2. 41 95. 41
2. 43 96.80
2.47 99.31
2.48 98. 66
40.1
40.5
40.1
40.9
41.0
41.5
41.8
41.2
41.1
41.2
41.0
41.8
41.2
41.6
41.3
$2.03
2. 15
2.16
2.19
2. 18
2.20
2.20
2. 21
2.22
2.24
2.25
2. 27
2. 28
2.30
2.31
Qum and wood
chemicals
42.2 $1.95 $71. 98
41.4
2.03 75. 33
2.04 76.68
41.5
2.06 77.15
41.5
2. 07 77. 15
41.7
2.07 76. 01
41.4
2.08 76.08
41.4
2.08 77. 25
41.0
2.09 76. 32
41.0
40. 7 2.09 75. 60
2.11 77. 35
41.2
2.12 79.49
41.0
2.13 78.07
41.6
2.14 80.91
41.5
2.15 78. 81
41.4
40.4 $2.17 $87. 33
2.29 92. 89
40.7
2. 33 93.02
40.9
2. 34 94.53
41.0
2. 33 93. 89
40.8
2. 32 94.76
40.5
2.34 95. 40
41.0
2.33 94. 94
40.5
2. 34 94.89
40.9
2. 34 95.06
40.7
40 7 2. 35 95.30
2.35 96. 35
40.6
2.39 97.82
40.5
2.44 98.16
40.7
2.43 98.40
40.6
Drugs and medicines
E x p lo sives
$1.87 $81. 40
1.95 87.08
1.96 86. 62
1.97 89. 57
1.96 89.38
1.96 91.30
1.96 91.96
1. 97 91.05
1.99 91.24
1.99 92. 29
2.00 92. 25
2.02 94.89
2.05 93. 94
2.07 95.68
2. 06 95.40
P a in ts , varnishes,
lacqu ers, a n d e n a m els
40.9
41.0
41.0
41.4
41.0
41.1
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.7
Industrial organic
chemicals*
A lk a lie s an d chlorine
$75. 07
78. 55
78.20
79.17
79. 98
80. 78
81. 19
81.60
82.00
82. 01
81.61
82.01
82.62
82.42
82.01
40.8
40.7
40.1
40.6
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.8
41.0
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.7
40.6
40.6
42.6
42.3
39.9
41.1
41.7
41.7
42.6
42.3
42.2
43.5
43.6
44.4
41.8
41.5
41.7
$1.84 $85. 07
1.93 90. 64
1.95 91 08
1.95 91. 72
1.97 90.61
1.98 91.65
1.99 92. 93
2.00 94.16
2.00 93. 94
2. 01 95. 04
2.02 94.30
2.03 94.19
2.03 96.41
2.03 95.53
2.02 97.06
Vegetable and animal
oils and fats '
$1.50 $71.14
1.60 74. 42
1.63 75.69
1.65 74.68
1.64 75. 96
1.65 75. 82
1.66 75. 33
1.66 75.24
1. 65 75.10
1.63 76. 64
1.62 76.74
1.69 78. 55
1.70 80. 78
1.73 82.47
1.73 80. 78
45.6
45.1
43.5
46.1
46.6
46.8
46.5
45.6
44.7
44.3
43.6
43.4
43.9
44.1
43.9
1955: Average_____ $75. 48
1956: Average_____ 80. 38
A u g u st_____ 79. 58
September___ 81.19
October_____ 81.20
November___ 82. 81
December....... 83.84
1957: January.......... 82. 42
February____ 83.03
83. 23
March______
April_______
83 03
M ay________ 83. 22
June________ 84. 03
Ju ly ....... .......... 83. 21
August______ 83.62
40.8
40.8
40.6
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.3
40.4
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.2
40.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E s s e n tia l oils, p e r
f u m e s , cosm etics
$1.85 $63.18
1.97 66.47
1.96 65. 86
1.99 66. 13
2.00 67. 09
2.01 68. 97
2.03 70.93
2.04 66. 99
2.03 67.25
2. 04 68. 03
2.04 68.78
2.06 68.64
2.08 69. 45
2.07 67.94
2.08 69.42
$2. 09
2. 23
2.26
2.30
2.27
2. 32
2. 33
2. 31
2. 32
2.34
2. 33
2.36
2. 40
2.42
2.41
$97. 81
103. 50
108. 03
104. 90
107. 52
103. 57
107 33
106 30
104. 19
104 86
103. 94
105. 93
103. 88
108. 75
109.75
45.5
45.0
42.3
46.5
47.8
47.6
47.1
46.4
45.3
44.4
43.5
42.8
43.0
43.2
43.3
ils
41.8
41.4
42.2
41.3
42.0
41.1
41.6
41.2
40.7
40.8
40.6
40.9
39.8
41.2
40.8
$2.34
2.50
2.56
2. 54
2.56
2. 52
2. 58
2.58
2. 56
2. 57
2.56
2. 59
2.61
2.64
2.69
Paints, pigments, and
fillers *
40.3 $2.28 $84.18
2. 40 86.11
40.9
41.2
2. 40 87. 57
41.3
2.40 87. 36
2. 41 87.99
40.8
2.43 87.35
40.9
2.44 88. 18
41.1
41. 5 2.48 87. 54
41. 1 2.48 87. 53
2. 49 87. 31
41.3
2. 51 88.78
40.9
2.53 88.75
40.7
2. 55 90.69
41.2
41.0
2.53 90. 67
2.57 91.08
41.9
Vegetable
$1.56 $65.07
1.65 67. 95
1. 74 68.10
1. 62 67.89
1.63 70. 74
1.62 69. 97
1.62 69. 24
1. 65 69.60
1.68 68.40
1.73 69. 26
1.76 69. 17
1.81 71.05
1.84 73.53
1.87 76.46
1.84 74.91
S y n thetic rufiber
42.3 $1.99
41.6
2. 07
41.9
2.09
2. 10
41.6
2.11
41.7
41.4
2.11
41.4
2.13
41. 1 2.13
2.14
40.9
2.14
40.8
41.1
2.16
2.17
40.9
2.1*
41.6
41.4
2.19
2.20
41.4
A n im i l o ils 01id fa ts
$1.43 $81.17
1. 51 85.43
1. 61 85 05
1.46 85. 81
1. 48 85.25
1. 47 87. 17
1.47 85. 54
1.50 84.86
1, 51 85.89
1. 56 87. 32
1. 59 87.60
1.66 87. 96
1. 71 89.55
1.77 89.95
1.73 87. 67
45.6
45.2
45.0
45.4
44.4
45.4
45.5
44.2
43.6
44.1
43.8
44.2
45.0
45.2
44.5
$1.78
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.92
1.92
1.88
1.92
1.97
1.98
2.00
1.99
1. 99
1.99
1.97
Products of petroleum and coal
C o m p ressed a n d
liqu efied gases
39.0 $1.62 $87. 72
39. 1 1.70 90.09
39.2
1.68 89. 45
38.9
1.70 92.23
1.69 91.54
39.7
40. 1 1.72 94. 35
1.76 94.13
40.3
1.74 94. 08
38.5
1. 72 95. 18
39.1
1.74 94.50
39.1
39.3
1.75 95. 37
1. 76 94.81
39.0
1. 79 96. 83
38.8
38.6
1.76 96. 79
39.0
1.78 : 94.85
42.3
42.1
42.3
41.7
42.1
42.0
42.1
41.8
41.9
42.0
42.0
41.7
41.5
41.8
42.5
S o a p a n d glycerin
40.9 $2.08 $91.88
2. 20 98.16
41.2
41.4
2.20 98.88
2. 21 99. 12
41.5
2. 21 98.33
41.0
41. 1 2.23 99. 39
2. 25 100.28
41.3
2.28 102. 92
41.3
41. 2 2. 28 101. 93
2.29 102. 84
41.5
41.0
2.30 102 66
2. 32 102.97
40.6
41.2
2.34 105.06
41.0
2.33 103. 73
2.35 107. 68
41.3
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Miscellaneous chem
icals *
$2.13 $88. 41
2.26 93 88
2.28 95.60
2.30 95. 91
2.29 95. 57
2.30 97.44
2.31 98.09
2. 31 96. 56
2. 32 97. 21
2. 33 98.28
2. 33 97 86
2. 35 98.41
2.38 99.60
2.40 101.16
2.40 102.43
Soap, cleaning and
polishing preparations*
Fertilizers
43.1 $1.67 $63.90
1. 76 67.68
42.8
1.80 65.04
42.6
43. 1 1. 79 67.82
1. 79 68. 39
43.1
1. 78 68. 81
42.7
1.79 70. 72
42.5
1.78 70. 22
43.4
1.80 69.63
42.4
1.80 70.91
42.0
42. 5 1. 82 70.63
1.84 75. 04
43.2
42.2
1.85 71.06
1.86 71.80
43.5
1.85 72.14
42.6
41.0
41.1
40.8
41.1
41.0
41.2
41.3
41.1
40.9
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.9
41.0
P la s tic s, excel t Syri
thetic rubò er
43.0
42.1
41.8
42.5
41.8
42.5
42.4
42.0
42.3
42.0
42.2
41.4
42.1
41.9
41.6
$2. 04
2.14
2. 14
2.17
2. 19
2.22
2. 22
2.24
2. 25
2. 25
2.20
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.28
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
$97.00
104. 39
103. 89
108.00
104. 86
105. 11
105. 37
106. 45
104. 45
104.60
106. 71
106. 75
108. 79
111.64
109. 61
41.1
41.1
40.9
41.7
40.8
40.9
41.0
41. 1
40 8
40. 7
41.2
40.9
40.9
41.5
40.9 1
Petroleum refining
Coke.otherpet roleum,
and coal pro 1ucts
$2. 36 $100. 37 40.8 $2.46 $86. 31
2.65 91. 32
40.9
2. 54 108. 39
2.66 92.42
2. 54 107. 73 40.5
2.70 96. 48
2.59 111. 78 41.4
2. 67 93.83
40.5
2. 57 108.14
2. 67 91.98
2. 57 109. 20 40.9
2. 57 109. 74 41. 1 2. 67 91 53
2.68 93 38
2.59 110. 68 41.3
2.65 93 52
40.7
2. 56 107.86
40. 7 2.06 92 57
2. 57 108 26
2.68 92. 57
2.59 110. 95 41.4
2. 71 93.02
40.9
2. 61 i 110.84
40.9
2. 78 94.30
2.66 ; 113.70
2.80 98.41
41.4
2. 69 115.92
2. 78 101.15 !
2.68 112.31 ! 40.4
41.9
41.7
42.2
42.5
41.7
40.7
40.5
40.6
41.2
40.6
40.6
40.8
41.0
41.7
42.5
$2. 06
2.19
2.19
2.27
2. 25
2. 26
2.26
2.30
2.27
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.30
2.36
2.38
1416
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
Table C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wTkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Rubber products
Total: Rubber
products
1955: Average_____
1956: Average_____
A u g u st..........
September__
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February____
M arch______
April.......... .
M ay________
June................
July________
August______
Con.
$87.15
87. 23
87. 23
89.10
89. 98
87.89
92.74
91. 21
90.80
89.28
87.60
88.80
91. 21
94.16
91.98
41.7
40.2
40.2
40. 5
40.9
40.5
41. 4
40.9
40.9
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.9
41.3
40.7
Tires and inner
tubes
$2.09 $101.09
2.17 100. 95
2.17 101. 20
2. 20 102. 51
2. 20 102. 66
2.17 103. 53
2. 24 109. 25
2. 23 107. 64
2. 22 106.19
2.21 102. 40
2.19 103. 46
2. 22 103. 46
2.23 107.23
2.28 112.20
2.26 104.66
41.6
39.9
40.0
40. 2
40.1
40.6
41.7
41.4
41.0
40.0
40.1
40.1
41.4
42.5
40.1
$2. 43
2.53
2.53
2. 55
2.56
2.55
2. 62
2. 60
2.59
2. 56
2. 58
2.58
2.59
2.64
2.61
Leather and leather products
Rubber footwear
$70. 70
71.89
70. 35
71. 71
71. 71
71. 55
73.26
71.76
72.10
72. 68
70.64
71.92
72. 29
72.13
73.05
40.4
39.5
39.3
39.4
39 4
39.1
39.6
39.0
39.4
39.5
38.6
39.3
39.5
39.2
39.7
$1. 75
1.82
1. 79
1.82
1.82
1.83
1.85
1.84
1.83
1.84
1. 83
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.84
Other rubber products
$78. 35
78. 96
78.76
81.18
82.98
79.98
82. 59
81.39
81.18
81. 19
79.60
79.80
81.81
82. 62
84.25
41.9
40.7
40.6
41.0
41. 7
40.6
41.5
40.9
41.0
40.8
4.02
40.1
40.7
40.7
41.3
Total: Leather and
leather products
$1.87 $53. 44
1.94 56. 02
1.94 56. 40
1.98 55. 72
1.99 55. 72
1.97 56.09
1.99 57. 30
1. 99 57 76
1.98 58.60
1.99 58 52
1.98 56.83
1.99 55.90
2.01 58. 21
2.03 58.29
2.04 58.67
37.9
37.6
37.6
36.9
36.9
36.9
37. 7
38.0
38 3
38 0
36.9
36.3
37.8
38.1
38.1
Leather: tanned,
curried, and finished
$1.41 $72. 40
1.49 74. 24
1.50 74. 26
1. 51 75. 03
1.51 74.86
1.52 75. 64
1.52 76.42
1.52 75. 65
1.53 75.65
1. 54 75. 26
1.54 76. 43
1.54 75.27
1.54 77.81
1.53 76.83
1.54 77. 22
40.0
39. 7
39.5
39.7
39.4
39.6
39.8
39. 4
39.4
39.2
39.6
39.0
39.9
39.4
39.4
$1.81
1.87
1.88
1. 89
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.95
1.95
1.96
Leather and leather products—Continued
Industrial leather
belting and packing
1955: Average_____ $71. 81
1956: Average_____ 72. 40
August...........
71.64
September___ 73.31
October........... 75. 07
November___ 79. 38
December___
75. 70
1957: January_____ 78. 63
February____ 75. 70
M arch______
75. 36
April_______
73. 47
M ay____
74.34
June...... .......... 74. 77
July------------- 77.36
August............ 78. 91
40.8
40.0
39.8
40.5
40. 8
42.0
40. 7
42.5
40.7
40.3
39. 5
40.4
40.2
40.5
41.1
Boot and shoe cut
stock and findings
$1.76 $51.95
1.81 53. 48
1.80 53. 77
1. 81 53 07
1.84 53. 07
1.89 53. 14
1.86 55. 30
1.85 55. 77
1. 86 56.50
1. 87 55. 71
1. 86 53.07
1.84 54. 68
1.86 57.72
1.91 56.74
1.92 56.15
38.2
37.4
37. 6
36.6
36.6
36.4
38.4
38.2
38.7
37.9
36.6
37.2
39.0
38.6
38.2
$1. 36
1. 43
1. 43
1.45
1.45
1.46
1.44
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.45
1.47
1.48
1.47
1.47
Footwear (except
rubber)
$49. 98
53. 57
54.17
52. 56
52. 41
52. 71
54.31
55. 71
56. 39
56. 47
54. 39
53.04
55.73
56.09
56.32
37.3
37.2
37.1
36.0
35.9
36.1
37.2
37.9
38. 1
37.9
36.5
35.6
37.4
37.9
37.8
$1.34
1.44
1.46
1.46
1. 46
1.40
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1. 49
1.49
1.49
1.48
1.49
Luggage
$60. 28
62. 72
62.64
64. 32
63.99
67.03
64.13
61.88
62.59
63. 08
61.45
61.56
63.50
64.40
62.95
39.4
39.2
39.9
40.2
39.5
39.9
38.4
37. 5
38.4
38. 7
37. 7
38.0
39.2
40.0
39.1
Handbags and small Gloves and miscel
leather goods
laneous leather goods
$1. 53
1.60
1.57
1.60
1. 62
1. 68
1.67
1.65
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.62
1.62
1.61
1.61
$48. 51
51.00
51.68
51 61
53. 76
53 30
53. 02
52. 50
53. 82
53. 96
52.05
51.05
52. 82
53.34
53. 76
38.2
37.5
38.0
37.4
38. 4
37.8
37.6
37.5
37.9
38.0
36.4
35.7
37.2
37.3
38.4
$1. 27
1.36
1.36
1.38
1.40
1.41
1.41
1.40
1.42
1.42
1. 43
1.43
1.42
1.43
1.40
$46. 38
48.34
49. 74
49. 58
50 63
48. 37
49. 71
49. 28
49. 82
49. 87
48.96
49. 46
50.01
49.32
50.46
37.1
36.9
37.4
37.0
37. 5
36.1
37. 1
36. 5
36.9
36 4
36.0
36.1
36.5
36.0
37.1
$1.25
1.31
1.33
1.34
1. 35
1.34
1.34
1.35
1.35
1.37
1. 36
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.36
Stone, clay, and glass products
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
1955: Average_____ $77.19
1956: Average___
80.56
August______ 81. 36
September___ 81.18
October......... . 82.19
November___ 82. 61
December___
82. 81
1967: January.
81. 41
February____ 81.61
March........ .
82. 21
April............ .
81.20
M ay________ 82.42
June______
83. 44
July------------- 82. 82
August_____
84.25
41.5
41.1
41.3
41.0
41.3
41.1
41.2
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.8
40.9
40.4
40.9
$1.86 $114. 38
1.96 113.03
1.97 110.02
1.98 111. 38
1. 99 112.34
2.01 119.23
2.01 117.99
2. 02 117.29
2.01 114. 49
2. 02 112. 59
2.01 110.80
2. 02 110.95
2.04 108. 90
2.05 112. 28
2.06 112.44
Cement, hydraulic
1955: Average__
$78. 85
1956: Average.......... 83. 84
August_____
86. 74
September___ 90.53
October........
86. 74
November___ 86.11
December....... 85. 49
1957: January___
86.73
February____ 84. 46
M arch............. 85.28
April___ _
84. 66
M ay_____ _ 84.66
June................ 86.51
July------------- 83.16
August______ 91.62
41.5
41.3
41.5
42.5
41.5
41.2
41. 1
41.3
40.8
41. 0
40.7
40. 7
41.0
37.8
40.9
See footnotes at end of table,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Flat gla >s
$1.90
2. 03
2. 09
2. 13
2. 09
2.09
2. 08
2.10
2.07
2. 08
2.08
2. 08
2.11
2.20
2.24
43.0
41.1
40.9
40.8
41.3
41.4
41.4
41.3
40.6
40.5
40.0
40.2
39.6
40.1
40.3
Glass and glassware,
pressed or blown *
$2.66
2. 75
2. 69
2.73
2. 72
2.88
2.85
2. 84
2. 82
2. 78
2. 77
2.76
2.75
2. 80
2.79
Structural clay
products s
$70.04
73. 62
74. 39
74. 85
74. 85
73.60
73. 97
72. 86
73.23
73. 82
74.00
74. 59
75.74
76.33
76.70
41.2
40.9
41.1
40.9
40.9
40.0
40.2
39.6
39.8
39.9
40.0
40.1
40.5
40.6
40.8
$1.70
1.80
1. 81
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1. 85
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.88
$74. 82
79.80
79.18
75.31
81.81
82.00
82.21
82. 59
81. 78
81. 99
81. 18
84. 44
84.02
84.82
83.37
39.8 $1.88
39.7
2.01
39.2
2.02
37.1
2.03
40.3
2.03
40.0
2.05
40. 1 2. 05
39.9
2.07
39.7
2.06
39.8
2. 06
39.6
2. 05
40.4
2.09
40.2
2. 09
40.2
2.11
39.7
2.10
B r ic k a n d hollow tile
$67.94
70.14
71.40
71. 40
70. 98
68. 78
68. 71
65. 24
66. 07
67. 30
69. 29
69.87
71.55
71.55
72.07
43.0
42.0
42.5
42.0
42.0
40.7
40.9
39.3
39.8
40.3
41.0
41.1
41.6
41.6
41.9
G la ss co n ta in ers
$76.19
80. 59
80. 94
73. 34
82. 62
83. 23
82. 81
84. 44
82. 78
82. 78
82.80
86.09
85.65
86.46
85.20
40.1
39.7
39.1
35.6
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.4
39.8
39.8
40.0
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.0
$1.90
2.03
2. 07
2. 06
2.05
2.07
2. 06
2. 09
2. 08
2.08
2.07
2.11
2.12
2.14
2.13
F loor a n d w a ll tile
$1.58 $69. 25
1.67 73. 75
1.68 75. 36
1.70 74.74
1.69 73.60
1.69 73. 66
1. 68 74. 43
1. 66 75. 03
1.66 74.80
1.67 74. 05
1. 69 73. 87
1.70 75.81
1.72 76.80
1.72 76.80
1.72 78.17
39.8
40.3
40.3
40.4
40.0
39.6
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.6
39.5
39.9
40.0
40.0
40.5
$1. 74
1.83
1. 87
1.85
1. 84
1.86
1. 87
1.89
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.90
1.92
1.92
1.93
P r e s se d a n d blo w n
g la ss
$73. 08
77. 81
76. 04
79.00
81.20
79.80
81.40
79. 76
80. 39
80. 59
7S. 97
81.39
81.40
81.59
79.56
39.5
39.7
39.4
39.9
40.4
39.7
39.9
39. 1
39.6
39.7
38.9
39.7
39.9
39.8
39.0
$1.85
1.96
1.93
1. 98
2.01
2.01
2.04
2.04
2.03
2. 03
2.03
2.05
2.04
2.05
2.04
Sew er p ip e
$69. 32
72.76
75. 30
76.41
76.22
74. 56
72.29
73. 16
73. 16
72.83
71.00
74. 64
73. 51
76.33
74.56
40.3
40.2
40.7
41.3
41.2
40.3
39.5
40.2
40.2
39.8
38.8
39.7
39.1
40.6
40.3
Glass products made
of purchased glass
$65.03
68.71
68. 51
69.02
70.58
73.10
72. 39
70. 22
69.30
70.80
69. 65
67.55
69. 42
68.78
70.27
40.9
40.9
40.3
40.6
40.8
41.3
40.9
39.9
39.6
40.0
39.8
38.6
39.0
39.3
39.7
$1. 59
1.68
1.70
1.70
1.73
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.77
1.75
1. 75
1.78
1.75
1. 77
C la y refractories
$1.72
1.81
1.85
1.85
1. 85
1.85
1.83
1.82
1. 82
1.83
1.83
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.85
$75. 27
80. 36
78. 56
79.31
80. 73
81. 48
83. 95
84. 38
84.14
84.56
83. 50
83.07
83.28
85.02
86.24
38.8
39.2
38.7
38.5
39.0
38.8
39.6
39.8
39.5
39.7
39. 2
39.0
39.1
39.0
39.2
$1.94
2.05
2.03
2.06
2.07
2.10
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.18
2.20
1417
O: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg,
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Pottery and related
products
1955: Average.......... $66. 38
1956: Average........ . 72 20
A u g u st-------- 72.58
September___ 74 11
October......... . 73 14
November___ 74. 50
74 88
December___
1957: January_____ 71.20
February____ 74.10
74.69
M arch______
April............... 73. 91
M ay________ 73.11
June________ 72.07
71.87
Ju ly ________
August______ 74.07
37 5
37 8
38.0
38.4
37.7
38.4
38.4
36.7
38 0
38 3
37.9
37.3
36.4
36.3
37.6
Concrete, gypsum,
and plaster products8
$1.77 $78. 23
1.91 81.88
1.91 84.44
1.93 83 07
1.94 82. 77
1.94 81.03
1.95 81.03
1.94 77. 75
1.95 79 98
1.95 81.08
1. 95 80. 51
1.96 83.28
1.98 85.55
1.98 84.39
1. 97 86.39
44.7
44.5
45.4
44 9
44.5
43.8
43.8
41.8
43 0
42.9
42.6
43.6
44.1
43.5
44.3
$1.75
1.84
1.86
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.89
1.89
1.91
1.94
1. 94
1.95
C oncrete p ro d u c ts
$74. 98
78.75
81.70
81.07
80.36
77.70
77.79
74.16
77.25
78. 01
78 62
81.07
83. 59
81.47
83. 33
44.9 $1.67 $67. 78
45 0
1.75 69. 87
45.9
1.78 70.35
1.77 70.28
45.8
45 4
1.77 72. 56
1.75 70.93
44.4
1.76 71.40
44.2
1.77 68.16
41.9
69. 65
1.78
43 4
43. 1 1.81 70 00
43.2
1. 82 70. 05
44.3
1.83 72.62
1.87 72. 22
44.7
1.86 71.56
43.8
1.86 73.08
44.8
1955: Average........... $84. 67
1956: Average.......... 84.65
A u g u st_____ 87.78
September___ 88.40
87.98
October_____
November___ 87. U
December....... 88.19
1957: January-------- 85.49
February........ 88. 41
M arch............. 88.20
89.46
April_______
M ay------------ 92. 24
June________ 92.88
89.84
July________
August______ 92. 20
43.2
41.7
42.2
42.5
42.3
42.3
42.4
41.5
42.1
41 8
42 0
42.9
42.8
41.4
42.1
$1.96 $81.75
2 03 88. 24
2.08 83.98
2.08 87.02
2.08 84.73
2.06 96. 52
2.08 91.41
2. 06 96.56
2.10 100. 45
2.11 94. 49
2.13 85.98
2. 15 86.30
2.17 88. 83
2.17 85. 79
2.19 93. 65
Iron and steel found
ries®
1955: Average......... $85. 06
1956: Average......... 87. 34
August ........... 86.30
September___ 87. 95
October........... 88.56
November___ 87.89
December___ 91.32
1957: January.......... 88. 73
February........ 87.78
87.12
M arch______
86 68
April_______
M ay________ 86. 85
June________ 88. 53
Ju ly................. 88 09
August______ 87. 58
41.9
41.2
40.9
41.1
41.0
40.5
41.7
40.7
39.9
39.6
39 4
39.3
39.7
39.5
39.1
$89. 28
95.34
93.17
99.06
99.38
99.06
100.80
100.21
100.94
100. 35
101. 25
102.16
102. 82
101. 66
106.93
40.4
40.4
38.5
40.6
40.4
40.6
41.0
40.9
40.7
40.3
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.5
40.2
See footnotes at end of table.
444525— 57-------9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
38.2
38 7
38.0
38.0
37 0
40.9
39.4
40.4
41.0
39 7
36.9
37.2
37.8
36.2
38.7
$2.14
2 28
2. 21
2.29
2 29
2.36
2. 32
2. 39
2.45
2.38
2 33
2. 32
2.35
2. 37
2.42
G ra y-iro n fo u n d rie s
$2.03 $84.00
2.12 83. 84
2.11 83.84
2.14 84. 25
2.16 84.84
2.17 84.59
2.19 88.80
2.18 84.99
2.20 84.07
2.20 82.99
2.20 82. 78
2. 21 82.94
2. 23 85.24
2.23 85.63
2. 24 84.37
P r im a r y refin in g o f
a lu m in u m
1955: Average...........
1956: Average..........
August______
September___
October....... .
November----December___
1957: January..........
February........
March........... .
April_______
M ay................
June................
July________
August______
N o n c la y refractories
42.0
40.7
40.7
40.7
40.4
39.9
41.3
39.9
39.1
38.6
38.5
38.4
39.1
39.1
38.7
$2. 21 $81.45
2.36 85.04
2. 42 86. 52
2. 44 86 74
2. 46 86.52
2.44 84.86
2. 46 87. 78
2.45 87.35
2. 48 86. 51
2.49 87. 57
2. 50 87.56
2. 51 86.09
2. 52 86.71
2.51 85.44
2. 66 89. 01
Total: Primary metal
industries
$92. 29
96. 52
93 69
100.12
98. 74
99.06
100.94
101. 27
99.14
98.65
97.91
97.42
99. 70
100. 44
99.68
$1.61 $81.12
1.70 83.03
1.72 82.82
1.71 84.46
1.74 85.07
1.73 86.73
1.75 88.41
1.73 86.72
1.75 87.77
1.75 87.34
1.76 85. 67
1.78 86.92
1.77 87.74
1.78 85. 79
1. 80 86.40
41.7
40.5
40.0
40.8
40.6
40.3
40.6
40.3
39.9
39.2
38 5
39.3
39.3
39.0
38.4
42.2
41. 5
39.8
41.3
40.8
40.6
41.3
41.0
40.2
40.4
40.3
40.4
40.8
40.1
40.0
40.5
40.5
38.7
41.2
40.5
40.3
40.9
40.9
40.1
39.7
39.5
39.2
39.8
39.4
39.0
$2.37
2. 52
2.52
2. 61
2.59
2.61
2.62
2.66
2. 62
2. 62
2.63
2. 61
2.63
2. 72
2. 72
S teel fo u n d rie s
$2 01 $88. 62
2. 07 95. 63
2. 07 92. 99
2.12 95.99
2.11 96. 87
2.12 95.30
2. 12 99.10
2.14 98.18
2.14 96.28
2.13 97.86
2.13 96.98
2.14 95. £8
2.16 96. 41
2.15 95.24
2.17 95. 91
Rolling, drawing,
and alloying of
nonferrous m etals5
42.2 $1.93 $89. 89
42 1 2.02 93. 38
42.0
2.06 89. 55
41. 7 2.08 94. 58
2.06 93.02
42.0
2.04 92.97
41.6
2.11 95. 82
41.6
2. 11 94. 71
41.4
2.11 92.86
41.0
2. 10 93.32
41.7
2.12 94 30
41.3
2.11 94. 54
40.8
40.9
2.12 95.88
2.12 94.24
40.3
41.4
2.15 95.60
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills 8
41.2 $2.24 $95.99
40.9
2 36 102.06
2.36 97. 52
39.7
2.43 107.53
41.2
40 8 2.42 104.90
2. 44 105.18
40.6
41.2
2.45 107.16
41.0
2.47 108. 79
2.46 105.06
40.3
40 1 2. 46 104. 01
2.46 103. 89
39.8
2. 46 102.31
39.6
40.2
2.48 104. 67
2. 53 107.17
39.7
2. 53 106.08
39.4
M a lle a b le -iro n fo u n d
ries
$2.00 $83. 82
2.06 83.84
2.06 82.80
2.07 86.50
2.10 85. 67
2.12 85.44
2. 15 86.07
2.13 86.24
2.15 85.39
2.15 83 50
2. 15 82.01
2.16 84.10
2.18 84.89
2.19 83.85
2.18 83.33
Secondary smelting
and refining of
nonferrous metals
42.1
41.1
40.9
41.1
41.7
41 0
40.8
39.4
39.8
40.0
39 8
40.8
40.8
40.2
40.6
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products 8
41.6
40.7
40.4
40.8
40.9
41.3
41.9
41.1
41.4
41.2
40.6
41.0
41.0
39.9
40.0
A b ra sive p ro d u c ts
41.3
39.9
38.8
38.2
40.1
41.0
42.8
40.6
40 5
41.1
40.6
40.4
40.4
39.2
37.5
$1.95 $86. 73
2.04 88.18
2.05 85. 75
2.07 85.57
2.08 91.83
2.10 93.89
2.11 99.72
2.11 91.76
2.12 91.13
2.12 92.89
2 11 91.35
2.12 91.30
2.14 91.71
2.15 88.98
2.16 85.13
$2.10
2.21
2. 21
2.24
2.29
2.29
2.33
2.26
2.25
2.26
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.27
2. 27
Primary metal industries
Stone, clay and glass products—Continued
A sb e sto s p ro d u c ts
Cut-stone and stone
products
41.8
42.5
41.7
42.1
42.3
41.8
42.9
42.5
41.5
42.0
41.8
41.2
41.2
40.7
40.3
43.4
42.3
40.8
41.6
40.7
40.5
41. 5
41 Î
39.9
40.4
40.0
40.5
41.5
40.5
40.2
$96. 39
102. 47
97.91
107.94
105.30
105.59
107. 57
109. 20
105. 46
104.41
104. 28
102. 70
105.07
107. 56
106.47
40.5
40.5
38.7
41.2
40.5
40.3
40.9
40.9
40.1
39.7
39.5
39.2
39.8
39.4
39.0
40.7
41.2
40.7
41.5
41.3
41.1
40.8
41.2
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.9
41.0
40.5
40.2
40.8
40.5
38.2
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.1
40.
40.2
40.0
39.7
39.6
41.3
40.2
40.0
39.8
40.3
40.3
40.5
40.8
40.2
40.0
40.2
39.7
40.0
39.1
40.2
$2.11
2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.26
2.27
2.27
2.28
2.30
2.36
2.35
P r im a r y sm e ltin g and
refin in g of co p p er,
lead, a n d zin c
40.6
41.6
41.5
42.2
41.6
41.3
41.0
41.2
40.8
41.0
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.5
40.0
$2.08 $81.61
2. 22 89.02
2. 24 90. 47
2.29 93. 26
2.28 90.69
2. 28 90.03
2.29 89. 38
2.30 90. 64
2.29 88.94
2. 30 89. 79
2. 31 89 57
2.32 90.20
2.33 90. 83
2.35 91.13
2. 41 90.40
R o llin g , d ra w in g , and
a llo yin g of a lu m in u m
$2.15 $86.09
2. 25 91. 13
2.22 87. 86
2. 26 94. 83
2.25 93. 56
2. 27 93.09
2.32 94. 42
2. 30 94.61
2 31 95.34
2 31 94. 24
2.31 95. 99
2. 32 95. 27
2. 34 94. 40
2.35 93.69
2.33 97.81 I
E lectrom etalh i rgical
p ro d u c ts
$2 38 $87.14
2. 53 88. 44
2. 53 88.80
2. 62 89.15
2.60 91.08
2.62 90.27
2.63 91 13
2.67 92. 21
2.63 90.85
2.63 90.80
2. 64 91.25
2.62 90. 52
2.64 92.00
2.73 92.28
2.73 94.47
Primary smelting
and refining of nonferrous metals 8
$2.12 $84.66
2. 25 91.46
2.23 91.17
2.28 95.04
2.29 94.16
2.28 93.71
2.31 93. 43
2.31 94. 76
2. 32 93.43
2. 33 93. 61
2. 32 94.02
2.32 94.89
2.34 95. 53
2. 34 95.18
2.38 96. 88
R o llin g , d ra w in g , and
allo yin g of co pper
$2. 13 $93. 31
2.25 95.18
2. 25 90. 58
2.29 94.02
2. 28 91. 58
2.29 91.94
2.32 96. 28
2.31 94. 53
2.31 91.77
2 31 93.32
2.34 92. 40
2. 34 93.96
2. 35 97.11
2.35 95.18
2.39 93.67
B la s t fu rn a c es, steel
w o rk s, a n d rollin g
m ills , except electro
m eta llu rg ica l p r o d
ucts
$2.01
2.14
2.18
2.21
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.20
2.18
2.19
2.19
2.20
2. 21
2.25
2.26
N onferrous f oundries
$2.11 $85.89
2.25 88.94
2.30 89. 57
2.33 91.91
2.31 91.69
2.31 90. 76
2.32 94. 02
2.33 91.13
2.36 91.35
2.35 91. 58
2. 37 89. 95
2. 37 1 90.63
2. 36 i 91.88
2.36 91.77
2.47 1 91.83
1
40.9 $2.10
2.18
40.8
40.9
2.19
2.22
41.4
2.22
41.3
40.7
2.23
2.26
41.6
40.5
2.25
40. 6 2.25
40. 7 2.25
2.26
39.8
2.26
40.1
2.28
40.3
39.9
2.30
2.29
40.1
1418
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
M anufact uring—Continued
Year and month
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance,
machinery, and transportation equipment)
Primary metal industries—Continued
Miscellaneous pri
mary metal In
dustries 1
1955: Average_____
1956: Average_____
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February____
March_____
April_______
M ay________
June________
July------------August______
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$97.10
99.90
96. 29
98. 88
100. 36
101.26
102. 83
103. 91
102. 92
102. 18
100. 12
99. 38
102. 67
101. 34
101.66
42.4
41.8
40.8
41.2
41.3
41.5
41.8
41.9
41.5
41.2
40.7
40.4
41.4
40.7
40.5
$2. 29 $101.28
2.39 105. 42
2.36 101. 02
2. 40 104. 08
2.43 109. 65
2. 44 108. 71
2. 46 108. 88
2. 48 112. 66
2. 48 109. 62
2. 48 109. 36
2. 46 105. 52
2. 46 105. 52
2. 48 107. 90
2.49 105. 52
2. 51 104. 38
Cutlery, hand tools,
and hardware 8
1955: Average_____ $79. 30
1955: Average.......... 81.60
August______ 80.40
September___ 85. 08
October.........
87. 15
November___ 85. 70
December___ 88. 41
1957: January_____ 83.62
February___
84. 03
M arch_____
83. 82
April_______
83. 21
M ay________ 84.44
J u n e ...
84.63
July------------- 84.19
A ugust.......... 85.24
41.3
40.8
40.4
41.5
41.9
41.4
42.1
40.2
40.4
40.3
40.2
40.4
40.3
39.9
40.4
40.3
39.9
40. 2
40.8
40.9
39.7
40.3
39.7
40.3
39.9
39.4
39.3
40.0
39.1
39.6
1955: Average___ _ $86.10
1956: Average_____ 87.34
August______ 85. 67
September___ 91.56
October_____ 92.86
November___ 91. 78
December___
94. 15
1957: January_____ 87.91
February____ 87. 51
M arch._____ 87.89
April_______
88.29
M ay_______
89. 32
June________ 91.21
July________
88.80
August______ 89. 51
42.0 $2. 05
41. 2 2.12
40.6
2. 11
2. 18
42.0
42. 4 2. 19
42.1
2.18
2. 21
42.6
40.7
2.16
40. 7 2. 15
40. 5 2. 17
40. 5 2. 18
40.6
2.20
40.9
2.23
40.0
2.22
2.21
40.5
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.1
40.8
40.0
40.7
40.9
41.5
41.3
40.6
40.5
40.8
40.4
40.0
40.2
39.9
40.0
41.3
41.5
40.4
41.6
41.9
41.4
42.3
41.5
41.8
41.9
41.8
42.1
42.2
41.8
42.0
39.7
39. 2
39.6
40.8
40.7
40.6
39.9
40.5
39.8
43.0
37.3
36.8
38.9
41.4
41.3
42.9
42.2
41.4
41.8
41.8
42.0
42.2
41.5
41.4
41.0
40.9
40.5
41.2
39.9
40.8
$2.23
2.30
2. 28
2.31
2. 33
2. 34
2.36
2. 35
2.36
2. 36
2. 36
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.40
H a n d tools
$1.70 $77.95
1. 78 82.62
1.77 82. 62
1.80 84. 26
1.82 85.08
1.82 84.05
1.83 85. 90
1.83 83.01
1.83 83.01
1.84 82. 99
1. 84 82. 58
1.86 82. 99
1.86 82. 97
1.84 80.47
1.85 83. 98
41.5 $2.00
41. 5 2.11
2. 13
39.6
2. 16
41.3
2. 16
42.0
2. 18
41.6
42.3
2.18
41. 5 2. 19
2. 19
42.0
42.4
2.20
42. 5 2. 21
2. 22
42.6
42.9
2.23
42.2
2. 26
42.6
2. 29
S ta m p e d a n d pressed
m eta l p ro d u c ts
$1. 64 $89. 25
1. 70 91. 30
1.69 89. 79
1.76 96. 25
1. 75 97. 81
1. 73 96. 25
1. 70 99. 13
1. 73 91.62
1. 74 90. 98
1.73 92.89
1. 74 91. 76
1. 77 93. 25
1. 77 96. 00
1. 76 92.86
1.80 93.38
W e ld e d a n d heavyriveted p ip e
$91. 46
94. 66
93. 32
95.00
91. 10
94. 64
96. 32
97.20
98.25
96. 56
96.80
96.47
104. 58
104.67
102.16
41.2
40.8
40.4
40.6
39.1
40.1
40.3
40.5
40.6
39.0
40.0
39.7
42.0
41.7
40.7
H a rd w a r e
40.6 $1.92 $82. 78
40.9
2. 02 83. 44
40.9
2.02 82.21
41.1
2. 05 88.83
41.1
2. 07 91. 16
40.8
2.06 88.61
41.3
2. 08 92.87
40.1
2. 07 86. 03
40.1
2.07 86. 67
39.9
2. 08 86. 86
39. 7 2.08 85. 84
39.9
2. 08 87. 91
39.7
2.09 88.10
2.09 88.48
38.5
2.11 88. 73
39.8
S tr u c tu r a l steel a n d or
n a m e n ta l m eta l work
$2. 01 $83. 00
2. 11 87. 57
2. 13 84. 35
2. 16 89. 21
2. 17 90. 72
2.16 90. 69
2.18 92. 21
2.18 90. 89
2. 18 91.98
2.19 93.28
2.20 93.93
2. 21 94. 57
2.22 95.67
2.24 95.37
2. 27 97. 55
V itre o u s enam eled
p ro d u c ts
$65.11
66. 64
66. 92
71. 81
71.23
70. 24
67. 83
70. 07
69. 25
74. 39
64. 90
65.14
68.85
72. 86
74.34
W ire d ra w in g
$2.40 $95. 67
2.51 97.06
2. 47 94.39
2.52 96. 56
2. 58 97. 39
2.57 98. 28
2.58 99. 59
2. 62 97. 53
2.61 97. 70
2. 61 96. 76
2.58 96. 52
2. 58 95.18
2.60 97. 23
2.58 94. 56
2.59 97. 92
Fabricated structural
metal products 8
$1. 89 $83. 01
1.98 87. 57
1. 98 86. 05
2. 01 89.86
2. 02 90. 92
2. 01 89. 42
2. 03 92. 21
2. 04 90. 47
2.06 91. 12
2.06 91. 76
2.05 91. 96
2. 06 93. 04
2.07 93. 68
2.06 93. 63
2.09 95.34
Metal stamping, coat
ing, and engraving 8
42.2
42.0
40.9
41.3
42.5
42.3
42.2
43.0
42.0
41.9
40.9
40.9
41.5
40.9
40.3
C u tle ry a n d edge tools
$1.92 $69. 87
2.00 72. 62
1.99 70. 80
2. 05 73. 26
2. 08 74. 44
2. 07 75. 53
2.10 75. 58
2.08 74.30
2.08 74.12
2.08 75.07
2.07 74. 34
2. 09 74. 40
2.10 74. 77
2.11 73. 42
2.11 74.00
O il b u rn e rs , nonelec
tric heating a n d
cooking a p p a r a tu s,
n o t elsewhere c la ssi
fie d
1955: Average_____ $76.17
1956: Average....... .
79.00
August______ 79. 60
September___ 82. 01
October_____ 82. 62
November___ 79. 80
December___
81.81
1957: January_____ 80.99
February........ 83 02
March______ 82 19
April_______
80. 77
M ay________ 80. 96
June________ 82.80
July------------- 80. 55
August______ 82. 76
Iro n a n d steel fo rg in g s
Total: Fabricated
metal products
$2.22 $82.37
41.6 $1.98 $85. 69
41.8 $2.05
2.32 85. 28 41.2
2.07 91.78
42.1
2.18
2. 31 84.25
40.7
2.07 94.17
43.0
2.19
2.34 87. 78 41.6
2. 11 94. 81
42.9
2. 21
2. 33 89.03
41.8
2.13 94. 73 42. 1 2. 25
2.36 87. 56 41.3
2.12 90. 80 40.9
2.22
2. 39 90. 09 42.1
2.14 95.15
42.1
2.26
2.40 86.90
40.8
2.13 90.17
39.9
2. 26
2. 42 87. 33
41.0
2.13 91.98
40.7
2.26
2. 42 87. 74 41.0
2.14 92. 84 40.9
2.27
2. 42 87. 94 40.9
2.15 97. 25 42. 1 2.31
2.43 88. 34 40.9
2.16 94. 07
40.9
2. 30
2.49 89. 40
41.2
2.17 97. 90 42.2
2. 32
2. 51 89.13
40.7
2.19 101. 76 43.3
2.35
2. 51 89. 79 41.0
2.19 99.41
42.3
2. 35
Heating apparatus
(except electric)
S a n ita r y w a re and
an d p l u m b e r s ’ p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s
supplies 8
41.6 $1.99 $78.18
2.05 80.19
40.7
40.3
2. 04 80. 60
41.9
2.12 82. 42
42.4
2.15 83. 22
41.6
2.13 80. 30
42.6
2.18 81.99
40.2
2.14 81. 95
40. 5 2.14 83. 39
40. 4 2. 15 82. 56
40.3
2.13 81. 93
2.16 82.11
40.7
40.6
2.17 83. 77
40.4
2.19 81.90
40.7
2.18 84.35
40.3 $1.94 $82. 21
39.7
2.02 82. 68
39.9
2.02 82. 32
40.4
2.04 84.14
40.4
2. 06 84.07
39.2
2. 05 81. 70
39.8
2.06 83.21
39.4
2.08 83. 76
39.9
2.09 84.63
39. 5 2.09 83. 55
39. 2 2.09 84. 53
39.1
2.10 84. 53
39.7
2.11 85. 97
39.0
2.10 85. 53
39.6
2.13 87.30
M e ta l doors, sash,
f r a m e s , m o ld i n g ,
a n d tr im
B o iler-sh o p p ro d u c ts
$82. 82
84. 85
82. 58
87. 54
87.29
81. 93
90.09
86. 07
86.48
87. 51
87. 91
89. 42
90.25
90.67
93.18
$81. 40
87.98
87. 53
90. 07
91.34
91. 14
92.00
91.56
91. 98
92. 40
91. 54
92.40
91.10
92. 35
92. 93
41.0
40.6
39.7
41.1
40.6
39.2
41.9
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.7
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.6
$2. 02
2. 09
2.08
2. 13
2. 15
2.09
2. 15
2. 12
2. 13
2. 15
2.16
2.16
2.18
2.19
2. 24
Lighting fixtures
42.3 $2. 11 $78. 72
41. 5 2. 20 76. 40
41.0
2. 19 75. 79
42.4
2. 27 78.34
42.9
2.28 80. 36
42.4
2.27 80. 57
43.1
2.30 82. 60
40.9
2. 24 78. 80
40.8
2. 23 78. 41
41. 1 2. 26 78.41
40.6
2.26 78. 21
40.9
2. 28 78. 80
41.2
2. 33 78. 80
40.2
2.31 80.19
40.6
2.30 80.00
Tin can and other
tinware
40.7
41. 5
40.9
41.7
41. 9
42.0
42.2
42.0
42.0
42.0
41.8
42.0
41.6
41.6
41.3
$2.00
2. 12
2. 14
2.16
2. 18
2. 17
2. 18
2. 18
2. 19
2. 20
2. 19
2. 20
2.19
2.22
2. 25
Fabricated wire
products
41.0 $1. 92 $77. 87
40.0
1. 91 80. 75
40. 1 1.89 79. 37
40.8
1.92 82. 59
41. 0 1.96 84. 62
40. 9
1. 97 82.81
41.3
2.00 84. 65
39.8
1.98 82. 22
39.8
1. 97 81.20
39.8
1. 97 82. 42
39.7
1.97 81.20
39.6
1. 99 80.40
39.4
2.00 82. 42
39.7
2.02 81.18
40.0
2.00 82. 59
41.2
41. 2
40.7
41.5
42.1
41.2
41.7
40.5
40.2
40.6
40.2
39.8
40.4
39.6
39.9
40.3
39.0
39.2
39.5
39.1
38.0
38.7
38.6
39.0
38.5
38.6
38.6
38.9
38.7
39.5
$2.04
2.12
2.10
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.19
2.19
2.21
2.21
2.21
S h eet-m etal inori:
$84. 85
41.8 $2.03
90. 52 42.3
2.14
91. 15 42.2
2.16
93.29
42.6
2.19
93.30
42.8
2.18
91.56
42.0
2.18
93. 94 42.7
2.20
91. 12 41.8
2. 18
91.96
41.8
2. 20
91. 94 41. 6 2. 21
90. 61
2. 21
41.0
93.18
41.0
2.24
94. 92 42.0
2.26
94. 85 41.6
2.28
94. 89 41.8
2.27
Miscellaneous fabri
cated metal prod
ucts 8
$1.89 $84.08
1.96 86. 09
1.95 84. 25
1.99 86. 73
2. 01 88. 20
2. 01 88. 20
2. 03 90. 52
2.03 89. 25
2. 02 89. 68
2.03 89.89
2. 02 89.24
2. 02 88.18
2. 04 89.02
2.05 89.21
2.07 88. 99
42.9 $1.96
42.2
2. 04
41.3
2. 04
41.9
2.07
42. 2 2. 09
42.0
2.10
42.7
2.12
42.1
2.12
42. 3 2.12
42.2
2.13
41.7
2.14
41.4
2.13
41.6
2 .1 4
41.3
2 .1 6
41.2
2 .1 6
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
Table
1419
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—
Continued
M e ta l s h ip p in g b arrels,
d r u m s, kegs, a n d p a ils
$91.16
97.16
95. 57
94. 25
92. 40
95. 30
97. 58
97. 06
96. 05
98. 65
97 64
96.70
103. 53
103. 58
104. 25
$91.96
101.50
96.88
101.57
106. 26
105. 50
113. 27
108. 88
110. 85
113 71
111. 11
113. 62
112.99
114. 70
111.83
39.3
41.6
40.2
41.8
42.0
41.7
43.4
42.2
42.8
43. 4
42.9
43.2
42.8
42.8
42.2
42.3
42.4
41.2
42.0
42.0
41.4
42.4
41.9
41. 7
41.9
41.4
41.4
41.1
40.2
40.0
1955: Average_____ $83. 58
1956: Average_____ 89 67
August______ 89 25
September___ 91 59
October_____
91. 16
November___ 91.38
92.88
December___
1957: January_____ 90. 73
February____ 90. 73
90. 72
March______
90 07
April_______
M ay________ 89. 42
June________ 89.64
Ju ly________ 89. 82
A u g u st.......... 89.82
42.0 $1.99
42.7
2.10
42.5
2.10
43.0
2.13
42.6
2.14
42.5
2 15
43. C 2.16
42.2
2. 15
42.2
2.15
42. C 2. 16
2.16
41.7
41.4
2.16
2.16
41.5
41.2
2.18
41.2
2.18
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.6 $2.1.4
40.8
2. 21
40.0
2. 16
40.2
2.20
41. 1 2. 28
40.4
2. 28
42.1
2.35
2.34
41.0
40.3
2. 32
41. 1 2. 34
2. 33
40.6
40.4
2.31
2.36
41.5
40.3
2.35
41.1
2.36
42.0
41.4
40.3
41.0
40.8
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.7
39.6
39.5
41.6 $2.04
41.8
2.14
2.14
41.8
41. 5 2.16
41.2
2.17
40.9
2.17
2.18
41.8
40.9
2.17
41.3
2.18
2.21
41.6
41.6
2. 2C
41. 4 2. 21
2.22
41.3
41. C 2.23
40.7
2.24
43.7 $2.02
42.2
2. 09
41.0
2. 08
42.6
2.12
42. 7 2.14
42.0
2.14
42.9
2. 16
2. 16
42.0
42.4
2.16
2.17
42.0
41.6
2.17
2.17
41.3
41.2
2.18
2.19
41.3
2. 21
40.6
S crew -m a ch in e
p r o d u c ts
$82. 94
85.63
83. 40
85.26
87.13
86. 94
89. 65
89. 66
90. 08
89. 66
89. 25
87. 57
87. 36
86.52
86. 72
Agricultural machinery and tractors 5
40.5
40.0
39.8
39.5
39.5
39.4
39.8
39.8
39. 6
40.1
39.9
40.2
40.0
39.8
38.4
41.4
41.4
41.2
41.9
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.3
41.4
41. I
40.3
40.4
40.8
40.6
40.3
$1.79
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.89
1.8E
1.9C
1.9C
1.91
1.91
1.91
40.9
40.3
39.5
40.1
40.2
39.9
40.1
40.2
39.8
40.0
39.5
39.0
39.5
39.3
37.0
$2.15 $79. 80
2.24 82. 37
2. 20 83. 62
2. 29 82. 43
2. 29 80. 47
2. 29 82.04
2.31 84. 93
2. 33 84.67
2. 33 86.07
2.33 89. 47
2. 32 89. 28
2. 31 90. 58
2.33 90. 72
2.33 89. 47
2.33 88.98
$2.18
2.32
2.32
2. 37
2.36
2. 38
2.40
2. 39
2. 39
2. 39
2. 39
2. 39
2. 40
2.37
2.37
P a p e r -in d u s tr ie s
m a ch in ery
$89. 40
97. 48
98. 12
100. 58
96. 92
100. IE
106.00
102. 86
101 77
100. 04
99 82
95. 05
94. 16
92.88
91.59
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
41.8
42.2
41.7
42.3
42.1
41.7
42.6
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.4
41.1
41.1
40.7
40.5
$2. 09
2.21
2.21
2. 25
2. 25
2. 25
2. 27
2. 27
2. 27
2. 28
2. 28
2.28
2.30
2.30
2.30
A g r ic u ltu r a l m ach inery (ex cep t tractors)
M a c h in e tools
43.7
45.8
44.7
46.0
45.9
45.3
46.1
44.7
44.8
44.0
43.7
42.8
42.5
41.0
41.0
Machinery (except electrical)
$1.92 $87.36
2.01 93. 26
2. 00 92.16
2.03 95.18
2.05 94. 73
2.07 93. 83
2.08 96.70
2.09 95.11
2.09 95.11
2.09 95.30
2.10 94. 39
2. 09 93. 71
2.10 94. 53
2.10 93. 61
2.11 93.15
T ra cto rs
43.6 $2.25 $95. 27
45. 1 2. 41 106. 26
2.43 103. 70
44.5
45.2
2. 47 109. 02
44.7
2. 45 108.32
43.9
2. 44 107. 81
45.3
2. 46 110. 64
2. 47 106.83
44.6
44.8
2. 48 107. 07
2.50 105. 16
44.6
44. 5 2. 49 104. 44
43.7
2. 50 102. 29
43.3
2.51 102.00
42.4
2. 50 97.17
2.48 97.17
41.7
T ex tile m a ch in ery
$74.11
76. 59
76 63
78. 35
78. 44
78.85
78. 85
78. 47
78. 25
77.68
76 57
76. 76
77. 95
77. 55
76.97
43.2
42.6
41.7
42.0
42.5
42.0
43.1
42.9
43.1
42.9
42.5
41.9
41.6
41.2
41.1
$2.07 $87. 94
2.17 90. 27
2.15 86. 90
2.22 91.83
2.21 92. 06
2. 22 91. 37
2. 24 92.63
2.26 93. 67
2. 27 92.73
2. 28 93. 20
2. 27 91.64
2. 27 91.48
2. 29 92. 04
2.28 91.57
2.28 86. 21
Metalworking machinery
42.6 $2. 04 $98.10
4.2.8
2.16 108. 69
42.9
2.19 108.14
42.5
2.21 111. 64
42.7
2. 21 109. 52
42. 1 2. 22 107.12
2. 22 111. 44
42.6
42.1
2.20 110.16
42.3
2.24 111. 10
41.9
2. 23 111. 50
41. 9 2. 25 110 81
2.24 109. 25
40.0
41.6
2. 25 108. 68
41.3
2.26 106.00
41.8
2.28 103.42
F o o d -p ro d u cts
m a ch in ery
$84. 86
89. 45
89. 45
89. 64
89.40
88.75
91 12
88. 75
90. 03
91.94
91. 52
91. 49
91.69
91.43
91.17
$88.27
88. 20
85. 28
90.31
91.38
89. 88
92. 66
90. 72
91.58
91. 14
90. 27
89. 62
89.82
90.45
89.73
$2.16 $83. 84
2. 27 86.80
2. 26 85. 57
2. 30 87.69
2. 30 87. 30
2. 30 87. 47
2.32 89.15
2.32 89.95
2.32 89.89
2.31 91.43
2. 31 90. 57
2. 35 91.25
2.38 91.60
2.37 90.74
2.38 87. 55
O ilfield m a ch in ery
a n d tools
$2.06 $86.90
2. 17 92. 45
2.15 93 95
2.19 93.93
2.20 94 37
2.20 93. 46
2.23 94. 57
2.23 92. 62
2. 24 94. 75
2.25 93.44
2.26 94.28
2. 26 89. 60
2.26 93. 60
2. 27 93.34
2.27 95.30
Special-industry machinery (except
metal working machinery) 6
B o lts , n u ts , w a sh ers,
a n d rivets
D ie sel a n d other in
te r n a l c o m b u stio n .
n o t elsew h ere classified
$2.34 $90. 72
2. 44 93. 98
2.41 91.08
2.43 94. 30
2. 53 93. 84
2. 53 94. 07
2. 61 95. 82
2. 58 94. 89
2. 59 91. 66
2.62 94. (12
2. 59 93. 32
2. 63 94. 94
2.64 96. 87
2.68 93. 85
2. 65 94.01
C o n stru ctio n a n d m in in g m ach in ery, exc e p t for oilfields
1955: Average_____ $87.14
1956: Average_____ 92 01
August______ 88. 58
September___ 91.98
October....... .
92. 40
November___ 91.08
December___
94. 55
1957: January_____ 93 44
February........ 93 41
M arch______
94 28
April—............ 93. 56
M ay________ 93. 56
June________ 92. 89
Ju ly ------------ 91.25
August______ 90.80
S te e l s p r in g s
42.6 $2.14 $89.02
42.8
2. 27 90.17
42. 1 2. 27 86. 40
40.8
2. 31 88. 44
2.31 93. 71
40.0
40.9
2. 33 92. 11
2. 34 98. 94
41.7
2.35 95. 94
41.3
40.7
2. 36 93. 50
41.8
2. 36 96. 17
41. 2 2. 37 94.60
41.5
2. 33 93. 32
43.5
2. 38 97. 94
2.42 94.71
42.8
42.9
2.43 97.00
S te a m en g in es, tu r bin es, a n d w a te r
w h eels
1955: Average....... .
1956: Average_____
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February____
M arch______
April-----------M ay..............
June________
Ju ly ________
August______
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
1955: Average...........
1956: Average_____
August______
September___
October...........
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February____
M arch______
April________
M ay________
June________
July________
August_____
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
42.5
43.2
41.8
42.3
42.7
42.1
43.3
42.3
42.6
42.6
42.7
42.0
41.7
41.6
41.1
41.9 $2. 21
43 7 2. 35
42.9
2.36
2.39
44.0
2.39
43.7
43 8 2.40
43. 5 2.37
2.37
43.0
2.40
43.4
42.8
2. 38
42.8
2. 3E
2. 3S
42.7
2. 38
41.1
41.1
2.3E
41.4
2.32
41.4
41.5
40.3
41.2
41.1
41.1
41.8
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.1
41.2
41.3
40.6
40.3
*2.20
2.30
2.29
2.33
2.36
2. 36
2.40
2.39
2.40
2. 40
2. 39
2.44
2. 46
2.47
2.47
Construction and
mining machinery 8
42.4
42.5
41.7
42.2
42.2
41.6
42.5
42.0
41.9
41.9
41.6
41.0
41.3
40.5
40.6
$2.05
2.17
2.16
2.20
2.20
2.21
2.23
2. 22
2.24
2.24
2.26
2. 25
2.26
2. 27
2.27
M a ch in e-to o l
accessories
$2.16 $102. 52
2.26 115. 12
2. 25 116. 94
2.27 119 08
2.30 114. 88
2.31 110. 74
2.33 116. 28
2. 34 116. 68
2. 35 118. 36
2. 36 119. 73
2.36 118. 82
2. 38 116. 48
2.38 116. 33
2.41 113.10
2.42 108.54
P rin tin g -tr a d e s m achinery a n d equipm en t
44.7 $2.00 $92. 60
46.2
2. 11 102. 70
46.5
2.11 101.24
47.0
2.14 105.16
45.5
2.15 104. 44
46.6
2,15 105.12
48.4
2.1£ 103.10
47 4 2.17 101.91
46.9
2.17 104.16
46.1
2.17 101. 86
46. C 2.17 102. 2E
44.2
2.15 102. 05
44.0
2.14 97. 82
2.14 98. 23
43.4
2.15 1 96.05
42.6
$91.08
95. 45
92.29
96.00
97.00
97. 00
100. 32
98. 47
99. 12
99. .36
98 23
100. 53
101. 60
100. 28
99.54
40.1 $1.99 $86. 92
39.6
2.08 92. 23
40.2
2.08 90.07
38.7
2.13 92.84
38.5
2.09 92. 84
38.7
2.12 91.94
2.15 94. 78
39.5
39.2
2.16 93. 24
2.19 93. 86
39.3
40. 3 2. 22 93. 86
40.4
2. 21 94. 02
40.8
2. 22 92. 25
2. 24 93.34
40.5
2. 22 91.94
40.3
39.9
2.23 92.16
M e ta h v o r k in g
m achinery (except m achine tools)
$91. 80
97.63
94.05
96. 02
98.21
97. 25
100. 89
98.98
100. 11
100. 54
100. 77
99. 96
99. 25
100. 26
99.46
Engines and turbines *
44.0
45. 5
45.5
45.8
44.7
43.6
45.6
45.4
45.7
45.7
45.7
44.8
44.4
43.5
42.4
$2.33
2.53
2. 57
2.60
2. 57
2. 54
2. 55
2. 57
2.59
2.62
2.60
2.60
2. 62
2.60
2.56
General industrial
machinery 8
$86.11
92.87
92 42
95.44
95. 44
94. 78
96. 77
93. 44
93 44
93.62
92. 10
92. 51
92.48
92. 21
92.43
41.8 $2.06
2.18
42.6
2.19
42.2
42 8 2.23
42.8
2.23
42.5
2.23
43.2
2. 24
41. E 2.23
41. £ 2.23
41 8 2. 24
41.2
2. 23
2.24
41.2
2.25
41.1
2.25
40.8
2. 26
40.9
1420
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
M anufacturing-Continued
Year and month
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
P u m p s , a ir a n d gas
co m p resso rs
1955:
1966:
1957:
Average...........
Average__ ..
August............
September___
October_____
November___
December___
January..........
February____
March______
April. _____
M a y . . . ____
June________
Ju ly-----------August_____
$84. 45
90.53
61
91.58
91.80
91.37
92. 66
91.12
92. 43
90. 91
89.19
91.10
90.39
89. 54
89.13
88
41.6
42.5
41.6
42.4
42.5
42.3
42.7
41.8
42.4
41.7
4 1.1
41.6
40.9
40.7
40.7
$2.03 $86. 51
2.13
97. 61
2.13
97 81
. 66
2.16
2.16
. 26
2.16
98. 87
2 .17 101.09
2.18
96. 98
2.18
98. 56
2.18
99.83
2.17
99. 36
2.19
97. 81
. 21
96. 93
97.70
2.19
98.81
102
102
2
2.20
Office and store ma
chines and devices 8
1955:
1956:
1957:
Average_____
Average_____
August............
September___
O ctober.........
November___
December___
January_____
February........
M arch______
April_______
M a y ...............
June________
Ju ly -----------A u g u st..........
$82. 81
90.23
90.23
93.41
93.86
92.06
93. 41
91.46
91.21
90. 76
89. 47
. 93
89. 89
89. 78
89.33
88
40.2
41.2
41.2
4 1.7
41.9
4 1.1
4 1.7
41.2
40.9
40 7
40.3
39.7
39.6
39.9
39.7
1957:
Average....... .
Average..........
August______
September___
O ctober... . . .
Novenber.......
December___
January_____
February____
March______
April...............
M a y ...............
June________
J u l y ...............
August...........
$83. 22
. 97
87.16
89.10
. 26
88.04
. 44
86.46
88
88
88
86.11
87.78
88.80
89. 87
89. 42
90.27
87.25
40.4
41.0
39.8
40.5
40.3
40.2
40.2
39.3
39.5
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.1
40.3
39.3
41.0
43.0
42.9
43.5
43.7
42.8
43.2
41.8
42.3
42.3
42.1
41.8
41.6
41.4
41.0
2.22
2
40.3
41.4
41.6
41.9
42.0
40.8
41.9
41.9
41.4
41.0
40.4
40.4
40.0
40.8
40.4
86
88.20
86
86
86.22
2.20 86
2.20
2.20
2
2.22
2.22
40.8
40.1
39.6
39.7
38.9
38.9
40.1
39.9
40.8
40.1
38.3
38.4
39.1
39.2
39.2
41.0
41.8
41.2
41.9
41.8
41.4
42.4
41.2
40.4
40.7
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.2
40.4
86.10
40.0
41.1
40.9
42.0
43.1
43.1
42.0
39 6
39.4
39.9
39.8
39.0
38.9
38.5
38.9
88
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.10
2.20
2.21
2.20
2
2
2.20
2
2.21
2.20
42.1
4 1.7
4 1.1
41.8
41.8
41.6
42.6
41.9
41.8
41.6
4 1.1
40.9
40.7
40.5
40.4
42.2
41.8
40.8
42.0
41.5
42.3
43.0
39.9
39.9
40.3
40.6
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.5
M e ch a n ic a l p o w ertra n sm is s io n e q u ip
m en t
$2.06 $90.31
2.18
95. 24
2.17
95. 44
. 22 96 73
. 21
97. 84
. 26 96.02
2. 27 99. 39
95. 76
95.15
96. 18
2.23
93. 98
. 22 93. 48
2. 24 94. 12
2.26
92.92
2.26 93.43
2
2
2
2.20
2.21
2.22
2
Service-industry and
household machines 8
$1.90
2.00
1 99
2.05
2.04
. 08
2.06
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.93
1.93
1.93
1. 94
2
Miscellaneous ma
chinery parts 8
$2.07 $85.88
2 .15
89. 66
2.16
87. 95
2.18
91.12
2 .17
91.54
91.52
94. 57
92.60
. 22 92. 38
. 21
92. 35
90.83
. 20 90. 80
91.58
91.13
90.90
2.23
I n d u s tria l tru ck s,
tra cto rs, etc.
$1.95 $86.93
2.07
91.12
2.08
. 54
2.09
93 24
91.72
2.09
95.60
2.13
97. 61
2.13
87. 78
88.18
89. 47
90. 54
2.14
89. 47
2 .15
90. 50
2.19
90.85
2.13
91.53
T y p e w r ite r s 6
$2. 21 $76.00
82. 20
2.32
81.39
2.32
2.39
87.92
2.38
2. 37 89. 65
86.52
2.36
2.37
76.43
2. 38 76.04
77.41
2.38
2. 36 77. 61
2. 39 75. 27
2.44
75. 08
2. 43 74.31
2.42
75.47
R efrig era to rs a n d airc o n d itio n in g u n its
$2.06 $84. 46
2.17
85. 54
2.19
. 55
84.41
2.19
2.19
85. 58
88.62
87.78
2.18
90. 58
. 20 88.62
84.26
84. 48
2.23
2. 23 86.41
2. 24 86.24
87.42
B lo w e rs, exh au st a n d
ve n tila tin g fa n s
$2.11 $79 95
2. 27
. 53
2.28
85. 70
2. 36 87. 57
2.34
2.31
. 53
2. 34 90.31
2.32
87.76
2.33
85. 65
2. 36 86.28
2. 36 85. 05
2. 34
. 88
2.33
87. 72
2. 36 88.04
2. 41 86.05
C o m p u tin g m ach ines
a n d cash registers
$2.06 $S9.06
2.19
96. 05
2.19
96. 51
2.24 100.14
2. 24 99. 96
2. 24 96.70
2. 24 98.88
99. 30
2.23
98. 53
2.23
97.58
. 22 95.34
2.24
96. 56
2. 27 97.60
99.14
2.25
2.25
97. 77
S e w in g m ach ines
1955:
1956:
C on veyors a n d con
veyin g e q u ip m e n t
$2.04
2 .15
2.14
2.18
2.19
$83 64
86.24
85.14
87. 23
85. 54
.33
. 48
. 55
88.70
87.60
84.15
84. 58
. 07
. 51
. 24
86
88
86
86
86
86
40.8
40.3
39.6
40.2
39.6
39.6
40.4
39.7
40. 5
40.0
38.6
38.8
39.3
39.5
39.2
$83. 03
.99
87. 64
91.49
91.49
91.05
94.13
91.02
. 21
91.24
. 21
90. 58
90.32
. 22 89.24
2. 25 90.32
89.20
2.25
2.25
90.27
88
2.20
2.22
2
2
2.22
2.21
2
40.9
41.2
40.2
41.4
41.4
41.2
42.4
41.0
4 1.1
40.8
40.5
40.2
40.5
40.0
40.3
14
88
2.20 86
2.22
2.23
2. 26
2. 27
2. 27
2. 29
. 28
2.26
2.29
2. 27
. 28
2. 29
.30
2.29
2
2
2
41.0
40.6
39.1
41.3
40.8
40.9
41.4
37.8
38.7
38 2
36.7
38. 7
39.4
40.0
38.6
88
43.5
41.4
40.0
41.3
41.8
41.8
42.3
41.4
41.1
41. 0
39.7
39.8
39.5
39.8
39.6
$85.08
90.92
91.78
93.26
91.52
90.23
93. 48
93. 24
91.49
93 88
93 41
92. 77
94. 69
90. 74
95.30
41.3
41.9
42.1
42.2
41.6
41.2
42.3
42.0
41.4
42.1
41.7
4 1.6
41.9
39.8
41.8
$2.06
2 .17
2.18
2.21
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.21
2.19
2.23
2.24
2. 23
. 26
2.28
2.28
2
C o m m ercia l la u n d r y ,
d ry-clea n in g , and
p r e ss in g m ach ines
$2.08 $78. 06
81.34
. 21
80. 56
2.24
81.93
2. 24 79. 77
80. 34
2.26
2.28
83 13
2.24
79. 56
. 22 79.20
80. 59
81.76
2. 24 81.18
2. 24 79. 79
2.24
. 52
2. 25
. 31
2.20
2
2
2.22
2.20
86
86
B a ll a n d roller
bearings
$2.03 $90. 92
2.16
89.01
. 18 84.40
. 21
89. 62
92.38
92. 80
. 22 94. 33
. 22 91.91
91.24
91 43
2.23
87. 34
. 22 88.36
2.23
. 48
89. 55
2.23
2.24
88.70
2
2
2.21
2.21
2
2
2.22
2.22
2
$2.11
D o m e stic la u n d ry
e q u ip m e n t
$2. f 5 $85. 28
89.32
2.
2 15 86.41
2.17
92 51
91.39
2.16
92.43
2.18
2 19
94.39
84. 67
2.18
2. 19 85. 91
2.19
84.80
80. 74
2.18
2.18
86.69
2.19
. 26
89.60
2.19
. 85
F abricated p ip e , f it
tin g s, a n d valves
42.8
42.9
42.8
42.8
43. 1
42.3
43.4
42.0
42.1
42.0
41. 4
41.0
4 1.1
40.4
40.8
M e ch a n ic a l stokers,
a n d in d u s tr ia l
fu rn a c es a n d ovens
41.3
41.5
41.1
41.8
40.7
41.2
42.2
40.8
40.0
40.7
41. 5
41.0
39.5
42.0
41.9
$1.89
1.96
1.96
1.96
1 96
1.95
1.97
1.95
1.98
1.98
1.97
1.98
2.02
2.06
2.06
M a c h in e sh ops (job
and re p a ir )
$2.09 $85. 45
90.31
2 .15
89.88
. 11
2. 17 91. 57
. 21
91.36
. 22 91.32
2. 23 94.81
93. 93
. 22 93. 93
2 23 93.68
92.60
. 22 92. 57
2.24
93.11
2. 25 93.07
2. 24 92.21
2
2
2
2.22
2
2.20
2
42.3
42 2
42.0
42.2
42. 1
41.7
42.9
42.5
42. 5
42.2
41.9
4 1.7
41.2
41.0
40.8
$2.02
2.14
2.14
2 .17
2.17
2.19
. 21
. 21
. 21
2
2
2
2.22
2. 21
2. 22
2.26
2.27
2.26
Electrical machinery
Total: Electrical
machinery
1955:
1956:
1957:
Average_____
Average..........
August............
September___
October...........
November___
December___
January_____
February____
March______
A p r i l ...____
M ay________
June________
J u ly ...............
August........ .
$76. 52
80. 78
80.19
82. 61
83. 22
83.23
84. 46
82. 82
83.23
83. 43
83.02
82. 21
83.02
81.39
82.00
40.7
40.8
40.5
4 1.1
41.2
41.0
41.2
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.3
40.1
40.3
39.7
40.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Electrical generating,
transmission, distri
bution, and indus
trial apparatus 8
$1.88 $80. 57
1.98
87.15
86.92
1.98
89.66
89. 42
2.03
89.40
90.69
2.05
2.05
88.13
2.05
88.13
. 06
. 75
2.06
87.89
2. 05 87. 67
89.13
2.06
2.05
88.91
2.05
88.48
2.01
2.02
2
88
40.9
41.5
41.0
4 1.7
41.4
41.2
41.6
40.8
40.8
40.9
40.5
40.4
40.7
40.6
40.4
$1.97
2.10
2.12
2 .15
2.16
2 .17
2.18
2.16
2.16
2 .17
2.17
2 .17
2.19
2.19
2.19
W irin g devices a n d
s u p p lie s
$71.15
76 .11
74. 24
7 7 .11
77. 71
77.38
78.12
76. 97
77. 57
77.39
76. 24
76.43
77.41
77.03
75. 85
40.2
40.7
39.7
40.8
40.9
40.3
40.9
40.3
40.4
40.1
39.5
39.6
39.9
39.3
39.3
$1.77
1.87
1.87
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.91
1.9 1
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.96
1.93
C arbon a n d g raphite
p ro d u c ts (electrical)
$80.10
84. 46
83.84
85. 48
83. 62
84.86
.93
85.89
84.65
85.88
85. 26
84. 40
84.23
84. 77
84. 59
86
41.5
41.2
40.5
40.9
40.2
40.8
41.2
40.9
40.5
40.7
40.6
40.0
40.3
39.8
39.9
E le c trica l in d ic a tin g ,
m ea su rin g , a n d re
cording in s tr u m e n ts
$1.93 $74. 56
2.05 80.16
2. 07 79.76
2.09
81. 58
2.08 82. 01
2.08 81.00
83.23
80.00
2.09 81. 61
81.00
81.20
81.20
2.09
83.03
81.81
2.13
82.01
2.11
2.10
2.11
2.10
2.11
2.12
40.3
40.9
40.9
41.2
40.8
40.1
41.0
40.2
40.4
40.1
40.0
40.2
40.9
40.3
40.2
M o to r s , generators,
a n d m otor-generator
sets
$1. 85 $85.90
1. 96 90.86
1.95
90.13
94.39
1.98
92.89
93.11
95.08
2.03
1.99
91.98
91.53
92.39
2.03
90. 85
. 02 91.25
2.03
93. 79
94.48
2.03
2.04
93.56
2.01
2.02
2.02
2.02
2
4 1.1
41.3
40.6
41.4
41.1
41.2
41.7
40.7
40.5
40.7
40.2
40.2
40.6
40.9
40.5
$2.09
2.20
2.22
2.28
2.26
2.26
2.28
2.26
2.26
2.27
2.26
2.27
2.31
2.31
2.31
1421
0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l.
H o u r s a n d g r o ss e a r n in g s o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s or n o n s u p e r v is o r y e m p lo y e e s x— C o n .
A vg.
w k ly .
earntags
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earntags
A vg.
w k ly .
earntags
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earnings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
w k ly .
earntags
A vg.
hrly.
earntags
A vg.
w k ly .
earntags
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earntags
A vg.
w k ly .
earntags
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earntags
A vg.
w k ly .
earntags
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earntags
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Year and m onth
E lectrical m achinery—C ontinued
P o w e r a n d d istrib u tio n tran sfo rm ers
1955: A verage_____
1956: A verage_____
August.......... .
Septem ber___
O ctober--------N o v em b er___
D ecem b er___
1957: Janu ary.......... .
F eb ru ary____
M a rch ..............
A pril________
M a y _________
June................
July— .........
August............
$84.03
92.62
94. 98
96. 08
95. 95
97.71
97. 02
93. 89
94. 76
95.17
93.89
91.94
92.80
94.07
94.12
41.6
42.1
42.4
42.7
41.9
42.3
42.0
41.0
41.2
41.2
41.0
40.5
40.7
40.9
41.1
$2.02 $80.18
2.20 90. 30
2.24 90.07
2. 25 93. 50
2. 29 93. 48
2. 31 92.80
2.31 94.30
2.29 91.91
2.30 91.72
2. 31 92. 13
2.29 92.13
2.27 92.10
2. 28 93.15
2.30 92.70
2.29 92.89
E lectric lam ps
1955: A verage.......... .
1956: A verage........ .
A u g u st..........
Septem ber___
O ctober_____
N o v em b er___
D ecem b er___
1957: Janu ary_____
F eb ru ary___
M a rch ______
A p ril.............. ..
M a y .................
J u n e_________
J u ly ..................
A u g u st______
$68. 80
75.07
72. 76
73.60
74. 05
76. 57
77. 74
78. 12
77. 55
77. 36
76. 19
74.86
75.65
74.48
75.84
40.0
40.8
40. 2
40.0
39.6
40.3
40.7
40. 9
40.6
40.5
40.1
39.4
39.4
39.2
39.5
Sw itch g ea r,
sw itchboard, a n d in d u stria l controls
40.7
42.0
41.7
42.5
42. 3
41.8
42.1
41.4
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.1
$1.97
2.15
2.16
2.20
2.21
2. 22
2. 24
2. 22
2.21
2.22
2. 22
2. 23
2. 25
2.25
2.26
C om m unication
e q u ip m e n t5
$1. 72 $72.09
1.84 75. 95
1.81
75. 76
1. 84 77. 33
1.87 78.12
1.90 77. 95
1. 91 78. 55
1.91 78.40
1.91 79. 58
1. 91 79. 59
1.90 79.19
1.90 79.00
1.92 79. 59
1.90 75.85
1.92 77.81
40.5
40. 4
40.3
40.7
40.9
40.6
40.7
40.0
40.6
40.4
40.2
40.1
40.4
39.1
39.9
E lectrica l w eld in g
a p p a r a tu s
$91. 35
101.20
99. 76
102.08
102. 75
97.78
100. 99
99.79
100. 25
101. 38
97. 44
98.18
99. 53
91.71
94.87
43.5
44.0
43.0
44.0
44.1
42.7
44.1
43.2
43.4
43.7
42.0
42.5
42.9
39.7
40.2
40.1
40.1
40.3
40.4
40.7
40.2
40.3
39.6
40.0
40.0
39.9
39.9
40.3
39.6
39.9
40.6
39.9
40.0
40.2
41.0
40.7
40.1
39.7
39.4
39.3
39.1
38.6
38.7
38.9
38.8
$2.10 $79.17
2.30 80.60
2.32 81.20
2.32 82. 41
2.33 84. 87
2. 29 84. 25
2.29 83.01
2.31 82. 58
2.31 82. 74
2.32 82. 92
2.32 82.50
2.31 81.83
2. 32 82. 43
2.31 82.08
2.36 82.64
R a d io s, p h on ograph s,
television sets, and
e q u ip m e n t
$1.78 $69. 77
1.88 72.98
1.88 73.75
1.90 74. 74
1.91 75.70
1.92 74. 77
1.93 75. 76
1.96 75. 24
1.96 76. 40
1.97 76. 80
1. 97 76.61
1.97 76. 21
1.97 76.97
1. 94 75.24
1.95 75.81
E lectrical appliances
$1.95 $77.04
2.02 84. 32
2.03 84.38
2.05 87. 84
2. 07 88.10
2. 07 87. 95
2.07 88. 54
2.08 85. 27
2.10 84.45
2.11 85. 48
2.11 85.46
2.12 86.50
2.13 86. 09
2.11 84.67
2.13 85.90
40.0
39.1
38.8
40.0
39.7
38.8
39.0
37.7
39.1
39.3
38.9
38.8
39.5
37.7
40.0
$1. 66
1. 72
1.73
1. 75
1.76
1. 75
1. 75
1. 75
1. 77
1. 78
1.79
1.80
1.82
1.80
1.82
1955: A verage_____
1956: A verage..........
A u gu st______
S e p te m b e r ...
O ctober_____
N o vem b er__
D ecem b er___
1957: Janu ary..........
F eb ru ary ___
M a r c h ...........
A pril________
M a y .................
J u n e.................
J u ly _________
A u gu st______
$84.86
87.12
86.71
88.99
93.93
94.30
96.11
89.10
89. 54
88 44
86. 94
86.94
89. 42
87.86
92.66
41.6
40.9
40.9
41.2
42.5
42.1
43.1
40.5
40.7
40. 2
39.7
39.7
40.1
39.4
41.0
$2. 04 $61.69
2.13 64. 48
2. 12 63.36
2.16 64. 39
66.00
2.21
2. 24 65.74
2.23 65.90
2.20 66.86
2.20 67.43
2.20 68. 34
2.19 70.18
2.19 70.11
2.23 67. 43
2.23 66. 59
2.26 67.66
T ru c k a n d b u s bodies
$81.38
1955: A verage..........
81.41
1956: A verage_____
83.44
A u gu st______
81.80
S ep tem b er.. .
81.58
O ctober_____
81. 58
N o vem b er__
84.85
D ecem b er___
81. 35
1957: Janu ary_____
83.79
F eb ru ary ___
85.01
M a r c h ...........
85. 86
A pril................
83. 37
M a y .................
83. 35
J u n e .................
84.80
J u ly ------------A u gu st______ 1 89.19
41.1
40.3
40.9
40. 1
39.6
39.6
40.6
39.3
39.9
40. 1
40.5
39. 7
39.5
40.0
41.1
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P r im a r y batteries
(d ry a n d w et)
39.8
39.8
39.6
39.5
40.0
39.6
39.7
39.8
39.9
40.2
40.8
41.0
39.9
3 9 .4
39.8
T ra ilers (tru ck and
autom obile)
$1.98 $84.44
2.02 82.80
2.04 82.41
2.04 84.00
2.06 84. 84
2.06 80.47
2.09 81.97
2.67 80.11
2.10 78.74
2.12 79. 75
2.12 80.94
2.10 79. 93
2.11 83.01
2.12 80.32
2.17 83.22
41.8
40.0
40.2
40.0
40.4
38.5
39.6
38.7
38.6
38.9
39.1
38.8
40. 1
38.8
40.4
X - r a y a n d n o nradio
electronic tubes
$1. 55 $81.20
1.62 87. 53
1.60 88. 56
1.63 88.15
1.65 88. 78
1.66 89.60
1.66 89.10
1.68 86.76
1.69 87.60
1.70 89.10
1.72 88.00
1.71 88. 26
1.69 89.06
1.69 92.48
1.70 89.15
40.4
40.9
41.0
41. 0
41.1
41.1
40.5
39.8
40.0
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.3
41.1
39.8
41.3
42.1
42.3
42.4
42.3
42.4
42. C
42.6
42.3
42 2
42. C
40.6
40.6
40.4
40.8
T otal: Transportatio n equip m ent
41.9
41.0
40.8
41.3
41.8
42.2
43.6
41.7
41.5
41.1
40.6
39.9
40.1
39.5
40.1
$2.01 $93. 44
2.14 94.71
2. 16 94.25
2. 15 97.47
2.16 99.07
2.18 100.86
2.20 105.95
2.18 99. 25
2.19 98. 36
2.20 97.82
2.2C 96.22
2.19 94. 56
2. 21 96. 24
2.25 95.2C
2.24 97.04
Aircraft and parts »
$2.02 $89.62
2.07 95.99
2.05 97.29
2.10 97.94
2.10 97.71
2.09 98. 37
2.07 100.3£
2.07 99.26
2.04 98.56
2.05 99.17
2.07 99.12
2. Of 94. 60
2.07 95.0C
2.07 94. 94
2.06 96. 70
$1.83 $83.64
1.97 84. 42
1.99 83.37
2.01 87.94
2.03 89.84
2.05 90. 47
2.04 94.13
2.04 86. 62
2.03 85. 32
2.04 84.10
2.03 83.85
2.04 83. 03
2.04 85. 58
2.05 85. 58
2.08 85. 85
$90.94
95. 24
92. 60
95. 22
95.67
101. 22
100. 55
100. 25
100. 53
98.67
97.75
95.49
94. 81
85. 91
90.63
43.1
42.9
41.9
42.7
42.9
44.2
44.1
43.4
43.9
42.9
42.5
41.7
41.4
38.7
40.1
41.2
40.2
39.7
40.9
41.4
41.5
42.4
40.1
39.5
39.3
39.0
38.8
38.9
38.9
39.2
$2.03
2.10
2.10
2.15
2.17
2.18
2.22
2.16
2.16
2.14
2.15
2.14
2.20
2.20
2.19
M iscellaneous electrical p ro d u cts8
$2.11 $74. 48
2. 22 78.34
2.21 77.14
2.23 78.74
2.23 81.73
2.29 82. 19
2.28 83. 42
2.31 81.20
2.29 82.01
2.30 81.00
2.30 80. 79
2. 29 80. 20
2. 29 80.80
2. 22 80.60
2.26 81.81
40.7
40.8
40.6
40.8
41.7
41.3
41.5
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.6
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.5
$1.83
1.92
1.90
1.93
1.96
1.99
2. 01
2.01
2.02
2.00
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.02
T ransportation equip m ent
Electrical m achinery—C ontinued
S toraae batteries
42.1
42.8
42.4
43.7
43.4
42.9
43.4
41.8
41.6
41.9
42.1
42.4
42.2
41.3
41.3
E lectrical equip m ent
for vehicles
T elep h o n e, telegraph,
a n d related e q u ip m en t
R a d io tubes
$1.74 $66. 40
1.82 67.25
1.83 67.12
1. 85 70.00
1.86 69.87
1.86 67.90
1.88 68. 25
1.90 65.98
1.91 69. 21
1.92 69. 95
1.92 69.63
1.91 69.84
1.91 71.89
1.90 67.86
1.90 72.80
Insulated w ire and
cable
$2.23
2.31
2. 31
2.36
2.37
2.39
2.43
2.38
2. 37
2.38
2.37
2. 37
2.40
2.41
2.42
41.2
41.8
42.0
42.0
41.9
42.1
42.1
42. S
41. £
41.9
41.6
40.0
39.9
39.8
40.3
$97. 78
94.71
92.90
99.06
102. 41
105.72
112.95
100.36
99.29
97.12
94.17
93. 84
97.42
94. 71
97. 57
42.7
40.3
39.7
40.6
41.8
42.8
45.0
41.3
41.2
40.3
39.4
39.1
39.6
38.5
39.5
$2.29
2.35
2.34
2 44
2.45
2.47
2. 51
2.43
2.41
2.41
2. 39
2.40
2.46
2. 46
2.47
A ir c r a f t engines a n d
p a r ts
A ir c ra ft
$2.17 $89. 40
2.28 94.89
2.30 9 6 .6C
96.60
2.31
96. 79
2.31
2.32 97. 25
2. 34 97.67
2.3? 97. 71
2.33 97.21
2. 35 98.05
2.36 97. 7C
92.80
2.33
92.97
2.34
2. 35 93.13
2.37 95. 51
M otor vehicles and
eq uip m ent s*
$2.17
2.27
2.30
2 .3(
2.31
2.31
2.32
2.31
2.32
2.34
2.35
2.32
2.33
2. 34
2.37
$88.97
96. 67
97.55
99. 76
99. 76
99.26
104. 92
102.82
102.62
101. 20
100. 25
95. Of
96.76
96.29
96.59
41.0
42.4
42.6
43.0
43.0
42.6
43.9
43.2
43.3
42.7
42.3
40.8
41.0
40.8
41.1
M o to r vehicles, bodies,
p a r ts , a n d accessories
$98. 87
96. If
93.85
100.94
103.91
107. 75
115. 32
101.84
101.02
98.17
95.11
95.01
98. 60
96.00
98. 89
42.8
40.4
39.6
40.7
41.9
43.1
45.4
41.4
41.4
40.4
39.3
39.1
39.6
38.4
39.4
$2.31
2.38
2.37
2.48
2. 48
2.50
2.54
2.46
2. 44
2. 43
2.42
2.43
2.49
2.50
2.51
A ir c r a f t p ro p e lle rs
a n d p a rts
$2. 17 $90.47
2.28 96.93
2.29 96.50
2.32 98.27
2. 32 97.81
2. 33 99. 62
2.39 103.84
2.38 92.52
2.37 95.17
2.37 97.16
2.37 102. 58
2.33 97. 76
2.36 96.12
2.36 95. 88
2.35 97. 64
41.5
42.7
42.7
43.1
42.9
43.5
44.0
40.4
41.2
41.7
43.1
41.6
40.9
40.8
41, 2
$2.18
2.27
2.26
2.28
2.28
2.29
2.36
2. 29
2.31
2.33
2.38
2. 35
2. 35
2.35
2.37
1422
T
able
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , N O V E M B E R 1957
C -l.
H o u r s a n d g r o s s e a r n i n g s o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s o r n o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s 1— C o n .
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. Wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Transportation equipment—Continued
Ship and boat build
ing and repairing »
Other a irc ra ft p a r ts
a n d e q u ip m e n t
1955: Average_____
1956: Average_____
August............
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February........
M arch.........
April..... ..........
M ay________
June________
July________
August______
$90. 4£
98 24
98 21
99 T¿
99. 76
101.32
104. 31
101 76
100. 15
101. 05
101.24
99.17
100.06
99.30
99.30
41.
42. £
42.
42.
43. C
43.3
44.
43.3
42.8
43.0
42.9
42.2
42.4
41.9
41.9
$2. r $83 K
2 2£ 89.1C
2. 3C 90 35
2. 33 91.14
2. 32 90. 68
2.34 90. 4C
2. 3f 94 71
2.35 93. 67
2.34 94 40
2. 35 94 80
2.36 94.87
2.35 96. 32
2.36 96.15
2.37 97.20
2.37 93.80
39.4
39
39 5
39.
39.
38.
40.3
40 2
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.5
40.0
S h ip b u ild in g a n d
re p a irin g
$2.12 $86. 61
2. 25 92. 2"
2. 27 92. 7£
2. 2S 93. 51
2. 29 93. oe
2. 33 93. 12
2. 35 97. 77
2. 33 96.88
2.36 97. 11
2.37 97.76
2.36 97.60
2. 39 98.65
2. 38 98.98
2.40 99.23
2.42 99.05
39.2
39.
39.
39 S
39.
38.8
40.
40. 2
39.8
39.fi
40.0
40.1
40.4
40.5
40.1
$2. 21 $70. 3C
2. 31 73. 5'
2. 38 75. 7£
2. 35 73. 87
2. 35 75. 6C
2. 4C 74. 07
2.42 74. 64
2. 41 74. 43
2.44 78. 06
2. 45 76.14
2. 44 77. 93
2. 46 80 03
2. 45 78. 72
2.45 79. 59
2. 47 77.42
Transportation equipment—Continued
Railroad and street
cars
1955: Average_____
1956: Average.........
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February____
March........... .
April...............
M ay________
June________
July------------August______
$88. 20
91 96
85. 88
94.95
97 84
91.63
97. 11
97. 66
98.40
99.94
99.60
99.10
97.96
100.30
100.19
39. 2
38.8
36. 7
39 4
40. 1
38. 5
39.8
39. 7
40.0
40.3
40.0
39.8
39.5
39.8
39.6
$77. 83
77 59
77.60
79. 15
78. 72
76. 61
77 02
77. 42
80. 40
79. 99
79.40
81.20
81.40
79.37
82.62
41.4
40.2
40.0
40.8
41.0
39.9
38.9
39.3
40.4
40.4
40.1
40.4
40.1
39.1
40.3
$1.88
1.93
1. 94
1. 94
1. 92
1. 92
1.98
1.97
1. 99
1.98
1. 98
2.01
2.03
2.03
2.05
40.4
40.
40.
39.5
40.C
39.4
39.
39.8
41.3
40.5
40.8
41.9
41.0
40.4
39.5
$1.74
1.83
1. 8£
1. 87
1. 89
1.88
1.88
1.87
1.89
1.88
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.97
1.96
$77. 93
82.01
82. 21
84.26
84.05
83. 64
84 87
84. 66
85. 69
85. 47
85. 26
84.42
85.46
84. 61
84.00
40.8
40.8
40.7
41.1
41.0
40.8
41.0
40. 7
41.0
40.7
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.1
40.0
$1. 91
2.01
2.02
2.05
2. 05
2. 05
2.07
2. 08
2.09
2. 10
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.10
Laboratory, scien
tific, and engineer
ing instruments
$88. 99
94.95
96. 02
98.01
97.33
95. 11
98. 18
99. 03
99.26
98. 65
97.34
93.03
96.05
95.04
91.65
41.2
42.2
42 3
42. 8
42.5
41.9
42.5
42. 5
42.6
41.8
41.6
40.1
40.7
40.1
39.0
1955: Average_____
1956: Average..........
August............
September___
October...........
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February____
March______
April...............
M ay________
Ju n e ............. .
July________
August______
$69.02
71. 51
71. 51
72.50
72. 04
73. 75
73.12
72.94
74. 48
73. 71
73. 38
74 15
75.30
74.00
74. 21
40.6
40.4
40.4
40.5
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.7
40.5
40.1
40.3
40.7
40.0
39.9
$1.70 $62. 52
1. 77 64.48
1. 77 63.28
1. 79 64.40
1.81 64.00
1.83 64.64
1.81 65.93
1.81 64. 55
1.83 66. 23
1.82 67. 77
1.83 67. 54
1.84 67. 77
1.85 67.54
1.85 67.83
1.86 67. 77
Jewelr V and findings
1955: Average.......... $67. 04 41.9
1956: Averase ...
69.06 41.6
August............ 67.32 40.8
September___ 68. 39 41.2
October.......... 71.74 42.2
November___ 71.91 42.3
December....... 73. 27 42.6
1957: Januarv
68. 28 40.4
February____ 68.85 40.5
March______
68. 80 40.0
April_______
68.68 39.7
M ay________ 69.60 40.0
June________ 70.88 40.5
July------------- 67. 49 39.7
August______ 71.17 40.9
Seefootnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ophthalmic goods
$1.60
1. 66
1.65
1.66
1.70
1.70
1.72
1.69
1.70
1. 72
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.70
1.74
40.6
40.3
39.8
40.0
40.0
39.9
40.2
39.6
39.9
40. 1
40.2
40.1
40.2
39.9
40.1
$1.54
1.60
1.59
1.61
1.60
1.62
1.64
1.63
1.66
1.69
1.68
1.69
1.68
1.70
1.69
Photographic appa
ratus
$85. 70
91. 46
92. 29
93. 34
93. 75
93.30
94. 85
94. 30
93.89
93. 84
93. 84
94.02
94. 71
94. 02
92.97
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.6
41.0
41.0
40.8
40.8
40.7
41.0
40.7
40.6
Musical instruments
and parts
$80.14
83. 38
84. 02
87. 72
89. 42
92.14
90. 67
82.00
84.66
86. 72
84.23
80.20
80.20
81.20
86.32
$75. 44
80. 54
80. 16
82.80
83.60
84. 02
83. 21
81.00
82.01
83.43
83.44
82. 42
82.00
73. 53
81.80
$1.89
1.99
2.01
2.04
2.07
2.08
2.07
2.00
2. 04
2. 05
2.02
2.00
2.00
2.01
2.07
40.
39 £
38.
40.
40.
39
40.4
40
40.
40 6
40.5
39.fi
39.8
40.0
40.0
L ocom otives and
p a r ts
$2. 2f $94.25
2.3' 99. r
2. 3Í 94 8£
2. 4C 100 8C
2. 4£ 97 82
2. 35 97 1C
2. 44 102. C£
2. 45 101. 75
2. 45 100. 85
2. 4 101.02
2. 48 102. 48
2. 47 97.28
2.49 102. 47
2. 52 102.56
2.54 105.37
41. £
42.
40. £
42.
41.
40.8
42.
41.7
41.5
41.4
42.
40.
40.5
40.7
41. C
$2. 25
2.35
2.32
2.39
2. 38
2.38
2.43
2.44
2.43
2. 44
2.44
2. 42
2.53
2. 52
2.57
41.0
41.3
40.9
41.4
41.8
41.8
41.4
40.5
40.6
41.1
40.7
40.4
40.0
36.4
40.1
Mechanical measur
ing and controlling
instruments
40.8
41.0
40.2
41.1
41. 1
41.3
41. 1
40.8
41.1
41.0
41.1
40.7
40.7
40.1
40.5
$1. 94
2. 04
2.04
2.08
2. 08
2. 07
2.09
2. 10
2.11
2.12
2. 13
2. 13
2.13
2.12
2.13
Optical instruments
and lenses
$78. 36
83 03
84. 05
84. 25
84. 25
84 23
85.06
83. 98
85.24
85. 24
85.05
85. 41
85.84
85.84
86. 48
40.6
40.5
40.8
40. 7
40. 7
40.3
40. 7
39.8
40. 4
40.4
40.5
40.1
40.3
40.3
40.6
$1.93
2. 05
2. 06
2. 07
2.07
2. 09
2.09
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.13
2.13
2.13
2. 13
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Watches and clocks
$2.08 $69. 20
2. 22 70. 77
2.24 72.25
2. 26 72. 47
2. 27 73.75
2. 27 71. 21
2.28 71. 76
2.30 71.97
2.29 73. 47
2. 30 72.34
2.30 70.10
2.31 71.23
2.31 72.15
2.31 69.66
2.29 73.08
Silverware and plated
ware
42.4
41.9
41.8
43.0
43.2
44.3
43.8
41.0
41.5
42.3
41.7
40.1
40.1
40.4
41.7
$90.4,
94. 5(
88.54
96. 9f
97. 77
93. 3C
98. 58
98. 74
98 98
100 28
100. 44
98.55
99.10
100. 80
101. 60
$2. 16 $79 15
2 25 83.64
2. 27 82 01
2.29 85. 49
2.29 85. 49
2. 27 85. 49
2.31 85 90
2. 33 85.68
2. 33 86. 72
2. 36 86. 92
2. 34 87.54
2.32 86.69
2.36 86.69
2.37 85. 01
2.35 86. 27
Instruments and related products—Continued
Surgic.al, medical,
and dental instru
men ts
Railroad equipment
Instruments and related products
Other transportation Total: Instruments
equipment
and related products
$2. 25
2. 37
2.34
2. 41
2. 44
2.38
2. 44
2. 46
2. 46
2. 48
2.49
2.49
2. 48
2.52
2.53
B o a tb u ild in g a n d
rep a irin g
40.0
39.1
39. 7
39.6
40.3
38.7
39.0
38.9
39.5
39. 1
38.1
38.5
39.0
38.7
39.5
$1.73
1.81
1. 82
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.86
1. 85
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.80
1.85
Toys and sporting
goods 44
$1.84 $60. 52
1.95 62. 56
1.96 62.49
2.00 62.40
2.00 64. 64
2.01 63.41
2. 01 63.80
2.00 66.69
2.02 67.37
2.03 66. 92
2.05 66. 59
2. 04 65.74
2.05 64.96
2.02 63.58
2.041 66.19
39.3
39.1
39.3
39.0
39.9
38.9
38.9
39.0
39.4
39.6
39.4
38.9
38.9
38.3
39.4
$1.54
1.60
1.59
1.60
1.62
1.63
1.64
1. 71
1.71
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.67
1.66
1.68
Total Miscellaneous
manufacturing in
dustries
$67.40
70. 53
69. 95
70. 93
72. 45
71.73
72. 67
72.40
72. 94
73. 49
72. 22
72.04
71.82
71.50
72.18
40.6
40.3
40.2
40.3
40.7
40.3
40.6
40.0
40.3
40.6
39.9
39.8
39.9
39.5
40.1
Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware *
$1.66 $71.40
1. 75 74. 23
1.74 72.75
1.76 74. 82
1. 78 77. 35
1. 78 78.69
1. 79 79. 12
1.81 72. 67
1.81 74.26
1.81 75.07
1. 81 73.93
1.81 73.20
1.80 74.34
1.81 72.22
1.80 76. 22
42.0
41.7
41.1
41.8
42.5
43.0
43.0
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.4
40.0
40.4
39.9
41.2
$1.70
1. 78
1.77
1. 79
1.82
1.83
1.84
1. 79
1. 82
1.84
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.81
1.85
G a m es, to y s, d o lls, a n d
c h ild ren ’s vehicles
S p o rtin g a n d athletic
goods 4
$60. 28
61.85
61. 86
61.15
64. 24
62. 76
61.29
63.08
64.08
64. 29
63.80
63.69
62. 53
61.50
64.78
$60.92
63. 99
63.90
65.11
65.04
65. 27
67. 73
71.33
71.86
71.33
70.98
69.17
69.34
67.94
69.17
39.4
38.9
39.4
38.7
39.9
38.5
37.6
38.0
38.6
39.2
38.9
38.6
38.6
38.2
39.5
$1. 53
1. 59
1.57
1.58
1.61
1. 63
1.63
1.66
1.66
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.62
1.61
1.64
39.3
39.5
39.2
39.7
39.9
39.8
40.8
40.3
40.6
40.3
40.1
39.3
39.4
38.6
39.3
$1.55
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.63
1.64
1.66
1. 77
1.77
1. 77
1. 77
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
,
*
.
*
*
4
1423
0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Pens, pencils, other
Costume jewelry,
Fabricated plastic
Other manufacturing
Class I railroads 7
buttons, notions
products
industries
office supplies
$62.88
41.1 $1.53 $60.30
40.2 $1.50 $72. 80 41.6 $1. 75 $70.30
40.4 $1.74 $82.12
41.9 $1.96
1.62 62. 49 39.3
1.59 75.35
41.4
1.82 74.37
1.85 88. 40 41.7
2.12
41.1
40.2
66.58
1.56
74.56
88.83
2.09
75.58
41.3
1.61 59. 75 38.3
1.83
40.3
1.85
42.5
66.01
41.0
39.1
1.55 78.73
42.1
1.86 87.10
2.14
65. 69
40.3
1.87 74.59
40.1
40.7
1.63 60. 61
1.61
41.9
74.59
2.10
1.69 62. 95 39.1
78. 77
1.88
40.1
1.86 89. 46
42.6
70. 98 42.0
1.63 77.61
41.5
2.19
69. 39
1.66 63.08
38.7
1.87 73. 23 39.8
1.84 92. 20 42.1
41.8
69. 22 41.7
1.66 64.64
1.62 78.21
41.6
75.17
40.2
2. 21
39.9
1.88
1.87 90. 61
41.0
1.64 64.06
1.63 78.06
41.3
1.89 74. 84 39.6
1.89 93.08
42. 5 2. 19
39.3
67. 24 41.0
41.4
2.24
65.
27
1.64
1.89
75.41
39.9
1.89
94.
53
42.2
67.89
40.9
1.66
39.8
78. 25
40.9
1.65 79. 65
1.91 76.14
40.5
2.20
1.65 65. 67
39.8
41.7
67.49
1.88 89. 98 40.9
2. 21
64.19
38.9
76.
92
40.7
1.65
1.89
74.82
39.8
92.
82
42.0
40.5
1.66
1.88
67.23
40.4
2.23
1.89 75.01
1.68 64. 57 38.9
1.66 76. 36
39.9
68. 88 41.0
1.88 94. 55 42.4
1.63 78.12
40.9
1.91 75.39
2.27
1.67 63.41
38.9
40.1
1.88 93.07
41.0
68. 64 41.1
39.2
1.65 80.10
41.5
2.25
42.5
65.86
1.68 64.35
39.0
1.93 75.05
39.5
1.90 95.63
1.64
1.64
64.12
39.1
78.47
1.90
74.
82
39.8
1.88
41.3
66.75
40.7
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
Communication
Telephone
Sw itch b o a rd o p era tin g
em p lo y e es
8
8
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Transportation and public utilities
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
1955: Average...........
1956: Average...........
A ugust...........
September___
October_____
November___
December-.. .
1957: January . .......
February........
M arch___
April................
M ay_____ _
June_____ —
Ju ly________
A u g u st-..
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Local railways
buslines
43.1
$80.60
84. 48 43.1
43.3
85.30
85. 14 43.0
85. 54 43.2
43.2
85.97
43.4
86.80
86. 86 43.0
86. 25 42.7
86. 66 42.9
43.0
87.29
43.7
88. 71
44.1
89.96
43.7
90.02
88. 77 43.3
and
$1.87
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.02
2.02
2.02
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.06
2.05
Other public utilities
L i n t c o n stru c tio n , i n
sta lla tio n , and m a in
ten ance e m p lo y e e s
Telegraph
Total: Gas and elec
tric utilities
Electric light and
power utilities
8
39.6 $1.82 $59. 72 37.8 $1.58 $101. 85
1955: Average........... $72.07
39.5
1.86 60.70
37.7
1.61 101.36
1956: Average........... 73.47
39.4
37.6
1.60 100. 25
1.85 60.16
August - ......... 72.89
1.61 102. 08
1.86 61.34
September___ 74. 21 39.9
38.1
1.86 61. 66 38.3
1.61 100.92
39.8
October........... 74.03
40.5
1. 62 102.96
41.0
1.88
65.
61
November___ 77.08
1.66 104. 01
1.92 60.92
36.7
75. 46 39 3
December___
1.66 99.88
1.91 60. 26 36.3
1957: January.......... 73. 92 38.7
1.92 61.79
37.0
1.67 100.58
39.0
February ---------- 74.88
36.3
1.67 99. 88
38.7
1.'92 60.62
74.30
M arch______
1.93 60. 45 36.2
1.67 101. 91
38.7
April________ 74.69
1.94 63. 27 37.0
1.71 101.63
M ay________ 75. 66 39.0
37.4
1.69 103.20
76. 44 39.2
1.95 63.21
J u n e ..______
37.9
1.69 103.63
39.5
1.94 64.05
July -------------------- 76.63
1.94 62.50
1.68 102.24
37.2
75. 47 38.9
A ugust-____
Transportation and public utilities—Con.
43.9
43.5
43.4
44.0
43.5
44.0
43.7
42.5
42.8
42.5
43.0
42.7
43.0
43.0
42.6
$2.32 $78.54
2.33 82.74
2.31 86.28
2.32 85. 26
2.32 85. 26
2.34 84.03
2.38 84.03
2.35 86.32
2.35 86. 94
2.35 87. 57
2. 37 86.11
2.38 89. 25
2.40 88. 62
2.41 88. 62
2.40 87. 99
$2.02
2.11
2.12
2.16
2. 17
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.17
2.16
2.17
2.19
2.23
2.24
2.23
1
and ac
Food and liquor stores Automotive
cessories dealers
38.1
37.5
38.4
37.6
37.3
37.2
37.0
36.8
36.7
36.6
36.7
36.7
37.1
37.9
37.8
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.13
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.29
2.29
2.30
2.29
2.29
2.30
2. 32
2. 33
2.37
2.36
2.37
Retail trade (except General merchandise Department stores
Electric light and gas
and general mail
eating and drink
stores
utilities combined
order houses
ing places)
40.6 $1.90 $58. 50 39.0 $1. 50 $41. 65 35.3 $1.18 $47. 52 36.0 $1.32
$87. 57 41.5 $2.11 $77.14
1.37
1. 24 48. 77 35.6
1.57 43. 40 35.0
38.6
2. 26 81.20
92. 89 41.1
2.01 60.60
40.4
1.39
35.6
1.25 49. 90 35.9
1.58 44.50
40.4
2. 02 61. 78 39.1
2. 27 81.61
92.62
40.8
35. 5 1.40
. 26
49.70
2.04 61.22
40.6
1. 59 43. 97 34.9
38.5
2.28 82.82
94 16 41.3
1.40
1.26 49. 42 35.3
2.03 60. 90 38.3
2.30 82. 22 40.5
92. 92 40.4
34.6
1.59 43.60
34.6
1.38
2. 33 83.03
41.2
1. 25 47. 75
38.0
1.59 42. 63 34.1
40.5
2.05 60. 42
96.00
1.35
1. 21 50.09
37.1
38.6
1. 55 43. 80 36.2
2.06 59.83
2.34 83. 84 40.7
95. 47 40.8
34.8
1.41
49.07
34.6
1. 61 43.94
38.2
2. 33 82. 81
40.2
40.4
94.13
1.27
2.06 61.50
1.42
1.28 49. 13 34.6
2.06 61. 50 38.2
2. 33 82. 81 40.2
34.3
1. 61 43.90
40.8
95.06
1.42
34.5
1.62
40.6
43.65
34.1
1.28
48.
99
2.07 61. 56 38.0
40.1
2.35 83.01
95. 41
1.43
1.29 49. 76 34.8
1.62 44. 38 34.4
38.0
40.0
2.07 61.56
2.36 82. 80
96. 52 40.9
34.7
1.45
1.64 44.54
34.0
1.31 50.32
38.0
2.09 62. 32
40.1
2. 35 83.81
40.5
95.18
34.9
1.47
1.33 51.30
38.2
2.11 63.41
40.2
40.7
1.66 45. 75 34.4
2.36 84.82
96.05
34.7
1.47
1.67 45.67
40.4
2.12 64. 46 38.6
2.38 85.65
34.6
1.32 51.01
97. 58 41.0
34.5
1.46
2. 11 64. 08 38.6
1.31 50.37
1.66 45.33
2.39 85. 24 40.4
41.1
34.6
98.23
Avg. wkly. earnings
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued
1955: Average------------- $61.72
1956: Average_____ 63. 38
64. 90
August..............
September____ 64. 30
October_______ 63. 78
November____ 63.98
December_____ 63. 27
1957: January _______ 63.66
February____ 63. 86
M arch _________ 63.68
A p ril __________ 63.86
64.59
M a y ............—
June......... ........... 65.67
July --------------------- 67.46
August______ 67. 28
41.2
41.5
41.7
41.5
41.3
41.6
41.5
41.1
41.1
41.2
41.3
41.1
41.6
41.7
41.4
Wholesale trade
Gas utilities
40.9
40.9
40.7
41.2
41.4
41.6
41.2
41.4
40.4
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.1
40.5
40.2
$2.10 $87. 76
2. 22 93. 38
2.23 94.24
2.24 94. 21
2. 26 94.58
2. 27 95.26
2.28 95. 45
2. 27 94.12
2. 27 94.12
2.28 94. 76
2. 30 95. 82
2.30 95.76
2.33 98.59
2.34 98.41
2.34 98.12
Retail trade
Other public utilities—Continued
1955: Average........... $82. 62
1956: Average-............... 86.30
August________ 86.28
September____ 88. 99
October_______ 89. 84
November____ 89. 86
December_____ 89. 40
1957: January .................. 90. 25
February. ............ 87.67
M arch _________ 86.83
87. 23
A pril.. ...............
M ay ___________ 88.04
June ___________ 89. 42
July --------------------- 90. 72
August. ______ 89.65
41.2
42.0 $1.87 $86.52
41.2
42.0
1.97 91.46
42.5
2.03 91.88
41.2
41.4
2.03 92.74
42.0
42.0
2.03 92.66
41.0
41.5
41.6
2.02 94.21
41.2
2.02 93.94
41.6
2.07 92. 84
40.9
41.7
40.8
41.8
2.08 92.62
2.09 93.02
40.8
41.9
40.9
41.4
2.08 94. 07
42.5
2.10 93. 61
40.7
40.9
42.2
2.10 95.30
41.2
42.2
2.10 96.41
41.9
41.0
2.10 95.94
Wholesale and retail trade
$1.62 $79.64
1.69 81. 28
1. 69 82.16
1. 71 81. 53
1.71 81.03
1. 72 81.72
1. 71 81.91
1. 73 82.34
1.74 82.53
1.74 82. 78
1.74 83. 22
1.76 84.48
1.77 85.17
1.78 84.73
1.78 84.92
44.0
43.7
43.7
43.6
43.8
43.7
43.8
43.8
43.9
43.8
43.8
44.0
43.9
43.9
44.0
Apparel and acces
sories stores
$1.81 $46. 82
1. 86 47. 54
1.88 48.28
1. 87 48. 16
1. 85 47. 96
1.87 47. 47
1. 87 50.04
1.88 48. 65
1.88 48.44
1. 89 47. 75
1.90 47. 74
1.92 48. 56
1.94 50.05
1.93 50. 77
1.93 49.91
35. 2 $1. 33
1.37
34.7
1.3b
35.5
34.4
1. 40
34. 5 1.39
34.4
1.38
1.39
36.0
1.41
34.5
34.6
1.40
1.38
34.6
1.40
34.1
1.42
34.2
1.43
35.0
1.43
35.5
35. 4
1.41
Other retail trade
Furniture and appli Lumber and hard
ware supply stores
ance stores
$66.94
42.1 $1.59 $69. 82 43. 1 $1.62
1.71
1.65 72.68
42.5
69.30
42.0
1. 73
1.66 74. 56 43.1
69. 55 41.9
1. 67 74. 65 42.9
1. 74
69. 97 41.9
42.8
1. 76
70. 56 42.0
1. 68 75. 33
1.74
1.69 73. 43 42. 2
70.81
41.9
1.74
1.71 73.08
42.0
42.8
73.19
41.5
1. 74
1.69 72. 21
41.9
70. 81
1. 74
1. 65 72. 73 41.8
41.7
68.81
1.74
1.67 72. 73 41.8
69. 81
41.8
42.2
1.75
1.67 73.85
69.81
41.8
42.5
1.77
1.70 75.23
71.06
41.8
41.9
42.5
1.78
1.71 75.65
71.65
1.78
42.7
71.14
41.6
1.71 76.01
1.72 75. 58 42.7
1.77
72. 24 42.0
Finance, insurance,
and real estate 10
Banks Secu Insur
and
rity
ance
trust dealers car
com and ex riers
panies changes
$59. 28 $102.13 $73.29
97.56 77. 50
61.97
61. 79 96.23 77.77
61. 93 94.07 78.10
62. 55 92.87 78.21
62.35
94.98 78.92
62.86
99.68 79.89
63.82 101. 46 79.43
63. 74 100. 57 79.95
63.89
96.38 80.03
63.78
97. 45 80.32
63.67 101. 21 80.47
63.80 100.13 80.95
64.52 101.44 81.33
97.68 81.32
64.24
1424
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Year and month
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
M av
A ugust___ _____ ______
$41.09
42.13
42. 43
42.63
42. 74
42.63
43. 14
42. 42
42. 32
42.63
42.21
43.23
43. 42
43.93
44.33
41.5
40.9
40.8
40.6
40 7
40 6
40.7
40.4
40.3
40 6
40.2
40.4
40.2
40.3
40.3
$0.99
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
$40. 70
42.32
41.90
42.61
42 61
42. 29
42.91
42. 59
42.59
42 69
43.20
43.93
44.04
43.38
43.06
1 For coverage of these series, see footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
For mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants,
data refer to production and related workers only. For the remaining
Industries, unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees
and working supervisors.
Data for the most recent month are subject to revision without notation.
• For definition, see footnote 3, table A-2.
• For definition, see footnote 4, table A-2.
4 Averages shown for 1955 are not strictly comparable with those for later
years.
1 Italicized titles which follow are components of this industry.
• D ata beginning with January 1957 are not strictly comparable with those
Shown for earlier years.
TFigures for Class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies)
are based upon monthly data summarized in the M 300 report by the Inter
state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICO
Group I).
! Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-room instructors, and
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Personal services
Laundries
June________________
Ju ly -------- ------ ----------
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Service and miscellaneous
Hotels, year-round u
1956: Average_____________
1956: Average.........................
A u g u st................. ........
September____ ______
October_____________
N ovem ber..... ...............
December____ ______
1957: January_____________
February____________
March______________
April------------------------
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
40.3
40 3
39.9
40.2
40.2
39.9
40. 1
39 8
39.8
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.4
39.8
39.5
Cleaning and dyeing plants
$1.01
1.05
1 05
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.09
1.09
1.09
$47.40
49. 77
48.39
50 94
50.82
50.56
50.05
49. 92
48 90
49 54
52.26
52.79
52.40
49. 91
49.01
39. 5
39.5
38.1
39.8
39. 7
39 5
39.1
38.7
38.2
38.7
40.2
40.3
40.0
38.1
37.7
$1.20
1.26
1. 27
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.29
1. 28
1.28
1. 30
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.30
Motion
picture pro
duction and
distribution u>
$93. 78
91. 75
92.06
92. 87
90.13
95. 73
94.95
94.14
99.00
99.13
94.09
97. 61
101.03
100.30
100.73
pay-station attendants. In 1956, such employees made up 40 percent of the
total number of nonsupervisory employees in establishments reporting hours
and earnings data.
*Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; Installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. In 1956, such employees made
up 27 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in establish
ments reporting hours and earnings data.
10 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not
available.
11 Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not Included.
‘ Formerly titled “ Automobiles.” Data not affected.
N ote: Fora description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads (see footnote 7).
1425
0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-2. Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production workers in manufac
turing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
Net spendable average weekly
earnings 1
Net spendable average weekly
earnings 1
Gross average
weekly earnings
Year
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
Average..
AverageAverage..
Average..
Average .
Average..
Average..
AverageAverageAverageAverage..
AverageAverageAverageAverage..
Average .
Average .
Average.
Gross average
weekly earnings
Year and month
Worker with no Worker with 3
dependents
dependents
Current
194749»
Current
194749*
Current
194749 *
$23. 86
25 20
29.58
36.65
43.14
46 08
44.39
43.82
49 97
54 14
54 92
69 33
64 71
67 97
71.69
71.86
76. 52
79.99
$40.17
42. 07
47.03
52. 58
58.30
61 28
57. 72
52.54
52 32
52. 67
53. 95
57.71
58.30
59.89
62 67
62.60
66. 83
68.84
$23. 58
24.69
28 05
31.77
36.01
38.29
36. 97
37.72
42.76
47.43
48.09
51. 09
54.04
55.66
58.54
59. 55
03.15
65.86
$39. 70
41.22
44. 59
45.58
48 66
50.92
48.08
45.23
44. 77
46.14
47.24
49 70
48.68
49.04
51 17
51.87
55.15
56.68
$23. 62
24. 95
29 28
36.28
41 39
44. 06
42 74
43.20
48. 24
53.17
53.83
57.21
61.28
63. 62
66.58
66 78
70.45
73.22
$39 76
41.65
46. 55
52.05
55.93
58. 59
55 58
51.80
50. 51
51.72
52.88
55. 65
55.21
56 05
58.20
58.17
61.53
63 01
1956: August___
September.
October__
November.
December1957: January...
February..
M arch___
April........
M ay____
June.........
July..........
August
Current
194749»
Current
194749»
Current
194749»
$79. 79
81.81
82. 21
82.22
84.05
82.41
82 41
82. 21
81.59
81.78
82.80
82.18
82.80
$68.31
69. 86
69 85
69.80
71.23
69 72
69.43
69.14
68.39
68. 38
68. 89
68. 03
68.43
$65. 71
67.30
67 62
67.63
69.10
67. 58
67. 58
67.42
66. 93
67. 08
67.90
67. 40
67.90
$56. 26
57.47
57 45
57. 41
58 56
57.17
56. 93
56. 70
56.10
56.09
56. 49
55. 79
56.12
$73. 06
74.70
75.03
75.04
76. 54
74.99
74.99
74.82
74.31
74.47
75.31
74.80
75.31
$62.55
63. 79
63 75
63. 70
64. 86
63.44
63.18
62.93
62.29
62.27
62.65
61.91
62.24
primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes
in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers.
* These series indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings after
adjustment for changes in purchasing power as measured lay the Bureau’s
Consumer Price Index, the years 1947-49 being the base period.
3 Preliminary.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Technical Note on the Cal
culation and Uses of the Net Spendable Earnings Series (Revised February
1957), which is available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for
which the worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability depends,
of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as
on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have, therefore,
been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no de
pendents; (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The computations of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross
average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing indus
tries without direct regard to marital status and family composition. The
T able
Worker with no Worker with 3
dependents
dependents
C-3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construction activity1
(1947-49=100)
Annual
average
1956
1957
Industry
Aug.2 July
it
Total * . .. .. _______ _______
___
Mining division ___ _ _ __________
Contract construction d iv isio n _________
Manufacturing division _____________
Durable goods ______ ______ ___ Ordnance and accessories----------------Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)........................ ........... .........
Furniture and fixtures............................
Stone, clay, and glass products---------Primary metal industries_____ _____
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transpor
tation equipment)______ _________
Machinery (except electrical)-----------Electrical machinery............. ............ .
Transportation equipment....... -........ .
Instruments and related products-----Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Nondurable goods.................. ..................
Food and kindred products....... ...........
Tobacco manufactures-------- -----------Textile-mill products___________ ___
Apparel and other finished textile
products-------- ---------------- ------ —
Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries -------------- ------------------------Chemicals and allied products............. .
Products of petroleum and coal..........
Rubber products........ ............................
Leather and leather products------ ------
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
107.4
109.3
110.5
88.8
91.1
106.6
108.2
91.4
111.7
93.7
110.6
121.4
117.4
144.7
161.0
123.3
105.6
97.4
87.9
91.9
80.3
119.7
113.7
145.8
151.6
123.2
109.4
97.6
92.9
92.4
80.8
121.1
101.6
80.9
102.6
105.5
119.1
104.9
117.9
112.6
116.8
107.9
94.6
112.3
93.8
115.1
107. 3
95.2
98.8
91.1
106.5
84.0
131.1
104.5
115.1
350.9
107 0
84.3
123.0
106.3
116.8
355.6
107.2
85.3
119.8
106.9
117.7
360.9
107.0
117.9
366.3
380. 4
371.9
87.0
107.3
105. 9
104, 5
83.3
100.5
101.2
105.2
87.8
102.1
106.2
108.1
84.0
99.7
105.4
106.6
80.1
102.2
104.1
108.0
77.0
104.0
103.9
109.7
76.2
76.3
104. 0 102.9
103. 2 103.3
114.3
111.6
81.8
109.3
108.2
115.3
114.8
102.9
134.2
137.5
117.4
102.5
97.5
97.7
90.1
75.0
112.5
106.0
131.1
135.6
113.8
94.4
93.8
93.1
69.5
72.8
116.0
109.8
134.5
141.7
117.0
100.0
93.2
86.5
70.2
74.7
114.7
111.4
132.4
142.9
117.1
98.7
91.4
81.1
70.6
73.7
115.5
114.0
133.9
146.5
120.0
98.9
91.9
79.2
67.2
74.8
116.9
116.5
137.2
151.3
100. 5
93.7
78.8
72.0
76.0
117.6
117.2
138.7
153.8
121.5
99.4
94.0
79.2
80.0
76.9
117.2
116.3
139. 2
154.1
121.4
98.3
94.0
81.6
85.0
77.0
106.3
116.7
98.4
114.0
99.6
116.2
99.1
114.6
101.6
115.6
106.7
115.8
106.3
115.8
112.5
103.4
95.3
104. 2
95.9
111. 7
102.7
96.0
103. 8
93.1
112.8
104.2
95.0
101.1
92.7
112.7
106.1
94.2
102.7
86.8
113.8
107.1
94.7
96.2
90.7
114. 5
107.3
93.1
107.2
95.6
106.9
93.8
109.2
95.9
112.8
1 Beginning with the. July 1957 issue, the. data shown in this table are not
comparable with those published in previous issues. See footnote 1,
table A-2.
Aggregate man-hours are for the weekly pay period ending nearest the
15th of the month and do not represent totals for the month. For mining
and manufacturing industries, data refer to production and related workers.
For contract construction, the data relate to construction workers.
92.7
101. 7
108.2
74.2
85.8
107.3
109.3
113.3
107.0
83.8
141.4
103.7
114.0
337.0
121.0
107. 8
368.7
373.6
112.6
151.5
104.9
114.7
333.9
88.1
108.4
81.1
125.9
107. 7
116.3
413.2
106.8
78.3
154.6
112.5
87.7
135.9
108.1
86.8
154.1
102.9
110.6
320.3
109.5
110.3
84.7
138.0
108.1
117.2
375.3
114.7
88.3
160.7
109.9
117.3
371.8
106.4
85.1
110.7
86. 5
157. 8
105.6
112.4
325.0
112.0
116.3
107.2
93.6
111. 1
94.0
110.8
122.0
85.2
144.2
109.9
120.2
115.2
86.9
157. 7
111.0
120. 2
111.2
113.9
108.9
114.5
101.8
110.1
118.0
106.4
130.6
147.2
117.5
121. 1
105. 5 104. 2
97.4
97.2
90.5
90.7
90.3
85.6
83.1
80.6
116.3
115.6
138.6
139. 0
107.8
107.6
79.1
106.6
112.4
132.8
130. 2
118.0
98.4
94.8
93.6
72.8
75.8
106.3
118.3
103.9
119.0
97.7
116.6
104.5
116. 9
104.9
114.4
116.3
107.7
95.2
114.7 111.0
107.5 105.1
94.4
97.8
106. 9 101. 3
91. 2
91.4
113.0
107.9
94.6
106.7
94.4
108.7
107.0
94.5
112.4
95.5
112.6
117.1
114.4
142.0
127.6
123.0
109. 5
100.2
101.1
114.0
145.8
141.3
123.8
99.8
110.1
91.2
» Preliminary.
« Includes only the divisions shown.
Source: U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1426
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
C-4. Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production workers in manu
facturing, by major industry group 1
Ex
Gross cluding
over Gross
time 3
Ex
cluding Gross
over
time 3
Ex
cluding Gross
over
time 3
Year and month
Ex
cluding Gross
over
time 3
Ex
cluding Gross
over
time 3
1
Ex
cluding Gross
over
time 2
Ex
cluding Gross
over
time 3
Ex
cluding
over
time 3
Durable goods
Total:
manufacturing
1956: Average____ August.........
September__
October____
Novem ber...
December__
1957: January____
February__
March_____
April______
M ay.............
June_______
J u ly ------------
A ugust3____
$1.98
1.98
2.01
2.02
2.03
2. 05
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.07
$1.91
1.91
1.93
1.94
1.96
1.98
1.98
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.01
2.01
2.01
Total: Durable
goods
$2.10
2.10
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.18
2.18
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.20
$2.03
2.03
2.06
2. 06
2.08
2.09
2.10
2. 10
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.14
Ordnance and
accessories
$2.19
2.20
2.23
2.25
2 25
2 27
2. 28
2 29
2 30
2.31
2.31
2.33
2. 34
2.34
$2.12
2.13
2.14
2.16
2.17
2.18
2. 21
2 22
2.23
2.24
2. 25
2. 28
2.29
2.29
Lumber and
wood products
(except
furniture)
$1.76
1.81
1.81
1.79
1.77
1 74
1.72
1.73
1.77
1.80
1.82
1.84
1.82
1.84
$1.69
1. 73
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.68
1.66
1.67
1. 71
1.74
1.76
1.77
1.76
1.77
Furniture and
fixtures
Stone, clay,
and glass
products
$1.69
1.70
1.72
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.72
1.73
1 73
1.72
1. 73
1.74
1.74
1.75
$1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.01
2.01
2. 02
2.01
2.02
2.01
2 02
2.04
2.05
2.06
$1.64
1.64
1.66
1.66
1 66
1.67
1. 67
1.6«
1.69
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.69
1.70
$1. 88
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.95
1. 94
1.95
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.97
Durable goods—Continued
Mach inery
(exc* pt
elect rical)
1956: Average..__
August_____
September__
October.........
November__
December___
1957: January____
February.......
March______
April_______
M ay_______
June_______
July________
A ugust3____
$2 21
2. 21
2.25
2.25
2. 25
2. 27
2. 27
2. 27
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.30
2.30
2.30
$2 12
2.12
2.15
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.20
2. 21
2.23
2.23
2.23
Elec tri cal
mach inery
$1.98
1.98
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.05
2. 05
2.05
2.06
2.06
2. 05
2. 06
2.05
2.05
$1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.01
2. 01
2.02
2.01
2. 00
Transportation
equipment
$2 31
2.31
2.36
2.37
2. 39
2.43
2.38
2.37
2.38
2.37
2. 37
2.40
2.41
2.42
$2 23
2. 24
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.30
2. 29
2. 29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.35
2. 35
2. 37
$2. 36
2. 36
2. 43
2. 42
2. 44
2. 45
2. 47
2. 48
2. 46
2.46
2. 46
2.48
2.53
2.53
$2.29
2. 30
2. 34
2 35
2 36
2. 37
2.39
2.39
2. 40
2. 40
2. 40
2.41
2.46
2. 48
Fabricated
metal products
$2. 07
2.07
2.11
2.13
2.12
2 14
2 13
2.13
2. 14
2. 15
2. 16
2.17
2.19
2.19
$1.99
2.00
2.03
2.04
2.04
2.06
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
Nondurable goods
Instruments
and related
products
$2. 01
2.02
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.10
Primary metal
industries
$1.96
1.97
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.04
2.05
2. 06
2. 06
2.06
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
$1. 75
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.78
1.79
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.80
$1.69
1.69
1.7b
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.75
Total: Non
durable good3
$1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.88
$1 75
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.82
Food and
kindred
products
$1.83
1.80
1.81
1.84
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.93
1.91
1.91
$1 76
1.73
1.73
1.76
1.81
1.82
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.85
1.83
1.84
Tobacco
manufactures
$1.45
1.42
1.38
1.39
1. 45
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.53
1.55
1. 58
1.58
1.61
1.49
$1.43
1.41
1.36
1.37
1.43
1.45
1.47
1. 48
1.51
1.54
1.56
1.55
1.57
1.46
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill
products
1956: Average..___
August_____
September__
October_____
November__
December__
1957: January____
February.......
March______
April_______
M ay_______
June_______
J u l y . . . . . .......
August 3-...._
$1.45
1.44
1.45
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
$1.40
1.40
1.40
1. 44
1.45
1.45
1 45
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
Apparel and
other finished
Paper and
textile products allied products
$1.45
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.48
1.48
1. 49
1.50
1.50
$1.43
1.40
1. 46
1.46
1.46
1. 47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.48
1.47
$1.94
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.98
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.01
2.03
2.06
2. 06
$1.84
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.94
1.95
1.96
Printing,
publishing,
and allied
industries4
$2.43
2.43
2. 46
2.45
2. 45 ............
2.46
2.46
2.48
2.49
2.49
2. 51
2. 51
2.51
2.51
« Beginning with the July 1957 issue, the data shown in this table are not
comparable with those published in previous issues. See footnote 1, table
3 Derived by assuming that the overtime hours shown in table 0-5 are
paid for at the rate of time and one-half.
3 Preliminary.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chemicals and
allied products
$2.11
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.20
2.23
2. 25
2.25
$2.05
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.14
2.17
2.19
2.19
Products of
petroleum and
coal
$2.54
2. 54
2. 59
2. 57
2. 57
2. 57
2. 59
2.56
2. 57
2. 59
2. 61
2. 66
2.69
2.68
$2. 47
2.4s
2. 52
2.50
2. 51
2.52
2.54
2. 51
2. 52
2. 52
2.54
2.60
2.62
2.62
Rubber
products
$2.17
2.17
2. 20
2.20
2.17
2.24
2.23
2.22
2. 21
2.19
2. 22
2.23
2.28
2.26
$2.09
2.10
2 12
2.11
2.10
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.14
2.13
2.16
2.15
2.18
2.18
Leather and
leather
products
$1.49
1.50
1.51
1.51
1 52
1.52
1. 52
1.53
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.53
1.54
$1.47
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.51
1.51
* Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, are not available separately
for the priming, publishing, and allied industries group, as graduated overare found to an extent likely to make average overtime pay
significantly above time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the industry
m the nondurable-goods total has little efleet
S ource : U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1427
O: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-5. Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of production workers in manu
facturing, by major industry group 1
Gross
Over
time 3
Gross
Over
time 1
Gross
Over
time 3
Gross
Gross
Over
time 3
Gross
Over
time 3
Total: Manu
facturing
40.4
40 3
40.7
40.7
40 5
41.0
40.2
40.2
40.1
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.7
40.0
2.8
27
31
3.1
3.0
3.1
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
Total: Durable
goods
41.1
40.8
41.3
41.4
41, 2
41.9
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.3
40.5
40.0
40.3
3.0
2.9
3.3
3.3
3.3
8.6
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.3
Ordnance and
accessories
41.8
41.2
42.1
42.3
42 0
42 6
42.0
42.0
41.6
41.4
40.7
40.7
40.0
40.1
2.9
2.6
35
3.4
3.1
3.4
2.7
27
2.6
2.4
2.1
2.0
1.6
1.7
Lumber and
wood products
(except furni
ture)
40.3
41. 5
40.9
40.8
40.0
39.8
39.1
39.6
39.7
40.0
40.2
40.7
39.4
40.8
3.3
3.6
3.6
3.2
2.9
3.0
27
2. 6
2.6
2.6
2.8
3.1
2.9
3.3
Furniture and
fixtures
Over
time 3
40.8
41.1
41.3
41.6
40.5
41.3
39.8
40.2
40 2
39.7
39.2
39.7
39.3
40.8
2.8
2.9
3.2
3.2
2.7
3.0
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.0
1.9
2.3
2.2
2.7
Stone, clay, and Primary motal
industries
glass products
41.1
41.3
41.0
41.3
41.1
41.2
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.8
40.9
40.4
40.9
3.6
36
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.4
2.9
2.9
3.0
2.9
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.4
Gross
Over
time 3
Machinery
(except
electrical)
Electrical
machinery
42.2
41 7
42.3
42 1
41 7
42.6
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.4
41.1
41.1
40.7
40.5
40.8
40.5
41.1
41.2
41.0
41.2
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.3
40 1
40.3
39.7
40.0
3.7
3.5
3*8
37
3.4
3.7
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.6
2. 5
2.9
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.8
2.0
1.7
2.0
Transportation
equipment
41.0
40.8
41.3
41.8
42.2
43.6
41.7
41.5
41.1
40.6
39.9
40.1
39.5
40.1
2.9
2.7
3.4
3.8
4.5
4.8
3.3
3.0
2.7
2.4
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.8
Instruments
and related
products
40.8
40.7
41.1
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.7
41.0
40 7
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.1
40.0
40.9
39.7
41.2
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.0
40.3
40.1
39.8
39 6
40.2
39.7
39.4
2.8
2.3
3.1
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.9
2.2
2.0
2.0
1.8
2.2
2.1
1.8
Fabri cated
metal p roducts
41.2
40.7
41.6
41.8
4! 3
42.1
40 8
41.0
41.0
40.9
40.9
41.2
40.7
41.0
3.0
2.9
3.5
3.6
3.2
3.6
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.9
2.8
Nondurable goods
Durable goods—Continued
1956: Average.........
August...........
September__
October_____
November__
Decemher___
1957: January____
February___
March______
April_______
M ay. _ ____
J u n e ______
Ju ly .. ____
A ugust3____
Gross
Durable goods
Year and month
1956: Average.........
August_____
September__
October____
November__
Decemher___
1957: January____
February___
March______
A pril........ .
M ay. ____
June_______
July ______
A ugust3-------
Over
tim e3
2.3
2.3
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
Industries
40.3
40.2
40. a
40.7
40.3
40.6
40 0
40.3
40.6
39.9
39.8
39.9
39.5
40.1
2.6
26
2.8
3.1
2.8
2.7
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.5
Total Nondurable poods
39.5
39.6
39.8
39. 7
39 6
39.7
39.1
39.3
39 1
38.9
38.9
39.2
39.4
39.5
2.5
2.5
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.5
Food and
kindred
products
41.0
41.2
42.0
41.3
41.3
40 9
40 2
40.1
39.8
40.0
40.4
40.9
41.5
40.8
3.3
3.3
3.9
3.6
3.8
3.2
30
2.8
2.6
2.7
3.0
3.3
3.4
3.2
Tobacco
manufactures
38.9
39.1
40.8
39.5
38.9
39.8
38.8
38.5
37.9
36.8
39.1
38.6
39.6
38.6
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.1
15
1.0
.6
.9
.5
1.1
1.5
1.9
1.2
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill
products
1956: Average____
August_____
September__
October........
November__
December___
1957: January____
February___
March______
April_______
M ay________
June_______
Ju ly ________
A ugust3-------
39.7
39.2
39.3
40.1
40.2
40.2
39.1
39.2
38.9
38.6
38.4
38.9
38.6
39.1
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.8
2.9
2.7
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.2
Paper and
Apparel and
other finished allied products
textile products
36.3
36.6
36.0
36 4
36.1
36.3
35.9
36.5
36.5
35.7
35.8
35.8
36.1
36.9
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.4
42.8
42.6
43.0
42.9
42.7
43.0
42 3
42.3
42.3
42.1
42.0
42.2
42.3
42.4
4.6
4.5
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.0
4.1
4.6
4.5
Printing, pubfishing, and allied industries
38.8
38.8
39.0
39 1
38.6
39.1
38.3
38 5
38.8
38.5
38.4
38.4
38.3
38.6
i Beginning with tne July 1957 issue, the (lata shown In this table are not
comparable with those published In previous issues. See footnote 1, table
A-2.
>Covers premium overtime hours of production ami related workers during
the pay period ending nearest the 15t,h of the month. Overtime hours are
those for which premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the
number of hours of either the straight-time workday or workweek. Weekend
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3.2
3.2
3.7
3.6
3.2
3.5
2.8
2.9
3.2
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
3.0
Chemicals and
allied products
41.3
41.0
41.4
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.0
2.3
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.2
Products of
petroleum
and coal
41.1
40.9
41.7
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.8
40.7
41.2
40.9
40.9
41.5
40.9
2.0
2.1
2.3
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.2
1.9
Rubber
products
40.2
40.2
40.5
40.9
40. 5
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.9
41.3
40.7
Leather and
leather
products
2.8
2.8
3.0
3.4
2.8
3.2
3.0
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.5
3.1
3.8
2.9
37.6
37.6
36.9
36.9
36.9
37.7
38.0
38.3
38.0
36.9
36.3
37.8
38.1
38.1
1.4
1.2
1.1
1. 2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.1
.9
1.2
1.3
1.4
and holiday horn s are Included only if premium wngo rates were paid. Hours
for which only shift differential, hazard, Incentive, or other similar types of
premiums were paid are excluded. These data are not available prior to
1956.
* Preliminary.
S o u r c e : U S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1428
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able
D -l. Consumer Price Index1—United States city average:
A ll
items and major groups of items
[1947-49=100]
Year and month
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
19531954:
1955:
1956:
All items
Food
Housing
Apparel
Transporta Medical care Personal care Reading and
tion
recreation
Other goods
and services
Average....................
Average____ _____
Average______ ____
Average__________
Average__________
Average__________
Average__________
Average__________
Average....... _...........
Average__________
95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5
114.4
114.8
114.5
116.2
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
112.6
110.9
111.7
95.0
101.7
103.3
106.1
112.4
114.6
117.7
119.1
120.0
121.7
97.1
103.5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105.8
104.8
104.3
103.7
105.5
90.6
100.9
108.5
111.3
118.4
126.2
129.7
128.0
126.4
128.7
94.9
100.9
104.1
106.0
111.1
117.2
121.3
125.2
128.0
132.6
97.6
101.3
101.1
101.1
110.5
111.8
112.8
113.4
115.3
120.0
95.5
100.4
104.1
103.4
106.5
107.0
108.0
107.0
106.6
108.1
96.1
100.5
103.4
105.2
109. 7
115.4
118.2
120.1
120.2
122.0
1953: Jan u ary ....................
February................ .
March........................
April____________
May........ ..................
June_____________
Ju ly ........... ...............
August____ ______
September____ —_
October—. ..............
November________
December____ ___ _
113.9
113.4
113.6
113.7
114 0
114.5
114.7
115.0
115.2
115.4
115.0
114.9
113.1
111 5
111.7
111.5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113.6
112.0
112.3
116.4
116.6
116.8
117.0
117.1
117.4
117.8
118.0
118.4
118.7
118.9
118.9
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.7
104.6
104 4
104.3
105 3
105.5
105 5
105.3
129.3
129.1
129.3
129.4
129.4
129.4
129.7
130.6
130.7
130.7
130 1
128.9
119.4"
119.3
119.5
120.2
120.7
121.1
121.5
121.8
122.6
122.8
123.3
123.6
112.4
112.5
112 4
112.5
112.8
112.6
112.6
112.7
112.9
113.2
113.4
113.6
107.8
107.5
107.7
107.9
108.0
107.8
107.4
107.6
107.8
108.6
108.9
108.9
115.9
115.8
117.5
117.9
118.0
118.2
118.3
118.4
118. 5
119.7
120. 2
120.3
1954: January....................
February_________
March____________
April__________ _
May__ __________
June_____________
Ju ly _________ ____
August___________
September________
October.. ________
November________
December................
115.2
115.0
114.8
114.6
115.0
115. 1
115.2
115.0
114.7
114.5
114 6
114.3
113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3
113.8
114.6
113.9
112.4
111.8
111. 1
110.4
118.8
118.9
119.0
118.5
118 9
118.9
119.0
119.2
119.5
119.5
119.5
119.7
104.9
104.7
104.3
104.1
104 2
104.2
104.0
103.7
104.3
104.6
104.6
104.3
130.5
129.4
129.0
129.1
129.1
128.9
126.7
126.6
126. 4
125.0
127.6
127.3
123.7
124.1
124.4
124.9
125.1
125.1
125.2
125.5
125. 7
125.9
126.1
126.3
113.7
113.9
114.1
112.9
113.0
112.7
113.3
113.4
413.5
113.4
113.8
113.6
108.7
108.0
108.2
106.5
106.4
106.4
107.0
106.6
106. 5
106 9
106 8
106 6
120.3
120.2
120.1
120.2
120.1
120.1
120.3
120. 2
120.1
120.1
120.0
119.9
1955: Ja n u ary ...................
Feburary_________
March____________
April_____________
M ay. . __________
June_____________
Ju ly _____________
AUEUSt
________
September________
October_____ _____
November__ _____
December.............. .
114.3
114 3
114.3
114 2
114.2
114.4
114.7
114.5
114.9
114.9
115.0
114.7
110.6
110.8
110.8
111.2
111.1
111 3
112.1
lit.2
111.6
110.8
100.8
109. 5
119.6
119.6
119 6
119.5
119.4
119.7
119.9
120.0
120.4
120.8
120.9
120 8
103.3
103. 4
103.2
103.1
103.3
103 2
103.2
103 4
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.7
127.6
127.4
127.3
125.3
125. 5
125.8
125. 4
125. 4
125.3
126.6
128.5
127.3
126.5
126.8
127.0
127.3
127.5
127.6
127.9
128.0
128.2
128.7
129.8
130.2
113.7
113.5
113 5
113.7
113.9
114.7
115. 5
115.8
116.6
117.0
117 5
117.9
306.9
106. 4
106.6
106.6
106.5
106.2
106.3
106.3
106.7
106.7
106.8
106.8
119.9
119.8
119. 8
119.8
119.9
119.9
120.3
120.4
120.6
120. 6
120.6
120.6
1956: January_____ _____
February_________
March____________
April____________
May__ __________
June_______ ______
July_____ _______
August___________
September________
October....... ............
November........... ....
December____ ____
114.6
114. 6
114.7
114 9
115.4
116.2
117.0
116.8
117 1
117.7
117.8
118.0
109.2
108.8
109 0
109.6
111.0
113.2
114.8
113 1
113.1
113.1
112.9
112.9
120.6
120.7
120 7
120.8
120.9
121.4
121.8
122.2
122.5
122.8
123.0
123.5
104.1
104.6
104 8
104.8
104.8
104.8
105.3
105.6
106.6
106.8
107 0
107.0
126.8
126.9
126.7
126. 4
127.1
126.8
127 7
128.5
128 6
132. 6
133.2
133 1
130.7
130.9
131.4
131.6
131.9
132.0
132.7
133.3
134. 0
134.1
134.5
134.7
118.5
118.9
119.2
119. 5
119.6
119.9
120.1
120.3
120.5
120.8
121.4
121.8
107.3
107.5
107.7
108.2
108 2
107. 6
107 7
107 9
108 4
108.5
109 0
109.3
120. 8
120.9
121. 2
121. 4
121. 5
121.8
122.2
122.1
122. 7
123.0
123.2
123.3
1957: January__________
February_________
March____________
April______ _____
May_____________
June_____________
Ju ly ______ ____ _
August___________
September..............
118.2
118.7
118.9
119.3
119.6
120.2
120.8
121.0
121.1
112.8
113.6
113.2
113.8
114.6
116.2
117.4
117.9
117.0
123.8
124.5
124.9
125.2
125. 3
125.5
125.5
125.7
126.3
106.4
106.1
106.8
106.5
106.5
106.6
106.5
106.6
107.3
133.6
134.4
135.1
135. 5
135. 3
135.3
135.8
135.9
135.9
135.3
135.5
136.4
136 9
137.3
137.9
138.4
138.6
139.0
122.1
122.6
122.9
123.3
123.4
124 2
124.7
124. 9
125.1
109.9
110.0
110,5
111.8
111 4
111.8
112.4
112.6
113.3
123.8
124.0
124. 2
124 2
124.3
124.6
126. 6
126.7
126.7
1 The Consumer Price Index measures the average change In prices of goods
and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families.
Data for 46 large, medium-sire, and small eitlee are combined for the United
States average.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N ote: For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1964).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
1429
T a ble D -2 . Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Food, housing, apparel, transpor
tation, and their subgroups
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average
1956
1957
Group
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1956
1955
113.2 113.6
111. 4 112.0
129.8 129. 1
100.6 101.4
110. 7 111.1
116. 1 116.5
111.6 113.0
112.8 112.9
111. 1 111.2
128.0 127. 4
98.0
99.0
111.2 111.3
116.9 117.4
112.7 114.2
112.9
111.3
127.0
98.8
111. 1
115.8
115.2
113.1
111.7
126.8
100.8
110.7
113.9
115.8
113.1
111. 7
126.6
101.3
109.8
114.8
115.4
111. 7
110. 2
125. 6
97. 1
108.7
119.0
112.8
110.9
109.7
123.9
101.6
105.9
113.5
111.5
125.2
134. 5
112.4
138. 1
105.1
126.4
124.9
134. 4
112. 4
139. 2
104.9
126.2
124.5
134 2
112. 4
139.3
105.0
125.6
123.8
134.2
112.3
138.9
104.0
125.4
123.5 123.0
134 2 133.8
112.0 111.8
136. 1 134.3
104.1 103.8
124.8 124.5
122.8
133. 4
112.0
132.9
103.6
124.2
122.5
133. 4
112. 2
130.5
103.3
123.7
121.7
132. 7
111.8
130.7
103.0
122.9
120.0
130.3
110.7
125.2
104.1
119.1
106.5
109.0
98.6
127.8
92.0
106. 5
108.8
98. 7
127 3
92.0
106.8
108.8
99.3
127.6
92.2
106. 1
108.6
98.2
127.2
91.7
106.4
108.4
98.9
126.7
91.9
107.0
108.6
100.3
126.4
92.2
107.0
108.4
100. 4
126. 2
92.1
106.8
108.2
100.1
126. 2
92.1
106.5
108.3
99.6
126.0
92.0
105.5
107.4
98.7
123.9
91.4
103.7
105. 7
98.0
117.7
90.6
135.3
125.4
176.8
135.5
125. 5
176.8
135.1
125.2
175.8
134.4
124.5
175.8
133.6
123.8
174.9
133.1
123.3
174.1
133.2
123.5
173.4
132.6
122.9
173.0
128.6
118.7
173.0
128.7
118.8
172.2
126.4
117.1
165.7
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
117.0
115.5
131.2
110.3
113.1
114.8
115.0
117.9
116.6
131.0
111.9
111.5
121.3
113.8
117.4
116.1
130.8
109.5
110.5
126.9
111.7
116.2
114.7
130.6
106.9
110.0
126.8
109.5
114.6
113.0
130.4
103.7
110.0
122.5
109. 9
113.8
112.1
130.1
102.0
110.5
118.7
111.0
Housing«....................................................... 126.3
135. 7
R en t... ___ ___ . . . . .
Gas and electricity_________________ 113.7
Solid fuels and fuel oil______________ 136.8
Housefurnishings.................................... 104.8
Household operation..___ _________ 128.3
125.7
135.4
113 3
135.7
103. 9
128.0
125.5
135.2
112.3
135.9
104.1
127.9
125.5
135.0
112.3
135.3
104.6
127.6
125.3
134. 7
112.3
135.4
104. 2
127.3
Apparel____ _________________________ 107.3
Men’s and boys’. ___ ______________ 109.3
Women’s and girls’_______ _________ 99.8
Footwear_________________________ 128.1
Other apparel1....................................... 92.3
106.6
108.8
98.6
128.3
92.0
106.5
108.8
98.6
128.1
91.9
106.6
109.1
98.5
127.8
91.9
Transportation___________________ ____ 135.9
Private__________ ______________ 125. 5
Public_______ ____________________ 181.1
135.9
125.6
180.6
135.8
125.6
180.2
135.3
125.4
176.8
F ood»___________ __________________
Food at home_____________________
Cereals and bakery products_____
Meats, poultry, and fish_________
Dairy products_______ _________
Fruits and vegetables......................
Other foods at home 8__________
1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
1 In addition to subgroups shown here, total food Includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
* Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
Jan.
Feb.
* In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
4Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.
Source : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
T a ble D -3 . Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Special groups of items
[1947-49=100]
All items
less food
All items
less shelter
All com
modities
All com
modities
less food
Durable
commodi
ties J
Nondura
ble com
modities
less food 8
A verage______________ _____ _______________
Average____________________________________
Average____ ________________________________
Average_______ _______ _____________________
Average.-.._________________ _____ __________
Average__________ ________________________
Average.................................................. ...... .............
Average___ _________________________ _______
Average.____ ______________________ _____ _
Average...__________________________________
95.1
101.9
103 0
104.2
110.8
113. 5
115. 7
116.4
116.7
118.8
95.6
103.1
101.3
102.0
110. 5
112. 7
113. 1
113.0
112.4
114.0
96.3
103.2
100.6
101.2
110.3
111. 7
111.3
110.2
109. 0
110.1
95.7
102.9
101.5
101.3
108.9
109 8
110.0
108.6
107.5
108.9
94.9
101.8
103.3
104.4
112.4
113. 8
112.6
10S. 3
105.1
105.1
95. 7
103.1
101.1
100.9
108.5
109.1
110.1
110.6
110.6
113.0
94.5
100.4
105.1
108.5
114.1
119 3
124.2
127.5
129.8
132.6
94.7
100.1
105.2
108.1
114.6
120.1
124.6
127.7
130.1
133.0
1956: Septem ber..................... .................. .................... .
October_____ _______ _______________________
November__________________________________
December_______________ ___________________
119.4
120.2
120. 5
120.8
114.8
115. 5
115. 6
115. 7
111.0
111.7
111.8
111.8
109.4
110.6
111.0
111.1
104.8
107.4
107.9
108.0
113.9
114.3
114.6
114.7
133.6
133. 7
133.9
134.4
134.1
134.2
134.4
134.9
1957: January_____ ___________________ _____ _____
February_________________________ __________
March_____________________ ________ _______
April______________________________________
M ay................... .........................................................
June_______________________________________
July_______________________________________
August_____________________________________
September__________________________________
121. 0
121. 5
122.0
122.3
122.3
122.5
122.8
123.0
123.4
115.9
116. 4
116.5
116.9
117.1
117.8
118.5
118.7
118.7
111.9
112.3
112.4
112.8
113.0
113.7
114.4
114. 6
114.5
111.2
111.4
111.9
112.1
111.8
111.9
112.2
112.1
112.6
108.2
108.3
108.6
108.8
108.3
108.4
108.2
108.4
108.6
114.7
115.0
115.6
115.8
115.6
115. 8
116.3
116.0
116.7
135.0
135.7
136.3
136.7
137.2
137. 5
137.9
138.3
138.8
135.6
136.5
137.1
137.6
138.1
138.4
138.9
139.3
139.8
Year and month
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l.
J Includes household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor coverings,
dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable toys, sport
ing goods, and from 1953 forward, water heaters, kitchen sinks, sink faucets,
and porch flooring.
2 Includes solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefumishings household paper,
electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel (except shoe re
pairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet goods, nondurable
toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, whiskey, and from 1953 forward,
house paint and paint brush.
«Includes rent, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
All
All services
services« less re n t4
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, group hospitalization, barber and beauty shop services,
television repairs, motion picture admissions, and from 1953 forward, home
purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, property insurance, repainting
garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, and refinishing floors.
4 Formerly all services less shelter for 1953 and later years; for definition of
services, see footnote 4.
N ote : Indexes from 1953 forward have been revised to reflect the distribu
tion of shelter items, formerly included in “all services and shelter” now en
titled “all services,” among the appropriate commodity and service classi
fications.
S ource : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1430
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
T a ble D -4 . Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods
Commodity
Rice............
Rolled oats.
: U n it
..5 1 b ..
.20 oz_.
...l b ..
...l b ..
20 oz__
.12 oz._
...lb__
. ..l b ..
..7 oz._
1957
1956
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
114.0
95. 6
114.1
94. 4
136.3
136.2
142.0
113.2
127.4
113.9
95. 8
113.4
93.7
136.4
136.0
141.8
113.1
127. 2
113.7
95.7
113.4
93.3
136.0
135.4
141.5
113.2
127.3
113.7
95.7
113.7
93.1
135.7
135.0
141.0
113.1
127.7
113.6
95.8
113.6
92.9
135.4
135.1
140.6
112.9
127.5
113.3
95.9
113.0
92.7
134.7
135.1
140.3
112.4
127.4
113.0
95.7
112.4
92.2
133.6
135.0
140.0
112.5
127.3
112.5 111.9
95.9
95.7
112. 1
1 1 1 .2
92.2
92.2
131.7 128.5
134.5 133.4
139. 1 138.2
111.5 107.3
126.7 125.4
115.2
107.3
119.1
99.9
115.2
90.6
129.5
116.0
124.7
117.4
99.1
105.7
116.3
106.9
119. 2
97. 9
114.4
91. 2
128.8
119. 2
127.6
120.3
113.2
105.5
117.8
96.1
113.5
89.7
128.0
114.3
127.3
110.5
103.0
114.1
94.4
106.7
101.3
112.4
94.0
104.5
99.4
102.4
96.3
105.8
105.5
99.1
105.5
87.0
128.8
110.9
127.5
103.0
98.4
107.2
103.5
97.1
107.1
89.8
104.7
80.6
126.7
103.0
113.9
95.4
96.9
99.0
98.5
94.6
78.5
97.7
94.2
83.3
95.0
93.8
83.3
93.0
93.5
80.9
89.7
92.7
78.9
88.4
91.8
79.1
109.6
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Annual
average
Oct.
Sept.
1956
110.5
95.5
110. 5
95 3
111. 4
92 9
119. 2
128. 5
136 6
107 7
124.8
no 7
05 4
111 O
92 8
1955
C ents
54.8
26.8
12.8
17.6
22 1
23.2
18.9
29.1
24.7
Meats, poultry, and fish:
M eats_____ _________________
Beef and v e a l...........................
Round steak___________lb.
98.0
Chuck roast___________ lb.
55.1
Rib roast______________lb.
76.6
Hamburger____________]b_
44.1
Veal cutlets___________ lb. 119.1
Pork.......................... ............
Pork chops, center eu t__ lb.
90.8
Bacon, sliced..................... lb.
85.4
Ham, whole___________ lb._ 64.3
Lamb, l e g ______________lb__ 72.7
Other meats:
Frankfurters *__________lb
59.8
Luncheon m eat3_.12-oz. can.. 45.7
Poultry, frying chickens
Ready-to-cook.......... ........... lb ..
F ish .................................... ........
Fish, fresh or frozen_________
Ocean perch fillet, frozen...lb.
42.9
Haddock, fillet, frozen___ lb ..
46.6
Salmon, pink_____ 16-oz. can.
62.5
Tuna fish, chunk *
6-6^-oz. can.. 32.1
Dairy products:
Milk, fresh, grocery___________
Homogenized, with vitamin D
added................................ qt_
23.8
Milk, fresh, delivered_________
Homogenized, with vitamin D
added............................... qt__ 25.3
Ice cream 3____ __________ pt
29.6
B u tter...... ..........................
lb__ 74.6
Cheese American process__ lb ..
57.8
Milk evaporated.. _14J^-oz. can
14.7
All fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits and vegetables 3___
Strawberries 3............. ...10 oz__ 25.7
Orange juice concentrate 3.6 oz__ 18.0
Peas, green *_.................._io oz._ 19.7
Beans, green3..................10 oz_. 24.0
Fresh fruits and vegetables____
Apples..................................lb .. 14. 5
Bananas________________ lb .. 17.8
Oranges............................... doz._ 63.9
Lemons *_______
lb .. 18.0
Grapefruit • 3.......
each.. (s)
Peaches 3 3______________ lb__ 17.3
Strawberries s w_________ p t..
(5)
Grapes, seedless *3_______ lb .. 21.1
Watermelons 314_________ lb__ C
O
Potatoes.......................... .lb lb .. 56.1
Sweet potatoes................... .lb .. 13.3
Onions...............
_lb__
8.2
Carrots_________________ lb .. 16.7
Lettuce............................-head.. 18.3
Celery «.......................
lb .. 14.4
Cabbage...............................l b ..
8.4
Tomatoes3................
lb .. 19.9
Beans, green.................... ...l b .. 19. 7
Canned fruits and vegetables___
Orange juice3..........46-oz, can
33~8
Peaches....................... #2V i can.. 34.7
Pineapple............................. #2can..
34.2
F ruit cocktail3__________ #303can..
26.0
Corn, cream style___#303 can.
17.1
Peas, green...........................#303can..
21.5
Tomatoes....................#303 can.. 15.1
Baby foods.................4)4-5 oz„ 10.1
Dried fruits and vegetables_____
Prunes........ ....................... .lb .. 33. §"
Dried beans.........................lb .. 16.3
See footnotes at end of table,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Indexes (1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified)
Aver
age 3
price,
Sept.
1957
1 0 2 .6
1 1 1 .0
1 1 1 .8
1 1 0 .2
92.1
1 1 0 .2
107.1
84. 2 82.5
127.2 127.3
105.2 102.3
117.0 114.2
98.3
94.3
95.8
96.9
105.6 104.1
8 8 .2
104.5
80.9
126.3
1 0 1 .1
1 1 2 .0
93.2
95.6
97.5
1 0 1 .2
97. 1
107.7
8 8 .8
108.5
80.4
124.5
98.5
109.7
8 8 .6
95.4
98.2
1 1 1 .2
95.6
111.4
92.2
1 2 0 .2
132.6
137.5
108.7
125.3
100.3
98.6
109.0
93.0
1 1 0 .2
80.6
1 2 2 .0
95.6
106.9
84.4
94.8
98.9
110.7
95.6
1 1 1 .0
92.1
119.5
130.2
137.2
108.6
125.1
111. 1
92.2
119. 2
129. 2
137.1
107.8
125.0
101.3
103.5 103 8
1 0 1 .2
103.5 102 7
113.3 117.2 117. 5
96.2
98.1
96 1
113.3 115. 1 113. 8
81. 4 82 3 81 1
1 2 2 .0
12 2 . 6
122 6
95.2
98. 5 99 8
109.1 116.9 120 9
83.5
84.9
83 3
91.8
92.6
95 1
102.3 101.4 103.0
90.7
80.4
87.8
89.4
79.9
87.9
75.9
96.8
74.7
85.9
75.1
84.9
76.7
8 6 .1
85 9
83. 6
78.7
8 8 .1
8 6 .6
8 6 .0
8 6 .2
119 1
198 9
134 7
107 3
124.0
Q7 9
95 7
107 1
87 2
104 7
120 8
93 1
10 7 6
7Q 0
q2
4
9 9 .8
85 4
84 4
so! 4
110 8
96 3
111 4
QA A
*>
VO.
117 6
128 0
131 6
104 9
1 2 2 .4
mi
1 U1 . À
07
y/. ¿O
10Q
lU o. 7i
q
0 ny. 0K
IOK
Q>
1UO. *
81.4
n11V.
o 4a
no
» 0 . 11
in
K
lUoo. O
0en». 7/
93. 8
98.2
07/. 1I
O
OO VQ
O».
91.7
107.6
107.8
1 0 0 .8
109.0
106.0
109.7
107.2
108.8
106.0
108.6
105.4
109.3
106.7
109.5
107.3
ÏÔ8.9
106.7
108.3
105.8
108.3
105.7
108.1
105.6
130.1
130.2
130.1
129.9
129.9
129.7
129.9
130.2
129. 5
129.0
128.6
128.0
126.9
125. 5
93.6
93.6
93.6
93.4
93.2
92.9
93.0
92.9
92.7
92.4
92.2
92.6
92.7
94.6
99.6
119.5
116.9
115.0
114.2
114.7
116.0
1 1 6 .2
117.1
117.2
117.2
117.0
116.5
115.3
113.6
110.3
123.8
121.5
1 2 0 .1
119.3
119.3
1 2 0 .0
120.5
1 2 1 .0
121.4
121.5
121.4
120.9
119.8
118.4
"ÎÎ3.9
98. i
94.4
109.6
108.5
97.9
93. 2
109. 5
108.3
97.7
93.2
109.3
108.0
97.7
93.4
109.4
107.2
97.3
93.7
109.0
106.8
97.5
93.6
109. 0
106.0
96.6
93.8
109.2
105.4
96.3
93.8
108.9
105.3
96.5
94.0
108.8
105.3
96.3
94.6
108.8
105.2
96.2
94.3
108.5
105.1
95.9
92.9
108.5
105.1
96. 0
91. 5
108. 7
105.0
95 5
01 3
108 4
103!4
OA fi
O
0QQ
17. A
ilU
n oo. u
0
1 0 0 .2
96.3
79.0
96. 4
100.3
1 0 0 .8
99.8 100.3
118.0 128. 5
1 2 3 .8
C11)
110.9 115. 6
139.3 133.6
98.1
97.5
«
0s)
99.6
106.7
(5)
(5)
88. 0
75.1
72. 8
(5)
106. 2 1 1 1 . 0
118.2 155. 8
96. 7 1 1 0 . 2
131.1 125. 7
127.9 153. 4
9S. 5 97. 6
121. 2
1 2 0 .8
77. 2
70.9
93 2 98. 8
105. 6 105. 6
108.1 108.9
110 . 8
1 1 0 .8
110.4 110. 4
100. 5 100. 4
101. /
1 0 2 .0
102.3 102. 9
103. 7 103.0
103.0 102. 9
111. 4
1 1 1 .0
137. 7 140. 2
85. 2
8 6 .1
95.8
79.0
95.0
95.9
79.5
95.6
100.4
99.1
137.1
195.2
112.4
97.2
98.7
85.1
101. 7
99.6
86.5
102.4
99. 8
87.5
102.9
1 0 2 .0
103.0
98. 1 95.9
119.0 119.5
134.6 131.7
1 0 1 .1
105.5
119.0 119.2
105.9 113.2
109.1 109.9
(>)
(•)
(»)
(8)
(s)
(*)
W
«
103.7 106.0
1 2 2 .1
121. 6
99.4 102.5
1 0 1 .8
103.0
95.4 117.3
107.7 114.9
138.7 125.4
116.5
99.3
153.8 146.9
107.1 107.3
118.7 1 2 0 .1
110. 4 110.3
109.9 109.6
100.3 1 0 0 .1
1 0 2 .2
102.3
101.9 101.7
103.0 1 0 2 .8
102.5 102.4
1 1 1 .6
112. 1
142.3 142.9
84.2
84.5
100.3
88.4
104.4
103.0
94.8
100.4
1 0 1 .1
102.5 104.1
8 8 .0
8 8 .8
89. 5
106.3 108.0 109. 8
103.8 104.5 108. 2
94.2
96.5
95. 0
117.4 114.1 115. 5
113. 9 111. 5 128. 0
107.8 106.1 104. 8
130. 1 151.0 148. 1
109.8 108.3 106.6
(*)
1 2 1 .6
( 5)
(»)
91.2
( ä)
(»)
(•)
(s)
74.5
00
68.4
(5)
(*)
({)
99.4
97. 6 108. 9
105. 5 106.9 117. 6
84.6
89.2 106. 0
108.3 106.2 110. 9
167.8 125.4 1 1 1 .0
92.0
84.7
86 . 0
97.1 100.3 104.1
94.5
74.8
59. 2
110.9 1 0 2 .1
86 3
108.8 108.9 108. 7
126.4 126.4 124. 2
109.9 1 1 0 .1 110. 5
109.3 109.1 109.0
100.7 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .1
105.3 106.9 108. 4
101.5 101.5 101. 4
103.9 103. 5 103. 6
102.3 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .1
113. 6 114.6 115.3
145.0 147.5 149. 9
85.6
85.7
85.3
1 1 0 .0
97.0
79. 5
97.8
1 1 0 .2
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .2
137.4
194.8
1 1 2 .2
126.8
96.5
(5)
123.5
(5)
129.6
86.4
114.3
166.3
135.9
117.2
130.7
115.9
124.6
95.7
109.7
106.0
110.3
111.3
110.4
100.3
101.9
103.2
102.9
1 0 2 .8
111.7
141. 4
84.9
1 2 1 .2
98.2
(s)
( 5)
80.0
(s)
103.4
1 1 1 .1
155.1
153.4
115.9
125.6
8 2 .2
98.7
1 0 0 .2
98.6
129.8
171.9
103.6
118. 1
104.0
113.0
«
81.4
(«)
0 s)
108.1
143.8
145.1
1 1 0 .8
1 1 0 .8
107.7
106.7
132.5
143 4
128.0
106 6
115.4
110.7
1 0 0 .2
1 0 1 .6
1 1 0 .2
1 0 0 .1
1 0 1 .6
1 1 2 .0
125.6
1 2 1 .1
99.9
106.3
113.3
110.3
102.7
1 0 2 .8
102.7
1 1 1 .8
142.2
84.5
102.4
102.7
102 9
111.5
142.0
84.2
1 0 0 .1
98.3
123.5
150.1
1 0 0 .8
119.4
102.5
1 1 0 .1
(5)
(u)
(s)
(1)
105.3
128.6
116.8
99.9
109.5
1 0 1 .0
153.1
129.4
124.1
106.7
116.5
110.7
1 1 0 .0
10 0 . 1
101.9
1 0 2 .0
102.7
102.5
111. 5
142.0
84.2
1 2 0 .0
126.3
106. 8
118. 1
113. 4
113.4
( 8)
m
(«)
(!)
106.3
118.2
91.5
110.5
129.1
117.2
120.4
113. 7
129.4
107.7
1 2 2 .6
109. 7
109. 7
1 0 0 .0
102. 6
101.7
102.9
102. 7
112. 2
143.1
84.5
8 8 .2
104.8
103.3
94.3
120 4
123.5
107. 5
1 2 2 .6
110.3
114. 6
«
(•>
(*)
(»)
1 0 1 .2
113.4
89.9
109.4
145.4
101.3
107.1
1 2 2 .8
130.3
108.3
124.9
109. 7
109.8
1 0 0 .2
103 6
1 0 1 .8
103. 3
1 0 2 .2
112.7
143.6
85.1
10Q
fi
108 5 lU
o. O
10A5
105.4
—
—
102
01
107
107
Q5
1
2
O
5
Q
8
19?
198 Q
104 4
190 7
101 9
í04
* 07 4
9 qq 7
2 80 Q
t 70 5
197 8
114
119
108
114
09
114
105
110
107
0
4
1
4
7
5
4
5
0
120 0
111 0
108 8
100 8
106 8
109 1
104 1
100 0
li t 6
147 9
85.7
"ÏÎ5.7
99 5
93 7
09 2
100 7/
1UZ.
yQ0Q. Q
»
fiJ. u
n
11 11 T
11ZÖ.
OQ OK
11UO.
OA O
0
113 8
97 1
7' y/.
07 0A
q133 0
8 95 3
13 7 Q 4
ç g0 9
107i . Z
O
1U
123
95
108
113
98
HQ
98
105
104
107
108
106
101
101
1
2
8
7
9
ç
5
1
0
4
0
1
3
5
101 8
103 0
Qg £
116 **
I 38 4
93.7
1431
D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T a ble D-4. Consumer Price Index ^ U n ite d States city average: Retail prices and Indexes of selected
foods—Continued
Indexes (1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified)
Average
price,
Sept.
1957
Commodity
Other foods at homer
Partially prepared foods:
U n it
Soup, tomato 18___ 11-oz. can__
Beans with pork.. 16-oz. can..
Condiments and sauces:
Pickles, sweet > ...........7J4o*-Catsup, tomato ! _____ 14 oz._
Beverages
______________
Coffee 18___________________
Tea bags 8_____ package of 16.
Cola drink ?____carton, 38 oz_Fats and oils_________________
Shortening, hydrogenated
3-lb. can..
Margarine, colored-----------lb ..
Lard __________________!b__
Salad dressing___________pt__
Peanut butter *--------------- lb_.
Sugar and sweets_____________
Sugar__ ____________ 5 lbs..
Com syrup 8__________24 oz._
Grape jelly 8....................12 oz._
Chocolate bar 3________ 1 oz...
Eggs, grade A, large______ doz_.
Miscellaneous foods:
Gelatin, flavored 8____ 3-4 oz..
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1956
1955
12.3
14.6
98.7
103.6
99.6
104.2
99.9
104.1
99.7
104.3
99.5
103.3
99.6
103. 5
99.1
103.1
98.9
104.1
98.2
104.0
97.8
103.2
97.6
102.4
97.3
102.8
97.7
103.2
98.3
103.0
98.7
103.9
27.1
21.7
100.1
95.7
188.0
180.1
123.5
119.4
86.5
100.2
96.0
192.5
186.5
123.2
119.1
86.6
100.3
97.2
192.6
186. 9
123.3
118.7
86.5
100.0
97.8
194. 7
190.3
123.0
117.8
86.7
99.5
99.6
102.7 102. 6
194.6 196. 5
190.3 193.3
122.9 122. 7
117.5 117.1
87 1 87. 4
99.8
102. 5
199.5
197 7
122.6
116. 5
88.0
100.2
102. 5
200.8
199. 7
122.4
116.3
87.8
99.3
102. 4
201.3
201.0
122.2
115.0
86.6
99.0
102.4
201.6
201.8
121.9
114.3
85.3
98.6
102.3
202.8
203. 7
121.1
114. 2
84.6
99.4
98.6
102.1 102.4
202.8 201. 5
203.7 202.1
120.9 121.0
114.2 113.9
84. 2 84.2
98.8
101.6
194.0
192. 0
121. 2
113.0
83.1
99.4
98.1
185.6
180.7
122.5
111.9
81.3
55.6
24.9
27.4
4.5
64.9
92.0
77.9
84.9
99.8
109.9
113.4
115.5
106. 6
115.1
100.4
93.0
92.7
77.7
84.5
99.7
109.8
113.3
115.5
106.3
114.7
100.5
85.4
92.8
77.7
83.1
99.8
109.7
113.0
114.9
106.3
114.8
100.5
77.5
93.6
78.1
82.3
99.3
109.5
112.7
114.2
106.2
114.7
100.5
68.8
94.0
78.5
83.6
99. 5
109.7
112.7
114. 2
105. 8
114.8
100.5
69.9
94.3
79.2
84. 1
99.3
109 7
112. 5
114.0
105.7
114.3
100.4
72.3
95. 3
80.3
84.7
99.0
109.4
112 4
113.9
105. 5
114.4
100.3
72.4
95.4
94.1
80.0
79.0
84.5
81.9
97.7
97.0
109.6 109.7
112. 1 111.5
113.8 112.8
105.3 104. 5
113.6 113. 2
100. 1 100.0
76.9
77.0
92.6
77.3
79.2
96.4
109.9
110.9
111. 5
103. 7
113.4
100.0
83.8
92.2
76.6
76.9
95.6
109.9
110.6
110.7
103.4
113.8
100.0
87.7
92.2
76.2
75.9
94 6
110.0
110.3
110.2
103.1
113.4
100.1
90.7
92.4
76.4
74.4
94.8
109 9
109 9
110.0
102.5
112. 2
99.9
89.9
90 5
75.6
73.1
94. 3
110.0
109.6
109.8
101. 5
111.4
100.0
86.3
84.7
75.0
76.0
92.8
110.4
112.2
108.0
100.9
107.8
112.6
86.8
8.8
102.8
103.4
103.1
103.0
103.0
102.7
102.3
102.6
102.4
101.3
100.6
09.0
98.8
99.3
98.8
C en ts
99.3
23.7
27.1
96.9
29.7
23.0
37.4
53.7
m April 1953 = 100.
11 Not available,
i* 4 months’ average.
1« 6 months’ average.
>« June 1953=100.
>*Vegetable soup priced from December 1952 through July 1956; tomato
soup substituted August 1956.
i» Price of 1-lb. can 99.3 cents. Price of l-3b. bag 78.2 (priced only in
chain stores and large supermarkets).
Soubce: U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1See footnote 1 and Note, table "D-l.
* Based on pricas in the 46 cities used in compiling the Consumer Price
Index. Average prices for each of the 20 large cities listed in table D -6 are
available upon request.
* December 1952=100.
* May 1953 = 100.
* Priced only in season.
* January 1953=100.
i 7 months’ average.
«July 1953=100.
13 months’ average.
T able
Annual
average
1956
1957
D-5. Consumer Price Index 1—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
[1947-49=100]
Annual average
Sept.
1957
Aug.
1957
July
1957
June
1957
May
1957
Apr.
1957
Mar.
1957
Feb.
1957
Jan.
1957
Dec.
1956
Nov.
1956
Oct.
1956
Sept.
1956
United States city average
121.1
121.0
120.8
120.2
119.6
119.3
118.9
118.7
118.2
118.0
117.8
117.7
117.1
116.2
114.5
Atlanta, Ga_____________
Baltimore, M d___________
Boston, Mass_______ _____
Chicago, 111 ________ ___
Cincinnati, Ohio_________
122.2
121.7
(3)
124.3
120.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
124.1
(3)
(*)
(3)
122.1
124.1
«
121.2
121.2
(3)
122.9
119.7
(?)
(?)
(?)
122.2
(?)
(?)
(?)
120.2
122.0
(?)
120.6
119.9
(?)
121.6
118.1
(?)
(?)
(?)
121.5
(?)
(?)
(?)
119.0
121.0
(?)
119.5
119.5
(?)
121.0
117.5
(?)
(?)
(?)
121.0
(?)
(?)
(?)
119.3
121.1
(?)
118.9
117.5
(?)
120.3
117.1
118.1
116.9
117.1
119.5
116.0
116.3
115.2
113.8
117.9
113.7
Cleveland, Ohio__________
Detroit, Mich___ ________
Houston, Tex____________
Kansas City, Mo_________
Los Angeles, Calif________
(3)
122.8
(3)
(3)
122.0
122.8
123 0
122.1
(3)
121.2
(3)
123.1
(3)
121.7
121.1
(3)
122.5
(s)
(3)
121.0
121.7
121.9
121.1
(?)
120.8
(?)
121.4
(?)
120. 4
120.6
(?)
121.0
(?)
(?)
120.4
120.4
121.0
120.5
(?)
120.3
(?)
120.5
(?)
119.8
119.6
(?)
120.2
(?)
(?)
119.4
120.0
120.6
119.7
(?)
119.1
(?)
120.0
(?)
118.9
118.5
(?)
119.7
(?)
(?)
117.8
118.0
118 7
117.8
117.5
117.4
115.6
116.5
115.9
115.7
115.6
Minneapolis. M inn_______
New York, N. Y_________
Philadelphia, P a_________
Pittsburgh. Pa___________
Portland, Oreg__________
118.3
121.9
(3)
(3)
(?)
(3)
118.7
121.6
(3)
(3)
121.6
118.4
121.2
120. 7
122.2
(?)
117.9
120.1
(?)
(?)
(?)
117.2
119.8
(?)
(?)
119.8
116.9
119.7
118.8
121.6
(?)
116.0
120.0
(?)
(?)
(?)
115.9
119.7
(?)
(?)
119.4
115. 6
118.8
118.8
120.1
(?)
115.5
118.6
(?)
(?)
(?)
115.6
118.2
(?)
(?)
117.4
115.7
118.6
118.2
119.5
(?)
115.1
118.4
(?)
(?)
117.0
113.9
117.0
116.5
118.0
116.8
112.2
115.5
113.8
115.1
St. Louis, Mo____________
San Francisco, Calif______
Scranton, P a.................. ......
Seattle, W ash............... ......
Washington, D. C ............
122.1
123.5
(3)
(?)
(3)
(3)
(5)
117.8
123.7
119.1
121.3
122.8
(3)
(3)
(?)
(?)
(?)
116.4
122.8
117.2
(?)
(?)
(?)
(?)
(?)
120.2
122.3
(?)
(?)
(?)
(?)
(?)
115. 5
122.2
117.5
(?)
(?)
(?)
(?)
(?)
119.1
121.6
(?)
(?)
(?)
(?)
(?)
114.9
120.2
115.9
(?)
(?)
(?)
(?)
(?)
118.1
119.0
(?)
(?)
(?)
117.2
118.4
112.9
118.1
114.9
116.0
115.6
111. 4
116.7
113.6
City
(?)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(?)
1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time
changes in prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and
clerical-worker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live
in one city than in another.
1 Average of 46 cities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1956
1955
• Indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 3 months on a
rotating cycle for'the 15 remaining cities.
Soubce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1432
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
T able D -6 .
Consumer Price Index 1—Food and its subgroups, by city
[1947-49=100]
Total food
Food at home
*
City
Total food at home
Sept.
1957
Aug.
1957
Sept.
1956
Sept.
1957
Aug.
1957
Cereals and bakery products
Sept.
1956
Sept.
1957
Aug.
1957
Meats, poultry, and fish
Sept.
1956
Sept.
1957
Aug.
1957
Sept.
1956
United States city average *
117.0
117.9
113.1
115.5
116.6
111.7
131.2
131.0
126.6
110.3
111.9
101.3
Atlanta, Ga_____________
Baltimore, M d..... ......... .....
Boston, Mass......... ............ .
Chicago, 111....... ..................
Cincinnati, Ohio...............
115. 4
118.1
117.4
114.0
119.7
115.8
118.4
117.5
115.0
120.2
111.9
114.5
114.1
110.8
115.5
114.5
114.9
115.6
111.8
118.3
114.8
115.5
115. 7
113.0
119. 1
110.9
111.9
111.9
109.0
113.9
124.2
127.0
131.2
123.2
131.8
124.0
127.3
131. 1
122.6
131.8
117.5
122.2
123.4
120.6
124.8
112.2
110.4
108.3
102.8
112.8
115.5
112.3
108.6
105.1
114.8
103.5
102.7
103.4
95.4
103.4
Cleveland, Ohio................ .
Detroit, Mich.......................
Houston, T e x .....................
Kansas City, Mo.................
Los Angeles, Calif________
115.0
118.7
114.7
111. 9
119.4
115.9
119.3
115. 3
114.3
118.9
111.8
115.7
110.1
109.7
113.7
113.1
117.0
112.8
109.8
116.4
114.2
117.8
113.8
112.7
115.6
110.2
114.4
108.7
108.1
110.2
129.1
124.8
121.4
126.6
139.7
124.0
124.9
121.4
126.4
139.0
122.0
120.2
117.6
121.0
131.0
106.1
108.1
105.8
108.3
113.5
108.2
108.6
107.4
108. 7
112.9
100.3
100.2
96.2
96.6
100.7
Minneapolis, M inn.............
New York, N. Y.................
Philadelphia, P a_________
Pittsburgh, P a__________
Portland, Oreg___________
115.5
116.6
120.7
118.3
117.7
115.6
117.7
121. 5
118. 9
119.0
112.2
113.4
115.9
115.1
114.9
114.4
114.2
118.5
116.9
116.3
114.4
115.9
119.7
117.6
117.9
111.6
111.9
114.3
113. 9
113.8
130.1
135.2
133.0
129.3
134.7
129.6
135.1
133.2
129.3
134.7
128.4
130. 5
130.0
124.9
130.1
103.5
109.8
112. 4
109.0
112.1
104.5
111.7
114.0
110.4
115.2
96.3
104.3
103 2
101.4
103.1
St. Louis, Mo___________
San Francisco, Calif______
Scranton, P a_____ _______
Seattle, Wash-----------------"Washington, D. O________
117.8
119.4
113.4
118.1
118.3
118.1
118.2
116.1
119. 1
120.0
114.7
115.3
110.6
114.2
115.0
114.5
117.7
113.1
117.2
116.3
115.3
116.9
116.2
118.4
118.3
111.5
114.1
110.1
113.6
113.5
124.6
140.1
127.1
140.6
128.9
125.1
139.9
127.0
140.4
129.8
120.6
137.4
124.3
136.7
122.7
106.4
109.1
114. 0
112.6
109.8
112.7
111.6
112.3
108.6 .TTT-111.2
'
98.1
105.1
100.8
101. 5
100.4
Food at home—Continued
Dairy products
City
Sept.
1957
Aug.
1957
Fruits and vegetables
Sept.
1956
Sept.
1957
Aug.
1957
Other foods at home 1
Sept.
1956
Sept.
1957
Aug.
1957
Sept.
1956
United States city average »
113.1
111.5
109.8
114.8
121.3
114.8
115.0
113.8
115.4
Atlanta, Ga___ _________
Baltimore, M d__________
Boston, Mass____________
Chicago, 111_____________
Cincinnati. Ohio___ _____
113.6
111.9
117.8
111.7
114.6
110.3
112.5
116.1
111. 1
114.7
112.6
109.4
111.4
110.2
113.9
120.8
115.1
115. 9
113.4
119.9
122.7
115.2
119.4
118.5
122.1
121. 5
115.5
115. 8
111.8
114.5
107.4
114.1
111.3
119.5
105.8
113.6
110.0
120.1
107.0
115.4
110.9
121.4
122.4
Cleveland, Ohio_________
Detroit, Mich___________
Houston, Tex____________
Kansas City, M o________
Los Angeles, Calif________
107.4
112.2
112.3
102.0
109.4
104.3
111.7
112.0
107.9
105.5
104.4
112.2
109.5
111.0
105.4
111. 1
124.2
117.3
108.5
113.0
121.3
130.3«
121. 7
119.1
114.1
110.0
124.6
115.9
111.4
111.8
118.3
117.5
112.7
107.2
113.9
117.2
116. 1
120.2
Minneapolis, M inn..............
New York, N. Y _...............
Philadelphia, P a..................
Pittsburgh, Pa___________
Portland, Oreg___ _______
107.4
114.5
117.4
114.1
117.2
104.6
112. 4
117.0
111.9
117.2
110.3
107.1
111.9
110. 9
113.9
119.1
107.4
121.9
114.9
107.3
124.7
116.9
127.2
120.8
110.2
115.9
112.0
118.7
117.7
110.2
123.4
114.1
114.1
124.6
117.0
120.6
121.9
116.7
116.4
124.8
119.6
St. Louis, Mo___________
San Francisco, Calif.............
Scranton, P a.........................
Seattle, Wash........................
Washington, D. C..............
105. 5
116.5
113.4
118.7
116.6
102.7
109.8
110.5
118.4
116.6
106.1
110.5
107.9
113.1
115.6
120.3
117.2
105.3
112.6
117.1
124.1
117.5
123.5
117.9
125.0
118.8
117.8
109.7
115.1
119.4
120.8
112.0
124.0
112.5
114.0
114.9
116.9
1 See footnote 1, table D-l.
s See footnote 2, table D-2.
Average of 46 cities.
*
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
122.2
113.2
113.3
116.0
118.1
119.3
112 0
107.0
113.6
113.2
113.2
123.0
118.2
112.8
111.1
113.8
114.6
4 See footnote 3, table D-2.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
119.1
112.7
109.4
112.0
1433
D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-7. Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups
Farm products
Processed foods
All commodities
other than farm
and foods
Textile products
and apparel
H id e s , s k in s ,
le a th e r , an d
leather products
Fuel, power, and
lighting mate
rials
C h e m ica ls an d
allied products
Rubber and rub
ber products
L u m b e r and
wood products
Pulp, paper, and
allied products
Metals and metal
products
Machinery a n d
motive products
F u rn itu r e and
o th e r h o u se
hold durables
N o n m e t a l l ic
minerals—struc
tural
1 Tobacco m a n u
fa c tu re s an d
[ bottled beverI ages
1947..............
1948_______
1949-........... .
1950 _____
1951 ........... .
1952_______
1953-........... 1954-........... 1955.-...........
1956.--.........
96.4
104.4
99.2
103.1
114.8
111.6
110.1
110.3
110.7
114.3
100.0
107.3
92.8
97.5
113.4
107.0
97.0
95.6
89.6
88.4
98.2
106.1
95.7
99.8
111.4
108.8
104.6
105.3
101.7
101.7
95.3
103.4
101.3
105.0
115.9
113.2
114.0
114.5
117.0
122.2
100.1
104.4
95.5
99.2
110.6
99.8
97.3
95.2
95.3
95.3
101.0
102.1
96.9
104.6
120.3
97.2
98.5
94.2
93.8
99.3
90.9
107.1
101.9
103.0
106.7
106.6
109.5
108.1
107.9
111.2
101.4
103.8
94.8
96.3
110.0
104.5
105. 7
107.0
106.6
107.2
99.0
102.1
98.9
120.5
148.0
134.0
125.0
126.9
143. 8
145.8
93.7
107.2
99.2
113. 9
123.9
120. 3
120. 2
118.0
123 6
125.4
98.6
102.0
98. 5
100.9
119.6
116.5
116.1
116.3
119.3
127.2
91.3
103.9
104.8
110.3
122.8
123.0
126. 9
128.0
136.6
148.4
92.5
100.9
106.6
108.6
119.0
121.5
123.0
124.6
128.4
137.8
95.6
101. 4
103 1
105.3
114.1
112.0
114.2
115.4
115.9
119.1
93.9
101.7
104.4
106.9
113 6
113.6
118.2
120.9
124.2
129. 6
97.2
100.5
102. 3
103.5
109.4
111.8
115.7
120.6
121.6
122.3
100.8
103.1
96.1
96.6
104.9
108.3
97.8
102.5
92.0
91.0
1953:
January__
February.
M arch.-—.
April____
M ay _____
June_____
July_____
August___
September.
October. .
November.
December.
109.9
109.6
110.0
109.4
109.8
109.5
110.9
110.6
111.0
110.2
109.8
110.1
99.6
97.9
99.8
97.3
97.8
95.4
97.9
96.4
98.1
95.3
93.7
94.4
105. 5
105.2
104.1
103.2
104.3
103.3
105.5
104.8
106.6
104.7
103.8
104.3
113.1
113.1
113.4
113. 2
113.6
113.9
114.8
114.9
114.7
114.6
114.5
114.6
98.8
98.5
97. 5
97.4
97.6
97.4
97.5
97.5
96.9
96.5
96.2
95.8
97.3
98.0
98.1
97.9
100.4
101.0
100.0
99.9
99.7
97.1
97.1
95.6
107.8
108.1
108.4
107.4
107.1
108.3
111. 1
111 0
110.9
111 2
111.2
111.1
103.6
103.6
104.2
105. 5
105.5
105.6
106.2
106.3
106.7
106.7
107.2
107.1
127.3
126.2
125.7
124.8
125. 4
125. 0
124.6
123. 5
124.0
124.2
124.3
124.8
120.5
121.1
121.7
122.2
121.8
121.5
121.1
120.4
119.2
118.1
117.3
117.4
115. 8
116. 3
115. 1
115.3
115.4
115.8
115.8
116.2
116.9
117.5
117.3
117.1
124.0
124.6
125.5
125.0
125.7
126.9
129.3
129.4
128.5
127.9
127.9
127.5
121.5
121.6
121.8
122.0
122.4
122 9
123.4
123.7
124.0
124.1
124.2
124.3
112.7
112.9
113.1
113.9
114.1
114.3
114.7
114.8
114.9
114.8
114.9
115.0
114.6
114.6
115.1
116.9
117.2
118.1
119.4
119.6
120.7
120. 7
120.8
120.8
111.9
111.9
114.8
114.8
114.8
114.9
115.6
115.6
116.2
118.1
118. 1
118.1
103.0
101.2
101.7
98.5
99. 7
95 8
95.3
96 4
94.7
94.4
93.2
100.1
1954:
January__
February..
M a rc h .....
April.........
M ay_____
June_____
J u l y ____
August__
September.
October _.
November.
December.
110.9
110.5
110.5
111.0
110.9
110.0
110.4
110. 5
110.0
109.7
110.0
109.5
97.8
97.7
98.4
99.4
97.9
94.8
96.2
95.8
93.6
93.1
93.2
89.9
106.2
104.8
105.3
105. 9
106.8
105.0
106. 5
106.4
105. 5
103.7
103.8
103.5
114.6
114.4
114.2
114.5
114.5
114.2
114.3
114.4
114.4
114.5
114.8
114.9
96.1
95.3
95.0
94.7
94.8
94.9
95.1
95.3
95.3
95.4
95.2
95.2
95.3
94.9
94.7
94.6
96.0
95.6
94.9
94.0
93.0
92.4
92.8
91.8
110.8
110.5
109. 2
108.6
108.2
107.8
108.2
106.9
106.9
106. 9
107.4
107.5
107.2
107.5
107.4
107.2
107.1
106.8
106.7
106.8
106.8
106.9
107.0
107.0
124.8
124.6
124.9
125.0
125.1
126.1
126.8
126.4
126.9
128.5
131.4
132.0
117.0
116.8
116.7
116.2
116.1
116.3
119.1
119 1
119 3
119.8
119.9
120.0
117.0
117.1
116.6
116.3
115.8
115.8
116 2
116 3
116.3
116.3
116. 0
115.9
127.2
126.2
126.3
126.8
127.1
127.1
128.0
128.6
129.1
129.7
129.9
129.8
124.4
124.6
124.5
124 4
124.4
124.3
124.3
124.3
124. 4
124.3
125.3
125.7
115.2
115.1
115.0
115.6
115. 5
115.4
115.3
115.3
115.3
115.6
115.6
115.7
120.9
121.0
121.0
120.8
119.3
119.1
120.4
120.5
121.7
121.9
121.8
121.8
118.2
118.0
117.9
121.6
121. 4
121. 4
121.4
121.5
121.5
121.5
121.4
121.4
101.1
102.8
104.9
110.3
109.2
105.1
103.9
102.3
99.1
96.7
97.0
98.0
1955:
January__
February..
March___
April____
M av_____
June_____
July_____
August___
September.
October . _
November.
December.
110.1
110.4
110.0
110.5
109.9
110.3
110.5
110.9
111.7
111.6
111.2
111.3
92.5
93.1
92.1
94.2
91.2
91.8
89.5
88.1
89.3
86.8
84.1
82.9
103.8
103.2
101.6
102.5
102.1
103.9
103.1
101.9
101.5
100.2
98.8
98.2
115.2
115. 7
115.6
115.7
115.5
115.6
116.5
117.5
118.5
119.0
119.4
119.8
95.2
95.2
95.3
95.0
95.0
95.2
95.3
95.3
95.4
95.4
95.6
95.6
91.9
92.3
92.2
93.2
92.9
92.9
93.7
93.8
94.0
95.3
96.4
96.7
108.5
108.7
108.5
107.4
107.0
106.8
106.4
107.2
108.0
108.0
108.6
109.3
107.1
107.1
106.8
107.1
106.8
100.8
106.0
105.9
106.0
106. 5
106.6
106.6
136.8
140.6
138.0
138.3
138.0
140.3
143.4
148.7
151.7
147.8
150.6
151.0
120.3
121.2
121.4
122.4
123.5
123.7
124.1
125.1
125.7
125.4
125.0
125.1
116.3
116.6
116.8
117.4
117.7
118.3
119.0
119.7
120.5
122.8
123.2
123.6
130.1
131.5
131.9
132.9
132.5
132.6
136.7
139.5
141.9
142.4
142.9
143.9
125.8
126.1
126.1
126.3
126.7
127.1
127.5
128.5
130.0
131. 4
132.5
133.0
115.5
115.4
115.1
115.1
115.1
115.2
115. 5
116.0
116.4
116.9
117.2
117.3
122.0
121.8
121.9
122.3
123.2
123.7
125.3
126.1
126.4
126.8
125.2
125.4
121.4
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.7
121.7
121.7
121 7
121.7
97.0
97.1
95.6
94.0
91.3
89.1
90.8
89.8
90.3
91.5
88.0
88.8
1956:
Jan u ary ..
February..
M arch___
A p r i l .___
M a y ____
June_____
July ___
August. ..
September.
October__
November.
December.
111.9
112.4
112.8
113.6
114.4
114.2
114.0
114.7
115.5
115.6
115.9
116.3
84.1
86.0
86.6
88.0
90.9
91.2
90.0
89.1
90.1
88.4
87.9
88.9
98.3
99.0
99.2
100.4
102.4
102.3
102.2
102.6
104.0
103.6
103.6
103.1
120.4
120.6
121.0
121.6
121.7
121.5
121.4
122.5
123.1
123.6
124.2
124.7
95.7
96.0
95.9
95.1
94.9
94.9
94.9
94.8
94.8
95.3
95.4
95.6
96.7
97.1
97.7
100.6
100.0
100.2
100.1
100.0
100.2
99.7
99.8
99.2
111.0
111.2
110.9
110.6
110.8
110.5
110.7
110.9
111.1
111.7
111.2
114.0
106.3
106.4
106.5
106.9
106.9
107.1
107.3
107.3
107.1
107.7
108.2
108.3
148.4
147.1
146. 2
145.0
143.5
142.8
143. 3
146.9
145.7
145.8
146.9
147.9
126.3
126. 7
128.0
128.5
128.0
127.3
126.6
125.2
123.6
122.0
121.5
121.0
124.8
125.4
126.8
127. 4
127.3
127.4
127.7
127.9
127.9
128.1
127.8
128.0
145.1
145.1
146.5
147 7
146.8
145.8
144.9
150.2
151.9
152.2
152.1
152.3
133.3
133.9
134.7
135.7
136. 5
136.8
136. 9
137.7
139.7
141.1
143.4
143.6
119.0
118.2
118.1
118.0
118.0
118.1
118.3
119.1
119.7
121.0
121.1
121.2
127.0
127.1
127.9
128.6
128.6
128.9
130. 6
130.8
131.1
l«Jl. 5
131.2
131.3
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.6
121.6
121.7
122.5
122.8
123.1
123.5
123.6
89.6
88.7
88.2
92.1
96.1
92.9
91.3
91.1
89.9
89.2
91.2
91.7
89.3 104.3
88.8 103.9
88.8 103.7
90.6 104.3
89.5 104.9
90.9 106.1
92.8 107.2
93.0 *106.8
91.1 106.5
125.2
125. 5
125.4
125.4
125.2
125.2
125.7
*126.0
125.9
95.8
95.7
95.4
95.3
95.4
95.5
95.4
95.4
95.4
98.4
98.0
98.4
98.8
99.0
99.9
100.7
100.5
100.1
116.3
119.6
119.2
119.5
118.5
117.2
116.4
•116.3
116.3
108.7
108.8
108.8
109.1
109.1
109.3
109.5
*109.8
110.2
145.0
143.9
144.3
144. 5
144.7
145.1
144.9
*146.9
146.4
121.3
120.7
120.1
120.2
119.7
119.7
119.3
*118.6
117.8
128.6
128.5
128.7
128.6
128.9
128.9
129.5
129.9
130.1
152.2
151.4
151.0
150.1
150.0
150.6
152.4
*153.2
152.1
143.9
144.5
144.8
145.0
145.1
145.2
145.8
146.2
146.7
121.9
121.9
121.9
121.5
121.6
121.7
122.4
*122.6
122.8
132.0
132.7
133. 2
134.6
135.0
135.1
135.2
135.3
135.3
124.0
124.1
124.1
124.5
124. 5
124. 7
127.7
127.7
127.7
93.2
92.4
92.0
91.4
89.4
87.3
88.8
90.1
89.2
1957:
January__ 116.9
February.. 117.0
March ..
116.9
117.2
April____
M ay_____ 117.1
June ___ 117.4
Ju ly-------- 118.2
August___ •118. 4
Sept.1........ 118.0
1Preliminary.
•Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M is c e lla n e o u s
products
Year and
month
All commodities
[1947-49=100]
N ote : For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source : U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1434
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
Table D-8. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1
[1947-49=100]
1957
Commodity group
Sept.* Aug.
195«
Annual avg.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1956
1955
All commodities.
118.0
*118.4 118.2
117.4
117.1
117.2
116.9
117.0
116.9
116.3
115. 9
115.6
115.5
114.3
110.7
Farm products.......... ..................................
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables__
Grains_____________ ______________
Livestock and live poultry___________
Plant and animal fibers......... .............. .
Fluid milk____________________
Eggs...........................................................
Hay, hayseeds, and oil seeds...................
Other farm products........................ ........
91.1
98.9
81.2
8!. 5
102.9
97.2
91.2
78.0
143.2
93.0
106.3
82.4
86.7
104.0
94.9
79.7
81.3
142.9
92.8
108.0
82.7
86.5
105 0
93 1
76.2
82 4
142.9
90.9
105.4
83.9
83.5
104.8
92.0
61.0
83.3
145.7
89.5
109.0
85. 4
78.7
104.3
92.2
57.5
84.4
144.1
90.6
103. 0
87.3
79.3
104.3
95.0
68.5
85.2
144.7
88.8
88.8
94. 1 96.1
87.5
87.0
76.6
75.0
104.0 103.9
95.6
97.5
63.8
66.3
85.1
84.7
146.0 148.2
89.3
100. 7
89.5
73.9
102.9
98.1
65.7
86.6
148.8
88.9
102.6
88.8
71.7
101.3
99.0
74.3
85.4
147.9
87.9
104.3
87.9
68.6
100.8
98.8
79.3
84.0
147.4
88.4
97.6
84.0
73.0
100.0
97.2
87. 4
78. 6
149.9
90.1
95.3
90.7
75.7
98.4
96.1
91. 2
76.5
152.9
88. 4
104.2
87.0
71. 3
102.8
94. 5
81. 9
82.6
146.9
89.6
104.1
87.0
75. 8
102. 4
91. 5
85. 7
84. 9
142.5
Processed foods.............................................
Cereal and bakery products..... ...............
Meats, poultry, and fish__ __________
Dairy products and ice cream________
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables.
Sugar and confectionery............. .............
Packaged beverage m aterials.................
Animal fats and oils__________ ______
Crude vegetable oils________________
Refined vegetable oils........ ...... ..............
Vegetable oil end products........ ............
Other processed foods................. .............
106.5 *106.8
116. 7 116.7
95.7
97.7
112. 4 *110.3
102.6 102.1
113.9 *113.8
178.3 183. 7
78.3 *74.4
61.3
62.3
64.5
66.1
84.1
84.1
96.0
95.1
1072
117.7
99. 2
108. 2
102.3
114.3
183.7
76. 2
65.3
66.9
84.3
94.8
106.1
117.0
96.6
108.1
101.9
113.5
183.7
72.1
63.8
65.5
84.9
95.4
104.9
116.5
91.5
110.7
103.5
112.8
183.7
70.3
62.9
65.4
85.2
95.3
104.3
116.8
88.2
111.4
104.9
112.1
183. 7
73.3
65. 4
70.1
86.1
95.2
103.7
116.7
84.6
111.3
105.9
112.3
190.9
78.8
67. 6
78.2
89.2
95.1
103.9
115. 9
83.9
112.5
105. 9
112.0
194. 5
83.4
71. 7
78.5
90.2
95.7
104.3
115.8
84.8
112. 5
105. 6
113.1
196.3
84.3
73.8
78.5
89.6
95.0
103.1
115.4
81.5
112.6
105.6
112.3
196.3
84.5
72.0
73.9
89.4
95.7
103.6 103. 6
115. 8 115.3
82.7
85.7
113.6 110.9
106.4 106. 4
111.8 110.8
201.6 201.6
74.4
75. 5
70.4
65.9
74.4
70.2
86.2
83.7
95.7
95.3
104.0
114.6
89.3
109. 7
106.8
110. 0
201. 5
72.7
59. 4
66. 0
83.3
95.9
101. 7
115.2
81 6
108. 6
107. 9
109 8
192 7
69 8
68. 5
73 4
85 3
96.8
101 7
116 2
84 8
106 1
105 5
110 5
180 1
67 7
62 2
71 9
81 4
99.6
All commodities other than farm and foods„ 125.9 *126.0
Textile products and apparel......................
Cotton products___________________
Wool products_______ ____________ _
Manmade fiber textile products_______
Silk products______________________
Apparel___________ __________. . I . I l l
Other textile products..............................
125.7
125. 2
125.2
125. 4
125.4
125.5
125.2
124.7
124.2
123.6
123.1
122.2
117.0
95.4
90.0
110.3
82.3
121.1
99.7
77. 2
95.4
*90.2
111. 2
*82.1
122.0
99.6
75.7
95.4
90. 5
111.3
81.9
121. 5
99. 5
75.8
95.5
90.6
111.5
81.9
122.4
99.5
76.8
95.4
90.7
110.9
81.8
124.7
99.5
76.9
95.3
90.8
109.9
81.5
124.8
99.6
75.9
95.4
91.1
109.0
81.7
123.0
99.6
76.1
95.7
91.9
109.5
82.0
123.2
99.6
75.9
95.8
92.3
109.1
82.1
122.8
99.7
76.8
95.6
92.7
107.7
80.5
122.8
99.7
78.7
95.4
92.8
106.1
80.3
122.7
99.7
76.2
95.3
92.7
104.8
80.9
123. 6
99.7
75.3
94.8
91.5
103.9
80. 4
120.1
99. 7
74.7
95 3
93. 0
103. 7
81 4
121.9
99. 6
72.8
95 3
91 ft
104 7
86 6
123 8
98 5
74.5
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products. 100.1
Hides and skins_____ _______________
58. 2
Leather___________ _____________ III.
91.6
Footwear_______ _______ ___________ 121.3
Other leather products............. ............ .
98.2
100.5
61.5
91.6
121.3
*98.2
100.7
62.1
92. 2
121. 2
98. 5
99.9
59.4
91.1
121.2
97.3
99.0
55.8
88.8
121.1
97.5
98.8
51.8
88.6
121.5
97.8
98.4
51.0
88.6
120.9
97.8
98.0
50.1
87.8
120.8
97.4
98.4
99.2
52. 1 53.8
88.2
90.9
120.8 120. 8
97.9
98.3
99.8
59.0
90.6
120.8
98.6
99.7
57.8
90.8
120.7
98.6
100.2
63.3
90. 8
120. 5
98.5
99 3
59 2
91 2
119. 3
98.6
93 8
56 6
84 6
112 3
95.9
Fuel, power, and lighting materials.
Coal..................................................
Coke_______ _______ _________
Oas_______ _____ -IIIIIIIIIIII
Electricity................ .............. ......
Petroleum and products................
116.3 *116.3
124.8 124.4
161.9 161.9
111.1 *111.1
96.6 *96. 6
125.6 125.5
116.4
124.0
161.9
111.8
95. 5
126.4
117.2
123.3
161.9
113.0
94.3
128.4
118.5
123 3
161.9
116.5
94.9
129.8
119.5
123.2
161,9
118.4
96.6
130.4
119.2
123.6
161.9
118. 4
94.9
130.7
119.6
124.0
162.2
122.3
94.3
131.0
116.3
124.1
159.1
119.9
94.9
124.9
114.0
123.5
156. 3
119. 9
94.3
120.9
111.2 111.7
122.0 121.0
156.3 156.3
111. 1 111.1
94.3
94.9
117.5 118.3
111. 1 111 2
114. 4 114 5
156.3 149 7
110.3 115 1
94.9 94 2
118.4 118.2
107 9
104 8
135 9
1116
97 O
112.7
Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial chemicals....................... .
Prepared paint.....................................
Paint materials....................................
Drugs and pharmaceuticals________
Fats and oils, inedible...... .................
Mixed fertilizer........... ........... .............
Fertilizer materials_______________
Other chemicals and allied products..
110.2 *109. 8
123. 6 123.6
128.1 128.1
101. 5 100.5
93.5
93.4
64.5 *63.4
112.0 110.5
106.4 106.5
106.5 *105. 5
109.5
123. Ò
128.1
99. 9
93.4
61. 0
108.3
106.3
105. 4
109.3
124.0
125.5
99.7
93.4
60.2
108.3
106.3
105.0
109.1
123.6
124.7
99.8
93.3
59.2
108.4
107.2
105.2
109.1
123.6
124.1
99.8
93.5
58.2
108.6
107. 5
105.2
108. 8
122.9
124.1
100.1
93.2
57.9
108.5
106.8
105.2
108.8 108.7
123.2 123.5
124.1 124.1
100.6
99.0
93. 1 92.6
58.0
58.7
109.3 110.2
105.9 105.9
105.1 104.5
108.3
122. 5
124.1
99.5
92.5
59.4
109. 3
105.7
104.4
108.2
122.5
123.6
99.4
92.3
57.8
109.6
105.7
104.2
107.7
122.6
122.4
9S. 8
91.9
55.8
109. 5
104.1
103.6
107.1 107.2
121.9 121 4
119.1 120 0
97.9
99 6
91. 9 92 1
55. 4 56 2
109. 6 108 7
104. 5 108 4
103.4 103.2
106 6
118 1
114 5
96* 8
92 8
56 6
108 7
112 6
106.0
Rubber and rubber products________
Crude rubber______ _____ _______
Tires and tubes__________________
Other rubber products____________
146.4 *146.9
140.3 144.3
153. 5 153. 5
141.8 *140.8
144.9
145.0
149. 0
140.0
145.1
145.9
149.0
139.9
144.7
144.0
149.0
139.9
144.5
143.2
149.0
140.0
144.3
142.0
149.0
140.0
143.9
140.2
149 0
140.0
145.0
145.4
148.8
140.0
147.9
151.1
153. 4
139.7
146.9
147.0
153.4
139.5
145.8
141.9
153.4
139.5
145.7
142.2
153. 4
139.1
145 8
146 7
152 2
138.0
143 8
156 8
144 9
134.4
Lumber and wood produets.
Lumber............. ................
Millwork______________
Plywood................... ..HU!
117.8 *118.6
118.3 *119.4
128.3 128.3
94.7 *95.2
119.3
120.0
128.3
96.9
119.7
120.4
128.5
97.7
119.7
120.6
128.3
96.8
120.2
121.2
128.3
96.7
120.1
121.2
128.7
96.2
120.7
121.9
128.7
96.4
121.3
122.6
128.7
97.1
121.0
122.5
128.5
94.6
121.5
123.1
128.5
94.8
122.0
123.6
128.6
96.1
123. 6
125.2
129.2
99.2
125. 4
127.2
129.1
101.7
123 6
124 4
128 7
105.4
Pulp, paper, and allied products_________
Woodpulp.......................... ........................
Wastepaper................. .............. ...............
Paper...........................................................
Paperboard_________________ _____
Converted paper and paperboard prod
ucts........ .............. ........ ..........................
Building paper and board..... ...................
130.1
118.0
88.5
143.2
136.2
129.9
118.0
74.7
143.2
136. 2
129.5
118.0
68.0
142.8
136.2
128.9
118.0
66.1
142.4
136.2
128.9
118.0
66.1
142.4
136.2
128.6
118.0
68.6
140.7
136.2
128.7 128.5
118.0 118.0
75. 4 76.4
140. 1 139.2
136.2 136.2
128.6
118.0
77.3
139.2
136.2
128.0
118.0
78.3
139.2
136.2
127.8
118.0
77.3
139.2
136.2
128.1
118.0
92.5
139.1
136.3
127.9
118.0
97.5
138. 9
136.3
127. 2
117.7
112.3
137. 3
134.8
119 3
112.9
110.7
129 8
127.1
126.5
141.7
126.5
141. 7
126.1
141. 7
125.3
141.7
125.3
141.7
125.2
141.7
125.6
141.1
125.6
141.1
125.6
141.1
124.5
138.1
124.3
138.1
124.3
138.1
123.8
138.1
123.1
136.9
113.9
130.9
Metals and metal products..... ....................
Iron and steel_______________________
Nonferrous metals______________ H ill!
Metal containers___ ____
II!
Hardware.................
H ill!
Plumbing equipment________________
Heating equipment_____ ________ ___
Fabricated structural metal products___
Fabricated nonstruetural metal products.
152.1
169.9
131. 7
153.1
166.9
128.9
122.5
134.9
147.1
*153. 2
*171. 2
134.6
153.1
*165.9
129.0
*122.3
*135.6
146.6
152.4 150.6 150.0 150.1
170.3 165.4 162. 9 161.9
134.1 138.1 139.9 142.5
152. 8 152. 5 152.5 148.0
164.5 164.3 164.3 163.5
129.1 129.1 130.1 131.6
122.8 121.9 121.4 121.6
134. 5 131.7 132. 2 132.8
145.3 1 143.1 143.3 1 143.3
151.0
163.8
143.2
148.0
162.2
132.0
121.6
133. 4
142.8
151.4
163.9
145.4
147.4
162.0
133. 4
122.8
133.3
142.0
152.2 152.3
164.3 163.3
148.7 149.6
147.5 147.5
161.5 160.2
133.4 133.9
122.3 122.1
133.7 137.5
141.6 1 141.2
152.1
162.5
149.7
147.5
160.1
133.9
122.0
137. 5
141.2
152.2
161. 1
154.1
143.4
159.8
133.9
121.9
137.1
141.2
151. 9
161.5
154. 8
143. 4
158. 8
133. 9
121.0
137.1
136.9
148. 4
154. 7
156.1
141. 6
155. 9
133. 9
119. 0
132.6
135.1
136.6
140 6
142. 7
132.9
146. 4
125. 4
115 0
122. ft
128.2
See footnotes at end of table
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D.
1435
CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-8. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1—Continued
[1947-49=100]
1957
Commodity group
Sept.2
Machinery and motive products.................
Agricultural machinery and equipm ent...
Construction machinery and equipment..
Metalworking machinery and equipment.
General purpose machinery and equip
ment _______ ___________________
Miscellaneous machinery..........................
Electrical machinery and equipment___
Motor vehicles............................................
Furniture and other household durables__
Household furniture_________________
Commercial furniture________________
Floor covering______________________
Household appliances................................
Television, radio receivers, and phono
graphs___________________________
Other household durable goods...............
Noumetallic minerals—structural_______
Flat glass__________________________
Concrete ingredients.................................
Concrete products......................................
Structural clay products______________
Gypsum products. ............ .....................
Prepared asphalt roofing.......................... .
Other nonmetallic minerals................ ......
Tobacco manufactures and bottled bev
erages___________________ _____ _
Cigarettes....................................................
Cigars..........................................................
Other tobacco manufactures__________
Alcoholic beverages__________________
Nonalcoholic beverages______________
Miscellaneous products................................
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, and
ammunition______________ ________
Manufactured animal feeds___________
Notions and accessories._____________
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipment_______________________
Other miscellaneous products_________
18ee Note, table D-7.
3 Preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1956
Annual avg.
Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1956 1955
146.2
*132. 5
*161.4
*167.0
158.0
146.3
149. 6
134.7
*122. 6
122.9
153.6
132.5
104.7
96.7
*148.2
135.3
135. 7
136.5
126.4
155.0
127.1
125.8
*128. 4
145.8
132.3
157.9
166.1
157.4
144.5
149.5
134.7
122.4
122.8
153.6
132.5
104.9
96.0
147.9
135.2
135.7
136.4
126.4
155.1
127.1
125. 8
128.3
145.2
132.3
157.6
165.6
156.5
143.9
148.2
134.7
121.7
122.4
147.3
133.8
105.2
93.4
147.9
135.1
135.7
135.8
126.7
155.1
127.1
125.8
128.3
145.1
132.3
157.6
165.6
156.0
143.8
148.2
134.7
121.6
122.4
147.3
133.8
105.1
93.1
147.7
135.0
135.7
135.7
126.7
155.0
127.1
125. 8
128.3
145.0
132.1
157.5
165.3
156.2
143.7
147.8
134.7
121.5
122. 4
147. 3
133. 8
105.4
93.1
147.0
134.6
135.7
135.7
126.6
155.0
127.1
121.6
128.3
144.8
132.2
156. 7
164.9
155.9
143.3
147. 5
134.6
121.9
122. 2
146 9
134 3
106.8
93.1
147.0
133. 2
135.7
135. 1
125.7
150.8
127.1
118.2
127.5
144.5
132.0
156.3
163.8
155.8
143.0
147. 1
134.6
121.9
122.0
146.9
134.3
106.8
93.5
147.0
132.7
135. 7
134.8
125.6
150.7
127. 1
115.3
126.0
143.9
131 8
156.2
163.4
155.5
142.5
146 0
134.3
121.9
122.0
146.9
135. 1
106.5
93.5
146.8
132.0
135. 7
134.6
125.6
150.6
127.1
111.2
124.3
143.6
131 2
155. 9
163.3
154.6
142.2
145.4
134.3
121.2
121.2
146.9
131.9
105.9
93.3
146.7
131.3
135. 7
131.7
125.3
150. 5
127.1
114.4
124.3
143.4
130.8
155. 5
163.0
154.0
142.0
145.2
134.2
121.1
121. 2
146.9
131.9
106.5
93.5
145.0
131.2
135. 7
131.6
125.3
150.3
127.1
114.4
124.3
141.1
129.5
154. 7
161.4
153. 0
140. 4
143.2
130.8
121.0
120 8
146 8
131.8
106.5
93.5
145.0
131. 5
135. 7
131.6
125.0
150. 1
127.1
117.5
1213
139.7
127.4
151. 5
159.6
151. 6
138.9
142.0
129.4
119.7
120. 4
146 8
131. 9
105 5
93.7
140.2
131.1
135. 7
130 7
124.8
150. 1
127. 1
117. 5
123.6
137.8
127 6
148.6
156.4
147.5
137 0
138.4
129.8
119.1
119.0
141.8
131.1
105.5
93.1
140.9
129.6
133.4
130.6
123.0
148.0
127.1
111.7
123.4
128.4
123.2
137.1
142.5
134.0
129.2
128.2
122.9
115.9
114.0
132.0
126.4
106.8
93.0
133.5
124.2
128.0
124.8
118.6
140.1
122.1
106.1
121.2
127. 7 127.7
134.8 134.8
105.1 105.1
143.8 143.8
119.6 119.6
149.3 149.3
89.2 90.1
118.2 *117.8
66.4 68.2
97.4 97.4
107.3 *107. 2
129.4 129.4
127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3
88.8
117.5
66.0
97.4
106. 8
128.8
124.7
124.0
105.1
134.9
119. 6
149.3
87.3
117.5
63.4
97.4
106.8
127.2
124.5
124.0
105.1
127.7
119.6
149.3
89.4
117.5
67.2
97.4
107.6
126.8
124. 5
124.0
105.1
126. 9
119.6
149.3
91.4
117.5
71.0
97.4
107.6
126. 8
124.1
124. 0
105. 1
126.0
119.0
149.0
92.0
117.5
72.0
96.7
107.6
126.5
124.1
124.0
105.1
126.0
119.0
148.7
92.4
117.5
72.8
96.7
107.7
126.3
124.0
124. 0
104.2
126.0
119.0
148.7
93.2
117.5
74.4
96.7
107.5
126. 1
123 6
124 0
104 2
126.0
118 1
148.7
91.7
116.9
72.6
96.6
105.4
125.4
123. 5
124.0
104.2
122.5
118. 1
148.7
91.2
116.8
71.9
96.5
105. 2
125.1
123.1
124.0
104.2
122. 5
117.2
148.7
89.2
116.7
68.2
96.5
105.2
124.7
122.8
124 0
104.2
122 5
116 9
148.4
89.9
116.6
69.6
96.5
104.8
124.8
122.3
124.0
104.2
122.8
115. 8
148.3
91.0
116.1
72.0
95.3
104.9
124.1
121.6
124.0
103.9
121.8
114.6
148.1
92.0
113.5
75.7
92.1
103.7
121.6
146.7
133.3
162.6
168.2
159.0
147.1
150.2
134.8
122.8
123.5
153.6
132.5
104.7
96.7
148.4
135.3
135.7
136.7
126.6
155.0
•127.1
124.5
128.6
•Revised.
S ource: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1436
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
T able
D-9. Indexes of wholesale prices, by economic sectors
[1947-49=100]
1957
Commodity group
Sept.1 Aug. July
Annual
average
1956
June May Apr. Mar. Feb.
Jan.
Dec. Nov. Oct.
Sept. 1956
1955
All commodities..................... ......................................
118.0 *118.4 118.2 117.4 117.1 117.2 116.9 117.0 116.9 116.3 115.9 115.6 115.5 114.3 110.7
Crude materials for further processing__
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs__........
Crude nonfood materials except fuel____
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manu
facturing.................. ..............................................
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for con
struction.......... .....................................................
Crude fuel__________________________
Crude fuel for manufacturing_____________ ___
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing industry______
97.0 99.6 99.7 98.8 96.5 97.1 96.7 96.7 97.4 96.6 94.9 95.0 96.7 95.0 94.5
87.4 90.3 90.4 89.1 86.9 88.0 86.5 85.9 86.3 85.0 83.4 84.4 87.2 84.0 85.7
112.6 115.0 115.2 115. C 112.0 111.6 113.4 114.2 115.8 115.9 114,3 112. 6 113.1 114.2 110.1
111.5 114.1 114.3 114.2 110.9 110.5 112.5 113.3 115.1 115.5 113.7 111.9 112.5 113.6 109.6
136.7 136.5
118.2 *118.0
118.0 *117.8
118.5 *118.2
136.4
118.0
117.9
118. 3
135.8
118.1
117.9
118.3
135.7
119.3
119.2
119.6
135.6
120.0
119.8
120.2
135.1
119. S
119.6
120.5
134.8
121.7
121.3
122.3
134.6
120.8
120.4
121.4
131.7
120.4
120.0
121.0
131.6
116.5
116.3
116.8
131.6
116.0
115.8
116.2
130. 7
111. 5
111.3
111.8
130.6
113.3
113.0
113.7
124.9
105.8
105.4
106.5
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components______
Intermediate materials and components for manu
facturing___ ________________
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing___
Intermediate materials for nondurable manu
facturing... ______________ _________ _____
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing.
Components for manufacturing______ ________
Materials and components for construction..............
Processed fuels and lubricants____________________
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing..
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufactur
ing industry____ ___ _____________________
Containers, nonreturnable_______________________
Supplies____ ___ ______________________________
Supplies for manufacturing___ _________
Supplies for nonmanufacturing industry________
Manufactured animal feeds_______________
Other supplies_________ _____ ________
115.3 *115.4
134.9 134.8
112.4 112.5
137.9 136.9
100. 8 101.5
66.0 67.9
121.3 121.1
115.7
134.5
111.7
137.0
100.2
65.6
120.4
116.8
134.1
110.9
136.7
99.1
63.6
119.9
117.9
134.1
112.0
136.7
100.8
67.8
120.0
118.6
132.8
113.1
136.8
102.4
71.7
120.2
118.3
132.9
113. 3
136.1
103. 0
73.1
120.4
118.2
132.7
113.4
135.9
103.3
73.7
120.4
115.2
133. 0
113.8
135. 4
104.0
75.7
120.4
112.3
132.6
113.0
135.3
102.9
73.6
120.0
108.3
132.3
112.7
135.3
102.5
72.6
119.9
109.2
131.1
111.3
135.1
100. 5
68.3
119.3
109.5
129.3
111.0
133.6
100.7
69.5
118.9
109.1
128.5
111.3
132.9
101.6
72.9
118.2
105.7
119.8
108.5
127.3
100.0
76.7
113.4
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and
fuels)........... ............. .................................
Consumer finished goods______ _____________ ____
Consumer foods_____________________________
Consumer crude foods________________
Consumer processed foods_________
Consumer other nondurable goods_____________
Consumer durable goods...................................
Producer finished goods____ ___ ____ _____________
Producer goods for manufacturing industries__
Producer goods for nonmanufacturing industries..
118.8 118.6
111.7 111.6
106.0 106.2
98.6 96.1
107. 6 108.2
112.4 112.2
123.2 *123.1
147.7 *147. 2
152.2 *151.9
143.9 143.2
118.5
111.6
106. 2
94.9
108.4
117.6
110.7
104.2
88.1
107.2
112.0
122.7
145. 5
150.1
141.6
117.4
110.5
103.1
88.4
105.9
112.5
122.7
145.5
150.1
141.6
117.4
110.5
102.7
91.1
105.0
112.8
122.7
145.3
150.0
141.4
116.9
109.9
101.3
86.3
104. 1
112. 7
122.9
145.1
149.7
141.2
117.0
110.2
101.8
88.7
104.3
112.9
123.0
144.7
149.2
140.9
116.7
109.9
102.3
91.0
104.4
111.8
122.9
144.3
148.8
140.5
116.2
109.3
101.8
94.6
103.3
116.2
109.4
102. 7
97.2
103.9
110.3
122.3
143.8
148.2
140.0
115.6
109.1
103.0
96.5
104.3
110.3
120.7
141.9
146.2
138.3
115.3
109.1
103.7
96.7
105. 2
110.0
119.8
140.6
145.2
136.7
114.0
108.0
101.0
96.2
102.1
109.9
119.7
138.1
142.2
134.9
110.9
106.4
101.1
96.4
102.2
107.8
115.9
128.5
130.9
126.6
125.4 *125. 5 125.2 124.5 124.7 125.0 124.9 125.1 124.8 124.2 123.8 123.6 123.0 122.1 117.0
127.4 *127.4 127.1 126.2 126.2 126.3 126.3 126.5 126.4 125.9 125.7 125.6 124.8 123.7 118.2
99.6 *99.5 100.1 99.2 98.5 99.0 99.6 100.4 101.1 100.1 99.8 98.3 97.0 98.0 97.7
106.0 *105. 9 105.8 105.9 105.6 105.4 105.2 105.5 105.4 105.0 104.8 104.7 104.0 104.3 102.7
154.2 *154.7 153.8 151.6 152.0 152.5 152.5 152.6 152.1 151.1 151.1 151.9 151.7 148.5 139.7
149.1 148.8 148.3 147.7 148.0 147.9 147.6 147.4 147.5 147.9 147.9 146.7 145.2 142.9 130.9
133. 2 133.4 133.3 132.6 132.6 132.8 132.7 132.8 132.8 133 0 133.1 133.4 133. 2 132.0 125.6
112.5 *112.6 112.7 113.3 114.3 115.2 114.7 114.7 112.2 109.9 106.4 107.1 107.3 106.7 103.5
110.8 *111.0 110.9 111.3 112.3 113.2 112.6 112.7 110.4 108. 5 105.4 105.9 106.0 105.3 102.2
1 1 2 .2
122.9
146.4
151.1
142.6
‘ Preliminary.
Revised.
1 1 1 .0
122.4
144.0
148.5
140.2
N ote: For a description of these series, see New BLS Economic Sector
Indexes of Wholesale Prices, Monthly Labor Review, December 1955 (p. 1448).
Source: TJ. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
T able
D-10. Indexes
of
wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
[1947-49=100]
1957
Commodity group
All foods_________________ ____
All fish_______________________
Special metals and metal products.......................... __..........
Metalworking machinerv___ _________
Machinery and equipment...................... ........
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)____ _______
Total tractors______________ . _
Steel-mill products_________________ .
Building materials_________________________________
Soaps_______ ______________ .
Synthetic detergents_____________________________
Refined petroleum products _________ __________
East Coast petroleum___________
Mid-continent petroleum_____________ . . . . _
Gulf Coast petroleum......................................................
Peciflc Coast petroleum......................... ........................
Pulp, paper and products, excl. bldg, paper____________
Bituminous coal, domestic sizes_______
Lumber and wood products, excl. mlllwork........................
All commodities except farm products_______ _________
■Preliminary.
•Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual
average
1956
Sept.1 Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb.
Jan.
Dec. Nov. Oct.
Sept. 1956
1955
105.2 *105. 4
120.0 *116.0
147.4 *148.1
177.9 *177.8
153.2 152. 4
133.3 *132. 6
142.3 *141. 5
183.0 183.0
130.9 *131. 2
106.9 103.8
101.0 98.2
124.1 124.0
117.2 118. 6
121.8 121.2
126.7 126.7
135.9 135.9
129.9 129.6
122.9 121.2
116.3 *117.2
122.5 122.6
102.1
121.8
147.3
173.0
149.1
131.6
138.0
172.1
130.5
100. 9
97.9
124.6
120.6
121.9
130.1
127.0
128.3
124.1
120. 3
121.5
101.6
116.1
147.3
172.4
148.6
131.1
137.2
169.9
130.5
100.4
97.9
120.6
117.5
119.7
121.2
127.0
127.7
123.9
120.0
120.9
102.8
114.3
145.7
171.0
145.2
127.1
134.3
169.8
131.0
100.2
97. 9
117.7
116.0
119.9
118.0
114.6
127.6
116.4
122.9
119.7
101.0
105. 4
132.9
146. 8
131.4
122.9
124.7
150.7
125.5
97.8
91.7
111.2
107.6
109.4
117.1
109.0
119.1
110.2
122.9
114.3
105.7
119.9
147.5
176.0
151.7
132.4
139.3
182.9
131.4
103.8
98.2
125.0
121.2
121.7
127.9
135.9
129.2
119.1
118.0
122.4
103.7
117.2
146.2
175.0
150.9
132.5
139.3
175.6
130. 7
103.6
97.9
127.3
123.7
126.2
129.2
135.2
128.6
117.2
118.4
121.8
102.8
117.0
145.8
174.9
150. 7
132.5
139.3
175.7
130.7
103.6
97.9
129.0
125.0
128.4
131.0
135.2
128.6
116.1
118.5
121.7
102.4
119.4
145.9
174.5
150.6
132.3
139.0
175. 3
130. 7
103. 6
97.9
129.7
128.8
128.4
133.6
130.2
128.3
116.5
119.0
121.7
101.0
119.4
146.5
174. 1
150.2
132.3
139.0
175.3
130.5
103.4
97.9
130.0
128. 8
129. 4
133.6
130.2
128. 5
121.4
118.9
121.6
101.5
115. 3
146. 8
173.6
149.8
132.2
138.7
174.5
130. 5
102.9
97.9
130.3
128.8
130. 2
133.6
130.2
128.2
124.1
119.6
121.7
102.4
118.4
147.1
172.2
148.3
130.7
137.2
169.9
130.8
100.2
97.9
116.8
114.3
118.3
117.2
116.2
127.6
123.7
120.5
120.6
102.3
112.5
146.3
172.0
146.7
129.2
136.5
169.8
131.0
100.2
97.9
117.6
116.8
118.3
119.1
114.6
127. 8
122.9
121.1
120.1
100.8
114.1
143.3
165.0
142.1
127.4
132.5
163. 2
130.6
99.7
95.1
117.5
114.6
118.3
118.8
117.4
127.0
115 4
124.9
118.6
N ote : For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1437
B: WORK STOPPAGES
E— Work Stoppages
T a b l e E - l . W o r k s t o p p a g e s r e s u ltin g fr o m la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t d is p u t e s 1
Workers Involved In stoppages
Number of stoppages
Month and year
Beginning in
month or year
In effect during month
Beginning in
month or year
In effect during month
Man-days idle during month
or year
Number
1935-39 (average)
1947-49 (average)
1945--...................
1946.
.....
1947.
........
1948
........
1949
........
1950. — ...............
1951
.....
1952
........
1953
........
1954-....................
1955
........
1956
........
2, 862
3, 573
4, 750
4,985
3,693
3, 419
3,606
4,843
4, 737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4, 320
3,825
1956: September.
October__
November.
December..
336
332
242
114
541
524
403
240
156.000
133.000
158.000
29,000
209.000
178, 000
204.000
53,000
1.630.000
1.180.000
1, 460,000
472,000
1957: January
February
March *___
April J____
M a y »......... .
June»......... .
July *......... .
August *___
September2.
225
225
250
400
475
400
400
350
300
325
350
375
525
650
600
625
575
525
60,000
60.000
80,000
150.000
190.000
140.000
160.000
140.000
270.000
80,000
130.000
550.000
825.000
775.000
1, 380,000
1.850.000
1, 850.000
2, 500,000
1, 600,000
1.670.000
1 The data Include all known work stoppages involving six or more workers
and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and
man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as one shift in establish
ments directly involved In a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or
secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees are
made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
16, 900.000
39, 700, 000
38,000. 000
116,000. 000
34, 600. 000
34, 100,000
50. 500, 000
38. 800,000
22.900.000
59, 100.000
28.300.000
22, 600,000
28, 200, 000
33, 100,000
1.130.000
2, 380,000
3, 470,000
4, 600,000
2.170.000
1.960.000
3.030.000
2.410.000
2, 220,000
3, 540, 000
2, 400,000
1, 530.000
2, 650. 000
1, 900,000
120.000
190.000
260.000
220, 000
260, 000
220,000
315,000
Percent of esti
mated work
ing time
0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
.21
.26
.29
.19
.11
.15
.05
.06
.09
.08
.14
.18
.20
.25
.16
.18
* Preliminary.
N ote: For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1438
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
F.—Building and Construction
T able
F -l. Expenditures for new construction
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (In millions of dollars)
Type of construction
Total new construction 1 ».
1957
1956
Oct.2 Sept.* Aug.* July * June* May* Apr.* Mar.* Feb.*
Jan.*
4,452 i 4,565
4, 558
4,352
4,307
4,017
3,641
Private construction............ ...... .............
3,050 3,102 3,121 3,037 2,970 2,800 2, 587
Residential buildings (nonfarm)___
1, 635 1, 565 1,571 1,547 1,489
1,301
New dwelling units_____ ______ 1,120 ! 1, 140 1,140 1,115 1,070 1,396
940
985
Additions and alterations »........ .
367 ! 378
387
392
379
374
327
Nonhousekeeping............ ............
48
47
44
40
40
37
34
Nonresidential buildings 4____ ____
802
802
805
778
786
747
713
Industrial _................................ .
256
260
266
262
270
270
271
Commercial._____ ___________
332
322
319
311
309
287
263
Office buildings and ware
houses......... ........ ............. .
177
168
167
156
153
146
135
Stores, restaurants, and ga
rages _________________
155
154
152
155
156
141
128
Other nonresidential buildings.. 214
220
220
205
207
190
179
Religious ................ ...............
80
81
80
75
73
68
64
Educational........................
47
47
47
42
43
40
39
Hospital and institutional »..
44
48
47
41
43
40
38
Social and recreational_____
27
28
29
26
27
24
23
Miscellaneous.........................
16
16
17
20
22
18
15
Farm construction_______________
133
159
173
169
159
146
126
Public utilities_____________ _____
563
558
553
526
517
493
432
Railroad____________________
41
42
41
41
40
38
37
Telephone and telegraph_______
94
89
91
91
96
101
88
Other public utilities__________
427
428
421
394
381
354
307
All other private_________________
17
18
19
17
19
18
15
Public construction_________ ________ 1,402 1, 463 1,437 1,315 1,337 1,217 1,054
Residential buildings9____________
53
52
48
40
40
38
34
Nonresidential buildings (other than
military facilities)............. .............. .
403
413
414
389
406
383
375
Industrial________ _____ _____
34
34
38
36
43
42
42
Educational__________________
262
261
259
249
254
233
233
Hospital and institutional______
26
29
29
28
32
33
31
Administrative and service_____
40
45
44
38
39
38
36
Other nonresidential buildings__ 41
44
44
38
38
37
33
Military facilities J________________
128
134
138
117
110
103
89
Highways..................... ........................
555
580
550
505
520
445
330
Sewn and water systems__________
118
127
129
120
121
117
113
Sewer___________________
73
77
77
68
67
64
63
W ater_____________________
45
50
52
52
54
53
50
Public service enterprises_________”
38
44
43
38
38
35
30
Conservation and development_____
96
102
103
94
89
83
72
All other public____________ _____
11
11
12
12
13
13
11
___r v
r -------- r
, tr
“ . "
p u i m piace uurm g tne
periods shown, including major additions and alterations but excluding
maintenance and repair. These figures differ from permit valuation data
reported in the tabulations for building permit activity (tables F-3, F-4.
and 1 -5) and the data on value of contract awards (table F-2)
»Preliminary.
"
* includes revisions in the series on residential additions and alterations.
<ai a afp nPt comparable with those published in issues preceding June
1957. See I echnical Note on Revised Estimates of Residential Additions
and Alterations, 1945-56, on page 973 of the August 1957 issue.
9 Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential build
ing are included under “ Public utilities.”
‘ Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
1956
1955
Total
Total
3,284
2,999
3,191
3,544
3,964
4,302
46,060
44, 581
2,394
1,162
870
258
34
709
269
264
2,218
1,043
790
217
36
704
270
257
2,317
1,137
885
214
38
722
269
269
2,654
1. 362
1.045
277
40
772
274
305
2.922
1, 521
1,140
339
42
804
276
329
3,003
1. 580
1, 195
344
41
797
278
320
33, 242
17. 632
13, 490
3,695
447
8,817
3,084
3,631
32,620
18, 705
14, 990
3,376
339
7,611
2,399
3,218
133
135
143
131
176
63
40
36
23
14
112
398
35
94
269
13
890
30
122
177
65
41
34
23
14
102
357
31
86
240
12
781
31
126
184
67
43
33
24
17
97
350
32
75
243
11
874
29
345
41
215
27
32
30
84
230
105
59
46
26
61
9
302
37
191
23
27
24
80
195
93
53
40
21
53
6
339
44
214
24
30
27
93
225
100
56
44
24
57
7
157
165
160
1,684
148
164
160
1,947
193
199
199 2,102
71
74
75
768
46
47
49
536
32
32
31
328
26
27
27
275
18
19
17
195
97
111
130
1,560
413
475
484
5,113
36
43
41
427
88
107
100
1,066
289
325
343 3,620
10
11
12
120
890 1,042 1,299 12,818
30
31
30
292
324
344
371
4,072
45
45
42
453
201
210
226
2. 549
23
26
30
298
29
33
38
362
26
30
35
410
98
117
141
1,395
239
326
512
4,470
100
110
120
1, 275
56
60
65
701
44
50
55
574
27
32
35
384
65
73
79
826
7
9
11
104
1,311
1, 907
L 994
734
492
351
239
178
1,600
4.543
374
805
3,364
161
11,961
266
4,218
721
2,442
322
331
402
1,313
4,050
1,085
615
470
233
701
95
keeping units
puuu1, lrolueuual construction as well as housefJ u n fZ T 8 S1-1 building and non building construction, except production
fecilities (which are included in public industrial building), and Armed
S id fn thialUbuMtag)er the Capehart program (which ls included in public
‘ Revised.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing
Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
P
g
r .?hnr1RC^V1J?-ilU es,VIi1ratoS ? f the 11' S- Department of Labor, Bureau of
ServicesA dStatoSrttai Department of Commerce, Business and Defense
1439
F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T able
F-2. Contract awards: Public construction,
by
ownership and type of construction 1
Value (In millions of dollars)
1956
1957
Ownership and type of construction
1956
1955
Total
Total
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Total public construction___________
860.9 1,117.3 1,293.3 1,103.9 970.9 1,107. 2 768.1
923.3
823.9
769.4
837.9
769.5
836.3 10, 372.2
Federally owned----- ------- --------------Residential buildings_________ _
Nnn residential buildings
Educational _____________
Hospital and Institutional........
Administrative and service _
Other nonresidential buildings
Airfield buildings............ .
Troop housing---------------W arehouses_____________
All other___ ___________
Airfields______ ______ ___ _ ___
Conservation and development___
Highways_____________________
Electric power_________________
All other federally owned________
State and locally owned------------------Residential buildings__________ .
Nonresidential buildings________
Educational___ ____________
Hospital and institutional___
Administrative and service.
Other nonresidential buildings.
Highways____________________
Sewer and water systems________
Sewer_____________________
Water____________________
Public service enterprises______ .
Electric pow er..---------------- .
Other___ _________ ________
Conservation and development___
All other State and locally owned..
48.9
1.4
11. 6
(2)
.1
4.2
7.3
.4
(2)
.5
6.4
1.8
14.4
7.3
2.1
10.3
812.0
44.3
305.5
223.2
19.6
36.8
25.9
293.5
75.1
53.5
21.6
74.7
61.6
13.1
10.8
8.1
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
9,000.5
129.6 363.3 203.1 309.0 345.2 217.3 210.2 176.4 119.0 151.9 134.1 111.6 2, 037. 4 1, 556.0
128.1
61.4
19.6
1.0
30.2
19.9
1.2
8.9
21.5 115.4
19.3
29.0
60.3
64.5
885. 5
909.4
37.4
63.9
57.3
97.6
58.2
87.1
50.8
57.2
71.7
67.3
16.3 195.5
21.6
.7
23.7
.3
1.5
20.5
1.4
.9
6.7
7.2
1.0
4.0
8.7
2.1
77.5
43.9
.5
1.7
16.1
.5
6.8
.4
4.6
2.0
1.1
29.1
1.4
.3
66.7
4.1
3.5
87.3
1.5
4.5
5.1
3.5
3.8
3.0
61.6
10.8
7.5
9.3
719.7
754.5
32.5
58.0
46.0
44.5
52.9
79.0
44.0
59.6
62.3
97.6
41.6
4.6
103.8
72.1
5.6
3.9
5.6
6.4
1.8
7.4
11.6
9.3
3.0
5.1
.8
20.3
54.1
122.7
20.3
7.2
1.8
16.4
5.6
11.7
4.7
8.2
7.7
.2
7.7
9.8
63.2
84.0
1.6
3.8
3.5
3.6
1.2
2.0
5.9
4.0
5.8
2.7
.9
11.3
477.8
496.5
50.7
40.6
54.9
15.9
30.8
31.3
26.2
57.8
36.3
25.3
21.7
2.7
157.4
7.5
155.7
21.6
5.2
4.7
26.4
49.7
27.0
7.9
28.0
24.7
34.7
(2)
271.9
22.6
511.0
62.6
26.5
27.9
55.7
49.7
52.8
66.6
83.1
41.6
30.0 143.0
91.9
58. 5
9.3
10.0
5.8
4.1
3.4
9.3
7.1
8.8
11.6
6.8
15.8
8.6
43.5
2.9
177.5
1.6
7.9
3.9
2.1
1.6
2.9
25.6
6.0
5.7
23.3
1.1
63.8
77.8
4.6
7.9
4.1
1.5
1.9
15.0
28.2
14.2
12.5
18.3
25.0
1.7
987.7 930.0 900.8 661.9 762.0 550.8 713.1 647.5 650.4 686.0 635.4 724.7 8,334.8 7,444.5
253.2
210.1
12.3
31.4
17.6
31.7
7.4
21.8
13.8
23.0
14.7
27.5
21.7
38.8
267.0 337.8 345.2 256. 2 300.8 256.1 252. 8 272.2 253.5 252.8 259.8 286.6 3, 202.8 2,842.0
2,107.2
192.9
2,
289.0
189.3
173.7
175.9
184.9
211.5
175.0
183.0 231.9 237.6 191.6 234.9
278.9
185.9
43.4
15.5
28.2
27.4
12.6
13.9
15.3
17.4
15.8
35.8
22.2
43.6
263.0
54.2
320.8
16.1
23.3
22.9
21.0
27.7
25.0
29.2
34.2
20.1
28.7
23.3
285.9
314.1
21.9
26.6
24.0
25.1
23.9
27.9
23.6
32.0
27.1
35.9
33.1
40.7
540.8 414.7 306.7 289.5 349.6 186.2 317.1 240.5 278.1 269.1 223.6 271.9 3, 211.6 2, 933. 5
895.5
84.6 103.8 1,100.0
65.2
93.7
75.4
55.4
68.9
80.8
67.7
80.7 103.7 172.6
501.9
658.9
74.9
37.3
49.1
36.2
50.3
54.7
16.6
44.1
43.6
74.4
94.4
55.5
393.6
441.1
29.9
28.9
43.4
31.6
31.7
29.0
31.8
38.8
23.6
29.3
25.2
78.2
336.5
378.0
17.6
26.0
33.1
31.2
25.2
26.0
17.4
11.7
18.8
33.3
38.7
27.3
247.4
227.2
9.0
15.1
11.2
17.9
17.8
8.2
17.1
9.0
7.7
23.7
9.0
14.7
130.6
10.9
109.3
8.6
7.3
8.2
3.5
16.0
20.0
9.7
9.8
24.0
9.6
18.3
117.2
139.3
14.5
12.9
12.1
4.1
5.8
4.5
5.1
12.0
8.6
4.8
20.3
12.3
68.2
91.4
9.6
4.9
6.0
4.9
7.4
5.0
8.5
6.9
6.4
8.2
7.0
9.4
1 Includes major force account projects started (construction done directly
by a government agency using a separate work force to perform nonmaintenance construction on the agency’s own property).
1 Less than $50,000.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Mar.
S o u r c e ; U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics and U . S.
Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services Administration,
1440
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1957
F 3 . Building permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership, class of construction,
and type of building 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
Class of construction, ownership,
and type of building
1957
Aug.
July
June* May*
Apr.
1956
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
1
1,623. 6 1, 681.3
All building construction___________
1, 748. 7 1,829. 7 1, 710. 6 1,531.0 1,215.3 1, 110.0 1,053.0
Private________ _______________ 1,460. 4 1, 517. 5 1,484. 9 1, 643.8 1, 529. 3 1,370. 3 1, 053.3 976.2 925.5
Public________________________ 163.2 163.8 263. 7 185.9 181.3 160.7 162.0 133.8 127.4
New residential building............ ........... 884.2 838.9 893.7 954.1 908.7 817.0 595. 9 542. 7 528.7
Dwelling units (housekeeping only) 870.1 823.8 881.9 935.9 895.4 800.7 584. 6 535.2 519.9
Privately ow n ed..___ ______
850.3 806.9 823.2 918.5 883.1 799.0 571.1 528.0 514.0
1-family________________ 749.0 723.9 734.1 818.6 794.1 710. 3 504. 2 465.4 454.0
2-family................................
18.7
19.6
20.3
21.4
20.3
20.1
17.1
12.7
11.8
3- and 4-family__________
8.7
9.3
10.0
11.9
11.3
10. 4
7.5
8.0
5.4
5-or-more family__ ______
73.8
54.1
58.8
67.7
56.2
58.2
42.3
41.9
42.8
Publicly owned..........................
19.8
16.7
58.7
17.4
12.3
1.7
13.6
7.2
5.9
Nonhousekeeping buildings...........
14.1
15.1
11.8
18.2
13.3
16.4
11.3
7.5
8.9
New nonresidential buildings________ 556.6 653.8 663.4 676.8 621.8 556.1 490.5 448. 6 414. 4
Commercial buildings...................... 3 167.1 2203.2 2 183. 5 2 231.7 191.6 162.4 132.2 116.2 135.7
Amusement buildings_______
2 8.8 2 11.9 2 13.8 2 13.4
15.5
10.1
5.9
7.2
5.7
Commercial garages...................
4.0
5.3
6.9
7.1
7.3
3.6
3.7
4.2
4.0
Gasoline and service stations.._ 13.9
14.8
13.8
15.5
15.0
14.0
12.2
12.5
10.3
Office buildings___ ______ .
2 69.1 2 76.2 2 66.8 2 1 0 6 .1
67.4
51.9
52.8
38.0
57.6
Stores and other mercantile
buildings________________
71.2
95.1
86.4
82.2
89.6
81.8
58.5
54.2
58.2
Community buildings__________ 2 213.1 2 222.3 2 253. 5 2 241.6 214.9 214.7 149.7 168. 1 145.2
Educational buildings........ ...... 119.7 121.4 123.1 155.7 136.6 138.0
97.9 110.9
99.6
Institutional buildings_______ 2 50.9 2 60.4 2 83.2 2 36.4
31.5
36.2
22.2
30.3
16.3
Religious buildings........... ........
42.6
40.5
47.2
49.5
46.8
40.5
29. 7 27.0
29.2
Garages, private residential.............
23.1
21.6
22.7
23.1
19.5
14. 5
6.7
5.2
6.4
Industrial buildings.___ ________ 2 87.2 2 124.9 2 101.9 2 9 O. 5 102.8
96.5
83.3
87.3
59.8
Public buildings___________ ____
33.5
26.7
(3)
53.0
24.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
23.1
Public utilities buildings________ 2 37.0 2 49.5 2 37.7 2 45.8
37.4
21.9
51.3
35.0
28.4
All other nonresidential buildings.. 2 29.2 2 32.3 2 64.1 2 4 4 .O 2 2 .0
19.4
14.3
11.9
15.9
Additions, alterations, and repairs___
182.8 188.6 191.6 198.9 180.1 157.9 128.9 118.7 109.8
1 Data relate to building construction authorized by local building permits
in all localities (over 7,000) having building-permit systems—rural nonfarm
as well as urban. Figures on the amount of construction contracts awarded
for Federal projects and for public housing (Federal, State, and local) in
ermit-issuing places are added to the valuation data (estimated cost entered
y builders on building-permit applications) for privately owned projects;
construction undertaken by State and local governments is reported by local
officials. Because permit valuations generally understate the actual cost of
construction and because of lapsed permits and the lag between permit
issuance or contract-awarded dates and start of construction, these data do
not represent the volume of building construction started.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
T able
Nov.
Oct.
Sept. Aug.*
1956
1955
Total
Total
1,340. 4 1,652. 8 1, 440.6 1, 744. 5 18,760 7 18 939 0
1,192. 8 1, 483.0 1, 308. 9 1,603.1 16 884 7 17 264 3
147.6 169.8 131.7 ' 141. 4 1, 876.0 1, m . 7
Q81 6 10 ?80 6 11 696 1
958 6 10 138 5 11 535 1
954.2 9 962 1 11 386 4
873.4 9, 211. 3 10*643 1
214 8 ’ 9 08 *4
18 7
87 9
7. 7
84 0
448 1
54 4
451 *0
45
176 4
148 7
1 R1 1
92 Q
142 2
580 8 6 64 Q 7 5 593 7
2
’
078
0
2195 4
1 858 7
27 7
113 4
99 4
51
60 0
66 7
682. 6 878. 5
674.7 863. 5
667.8 836.6
609.3 774.9
15.7
17. 8
7.2
9.8
35.5
34.1
6.9
26. 9
7.9
14. 9
526.4 607.6
153.0 177.1
10.6
8.9
4.7
5.8
13. 9 17. 2
56. 1 4 4 .0
772. 7
761. 4
746.9
688.4
16. 4
7.6
34. 4
14 6
11 3
525.3
163. 4
10 2
36
15 4
67.8
175.6
120.6
24.4
30.6
13.8
105.5
29.1
27.5
02 4
76.7
180.9 2 195 7
106 6 106 8
32 2 2 48 5
42. 1 40 4
23 9
22 4
9 7 . 7 2 105 6
21. 4 ( 3 )
23 2 232 4
16 3 2 27 8
142.5 182.2
2 1 .8
131.4
1 0 1 .2
208.5
125.0
41.5
42.0
23.4
122. 9
26.7
29. 9
19.1
166. 7
5 7 .5
2 7 4 .7
7314
553]4
QQQ \
004 7
9 995 7 1 946 2
1 407 1 1 242 3
’ 367 K
307 7
450 8
396 2
901 ’ 9
187 6
1 960 5
830 4
1896 p
306 6
326 7
273 1
229 9
191 0
1, 830M 1,649.1
1
2 Includes data for some buildings previously classified as public buildings
See Note.
3 No longer available. See Note.
N o t e : For current months and the corresponding months of 1956, build
ings formerly included in the public buildings category have been reclassified,
according to function, into other categories (e. g., office, industrial, or institu
tional buildings). Revised statistics for periods before January 1956 will
not be prepared, and revisions for certain intervening months are not yet
available, but the effect on comparability for any one type of building would
be mmor for most months.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
F-4. Building permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and geographic region 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
Class of construction and
geographic region
1957
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1956
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.*
All building construction »__________ 1,623.6 1, 681.3 1, 748. 7 1, 829. 7 1,710. 6 1, 531.0 1, 215.3 1,110.0 1,053.0 1,340. 4 1, 652. 8 1,440.6 1, 744. 5
Northeast_________________
370.1 343.5 338.4 439.2 353.0 336.4 235.9 196.4 243. 9 291.2 346.8 337. 6 372.6
North Central________________
504.1 515.4 558.5 542.1 536.5 446.5 320. 6 242.0 258.0 387.0 537.3 446.6 550.6
South________ ___________
387.3 439.6 465.6 425.7 404.6 354.9 357. 9 339.7 272.0 317.0 386.3 335.0
West______________ _____
362.1 382.9 386.2 422.7 416.5 393.2 300.8 331.9 279.1 345.2 382.4 321.4 398.5
422.9
New dwelling units (housekeeping only). 870.1 823.8 881.9 935.9 895.4 800.7 584.6 535.2 519.9 674.7 863. 5 761.4 958.6
Northeast____ ____ _______
198.2 162.3 183. 7 195.5 190.5 158.1
96.7
86.9 118.0 161.2 192.6 168.5 203.5
North Central_______________
267.3 256.9 277.6 283.0 266.7 240.0 146. 1 106.7 127.1 193.9 267.2 255.5 308.9
South___________________
203.6 223.4 220.3 232.2 210.6 185.5 175. 2 172.5 132.6 149.9 202.5 171.5 215.1
West______________________
201.0 181.3 200.3 225.2 227.7 217. 1 166.7 169.1 142.1 179.7 201.2 166.0 231.2
New nonresidential buildings________ 556.6 653.8 663.4 676.8 621.8 550.1 490.5 448.6 414.4 526.4 607.6 625.3
580.8
Northeast___ _________________
129.3 139.5 112.3 189.2 124.1 141.0 114.1
83.3
99.2 111.4 115.9 133.8 124.0
North C e n tral................................. 181.3 202.0 230.6 202.1 216. 5 164.8 140.3 110.0
99.0 157. 5 213. 2 146.8 186.8
South_____ ________
129.8 155. 8 183.1 136.1 139.5 118.0 137.0 131.0 108.4 130.1 138.6 125.1 128.1
West— ___ _______________
116.2 156.4 137.4 149.4 141.7 132.3
99.2 124.3 107.8 127.5
119.6 141.8
Additions, alterations, and repairs........ 182.8 188.6 191.6 198.9 180.1 157.9 128.9 118.7 109.8 131. 4 140.0
166. 7 142.5 182.2
N ortheast.._____ ___________
40.4
39.6
40.3
51.6
36.8
34.9
24.0
24.1
24.7
27.5
34.1
33.3
43.0
North Central_________________
54.2
52.5
48.0
51.1
55.0
39.6
32.8
24.8
30.1
34.0
53.2
40.6
52.3
8outh............ .........................
49.1
52.2
57.4
48.6
50.1
43.2
39.8
35.3
29.4
34.8
41.6
36.0
45.8
West_________ _____________
40.8
42.6
45.9
42.2
43.7
40.2
32.4
33.8
26.2
35.2
37.8
32.5
41.2
1
3
See footnote 1 , table F-3.
Includes new nonhousekeeping residential building, not shown separately.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1956
1955
Total
Total
18, 760. 7 18,939.0
4,047. 8 4,129.6
5, 670. 7 5, 715. 4
4, 462.6 4, 667. 7
4, 579.7 4, 426.2
10,138. 5
2,196.6
3, 137.0
2, 347.1
2, 457.9
6, 649. 7
1, 431. 6
1, 991. 4
1, 591. 6
1, 635.2
1, 830. 4
394.1
510.2
481.9
444.2
‘Revised.
S oubce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
11, 535.1
2, 500.1
3, 488. 5
2, 700. 9
2,845. 7
5, 593. 7
1, 233.8
1, 748. 7
1, 455. 4
1,155.9
1, 649.1
364.9
449.2
451.1
383.9
1441
F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T able
F-5. Building permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan location and State 1
V aluation (in m illions of dollars)
1956
1957
State and location
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Jan.
Feb.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.*
July
1956
1955
Total
Total
724.2 18, 760.7 18, 939.0
All States_____________________ ___ 1,681.3 1,748.7 1,829. 7 1, 710.6 1,531.0 1,215.3 1,110.0 1,053.0 1,340. 4 1, 652. 8 1, 440.6 1, 744. 5 1,
667. 4 15, 108. 9
Metropolitan areasJ____________ 1, 292.7 1,350.6 1, 423. 9 1,321.3 1,200.6 961.1 863.7 841. 6 1,032.0 1, 294.1 1,101.4 1,362.1 1,338.1 14,
Nonmetropolitan areas__________ 388.6 398.1 405.8 389.3 330.4 254.2 246.3 211.4 308.4 358.7 339.2 382.4 386.1 4,093.3 3, 830.1
166.5
15.8
173.1
14.4
20.0 14.1 15.2 14.3 11.0 14.7 14.3 14.1
15.4
19.9
18.7
_____________
Alabama
165.8
18.0
16.7
189.7
12.4
20.3
18.4
22.8 18.1 13.6 26.8 11.4 16.3 19.7
19.3
Arizona
________
57.4
54.3
4.3
5.3
5.3
4.5
6.2 6.2 6.4 9.0 5.0 3.4 3.7 255.6
8.4
4.7
Arkansas
____________
205.7 291. 7 314.4 3,163. 2 3,065.1
California
_ ____________ 266.5 263.8 301.4 299.9 278.9 212.3 229.4 203. 5 242.0
24.0
21.0 19.5 21.9 21.8 19.7 20.2 23.0 41.2 16.8 23.7 17.6 279.2 280.6
23.2
Colorado...................... .................. ..........
66.0
72.9
24.2
70.2
834.8
250.2
359.1
62.0
87.7
746.9
276.7
3.7
117.3
51. 2
15.6
10.3
3.1
119.6
38.4
14.9
13.0
39.6
1,333. 8
432.0
181.9
151.9
36.5
1,261. 6
381.0
180.1
195. 4
15.6
24.2
2.8
42.5
13.9
19.7
3.9
26.5
47.2
49.3
40.0
23.1
21. 5
4.0
33.8
46. 4
168.2
273.1
33.9
429. 8
470.0
189.3
292.6
29.8
494.4
445.1
72.8
22.5
3.5
19.4
2.3
114.2
30.8
4.1
29.9
3.2
81.4
40.2
5.2
22.4
5.9
115.1
38.0
4.1
30.3
3.2
113.9
36.2
5.1
27.7
4.2
1,084. 6
376. 2
52. 5
306.7
41. 5
1,130. 4
403.3
50.3
336.4
41.7
5.6
3.7
3.1
54.1
7.2
8.7
3.0
4.4
73.6
6.5
5.7
2.9
62.8
7.0
6.2
8.3
3.0
3. 8
10.2
2.6
82.0
45. 5
37.8
810.5
77.2
100.0
75.3
41. 2
832.3
85. 7
100.8 120.8
14.9
16.7
1.8 3.5
78.8 111. 1
9.4
129.6
14.4
4.0
83.5
13.0
149.9
20.4
122.4
20.5
3.9
136.2
1, 470.0
221.4
40. 5
1,202.0
143.2
1,489.9
216. 4
35. 6
1,216.0
149. 2
11.9
48.6
4.6
4.7
13.4
65.5
3.6
16.3
55.1
3.5
5.1
3.2
17.5
67.2
4.9
5. 4
16.9
67.6
2.6
3.3
182 0
780. 7
59. 6
75. 8
37. 4
157.2
871.9
49.0
94. 6
36. 9
13.6
56.1
4.3
.2
23.2
17.0
64.9
9.0
15.7
76.1
8. 1
15.5
71.9
16.5
75.2
14.8
213.0
916.9
145. 2
24.8
40.7
31.2
36.1
24.4
78. 1
8.7
.5
37.3
452.4
219.6
1,024. 6
118.7
11.3
475.2
20.7
25.7
5.2
34.0
.8
24.8
40.9
3.4
32.7
5.1
36.6
37.4
5. 8
39.7
2.7
32.8
5. 9
38.9
390.6
64. 4
442.0
25.6
381.0
67. 4
438.8
18.6
33.0
7.8
17.9
77.5
19.2
29.8
3.2
8.9
61.7
34.6
20.2
3.6
79.3
23.7
3.3
92.6
30.7
13.0
14.2
3.3
118.8
40.1
4.3
106.9
34.1
16.7
11.4
10.1 10.6 11.2
21.7
18.6
14.9
2.7
.6 .8 2.7 36.4
28.0
39.5
38.9
15.0
3.0
15.3
.9
2.6
2.3
1.6
4.5
142.0
33.0
17.3
9.9
111.7
51.3
93.2
20.7
61.5
23.2
4.3
5.8
22.4
24.6
4.9
44.6
42.3
16.1
17.9
3.7
36.0
39.0
16.8
17.4
2.5
30.8
51.2
13.6
20.4
6.5
19.3
37.9
28.4
27.3
18.5
28.5
25.9
107.8
47.4
7.8
29.1
4.0
97.6
53.7
3.2
16.8
3.9
99.4
43.1
25.8
5.1
20.1
2.8
48.2
18.3
3.6
18.6
2.3
45.2
10. 4
2.5
16.7
1.3
6.6
3.9
2.6
15.2
3.6
3.0
71.8
7.9
7.2
4.5
72.3
7.0
5.6
4.3
4.7
3.0
1.5
50.4
5.4
2.4
3.6
40.3
9.0
55.6
5.4
100.7 105.6
16.9
15.5
4.1
5.7
100. 5 125. 7
13.8 ' 8.5
198.0
18. 5
5.4
123.9
117.7
21.5
2.9
99.1
10.9
111. 6
16.2
1.6
80.8
15.2
.5
73. 6
9.2
73.0
16.1
.3
52. 6
7.2
86.9
11.9
.9
53. 5
13.2
74.1
3.9
5.9
2.5
14.0
72.0
5.2
5.1
4.1
12.1
11.4
64.1
2.9
4.4
7.9
49.6
12.8
39.9
1.8 1.6
4.9
4. 7
1.0 .9
7.2
47.2
3.1
5.3
22.0 21.6
87.0
91.3
12.2 14.2
18.3
83.2
15.4
82.4
13.3
10.5
77.1
7.6
.2
33.7
8.9
98.2
4.3
.2
24.7
24.7
5.2
26.0
.8
22.2
33.2
9.3
14.4
Tdaho
_ __ _____
Illinois
_____________
Indiana
_ _____________
Iowa
_____________
Kansas__________________________
3.3
108.4
37.8
18.2
15.8
120.1
________________
Kentucky .
Louisiana
_______________
Maine
_____________
Maryland __
_ _____________
Massachusetts_____________________
10.1
41.2
4.9
6.3
88.3
19.3
35.8
5.2
8.4
79.4
27.5
42.2
18.5
10.6
3.9
115.9
34.9
16.4
12.3
23.2
3.3
40.7
50.8
18.8
27.2
3.4
53.2
45.5
M ich iga n
_____________
Minnesota
- . _______________
Mississippi
. _____________
Missouri
_ ________________
Montana.................................... ............
91.1
42.1
4.4
35.0
3.4
Nebraska
_ _________
Nevada
________________
New Hampshire___________________
New Jersey_______________________
New Mexico_____ _________ ____
7.0
3.5
3.0
60.3
6.7
86.6
16.7
3.6
68.4
10.4
10.6
6.0
6.1
Oregon
____________
Pennsylvania_____________________
Rhode Island_____________________
South Carolina____________________
South Dakota--------------- ----------------
14.6
75.8
5.3
7.3
4.6
Tennessee
________________
Texas
____________
_____ _____
Utah
Vermont
___________
Virginia__________________________
16.9
101.5
9.4
32.4
.5
51.5
.9
36.4
1.3
33.8
Washington _____________________
West Virginia..........................................
Wisconsin........ .......................................
W yom ing______ _________________
30.6
6.9
49.3
28.9
16.4
44.9
32.5
28.5
.6
2.5
2.2
6.8
45.9
1.8
74.4
4.3
8.2
6.0
8.1
6.0
51.8
1.8
1 See footnote 1, table F-3.
> Comprised of 168 Standard Metropolitan Areas used in 1950 Census.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6.1
37.1
6.5
4.4
65.7
17.4
22.3
5.4
43.7
8.5
13.0
88.9
21.9
__ ______________
New York
North Carolina____________________
North Dakota __________________
Ohio
_ ______
Oklahoma..................... ...........................
21.1 22.6
6.1 3.4
2.8 5.3 2.4
70.3
57.8
72.2
20.6 22.1 20.2 12.8
3.5
2.0 1.3
1.3
42.0
3.2
3.9
76.0
Connecticut . -- - _______________
Delaware
. __________________
District of Columbia_______________
Florida
_____________
Georgia__________________________
11.2 6.0
10.8 10.0
74.2
24.7
3.0
2.1
58.8
6.7
94.7
10.3
2.0
1.2
29.6
30.5
4.6
38.7
1.6
1.0
1.1
3.1
18.7
.9
75.2
20.5
7.6
8.7
8.2
1.0
2.8
18.8
1.9
21.6
13.3
15.9
1.6
.6
6.8
4.5
.6
6.2
12.6
2.8
2.0
6.2
68.8
7.1
6.0
116.1
13.4
.6
30.9
3.8
3.6
64.2
6. 6
12.0
8.1
6. 5
1.8
375.1
10.1
’ Revised.
S o u r c e : U. S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1442
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 195'
F-6. Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by ownership and location,
and construction c o st1
Number of new dwelling units started
Total
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1953: First q u arter.—
Second quarter.
Third quarter—
Fourth quarter.
1954: First q u a rter ...
Second quarter.
Third quarter. .
Fourth quarter.
1955: First quarter__
Jan u ary_____
F ebruary____
M arch______
Second quarter _
A pril________
M a y ________
Ju n e.................
Third quarter—
J u ly .. ............
A ugust ..........
S e p te m b e r ...
Fourth quarter.
O ctober_____
N o v em b er__
D ecem b er___
1956: First q u a r te r ...
Jan u ary_____
F ebruary........
M arch ......... ..
Second quarter.
A pril............ ..
M a y _________
J u n e . . ...........
Third q u arter...
Ju ly ..............
A u g u st______
Septem ber___
Fourth quarter.
O ctober______
N ovem b er___
D ecem b er____
1957: First quarter___
January______
February____
M arch_______
Second quarter*.
A pril________
M a y _________
June*________
Third quarter
July * _______
A ugust >_.........
Septem ber * ...
1, 396,000
1, 091,300
1, 127,000
1, 103, 800
1, 220,400
1, 328,900
1, 118,100
257.100
324.300
285.000
237.400
236.800
332.700
346.000
304.900
291.300
87.600
89.900
113.800
*404,100
132.000
137, 600
*134,500
*362,300
*122,700
124, 700
114.900
271,200
105.800
89.200
76.200
252.100
75,100
78.400
98.600
332,500
111,400
113.700
107, 400
298.900
101.100
103.900
93.900
234,600
93.600
77, 400
63.600
215.800
63.000
65,800
87.000
296, 600
93, 700
103.000
99, 900
281.000
96.000
95.000
90.000
Privately Publicly
owned
owned
1, 352,200
1, 020,100
1, 068,500
1, 068,300
1, 201, 700
1, 309, 500
1, 093,900
238.100
315.000
280,700
234.500
232.200
326.500
339.300
303, 700
288.000
87.300
87.900
112,800
*397,000
130.500
135.100
131,400
357.800
121.900
122.300
113.600
266, 700
104, 800
88.400
73,500
244.600
73, 700
77.000
93.900
325.300
109.900
110.800
104, 600
292, 900
99.000
103.200
90, 700
231.100
91,200
77.000
62.900
202.500
60,100
63,100
79.300
282,800
91.400
96, 900
94, 500
270,800
90, 200
92.600
88.000
43, 800
71, 200
58, 500
35, 500
18, 700
19,400
24,200
19.000
9.300
4.300
2.900
4,600
6,200
6.700
1,200
3.300
300
2,000
1,000
7,100
1.500
2.500
*3,100
*4, 500
*800
2.400
1.300
4.500
1,000
800
2.700
7.500
1.400
1.400
4.700
7.200
1.500
2.900
2,800
*
6.000
2,100
700
3.200
3.500
2.400
400
700
13,300
2.900
2.700
7, 700
13. 800
2.300
6,100
5.400
10 200
5,800
2.400
,
2,000
Metro- Nonmetro N orth North
politan
politan
east Centra
places
places
1021,609
776.800
794, 900
' 803,500
896,900
975.800
779.800
184,400
238.100
207.800
173, 200
174.300
244.000
252.800
225.800
221.800
68,100
66.900
86.800
*294,800
96,800
99.700
*98,300
*263,400
*88,400
91.500
83.500
195.800
76, 500
64.600
54.700
183.800
54.300
57.600
71.900
228.300
76.200
77, 600
74, 500
202, 900
69.700
70.900
62, 300
164.800
64.900
54,800
45.100
149,100
44.000
46.600
58, 500
200.300
63, 500
68.200
68, 600
188, 200
62.700
65, 600
59, 900
' ,
1 Excludes temporary units, conversions, dormitory accommodations
trailers, and military barracks; includes prefabricated housing if permanent
These estimates are based on (1) monthly building-permit reports adiustec
for lapsed permits and for lag between permit issuance and the start of con
struction, (2) continuous field surveys in nonpermit-issuing places, and (3
reports of public construction contract awards.
Private construction costs are based on permit valuation adjusted fo
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public constructioi
costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for indi
vidual projects.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Estimated construction cost 1
(in thousands)
Location
Period
South
West
374,400 0
0
0
0
314, .500 0
0
0
0
332,100 (»)
0
0
0
300,300 (2)
0
0
0
323, 500 243,100 325,800 359,700 291,800
353,100 273,100 356, 000 389,000 310,800
338,300 228,800 303,100 334, 200 252,000
72,700 (l)
0
0
0
86,200 0
0
0
0
77,200 0
0
0
0
64,200 0
0
0
62, 500 47,400
52, 700 770, 6(H) 59,100
88, 700 67,300 98,400 90,900
76,100
93, 200 72,500 97,800 99, 900 75,800
79,100 55,900 76,900 91,300 80,800
69,500 53, 1(H) 63,400
95,900 78,900
19,500 16,000 15,600 30,600 25,400
23,000 13,500 19, 700 32, 400 24,300
27,000 23,600 28,100 32, 900 29,200
*109,300 *89,100 116, 6(H) *109,700 *88, 700
35,200 28,600 37,300 35, 700 30, 400
37,900 30, 3(H) 40,000 37,400 29,900
*36,200 *30,200 39,300 *36, 600 *28,400
98,900 *75,400 108,000 99,400 79,500
34,300 *27,100 35,600 32,700
27,300
33,200 24,900 38,000 34,800 27,000
31,400 23, 400 34,400 31,900
25,200
75,400 55, 500 68,000 84,000 63,700
29,300 23, 500 29,400 28,500
24,600 17, 7(H) 23,000 27,800 24,400
20,700
21, 500 14,300 15,600 27,700 18,600
68,300 45, 700 58,200 83,200
65,000
20,800 12,400
27,200 19,800
20,800 14,400 15,700
16,400 26,800 20,800
26, 700 18,900 26,100 29
, 200 24,400
104, 200 72,300 98,100 93,200
68,900
35,200 23,400 33,600 31,100 23,300
36,100 24, 7(H) 33,300 32,800 22,900
32, 9(H) 24,200 31,200 29,300 22,700
96,000 61,800 *87, 200 86, 500 63,400
31,400 21,800 29,900 *27
, 700 21, 700
33,000 20,800 29,200 30,700 23,200
31,600 19, 2(H) *28,100 *28,100 18, 500
69,800 49,000 59,600 71,300 54, 700
28,700 20,100 26,200 27
, 500 19,800
22,600 16,500 19,200 22,700
19,000
18,500 12,400 14.200 21,100 15,900
66, 700 33,800 46, 800 78,800 56,400
19,000 9,300 10, 7(H) 24,800 18,200
19,200 9, 700 14,000 24,600 17,500
28,500 14,800 22, 100 29,400 20.700
96,300 60, 700 77, 200 92,800
5, 900
30,200 19,900 23, 700 28,100 622,000
34, 800 20, 900 25, 700 33, 700 22, 700
31, 300 19, 900 27,800 31,000 21, 200
92, 800
33,300 0
(2)
0
0
29, 400 0
0
0
0
30,100 0
0
0
0
Total
11 788, 595
9 800,892
10 208,983
10 488,003
12 478,237
14 544,647
13 086,118
2, 346,213
3, 083,256
2, 777, 607
2, 280,927
2, 240,448
3, 454, 571
3, 590,366
3, 192,852
3, 076,198
892, 794
954,570
1, 228, 834
4, 416,285
1, 434,395
1, 502,901
1, 478, 989
4, 025,441
1, 372,150
1, 369,948
1, 283,343
3, 026,723
1. 178.809
993,986
853,928
2, 850,687
814,448
887,138
1, 149,101
3, 924,184
1, 309,175
1, 346,513
1, 268,496
3, 534,804
1, 201,352
1, 227,269
1, 106,183
2, 776,443
1, 104,981
930,589
740, 873
2, 540,016
718,318
762,871
1, 058. 827
3, 542,875
1, 115, 826
1, 236, 239
1. 190.810
3, 377,160
1, 165, 740
1, 136, 620
1, 074,800
$ ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
Privately
owned'
Publicly
owned
11 418,371 $370,224
9 186,123 614, 769
9 706,276 502, 707
10 181,185 ' 306,818
12 309,200 169,037
14 345,829 198,818
12 814, 776 271,342
2, 183,710 162,503
3, 000,120 83,136
2, 739,268 38.339
2, 258,087
22,840
2, 199,446
41,002
3, 398, 898
55,673
3, 528,471
61,895
3. 182,385
10, 467
3, 043,959
32, 239
890,092
2,702
934,585
19,985
1, 219,282
9,552
4, 349,159
67,126
1, 421,309
13.086
1, 479,773 23,128
1, 448,077
30,912
3, 981,182
44,259
1, 363,092
9,058
1, 346,848 23.100
1, 271,242
12.101
2, 971,529
55,194
1, 168,229
10, 580
985,891
8,095
817,409
36, 519
2, 761,446
89,241
800,665
13,783
871,700
15,438
1, 089,081
60,020
3, 844,192
79,992
1, 293,488
15,687
1, 312,890 33,623
1, 237,814
30,682
3, 471,787 63,017
1, 179,266
22.086
1, 222,281
4,988
1, 070,240 35,943
2, 737,351
39,092
1, 078,142
26,839
925,991
4.598
733,218
7,655
2, 351, 729 188, 287
681,147
37,171
727,081
35,790
943, 501 115,326
3, 367,334 175, 541
1, 087,149
28. 677
1, 153, 246 82. 993
1, 126, 939 63, 871
3, 267,640 109, 520
1, 100,440
65, 300
1 111 200
25, 420
1, 056,000
18,800
$ ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
2 Not available.
* Preliminary.
’ Revised.
' Corrected.
nTc°c*: J ? r * description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S o u r c e : TJ. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
U. S. G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I NG O F F I C E : 1957
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