Full text of Monthly Labor Review : November 1953, Vol. 76, No. 11

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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Lawrence R. K lein, Editor


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CONTENTS

Special Articles
1157
1157
1160
1162
1165
1171
1179

Labor and International Affairs
The Foreign Policy Role of American Trade Unions
European Developments and American Foreign Policy
The Political Problems of the Free French Labor Movement
The Seventy-second Annual Convention of the AFL
Occupational Wage Relationships in Manufacturing, 1952-53
Workmen’s Compensation in the United States: VII—Problems of
Administration

Summaries of Studies and Reports
1185
1191
1196
1198
1201
1203
1207

State Labor Legislation in 1953
Operations of the ICFTU during 1951-53
Manpower Resources in Chemistry
Earnings of Communications Workers in October 1952
Wage Chronology No. 5: Chrysler Corp.—Supplement No. 2
Wage Chronology No. 16: Chicago Printing—Supplement No. 1
Wage Chronology No. 17: North AtlanticUongshoring—Supplement
No. 2

Departments
in
1209
1212
1215
1219
1226

The Labor Month in Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)

November 1953 • Vol. 76 • No. 11

A Memo To Readers

T he M onthly L abor R eview is interested in receiving, for possible

publication, article manuscripts with subject m atter relating to the
general field of labor, industrial relations, and labor economics.
The

R eview

circulates widely among top management and labor

executives, in academic circles, and to public officials.
Manuscripts should not exceed 3,000 words and must be objec­
tive, well-documented, and of general appeal to subscribers who
have broad interests in labor and related subjects.
Manuscripts will be read promptly and authors will receive
notice immediately thereafter.


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Address manuscripts to—
The Editor, M on th ly Labor Review
Bureau of Labor Statistics
U. S. Department of Labor
Washington 25, D. C.

The Labor Month
[/¿I?
In Review
M u c h of organized labor’s attention during recent
weeks has been directed to decisions and policy
declarations of the National Labor Relations
Board. The specific matters of interest include
plant guard bargaining units, non-Communist
affidavits, extent of Board jurisdiction, craft
severance, and representation elections.
Early in November, the Board reversed a 1948
rule which permitted inclusion of plant guards
working less than half time as such in bargaining
units with other kinds of workers. Guards and
watchmen thus must now be represented in
homogeneous units.
In October, the Board canceled the certification
of a Fur Workers’ local union because one of its
officers was convicted of falsely denying Commu­
nist Party membership and activities. The local
had won a representation election. Later in the
month, the Board published new rules covering
similar cases. If a union has an officer under in­
dictment charging a false non-Communist affidavit,
the Board will withhold action on its petitions for
representation elections unless a second union is
involved or delay would prejudice the interest of
a second union or the employer. But even if the
union wins in such a case, certification will be
held up pending disposition of the indictment.
In the Am-O-Krome case cited above, the Board
noted that certification was canceled because of
false statements concerning activities as well as
membership. Ben Gold, international president
of the Fur Workers, is currently under indictment
for a false affidavit. The union has petitioned in
Federal Court to have the Board’s new rules set
aside.
Under the Taft-Hartley Act, the Board has
broad authority to define its jurisdictional limits.
The previous standards under which the Board


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exercised jurisdiction (these were promulgated in
1950) appear to be undergoing revision. For
example, the 1950 precepts covered all public
utilities regardless of size of character, but in a
late October case, involving a rural electrical
cooperative, the Board denied jurisdictional in­
terest on the grounds that the cooperative’s
business did not have “sufficient impact upon
interstate commerce to justify . . . jurisdiction.”
The American Potash and Chemical Corp. case,
now before the Board, deals with the practice of
craft severance, and thus is of greatest immediate
Concern to unions. Three AFL unions have peti­
tioned for separate representation for specific
crafts engaged in the company’s operations. A
single union—the United Mine Workers—now
represents most of the production and mainte­
nance workers. The AFL Chemical Workers,
which now seeks virtual plantwide representation
rights, and the employer are contesting the peti­
tion. These parties and the CIO and many of its
international affiliates have filed briefs arguing
that the Board in this case should apply the
principles it laid down in 1948 in the National
Tube case. At that time, the Board denied craft
severance in industries where the work of the
craftsmen was found to be closely integrated with
that of production workers in a plant, as in the
basic steel, aluminum, and lumber industries.
A representation election of considerable mag­
nitude is in the offing with the announcement early
in November by the Board that it would consider
the petition of the CIO Communications Workers
to represent all production and maintenance
workers (about 80,000) of Western Electric. The
CWA now claims its contracts cover about half
the total. Major competing unions are the AFL
and CIO electrical workers. The Board proposed
that the parties agree to a consent election to
avoid the need for a hearing.
T h e major turning point in the determined
fight of the American Federation of Labor to be
dominant in the port of New York over the Long­
shoremen’s Union it expelled in September also
hinged on NLRB action. The fundamental issue
of representation will ultimatley be decided by an
election. The date for it is in doubt. Both
parties have refused a consent election and a hear­
ing was scheduled for November 16. The AFL,
which in mid-October appropriated $200,000 to
carry on its organizing campaign, has publicly but
nx

IV

THE LABOR MONTH IN REVIEW

not officially challenged the eligibility of the oppo­
sition union to appear on a ballot, on grounds of
“employer domination”. Both unions were en­
joined from striking the New York waterfront
under a Taft-Hartley injunction. The Ryan
union was under an injunction, requested by the
NLRB, to refrain from “interfering” with the
AFL organizing efforts. The employers in the
case meanwhile were in somewhat of a quandary.
The Labor Management Relations Act required
them to attempt to settle with “the union” during
the course of the 80-day injunction period; yet
there had been no legal determination as to which
union represented their workers. It appeared
unlikely that the representation election would be
held prior to the expiration of the no-strike period.
I n an effort to obtain for North American Air­
craft workers wage rates equal to those of aircraft
workers employed by automobile companies, the
UAW-CIO on October 23 and 24 struck three of
the company’s plants. The company makes vari­
ous types of military aircraft and employs about
54,000 workers. Upward of 30,000 employees
struck. Negotiations had been opened Septem­
ber 1. A general 4-percent increase and other
benefits, including some increases in skill differen­
tials had been offered. The union had asked for
aflat 23.4-cents-per-hour raise, maintenance of the
union shop, and various other benefits. The out­
come was generally considered to be influential on
negotiations under way in other sectors of the
industry. The strike was given prominent notice
in the weekly newspaper of the AFL Machinists
union, which has a mutual negotiations and strike
assistance agreement with the UAW. The Ma­
chinists’ paper pointed out that the IAM in its
own negotiations was “rapidly approaching the
crisis stage” with the Douglas, Lockheed, Con­
solidated Vultee, and Pratt and Whitney com­
panies.
Negotiations between carriers and 15 unions
representing nonoperating employees took a sur­
prise turn when the employing roads sought a
declaratory judgment in Federal court as to
whether health and welfare plans and pass privi­


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leges are proper subjects for collective bargaining
under the Railway Labor Act. The legitimacy of
demands for improved vacation practices and
holiday pay were not challenged. The suit was
filed while the unions were taking a strike vote
among their membership of approximately 1
million.
T h e trade - union movement, through its several
organizational centers, expressed itself through
formal statements on a variety of subjects this
mid-autumn. It marked with eulogies the death
of William L. Hutcheson, president emeritus of
the AFL Carpenters, at age 79. Both the AFL
and CIO took strong positions in favor of recip­
rocal trade agreements. The AFL pointed out
that approximately 3 million workers in the United
States depend on exports for their jobs. It advo­
cated a “gradual” reduction in tariff schedules.
The Teamsters organized an Eastern Conference
(an organizational device similar to that employed
by the union in the Midwest and West Coast
States to centralize activities on industry rather
than local lines). The Teamsters’ announcement
that it was paying per capita dues to the AFL on
nearly 1.4 million members underscored a later
statement by George Meany, Federation presi­
dent, that the AFL membership was about 10.2
million.
T h e Communist-controlled World Federation of
Trade Unions held a congress in Vienna during
October. There was no delegate from the United
States. Participation in the congress was appar­
ently not limited to delegates, whose representa­
tion was patently contrived. For example, of 196
delegates from the Western Hemisphere, 111 came
from Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. Africa was
accorded 137. Held in the Russian sector of
Vienna, the congress could muster only about
11,000 for a parade.
The Soviet Union announced to the Interna­
tional Labor Organization it intended to rejoin
after an absence of 13 years, in an apparent
effort to be on hand when the report on slave
labor is discussed by the Governing Body.

Labor and International Affairs
E ditor ’s N ote .— The three papers which follow in excerpt have a complemen­

tary contextual similarity. Two were read at the AFL convention in Septem­
ber; the third before a scholarly society 10 days earlier. Dr. Galenson ofers
a general critique of the part American unions play abroad, both independ­
ently and as represented on Government agencies. Messrs. Brown and
Ferri-Pisani vigorously annotate free labor’s continued activity in the politi­
cal aspects of international relations. For further comment on this subject
by the AFL and the Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, see page 1169 of
this issue. Suspension marks to denote unused portions of text have
been omitted in the interest of easier reading.

The Foreign Policy Role
of American Trade Unions 1
role in foreign affairs has been confined
traditionally to direct participation in the inter­
national trade union movement. This has been
overshadowed during the past decade by direct
intervention of American unions abroad, p a r tly
because of the American Federation of Labor’s
refusal to join the World Federation of Trade
Unions, partly because of the necessity of res­
cuing th e war-shattered la b o r movements of
Europe from the threat of communism. With the
formation of the International Confederation of
Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) in 1949, and the
affiliation of both the American Federation of
Labor and [the] Congress of Industrial Organiza­
tions with it, participation through the interna­
tional labor movement is likely once again to con­
stitute the paramount form of labor’s international
activity. Although the ICFTU is still a young
organization, it is already playing a major role in
world politics, particularly in the underdeveloped
areas, where nascent trade unionism provides an
easy prey for the blandishments of communism.2

L abor ’s


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Paralleling membership in the ICFTU, American
trade unions are continuing to participate in the
work of the international trade secretariats; in
1951, 12 out of the 18 secretariats had United
States affiliates.3
The American trade union interests which are
advanced by their permanent foreign representa­
tives are mainly in the field of trade union and
labor problems. [Both the AFL and CIO have
representatives in Europe, and AFL representa­
tives are also stationed in Asia and Latin America.]
They include furnishing financial and other assis­
tance to non-Communist trade unions; providing
relief for needy trade union veterans; protesting
against action of the United States officials abroad
which contravene local labor ordinances; and pro­
testing governmental and private policies which
might tend to hamper the activities of trade unions,
1
Excerpted from an address by Dr. Walter Galenson, Professor of Political
Science, University of California, before a panel session sponsored jointly by
the American Political Science Association and the Washington chapter of
the Industrial Relations Research Association, Washington, September 12,
1953.
J For an account of the proceedings of the Third World Congress of the
IC F T U , held In 1953, and a summary of the report of the general secretary of
the IC F T U on its growth and operations during the 2 years preceding that
meeting, see M onthly Labor Review, October 1953, (p. 1055) and this issua
(p. 1191), respectively.
* See M onthly Labor Review, April 1952 (p. 422).

1157

1158

LABOR AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

particularly in countries occupied or formerly oc­
cupied by United States military authorities.
These independent labor activities have often
run counter not only to the policy of foreign
governments, but to the policies of the United
States Government as well. Acceptance of trade
unionism as a permanent and beneficent institu­
tion is of relatively recent origin in this country,
and in many parts of the world, including some
countries of Europe, employers have not resigned
themselves to collective bargaining with their
employees.
The report of the AFL executive council to the
71st annual convention contained the following
significant passage:
In all these international activities, labor cannot
make its full contribution, either at home or abroad—
unless it plays a completely independent and distinct
role, apart from the government. Though we consider
this independent role as a must, we do not exclude co­
operation with and help to our government and its
various agencies in furtherance of some specific policy
or objective with which we are in agreement. But the
international policies of American labor, or of any
other free trade union movement, need not and must
not necessarily reflect or coincide with those of the gov­
ernment at any particular moment. Failure to rec­
ognize this truth has been the source of a great many
mistakes, difficulties, and divisions in the interna­
tional free trade union movement.

It is my opinion that labor’s most important
contribution to American interests abroad in the
postwar period has been precisely within the area
of independent action, in helping the democratic
labor movements get on their feet again. Con­
tinued effectiveness in the future, particularly in
underdeveloped areas, is likely to be conditioned
to an even greater extent upon independence of
government. To the extent that American trade
unions and their representatives abroad become
identified, formally or informally, with our gov­
ernment and its policies, they will lose their in­
fluence among workers whose governments are
antithetical to trade unionism. Finally, despite
< I have excluded from consideration the important role played by labor
personnel in the German and Japanese military government organizations,
as being of short duration and of a highly unusual character.
1 This agency was replaced by the Foreign Operations Administration.


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MONTHLY LABOR

the strong affirmation of principle quoted above,
the American trade union movement has not yet
thought through with sufficient clarity the appro­
priate pattern of its continuing relationships with
the government in international affairs, and has
not always maintained the careful distinction
between temporary cooperation on specific issues
and identification with general policy on a broad
range of issues.
The principal representation enjoyed by the
trade unions in governmental agencies concerned
with foreign affairs has been in the form of the
ECA-MSA Office of Labor Advisers, with its sub­
sidiary labor divisions, and to a lesser extent in the
State Department labor attaché program.4 [With
respect to MSA,6] both the Office in Washington
and the country offices were staffed largely upon
recommendation of the AFL and the CIO. The
labor attaché program was established during the
war for the purpose of providing competent re­
porting in the specialized field of labor economics
and industrial relations. Most of the men origi­
nally appointed to the posts had either govern­
ment or academic backgrounds, but during recent
years there has been a tendency to appoint indi­
viduals with some trade union experience.
There is no question that the ECA-MSA labor
setup served an important and useful purpose.
It did much to overcome suspicion among Euro­
pean trade unions of the motives of the program,
and at the same time provided many American
unionists with a broader view of the European
labor movement. Yet this form of labor represen­
tation is not without its drawbacks, if continued
and emulated in future activities of the U. S.
Government.
(1)
From the point of view of organized labor,
the device of the labor division may well serve to
hamper, rather than to promote the influence of
labor thinking in United States foreign policy
formation. The ECA-MSA. labor groups were
restricted to a fairly narrow range of activities,
and while individual trade unionists may have
exerted influence on broader matters, it was more
by accident than by design. Identification with a
labor division stamps a man as “labor minded,”
and his views tend to be discounted accordingly
in controversial matters where “labor thinking”

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

LABOR AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

really matters. Moreover, unfriendly adminis­
trators may be able to relegate labor advisers to
the performance of secondary tasks, far removed
from central policy problems.
Editor’s note: On September 25, 1953, the American Federation of Labor
convention voted that “henceforth all AFL members on the stall . . . of the
FO A [no longer represent] the A FL . . .”

(2) From the point of view of public admin­
istration, too close identification of a particu­
lar branch of government with a single interest
group in society may not be in the public interest.
Just as corporate executives have been required
to divest themselves of stockholdings which might
impair their objectivity, so there should be some
symbolic divestiture for labor union officials who
enter government service. When in Great Britain
prominent trade unionists, such as Walter Citrine
and Lincoln Evans, were appointed to the govern­
ing boards of nationalized or controlled industries,
they severed all their ties with the labor move­
ment, for the British trade unions long ago made
the decision that civil service and the retention of
trade union ties were incompatible, even when a
labor government was in power. Certainly there
is need in the government for the temporary serv­
ices of prominent trade union leaders as such—
I have always thought it strange that no trade
union leader has ever been appointed to represent
the United States abroad as ambassador—but
this is to be distinguished from service in positions
where policy is formulated.
(3) Nor, in my opinion, does the present prac­
tice of the labor division in foreign affairs follow
the fundamental Civil Service rule of insuring
that positions be filled by the most meritorious
individuals available. Experience as a trade
union organizer or administrator is not neces­
sarily a sufficient qualification for representing our
country abroad, even in the labor field. Let us
conceive the problem from the point of view of a
foreign government sending a representative, or a
group of representatives, to the United States for
the purpose of influencing the attitude of the
American workers and their organizations toward
their policies, and away from those of a third,
competing power. Assume that these representa­
tives do not speak English; that they have never


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1159

heard, or just heard, of the names Samuel Gompers, William Green, Philip Murray; that the strug­
gle between craft and industrial unionism, the
two-party system, labor’s method of political
action, labor legislation, were terra incognita.
One would expect that the chances for successful
fulfillment of the mission were slight. Yet this
is precisely the situation in which the great major­
ity of our labor representatives abroad have found
themselves. This is a plea, of course, for the
insistence upon more training for the people we
send abroad in a technical capacity, whether they
be in the labor or other specialized fields.
(4)
Finally, again from the point of view of the
labor unions, I would argue that too close an
administrative identification with a major govern­
ment program abroad, such as the Marshall Plan,
may adversely affect the independent role that the
labor movement should play abroad. A French
or Italian worker may envy the status' of the
American trade unionist who attains high govern­
mental position, but it may then be difficult to
convince him that there can be genuine policy
differences between the government and the trade
unions.
The foregoing observations may be summarized
in the following terms:
(1) The independent activities of American
trade unions in Europe and Asia since the war
have been of the utmost importance in preventing
the complete capture by Communists of some
foreign labor movements, particularly those of
France and Italy. As conditions stabilize, and
the need for emergency assistance declines, it is
likely that these activities will tend to be chan­
neled through the ICFTU, replacing the perma­
nent foreign representative.
(2) The greatly increased interest of the Amer­
ican labor movement in foreign affairs is clearly
in the national interest. However, if the trade
unions are to make their views felt, something
more than the adoption of resolutions at annual
conventions is required. This is not to denigrate
the yeoman work of the international secretaries
of the AFL and the CIO, but simply to make the
point that 1- or 2-man departments in as crucial
an area as this are woefully inadequate. The

1160

LABOR AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

trade union movements have recently shown their
awareness of the importance of expertise in do­
mestic economic policy; their publications in this
area are of a high order. There is the need for
staffing the international affairs department so
that issues can be investigated, explained more
clearly not only to the leadership but to the rank
and file as well, and acted upon with a greater
degree of understanding.
(3) There is only one road if the labor point of
view is to receive greater consideration at the
level of policy formulation: men from the labor
movement must be prepared to enter the govern­
ment service on a permanent basis. Representa­
tion through the specialized labor division, while
it may serve a useful purpose temporarily and
provide the labor movement some convenient
patronage, is a blind alley in the long run. In
the field of foreign affairs, this means that laborminded individuals must at a fairly early age enter
the Foreign Service and the international affairs
divisions of other government agencies, com­
pletely severing their formal ties with the labor
movement in the process. The labor attaché
program has been very useful in bringing into the
Foreign Service an infusion of men and women of
this type, but it suffers from the defect (a) of
bringing most of them in on a temporary basis
only, and (b) of confining them to work in the
labor field, where their potential policy influence
is limited. The American Foreign Service is open
to the sons of trade union families to a far greater
extent than that of almost any other country,
including those that have had or have labor gov­
ernments, and our system of free higher education
enables them to secure the necessary educational
background.
(4) Finally, from time to time it will be necessary
for the government to call upon the labor move­
ment for specialized personnel to engage in specific
missions abroad. To the extent that there are
available individuals who are trained generally in
languages, economics, history, and the institu­
tions of diplomacy, as well as in industrial rela­
tions, who can be detached temporarily from their
union jobs, the labor movement will better be
able to advance not only the interests of their
membership, but of the nation as well.


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MONTHLY LABOR

European Developm ents
and American Foreign Policy 6
entire orientation [the new Soviet peace
offensive] has resulted in a spirit of relaxation
which is being transformed into a policy of mili­
tary retrenchment and diminishing interest in the
NATO alliance. One could almost predict that
any hope for a European Army or a united Europe
is extremely remote.
Events in Germany reveal a different side of
Europe and its potentials. The [June 1953]
strikes in East Berlin and East Germany may
some day be written up by future historians as
the most important single factor in preventing
the Soviets from having duped the entire free
world.
This trade union challenge has put the Soviets
before a great dilemma. To permit this free
trade union development to continue jeopardizes
the entire system of totalitarian power in Eastern
Germany since it would mean the eventual over­
throw or replacement of the government unions
by those freely chosen organs of the workers. On
the other hand, to pursue a policy of complete
repression, which appears to be in the process,
unmasks the entire international Soviet policy as
a mere maneuver for tactical purposes.
In Western Germany the victory of the demo­
cratic forces was a terrific blow to both Fascist and
Communist totalitarianism. The landslide vic­
tory of the Christian Democratic Party plus the
increase of the Socialist vote meant that 75 percent
of the German people voted for the two outstand­
ing democratic parties.
The explosive June days in East Germany have
been followed by the unexpected and spectacular
dramatic August days in France where several
million workers struck for over 3 weeks. With un­
expected suddenness the French Government em­
ployees lashed out in a revolt against not only
their adverse economic conditions but also against
the present Government leaders whom they susT h is

* Excerpted from an address by Irving Brown, European representative of
the American Federation of Labor, before its convention in St. Louis, M o.,
September 21,1953.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

LABOR ANB INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

pected rightly or wrongly as being determined to
impose a reactionary program on the country.
This combination of economic and political antag­
onisms brought about the explosion. Specifically,
the Government’s proposed laws on social security
as well as the fact that the Government’s reforms
were first being directed against the workers was
the spark which ignited the fire.
If those responsible for the leadership of France
both in government and industry were conscious
of the full implications of the recent strikes, they
would have done everything in their power to end
the strikes with a victory for the non-Communist
trade union movement. It could have meant the
beginning of the end of Communist supremacy in
the French trade union movement. Such a result
was important not only for France but for the en­
tire free world. The Communists, who were kept
out of all negotiations at the insistence of the
Force Ouvrière and Christian trade unionists,
were playing a very cagey game. It almost
seemed as though the Communists were refraining
from going too far and never really exploited to the
full the strike potentialities. This may be in line
with what is present Soviet foreign policy.
Another curious aspect of the strike in France
was the prime minister’s radio speech on August
17 which implied an almost anti-American line.
In one sentence, the prime minister referred to the
dependence of France on outside aid with the
implication that this is a particularly undesirable
situation and that his anti-strike policy is part and
parcel of a larger national effort to become inde­
pendent vis-a-vis the U. S. A. This came only
a short time after the recent Malenkov speech
hinting at the possibility of proposing a New Deal
to the French at the expense of the West. There
has also been an article in Pravda which states that
new efforts must be made to liquidate the Indo­
china war now that the Korean issue has been
handled.
Of course, any move on the part of the Soviet
Union to transform its present support of HoChi-Minh’s military offensive into a political
offensive is conditional on what deal the Soviets
can make with France on Germany. It may be
that the U. S. S. R. is now ready to make certain
temporary concessions in Indochina in exchange

276361 - 53-

2


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1161

for a French foreign policy in support of a weak,
neutralized, and permanently disarmed Germany—
in other words, a vacuum in the heart of Europe
which Russia hopes to fill some day when it is com­
pletely ready both economically and militarily.
Turning to North Africa, we find one of the few
areas in the Arab world where the great mass
movements are ready and willing to be our allies
in the present world conflict. American labor and
the entire international labor movement have been
a major factor in achieving this. For what we are
doing in this area, especially in Tunisia, is decisive
in determining whether or not the Western world
can have sufficient allies to survive. For if it is
necessary that Americans have allies in the re­
sistance to totalitarian aggression, it is just as
important that our allies, like France and England,
have allies amongst the masses in the under­
developed countries where Soviet communism is a
greater threat and menace than in the more ad­
vanced, industrial countries of Western Europe
and in the U. S. A.
These recent developments in the Soviet Union
and Europe raise serious questions for America and
especially for the American labor movement. The
international-minded elements of American society
have been supporting unconditionally an all-out
American aid program to Europe and especially to
France. Can they go on supporting such an aid
program unconditionally? Furthermore, most of
the policies of the Western Alliance in Europe, on
such questions as European unity, European army
rearmament, military aid, and NATO, now seem
to be either dead or no longer correspond to reality.
In the light of these factors, it becomes impera­
tive for America to reexamine and revise its policy
abroad. It is even more important for American
labor to press for such a revision so as not only to
stop new appeasement of the Soviet Union but also
to reexamine whether or not we should continue
to be party to a policy which permits American
economic and military aid to be used to reinforce
a disastrous policy in the colonial world and one of
neutralism, defeatism, and possible appeasement
in Europe and Asia.
For money alone will ¿not solve international
problems. In the early postwar years a continent

1162

LABOR AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

almost destroyed by war and occupation had first
to be restored and rehabilitated. Today the
nature of the European problem necessitates
another approach with major emphasis on Amer­
ican leadership in the formulation, implementa­
tion, and execution of political policy.
Tn the light of this report and the problems and
questions posed, I should like to suggest the follow­
ing as guiding lines of policy for a program in
Europe:
[Mr. Brown’s points are herewith summarized.]
1. American aid to Europe must serve to reinforce
the unity of the free nations in an Atlantic Community
against the Soviet policy and tactics which seek to
divide and conquer the free world.
2. The NATO organization must be expanded into
a political-economic, as well as military, organization.
3. Agreements between America and European
nations should not be primarily on the basis of bilateral
negotiations but more and more on the basis of a col­
lective relationship within an organized and united
Atlantic Community.
4. Such an Atlantic Community—as NATO—
must, however, become more responsive to the pro­
posals of the free labor movement through top repre­
sentation in the NATO organization. In all military
programs the economic capacity of countries must be
seriously taken into account, for economic capacity
is not merely a technical, absolutist concept but a
relative one in which the humane or morale factor is
extremely important. Proper allocation of raw ma­
terials must be made so that price wars and inflation
do not reduce workers’ purchasing power.
5. A Franco-German military and economic rap­
prochement is indispensable to a functioning united
Western economy within a strong Atlantic Alliance.
The French burden in Indochina must be substantially
relieved.
6. Free elections and evacuation of troops in
Germany and all Europe is essential.
7. The free trade union world cannot go on support­
ing a policy in Western Europe which becomes either
consciously or unconsciously the means for the repres­
sion of potential allies in the Middle East and North
Africa. The strengthening of NATO as a concrete
incarnation of the free Atlantic Community imposes
upon us the necessity to follow a more liberal policy
based upon the principles of social progress, free trade
unionism, and eventual national freedom.
8. The American aid program in its economic and
military aspects should be based at least in part on
the principle of rewarding those who have demon­
strated their will and capacity to resist.
9. Constant exposure of the Soviet regime as re­
actionary, oppressive, and conspiratorial.


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MONTHLY LABOR

The Political Problem s of the
Free French Labor M ovem ent7
No one can conceal the fact that in spite of a
basically sound economy, in spite of a geographic
and historic position which shows clearly where
its national interests lie, France has not managed
to elaborate a policy.
France tends to stagnate in empty quarrels,
where vain words play the basic role, or else she
is torn by insoluble conflicts between threatened
self-interests. Individual recriminations against
everybody else and the resultant atmosphere of
widespread discontent render the nation powerless.
It is on facts such as these that Communist hopes
are founded. Past masters in the play of ideas,
they [the Communists] paralyze many of those
whom Europe strangely terms “ intellectuals,”
while their inhuman realism is discovering and
exploiting all slogans evoking elementary im­
pulses.
It is to American intervention that we owe the
recovery now evident in the free world. If that
intervention was not in every case the immediate
cause, it was at least the condition necessary to
making that recovery possible.
It is impossible to tell what the French labor
movement would have become after 1948 had it
not been for the unconditional and constant
backing of the American Federation of Labor. It
is difficult to believe that an isolated movement,
trying to build itself up in a country dominated
by the monstrous Communist machine, could have
attained any permanence or influence.
In any case, the maritime and longshoremen’s
unions that I have the honor of representing would
not have been able to carry on their struggle with
any chance of success. In stating this clearly, I
wish not so much to repeat the gratitude of the
free seamen and longshoremen as to show the
virtues of close cooperation among trade unionists
7 Excerpted from a translation from the French of an address by Pierre
Ferri-Pisani, chairman of the Mediterranean Committee, International
Transportworkers Federation, before the American Federation of Labor Con­
vention, St. Louis, Mo., September 22, 1953.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

LABOR AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

who have established a community of views and
freely arrived at decisions.
In addition, I have another more serious reason
to go over evidence that may seem unnecessary
to you. Some take up, with hardly any change,
the absurd calumnies fabricated by our common
enemies, lies which are often hurled at themselves.
Others seek to hide, as if by modesty, the aid they
beg and receive from you as if it were a shameful
object. You would be justified in believing that
Communist propaganda had hopelessly warped
the judgment of a people which is permeable to
anti-American sentiment.
Between 1948 and 1951 the job of the Mediter­
ranean seamen’s and longshoremen’s unions was
hard but simple. It was to work toward a mutual
understanding of the non-Communists, toward
the coordination of their forces in the main com­
mon drive, toward a lessening of their divergencies
on secondary problems. More especially, it was
to liberate the merchant marine and the ports
from the dictatorial Communist organization.
The game was rapidly won. Just when Mos­
cow was ever more impatiently demanding that
its agents stage a campaign which would spread
from the Mediterranean ports to the North Sea
and the Baltic, the Communists, who had been
all-powerful a little earlier, were incapable of
provoking incidents and soon gave up the attempt.
I
shall not say that all the credit for this success
should be attributed to us. Only miracle work­
ers—which we are not—could have done with­
out generally favorable conditions and numer­
ous spontaneous or organized expressions of aid.
Often enough we have heard a slogan which is
the source of innumerable sophisms and which is
an outward sign of either hypocritical cleverness
or thorough stupidity. This slogan is: “ AntiCommunism is not a policy.”
Active, systematic resistance to a mortal evil,
which is both invader and invading, is certainly
not a policy; but no policy is conceivable which
would not organize the defense of its successive
accomplishments. Man’s mission, and therefore
his policy, is not to devote himself to the defense
of frontiers, nor to the fight against crime, nor
to periodic vaccinations. But no nation thinks of
abolishing its army, police force, or antitoxins.


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1163

To use this slogan, one must either be Com­
munist or be deaf and blind to the spectacle
of the immeasurable suffering of millions of men
oppressed by excessive production quotas, tor­
tured in prisons, and left bereft of their human
characteristics in concentration camps.
It is a fact, however, that some—for reasons not
difficult to understand—pretend to regard com­
munism as nothing but one ideology among many
others. They argue for “ neutrality between the
two blocs” and sometimes show a marked indul­
gence for the one which they would like, in spite
of all experiences, to hold in an absurd ideological
kinship.
The free French labor movement, which was
relatively homogeneous from a defensive point
of view during the first years of its reestablish­
ment, has not been able to protect itself
from insidious contamination.
Today, things have become complicated in
proportion to the ability of changing Russian
policy to deceive the innocent or to furnish the
the pious hypocrites of pacifism with seemingly
serious arguments. An inextricable network of
particularisms is spreading through the fabric
of our supposedly regained security. This period,
which might have seen the liquidation of all
threat of war, now runs the risk, through the
inconsistency of certain democratic forces, of
witnessing the weakening of our overall defensive
system and the strengthening of the means of
aggression of a new Stalin who will have had time
to get a new grasp on his dictatorship.
It is impossible to remake the past. In spite
of apparently similar terminology, the American
and French labor movements are of different types.
The latter was paradoxically based on a contradic­
tion, but a contradiction so well accepted that
it did not even seem to be one, between theory
and practice.
This is the cause of its basic weakness, of the
precariousness of its influence over the workers,
of its crumbling, of its inferiority to the Com­
munists in a field where the only rule for success
seems to be the outbidding of competitors. That
is the explanation of its anemia. Its relations
with the workers have not been built up through
a solid common endeavor but through spasmodic

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LABOR AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

shocks. Because of a lack of the logical bonds—
common interests to manage together—there is a
desperate overuse of outmoded verbalism, the
desiccated remains of a childish ideology, in an
attempt to create an illusory sentimental or
mystical bond.
That is the real reason for the public’s scorn
of a labor movement which refuses to take on
real responsibilities, and for the political parties’
will to subordinate trade unions to themselves.
The inferior position of the unions within the
nation suits the employers.
At a time when the State has largely taken
the place of inadequate private investment capital,
at a time when American aid is still indispensable
to us, at a time when our prices have difficulty


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competing on the foreign market, and at a time
when the great employer that is the State (no
matter which political party represents it) does
not provide the same salary levels as private
enterprise to its employees, some persist in
advocating, through demagogy, innocence, or
weakness, a social remedy in over-simple and
naive rearrangements of the distribution system.
Soon they will promote the Communist thesis
of eliminating the burden of national defense.
Here again appears the need for French trade
unionists to overcome an evil, which is above all
intellectual and moral. Here too is evident the
interest offered by American labor for trade
unionists who are forced by events to think in
terms of profound institutional reforms.

Federation Affairs

The Seventy-second
Annual Convention
of the AFL
N elson M. Bortz*

An air of change, combined with a reaffirmation
of objectives and an awareness of responsibilities,
characterized the seventy-second annual conven­
tion of the American Federation of Labor held in
St. Louis, September 21-25, 1953.
Within the Federation, death late last year had
removed from the convention rostrum its long­
time leader, William Green, who had served since
the passing of the AFL’s first president, Samuel
Gompers, in 1924. The schism in labor’s ranks,
existing since 1935, moved somewhat nearer solu­
tion with convention approval of a “no-raiding”
pact with the CTO. Expulsion of an affiliate of
60 years’ standing—the International Longshore­
men’s Association—emphasized the AFL’s opposi­
tion to racketeering within the labor movement.
Externally, the delegates and officers of the
AFL voiced their criticism of certain actions taken
by the national administration which had entered
into office earlier in the year. They listened atten­
tively to representatives of the administration—
Vice President Richard M. Nixon, Secretary of
State John Foster Dulles, and Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare Oveta Culp Hobby—and
to its critics—Senators Wayne Morse, Stuart
Symington, and Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Their
response, and the resolutions which were finally
adopted reflected many misgivings as to the cur­
rent course of events at home and, to a lesser
extent, abroad.
•Of the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.


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Labor Unity. During the past year, the delegates
were advised, “fresh, firm, and rewarding steps”
had been taken toward eventual unification of the
American labor movement. The steps culminated
in the “no-raiding” pact developed by a joint
AFL-CIO committee. This agreement, approved
unanimously and without discussion by the dele­
gates, will become effective January 1, 1954—if
concurred in by the CIO at its forthcoming con­
vention. It will expire December 31, 1955.
The agreement is designed to eliminate raids,
for purposes of organizational or representation
advantage, of affiliates of one federation upon the
other. It would apply only in those instances
where there currently exists an established collec­
tive bargaining relationship between an AFL or
CIO union and an employer. The agreement will
be binding upon national and international affil­
iates which voluntarily undertake to subscribe to
its provisions.
The Federation’s Resolutions Committee, in
recommending adoption of the plan, characterized
it as “the first and indispensable step toward the
achievement of organic unity between the Ameri­
can Federation of Labor and the Congress of In­
dustrial Organizations.” The committee also
pointed out that, in devising the terms of the
agreement, the parties were conscious of the need
to establish a workable procedure whereby juris­
dictional differences could be resolved within the
trade union movement itself, thereby avoiding
government interference in these matters. The
agreement provides for the appointment, jointly
by the presidents of the AFL and CIO, of an im­
partial umpire, who will have the power to render
final and binding decisions upon any issues over
which disputes may arise under the terms of the
pact.
A closely related convention action was approval
of the establishment of a special committee to
devise procedures for the more effective settlement
of jurisdictional disputes among AFL affiliates.
Over the years the failure to adjust some of these
knotty inter-union controversies has led to serious
dissatisfaction and occasional disaffiliation of a
union from the Federation.
One such instance was the temporary with­
drawal, about a month before the convention, of
1165

1166

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the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners,
which felt aggrieved by AFL inaction on some of
its jurisdictional complaints. The withdrawal was
short-lived. After conferences with AFL leaders,
George Meany and Maurice A. Hutcheson, presi­
dent of the Carpenters, issued a joint statement
on September 8 announcing the return of the
union. It was agreed in this joint statement that
the AFL should adopt some policy “ definitely de­
signed to prevent raids within our own organiza­
tion.” The first step, it was further agreed, would
be the submittal of a recommended course of
action by the executive council to the forthcoming
St. Louis convention. The convention, in turn,
authorized the executive council to set up a Special
Committee on Jurisdictional Disputes to formulate
“ the best methods of adjustment and adjudication
of jurisdictional disputes within the American Fed­
eration of Labor.” A report within 6 months was
requested, with the additional proviso that, if the
proposed procedures met with the approval of the
affiliates, the executive council was empowered to
put the plan into effect prior to the 1954 conven­
tion for those unions accepting it. The day after
the convention ended, the council appointed the
following five AFL vice presidents to this com­
mittee: Charles J. MacGowan (Boilermakers);
Dan W. Tracy (Electrical Workers); William C.
Birthright (Barbers); George M. Harrison (Rail­
way Clerks); and A1 J. Hayes (Machinists). In
commenting on this action, President Meany ob­
served that the procedure outlined provided the
opportunity “ to examine the problem as a prob­
lem, not as a contest of the moment” between
two or more international unions. As a further
indication of progress in this area, President Hayes
of the Machinists and President Hutcheson of the
Carpenters announced during the sessions that
they were planning direct negotiations to attempt
to settle their longstanding jurisdictional conflicts.1
Expulsion of Longshoremen. After 60 years as an
AFL affiliate, the International Longshoremen’s
Association was expelled by the convention—by
a 79,079 to 736 roll-call vote. This action was
based upon the recommendation of the executive
council, which at first had proposed suspension
but later, on the eve of the convention, urged
expulsion of its 64,200 member affiliate.
The resolutions committee and the executive
council, in a detailed report, reviewed the develop­

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MONTHLY LABOR

ments in recent years, which had resulted in “the
penetration of irresponsible, corrupt, and criminal
elements” into the dockworkers’ union. The
committee declared:
We cannot escape the conclusion that the International
Longshoremen’s Association has failed to live up to its
trade-union responsibilities and obligations and to give
longshoremen and dock workers within its membership the
stewardship and the service to which these workers are
entitled. The ILA has permitted gangsters, racketeers
and thugs to fasten themselves to the body of its organiza­
tion, infecting it with corruption and destroying its in­
tegrity, its effectiveness and its trade union character.

The committee then reiterated the AFL’s basic
philosophy:
Our national and international unions are self-governing
and autonomous. We emphasize the independent and
autonomous responsibility of such unions to deal with their
own internal problems. But we must also affirm the right
of the American Federation of Labor to refuse to associate
with those who fail to meet the standards of good citizen­
ship and sound trade unionism. For such, there is no place
in the ranks of the American Federation of Labor.
We also wish to stress that it is not the responsibility of
our Federation to exercise the police power over the coni In commenting broadly on the subject of labor un ity President M eany,
in his opening address to the delegates, spoke forthrightly of this problem:
“ We are thinking of labor unity; we are thinking of this division in the
trade union movement; we are thinking of all the steps that can be taken
by this organization to end this division, to end the civil war in the ranks
of labor, both inside and outside of the American Federation of Labor. We
have intelligence enough to know that this organization was not formed as
a battleground for competing trade unionists, that there is a tradition in
this organization, that in union there is strength, and that it is the duty
of the strong union, if it possibly can do so, to help the weak union in another
trade—not to destroy the weak union. There is no excuse for competition
for a few members on the part of organizations that have tens of thousands,
hundreds of thousands of members and no excuse whatsoever for squander­
ing trade union money in a battle over a few members on the ground that
the principle of jurisdiction is involved.'’
President Dave Beck of the Teamsters’ Union also commented on the
problems of jurisdiction and labor unity in a talk to the St. Louis Teamsters
Joint Council. Mr. Beck stated in part: “Now, from time to time there
is going to be misunderstanding; jurisdictional disputes and other matters
when not resolved through the processes of conference and under the laws
of the American Federation of Labor may temporarily drive us into militancy
of action that will bring us some criticism and definite comment. This is
a militant organization that we are trying to develop. We do not intend
to be shoved around by anyone. We want to play the law and game ac­
cording to the constitutional rule book of the American Federation of Labor.
In any instance of jurisdictional dispute we are ready to lay our case before
the constituted tribunal of authority within the American labor movement,
and carry it through its processes of appeal to its final decision of the con­
vention. But we do not intend and we will not permit anyone to act in
contradiction to any laws and still retain the friendship of this International
Union.
“. . . I believe in the principle of unity as it has been enunciated by the
conferences between the CIO and the AFL and I sincerely trust and hope
that the day is not too far distant when that principle will be carried to
include the United M ine Workers as well and all of the labor movement of
this country. I say to you that we will go very careful, however, in analyz­
ing our problem before we become a signator. . . . So we want sufficient
time to analyze our problem and then we will take our place alongside of
every other organization fighting for unity and for the preservation of the
interests of all.”

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

ANNUAL CONVENTION OF AFL

duct of its members. Crime and lawlessness must be dealt
with by the duly constituted law enforcement agencies of
the local, State, and Federal governments and adjudicated
in courts of law.
The American Federation of Labor must not and will
not lend the cloak of trade unionism to organized lawless­
ness or to dignify with its affiliation persons and practices
alien inimical to our movement. Nor can the Federation
tolerate conditions shown to be prevailing in the ILA or to
permit their existence to cast doubt and suspicion on our
movement as a whole.

Although not responding directly to the charges
leveled against his organization, Joseph P. Ryan,
ILA president since 1927, pleaded for less drastic
action. He expressed willingness to vest super­
vision over his union’s affairs in a specially
appointed AFL committee so that the ILA might
thereby retain its certificate of affiliation. Except
for a few scattered supporters, this plea went
unheeded. Instead, the delegates overwhelmingly
endorsed the officers’ proposal that the AFL
“select a committee of five outstanding trade
union officials to be charged with the responsibility
of supervising and guiding [a] new [AFL] Inter­
national Union [of longshoremen] for at least
1 year.” On the final day of the convention
President Meany presented a charter to a group of
longshoremen, most of whom were vice presidents
of the former ILA. The new organization, “The
International Longshoremen’s Association, AFL”
will be supervised by the following trustees:
William C. Doherty (Letter Carriers), Dave Beck
(Teamsters), A1 J. Hayes (Machinists), Paul Hall
(Seafarers), and President Meany.
Memorial Service for Mr. Green. An hour was set
aside on the fourth day of the convention for a
memorial service to the late President Green.
Eulogies were delivered by President Meany, Vice
President Woll, Reverend John H. Shanley (the
pastor of Mr. Green’s home-town church in
Coshocton, Ohio), and Harry S. Truman, former
President of the United States.
The delegates also approved establishment of a
William Green Memorial Fund through voluntary
contributions of AFL affiliates. Payments from
the fund, it was stated, would be made to worthy
2
A substantial portion of this increase undoubtedly reflects a change in the
practice of some affiliates which in the past paid per capita tax representative
of only a portion of their total actual membership. For example, the presi­
dent of the Teamsters’ Union stated that his organization would remit per
capita tax on 1,360,000 members. This compares with per capita payments
for 650,000 members in fiscal years 1952 and 1953.
> Mr. Hutcheson died on October 20, 1953.


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1167

causes for the purpose of “relieving human needs
and furthering human betterment.”
Other Internal Matters. An alltime membership
peak of 8,654,921—based upon actual per capita
tax received from AFL affiliates—was reported as
of June 30. This figure was revised upward dur­
ing the sessions, by Secretary-Treasurer William
F. Schnitzler, to a current, but still incomplete,
total of 9,570,207.2
Several amendments to the AFL’s constitution
were adopted. One of these increased the salaries
of the president and secretary-treasurer by
$10,000 a year—to $35,000 and $33,000, respec­
tively. Another provided for an increase from
13 to 15 in the number of vice presidents. A third
provided for the selection of convention cities 2
years in advance.
A new article providing for the optional retire­
ment at half-pay of the president or secretarytreasurer after reaching the age of 65 was added to
the constitution. Finally, it was agreed that
changing conditions had outmoded many provi­
sions of the AFL’s constitution, and the executive
council was instructed to make a careful review
and to present its recommendations for “clarifica­
tion and modernization” to next year’s convention.
Mr. Meany, who was named AFL president by
the executive council on November 25, 1952,
following the death of Mr. Green, was continued
in that post by unanimous vote of the delegates.
Prior to assuming the presidency last year, Mr.
Meany had served as AFL secretary-treasurer
since January 1, 1940. Mr. Schnitzler, president
of the Bakery and Confectionery Workers Inter­
national Union of America, was likewise unani­
mously elected the Federation’s secretary-treas­
urer, a post in which he had succeeded Mr. Meany
on January 1, 1953.
Withdrawal of the Carpenters’ Union on August
12, 1953, left a vacancy in the office of first vice
president of the AFL—a post which had been
held for a number of years by the union’s president
emeritus, William Hutcheson.3 In accordance
with the AFL’s traditional procedure, the other
vice presidents were each advanced to the next
highest vice-presidency, with Matthew Woll, the
senior member, becoming first vice president. The
executive council, which was in session at the time
of the Carpenters’ withdrawal, thereupon elected
Mr. Beck, president of the International Brother-

1168

ANNUAL CONVENTION OF AFL

hood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen
and Helpers of America, to fill the existing vacancy
in the 13th vice-presidency. All incumbent vice
presidents were reelected by the convention, which
also authorized two additional vice-presidencies—
the fourteenth and fifteenth—to which Mr.
Hutcheson, president of the Carpenters, and Mr.
Hayes, president of the Machinists, were elected.
Los Angeles was selected as the convention city
for 1954. In another departure from past practice,
so as to afford greater time to make adequate
arrangements, the delegates also chose their 1955
convention site—Chicago.
Attitude on Domestic Problems

As in preceding years, the Federation reviewed
many national economic and political develop­
ments. This year, however, these developments,
and the issues they engendered, were cast in a
somewhat different light than had been the case
for the past two decades. Attention was focused
upon changes in emphasis and direction of the
executive and legislative branches of the Govern­
ment resulting from the 1952 national election.
An air of concern pervaded many of the convention
speeches and utterances of union spokesmen.
This feeling was heightened by the resignation, 10
days before the convention, of Martin P. Durkin
as Secretary of Labor over administration policy
for revision of the Taft-Hartley Act. (Mr.
Durkin resumed the presidency of the Plumbers’
Union.)
The President of the United States, Dwight D.
Eisenhower, in an effort to allay the Federation’s
misgivings, requested Vice President Nixon to
deliver personally his message as well as to re­
assure the delegates that the administration’s
overall objectives were designed to protect the
security and well-being of American wage earners.
The Vice President, after a review of specific
actions, summarized these objectives in the fol­
lowing words: “ . . .w e are attempting to de­
velop a program which will justify our going before
the people—which will prove to the man and the
the woman who works for a living in America that
he has had life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
guaranteed him by this administration more effec­
tively than ever before in his life.”
The President observed in his message that
“while judgments on labor problems may frankly

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MONTHLY LABOR

and forcefully differ on specific ways and means at
specific times, they are honest judgments held by
men of good will as to what will best serve labor’s
interests.” Such differences, the President con­
tinued, “are healthy and constructive so long as
the final goals are always kept in view—a vigorous
and free trade union movement, a healthy and
thriving industry, and the betterment of all the
people.”
Taft-Hartley Amendments. With reference to re­
visions of the Taft-Hartley Act—the issue which
led to Mr. Durkin’s resignation—Mr. Eisenhower
repeated his conviction that although experience
under the act had confirmed its “essential sound­
ness,” a number of “defects” had also been re­
vealed. These defects, the President stated, have
been the subject of critical study by his adminis­
tration. The objectives of this study were
described as follows: (1) to remedy defects which
cause concern on the part of working men and
women over possible results or uses of the act to
their detriment; (2) to insure administration of
the act in the manner that is efficient, speedy,
and impartial; (3) to allow freedom for the healthy
growth of trade unions, while respecting the
legitimate rights of individual workers, their em­
ployers, and the general public; (4) to work to the
end that there be less rather than more Govern­
ment interference in labor-management affairs.
The President assured the delegates that the
advice of AFL leaders would be sought in the
formulation of recommendations which, Mr.
Eisenhower declared, would be sent to the Con­
gress at the opening of its session in January.
Later in the convention, the AFL’s opposition
to the Taft-Hartley Act was reaffirmed by passage
of a resolution which called for “revision” and
“correction” of the law. The Federation stressed
that the “controversial 19 proposed amendments
. . . do not meet the objectives of the labor
movement and have no AFL sanction or approval.”
At the same time the delegates praised Mr. Durkin
for his efforts in attempting to secure some measure
of legislative relief and accorded him a rising vote
of appreciation.
Economic Situation. The executive council in its
report noted that “economic activity has been
maintained at a high level in recent months,”
but it also noted that “an increasing number of

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

A.NNUAL CONVENTION OF AFL

danger signs” had appeared on the economic
horizon. Singled out for mention was the decline
in farm prosperity, reduced production of various
consumer goods, and a softening in retail sales.
These developments in themselves, the council
continued, do not justify general alarm; what is
alarming “is the adoption of governmental policies
which, instead of remedying the maladjustments,
are bound to aggravate them.” Thus, criticism
was leveled at fiscal measures producing higher
interest rates or a so-called “hard money” policy.
Similarly, policies designed to achieve a balanced
budget without regard to the need for adequate
expenditures for national security and essential
public welfare were questioned. The reduction
in the Federal housing program and elimination
of rent controls except “in a handful of defense
areas” was deplored, as was the plight of the ship­
building industry.
Among the “many elements” which must be
included in an economic program assuring “stable
growth, full production and full employment,”
three are of particular inportance, the executive
council reported: (1) maintenance of a high wage
income sufficient to keep pace with rising produc­
tivity; (2) realistic budget, fiscal, and monetary
policy, the test of such policies being their effect
upon the economy as a whole, which should be
applied in the case of proposals to revise the tax
load, to alter the level of interest rates, or to modify
arrangements of the national debt; and (3)
strengthening of the entire social security program
by Congress and the State legislatures so that it can
“more effectively provide for the needs of our
senior population.”
International Affairs

The worldwide activities of the AFL in combat­
ing communism and supporting free, democratic
trade unions were again strongly evident. They
were manifest in reports to the delegates from the
Federation’s representatives in Europe, Latin
America, and the Far East. They were likewise
reflected in the speeches of fraternal delegates from
Great Britain and Canada, as well as those of trade
union representatives from Italy, Israeli, and the
Mediterranean transport workers.
Address by the Secretary oj State. Recognition of
the AFL’s work and a tribute to its accomplish­

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1169

ments was also given by the Secretary of State in
addressing the convention. Expressing an aware­
ness of the Federation’s work in the struggle to win
peace and security, Mr. Dulles told the delegates
“You and your leaders have been in the struggle
where it has been most intense. You have gained
an experience and a wisdom which indispensably
supplements that of government . . . You have
done more than any other single body to explode
the Communist myth . . . In so doing, you have
made a great contribution both to the glory of
America and to the safety of America.”
In concluding his comprehensive review of
American foreign policy and objectives, Mr.
Dulles declared:
In the past the most dependable defense of our Nation
has been the good will created abroad by what was called
“the Great American Experiment.” Today we need to
have a great military establishment. But it would be
disastrous if we made the mistake of looking on that as an
all-sufficient defense. The greatest asset of our Nation
has always been, still is, and always will be, not military
force, but that same “ Great American Experiment,” in
which the free labor movement is such a dynamic force.

President Meany, in expressing his appreciation
for Mr. Dulles’ “most interesting and instructive
address,” stated that the AFL was going “to con­
tinue to cooperate” in every possible way in this
field. The Federation, he added, will make its
“full contribution to the cause of world peace in
complete association with the activities of the
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. ”
Principal AFL Proposals. In a major policy
action the convention approved a 9-point program
to meet the “critical international situation.”
The principal proposals called for a top-level policy
conference of the democracies to evaluate the
“post-Stalin” activities of the Kremlin, together
with more effective measures for consultation and
collaboration among the democratic allies and the
inclusion of Italy in discussions; rejection of
appeasement and the development of joint defense
machinery powerful enough to discourage and
defeat all aggressors; admission of Italy, Germany,
and Japan to the United Nations; a UN-conducted
plebiscite to resolve the Trieste controversy, and
revision of the UN’s charter to eliminate abuse of
the veto power, to assure more effective functioning
of its specialized agencies which include labor rep­
resentation, and to equip it as an agency to main-

1170

ANNUAL CONVENTION OF AFL

tain world peace in view of the development of the
atom and hydrogen bomb. With respect to this
latter point, which Mr. Dulles had described to the
delegates as “an ultimate in peril which mankind
has never had to face before/’ the AFL urged
redoubled efforts toward effective international
control and inspection of all weapons of mass
destruction.
Developments in Germany. The June revolts of
workers in East Germany and other areas behind
the Iron Curtain were hailed by President Meany
as destroying two Soviet “myths”—their “in­
vincibility” in an occupied country and their
characterization of Communist lands as a
“workers’ paradise.” The inspiring struggle of
the workers in Eastern Germany, the delegates
were told, puts upon the people of Western
Germany, and particularly upon its labor move­
ment, “a very great and urgent responsibility.”
The AFL pledged its continued close cooperation
with the German Trade Union Federation and
with the ICFTU to help the free trade union
movement of Germany maintain its complete
independence and unity and become “an ever
powerful force for democracy, social justice, and
peace.” West German workers were also urged
to resist all efforts to split their union along
political and religious lines or to “subject it to
direct or indirect, but none the less dangerous,
State control.”
Other Areas and Activities. Few troubled areas of
the world escaped the searching review of the
AFL. The Chinese Communist “usurpers” were


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castigated, and mutual security pacts between the
United States and the Republic of Korea and
Nationalist China were advocated. Colonial im­
perialism in Indochina, Tunisia, and Morocco was
condemned in favor of American support of
international efforts designed to further selfgovernment and the development of democratic
institutions in these and other similarly affected
countries. No further aid of an economic or
military nature, the Federation declared, should
be extended to the “Peronist and military dic­
tatorships now inpoverishing or oppressing the
people of Latin America.” Throughout its report,
the Federation’s Committee on International
Affairs stressed its “full solidarity with and active
support of” the International Confederation of
Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) and its Western
Hemisphere branch, the Inter-American Regional
Organization of Workers (ORIT). Hand in hand
with these organizations, the AFL’s great interest
and concern with international affairs was ex­
pressed in these words:
“We cannot emphasize too strongly that wher­
ever there is poverty, oppression, and social in­
justice, there freedom-loving American labor has
an enemy to defeat. No nation, no country, no
race is beyond the concern of the A. F. of L. in its
desire and endeavor for a better world. This is
the motivating force of all our activities in the
realm of international affairs and in the ranks of
world labor. This is true humanitarianism, good
Americanism and genuinely progressive free trade
unionism. In this spirit do we seek to promote
the cause of free trade unionism as a bulwark of
freedom, prosperity and world peace.”

Occupational Wage
Relationships in
Manufacturing, 1952-53
Toivo P. K a n n in e n *

P ercentage differences in pay between skilled
and unskilled jobs in manufacturing have narrowed
over a long period of years. During late 1952 and
early 1953, skilled maintenance workers averaged
about 37 percent more than men janitors, accord­
ing to an estimate 1 based on community wage
surveys made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
in 20 large labor markets. In 1945-47, the dif­
ference was 55 percent between the skilled and
the unskilled occupational rates; and, for earlier
periods, estimated percentages were as high as
65 in 1937-40, 80 in 1931-32, and 105 in 1907.2
A tendency to readjust occupational differentials
by granting added or larger wage increases to
skilled workers has recently become widespread.
An outstanding example is, of course, the pro­
vision of additional 10- and 20-cent hourly pay
increases to various groups of skilled workers in
the automobile industry—a practice by no means
confined to this industry. It is estimated that
approximately one-third of the wage settlements
since the end of wage stabilization in February
1953 were of such a character as at least to main­
tain relative skill differentials. Many of the
wage settlements have involved a range of centsper-hour increases or flat percentage increases.
In the course of its wage survey work over a
period of years, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has
become aware of thq increasing systematic interest
of management and labor in occupational-compo­
sition and rate-structure problems. During the
past decade, and influenced particularly by two
periods of Government stabilization or regulation
of wage rates, more and more interest has been
evidenced in the “ formalization” of methods of


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wage payment and rational administration of
established rate structures. Increasing attention
has been devoted to methods or systems of job
evaluation or the rating of occupations on the
basis of skill, experience, responsibility, etc.,
within the hierarchy of positions included in a
company’s occupational structure. These de­
velopments have led to greater inquiry in, and
analysis of, differences in rates paid to employees
in certain occupations as related to other jobs.
Analysis has extended not only to rate differences
which exist within a plant, but also to differences
among establishments within a given area, as well
as, more broadly, within the several regions of the
United States as a whole.
Until the development of the present series of
annual community wage surveys, Bureau studies
of wages were confined typically to rigidly defined
industries within major industry categories, such
as manufacturing. These surveys provided data
for analysis of occupational wage relationships
within particular industries, and a number of such
studies were undertaken.3 However, they af­
forded little opportunity to analyze the earnings
relationships for a comparable cross-section of
jobs in a single area or group of areas at approx­
imately the same time. Under the present com­
munity wage program, such studies can be
developed.
The method adopted for this examination of
occupational wage relationships among plant jobs
in manufacturing is as follows: in each establish­
ment included in the analysis, the average hourly
earnings for men janitors was used as a base (100) ;
average hourly earnings for men workers in other
occupations were converted to a percentage of
that base. Janitors were selected because they
are employed in most plants and in greater num­
ber than most of the other jobs studied. Because
of their position at or near the bottom of the wage
scale, the percentage differentials between wages
*Of the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
i The estimate relates to the median in an array of eitywide average dif­
ferentials between 12 skilled jobs and janitors.
* For additional data for early periods, see Occupational Wage Differen­
tials, 1907-1947, M onthly Labor Review, August 1948 (p. 127). M ethodology
in the current study differs somewhat from that employed in the earlier
analysis.
» In 1945 and 1946, occupational wage relationship studies were published
for 11 industries, including machinery, foundries, electric light and power,
cotton textiles, and wood furniture. Methodology in these studies differed
somewhat from that employed in the present analysis.

1171

1172

OCCUPATIONAL WAGE RELATIONSHIPS

T a b l e 1. — Occupational

MONTHLY LABOR

average hourly earnings 1 as percentages of averages for men janitors in manufacturing in 20 labor
markets, late 1952-early 1958
Median establishment percentages in—

Occupation *

N ew England

Boston

Maintenance and powerplant
Carpenters__________________________
Electricians__________________________
Engineers, stationary_________________
Firemen, stationary boiler_______ _____
Helpers, trades.............................................
Machine-tool operators, toolroom ...........
M achinists............................... .....................
Mechanics, automotive_______________
Mechanics_____________ _______ ______
M illwrights________________ ________
Oilers_____________ ____ ____ _________
Painters_______ _____________________
Pipefitters___________________________
Sheet-metal workers........ .............................
Tool-and-die makers_______ ___________
Custodial, warehousing, and shipping
Guards.__________________ ____________________
Janitors, porters, and cleaners (women)___________
Laborers, material handling_____________________
Order fillers________ _____________ _____ ________
Packers, class A (m en)_____________ ____ ________
Packers, class B (m en ).--____ ____ ______ ________
Packers, class B (women)____________ _____ _____
Receiving c le r k s...____ ___ ____ ______ __________
Shipping clerks.______ _________ __________ ____
Shipping and receiving clerks._____ _____________
Truck drivers, light (under 1J.4 tons)_____________
Truck drivers, medium ( l t f to and including 4 tons).
Truck drivers, heavy (over 4 tons, trailer typ e)___
Truckers, power (fork-lift).............................. .............
Truckers, power (other than fork-lift)........................
W atchmen........................................... ................ ..............

135
141
145
126
115
137
141
132
138
131

Provi­
dence

106
94
106
110
123
107
94
116
125
117
115
118
122
114
111
104

Buflalo

130
133
131
117

137
141
139
123

111

111

111

133
134
130
131
130

142
142
135
138
137

110

112

172

125
130
130
145

125
137
137
157

105
95
103

109
97
104

109
93
104
111
114
105
94
118
120
115
116
124
133
112
111
102

140
121

128
132
111
121

127

0!)

0
0

0
0

110

117
105
90
114
116
117

106
97
118
123
119
124
113

111

0

108

115
112
110
101

103

South

Newark Jersey New York Phila­
delphia
City

130
136
140
117

0')

112

128
134
133
153

Middle Atlantic

0
0

142
152
155
123
117
155
150
141
147
143
115
136
137
146
165

136
143
137
118
112
135
142
131
141
138
112
129
135
135
156

106
94
106
110
118
106
101
121
120
137

108
96
105
111
118
108
101
118
126
134
119
126
121
110
109
100

137
118
118
102

Atlanta Baltimore

144
150
0
0

0

120
122
159
153
155
107
145
143

0
0
0

0
0

0
0

90
100
110
107
138
157
131
111
108
111
104

M iddle West

Chicago

Cleve­
land

Maintenance and powerplant
Carpenters............................................... ...................
Electricians.___________________________________
Engineers, stationary..._________________________
Firemen, stationary boiler............... ...............................
Helpers, trades_____ ______ ______________ ______
Machine-tool operators, toolroom________________
Machinists________ ______ __________ ______ ____
Mechanics, automotive._______ _________________
Mechanics_____________________________________
M illw rights......................... ............................................
Oilers.......... ................................................. .....................
Painters________ _____ ___________ _____________
Pipefitters.................................................................... .......
Sheet-metal workers____ ____ ___________________
Tool-and-die makers.........................................................

137
146
145
123
117
148
149
137
142
138
112
131
136
140
163

131
135
139
120
111
133
136
129
134
131
112
127
129
127
144

Custodial, warehousing, and shipping
Guards______________________________ ___ ______
Janitors, porters, and cleaners (women)................ .
Laborers, material handling_____________________
Order fillers____________________ _______________
Packers, class A (m en )......... ............. ...........................
Packers, class B (m en).......................... ........................
Packers, class B (women)_______________________
Receiving clerks______ ________ _________________
Shipping clerks_________ ______ _________ ___ ____
Shipping and receiving clerks_______ _______ _____
Truck drivers, light (under
tons)_____________
Truck drivers, medium ( lt i to and including 4 tons).
Truck drivers, heavy (over 4 tons, trailer typ e)___
Truckers, power (fork-lift)_______________________
Truckers, power (other than fork-lift)____________
W atchmen_______ ____ ______ ________ _______ _

106
95
104
109
116
108
98
123
129
125
125
134
146
112
109
102

108
92
104
111
116
110
100
116
122
116
112
115
126
111
112
100

Kansas
City

i These percentages show the relationship between straight-time average
hourly earnings (excluding premium pay for overtime and nightwork) for
selected plant occupations in manufacturing industries. In each establish­
m ent covered the average hourly earnings for men janitors was used as a
base (100); average hourly earnings for other occupations were converted to
a percentage of that base.


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134
136
142
123
119
0

136
128
139
131
115
128
131
130
152
111
95
105
110

0
0

0
0

106
119
119
120
116
120
113
100

106
91
106
114
115
108
99
115
125
119
113
121
120
113
109
103

133
144
144
124
116

154
142
134
137
116
127
138
142
163

109
94
105
112
119
113
100
124
132
119
115
126
126
113
114
104

Memphis

133
148
149

'■)124
')145

150
141

0
0

0')
1
114
0
0
0

149
155
153
115
116
153
151
153
130
138
148

0
0

0
0
0

0

114
94
103

100
105
122

110

106
124
132
173
112
116
124
110

113
135
143
109

105

104

112

111

Far West

M ilwau­ Minneapoiiskee
St. Paul

134
142
140
122
114
136
140
136
139
136
114
128
135
133
147

0

Dallas

St. Louis

Denver

Los
Angeles

140
148
150
124
118
149
155
131
136
133
115
130
135
139
172

128
138
152

135
141
136
121
113
146
143
135
136
132
111
128
132
133
151

139
143
139
124
115
0

0

140
129
137
133
115
128
136
154
108
97
104
107
117
107
94
118
120

0
0

120
119
109
107
102

107
97
104
111
0

103
105
119
120
119
112
121
126
112
111
101

0
0
0
0

111
141
132
115

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

109
113

116
119
120
115
100

107
97
107
106
112
108
97
120
121
118
111
118
120
113
110
100

Port­
land

San FraneiscoOakland

129
129
136
0

110

0
136
132
129
0

107
129

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0

134
138
130
121
113
0

0

0

103
0
0
132
118
120
116
110
100

0

138
132
132
112
131
131
155
105
100
106
109
116
115
116
121
118
123
112
109
100

2 Data lim ited to men workers except where otherwise indicated.
5 Number of establishments employing workers in the occupation (and in
the janitor category) too small to justify comparisons.

OCCUPATIONAL WAGE RELATIONSHIPS

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

for janitors and jobs averaging higher pay can
be readily obtained by subtracting 100 from the
percentages shown in the accompanying tables.
In order to obtain a basis of comparison for each
area and industry grouping, the median or mid­
point in an array of establishment relatives for
the same occupation was selected.4 Measures of
variation in wage-setting practices among estab­
lishments are provided in the accompanying charts
in the form of “ middle ranges” within which
one-half of the establishments fell.5
Tool-and-die makers were the only workers
studied whose earnings averaged more than 50
percent over the janitor pay level in most of the
manufacturing establishments covered. Even for
this job, however, the median percentages were
below 150 in Buffalo, Cleveland, and Milwaukee
(table 1); they were highest in Providence and
St. Louis (172), New York City (165). and
Baltimore and Chicago (163).
Although the relative position of other skilled
trades varied somewhat among areas when ranked
according to median percentages, the wage struc­
tures in the 20 areas nevertheless had many points
of similarity. Machinists, stationary engineers,
and electricians, for example, generally averaged
somewhat more than the other skilled trades
studied. A majority of the city medians for
each of these 3 jobs fell in the 10-point range,
135-144, whereas medians for carpenters, me­
chanics, millwrights, pipefitters, and sheet-metal
workers tended to group at the 130-139 level and
most of the painter medians were concentrated in
the 5-point range, 127-131.
Helpers in the maintenance trades held a posi­
tion in the wage scale midway between the rates
paid to janitors and painters. This relationship
existed among areas with widely different struc­
tures. Painters in Providence and Atlanta aver­
aged 121 and 145 percent of janitor pay; the
corresponding median percentages for trades
£•• —■

JBBEaBaat'j.*«

j

u

u

m

wiManwggaoMa3t*,'a»ia«ig,<>'^"*irTriwwri'ff"'

* The approximate wage relationship between any two occupations shown
for the same area and industry grouping may be computed by using the
percentages shown as absolute numbers. For example, if the median per­
centages for maintenance carpenters and trades helpers are 138 and 116,
respectively, the average wage of carpenters will be found to be 119 percent
(138/116 x 100) of the trades helpers’ rate.
8 The middle range as used here is the central part of the array, excluding
the upper and lower fourths of the establishments.
8 The greater dispersion of wage relationship percentages for some of the
jobs may reflect, at least in part, less uniformity among establishments in
those elements of the job which are considered to be most important in de­
termining its level for pay purposes.


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1173

helpers were 111 and 122. The pay position of
oilers tended to be either at or just below that of
trades helpers, whereas medians for firemen tend­
ing stationary boilers ranged from 115 to 126, or
slightly higher than the helper group.
Among the 31 job categories analyzed, those
requiring only a short period of training showed
the least variation on an intracity as well as inter­
city basis. For such occupations, the range of
percentages within which nearly all city medians
fell were as follows: fork-lift operators (110-114);
guards (105-109); laborers, material handling
(103-107); watchmen (100-104); and janitresses
(93-97). By contrast, light-truck drivers ranged
from 109 to 125, and shipping clerks from 116
to 157 percent of the janitor level. Receiving
clerks, whose overall range was from 113 to 138,
showed a greater concentration, however, with
half of the medians falling within a 5-point range.6
Regional Differences in Wage Relationships

Average hourly earnings for workers in the
maintenance trades in manufacturing plants in
southern cities compared favorably with prevailing
levels in other cities, but unskilled labor rates were
substantially lower in the South. Men janitors in
manufacturing averaged $1.09 an hour in Memphis,
$1.17 in Atlanta and Dallas, and $1.28 in Balti­
more; among the other 16 cities, the averages
ranged from $1.23 in Providence to $1.64 in San
Francisco-Oakland. Averages for electricians were
$1.88 in Baltimore, $1.93 in Dallas, and $2.04 in
Atlanta and Memphis; and in 5 of the remaining
cities averages were below and in 11 above the
Atlanta-Memphis level, ranging from $1.72 in
Providence to $2.28 in San Francisco-Oakland.
Thus, cents-per-hour differentials between janitors
and electricians were also somewhat greater in
the South: 95 cents in Memphis, 87 cents in
Atlanta, 76 cents in Dallas, and 71 cents in Balti­
more compared with only 49 cents in Providence.
Regional differences in wage structures thus
account in part for the dispersion noted when city
medians were arrayed.
Highest city medians for machinists, mechanics
(automotive and other), and painters were found
in Atlanta and for carpenters, electricians, and
pipefitters in Memphis. Highs for stationary
engineers and sheet-metal workers, however, were
in New York City, and the greatest wage spread

1174

OCCUPATIONAL WAGE RELATIONSHIPS

MONTHLY LABOR

Chart 1.— Relationship between earnings of men janitors and maintenance electricians in manufacturing
2 0 LABOR M ARKETS, LATE 1952-EARLY 1953
Men

|a rea |

Janitors = 100

M e d ia n P e r c e n t a g e s an d Middle R an g e
W it h in Which O n e - H a l f of E st a b li sh m e n t s Fell

| MEDIAN |
100

120

140

160

180

200

------ h -------------------

Memphis

155

New York City

152

Atlanta

150

Dallas

148

St. Louis

148

Chicago

146

----------1---------

Baltimore

144

---------- g-------------

Philadelphia

143

--------- 1--------------

Minneapolis-St. Paul

143

Milwaukee

142

Boston

141

Newark-Jersey City

141

-------- 1---------

Los Angeles

141

--------- 1
----------

Denver

138

San Francisco-Oakland

138

Providence

136

Kansas City

136

Cleveland

135

Buffalo

133

Portland (Ore.)

129

------------- J---- ---------------------------1------ ---------------------------------------g-------------------------------------------- --------§—

--------

---------- 8------------------------------ 1
-------------------- 1
-------------------

1--------

—

--------- 1------------g------------— !----------------- 1
-----------

— 1-----

H ----------!

1

1

1

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

between tool-and-die makers and janitors was
recorded in Providence and St. Louis. Among 10
skilled trades, Dallas ranked among the 3 highestpercentage cities only in the case of automotive
mechanics, and differentials in Baltimore were also
somewhat lower than in New York.
Percentagewise, occupational wage differentials
between skilled and unskilled groups tended to be
narrowest in Providence, Cleveland, and Buffalo.
They were also relatively narrow for certain skilled
jobs in other areas: Denver (carpenters), Port­
land (electricians), and the San Francisco Bay

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Area (stationary engineers). A comparison of
intraregional and interregional variations in wage
differentials is indicated below for 2 trades that
are particularly important from the standpoint
of employment.
Lowest and highest city
______medians_______
Electricians Machinists

Northeast (New England
and Middle Atlantic)____
Middle West_____________
South____________________
Far West_________________

133-152
135-148
144-155
129-141

134-150
136-155
145-159
136-143

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

1175

OCCUPATIONAL WAGE RELATIONSHIPS

Size of establishment, as measured by total
employment, did not appear to be a significant
factor in the spread of differentials between select­
ed skilled and unskilled jobs in a city. For each
city, median percentages were computed for large
plants (over 1,000 workers), medium-size plants
(251-1,000 workers), and small plants (less than
250 workers). A comparison of the size-group
medians with the city all-manufacturing medians
showed no consistent pattern of differences.
Wage differentials in large plants were somewhat
narrower than in the small-plant groups in Cleve­
land, Milwaukee, and St. Louis; the reverse
relationship was noted in the San Francisco Bay
Area. For all cities combined, 30 percent of the
large-plant medians were identical with city allmanufacturing medians and the remainder were
nearly equally divided above and below that point.
Variations in wage relationships within a par­
ticular establishment-size group were also about
equal to those noted in the city wide data. Aver­
age point spreads in middle ranges for electricians
were: all plants, 21; medium-size plants, 20; and
large plants, 21. Corresponding averages for
machinists were 20, 23, and 18. Because of the
persistence of this degree of variation in wage
relationships among manufacturing plants in the
same labor market, an examination along industry
lines was also made.

It can be seen that the only matching of regional
ranges of city medians that will not show an over­
lap is that between the South and Far West. In
other words, for both electricians and machinists,
the highest city medians in the West were less than
minimum differentials which were found to pre­
vail in the South. The lack of a clearcut regional
pattern of relationships is also suggested in chart I.
Intracity Variation in Wage Relationships

Differences in wage relationships among manu­
facturing establishments located in the same city
were generally greater than among city medians
for the same jobs. The highest establishment
percentage for electricians exceeded the lowest
establishment percentage for the job by more than
75 points in each area. By way of contrast, city
medians for electricians ranged from 129 (Port­
land) to 155 (Memphis) and thus differed by only
26 percentage points. A summary of the middle
ranges within which half of the establishment per­
centages fell revealed that for the 15 maintenance
and power plant jobs as a group, more than half
represented a spread that exceeded 15 percentage
points. By and large, the highest degree of
uniformity in wage differentials was noted in the
large West Coast cities and the lowest degree was
found in the South.

T a b l e 2. — Occupational average hourly earnings 1 as percentages of averages for men janitors in selected manufacturing in­

dustries, late 1952-early 1953

Industry

Median establishment percentages for—
Standard
Industriai
Machin­
M echan­
Electri­
ClassificaCarpen­
main­ ics, main­
tion C ode* ters, main­ cians, main­ Engineers,
stationary ists,
tenance
tenance
tenance
tenance

Meatpacking, wholesale_______________________________ __________
Bakery products........ .............................. ............................... ................ .........
M alt liquors
_______________________ ____ _____________ ____
Broad-woven fabric mills (cotton, wool, silk, and synthetic fiber)___
Household furniture_____________________________________________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard m ills----- —
............................................
Paperboard containers and boxes__ - .... ................................... ..............
N ewspapers......... ............................................................................................
Industrial inorganic chemicals . . .
.................................................... .
Industrial organic chemicals-----. . ______ ___________________
Drugs and medicines----_ ----------------------------- -------------------- -----Petroleum refining - . ------------------ --------- ----- -------- -----------Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills. _ - - .....................
Iron and steel foundries. . . — ...................................................................
T in cans and other tinware - _
- - - ---------------------------- Machinery (except electrical)
_ _ -— ---------------------------Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial
apparatus........................ ................ ........................... ...................................
Communication equipment and related products
----. __
Motor vehicles and motor-vehicle equipment
— ..
- ..................
Aircraft and parts _ .....................................................................................
1 These percentages show the relationship between straight-time average
hourly earnings (excluding premium pay for overtime and nightwork)
for selected plant occupations in individual manufacturing industries. In
each establishment covered, the average hourly earnings for men janitors
was used as a base (100) ¡average hourly earnings for men in other occupations
were converted to a percentage of that base.


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2011
205
2082
223
251
261
267
271
281
282
283
291
331
332
341
35
361
366
371
372

166
130
127
141
130
144
130
128
135

138
137
171
149
143
130
160
189
128
135
145
133
151
136
142
141

133
141
129
130

144
149
132
138

134
133
171
138
0
(«)

130

137

138
137
167
144
145
134
153
179
130
130
147
127
154
137
147
142

137
138
135
134

146
150
133
141

146
148
160
0
(3)
(*)

(*)
0
0

139
160
129
134
141
147

Painters,
mainte­
nance

134
132
0
0

150
130
156
198
124
127
144
131
150
132
137
136
134
140
133
135

126
128
170
132
0
0

0
0

128
153
120
126
140
127
139
128
131
137
126
125

1 As defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, Volume I,
Manufacturing Industries, 1945 edition, prepared by the Bureau of the
Budget.
* Number of establishments employing workers in the occupation (and in
the janitor category) too small to justify comparisons,

1176

OCCUPATIONAL WAGE RELATIONSHIPS

Interindustry Variation in Wage Relationships

Several of the areas studied were major centers
for particular types of manufacturing activity.
These leading industries, however, are apt to be
comparatively more important in terms of workers
employed than in the total number of manufactur­
ing establishments in the area. Typically, the
industrial profile of any of the larger labor markets
includes representation of a wide variety of manu­
factures. Since in this examination of occupa­
tional wage relationships equal weight has been
given to each establishment regardless of employ­
ment, citywide occupational wage relationships
represent composite estimates that are readily
influenced by interindustry differences in wage
differentials.
Twenty major industries, together accounting
for nearly half of the manufacturing employment
in the United States, were selected for analysis
of industry levels of wage relationships between
6 skilled trades and the janitor job (table 2).
By grouping the data for these industries from all
areas studied, an examination of interindustry as
well as intraindustry variations in wage differ­
entials was possible. Some of the selected indus­
tries—e. g., bakeries, meatpacking, newspapers,
machinery manufacture, and paperboard contain­
ers and boxes—are found in all large cities. Al­
though the analysis was necessarily limited to
plants included in the occupational wage survey
samples, only the chemicals, textiles, pulp and
paper, petroleum refining, and tinware industries
were represented by less than half of the areas.7
Differences in median wage relationships be­
tween industries were found to be substantially
greater than differences in medians between areas
surveyed. For the 6 skilled maintenance and
power plant jobs for which the range of industry
medians is indicated below, the highest median
exceeded the lowest median by more than 40 per­
centage points in all except the engineer job. The
maximum differences among city medians for the
same jobs ranged from 21 to 27 points.
Range of industry medians
High Point-spread
Low

Carpenters
__
Electricians _ _ _
__
Engineers, stationary
__
Machinists______ _____ __
Mechanics
______
._
Painters.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __


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127
128
129
127
124
120

171
189
160
179
198
170

44
61
31
52
74
50

MONTHLY LABOR

The lowest median for carpenters was in the indus­
trial organic chemicals industry (127) and for ma­
chinists in petroleum refining (127), with lows for
the other jobs found in industrial inorganic chem­
icals plants. The greatest spreads (over janitors)
were recorded in the newspaper industry for elec­
tricians, machinists, and mechanics, and in the
malt liquor industry for carpenters and painters.
Most of the industry-occupational medians were
concentrated in the lower half of the scale as de­
fined by the lows and highs. Other than in news­
papers and malt liquors, median differentials that
exceeded 50 percent of the janitor’s earnings were
found only in the basic steel industry and the
paperboard c o n t a i n e r and box industry, and
these exceptions were confined to electricians,
machinists, and mechanics.
Among 7 metalworking industries, occupational
wage differentials were smallest in the motor ve­
hicle and motor-vehicle equipment industry and
greatest in the communication-equipment indus­
try. Medians for the latter, for example, exceeded
those for motor-vehicle production by as much as
17 percentage points for electricians and machin­
ists. Differentials in iron and steel foundries and
aircraft manufacture were slightly above the level
in motor vehicles but below those in the machinery,
tinware, and the electrical generating, transmis­
sion, distribution, and industrial apparatus in­
dustries.
The comparatively wide spread in the wage
structure of the newspaper and malt liquor indus­
tries is a result of the industries’ practice of paying
workers in the skilled maintenance trades sub­
stantially higher rates than those prevailing in
other manufacturing industries in the locality. A
comparison of electricians’ pay levels in newspaper
establishments with those for all manufacturing in
the same locality showed that in half of the news­
paper establishments the averages were more than
60 cents an hour above the area level for all-manu­
facturing and in most of the remainder, the wage
advantage was from 30 to 60 cents. Wages of
electricians in malt-liquor establishments tended
to be only slightly lower than in the newspaper in­
dustry. For janitors in both of these industries,
average hourly earnings in individual establish'Due to limitations of the data with respect to geographic coverage, the
measures of wage relationships presented for individual industries are neces­
sarily subject to greater error than those pertaining to individual areas
studied. Industry percentages or ranking, particularly where only minor
differences are indicated, should be viewed w ith this qualification in mind.

1177

OCCUPATIONAL WAGE RELATIONSHIPS

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

Chart 2.— Relationships between earnings of men janitors and maintenance electricians, selectedlmanufacturing
industries
2 0 LABOR MARKETS COMBINED, LATE 1952-EARLY 1953
Men Janitors=100
M e d ia n P e r c e n t a g e s an d Middle R a n g e

INDUSTRY

MEDIAN
100

W it hi n W hi ch O n e - H a l f of E st ab li sh m e n t s Fell

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

N ew spapers
Malt li q u o r s
Paperboard containers and boxes
B la s t f u r n a c e s , steel w or ks ,
a n d ro ll ing mills
B r o a d - w o v e n fa b ri c m ills (cotton,
w o o l , si lk and sy nth eti c fib er)
C o m m u n ic a t io n e qu ip m e n t
a n d re l a t e d a p p a r a t u s
D ru g s and m e d i c i n e s
El ectrical g e n e r a t i n g , t r a n s m i s s i o n ,
distribution, an d in d u s t r i a l a p p a r a t u s
Ho usehold fu r n it u r e
Tin c a n s a n d other t in w a re
M a c h i n e r y (e x c e p t e le c t r ic al )
Meat p a c k i n g , w h o l e s a l e
A i r c r a f t an d p ar ts
B a k e r y pr od u c ts
Iro n

and

stee l

fo u n d r ie s

In d u st r ia l or ga n ic c h e m ic a ls
P e t r o le u m r ef in in g
Motor v e h i c l e s and
m o t o r - v e h i c l e e q ui p m e nt
P ul p , p a p e r a n d p a p er bo a rd
I n d u s t r ia l in o r g a n ic c h e m i c a ls

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

ments were about equally divided above and below
the all-manufacturing averages.
A high proportion of the manufacturing estab­
lishments in the wage studies were operated under
terms of labor-management agreements. In some
of the industries listed in table 2, labor-manage­
ment agreements are commonly negotiated by a
single union which acts as the bargaining agent
for all wage earners, including indirect labor, in
the particular establishment. In other industries,
and to some extent in all of the industries listed,
more than one union acts as bargaining agent and
jurisdictional lines are often set on the basis of

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occupational categories, e. g., maintenance workers
may be covered by a union (or unions) other than
that which covers the production workers. In
printing, for example, virtually each major craft
is represented by a separate union. Malt liquor
establishments also generally have agreements
with several unions.8 Where an employer nego* A majority of the workers were covered by labor-management agreements
in all except one of the establishments covered in the newspaper and malt
liquor industries. Three-fourths of the newspapers and nearly half of the
malt liquor establishments had agreements with 5 or more unions. In a
few unionized establishments (principally in newspapers), janitors were
among small groups of workers that were excluded from coverage by these
agreements.

1178

OCCUPATIONAL WAGE RELATIONSHIPS

tiates with several unions, each of which bargains
only for a segment of the plant work force, the
pattern of occupational wage relationships may
well differ from situations in which the wage
structure is initially determined, and adjusted, as
a single unit.
Examination of interplant differences in wage
differentials indicated that the greatest variation
occurred in the malt liquor industry, with news­
papers and drugs and medicines ranking second
and third, respectively. The point spreads repre­
sented by the middle ranges within which half of
the establishment percentages fell amounted to
50 or more in these industries in the case of elec­
tricians (chart 2) as well as machinists. By con­
trast, middle ranges for these jobs in the automo­
tive industry covered only 5 and 9 points, respec­
tively. Other industries that can be described
as having a high degree of interplant similarity
in wage differentials, when measured in percentage
terms, are meatpacking, basic steel, machinery,
aircraft, and the chemicals industries. In these
industries, the typical plant is large and has a
formalized wage structure providing for either a
single rate or a range of rates for each job.
Reference was made earlier to the long-term
trend of narrowing relative differentials between
wages paid to skilled and unskilled workers. It
should be noted, however, that absolute differences,
as measured in cents-per-hour terms, have in­
creased during the decades under review. The
introduction of mass-production techniques and
the attendant increase in the number of workers
employed in individual plants have resulted in
the establishment of large numbers of new occupa­
tions, particularly at the semiskilled level. Many
manufacturing industries have thus experienced a
narrowing of relative differentials within a wage
structure which has become increasingly complex
by the addition of more pay levels to accommodate
new occupations. The implications in any con­
tinuance of the trend toward narrowing of relative
differentials in wages within the wage structure
can be seen by examining a particular situation
found in a large metalworking establishment.
As is common in manufacturing, this establish­
ment has a formal wage structure that provides
an established range of rates for each occupation.9
Plant jobs were grouped into 10 labor grades in
1943 with provision made for automatic 5-cent-anhour increases every 16 weeks until the maximum

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of each labor grade was reached. The number of
such wage steps ranged from one for the lowest
grade to four for the highest grade.
In 1943, the minimum rates for labor grades 10
and 1 were 75 cents and $1.25, respectively—a
wage spread of 50 cents or 67 percent between these
grades. By 1952, the wage structure had been
expanded to include 17 labor grades, and the min­
imum rates for the lowest labor grade (17) and the
highest (1) were $1.41 and $2.06 an hour. The
wage differential had increased to 65 cents in
absolute amount, but it had declined to 46 per­
cent in relative terms. The number of 5-cent wage
steps available in 1952 ranged from 1 in labor
grade 17 to 5 in labor grade 1. Measured in per­
centage terms, the value of the 5-cent adjustments
accruing to the worker through service with the
company had been nearly halved during the 9-year
period.10 Any increase in the wage increment to
reestablish the value percentagewise would, how­
ever, increase the already substantial overlap that
existed among labor grade rate ranges. Thus, the
rate of $2.06, the minimum of grade 1 was also
the maximum of grade 5. This type of overlap­
ping of 3 or 4 labor grades was noted throughout
the pay structure. The history of general wage
adjustments in this plant indicated that most but
not all such adjustments during the period re­
viewed were made on a uniform cents-per-hour
basis.
Maintenance of a balanced or aligned wage
structure is also of concern to those establish­
ments with a single rate for each job classification.
Such plans, although not confronted with the
specific problems of maintaining meaningful wage
increments according to length of service or merit,
nonetheless need to review periodically the basic
relationships between the several job grades.
Here, too, differentials may become unduly com­
pressed or may otherwise vary with the passage
of time and a series of wage adjustments. Prob­
lems of recruitment, training, or worker morale
may likewise prompt a reconsideration of the
basic components of their wage structure.
8 A summary of wage plans in 40 labor markets studied by the Bureau in
1951-52 Indicated that, for manufacturing Industries, the areas were nearly
equally divided between those in which single rates predominated and those
in which rate ranges were most prevalent. See M onthly Labor Review,
January 1953 (p. 22).
i° The first increase amounted to 6.7 percent and 4.0 percent for the lowest
and highest grades in 1943; by 1952, the amount of the adjustments had
declined to 3.5 and 2.4 percent, respectively.

Workmen’s Compensation in the United States
VII—Problems of Administration
Paul E. Gurske*

A ll

workmen ’s

compensation

jurisdictions ,

whether operating through State funds or private
insurance carriers, face essentially the same kinds
of administrative problems. These fall into two
broad types: the procedures and practices at­
tendant to hearings, and the day-to-day operating
matters. While most of the discussion in this
article relates specifically to the experience of the
Oregon State Industrial Accident Commission,
the general applicability to other situations will,
I hope, prove useful.
Authority and General Procedures for Hearings

The authority of the workmen’s compensation
commission to conduct hearings is usually con­
tained in the general powers given to the com­
mission to administer the provisions of the work­
men’s compensation act. Under the same grant,
the commission can appoint assistant commis­
sioners, experts, clerks, etc. In Oregon, each of
the three Commissioners and the assistants is
given authority to hold sessions at any place
within the State, to administer oaths, and to
provide for the service of subpenas (to which the
State circuit courts are empowered to compel
obedience and to punish any disobedience), for
the attendance of witnesses and the production
of papers, accounts and testimony, and also,
generally, for taking of testimony and for record­
ing of proceedings.
As in many other States, the Oregon legislation
does not prescribe particular rules for hearings,
and the Commission’s procedures and practices
have been developed under its broad general


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E ditor’s N ote.—Previous articles in this series
on workmen’s compensation gave an appraisal oj
legislative and administrative progress, and dis­
cussed appeals, Federal legislation, occupational
diseases, medical services, and accident prevention.
Thefinal article will deal with rehabilitation.

authority. Simplicity is the essence of good
hearings technique, and the Oregon Commission
has always adhered to a simplified procedure.
We believe that the general law of administrative
procedure, which protects the rights of all con­
cerned, gives us ample authority to proceed
without prescribing and publishing definite rules
of procedure. It is our experience that definite
rules only serve to complicate what should be an
entirely simplified and orderly procedure. There­
fore, we endeavor to eliminate all unnecessary
technicalities from our hearings, and this philosophy governs the procedures used in the different
kinds of hearings conducted by the Commission.
Types of Hearings

Whenever a fatal industrial accident occurs in
Oregon, we conduct a hearing immediately, not
necessarily for the purpose of fixing blame or
responsibility, but in order to preserve the facts
and to determine the safety factors involved,
with a view toward prevention. Similar hearings
are conducted in connection with safety factors
involved in other injuries to workmen, especially
where the circumstances are unusual. In such
hearings we usually subpena the employer and
witnesses to the accident, and the testimony is
taken under oath.
Compensation hearings are held under the
provision of the Oregon law that a workman who
is dissatisfied with the Commission’s action on
his claim may, within 60 days, petition the Com♦Chairman, Industrial Accident Commission, State of Oregon.

1179

1180

WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION

mission for a “rehearing.” The claimant’s appli­
cation for rehearing must set forth in full detail
the grounds upon which he considers the Com­
mission’s order, decision, or award unjust or
unlawful, and it must include every issue to be
considered by the Commission, as well as a general
statement of the supporting facts upon which he
relies. The claimant shall be deemed to have
waived all objections, irregularities, and illegalities
concerning the matter upon which rehearing is
sought other than those specifically set forth in
his application. Pursuant to decisions of the
Oregon Supreme Court, such petitions need not
be couched in formal legal language, but nearly
all are actually prepared by attorneys.
Upon receipt of the petition, the Commission
immediately fixes a time and place for the hearing.
Notice is sent not only to the workman and his
counsel, who usually makes an appearance, but
also to the employer.
“ Rehearing” Procedures

The procedure followed at rehearings reflects
the fact that we treat them more as administrative
investigations than as judicial trials. Technically,
the Oregon Commission has quasi-judicial func­
tions, but it is of the opinion that a board or com­
mission, being an administrative agency, should
not act as a court. Therefore, strict rules of evi­
dence, such as are applied in the courts, are not
adhered to, and great latitude is given to claimant
and counsel in presenting evidence. Further, other
than the simplified petition for rehearing already
described, no papers are required to be filed by the
claimant under Oregon law—no motions or de­
murrers, nor any written answer. If it should
appear that any matter concerning the claim is
jurisdictional, this can be stated in the hearing.
In short, in striving for a simplified procedure, we
try to subordinate the forms and rules to the sub­
stance of what should be accomplished. Our re­
hearings procedure has not been questioned over
a period of many years, and we have been con­
tinuously advised that it is entirely in accordance
with law (and specifically with the Fourteenth
Amendment to the Constitution, which provides
that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or
property without the due process of law).
We also realize that our compensation hearings
can be conducted fairly only by officers who are

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MONTHLY LABOR

unbiased, experienced, and qualified in adminis­
trative hearings procedure, nor will we permit
politics to interfere with the impartiality of our
rehearings. Hearings officers, selected on the basis
of these criteria, are called referees, and they are
instructed to conduct hearings in a completely
impartial manner and as informally as possible.
The commissioners themselves, either individually
or as a group, occasionally conduct hearings,
especially important ones. Five assistant attorneys
general who are assigned to the Commission are
available upon request to sit in on cases where it
appears that a legal problem is to be presented
which would require their immediate advice.
Most often, however, the only persons present are
the referee, claimant, his attorney, and the
reporter. The act does not require the claimant to
be represented at hearings by counsel, however,
and he may represent himself if he wishes.
In some States, it is deemed entirely proper for
the hearings officer to conduct the preliminary
examinations of the claimant and other witnesses,
giving opportunity to claimant’s counsel to ques­
tion or cross-examine those who testify. Such a
procedure does save time and also assures that all
essentials of a complete hearing are presented,
but it is used only occasionally in Oregon, where it
is not generally favored by attorneys. Our more
usual procedure is for the referee, at the outset of
the hearing, to invite counsel for claimant to state
for the record his position on the issues; this is
especially helpful to the Commission when there
are complicated issues. Counsel for claimant may
also introduce as exhibits such medical reports and
other documentary evidence as would be of aid,
without the need for formal identification or
authenticating testimony.
At some hearings, of course, the employer wishes
to register objections. Under the Oregon law,
employers’ contributions vary according to the
hazard of the industry in which they are engaged,
such as one rate for logging and another rate for
construction. (One cent per day is deducted from
the workman’s wage.) This base rate can be re­
duced up to 50 percent if the employer has a
favorable experience with respect to accident costs
over a specified period of time. If, however, his
accident costs exceed 70 percent of his contribu­
tion, then the favorable experience rating is lost.
Hence, the employer is interested in rehearings or
appeals for increased compensation. He may

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION

either appear personally or be represented by
agent or by counsel and has the privilege of
questioning the claimant and his witnesses.
At the conclusion of the hearing, if it appears
desirable because of the claimant’s physical condi­
tion or other circumstances, the referee may ar­
range for immediate further medical examination.
In many cases, too, the hearing is followed by an
informal, off-the-record discussion between the
referee and the counsel for claimant. This saves
unnecessary record and is a great aid to the Com­
mission in resolving the issues and helping the
parties to reach a satisfactory agreement. Im­
mediately after the end of the proceedings, the
referee dictates to the reporter his recommenda­
tions to the Commission and his impressions of
the claimant and the entire proceeding. The
record is forwarded at the earliest practicable time
to the main office of the Commission for review;
following this, the petition is either denied, or the
claim is reopened for appropriate action, e. g., for
further medical care, for increased compensation,
or for arranging with claimant’s counsel some
other amicable adjustment.
Other Protections for the Worker

If the workman is dissatisfied with the Com­
mission’s action upon the rehearing, within 30
days thereof he has the right to appeal to the State
circuit court. In that appeal he is limited to such
issues of law or facts as were properly included in
his petition for rehearing. The appeal is tried
de novo, and the claimant is entitled to a jury trial,
as in other civil actions. The rules of evidence,
as in civil actions, apply to these appeals.
Throughout these rehearings or court appeals,
fees for attorneys who represent the injured work­
men are contingent upon their securing an increase
in compensation. Fees are based upon an agree­
ment between the Commission and the Oregon
State Bar Association, which calls for 20 percent
of the increase, with a maximum of $750. Fees
are payable only as and when compensation is paid
to the claimant.
The worker is also protected by the fact that
the Commission’s simplification of procedures ex­
tends to the prehearings stage of claims processing.
For instance, if, when an injured workman files
his claim with the Commission, we were required
to ask him to adhere to strict court rules of evi­

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1181

dence, it is conceivable that we would have to hire
a huge staff of investigators and legally trained
people, as well as asking for the assignment of
additional assistant attorneys general. Under
such a procedure, the processing of claims would
be interminable, and the workman would be sadly
neglected at a critical time when he needs aid.
We feel that our legislature never intended this to
happen, and hence we act on reasonable and re­
liable information, especially where the employer
and the first medical doctor furnish acceptable
proof showing the relationship of the accident to
employment and of the injury to the accident.
Over and above all these protective measures,
the Oregon act provides that an injured workman
who has filed a valid claim may, within 2 years of
the first closing order, reopen his claim for further
benefits in the event his condition becomes ag­
gravated. Following the 2-year period, the Com­
mission may reopen any claim on its own motion
for additional benefits if the treating doctor ad­
vises the Commission that the workman has devel­
oped further disability which has a causal connec­
tion with the worker’s original accident. Thus,
the door of the Commission is always open to the
injured workman and to his counsel and to his
employer to assist the Commission in accomplish­
ing speedy justice to the injured workman and to
his ultimate rehabilitation.
Operating Problems

For many workmen’s compensation adminis­
trators the extent of the pay lag is the most
persistent and omnipresent problem. Its causes,
in turn, embrace many of the problems encoun­
tered in the benefits or claims payment section—
such as claims flow, filing, accounting procedures,
and personnel utilization.

Pay Lag. Herbert W. J. Hargrave in Michelbacher’s “ C a s u a l t y I n s u r a n c e Principles”
(McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York and
London, 1930) states: “ The highest duty of the
claims man is so to organize his department that
compensation benefits will be paid with exact
promptitude, as the desired effect of the legislation
is lost if the injured does not receive the benefits
until a considerable period after the time he is
entitled thereto.”
This promptitude, or rather, the lack of it, is

1182

WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION

called pay lag in the field of workman’s compensa­
tion and is defined as the period between the date
of accident and the date of first payment. Pay
lag can be broken down into three periods: (1)
from the date of accident to the date of receipt of
the claim form; (2) from the latter date to the
date upon which enough information is supplied
to permit positive action on the claim; and (3)
from the time action can be taken to the date of
payment. Each contributes to the extent of time
lag, and at first glance it would seem that the
administrator can do little except reduce the third
period. In Oregon, the administrator has little
or no direct control over the greater part of the
time lag since it occurs prior to actual processing
of the claim.
That period between the date of injury and the
date of receipt of claim in many cases is unneces­
sarily lengthy, with the major part of the lag
directly traceable to either the employer or the
treating physician, each being required, in Oregon,
to fill out one section of the workman’s claim.
Too often, the usual aversion of physicians to
“ paperwork” is reflected in withheld claims,
sketchy and insufficient data regarding type and
extent of injury, and tardy reports. Oregon
attempted at one time to improve this situation
by paying a premium for the first call by a doctor
if his report was submitted in 48 hours. However,
administrative problems created by the tide of
partially completed claim forms, i. e., the doctor’s
section only, and the attendant confusion created
by misspelled names, soon necessitated changes in
the procedure under which the premium was paid.
Claims are delayed by the employer to a much
lesser degree. In those States where a statutory
time limit, with penalties for late filing, is placed
upon the employer for reporting an injury to a
workman, very little time lag is noted.
Because of the utterly impersonal system pecul­
iar to a State fund, proper and complete filling
out of the claim forms is vital in the determination
of the time-loss payment due the injured worker.
Although Oregon’s “ three way” claim form
clearly states that all questions should be answered,
nearly 14 percent of all claims presented in Oregon
require additional information prior to validation
or payment. Workmen are prone to omit such
highly important data as date, time, and place of
accident, the mechanics of the accident, and other


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MONTHLY LABOR

information which would help the underwriter
to establish the validity of the claim. Also the
marital and dependency status and period of time
loss, both of which are required to determine the
rate and amount of compensation, are frequently
ignored. These omissions may be due to inad­
vertence or carelessness, or they may be inten­
tional. Perhaps they can be attributed to the
average American citizen’s passion for privacy,
i. e., a “ th a t’s none of your business” attitude, or
to fear of an imagined “ bureaucracy bent on
denying rightful benefits.” Correspondence to
obtain information which should be contained on
the claim form is both time-consuming and expen­
sive, even when confined to form letters, and
pyramids an unnecessary addition upon already
high costs. This problem is especially complicated
in Oregon because of the unique “ no waiting
period” provision of the law, which generates a
greater percentage of time-loss claims than nor­
mally found in States that have a waiting period.
An extensive educational program, involving
the cooperation of the press, labor and manage­
ment periodicals, labor organizations, medical
professional groups, and the safety committees of
employer and employee groups, is essential in
eliminating these contributory causes of excessive
pay lag.
That part of the time lag which occurs after all
information needed to process the claim is in the
hands of the Commission, while shorter than the
two periods previously discussed, is the most
important to the administrator, for it is the one
over which he has nearly complete control. Con­
tinual scrutiny of the whole claims processing
operation can result in many savings of time, and
consequently, costs.
Claims Flow. As an example, we have found that
transportation of claims in the course of processing
them, while seemingly insignificant, presents a
very real problem, and one which can benefit from
minute inspection. The location of sections, and
of personnel within the various sections, is de­
pendent upon the flow of claims, and a thorough
initial study of the problem must be made and
the results perused frequently.
The average employee works most accurately
and speedily in the morning. He also works
better with a relatively small amount of work

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION

always ahead of him ; if his desk is piled high with
work, a peculiar feeling of frustration slows him,
down. Thus, we deliver only moderate amounts
of files, and the deliveries are more frequent in the
morning than in the afternoon. Further, we have
noted that the performance of successive steps in
claims processing at adjacent desks eliminates the
need of personnel for delivery and actually stim­
ulates employee efficiency when proper supervision
is applied. Such a procedure requires stringent
personnel screening to insure that employees in
the “chain” have nearly equal productive capacity
in order to avoid a “pile-up” of claims. In
addition, of course, personnel must be selected
with a view to eliminating personality conflicts as
far as possible and to stimulating a friendly rivalry
for attained efficiency among the employees, a
condition not difficult to foster in a continuous
flow procedure. The one drawback to this pro­
cedure—the obvious tendency of employees to
engage in excessive extraneous conversation—can
be kept at a minimum through careful supervision.
Filing System. Filing, regarded by many persons
only as a necessary evil, is the very backbone of
an administration’s efficiency, because without an
accurate and easily accessible filing system, the
myriad pieces of mail which are received daily on
current and closed claims could not be processed
properly. Further, under the Oregon law, claim
files (or microfilms thereof) must be kept indefi­
nitely, because the Commission may reopen a
claim at any time regardless of the period of time
which has elapsed since the date of injury, because
of aggravation of the worker’s physical condition
if, in the opinion of medical advisers, there is
sufficient causal relationship to the original injury.
After experiencing considerable difficulty be­
cause of the unavailability of files, Oregon adopted
a procedure which insures that all claims, except
those actively being processed, are in file and
which, therefore, enables personnel to file mail and
other documents and to pull claims for action far
faster than formerly. Before the change, depart­
ment heads, wanting to insure possession of files
upon which action was pending, started depart­
mental filing systems as an expedient. The filing
system soon was composed of a little-used main
file and many small departmental files, which
increased the time required for filing and hindered


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1183

the free flow of needed claims. Our partial
solution of the problem was to move the general
files to a more central location in the Claims
Division, flatly abolish the little departmental
files, and require the department heads to request
only those files needed for current processing,
which were to be returned to the general file
immediately upon completion of processing and
not held while action was pending. This pro­
hibition of departmental files aids materially in
reducing the time lag.
Checking and Accounting Procedures. The actual
processing of a claim is a relatively standardized
procedure, and very little can be done to speed up
the method. Certain questions on the claim form
must be answered properly before the claims can
be processed. However, the very fact that the
same questions—in the same location on all claim
forms—must be answered on every claim led us
to consider a new system of checking. Why not
construct a cut-out card for each claims man to
place over the claim form which would blank out
all items except those to be checked by him, thus
blotting out all distractions for each job in the
chain of processing? One minor drawback to this
ingenious device is the periodic receipt of claims
on forms issued many years ago, which cannot
be processed in this way. Application of the pro­
cedure is also hindered for a time following any
change in the claim form which, in any event,
requires that all employers, doctors, and employee
groups be circularized explaining the new form,
instructed to destroy old forms, and furnished a
supply of the new form, which is a somewhat
costly operation. This method requires much
planning, research, and reallocation of work
among processing personnel, but may be a key
to attaining greater efficiency.
The production of checks for claimants, doctors,
hospitals, and other medical auxiliaries [a problem
only for State fund jurisdictions] was very timeconsuming until we installed a complete punchcard system, because the allocation of costs to each
employer’s account, to each rate class, as well as
to each claim, created a huge clerical problem.
Now, not only does the fund more quickly produce
checks for all types of payments, but the account­
ing department can give more prompt notifications
of claim costs chargeable to an employer’s account,

1184

WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION■

of contributions due, or of contributions received.
Also, the resummarization of all claim costs paid
and contributions received and allocation to the
various rate classifications and periods involved is
a fast, almost automatic process. And, inasmuch
as the computations are an adjunct of the cash
received and the claim costs paid or awards setup,
all statistical byproducts of the system can be
balanced. The change also settled the argument
between the accounting and actuarial divisions
regarding priority of processing and information,
because the production for each was nearly simul­
taneous. It also brought the funds to full use of
punchcard equipment for all accounting, both fiscal
and administrative. Although the step is a very
great one, we would recommend that other State
funds investigate the advantages of changing to
machine accounting.
Personnel. We realize that without proper, welltrained personnel, all the administrative and edu­
cational panaceas go for naught. It is a subject
about which all administrators can moan in
unison.
Much of the difficulty encountered by a State
workmen’s compensation administrator can be
traced directly to relatively low personnel utiliza­
tion which results from low personnel standards
or high personnel turnover, or both. Legislators


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are prone to regard workmen’s compensation as
just another governmental function requiring the
usual run of clerical employees, whereas it is a
highly specialized field of casualty insurance, re­
quiring experienced, well-trained personnel. In
many instances, compensation administrations
have become free training schools for private enter­
prise, because many exemplary workers, after they
have become proficient, have been induced to leave
public employment for the more adequate salaries
paid by private business. Most of those remain­
ing fall into the categories of either dedicated
public servants or marginal employees. The solu­
tion of this problem also lies in an educational
program—one directed to the public and to the
legislators who control the purse strings either
through appropriation or budget review.
One sidelight of the general problem of personnel
utilization is the definite tendency for inter­
viewers who listen to the complaints of injured
workmen over a long period of time to become so
calloused that they lose their perspective and
objectivity in judging the facts presented. Oregon
has solved the problem by periodically shifting
the interviewers to other jobs for which they are
qualified. This policy has improved our public
relations with claimants by assuring a sympathetic
but objective hearing, and has increased the effi­
ciency of the employees involved.

Summaries of Studies and Reports

State Labor Legislation
in 1953
legislatures of 44 States and the 3 Terri­
tories met in regular session in 1953, and a sub­
stantial number of labor laws were enacted,1 as
shown in the accompanying table. Among the
changes resulting in improved standards were laws
raising workmen’s compensation benefits in Alaska,
Hawaii, and 31 States; the adoption of occupa­
tional disease coverage in Kansas and Oklahoma;
a new act to regulate private employment agencies
in Alaska; a New York child-labor amendment
raising standards in street trades; and laws in
Alaska and Kansas to prevent discrimination in
employment on account of race, creed, or national
origin. Statutory minimum wage rates were
raised in New Hampshire and Hawaii for
men, women, and minors, and in Nevada for
women and minor girls. Laws were enacted in
California, Nevada, and Oregon authorizing the
State labor departments to enter into reciprocal
agreements for the collection of wage claims.

T he

Workmen’s Compensation
All but 5 of the jurisdictions with legislatures
meeting in 1953 amended their workmen’s com­
pensation laws. Kansas and Oklahoma both
adopted occupational disease coverage for the first
time. All workmen’s compensation laws, except
those of Mississippi and Wyoming, now include
coverage of some or all occupational diseases: Full
coverage in 26 States, Alaska, Hawaii, and the
Federal laws; schedule coverage in 20 States and
Puerto Rico.
Following the trend to higher benefits under
workmen’s compepsation laws, benefits of one or
more types were raised in Alaska, Hawaii, and 31
States.2 Maximum weekly benefits for temporary
total disability, the most common Type of dis­

ability, were raised in 21 States. Most of these
increases amounted to $3 a week, with the largest
increase ($10) in South Carolina, where the weekly
maximum benefit was raised to $35. Four
States—Connecticut, Idaho, North Dakota, and
Wisconsin—raised such benefits to $40 or more a
week. Alaska, which formerly had no maximum
weekly limit for this type of disability, adopted a
maximum of $75 a week. Altogether, 11 work­
men’s compensation laws now provide maximum
weekly benefits of $40 or more for temporary total
disability.
The maximum percentages of wages to be used
in computing weekly benefits were raised from
66% to 80 percent in North Dakota, from 70 to 80
percent in Nevada, from 50 to 60 percent in Con­
necticut, and from 50 to 66% percent in Colorado.
Funeral benefits were raised in 12 States and 2
Territories, and maximum medical benefits were
increased in 5 of the 18 States that place a limit
on such benefits.
Coverage under the laws was extended in 11
States and Alaska. Massachusetts adopted com­
pulsory coverage for nonseasonal agricultural and
domestic workers, retaining elective coverage for
agricultural and domestic workers who are casual
or seasonal employees. In Oregon, logging and
sawmilling on a farm, when performed by work­
men other than those regularly employed on the
farm, is now covered by the act. Voluntary un­
paid workers in State institutions were added to
coverage in Minnesota; firemen and policemen
under certain conditions in Indiana; employees of
cities, towns, and villages in Texas; reserve mem­
bers of State police while on active duty in
Nevada; officers and executives of corporations
1 A State-by-State analysis of labor laws passed in 1953 w ill be given in a
forthcoming Bureau of Labor Standards bulletin: N o. 171, Annual Digest of
State and Federal Labor Laws, 1953.
2 California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Illinois,
Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana,
Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, N ew Hampshire, N ew Jersey, North Carolina,
North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South
Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, W est Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

1185

276361—53 ----------- 3


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MONTHLY LABOR

STATE LABOR LEGISLATION

1186

in North Carolina; road commissioners in Ver­
mont; employers actively engaged in their own
businesses in Colorado; Department of Social
Welfare employees whose employment is extra
hazardous in Kansas; and employees of certain
welfare districts in Massachusetts. Alaska ex­
tended coverage to employees of employers having
1 or more, rather than 3 or more, employees. In
Washington, the Director of Fisheries was author­
ized to procure compensation insurance for addi­
tional protection of employees who are engaged as
peace officers.

The Second Injury Fund provision was amended
in Oklahoma, Wisconsin, and Hawaii. Oklahoma
provided for lump-sum payments from the Second
Injury Fund, formerly prohibited. Hawaii broad­
ened the application of the Second Injury Fund by
providing that any injury resulting in permanent
partial disability is compensable under the Fund
when, combined with a previous disability, it
causes permanent total disability; formerly, pay­
ments from the Fund were made only in case of
loss of a hand, foot, or eye when the employee had
previously lost a member. Wisconsin provided

State labor laws 'passed in 1953, by jurisdiction and subject

Jurisdiction

Work­ Indus­
Wage Indus­
trial
men's
com­ health stand­ trial re­
lations
ards
and
pensa­
tion i safety 1

Arizona---------------------Arkansas----- ------- -----California_____________
Colorado_____________
Connecticut ---------- -—
Delaware. -----------------Florida-----------------------

X

Idaho------------------- -—
Illinois -----------------------Indiana— — -------------Kansas -- -----------------

x
x
x
x
X

Maine . . —-----------------M aryland----------- -----Massachusetts------------M ichigan----------- . . . —
Minnesota---- -------------

X
x
X
x
x

M issouri
M ontan a.------------------

x
x

N ebraska ---------. . . -----N evada.________ _____
N ew H am pshire..-----—
N ew Jersey. . . . . . ---- . . .
New Mexico-----. . . —
NTew Y o r k ..— _________
North Carolina.—.. . . . . ANUI til l/a K U tu ... ---

x
X
x
X
x

x
x
x

X
X

x

Ohio
Oklahoma.—-------------Oregon--------- . . . — . —
P ennsyl vania-------------Ronth Carolina
DULAL11 JOdJiUtd.-----------T ennessee ---------------—
Texas------- ----------------T
uT+taV* a
n
— .. — V ermont— --------------TVashington--------- -----TVest Virginia----- ------TVisconsin------------------TVy oming _-------------------------------Haw aii-----------------------

A Iq q It q .
Alaoiva......

X
X
X
x
X

x
x
x
x
x
x
X
x
X
X

x

x
X

x
X

X

X

X

X

X

x
x

X

X
X
X
X
X
X

x

X

X

X

x

X

X

X

X

X

X
X
X

x
x
x

x
x
x
X

X

x
x

x
x

x

x

X
X

X

X

X

x
x
x

x
x

x

x
x

X
X

X
X

X

X

X
X

X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X

.

X

X
X

X
.

X

X

x

x

X

X

x

x

X
X
X

X
X

X

X
X
X

X

X

x

X
X
X
X

X

X

X

x

i Committees were created or continued in 16 States to study workmen’s
compensation, safety laws, State organization, or problems of discrimination
in employment. The 16 States were: Calif., Colo., Conn., 111., Kans., Mass.,
M ich., M inn., M ont., Nebr., N . Y ., N . Dak., Ohio, S. C., Utah, Wash.


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X
X

X

x
X

X

X

X

X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

x

x
x

X

X

X

X

x
x
x

X

X
X

P ay­
U n­
ment Tempo­
rary dis­ employ­
for
Time
ment
off for phys­ ability
insur­
voting ical ex­ insur­
ance*
amina­ ance *
tions

X

x

x
x
x

X

X
x
x
X

Child
Emer­ Private Discrim­ Depart­ Indus­
labor
trial
Hours gency employ­ ination in ments
and
home­
of
school of work relaxa­ ment employ­
work
labor1
ment
i
agencies
tions
attend­
ance

X

X
X

X

X
X

!
s Unemployment insurance and temporary disability insurance laws not
discussed in article.
.
3 No regular session during 1953.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

STATE LABOR LEGISLATION

that the Second Injury Fund shall apply only when
the injury involves payment of benefits for 250
weeks, instead of 150 weeks as formerly.
A Disabled Workmen’s Relief Fund was created
in Ohio, from which persons whose workmen’s
compensation benefits are less than $25 a week
may be paid the difference between the benefit
amount and $25. Such disabled persons are to be
designated by the Industrial Commission.
Workmen’s compensation laws in 4 States
and Alaska provided for, or broadened provisions
relating to, vocational rehabilitation. The Alaska
Industrial Board was authorized to provide voca­
tional rehabilitation by making cooperative ar­
rangements with insurance carriers, private or­
ganizations, and Government agencies, the expense
of retraining to be paid from the portion of the
Second Injury Fund that exceeds $10,000. Maxi­
mum benefits of $50 a month were provided for
maintenance, with a $3,000 limitation on payments
for rehabilitation, maintenance, and transporta­
tion.
Minnesota created a Bureau of Workmen’s
Rehabilitation under the control of the Division
of Workmen’s Compensation. The bureau was
directed to give prompt study to the possibilities
of rehabilitation for each injured worker, to
inform the worker of facilities and services avail­
able, and to notify the Vocational Rehabilitation
Director in the Department of Education of the
case.
Maximum benefits payable to the dependents
of an injured worker during his rehabilitation were
increased from $15 to $25 a week in North Dakota.
A Florida amendment provided that, if the In­
dustrial Commission determines that an injured
worker can be rehabilitated and if the worker
refuses, without reasonable cause, to undertake
the recommended training or educational program,
the commission may suspend, reduce, or limit the
benefits otherwise payable. The Industrial Com­
mission of Ohio was authorized to expend up to
$25,000 a year for the operation of the State
rehabilitation center.
A Wisconsin amendment specified that an em­
ployer’s failure to reasonably enforce compliance
with safety laws or orders by the employees shall
constitute noncompliance on the part of the em­
ployer. This will make the employer liable for
additional compensation payments to an employee
injured because of the noncompliance.

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1187

Private Employment Agencies

A new act regulating private employment
agencies was passed in Alaska; it applied to all
private employment agencies, including contrac­
tors and subcontractors, except certain nonprofit
organizations. The act required each agency to
obtain a license from the Commissioner of Labor
after meeting specified requirements and posting
bond between $1,000 and $10,000. It authorized
the Commissioner to set a maximum schedule of
fees, to issue rules and regulations, and to enforce
the act. Further, the act prohibited specified
practices, such as splitting fees, sending out
applicants without a bona fide request, and placing
children in violation of the child-labor laws.
The Oregon private employment agency law
was repealed, and a new one enacted. The new
act retained coverage for labor contractors;
added a definition of “labor contractor” as a person
who, for a charge for service, employs anyone to
work for a third person; and defined “ charge for
service” to include, for example, such charges
as the difference between the amount received
and the amount paid to farm laborers. The act
omitted the former schedule of maximum place­
ment fees, requiring instead that fee schedules be
filed with the Commissioner. Included in the act
was a list of prohibited practices similar to those
in the Alaska act.
Child Labor

Over 100 bills directly affecting child labor
were introduced in the State legislatures this year
but only a few passed.
A New York act raised from 12 to 14 years
the minimum age for boys in street trades, retain­
ing the present minimum of 12 for carrier boys.
The act also set a maximum of 4 hours a day for
employment in street trades outside school hours
on schooldays, and 5 hours on days when school
is not in session.
An amendment to the New Hampshire childlabor law reduced the minimum age from 14 to
12 years for work as golf caddies and for boys
delivering newspapers after 5 a. m. The Florida
minimum age was reduced from 12 to 10 years
for nonfactory work outside of school hours.
Another Florida act authorized the Industrial
Commission to grant waivers of any provision

1188

STATE LABOR LEGISLATION

of the child-labor law which bars employment
of minors between 12 and 16 years of age outside
school hours or minors between 16 and 21 at any
time, if necessary for the minor to help support
himself or his family.
California, Delaware, and Florida amended
the workmen’s compensation provisions covering
benefits for minors injured while illegally em­
ployed. A California amendment prohibited an
employer from insuring against his liability for
the additional benefits due a minor under 16
years of age who was injured while illegally
employed. Under the Florida law, which formerly
required double compensation, the employer is
to pay such additional compensation as the Com­
mission may determine, but not more than
double. Delaware extended its workmen’s com­
pensation law to cover illegally employed minors.
They are to receive the same compensation as if
legally employed; formerly, illegally employed
minors were excluded from the act.
Four States—Illinois, Minnesota, Nebraska,
and New Hampshire—strengthened their com­
pulsory school-attendance laws by tightening the
exemptions under which children may leave school.
Discrimination in Employment

Two new laws were passed this year to prevent
discrimination in employment on account of race,
creed, or national origin. Alaska passed a law
of the mandatory type, defining unlawful employ­
ment practices and authorizing the Department
of Labor to enforce the law. In Kansas, an
Antidiscrimination Commission was created to
use the educational approach to this problem.
This makes 4 States—Colorado, Indiana, Kansas,
and Wisconsin a—that have the educational type
of law; and 9 jurisdictions—Alaska, Connecticut,
Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Mexico, New
York, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Washington—
that have the mandatory fair employment prac­
tice acts.
An amendment to the Indiana law defined
certain unfair labor practices, authorized the
Commissioner of Labor to appoint a director of
fair employment practices, and exempted em­
ployers of fewer than 6 persons.
a since this article was prepared, information has been received that the
Wisconsin Industrial Commission has issued a determination as to what
constitutes violations under the act.


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Wage Standards

The statutory minimum wage was raised in
Hawaii, New Hampshire, and Nevada. In
Hawaii and New Hampshire, the laws apply to
men, as well as to women and minors. The mini­
mum in Hawaii was raised from 40 to 65 cents an
hour in the City and County of Honolulu, and to
55 cents an hour in other counties, and the pro­
vision permitting lower rates for children 14 years
of age and under was deleted. The New Hamp­
shire minimum was raised from 50 to 60 cents an
hour, with a minimum of 50 cents set for theater
ushers and pinboys in bowling alleys, and the
minimum for learners and handicapped persons
raised from 35 to 45 cents an hour. The mini­
mum wage rate in the Nevada law, which applies
only to women and girls, was'raised from 50 to 75
cents an hour for experienced workers, and from
$3 to $5 for an 8-hour day for workers during a
3-month probationary period.
A Massachusetts amendment removed from its
minimum wage law the provision which exempt­
ed employees of nonprofit or charitable organi­
zations, as well as casual help and ushers not
coming under the recreational minimum wage
order.
A Connecticut law, permitting wage deduc­
tions for union dues under a collective bargaining
contract, was amended to permit such deductions
also when authorized by the individual employee,
and to legalize deductions for initiation fees under
the same conditions. The Connecticut equal-pay
law was amended to permit employers to consider
length of service and merit ratings as factors in
determining wage or salary rates.
A new development in wage-claim legislation
during 1953 occurred in California, Nevada, and
Oregon. Labor departments in these States were
authorized to enter into reciprocal agreements for
the collection of wage claims when claims arising
in one State are to be collected in another. Under
another California law, the Labor Commissioner
was authorized to take assignments of claims for
workmen’s compensation awards. A Connecticut
law authorized the Labor Commissioner to take
assignments of wage claims in cases of wages due
under the equal-pay law.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

STATE LABOR LEGISLATION

1189

Emergency Relaxations

Industrial Health and Safety

Illinois, North Carolina, and South Carolina
revived laws authorizing emergency relaxations
that had been in effect during World War II.
Ohio, Indiana, New York, and Massachusetts
extended or made permanent acts previously
passed to authorize emergency relaxations.
One Illinois law that was revived authorizes
the Department of Labor to grant emergency
permits to employers permitting a 10-hour day
and 54-hour week for women, for 10 weeks in any
one year; the other authorizes a 7-day week,
rather than a 6-day week for men and women, but
not for more than 2 consecutive weeks or for more
than 8 weeks in any one year. These two laws
are to remain in effect until the termination of the
present national emergency. The new North
Carolina act is the same as its former Emergency
War Powers Act of 1943, and is effective until
March 1, 1955. It provides that the Governor,
when the General Assembly is not in session, may
suspend or modify laws concerning labor and
industry, subject to specified conditions. In
South Carolina, the Labor Commissioner is
authorized, during the present national emer­
gency period and subject to the same conditions
provided in the 1942 act, to issue permits for
Sunday work in textile plants or in other indus­
tries engaged in producing or processing goods
for national defense under Government contract.
An Ohio act—extended for 2 years—sets a
minimum age of 18 for certain hazardous occupa­
tions, suspends the 10 p. m. to 6 a. m. nightwork
prohibition for girls between 18 and 21 years of
age, permits girls 16 and 17 to work until 9 p. m.,
and suspends certain standards for women.
Indiana made permanent its relaxation provision
permitting girls 16 and 17 years old to work until
9 p. m. New York and Massachusetts each
extended for 1 year their acts authorizing relaxa­
tions of certain labor laws during emergency
periods. Massachusetts, however, changed the
application of its law from women and all minors
to women and minors 16 years of age and over.
The New York law has applied to persons 16 years
of age and over since its passage.

In Hawaii and 6 States—Nevada, Oklahoma,
Oregon, Utah, Vermont, and Wisconsin—the
duties of agencies administering certain industrial
health and safety laws were expanded.
A Nevada law specified that the Labor Com­
missioner shall act in an advisory capacity to the
Industrial Commission in its formulation of safety
standards and that he shall enforce these stand­
ards. Oklahoma approved an occupational dis­
ease reporting program to be administered by the
State Commissioner of Health, who is also author­
ized to join with the Commissioner of Labor and
with industrial and employee organizations in
detecting and preventing health hazards. The
Oregon Industrial Accident Commission was
authorized to post notices prohibiting further use
of unsafe machines or premises.
A revision of the public health code in Utah
authorized the State Department of Health to
issue sanitary regulations for factories and work­
shops. Formerly, authority for such regulation
was limited to industrial, labor, or construction
camps.
The Wisconsin Industrial Commission was
authorized to inspect refrigerator plants, elevators,
and dumbwaiters in addition to boilers, and to
examine building plans for factories, mercantile
buildings, warehouses, and other types of build­
ings. In Vermont, the authority of the Commis­
sioner of Industrial Relations was extended to
include inspection of hospitals, schools, institu­
tions, and other places of business where persons
are employed, for the purpose of examining the
methods of safety protection for employees.
Formerly, inspection was limited to factories,
mills, and workshops. Hawaii granted to the
Commissioner of Labor and Industrial Relations
rulemaking power on explosives.
Among measures providing greater protection
against specific hazards were the following: An
Arkansas amendment requiring the State Fire
Marshal to make fire inspections of factories
where 10 or more persons are employed; a
Minnesota law prohibiting use in dusting molds
of material containing silica dust; a Washington


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1190

STATE LABOR LEGISLATION

law prohibiting attachment to utility poles of
advertising signs or other objects which might
endanger electrical workers; a New Hampshire
law establishing certain requirements for scaffold­
ing; a California law requiring trucks for trans­
porting workmen to be equipped with seats
securely fastened to the vehicle, a railing at least
30 inches above the floor, and steps so that the
vehicle may be safely mounted and dismounted.
Industrial Relations

More bills affecting industrial relations were
introduced in the legislatures during 1953 than
in the past several years. “ Right-to-work” bills
were introduced in 15 States; but only one, in
Alabama, was enacted into law. This was the
second “right-to-work” act to be passed since
1947, the year the majority of such laws were
enacted. Altogether, 14 States 3 prohibit closed
shops, union shops, and maintenance-of-member­
ship agreements in private industry.
A number of States passed new acts or amended
former acts in other fields of industrial relations
legislation. A North Dakota act repealed former
provisions governing representation or strike
elections and requiring unions to file financial and
other information with the secretary of state. In
addition, it set up a procedure for mediation of
labor disputes by tripartite labor dispute boards
appointed by the Governor upon the request of
the Labor Division of the Department of Agri­
culture and Labor. An Oregon law created a
Division of Labor Elections, headed by a labor
examiner to be appointed by the Governor, to
conduct representation elections and to investigate
complaints of unlawful practices under the act;
it repealed the 1947 law which authorized the
Commissioner of Labor to hold strike elections.
Acts regulating picketing were passed in Arkansas,
North Dakota, and Oregon.
Other Significant Legislation

Two States, Montana and North Dakota, made
it unlawful for an employer to require an employee
or applicant to pay for a medical examination


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MONTHLY LABOR

required as a condition of employment. Such
laws are now in effect in Alaska and 20 States.4
One new State, Tennessee, was added to the
list of those providing time off from work to vote.
California and Missouri amended their laws to
reduce the time that might be taken for this pur­
pose without pay.
Laws regulating hours of work for women were
amended in 8 States. Three of the States added
exemptions: California, laboratory technologists
and technicians in hospitals; Tennessee, women
in telephone offices; and Texas, women in banks.
Connecticut clarified the exemption for executives
in retail stores, and Maine, the exemption for
executives’ office assistants. In Nebraska, the
application of the law was changed from employers
in metropolitan areas to employers throughout the
State who employ more than 25 persons. New
York authorized the Labor Commissioner to per­
mit women over 21 to work between midnight
and 6 a. m. in multiple-shift factories; and Nevada
reduced from 24 to 13 the spread of hours in
which women may be employed 8 hours.
Clerical work done in a home was exempted
from coverage of the New York industrial home­
work law. Illinois, on the other hand, increased
coverage of its homework law by adding the
processing of metal springs and the processing of
any other article determined by the Department
of Labor to be injurious to the health of the home­
worker or which would make difficult the enforce­
ment of labor standards for factory workers in
the industry.
In addition, study committees were created or
continued by legislative action in 16 States. These
committees are to study workmen’s compensation
laws, safety laws, State organization, or problems
of discrimination in employment.
— B e a t r ic e M cC o n n e l l
Bureau of Labor Standards
* Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Nebraska, Nevada,
North Carolina, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and
Virginia.
* Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, M ich­
igan, Minnesota, Montana, N ew Hampshire, N ew Jersey, North Carolina,
North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia,
and Wisconsin.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

Operations of the ICFTU
During 1951-53
“ P e r h a p s th e m o st strik in g fea tu re in th e in te r­
n a tio n a l free tra d e-u n io n m o v e m e n t” d u rin g th e

2 years ending in mid-1953 was “ the generous
response to the appeal for contributions” to the
special regional activities fund of the International
Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU),
according to the general secretary’s report to the
1953 ICFTU congress.1 Largely owing to the
fund, ICFTU operations in the various regions
expanded sharply—both in size and in scope.
Having emphasized gathering of information and
planning in the 1949-51 period, the regional pro­
gram was “ characterized by a wide range of prac­
tical organization measures” in 1951-53. In
keeping with this development, the role of the
regional organizations broadened greatly. Estab­
lished primarily to permit maximum decentral­
ization, these bodies undertook major programs to
“ organize the unorganized” in underdeveloped
areas as well as action at the regional level on
economic and social problems. Thus, the general
secretary noted, the regional activities had reached
the point where a “ tentative approach started in
1949 has developed from the experimental stage
into an integral part of the ICFTU ’s structure.”
Organizational Growth

Expanded regional operations brought the
ICFTU many new affiliations—almost exclusively
from underdeveloped areas. Financial resources,
which had been such a limiting factor that the 1951
congress had both increased dues and established
the special regional fund, also rose sharply.
A total of 23 organizations claiming well over
3 million members joined the ICFTU between the
Milan congress in July 1951 and the Stockholm
congress in July 1953.2 Growth in the claimed
membership of organizations previously affiliated
further raised the international’s total membership
by more than a million. This was a substantially
greater increase than that between the founding
congress in December 1949 and July 1951, when
the ICFTU added 18 new affiliates and about 2
million members. During both periods, however,
member organizations in individual countries


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1191

OPERATIONS OF IGFTTJ

merged into stronger single federations, so that
the net increase in number of affiliates was some­
what smaller than the number of new organiza­
tions (see table 1). The net 1951-53 addition
to claimed membership was also lessened by the
withdrawal in 1952 of two Mexican federations
claiming nearly 400,000 members—the only with­
drawals since the international’s founding. (They
amalgamated with two other organizations to
form a new federation which maintained friendly
relations with the ICFTU.)
T able

1.— IC F T U membership, December 19^9-July 1953

Period

December 1949 _________________________
July 1951.......... .....................................................
July 1953______________________ _________
N et increase:
December 1949-July 1951_____________
July 1951-July 1953'.____ _____________

Organi­
zations

Approx­
imate Countries
claimed or terri­
member­
tories
ship i

67
»83
102

Millions
48.0
50.1
54.2

51
66
77

16
19

2.1
4.1

15
11

1 Figures are the most recent available at the date indicated.
2 Excludes the Confederation of Mexican Workers, claiming over a million
members at that time, which was accepted in 1951 (and included in IC F T U
membership figures) but failed to put its affiliation into effect. It affiliated
in 1952.

Only 4 of the 23 new affiliates claimed more than
100,000 members and nearly half had less than
10,000. Their addition broadened the ICFTU’s
contacts substantially, however, for they included
organizations from 11 countries or territories in
which the ICFTU previously had had no affiliate.
All but 2 were from the underdeveloped regions.
The vast majority were Latin American or Carib­
bean organizations, reflecting the effectiveness of
the activities of the Inter-American Regional
Organization of Workers (ORIT); a few were from
Africa or the Middle East, but only 1 was from
Asia.
The rise in number and size of affiliations ac­
counted for some of the increase in ICFTU funds
during the period under review, and part was due
to the 25-percent increase in dues. Far more im­
portant, however, was the regional activities fund.
1 General Secretary’s Report and Financial Reports to the Third World
Congress of the IC F T U , Brussels, M ay 1953. IC F T U activities carried out
between July 1951 and M ay 1953 are described, as well as plans for future
operations. For discussion of the 1951 and 1953 congresses, see M onthly
Labor Review, September 1951 (pp. 265 and 270) and October 1953 (p. 1055),
respectively.
2 For both 1951 and 1953, membership figures include organizations accepted
into affiliation at the July executive board meeting immediately preceding
the congress as well as those listed in the general secretary’s report.

1192

OPERATIONS OF ICFTU

As of March 31, 1953, affiliates in 14 countries and
13 International Trade Secretariats (ITS) had
contributed or pledged more than enough to meet
the $700,000 goal for the fund’s initial 3-year
operation. The CIO was one of the major con­
tributors to the fund and was represented on the
committee set up to manage it; the AFL had not
yet contributed, although its Free Trade Union
Committee, which itself maintained representa­
tives to assist unions in other countries,3had given
a small amount. The fund’s importance to the
ICFTU can be judged by comparing it to the
organization’s regular income: this totaled approx­
imately $430,000 for the calendar year 1952.
Coordination of Activities

The relationship between the ICFTU and its
regional bodies in Europe, Asia, and the Americas
no longer presented the serious problems—cen­
tering on the degree of autonomy to be exercised
by the latter—which it had at the time of the
Milan congress. Some frictions between the
ICFTU and individual affiliates were indicated
but in only one instance were they serious: these
were differences of opinion which arose with the
AFL in 1952; consultations were held and it was
hoped that they would lead to complete under­
standing. Problems also still existed in connec­
tion with coordination of ICFTU and ITS ac­
tivities, although the two groups cooperated much
more closely than before.
The mechanics of ICFTU operations were
somewhat complicated, owing to the unevenness
of trade-union development in the various regions
in combination with the rapidity of the inter­
national’s organizational development and its pol­
icy of decentralization where possible. Activities
of the secretariat and each regional body were co­
ordinated, but there was no sharp dividing line and
a given activity might be performed either individ­
ually or jointly. “Given the relative newness of the
regional machinery,” the general secretary com­
mented, “it is a noteworthy fact that there has
been no friction between the ICFTU and its
regional organizations with regard to the delinea­
tion of functions . . . This is not to say that
moot points and the danger of overlapping have
been completely absent; but they have been over­
come quickly.”


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MONTHLY LABOR

Apart from the differences with the AFL cited,
difficulties encountered in relations with affiliates
were partly due to lack of “money and manpower,”
partly to the fact that many member organizations
were young and small and could not yet adequately
supply the material requested by the ICFTU nor
fully use the information supplied them. Individ­
ual affiliates complained, for example, of the space
allotted news about their countries in ICFTU
publications and, in some instances, of the type of
information supplied them; on the latter point, the
general secretary emphasized that the ICFTU
could only supply the “raw material” which each
affiliate would then have to adapt to its own use.
In addition, activities by affiliates and associated
organizations on lines similar to those carried out
under the regional activities fund caused the
ICFTU to formally request that it be kept in­
formed of such operations. “The ICFTU has to
respect the autonomy of affiliated organizations,”
but “overlapping on the one hand and divergent
policies on the other” should be avoided.
As a means for closer coordination between the
ICFTU and the ITS, a special liaison committee
was appointed. The committee tried to ease such
frictions as those created by the ICFTU policy of
affiliating national unions in countries where no
countrywide federation exists, and ITS admission
of organizations not considered bona fide by the
ICFTU. Committee recommendations were not
always implemented by the ITS, and not all the
ITS invited ICFTU delegates to their congresses
as had been agreed. On the other hand, the
ITS made arrangements for the ICFTU to act on
their behalf at the meetings of the United Nations
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), and the
ICFTU made clear that it would participate
actively in the industry committees of the Inter­
national Labor Organization (ILO) only when the
concerned ITS requested ICFTU support. The
ITS increasingly made use of ICFTU offices, and
the Confederation gave them the “maximum
possible publicity” in Confederation publications,
urged national unions to join them, and initiated
action to establish an ITS for the petroleum in­
dustry. Finally, the general secretary cited a
number of instances of collaboration in regional
work—over and above the ITS’ contributions to
* See p. 1170 of this issue.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

OPERATIONS OF ICFTTJ

the regional activities fund and their representa­
tion at the regional fund committee’s discussions.
These were, however, “little more than a be­
ginning.”
General Activities

Working with intergovernmental bodies at the
international level was a major function of the
ICFTU secretariat. The ICFTU staff also per­
formed a variety of other functions for the inter­
national as a whole—keeping abreast of world
conditions, doing special studies as a basis for
policy decisions, issuing publications, and supply­
ing data on educational techniques, as well as
making administrative arrangements for meetings
of ICFTU governing bodies.4 Some progress was
made, during the period covered by the report, in
decentralizing certain of these activities, but for
most the secretariat of necessity continued to
handle the bulk of the work.
Work With Intergovernmental Bodies. Once policy
on economic, social, and political questions had
been set by the congress or the executive bodies,
the major ICFTU action was to work in support
of this policy with the appropriate intergovern­
mental agency. (The ICFTU’s stand on specific
issues is not summarized here, having been
described in connection with the 1953 congress; see
Monthly Labor Review, October 1953, p. 1055.)
The ICFTU addressed the UN General As­
sembly directly on several occasions during the
period under review (by sending letters to all
delegates, since nongovernmental organizations
are not given consultative status with the As­
sembly). It also maintained informal contacts
with Assembly delegations, particularly those
having labor representatives. Having consulta­
tive status with the ECOSOC, however, the
ICFTU addressed numerous statements to the
1951 and 1952 sessions of that body and various
of its commissions and committees and succeeded
in getting particular points accepted in several
instances. For example, coverage of economic,
social, and cultural rights (as well as civic and
4 Between the two world congresses, the executive board met five times
and the emergency committee twice; the general council held its first and last
meeting, being abolished by the 1953 congress.

276361— 53-

-4


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1193

political) by the Covenant on Human Rights was
initially advocated only by the ICFTU but even­
tually accepted in principle by the General
Assembly.
The ICFTU maintained regular contacts with
the ILO in various ways, particularly with the
Workers’ Group of the ILO Governing Body:
the Geneva ICFTU representative did the ad­
ministrative work for the Workers’ Group and
acted as its liaison with the ICFTU, the ITS,
and trade-union organizations in ILO member
states; the ICFTU, in turn, made various recom­
mendations to the Workers’ Group, most of which
were supported by the Group during the period
covered. This close working relationship was
one of various channels through which the ICFTU
planned to effect its current program to strengthen
the ILO.
Cooperation between the UN Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
and trade-union representatives had been “con­
stant and fruitful” at the international level,
according to the report, but labor representation
on the national commissions—through which
much of the UNESCO’s work is carried on—
left “much to be desired.” Particularly significant
was the ICFTU’s regular representation at the
meetings of the UNESCO Advisory Committee on
Adult Education, which invited it to help plan
the International Center of Workers’ Education.
The Center, located in France, was in operation
for 3 summer months in 1952 and for part of that
time was put at the disposal of certain nongovern­
mental organizations, including the ICFTU.
Other achievements noted in the report were (1)
some indication that UNESCO might concentrate
on supporting, rather than conducting, educa­
tional activities, as recommended by the ICFTU,
and (2) awarding of a large proportion of UNESCO
workers’ travel grants and fellowships to members
of ICFTU affiliates.
Information and Education. The information
program of the ICFTU headquarters staff in­
creased markedly during the 1951-53 period. In
addition to taking part in UNESCO activities,
the staff also worked in the educational field,
mostly with outside help, however. A growing
awareness—both in the ICFTU and among

1194

OPERATIONS OF ICFTU

affiliates—of the importance of these two pro­
grams caused the ICFTU to hold a special con­
ference on each in 1952.
Apart from the publications of its regional
bodies, the ICFTU issued three recurring publica­
tions and was planning a fourth; regularly circu­
lated a special airmail news bulletin to the general
and trade-union press in underdeveloped areas
and produced a folder and a poster about the
ICFTU in 17 different languages currently used
there; produced or started work on several
pamphlets; and was planning a series of small
brochures for the use of the younger trade-union
movements. The main difficulty in expanding
and improving the ICFTU publications program,
the general secretary stated, was the limited
personnel available at headquarters.
The ICFTU also produced or started three
documentary films and a film strip series (in the
languages of "Western European countries and their
overseas dependencies) and established an insti­
tute to coordinate the work of various groups in
this field. The principal radio networks continued
to receive and use ICFTU information, and
material for special programs was supplied to
several stations. Included were those in Paris
and Rome, which were broadcasting regular
ICFTU features directed to workers behind the
Iron Curtain. The general secretary reported
some progress in decentralizing ICFTU informa­
tion services; before long, he commented, “a
simultaneous release of important statements
to the press in all five continents of the world”
might be possible.
The ICFTU’s 1951 summer school for European
unionists was followed by an international summer
school in 1952 and preparations for another in
1953. Illustrating the necessity of outside help
for such undertakings, the general secretary
pointed out that the 1953 school was made possible
by assistance from UNESCO, not only in provid­
ing facilities at its Center in France but also in
awarding travel grants to overseas students. Ad­
ditional work by the headquarters staff consisted
mainly of facilitating the development and ex­
change of information on educational techniques.
Expansion of activities depended on the ICFTU’s
obtaining increased help from affiliates, ITS, and
intergovernmental organizations, and a founda­
tion was established to handle special funds for
educational activities.

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MONTHLY LABOR

Regional Operations

The progress of the Asian, Inter-American, and
European regional organizations during this period
varied considerably. The organization of labor
still was not sufficiently advanced in Africa and
the Middle East to warrant formal regional ma­
chinery, although an Information and Advisory
Center was opened for West Africa and another
was to be established in Lebanon. Similar centers
were opened in both Asia and Latin America, and
the ORIT established a Caribbean Area Division
(table 2).
T a b l e 2. — Offices of the IC F T U and its regional bodies,

July 1953 1
Region and city

Type of office

Europe:
Brussels____ _, IC F T U headquarters______
Geneva _______ IC F T U branch office, , , . ,
Paris__________ IC F T U branch office and
headquarters of European
R egion al O rgan ization
(ERO).
W e s te r n H e m i­
sphere:
N ew Y ork, ___ IC F T U branch office- ____

H e a d q u a r t e r s o f I n te r American Regional Or­
g a n iz a tio n of W ork ers
(ORIT).
Barbados,.......... Office of OR IT’s Caribbean
division.
Rio de Janeiro, , Information and Advisory
Center.
Asia:
Calcutta_______ Headquarters of Asian Re­
gional Organization.
Tokyo ........... Information and Advisory
Center.
Singapore............ Information and Advisory
Center.
Africa:
Accra_________ Information and Advisory
Center.
Mexico C ity___

Maintained by

IC F T U .
IC FT U .
ERO, with contribu­
tion by IC F T U .

IC F T U , A FL, CIO,
and In te r n a tio n a l
Transportworkers’
Federation (IT F).
ORIT, with loan from
regional fund.
ORIT and regional
fund.
Regional fund.
Largely regional fund.
Regional fund.
Regional fund.
Regional fund.

i While no office had yet been opened in the Middle East, an Information
and Advisory Center was scheduled for Beirut; its establishment had been
authorized under the regional fund, but the IC FT U had to date been unable
to find a suitable person to act as its representative there.

Asia. Barely established at the time of the 1951
congress, the Asian Regional Organization en­
countered a variety of difficulties in getting under
way—as suggested by the almost total lack of new
affiliates from that area. Some of the problems
were administrative, such as the lack of accom­
modations in Colombo and the consequent shift of
headquarters to Calcutta. But, in addition, the
general secretary reported “misunderstandings”
about the nature of the ICFTU in several Asian
countries.
The organization’s major accomplishment was
the opening in November 1952 of a trade-union

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

OPERATIONS OF ICFTV

college in Calcutta, first of its kind in Asia.
Closely related to the college was a workers’
education center in the Calcutta dock area.
Plans were also under consideration for brief
courses in Singapore for Southeast Asian trade
unionists and short sessions in individual countries.
In addition, a regional publication was started
early in 1953.
Work with individual labor movements was
largely limited to Japan. “ Grave divisions” in
the trade-union movement, political shifts, and
“ continuous misrepresentations” concerning the
ICFTU had led the major Japanese trade-union
federation to vote against ICFTU affiliation.5 A
special ICFTU representative spent several months
there; as a result, a weekly trade-union newspaper
was begun and the Tokyo office was opened in
April 1953. It was hoped that reopening of the
Singapore office (in June 1953) and scheduled
missions to several countries would eliminate
other misunderstandings in the area.
Western Hemisphere. In contrast, the ORIT
(which includes North American as well as Latin
American and Caribbean members) not only added
a number of new affiliates but also tightened up
its structural framework in a way very similar to
that in which the 1953 congress subsequently
strengthened the overall ICFTU structure. These
improvements were particularly noteworthy in
view of the activities of the Peronist forces, which
formed a new Latin American labor organization
late in 1952. The general secretary doubted
whether the Peronist organization had lived up to
its founders’ expectations and described the third
regional body—a branch of the Communist World
Federation of Trade Unions—as “ singularly in­
active.” Nevertheless, he noted the continuing
danger that the Communists and Peronists would
join forces to destroy the free trade-union move­
ment of Latin America.
In Latin America as in Asia, the ICFTU gave
education a high priority: the ORIT established
a 5-month trade-union training course, in con­
junction with the University of Puerto Rico and
the Point IV administration. It also continued
to issue two regular publications. But the main
• A number of this organization’s affiliates have, through a coordinating
council, continuously belonged to the IC F T U .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1195

activity was assistance to trade unions in individual
countries—through advisory missions, aid in pub­
lishing newspapers, etc. An ICFTU representa­
tive spent considerable time in both Mexico and
Brazil, helping in the latter country to bring about
legislative action permitting Brazilian organiza­
tions to affiliate internationally. The subsequent
affiliation of the major Brazilian organizations and
the strong Confederation of Mexican Workers
(CTM) enhanced the international’s prestige
throughout the area substantially. Advisory
missions and/or direct aid had been sent to or
scheduled for the labor movements of between
10 and 15 other countries or territories.
Europe. In Europe, with its long history of trade
unionism, the problems were essentially different,
and the ICFTU concentrated more on trying to
solve the postwar economic, political, and social
problems than on organizational matters. The
general secretary stated that the European Re­
gional Organization (ERO) had performed a
“valuable role” for the ICFTU in connection with
such problems, which, because of their “profound
international repercussions,” demanded “the clos­
est interest” of the international as a whole.
The ERO participated actively in the European
Coal and Steel Community and to a lesser degree
in the work of the various other institutions formed
to bring about the economic integration of Western
Europe. Both the ICFTU and the International
Federation of Christian Trade Unions (CISC)
had been recognized as representing the workers’
interests when the Community was created. They
therefore collaborated in selecting candidates for
the seats reserved to trade unions on the Com­
munity’s governing bodies. An ICFTU nominee
was appointed as a member of the High Authority,
while a CISC representative sat on the Court of
Justice. In making appointments to the Consult­
ative Committee’s 17 workers’ seats, the Council of
Ministers deviated considerably from the ICFTUCISC proposals but scheduled a hearing on the
question when its action was protested.
An organizational program was, however, under­
taken in France, “where totalitarian forces have
seriously hampered the development of the free
trade-union movement.” A series of intensive
10-day courses were held for French trade union­
ists, and “concrete organizational measures” more

1196

MANPOWER RESOURCES IN CHEMISTRY

directly concerned with reinforcing French tradeunion bodies were under consideration. Also
scheduled were a similar effort in Italy and a
training program in Greece, which ICFTU repre­
sentatives had visited several times.
Africa and the Middle East. ICFTU missions in
both the Middle East and Africa reported little or
no trade-union organization in most countries—
the major exception being Turkey.
An ICFTU representative spent considerable
time in Turkey throughout the period covered,
helping local leaders in the formation and initial
operations of a national federation; founded in
September 1952, the federation voted to affiliate
with the ICFTU (subject to the required Govern­
ment approval). Other Middle Eastern countries
to which ICFTU missions went included Egypt,
the Sudan (where the trade-union movement was
then hostile to the ICFTU), and Iran. As recom­
mended by these missions, one of the first ac­

Manpower Resources
in Chemistry
T h e emphasis on advances in military technology
which has characterized the current program of
partial mobilization has led to a greatly increased
demand for scientific personnel and helped to
bring about manpower shortages in many scien­
tific specialties. It has also focused attention
on the need for more adequate information re­
garding the Nation’s resources of trained person­
nel in the sciences, such as is provided by the
surveys of various scientific fields conducted by
the National Scientific Register. This article
presents the major findings of the Register’s
survey of chemists and chemical engineers.1

Fields of Specialization

Most industrial applications of chemistry are
in the field of organic chemistry, and almost onehalf of the 51,000 professionally active chemists
in the survey cited this as their field of highest
competence.2 Much smaller numbers classified
themselves as specialists in other branches of

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MONTHLY LABOR

tions scheduled for the planned center in Beirut
was a regional training program.
Some of the recommendations of the various
missions to Africa had already been carried out.
Not only had the Accra center for West Africa
opened and started a monthly publication, but
two 1-month training courses had been held, with
assistance from the University College of the Gold
Coast. These were for trade unionists from
English-speaking countries in the region; a similar
course for unionists from French-speaking coun­
tries there was also scheduled. In North Africa,
arrangements were made for experienced Tunisian
leaders to visit Libya, but they were unable to get
exit permits from the French authorities; however,
a fortnight’s training course, for both Tunisian
and Libyan trade unionists, was to be held in
Tunisia in September 1953. Action in East and
Central Africa was largely limited to maintaining
regular contacts with the major labor groups.
This led, however, to several affiliations.

chemistry, as follows: analytical chemistry, 13
percent; inorganic chemistry, 9 percent; physical
chemistry, 8 percent; agricultural and food
chemistry, 6 percent; biochemistry, 6 percent; and
pharmaceutical chemistry, 4 percent. A small
group, 3 percent, were scattered among other
specialties, and the remaining 5 percent were
classified as general chemists.
i Manpower Resources in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bureau
of Labor Statistics Bulletin 1132,1953; prepared in cooperation with the N a­
tional Scientific Register.
A parallel report, Manpower Resources in Physics, 1951, was also prepared
by the BLS in cooperation with the Register (published by Federal Security
Agency, Office of Education, National Scientific Register, 1952; Scientific
Manpower Series N o. 3). BLS is presently preparing reports on mathe­
maticians, earth scientists, and biological scientists in cooperation with the
National Science Foundation, which in January 1953 took over the functions
of the National Scientific Register.
Information on the characteristics of selected groups of highly qualified
scientists and engineers is contained in two other BLS reports prepared in
cooperation with the Department of Defense: Employment, Education, and
Earnings of American Men of Science (Bulletin 1027, 1951); and Employ­
ment, Education, and Income of Engineers, 1949-50—A Survey of Engineering
Society Members of Full Professional Grade (processed report, 1952).
» The questionnaire survey which provided the basic data for this study
was conducted in mid-1951 by the National Scientific Register in cooperation
with the American Chemical Society. About two-thirds of the respondents
were members of that society.
The 51,000 professionally active and 700 retired chemists included in the
survey comprised over half the profession in mid-1951. In addition, the sur­
vey included over 13,000 chemical engineers, roughly one-third of all those
in the country, and approximately 6,000 graduate students of chemistry and
1,000 graduate students of chemical engineering. These students represented
about two-thirds and one-third, respectively, of all those enrolled in chem­
istry and chemical engineering during the academic year 1950-51.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

MANPOWER RESOURCES IN CHEMISTRY

There are no well-defined subdivisions of chemi­
cal engineering. A chemical engineer may spe­
cialize, however, in terms either of a particular
industry or product or of a particular type of
operation. Of the chemical engineers in this
study, close to 5,700 reported that their field of
highest competence was one of the operational
specialties listed on the questionnaire (such as
heat transmission and phase change separation).
A smaller group (under 2,700) indicated that
they were specialists in a product (e. g., rubber or
petroleum) rather than in an engineering process.
The remainder (approximately 5,000) classified
themselves as general chemical engineers.
Age, Military Status, and Education

Chemical engineers are one of the youngest
professional groups in the country. The median
age of those in the 1951 survey was 32 years,
compared with 35 years for chemists. Likewise,
a 1946 survey of the engineering profession showed
the median age of chemical engineers to be about
32, considerably lower than that for mechanical
engineers (36 years), the next youngest group.3
A sizable proportion of the Nation’s chemists
and chemical engineers would be affected by a
general callup of reservists. Among the men
included in the 1951 survey, nearly 1 out of every
6 chemists and 1 out of every 4 chemical engineers
were members of the reserve forces at that time.
In addition, about one-fifth of the graduate
students of chemistry and one-fourth of those in
chemical engineering were reservists.
Although emphasis on graduate training has
increased in these as in many other professions
during the past few decades, the bachelor’s degree
is still the highest degree held by the majority of
chemists (54 percent of those in the survey) and
by most chemical engineers (71 percent). Rela­
tively few of the respondents (5 percent of the
chemists and 2 percent of the chemical engineers)
had achieved their professional status without a
college degree. Considerably larger groups in
each field (17 percent and 20 percent, respectively)
had obtained but not gone beyond the master’s
degree. And finally, 24 percent of the chemists
8 Unpublished data from survey conducted by Bureau of Labor Statistics.
See Bulletin 968, Employment Outlook for Engineers, 1949, for full report
on the survey.
4 Bulletin 881: Factors Affecting Earnings in Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering (p. 17).


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1197

and 7 percent of the chemical engineers had
obtained doctorates. It should be noted, how­
ever, that the proportion of Ph. D.’s was higher
among the scientists in the survey than -among
all members of their professions; it is estimated
that no more than 15 percent of the Nation’s
chemists and only about 3 percent of all chemical
engineers held Ph. D.’s at the end of 1950.
Fields of Employment

Usually, it is easier for a chemical engineer to
work as a chemist than for a chemist to enter
chemical engineering. Of the respondents who
identified their field of highest competence as
chemical engineering, 7 percent were employed in
chemistry. In contrast, only 1 percent of those
most competent in chemistry were employed in
chemical engineering. There were also a few
respondents in both fields who were employed
outside the chemical professions. Nevertheless,
more than 9 out of every 10 chemists (95 percent)
were employed in chemistry, and nearly as large
a proportion of the chemical engineers (90 percent)
held jobs in that field. The following information
on employment and income is based only on this
last group of respondents; it does not cover the
small numbers with jobs in other branches of
engineering or science or in nonscientific occu­
pations.
Manufacturing industries employed a large
majority of the chemists (67 percent) and an even
higher proportion of the chemical engineers (84
percent). The percentagesemployed in other
industries were as follows:
Chemists

Education__________________ 14
Government________________
8
Other nonmanufacturingindustries-

11

Chemical
engineer»

4
4
8

The chemicals industries, chiefly organic and
inorganic chemicals, employed 53 percent of the
chemists in manufacturing. In 1941, the propor­
tion was less than 45 percent, according to a
survey by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.4 This
comparison reflects the tremendous expansion of
the chemicals industries over the past few years.
Manufacturing industries are particularly impor­
tant as a source of employment for scientists with­
out graduate training. Three-fourths of the
surveyed chemists with only bachelor’s degrees

1198

EARNINGS OF COMMUNICATIONS WORKERS

were employed in this field in 1951, compared with
three-fifths of those having master’s degrees and
half of those with doctorates. Educational insti­
tutions, on the other hand, employed a much
greater proportion of the chemists with Ph. D.’s
than of those with less advanced training.
Functions Performed

Although chemists and chemical engineers em­
ployed in manufacturing may work side by side,
the functions they perform are frequently different.
The functions most often carried out by chemists
were research and development (the primary
function of 45 percent of the respondents in this
profession) and analysis and testing (18 percent).
Among chemical engineers, almost as large a pro­
portion were in production work (28 percent), as in
research and development (31 percent), and a rel­
atively high proportion were engaged in design
(12 percent, compared with only 0.4 percent of the
chemists). The study also showed that certain
functions—management, teaching, and consult­
ing—are characteristically carried out by men
over 35 years of age, and that the younger men are
predominantly in research and development,
analysis and testing, and production work.
Income

The median annual professional income of the
surveyed chemists was $5,500 and that of the
chemical engineers $5,600 in mid-1951. These
are total annual income figures, including bonuses,
fees, royalties, and other professional income, as
well as salaries.
Differences in income levels between the two
professions were widest in the older age groups, as
indicated by the following figures:
Median annual income of—

All ages_______________ ____

Chemists
$5,500

Chemical engincers
$5, 600

Under 25 years-------------- ____
25-29 years __ ---------- ___
30-34 years--- -------- — ____
35-39 vears--- ------- — ____
40-44 years.________ — ____
45-49 y e a r s . . __________ ____
50-54 years______ ______ ____
55-59 years_____________ ____
60-64 years______ ______ ____
65 years and over--------- ____

3,400
4, 100
5, 400
6, 500
7, 000
7, 300
7, 800
7, 900
7, 400
6,800

3, 700
4, 600
5, 900
7, 300
8, 100
9, 800
11, 000
11, 400
11, 700
Over 15, 000


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR

Education is another important determinant of
income. Of the chemists in the survey, the Ph. D .’s
had a median income of $6,900, compared with
$5,400 for the masters and $4,900 for the bachelors.
The study also showed, as have many others,
that scientists in private industry tend to have
considerably higher earnings than those working
for other types of employers. Among chemists,
those employed in private industry had a median
income of $5,800, compared with $5,000 for gov­
ernment employees, and $4,900 for educators.
—H

elen

W ood

D ivision of Manpower and Employment Statistics

Earnings of Communications
Workers in October 1952
employees in major branches
of the communications industry had average
hourly wages of $1.61 in October 1952—an increase
of 11 cents, on the average, since the previous
study of October 1951.1 Most of the increase over
the year resulted from general wage adjustments
negotiated through collective bargaining.
About 584,000 nonsupervisory employees 2 were
reported on the payrolls of interstate communica­
tions carriers at the time of the 1952 study. This
was an increase of about 23,000, or 4 percent, over
the preceding year. Virtually all of this increase
occurred in the telephone industry; only minor
changes occurred in the total numbers of radio­
telegraph and ocean-cable employees, and the
employment level of wire-telegraph operations
decreased slightly.

N onsupervisory

i Data were collected by the Federal Communications Commission as
required by the amended Communications Act of 1934. Interstate com­
munications carriers covered were class A telephone carriers (those having
annual operating revenues exceeding $250,000) and wire-telegraph, radio­
telegraph, and ocean-cable carriers with annual revenues exceeding $50,000.
Under a cooperative arrangement, the Bureau of Labor Statistics tabulates
and publishes the payroll data. More detailed reports, similar to those
published In previous years, are available on request to the Bureau.
The earnings data contained In this article were computed by dividing
weekly scheduled compensation by weekly scheduled hours. The figures,
therefore, include premium pay for any regularly scheduled overtime.
See January 1953 M onthly Labor Review (p. 36) for 1951 data,
s Excluded from the report are officials and managerial assistants; pro­
fessional and semiprofessional, sales, and nonclerical business-office employees;
and those working outside the continental United States, except the territorial
employees! n the telephone industry.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

Class A Telephone Carriers

Hourly earnings for about 544,000 workers in
the predominant communications branch averaged
$1.61 in October 1952. During the previous year,
almost all of the telephone carriers had negotiated
flat weekly pay raises, which generally ranged
from $2 to $7. The upward reclassification of
some town and city wage schedules also contrib­
uted to the rise in average hourly earnings. The
combined effect of all types of wage adjustments
after October 1951 resulted in an average increase
of 10 cents an hour.
Western Union Telegraph

The hourly earnings for about 31,000 wiretelegraph employees of Western Union Telegraph
Co., excluding messengers, averaged $1.64 in
October 1952—a 12-cent increase over the average
for the previous year. This increase also stemmed
from a combination of adjustments, including
wage increases and workweek reductions. Effec­
tive September 1952, a general increase of 10 cents
an hour was granted employees scheduled to work
40 hours a week and hired after November 1941.
At the same time, the workweek of some employees
was reduced from 45% to 40 hours without any
reduction in weekly wages. The job average for
T able

1199

EARNINGS OF COMMUNICATIONS WORKERS

7,000 foot and bicycle messengers, largely parttime workers, rose from 85 to 87 cents an hour as
a result of a 5-cent hourly increase given those
with 3 months or more of service.
Individual earnings of wire-telegraph employees
ranged from 85 cents to over $2.50 an hour. The
majority received between $1 and $1.80. Those
paid less than $1 were employed primarily as
messengers, route aides, or operators in training.
Among the major occupational groups of nonsupervisory employees—jobs primarily filled by
men—the highest job averages reported were
$1.75 for Morse operators, $1.87 for linemen and
cablemen, and $2.01 for subscribers’ equipment
maintainers. For the occupational group with
the largest number of women—experienced tele­
graph operators (other than Morse operators)—
earnings averaged $1.43 an hour. Most of the
other women employees in the wire-telegraph
industry were classified as nonsupervisory clerical
workers, with average hourly earnings of $1.56, or
telephone operators, $1.44.
A change in work hours of about half the wiretelegraph workers resulted in a decline in average
weekly scheduled hours from 39.9 to 37.9. Among
the major occupational groups which had notable
decreases in the workweek were foot and bicycle
messengers, Morse operators, and linemen and
cablemen. Overall employment in the industry

1 .— Class A interstate telephone carriers: 1 Average hourly earnings 2 of employees in selected occupations, by region,

October 1952
Average hourly earnings3 in-

United States
Occupation

All employees 3___________

--- - -------------

Number Average
hourly
of
workers earnings
543,881

9,682
Cable splicers_______ ___________________________
7,783
Cable splicers’ helpers__________________________
Central office repairmen------- ------------------------------ 26,228
413
Draftsmen
_______________________________
Exchange repairmen---- -------------------------- -------- 10,856
Experienced switchboard operators_______________ 165,070
Laborers
__ _ _______________
270
Linemen............
...... - - ----------------- --------- 17, 575
2,376
Mechanics, building and motor vehicle service.........
P B X and station installers............ ................................. 21, 279
9,940
Test-board men and repeatermen............... - ................

$1.61
2.18
1.37
2.12
2.16
2.23
1.35
1.26
1.72
2.03
2.04
2.31

N ew
Eng­
land

Great
Lakes

Chesa­
peake

South­
eastern

North
Central

South
Central

Moun­
tain

$1.69

$1.66

$1.61

$1.42

$1.45

$1.49

$1.43

$1.73

2.42
1.65
2.37
1.84
2.39
1.38

2.30
1.33
2.18
2.22
2.22
1.44

1.97
1.29
1.95
1.88
1.58
1.15
.79
1.40
1.79
1.55
2.17

2.06
1.42
1.94
2.03
2.15
1.24
1.04
1.62
1.92
1. 90
2.17

1.89
1.31
1.81
2. 54
2.08
1. 26

1.94
2.09
2.08
2.41

2.20
1.29
2.13
1.44
2.34
1.35
1.10
1. 42
1.66
1.87
2.28

1.90
1.26
2.10

1.91
2.08
2.23
2.45

2.24
1.33
2.11
2.07
2. 25
1.38
1.44
1.86
2.14
2.12
2.29

2.24
1.49
2.20
1.91
2.28
1.47
1. 54
1.89
2.17
2.19
2.32

$1.65

1 Covers telephone companies with annual operating revenue exceeding
$250,000.
2 Includes premium pay for any regularly scheduled overtime work.
* Also includes long-lines employees and class A telephone company
employees in the territories.
Excludes officials and managerial assistants, professional and semiprofessional employees, nonclerical business-office employees, and sales
employees.
N ote: For purposes of this study, the regions for which separate data are
presented include: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New


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Middle
Atlantic

2.23
1.20
1.40
1.49
2.01
2.14
2.15

1.48
1.77
1.84
2.13

Pacific

Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—Delaware, New
Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Mich­
igan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Chesapeake—District of Columbia, Maryland,
Virginia, and West Virginia; Southeastern—Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and
Tennessee; North Central—Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and
South Dakota; South Central—Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and
Texas (except El Paso County); Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho
(south of Salmon River), Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas (El Paso
County), Utah, and Wyoming; Pacific—California, Idaho (north of Salmon
River), Oregon, and Washington.

EARNINGS OF COMMUNICATIONS WORKERS

1200

MONTHLY LABOR

T a ble 2. — Western Union Telegraph Co.: Percentage distribution of wire-telegraph employees, by average hourly earnings 1

and selected occupations, October 1952 and 1951

All employees 2

All employees 2
except messengers

Average hourly earnings 1 (in cents)
1952
14.0
8.0
12.2
14.4
13.7
15.8
9.3
5.7
4.2
2.7

80 and under 9 0 ................ .
90 and under 100..............
100 and under 1 2 0 -...........
120 and under 140...............
140 and under 1 6 0 ........... .
160 and under 180_______
180 and under 200..............
200 and under 225.............
225 and under 250_______
250 and over.........................
T otal.......... ...............
Number of workers_____
Average hourly earnings >.

1951
23.1
1.4
15.6
15.4
20.7
10.8
6.0
4.7
1.4
.9

100.0

100.0

34,390
$1. 49

34,821
$1.39

Mechanics,
building service

1952

1951

0.4
13.8
17.1
18.0
21.3
12.5
7.7
5.6
3.6

1.3
17.7
20.5
28.0
14.7
8.2
6.4
2.0
1.2

Lineman and
cablemen

Laborers
Commercial
department
1952

(»)
31.3
40.5
20.4
7.3
.4
.1

Traffic
department

1951

1952

0.9
50.0
37.1
11.5
.4
.1

1952

1951

3.7
9.9
33.2
52.0
1.2

1951

1952

5.4
20.4
73.1
1.1

1.1
8.7
16.8
46.2
22.3
4.9

1.3
8.9
16.0
62.4
11.4

0.1
.1
.4
5.5
27.3
35.8
30.7
.1

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

25,657
$1.64

25, 582
$1. 52

3,634
$1.30

3,496
$1.21

2,997
$1.57

3,156
$1.44

184
$1.50

237
$1.43

959
$1.87

Messengers, foot
and bicycle

80 and under 90...................
90 and under 100________
100 and under 120...........
120 and under 140...............
140 and under 160.......... .
160 and under 180.............
180 and under 200_______
200 and under 225_______
225 and under 250...............
250 and over................ ........

1.0
4.8
6.3
28.5
17.9
37.6
1.0
2.9

1.0
3.3
14.8
43.7
32.9
2.9
1.4

T otal..........................

100.0

100.0

100.0

207
$1.89

210
$1. 75

7,366
$0.87

65.2
34.8

Number of workers_____
Average hourly earnings V

Experienced telegraph operators
(except Morse)

99.7
.3

Messengers,
motor

6.6
47.9
39.2
5.9
.4

12.0
77.5
9.9
.6

100.0

100.0

100.0

8,055
$0.85

1,367
$1.17

1,184
$1.11

1 Includes premium pay for any regularly scheduled overtime work.
2 Excludes officials and managerial assistants, professional and semipro­
fessional employees, telegraph office superintendents and managers, and
sales employees.

Subscribers’
equipment
maintainers

Morse operators

1951

0.1
.2
3.2
20.8
51.8
23.8
.1

100.0
1,055
$1.70

Telephone
operators

18.6
23.3
30.8
27.0
.3

0.4
21.5
37.4
40.5
.2

6.2
40.0
53.5
.3

0.1
.5
17.8
23.8
56.7
1.1

0.4
8.5
27.3
62.9
.9

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

1,048
$1.75

1,133
$1.59

748
$2.01

755
$1.83

2,522
$1.44

2,484
$1.33

1.0
6.5
40.1
52.1
.3

* Less than 0.05 percent.

T a ble 3. — Principal radiotelegraph carriers: 1 Percentage distribution of employees by average hourly earnings 2 and selected

occupations, October 1952 and 1951
All em ployees3
Average hourly earnings2 (in cents)
1952
75 and under 8 0 ____________ _____ _
80 and under 90_________ __________
90 and under 100__________________
100 and under 120_________________
120 and under 140_____________ ____
140 and under 160_________________
160 and under 180_________________
180 and under 200_________________
200 and under 225_________________
225 and under 250_________________
250 and over_______ _____ _____ ___

1951

Marine coastal
station opera­
tors
1952

(4)
13.4
2.6
7.8
8.6
15.1
12.8
13.7
13.1
7.8
5.1

0.8
4.7
6.3
21.3
11.8
18.9
28.3
7.9

100.0

100.0

Number of workers
*
8 4,246
Average hourly earnings 2 ____ ___
$1.77

8 4, 032
8 $1.69

T otal________ ______ _____ _

«
5.2
9.5
8.9
8.4
9.9
12.4
12.5
13.2
11.6
8.4

1951

Mechanicians
and mainte­
nance tech­
nicians
1952

1952

1951

38.5
60.2
.9

0.2
96.7
.6
2.1

.4

.4

1.9
4.8
14.3
17.1
22.9
27.6
11.4

10.3
33.2
8.8
7.5
9.0
6.0
16.2
8.8
.2

10.5
17.9
9.8
11.5
8.3
17.9
14.8
9.0
.3

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

127
$2. 05

105
$2.05

532
$1.54

400
$1.57

551
$0.90

1 Covers radiotelegraph carriers with annual operating revenue exceeding
$50,000.
2 Includes premium pay for any regularly scheduled overtime work.
8 Excludes officers and assistants, professional and semiprofessional em­
ployees, office or station superintendents and assistants, and sales employees;


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1951

Messengers,
Radio operat­
foot and bicycle ing technicians

1952

1951

Radio operators

1952

1951

Teletypemultiplex
operators
1952

1951

0.2

1.2
.9
37.7
49.3
10.9

.5
1.9
21.5
21.3
44.0
8.9
1.7

1.7
10.8
33.0
34.9
15.3
4.1
.2

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

304
$2.23

329
$2.08

418
$1.78

418
$1.67

0.3
3.7
4.3
5.2
21.1
34.5
30.9

2.6
6.5
13.4
27.5
43.8
6.2

0.3
6.6
37.5
52.0
3.6

100.0

100.0

100.0

534
$0.87

327
$2.29

306
$2.18

also excludes 996 employees working for radiotelegraph carriers outside con­
tinental United States.
4 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.
8 Includes a few workers not covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act
and not included in the distribution above.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 5

decreased slightly, although the total number of
women employees was somewhat higher than a
year earlier.
Radiotelegraph Carriers

Hourly earnings of the 4,200 nonsupervisory
employees of radiotelegraph carriers in October
1952 averaged $1.77—an increase of 8 cents over
the previous year. Radio operators registered the
largest hourly wage increase (15 cents) and foot
and bicycle messengers the smallest (3 cents).
Radio operating technicians and teletype-multi­
plex operators had average hourly increases of 11
cents over the 12-month period.
Men outnumbered women in all major occupa­
tional groups. Hourly earnings for numerically
important classifications averaged 90 cents for
foot and bicycle messengers, $1.54 for mechani­
cians and maintenance technicians, $1.78 for
teletype-multiplex operators, $2.23 for radio
operators, and $2.29 for radio operating techni­
cians.
Ocean-Cable Carriers

Average hourly earnings of $1.79 in October
1952 were reported for a group of 1,200 employees
T a b l e 4.*—Principal ocean-cable carriers:1 Percentage dis­

tribution of employees by average hourly earnings2 and
selected occupations, October 1952 and 1951 (including
ocean-cable employees of Western Union Telegraph Co.)

Average hourly
earnings (in cents)

All
employees 3

Cable
operators

1952

1951

80 and under 90.........
90 and under 100___
100 and under 120___
120 and under 140__
140 and under 160__
160 and under 180__
180 and under 200___
200 and under 225___
225 and under 250___
250 and over_______

16.0
.1
2.2
9.8
10.5
10.3
21.8
9.3
15.0
5.0

16.1
.3
5.6
6.1
9.1
15.3
22.7
11.9
8.7 100.0
4. 2

Total________

100.0

1952

1951

1.5
1.5

Messengers,
foot and
bicycle

Teletypemultiplex
operators

1952

1951

1952

90.9

92.4

6.1
2.5
.5

7.1
.5

1951

6.2
25.8
17.5
44.3
6.2

24.8
43.5
31.7

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0

Number of workers.. <1,202 <1,172
115
197
133
198
97
A v e r a g e h o u r ly
earnings_________ 4$1.79 <$1.74 $2.29 $2.14 $0.90 $0.87 $1.73

$1.65

12.0
65.5
19.5

101

1 Covers ocean-cable carriers with annual operating revenue exceeding
$50,000; includes ocean-cable employees of Western Union Telegraph Com­
pany.
2 Includes premium pay for any regularly scheduled overtime work.
> Excludes officers and assistants, professional and semiprofessional employployees, office or station superintendents and assistants, and sales employees;
also excludes 4,014 employees working for the ocean-cable carriers outside
continental United States.
4 Includes a few workers not covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act
and not included in the distribution above.


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1201

of ocean-cable carriers within the country. (Ex­
cluded from the study were about 4,000 employees
working outside continental United States.) The
wage level for October 1952 exceeded that for
October 1951 by about 5 cents an hour; industry
employment during the two periods was approxi­
mately the same.
Exclusive of messengers, most ocean-cable
employees earned from $1.20 to $2.50 an hour,
about 42 percent of whom earned between $1.40
and $2. Lowest-paying jobs were those of foot
and bicycle messengers (90 cents), building
service employees ($1.37), and junior operators
($1.42). Average earnings of major occupational
groups (in additon to the messenger group) were
$1.74 for nonsupervisory clerical employees, $1.73
for teletype-multiplex operators, and $2.29 for
cable operators.
— J e a n A. W e ll s
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations

Wage Chronology No. 5:
Chrysler Corp.1
Supplement No. 2
T h e United Automobile, Aircraft and Agricul­
tural Implement Workers of America (UAW-CIO)
and Chrysler Corp., on May 27, 1953, amended
their 5-year agreement, which terminates on
August 31, 1955. The supplement was signed 5
days after the union and General Motors had
agreed to new terms. An agreement of March 6,
1951, provided that at any time either party could
initiate discussions concerning changing from the
BLS Consumers’ Price Index (1935-1939=100)
to the BLS Interim Adjusted Consumers’ Price
Index.2
The amendment to the Chrysler agreement
provided for incorporation of a substantial part
of the existing cost-of-living allowance into the
basic rate structure, a 1-cent increase in the annualimprovement-factor adjustment, and conversion
1 See M onthly Labor Review, April 1949 (p. 411) and April 1951 (p. 407)
or Wage Chronology Series 4, No. 5.
2 For further explanation of the events leading up to the supplemental
agreements, see M onthly Labor Review, August 1953 (p. 845).

MONTHLY LABOR

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 5

1202

to the revised series Consumer Price Index. Wage
increases were also provided for skilled workers,
and pension benefits were increased. In addition,
the revised pension plan permitted retired workers

to buy hospital and surgical insurance (Blue Cross
and Blue Shield) at group rates.
The 1950-55 agreement is brought up to date
by the following additions.

A—General Wage Changes
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Provision

Effective date

June 1, 1952 »_________________ 4 cents an hour increase___
June 2, 1952__________________ 1 cent an hour decrease ------Sept. 1, 1952_________________ 3 cents an hour increase__
Dec. 1, 1952__________________ 1 cent an hour d ecr ea se__
Apr. 13, 1953_________________ 1 cent an hour decrease____
June 1, 1953 (by agreement of
May 27, 1953).
June 1, 1953 (by agreement of
above date).

5 cents an hour increase__ __
No change in cost-of-living
allowance.

Sept. 7, 1953__________________ 1 cent an hour increase______
1 Cost-of-living allowances and annual improvement-factor adjustments
from M ay 29,1951, through March 3,1952, were not published in the M onthly
Labor Review but were included in Supplement No. 1, Wage Chronology
Series 4, No. 5. They were: June 1, 1951, + 4 cents; June 4, 1951, + 3 cents;
September 3, 1951, + 1 cent; December 3, 1951, + 1 cent; and March 3, 1952,
+ 3 cents.
.
.
. .
2 The new agreement provided that future cost-of-livmg adjustments be
based on the revised series Consumer Price Index (1947-49=100) as follows:

Annual-improvement-factor adjustment.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Adjustment made on this date because of late
release of “Old Series” CPI.
The new agreement increased the annual-improve­
ment-factor adjustment by 1 cent an hour.
The new agreement incorporated 19 of the previous
24-cent cost-of-living allowance into the basic wage
structure and provided for quarterly adjustments
of the cost-of-living allowance in accordance with
the movement of the Consumer Price Index (re­
vised series). If the CPI falls below 110.9 the
cost-of-living allowance will be 0.2 Skilled occupa­
tions except patternmakers and die model builders
received an additional 10 cents an hour, while
patternmakers and die model builders received 20
cents additional.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Cost-of-living allowance
Consumer Price Index
None
110.8 or less
1 cent an hour.
110.9 to 111.5
2 cents an hour.
111.6 to 112.1
3 cents an hour.
112.2 to 112.8
4 cents an hour.
112.9 to 113.5
5 cents an hour.
113.6 to 114.1
6 cents an hour.
114.2 to 114.7
7 cents an hour.
114.8 to 115.3
and so forth, with a 1-cent change for each 0.6-point change in the index.

B—Hiring and Minimum Job Rates (Detroit P la n ts)1
Effective date

Hiring rate2

$1.
1.
1.
1.

Mar. 3, 1952.
June 1, 1952.
June 2, 1952.
Sept. 1, 1952

M inimum job
rate 2

53
57
56
59

1 Applicable to lowest-paid classification.

$1.
1.
1.
1.

63
67
66
69

Effective date

job
Hiring rate 2 Minimum
rate 2

Dec. 1, 1952________ ___________
Apr. 13, 1953___________________
June 1, 1953____________________
Sept. 7, 1953___________________

$1.
1.
1.
1.

58
57
62
63

$1.
1.
1.
1.

68
67
72
73

2 Including cost-of-living allowance.

C—Related Wage Practices
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Accident, Sickness, and Death Benefits
June 1, 1953 (by agree­
ment of May 27,
1953).


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Each employee in California plants allowed
option of subscribing to Permanente Compre­
hensive Hospital and Medical Care Plan
instead of the Blue Cross-Blue Shield Plans.
Option to be exercised at next regular enrollment
period but not later than June 1, 1954.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 16

1203

C —Related Wage Practices--Continued
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Provision

Effective d ate

Pension Plan
June 1, 1953 (by agree­
ment of May 27,
1953).

Changed to: $1.75 a month for each year
of service up to 30 years, to be supple­
mented by primary Federal Social
Security benefits. (Maximum pension,
$137.50 a month including primary
Federal benefits.) Minimum monthly
pension, including primary Federal
benefits, remains at $4 for each year to a
maximum of 25.

Wage Chronology No. 16:
Chicago Printing1
Supplement No. 1
T h is supplement to the wage chronology of the
Chicago commercial and newspaper printing in­
dustry covers changes in wages and related wage
practices negotiated in 1951, 1952, and 1953 for
two basic crafts, the compositors and the pressmen.
In accordance with previous practice, both the
Franklin Association, representing commercial
(book and job) employers, and the Newspaper
Publishers’ Association concluded separate con­
tracts with each of the basic crafts.

Commercial Printing. Negotiations by the Frank­
lin Association of Chicago and the compositors
(Chicago Typographical Union No. 16, ITU AFL) for a contract to replace that expiring Octo­
ber 6, 1951, were concluded October 21. The new
agreement, effective October 7, 1951, provided for
a general wage increase on that date and an addi­
tional increase on July 7, 1952. Another new
contract, negotiated in the spring of 1953,
provided for a general wage increase, to be
effective April 7,1953, and, in addition, established
a health and welfare plan under which benefits are
to start April 1, 1954.
The Franklin Association and the cylinder press­
men (Chicago Printing Pressmen No. 3, IPPA
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New pension benefits applicable to workers al­
ready retired as well as to present employees
who retire in the future.
Blue Cross and Blue Shield insurance available
to retired employees at group rates.
Pay in lieu of vacation for 1953, 1954, and 1955
to hourly rated workers retiring at 68 if they
worked 8 of the 12 months preceding May 1 of
year of retirement.

AFL), under the reopening provision in their 1951
contract, negotiated a wage increase, effective
January 16, 1952, and established a joint pension
fund, with contributions to begin on March 1,
1952. Late in January 1953, the Association and
the pressmen reached agreement on a new con­
tract, providing for a wage increase retroactive to
December 16, 1952, half of which was subject to
Wage Stabilization Board approval. The case
was pending before the Board when wage controls
were suspended in February 1953, thus automat­
ically permitting retroactive payment of the entire
negotiated increase. Under the new agreement,
payment for work on recognized holidays was also
increased.
Newspaper Printing. Although their contract had
been due to expire on January 15, 1952, the Chi­
cago Newspaper Publishers’ Association and the
compositors (Typographical Union No. 16) did
not conclude their bargaining until the end of
March. The new agreement, signed April 2,
provided for a wage increase retroactive to the
expiration date of the old agreement, and a wage
reopening in January 1953. Negotiations on this
reopening were concluded early in March 1953,
with a wage increase retroactive to January 15,
1953.
The Publishers’ Association and the web press­
men (Chicago Printing Pressmen No. 7, IPPAAFL) also continued bargaining beyond the coni See M onthly Labor Review, July 1951 (p. 49), or Wage Chronology,
Series 4, N o. 16.

MONTHLY LABOR

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 16

1204

tract expiration date, April 2, 1952, and reached
agreement on October 15. A wage increase was
made retroactive to April 24, 1952, while all other
terms of the new contract became effective as of
April 3,1952. The vacation clause was liberalized,
and for the first time a severance allowance was
included, applicable in case of merger or permanent
suspension of publication. Through reopening
proceedings in the spring of 1953 the web pressmen
received an additional wage increase, effective
April 12, 1953.

The expiration dates of the four contracts
currently covering the compositors and pressmen
in commercial and newspaper printing in Chicago
are:
Commercial:
Compositors, hand and machine. October 6, 1954.
Cylinder pressmen_____________ December 15, 1953.
Newspaper:
Compositors, hand and machine. January 15, 1954.
Web pressmen________________ April 3, 1954.

A—Changes in Wage Rates and Weekly Hours for Day Shifts
Standard weekly hours of work 3

Increase in hourly rates (cents)

Compositors,
hand and
machine 1
1Q51 • Ont 7
1Q52• .Tn.n 15
Jn.n 16
Apr 24
July 7
Dpif*. 1

Cylinder Compositors,
and
pressmen3 hand
machine

ompositors,
Web press­ Chand
and
men
machine

Cylinder
pressmen

Web press­
men

36. 25

16. 6
16. 6

36. 25
37. 5

16. 0
36. 25

8. 3

36. 25

11. 0

36. 25

13. 8

Apr 7

Compositors,
hand and
machine

36. 25

20. 7

1953* Jan 15

Newspaper

Commercial

Newspaper

Commercial

Effective date

13. 8

36. 25

37. 5

13. 3

Apr 12
1 Hours shown represent net working time, exclusive of lunch periods.
2 Machine operators receive a weekly differential of $1.40 above the rates
paid to hand compositors. On an hourly basis, this amounts to 3.9 cents.
3 Increases shown for cylinder pressmen reflect the changes in basic wage
scales for journeymen. In Chicago the basic rate is paid for work on the
following equipment: Second position when running tandem or 4 press beds;
2-color automatic Harris presses; 2-color Harris-Seybold-Potter presses; 2color Miller presses; 2-color multicolor ticket presses; any 2 of the following

presses in combination: Automatic press, Harris single press, Miehle hori­
zontal press, Miehle vertical press, Miller simplex press, Osterlind press,
Stokes and Smith press, 2 presses up to 46 by 65 inches, 3 patent inside blanket
presses, 1 press with Upham attachments, 1 double cylinder perfecting press,
1 press over 25 by 38 inches and, not over 3 job presses, 2 automatic presses, 1
double cylinder flatbed 2-color press. Special rates are paid for work on
other types of presses.

B—Hourly and Weekly Rates 1 for Day Shifts
Newspaper

Commercial
Compositors, hand *

Effective date

1951- Oct. 7

1062: .Tfl.rt 15
.Tan. 16
Apr. 24

Hourlyrate

Weeklyrate

$2. 80

$101. 50

Cylinderpressmen 3
Hourlyrate

Weeklyrate

$2. 828

$102. 50

2. 938

106. 50

Hourlyrate

Weeklyrate

$2. 924

$106. 00

_ .

One 16
1953- J a n .15

Apr 7

2. 883
3. 0207

Webpressmen
Hourlyrate

Weeklyrate

$2. 747

$103. 00

2. 88

108. 00

104. 50

* 109. 50

Apr. 12....................
i Weekly rates are based on standard hours, as shown in table A.
3 Machine operators receive an additional $1.40 a week. On an hourly basis
th is amounts to 3.9 cents.


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Compositors, handand
machine

3. 062

ÏÏÏ. ÖÖ

3 See footnote 3, table A.
4 Employees required to work Saturday as a regular shift paid $5 a week
over the minimum day scale.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

1205

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 16

C—Premium Pay for Night Work
[Cents per hour in excess of day rates]

Commercial
Compositors, hand and
machine

Newspaper
Compositors, hand and
machine

Cylinder pressmen1

Web press­
men 3

Effective date
First night
shift3
1951: Oct. 7 __________
1952: Jan. 15______ __
Jan. 16__ ______
Apr. 24_ ________
July 7 ___________
Dec. 16- _______
1953: Jan. 15__________
Apr. 7
___ __ _
Apr. 12__ ______

14. 0

On3-shift basis
Second night Night work
(2-shift basis)3 First night Second night
shift3
shift3
shift3

First night
shift4

Second night Nightwork 4
shift4

47. 9
79. 2

15. 1
13. 8

35. 7

48. 0
35. 3

14. 0

48. 9
36. 6

13. 8

49. 3
82. 1

15. 2
15. 1

51. 7
36. 3

1 See footnote 3, table A.
2 Exclusive of operators of color and gravure presses, who receive extra
nightwork premium pay.
3 Standard workweek for 1st night shift for commercial compositors and for
night shift for cylinder pressmen on 2-shift basis, 36% hours (same as day
shift); 1st night shift for cylinder pressmen on 3-shift basis, 33% hours; 2d
night shift for compositors and pressmen, 32% hours.

4 In newspaper printing, night work is a more regular part of operations.
First night shift for compositors, 36% hours (same as day shift); 2d night
shift for compositors, 30 hours; night shift for web pressmen, 35 hours (only
1 night shift worked).

D—Hourly and Weekly Rates for Night Shifts in Newspaper Printing
Compositors, hand and machine
First night shift

Effective date

Hourly rate

1952: Jan.
Apr.
1953: Jan.
Apr.

15_ ___ ____________
2 4 _ ______ ______ __
15__ _______________
1 2 _____
_____

Web pressm en1

Second night shift

Weekly rate2

Hourly rate

W eekly rate 3

$3. 0759

$111. 50

$3. 7167

$111. 50

3. 2138

116. 50

3. 8833

116. 50

Nightwork
Hourly rate

$3. 10
3. 243

i Exclusive of operators of color and gravure presses, who receive extra
nightwork premium pay.
3 Based on 36%-hour week.

W eekly rate 4

$108. 50
113. 50

3 Based on 30-hour week,
4 Based on 35-hour week.

E—Related Wage Practices
Effective date

Kind of printing, craft, and agreement provision
Overtime Pay—Daily

Oct. 7, 1951.--

Commercial: Compositors, hand and machine.— Changed to: Time and one-half for first 3 hours
beyond regular shift, double time thereafter. Friday night, double time paid for all overtime
after the employee had completed standard week.
Holiday Pay

Jan. 15, 1952______
Dec. 16, 1952_______
Apr. 3, 1953_______


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Newspaper: Compositors, hand and machine.— Added: Additional day off, with pay, allowed
when a holiday fell on a normal day off, except in vacation period.
Commercial: Cylinder pressmen.— Changed to: Double time plus regular shift pay for holidays
worked (total, triple time). Minimum guarantee of 4 hours’ pay at triple time.
Newspaper: Web pressmen.— Added: Additional day’s pay allowed when Labor D ay or Thanks­
giving fell on a normal day off and employee was not required to work.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 16

1206

MONTHLY LABOR

E—Related Wage Practices'—Continued
Effective date

Kind of printing, craft, and agreement provision
Paid Vacations

Oct.

7,

1951________

Apr. 3, 1952________
Apr. 3, 1953__ —

Commercial: Compositors, hand and machine.— Added: If a holiday fell within a scheduled
vacation, employee was paid for the holiday and was not required to extend his vacation by 1
day.
Newspaper: Web pressmen.— Changed to: 3 weeks’ vacation for employees working 225 or more
straight-time shifts during previous calendar year; others, 1 day’s vacation for each 16 days
worked or major fraction thereof.
Newspaper: Web pressmen.— Added: Additional day’s pay allowed when any holiday fell in
vacation on a day when employee would normally have worked.
Reporting-Time Pay 1

Jan. 15, 1952_______

Newspaper: Compositors, hand and machine.— Added: Employee paid for full shift on any day
unless discharged for cause or excused at own request.2
Severance Allowance

Apr. 3, 1952_

-------

Newspaper: Web pressmen.— Severance allowance established providing 1 week’s pay for each
year of service, up to 4, to regular situation holders dismissed by reason of merger or permanent
suspension of publication.
Health and Welfare Benefits

Apr. 1, 1954------------

Commercial: Compositors, hand and machine.— Companies to provide the following benefits, for
all journeymen and apprentices:
Life insurance: $1,000, with additional $1,000 for accidental death or dismemberment;
Hospital expenses: $10 a day for room and board for maximum of 31 days;
Hospital extras: $300 maximum for hospital extras, including X-ray, blood plasma, ambulance,
operating room, anesthetics, laboratory fees, drugs, and dressings;
Surgical benefits: $300 maximum for journeymen and 5th and 6th year apprentices (reduced
benefits for apprentices below the 5th year apportioned according to length of service;
Sickness or nonoccupational injury: $50 a week, with maximum of $650 for each sickness or
accident; payable from 8th day for sickness and from 1st day for accident;
Occupational injury: $50 for 1st week, $25 a week for next 12 weeks, with $350 maximum for
each disability; payable from 1st day.
Pension Plans

Mar. 1, 1952________

Commercial: Cylinder pressmen.— 5-year pension plan established: Employers to contribute $1 a
week for each employee to a Joint Pension Fund; employers’ contributions to be matched by
employee contributions.

1 In the basic chronology the entry under Reporting Time for newspaper
pressmen should have read as follows: No provision for reporting time pay.
2 In the basic chronology the entry under Reporting Time for newspaper
compositors should have read as follows: Full day’s pay guaranteed em-


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3

ployees on afternoon newspapers when called to work on Sundays,
8 Only local agreements reported here. Both the compositors’ and the
pressmen’s international unions have pension plans, funded solely by their
memberships. These have been in effect for more than 25 years.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

1207

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 17

W age Chronology N o. 17:
North Atlantic Longshoring 1
Supplement No. 2
T h e 2-year agreement between the International
Longshoremen’s Association (AFL)2 and the
New York Shipping Association was reopened in
August 1952 for discussions on general wage
changes and other matters. When the parties
were unable to reach agreement, the matter was
referred to arbitration.
On November 25, 1952, the arbitrator released
his award which allowed a general wage increase,
maintained overtime at time and one-half the
applicable general or penalty cargo rate, and raised

most penalty rates by the same amount as the
general increase. Much of the award was subject
to Wage Stabilization Board approval. When the
President of the United States abolished the
Board on February 6, 1953, the parties’ petition
had not been acted on, but the order ending
controls permitted the immediate institution of
the changes pending WSB action. Thereupon,
the increase was put into effect in the New York
Harbor area as well as in other North Atlantic
Coast ports which habitually follow the New York
pattern.
The basic chronology and supplement are
brought up to date by the following additions.
1 See M onthly Labor Review, August 1951 (p. 170) and October 1952 (p. 410)
or Wage Chronology Series 4, No. 17.
3
In September 1953, the A F L convention expelled the ILA and issued a
charter to a new union of the same name.

A—General Wage Changes
Effective date

Provision

Oct. 1, 1952 (by arbitra­
tion award of Nov. 25,
1952).

17 cents an hour increase___ __

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Made retroactive by agreement of the parties. Retro­
active payment made after Executive Order of Feb. 6,
1953, abolished Wage Stabilization Board.

B—Basic Hourly Rates for Longshoremen1 in Selected North Atlantic Coast Ports
Effective date

Effective date

Cargo classification and port

Cargo classification and port
Oct. 1,1951

General cargo
All ports:
Basic rate__ — __
---------------- $2. 10
Overtime rate. _ __ — ---------3. 15
Penalty cargoes 2
New York:
Bulk cargo, ballast, and coal
cargoes 3_
_____ ______
Cement and lime in bags_______
Damaged cargo 4 __________ _
Explosives5- .
_
_
Kerosene, gasoline, and naphtha 6_
Refrigerator space cargo 7 _
Wet hides, creosoted poles, ties
and shingles, cashew oil, soda
ash in bags and naphthalene in
bags______ _ _ _

See footnotes at end of table.


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2.
2.
4.
4.
2.
2.

15
15
10
10
30
30

2. 25

Oct. 1, 1952

Oct. 1,1951 Oct. 1,1952

Penally cargoes2—Continued
$2. 27
3. 405

2.
2.
4.
4.
2.
2.

32
32
44
44
47
47

2. 42

Baltimore: 8
Cement and lime in bags and bulk. $2. 15
Chrycillic acid stowed under deck. 4. 10
Damaged cargo 4
_ __ _ _
4. 10
Explosives 5_
_
4. 10
Old coal; restricted spaces _ _
2. 625
Refrigerator space cargo 7__
2. 30
Rubber where talc has been used
in stowage. ___ ____
2. 20
Soda ash, toxaphene (cotton dust),
red oxide, naphthalene and
calcium cyanamid in bags, raw
bones in bulk, and chrycillic
acid in drums___ __ _
2. 25
Wet hides, creosoted lumber, and
lumber products and copra. _ _
2. 25

$2.
4.
4.
4.
2.
2.

32
44
44
44
795
47

2. 37

2. 42
2. 42

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 17

1208

MONTHLY LABOR

B—Basic Hourly Rates for Longshoremen 1 in Selected North Atlantic Coast Ports—Continued
Effective date

Effective date
Cargo classification and port

Cargo classification and port
Oct. 1,1951

Penalty cargoes 2— Continued

Penalty cargoes 2— Continued
Boston:8
Bulk cargo and ballast3_________
Cement in bags________________
Damaged cargo 4_______________
Explosives 5____________________
Grain 10________________________
Naphthalene in bags____________
Pickled skins, in casks, from New
Zealand and Australia________
Refrigerator space cargo 7----------Scrap mica_____________________
Wet hides, creosoted products,
cashew oil, soda ash, carbon
black, cottonseed meal in bags,
and gasoline_________________
Hampton Roads (including Newport
News and Norfolk):
Damaged cargo 4_______________
Explosives 5____________________
Grain_________________________
Refrigerator space cargo 7----------Cement and lime in bags, iron ore
when moved by hand, sulfur
and steel dust in bulk or bags,
pitch in bulk or barrels_______

15
15
10
10
30
85

$2. 32
2. 32
4. 44
4. 44
2. 47
(u)

2. 60
2. 30
2. 35

2. 77
2. 47
2. 52

2. 25

2. 42

4.
4.
2.
2.

4.
4.
2.
2.

$2.
2.
4.
4.
2.
2.

10
10
30
30

2. 15

44
44
47
47

Hampton Roads— Continued
Wet hides, creosoted products,
cashew oil, soda ash, kerosene
and caustic soda. __ —
..
$2. 25
Philadelphia:
4. 20
Distress cargo 4_________________
4. 20
Explosives5.
2. 30
Grain 10__ -----------. —
Oil, kerosene, gasoline, grease,
naphtha in barrels, drums,
2. 25
cases, or other containers 12_.
2. 15
Sulfur and bog ore in bulk . . .
2. 25
Wet hides.
. _
Tallow, vegetable oil, asphalt and
2. 25
pitch in barrels and drums 12___
Naphthalene, in bags, inbound
2. 35
only __
-----------Chrvcillic acid, in drums, inbound
2. 60
only----- ----------------_
Refrigerator space cargo 7_

$2. 42
4. 54
4. 54
2. 47
2. 42
2. 32
2. 42
2. 42
2. 52
2. 77
13 2. 47

2. 32

1 Contrary to the practice on the Pacific Coast, nonsupervisory longshore­
men, except in the ports noted, receive the same rate of pay regardless of the
function performed.
s Overtime work handling these cargoes is paid for at 1M times the penalty
rate.
3 Including loading and trimming coal for ship’s own hunker.
4 Premium rate not paid on ship with damaged cargo for handling sound
cargo in same or separate compartment.
5 When handled in the stream, pay to start when men leave the pier.
6 In eases and barrels, when loaded by case-oil gang with a fly.
7 When transported at temperature of freezing or below, rate paid entire
gang.


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Oct. 1,1951 Oct. 1,1952

Oct. 1,1952

8
Bates applicable to holdmen. Winchmen, deckmen, and leaders paid
an additional 5 cents an hour.
11Gangwaymen, winchmen, and tractor operators receive a 5-cent-an-hour
differential; chisel and fork lift operators, a 10-cent differential.
10 Bate applicable to men in next hatch when there is no bulkhead or
partition.
n No scheduled rate, but actually $4.44, the “distress rate,” being paid.
12 Bate applicable if cargo was handled by a gang for 2 hours or more a day.
13 Bate approved late in Dec. 1952 by the Begional Wage Stabilization
Board to be effective as of N ov. 1, 1952*

Recent Decisions
of Interest to Labor1

Refusal To Bargain. The National Labor Rela­
tions Board held 2 that a company violated the
Labor Management Relations Act when it refused
to bargain with a local union which had been
certified by the Board as the bargaining repre­
sentative for employees in the company’s plant.
Section 8 (a) (5) of the act makes it an unfair
labor practice for an employer “to refuse to bar­
gain collectively with the representatives of his
employees.”
The company’s refusal was based on a claim by
a rival local for recognition. To enforce its claim,
the rival union had threatened to call strikes at
other plants which the company operated. The
company further contended that the certified union
had agreed to withhold its demand for bargaining
rights until the jurisdictional dispute was resolved
by the executive board of the parent organization
of the two locals.
In ordering the company to bargain with the
certified union, the Board found that the record
did not support the company’s assertion that the
union waived bargaining rights, and that such an
assertion was inconsistent with the fact that the
union demanded current bargaining. The finding
of a violation was based entirely on the fact that
the certified union tried to exercise its bargain­
ing rights and the company refused recognition.
Union Interference With Elections. In another
NLRB ruling,3 a union which used a sound truck
for the purpose of broadcasting to workers during
the initial period of an election was found not to
have violated section 9 (c) of the LMRA. Al­
though the sound truck was parked at a distance
of about 60 feet from the building in which the
election was being conducted, it could be heard in
all parts of the plant, including the voting area.
However, it was used for only 20 minutes and was
heard by only a small fraction of the voters. Upon

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the request of a representative of the Board, the
union ceased using the amplifiers and they were
not operated again for the remainder of the day.
The Board, citing J. I. Case Co.f found that
the use of the truck “did not have a sufficiently
substantial effect upon the election to constitute
interference” and, further, that its use “under the
circumstances of this case” did not “constitute
willful or contemptuous disregard of the Board’s
rules, policies and regulations with regard to the
conduct of elections.” Nevertheless, the Board
did take this occasion to reaffirm its established
policy of prohibiting the use of any instrumental­
ities or devices for “effectively” conducting cam­
paign activities within a voting area.
Newly appointed Board Chairman Guy Farmer
dissented.5 It was his opinion that the use of a
sound truck within earshot of voters at a collective­
bargaining election constitutes interference regard­
less of the mitigating facts referred to by the
majority. He would have set the election aside.
Discharge of Employees for Concerted Activities. A
circuit court of appeals found 6 an employer in
violation of section 8 (a) (1) of the Labor Manage­
ment Relations Act in discharging an employee
who had engaged in concerted activities for mutual
aid and protection. The employee in question had
solicited signatures on a petition which would have
authorized him to attempt to recover individual
claims for unpaid wages under section 16 (b) of
the Fair Labor Standards Act, as amended.
Citing Modern Motors, Inc. v. N LR B 7said NLRB
v. Schwartz,8 the court noted that the language of
section 7 of the LMRA, guaranteeing the right of
employees to engage in concerted activities “for
the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual
aid or protection,” was not to be construed as
1 Prepared, in the U . S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
T he cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant
decisions believed to be of special interest. N o attem pt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results may be reached, based upon local statutory pro­
visions, the existence of local precedents, or a different approach b y the courts
to the issue presented.
'
2 In re Ludwig Baumann Co. (106 N L R B N o. 135, Aug. 20,1953).
5 In re Higgins, Inc. (106 N L R B No. 145, Aug. 21, 1953).
* 85 N L R B 576.
8 One of four dissents by Chairman Farmer within 8 days. Other
dissents were in Brown Truck and Trailer Mfg. Co. (106 N L R B N o. 158, Aug.
28, 1953), Southeastern Rubber Mfg. Co. (106 N L R B No. 157, Aug. 26, 1953),
and K linka’s Garage (106 N L R B No. 156, Aug. 26, 1953).
6 Water Users’ Association v. N L R B (C. A. 9, July 23,1953).
1 198 F. 2d 925 (C. A. 8).
8 146 F. 2d 773 (C. A. 5).

1209

1210

DECISIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

limiting such activities to union affairs, and that
such activity may, in fact, include efforts to induce
action by a group. In the instant case, such efforts
might afford an effective weapon in obtaining that
to which the participants, as individuals, were
legally entitled.
Status of Foreman as a Supervisor. A United
States district court held 9 that a foreman who
divided his time equally between supervisory and
nonsupervisory work was a supervisor within the
meaning of section 2 (11) of the Labor Manage­
ment Relations Act. That section defines “super­
visor” to include individuals who have authority,
in the interest of their employer, to hire, transfer,
assign, discharge, or discipline other employees, or
responsibility to direct them, if the exercise of
such authority is not of a routine nature and
requires the exercise of independent judgment.
Section 2 (3) excludes supervisors from the defini­
tion of “ employee,” thus removing such individ­
uals from coverage of the act.
The company alleged that it had the right to
assign production work to the particular super­
visor, although he was not a member of the union,
notwithstanding a provision in the collective­
bargaining agreement which expressly provided
that it should be applicable to production em­
ployees. The court found that the foreman was
a supervisor and that he was therefore excluded
from the terms of the collective agreement but
was not prohibited from performing production
work. It noted, citing Ohio Power Co. v. NLRB,10
that the act does not require the exercise of
supervisory authority for all or any definite part
of the supervisory employee’s time.
Union Responsibility for Acts of Its Agents. The
NLRB recently held 11 that a local union was re­
sponsible for the acts of its president in threatening
a nonstriker at his home. Further, the Board
held that the union president was responsible for
the conduct of pickets, which consisted of acts of
violence and intimidation; among other things, he
8 Morrison d. b. a. Kentucky M etal Products Co. v. Bridge Workers (W. D .
K y., Aug. 20, 1953).
10 176 P. 2d 385 (C. A. 6).
11 In re District 50, United M ine Workers (106 N L R B No. 153, Aug. 26,
1953).
i* Wayside Press, Inc. v. N L R B (O. A. 9, Aug. 25, 1953).
is 171 F. 2d 769.


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MONTHLY LABOR

was cognizant of the coercive nature of the picket­
ing and failed to take disciplinary action against
the participants. The union president had warned
an employee that he would run the risk of re­
prisals “by the boys” if he reported for work
during the strike.
In imputing responsibility to the union for the
acts of its president and to the president for the
conduct of the union members, the Board did not
consider it necessary to decide whether, by en­
gaging pickets or establishing picket lines, a
union incurs responsibility for all conduct in
furtherance of the purpose of the picketing. In
the Board’s opinion, the record showed other
grounds for holding the union and its president
liable: the union president’s general authority to
call and conduct a strike; and the fact that the
acts of intimidation occurred under such circum­
stances that they could not have failed to come
to the president’s attention; he therefore acqui­
esced in and condoned the pickets’ conduct.
In prior decisions the Board has enunciated the
rule that where a principal has empowered an
agent to act for him in a general area, the principal
is responsible for all acts of the agent within the
scope of his general authority, even though the
principal has not specifically authorized, or may
actually have forbidden, the acts in question.
Employer Interference With Rights of Employees.
A circuit court of appeals found 12 that an appli­
cation blank containing the question, “Are you a
member of a union?” did not, in the absence of
an additional showing of coercion, constitute a
violation of section 8 (a) (1) of the LMRA. As
soon as the employer was advised by the Board
that it objected to inclusion of the question in
the application form, its use was abandoned.
The court pointed out that the company’s
prior relations with labor unions had been good
and that there was no evidence of any union
hostility in the instant case or of any attempt
by the company to use the information regarding
union membership to the employees’ detriment.
The court found the case to be square with the
opinion of the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals
in Sax v. NLRB ,13 to the effect that, “Mere words
of interrogation or perfunctory remarks not
threatening or intimidating in themselves, made
by an employer with no anti-union background

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

DECISIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

. . . cannot, standing naked and alone, support a
finding of a violation of section 8 (a) (1).”
Right of Employer to Require Individual Contracts
of Employment. A circuit court of appeals held 14
that an employer may not insist on individually
negotiated contracts of employment under pro­
visions of the Fair Labor Standards Act, when the
LMRA requires collective bargaining.
The company had discharged several employees
who refused to sign individual contracts of em­
ployment at a time when the union, as the ex­
clusive representative of the employees in the
unit found appropriate by the NLRB, had made
a request to bargain. The company contended
that it had offered the individual contracts of
employment to satisfy Federal Wage and Hour
investigators and that it should not be penalized
under one statute for complying with another.
The court found, however, that under the facts
of the case, the clear purpose of the company
requirement for the negotiation of individual con­
tracts of employment was to “keep the Labor
Board off” the employer and that the employer
may not insist on individually negotiated con­
tracts of employment when the LMRA demands
collective bargaining. Further, the court pointed
out that section 7 (e) of the FLSA expressly
sanctions agreements made by representatives of
employees through collective bargaining.
Recovery of Punitive Damages Arising Out of Sec­
ondary Boycotts. A United States district court
upheld 15 an award by a jury of punitive damages
to a coal company whose lease was terminated as
a result of a secondary boycott by a union against
the lessor.
It was alleged by the lessee coal company that
the union induced 2,000 employees of the lessor
coal company to refuse to work until the lessor
ceased doing business with the lessee, and that the
lessor consequently canceled the lease held by the
lessee. The jury awarded punitive damages to the
lessee in the amount of $75,000, and the union
filed a motion to have the award set aside on the
ground that the LMRA does not provide for the
award of punitive damages.
The court, in finding that the evidence fully
justified the award of punitive damages, cited
Certain-Teed Products Co. v. Wallinger,16to support


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1211

the position that willful and wanton interference
with a contractual relationship to the extent of
destroying another’s business is amply sufficient
to establish a common-law tort.
Employer Interference With Election. The NLRB
recently held 17 that an employer violated section
9 (c) of the LMRA by signing a contract with 1
of 2 competing unions after a representation elec­
tion had been directed by the Board, thereby
assisting the contracting union and preventing a
free choice of bargaining representative by the
employees.
After the employer signed the contract granting
a wage increase and other benefits, he assembled
the employees and so advised them. He justified
his action on the ground that the established re­
lationship between wages in his plant and those in
the plants of his competitors required that he
grant the increase immediately. The Board,
citing International Shoe Co.18 found that this
contention was without merit.
Independent-Contractor Rather Than Employee
Status. The NLRB found 19 that drivers for a
motor freight company who purchased and main­
tained their own vehicles were independent con­
tractors within the meaning of section 2 (3) of the
LMRA. Independent contractors, expressly ex­
cluded from the definition of “employees,” are
thus removed from the coverage of the act.
The company did not reserve the right to control
the manner in which the driver achieved the
“objective of the agreements” ; however, it did
maintain a trailer which it leased to him for use in
the business for a stated percentage of the gross
revenue. In addition, the driver was forbidden to
carry other cargo or to transport passengers with­
out the company’s consent, and the tractor bore
the company’s insignia.
The Board, citing Oklahoma Trailer Convoy,20
ruled that the evidence supporting the existence
of an employer-employee relationship was inade­
quate, and that, therefore, the drivers were in fact
independent contractors.
N L R B v. Stewart Oil Co. (C. A. 5, Sept. 9, 1953).
18 Patton d. b. a. Laurel Branch Coal Co. v. U M W (W. D . Va., Sept. 3,1953).
1« 89 F. 2d 427 (C. A. 4).
17 In re Johnson Transport Co. (106 N L R B N o. 175, Sept. 10, 1953).
18 97 N L R B 772.
I* In re Malone Freight Lines (106 N L R B No. 176, Sept. 15, 1953).
20 99 N L R B 1019.

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

September 1, 1953
The president of the International Brotherhood of
Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen & Helpers of
America (AFL) ordered 1,200 sand, gravel, and readymixed-concrete truckdrivers of Local 282 in New York
City to call off their 2-month strike against supply dis­
tributors and to submit the dispute to arbitration; he also
extended the order to 600 striking drivers for buildingsupply companies. The strike had idled 100,000 con­
struction workers and impeded $600 million of public and
private construction. On September 2, the drivers, who
had refused negotiators the power to bargain, accepted
arbitration and began to return to work; the companies
also agreed to arbitration. (Source: New York Times,
Sept. 2 and 3, 1953.)
The United Automobile, Aircraft & Agricultural Imple­
ment Workers of America (CIO) announced that contract
revisions similar to those recently accepted by the auto­
mobile industry (see Chron. item for May 22, 1953, MLR,
July 1953) had been incorporated in its 5-year contract
with John Deere & Co.—the first such revision in the
agricultural-implement industry. (Source: United Auto­
mobile Worker, Sept. 1953.)
The National Labor Relations Board, in a ruling which
reversed earlier decisions, held that armored-car guarddrivers employed to protect property belonging to the
employer’s customers were guards within the meaning of
the Taft-Hartley Act and hence could not be included in a
bargaining unit with nonguard employees. The case
involved was Armored Motor Service Co., Inc., Memphis,
Tenn., and International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauf­
feurs, Warehousemen & Helpers of America, Local 667
{AFL). (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Sept. 28,
1953, 32 LRRM, p. 1628.)

ratification by October 5, 1953. It provided for basic
wage increases ranging from $1.50 to $3 a week, a shorter
wage-progression schedule, and other benefits. On Sep­
tember 19, the union signed a new contract with the
Indiana Bell Telephone Co., thus ending a 2-month
statewide strike which had been marked by violence and
mass picketing. The contract, affecting between 6,000
and 7,000 workers, provided for basic wage increase;ranging from $1.50 to $2.50 a week. The company agreed
that 20 strikers dismissed for picket-line misconduct
might appeal individually to a special arbitration board.
(Source: New York Times, Sept. 3 and 20, 1953; and CIO
News, Sept. 7, 1953.)

September 3
The Federal District Court for Western Virginia, in the
case of Patton et al., d. b. a. Laurel Branch Coal Co. v.
United Mine Workers of America et al. {Ind.), upheld a
jury’s award of punitive, as well as actual, damages against
the union on a charge of secondary boycott. The court
held that the union had “willfully and wantonly interfered
with” a contractual relationship “to the extent of destroy­
ing the plaintiff’s business.” In order to unionize a mine
which the plaintiff had leased, the UMWA had called a
strike of the lessor coal company’s employees, thereby
causing the company to cancel the plaintiff’s lease.
(Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Sept. 21, 1953, 32
LRRM, p. 2642.)

September 8
T he presidents of the American Federation of Labor and
the United Brotherhood of Carpenters & Joiners of America
announced, in a joint statement, that the union, which had
withdrawn from the Federation last month (see Chron.
item for Aug. 12, 1953, MLR, Oct. 1953), was continuing
its affiliation. The statement also indicated that the
AFL executive council would present to the forthcoming
convention a policy recommendation for ending juris­
dictional warfare among AFL affiliates. On September 25,
the convention directed that a committee be appointed to
study the problem and report either to the next annual
convention or to a special conference if a plan can be
formulated within 6 months. The convention also elected
the president of the Carpenters’ union to an AFL vice­
presidency. (Source: AFL News-Reporter, Sept. 11,
1953; and New York Times, Sept. 9 and 26,1953.)

September 10
September 2
E ise n h o w e r accepted the resignation of
Martin P. Durkin, who had been Secretary of Labor since
January 21, 1953. Thereupon, Under Secretary Lloyd A.
Mashburn became Acting Secretary of Labor, and Mr.
Durkin resumed the presidency of the United Association
of Journeymen & Apprentices of the Plumbing & Pipe
Fitting Industry (AFL), from which he was on leave of
P r e sid e n t

The Communications Workers of America (CIO) and the
American Telegraph and Telephone Co. reached agree­
ment on a new contract covering 22,000 long distance
employees in 40 States and the District of Columbia.
The settlement, which was preceded by a series of short,
unauthorized, sporadic strikes, was subject to membership
1212


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

CHRONOLOGY LABOR EVENTS

1213

absence. Subsequently, at the AFL convention, Mr.
Durkin said that he had resigned because the administra­
tion had broken an agreement to submit to Congress 19
amendments to the Taft-Hartley Act, and Vice President
Richard M. Nixon outlined the administration’s position
on this matter. The convention, on September 25, adopted
a resolution upholding Mr. Durkin’s resignation as
3*justified.” (Source: White House release, Sept. 10,
*953; New York Times, Sept. 12 and 26, 1953; AFL NewsReporter, Sept. 25 and Oct. 2, 1953. For discussion, see
p. 1165 of this issue.)

employers would likewise agree. On September 16, the
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, in accordance
with the President’s instructions (see Chron. item for Mar.
24, 1953, MLR, May 1953) reviewed policy objectives
and promulgated procedures for the new Atomic Energy
panel. (Source: Washington [D. C.] Post, Sept. 15 and 17,
1953; AFL News-Reporter, Sept. 21, 1953; and undated
FMCS release, “Procedures of the Atomic Energy LaborManagement Relations Panel.”)

September 11

T he Federal Court of Appeals in Philadelphia, in the case
of United States v. Valenti, reversed the conviction of a
union official for having filed a false non-Communist
affidavit with the National Labor Relations Board (see
Chron. item for Oct. 25, 1952, MLR, Dec. 1952), on the
ground that the lower court did not have venue jurisdiction
of the offense. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Sept
21, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 2655.)

T h e General Counsel of the National Labor Relations

Board, in an administrative ruling, sustained a regional
director in his refusal to issue a complaint alleging discrim­
inatory discharge of 5 employees by a communications
company. He found that the employer had reasonable
ground for believing that 4 of them were security risks in
that each either belonged to Communist-front organiza­
tions or had signed petitions for such organizations; and
that the employer had decided that the fifth could continue
working. The General Counsel also found that the
regional director did not act arbitrarily in refusing to
advise the employees as to the nature of the company’s
defense. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Sept. 14,
1953, 32 LRRM, p. 1619.)

September 12
T h e Federal District Court at Madison, Wis., dismissed an

NLRB petition to enjoin a local union of truckdrivers
from engaging in an allegedly secondary boycott; it ruled
that, under a “hot cargo” clause in the union’s contract
with motor carriers, employees of the latter were permitted
to refuse to handle “unfair goods” and were therefore
not engaged in a “strike or concerted refusal.” Moreover,
the court upheld the right of an employer, under the TaftHartley Act, to “discard his neutrality in industrial
disputes involving other employers,” by signing such an
agreement. The decision was given in Madden, etc. v.
International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Ware­
housemen & Helpers of America, Local
{AFL). (Source:
Labor Relations Reporter, Oct. 5, 1953, 32 LRRM, p.
2722.)

September 14
T h e president of the Metal Trades Department of the AFL
announced that the department and its affiliates had
decided not to give an overall no-strike pledge in Atomic
Energy plants, under the recently reorganized and re­
constituted Atomic Energy Labor-Management Relations
Panel (see Chron. item for July 24, 1953, MLR, Sept.
1953), as had been done under the panel’s predecessor.
He pointed out, however, that the effect of such a pledge
could be attained for the duration of a contract, the unions
being willing to accept the panel’s decisions as binding by
writing them into contracts with employers provided the


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

September 15

September 17
T h e Governor of Alabama approved a “right-to-work”
law for State employees. Any State employee who joins
a union, participates in one, or retains membership in one
30 days after the approval of the act, forfeits all rights
under the State merit system, as well as employment and
reemployment rights, and related benefits. However,
continued participation is permitted in order to avoid loss
of insurance or financial benefits. (Source: Labor Rela­
tions Reporter, Oct. 12, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 3066.)

September 18
T he United Steelworkers of America (CIO) ended a 19-day
unauthorized strike that had idled 15,000 workers in the
Bethlehem Steel Company’s Lackawanna, N. Y., plant,
on order of the union’s president, David J. McDonald.
He termed it a violation of the USWA contract with the
company and directed that the dispute over job-schedule
changes be handled through the grievance procedure.
(Source: Washington Post, Sept. 20, 1953; and Labor
Relations Reporter, Sept. 28, 1953, 32 Analysis, p. 85.)

September 19
T h e heads of the 19 AFL building-trades unions directed
locals at the Atomic Energy power plant being constructed
at Joppa, 111., to order their members back to work across
picket lines maintained by Local 595 of the International
Association of Bridge, Structural, & Ornamental Iron
Workers (AFL), in defiance of an order from its parent
union to discontinue a wildcat strike begun a few days
before over the hiring of six ironworkers “not approved by
the local.” A no-strike agreement which included pro­
vision for the arbitration of all disputes had been reached,
on August 20, 1953, jointly by the locals involved, the
parent unions, and the company that had recently taken
over operation of the project. On September 21, the

1214

CHRONOLOGY LABOR EVENTS

Iron Workers chartered Local 758 to supplant Local 595,
but work on the project had not been resumed at the end
of September. (Source: New York Times, Sept. 20 and
23, 1953; and Labor, Oct. 3, 1953.)

September 21
T he American Federation of Labor opened its 72d annual
convention at St. Louis, Mo. (Source: AFL News-Re­
porter, Sept. 21, 1953; for discussion, see p. 1165 of this
issue; see also Chron. items for Sept. 8, 22, and 25 in this
section.)

September 22
T h e AFL convention revoked the 60-year-old charter of
the International Longshoremen’s Association—the first
international affiliate to be expelled from the Federation
for corruption. The action was based upon the final
recommendation of the AFL executive council, which had
first recommended suspension (see Chron. item for Aug.
11, 1953, MLR, Oct. 1953). The convention also author­
ized establishment of a rival union, which during its
formative period is to be administered by a 5-member
trusteeship committee appointed by the executive council.
On September 25, a charter was issued to a new union of
the same name (ILA-AFL). (Source: New York Times,
Sept. 21, 23, and 26, 1953; and AFL News-Reporter, Sept.
25, 1953.)

September 25
T h e AFL convention ratified a "no-raiding-of-membership” agreement with the CIO (see Chron. items for Aug.
12 and 20, 1953, MLR, Oct. 1953), which will vote on
ratification at its convention in November. (Source: New
York Times, Sept. 26, 1953.)


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September 29
T h e NLRB, in the case of Marathon Electric Manufac­
turing Corp., Wausau, Wis., and United Electrical, Radio &
Machine Workers of America, Local 1113 (Ind.) and Inter­
national Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local 1791
(AFL), upheld the employer in the lockout and discharge
of all members of the UE local which had called a strike in
violation of a no-strike clause in its contract. The dis­
charge of UE members who reported for work after the
strike was called and those who were on excused absence
when the strike began was justified by the Board on the
ground that they were members of a strong and militant
union which had a union-shop contract and that none
had made an attempt to disassociate himself from the
union’s illegal conduct. As to employees laid off before
the stoppage, their rights to recall, according to the Board,
inhered solely in the contract which the employer justi­
fiably rescinded after UE had breached it. However, the
Board ordered the employer to cease recognizing the IBE W
local prior to certification. (Source: Labor Relations
Reporter, Oct. 12, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 1645.)

September 30
A rm our & Co. reached a settlement with the Amalgamated

Meat Cutters & Butcher Workmen of North America
(AFL) and the United Packinghouse Workers of America
(CIO) on a reopening of master contracts, after joint
negotiations with the two unions (see Chron. item for July
2, 1953, MLR, Sept. 1953) and sporadic walkouts. The
agreement, which affects 5,000 AFL workers and 30,000
CIO workers, provides for a 5-cent-an-hour "across-theboard” wage increase and about 4K cents an hour for a
company-paid hospitalization-medical program. (Source:
CIO News, Oct. 5, 1953; and Washington [D. C.J Post,
Oct. 1, 1953.)

Developments in
Industrial Relations1

D evelopments during September were high­
lighted by the resignation of Secretary of Labor
Martin P. Durkin, the expulsion of the Long­
shoremen’s union from the American Federation
of Labor, and other events centering in the Feder­
ation’s annual convention.2
Mr. Durkin resigned as Secretary of Labor on
September 10 and returned to his post as president
of the United Association of Journeymen and
Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting
Industry (AFL). In one of the most important
addresses made at the AFL convention, Mr. Dur­
kin discussed the difficulties regarding revision of
the Taft-Hartley Act which led to his resignation.
Dockworkers

A bitter organizational drive on the waterfront
began almost immediately after the Ryan-led
International Longshoremen’s Association was
expelled from the AFL on September 22 on charges
of corruption. A new International Longshore­
men’s Association was chartered by the AFL to
take over the ILA jurisdiction.
Organizing activity for the ILA-AFL began on
New York piers shortly after the charter was
granted. Reports indicate that some locals in the
New York-New Jersey area seceded from the old
union and have received charters in the AFL
affiliate. Other East Coast locals were generally
reported to be unprepared for the expulsion
development and confused as to their future course.
These union developments spurred negotiations
for a contract on the New York waterfront to
replace the one expiring September 30. The
waterfront employers, represented by the New
York Shipping Association, offered changes in
wages and welfare benefits amounting to about 7
cents an hour. On September 23 (the day fol­
lowing its expulsion from the AFL), ILA represent­
atives reportedly scaled down previous requests


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for a 50-cent-an-hour wage increase to one of 10
cents. The shipping association then raised its
offer to 8% cents and agreement appeared im­
minent. This provoked charges from George
Meany, president of the AFL, that the shipping
association was carrying on “collusive” negoti­
ations in an effort to obtain a “cheap” contract.
The association, in turn, stated that under the
law it had “no alternative but to negotiate a
contract with the duly elected representatives of
the ILA.” The AFL later notified the employ­
ers’ association that it planned to petition the
NLRB for a representation election. The chair­
man of the New York Anti-Crime Committee
which had investigated the waterfront situation
urged shipping companies to terminate negotia­
tions with the ILA. On October 1, Governor
Thomas E. Dewey of New York publicly urged
the shipping association not to sign a new contract
with “the old racket-controlled union,” since such
action would make it much more difficult to clean
up the waterfront situation.
Dissatisfaction among rank-and-file longshore­
men with the proposed settlement terms led TLA
negotiators to raise their demands on September
28 from 10 to 13 cents an hour (including changes
in wages and related benefits) and to reinstate
previously modified demands for changes in work­
ing rules. These demands were rejected by the
shipping association and a strike began at mid­
night on September 30.
Twelve hours later President Eisenhower in­
voked the national emergency provisions of the
Taft-Hartley Act. He appointed a board of in­
quiry to report by midnight Monday, October 5;
it was composed of David L. Cole, former director
of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service;
Henry R. Carman, dean emeritus of Columbia
College at Columbia University; and Father Den­
nis J. Comey, director of the Institute of Industrial
Relations at St. Joseph’s College in Philadelphia.
Meantime, the new joint New York-New Jersey
Waterfront Commission prepared to put into
effect its regulations dealing with dock labor.
The Commission mailed registration forms to an
estimated 27,000 longshoremen who must file
these with the Commission to be eligible for work
on the docks after December 1. This action
1 Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
3 For a discussion of the A FL convention, see p. 1165 of this issue.

1215

1216

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

was countered by the expelled ILA, which sought
a Federal injunction against enforcement of the
provision in the New York and New Jersey laws
that would deny its New York locals the right to
collect dues unless they rid themselves of union
officials with criminal records. The ILA-AFL
pledged cooperation to the Commission.
Railroad Workers

Approximately 1.3 million railroad workers
received a 3-cent-an-hour wage increase effective
October 1 as a result of the increase in the revised
Consumer Price Index over the past 3 months,
May 15-August 15. In mid-September repre­
sentatives of the unions and carriers agreed upon
a method of conversion from the old to the revised
CPI. This agreement provided for a base of 107
on the revised CPI as the equivalent of the old
base of 178, from which cost-of-living adjust­
ments will be calculated. A change of 0.6 points
in the revised index, it was agreed, would result
in a 1-cent hourly adjustment in wages. The
August index of 115.0 increased the total cost-ofliving bonus of rail workers to 13 cents an hour.
At the same time, a moratorium on wage and
rule changes affecting the railroad workers ended
October 1. During September unions represent­
ing approximately 300,000 operating employees
had announced demands for wage adjustments.
The Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers
(Ind.) demanded a 30-percent increase, declaring
the need for widening the differential between
engineers’ and firemen’s pay. Recent uniform
cents-per-hour increases for all railroad workers
have narrowed the percentage gap in pay among
occupations.
The Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and
Enginemen (Ind.) and the Brotherhood of Rail­
road Trainmen (Ind.) are each seeking a basic
wage increase of 37% cents an hour as well as
incorporation of cost-of-living increases into the
basic wage structure. The Switchmen’s Union
of North America (AFL), the smallest of the
operating unions, is on record with a demand
for a 40-cent-an-hour increase.
The Order of Railway Conductors (Ind.) made
no specific wage demand, but concentrated on
obtaining a pay formula similar to that in effect
for locomotive engineers and firemen, whose wages
are based on the size of locomotives on which they

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MONTHLY LABOR

work. The conductors contend that they have
lost their wage position relative to engineers and
firemen as a result of technological improve­
ments, particularly of multiple-unit diesel engines.
Meantime, the nonoperating unions’ demands
for changes in fringe benefits, including vacations,
paid holidays, and paid medical, hospital and
surgical benefits, were to be considered at broad
regional or national conferences. These demands
were first placed before individual roads last
June3 under requirements established by the
Railway Labor Act for initial submission of
demands.
Atomic Energy

Several developments relating to the host of
complex problems affecting labor relations in the
Nation’s sprawling atomic energy installations
occurred during September. The report of the
AFL executive council to the annual convention
urged establishment of a labor-management com­
mittee to advise the Atomic Energy Commission
on procedures that would assure peaceful and
equitable labor-management relations in the in­
dustry. It pointed to the danger that security
controls might be administered in such a way as
to defeat collective bargaining.
The AFL Metal Trades Department, at its
St. Louis convention, stated that the Department,
or its affiliates, will not give an overall no-strike
pledge to the new Atomic Energy Labor-Manage­
ment Relations Panel or the United States Gov­
ernment. However, if the contractor and the
union agree to accept the Panel’s decisions, this
agreement would constitute a no-strike pledge for
the duration of the contract, according to James
A. Brownlow, president of the Department.
Late in September the AFL Construction
Trades Department and affiliates took joint ac­
tion to enforce an earlier agreement banning strikes
and providing arbitration machinery for settling
all disputes at the construction site of the Joppa,
111., powerplant. The Joppa plant will generate
electricity for the new atomic energy installation
near Paducah, Ky. The joint action was taken
after a local business agent of the International
Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers
(AFL) refused to end an unauthorized strike.
J

See M onthly Labor Review, August 1953 (p. 876).

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

The international presidents of the construction
unions then instructed the business agents of
their Joppa locals to ignore the picket lines, but the
local officials, reportedly, did not comply. A few
days later the Iron Workers’ International shifted
jurisdiction over the Joppa construction activities
away from the striking local. Despite these actions
of the international unions the strike continued,
idling about 2,500 construction workers.
The International Association of Machinists
(AFL), at its first Atomic Energy Conference, an­
nounced a nationwide campaign to organize this
industry. The special problems and restrictions
surrounding workers in AEG installations were
discussed by delegates from locals having con­
tracts at such installations in 12 States.
Other Developments

Farm Equipment. After protracted negotiations
the United Automobile Workers (CIO) and John
Deere & Co. reached agreement on conversion to
the revised BLS Consumer Price Index of the
escalator clause in their present 5-year contract in
force until 1955. This is reported to be the first
negotiated transition to the new BLS index in the
farm equipment industry. The escalator clause
remains on a percentage basis; the new settlement
provided for incorporation of 10 percent of the
existing 14-percent cost-of-living bonus into basic
pay rates, with future wage adjustments of 1
percent for each 1.018 points change in the revised
CPI. By establishing December 1952 as the
transition point between indexes, the agreement
resulted in restoring a 1-percent pay cut instituted
in June 1953. The annual-improvement-factor in­
crease remains at 3 percent of 1950 pay rates —
an average of about 5 cents an hour.
The International Harvester Co. announced
early in September a cost-of-living wage increase
of 1 cent an hour for 45,000 unionized production
workers. Previously the company had put into
effect a similar increase for its unorganized work­
ers. Negotiations for formal conversion of es­
calator clauses have not been completed.
Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co. also an­
nounced conversion to the revised BLS index for
hourly and salaried employees not covered by
union contracts. The same conversion formula
was offered to unions representing organized
workers, and reportedly was accepted by unions
276361— 53------------ 5


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1217

in La Porte, Ind.; Norwood, Ohio; Pittsburgh,
Pa.; and Boston, Mass.
Maritime. A pension program covering members
of the Sailors’ Union of the Pacific (AFL) was
negotiated with West Coast shipowners. Retire­
ment is voluntary and pension payments com­
mence January 1, 1954. They will be available to
sailors retiring after October 1, 1953, who are age
60 or over and who have 20 years’ service in the
industry rendered within a 25-year span. Retire­
ment at ages between 60 and 65 will result in
monthly benefits of from $65 to $90, plus social
security payments. Sailors retiring at age 65 or
over will receive pensions of $100 a month, in
addition to social security benefits. Monthly
pensions of $50 will be paid to sailors, without
income, who have 15 years’ service and who are
totally disabled as a result of employment in the
industry.
Members of the Pacific Coast Marine Firemen,
Oilers, Watertenders and Wipers Association rati­
fied a proposal to rejoin the AFL, becoming a
chartered affiliate of the Seafarers’ International
Union. This action renewed a tie severed in 1936
when the firemen reorganized as an independent
union.
Paper and Pulp. Early in September, members
of two AFL pulp and paper unions ratified an
agreement with the Pacific Coast Association of
Pulp and Paper Manufacturers for a 2%-percent
wage increase, retroactive to June 1. (The unions
were the International Brotherhood of Paper
Makers and the International Brotherhood of
Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers.) This
action followed rejection by the union membership
of a similar increase agreed upon between Asso­
ciation and union representatives. The new con­
tract, however, was said to include improvements
in clauses covering promotions and pay schedules
not contained in the earlier proposal. Approxi­
mately 18,000 workers employed in 38 mills in
Washington, Oregon, and California w;ere affected.
Public Utilities. A new 1-year agreement was
negotiated between the International Brotherhood
of Electrical Workers (AFL) and the Pacific Gas
and Electric Co., covering 14,600 employees in
northern California. The agreement (subject to
ratification by the employees) provided for a 7-

1218

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

cent hourly wage increase, upward revision of pay
in 61 job classifications, and improved pension
plans.
Hat Workers. The United Hatters, Cap and
Millinery Workers (AFL) authorized issuance of
$500,000 in 3-percent bonds, to he underwritten
by the union and sold only to its members, for the
purpose of financing the prolonged work stoppage
in South Norwalk, Conn. Fifteen hundred hat
workers struck on July 9 against the Hat Corpora­
tion of America. The major issue is the union’s
demand for a job security clause providing that
the company would not move its plant away from
South Norwalk during the contract period.
Several years ago the company had transferred
part of its operations to Tennessee and there have
been reports that other operations would be moved
to the South. The company has offered to sign a
pledge to give 6 months’ notice of intent to move,
but it challenged the union’s legal right to strike
in an effort to ban plant shifts. The company’s
petition for an injunction to that effect, filed
August 17, has been held in abeyance pending
establishment of proper court jurisdiction.
Telephone. The 60-day strike at the Indiana Bell
Telephone Co., involving approximately 6,000
workers represented by the CWA-CIO, was set­
tled on September 19. During the stoppage there
were several instances of violence and mass picket­
ing. General wage increases ranging from $1.50
to $2.50 a week were agreed on as well as job rate
adjustments and upward reclassification of some
town wage schedules. Details of wage differen­
tials and other working conditions had been agreed
to by September 5. Subsequently final agreement
was delayed by a return-to-work clause, covering
primarily the company’s dismissal of 20 persons
accused of serious misconduct. The agreement
does not provide for reinstatement of the dismissed
employees, but for individual appeal to a special
arbitration board.
Communism. Ben Gold/president of the Fur and
Leather Workers’ Union (Ind.), was indicted on
charges of falsely swearing that he was not a
Communist, under the' Taft-Hartley Act’s nonCommunist oath section.ft The indictment is
generally regarded as a test case. ( 1$
Charges that the national leadership of the

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United Packinghouse Workers (CIO) was lax in
combating Communist infiltration were aired at
a conference of Packinghouse union leaders and
insurgents, called by CIO President Walter P.
Reuther, in Detroit. Approximately 5,000 mem­
bers in 6 southern States have seceded and applied
to the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store
Union (CIO) for a new charter. Other Packing­
house locals, particularly in the Southwest,
representing a significant segment of the union’s
membership, have reportedly notified the CIO that
they plan to quit the Packinghouse Workers.
Locals of the Farm Equipment Branch, United
Electrical Workers (Ind.), representing approxi­
mately 8,000 employees of the International
Harvester Co. and John Deere & Co. plants in the
Rock Island, 111., area, are attempting to withdraw
from the UE. However, legal actions by UE to
retain local union books and assets have reportedly
delayed final action. In the electrical industry,
NLRB elections at several General Electric and
Westinghouse plants have resulted in a whittling
down of UE membership. Some leaders of UE
locals are reported to have shifted allegiance to
the CIO or AFL organizations combating the UE
(the Auto Workers-CIO, the Electrical WorkersCIO, and the Machinists-AFL).
Teamsters. A new union policy announced by
AFL Teamsters’ president, Dave Beck, calls for
the negotiation of national, rather than local or
regional, agreements. In a general letter to the
membership Mr. Beck indicated that the change
in the scope of agreements to be negotiated was
necessary “ to keep abreast of the mechanization
and ever-expanding systems of distribution.”
Miscellaneous

David J. McDonald, president of the United
Steelworkers (CIO), stated in an address to the
annual convention of the New York State CIO
that, as a member of the combined AFL-CIO
Unity Committee, “ it will be my purpose to make
of our CIO unions better, stronger, and abler
unions—-not weaker unions. I intend to see to it
that no bona fide CIO unions will be swallowed up
by AFL unions just because some AFL unions are
larger.” 4
4For other comments on labor unity, see the remarks by Dave Beck, A FL
Teamsters’ president, quoted on p. 1166 of this issue.

Publications
of Labor Interest
E ditor’s N ote.—Correspondence regarding publications to which ref­
erence is made in this list should be addressed to the respective publishing
agencies mentioned. Data on prices, if readily available, are shown with
the title entries.

Listing of a publication in this section is for record and reference only and
does not constitute an endorsement of point of viewor advocacy of use.

Special Reviews
Employment and Wages in the United States. By
W. S. Woytinsky and Associates. New York,
Twentieth Century Fund, 1953. 777 pp.,
maps, charts.« $7.50.
For 20 years W. S. Woytinsky has been a close
student of the American economy, particularly in
the fields of employment and wages. He has the
rare capacity to dig deeply into the basic statistics
which measure our economic life, and at the same
time display imagination in interpreting their
meaning and significance. In this case, he and
his associates have not only compiled an encyclo­
pedia of information on wages and employment,
but they have also presented analyses and conclu­
sions which are of great importance for public
policy.
For example, with respect to theories of wages,
Dr. Woytinsky and his fellow authors come out
strongly for the doctrine that real earnings of
workers are based on the efficiency of the economic
system, which, in turn, is due to technological and
economic progress. Rising wages do not come out
of profits; they come out of expanding production.
Again, the authors point out that increased
productivity in the past has been commonly used
to raise wages, with a resulting stable or advancing
average price level rather than a falling one. They
conclude that, on the whole, this is preferable to
the lowering of prices, which has been advocated
by some economists.
The authors also recognize that the nature of the
American economy is determined by its institu­
tional structure, by the corporations, and by free
trade unions. Therefore, they have undertaken


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to study the operation of collective bargaining
between labor and management, including, of
course, the labor laws by which the Government
exercises certain legislative and administrative
controls. In this case also, the authors do not hes­
itate to come to a conclusion, namely, that legisla­
tion and other Government interference may do
more harm than good; the primary reponsibility
rests on management and labor to make the system
work.
The book will be not only a reference volume for
years to come, but also an interesting check-point
for future trends. Thus, after demonstrating that
real wages in the United States have, over the last
several decades, increased on the average just over
2 percent a year, they suggest that the average
during the next decade or two might approximate
2.5 to 3 percent a year. They base this outlook
upon their study of recent technological develop­
ment.
This storehouse of information will be useful to
students, to Government officials, to businessmen,
and to labor leaders.
— E w an C l a g u e .
Aid, Trade, and the Tariff. By Howard S. Piquet.
New York, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1953.
358 pp., charts. $5.
This is one of the first major works to approach
the tariff problem on a realistic, rather than a the­
oretical, basis. The highlight of the volume is Dr.
Piquet’s detailed estimate of the aggregate amount
and specific kinds of additional imports that might
realistically be expected if all United States tariffs
and quotas were to be suspended.
As a major appendix, occupying three-quarters
of the book, Dr. Piquet summarized and brought
up to date the valuable basic commodity data con­
tained in the U. S. Tariff Commission’s Summaries
of Tariff Information. These Summaries consti­
tute one of the most important sources of detailed
commodity analyses available on United States
imports, and were basic materials for United States
Government officials in all of the postwar tariff
negotiations. It is largely from these specific
statements that the author has been able to con­
struct, adding commodity to commodity, the pic­
ture of what imports would be like if there were
no tariffs.
Dr. Piquet’s conclusion—that temporary tariff
suspension would lead to an overall increase in
1219

1220

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

present imports of between 8 and 17 percent—
although based on a wealth of expert material, is
the conclusion of one man. It will doubtless be
challenged. But whatever the result of any con­
troversy that may develop, the start that Piquet
has made will be of great value in the formulation
of American trade policy.
Quite understandably, Dr. Piquet’s analysis of
the employment implications of his findings is
limited. He has not attempted to estimate the
numbers of people that would be affected, and the
ways in which they would be affected, if imports of
the magnitude he estimates were to occur. It
would be highly desirable to have such estimates.
They would be most helpful if they could be pre­
sented not only in global terms, but in terms of the
specific geographic locations of the industries and
labor involved. To what extent, for example,
would the displacement occur in areas that, as
labor surplus areas, are now earmarked for special
government treatment?
In keeping with the impartiality of his position
in the Legislative Reference Service of the Library
of Congress, the author advocates no program.
He does, however, present a variety of ideas for
policy consideration. Among these is a further
development of the proposal that the United
States consciously depart from its present policy
of lowering tariffs to a point that would not in­
volve serious injury to domestic industry and labor,
and embark instead on a program of assisted
relocation. Another suggestion is that the United
States might want to waive tariffs up to 10 percent
of domestic production.
—P hilip A r n o w .
Wage Determination Under National Boards. By
Abraham L. Gitlow. New York, PrenticeHall, Inc., 1953. 248 pp. $5.35.
The sharp contrast between the recently con­
cluded experience with price-wage stabilization in
the United States and the wartime experience sug­
gests the need for broad studies of the conditioning
effect of the contemporary environment on stabili­
zation efforts. The wartime program and its
administration were generally regarded as success­
ful, at least during the war; the latest stabilization
administration and its policies, particularly as the
result of the 1952 steel dispute, came in for their
share of disfavor.
What are the conditioning factors that should
be studied? Apparently the intensity of the

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MONTHLY LABOR

emergency is a major factor—for our entry into
war in 1941 produced a total emergency that made
even stringent stabilization palatable; the limited
emergency following the North Korean aggression
made even liberal stabilization policies unpopular.
Other conditioning factors, in addition to the
extent of the mobilization effort, include the state
of the economy at the outbreak of the emergency,
and the extent of and trends within collective
bargaining. The climate has its effect on the
content and administration of the stabilization
programs—National War Labor Board wage pol­
icies were more stringent and its disputes authority
more extensive during World War II than those of
the recent Wage Stabilization Board.
Professor Gitlow, however, has chosen to limit
his study of wage determination under national
boards almost exclusively to the so-called criteria
upon which wage determinations have been made
by national boards. He has grouped these cri­
teria as follows: Productivity, including marginal
productivity and physical productivity; ability to
pay; comparative wages; cost of living; and mini­
mum budgets. He has combined his own analysis
with conclusions reached in previous studies, and
has found that these criteria have been the frame­
work within which arguments over wage demands
have been made. The economic analysis of these
criteria should make the study useful as a hand­
book to arbitrators and to members of ad hoc
boards in evaluating the validity of arguments
based on these criteria.
To determine the practical importance of the
wage criteria, Professor Gitlow examined the
experience with wage determination under several
national boards. While the decisions of ad hoc
boards receive treatment, most of the analysis is
devoted to the experience with the wartime
stabilization boards whose policy-making functions
were all-pervasive in labor-management relations;
particularly to the National War Labor Board of
the First World War, the second National War
Labor Board and its predecessor and successor
agencies, and the recent Wage Stabilization Board.
This empirical analysis proceeds by evaluating
the wage-determination practices of the respective
boards against the five criteria outlined above.
On the basis of this analysis, the author concludes
that the comparative-wage criterion has generally
been the most significant of the factors determin­
ing wages under administrative fiat. Cost of

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

living and ability to pay have played secondary,
although important, roles. In an inflationary
situation, cost of living has been significant in
wage determination. In a deflationary situation,
considerations of ability to pay have been stressed
and have made their mark.
While concentrating on the wage criteria,
Professor Gitlow deals also with the authority
available to the respective boards and the char­
acter of their organization for the administration
of wage policies. The significant differences
between the functions of standing stabilization
boards and those of ad hoc boards are barely
implied, however. The author’s rigid adherence
to the study of criteria has permitted little exami­
nation of the effect of environment on the
specific policies adopted within the framework of
the broad criteria. This preoccupation results in
mere mention of the “bracket” policy of the
second National War Labor Board, and fails to
distinguish between this restrictive comparativewage approach and the more flexible interplant
inequity policy of the Wage Stabilization Board.
Similarly, no distinction is drawn between the
former’s “Little Steel” formula, with its ceiling of
15 percent in the face of rising prices, and the Wage
Stabilization Board’s acceptance of the prin­
ciple of continuous wage escalation.
—J oseph P. G oldberg .
Cost and Standards of Living; Prices
The Consumer Price Index—A Layman’s Guide. Washing­
ton, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1953. 34 pp., bibliography. (Bull. 1140.)
20 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Family Income, Expenditures, and Savings in 1950. Wash­
ington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1953. 66 pp. (Bull. 1097, rev.) 35
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Preliminary data, in summary form, on results of the
Survey of Consumer Expenditures in 1950 covering 91
cities in the United States.
Retail Prices of Food, 1951 and 1952. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1953. 37 pp., charts. (Bull. 1141.) 25 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Current Living Costs as Related to Standards of Public
Assistance in Pennsylvania as of December 1952.
Harrisburg, Department of Public Assistance, 1953.
32 pp.; processed.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1221

Population Growth and Living Standards. By Colin Clark
{In International Labor Review, Geneva, August
1953, pp. 99-117. 60 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Purchasing Power of Soviet Workers, 1953. By Edmund
Nash. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1953. 4 pp., charts.
(Serial R. 2105; reprinted from Monthly Labor Re­
view, July 1953.) Free.

Education and Training
Current Problems and Practices in Workers’ Education [in
Various Countries]. By B. Ghosh. {In International
Labor Review, Geneva, July 1953, pp. 14-46. 60
cents. Distributed in United States by Washington
Branch of ILO.)
The Case Method of Teaching Human Relations and Admin­
istration— An Interim Statement. Edited by Kenneth
R. Andrews. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University
Press, 1953. xiv, 271 pp., bibliography. $4.50.
Explorations in Human Relations Training— An Assess­
ment of Experience, 1947-1953. Washington (1201
16th Street NW.), National Training Laboratory in
Group Development, 1953. 87 pp. $2.
1953 Supplement to the 1951 Directory of Vocational
Counseling Services. Washington, American Person­
nel and Guidance Association, 1953. 32 pp. 50
cents.
A Selected List of Films for Public Employee Training.
Chicago, Civil Service Assembly, 1953. 17 pp.
(Personnel Report Series, 533.) Single copies, $2 to
nonmembers of Assembly.

Handicapped
The Employment of Handicapped Workers in Industry.
By Kurt Jansson. {In International Labor Review,
Geneva, August 1953, pp. 135-150. 60 cents.
Distributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.)
It’s Good Business To Serve the Handicapped. {In Em­
ployment Security Review, U. S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, U. S. Em­
ployment Service, Washington, September 1953,
pp. 1-36, illus. 20 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.)
Modern Methods of Rehabilitation of the Adult Disabled.
New York, United Nations, Secretariat, Technical
Assistance Administration, 1952. 108 pp. (ST/TAA/SER. C/4; Sales No., 1952, IY, 19.) $1.25,
Columbia University Press, International Documents
Service, New York.
Report of a group-training course organized by the
United Nations with the cooperation of the World Health

1222

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

Organization and the International Labor Organization,
held in Sweden, Finland, and Denmark, September 8November 7, 1952.
Doing Something for the Disabled. By Mary E. Switzer and
Howard A. Rusk. New York, Public Affairs Com­
mittee, Inc. (in cooperation with National Re­
habilitation Association, Washington), 1953. 28 pp.
(Public Affairs Pamphlet 197.) 25 cents.
The address of the Public Affairs Committee is New
York and not Washington as shown in the September
1953 Monthly Labor Review (p. 987). Washington is the
headquarters of the National Rehabilitation Association.
Vocational Rehabilitation of the Disabled. Geneva, Inter­
national Labor Office, 1953. 62 pp. 50 cents. Dis­
tributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.
Report IV(1) prepared for 37th session of International
Labor Conference, 1954.
jKeeping Rheumatic Patients Employable. {In Industrial
Medicine and Surgery, Chicago, July 1953, pp.
302-324, illus. 75 cents.)
A series of papers presented at the conference on rheu­
matic disorders in industry held under sponsorship of
New York Chapter of Arthritis and Rheumatism Founda­
tion, February 4-5, 1953.
Psychological Handicap in Relation to Productivity and
Occupational Adjustment. By Morris Markowe and
L. E. D. Barber. {In British Journal of Industrial
Medicine, London, April 1953, pp. 125-131. 12s. 6d.)
General Trends in the Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons in
Scandinavia. By H. A. de Boer and F. B. Venema.
{In Bulletin of the International Social Security
Association, Geneva, April-May 1953, pp. 155-166.)

Industrial Accidents and Accident Prevention
Accident Facts, 1958 Edition. Chicago, National Safety
Council, 1953. 96 pp., charts, maps. 75 cents.
Detailed data on motor vehicle, occupational, and other
types of accidents.
Disabling Injuries to Young Workers, California, 1951 and
1952.
San Francisco, Department of Industrial
Relations, Division of Labor Statistics and Research,
1953. 16 pp.; processed.
Back Strains in Brickmaking. By F. S. Crawford and
others. Washington, U. S. Department of the In­
terior, Bureau of Mines, 1953. 14 pp.; processed.
(Information Circular 7655.) Limited free distribu­
tion.
Coal-Mine Explosions and Coal- and Metal-Mine Fires in
the United States in 1950, 1951, and 1952. By W. J.
Fene and H. B. Humphrey. Washington, U. S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1953.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR

13 pp., charts. (Information Circular 7661.) Limited
free distribution.
Organizations With Programs Beneficial to Coal-Mine
Employees. By W. D. Walker, Jr., and S. P. Polack.
Washington, U. S. Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Mines, 1953. 20 pp. (Information Cir­
cular 7665.) Limited free distribution.
Control of the Environment in the Prevention of Industrial
Accidents. By Bryan H. Harvey. {In A.M.A.
Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational
Medicine, Chicago, June 1953, pp. 529-536. $1.)
Where Is Your Safety Engineerf A Survey on the Organi­
zational Position of the Safety Engineer in American
Industry. New York, Society for Advancement of
Management, Management Research and Develop­
ment Division, 1953. 30 pp., charts. (No. 105.)
Summary of data from a questionnaire survey among the
industrial membership of the American Society of Safety
Engineers as to education; experience; responsibility;
salary; relation of injury rates to organizational position,
education, and experience of the safety engineer; and
other matters.

Industrial Relations
Collective Bargaining— Principles and Cases. By John T.
Dunlop and James J. Healy. Homewood, 111.,
Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1953. 511 pp., bibliographies.
Rev. ed. $8.
Collective Bargaining Agreements: Expiration, Reopening,
and Wage Adjustment Provisions of Major Agreements,
June 1953. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1953. 38 pp.; processed.
(BLS Report 17.) Free.
Labor-Management Contract Provisions, 1952: Prevalence
and Characteristics of Selected Collective-Bargaining
Clauses. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1953. 18 pp. (Bull.
1142; reprinted from Moqthly Labor Review, August
and November 1952, March and April 1953.) 20
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Collective Bargaining Settlements in New York State, 1952.
New York, Department of Labor, Division of Research
and Statistics, 1953. 19 pp.; processed. (Special
Labor News Memorandum 40.)
Human Relations Casebook: A Practical Guide on How To
Avoid Grievances. New London, Conn., National
Foremen’s Institute, Inc., 1953. 112 pp. $3.
What You Should Know About Collective Bargaining Nego­
tiations. By Fred Witney. Bloomington, Indiana
University, School of Business, Bureau of Business
Research, 1953. 19 pp. (Business Information Bull.
17.)

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

1223

Union Security in UE, IU E-CIO , and IB E W -A F L
Contracts. By James J. Bambrick, Jr., and Hermine
Zagat. (In Management Record, National Indus­
trial Conference Board, Inc., New York, July 1953,
pp. 242-245, 269-271, charts.)
Comparison of union security and checkoff provisions of
144 contracts covering 349,261 workers in manufacturing
industries.

viously listed in the Monthly Labor Review, include:
Careers in Insurance Selling; Careers in Journalism;
Careers in Office Machinery Repair; Careers in the Print­
ing Industry.

Waterfront Investigation: New York-New Jersey. Interim
Report of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce Pursuant to S. Res. 41 (83d Congress).
Washington, 1953. 53 pp. (Senate Report 653,
83d Cong., 1st sess.)

Mechanical Engineer. By H. Alan Robinson. Peapack,
N. J., Personnel Services, Inc., 1953. 6 pp. (Occu­
pational Abstract 163.) 50 cents (25 cents to stu­
dents) .
Other occupations covered by leaflets published in this
series in 1953 include: Baker, baseball player, elementary
school teacher, painter, and time-study man.

Labor Legislation and Court Decisions
Changes To Make in Taft-Hartley. By Theodore R. Iserman. New York, Dealers Digest Publishing Co.,
Inc., 1953. 164 pp. $5.
Labor Laws of Maine. Augusta, Department of Labor and
Industry, 1953. 79 pp.
Labor Laws [of South Carolina]. Columbia, Department
of Labor, 1953. 38 pp. Rev. ed.
Restriction of Freedom of Entry Into the Building Trades.
{In Iowa Law Review, Iowa City, Spring 1953, pp.
556-562. $1.)
Studies in Australian Labor Law and Relations. By
O. de R. Foenander. Melbourne, Melbourne Uni­
versity Press, 1952. xxix, 242 pp.
Manuel de Législation Ouvrière: A Jour de la Législation et
de la Réglementation du Travail au 15 Avril 1952.
By P. Dupuis and J. Gagnière. Paris, CharlesLavauzelle & Cie., 1952. 138 pp. 2d ed.
Manual of French labor law prepared for the instruction
of apprentices in industrial establishments.

Occupations
Planning Your Future. By George E. Myers, Gladys M.
Little, Sarah A. Robinson. New York, etc., McGraw
Hill Book Co., Inc., 1953. 526 pp., bibliographies,
charts, illus. 4th ed. $3.60.
Revision of a high-school textbook on occupational
planning. Part 5 includes a simple introduction to labormanagement relations, working conditions, and methods
of wage payment.
Careers With Future in the Commercial Field. By Juvenal
L. Angel. New York, World Trade Academy Press,
Modern Vocational Trends Division, [1953]. 43 pp.,
bibliography; processed. $1.
Careers in Food Preparing. By Robert Shosteck. Wash­
ington, B’nai B’rith Vocational Service Bureau, 1953.
7 pp., illus. (Occupational Brief Series.) 25 cents.
Other titles published in this series in 1953, not pre­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Engineering— A Creative Profession. New York, Engi­
neers’ Council for Professional Development, 1953.
31 pp., bibliography, illus. 25 cents.

Older Workers and the Aged
Criteria for Retirement: A Report of a National Conference
on Retirement of Older Workers, Held at Arden House,
Columbia Cniversity, January 2J+-26, 1952. Edited
by Geneva Mathiasen. New York, G. P. Putnam’s
Sons, 1953. xix, 233 pp. $3.50.
The conference, sponsored by the National Committee
on the Aging, National Social Welfare Assembly, included
leaders in business and industry, education, medicine,
labor, government, and social welfare. The report pre­
sents a record of constructive effort to understand the
effects of compulsory age retirement and to explore criteria
for retirement more satisfactory than chronological age.
Three monographs, especially prepared for the conference,
provide comprehensive background material.
The Older Worker: An Annotated Bibliography. By U. S.
Civil Service Commission Library. {In Public Per­
sonnel Review, Chicago, July 1953, pp. 133-140. $2.)
Rehabilitation of the Older Worker. Edited by Wilma
Donahue, James Rae, Jr., Roger B. Berry. Ann
Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1953. 200 pp.
$3.25.
Proceedings of the University of Michigan’s fourth
annual conference on aging (1951).
Research Report on Problems of the Aged Submitted by Wis­
consin Legislative Council to the Governor and the Leg­
islature, January 1953. Madison, Wisconsin Legisla, tive Council, 1953. 200 pp., bibliographv, maps.
(Vol. 1, Part II.)
This report contains the research material upon which
the Council’s Committee on the Problems of the Aged
based its conclusions and recommendations presented in part
I of the report (now out of print).
Hospitalization and Insurance Among Aged Persons—A
Study Based on a Census Survey in March 1952. By I. S.
Falk and Agnes W. Brewster. Washington, U. S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social
Security Administration, 1953. Various pagings;
processed. (Bureau Report 18.)

1224

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Beneficiaries: Assets and
Liabilities at End of 1951. By Margaret L. Stecker.
{In Social Security Bulletin, U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security
Administration, Washington, August 1953, pp. 3-9.
20 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Information on net worth, in a survey covering nearly
16,000 beneficiaries.

Personnel Management
How Good a Job Are We Doing in Personnel Management?
By W. E. Shurtleff. Berkeley, California Personnel
Management Association, Research Division, 1953.
13 pp.; processed. (Management Report 174.) $1.
Making the Most of Your Human Resources, With a Section
on Organization of the Manufacturing Executive’s Job.
New York, American Management Association, 1953.
76 pp. (Manufacturing Series, 208.) $1.25.
Providing Effective Personnel: Proceedings of Fifth Annual
Personnel Management Conference at University of
Illinois, January 13-14, 1953. [Urbana, University
of Illinois], 1953. 68 pp.
Supervising People. By George D. Halsey. New York,
Harper & Brothers, 1953. 238 pp., bibliographies.
Rev. ed. $3.
Bulletin Boards. By Elmer W. Earl, Jr. New York,
National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., 1953.
32 pp., illus. (Studies in Personnel Policy, 138.)
Seventeenth in a series of studies in personnel policy
which the Conference Board has devoted to communica­
tion media.
Job Evaluation in Automobile and Automotive Parts Indus­
tries. By W. R. Spriegel and E. Lanham. Austin,
University of Texas, College of Business Administra­
tion, Bureau of Business Research, 1953. 188 pp.,
bibliography, charts, forms. (Personnel Study 5.)
$ 1.

Production and Productivity of Labor
Basic Statistics of Industrial Production, 1913—1952.
Paris, Organization for European Economic Coopera­
tion, 1953. 98 pp.
Data for OEEC member countries and their overseas
territories, for Canada, the United States, and other
major producing countries, and for world production.
Capital Requirements and Operating Ratios: The Paperboard
Industry, 1949 and 1950. By Industrial Research De­
partment, Wharton School of Finance and Commerce,
University of Pennsylvania. Washington, U. S. De­
partment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1953.
47 pp.; processed. (BLS Report 27.) Free.
Two previous reports in this series covered the men’s
shirt industry (unnumbered report, 1952) and the coarse
paper industry (BLS Report 24, 1953).

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR

Case Study Data on Productivity and Factory Performance:
Veneer and Plywood {Based on Reports Submitted by
Seven Selected Plants). Washington, U. S. Depart­
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1953. 107
pp., chart, diagrams, illus.; processed. (BLS Report
37.) Free.
Measurement of Productivity— Methods Used by the [U. $.]
Bureau of Labor Statistics in the USA. Paris, Organi­
zation for European Economic Cooperation, 1952.
104 pp., forms. (TA R /7-10-11(52)1.)
Measurement of Productivity— Work Study Application and
Training. London, Joint Committee of Institute of
Cost and Works Accountants and Institution of Pro­
duction Engineers, 1952. 62 pp. 5s.
We Too Can Prosper— The Promise of Productivity. By
Graham Hutton. London, George Allen and Unwin,
Ltd. (for British Productivity Council), 1953. 248 pp.
Analysis and evaluation of the findings of the 66 teams,
representing British management, technicians, and opera­
tives, which came to the United States under the Marshall
Aid Plan to study experience in raising productivity, and
to see which of the American methods could be applied or
adapted to the needs of British industry.
Japanese Industry Since the War. By George Rosen. {In
Quarterly Journal of Economics, Cambridge, Mass.,
August 1953, pp. 445-463. $1.50.)

Wages, Salaries, and Hours of Labor
Escalators and the New BLS Index. By Harold Stieglitz.
New York, National Industrial Conference Board,
Inc., 1953. 27 pp., chart. (Studies in Personnel
Policy, 137.)
“Fringe Benefit” Practices, Michigan Cities and Villages
Over 4,000 Population. Ann Arbor, Michigan Munic­
ipal League, 1953. 113 pp. (Information Bull. 70.)
$4.
Gives comprehensive statistics, by size of municipality
and employment category, on the type, amount, and cost
(total and per worker) of fringe benefits provided municipal
employees.
Hourly Pay Practices. Detroit, Mich., Detroit Labor
Trends, 1953. 12 pp. (Special Report XIII.)
$3.50.
Based on information “representative of about 750
plants located throughout the country, in a broad variety
of industries,” furnished in reply to a questionnaire cir­
culated in April 1953 by Detroit Labor Trends.
Personnel Salaries and Ratios: 1953. By Dale Yoder and
Lenore P. N. Wilson. {In Personnel, New York,
July 1953, pp. 5-12, charts. $1.)
Starting Salaries As Reported to the ACS [American Chemical
Society] by Recent Graduates in Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering. By B. R. Stanerson. {In Chemical and

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

1225

Engineering News, Washington, July 27, 1953, pp.
3058-3059, chart. 15 cents.)

Engineers’ Conference, Association of Casualty and Surety
Companies, New York, May 15, 1953.

Standard Work Week in Canadian Manufacturing Indus­
tries, 1952. (In Labor Gazette, Department of
Labor, Ottawa, June 1953, pp. 838-846. 25 cents.)
Data are given for both plant and office employees.
Salaries of the office employees are given in another article
in the June Labor Gazette.

Medical Aspects of Workmen’s Compensation. New York,
Commerce and Industry Association of New York,
Inc., [1953]. 104 pp.
Papers in two symposiums before the Association’s
Special Committee on Workmen’s Compensation: I,
Medical treatment and care; II, Rehabilitation.

Wage Rates for Male Laborers in Manufacturing [in Canada]
in Recent Years. (In Labor Gazette, Department of
Labor, Ottawa, July 1953, pp. 1052-1053. 25 cents.)

Workmen’s Compensation in New York— Its
and Operations. By Henry D. Sayer.
Commerce and Industry Association of
Inc., 1953. 126 pp.
A series of talks in February and March
the Association’s Special Committee on
Compensation.

Jordbruksstatistikk, 1952. Oslo, Statistisk SentralbyrS,,
1953. 97 pp. (Norges Offisielle Statistikk XI, 127.)
This volume of Norwegian agricultural statistics includes
data on wages in 1952-53 compared with 1951-52 and
1938-39. An English translation of the table of contents
is provided.

Women in Industry
Women As Workers-—A Statistical Guide. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, [1953].
112 pp., charts. (D-65.) 50 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
Summary of State Labor Laws for Women, 1953. Washing­
ton, U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau,
1953. 7 pp.; processed. (D-66.) Free.
The Outlook for Women in Professional Nursing Occupa­
tions. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Women’s Bureau, 1953. 80 pp., bibliography, illus.
(Bull. 203-3, Revised; Medical Services Series.)
30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Employed Mothers and Child Care. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1953. 92
pp. (Bull. 246.) 30 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.
Impatient Crusader— Florence Kelley’s Life Story. By
Josephine Goldmark. Urbana, 111., University of
Illinois Press, 1953. 217 pp. $3.50.
Panoramic account of the crusading career of a Hull
House (Chicago) pioneer in social legislation and reform,
and of related personalities and movements.

Workmen’s Compensation
The Hearing Loss Problem. By M. S. Fox. (In Occupa­
tional Hazards, Cleveland, Ohio, September 1953,
pp. 17-18, 61, et seq. 30 cents.)
Summarizes the situation on medical-legal trends as to
workmen’s compensation for occupational hearing loss,
especially in Wisconsin.
Legal Aspects of Noise. By Noel S. Symons. [Pittsburgh,
Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc.],
1953. 21 pp.
Paper prepared for presentation at Administrative
2 7 G 361— 5 3 ------- 6


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Development
New York,
New York,
1953 before
Workmen’s

Occupations of Injured Employees in Injury Cases Settled
Under Workmen’s Compensation Act, [Wisconsin], in
1952. [Madison], Industrial Commission of Wiscon­
sin, 1953. 9 pp.; processed. (Statistical Release
3420.)

Miscellaneous
Economic Change: Selected Essays in Business Cycles,
National Income, and Economic Growth. By Simon
Kuznets. New York, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.,
1953. 333 pp. $4.50.
Group Dynamics— Research and Theory. Edited by Dorwin Cartwright and Alvin Zander. Evanston, 111.,
and White Plains, N. Y., Row, Peterson and Co.,
1953. 642 pp., bibliographies, charts. $6.
Public Social Welfare Personnel— Education, Work Loads,
Experience, Working Conditions, Salaries. Washing­
ton, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Bureau of Public Assistance and Children’s
Bureau, 1953. 95 pp. $1, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.
A Better Future for Plantation Workers: A Survey on
Working and Living Conditions of Plantation Workers
and the Way to a Better Future. By C. J. Versluys.
Utrecht, Netherlands, International Landworkers’
Federation, 1953. 80 pp., bibliography, illus.
The Economic Development of Ceylon. Baltimore, Md.,
Johns Hopkins Press (for International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development), 1953. 829 pp.,
charts, maps. $7.50.
Report of a mission organized by the International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development at request of Govern­
ment of Ceylon. Includes labor data and a chapter on
cooperatives and rural development.
The Control of Industrial Labor in Communist China. By
Alice W. ShurclifT. Washington, U. S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1953. 5 pp.
(Serial R. 2111; reprinted from Monthly Labor
Review, August 1953.) Free.

Current Labor Statistics
A. —Employment and Payrolls
1228 Table A -l:
1229 Table A-2:
1233 Table A-3:
1236 Table A-4:
1236 Table
Table
Table
1237 Table

A-5:
A-6:
A-7:
A-8:

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
and group
Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries
Federal civilian employment by branch and agency group
Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro­
grams, by geographic division and State

B. —Labor Turnover
1238 Table B -l:
1239 Table B-2:

Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turnover
Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries

C. —Earnings and Hours
1241

Table C -l:

1257 Table C-2:
1257 Table C-3:
1258 Table C-4:
Table C-5:

Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of produc­
tion workers in manufacturing industries
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1

1 This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
N o te .— Beginning with the May 1953 issue, data shown in tables A-2, A-3, A-4, A-5, C -l, C-2, C-3, and C-4
have been revised because of adjustment to more recent benchmark levels. These data cannot be used with
those appearing in previous issues of the Monthly Labor Review. Comparable data for earlier years are avail­
able upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1226


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS

1227

D.—Prices and Cost of Living
1259 Table D -l:
1260
1260
1261
1262

Table
Table
Table
Table

D-2:
D-3:
D-4:
D-5:

1263 Table D-6:
1264 Table D-7:
1265 Table D-8:
1266 Table D-9:

Consumer Price Index—United States average, all items and com­
modity groups
Consumer Price Index—United States average, food and its subgroups
Consumer Price Index—United States average, all items and food
Consumer Price Index—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
Consumer Price Index—All items and commodity groups, except
food, by city
Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city
Average retail prices of selected foods
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
(1947-49=100)
Special wholesale price indexes (1947-49=100)

E.—Work Stoppages
1267 Table E -l:

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

F.—Building and Construction
1268 Table F -l:
1269 Table F-2:
1270 Table F-3:
1271

Table F-4:

1272 Table F-5:


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Expenditures for new construction
Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on fed­
erally financed new construction, by type of construction
Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds

1228

MONTHLY LABOR

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

A: Employment and Payrolls
Table A -l: Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over1 (In thousands)
1952

1953
Labor force2
Sept.3

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Total, both sexes
Total labor force.............................................

(4)

(4)

(4)

(4)

(4)

(4)

66,679

66, 255

65,959

66,309

67, 047

66, 566

67.166

Civilian labor force----------- --------- -------Unemployment----------------------------Unemployed 4 weeks or less........ .
Unemployed 5-10 weeks............... .
Unemployed 11-14 weeks_______
Unemployed 15-26 weeks_______
Unemployed over 26 weeks_____
E m ploym ent.-............................ ...........
N onagricultural...... ............ ...........
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours 8________
With a job but not at work 8
Agricultural__________________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours...............
Worked 1-14 hours 8_______
W ith a job but not at work 8

63, 552
1,246
817
234
58
81
56
62,306
55,044
32, 767
18,114
1,543
2,620
7, 262
5, 772
1,261
154
76

64, 648
1,240
724
278
88
88
62
63,408
56,134
45, 598
4,482
1,260
4,794
7, 274
5, 512
1,442
190
130

64,668
1, 548
924
368
104
78
74
63,120
55, 492
43,196
5,054
1,224
6,018
7,628
5,898
1,436
186
108

64, 734
1,562
1,042
212
96
124
88
63,172
55, 246
46,304
4,924
1,468
2, 550
7, 926
6, 334
1,346
178
68

62,964
1,306
656
326
116
150
58
61,658
55,268
45, 988
5,608
1,926
1,746
6, 390
4,346
1,578
230
236

62,810
1,582
818
376
146
166
76
61, 228
55,158
45, 178
5,660
2,074
1,946
6,070
4, 334
1, 320
194
222

63,134
1,674
812
394
188
184
96
61, 460
55, 740
46, 030
5, 712
2, 326
1, 672
5, 720
3,822
1,324
250
324

62,712
1, 788
930
480
132
160
86
60, 924
55, 558
44, 992
6, 368
2,172
2, 026
5, 366
3, 516
1, 260
254
336

62, 416
1, 892
1,018
456
150
176
92
60, 524
55,072
45, 244
5, 776
1, 992
2,060
5, 452
3, 404
1,532
218
298

62. 921
1,412
822
280
102
109
97
61, 609
55. 812
47,037
5,331
1, 968
1, 476
5,697
3,877
1,323
248
249

63, 646
1,418
850
302
104
108
54
62,228
55, 454
45, 950
5,934
2, 002
1,568
6, 774
5, 254
1,198
194
128

63,146
1,284
704
312
86
104
78
61,862
54. 588
45, 688
5,220
1,844
1,836
7,274
5,080
1, 868
218
108

63,698
1,438
830
286
110
152
60
62,260
54, 712
45, 538
5, 214
1,576
2, 384
7. 548
5, 774
1,380
212
182

Males
Total labor force............................................ .

(4)

(4)

(4)

(4)

(4)

(4)

47,390

47,188

46,829

46, 580

46, 571

46, 568

46. 890

Civilian labor force____________________
U n e m p lo y m e n t-_______ ________
Employm ent-------------------------------N onagricultural_______________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours 8________
With a job but not at work 8
Agricultural__________________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours *_______
With a job but not at work 8

43, 917
768
43,149
37,370
24,173
10,968
560
1,669
5, 779
4,891
707
109
71

45, 056
814
44, 242
38, 204
32, 680
2,112
514
2,898
6, 038
5,052
726
150
110

45, 260
1,024
44,236
38,042
31,248
2,660
470
3,664
6,194
5,350
620
130
94

44,862
1,024
43,838
37, 626
33,166
2,258
634
1,568
6,212
5, 458
568
122
64

43,848
898
42,950
37,470
32, 582
2, 822
854
1,212
5,480
4,134
960
184
202

43, 898
1,104
42, 794
37, 498
32, 382
2,918
904
1,294
5,296
4,130
846
140
180

43,892
1, 108
42, 784
37, 758
32, 686
3, 048
934
1,090
5, 026
3,610
946
188
282

43, 692
1. 244
42, 448
37, 646
32,066
3. 250
984
1,346
4,802
3,374
930
204
294

43,334
1,360
41,974
37.166
32,046
2,918
810
1,392
4,808
3,248
1,128
178
254

43,240
965
42, 275
37, 373
33, 215
2, 430
767
961
4,902
3,615
866
200
221

43, 218
814
42, 404
36, 916
32. 376
2,858
698
984
5, 488
4, 616
642
112
118

43,196
714
42, 482
36,662
32, 336
2, 444
658
1,224
5, 820
4, 560
1,012
152
96

43,488
864
42, 604
36, 766
32,316
2,366
542
1,542
5, 838
4, 800
706
154
178

Females
Total labor force.............................................

(4)

(4)

(4)

(4)

(4)

(4)

19,289

19, 067

19,130

19, 729

20,476

19,998

20, 276

Civilian labor force......................................
Unemployment......................................
Employm ent_____________________
Nonagricultural_______________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours...... .........
Worked 1-14 hours 8_______
With a job but not at work 8
Agricultural-..................................
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours...............
Worked 1-14 hours8. . ........ .
With a job but not at w ork8

19, 635
478
19,157
17,674
8,594
7,146
983
951
1,484
880
554
45
5

19, 592
426
19,166
17,930
12,918
2,370
746
1,896
1,236
460
716
40
20

19, 408
524
18, 884
17,450
11,948
2,394
754
2,354
1, 434
548
816
56
14

19,872
538
19,334
17, 620
13.138
2,666
834
982
1,714
876
778
56
4

19,116
408
18, 708
17,798
13, 406
2,786
1,072
534
910
212
618
46
34

18, 912
478
18, 434
17, 660
13,096
2, 742
1,170
652
774
204
474
54
42

19. 242
566
18. 676
17, 982
13, 344
2, 664
1, 392
582
694
212
378
62
42

19,020
544
18, 476
17,912
12, 926
3,118
1,188
680
564
142
330
50
42

19,082
532
18. 550
17, 906
13,198
2, 858
1,182
668
644
156
404
40
44

19, 681
447
19,234
18, 439
13,822
2,901
1,201
515
795
262
457
48
28

20,428
604
19, 824
18, 538
13, 574
3, 076
1,304
584
1,286
638
556
82
10

19,950
570
19, 380
17, 926
13,352
2, 776
1,186
612
1,454
520
856
66
12

20,230
574
19, 656
17, 946
13, 222
2, 848
1,034
842
1, 710
974
674
58
4

t Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu­
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to
group totals.
1 Beginning with January 1953, figures are not entirely comparable with
those for previous months as a result of the introduction of materials from the
1950 Census into the estimating procedure used in deriving current labor
force estimates. However, the differences are minor in most respects. In
addition, revised estimating procedure, instituted in September 1953, re­
sulted in some slight discontinuities in the series on agricultural and non­
agricultural employment. For explanation, see Census Bureau’s Current
Population Reports, Series P-57, Nos. 129 and 135, M onthly Report on the
Labor Force for March and September 1953. Also, the total labor force
beginning January 1953 includes an additional 150,000 members of the Armed
Forces—the number overseas in 1940 who had been omitted from the 1940
Census and subsequent current estimates.


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3 Census survey week contained legal holiday.
4 Total labor force, which consists of the civilian labor force and the Armed
Forces, is not shown for the most recent months because of security
restrictions.
8 Exclu des persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
8 Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute, or
because of temporary layoff with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of layoff. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source: U . S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

1229

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

Table A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and group 1
[In thousands]
1953
Sept.
Total employees_____ ____ ______________

Aug.

July

June

May

Annual
average

1952

Industry group and industry
April

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

1952

1951

49,60S 49, 412 49, 218 49,416 j 49,058 48,860 48, 685 48, 369 48, 382 50,140 49,310 49,095 48, 892 47,993 47,202

Mining________________________________
M etal......... ........................................... ..........
Iron.................................. .............................
Copper......................... ................................
Lead and zinc.................... .........................

825
9 9 .f

Anthracite......................................................
Bituminous-coal.............................................

290.6

Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro­
duction___________________ _________

830
100.0
40.3
27.7
15.9

824 I
835
100.4 101.0
40.3
40.1
27.6
27.1
16.1
17.0

49.9
290.4

48.3
289.8

53.6
299.2

831
99.9
39.6
27.2
17.3

835
99.7
38.6
27 5
17.9

846
100.2
38. (

856
101.3
37.9

27 7

27 5

18.4

55.6
300.4

51.2
309.6

866
101.7
38.4

870
101. <
38.8

19.2

19.6

57.4
318.4

59.7
325.4

871
38.9

871
98.8
39.0

19.6

19! 5

60.5
330.7

62.0
331.2

62.3
330.7

27

1 0 1

. <

886
99.8
39.8

872
96.4
33.3

913
100.2
37.7

19.3

19.3

20.8

20.4

62.5
330.4

62.8
338.7

63.4
333.8

69.1
372.0
269.3

(

284.4

280.3

276.2

271.4

272.1

270.9

272.0

275.0

273.4

271.8

273.6

279.5

276.0

Nonmetallic mining and quarrying_____

106.3

105.6

105.1

104.7

103.6

102.3

99.2

97.8

97.6

101.6

104.8

105.6

105.6

102.3

102.0

Contract construction........... ................. ........
Nonbuilding construction........................ .
Highway and street__________ _____
Other nonbuilding construction.........

2,670

2,704
577
268.1
309.1

2,663
548
252.9
294.8

2,608
530
241.8
287.8

2,509
499
219.4
280.0

2,416
456
186.8
269.6

2,301
410
155.2
255.0

2,280
403
150.3
252.4

2,303
402
147.4
254.6

2, 497
460
176.5
283.9

2, 648
524
222. i
301.2

2,728
569
250.3
318.7

2,794
584
259.0
324.7

2,572
501
207.9
293.3

2,588
490
201.3
289.0

—

Building construction...................................

2,127

2,115

2,078 2,010

General contractors....................................

958.8

949.1

925.5

888.4

1,960
861.6

1,891
823.2

1,877
813.2

1, 901
824.1

2,037
888.6

2,124
940.4

2,159
960.9

2,210
986.2

2,071

2,098

919.6

950.2
1,168. 5 1,165.8 1,152. 9 1,121.8 1,098.8 1,068.1 1, 063. 5 1,076.6 1,148.8 1,183. 8 1,198.0 1,223.3 1,151.3 1,147.3
295.7 288.8 283.3 278.1 278.1 277.5 279.6 282.5 291.5 296. S 296.8 296.0 286.3 286.9
166.3 160.8 153.9 148.2 140.9 133.2 128.9 128.7 148. i 162.6 166.3 178.2 156.5 155.7
155.9 154.6 150.6 149.2 148.2 147.2 148.8 150.3 154. i 153.2 154.6 157.4 151.3 139. 5
550.6 561.6 565.1 546.3 531.6 510.1 506.2 515.1 554.7 571.2 580.3 591.7 557.3 565.3
Manufacturing____________ ____________ 17,189 17,253 17,055 17,162 17,040 17,077 17,135 17,013 16,884 16, 952 16,874 16, 778 16, 680 16, 209
16,082
Durable goods
........ .......................... 9,935 10,004 9, 991 10,121 10,096 10,117 10,103 9,989 9, 880 9, 856 9, 750 9,594 9, 440 9, 262 9,071
Nondurable goods s................................ 7,254
7,249 7,064
7,041 6,944 6,960 7,032 7, 024 7,004 7,096 7,124 7,184 7,240 6,946 7,011
Ordnance and accessories............................. 208.7 206.4 210.7 206.6 203.0 195.6 190.5 184.1 181.0 178.6 176.6 176.2 176.0 166.4
77.0
Special-trade contractors........ ..................
Plumbing and heatin g.........................
Painting and decorating........................
Electrical work............ ...........................
Other special trade-contractors...........

Food and kindred products........ ....... ......... 1, 719.3
Meat products_______ _____ _____ ___
Dairy products...........................................
Canning and preserving......... ..................
Grain-mill products_____ _____ ______
Bakery products.........................................
Sugar. ..................... .......................................
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages____________ _____ _________
Miscellaneous food products__________
Tobacco manufactures..................................
Cigarettes....................................................
Cigars........ ..................................................
Tobacco and snuff....................................
Tobacco stemming and redrying............

122.4

1 , 6 8 6 .8

302.9
132.8
339.8
127.5
290.5
29. 7
81.3
239.7
142.6
117.0
31.3
40.9
8 .6

—

36.2

1, 616. 9 1, 527.3 1,470.6 1,441. 7 1, 436. 5 1, 442. 0 1, 455. 7 1, 504. 7 1, 554. 8 1,636. 4 1, 727. 0 1, 538. 5 1, 544.1
302.9 299.7 295.5 294.6 299.2 303.0 312.5 321.0 317.9 308. 6 310.2 309.8 306.1
135.3 134.2 127.0 122.1 118.2 116.0 114.4 115.9 117.5 121.1 126.0 123. 4 125. 2
274.3 194.5 174.5 162.0 150.3 156.3 159.8 171.0 199.7 280.8 377.3 217.1 230.3
127.1 127.3 122.6 121.1 122.9 123. 9 125.5 126.5 123.8 126.3 127.2 124.8 121.2
291.2 289.7 285.8 283.2 284. 2 283.6 282.5 287.2 290.3 290. 5 289.0 284.6 281.2
28. 5
29.8
27.2
27.5
27. 8
28.1
39. 2
50.9
30.3
49. 3
32.1
33.4
34. 9
74.3
78.1
79.1
75.7
92.0
84.0
86.3
94.4
94.4
86.8
91.5
86.2
87.9
237.6 231.4 224.2 217.1 213.6 208.4 210.4 215.7 219.6 221.7 228.2 220.8 217.6
144.4 143.9 137.8 135.3 136.3 136.4 133.5 136.2 140.7 143.7 145.5 138.5 139.5
93.4
93.5
94.0
93.6
96.4 102.6 110.0 117.6 117.8 125.9 126.6 107.0 104.4
30.6
31.4
31.6
31.6
31.4
30.9
31.2
31.2
31.2
30.9
31.4
30.4
29.0
39.8
41.4
41.3
41.2
42.0
41.9
42.2
42.8
42.8
41.9
42.8
41. 8
40. 9
8.5
8.9
8.9
8.9
9.0
8.9
9.1
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.0
9.2
9.4
14.6
11.7
11.8
12.3
14.0
20.9
35.1
34.6
27.9
43.0
43.2
25.5
25.1

Textile-mill products................................... 1,201.7 1, 208. 2 1,198. 6 1,220.1 1,214. 4 1,216. 7 1,231 8 1,231.3 1, 227. 9 1, 243. 0 1,242.8 1,230. 2 1,221.6 1, 201. 7 1, 272.7
Scouring and combing p la n ts............. .
7.2
7.2
7.0
6.7
6 .6
6.5
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.4
6.8
Yarn and thread mills_______________
153.9 151.4 154.9 153.3 153.6 156 6 156. 1 156.8 157.7 158.1 157.6 157.4 154.2 165.2
Broad-woven fabric mills____________
516.5 520.9 526.6 523.8 523.3 52S.2 531.2 531.5 537.9 535.7 532.5 530.4 527.9 576.1
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______
34.7
34.4
35.1
34.2
35.0
35.4
35.2
35.3
35.4
35.1
34.9
34.1
33.2
34 7
Knitting m ills........... .................................
255.0 249.6 254.7 254 0 254 4 257 0
257 7
Dyeing and finishing textiles............. .
93.9
92.2
94.0
93.9
95.8
97.0
97.7
97.8
98.1
96.9
97.2
96.0
94.2
94.5
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___
55.8
54.5
56.7
56.5
58.3
58.4
58.5
58.5
58.3
55.4
57.8
57.0
54. 5
59.6
Hats (except cloth and millinery)..........
18.2
17.9
18.1
17.2
18.6
19.2
19.1
18.5
18.0
18.6
17.6
16.7
17.1
17 .7
Miscellaneous textile goods......................
73.0
70.5
73.0
72.6
73.3
73.4
72.8
72.8
72.2
72.6
71.4
69.6
69.6
73.5
Apparel and other finished textile prod­
ucts........... ............................................ . 1,204.4 1,233.4 1,172.1 1,200.1 1,187.2 1,212.3 1,266.1 1, 264. 4 1, 234. 5 1, 239. 4 1, 232.1 1,229. 5 1, 231. 3 1,190.8 1,187.1
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats............. —
142.8 131.3 140.7 138.6 137.8 139.8 137.8 132.6 134.1 135.4 136.8 137.6 132.5 142.2
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing......................................................
311.9 296.4 311.0 310.8 311.1 310.9 306.6 300.9 302.4 301.8 300.4 297.1 286.1 283.4
Women’s outerwear_________________ _________
379.0 353.3 349.7 338.4 359.1 396.8 402.2 391.8 388.1 372.7 370.9 379.6 371.7 366.5
Women’s, children’s undergarments.....
105.3 104.1 108.5 110.9 113.1 113.5 112.1 109.7 112.2 114.7 113.5 110.0 106.4 101.5
M illin ery ..................... ................... ...........
21.9
19.7
17.4
17.9
21.6
27.2
27. 5
25.8
22.8
20 6
22.8
24.2
23.2
22.6
Children’s outerwear________________
67.0
65.2
67.8
65.2
63.8
67.5
68.6
65.1
66.7
65.7
66.4
66.3
64 9
61.4
Fur goods................................. ................ .
10.5
11.9
12.0
9.8
7.2
8.7
9.0
12.4
10.7
14.0
14.4
12.3
12.0
13.6
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories. .
65.9
63.2
64.5
65.3
65.4
64.6
64.5
66.9
62.7
70.5
70.6
69.2
65.1
68.7
Other fabricated textile products_____
129.1 127.01 128.5 131.0 133.3 136.3 136.1 133.6 135.4 136.7 135.8 132.9 129.0 127.3
See footnotes at end of table.


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T able

MONTHLY LABOR

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

1230

A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and group 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1952

1953
Industry group and Industry
Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1952

1951

M anufacturing —Continued

Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)............................................. -•
Logging camps and contractors---------Sawmills and planing mills..................-■
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products--------------Wooden containers...................................
Miscellaneous wood products.................

774.1

792.5
87.3
465.7

787.1
88.2
458.4

800.1
89.6
465.7

782.2
83.7
456.3

769.7
75.7
450.4

757.1
72.6
441.2

745.8
65.2
437.5

744.3
63.6
438.1

771.6
74.7
452.5

798. 4
88.1
466.2

795.0
78.4
472.7

818.6
92.0
481.1

782.0
84.0
457.8

834.4
101.4
477.4

119.0
60.6
59.9

119.3
61.7
59.5

123.1
61.8
59.9

121.3
61.5
59.4

122.7
61.0
59.9

120.9
61.2
61.2

121.0
61.0
61.1

121.3
61.1
60.2

122.0
62.1
60.3

123.0
61.0
60.1

124.8
58.7
60.4

125.7
59.6
60.2

118.9
61.0
60.4

126. 4
65.8
63.4

371.9
263.1

370.2
261.6

371.6
264.2

376.5
269.4

383.0
275.5

387.1
279.8

385. 5
278.1

382.6
275.2

382.8
275.0

381.7
274 3

375.4
269.4

368.5
263.4

361.0
257.1

361. 3
257.1

39.7

39.3

39.0

39.6

40.0

40.1

40.1

40.1

40.3

40.2

40.1

40.3

39.9

40.7

37.6

37.1

36.7

36.3

36.3

35.9

36.4

36.6

36.3

35.9

35.3

34.7

34.1

34.4

Furniture and fixtures------------------------Household furniture..............- ...........—
Office, public-building, and profession­
al furniture....................- .............- - - - - Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix­
tures________________ _______ _____
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures---------------------

369.8

31.5

32.2

31.7

31.2

31.2

31.3

30.9

30.7

31.2

31.3

30.6

30.1

29.9

29.1

Paper and allied products— - - - - - Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes—
Other paper and allied products—

543.5

541.3
267.2
146.3
127.8

533.6
265.3
141.3
127.0

535.9
264.9
143.8
127.2

528.5
261.4
140.9
126.2

527.7
260.7
141.3
125.7

527.3
261. 6
140.8
124.9

523. 2
261.5
138.9
122.8

522.1
261.4
138.6
122.1

526. 6
262.4
141.0
123.2

520.7
257. 4
140.5
122.8

516. 7
256.8
138.1
121.8

508.3
254. 4
133.3
120.6

505.6
257.1
129.6
119.0

511.5
258. 7
131.9
121.0

Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Newspapers......... - ......................................
Periodicals..................................................
Books.----------- ----------------- -------------Commercial printing-----------------------L ithop aphin g...........................................
Greeting cards-------------- --------- -------Bookbinding and related industries
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services__________ - ------ ---------------

788.0

778.4
293.6
64.7
47.5
192.7
54.2
19.0
45.2

777.2
292.8
65.0
47.1
193.2
53.6
18.9
45.0

779.7
293.8
65.0
46.9
194.3
54.1
18.9
44.9

775.1
292.5
65.3
46.6
193.2
53.6
17.6
44.5

774.3
291.5
65.4
46.8
193.8
53.3
17.2
44.3

774.3
290.5
66.3
47.4
194.0
53.2
17.5
43.9

771.8
289.2
66.7
47.0
194.1
52. 7
17.6
43.4

772. 5
288.4
66.6
46.5
195.8
52.8
17.7
44.0

780.6
291.6
67.4
46. 1
196.7
54. 9
19.3
44.1

779. 5
290.8
67.3
45.8
195.3
55. 1
21.2
44.0

774.5
289.4
65.5
46.1
194.7
54.5
20.3
43.7

765. 3
287.9
64.8
45.7
191. 5
53.9
18.9
43.2

762.9
286. 8
64.1
45.2
192.8
52.9
18.2
42.9

755. 5
282.2
61.1
45.1
193.4
53.5
18.5
42.7

61.5

61-6

61.8

61.8

02.0

61.5

61.1

60.7

60. 5

60.0

60.3

59.4

59.9

59.0

Chemicals and allied products-------------Industrial inorganic chemicals----------Industrial organic chemicals..................
Drugs and medicines----- -----------------Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara­
tions----------- --------------------- --------Paints, pigments, and fillers..................
Gum and wood chemicals............... ........
Fertilizers------------------------ - - - --------Vegetable and animal oils and fats----Miscellaneous chemicals.............. ...........

756.3

754.9
85.2
281.5
94.0

752.7
85.7
280.6
94.2

753.2
84.7
278.1
94.6

754. 7
84.0
274.4
94.2

762.7
83.4
272.2
95.0

761.3
83.0
270.6
95.3

752. 2
82.3
267.9
95.3

749.0
81.7
267.6
98.2

750.6
81.5
267.1
98.4

749.1
81.2
264.4
98.1

748.7
81.0
262.6
97.9

741.8
81.3
261.1
97.5

741.7
81.9
259.0
98.4

742.8
81.5
259.3
95.6

49.4
75.9
7.6
31.0
38.1
92.2

49.4
76.2
7.5
29.9
36.2
93.0

49.7
75.6
7.4
33.0
37.3
92.8

49. 9
75.4
7.6
38.6
38. 2
92.4

50.5
75.5
7.9
45.8
39.9
92.5

50.5
75.0
7.8
44.4
42.6
92.1

50.1
74.3
7.6
39.2
44.2
91.3

49.4
73.7
7.6
34.8
45.8
90.2

49.6
73.4
7.7
33.0
48.0
91.9

49.5
73.6
7.7
32.7
49.2
92.7

49.9
73.5
7.7
33.9
49.5
92.7

49.8
72.4
7.8
34.4
45.4
92.1

49.8
73.1
7.9
35.8
44.2
91.7

51.6
73.6
8.3
35.8
46.8
90.3

Products of petroleum and c o a l..............
Petroleum refining--------------------------Coke and other petroleum and coal
products........ ................................. .......

264.8

266.3
211.9

266.0
211.4

264.3
209.4

261.0
206.8

260.3
207.0

259.0
206.3

258.2
206.0

258.3
206.6

260.7
207.6

261.5
207.1

262.8
207.6

263.4
208.6

253.9
202.1

252.7
198.6

54.4

54.6

54.9

54.2

53.3

52.7

52.2

51.7

53.1

54.4

55.2

54.8

51.8

54.1

275.1

274.6
117.6
30.7
126.3

272.2
116.9
30.2
125.1

267.5
116.1
29.8
121.6

263.0
115.9
28.!
118.2

262.3
116.1
28.3
117.9

263.3
111.2
29.2
123.0

391.5
47.4
5.1
17.2
252.6
29.6
21.3

381.9
46.5
5.1
17.5
246.7
17. a
29.0
19.4

376.9
48.0
5.5
16.8
241.0
15.9
29.4
20.3

534.6
33.
100.<
16.:
16.7
41. C 40.
81.'
81.'
57.:
56.1
103.
103.'
18.4
16.'

527.9
32.6
96.2
16.2
39.!
80. £
57.!
100.'
17.

551.2
33.2
98.0
16.7
40.6
85.2
63.0
101.5
18.9

Rubber products...............
Tires and inner tu b es..
Rubber footwear-------Other rubber products.

271.7

Leather and leather products------ ------Leather: tanned, curried, and finished
Industrial leather belting and packing
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings...
Footwear (except rubber)......................
Luggage------------------------------ -------Handbags and small leather goods----Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods

381.8

Stone, clay, and glass products.................
Flat glass........................... —------ -------Glass and glassware, pressed or blown
Glass products made of purchased glass
Cement, hydraulic...... .......................
Structural clay products....................
Pottery and related products........ .
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Cut-stone and stone products------------Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products........ ................ .........................

549.6

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

271.2
115. Î
29.4
126.5

269.7
116.3
28.1
125.3

276.3
118.1
29.1
129.1

276.3
118.7
28.9
128.7

276.6
118.2
29.4
129.0

276.4
117.5
29.8
129.1

274.8
116.9
29.8
128. 1

391.3
47.1
5.2
17.5
253.2
18.7
30.0
19.6

383.8
46.8
5.3
17.8
248. (
18.4
28.8
18.7

390.2
47.6
5.4
18.0
254.5
19.2
26.7
18.8

382.4
46.9
5.7
16.9
249.2
19.2
26.1
18.4

393.3
46.8
5.8
18.1
255.4
19.1
29.7
18.4

402.5
47.4
5.7
18.8
261.7
18.4
32.2
18.3

403.1
47.8
5.6
19.3
261.9
18.5
32.1
17.9

398.7
5.6
19.2
259.!
18.1
30.1
17.5

397.8
48.7
5.5
18.!
256.1
18.9
29.7
20.0

393.7 391.8
48.4
47.7
5.4
5.2
18. C 17.4
249.6 248.!
19. (
19.1
32. (
31.7
21.5
21.6

545.3
35.'
103.
16.2
41. £
79.:
52.
108.2
18. Í

537.6
35. (

547.7
34.6
105.'
16.6
40.6
80.3
54.3
105.8

543.0
35. (
104.2
17. (
41. (
78. f
55.:
104."
17.6

544.1
35.Î
104.:
17.7
40.
77.
56.
104.:

541.2
35.4
103.6
17.5
40.6
76.!
57. (
101.
18,3

533. S
35.6
17.0
40.6
75.'
56.6
100.
18.

531.3
35.7
99.9
17.2
40.6
75.6
56.
99.2
17.!

538.9
35.7
100.6
17.:
40.7
79.:
57.
101. £
18.2

541.6
35.1
101.'
17.:
40.5
80.6
57.2
103.2
18.4

89.’

90.2

90. a

89.4

88.'

88.4

100.2

16.2
41.8
79.8
48.:
108.
18.3

18.

90.'

90.1

is.:

90. 0|

loi. :

117. a

30.1
127.7
48. a

87. £1

18.;

539.9
34.!
loo.:

87.4

86. ll

86.!

94.2

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

1231

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

Table A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and group 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1953

Annual
average

1952

Industry group and industry

Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries______________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills........__.......... ............... ...............
Iron and steel foundries..............................
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals...........................................
Secondary smelting and rening of nonferrous metals...........................................
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous m etals..........................................
Nonferrous foundries................................
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.

Aug.

July

1,333.

1,336.

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

1,346.0 1,338.

1,343.

1,343.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1, 338.9 1,335.

1,330.

665. i
243.

663.8
244.8

662.1
248.7

655.
250. £

656.6
253.2

656.5
253.2

654. 4
253.7

52.3

52.5

52.5

52.2

51.5

51.2

50.8

12.6

12.6

12.8

12.9

12.9

12.7

12.7

121.0
92. S
145.5

120.0
95.4
147.0

123.8
96.6
149.5

123.4
94.9
148.6

123.1
97.2
149.4

122.0
98.2
149.8

119.9
98. £
149.1

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1952

1,317. € 1, 306.

1, 299.

1,227.

1951

1,313.0

653. C 649.7
255.3 255.8

645.1
254.7

643-f
251.

49.8

49.5

49. £

49. £

50. £

so. e

12.6

12.6

12.2

12.

11.6

12.3

13.2

118.5
97.8
148.8

117.8
97.5
147.6

116.1
94.8
144.8

114.3
91.8
144.1

112.3
89.1
142.7

111.3
89.
139.8

110.8
87.0
142.2

642.
250. £

570.'
253.

643.5
266.2
50.3

Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transporta­
tion equipment)....................................... 1,161.8 ,161.6 1,150. 3 1,168.0 1,162. 3 1,160. 6 1,159.3 1,149. 6 1,135.2 1,125. 7 1,104. 6 1,088. 1,059.0 1,045.6 1,059.7
Tin cans and oher tinware____________
61. C 59.7
63.6
56.7
55.6
55.4
57 8
57. C 56. £
58.5
61.9
56.5
56.6
58.1
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware.........
159.2 158.7 164.6 165.3 164.0 164.9 163.2 160.8 158.3 154.3 150.9 147.3 149.8 162.8
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies.................... ............
152.1 150.6 153.4 153.7 155.0 154.1 154.2 152.6 154.6 153.8 154.0 150.4 142.8 144.1
Fabricated structural metal products.. .
284.4 278.6 279.7 274.6 272.2 272.7 272.0 270.5 272.2 268. C 262.9 257.4 253.8 241.2
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving
236.4 236. 9 242.1 241.8 241.4 240.8 237. 5 231.3 223.8 215.2 209.3 198.0 196.7 202.0
Lighting fixtures....................................... ..
50.5
49.5
50.1
49.6
47.9
47.4
50.3
50.9
50.8
46.5
45.2
48.3
45.6
48.2
Fabricated wire products..........................
71.2
72.4
72.9
71.7
71.7
73.7
73.2
70.3
69.1
67.0
64.4
71.3
63.9
66.1
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod­
ucts............................................................
144.2 143.3 146.0 145.9 146.4 145.9 144.7 143.9 143.0 141.4 139.0 134.4 136.5 137.1
Machinery (except electrical)....................... 1,623.3
Engines and turbines.................................
Agricultural machinery and tractors__
Construction and mining machinery___
Metalworking machinery................... ..
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)_____ ____
General industrial m achinery..............
Office and store machines and devices...
Service-industry and household ma­
chines______ ______ _______________
Miscellaneous machinery parts...............

642.8 1,671.7 1,698.4 1, 702. 0 1, 714.3 1, 727. 8 1, 713. 4 1, 702.1 1,687. 5 1,643.8 1,607. 2 1, 588.8 1, 642. 4 1.601.3
94.2
89.5
94.6
95.5
96.5
95.7
95.5
95.6
95.9
86.3
86.1
95.8
88.9
81.2
169.5 178.7 184.5 187.1 190.6 195.8 193.3 190.4 188.8 169.7 156. 2 149.1 185.1 198.4
130.8 132.9 133.5 130. 9 131.1 134.2 133.9 133.2 132. 9 132.1 130.5 130.2 132.2 120.5
281.9 281.8 285.8 285.6 285.2 285.4 283.3 283.9 282.8 279.4 278.5 279.3 280.3 262.4
186.9
234.9
109.8

187.8
237.5
110.9

191.0
236.9
112.0

190.3
234.2
112.4

190.9
234.4
112.6

191.9
234.5
112.3

192.0
232.3
111.5

191.2
232.0
111.7

190.8
231.4
111.7

190.2
227.2
110.7

185.6
225.8
110.4

185.0
226.4
109.5

190.9
230.7
109.8

196.0
224.4
106.3

199.1
240.4

204.3
243.2

213.3
245.9

219.4
246.5

224.7
248. 9

227.5
249.7

223.7
247.7

217.0
246.9

208.1
245.5

200.6
239.7

193.5
240.4

186.8
236.4

186.5
238.0

182.2
229.8

Electrical machinery................................. 1, 210.1
Electrical generating, transmission, dis­
tribution, and industrial apparatus__
Electrical appliances..................................
Insulated wire and cable____ _________
Electrical equipment for vehicles...........
Electric lamps______________________
Communication equipment__________
Miscellaneous electrical products...........

201.7 1,184. 2 1,194.8 1, 202.0 1. 206. 5 1,204. 0 1,192. 4 1,173. 5 1,166.6 1,142. 3 1,118.6 1,089.1 1,068.4 1,005.4

Transportation equipment.......................... 1, 882.3
Automobiles................................................
Aircraft and parts..................... .............
Aircraft________ _____________ ____
Aircraft engines and parts__________
Aircraft propellers and parts_______
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent..
Ship- and boatbuilding and repairing...
Shipbuilding and repairing___ _____
Boatbuilding and repairing................ .
Railroad equipment_________________
Other transportation equipment______

911.4 1,921.4 1, 950. 8 1, 955, 8 1, 969. 9 1,965. 7 1. 930. 0 1,891. 5 1. 862.6 1, 825.0 1,779.3 1, 719. 2 1, 674.9 1,510.3
925.9 940.8 969.4 982.3 993.1 983.2 957.0 924.6 904.0 887.9 850.0 820.3 793.5 844.5
748.8 743.2 733.6 728.4 727.3 735.0 729.2 721.4 711.4 694.5 684.3 654.9 641.6 463.6
454.9 449.6 444.5 445.6 446.9 449.2 448.1 447.8 444. 5 434.0 430.2 408.7 413.9 313.3
168.8 169.9 165.9 161.3 159.2 165.6 163.7 158.1 153.9 150.2 147.5 143.2 134.7
90.8
16.2
16.4
15.7
15.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
14.8
16.5
14.5
14.0
16.3
10.8
95.1
97.3
108.9 107.4 106.8 105.1 104.7 103.7 100.8
91.8
88.5
99.2
79.1
48.8
147.6 152.2 153.9 153.0 157.1 155.1 155.7 158.1 158.8 155.9 155.3 156.2 151.0 116.0
122.8 126.1 127.1 126.1 130. 5 129.7 131.0 134.1 135.3 133.5 134.3 135.3 131.2 101.6
26.1
26.8
26.9
25.4
24.7
23.5
22.4
24.8
26.6
21.0
20.9
24.0
19.8
14.4
78.6
74.8
72.1
71.4
80.0
74.1
75.3
75.3
79.2
79.0
73.9
74.3
75.8
73.7
13.5
13.8
13.8
13.9
13.2
13.3
14.3
14.6
14.4
13.4
13.9
13.1
12.9
12.6

Instruments and related products...... ....... 335.6
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments_____ ____ ____________ _
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments____________ _____ ____ _
Optical instruments and lenses............ .
Surgical, medical, and dental instru­
ments..........................................................
Ophthalmic goods____ ____ _________ _
Photographic apparatus______ _______
Watches and clocks________ _____ ____

331.5

333.1

335.4

333.3

333.2

332. 5

328.5

327.5

326.3

322.8

318.7

313.7

310.2

292.2

52.7

54.3

54.0

53.6

53.6

53.5

53.0

52.8

52.5

51.8

51.1

50.3

48.9

39.1

81.4
12.4

82.3
12.4

82.6
12.3

81.9
12.3

81.8
12.4

81.9
12.4

80.9
12.3

80.2
12.3

79.6
12.3

78.3
12.4

77.0
12.4

75.0
12.3

74.1
12.4

71.8
12.5

40.6
28.1
70.1
46.2

40.7
27.9
69.6
45.9

41.2
28.4
69.4
47.5

41.1
28.7
68.9
46.8

41.1
29.0
68.5
46.8

40.9
29.2
68.3
46.3

40.4
28.9
67.9
45. 1

40.8
28.9
68.0
44.5

40.9
28.5
67.9
44.6

40.6
27.8
67.5
44.4

40.0
27.5
66.9
43.8

39.3
27.2
67.1
42.5

39.6
28.1
66.1
41.0

40.0
29.0
62.1
37.7

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Musical instruments and parts..............
Toys and sporting g o o d s................. .......
Pens, pencils, and other office supplies...
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions........
Fabricated plastic products.....................
Other manufacturing industries............

506.0
55.2
18.1
91.4
32.4
71.4
75.6
161.9

488.9
52.6
17.6
87.6
31.9
68.0
73.8
157.4

501.5
54.9
18.0
88.1
32.3
68.1
75.5
164.6

497.2
54.2
18.0
87.1
32.1
66.4
75.1
164.3

495. 9
54.6
18.1
84.3
32.0
67.2
75.1
164.6

494.1
55.0
18.3
81.3
31. 7
69.3
74.1
164.4

487.2
53.6
18. 1
77.8
31. 1
69.6
73.4
163.6

474.9
52.8
17.8
73.7
31.1
67.6
72.6
159.3

485.0
53.8
17.5
79.8
32.6
67.1
72.4
161.8

495.8
54.2
17.4
87.2
32.6
68.4
72.7
163. 3|

488.5
53.9
17.0
87.9
32.7
67.4
71.1
158.5

472.8
52.2
16.7
85.1
31.9
65.5
67.1
154.3

456.0
50.5
16.3
75.4
31.5
62.1
66.9
153.4

465. 4
54.7
16.6
74.0
31.9
63.9
67.2
157.0

See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

508.1

392.8
69.3
34.4
88.7
27.6
540.4
48.5

392.4
70.2
34.2
89.4
27.5
522.0
48.5

393.7
70.9
35.4
90.9
27.3
529.2
47.4

393.6
70.5
35.5
91.0
27.2
537.2
47-0

393.0
69.9
35.6
91.0
26.9
542.8
47.3

390. 5
69.3
35.5
90.5
26.3
546.0
45.9

386.1
67.9
35.4
88. 2
25.8
543.1
45.9

381. 5
65.5
35.1
84.5
25.3
535.3
46.3

378.4
64.9
34.6
82.2
25.0
533.8
47.7

374.3
63.2
33.1
79.9
23.5
518.8
49.5

369.9
60.6
32.8
80.5
23.3
501.2
50.3

363.5
56.5
32.3
77.7
23.3
485.4
50.4

364.8
56.2
31.5
79.2
25.2
464.9
46.6

354.9
59.5
29.2
78.6
31.0
405.8
46.5

MONTHLY LABOR

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

1232

Table A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and group x—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1952

1953
Industry group and industry
Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1952

1951

4,337 4,334 4,341 4,315 4,279 4,244 4,235 4,210 4,210 4,293 4,286 4,296 4,281 4,220 4,166
3,012 2. 999 3. 000 2, 990 2,966 2,949 2,928 2, 909 2,914 2, 995 2, 992 2, 999 2,980 2, 941 2, 921
Transportation_____________ ______
1.405.7,1.409.3 1,399. 9 1,387.0 1,376.0 1, 360. 5 1,356.4 1,367.5 1,406.0 1,412.5 1,423.2 1,410.9 1,399.8 1,449.3
Interstate railroads________________
1,235. 0 1, 23S. 8 1,229 2 1,217.5 1,204.9 1,188. 5 1,184.8 1,195. 5 1. 222. 7 1, 238. 8 1.249. 9 1,237.8 1,226.2 1,275.9
Class I railroads _________________
128.8 130.9 131.0 130.7 130.7 131.3 131.5 125.6 132.4 132.4 132.3 133.2 134.2 139.0
Local railways and bus lines________
754.1 749.1 749.3 745.5 743.0 743.9 737.2 734.9 761.9 750.8 745.9 733.2 714.6 675.6
Trucking and warehousing__________
Other transportation and services___
710.7 710.5 709.5 703.1 698.9 691.9 683.8 686.0 694.9 696.0 697.1 702.4 692.1 656.9
52.5
52.9
54.0
52.4
52.5
53.0
51.5
51.9
51.4
51.9
53.3
52.9
52.1
52.9
Bus lines, except local_____________
99.4
97.8
97.5
95.6
85.2
98.8
105.3 104.9 104.6 102.0 101.1 100.8 100.0 100.0
Air transportation (common carrier)734
732
736
731
690
717
742
738
734
731
752
750
747
745
759
Communication______________________
703.6 709.6 700.1 697.3 682.3 693.5 689.2 684.9 686.5 684.4 682.4 681.9 672.7 638.9
Telephone
. __________________
48.6
48.6
48.3
48.6
49.1
50.1
48.3
47.9
48.1
48.6
48.9
47.6
48.3
48.9
Telegraph ______________________
562
560
565
570
563
555
565
563
562
564
583
582
566
575
580
Other public utilities__________________
560.3 558.7 552.2 544.3 542.1 543.0 541.4 540.5 540.8 538.8 543.0 547.5 541.2 533.3
Gas and electric utilities___ _________
251.6 251.0 248.2 245.0 244.7 244.3 243.5 243.2 242/7 240.2 244.3 246.8 243.5 240.4
TCIcotrie light and power utilities____
130.8 129.9 128.9 126.3 124.8 126.5 126. 1 125.6 126.6 127.0 127.2 127.7 126.4 123.8
Gas utilities _____
_____ ____
177.9 177.8 175.1 173.0 172.6 172.2 171.8 171.7 171.5 171.6 171.5 173.0 171.3 169.1
Electric light and gas utilities combined..
21.4
21.5
21.7
22.1
21.7
21.5
21.7
22.1
22.0
21.7
22.4
22.9
21.9
23.1
Local utilities not. elsewhere classified..

Transportation and public u tilitie s-------------

W holesale and retail trade________________

Wholesale trade_______________________
Retail trade___
__________________
General merchandise stores---------------Food and liquor stores
-----------------Automotive and accessories dealers.. .
Apparel and accessories stores------------Other retail trade___________________

10,470 10,352 10,368 10,415 10,34S 10,314 10,284 10,214 10,283
2, 736 2,739 2,740 2, 729 2, 712 2, 713 2, 730 2,743 2, 747
7, 734 7,613 7,628 7,686 7,636 7, 601 7, 554 7, 471 7,536
1,407. 8 1,354.3 1,353.4 1 ,402. a 1,406.2 1,396.6 1, 396. 4 1,355.0 1,406.5
1,399.4 1,392. 7 1,402.0 1,405. 7 1,399. 3 1, 398. 2 1,389.2 1, 380.8 1,370.9
853.4 853.5 847. S 839.2 829.2 820. C 812.9 810.0 807.5
601. S 549.5 561. C 594.7 594.8 593.2 585. 7 558.2 573.6
3,472.2 3,462. 8 3,464.4 3,444.3 3,406.4 3,392. 7 3,369.9 3, 366. 7 3,377.6

11,218 10,650 10,442 10,295 10,251 10,013
2, 787 2,780 2, 752 2,730 2, 721 2,655
8,431 7, 870 7,690 7,565 7,530 7,359
2,013.2 1, 626.3 1, 504.8 1, 423.8 1, 453. 2 1,429.3
1, 407. 2 1,381.7 1,375. 8 1,356.4 1,353. 8 1,307.6
815.2 800.5 785.2 778.1 779. 5 763.7
705.6 617.7 601.9 579.8 584.0 575.4
3,489. 5 3,443. 5 3,422.2 3, 427.1 3,359.1 3, 282. 4

Finance, insurance, and real esta te 1----------

2,054

2,074 2,072
518. C 518.2
64.7
65.1
759.3 756.1
731.8 732.6

2,046
506. 8
64.9
744.6
729.5

2,025
499.1
65.2
737.2
723.1

2,014
499. C
65.0
735.5
714.4

1,993
496.7
64.9
732.3
699.1

1,977
493.4
64.7
726. £
692.2

1,969
488.6
64.1
720.8
695.1

1,978
489.6
64.2
719.6
704.2

1,973
486.8
64.2
716.7
705.1

1,973
484.6
64.4
715.2
709.0

1,976
484.2
64.7
712.9
714.1

1,957 1,861
480. C 431.0
63.7
64.5
707.2 671.4
704.8 694.7

Service and m iscellan eou s_________ _____

5,395

5,416
546.3

5,417
542.4

5,397
495. f

5,357
469. £

5,307
463.8

5,225 5,194
456. C 450.5

5,192
442.7

5,237
446.8

5,266
446.1

5,303
456. i

5,364
494.1

5,280
476.9

5,207
476.5

349.7
175.9
234.3

353.8
180.6
233.7

354.1
186.8
233.8

348.6
184.2
232.1

343.5
180.7
234.4

340.4
175.0
232.0

340.0
171.1
229.4

341.7
172.4
229.6

342.0
172.5
228.5

342.3
175. c
232.6

343.7
176. i
237.2

344.1
173. f
239.8

342.7
172.7
236.2

342.7
166.8
244.4

Banks and trust companies 4___________
Security dealers and exchanges_________
Insurance carriers and agents___________
Other finance agencies and real estate__
Hotels and lodging places______________
Personal services:
Laundries.____ _____ ______________
Cleaning and dyeing plants__________
Motion pictures _ _________________

6,668 6,449 6,478 6,638 6,669 6,653 6,666 6,625 6,675 7,095 6,742 6,704 6,616 6,633 6,373
Federal4___________________ ____ _____ 2,225 2,248 2, 271 2,285 2,282 2,304 2,324 2, 343 2,350 2, 765 2,363 2,363 2,368 2,403 2,261
State and local8----- --------- ------------------- 4,443 4,201 4,207 4,353 4,387 4,349 4,342 4, 282 4,325 4,330 4,379 4,341 4,248 4,230 4,112

G overn m en t*____________________________

• The Bureau of Labor Statistics series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating firms. These
reports cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricultural
establishments who worked during, or received pay for, any part of the pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Because of this, persons who
worked in more than 1 establishment during the reporting period will be
counted more than once. In Federal establishments the data generally refer
to persons who worked on, or received pay for, the last day of the month; in
State and local government, to persons who received pay for any part of the
pay period ending on, or immediately prior to, the last day of the month.
Proprietors, self-employed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic
servants are excluded. These employment series have been adjusted to first
quarter 1951 benchmark levels indicated by data from government social
insurance programs. Revised data in all except the first 4 columns will be
identified by asterisks the first month they are published.
These data differ in several respects from the nonagricultural employment
data shown in the Monthly Report on the Labor Force (table A -l, civilian
labor force), which is obtained by household interviews. This M R L F series
relates to the calendar week which contains the 8th day of the month. It


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includes all persons with a job whether at work or not, proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants.
8 Durable goods include: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood
products (except furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass
products; primary metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transportation equipment); machinery (except elec­
trical); electrical machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and
related products; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
8 Nondurable goods include: food and kindred products; tobacco manu­
factures; textile-mill products; apparel and other finished textile products;
paper and allied products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chem­
icals and allied products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products;
and leather and leather products.
* See N ote, table A-5.
8 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, paid
volunteer firemen and elected officials of small local units.
See N ote on p. 1226.

1233

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

Table A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1952

1953
Industry group and Industry
Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

M ining:

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1952

1951

M e t a l________ _____________________
Iron ______________________________
Copper_____________________________
Lead and z in c ______________________

86.5
35.3
23.9
13.4

86.6
35.3
23.7
13.5

87.4
35.4
23.8
14.4

86.6
34.9
23.4
14.8

86.2
34.0
23. 5
15.3

86.7
33.5
23.6
15.8

88.1
33.5
23.5
16.6

88.8
34.1
23.4
17.0

88.9
34.4
23.2
17.0

88.4
34.6
22.8
16.9

85.8
34.7
20.8
16.7

86.7
35.6
20.8
16.6

83.8
29.1
22.3
18.1

88.4
33.8
22.4
17.8

Anthracite___________________________
Bituminous-coal______________________

46.4
268.3

45.3
267.7

50.3
277.1

51.6
277.9

47.8
286.7

53.5
295.8

55.6
302.0

56.4
306.9

57.8
307.4

58.0
306.6

58.5
306.3

58.7
314.3

59.5
309.9

65.0
348.0

Crude-petroleum and natural-gas produc­
tion'
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)__________

133.7

132.9

131.9

127.2

127.7

126.5

125.9

126.4

126.5

126.3

126.7

128.4

127.9

124.8

Nonmetallic mining and quarrying_____

92.0

91.5

90.8

89.0

88.2

85.0

83.8

83.6

87.5

90.6

91.6

91.4

88.6

89.2

13,802 13,852 13, G56 13,787 13,699 13,758 13,831 13,733 13,619 13,699 13,634 13,560 13,477 13,044 13,135
Durable goods 1 . ----------- ------------ - 7,993 8,050 8,038 8,190 8,179 8, 215 8, 211 8,115 8,020 8,010 7, 916 7, 774 7,634 7, 481 7, 459
Nondurable goods *.______________ 5,809 5,802 5,618 5, 597 5,520 5, 543 5, 620 5,618 5,599 5, 689 5, 718 5, 786 5,843 5,564 6,676

M anufacturing

--------------------------------

Ordnance and accessories.........- ..................

160.8

158.5

161.2

158.3

155.9

150.2

146.6

141.8

139.0

136.5

134.0

132.0

131.8

125.7

61.5

Food and kindred products____________ 1, 287. 9 1,254. 9 1,183.3 1,096.6 1,050.6 1,026. 5 1, 024. 8 1, 032. 6 1.044. 7 1,092.8 1,142. 0 1, 223. 4 1,309. 0 1,127.1 1. 142. 4
Meat products_______ ______________
239.0 239.5 237 0 233.2 232.7 237.7 241. 1 248.8 256.4 253.5 243. 9 246. 5 245. 6 242.9
85.1
79.5
82.5
86.8
87.3
77.9
78. 1
76.4
Dairy products_____________________
79. 7
94 2
87.1
92.0
83.1
93.5
Canning and preserving_____________
309.6 244.2 165 4 145.9 133.9 122.7 128.7 132.3 143.3 172.4 252.9 347.5 188.8 201.6
95.1
93.4
92.3
96.3
94.0
91.6
90.6
89.3
Grain-mill products____- ___________
89.3
92.3
93. 5
93.3
87.7
93.9
Bakery products_______ __________
182 4 184.2 184.0 181.0 178. 5 179.7 179.5 179.0 183.5 186.6 187.1 185.5 181.9 181.4
43.1
26.9
28.0
29.3
33.6
44.3
23. 1 24.9
22.2
22.7
24.4
22.3
Sugar."______ ______________________
24.3
23 2
76.7
71.6
79.1
79.3
73.0
72 2
77.1
62.0
70.2
72.6
Confectionery and related products___
65. 5
66.9
60.0
64.0
Beverages____ _______ ___________
144.3 139. 7 131.8 131.7 127.2 125.4 122.0 123.5 128.7 132.2 133.6 136.8 132.2 133.8
105.9
106.0
99.8
101.5
98.9
102.1
97.3
98.2
97.4
Miscellaneous food products.................... —
94.9
102.8 103.9 103.8
95.6
Tobacco manufactures..................................
113.9
Cigarettes____________________ _____ _
Cigars______________________________
Tobacco and snuff__________________
Tobacco stemming and redrying.......... . —

108.8
28. 5
38. 9
7.4
34.0

85.3
27 7
37.8
7.2
12.6

85.0
28 5
39.3
76
9.6

85.0
28.5
39.2
7.6
9.7

85.2
28. 5
39.1
7.6
10.0

87.3
28.2
39.8
7.7
11.6

93.9
28.2
39.6
7.7
18.4

100.5
28.2
39.7
7.7
24.9

108.1
28.1
40.0
7.8
32.2

108.5
28.2
40.6
7.9
31.8

116.7
28.0
40.6
7.9
40.2

116.7
28.3
40.6
7.9
39.9

97.9
27.5
39.6
7.9
22.9

95.7
26.3
38.7
8.1
22.6

Textile-mill products__________________ 1,103. 8 1,110.2 1,101.7 1,121.6 1,116.7 1,119.2 1,134.3 1,134. 0 1,131. 7 1,146.1 1,145. 8 1,134.9 1,126. 5 1,105. 8 1,175.8
5. 9
6.3
6. 4
6.3
6.4
6.2
Scouring and combing plants_________
6.3
6.4
6.6
6.2
6.1
6.0
6.6
6.4
Yarn and thread mills.......... ................ .
143.3 140 7 144 4 142.9 143.0 146.0 145.7 146. 5 147.3 147.5 147.0 146.9 143.6 154.2
Broad-woven fabric mills____________
487. 6 492.1 497 1 494.4 493. 8 498. 8 501. 5 502.3 508.0 506.1 503.3 501.2 498.7 545.8
29.5
30.9
30.2
31.2
31.2
31.4
Narrow fabrics and smallwares.. __
31. 4
31.1
31 1
31.0
30. 2
31.4
30 5
30. 9
Knitting mills - . . . . . . __________
232. 6 228 1 232 3 232.2 232. 9 235. 4 232.3 230. 2 236.2 238.7 235.7 232.2 223.2 223.8
83.4
86.2
85.3
87.2
83.8
87.1
86.5
Dyeing and finishing te x tile s ..______
82 9
82.9
82. 9
84.7
85.8
86.3
81 2
46.2
48.0
49.0
51.0
50.1
50.1
50.0
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___
49.4
46 8
47 9
47.7
49.7
50.1
45 8
15.1
15.3
15.8
16.7
16.1
15.8
17.4
16.8
Hats (except cloth and millinery)_____
16.9
17.4
16. 4
16.1
16 3
15.5
60.2
60.0
62.5
61.7
63.1
63.8
62.9
Miscellaneous textile goods. . _______
62. 5
63.4
62.7
63 2
63.3
63.1
60 6
Apparel and other finished textile prod­
ucts______________________________ 1,079.4 1,107.4 1,047.3 1,072.2 1,060.8 1,086.0 1,138. 5 1,136. 6 1,108. 5 1,113.5 1,104.3 1,102.9 1,106. 2 1,066.9 1,065.9
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats___ .
129.7 118.1 126.9 124.9 123.9 125.8 124.0 119.3 121.0 122.0 123.4 124.4 119.3 128.8
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing. _ _____________________
289.4 274.2 287.6 288.2 289. 4 288.6 284. 2 278.8 280.2 279.9 278.8 275.6 265.1 263.4
Women's outerwear
338.0 313.0 308.8 297.9 317.8 355.5 360. 3 351.1 346. 6 330.9 330.0 339.5 331.2 326.4
91.1
97.9
95.0
W omen’s, children’s undergarments . .
98.2 100.6 102.6 101.6
93.9
92 6
96.3
99. 0 101. 2 101. 5 100.2
20.6
20.4
21.7
19.9
20.3
18.1
24.8
M illinery_____
_________________
24.5
23.2
15.1
19. 2
19. 5
17. 4
15. 5
59.1
60.4
60.4
56.1
59.3
59.5
62. 4
60.5
Children’s outerwear________________
60. 8
61.8
59.1
57.9
61. 4
59. 2
9.4
11.6
10.7
11.3
9.6
Fnr goods
9.8
6.5
68
8. 2
8.2
9.6
5.1
9.6
7.5
63.3
57.8
61.0
59.4
62.0
62.8
57.3
58.4
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories.
57.3
57.3
58.0
58.0
55.3
55. 9
Other fabricated textile products_____
109. 5 107 3 108.8 111. 4 113. 5 116.7 116.6 113.9 116.3 117.2 115.4 113.1 109.5 108.5
Lumber and wood products (except fur­
niture) ______ _____________________
Logging camps and contractors______
Sawmills and planing mills__________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products__________
Wooden contain ers_________________
Miscellaneous wood products________
Furniture and fixtures-------------------------Household furniture _______ _ ___
Office, public-building, and profession­
al furniture. ___________ . . ______
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix­
tures. . . ______________ _____ . . .
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous fur­
niture and fixtures..................... ............
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

707.0

315.6

723.8
81.2
432. 4

717.2
82. 9
423. 9

730.9
83.8
431.9

712.5
77.9
422.3

700.5
70.3
416. 4

688.0
66.9
407.5

676.9
59.3
404. 1

676.4 704.4
58. C 69.6
405.5 419.7

730.3
82.6
433.3

727.7
73.4
439.8

750.7
86.9
447.5

713.3
78. 5
423.8

766.8
95.8
444.4

100.6
56.3
53.3

100.2
57. 4
52.8

104.4
57.4
53.4

102.4
57.1
52.8

104.0
56.7
53.1

102. 4
56.8
54.4

102. 6
56. 6
54.3

102.7
56.6
53.6

103.9
57.5
53.7

104.6
56.4
53.4

106.6
54.2
53.7

107.5
55.0
53.8

100.8
56.4
53.9

108.4
61.1
57.1

317.5
230.5

316.1
229.5

317.4
231.5

322.1
236. 5

328.5
242.3

332.7
247.0

331.9
245. £

329.2
242. S

330.0
243.1

328.5
242.1

322.1
237.2

315.6
231.2

309.1
225.5

310.6
226.0

32.6

32.1

32.0

32.6

33.1

33.1

33.2

33.3

33.5

33.4

33.2

33.4

33.0

33.8

29.3

28.9

28.5

28.2

28.1

27.7

28.3

28.7

28.6

28.2

27.6

27.2

26.6

27.0

25.1

25.6

25.4

24.8

25.0

24.9

24.5

24.3

24.8

24.8

24.1

23.8

23.9

23.8

1234

MONTHLY LABOR

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able

A-3 : Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1952

1953
Industry group and industry
Sept.
Manufacturing—Continued
Paper and allied products....................... __
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills____
Paperboard containers and boxes__ __
Other paper and allied products_____

Aug.

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1952

1951

434.3
223. 4
111.7
99. 2

439.5

439.3

436.8

221.8

22 2. 6

222.8

116.3
101. 4

116.2
100.5

115. 0
99.0

435. 6
222.9
114.9
97.8

441.0
224.3
117.7
99.0

434.7
218.8
117.3
98.6

431.9
218.8
115.1
98.0

424.9
217.0

102.6

439.7
222. 2
115. 6
1 0 1 .9

97.1

422.5
219. 4
107.4
95.8

501.6
147.8
27.8
27.5
158.9
41.9
14.3
35.4

498. 7
147. 7
28.3
27.2
157.6
41. 5
13.2
35.1

497.9
146.3
28.4
27.5
158.3
41.3
12. 7
34.9

499.2
146.1
29.1
27.8
158.7
41.4
13.1
34.6

496. 5
144. 3
29.0
27. 7
159. 3
40.8
13.1
34.1

497.8
143.9
28.8
27.3
161.1
40.9
13.2
34.6

505.1
147.0
28.6
27.3
161.9
42.8
14.7
35.0

505.2
146.8
28.8
27.2
160.7
43 0
16.4
34.9

503.8
146.4
29.0
27.5
160. 4
42.6
15.6
34.6

497.2
145. 9
28.6
27. 2
157. 8
41.9
14. 5
34.2

494.2
144. 4
28.7
27.1
158.1
40. 9
13.8
33.9

493.9
142. 9
28.6
27.3
158. 5
41. 7
14.1
33.4

47.1

47. 5

47. 5

511.8
57. 9
184 9
60. 7

515.5
58. 8
185. 5
62. 5

529.5
59 5
192 0
62.7

445.6
225.2
117.8

103.4

443.1
225.0
115.8
102.3

509.8

499.9
146.8
27.3
27.8
157.8
42.1
14.6
35.6

498.5
146.7
27.8
27.3
157.9
41.4
14.4
35.3

47.9

47.7

48.0

48.1

48. 5

48.4

48. 2

48.0

47.8

47.4

47.7

Chemicals and allied products__________ 514.4
Industrial inorganic chemicals________
Industrial organic chemicals ________
Drugs and medicines__ ______ _____
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations—. ______ ___ _ ___________
Paints, pigments, and fillers ________
Gum and wood chemicals____________
Fertilizers___________________ _______
Vegetable and animal oils and fa ts.. .
Miscellaneous chemicals_____________ —

512.7
60.1
198.2
58.0

510.6
61.0
196.4
58.2

513.1
60.1
195.0
58.8

516.9
59. 8
192.3
58.9

525.8
59. 7
190.9
59.4

525.9
59. 4
190.4
59.8

518.7
59. 0
189.2
59.6

516.1
58.3
189.7
61.4

518.3
58. 1
189.2
61.6

518.3
57.9
187.8
61.5

518.2
57. 7
186. 6
61.1

30.4
47.6
6.5
23.3
27.4
61.2

30.6
48. 5
6.4

31. 5
47.9
6. 5
30.8
27.3
61.9

32.1
47.9
6.7
37.9
29.2
62.0

32.1
47.5
6.7
36.6
31.8
61.6

31.8
47. 1
6. 5
31. 4
32.8
61.3

31.3
46.9
6. 5
27.1
34. 5
60.4

31.6
46.8

31.6
46.7

31.8
46.7

6.6

6.6

6.6

25.4
61.9

31.1
48.4
6.3
25.2
26.3
61.9

25.5
36.6
62.3

25.3
37.7
63.2

26.6
37.9
63.2

31.8
46. 2
6.7
27. 0
34.0
62.6

31. 6
46. 6
6.9
28.3
32 7
62.5

Products of petroleum and coal.................
Petroleum refining. . . . _____________
Coke and other petroleum and coke
products______________ ____ _______

189.1

190.1
145.8

190.6
145.9

189.7
144.5

187.6
143.1

187.6
144.1

186.4
143.6

185.7
143. 6

185.8
144.0

186.5
143.5

188.0
143.7

189.1
143. 9

189.9
145.0

182.6
140.5

44.3

44.7

45.2

44. 5

43.5

42.8

42. 1

41.8

43.0

44.3

45.2

44.9

42.0

44 9

Rubber products....... ......... ..........................
Tires and inner tubes________________
Rubber fo o tw ea r._________ _________
Other rubber products_______________

215.8

215.6
90.2
23.7
101.7

213.6
90. 7

22 0. 2

92. 7
23.3
104.2

220.5
92. 2
23.8
104.5

220.5
91. 6
24.2
104.7

219. 2
91. 2
24.2
103.8

219.2
91.5
24.5
103.2

219.2
91. 8
25.2

216.6
90.8
24.7

10 2. 2

101.1

212.5
90. 2
24.3
98.0

208.3
90 0
23. 5
94.8

208.2
90. 8
22. 9
94.6

21 2 . 0

100.3

220.3
92. 4
23.5
104.4

351.3
42.5
4.3
15.6
228.7
16.2
26.7
17.3

343.9
42.1
4.3
15. 9
223.5
16.0
25.6
16.5

350.9
42.9
4.5
16.1
230.5
16. 8
23.6
16.5

343.5
42.2
4. 7
15.0
225.7
16.8
23.0
16.1

354. 5
42.2
4.9
16.2
231.7
16.8
26.6
16.1

363.3
42.8
4.8
16.9
237.7
16.0
29.1
16.0

363. 5
43.1
4. 7
17. 4
237.8
16. 2
29. 0
15.3

359.0
43.6
4.7
17.3
235. 7
15.8
26.9
15.0

358.6
44.0
4. 6
17.0
232.3
16.6
26.7
17.4

354.7
43.7
4.6
16.1
225.9
16.9
28. 7
18.8

352. 2
43.0
4. 4
15.5
224.7
16. 7
28.9
19.0

352. 4
42.7
4.3
15. 4
228. 8
16.1
26. 4
18.7

343.1
41.8
4. 3
15 6
223. 2
15. 5
25 8
16.8

338.7
43.3
4 8
1^ o
918* 4
13 8

462.8
31.5
89.6
14.1
35.3
71.0
46.5

455.0
31.2
86.3
14.1
35.2
71.7
42.1

465.4
31.0
91.6
14.7
34.4
72.1
48.3

460.6
31.2
90.5
14.8
34. 5
69.8
48.9

462.3
31.5
90.7
15.5
34.2
69.1
50.1

459.2
31. 5
89.9
15.3
34.1

450.9
31.9
86.5
14.9
34.2
67. 5
50. 7

458.4
32.0
87.2
14.9
34.6
70.9
51.0

461.1
31.2
87.9
15.0
34.3
72. 3
51. 2

459. 4
30. 5
86.7
14.3
34. 8
73.4
51.3

455.1
29. 7
87.1
13.8
34 4
73 4
50 2

448.4
28 9
83.1
13.9
33 8
72 7
51.1

475.1

6 8 .6
50. 8

453.2
31.8
87.7
14.7
34.3
67.2
50. 6

90.1
16.5

89. 5
16.1

86.1
Î5. 6

83.0
16.2
69.8

81.6
16.0
69.3

80.7
15.8
68.7

83.0
16.1
68.7

84. 2
16. 2

85 4
14 5

6 8 .8

85.4
16.2
69.6

84.6
16. 4

6 8 .2

87.4
16.3
69.6

6 8 .2

6 8 .0

66 6

82 3
15 3
67 3

453.0

451.4
226.9

July

121.1

Printing, publishing, and allied industries..... ................................ ................. .
Newspapers—...............................................
Periodicals_________ ____ __ _______
Books..... ......................................... ..........
Commercial printing________________
Lithographing________________ ______
Greeting cards. ____________ ________
Bookbinding and related industries___
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services.-_______ ________________

—

Leather and leather products _________
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Industrial leather belting and packing..
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings...
Footwear (except rubber).........................
Luggage_____ . . __________________
Handbags and small leather goods____
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.

341.9

Stone, clay, and glass produ cts.................
Flat glass_____ _______________ _____
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic___ _______ _______
Structural clay products_____________
Pottery and related products_____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products_________________ ________ ____
Cut-stone and stone products________
Miscellaneous nonmetallic products__

467.0

2 2 .2

22.6

69.2

110.8

4
47 5
7* 3

33

62.1
188.2
143.3

9
100.7

?6 0

17.5

85.3
14.5
56.9

7^

1

Primary metal industries............ .......... . . 1 , 1 1 0 .7 1,131. 7 1,133.2 1,143.1 1,137. 9 1,143. 5 1,144. 8 1,141.8 1,139. 0 1,137.0 1,125.8 1, 115.6 1,108. 5 1,039. 7 1,132.1
Blastfurnaces, steelworks, and rolling
mills__________ . ________________
570.4 569.2 567.2 561.8 562.4 563.6 563.1 561. 8 560. 8 557.0 556.6 555. 7 486 5
Iron and steel foundries______________
213.5 214.7 219.5 221.1 224.1 224.2 224.2 225.7 226.3 225.6 221.9 221. 5 223. 4 237! 1
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals_____ ______________
41.9
43.4
42.4
42.2
40. 7
41.0
41. 0
43.5
43.5
43.1
40.9
41. 7
42 0
42.3
Secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals___ . ______________
9. 5
9.4
9.5
9.1
9.3
9. 5
9.6
9.6
9.4
9.3
8.7
8. 4
9 2
10.2
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals ___________________
97.7
99.4
96.1
98.4
94. 5
92.6
96.9 100. 5 10 0. 8 100.4
96.5
90 1
QO 8
90. 8
82.9
Nonferrous foundries________________
82.0
82.9
79.8
77.0
77.6
79.6
80. 6
79.5
82. 2
82.3
74. 2
74.9
72! 8
Miscellaneous primary metal industries_____ _____________ _________
118.9 120.0 122. 4 122 0 122.6 123.0 122.5 122. 5 121. 5 118.8 117.8 116. 2 113. 7 118.9
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance,
machinery,
and transportation equipment)...... ......................
Tin cans and other tinware_________
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware____
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies________________
Fabricated structural metal products..
M etal stamping, coating, and engraving_______________ ____________
Lighting fixtures___________ ________
Fabricated wire products____________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products....................... ................................
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

949.6

948.2
56.6
131.8

937.0
53.8
130.8

956.3
52.7
136.4

951. 7
50.9
137.4

952.3
50.3
136.5

952.3
50.1
137.4

942.1
50.0
135.8

931.4
49.8
133.8

921.7
48. 6
131.3

902.5
48.7
127.3

887.7
51.9
124.3

862.2
55. 2
120 9

850.1
49 7
123. 2

874.3
50 8
1367

124.6

123.7

122. 4
209.6

124.8

21 0. 0

211.1

124.5
207.3

124.2
203.3

121. 2
198. 8

113 8
196 0

116 3
188.1

122.1

120.0

217.9

213.9

123.3
216.1

123.3
211.5

210.0

123.7
210.7

199. 5
41. 5
59.8

199. 5
40. 7
60.4

204.8
41.1
60.9

204. 8
41.3
61.6

204.9
41. 9
62.5

204.9
41.9
62.1

20 1 . 2
40. 6

196.3
39.4
60.4

188. 5
39. 0
59.4

180. 4
38. 6
58. 2

174. 6
37. 8
56.2

164.3
36. 5
53. 8

164 2
36 9
53.3

172 5

60.6

119.0

117.9

121.0

120. S

121.6

121.5

120.2

119.7

119.0

117.5

115.4

111.5

113.1

114.3

39* 8
55! 8

T able

1235

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

A-3 : Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1953

Annual
average

1952

Industry group and Industry
Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1952

1951

M anufacturing —Continued

Machinery (except electrical)............ ......... 1, 224.3 1,241.0 1 , 268.2 1,300.0 1, 306. 6 1, 320. 5 1,334.6 1, 323.1 1,312.9 1, 301.3 1, 259. 7 1, 227.0 1, 208. 3 1, 262. 5 1,245.1
70.2
70.9
63.9
68 .8
70.5
71.0
71.4
Engines and turbines_______________
71.7
71. 2
69. 8
63.0
65.9
62.8
60. 8
126.0 134.6 140.5 143.0 146. 5 151.6 149.0 146.1 145. 3 126.6 113.2 105.8 140.9 154.6
Agricultural machinery and tractors...96.9
99.3
99.9
97.8
98.0 100.9 10 0. 6 100.5 100. 5
Construction and mining machinery__
99. 6
97. 9 100.3
90. 6
98. 5
222.4 221.7 227.1 227.3 227.6 228.1 226. 7 226.3 225. 7 22 2. 8 222. 7 223.8 224.4 209. 6
Metalworking machinery .. __________
Special-industry machinery (except
136.3 137.3 140.6 140.0 141.1 142.1 142.2 141.2 141.0 140.8 136.9 136.1 142.6 160.1
metalworking m achinery)................. .
164.3 166.5 167.2 166.0 166.5 167.0 165.6 165.7 165.1 161.4 159. 9 159. 5 164.3 163. 2
General industrial machinery____ _ ...
89.8
90.7
91.5
91.7
89.5
91.5
91.0
Office and store machines and devices..
91.5
91. 7
90. 5
89. 4
90.8
90 0
88.8
Service-industry and household ma­
151.6 156.9 166.4 172.4 177.9 180.1 177.3 171.8 163.3 156. 4 149. 5 144.0 144. 3 142.6
chines ___ _______________________
190.1 193.3 197.4 198.1 200.3 20 1 . 6 199.7 198.4 197. 5 191. 5 192. 8 189.0 189.9 184.7
Miscellaneous machinery parts_______

Electrical machinery__________ ________
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus ____________________________
Electrical appliances________________
Insulated wire and cable-------------------Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
Electric lamps ____________________
Communication equipment__________
Miscellaneous electrical products_____

918.4

907.4

895.2

910.6

919.1

926.0

924.7

915.7

898.6

892.8

872.1

850.6

823.7

806.9

768.6

282.0
58.1
28.5
72.4
24.2
404.9
37.3

283.0
58.8
28.3
73.5
24.1
390.4
37.1

287.5
59.2
29.5
75.3
24.0
398.8
36.3

287.8
59.0
29.5
75.8
23.8
407.3
35.9

287.3
58.4
29.6
76.1
23.6
414.8
36.2

285.1
57.9
29.6
75. 5
23.1
418.3
35.2

280. 7
56. 7
29.6
73.0
22. 3
418. 1
35. 3

277.4
54. 2
29.3
69.1

274.8
53 8
28.8
66. 6
21. 7
410. 2
36. 9

271.3
52.3
27.6
64.3

267. 6
50. 0
27.4
64. 9
19. 9
381. 4
39. 4

261 8
45.8
27.0
62.3
IS. 9
367.3
39. 6

264 3
45. 7
26.2
63. 5
21 7
349. 5
36.1

261. 8
47. 7
24.0
64.3
27.1
307.1
36.8

22.1

411.0
35. 5

20.1

398.0
38. 5

Transportation equipment------------------- 1,473.0 1,499.3 1, 510. 2 1, 548.3 1, 556.1 1, 575. 9 1, 573.6 1, 543. 4 1, 508.6 1,483.9 1, 450.1 1, 410.8 1, 355.3 1,320.5 1,219.8
756.9 772.6 803.4 816.1 830. 7 820.6 798.0 769.3 749. 9 734. 8 701. 2 673. 5 647.1 707. 9
Automobiles . ____________________
543.3 538.0 534.8 532.3 532.8 542.3 538. 1 530.7 523. 6 509. 7 501.3 474. 2 469. 5 341.9
Aircraft and parts___________________
Aircraft.
_______ ______________
327 5 323.2 321.8 324.8 327.2 330.2 329. 3 326.9 324.9 316 4 313 2 292. 7 302. 8 232.3
Aircraft engines and parts___ ______
119.9 120.0 118.3 114.5 112.6 119.1 118.4 115.0 111. 7 108.6 106.5 103. 0
95. 9
63.7
12.1
12.1
12.2
11.7
12.0
Aircraft propellers and parts. ______
12.3
12.3
11 . 6
10. 0
7.6
12.1
11.1
10. 7
10. 4
80.9
84.2
82.6
78.1
38.3
Other aircraft parts and equipment. .
82.8
80. 8
75.4
70.9
80.7
76.7
73.6
68.1
60.8
Ship- and boatbuilding and repairing-.
129.5 134.0 135.5 134.8 139.0 136.8 137. 2 139.0 139. 7 136.9 136. 7 138.0 133. 2 100.9
Shipbuilding and repairing. ______
107.6 110.8 111.6 110.7 115.1 114.0 115.0 117. 5 118. 5 116. 8 118. 0 119.3 115. 4
8 8 .2
Boatbuilding and repairing________
24.1
22. 2
21.9
23.2
23.9
23. 9
22.8
21.2
20.1
18.7
18. 7
17.8
12.8
21. 5
61.4
57.9
53.9
62.9
62.1
58.8
59. 3
58. 5
Railroad equipment____ ____________
58.4
56.2
59.8
62.7
57.8
68 4
11.5
11.3
Other transportation equipment............
11. 7
11.7
11.7
11.2
11.3
12. 5
12.3
10.9
10.6
12.3
11.8
11.2
Instruments and related products______
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments_____________ _____ _
Mechanical measuring and controlling
in str u m en ts...___________________
Optical instruments and lenses ______
Surgical, medical, and dental instrum e n t s .--___ ___________________
Ophthalmic goods__ ________________
Photographic apparatus....................... ..
Watches and clocks_________________

244.5

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Musical instruments and parts..............
Toys and sporting goods. ______ ____
Pens, pencils, and other office supplies.
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions____
Fabricated plastic products__________
Other manufacturing industries______

421.9

240.3

242.2

245.1

243.6

244.3

244.4

240.7

240.9

240.4

237.1

233.6

229.8

227.6

31.8

33.5

33.8

33.6

34.1

34.3

34.1

34.3

34.2

33.6

32.9

32.4

32.0

25.8

58.1
9. 9

58.8
9.9

59.6
9. 7

59.3
9. 7

59.2
9. 7

59.6
9. 7

58. 7
9. 6

58.3
9.7

58.1
9. 6

56. 5
9.8

55.6
9. 8

53.8
9. 8

53.1
9. 9

52. 5

29.1
22. 5
49.3
39.6

29.2
22. 3
49.2
39.3

29.5
22. 8
48.8
40.9

29.4
23.1
48.1
40.4

29. 4
23. 4
48.0
40. 5

29.4
23.6
47.9
39.9

28. 9
23. 4
47.3
38. 7

29. 3
23.2
47.8
38.3

29.5
22.9
47.7
38.4

29.3
22.3
47.5
38.1

28. 7
47.0
37. 5

28.2
21.9
47. 2
36. 5

28.6
22. 7
46. 4
35.0

29.2
23. 7
43.6
31.9

419.4
45.2
15.8
79. 4
24.3
60.4
63.0
131.3

402.9
42.8
15.3
75. 4
23.8
56. 9
61.0
127.7

414.9
44. 7
15.6
75. 7
24.4
57.2
63.0
134.3

412.5
44.1
15.6
75. 5
24.3
55. 5
63.1
134.4

411.2
44.4
15. 7
73.0
24.2
56.3
63.1
134.5

409.9
44.6
15.9
69. 8
23.9
58.3
62.4
135.0

404.2
43. 6
15.7
66. 2
23.3
58. 7
62.1
134.6

393.3
43.2
15.5
62.6
23.3
56. 7
61. 2
130.8

403.5
44. 1
15.2

414. 5
44.9
15. 0
75.9
25.0
57. 2
61. 4
135.1

407.7
44. 7
14. 7
76.6
25.0
56. 2
59.9
130.6

392.7
42.8
14.4
73.9
24.3
54.6
56.0
126.7

376.7
41. 1
13.8
64.8
24.0
51. 6
55.8
125.6

388.3
44.7
14.1
64. 5
24.8
53.7
57.0
129.5

> See footnote 1, table A-2. Production and related workers include
working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers (Including leadmen and
•trainees) engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspection, receiving,
•storage, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, maintenance, janitorial,
watchman services, products development, auxiliary production for plant’s


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

68 .6

24.8
56.3
61. 2
133.3

22.1

216.7

10.0

own use (e. g., power plant), and record-keeping and other services closely
associated with the above production operations.
» See footnote 2, table A-2.
* See footnote 3, table A-2.
See N oth on p. 1226.

1236

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

MONTHLY LABOR

Table A-4: Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in manufacturing industries 1
[1947-49 average=100]

Employ­ Weekly
ment payroll

Period
1939: Average............. ....
1940: Average_________
1641: Average_________
1942: Average________
1943: Average...................
1944: Average_________
1945: Average............. .....
1946: Average..................
1947: Average.............. .
1948: Average________
1

66.2
71.2
87.9
103.9
121.4
118.1
104.0
97.9
103. 4
102.8

29.9
34.0
49.3
72.2
99.0
102.8
87.8
81.2
97.7
105.1

Employ­ Weekly
payroll
ment

Period
1949: Average_____ ___
1950: Average..................
1951: Average____ ___
1952: Average________
1952: September...............
October_________
November___ ____
December________

93.8
99.6
106.2
105.5
109.0
109.6
110.2
110.8

Employ­ Weekly
ment payroll

Period

97.2 1953: January.................
111. 7
February_________
129.6
March..... ........ .....
135.3
April_________ _
May_____ ___
143.3
June.......................
145.7
July............ ..........
146.3
August_________
150.9

110.1
111.0
111.8
111.2
110.8
111.5
110.4
112.0
111.6

148.4
149.3
151.9
150.0
149.9
150.8
149.1
151.7

See footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.

See N ote on p. 1226.

Table A-5: Federal civilian employment by branch and agency group
[In thousands]
Executive >
Year and month

All branches
Total

Department
of Defense

Post Office*
Department

Legislative

Judicial

Other agencies

Continental United States 1
1952: Average_________________________

2,403

2,376.7

1,199. 2

521.7

655.8

22.6

3.9

1952: A ugust--........ ........................................
September..- ______ _
______
October___ _____________ ________
November__________
________
December______________________

2,387
2, 368
2, 363
2,363
2, 765

2,360. 7
2, 341.6
2,337.1
2,336.3
2, 738.6

1 , 21 2 . 2

1, 205. 5
1 , 206. 0
1, 205. 7
1,206.0

490.2
490.3
490.7
492.5
897.5

658.3
645.8
640.4
638.1
635.1

22. 5

3 8
3 8
3 8
3 8
3.9

1953: January_________________________
February____________________ __
March_______________________ __
April____________________ ______
M a y . .....................................................
June___________
J u ly ..________ ____ _____________
August---------------------- _ ______

2,350
2,343
2,324
2,304
2,282
2. 285
2, 271
2,248

2,323.6
2,316. 4
2, 297. 3
2, 278.0
2, 256.1
2, 258.8
2, 244. 5
2 , 221.6

1, 204.8
1,197.7
1,181.0
1,160. 6
1,140.4
1,138.1
1,128. 2
1,113.0

486.0
486.0
486.0
486.0
486.0
486.0
488.2
484.6

632.8
632.7
630.3
631.4
629.7
634.7
628.1
624.0

22 6

22. 5
22 5
22.6

22 4
22. 5
22. 5
22. 5
22. 3
22.3
22. 2
2 2 .2

38
3* 8
3 8
3 9
3 0
3 9
3 9
3.9

0.7

Washington, D . C
1952: Average________________________

257.4

235.9

92.8

8.7

134.4

2 0 .8

1952: August__________ _______________
September___ _________________
O ctober.......... ..................... ...........
November_______________________
December_______________________

257.0
254.6
254.2
253.9
259.9

235.5
233.0
232.7
232.5
238.5

93.7
93.1
93.2
93.1
93.1

8.1
8.1
8.2
8.2

133. 7
131.8
131.3
131. 2
130.7

20 7
20 8

1953: Ja n u a ry ..............................................
February________ _____ ___
March____ ____ ____ .
April________________ .____
M a y........................... ............. ..........
June_____ .
J u ly ..._______ __________________
August_____ _ . .
______

252.6
251.6
249.4
245.9
242.7
242.2
238.3
235.2

231.4
230.3
228.0
224.6

93.5
93.4
92.8
91.6
90.2
90 1
89.6
88.9

221.6
221.1

217.3
214.2

i Includes all executive agencies (except Central Intelligence Agency) and
Government corporations. Civilian employment in navy yards, arsenals,
hospitals, and on force-account construction is also included.
1 Includes the 48 States and the District of Columbia.
3 Includes all Federal civilian employment in Washington Standard M et­
ropolitan Area (District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia
counties).

14.7
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.0

7.9

129.8
128.8
127.1
124.9
123.3
122.9
119.7
117.4

20.7
20 7

2o! 7
20 ñ
20 6

20. 7
20 6

20 4
20. 4
20 3
20.3

g
8
.*8

'.7
7

7
7
#7
7
7
7

!r

»Post Office Department employment was not available beginning with
February 1953; and the January figure was used through June. Beginning
with July 1953, actual data are reported.
See N ote onp . 1226.

Beginning with January 1952, the data for Federal employment are not strictly comparable with those
for prior years, primarily as a result of changes in definition. The following changes were made starting with that
month: (1) data refer to the last day of the month rather than the first of the month; (2) employment of the Fed­
eral Reserve Banks and of the mixed-ownership banks of the Farm Credit Administration transferred from the
federal total and the Executive Branch to the “ Banks and Trust Companies” group of the “Finance, Insurance
and Real Estate ’ division; (3) fourth-class postmasters formerly included in total for table A-5 only, now included
in table A-2; (4) employment in the General Accounting Oflice and Government Printing Office excluded from the
Executive Branch and included in the Legislative Branch; (5) the “Defense agencies” category replaced bv oneshowing employment in the Department of Defense only.

N ote.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

1287

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

T able A-8: Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance programs,1 by geographic
division and State
[In thousands]
1953

1951

1952

Geographic division and State
Aug.

July

June

M ay

April

960.6 1,014.5 1,083.6 1,155. 9

Continental United States_________

816.1

861.1

832.7

889.0

New England___________ ______ _
M aine............. ...................................
New Hampshire_______________
Vermont.............. ...........................
Massachusetts________________
Rhode Isla n d .................... ............
Connecticut..............— ..................

64.0
4.9
5.5

6 6 .6

61.9
6.3

1.1

1.1

6.2
1.0

74.6
9.9
7.6

31.4

34.7
9.7
9.5

32.7
9.3
6.4

38.0

1 0 .0
11.1

Middle A tla n tic ..................................
New York___ ____ ______ _____
New Jersey___________________
Pennsylvania____ _____ ______ _

257.0
132. 2
39.1
85.7

283.8
153.6
45.9
84.3

275.0
156.6
40.2
78.2

289.1
163 4
45.5
80.2

313.5
164.3
48.6

East North Central......................... . .
O h io .................................... ...........
Indiana____________ ________
Illinois...............................................
Michigan______________ ______
Wisconsin______________ ______

155.8
23.0
14.6
49.7
53.1
15.4

140.2
23.6
14.8
53.7
30.6
17.5

130.0
29.4
14.4
54.5
22.7
9.0

124.8
26.6

12 1. 2

57.0
20 9
8.5

24.5
11.5
55.8
19.9
9.5

West North Central_______________
Minnesota_______________ ____
Iow a __________ ____ __________
Missouri--------- ----------------------North D a k o ta .------ ---------------South Dakota_______. . . ______
N e b r a s k a ...___________ _____
Kansas........ .....................................

31.1
6.7
4.0
14.2

38.1
7.6
4.3
19.0
.3

39.0

.2
1.1

.2
1.2

42.6
12.3
4.6
18.2
.9
.4

53.6
19.8
5.8
17.2
2.3
.9

1.8

2.6

South Atlantic______ . . . __________
Delaware____________________ _
Maryland. _________________
District of Columbia--------- -----Virginia.. ___________________
West Virginia..................................
North C arolina... ____________
South Carolina________________
Georgia........... ............................... .
Florida___________________ ___

101. 8
.8

East South Central_________ ______
Kentucky____________________
Tennessee______________ ______
Alabama. _______ _____ ______
M ississippi___________________

5.8
5.8

8.0

4.0

1.1
11.2
6.8

11.8

Mar.

79.6

76.3

11.6

8.1
6.0
1.6

7.2
1.4
39.4
11.7
8.3

100.6

Feb.

38.8
24.7
7.3

40.9
24.1
7.2

68.9
25.1

74.3
25.5
8.9

70.2

45.7
12.7
4.5
17.6

28.7
6.3

23.2
4.7
3.0
12.4

25.1
5.1

36.6
8.0

31.5
6.7

6.0

10.9

7.3
16.8

16.7

.8

.4

.2
.2

.2
.2

.2
.2

.8

.7

.7

.9
3.2

8.0

2.0

5.0
7.1

2.7
5.0

2.7

2.0

2. 0

105.6

111.7

84.6
1.3
9.7
2.3
6.9
13.3

71.3

70.9

.8
6.8

5.9

79.3
.7
7.2
1.7

20 .0
8.1

16.7

60.9
17.0

6 6 .2

69.3

71.3

8.2

8.6

57.5
17.3
18.4
13.9
7.9

West South Central__________ ____
Arkansas_____________________
Louisiana____________ ________
Oklahoma.. _________________
Texas____ __________________

45.1
7.5

46.2
7.6

44.2
7.2

51.0

1 1 .2
8. 2

12.2

9.2
16.0

48.0
8.9
12.9
9.5
16.7

M ountain................................. ..............
M ontan a..___________________
Idaho________________________
Wyoming __________________
Colorado____ _ ______________
New Mexico__________________
Arizona______________________
U ta h ..................................................
N evada______________________

12.7
.7
1.3

12.7

12.8

15.1

21.1

1.0

2.2
2.2

.2
1.8

.2
1.8

1.4
1.5
.3

.5

3.9
4.0
.7

1.9
3.5

1.6

2.3
3.8
1.8
.8

2.1
.8

P acific... ________________ . . . ___
Washington__________________
Oregon................... .......................
California- .......... ...........................

90.0
15.6

10 0. 0


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

75.0
19.6
26.0
17.1
12.3

75.7
17.8
27.3
17.9
12.7

58.2
12.9
15.6
11.9
17.8

61.2
14.5
16.7

2.8

14.9

1.9
5.3
12.2
6.8
10.1

.6
1.6

4.9
11.4
15.2
6.4

6. 0

11.9
17.1
6.9

10.0

10 .6

10.7

14.9

17.2

61.0
14.9
21.7
15.2
9.2

51.9
14.2
18.1

50.2
14.8
16.7

12.8
6.8

12.8

54.2
14.8
19.1
14.2

5.9

6.1

57.2
13.6
16.3

44.6
10.5

32.6

29.6
4.4

12.2

9.2

12 .8

11.6

17.2

9.2
12.7

6.8

15.7

9.8

27.0
4.4
8.7
5.4
8.5

29.1
6.3

33.5
6.9
1.7
3.4

19.4
3.3
5.2
.7

6.2

8.1

3.6
5.3
1.7

30.7
5.9
7.9
1.4
2.9
2.7
3.3
4.9
1.7

9.6

6.1

1.2

1.5
.9

'203.4
43.5
31.2
128.7

213.2
47.7
33.3
132.2

159.8
38.6
24.4
96.8

106.0
25.3
14.9
65.8

2 0 .2

20.0

23.0
16.0

22.9
16.9
11.5

2.0
1.8

2.8
2.2

3.2
2.4

3.3
3.1

.8

.8

1.1

107.1
12.5
8.9
85.7

125.1
17.5

150.4
26.0
16.6
107.8

182.7
34.4
24.2
124.1

1 Average of weekly data adjusted for split weeks in the month.
For a
technical description of this series, see the April 1950 M onthly Labor Review
(p. 382).

1.6

13.1
3.1
10.3
17.6
26.7
11.4
16.9

13.3
9.7

1.7
3.2
2.3

11.6

20.2

11 .0

1.4
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.4
1.4

96.0

2 2 .2

1 1 .2
1 0 .0

5.9
7.2

58.7
17.0
19.3
14.2

14.0
9.6
76.4

60.2
29.5
15.5

7.7

2.2

14.8
9.2

64.3

2 0 .0

10.1

2.2
1.0

14.0
8.7

10.1

2.1

45.6
14.0
10.9

4.4

13.6
9.7

1.4

9.7
5.9

7.8
22.3
3.8

13.8

16.8

184.3
31.8

10.8

10 .6

10.2

267.3
39.1
27.6
78.2
107.1
15.3

10.2

10 .8

11.8

127.2
23.6
12.4
52.3
29.6
9.3

102.9
19.9

10 .6

9.1
17.3

290.3
136.4
42.8

101.9
20.9

10.1

18.2

217.8
107.4
31.8
78.6

124.9
25.6
16.3
45.7
25.0
12.3

3.6
9.4
17.3
27.0

13.2

50.6
14.7
16.4

157.9
32.7

1.6
12.1

10.8

39.1

110.5
7.4
7.3
1.5
54.1
22.5
17.7

138.3
30.6
15.2
50.9
27.0
14.6

3.5
9.3
17.6
28.3

10.1

6.0
2.8

122.3
26.9
12 9
45.1
24.4
13.0

10 .6

15.4
9.6

6.0
2.1

21 1. 6

12.5
3.0
7.5
16.6
28.2
10.3
13.5
8.4

14.1

939.2

95.5
5.0

108.4
32.1
71.1

12.2
2.6

19.6

997.6

72.5
4.1

32.4
68.4

104.1
1.3

2 1 .6

687.1

60.8
4.3
5.1
1.5
32.9
9.4
7.6

122.6

5.0

2 1 .2

631.4

60.4
5.8
4.7
1.4
33.3
8.3
6.9
223.4

10 1. 0
1.0

11.8

685.8

71.1
7.9
4.9
1.7
38.8

280.8
158.0
40.4
82.4

4.4

19.3

891.5

350.9
185.9
54.6
110.4

103.5
.9

1 1 .0
1 2 .8

Aug.

310.9
165.5
45.1
100.3

5.0

11.3
15.3
27.3

Sept.

301.4
157.8
43.7
99.9

105.2
.9
10.3
2.4
14.8
15.3
25.8

9.7
2.4
10.7
14.2
20.9

Oct.

39.3
12.9
8.4

5.6

.5

Nov.

88.2

112.5
.9
10.7
2.5
13.7
16.6
24.5
12.3
14.3
17.0

.9
4.9

20.1

Aug.

Dec.

81.4
8.9
5.4
1.9
42.5
13.4
9.3

18.6
4.2
1.9
4.7
6.4

.2
.2

Jan.

2.8

1.8
1.8

2.5
2.9

6.8

1.2

1.9
.2
1.0

.9
2.0

10.2

5.7
9.3

111.1

105.3
1.3
12.7
1.8
10 .2

18.4
2 0 .2

8.7
14.3
17.7

315.1
189.0
42.9
83.2

20.1

70.6
55.1
6.7

2. 8
.2
.2
.6

4.3
107.0
1.2

8.5
1.5
10.5
10.4
31.0
10.5
15.4
18.0

21.0
2 0 .0
8.6

58.3
14.9
22.7
13.2
7.5

39.1
6.4
13.9
7.4
11.4

35.8
5.3
14. 4
6.5
9.6

69.4
19.8

6.1

.4
.7

7.7
.5
.9

8. 0

.5
.7
.1
.6
.8
1.8
1.1
.6

.1
.6
.8
1.8
1.1
.6

.2
1.0
1.0
2.2

.2
1.1
1.0
2. 0

1.4
.5

1.5

78.2
16.1

75.2

86.7

10.0

6.9
55.5

88.7
10.3
6.4
72.0

52.1

12.8

12.2
6.6

67.9

.7
.9

.6

Figures may not add to exact column totals because of rounding,
S ource : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security.

1238

B: LABOR TURNOVER,

MONTHLY LABOR

B: Labor Turnover
Table B -l: Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing industries, by
class of turnover1
Class of turnover and year
Total separation:!
1953__ ____ ______ ____
1952......................................
1951...................... ............. .
1950...... .................. ............
1949...__ _______ _______
1948_______ ____ _______
1947......................................
1946_____ _______ ______
1939.............. .......................
Quit:
19,53......................................
1952......................................
1951........... ..........................
1950.......... ...........................
1949.....................................
1948__ ________ ________
1947.............................. .......
1946..................... ................
1939*......................... ...........
Discharge:
1953................................... .
1952.....................................
1951...... ................. .............
1950.__________________
1949.._____ ____________
1948..... .................. ..............

1947........... ............................................
1946____________________ ____ _
1939.......................................................

Layoff:
1953_________ _______ __________
1952....................................... ................
1951___________________________
1950..................... ................. ..............
1949___________________________

1948___ _______________
1947......................................
1946..... ................................
1939......................................

Miscellaneous including military:

1953___________________
1952.................................. .
1951____ ______________
1950............... . ...................
1949.._________________
1948.....................................
1947......................................
1946__________________

Total accession:

1953..... ............. ..................
1952......................................
1951............ ....................... .
1950________ ______ ___
1949......................................
1948.......... ...........................
1947......................................
1946___________________
1939.....................................

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

3.8
4.0
4.1
3.1
4.6
4.3
4.9
6.8
3.2

3.6
3.9
3.8
3.0
4.1
4.7
4.5
6.3
2.6

4.1
3.7
4.1
2.9
4.8
4.5
4.9
6.6
3.1

4.3
4.1
4.6
2.8
4.8
4.7
5.2
6.3
3.5

4.4
3.9
4.8
3.1
5.2
4.3
5.4
6.3
3.5

4.2
3.9
4.3
3.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
5.7
3.3

4.3
5.0
4.4
2.9
3.8
4.4
4.6
5.8
3.3

>4.9
4.6
5.3
4.2
4.0
5.1
5.3
6.6
3.0

4.9
5.1
4.9
4.2
5.4
5.9
6.9
2.8

4.2
4.7
4.3
4.1
4. 5
5.0
6.3
2.9

3.5
4.3
3.8
4.0
4.1
4.0
4.9
3.0

3.5
3.5
3.6
3.2
4.3
3.7
4.5
3.5

2.1
1.9
2.1
1.1
1.7
2.6
3.5
4.3
.9

2.2
1.9
2.1
1.0
1.4
2.5
3.2
3.9
.6

2.5
2.0
2.5
1.2
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.8

2.7
2.2
2.7
1.3
1.7
3.0
3.7
4.3
.8

2.7
2.2
2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.7

2.6
2.2
2.5
1.7
1.5
2.9
3.1
4.0
.7

2.5
2.2
2.4
1.8
1.4
2.9
3.1
4.6
.7

*2.9
3.0
3.1
2.9
1.8
3.4
4.0
5.3
.8

3.5
3.1
3.4
2.1
3.9
4.5
5.3
1.1

2.8
2.5
2.7
1.5
2.8
3.6
4.7
.9

2.1
1.9
2.1
1.2
2.2
2.7
3.7
.8

1.7
1.4
1.7
.9
1.7
2.3
3.0
.7

.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4

.4
.3
.3
.2
.3

.4
.3
.4
.2
.2

.4
.3
.4
.3
.2

.4
.3
.4
.3
.2

.4
.3
.3
.3
.2

2.4
.3
.4
.4
.3

.4
.3
.4
.2

.4
.4
.4
.2

.4
.3
.3
.2

.3
.3
.3
.2

.4
.5

.4
.4
.5

.4
.3
.3
.2
.3

.1

.1

.1

.1

.2

.2

.1

.9
1.4

.8

1.3

1.0

.8

.8
1.1
.8

1.7
2.5

1.7
2.3

.7
1.3
.7

.7
1.4

.7
1.7

1.1
1. 6

.8

1.1

1.2
.9
1.8
2.2

.4
.4
.4

1.4
2.8

.4
.4
.4

.3
.4
.4

.4
.4
.3

.4
.4
.4

.1

.1

.1

.1

.9
1.3

1. 0
1.1
1.2
1.1

.9
1.1
1.0

1.1
2.2

1.0
1.2
2.8

1.7
.8
1.7
1.9

1.2
.9
1.8
2.2

1.2
1.0
1.4
2.6

.4
.4
.7
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.4
.4
.6
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.3
.3
.5

.3

.1
.1
.2

.3
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

4.4
4.4
5.2
3.6
3.2
4.6
6.0
8.5
4.1

4.2
3.9
4.5
3.2
2.9
3.9
5.0
6.8
3.1

4.4
3.9
4.6
3.6
3.0
4.0
5.1
7.1
3.3

4.3
3.7
4.5
3.5
2.9
4.0
5.1
6.7
2.9

.1
.1

1 Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus­
tries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment and payroll reports, for the following
reasons:
(1) Accessions and separations are computed for the entire calendar month;
the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1 -week pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
(2) The turnover sample is not so large as that of the employment and
payroll sample and includes proportionately fewer small plants; certain
industries are not covered. The major industries excluded are: printing,
publishing, and allied industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables,
and sea foods; women’s, misses’, and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

May

.9

.4
.4
.4

.1

2

1.4

.6

.6

2.1
1.0
1.0
.6
2.5

1.8
1.2
.8
.7
2.1

.3
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.3
.3
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.3

.2

2.3
.3
.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.2

4.1
3.9
4. 5
4.4
3.5
4.1
4.8
6.1
3.3

5.1
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.4
5.7
5.5
6.7
3.9

4.1
4.4
4.2
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.9
7.4
4.2

24.2
5.9
4.5
6.6
4.4
5.0
5.3
7.0
5.1

1.1
1.4
1.5
2.7
.3

.3
.4
.2
.1

.1
.1

.4
.4
.4

.4
.4
.4

.3
.4
.4

1.3
1.0

1.3

2.5
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.5

3.3

.4
.4
.4

1.8
1.0
.9
1.0
1.6

2.3
1.2
.9
1.0
1.8

.3
.4
.4
.1
.2

.3
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2

5.6
4.3
5.7
4.1
5.1
5.9
7.1
6.2

5.2
4.4
5.2
3.7
4.5
5.5
6.8
5.9

.1
.1

2.5
1.4

1.3

2.0

2.0
2.2
.9
1.0
2.7

.3
.4
.3

.3
.3
.3

.8

.7

.1
.1
.1

.1
.1

.1

.1
.1

4.0
3.9
4.0
3.3
3.9
4.8
5.7
4.1

3.0
3.0
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.3
2.8

3.3

(3)
Plants are not included in the turnover computations in months when
work stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppage is reflected,
however, in the employment and payroll figures. Prior to 1943, rates relate
to production workers only.
3 Preliminary figures.
1 Prior to 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with quits.
fBeginning with data for October 1952, components may not add to total
because of rounding.
N o t e : Information on concepts, methodology, etc., is
given in a “Technical Note on Measurement of Labor Turn­
over,” which appeared in the May 1953 Monthly Labor Review.

1239

B: LABOR TURNOVER.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

Table B-2: Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups and industries 1
Separation
Total

Quit

Aug.
1953
Manufacturing
Ml manufacturing.................. ......................
Durable goods
________________
.............................
•'« Nondurable goods
it .
ordnance and accessories. ............................
¿'pod and kindred products...........................
r M eat products________ _____ _______
Qrain-mill products________ _______ _
; Bakery products_________ __________
Beverages:
M alt liquors........... ................ ..........
Tobacco manufactures..................................
Cigarettes.............- ....................................
C i g a r s . ------ --------------------------------Tobacco and snuff....................................
Textile-mill products___________________
Yarn and thread mills............................
Broad-woven fabric mills___________
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber...........
Woolen and worsted........ ................
Knitting m ills_____________________
Full-fashioned hosiery__________
Seamless hosiery........................... .
Knit underwear______________
Dyeing and finishing tex tiles........... .
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings__
Apparel and other finished textile produ c ts______________________ ________ _
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats_____
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing................................. .................
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)--------------------------------------------Logging camps and contractors _____
Sawmills and planing m ills..................
M illwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products...................
Furniture and fixtures.______ _________
Household furniture________________
Other furniture and fixtures....... .........
Paper and allied products................... .........
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Chemicals and allied products__________
Industrial inorganic chemicals_______
Industrial organic chemicals_________
Synthetic fibers________________
Drugs and medicines. _____________
Paints, pigments, and fillers. .............
Pro' ’ets of petroleum and c o a l..................
. „roleum refining__________ ____ _
Rubber products..................................... .......
Tires and inner tubes_______________
Rubber footwear___ _____ _________
Other rubber products...........................
Leather and leather products______ _____
Leather___________________________
Footwear (except rubber).......................
Stone, clay, and glass products__________
Glass and glass products____________
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products........................
Pottery and related products..... ...........
Primary metal industries. . ________ . . .
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills________ _________ ____ ____
Iron and steel foundries.____________
Gray-iron foundries_____________
Malleable-iron foundries ...............
Steel foundries_________________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc______. . .
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper............................. .............
Nonferrous foundries.. . __________ _
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings...................
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

July
1953

4.9
5.0
4.6

4.3
4.6
3.8

4.6

4.2
5.2
4.7

6.6

4.8
5.4

6.1

6.2

4.7

9.5

5.3
3.3
2.3
4.3
2.5
4.1
4.1

2.8

2.4
3.2
2.0

4.6
5.9
5.1
4.7
9.3
3.6

2.8

3.8

4.4
4.3

6.0
2.6

4.0
3.8

Aug.
1953

2.9
2.8

3.1

3.0
1.7
1.9

5.3
4.9
5.4

4.5
3.3
4.7

4.4
3.4
4.9

5.6
7.8
5.2
5.0
6.1
6.7
4.8
3.5
2.2
4.7
2.1
2.7
1.7
2.3
1.7
2.7
1.3
.8
3.1
2.0
3.6
4.1
4.1
3.3
4.3
3.2
3.6
2.6
4.4
2.6
3.2

.3
.3

.3
.3

.2

.2

.2
.1
.1

.2
.2

5.1
7.0
5.0
5.1
6.7

3.2
6. 1
4.7
5.8
5.3

4.6

1.4

.2

.2

.1
.1
.1
.1

.6

.1
.2
.1
.1

.2
.2
.1

7.9
4.0
3.3
5.0

8.5
5.3
8.9
3.3
1.7
3.7
3.7
4.0
3.7
7.0
3.7

1.3
2.7
1.5

1.1

1.5

(4)
1.1
0

)

.9

.3
4
.2

.3
.8
1.1

3.8
2.8
4.1

.2
.2
.2

.2
.1
.1

.6
1.1
.3

.4
.2
.4

.9

2.6

2.2
4.9
3.6

1.7
2.8
2.3

(s)

.1

.4
.4
.4
.2
.5
.6
.4
.5
.3
.7

.6
.7
.5
.9
.5
.6
3
.5
.3

.3

.2
.3
.2
.1
.1
.4
.1

.6

.5
.2
.1
.3
.1

(<)

«
.2

.2

1.3
2.5
.7
.9
1.2
1.1
1.3
.3
.2
.1

.6

.1
.9
.2
.2
.2
.2
.9
.9
W
1.1
(s)

.1
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.6
.3

.3
.4
.3
.3
.3

.3
.3

.3

1.5
.5
1.3
2.0
.1
.8
.9
.9

.2

.2

.4

.4
.4

.1
.1

.5

.4

.5
.5

.3

.7

1.1
1.0
1.0
1.3
2.0
2.3
1.3
.5
.2

.3
.3

.1

.2
.4
.4
.4

.9
3.7
.7

.3
.3
.1

.1

.4

.3

1.0
1.1

3.5
1.5
1.3

3.0

2.3

3.3

.2

.6

.2
.2
.2
.1

.2
.3
.8
.9
.6

1.9
5.5

.2

1.6
2.1

6.7
.4

5.1
5.4
4.6
5.5

.1

1.8

1.1

.2
.2
.1

2.5
1.4
4.2
3.1
3.9
1.9
4.3
2.9
2.3
1.9
3.4
2.1
1.9
1.7
2.6
2.6
2.8
2.5

.7

.8

.5

1.3
1.5

.3

3.6
5.9
3.4
2.6
3.4
3.6
3.0
2.3
1.5
3.6
1.1
1.6
.8
.7
1.2
1.5
.9
.5
2.2
1.1
3.3
2.9
3.2
2.0
3.4
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.6
1.5
1.9
1.5
2.7
2.9
3.1
2.3

2.2

4.3
5.3
4.1
3.2
4.2
3.7
5.3
3.0
2.1
4.1
2.0
2.9
1.3
(5)
1.7
2.4
1.2

2.6
2.8
2.7
2.8
1.7
2.8
2.2

1953

.3

.6

.4
.3

July

1.0

.3
.4
.2

Aug.
1953

4.1
4.1
4.1

1.0

.3
.3

1953

4.2
4.2
4.2

1.7
.5
.9

1.8
2.8
1.8

July

0.3
.3
.3

.6

.2
.2
.2

Aug.
1953

.2

.6

1.8

1953

0.3
.3

.7
.5
.4
.7

2.9

July

1.3

.9
.7
.5
.9

1.8

3.7
3.1
3.5

Aug.
1953

2.8

3.0
2.3

2.5
2.9

1953

0.4
.4
.3

3.7
2.3

2.8

July

0.4
.4
.4

3.7
3.4

2.9
1.4
2.7
2.7
2.9
3.0
1.9

Aug.
1953

2.5
2.5
2.5

3.3
3.8
2.4
3.8
4.6

4.6
3.0
2.4

6.2
8.5
5.4
4.6
6.0
5.6
7.2
4.0
2.8
5.1
3.0
3.7
2.6
(5)
2.1
3.2
1.7
1.1
3.9
2.8
4.6
4.8
5.0
3.8
5.2
5.1
4.9
2.7
4.8
3.4
3.4
2.5
5.7
4.4
8.0
5.8

July
1953

Total accession

M ise., incl.
military

Layoff

Discharge

Industry group and industry

.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.4

.1
.2
(.*)

.3
.3

.4
.2

.2

(<)

.3

1.6

3.8
4.2
3.9
3.8
5.0
3.6
2.9
4.2

.3
.3
.1
.3
.1

4.9
4.9
5.3

4.7
3.8

.3
.1
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.2
.1
.3
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.3
.4
.1
.4

5. 6
7.3
5.0
4.0
5.9
4.8
8.5
4.0
3.1
5. 9
2.2
2.6
1.8
(5)
2.0
2.4
1.4

6.0
11.2
5.9
3.1
5.0
4.9
5.2
4.1
3.0
5.3
2.2
2.6
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.7
1.3
1.1
2.8
1.6
3.3
3.8
4.3
2.8

.4
.1
.5
.4
.7

.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
1
(5)
.1
.2
.2
.1
.4
.4
.2
.3
.2
.1

.9
1.2
(<)
1.1
.7
.8
.3
1.7
2.0
1.3
1.5

.3
.3
.3
.1
.1
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.1

.3

.3
.3
.4
.1

3.0
1.6
6.2
3.5
3.9
2.7
4.2
5.2
5.9
2.4
4.6
3.1
2.6
2.0
3.8
5.3
4.2
2.3

.3

.5
.4
.6
1.3
.2
.6
.1
.1
.4

.4

.2

2.6

4.0

3.2
3.8
2.7

.2

.1
.2
.3
.3
.1
.3
.1
.2

.7

4.0
2.7
2.1

5.3

4.6

3.1
3.4
3.1
3.8
2.3
3.2
2.7
4.2
6.8
3.4
2.3

.5
.4

.4

.6
.6

2.4
1.0
4.2
2.8

1.3

.4

.3

.1

.5

.5

.3

1.8

2.0

1.4
2.7
2.1

.6

.5

.4

.3
2.0
.3

.2
1.4
.4

.2
.2
.3

.3
.3

2.4
3.6
2.7

2.6
3.4
3. 4

.5
.5

.6

.4

.6
.6

.4

MONTHLY LABOR

B: LABOR TURNOVER

1240

T able B-2: Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups and industries1—
Continued
Separation
Total accession

Aug.
1953
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transportation
equipment)_______________ ________
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___
Cutlery and edge tools....................
Handtools_______________ ______
Hardware______________________
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies_____ ______
Sanitary ware and plumbers’
supplies----- ------- ------ -----Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not elsewhere classified__________ . . .
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving------ ------------------------- -----Machinery (except electrical)----------------Engines and tu rb in es.. . . . ------------Agricultural machinery and tractors. .
Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery___________
Machine tools---------- . . ---------Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools). . . . -------------Machine-tool accessories________
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)-------------General industrial m achinery.. ------Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household machines------ ------------------ - -----------Miscellaneous machinery parts--------Electrical machinery----------------------------Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus______________ ___________ Communication equipment-------------Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment__________
Telephone, telegraph, and related
equipment -------------- ----------Electrical appliances, lamps, and
miscellaneous products-------- --------Transportation equipment----------- --------A utom obiles... ------------------- --------Aircraft and parts---------- ---------------Aircraft-------------- -------------------Aircraft engines and parts----------Aircraft propellers and parts_____
Other aircraft parts and equipment ------------ ----------------- . .
Ship- and boatbuilding and repairing..
Railroad equipm ent_________ _____ _
Locomotives and parts__________
Railroad and streetcars..................
Other transportation equipm ent------Instruments and related products...............
Photographic apparatus____________
Watches and clocks — . ------------Professional and scientific instruments.
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Nonmanufacturing
Metal mining---- ------ --------------------------Iron mining----- ------ ----------------------Copper mining_____________________
Lead and zinc mining_______________
Anthracite mining................... ........................
Bituminous-coal m in in g ..--------- ----------Communication:
T elep h o n e------ -----------------------------Telegraph8_______________________

Quit

Total

Industry group and industry

6.2

July
1953

Aug.
1953

July
1953

4.7
3.3
3.7
5.4

5.4
3.9
3.0
2.5
4.6

2.4
2.3
3.0

1.3
3.4

7.7

5.5

4.5

3.3

9.3

5.2

4.2

2.6

6.7
4.4

5.8
5.2

4.7

2.8

3.9
3.4

9.1
4.2
5. 8
(5)
4. 6
3.0

6.5

3.9

3.8
3.6
7.9
3. 5
2.7

2.1
2. 1
(6)
2.2
2.1

2.6

3.0
4. 5

2.1
2.8

3.3

2.8

1.9

2.1

0.6
.3
.5
.3
.3

1.2

July
1953

0.6
.4
.3
.3
.4

Aug.
1953

2.0
1.2
.3
1.0
2.3

1.5

4.3

2.1

.6

.7
.6

1.1

1.0
1.0

3.9

.5
.3
.4

.5
.4
.5

4.2

1.8
1.6
2.0
2.0
1.8

1.5
1.3

.4
.3
.3

.5
.3
.3

1.8

.4
.3

.3

1.7
1.7
1.9

.3
.4

.7

(5)

1.4

.7

1.6

.7
.5

.3
.3
.3

.5
.3

.2

3.4
2.5
4.1

2.5
2.4
3.1

.5
.4

.3
.3

.3

2.1

.6

.3

.1

2.5
2.9
3.2
2.5
2.7
1.9
1.3

.3
.4
.5
.4
.3

.4

1.1

3.0
4.1
2.3
1.7
3.1

2.8
3.9
2.1

.6

1.5
.9
(5)
1.4
4.0

1.2
.9
2.0
1.1

1.2

(5)
2.7
5.3
3.4

4.3
10.4
5.3
4.2

6.8
2.0
2.2
1.2
2.2
2.6

4.8
3.7

2.1

2.8

4.7

4.4

3.6

5.6
3.4
1.5
2.3

4.9
4.1
4.7

4.9
2.9

4.1

1.6

(5)
(5)

1.6
2.1
2.1
2.0

1.1

1.0
1.1
0)
(s)

.1
.9
.1
.1

(4)
(5)

3.6
2.7

5.1

1.0
2.6
1.3

1.2
1.7
1.5

.6

.7
.4
.3
.5

.2

.1

.5
.4

(4)

(5)
(5)

.2
.2

.7
.7

.6
.2
1.1
.1
.2
(4)
.1

.5

.2
.1
.3

(4)

.6
6.0

3.0
1.7
4.6

.1
1.1

(*)
(«)

.4

(4)

.6
2.6

.3
.5
.7

3.9
.5
.5

.2
.1
.6
5.6
1.8
1.5
2.1
.3
.6
.1

(4)

.1
1.0

.4
.3

.3
.3
.3
.3

.1

.3

3.1

1.0

.1

(5)
(5)

.2
.1
(5)
(*)

.6

.9
.3

.2
.2
.9
1.0
.5
.1
.3
.2

.2
.1
.1
.2

.6
.2
.2

.3

.2
.3
.8
.8
.7
.1
.2
.2

.1

(')

.2
.2
.2

.2
1.0

.5
.1
.4
.3

.7
.5

.2

.2
.1
.2

.2

.3
.1
.3
.1

(4)

2.7
4.2

.3
.1
.1

.3
.3
.1

.3
.4
.3

(4)

.7

.3

(5)

.9
.5
.5

.5

.1

2.0

.2

.6

1.4
2.9
1.5

4.4

2.7

.3

4.4
10.9
6.5
4.3
9.3
2.4
3.0

2

.4
.3
.3

.1

1.8

5.9
2.5
.6
2.3

.4
.4
.4

.5

2.8

3.8

2.8
2.8

.7

2.5
3.0
3.1
3.0

7.9
5.4

2.3
3.2

.2

.2

1.2
.8
.4
.2

5.3

.3
.3
.4
.1

6.6

4.4

.2

.1

8.8

.2
.2
.6

6.0

1.6
.4
.6
1.1

2.8
1.1

3.6
3.7
3.5
1.9

3.9

.1

.7
.9
.7

.2

3.0

6. 4
6.0

.2

1.6
2.1

2.6

.3

3.8
6.7

3.3

2.6

.1
.2

.2
.5

4.8
6.4
7.8
3.7
3.6
4.1
1.9

3.9

.1
.3
.1

1.5
2.5

2.0

.3
.3

.3
.5

1.5
3.4
4.0

4.8
2.7

3.1
4.3

2.5
3.4

1.4

5.0
3.6
4.3

.2

.1
.3

.6

4.4

4.1

.2
.6
.2

0.3
.3

.2

2.7

5.2

.3

July
1953

.2
.1

1.8
2.1
2.2

2.7

.2
.2

Aug.
1953

.5
.9.

3.0
(5)
1.9
.4
.3

3.8
3.4
3.2

2.6

0.3
.4
.1
.1
.5

July
1953

.3
.9

.2

5.5
4.8
3.8

3.0

Aug.
1953

2.7
.8
(5)
2. 4
2.9
2. 4

2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2

.6

.5

3.8

1.7

.8

1.4
.7

.6

3.1
3. 6
2.7

2.8

1.5

.6
.6

3.2

2.9

July
1953

1.5

4.8

1See footnote 1, table B -l. Current month data subject to revision without
notation; revised figures for earlier months will be indicated by footnotes.
2See footnote 2, table A-2.
2See footnote 3, table A-2. Printing, publishing, and allied industries
are excluded.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.1
2.5

Aug.
1953

M ise., incl.
military

Layofi

Discharge

.3

.1
.3
.3
.1

2
2.2
2.3
1.6
2.2

2.4

2.1

5. 6

3.6

6.9

4.6

2.7

1.6

3.9
4.6
3. 7
4. 5
4.7
3.6

3.7
5.6

5.4

10.0
4.3
2.2
6.8
2.8

2.2

10.1
4.0
1.2
7.5
4.0

2.6

6.0

4.5
4.7
3.8
2.5
4.7

1.7
(5)

2.5
4.2
3.1

6.3
5.4

5.4
4.0

2.1

.3
.3
.4
.3
.3

3.9
1.4
4.3

.2
.1
.2

1.9

2.0
1.2

(5)
(s)

2.0

4.3

1.6

4.9
3.0
1.4

1.6
2.7

2.2

4Less than 0.05.
5Data are not available.
8Data relate to domestic employees except messengers and those compen­

sated entirely on a commission basis.

1241

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

C: Earnings and Hours
Table C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1
Mining
Coal

Metal
Lead and zinc

Copper

Iron

Total: Metal

Bituminous

Anthracite

Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings
1951: Average-------- $74. 56
1952: Average-------- 81.65
August______ 81.22

43.6
43.9
43.9

1952: November___
December____
1953: January______
February___
March
___
April________
M ay________
June________
July_________
A u g u st_____

43.5
43.5
43.0
42.9
43.1
43.2
43.8
43.7
42.9
44.2

85. 26
84. 83
84.71
84.08
84. 48
84.67
. 29
86.96
.37
91.05

86
88

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$1. 71 $72. 68
80. 34
1.85 81.09

42.5
43.9
44.8

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

1.86
1.96
1.95
1. 97
1. 96
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.99
. 06
. 06

2
2

88.15
82.78
82.21
83.42
84. 03
84.84
. 74
90. 67
95. 90
97.02

88

43.0
41.6
40.7
41.5
41.6
42.0
43.5
43.8
43.2
43.9

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$1.71 $78. 54
1.83 85.73
1.81 83.10

46.2
45.6
44.2

85. 69
90. 40

45.1
46.6
46.8
45.2
45.1
45.4
45.4
44.8
43.4
46.2

2.05
1.99

2.02 92. 66
2.01 88.14
2. 02 87.95
2.02 88. 53
2.04
2.07
. 22
. 21

2
2

88.98
87.81
85.50
92.40

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$1.70 $76.11
81.60
80. 79

43.0
42.5
42.3

1.88
1.88

1.90
1.94
1.98
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.96
1.97

2.00

42.4
42.8
41.8
42.0
42.7
42.1
41.8
41.9
40.8
40.9

80.98
82.18
80.26
80. 64
81.13
79. 57
79.00
79. 61
79.15
78.94

Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract
services)
1951: Average_____ $79. 76
1952: A verage_____ 85.90
August______ 85.86

40.9
41.1
40.5

1952: November___
Decern bp,r
1953: January_____
February____
M arch. _____
April________
M ay___ _____
June________
July_________
August______

41.5
40. 8
41.2
40.5
40.7
40.8
41.2
40.1
41.3
41.6

90. 47
587. 72
89.40
88.29
88.73
88.13
. 99
87.02
92.93
94.02

88

$1.77 $66. 66
1.92 71.19
1.91 65. 70
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.90
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.94
1.93

80. 91
85.56
70. 75
. 75
65. 70
61.99
77.19
91.63
81.51
60. 52

86

30.3
31.5
29.2
35.8
34.5
28.3
34.7
26.6
25.3
31.0
36.8
33.0
24.7

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$2.20 $77.79
2.26 78.32
2. 25 80.73

35.2
34.2
36.2

$2. 21
2.29
2.23

35.5
36. 4
35.4
32.7
33.1
32.1
34.4
36.5
34.3
37.8

2.43
2. 52
2. 48
2.49
2. 47
2.48
2.47
2.50
2. 47
2. 49

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

2.26
2.48
2.50
2. 50
2. 47
2.45
2.49
2.49
2. 47
2. 45

86

. 27
91.73
87. 79
81.42
81.76
79.61
84. 97
91.25
84. 72
94.12

Nonbuilding construction
Nonmetallic mining
and quarrying

Total: Contract con­
struction
Total: Nonbuilding
construction

$1. 95 $67.05
2.09 71.10
73. 28

45.0
45.0
45.8

73.14
71.28
70.19
70.85
72. 77
74.37
75.94
76.78
77.63
78.60

44.6
44.0
42.8
43.2
44.1
44.8
45.2
45.7
45.4
45.7

2.12

2.18
2.15
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.16
2.16
2.17
2. 25
2.26

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Contract construction

Mining—Continued
C r u d e -petroleum
and natural - gas
production

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

$1.49 $81.49
1.58 87. 85
1.60 89.21
1.64
1.62
1.64
1.64
1.65

1.66
1.68
1.68
1.71
1.72

88.13
90. 86
88.16
89.01
88.67
89.15
90.58
92.25
91.82
93.41

37.9
38.7
39.3
37.5
38.5
37.2
37.4
37.1
37.3
37.9
38.6
38.1
38.6

$2.15 $80. 78
. 72
2.27
2. 27 90.31

86

40.8
41.1
42.4

85.02
87.02
83. 93
85.19
84. 26
85.02
87.20
91.34
91.94
95.42

39.0
40.1
38.5
38.9
38.3
39.0
40.0
41.9
41. 6
42.6

2. 35
2. 36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2. 39
2.39
2. 39
2. 41
2.42

Highway and street

$1. 98 $74. 62
80.26
2.13 84.00

41.0
41.8
43.3

78.41
78. 59
74. 31
77.22
75. 42
77.62
81.61

39.6
40.3
38.5
39.2
37.9
39.4
40.4
43.4
42.9
43.9

2.11

2.18
2.17
2.18
2.19
. 20
2.18
2.18
2.18
. 21
2.24

2

2

88.10

87. 95
91.75

Other non building
construction

$1.82 $85.26
1.92 91.35
1.94 94.85

40.6
40.6
41.6

$2.10
2.25
2.28

89.71
92. 40
89.32
90.02
89. 55
90.02
91.71
94.19
95.34
98.77

38.5
40.0
38.5
38.8
38.6
38.8
39.7
40.6
40.4
41.5

2.33
2. 31
2.32
2.32
2. 32
2.32
2.31
2.32
2.36
2.38

40.1
40. 7
41.2

$2.55
2.71
2.70

39.8
40.9
40.4
39.7
39. 5
39.1
39.0
39. 5
38.9
39.1

2.78
2. 79
2.76
2.77
2.79
2.79
2.82
2.79
2.79
. 81

1.98
1.95
1.93
1.97
1.99
1.97

2.02

2.03
2. 05
2.09

Building construction
Special-trade contractors
Total: Building con­
struction

General contractors

1951: Average_____ $81. 47
1952: Average_____
.94
A u g u s t.___

37.2
38.1
38.5

36.6
38.5
39.2

1952: November___
December____
1953: January_____
February____
M arch. ' _____
April________
M ay________
June__
July_________
August______

37.1
38.2
36.9
37.1
36.8
36.9
37.3
37.7
37.2
37.5

88.01
88
88. 67
91.68
88. 93
89.78
89. 79
90.04
91.01
91.99
91.51
92.63

$2.19 $75.03
2.31 82. 78
2. 31 84.67
2.39
2.40
2. 41
2.42
2. 44
2.44
2.44
2. 44
2. 46
2. 47

85.12
88.37
. 26
86.71
85.79
86.71
87.40
. 55
87.14
88.83

86

88

Other special-trade
contractors s
1951: Average........... $83.62
1952: Average_____ 88.43
. 91
August______

37.0
37.0
37.2

87.93
89. 41
85.16
87. 25

35.6
36.2
34.2
34.9
35.1
35.1
36.0
36.5
36.7
36.9

88

1952: November___
December .
1953: January_____
February____
M a rch ."_____
April________
M ay________
J u n e _______
July_________
A ugust..........

88.10
88.10
90.36
91.98
92.48
92. 62

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.05 $87. 32
2.15 91.99
2.16 92. 86

37.8
37.7
37.9

91.36
94. 50
91. 33
92. 20
92.82
92.57
94. 21
94.98
95.09
95.86

36.4
37.5
36.1
36.3
36.4
36.3
36.8
37.1
37.0
37.3

2.24
2.26
2. 27
2. 27
2. 30
2.30
2.30
2. 30
2.33
2.35

82. 90
82. 50
77. 25
79. 36
81. 50
81.00
. 50
89.00
85.81
. 45

86

88

35.0
34.7
35.4
33.7
33.0
30.9
32.0
32.6
32.4
34.6
35.6
34.6
35.1

$2.23 $89. 69
2.35 90.05
2. 36 94. 39

34.9
33.6
34.2

91.04
92. 50
89.80
95. 24
95. 99
96.57
97.15
96.19
96. 90
98.15

32.4
32.8
31.4
33.3
33. 1
33.3
33.5
33.4
34.0
34.2

2. 46
2.50
2. 50
2.48
2. 50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.48
2.52

Plumbing and heatmg

Painting and decorating

39.2
38.9
39.0

35.8
35.2
35.7

$2. 31 $91.34
2.44 94. 92
2. 45 95. 55
2. 51
2.52
2, 53
2.54
2. 55
2. 55
2. 56
2. 56
2.57
2. 57

Plastering and lathing

Masonry

$2. 26 $78.05
2.39 81.55
2.39 83. 54
2. 47
2. 47
2.49
2.50
2. 51
2.51
2. 51
2.52
2.52
2. 51

38.0
39.1
38.0
38.2
37.3
37.7
38.0
38.5
37.4
37.8

Total: Special-trade
contractors

93.38
98. 50
96. 25
95.00
96.39
96.39
97. 41
97. 67
96. 89
98.17

2.68

2. 90
2.90
2.90

2.88

2. 85
2.87

2.49
2.50
2.50
2.50
2. 53
2.53
2.55
2. 55
2. 57
2.57

77.63
79.52
71. 78
79.12
78.30
76.05
77. 70
82. 44
84. 41
78. 72

35.9
35.8
35.6
34.5
35.5
31.9
34.7
34.8
33.8
35.0
36.0
36.7
35.3

82. 76
84. 46
81.41
82.96
84. 18
84.28
85.61
87.75
. 35
89. 41

88

34.2
34.9
33.5
34.0
34.5
34.4
34.8
35.1
35.2
35.2

$2.20 $102.26
2.35 110.30
2.37 111.24
2.42
2.42
2. 43
2. 44
2. 44
2.45
2. 46
2. 50
2. 51
2. 54

Roofing and sheetmetal work

Carpentry

$2. 57 $73.24
75.90
2.76 76.54

2. 81
2. 82
2.86
2. 86

37.5
39.4
38.5
38.0
38.1
38.1
38.2
38.3
37.7
38.2

$2.33 $78. 76
2. 44 82. 72
2. 45 84. 61

$2.04 $70. 95
76.53
2.15 78.44

36.2
36.1
37.0

78.68
81.03
73.93
74.14
75.94
76.05
79. 74
82.58
83. 48
82.88

35.6
36. 5
33.3
33.1
33.9
33.8
35. 6
36.7
37.1
37.0

2.12
2. 25
2. 24
2. 25
. 28
2. 25
2.25
. 22
2. 29
2. 30
2.23

2

2

110.64
114.11
111. 50
109.97
. 21
109.09
109. 98

110

110.21
108. 53
109. 87

Excavation and foun­
dation work

$1.96 $81. 93
85. 81
. 90

39.2
40.1
40.8

83. 25
83. 78
82.73
85.36
89.82
93. 66
92.75

38.3
39.1
37. 6
37. 5
37. 4
37.1
38.8
40.1
40. 9
40. 5

2.12
2.12 86
2.21 85.03
2. 22 86. 80
2.22 82.72
2.24
2. 24
2. 25
2.24
2.25
2.25
2.24

2

$2.09
2.14
2.13

2.22
2. 22
2.20
2.22
2. 24
2.23

2.20

2.24
2. 29
2.29

1242

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOR

Table C 1 : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing
Food and kindred products
Total: Manu­
facturing

Year and month

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

1951: Average......... . $64.71
1952: Average......... . 67.97
August____ . 67.23

40.7
40.7
40.5

1952: N ovem ber... December__ 1953: January......... .
February___ March_____ April.............. M ay............... June_______ July________ August_____ -

41.1
41.7
41.0
40.9
41.1
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.4
40.5

70.28
72.14
71.34
71.17
71.93
71.40
71.63
71.63
71.51
71.69

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Durable goods »

Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$1. 59 $69. 47
1. 67 73.04
72.16

41.6
41.5
41.0

76.26
77.78
76.91
77.15
77. 52
77.38
77.19
77. 42
76.89
77. 27

41.9
42.5
41.8
41.7
41.9
41.6
41.5
41.4
40.9
41.1

1.66

1.71
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.75
1. 75
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.77

Nondurable goods 4

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.67 $58. 46
1.76 60.98
1.76 61.45
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.85

1.86
1.86
1.77
1.88
1.88

62.56
63.59
62.88
62.88
63.60
62. 81
63.20
63.52
63. 76
63. 76

39.5
39.6
39.9
40.1
40.5
39.8
39.8
40.0
39.5
39.5
39.7
39.6
39.6

Total: Ordnance
and accessories

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$1.48 $74.12
1.54 77.22
1.54 74.21

43.6
42.9
41.0

1.56
1.57
1. 58
1.58
1. 59
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.61

75.03
76. 73
75.85
77.38
77. 46
76.52
78. 25
78.88
78. 66
78. 94

41.0
41.7
41.0
41.6
41.2
40.7
41.4
41.3
41.4
40.9

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Total: Food and
kindred products
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn­ wkly.
ings hours

$1.70 $59. 92
1.80 63.23
1.81 62. 51

41.
41.6
41.4

64.64
65.68
65. 35
64.71
65. 28
64.64
66.17
67.14
. 72
66.14

41.7
42.1
41.
40.7
40 8
40.4
41. 1
41.7
41.7
41.6

1.83
1.84
1. 85

1.86
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.91
1.90
1.93

66

Meat products 3

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.41 $65. 78
. 52 70.30
1.51 69. 26

1

1.55
1.56
1. 59
1.59
1.6C
1.60
1.61
1.61
1.60
1.59

75.08
77. 26
74. 23
70.00
71.33
70. 62
71.86
74.29
73.03
73.08

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

41.9
41.6
40.5

$1.57
1.69
1.71

43.4
44.4
41.7
40.0
40.3
39.9
40.6
41. 5
40.8
40.6

1. 73
1. 74
1.78
1.75
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.79
1.79
1.80

Food and kindred products—Continued
Meatpacking,
wholesale
1951: Average......... - $68.30
1952: Average_____
73.39
August_____
71.15

41.9
41.7
40.2

1952: November__
December___
1953: January..........
February___
M arch______
April_______
M ay_______
June________
July....... .........
August_____

43.7
45.3
42.3
40.0
40. 5
39. 9
40.3
41.2
40.7
40.4

78. 66
81. 54
77. 83
72.40
73. 71
73. 02
74.15
76. 63
75. 70
75. 55

Sausages and
casings

$1.63 $65. 78
1.76 69. 72
1.77 71.48
1.80
1.80
1.84
1.81
1.82
1. 83
1.84

1.86
1.86

1.87

Seafood, canned and
cured
1951: Average..........
1952: Average..........
August_____

$44.40
45. 57
55.03

29.8
31.0
35.5

1952: November__
December___
1953: January..........
February.......
March______
April...............
M a y .............
June________
July-----------August_____

38.81
44. 70
41. 80
46. 96
41.44
46.04
40. 23
43. 33
58.35
50. 69

25.7
30.0
27.5
30.1
28.0
29. 7
27.0
30.3
36.7
32.7

1. 51
1.49
1. 52
1.56
1.48
1. 55
1.49
1.43
1.59
1.55

$59. 63
63. 38
63. 57

41.7
41.7
42.1

1952: November___
December___
1953: January..........
February____
March______
April................
M ay...............
June........ ........
July___ ____
August______

64.17
64. 48
63.80
64.37
64.68
64. 68
65.41
.94
67.62
67. 39

41.4
41.6
40.9
41.0
41.2
41.2
41.4
42.1
42.0
41.6

66

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

51.48
54. 51
56.30
56. 56
56. 52
53. 86
55.86
54.10
54. 53
57. 27

41.8
41.0
40.6
39.0
39.5
40.8
40.4
39.8
38.2
39.9
39.2
41.0
41.8

57.96
55.74
56.99
58.66
60.19
57. 54
58.63
58. 49
57.89
59.02

41.4
41.3
41.2
42.0
40.1
41.0
41.9
43.3
41.1
41.0
40.9
40.2
40.7

44.4
44.0
44.0

1

1.70
1. 71
1.71
1.72
1.75
1. 75
1.73
1.73
1.75
1.75

65.25
65.84
67. 45
67.61
65. 97

66.10
67. 32
68. 39
69.58
68.20

$1.27 $65. 85
1.32 69.15
1.32 71.29
1. 32
1.38
1. 38
1.40
1.42
1. 41
1.40
1.38
1.33
1.37

68.95

69. 26
71. 20
. 21
69.60
69.39
71.60
72.32
73.22
72. 86

68

66

1.50
1.51
1. 54
1.54
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.56
1. 55

45.1
44.9
45.7
44.2
44.4
44.5
42.9
43.5
43.1
44.2
45.2
45.2
44.7

68.59
. 44
64. 80
67.32
74.63
70.21
70. 55
72. 58
73. 79
69. 53

66

41.2
42.1
40.2
47.3
45.2
40.0
40.8
43.9
41.3
41.5
42.2
42.9
40.9

66. 59

67.49
69. 77
. 55
. 55
69. 77
69. 92
72. 05
72.68
70.07

68
68

1.56
1.56
1.60
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.60
1.62
1.63

46.0
45.7
45.8
45.3
45.6
45.9
45.7
45.4
45.9
46.0
47.4
47.5
46.1

73. 71
72.58
74.82
71.45
72.27
70. 38
73. 48
74. 59
77. 01
77. 74

45.5
45.1
45.5
45.5
44.8
44.8
43.3
43.8
42.4
44.0
44.4
45.3
45.2

44.6
43.6
43.6

64.72
65.60
65.72
66.19
. 19
65. 41
67.86
. 61
70. 24
68.26

42.3
42.6
42.4
42.7
42 7
42.2
43.5
43.7
43.9
43.2

1.47
1.48
1. 52
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.52

1.45
1.47
1.62
1.65
1.70
1. 70
1.70
1.72
1.72
1.70

64.94
67. 08
68.80
69.03
79. 57
74.64
75.12
78.37
79. 56
72.98

41.0
41.1
41.1
39.6
40.9
41.2
39.9
44.7
41.7
42.2
43.3
44.2
41.7

66

68

1.62
1.62
1. 67
1.65
1.65
. 66
1.67

67.95

68.10

68.40
65. 38
67. 63
. 99
69.92
70. 97
70.38
70. 07

1 68
1.68
1.70
1.72

1.53
1.54
1. 55
1.55
1. 55
1. 55
1.56
1.57
1.60
1.58

45.3
45.4
45.0
43.3
44.2
44.8
45.4
47.0
46.3
45.8

75.02
71.48
61.77
69.42
68.71
. 91

66
66.12
67. 37
68.46

68.02

41.1
42.0
38.2
48.4
44.4
34.9
39.0
38.6
38.9
38.0
39.4
39.8
38.0

48. 51
51.65
52. 72
53.20
53. 02
51. 61
52. 26
51.44
54.00
55. 22

40.0
39.3
40.0

$1. 27
1.32
1.32

36.2
37.7
38.2
38.0
37.6
36.6
37.6
38.1
40.0
40.6

1.34
1.37
1. 38
1.40
1.41
1. 41
1.39
1.35
1.35
1.36

Bakery products3

$1.40 $58. 24
1.47 61. 57
1.49 62.01
1.50
1.50
1. 52
1.51
1.53
1. 54
1.54
1.51
1.52
1.53

62.67
62.78
62.58
63 04
63. 65
63.45
64.02
65.36
65.73
65.83

41.6
41.6
41.9

$1.40
1.48
1.48

41.5
41.3
40.9
41.2
41.6
41.2
41.3
41.9
41.6
41.4

1.51
1. 52
1. 53
1.53
1.53
1. 54
1.55
1.56
1.58
1.59

Confectionery and
related products3

Beet sugar

$1.54 $61.24
1.62 65.94
1.65 62.27
1.64
1.64
1. 67
1.73
1.78
1. 79
1.78
1.81
1.80
1.75

46.1
46.0
47.1

Canning and
preserving 3

$1.40 $50. 80
1.47 51.88
1.45 52.80

Prepared feeds

$1.48 $64. 54
1.59 67.62
1.61 70.18

Cane-sugar refining
$1.46 $63.14
1.53 66.58
1.60 67.82

Ice cream and ices

$1.37 $62. 44
1.45 64.09
1.46 63.22

Flour and other
grain-mill products

$1.46 $67.34
1.54 71.71
1. 56 73. 26

Sugar 3

$1.29 $60.15
1.36 64. 41
1.36 64.32
1.38
1.39
1.39
1.40
1.39
1.40
1.43
1.43
1.44
1.45

43.5
43.6
43.8
43.9
43.4
43.2
44.0
44.7
44.6
44.0

Condensed and
evaporated milk

$1.37 $63.02
1.45
. 27
1.45 66.87

Grain-mill products3

Biscuits, crackers,
and pretzels

$1.43 $53.41
1.52 56.17
1.51 56.03
1. 55
1.55
1. 56
1.57
1. 57
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.61
1.62

43.2
42.5
41.5
40.7
40.7
40.6
42.2
43.1
42.4
42.3

$1.57 $60. 83
. 66 63. 80
1.67 63.80

Canned fruits, vege­
tables, and soups

$1.49 $53.09
1.47 54.12
1. 55 53.59

Bread and other
bakery products
1951: Average..........
1952: Average..........
August______

73.44
72.68
70.97
70.00
71.23
71.05
73.01
74.56
74.20
74.03

41.9
42.0
42.8

Dairy products 3

$1.49 $49. 97
1.57 52. 27
1.63 51.75
1. 55
1.61
1. 77
1. 78
1.78
1. 72
1.74
1.71
1.72
1.79

63.45
53.84
51.87
52.54
52. 66
51.46
54. 25
54.35
53.10
53. 98

40.3
39.9
39.5

$1. 24
1.31
1.31

40.8
41. 1
39.0
39.5
39.3
38.4
39.6
39.1
38.2
39.4

1.31
1.31
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.37
1.39
1.39
1.37

1243

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

Table C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Year and month

Confectionery
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

1951: Average............ $48.36
1952: Average--------- 50.67
49.52
August______

40.3
39.9
39.3

52.07
52.45
50.18
50.30
50.83
49.66
52.00
52.13
50. 79
51.88

41.0
41.3
38.9
39.3
39.1
38.2
39.1
38.9
37.9
39.3

1952: November___
December____
1953: January...........
February.........
M arch..............
April.................
M ay_________
June_________
July-............. .
August.............

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$1.20 $68.39
1.27 71.14
1.26 72.31

41.7
41.6
41.8

72.51
71.98
70.93
71.51
71.96
73.49
76.54
79.66
81.22
80.14

41.2
40.9
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.6
41.6
42.6
43.2
42.4

1.27
1.27
1.29
1.28
1.30
1.30
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.32

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.64 $53.19
1.71 55. 73
1.73 56.12
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.79
1.81
1.84
1.87
1.88
1.89

55. 73
58.36
56.71
57.12
58.23
57.40
60.20
63.05
65.12
62.50

43.6
43.2
43.5
41.9
42.6
41.7
42.0
42.5
41.9
43.0
44.4
44.6
43.4

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings
$1.22 $78.91
1.29 82. 20
1.29 84.87

41.1
41.1
41.4

82.82
82.62
80. 79
82. 40
82. 95
85. 46
89.66
94.98
97. 45
94.57

40.6
40.5
39.8
40.0
39.5
40.5
41.7
42.4
43.7
42.6

1.33
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.37
1.37
1.40
1.42
1.46
1.44

1951: Average_____
1952: Average_____
August______

$73.37
77.00
77. 53

44.2
43.5
43.8

1952: November
December____
1953: January_____
February____
M arch_______
April...............M ay________
J u n e _____ _
July_________
August______

79.79
75.12
75.95
77. 78
76. 74
78.86
78.81
81.65
82.22
79. 99

42.9
42.2
41.5
42. 5
42. 4
42.4
42.6
43.2
43.5
42.1

46.2
46.0
46.8

62.88
61.16
61.61
60. 21
60.48
60. 62
62. 24
62.15
63. 57
64.66

45.9
45.3
45.3
44.6
44.8
44.9
46.1
45.7
46.4
47.2

1.86
1.78
1.83
1.83
1.81
1.86
1.85
1.89
1.89
1.90

Total: Tobacco man­
ufactures

Manufactured ice

$1.66 $55.90
1.77 59.80
1.77 62.24

$1. 21 $43. 51
1.30 44.93
1.33 45. 47

38.5
38.4
39.2

1951: Average_____
1952: Average_____
August______

$38.02
38.91
38.12

39.2
39.3
39.3

1952: November
December___
1953: January_____
February____
March___ _
April________
M ay________
June________
July_________
August______

36.00
39. 50
40. 58
37.80
43. 96
42.34
42.83
42.13
41.30
39. 30

37.5
39.5
39.4
35.0
38.9
36.5
36.3
35.7
35.6
39.3

40.2
39.6
39.5

76.54
69. 50
70.67
69.93
69. 01
71.24
70.67
72.91
72.19
74. 09

41.6
38.4
38.2
37.8
37.3
38.3
38.2
39.2
38.4
39.2

2.04
2.04
2.03
2. 06
2. 10
2.11
2.15
2. 24
2. 23
2.22

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

$1.71 $57.11
1.79 59. 78
1.80 60.06

42.3
42.1
42.0

$1.35
1.42
1. 43

61.19
60.47
61.27
61.54
61.27
61.39
61.86
61.86
62. 85
63.57

42.2
41.7
41.4
41.3
41. 4
41. 2
41.8
41.8
41.9
42.1

1.45
1.45
1.48
1. 49
1. 48
1. 49
1.48
1.48
1. 50
1. 51

1.84
1.81
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.86
1.88
1.89

45.05
46. 26
46.59
45.39
47.63
47.62
46.99
46. 99
48.00
47. 70

38.5
39.2
38.5
36.9
37.8
37.2
37.0
37.0
37.5
39.1

1.37
1.35
1.36
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.37

1.17
1.18
1.21
1.23
1.26
1.28
1.27
1.27
1.28
1.22

58.11
59.98
57.67
54. 75
57.04
57. 37
53.55
54. 45
59.19
62.68

39.4
39.2
42.1
39.8
40.8
39.5
37.5
38.8
38.5
35.7
36.3
39.2
40.7

Tobacco and snuff

Cigars
$1.38 $39.10
1.44 40.13
1.46 39. 54

37.6
37.5
37.3

42.46
41.80
41.51
41.51
41. 66
41.25
42.83
42. 22
41.70
42. 71

38.6
38.0
37.4
37.4
37.2
36.5
37.9
37.7
36.9
37.8

1.46
1.47
1.46
1.46
1. 47
1. 49
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.54

$1.04 $45. 99
1.07 47.87
1.06 49.02
1.10
1.10
1.11
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.13
1.12
1.13
1.13

49.26
50.18
49.91
49. 48
47. 88
49. 48
50.52
51.03
50.63
52.63

37.7
37.4
38.3

$1.22
1.28
1.28

37.6
38.9
38.1
37.2
36.0
37.2
37.7
37.8
37.5
38.7

1.31
1.29
1.31
1.33
1. 33
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.35
1.36

Textile-mill products
Total: Textile-mill S couring and comb­
ing plants
products

$0.97 $51.60
.99 53.18
.97 53.60

38.8
39.1
39.7

55.35
55.90
54.94
54.94
54.80
53.84
53.98
53. 72
53.18
52. 90

40.4
40.8
40.1
40.1
40.0
39.3
39.4
39.5
39.1
38.9

.96
1.00
1.03
1.08
1.13
1.16
1.18
1.18
1.16
1.00

$1.92 $68.74
2.00 70.88
2.05 71.10

Cigarettes

$1.13 $54.37
1.17 56.45
1.16 61.47

Tobacco manufactures—Continued
Tobacco stemming
and redrying

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Misce laneous food
Pi•oducts

Tobacco manufactures

Food and kindred products—Continued
Corn sirup, sugar,
oil, and starch

Distilled, rectified, and
blended liquors

M alt liquors

Bottled soft drinks

Beverages *

$1.33 $57.82
1.36 62.80
1.35 62.71

39.6
40.0
40.2

61.38
65.25
64.71
63.02
63.92
61.30
64.15
65.35
66.40
61.94

37.2
41.3
40.7
40.4
40.2
38.8
40.6
41.1
41.5
39.2

1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.36

Yarn

and thread
mills »

$1.46 $47.86
1.57 49.15
1.56 50.04

38.6
38.7
39.4

50.30
51.20
50.18
50.18
50.30
48. 77
49.15
49. 66
48. 76
48. 26

39.3
40.0
39.2
39.2
39.3
38.4
38.7
39.1
38.7
38.0

1.65
1.58
1.59
1.56
1.59
1. 58
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.58

$1.24 $48.13
1.27 49.15
1.27 50.29

38.5
38.7
39.6

50.30
51.33
50.18
00.18
50.18
48. 51
48. 90
49.53
49.28
48.13

39.3
40.1
39.2
39.2
39.2
38.2
38.5
39.0
38.8
37.9

1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.27

Thread mills

Yarn mills

$1.25 $48.64
1.27 49.79
1.27 49.40

38.6
38.6
38.9

$1.26
1.29
1.27

50.31
52.22
50.18
52.78
53. 56
50.29
50.65
50. 42
49.39
49.40

39.0
40.8
39.2
40.6
41.2
39.6
40.2
39.7
39.2
38.9

1.29
1.28
1.28
1. 30
1.30
1. 27
1.26
1.27
1.26
1.27

1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1. 27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.27

Textile-mill products—Continued
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber
Broad-woven fabric
m ills2

1951: Average_____
1952: Average_____
August

$51.74
51.99
52.66

39.2
38.8
39.3

40.5
1952: November -- 54.68
41.0
December____ 55. 35
40.4
54.
54
1953: January_____
54.27
40.2
February____
40.0
M arch_______ 53. 60
39.7
53.20
April________
40.1
53.73
M ay________
39.9
June___ _
_ 53.47
39.5
52.93
July_________
39.2
52.14
August______
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Woolen and worsted

$1.32 $50.70
1.34 49. 79
1.34 50. 31

39.3
38.6
39.0

52.78
53.17
52.26
52.26
52.13
51.48
52.00
51.21
50. 57
50.44

40.6
40.9
40.2
40.2
40.1
39.6
40.0
39.7
39.2
39.1

1.35
1.35
1. 35
1.35
1. 34
1. 34
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.33

South

North

United States
$1.29 $53.54
1.29 55. 25
1.29 55.24

38.8
38.1
38.9

57.28
58.75
58.06
57.92
57. 23
56.12
56.40
56. 54
55.72

39.5
40.8
40.6
40.5
40.3
39.8
40.0
40.1
39.8

1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.29
1.29

Narrow fabrics and
smallwares

$1.38 $49.25
1.45 48.76
1.42 49.14

39.4
38.7
39.0

51.94
51.94
50.93
50.93
50.93
50.17
50.80
49.90
49.27

40.9
40.9
40.1
40.1
40.1
39.5
40.0
39.6
39.1

1.45
1.44
1.43
1.43
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.40

$1.25 $57.87
1.26 62. 56
1.26 63.34

39.1
40.1
40.6

63.44
65.83
64.53
63.43
61.93
62.56
63.34
63.90
64. 06
61.62

39.9
41.4
41.1
40.4
39.7
40.1
40.6
40.7
40.8
39.5

1.27
1.27
1. 27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.26

$1.48 $51.48
1.56 54.14
1.56 53. 73

39.6
40.1
39.8

$1.30
1.35
1.35

54.94
56.03
55.62
54.95
55.22
55. 08
55.20
55. 75
54.23
53. 29

40.4
41.2
40.9
40.7
40.6
40.5
40.0
40.4
39.3
38.9

1.36
1.36
1.35
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.37

1.59
1.59
1. 57
1.57
1. 56
1.56
1.56
1.57
1.57
1.56

1244

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOR

Table C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Full-fashioned hosiery

Year and month
U nited States
A vg.
w kly.
earn­
ings

A vg.
w k ly.
hours

1951: Average.
1952: Average_____
A u g u st-

$47.10
49.02
49. 53

36.8
38.3
39.0

1952: November___
December____
1953: January..
February
M a rch ...
April___
M ay........
June____
July.........
A u g u st-

50.94
50.05
49.02
50.05
50.31
48. 49
48.36
48. 38
47.87
48. 63

39.8
39.1
38.0
38.5
38.7
37.3
37.2
37.5
37.4
37.7

A vg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
ings

$1.28 $56. 94
1.28 57. 61
1.27 57. 68
1.28
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.28
1. 29

59.89
58. 67
57.38
59. 44
59. 36
56. 46
55. 75
54. 66
54. 96
55.78

A vg.
w kly.
hours

36.5
37.9
38.2

Seamless hosiery

N orth

A vg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
ings

$1.56 $58.16
1. 52 57. 00
1.51 57. 23

39.4
38.6
37.5
38.6
38.8
36.9
36.2
36.2
36.4
36.7

1. 52
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.53
1. 53
1.54
1.51
1.51
1.52

59. 28
58.06
57.29
58. 45
58. 60
66. 61
56.46
55.78
56. 02

A vg.
w kly.
hours

35.9
37.5
37.9
39.0
38.2
37.2
38.2
38.3
37.0
36. 9
36.7
37.1

South
A vg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
ings

$1.62 $55. 80
1.52 58. 06
1.51 58.29
1. 52
1.52
1.54
1.53
1.53
1. 53
1.53
1.52
1.51

59.95
59. 28
57. 68
59.91
60.13
56. 30
54. 82
53. 91
54.06

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

37.2
38.2
38.6
39.7
39.0
37.7
38.9
39.3
36. 8
35.6
35.7
35.8

U n ited States
A vg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
ings

$1.50 $37.17
1.52 40.39
1.51 40.28
1. 51
1. 52
1.53
1.54
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.51
1.51

42.73
41.97
40. 77
41.25
41. 25
39. 63
39.60
40.07
39.89
39. 74

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

35.4
37.4
38.0
39.2
38.5
37.4
37.5
37.5
35.7
36.0
37.1
36.6
36.8

N orth

A vg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

A vg.
w kly.
earn­
ings

A vg.
w kly.
hours

$1.05 $41.20
1.08 43. 62
1.06 43. 79
1.09
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.10
1.11
1.10
1.08
1.09
1.08

45. 66
45. 47
44. 23
44. 81
45. 28
45. 16
44.81
45.05
44. 25

A vg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

37.8
38. 6
39.1

$1.09
1.13
1.12

39, 7
39.2
37. 8
38.3
38. 7
38. 6
38.3
38. 5
37. 5

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.18

Seamless hosiery—
C ontinued

K nit outerwear

K nit underwear

South

1951: Average_____
1952: Average_____
August______

$36.09
39.33
39. 59

34.7
37.1
37.7

1952: November___
December........
1953: January...........
February.........
March..............
April— ...........
M ay..................
June_________
July_________
August______

41.84
41.09
39. 91
40.28
40.18
38.15
38.23
38.90
38.95

39.1
38.4
37.3
37.3
37.2
¿5. U
35.4
36.7
36.4

$1.04 $47.23
1.06 49.14
1.05 50.78
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.08
1.08
1.09
1.08
1.06
1.07

51. 71
50.69
49. 02
49.79
50. 57
50. 44
50.70
51.19
50. 92
52.79

38.4
39.0
40.3
40.4
39.6
38.3
38.3
38.9
38.5
38.7
38.2
38.0
39.1

$1.23 $42. 78
1.26 45. 55
1. 26 46. 57
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.34
1. 34
1. 35

48.36
46. 77
46.32
47.19
46.80
45. 72
45. 96
45. 22
45.19
45. 58

37.2
38.6
39.8
40.3
39.3
38.6
39.0
39. 0
38.1
38.3
38.0
38.3
38.3

D y ein g and finishing
texu ies J

$1.15 $56. 77
1. 18 62.58
1.17 63.20
1.20
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.19

64.20
66.44
64.78
64.90
63.12
62. 10
60.79
63. 72
60.49
59.90

39.7
42.0
42.7
42.8
44.0
42.9
42.7
41.8
41.4
40.8
42.2
40.6
40.2

Dyeing and finishing
textiles (except wool)

$1. 43 $56.23
1.49 62.16
1.48 63.20
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.52
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.51
1.49
1.49

64.20
66.59
64.93
64.33
62. 40
61. 54
60.24
63.15
59.94
59.79

39.6
42.0
42.7
42.8
44.1
43.0
42.6
41.6
41.3
40.7
42.1
40.5
40.4

$1. 42 $63. 44
1.48 68. 23
1.48 70. 73
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.50
1. 49
1.48
1.50
1.48
1.48

Wool carpets, rugs, and H ats (except cloth and M iscellaneous textile Felt goods (except woven
C Q rpet yar n
m illinery)
goods *
felts and hats)
1951: Average............ $60.10
1952: Average............ 65. 74
A ugust............. 67. 47

37.8
39.6
40.4

1952: November___
December____
1953: January............
February.........
M arch_______
April________
M ay..................
June..................
July_________
A ugust—..........

41.5
41.1
42.1
42.1
41. 4
40.3
38.6
38.9
38.8
39. 3

72. 21
71.93
74.10
74.52
72.86
70. 53
66.39
66.91
67.12
68. 38

$1. 59 $49. 87
1. 66 53.20
1.67 56.16
1.74
1. 75
1.76
1. 77
1. 76
1. 75
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.74

54.60
56.70
57. 66
57.87
57.13
51.80
55. 65
57.83
51.80
54. 72

36.4
37.2
39.0
37.4
39.1
38.7
39.1
38.6
35.0
37.1
38.3
35.0
36.0

62.10
64. 02
62.06
61. 65
62. 67
62.73
61.86
62. 47
62.02
62.12

41.4
42.4
41.1
41. 1
41.5
41.0
40.7
41.1
40.8
40.6

$1.41 $66.24
1.48 67.70
1.48 67.87
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.50
1. 51
1.53
1.52
1.52
1. 52
1. 53

70. 62
71.72
69. 80
71.38
71.49
71.48
72.14
70.86
68. 74
68.91

41.4
40.3
40.4
41.3
41.7
41.3
41.5
42.3
41.8
41.7
41.2
40.2
40.3

42.0
42.4
42.4
43.0
42. 1
41. 3
39.8
40.2
40.2
40.4

1.72
1. 73
1.72
1.75
1. 73
1. 73
1.72
1. 71
1.74
1.74

Paddiiaos and uvhnlstery filling

$1.60 $52.97
1. 68 57.22
1.68 56. 32
1. 71
1.72
1.69
1. 72
1.69
1.71
1.73
1. 72
1.71
1.71

$1. 59
1. 66
1.68

57. 76
59.89
58.74
60. 21
61.46
62.49
62.24
63. 43
62. 21
63.14

37.3
38.4
37.3
38.0
39.4
38.9
39.1
39.4
39.3
38.9
39.4
38.4
38.5

$1.42 $58.15
1.49 64.17
1. 51 63.09
1. 52
1. 52
1.51
1.54
1. 56
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.64

68.10
71.10
68. 73
64.43
64.43
05. 16
64.84
63.24
66.25
65. 93

40.1
41.4
40.7

$1.45
1.55
1.55

43.1
45.0
43. 5
41.3
41.3
41.5
41.3
40.8
42. 2
40.7

1. 58
1. 58
1. 58
1. 56
1. 56
1. 57
1.57
1.55
1.57
1.62

Apparel and other finished textile products

Artificial leather, oil­
cloth, and other
coated fabrics

Total: Apparel and
M en’s and boys’ fur­
other finished tex­ M en’s and boys’ suits
nishings and work
and coats
tile products
clothing «

1951: Average_____
1952: Average_____
A ugust.........

$49.49
51.24
51. 36

42.3
42.7
42.8

$1.17 $69. 71
75.58
76. 56

43.3
44.2
44.0

1952: November___
December____
1953: January_____
February........
M arch_______
April________
M a y________
June_________
Ju ly_________
August______

51.79
53. 6S
50.70
51.72
51.84
51.97
52.83
51.91
51.00
51.97

42.8
44.0
41.9
43.1
43. 2
42.6
43.3
42.9
42.5
42.6

80. 89
82. 59
79. 30
77.09
82. 26
31.81
77.51
81.45
80. 64
79.02

45.7
46.4
44.8
43.8
45.7
45. 2
43.3
45.0
44.8
43.9


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.46
1.45
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.50
1.51
1.48
1.52

40.5
40.6
40.4

72.24
73.35
72.93
75. 25
72.83
71.45
68.46
68. 74
69. 95
70. 30

39.9
41.1
42.1

Textile-mill products—Continued
Processed waste and
recovered fibers

See footnotes at end of table.

$1.37 $57.11
1.43 60.09
1.44 59.79

C arpets, rugs other
noor coverings 2

1.20
1.20
1.21
1. 22
1.21
1.20
1. 20
1.22
1.22
1.21
1.20
1.22

Cordage and twine

$1. 61 $52. 26
1.71 53.06
1.74 52.40
1.77
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.80
1.81
1.79
1.81
1.80
1.80

53. 47
55. 62
52.80
54.14
54.14
53.19
52.92
53.99
52. 52
53.19

40.2
39.6
39.4
39.9
41.2
39.4
40.1
40. 1
39.4
39.2
39.7
38.9
39.4

$1.30 $46.31
1.34 47. 45
1.33 48. 60
1.34
1.35
1.34
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.35
1. 36
1.35
1.35

48.36
48. 86
48. 81
49. 98
49. 76
47. 73
47.09
48.05
48. 37
49. 78

35.9
36.5
37.1
37.2
37.3
36.7
37.3
37.7
37.0
36.5
36.4
36.1
36.6

$1.29 $52.63
1.30 52.15
1.31 54.30
1.30
l. 31
1.33
1.34
1.32
1.29
1.29
1.32
1.34
1.36

53.70
54.83
54.96
57.30
59.13
56.78
56.93
58.67
57. 46
59.89

35.8
35.0
36.2
35.8
36.8
36.4
37.7
38.9
37.6
37.7
36.9
36.6
37.2

$1.47 $38.16
1.49 40.50
1.50 41.04
1.50
1.49
1.51
1.52
1. 52
1. 51
1.51
1. 59
1.57
1.61

42.29
41.47
40. 66
41.31
41.86
41. 58
41.03
41.51
40.85
41.78

36.0
37.5
38.0

$1.06
1.08
1.08

38.8
38.4
37.3
37.9
38.4
37.8
37.3
37.4
36.8
37.3

1.09
1.09
1.09
1.08
1.09

1.10
1.10
1.11
1.11
1.12

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

1245

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued

Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Year and month

Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

1951: A verage_____ $38.09
1952: A verage........ - 39.96
August—.......... 39.38

35.6
37.0
36.8

1952: November___
December____
1953: January—........
February____
M arch. ____
April________
M ay________
June. _____ _
July— ........ .
August______

39.5
38.7
37.0
37.8
38.3
38.0
37.3
37.3
36.6
37.2

42.66
41.80
40.33
40.82
41.36
41.42
40.66
41.78
40.99
41.66

Separate trousers

Avg. Avg. Avg.
brly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.07 $40.32
1.08 42. 86
1.07 43.05
1.08
1.08
1.09
1.08
1.08
1.09
1.09

1.12
1.12
1.12

43. 55
43.89
44. 39
44.93
46.10
45. 75
44.93
46.10
42. 83
44.17

36.0
37.6
38.1
38.2
38.5
3a 6
38.4
39.4
39.1
38.4
38.1
36.3
36.5

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Work shirts
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$1.12 $33.20
1.14 35.15
1.13 35.99
1.14
1.14
1.15
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17

1.21
1.21

1.18

34.96
34. 68
33. 76
34. 78
35. 22
34.96
34.68
34. 76
32. 76
35.05

35.7
37.8
38.7

Women’s outerwear *

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$0.93 $51.16
.93 52.39
.93 54. 72
.92
.92
.93
.92
.91
.92
.92
.91
.91
.92

38.0
37.7
36.3
37.8
38.7
38.0
37.7
38.2
36.0
38.1

Underwear and nightWomen’s suits . coats. W omen’s and children’s undergarments* wear, except corsets
and skirts
1951: A v e ra g e .____ $63.83
64.94
1952: Average_____
71.04
A ugust.............

32.9
33.3
35.7

1952: November___
December____
1953: January...........
February____
M arch____ _
April________
M ay________
J u n e ... _____
July_________
A ugust____ —

32.6
34.7
35.2
35.4
32.7
29.7
29.9
32.9
33.9
34.0

62. 27
68.36
71.10
71.15
63. 77
54. 65
55.02
62.51
67. 80

68.68

$1.94 $41.22
1.95 43.62
1.99 43.70
1.91
1.97

2.02
2.01
1.95
1. 84
1.84
1.90

2.00
2.02

45.43
44.37
43.66
44. 63
44.86
44. 39
44.04
44.04
41.42
43.79

36.8
37.6
38.0
38.5
37.6
37.0
37.5
37.7
37.3
36.7
36.7
35.4
36.8

$1.12 $39. 74
1.16 40. 92
1.15 41.36

36.8
37. 2
37.6

43.84
41.89
41.10
42.00
42. 22
41. 55
40.77
41.47
39.18
40. 99

38.8
37.4
36.7
37.5
37.7
37.1
36.4
36.7
35.3
36.6

1.18
1.18
1.18
1.19
1.19
1.19

1.20
1.20

1.17
1.19

51.74
54.30
54.93
55.69
54.45
51.84
50.34
50. 66
52.90
54.91

1.10
1.10

1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1. 12
1.12
1.13
1. 11
1.12

48.01
48.26
48.13
48.88
49. 52
49.39
48.73
47. 71
45. 09
48.10

34.8
35.4
36.0
35.2
36.2
35.9
36.4
36.3
36.0
35.2
34.7
34.8
35.2

$1.47 $50. 54
1.48 51.48
1.52 52. 27
1.47
1.50
1.53
1.53
1. 50
1.44
1.43
1.46
1.52
1. 56

51.10
53.51
52. 69
53.34
54. 75
55. 78
52.60
49.16
49.88
54. 01

35.1
35.5
35.8
35.0
36.4
35.6
35.8
36.5
36.7
35.3
33.9
34.4
35.3

$1.44 $38.01
1.45 39. 96
1.46 39. 22
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.52
1.49
1.45
1. 45
1.53

36.8
38.1
38.7
38.1
38.0
37.6
37.6
37.8
37.7
37.2
36.7
35.5
37.0

$1.19 $57.60
1.24 58.60
62. 21

1.22

1.26
1.27
1.28
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.27
1.30

1951: Average_____
1952: Average_____
A ugust______

$42. 44
43.15
43.85

36.9
37.2
37.8

1952: November —
December........
1953: January_____
February____
March______
April________
M ay________
June_________
July_________
August..........—

45.90
45.08
43. 52
44.13
44.72
44.01
43.54
44. 27
43.07
44.76

38.9
38.2
37.2
37.4
37.9
37.3
36.9
37.2
36.5
37.3

$1.15 $44.49
1.16 46. 46
1.16 46. 71
1.18
1.18
1.17
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.19
1.18

1.20

49.23
48.50
48. 26
47. 63
48. 64
47.75
47.38
48.13
47. 63
47. 75

37.7
38.4
38.6
39.7
38.8
38.0
37.8
38.3
37.6
37.6
37.6
37.5
37.9

Curtains, draperies,
and other housefurnishings

$1.18 $39.89
42.67
42. 74

1.21
1.21

1.24
1. 25
1. 27
1.26
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.28
1.27
1.26

44.97
43.82
42. 55
42.90
43. 82
42.80
41.61
41.15
40.40
43.17

36.6
38.1
38.5
39.8
38.1
37.0
37.3
38.1
36.9
36.5
36.1
36.4
38.2

1.12
1.11

1.13
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.16
1.14
1.14

1.11

1.13

49.39
50.04
49. 53
48.01
48.13
47.88
49.66
49.13
49.50
49. 65

38.4
38.7
39.0
39.2
39.4
39.0
37.8
37.6
37.7
38.2
37.5
37.5
37.9

36.9
37.7
37.0

$1.03
1.06
1.06

38.0
37.8
37.4
37.7
38.6
37.8
36.8
36.6
35.6
35.7

1.09
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.08
1.07
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.07

48.47
55.13
61.29
67. 77
. 66
51. 79
44. 40
50.05
58.19
64.13

66

36.0
36.4
37.7
32.1
35.8
37 6
40.1
40.4
34.3
30.0
32.5
35.7
38.4

$1.60 $41.38
1.61 43. 52
1.65 44. 34
1. 51
1.54
1.63
1.69
1. 65
1. 51
1.48
1.54
1. 63
1.67

43.64
43.55
44.40
45.50
44. 51
42.46
43.17
45. 26
45. 51
45.38

36.3
37.2
37.9

$1.14
1.17
1.17

37.3
36.6
37.0
37.6
37.4
36.6
36.9
37.1
37.0
36.3

1.17
1.19

1.20
1.21

1. 19
1.16
1.17

1.22

1.23
1.25

Lumber and wood
products (except
furniture)

Textile bags

$1.09 $44.93
47.60
49.14

41.42
40.45
40. 02
40.34
41.69
40. 45
39.74
39. 53
38. 45
38.20

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

umiuren s outerwear

Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued

Miscellaneous apparel Other fabricated tex­
tile products *
and accessories

Household apparel

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings
ings hours
ings

Corsets and allied
garments

$1.08 $43.79
47.24
47. 21
1.13

Women’s dresses

Canvas products

$1.17 $47.12
1.23 49. 88
1.26 51.28
1.26
1. 27
1.27
1.27
1.28
1.27
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.31

49. 52
50.30
50.05
51.22
49. 67
50. 70
52.26
53. 32
52.80
51.22

39.6
39.9
40.7
39.3
39.3
38.8
38.8
38.5
39.0
40.2
40.7
40.0
38.8

Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex­
cept furniture)

$1.19 $59. 98
1.25 63.45
. 26 67. 20

1

1.26
1.28
1.29
1.32
1.29
1.30
1.30
1. 31
1. 32
1.32

65. 92
65.00
63.09
63.96
64. 21
65.19

66.10

67.48
67. 24
68.15

40.8
41.2
42.0

$1.47
1.54
1.60

41.2
41.4
40. 7
41.0
40.9
41.0
40.8
41.4
41.0
41.3

1.60
1. 57
1. 55
1.56
1. 57
1.59
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65

Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued
Sawmills and planing mills, general
Logging camps and
contractors

1951: Average............ $71. 53
1952: Average______ 77.68
85. 34
August______

39.3
41. 1
43.1

1952: November — 81.20
December____ 76.63
76 19
1953: January_____
February____
77.74
M arch_______ 77.18
79.78
April________
80.55
M ay________
June_________ 84. 46
July_________ 86.94
Ansnst
80. 79

40.6
39.5
40.1
40.7
40.2
39.3
39.1
40.8
41.8
39.8

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Sawmills and planing
mills 1

$1. 82 $59.13
1.89 63.24
1.98
. 56

2.00

1.94
1.90
1.91
1.92
2.03
2.06
2.07
2.08
2. 03

66

40.5
40.8
41.6

65. 76
64.37
62. 47
63.34
63.43
64.71
65.61
67.16
66.50
69.47

41.1
41.0
40.3
40.6
40.4
40.7
40.5
41.2
40.8
41. 6

$1.46 $59. .54
1. 55 63.65
. 60 67. 39

40.5
40.8
41.6

66.42
65. 03
63.11
63. 99
64.08
65.37
66.42
67.98
67. 32
70. 30

41.0
40.9
40.2
40.5
40.3
40.6
40.5
41.2
40.8
41.6

1

1.60
1. 57
1.55
1.56
1. 57
1.59
1.62
1.63
1.63
1. 67

South

United States
$1. 47 $41.36
1. 56 43.03
1.62 43.76

1

. 62
1.59
1.57
1.58
1. 59
1.61
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.69

43. 76
44.17
42.42
42.84
42.53
43. 76
43.16
43. 76
44.20

Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural wood
products *

West

42.2
42. 6
42.9

$0.98 $76.04
81.51
86.05

38.6
39.0
40.4

42.9
43.3
42.0
42.0
41.7
42.9
41.9
42.9
42.5

84.50
82.22
80. 77
82.26
82. 47
82. 64
84. 24
85. 46
84. 41

39.3
38.6
38. 1
38.8
38.9
38.8
39.0
39.2
38.9

1.01
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.03
1.02
1.04

$1. 97 $64.02
2. 09 66.94
2.13
. 91
2.15
2.13

2.12
2.12
2.12

2. 13
2.16
2.18
2.17

68

42.4
42.1
42.8

$1.51
1. 59
1.61

67. 88
69.01
67. 65
69.21
69. 63
69. 63
69.89
69. 89
68.89
68.48

41.9
42.6
41. 5
42.2
42.2
42.2
42.1
42.1
41.5
41.5

1.62
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.65

1.66
1.66
1.66

1.65

MONTHLY LABOR

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

1246

Table C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Furniture and fixtures

Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued
w ooaen containers *

Plywood

Mtllwork
Year and month
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

1951: Average...........
1952: Average...........
August______

$61.89
65. 83
67.78

42.1
42.2
42.9

1952: November___
December........
1953: January......... February.......
March..............
April............... .
M a y ..................
June.......... .......
July_________
August.............

68. 00

68.16

42.6
42.5
41.8
42.2
42.2
42.2
42.0
42.6
42.1
41.8

67. 30
68.36
. 36
68.79

68
68.88

69.86
69.04

68. 55

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.47 $68.10
1.56 70.62
1.58 71.98

1

. 60
1.60
1.61
. 62
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.64

1

68. 97

72.77
70.95
73. 65
73.68
73. 25
73.18
72.16
69.38
70. 47

43.1
42.8
43.1
41.8
44.1
43.0
44.1
43.6
43.6
43.3
42.7
41.3
41.7

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. ■wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.58 $48.85
1.65 50.39
1.67 50.92
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.67
1.69

1.68

1.69
1. 69

1.68

1. 69

52.08
52.95
51.05
51. 41
51.96
52.25
51.58
51.88
51.44
50. 93

41.4
41.3
41.4
42.0
42.7
41.5
41.8
41.9
41.8
41.6
41.5
40.5
40.1

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings
$1.18 $49. 37
50.82
1.23 51.29

1.22

1.24
1.24
1.23
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.24
1.25
1. 27
1. 27

Miscellaneous wood
products

Wooden boxes other
than ciga

52.95
54.31
51. 85
51.97
53.20
53.38
52.58
52.08
51.69
50.00

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

42.2
42.0
41.7
42.7
43.8
42.5
42.6
42.9
42.7
42.4
42.0
40.7
40.0

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

$1.17 $51. 24
53. 63
1.23 54.86

1.21
1.24
1. 24

1.22
1.22
1. 24
1. 25
1.24
1.24
1.27
1.25

53. 95
55.51
54.21
54.60
54.89
55.15
55.44
55.99
55. 33
55. 59

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

42.0
41.9
42.2
41. 5
42.7
41.7
42.0
41.9
42.1
42.0
42.1
41.6
41.8

Total: Furniture
and fixtures
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
Avg. hrly.
wkly.
earn­
hours ings

$1. 22 $57. 27
1.28 60.59
1.30 60.03
1.30
1. 30
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.32
1. 33
1.33
1.33

63.15
64. 63
62. 51
62. 67
63. 65
63.19
62. 58
62. 73
61.35
62. 73

41.2
41.5
41.4

$1.39
1.46
1.45

42.1
42.8
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.3
40.9
41.0
40.1
41.0

1.50
1. 51
1.51
1.51
1.53
1. 53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53

Furniture and fixtures—Continued
Wood household fur­
niture (except up­
Household furniture1
holstered )
1951: Average............ $55.08
58.93
1952: Average,..........
58. 66
August...........

40.8
41.5
41.6

61. 34
63. 06
60.30
61.01
61.57
61.09
60.24
60.24
58. 51
60.68

42.3
42.9
41.3
41.5
41.6
41.0
40.7
40.7
39.8
41.0

1952: November----December___
1953: January.,........
February____
March..............
April.................
M ay..................
June..................
July_________
August.............

$1. 35 $50.80
1. 42 53.38
1.41 53. 72
1. 45
1. 47
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.47
1.48

55. 51
56. 63
54. 60
55.04
56.28
55.76
55.74
55. 61
54.13
55. 61

41.3
41.7
42.3
42.7
42.9
41.6
41.7
42.0
41.3
41.6
41.5
40.7
41.5

Wood household fur­
niture, upholstered

$1.23 $58.11
1.28 64. 58
1.27 64.02
1. 30
1. 32
1.31
1.32
1.34
1. 35
1.34
1. 34
1.33
1. 34

68.91
71.56
64.87
66.08
66.98
66.26
64. 48
64. 55
61. 66
64. 00

39.8
41.4
41.3
42.8
43.9
40.8
41.3
41.6
40.9
39.8
39.6
38.3
40.0

$1.46 $60. 45
1. 56 64. 87
1. 55 64. 71

1

. 61
1.63
1.59
1.60
1.61
. 62
1.62
1.63
1.61
1.60

1

64.88
. 22
68.64
.39
67.23
.33
64.12
66.07

68
68
66

66.00

67.82

40.3
40.8
40.7
40.3
41.6
41.1
41.2
40.5
40.2
39.1
39.8
40.0
41.1

$1. 50 $66. 53
1.59 68.36
1.59 64.08
1.61
1. 64
1.67

1.66
1.66

1. 65
1.64
. 66
1. 65
1.65

1

1951: Average........... $69.14
1952: Average............ 72.80
64.94
August______

41,9
41.6
38.2

77. 65
80. 59
77.15
75. 58
76.59
76.59
74.59
75. 03
72.17
. 07

42.2
43.8
41.7
41.3
41.4
41.4
40.1
41.0
38.8
37.4

1952: November___
December____
1953: January...........
February____
March_______
April.................
M ay.......... .......
June..................
July...................
A u gu st.,..........

68

Partitions, shelving,
lockers, and fixtures

$1. 65 $69.06
1. 75 71.17
1.70 70. 58
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.83
1.85
1.85

1.86
1.83
1.86

1.82

72. 62
72.91
72.34
73.03
73.16
73.51
73.03
73.03
71.60
72. 32

41.6
40.9
40.8
40.8
41.9
41.1
40.8
41.1
41.3
40.8
40.8
40.0
40.4

Screens, blinds, and
miscellaneous fur­
niture and fixtures

$1.66 $53. 43
1.74 57. 69
1.73 57. 54

41.1
41.5
41.1

60.06
61.92
61.05
60.90
61.59
63. 34
62.46
63. 33
62.28
62. 43

42.0
43.0
42.1
42.0
41.9
42.8
42.2
42.5
41.8
41.9

1.78
1.74
1. 76
1.79
1.78
1.78
1.79
1. 79
1. 79
1. 79

Total: Paper and
allied products

$1. 30 $65. 51
1. 39 68.91
1. 40 69.82
1. 43
1. 44
1.45
1.45
1.47
1. 48
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.49

72. 27
72.60
71. 55
71.81
72. 31
71.81
72.24
72. 41
73. 27
73.44

1951: Average,.......... $59.92
1952: Average........... 64. IS
65.79
August______

41.9
42.5
43.0

68. 98

44.5
44.3
42.3
42.3
43.0
42.2
42.5
42.6
42.2
42.6

1952: November----December____
1953: January...........
February.........
M a rch ............
April.................
M a y .. . ............
J u n e.................
J u ly .................
August.............

68.67
65. 99
. 41
67.94

66
66.68

67.58
67. 73
67. 52
68.59

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Fiber cam, tubes,
and drums

$1. 43 $64.84
1. 51 65. 44
1.53 65.92

41. 3
40.9
41.2

71.23
73. 61
70.47
71.32
72.50
71. 57
69. 80
69. 55
70. 79
72.68

42.4
43.3
42.2
42.2
42.4
42.1
41.3
41.4
41.4
42.5

1. 55
1. 55
1. 56
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.59
. 60
. 61

1
1

Other paper and
allied products

$1. 57 $59. 77
1.60 62.40
1.60 63. 00

1.68

1.70
1.67
1.69
1.71
1.70
1.69

1.68
1.71
1. 71

64. 26
65. 60
65.36
64.90
65. 68
65.31
65.31
64. 58
65.89
64. 90

42.3
43.5
42.1
41.8
42.0
42.0
41.5
41.9
40.3
41.2

$1.54 $62.34
1.62 60. 86
1.59 59. 86

1.68
1.68
1.68

1.69

1.70
1.70
1.70
1.69
1.71
1. 70

58.02
60. 35
60 75
62.10
62. 51
61.95
61.95
60.70
59. 43
63.95

43.9
41.4
41.0

$1.42
1. 47
1.46

39.2
40.5
40.5
41.4
41.4
41.3
41.3
40.2
39.1
41.8

1.48
1.49
1.50
1. 50
1.51
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53

43.1
42.8
43.1
43.8
44.0
43.1
43.0
43.3
43.0
43.0
43.1
43.1
43.2

Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills

$1. 52 $71. 04
1.61 73.68
1.62 74.12
1. 65
1. 65

1.66

1.67
1.67
1. 67

1.68
1.68

1.70
1. 70

77. 26
77. 43
77. 00
77. 26
77. 44
77. 62
77.44
78.68
79. 56
79. 74

44.4
43.6
43.6
44.4
44.5
44.0
43.9
44.0
44.1
44.0
44.2
44.2
44.3

Paperboard con­
tainers and boxes 1

$1.60 $60.19
1.69 64. 45
1.70 66.07
1.74
1. 74
1.75
1. 76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.78
1.80
1.80

69.11
68.95
66.41
66.83
. 37
67.10
67. 84
. 00
67.78
69. 01

68

68

41.8
42.4
42.9

$1.44
1. 52
1.54

44.3
44.2
42.3
42.3
43.0
42.2
42.4
42.5
42.1
42.6

1. 56
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.62

Printing, publishing, and allied industries

Paper and allied products—Continued

Paperboard boxes

71.06
73.08
71.15
70. 22
71.40
71. 40
70. 55
70.81
68.91
70.04

43.2
42.2
40.3

Wood office furniture

Paper and allied products

Furniture and fixtures—Continued
Metal office furniture

Office, public-build­
ing, and profes­
sional furniture 5

Mattresses and bedsprings

41.8
41.6
42.0
42.0
42.6
41.9
41.6
42.1
41. 6
41.6
41.4
41.7
41.6

T o t a l: P r in t in g ,
p u b lis h in g , and
allied industries

$1.43 $77. 21
1.50 81.48
1.50 82.08
1. 53
1.54
1.56
1.56
1.50
1. 57
1.57
1.56
1.58
1. 56

83. 07
84.93
83.21
83. 76
85.24
85.19
85.80
85. 36
84. 92
85. 36

38.8
38.8
38.9
39.0
39.5
38.7
38.6
39.1
38.9
39.0
38.8
38.6
38.8

$1.99 $83.45
87.12
87. 00

2.10
2.11

2.13
2. 15
2. 15
2.17
2.18
2.19

2.20
2.20
2. 20
2.20

Periodicals

Newspapers

88

. 57
91. 64
86.38
87. 82
89.28
91.36
92.85
92. 35
90.00
90.36

36.6
36.3
36.1
36.3
37.1
35.4
35. 7
36.0
36.4
36.7
36.5
36.0
36.0

$2.28 $79. 20
2.40 83.60
2. 41 89. 62
2.44
2.47
2. 44
2. 46
2.48
2.51
2. 53
2. 53
2.50
2. 51

83. 77
80.73
83.13
86.80
87. 64
83.92
83.71
82.68
84.96
90. 72

39.8
40.0
41.3

$1.99
2. 09
2.17

39.7
39.0
39.4
40.0
40.2
39.4
39.3
39.0
39. 7
40.5

2. 11
2.07
2. 11

2-17
2.18
2.13
2.13

2.12
2.14
2. 24

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

1247

Table C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
M anufacturing—Continued
Printing, publishing, and allied industries—Continued
Year and month

Books

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

1951: Average........... $67.32
1952: Average_____ 71. 24
A ugust-.......... 73.12

39.6
39.8
40.4

1952: November___

40.1
40.8
39.7
39.3
40.2
39.8
40.1
39. 7
39.4
40. 4

April.
M ay..
July—
August-

72.18
73.85
73.05
71.92
74. 77
74. 03
74.99
73.45
73. 28
74.74

Commercial printing

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$1.70 $75.20
1.79 80.00
1.81 80.20

40.0
40.2
40.3

1.80
1.81
1.84
1.83

1.86
1.86

1.87
1.85

1.86

1.85

81.20
83.64
82. 42
82.19
83.84
84. 02
83.81
84.00
83.81
83.81

40.2
40.8
40.4
39.9
40.5
40.2
40.1
40.0
40.1
40.1

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Lithographing

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­
ings hours

$1.88 $75.79
1.99 81.61
1.99 85.48

2.02

2.05
2.04
. 06
2. 07
2. 09
2.09

2

2.10

2.09
2.09

84.87
83.64
82. 37
84. 44
84. 24
r\ 06
85.07
85.46
86.90
. 71

8

86

40.1
40.2
40.9
41.2
40.8
39.6
40.4
40.5
40. 7
40.9
40.5
40.8
40.9

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Greeting cards

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$1.89 $43.47
2.03 45.84
2.09 44. 58
2.06
2.05
. 08
2.09
2.08
2. 09
2.08

2

2.11
2.13
2.12

47.80
47.09
47. 50
46. 62
48. 51
4a. 63
48.50
46. 75
45. 21
47. 37

37.8
38.2
38.1
39.5
38.6
38.0
37.0
38.2
37.7
37.6
37.1
35.6
37.3

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Bookbinding and re­
lated industries

Miscellaneous pub­
lishing and printing
services

Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn­ wkly,
ings hours

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$1.56 $91.42
1.59 98. 25
1.58 99.18

38.9
39.3
39.2

$2.35
2 50
2.53

39.3
40.2
39. 7
39. 6
40. 6
39. 6
39.3
39.4
39. 5
39.5

2.55
2 55
2. 57
fiy
2 62
2 59
2. 58
61
62

$1.15 $62. 24
62.33
1.17 61.15

1.20

1.21
1.22

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.29
1.29
1.26
1.27
1.27

65.69
66.26
65.93
65.11
65. 76
65. 74
66.63
66.70
65. 69
66.70

39.9
39.2
38.7

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

40.3
40.4
40.2
39.7
40.1
39.6
39.9
39.7
39.1
39.7

1.63
1.64
1.64
1.64
1. 64

100.22

102.51
102.03
103.36
106. 37
102. 56
1.67 101.39
102.83
103. 49
105.07

1.66
1.68
1.68
1.68

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

2

2
2
2.66

Chemicals and allied products
Total: Chemie als and
allied prod ucts
1951: Average___
1952: Average___
A ugust___

$67.81
70. 45
70.35

41.6
41.2
40.9

1952: November..
December..
1953: January___
February..
M arch.........
April...........
M ay............
June______
July______
A ugust____

72.56
72.98
72.51
73.10
73.87
74.29
75.12
75. 35
75. 62
75.26

41.7
41.7
41.2
41.3
41. 5
41. 5
41.5
41. 4
41.1
40.9

Industrial inorganic
chemicals 3

$1.63 $74.88
1.71 77.08
1.72 76.70
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1. 79
1.81
1.82
1. 84
1.84

79.90
79.87
79.54
80.36
80. 56
81. 56
81.77
84.00
83.21
82. 82

Synthetic fibers
1951: Average___
1952: Average___
August____

$62.65
.47
66.80

66

39.4
39.8
40.0

1952: November.
December..
1953: January___
February...
March____
April_____
M ay ............
June______
July---------August____

67.43
67.43
67. 32
b. 69
68.85
. 68
69.37
69. 77
71.20
70.62

39.9
39.9
39. 6
39.0
39.8
39. 7
40.1
40.1
40.0
39.9

6
68

Paints varnishes, lacq u t T 8 and enamels
1951: Average__
1952: Average__
August___

$67. 72
70.47
70.30

41.8
41.7
41.6

1952: November.
December..
1953: January__
February..
March____
April.........
M ay _____
June.......... .
July_____
August___

72.49
73.18
72.91
73. 57
74.76
75. 64
77.65
74. 76
74.46
73. 75

41.9
42.3
41.9
41.8
42.0
42.2
42.9
42.0
41.6
41.2

See footnotes at end of table,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

72. 58
73.12
71.37
71.00
73. 47
74.07
73.87
73.53
74.49
74. 47

1.88
1.88

1.93
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.98
. 00

2
2.01

2.03

40.1
39.6
39.7
40.1
40.4
39.0
38.8
39.5
39.4
39.5
38.7
39.0
39.4

79.04
79. 46
79. 27
79.71
79. 90
81.32
80.75
87.60
83.82
82. 21

59.92
59.86
62.25
61.09
61.80
61.65
64.22
64.02
. 77
64. 99

66

42.2
42.1
42.3
41.9
41.0
41. 5
41.0
41.2
41. 1
41.7
41.3
42.8
42.2

41.4
40.7
39.7
41.6
41.6
41.5
41.3
41.4
41. 7
41.2
43.8
41.7
40.7

Industrial organic
chemicals 3

$1.81 $71.98
75.11
75. 52

1.88
1.88

1.90
1.91
1.91
1.93
1.93
1.95
1.96

2.00
2.01
2.02

78.06
78. 28
77.33
77. 38
79. 15
79. 76
79. 73
80.36
81.19
80.39

40.9
40.6
40.6
41.3
41.2
40.7
40.3
40.8
40.9
41.1
41.0
40.8
40.6

$1.69 $62.47
1.77 63.44
1.82 62.33
1.81
1.81
1.83
1.83

64.06
64. 62
64.12
. 39
. 06
. 23
68.06
. 90
67. 43
. 71

68
1.86 68
1.88 68
1.87
1.90 66
1.91
1.89 68

39.3
39.4
39. 1
41.2
41.0
41. 1
41.0
40.3
39.9
40.9

$1.52 $70.89
1.59 73.93
1.59 75.48
1.63
1.64
1.64

1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.69
1.68

1.86

1.89
1.90
1.90
1.92
1.94
1.95
1.94
1.96
1.99
1.98

56.15
57. 53
57.12
57. 24
59. 00
60.69
60.63
59.08
58. 94
57. 81

42.2
42.6
42.6
41.9
42.3
42.0
42.4
43. 7
41.3
42.7
41.9
41.8
41.0

76.68
78.07
77.93
78.35
78.81
77.68
76.89
77.08
76. 70
78.25

41.7
41.3
41.7
41.9
42.2
41.9
41.9
41.7
41.1
40.9
41.0
40.8
41.4

$1.24 $59.34
1.32 61.51
1.36 62.05
1.34
1.36
1.36
1.35
1.35
1.37
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.41

62.27
61.57
61.18
61.74
62.83
63. 35
65.86
67.49
67.01
65. 23

46.0
45.9
43.7
47.9
47.0
46.0
45.4
45.2
44.3
44.2
44.4
43.8
43.2

82.40
81.22
80.94
81.13
81. 56
81.94
83.42
83.85
82. 91
83.73

1.83
1.85

1.86

84.00
85.06
85. 27
85. 28

1.88
1.88
1.88

85. 28
84.04
83.84
83.64
85.07

1.87
1.89
1.89

1.89

86.11

43.6
43.2
42.6
42.7
42.7
42.9
43.0
43.0
42.3
42. 5

41.5
41.4
41.8
42.0
41.9
41.8
41.6
41.4
41.0
40.6
40.7
40.6
40.9

58.19
56.88
56.73
56.75
58.11
58. 21
59. 62
62. 35
61.90
60.35

46.4
46.4
43.3
48.9
47.4
46.5
45.4
45.4
44.1
43.2
43.3
42.4
42.2

Synthetic rubber

$1.73 $78.31
1.83 80.20
1.83 83.02
1.89

1.88

1.90
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97

83.03
85.08
84. 04
85.68
85.86
. 51
87.34
. 71
87.94

86
86
88.10

2.00

2.03
2.04
2.05
2.08
2.08
2.07
2.06
2.06
2.08

73.39
74.27
73.57
74.64
75.42
76. 02
78.32
76.20
75. 71
74. 57

1.19

1.25
1.28
1.32
1.38
1.44
1.46
1.43

$1.91
1 99

40.5
41.1
40. 6
40.8
40.5
41. 0
41.2
40.9
40. 9
40.6

2.05
2 07
2.07

2.02

2.10
2.12
2 11
2.12
2.12
2 15
2.17

41.8
41.5
41.3

$1.64
1. 72
1.72

41.7
42.2
41.8
41.7
41. 9
42.0
42.8
42.1
41.6
41.2

1.76
1.76
1. 76
1. 79
80
1.81
1.83
. 81
1.82
1.81

1

1

A nim il oils and fats

$1.19 $68. 40
1.23 70.34
1.33 69. 55

1.20
1. 22

41.0
40.3
41.1

Paints pigments, and
fillers3

$1.86 $68.55
1.96 71.38
1.98 71.04

Vegetable oils

$1.29 $55.22
1.34 57.07
1.42 57.59
1.30
1.31
1.33
1.36
1.39
1.43
1.49
1. 52
1.53
1.51

42.0
41.7
41.9

Soap and glycerin

$1.70 $77.19
1.79 81.14
1.81 82. 76

Vegetable and animal
oils and fats1

Fertilizers

$1.34 $52.33
1.41 56.23
1.41 57.94
1.43
1.46
1.50
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.54

41.1
39.9
39.2

Plastics, exce ot synthetic rub )tr

$1.76 $72.66
1.85 76.31
76.68

Drugs and medicines Soap, cleaning and
polishing preparations2

Gum and wood
chemicals

$1.62 $56. 55
1.69 59.36
1.69 59.64
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.79
1.81
1.78
1. 79
1.79

41.4
41.6
41.0
41.0
41.1
41. 4
41.3
42.0
41.4
40.8

$1.80 $74.93
76.52
74. 64

Explosives

$1.59 $67.77
1.67 70.09
1.67 72. 25
1.69
1.69
1. 70
1.71
1. 73
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.78
1.77

41.6
41.0
40.8

Alkalies and chlorine

73.80
73.76
71. 84
73.39
73.02
73.02
75.41
75. 28
74.20
73.02

45.0
44.8
44.3

$1.52
1. 57
1.57

45.0
46.1
44.9
45.3
44.8
44.8
45.7
45. 9
45.8
44.8

1.64
1.60
1.60
1.62
3.63
1.63
1.65
1.64
1.62
1.63

1248

MONTHLY LABOR

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Products of petroleum and coal

Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Miscellaneous
chemicals3

Year and month

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings
1951: Average-------- $03. 50
1952: Average........... 65. 35
A ugust______ 6140

41.5
41.1
40.5

67.48

41.4
41.5
41.2
41.0
41.3
40.8
40.8
41.0
40.8
40. 7

1952: November . . .
December____
1953: January--------February_____
M arch_______
April________
M ay________
J u n e . . . ---July______
August___. . .

68. 06
68.39
68.88
69. 38
68. 95
68.95
69. 70
69. 36
70.00

Essential oils,
perfumes, cosmetics

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$1. 53 $51. 74
1.59 54.49
1. 59 52. 72

38.9
39.2
38.2

1.63
1.64

1.66
1.08
1.68

1. 69
1.69
1.70
1.70
1. 72

56.37
56. 09
56.12
55. 54
57.18
56.83
56.92
57. 37
56. 32
57.15

Total: Products of
petroleum and coal

Petroleum refining

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$1. 33 $72. 42
1.39 73. 92
1.38 75. 23

42.6
42.0
42.5

$1.70 $80.98
1. 76 84. 85
1. 77 87.53

40.9
40.6
40.9

$1.98 $84. 66
2.09 88.44
2.14 90.45

40.7
40.2
40.2

76.14
77.11
76.62
80.65
79. 95
79. 38
78. 73
79. 38
80. 37
81. 75

42.3
42.6
42.1
42.9
42.3
42.0
42.1
42.0
42.3
42.8

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

39.7
39.5
38.7
38.3
38.9
38.4
38.2
38. 5
37.8
38.1

Compressed and
liquified gases

1.42
1.42
1.45
1.45
1.47
1. 48
1.49
1.49
1.49
1. 50

1

. 80
1.81
1.82

1.88
1.89
1.89
1.87
1.89
1.90
1.91

87.94

88.10
88.10
87. 45
87. 89
88.29
89.60
. 94
91.91
91.43

88

40.9
40.6
40.6
40.3
40.5
40.5
41.1
40.8
41.4
41.0

2.15
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.18
. 22
2. 23

2

91.98
92.34
91.94
91.03
91.71
91.88
92. 57
91. 94
95. 58
94.13

1951: Average_____ $68. 61
1952: Average_____ 74. 48
August______ 73.49

40.6
40.7
40.6

76.86
79. 19
78.09
79. 30
80.29
79. 32
78.18
78. 55
79.37
76.03

41.1
41.9
41.1
41.3
41.6
41.1
40.3
40.7
40.7
39.6

1952: November----December____
1953: January_____
February------M arch_______
April________
M ay________
June------ -----July_________
August______

Tires and inner
tubes

$1.69 $78. 01
1.83 85. 65
1.81 85. 46

39.6
40.4
40.5

87.23
90. 42
89.24
91.80
93.83
91.58
91.30
89.20
91.35
87.36

40.2
41.1
40.2
40.8
41.7
40.7
40.4
40.0
40.6
39.0

1.87
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.93
1.95
1.92

Rubber footwear

$1.97 $57. 81
62. 22
61.81

41.0
40.4
40.4

68.30
66.49
64. 96
67.57
67. 57
67. 82
60. 31
. 06
. 80
65. 85

41.9
41.3
40.1
41.2
41.2
41.1
37.0
41.0
41.2
40.4

2.12
2.11
2.17
. 20
. 22
2.25
2. 25
2. 25
2.26
2. 23
2. 25
2.24

2
2

68
68

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$2.08 $69. 39
73. 74
2. 25 76. 97

2.20

2

. 26
2.28
2. 27
2. 27
2. 27
2.28
2.28
2. 27
2. 32
2. 33

75.89
74. 62
75. 44
75.62
75. 30
76. 45
79.48
78. 58
80. 22
82.99

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

41.8
41.9
43.0

$1.66
1.76
1.79

41.7
41.0
41.0
41.1
40.7
41.1
42.5
41.8
42.0
43.0

1.82
1.82
1.84
1.84
1.85

1.86
1.88

1.87

1.91
1.93

Leather and leather products

Rubber products
Total: Rubber
products

40.7
40. 5
40.5
40.1
40.4
40.3
40.6
40.5
41.2
40.4

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Coke and other pe­
troleum and coal
products

$1.41 $63.19
1. 54 06. 58
1. 53 65.28
1. 63
1.61
1.62
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.63

1.66
1.67
1.63

Total: Leather and
leather products

Other rubber
products

69.81
72. 33
71.74
71.06
71.72
71.21
70.93
71.28
70. 82
68.80

41.3
41. 1
40.8
41.8
42.8
42.2
41.8
41.7
41.4
41.0
41.2
40.7
40.0

$1. 53 $46. 86
1.62 50. 69
1.60 51.88

36.9
38.4
39.6

50.76
53.46
53.06
53.19
53.84
51.79
51.61
52.33
52.20
51.92

37.6
39.6
39.3
39.4
39.3
37.8
37.4
38.2
38.1
37.9

1. 67
1.69
1.70
1.70
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.73
1. 74
1.72

Leather: tanned,
curried, and finished

$1.27 $60. 61
1.32 64. 48
1.31 65. 53
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.37
1.37
1.38
1.37
1. 37
1.37

67.80
69. 22
67.70
67.70
67.03
67.60
69.19
69. 26
68.06
69.20

39.1
39.8
40.2
40.6
41.2
40.3
40.3
39.9
40.0
40.7
40.5
39.8
40.0

$1.55
1.62
1.63
1. 67

1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.71
1. 73

Leather and leather products—Continued
Industrial leather
belting and packing
1951: Average-------- $64. 50
1952: Average_____ 64.12
August______ 64.90

43.0
41.1
41.6

64. 43
67. 31
69.23
70.09
71.94
. 22
67.39
64. 88
63. 20
69.63

41.3
42.6
43.0
43.0
43.6
41.6
41.6
40.3
39.5
42.2

1952: November----December___
1953: January-------February.........
March_______
April________
M ay________
June------------July_________
August______

68

Boot and shoe cut
stock and findings

Footwear (except
rubber)

37.6
38.9
39.5

36.0
38.0
39.7

$1.50 $46. 25
1. 56 49.40
1. 56 50.17
1. 56
1. 58
1.61
1.63
1.65
1.64
1.62
1.61
1.60
1. 65

47.97
51. 73
51.35
51.22
51.35
50. 29
49.37
51.74
50.95
50.94

36.9
40.1
39.5
39.4
39.2
38.1
37.4
38.9
38.6
38.3

$1.23 $44. 28
1. 27 48. 26
1. 27 50.42
1. 30
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.32
1.33

47.19
51.09
51.48
51.61
52.00
49.10
48.81
49.90
50.03
49. 24

36.3
39.3
39.3
39.4
39.1
37.2
36.7
37.8
37.9
37.3

$1.23 $53. 72
1. 27 56. 84
1. 27 56.28

39. 5
40.6
40.2

62.75
61.17
57.34
56.16
59.28
58.75
57.60
55. 57
56.36
56.41

42.4
41.9
40.1
39.0
40.6
40.8
40.0
37.8
38.6
38.9

1.30
1. 30
1.31
1.31
1.33
1.32
1.33
1.32
1.32
1.32

Handbags and small
leather goods

Luggage

$1.36 $43. 59
1.40 45.08
1.40 44.11
1.48
1.46
1.43
1.44
1.46
1.44
1.44
1. 47
1.46
1.45

48.12
46. 05
45.36
48.09
48. 31
45.87
44.04
46.36
46.12
47. 58

37.9
38.2
37.7
40.1
38.7
37.8
39.1
39.6
37.6
36.4
38.0
37.8
39.0

Gloves and miscel­
laneous leather goods

$1.15 $42. 67
1.18 44. 15
1.17 45.10

1.20
1.19
1.20
1.23
1.22
1.22
1.21
1.22
1. 22
1.22

45.60
45. 01
43.92
44.28
44.03
44.77
43. 92
44.17
42.96
44.53

37.1
37.1
37.9
38.0
37.2
36.3
36.9
37.0
37.0
36.3
36.5
35.5
36.5

$1.15
1.19
1.19

1.20
1.21
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.21
1.21
1. 21
1. 21
1. 22

Stone, clay, and glass products
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
1951: Average-------- $63.91
1952: Average........... 66.17
August______ 65. 92

41.5
41.1
41.2

68.97
69. 31
68. 21

41.3
41.5
40. 6
41.0
41.3
41.1
41.2
41.1
40.9
41.1

1952: November___
December____
1953* January
February____
March..........
April________
M ay..................
J u n e ... ------July_________
A u g u st...........

69.29
70.21
70.28
70.86
70. 69
70. 76
71. 51

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Flat glass

$1. 54 $83.85
. 05
. 61
1.60 85. 63

1

1.67
1.67

1.68
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.72
1. 72
1. 73
1.74

Glass and glassware,
pressed or blown 3

86

97.81
95. 71
99. 53
98.18
98.47
97.63
101. 52
95. 65
95.04
93. 93

40.9
40.4
40.2
41.8
40.9
41. 3
41.6
41.9
41.9
42.3
40.7
40.1
39.8

$2.05 $59. 20
2.13 62. 09
2.13 62.31
2. 34
2. 34
2.41
2. 36
2. 35
2.33
2.40
2.35
2.37
2. 36

64.64
65. 53
64.15
66.23
67. 80
67.89
68.46
. 40
66.91
68.23

68

Olass containers

40.0
39.8
40.2

$1.48 $60. 55
1. 56 63.12
1. 55 63.43

39.9
40.7
39. 6
39.9
40.6
39.7
39.8
40.0
38.9
39.9

1. 61 67.08
1. 62 65.34
1.66 66. 63

1.62

65. 61

1.67
1.71
1.72
1. 71
1.72
1.71

69.05
70.58
71.46
71.23
67.34
71.10

40.1
39.7
40.4
40.5
40.9
39. 6
39.9
41.1
40.1
40.6
40.7
38.7
40.4

Pressed and blown
glass

$1. 51 $57. 46
1.59 60. 89
1. 57 61.05
1.62
1.64
1. 65
1.67

1.68

1. 76
1.76
1. 75
1.74
1. 76

63. 67
63. 59
62.41
65.27
66.40
64.68
64. 57
64.91

66.02

64. 85

39.9
39.8
39.9
39.3
40.5
39.5
39.8
40.0
39.2
38.9
39.1
39.3
39.3

Glass products made
of purchased glass

$1. 44 $53.19
1.53 56.30
1.53 55.06

1

. 62
1.57
1.58
1.64

1.66
1.65
1.66
1. 66
1.68
1.65

60.91
63.22
60.06
60.20
61.17
59. 57
59.18
58.75
57. 23
59. 54

40.6
40.8
39.9

$1.31
1.38
1.38

42.3
43.9
42.0
42.1
41.9
40.8
41.1
40.8
39.2
40.5

1.44
1.44
1.43
1.43
1.46
1.46
1.44
1.44
1.46
1. 47

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

1249

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Cement .hydraulic
Year and month
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

1951: Average___
1952: Average___
August___

$65. 21
67. 72
. 62

68

41.8
41.8
42.1

1952: November.
December..
1953: January___
February...
M arch____
A pril..........
M ay______
June______
July______
A ugust___

71.23
71.23
70. 97
70. 55
71.4C
71.23
72.38
73.99
76.44
75.00

41.9
41.9
41.5
41. 5
42.0
41.9
41.6
41.8
42.0
41.9

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

$57. 91
61.15
60.20

38.1
38.7
38.1

1952: November..
December..
1953: January___
February...
March____
April...........
M ay______
June............
July______
A ugust____

63. 52
63.11
62.65
63. 96
64. 35
62. 87
61.92
61.09
61.59
60.39

39.7
39.2
38.2
39.0
39.0
38.1
37.3
36.8
37.1
36.6

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

$1.56 $60.03
1.62 60.09
1.63 60. 27
1.70
1.70
1. 71
1. 70
1.70
1.70
1.74
1.77
1.82
1.79

Pottery and
related products
1951: Average___
1952: Average___
A ugust____

Structural clay
products *

61. 51
61.81
60. 28
61.05
62.37
63.09
63.24
64.74
65.16
65. 57

Avg.
wkly.
hours
41.4
40.6
41.0

71.32
72.45
69.12
70.79
70.63
72. 32
71.88
73. 54
73.65
76.16

44.3
45.0
43.2
43.7
43.6
44.1
44.1
44.3
44.1
44.8

1
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.65

1.53
1.53
1.53
1. 53
1. 54
1. 55
1. 55
1. 56
1.57
1.58

Concrete, gypsum,
and plaster prod­
ucts 1
45.2
45.0
45.4

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$1. 45 $57. 92
1.48 58. 51
1.47 59.48

40.2
40.4
39.4
39.9
40. 5
40.7
40.8
41.5
41.5
41.5

$1.52 $68.25
1.58 70. 65
1.58 71.28
1.60
1.61
1.64
1.64
1.65
. 65

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Brick and
hollow tile

59. 36
58. 80
56. 30
57.13
59.50
60. 92
60.35
62.64
62.06
62.93

1

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

70. 31
71.87
67. 82
69. 64
69. 64
71.16
71.16
72. 82
71.83
75.43

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$1.35 $60. 25
1.38 62. 64
1.38 62.88

42.9
42.4
43.1
42.1
42.0
40.8
41.4
42.2
42.6
42.2
43.2
43.1
43.1

1.41
1.40
1.38
1.38
1.41
1. 43
1.43
1.45
1.44
1.46

Concrete products

$1.51 $67. 50
1.57 70.22
1. 57 70.53
1.61
1.61
1.60
1.62
1.62
1. 64
1.63
. 66
1.67
1.70

Floor and
wall tile

63.68
64. 87
65.20
65. 44
66.33
. 40
. 80
67.97
67. 97
. 30

66
66

68

44.5
45.2
43.2
43.8
43.8
44.2
44.2
44.4
43.8
44.9

1.58
1.59
1.57
1.59
1.59
. 61
1.61
1.64
1.64

1

1.68

62.88
62.02
60. 85
62.17
62. 27
62. 88
64. 90
64.17
64.33
65.10

Stone, clay, and glass products—Con.

Asbestos products

1951: Average___
1952: Average___
August........

$69. 44
71.57
70.04

43.4
42.6
41.2

1952: November.
December..
1953: January___
February...
M arch.........
April...........
M a y ..........
June______
July---------August____

74.99
74. 21
72. 58
72.91
75.08
76.72
78.04
77. 43
78.22
76. 36

43.6
43.4
42.2
41.9
42.9
43. 1
43.6
43.5
43.7
42.9

Nonclay refractories

$1.60 $66. 78
. 68 65.70
1.70 61.07

1

1.72
1.71
1. 72
1.74
1.75
1. 78
1.79
1. 78
1. 79
1.78

66.05
69. 91
71. 96
74.65
71.20
72.36
71.00
. 35
71.15
71.64

68

38.6
36.3
35.3
34.4
36.6
36.9
37.7
36.7
37.3
36.6
35.6
36.3
36.0

39.9
39.9
39.8

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$1.51 $58.15
1.57 59. 98
1. 58 60. 52

40.1
39.2
39.3

62. 09
63.04
59. 59
60. 68
62.81
64. 08
64.88

39.3
39.9
38.2
38.9
39.5
40.3
40.3
41.0
41.3
40.8

39.8
39.8
40.0
39.9
40.2
40.0
40.0
40.7
40.7
40.9

1.60
1.63
1.63
1.64
1. 65
. 66
1.67
1.67
1. 67
1.67

1

66.01
66. 91
65. 69

41.1
40.8
40.3
40.9
40.7
41. 1
41.6
41.4
41.5
42.0

1.53
1.52
1.51
. 52
1. 53
1.53
1.56
1.55
1.55
1.55

1

68

42.0
40.6
39.8

72. 39
72.92
73.16
73. 62
74.29
74.57
75.30
73. 67
74.07
74.89

40.9
41.2
41.1
40.9
41.5
41.2
41.6
40.7
40.7
40.7

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$1.45 $63.76
1.53 61.60
1.54 60.22
1.58
1.58
1.56
1.56
1.59
1. 59
1.61
1.61
1.62
. 61

1

Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products'

$1.42 $68.46
1.46 69.83
1.44
. 46

41. 5
41.1
41.8

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

63.41
64.64
63.41
64. 43
65. 32
64. 26
65. 28
66.13
67. 94
69.34

1

40.1
38.5
38.6

$1.59
1.60
1.56

37.3
37.8
37.3
37.9
38.2
37.8
38.4
38.9
38.6
39.4

1.70
1.71
1.70
1.70
1.71
1. 70
1.70
1.70
1.76
1.76

Abrasive products

$1.63 $72. 28
1.72 73.45
1.72 71.43
1.77
1.77
1.78
1.80
1. 79
. 81
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.84

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

79.07
81.67
81.06
80. 54
82.88
81. 51
82. 52
79.59
79. 79
80.40

41.3
39.7
38.2

$1.75
1.85
1.87

41.4
42.1
42.0
41.3
42.5
41.8
42.1
40.4
40.3
40.2

1. 91
1.94
1.93
1.95
1.95
1. 95
1.96
1.97
1.98

2.00

Primary metal industries
Total: Primary
metal industries

$1.73 $75.12
1.81 77. 33
1.73 77.97
1.92
1.91
1.95
1.98
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.92
1.96
1.99

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Cut-stone and
stone products

$1.50 $58. 93
1.55 (50.01
1. 55 60.19

45.0
45.3
45.5

Clay refractories

Sewer pipe

82.80
84.02
84.65
83. 21
84.23
83. 22
83. 84
84. 87
85.70
85.70

Blastfurnaces, steel­
works, and rolling
mills »

41.5
40.7
40.4

$1.81 $77.30
1.90 79.60
1.93 82.21

41.4
41.8
41. 7
41.4
41.7
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.2

2.00 86. 31
2.01 86.51
89.01
2.01 85. 89
2. 02 85.89
2. 02 84. 63
2.03 86. 72
2.03

2. 05
2.08
2.08

87. 53
90. 42
90. 67

Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
mills, except electro­
metallurgical products

40.9
40.0
40.3

$1.89 $77.30
1.99 79. 60
2.04 82. 21

40 9
40 0
40.3

41.1
41.0
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.3
41.1
40.9
41.1
41.4

2.10 86. 31
2.11 86. 51
89.01
2.10 85. 89
2.10 85.89
2.10 84.63
2.11 86. 72
2.14 87. 53
2.20 90. 42

41.1
41.0
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.3
41.1
40.9
41.1
41.4

2.15

2.19

90. 67

Electrometallurgical
products

$1.89 $74.46
1.99 76.04
2.04 76. 67

2.10
2.11
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.14
2.20
2.15

2.19

79. 07
79. 87
80.29
80. 51
79. 30
79.10
79.95
79. 95
82.40
80.98

41.6
41.1
41.0

$1. 79
1.85
1.87

41.4
41.6
41.6
41.5
41.3
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.2
40.9

1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.92
1. 92
1. 95
1.95
. 00
1.98

2

Primary metal Industries—Continued
Iron and steel
foundries 1
1951: Average_____
1952: Average...........
August______

$71. 66
72. 22
69.70

42.4
40.8
39.6

1952: November___
December____
1953: January_____
February____
M arch.......... .
April___ ____
M ay..................
June________
July_________
A ugust-.........

74. 30
76.96
74.89
76.63
78.96
78. 40
77.27
78.44
77.52
76. 55

40.6
41.6
40.7
41.2
42.0
41.7
41.1
41.5
40.8
40.5

See footnotes at end of table.
2 7 6 3 6 1 — 5 3 ---------- 7


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Oray-iron foundries

$1.69 $70.05
1.77 69.89
1. 76 68.28

42.2
40.4
39.7

71.91
73. 75
72. 32
73.49
76. 49
77.10
75. 81
76.78
76. 26
74.70

40.4
41.2
40.4
40.6
41.8
41.9
41.2
41.5
41.0
40.6

1.83
1.85
1.84

1.86
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.89

Malleable-iron
foundries

$1.66 $72.07
1.73 70. 56
1. 72 60.37

41.9
39.2
34.3

75.17
76.63
75.70
80. 79
81.60
79. 68
79.23
79. 52
78.28
76.19

40.2
41.2
40.7
42.3
42.5
41. 5
41.7
41.2
41.7
40.1

1.78
1.79
1. 79
1.81
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.85

1.86
1. 84

Primary
smelting Primary smelting and
and refining of
refining of copper,
nonferrous metals *
lead, and zinc

Steel foundries

$1.72 $75.86
1.80 77. 70
1.76 75.17
1.87

1.86
1.86

1.91
1.92
1.92
1.90
1.93
1.90
1. 90

79.10
83.10
79. 52
81.29
82. 29
80.95
79.58
81.95
79.39
80.19

43.1
42.0
41.3
41.2
42.4
41.2
41.9
42.2
41.3
40.6
41.6
40.3
40.5

$1. 76 $69. 97
1.85 75.48
1.82 76.54
1.92
1.96
1.93
1.94
1.95
1. 96
1.96
1.97
1.97
1. 98

77.79
78. 58
79.61
79. 65
79.65
79. 46
79.46
80.10
80.51
80.16

41.4
41.7
41.6
41.6
41.8
41.9
41.7
41.7
41.6
41.6
41.5
41.5
40.9

$1.69 $69.38
1.81 75.06
1. 84 74.70
1.87

1.88

1.90
1.91
1.91
1. 91
1.91
1.93
1.94
1.96

76.86
77. 89
78.54
79.15
79.15
78.35
78.35
79.61
79. 42
79.07

41.3
41.7
41.5

$1.68
1.80
1.80

42.0
42.1
42.0
42.1
42.1
41.9
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.4

1.83
1.85
1.87

1.88
1.88

1.87
1.87
1.90
1.90
1.91

1250

MONTHLY LABOR

C: EARN IN OS AND HOURS

Table C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries—Continued
Year and month

Primary refining of
aluminum
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

1951:
1952:
1952:
1953:

Average...........
Average-------A u g u s t_____
November___
December____
January...........
F e b ru a ry ......
M arch.............
April.................
M a y ________
June________
July-------------August______

$ 7 0 .9 7

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Secondary smelting
and refining of
nonferrous metals

Rolling,
drawing,
drawing, and Rolling, drawing, and Nonferrous foundries
and alloying of Rolling,
alloying of copper
alloying of aluminum
nonferrous m etalsa

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­
ings hours

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$ 64 .

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

4 1 .5
4 1 .8
4 1 .9

$ 1 .7 1

7 6 .0 8
8 0 .0 3

1 .8 2
1 .9 1

94
6 8 .1 5
6 7 .1 6

4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 0 .7

$ 1 .5 8
1 . 65

8 1 .1 8
8 0 . 32
81 . 56
8 0 .9 8
79 . 38
8 0 .5 9
8 0 . 57
8 0 .7 9
8 1 .6 0
8 2 .1 9

4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
40. 5
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
3 9 .9

1 .9 8
1 .9 4
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
1 .9 6
1 .9 8
1 .9 7
1 .9 9
2 .0 0
2 . 06

7 3 . 44
7 5 .6 0
7 1 .7 2
7 2 . 91
74 . 62
7 4 .0 3
7 4 . 69
73 . 22
7 1 .6 3
7 4 .0 5

4 3 .2
4 3 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
4 2 .2
4 1 .6
4 0 .7
4 1 .6

$ 68 .

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

4 0 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .9

$ 1 .6 9

4 0 .9
4 1 .8
4 2 .5

$ 6 4 .2 2

1 .8 0
1 .8 2

76
7 6 .4 9
7 8 . 20

$ 1 .7 3

1 .6 5

78
7 4 .8 8
7 6 .2 6

1 .8 3
1 .8 4

6 9 . 95
72 . 40

3 9 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .0

1 .7 0
1 .7 3
1 . 72
1 .7 4
1 .7 6
1 .7 5
1 .7 7
1 .7 6
1 .7 6
1 . 78

8 0 .2 8
8 2 . 51
8 2 .7 5
8 2 . 75
8 3 . 57
8 3 .3 8
8 3 . 42
8 5 .2 6
8 3 .0 7
8 3 .3 3

4 2 .7
4 3 .2
4 3 .1
4 3 .1
4 3 .3
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 3 .5
4 2 .6
4 2 .3

1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 . 96
1 .9 5
1 .9 7

8 3 .1 4
8 6 .0 0
8 5 . 22
8 5 .5 0
8 6 .0 9
8 7 .3 2
8 9 . 20
9 0 . 25
8 6 . 37
8 6 . 20

4 3 .3
4 4 .1
4 3 .7
4 3 .4
4 3 .7
4 4 .1
4 4 .6
4 4 .9
4 3 .4
4 3 .1

1 . 92
1 .9 5
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
2 . 00
2 .0 1
1 .9 9
2 .0 0

7 5 .4 8
75 . 67
7 7 . 61
7 8 .6 8
7 9 .2 9
7 7 .4 2
74 . 59
77 . 27
77 . 68
77 . 59

4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .5
4 2 .3
4 2 .4
4 1 .4
40. 1
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 0 .2

$ 70.

1951:
1952:
1952:
1953:

Average............
Average............
August______
November___
December____
January...........
February____
M arch_______
A p ril...............
M a y________
June________
July_________
A ugust-............

Iron and steel
forgings

Welded and heavyriveted pipe

Wire drawing

65
8 2 .1 5
7 8 .9 8

4 2 .9
4 1 .7
4 0 .5

$ 1 .8 8

87
8 6 .0 9
76 . 64

4 3 .3
4 2 .2
3 9 .1

$ 1 .9 6

$ 8 0 .4 1

2 .0 4
1 .9 6

8 0 .5 4
8 2 .1 5

4 3 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .7

$ 1 .8 7

1 .9 7
1 .9 5

1 .9 5
1 .9 7

07
8 1 .1 4
7 6 . 61

4 0 .8
4 1 .4
3 9 .9

8 7 . 55
9 0 . 06
8 9 . 87
8 9 .0 3
9 0 .0 9
8 8 .4 1
8 6 . 74
8 6 .9 4
8 7 . 57
8 7 .9 8

4 2 .5
4 3 .3
4 3 .0
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
4 2 .3
41. 5
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .5

2 .0 6
2 .0 8
2 .0 9
2 .0 9
2 .1 0
2 . 09
2 .0 9
2 .0 9
2 .1 1
2 .1 2

8 9 . 25
9 5 .4 7
9 4 .8 3
9 3 .9 6
9 4 . 61
9 2 .6 5
9 0 . 92
8 9 . 44
8 8 .9 9
9 0 . 27

4 2 .5
4 4 .2
4 3 .5
4 3 .3
4 3 .2
4 2 .5
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .6

2 .1 0
2 .1 6
2 .1 8
2 .1 7
2 .1 9
2 .1 8
2 .1 7
2 .1 5
2 .1 6
2 .1 7

8 6 .5 1
8 6 . 50
8 7 . 55
8 4 .8 7
8 6 . 93
8 6 .1 1
85. 49
8 6 .7 3
8 7 . 57
8 6 .5 3

4 2 .2
4 2 .4
4 2 .5
4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
4 1 .4

2 . 05
2 . 04
2 .0 6
2 . 05
2 .0 6
2 .0 6
2 .0 6
2 .0 7
2 .0 8
2 .0 9

8 7 . 55
8 7 . 55
8 5 .9 0
8 6 . 73
8 7 . 36
8 5 .9 1
8 2 .0 1
8 1 .5 9
8 3 .1 6
8 3 .9 8

4 2 .5
4 2 .5
4 1 .7
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .5
4 0 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .8

$ 80 .

$ 84.

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

1 .7 4
1 .8 1

74
77 . 79
7 5 .3 0

4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 0 .7

1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1 .8 7
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .9 3

8 1 .8 7
8 4 .0 0
8 2 . 84
8 2 .1 0
8 2 .7 1
8 0 .5 6
8 0 .3 4
8 0 . 97
8 0 . 59
7 8 .9 9

4 2 .2
4 3 .3
4 2 .7
4 2 .1
4 2 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .3

$ 1 .6 3

$ 73 .

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings
$

1 .7 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 5
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 6
1 .9 6
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
1 .9 6

Fabricated metal products (except ordnance,
machinery, and transportation equipment)

Primary metal industries—Continued

Miscellaneous pri­
mary metal Indus­
tries >

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$ 75 .

$

1 .8 4
1 .9 6
1 .9 2
2 . 06
2 .0 6
. 06
2 .0 6
2 . 08
2 .0 7
2 . 03
2 .0 5
2 .1 0
2 .1 1

2

Total:
Fabricated
metal
products
(except ordnance,
machinery,
and
tr a n s p o r ta tio n
equipment)

T in cans and other
tinware

81
38
70 . 58

4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 0 .8

$ 6 6 .4 9

$ 1 .6 5

1 .7 4
7 2 .0 7

4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 2 .9

$ 1 .6 1

6 9 .7 2
1 .7 3

7 5 .9 0
78 -37
7 6 . 74
7 6 .8 0
77 . 59
7 7 .2 3
7 7 . 04
7 7 .2 8
7 6 .4 1
7 6 . 59

4 2 .4
4 3 .3
4 2 .4
4 2 .2
4 2 .4
4 2 .2
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .4

7 1 .4 5
74 . 52
7 3 .5 1
7 3 . 39
73 . 21
7 3 .8 0
7 4 . 16
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 5

1 .7 9
1 .8 1
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
7 5 . 24
77 . 53
7 8 .0 8

4 1 .3
4 2 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
41. 2
4 1 .8
4 2 .6
4 2 .9

1 .7 3
1 .7 7
1 . 78
1 .7 9
1 . 79
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 2
1 .8 2

$ 68.
72.

1 .6 8
1 .6 8

Fabricated metal products—Continued
Cutlery, hand tools,
and hardware2
1951:
1952:
1952:
1953:

Average............
Average_____
August.............
November___
December____
January.........
February.........
M arch_______
April.................
M a y .......... .......
June________
July_________
A ugust.............

30
05
6 6 . 57

4 1 .7
4 1 .1
4 0 .1

7 3 . 60
75 . 25
7 4 .8 0
74 . 69
7 4 .6 9
7 4 .8 7
7 5 .1 2
7 5 .3 6
7 3 . 21
7 2 .6 2

4 2 .3
4 3 .0
4 2 .5
4 2 .2
4 2 .2
4 2 .3
4 2 .2
4 2 .1
4 0 .9
4 0 .8

$ 66 .
69.

$ 1 .5 9

1 .6 8
1 . 66
1 .7 4
1 .7 5
1 . 76
1 .7 7
1 .7 7
1 .7 7
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
1 . 79
1 .7 8

Oil burners, nonelec­
tric heating and
cooking apparatus,
not elsewhere clas­
sified
1951:
1952:
1952:
1953:

Average...........
Average...........
August______
November___
December____
January..........
February.........
M arch..............
April.................
M a y ________
June________
July-------------A ugust.............

6 9 . 53

4 0 .6
4 1 .1
4 0 .9

7 2 .4 5
74 . 87
7 2 .0 4
7 3 .1 6
73 . 34
7 3 .2 1
7 2 . 27
7 2 .3 2
7 1 .9 6
7 1 .7 8

4 1 .4
4 2 .3
4 0 .7
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .1

$ 6 6 .1 8
6 9 . 87

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$

1 .6 3
1 .7 0
1 .7 0
1 .7 5
1 .7 7
1 .7 7
1 .7 8
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
1 .7 8
1 . 79
1 . 79
1 .7 9

Cutlery and edge
tools
74
55
6 2 .9 9

4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 0 .9

$ 1 .4 6

6 7 .8 4
6 8 . 75
6 6 . 40
66 . 49
6 6 . 40
6 6 . 65
6 6 .0 8
6 5 .9 2
6 5 .2 9
67 . 57

4 2 .4
4 2 .7
4 1 .5
41 3
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
4 1 .2

1 .6 0
1 .6 1
1 .6 0
1 .6 1
1 .6 0
1 .6 1
1 .6 0
1 .6 0
1 .6 2
1 .6 4

$ 60 .
63.

1 .5 5
1 .5 4

Fabricated structural
metal products 1
49
87
7 4 .4 6

4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 1 .6

$ 1 .6 9

7 8 .1 4
7 9 . 92
7 8 .3 8
7 9 .2 4
7 9 . 79
7 9 .6 1
7 9 .8 5
8 0 .4 6
7 9 .1 9
8 1 .5 6

4 2 .7
4 3 .2
4 2 .6
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
4 2 .8
4 2 .7
4 2 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .7

1 .8 3
1 .8 5
1 .8 4
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .9 1

$ 71 .
74.

1 .7 7
1 .7 9

Hand tools

Heating apparatus
(except electric)
and
plumbers’
supplies J

Hardware

70
38
6 7 .0 6

4 2 .5
4 1 .3
4 0 .4

$ 1 .6 4

49
70 . 69
67 . 49

4 1 .3
4 1 .1
3 9 .7

$ 1 .6 1

1 .6 8
1 . 66

72 . 38
7 3 .4 3
7 4 .1 0
7 4 . 58
7 5 . 78
75 . 54
7 5 . 00
7 5 .9 6
7 4 .7 0
7 3 .0 3

4 1 .6
4 2 .2
4 2 .1
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
4 2 .2
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 1 .5
4 0 .8

1 .7 4
1 .7 4
1 . 76
1 .7 8
1 .8 0
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 .8 0
1 . 80
1 .7 9

76 . 25
7 8 . 30
7 7 .8 3
7 7 .1 1
7 6 .9 3
7 7 . 71
7 8 .1 4
7 8 .0 2
75 . 26
7 3 .8 9

4 2 .6
4 3 .5
4 3 .0
4 2 .6
4 2 .5
4 2 .7
4 2 .7
4 2 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .6

1 .7 9
1 .8 0
1 .8 1
1 .8 1
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 2

$ 69.
69 .

$ 66.

1 .7 2
1 .7 0

Structural steel and
ornamental metal­
work

Metal doors, sash,
frames, molding,
and trim

$ 7 1 .4 9
7 5 . 05

$ 71 .

4 2 .3
4 2 .4
4 1 .6

$ 1 .6 9

7 4 .4 6

1 .7 7
1 . 79

57
7 4 .2 3
7 5 .1 7

4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .3

7 7 . 90
7 8 . 51
7 8 .9 4
7 9 .1 8
79 . 92
7 9 .5 5
8 0 . 35
8 1 .9 7
8 0 .0 9
8 2 . 89

4 2 .8
4 2 .9
4 2 .9
4 2 .8
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 3 .2
4 3 .6
4 2 .6
4 3 .4

1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .9 1

8 0 .1 4
8 1 .8 9
7 8 .4 0
77 . 49
8 0 . 56
7 8 .5 8
7 9 .3 4
8 1 .1 3
77 . 42
7 7 .7 1

4 2 .4
4 3 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .0
4 2 .4
4 1 .8
4 2 .2
4 2 .7
4 1 .4
4 0 .9

$

1 .7 0
1 .7 8
1 .8 2
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .9 0
1 .8 7
1 .9 0

$ 68.
70.

71
99
7 0 .8 2

4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .7

$ 1 .6 8

7 3 .3 4
75 . 78
7 2 . 90
7 4 . 21
7 4 .2 1
7 4 .4 8
7 3 .3 1
7 2 . 98
7 2 .8 0
7 2 .4 4

4 1 .2
4 2 .1
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .1
4 0 .0
3 9 .8

1 .7 8
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 1
1 .8 1
1 .8 3
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 2
1 .8 2

1 .7 4
1 .7 4

Boiler-shop products

$

Sanitary ware and
plumbers’ supplies
$ 75 .
73.

24
60
7 3 .7 8

4 1 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .1

7 6 . 30
7 8 . 62
75 . 39
7 6 . 73
7 6 . 76
77 . 38
7 6 .1 9
7 4 . 26
7 4 .6 6
7 4 .4 8

4 0 .8
4 1 .6
4 0 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .1
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .2

$

1 .8 0
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .9 0
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .9 0

Sheet metalwork

71 . 90
74 . 80
7 3 .0 4

4 2 .8
4 2 .5
4 1 .5

$ 1 .6 8

$ 7 0 .3 9

7 5 .1 8
7 5 .8 4

4 1 .9
4 2 .0
4 1 .9

$ 1 .6 8

1 .7 6
1 .7 6

7 6 .9 9
80 04
78 . 38
7 9 . 79
7 9 . 55
8 0 .3 5
7 9 .8 5
8 0 .0 9
8 1 .1 8
8 2 .4 1

4 2 .3
4 3 .5
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
4 3 .0
4 3 .2
4 2 .7
4 2 .6
4 2 .5
4 2 .7

1 .8 2
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 6
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 3

8 0 .1 1
8 0 .3 5
7 8 .2 0
7 9 .2 9
7 9 .1 0
8 0 .3 3
7 9 . 99
7 8 .8 1
7 5 .0 1
7 9 .1 5

4 3 .3
4 3 .2
4 2 .5
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
4 2 .5
42.
4 1 .7
3 9 .9
' 4 2 .1

1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 4
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .8 9
1 .8 8
1 .8 8

1 .7 9
1 .8 1

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953
T able

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

1251

C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued

Year and month

Metal stamping, coating, and engraving 3
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn­ wkly.
ings hours

Average...... .
Average___
August____
1952: November__
December.....
1953: January____
February......
March____
April...........
May__ ____
June.......... .
July............
August.........
1951;
1952;

$68. 38
74.29
71.33

40.7
41.5
40.3

79.00
82.91
80. 22
79. 10
79. 52
79. 29
79.15
78.58
79. 07
78.12

42.7
44.1
42.9
42. 3
42.3
42.4
42.1
41.8
41.4
40.9

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Vitreous-enameled
products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

$1.68 $52. 92
1. 79 53. 86
1. 77 53.34
1.85
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.91
1.91

5 a 79
60.35
59.49
58. 89
59.49
57.08
57.53
58. 22
59. 44
57. 51

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

37.8
37.4
37.3

Stamped and pressed
metal products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

$1.40 $70. 58
1. 44 77. 33
1. 43 73.53

38.9
40.5
39.4
39.0
39.4
37.8
38.1
38.3
38.6
37.1

1.46
1.49
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.52
1. 54
1. 55

81.70
85.69
83. 52
82.18
82.41
82.18
81. 83
81. 67
82. 54
81.76

40.8
41.8
40.4

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Lighting fixtures
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earnings hours

$1.73 $64. 64
1.85 68.00
1.82 63.17

43.0
44. 4
43.5
42.8
42.7
42.8
42.4
42.1
41.9
41.5

1.90
1.93
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.97
1.97

70.93
76. 36
75. 24
75.12
74.40
71.10
70. 98
70. 98
72. 00
71.02

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

40.4
40.0
37.6

Fabricated wire
products
Avg.
wkly.
earnings

$1.60 $65.03
1.70 68. 30
1.68 65. 51

41.0
42.9
41.8
41.5
41.8
40.4
40.1
40.1
40.0
39.9

1. 73
1. 78
1.80
1.81
1.78
1.76
1. 77
1. 77
1.80
1.78

72. 56
75.43
73. 50
73. 22
73. 63
72. 51
72.16
72.16
71.86
73.08

Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—
Continued
Melai shipping barrels,
drums, kegs, and pails

Average____
Average____
August.........
1952; November__
December.....
1951:
1952:

1953: January............
February____
M arch______
A p ril..............
M ay___ _____

June______
July..................
August.........

$71.91
79. 61
81. 25

42.3
43.5
44.4

84.63
84. 48
80. 93
80. 10
80.10
82. 06
84.44
83. 61
82. 54
83. 60

43.4
43. 1
41.5
41. 5
41.5
42.3
43.3
43.1
41.9
41.8

$1.70 $73. 43
1.83 74. 26
1.83 69.38
1.95
1.96
1.95
1. 93
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.94
1.97
2.00

Bolts, nuts, washers,
and rivets

Sleet springs

80.79
86. 44
85.41
85. 65
85.89
84.28
84. 71
83.69
83. 53
82.10

42. 2
40.8
39.2
42.3
44.1
43.8
43.7
43.6
43.0
43.0
42.7
42.4
42.1

$1. 74 $74. 02
1.82 72. 83
1. 77 69.14
1.91
1.96
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.96
1.97
1.96
1.97
1. 95

77. 33
79. 82
79.17
79.17
81.70
80.78
81.77
81.03
77. 83
77. 70

43.8
42.1
40.2

Screw-machine
products

$1.69 $74. 75
1. 73 76. 37
1.72 72.42

43.2
44. 1
43.5
43.5
44.4
43.9
44.2
43.8
42.3
42.0

1. 79
1.81
1. 82
1.82
1.84
1.84
1. 85
1.85
1.84
1. 85

80. 36
82.24
81 45
82.17
84.18
84.00
83.27
83. 25
79. 72
77. 94

45.3
44.4
42.6

40.9
40.9
39.7
41.7
43.1
42.0
41.6
41.6
41.2
41.0
41.0
39.7
40.6

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

$1. 59 $72.11
1.67 73. 02
1.65 70.21
1. 74
1. 75
1. 75
1.76
1.77
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.81
1.80

Total: Machinery
(except electrical)

1.77
1.78
1.79
1.81
1.83
1.83
1.83
1. 85
1. 82
1.80

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

77. 79
79.83
78. 84
79.10
80.44
80. 70
80. 70
79. 97
77.71
77.17

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

43.7
42.7
41.3

$1.65
1. 71
1.70

43.7
44.6
43.8
43.7
44.2
44.1
44.1
43.7
42.7
42.4

1.78
1. 79
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.82
1.82

Machinery (except electrical)

$1.65 $76. 38
1.72 79. 61
1.70 77.70

45.4
46.2
45.5
45.4
46.0
45.9
45.5
45.0
43.8
43.3

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Miscellaneous fabrieated metal products 3

80. 94
83. 52
82.99
83.03
84. 05
83.46
82. 88
82. 29
81.51
81.93

43.4
42.8
42.0
42.6
43.5
43.0
42.8
43.1
42.8
42.5
42.2
41.8
41.8

Engines and
turbines 3

$1. 76 $79.12
1.86 82.26
1.85 80.10
1.90
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.95
1.95
1. 95
1.95
1.96

84.18
87. 06
83.62
84.23
83. 42
83.43
84. 66
84. 67
83. 23
84.04

43.0
42.4
41.5

$1.84
1.94
1.93

42.3
43. 1
41.6
41.7
41.5
41.3
41.5
41.3
40.8
40.6

1.99
2. 02
2. 01
2.02
2.01
2 02
2.04
2.05
2.04
2.07

Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Steam engines, tur­
bines, and water
wheels

Diesel and other in­
ternal combustion
engines, not else­
where classified

Agricultural machin­
ery and tractors3

Agricultural machinery
(except tractors)

Tractors

Construction and
mining m achinery 3

1951:
1952:

Average...........
Average_____
August______

$8 3 . 2 7
8 9 .0 2
8 8 .6 2

4 2 .7
4 2 .8
4 2 .4

$ 1 .9 5
2 .0 8
2 .0 9

$7 8 . 2 6
8 0 .3 7
7 7 .6 4

4 3 .0
4 2 .3
4 1 .3

$ 1 .8 2
1 .9 0
1 .8 8

$7 3 . 26
7 5 . 41
7 3 .3 0

4 0 .7
3 9 .9
3 9 .2

$ 1 .8 0
1 .8 9
1 .8 7

$ 7 5 .6 7
7 7 .0 2
7 4 .5 0

4 0 .9
3 9 .7
3 8 .8

$ 1 .8 5
1 .9 4
1 .9 2

$7 0 .8 8
7 3 .9 7
7 2 .2 9

4 0 .5
4 0 .2
3 9 .5

$ 1 .7 5
1 .8 4
1. 8 3

$7 5 . 8 2
7 7 .61
7 3 .8 1

4 4 .6
4 3 .6
4 1 .7

$1 .7 0
1 .7 8
1 .7 7

1952:

November___
December____
January______
February....... .
March______
April________
M ay_________
June________
July-------------August______

9 3 .3 1
9 6 .3 6
9 7 .0 1
9 6 .7 8
8 6 .9 0
8 6 .9 0
9 8 .0 8
8 7 .9 4
8 4 .3 6
1 0 0 .2 8

4 3 .4
4 4 .2
4 3 .5
4 3 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 3 .4
4 0 .9
3 8 .0
4 3 .6

2 .1 6
2 .1 8
2 . 23
2 .2 3
2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2 . 26
2 .1 5
2 .2 2
2 .3 0

8 1 .9 0
8 4 .9 4
8 0 .3 4
8 1 .3 6
8 2 . 57
8 2 .3 9
8 1 .5 9
8 3 .6 3
8 3 .4 3
7 9 .6 0

4 2 .0
4 2 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
3 9 .8

1 . 95
1 .9 8
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
1 .9 9
1 .9 9
2 .0 2
2 .0 2
2 .0 0

7 2 .9 4
7 7 . 20
7 7 .4 1
7 8 . 59
7 8 . 78
7 9 . IS
7 7 .4 1
7 6 .8 1
7 6 . 44
7 6 .8 1

3 8 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .4
3 9 .8

1 .8 8
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 5
1 .9 6
1 .9 4
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 3

7 4 .8 8
7 9 .4 0
7 9 .4 0
8 0 .8 0
8 0 .6 0
8 0 .2 0
7 9 .2 0
7 8 .8 0
7 7 .6 1
7 9 .4 0

3 9 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .0
4 0 .1

1. 9 2
1. 9 9
2 .0 0
2 .0 2
2 .0 2
2 .01
2 .0 0
1 .9 9
1 .9 9
1 .9 8

7 1 .2 1
7 4 .7 7
7 4 .9 9
7 6 . 73
7 7 .1 1
7 8 .1 2
7 5 .5 8
7 4 .6 1
7 5 .2 2
7 4 .0 5

3 8 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .6

1 .8 4
1. 8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .9 1
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .8 7

7 8 .5 1
8 0 .1 1
7 9 .9 8
7 9 . 71
8 1 .6 5
8 0 .2 8
8 0 . 51
8 0 .6 0
7 8 .0 9
7 7 .1 6

4 2 .9
4 3 .3
4 3 .0
4 2 .4
4 3 .2
4 2 .7
4 2 .6
4 2 .2
4 1 .1
4 0 .4

1 .8 3
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .9 1
1 .9 0
1 .9 1

1953:

C onstruction and
mining machinery,
except for oilfields

Oilfield machinery
and tools

Metalworking
machinery 3

M etalworking ma­
chinery (except ma­
chine tools)

Machine tools

Machine-tool
accessories

1951:
1952:

Average............
Average_____
August.............

$ 7 5 .0 4
7 6 .6 4
7 2 .3 4

4 4 .4
4 3 .3
4 1 .1

$ 1 .6 9
1 .7 7
1 .7 6

$7 7 .2 9
7 9 . 48
7 7 .6 9

4 5 .2
4 4 .4
4 3 .4

$ 1 . 71
1 .7 9
1 .7 9

$8 5 .74
9 1 .87
9 0 .0 9

4 6 .6
4 6 .4
4 5 .5

$1 .8 4
1 .9 8
1 .9 8

$8 4 .8 5
8 9 .9 6
8 8 .8 2

4 7 .4
4 7 .1
4 6 .5

$ 1. 79
1 .9 1
1 .9 1

$8 2 . 2 6
8 6 .1 4
8 4 .1 7

4 5 .2
4 5 .1
4 4 .3

$ 1 .8 2
1 .9 1
1 .9 0

$8 7 .9 8
9 5 . 53
9 3 .0 7

4 6 .8
4 6 .6
4 5 .4

$ 1 .8 8
2 .0 5
2 .0 5

1952:

November___
December........
January______
February.........
March...........
April............. .
M ay..................
June..................
July___ _____
August______

7 7 .9 0
7 9 . 74
7 9 .1 8
7 9 .1 5
8 1 .4 6
8 0 .51
8 0 .7 5
8 0 .2 2
7 7 .1 4
7 6 .2 1

4 2 .8
4 3 .1
4 2 .8
4 2 .1
4 3 .1
4 2 .6
4 2 .5
4 2 .0
4 0 .6
3 9 .9

1 .8 2
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
1 .9 0
1 . 91

7 9 . 74
8 1 .6 5
8 1 .5 3
8 0 .9 7
8 2 .4 0
7 9 .7 9
8 0 .6 5
8 2 .1 8
8 0 .5 6
7 9 .4 2

4 3 .1
4 3 .9
4 3 .6
4 3 .3
4 3 .6
4 2 .9
4 2 .9
4 2 .8
4 2 .4
4 1 .8

1 .8 5
1.86
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1. 9 2
1 .9 0
1 .9 0

9 4 .9 2
9 7 .85
9 7 .7 0
9 6 .6 7
9 8 .23
9 7 .0 0
9 7 .4 4
9 4 .8 9
9 3 .3 9
9 4 .7 4

4 6 .3
4 7 .5
4 7 .2
4 6 .7
4 7 .0
4 6 .7
4 6 .4
4 5 .4
4 4 .9
4 4 .9

2 .0 5
2 .0 6
2 .0 7
2 .0 7
2 .0 9
2 .0 9
2 .1 0
2 .0 9
2 .0 8
2 .1 1

9 2 .0 0
9 4 .8 4
9 4 .9 2
9 4 .7 4
9 6 .0 2
9 6 .0 8
9 5 .2 7
9 3 .4 3
8 9 .8 5
9 1 .3 5

4 6 .7
4 7 .9
4 7 .7
4 6 .9
4 7 .3
4 7 .1
4 6 .7
4 5 .8
4 4 .7
4 5 .0

1 .9 7
1 .9 8
1 .9 9
2 .0 2
2 .0 3
2 .0 4
2 .0 4
2 .0 4
2 .0 1
2 .0 3

8 9 .6 0
9 2 .2 6
9 0 .4 5
9 0 .4 5
9 0 .6 5
9 1 .7 6
9 0 .3 4
9 0 .0 9
9 0 .7 0
8 9 .3 2

4 4 .8
4 5 .9
4 5 .0
4 5 .0
4 5 .1
4 5 .2
4 4 .5
4 4 .6
4 4 .9
4 4 .0

2 .0 0
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
2 .0 3
2 .0 3
2 .0 2
2 .0 2
2 .0 3

9 9 .2 2
1 0 2 .2 4
1 0 2 .2 9
1 9 0 .7 5
1 0 2 .5 6
1 0 1 . 27
1 0 1 .9 9
9 7 . 61
6 9 .3 0
9 8 .9 9

4 6 .8
4 8 .0
4 7 .8
4 7 .3
4 7 .7
4 7 .1
4 7 .0
4 5 .4
4 5 .0
4 5 .2

2 .1 2
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
2 .1 3
2 .1 5
2 .1 5
2 .1 7
2 .1 5
2 .1 4
2 .1 9

1953:

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1252
T able

MONTHLY LABOR

C: E AR N IN GS AND H OURS

C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturin g—C ontinued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued

Year and month

Special-industry ma­
ch in ery (except
metalworking ma­
chinery)’
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

1951:
1952:

1952:
1953:

Average............
Average_____
A ugust______
November.......
December____
January............
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay_________
J u n e .._____ July-------------August_____

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

73
40
75 . 54

4 3 .7
4 3 .0
4 2 .2

$ 1 .7 1

1 .8 0
1 . 79

74 . 56
7 7 .9 6
7 5 .8 9

4 3 .1
4 2 .6
4 1 .7

78 . 94
8 1 .6 5
8 0 . 54
8 1 .7 8
8 2 .1 6
8 1 .8 4
8 1 .6 5
8 1 .2 7
8 0 .1 8
79 . 57

4 2 .9
4 3 .9
4 3 .3
4 3 .5
4 3 .7
4 3 .3
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 2 .2
4 2 .1

1 .8 4
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .8 9

78 . 68
8 1 .2 7
8 0 .0 4
7 9 . 71
8 2 .0 8
7 9 . 61
8 3 .2 8
8 1 . 51
8 1 .1 3
8 1 .0 8

4 2 .3
4 3 .0
4 2 .8
4 2 .4
4 3 .2
4 1 .9
43. 6
4 2 .9
4 2 .7
4 2 .9

$ 74 .
77 .

Pum ps, air and gas
compressors
1951:
1952:

Average_____
Average_____
A ugust_____

1952:

November___
December____
January______
February____
M arch.. ____
April________
M ay__ ______
June_________
July_________
August--------

1953:

88
7 8 .6 6
75 . 58

4 4 .7
4 3 .7
4 2 .7

$ 1 .7 2

79.67

4 3 .3
4 3 .9
4 3 .4
4 3 .2
4 3 .7
4 3 .3
4 3 .0
4 2 .9
4 2 .1
4 2 .0

1 .8 4
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 . 91
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 4

$ 76 .

8 2 .0 9
8 1 .1 6
8 1 .2 2
8 3 . 47
8 2 .7 0
8 2 . 56
8 2 . 37
8 0 . 83
8 1 .4 8

1 .8 0
1 .7 7

Office and store ma­
chines and devices 5
1951:
1952:

1952:
1953:

Average...........
Average_____
A ugust______
November___
December____
January............
February____
March_______
April________
M ay_______
June _______
J u ly .. ___ .
August______

$ 73 .
75.

33
26
7 4 .7 4

7 6 .1 1
7 6 .8 6
76.92
7 6 .1 4
7 6 . 55
76 . 95
7 5 . 79
77 . 57
7 7 .2 1
7 7 .9 9

4 1 .9
4 0 .9
4 0 .4

$

4 0 .7
4 1 .1

40.7
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
3 9 .8
4 0 .2

1952:
1953:

Average_____
Average_____
August______
November___
December___
January_____
February.. ..
March__ ____
April________
M ay______
June_______ _
Ju ly_________
August..........

76 . 73
7 5 .9 8

4 3 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .2

7 8 .0 9
7 9 .6 8
7 6 .3 8
7 6 . 57
7 7 .3 8
7 8 . 01
76 . 62
7 7 .0 1
7 7 .9 9
76 . 59

4 1 .1
4 1 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .1

$ 7 9 .4 2

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$

$

Textile machinery

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings
$

1 .7 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 2
1 .8 6
1 .8 9
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1 .8 9

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

79
54
6 6 . 90

4 2 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .3

7 0 .2 8
7 3 .1 8
7 3 .0 8
7 3 . 60
7 3 .0 8
7 2 .3 8
7 2 .8 0
7 2 . 45
6 9 . 25
6 9 .7 2

4 1 .1
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
4 1 .6
41 . 6
4 1 .4
3 9 .8
4 0 .3

$ 68.
68.

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings
$

Paper-industries
machinery

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Printing-trades ma­
chinery and equip­
ment
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

1 .6 3
1 .6 8
1 .6 6

$ 8 0 .0 7
8 2 . 08

4 7 .1
4 5 .6
4 5 .1

$ 1 .7 0

$ 8 2 .0 9

8 0 .7 3

1 .8 0
1 .7 9

8 7 . 36
8 4 .9 1

4 3 .9
4 3 .9
4 3 .1

1 .7 1
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1 . 74
1 .7 4
1 .7 4
1 .7 5
1 .7 5
1 .7 4
1 .7 3

8 1 .8 8
8 6 .1 2
8 2 .9 8
8 2 .7 0
8 3 .6 2
8 4 .2 2
8 3 . 22
8 2 . 84
8 1 .5 9
8 0 .8 5

4 4 .5
4 6 .3
4 5 .1
4 4 .7
4 5 .2
4 4 .8
44. 5
4 4 .3
4 3 .4
4 3 .7

1 .8 4
1 .8 6
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1 . 88
1 .8 7
1 . 87
1 .8 8
1 .8 5

9 1 .6 7
9 4 . 71
9 5 .8 5
9 4 . 55
9 6 . 06
9 5 .6 4
9 4 .1 3
9 2 .0 0
9 4 . 59
9 0 . 52

4 4 .5
45.1
4 5 .0
4 4 .6
4 5 .1
4 4 .9
4 4 .4
4 3 .6
4 4 .2
4 2 .9

Conveyors and convey­
ing equipment

Blowers, exhaust and
ventilating fans

$ 77 .
79 .

Industrial trucks,
tractors, etc.

$ 7 1 .6 4

4 5 .1
4 3 .2
4 1 .1

$ 7 9 .1 2

1 .7 4
1 .7 4

28
8 1 .2 2
7 8 .5 0

$ 1 .7 8

7 4 .4 7
7 4 .8 2

4 2 .9
4 2 .8
4 3 .0

$ 1 .6 7

1 .8 6
1 .8 2

1 .8 8
1 .9 1

8 0 .1 7
75 . 48

8 1 .5 1
8 5 . 75
8 3 . 57
8 2 . 75
8 5 . 55
8 5 . 22
8 5 .3 6
8 4 .9 7
8 5 .3 6
8 2 .0 6

4 2 .9
4 4 .2
4 3 .3
4 3 .1
4 4 .1
43. 7
4 4 .0
4 3 .8
4 4 .0
4 2 .3

1 .9 0
1 .9 4
1 .9 3
1 .9 2
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 . 94
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
1 .9 4

7 5 .8 6
7 6 .3 6
7 5 .6 8
7 5 .2 3
7 6 .1 1
7 6 . 01
7 6 . 54
7 7 . 51
7 4 .3 4
78 . 69

4 3 .1
4 2 .9
4 2 .7
4 2 .5
4 3 .0
42. 7
4 3 .0
4 3 .3
4 2 .0
4 3 .0

1 .7 6
1 .7 8
1 . 77
1 .7 7
1 .7 7
1 . 78
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
1 .7 7
1 .8 3

8 3 . 61
8 6 .7 8
8 3 .4 2
8 2 . 41
8 5 . 22
8 4 .2 4
8 4 .8 3
8 2 .7 4
8 3 . 53
8 3 .1 6

4 3 .1
4 4 .5
4 3 .0
4 2 .7
4 3 .7
4 3 .2
4 3 .5
4 2 .0
4 2 .4
4 2 .0

1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 4
1 .9 3
1 .9 5
1 . 95
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
1 .9 7
1 .9 8

8 3 .3 3
8 6 .1 4
8 5 .6 1
8 6 . 68
8 7 . 47
8 6 . 24
8 6 .2 4
8 5 .0 6
8 6 .0 4
8 5 .4 1

$ 7 8 .8 5

8 1 .8 0
8 1 .6 1

4 1 .5
4 0 .9
4 0 .6

1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .8 9
1 .9 2
1 .9 4
1 .9 4

8 3 .8 4
8 3 . 84
8 4 . 46
8 2 . 42
8 2 .6 2
8 2 .8 2
8 1 .4 0
8 3 .6 2
8 3 . 01
8 2 .1 8

4 1.1
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
3 9 .7

$

1 .9 0

$ 6 8 .1 6

2 . 00
2 . 01

6 8 .8 8
6 8 .0 4

4 2 .6
4 1 .0
4 0 .5

2 .0 4
2 .0 4
2 .0 5
2 . 04
2 . 05
2 .0 5
2 .0 4
2 .0 8
2 .0 7
2 .0 7

6 9 .5 3
7 0 .2 8
6 9 .3 7
6 9 .8 9
6 9 . 55
6 9 .4 3
6 9 . 03
7 0 .7 5
7 0 .8 4
7 1 .9 1

4 0 .9
4 1 .1
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .8
4 0 .4

Refrigerators and airconditioning units

1 .8 3
1 .8 9
1 .8 9

$ 6 9 .6 5

7 6 .0 4
7 7 .0 0

3 9 .8
4 1 .1
4 1 .4

1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .9 6
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 1

7 7 .6 8
8 1 .6 0
8 2 .2 2
8 1 .2 9
8 3 .5 0
8 2 .1 2
7 9 . 73
78 . 96
79 . 95
7 8 .4 0

4 1 .1
4 2 .5
4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 1.1
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .0

$

Service-industry and
household m achines 1

Typewriters

$

1 . 60
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
1 .7 0
1 .7 1
1 .7 3
1 .7 3
1 . 73
1 . 74
1 .7 3
1 .7 6
1 .7 8
1 .7 8

Miscellaneous ma­
chinery parts ’

1 .7 5
1 . 85
1 .8 6

$ 7 4 .3 0
7 5 . 36

7 2 .2 2

4 3 .2
4 2 .1
4 0 .8

1 .8 9
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 6
1 . 96
1 . 94
1 .9 4
1 . 95
1 .9 6

7 7 .2 8
7 9 .6 1
7 7 .3 3
7 8 .3 5
79 . 52
7 9 .1 5
7 7 . 64
7 8 . 44
77 . 08
7 9 .0 0

4 2 .0
4 2 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .3
4 2 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
4 1 .8

$

1 .7 2
1 . 79
1 .7 7
1 .8 4
1 .8 6

1.85
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .8 8
1 .8 9

$ 70 .

64
75 .8 3
75 . 62

77 . 46
8 1 .1 8
8 0 .7 9
8 0 .2 6
8 1 . 45
80 . 51
7 8 . 53
7 7 .9 5
7 8 .9 6
7 7 .3 9

4 0 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .1

■

4 1 .2
4 2 .5
4 2 .3
4 1 .8
4 2 .2
4 1 .5
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .1

$

81
7 3 .3 9
7 0 .8 2

4 3 .0
41. 7
4 0 .7

7 0 . 13
7 7 . 75
75.67
7 5 .8 9
7 7 . 23
7 7 .8 3
7 6 . 70
7 7 .0 8
7 4 .9 9
7 9 .0 4

4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .1
4 1 .6

4 4 .7
4 3 .1
4 0 .8

2 .0 6
2 .1 0
2 .1 3
2 .1 2
2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2 . 12
2 .1 1
2 .1 4
2 .1 1

8 0 .6 0
8 3 .9 8
8 2 . 46
8 2 . 51
8 4 . 53
8 3 . 76
8 3 . 76
8 3 .3 8
8 2 .6 0
8 2 .8 4

4 3 .1
4 4 .2
4 3 .4
4 3 .2
4 3 .8
4 3 .4
4 3 .4
4 3 .2
4 2 .8
4 2 .7

1 .8 7
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 4

1 .9 2
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
1 .9 7
1 . 96
1 .9 6
1 .9 6
1 .9 6
1 .9 5

4 3 .9
4 4 .0

44.4
4 4 .0
44. 0
4 3 .4
4 3 .9
4 3 .8

7 5 .0 7
6 8 .1 5

4 0 .3
4 0 .8
3 8 .5

1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 1
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 4
1 .9 3

7 9 .9 9
7 8 . 77
8 1 .7 5
8 3 .4 2
8 0 . 06
7 6 .2 4
7 7 . 78
7 7 . 41
7 4 .1 1
7 4 .8 6

4 2 .1
4 1 .9
4 2 .8
4 3 .0
4 1 .7
3 9 .5
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
3 8 .2
3 9 .4

1 .8 3
1 .8 6
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .9 0

4 4 .3
4 3 .3
4 2 .0

$ 1 .7 4

7 6 . 44

77
1 .8 6
1 .8 5

44.4

$ 6 9 .3 2

67
1 .7 6
1 .7 4

$ 7 7 .0 8
79 . 24

$ 1.

4 3 .4

1 .7 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 4

$ 1.

1 . 87
1 .9 9
1 . 97

Domestic laundry
equipment

Fabricated pipe,
fittings, and valves
$ 71.

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

1 .8 3
1 .8 2

$

$ 1 .7 7

Computing machines
and cash registers

$

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

M echan ical stokers
and industrial fur­
naces and ovens

4 3 .7
4 2 .9
4 1 .7

$ 80.

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

General industrial
machinery s

M echanical powertransmission equip­
ment

35
79
7 5 .8 9

1 .7 5
1 .8 4
1 .8 5

Sewing machines
1951:
1952:

Food-products
machinery

$

76 . 82
7 4 .5 7
6 9 .6 3

4 3 .4
4 1 .2
3 8 .9

76 . 45
7 9 . 29
7 7 .9 8
7 9 .1 9
8 0 .1 8
7 9 . 38
7 6 . 52
7 8 .1 2
7 6 .7 0
7 7 .1 9

4 1 .1
4 2 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .5

$

4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 3 .1

$ 1 .6 8

7 6 .1 3
7 9 . 92
7 9 .1 8
7 9 . 34
8 2 .3 2
8 0 . 46
8 1 .1 3
8 1 .0 2
7 7 .3 0
8 0 .7 0

4 1 .6
4 3 .2
4 2 .8
4 2 .2
4 3 .1
4 2 .8
4 2 .7
4 2 .2
4 0 .9
4 1 .6

1 .8 3
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .8 8
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .8 9
1 .9 4

1 .7 9
1 .8 0

Commercial laundry,
dry-cleaning, and
pressing machines

1 .7 2
1 . 84
1 . 77

$ 7 5 .3 7
7 6 . 65

72.31

4 4 .6
4 3 .8
4 1 .8

1 .9 0
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 4
1 .9 2
1 . 93
1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
1 .9 0

7 7 .0 7
8 0 .9 1
78.04
76 . 43
7 5 . 47
75 . 72
7 5 .1 8
7 6 .4 4
7 6 .8 6
7 6 . 50

4 3 .3
4 4 .7
4 3 .6
4 2 .7
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 2 .7
4 2 .5

Ball and roller
bearings
$

72 . 58
7 6 . 97
77 . 58

$

1 .6 9
1 .7 5
1 .7 3
1 .7 8
1.81
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 .8 2
1 .8 0
1 .8 0

Machine shops (job
and repair)
1 .7 7

1.81

78. 55

1 .7 9

7 6 .1 4

4 3 .2
4 3 .4
4 2 .3

1 .8 6
1 . 87
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .8 9

7 9 . 86
8 1 . 96
7 9 .3 0
8 0 . 29
8 0 . 91
8 0 . 78
7 9 .4 8
8 0 .0 9
7 9 .3 4
8 0 .3 7

4 3 .4
4 4 .3
4 3 .1
4 3 .4
4 3 .5
4 3 .2
4 2 .5
4 2 .6
4 2 .2
4 2 .3

1.88

1 .9 1
1 .8 8
1 . 86

$ 7 4 .3 0

$

1 .7 2
1.8 1
1 .8 0
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .9 0

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953
T able

1253

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

C -l : Hours and gross earnings

production workers or nonsupervisory employees1—Continued

of

Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery

Year and month

Total: Electrical
machinery

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings
1951:
1952:

1952:
1953:

Avg.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

A vera g e_____
Average_____
August.........

$ 6 4 . 84

4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 0 .7

$ 1 . 57

6 8 .6 4
6 7 .9 7

N ovem ber----December____
January-------February____
M arch.. ____
April________
M ay________
June___ _ . .
J u l y ________
August.........

70 . 72
7 1 .5 7
7 1 .7 2
7 1 .2 8
72 . 21
7 1 .8 6
7 0 . 99
7 1 .4 0
7 0 . 75
7 2 .3 9

4 1 .6
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .9

1 . 70
1 .7 0
1 .7 2
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1 . 74
1 .7 4
1 .7 5
1 . 76
1 . 77

1 .6 7
1 .6 7

Power and distribu­
tion transformers
1 951 :
1 952 :

1 952 :
1953:

1952:
1953:

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings
$ 1. 67
1 . 77

7 1 .9 8

4 2 .1
4 1 .8
4 0 .9

7 5 .7 8
77 . 47
76 . 86
7 6 .9 1
7 7 .8 9
7 7 . 70
7 6 . 59
7 7 .1 9
7 6 .1 1
7 7 .2 7

4 2 .1
4 2 .8
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
41. 4
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .1

$ 7 0 . 31
73 . 99

Wiring devices and
supplies

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­
ings hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Carbon and graphite
products (electrical)

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
hours

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

Avg.
hours

$ 1 .7 9

1 .7 0
1 .7 4
1 .7 3
1 .7 6
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 . 77
1 . 78
1 .7 7
1 .8 1
1 .8 0

8 2 .8 4
8 4 . 05
8 3 . 95
8 4 .4 0
8 5 .2 0
8 5 . 00
8 2 . 78
8 4 . 42
8 2 . 01
8 3 .0 2

4 2 .7
4 3 .1
4 2 .4
4 2 .2
4 2 .6
42. 5
4 1 .6
4 2 .0
4 0 .8
41 .1

1 .9 4
1 . 95
1 .9 8
2 .0 0
2 .0 0
2 . 00
1 .9 9
2 . 01
2 . 01
2 . 02

40. 6
4 1 .3
4 1 .5

$ 6 9 . 44

1 .8 3
1 .8 4

7 1 .4 8
7 0 .2 1

4 2 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .3

$ 1 .6 3
1 . 71

1 .7 6

$ 6 9 .4 3
7 5 . 58
7 6 . 36

$ 1 . 71

1 .5 8
1 .5 8

1 .8 0
1.81
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 . 85
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 8

6 6 .3 3
6 8 .0 4
6 6 .9 1
6 7 . 40
6 7 .9 0
6 8 .7 2
6 8 .0 6
6 7 .8 9
6 7 .1 3
6 8 .2 1

4 1 .2
4 2 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
41. 4
41. 4
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .6

1.6 1
1. 62
1 .6 2
1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 . 66
1 .6 7
1 .6 8

77 . 46
7 9 .2 4
7 8 .7 7
7 8 .9 1
78 . 96
7 8 . 58
7 7 .9 8
7 7 .8 3
7 8 .6 2
7 7 .4 9

4 2 .1
42 6
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
41. 7
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .0

1 .8 4
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 . 88
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .8 9

7 3 . 43
7 3 . 70
7 3 . 39
7 4 .1 1
7 4 .1 1
7 2 . 75
72 . 27
7 2 . 92
7 3 .1 2
7 3 .6 2

42. 2
4 2 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
41. 4
4 1 .1
40. 6
4 1 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .9

Electrical appliances

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 0 .5

$ 1 .5 0

Electrical welding
apparatus

Avg.
hours

$ 7 5 .3 6
8 0 . 22
7 7 . 76

4 2 .1
4 1 .0
4 0 .1

Switchgear, sw itch­
board, and indus­
trial controls

Motors, g e n e ra to r s ,
and motor-generator
sets

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

6 4 .7 8
6 3 .3 6

$ 6 3 .1 5

Insulated wire and
cable

1 .9 1
1 .9 2

Electrical equipment
for vehicles

$ 6 8 .9 5
7 2 . 04

4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 0 .0

$ 1 .6 9
1 . 77

$ 8 4 .1 8

$ 6 7 .3 2

$ 6 4 .8 7

$ 6 9 .0 8

1 .9 8
1 .9 7

7 2 .3 2
7 0 .6 2

1 .7 9
1 . 77

7 2 .1 1
7 2 . 77

1 .6 5
1 .6 5

7 2 .9 8
7 0 . 07

4 0 .4
4 0 .1
3 8 .5

$ 1 .7 1

9 1 .2 8
8 7 .2 7

4 2 .4
4 3 .7
4 4 .1

$ 1 .5 3

1 .7 1
1 .7 0

3 9 .6
4 0 .4
3 9 .9

$ 1 .7 0

7 2 .1 6
71 . 23

45. 5
4 6.1
4 4 .3

$ 1 .8 5

1 .7 3

42. 5
4 2 .2
4 1 .9

$ 1 . 63

6 9 .2 0

N ovem ber___
December___
January_____
February____
March _____
April________
M ay________
June__ __
July ______
A u g u s t___ .

7 3 .1 2
7 5 . 48
7 5 . 62
75 . 48
7 7 . 42
76 . 63
7 7 . 46
76 . 45
75 . 76
76 . 95

4 0 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
41 . 2
4 1 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .5

1 .8 1
1 .8 1
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 7
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .9 0

7 3 .6 0
7 4 . 99
7 3 .8 5
74 . 34
7 5 .2 9
75 . 90
7 4 .8 2
74 . 46
74 . 75
7 6 .3 1

4 2 .3
4 3 .1
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 2 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .7

1 .7 4
1 . 74
1 .7 5
1 .7 7
1 .7 8
1 . 79
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 .8 1
1 . 83

9 3 .3 2
9 3 .1 2
8 9 .0 4
87 . 84
8 9 .0 4
8 6 . 28
8 4 .8 0
8 3 . 78
8 5 . 24
8 8 . 54

4 6 .2
4 6 .1
4 4 .3
4 3 .7
4 4 .3
4 2 .5
4 2 .4
4 2 .1
4 2 .2
4 3 .4

2 . 02
2 .0 2
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
2 .0 3
2 . 00
1 .9 9
2 . 02
2 . 04

7 5 .3 5
7 5 . 95
7 8 . 73
7 8 .2 5
78 . 58
7 7 .8 3
7 6 .8 9
7 4 .8 0
7 5 . 76
7 6 .2 1

4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 2 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
3 9 .9

1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .9 1

7 6 .9 1
7 6 . 78
75 . 51
73 . 70
73 . 78
73 . 53
7 3 .8 7
7 2 . 93
7 0 .8 6
6 9 .3 2

4 4 .2
4 4 .9
4 3 .9
4 3 .1
4 3 .4
4 3 .0
4 3 .2
4 2 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .3

1 .7 4
1 . 71
1 .7 2
1 .7 1
1 . 70
1 .7 1
1.71
1 .7 2
1 . 72
1 .7 2

7 3 .2 6
7 8 .9 1
7 7 .1 5
7 9 .1 5
77 . 93
78 . 96
7 7 .1 9
77 . 90
7 6 .3 8
7 7 .3 3

3 9 .6
4 2 .2
4 1 .7
4 2 .1
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .7

1 .8 5
1 .8 7
1 .8 5
1 .8 8
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 6
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1 .9 0

$ 6 9 . 28

Communication
equipm ent 3

Radios, phonographs,
television sets, and
equipment

A v era g e.____
Average_____
August______

$ 58 . 20

4 0 .7
3 9 .0
3 8 .7

$ 1 .4 3
1 . 51

6 4 .2 1
6 4 .0 8

$ 1 .4 7
1. 57

$.58 . 32
6 2 . 12

1 .5 7

6 2 .5 2

40. 5
40. 6
4 0 .6

$ 1 . 44
1 . 53

1 .5 1

4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 0 .8

1 .5 4

$ 55 . 06
57 . 49
5 6 . 52

4 1 .4
40. 2
3 9 .8

$ 1 .3 3

5 8 .8 9
58 . 44

N ovem ber___
December____
January_____
February____
March ______
April________
M a y _______
June________
July
. . . .
August______

6 2 . 37
6 3 . 45
6 5 .9 9
6 7 .3 9
6 6 .4 9
6 6 . 49
6 5 .8 5
6 3 .1 2
6 2 .1 7
6 4 .1 5

40. 5
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .1
3 9 .6

1 . 54
1 .5 4
1 .5 9
1 .6 2
1 .6 1
1 .6 1
1 .6 1
1 .5 9
1 .5 9
1 .6 2

6 5 . 99
6 6 . 72
6 6 . 65
6 5 . 77
6 6 .6 7
6 6 .1 8
6 5 . 53
6 6 .6 6
65 . 67
6 8 .2 3

4 1 .5
41 7
4 1 .4
40. 6
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
3 9 .8
4 1 .1

1 . 59
1 .6 0
1 .6 1
1 .6 2
1 .6 3
1 .6 3
1 .6 3
1 .6 5
1 .6 5
1 .6 6

6 3 . 71
6 4 .1 2
6 3 . 99
63 . 92
6 4 .2 4
6 4 . 00
6 3 .3 6
6 4 .6 4
6 3 . 67
6 5 .6 9

4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
39 6
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
4 0 .3

1 .5 5
1 . 56
1 .5 8
1 . 59
1 .5 9
1 . 60
1 .6 0
1 .6 2
1 .6 2
1 .6 3

6 1 .2 7
6 3 .3 3
6 4 .8 2
6 2 . 51
6 3 . 69
6 2 . 67
6 2 .2 1
6 2 .7 3
6 3 .7 1
6 5 .7 2

41. 4
42. 5
4 3 .8
41. 4
4 1 .9
41. 5
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 2 .4

1 . 48
1 .4 9
1 .4 8
1 . 51
1 .5 2
1 . 51
1 .5 1
1 .5 3
1 .5 5
1 . 55

$ 60 . 27

Storage batteries
Average_____
Average_____
August _____

$ 6 6 .1 7

7 3 .1 6
7 7 . 76

4 0 .1
4 1.1
4 3 .2

1952: N ovem ber. . .
December. . .
1953: January-------February____
M arch_______
April________
M a y ...............
June________
July_________
A ugust______

7 5 . 71
7 3 .8 0
7 3 .3 1
7 3 .3 5
74 . 30
75 . 81
7 5 .6 2
7 8 . 54
7 6 . 54
7 9 .9 5

4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
4 1 .2
41. 1
4 2 .0
4 1 .6
4 2 .3

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Primary batteries
(dry and wet)

$ 1 .6 5

$ 5 3 .9 9

5 6 .6 6
5 6 .4 2

3 9 .7
3 9 .9
4 0 .3

$ 1 . 36

1 .7 8
1 .8 0
1 .8 2
1 .8 0
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 . 84
1 .8 4
1 .8 7
1 .8 4
1 .8 9

5 7 .1 7
56 . 91
58 . 00
5 8 . 40
58 . 69
58 . 80
6 0 . 38
5 8 .4 0
5 8 .1 8
6 1 .9 8

3 9 .7
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .4
4 1 .6

1 .4 4
1 . 43
1 .4 5
1 . 46
1 .4 6
1 .4 7
1 .4 8
1 .4 6
1 .4 4
1 .4 9

1 .4 2
1 .4 0

1 .4 3
1 .4 2

$ 77 . 33
8 2 . 03

4 3 .2
4 2 .9

1 .8 9
1 .8 7

$ 6 0 .6 0
6 5 . 93
6 8 . 06

4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 1 .5

$ 1 .5 0

8 0 .2 2
8 3 .9 6
8 5 . 55
8 3 .8 5
8 2 .2 6
8 2 .8 8
8 2 .2 9
8 2 . 71
8 2 .9 1
7 8 . 76
8 4 .3 2

4 3 .5
44. 1
4 3 .0
4 2 .4
42. 5
4 2 .2
4 2 .2
4 2 .3
4 0 .6
4 2 .8

1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 . 95
1 .9 6
1 .9 6
1 .9 4
1 .9 7

6 7 .0 8
6 6 . 42
6 7 .1 3
6 7 .0 3
6 7 .0 3
6 7 .3 0
6 7 . 47
6 8 . 04
6 6 .9 0
7 0 . 38

4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
4 1 .4

1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 7
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
1 .6 7
1 .6 7
1 .6 8
1 .6 6
1 .7 0

$ 1 .7 9

43. 4

1 .6 2
1 .6 4

Transportation equipment

X-ray and non-radio
electronic tubes
$ 1 .6 5

7 0 .6 2

4 5 .2
42. 9
4 1 .3

7 2 .2 4
7 4 . 65
7 3 . 57
7 3 . 39
7 2 .1 4
7 1 .7 8
6 9 . 77
6 7 .7 3
7 0 .5 3
7 3 .1 0

4 2 .0
4 2 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
3 8 .7
4 0 .3
4 1 .3

1 . 72
1 .7 4
1 .7 6
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1 .7 4
1 .7 5
1 .7 5
1 .7 7

$ 7 4 .5 8
72 . 93

1 .8 2
1 .8 2

Telephone, telegraph, Miscellaneous electri­
and related equip­
cal products 3
ment

Radio tubes

Electrical machinery—Continued

1951:
1952:

Electrical indicating,
m e a su rin g , and
recording in s tr u ­
ments

A verage_____
Average........—
August______

Electric lamps

1951:
1 952 :

Electrical generat­
ing, transmission,
distribution, and
industrial appara­
tus 3

1 .7 0
1 .7 1

Total: Transporta­
tion equipment

Motor vehicles, bodies,
parts, and accessories

A utom obiles 3

$ 75 . 67
8 1 . 56

40 9

$ 1 .8 5

$ 7 5 .4 5

41. 4
4 0 .3

1 .9 7
1 .9 4

8 3 .0 3
77 . 95

3 9 .5
4 0 .5
3 8 .4

$ 1.91
2 . 05

7 8 .1 8
8 5 . 48
8 7 .1 1
8 5 . 06
8 5 .6 9
8 5 . 49
8 5 . 70
8 4 . 67
8 5 .7 0
8 4 . 45
8 3 .4 3

4 1 .9
4 2 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
41 . 7
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .5

2 . 04
2 .0 4
2 .0 3
2 .0 5
2 .0 5
2 . 06
2 . 05
2 . 08
2 . 08
2 . 06

8 9 . 25
9 0 .3 1
8 6 .9 4
8 7 . 99
8 8 .2 0
8 8 .8 3
8 7 . 15
8 9 . 23
8 6 .8 6
8 4 . 77

4 1 .9
4 2 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 0 .4
3 9 .8

2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
2 .1 1
2 .1 2
2 . 10
2 .1 5
2 .1 5

2 .0 3

2. IS

8 3 .8 4
7 8 .3 1

3 9 .4
4 0 .5
3 8 .2

9 0 . 30
9 1 .3 8
8 7 .7 7
8 9 .0 3
8 9 . 25
8 9 . 67
8 8 . 19
9 0 .0 6
8 7 .6 7
8 5 .1 7

4 2 .0
42 . 5
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
41 . S
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 0 .4
3 9 .8

$ 7 6 .0 4

$ 1 .9 3
2 . 07
2 . 05

2 .1 5
2 . 15
2.12
2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
2 . 12
2 .1 7
2 .1 7
2 .1 4

1254

MONTHLY LABOR

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation equipment—Continued

Year and month

Trailers (truck and
automobile)

Truck and bus bodies
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

1951: Averave.........
1952: Average........
August_____

$6 6 . 50
70.18
69.19

40.8
40.8
40.7

1952: N ovem ber...
December__
1953: January____
February___
M arch_____
April_______
M a y_______
June_______
July............. .
A ugust_____

71.64
72. 45
71.56
73.03
75. 21
74.85
72. 94
72.18
72.32
75. 66

39.8
40 7
40.2
40.8
41.1
40.9
40.3
40.1
40.4
41.8

Avg. Avg.
hriy. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings
$1.63 $65.19
1.72 70.76
1.70 71.98
1.80
1.78
1.78
1.79
1.83
1.83
1.81
1.80
1.79
1.81

Other aircraft parts
and, equipnlent
1951: Average.........
1952: Average____
August_____

$78. 66
81.22
77.10

43.7
43.2
41.9

1952: N ovem ber...
December__
1953: January.........
February___
March_____
April..............
M a y .............. .
J u n e........ ......
July_______
August..........

83.33
85. 94
84.63
85.65
8 6 . 29
85.10
83. 30
83. 75
82. 96
83.36

43.4
44.3
43.4
43.7
43.8
43.2
42.5
42 3
41.9
42.1

70. 64
74. 52
73. 21
72.90
72. 72
74.98
73. 93
73.16
71.19
72. 52

41 0
40.9
40.9
40.6
42.1
40.9
40.5
40.4
41.2
40.4
40.2
38.9
39.2

Avg. Avg.
hriy, wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings
$1. 59 $78. 40
1.73 81.70
1.76 79. 95
1.74
1. 77
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.82
1.83
1.82
1.83
1.85

Ship- and boatbuilding and repairing *

$1.80 $69. 83
1.88
75.17
1.84 75. 36
1.92
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.96
1.98
1.98
1.98

Avg.
wkly.
hours

72. 95
77.99
76.03
76. 60
78. 79
80.19
80.19
79.40
80. 77
80. 77

39.9
40.2
40.3
37.8
40.2
39.6
38.3
39.2
39.7
39.7
39.5
39.4
39.4

Aircraft and partsJ

84.48
8 6 . 94
85.73
85.14
84.18
83.16
82. 57
81.99
82. 59
83.18

2 . 00
2.01
2.02
2 . 02
2.01

2.05
2.05

43.8
43.0
42.3

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hriy. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings
$1.79 $75. 78
1.90 79. 66
1.89 79. 29

43.3
42.6
42.4

82.60
84. 00
83. 50
82.91
82.17
82.17
80. 97
80.18
80.38
81.97

42.8
43.3
42.6
42.3
41.5
41.5
41.1
40.7
40.8
41.4

43.1
43 9
43.3
43.0
42.3
42.0
41.7
41.2
41.5
41.8

1.96
1.96
1.98
1.98
1.99
1.98
1.98
1.99
1.99
1.99

Shipbuilding and
repairing

$1.75 $71.42
1.87 76. 73
1.87 76. 76
1.93
1.94
1.92

Avg.
wkly.
hours

73.70
79.60
77.62
78.11
80. 73
81.95
81.74
81.14
82. 71
82. 71

39.9
40.2
40.4

1.96
1.98
1.96
2.05
2. 07
2 . 08
2 . 08
2.07
2.11
2.11

Transportation equipment--C ontinued

Railro ad and streetcar

1951: Average____
1952: Average____
August_____

$70. 40
74.00
71.19

40.0
40.0
38.9

1952: N ovem ber...
December__
1953: January____
February___
March_____
April............. .
M a y ........ ......
June.......... .
July......... .
A ugust..........

74.87
80.93
79.98
80.40
78.41
78. 21
79. 00
78.01
78. 61
77.80

39 2
41. 5
40.6
40.4
39.6
39.5
39.9
39.4
39.5
38.9

Other transportation
equipment

$1.76 $6 8 . 53
1.85 73.02
1.83 73.44
1.91
1.95
1.97
1.99
1.98
1.98
1.98
1.98
1.99
2.00

80.28
75.68
71.23
72.04
72.39
72. 22
75.17
75.17
6 8 . 53
69.87

42.3
42.7
42.7
44 6
43.0
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.8
41.3
41.3
38.5
38.6

$1.75 $85.81
1.87 8 6 . 92
1.8;
82.32
1.93
1.94
1.96
1.96
1.98
1.98
1.97
1.97
1.97
1.98

67. 47
69. 77
6 8 . 46
68.11

69.49
71.86
72.28
70.41
70. 75
70. 75

40.1
39.9
40.0

1951: Average.........
1952: Average____
August......... .

$60. 86
64.68
64.53

41.4
41.2
41.1

1952: November__
Decern ber__
1953: January____
February.......
March........ .
April..............
M a y _______
J u n e ............
J u ly ............
August...........

66.08
6 6 . 56
66.56
6 6 .33
67.72
66.98
6 6 . 24
66.74
67.65
67.90

41 3
41.6
41.6
41.2
41.8
41.6
41.4
41.2
41.5
41.4

Sea footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Ophthalmic goods

$1.47 $55. 49
1.57 56. 63
1. 57 54.81
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.61
1.60
1.62
1.63
1.64

59.18
59. 74
58.32
57.89
58.18
58.18
58.44
58. 69
57. 67
57.13

40.8
39.6
38.6
41.1
41.2
40.5
40.2
40.4
40.4
40.3
40.2
39.5
39.4

Total: Instruments
and related products

74 38
75.76
73.57
73.39
73.74
72.10
73. 22
73.87
72.04
73. 57

42.1
41.9
41.4

39.0
40.1
39.8
39.6
40.4
41.3
41.3
40.7
40.2
40.2

1.73
1.74
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.74
1. 75
1.73
1.76
1.76

Laboratory, scien­
tific, and engineer­
ing instruments

$1.62 $36.85
1.72 93 11
1.72 94.64

42.5
42.8
41.8
41.7
41.9
41.2
41.6
41.5
40.7
41.1

1.75
1.77
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.75
1.76
1.78
1.77
1.79

Photographic
apparatus

$1.36 $73. OS
1.43 76. 73
1.42 73. 71
1.44
1.45
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.46
1.45

88.94
92.16
92.00
89.49
87.84
85. 40
85. 80
84.84
87. 92
86 .8 8

45. 4
43.9
42.0
43.6
45.4
45.1
44.3
43.7
42.7
42.9
42.0
43.1
42.8

Avg. Avg.
hriy. wkiy. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.89 $89.17
1.98 92. 25
1.96 92. 91
2. 04
2. 03
2.04
2.02
2 . 01
2 . 00
2 . 00
2 . 02

2.04
2. 03

95 10
94. 02
92. 08
91.08
83.82
83. 84
83. 43
84. 67
84. 66
8 6 . 32

Avg.
hriy.
earn­
ings

46.2
45.0
45.1

$1. 93
2.05
2.06

45.5
45.2
44.7
44.0
41.7
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.5
41.7

2.09
2 . 08
2.06
2.07
2.01

2.03
2.02

2.06
2.04
2.07

Locomotives and
parts

$1.52 $76.48
1.66
77. 74
1.67 76.97

96.64
97. 52
93. 66
92. 82
92.19
80.57
89.87
90.09
90.09
96.09

45.0
45.2
.45 5

76.80
81.12
79.37
79. 98
81.41
81.61
79. 79
81.20
78.20
79. 78

40.9
40. 7
40.3
40.0
41.6
40.7
40.6
40.5
40. 2
39.5
40.0
39.1
39.3

$1.87 $81.12
1.91 81.14
1.91 81.56
1.92
1.95
1.95
1.97
2 . 01
2.03
2 . 02

2.03
2 . 00

2.03

45.8
46.0
44.6
44.2
43.9
39.3
43.0
42.9
42.9
44.9

79. 29
80. 09
75.33
74. 59
76.11
76. 48
76. 52
76. 30
72. 35
74.26

42.0
41.7
40.5
42.4
42.6
40.5
40.1
40.7
40.9
40.7
40.8
38.9
39.5

42.4
42. 4
42.2

74.73
76. 46
73.74
74.34
74.16
74. 05
73. 51
74. 52
72.00
73.67

42.7
43.2
41.9
42.0
41.9
41.6
41.3
41.4
40.0
40.7

2.11
2. 12
2 . 10
2.10
2.10

2.05
2.09
2.10
2. 10

2.14

78. 94
81.09
78. 94
79. 56
84.46
85. 07
80. 55
85. 06
77. 97
82. 39

41.6
41.4
41.4

$1.95
1 95
1.97

40.9
41.8
40.9
40.8
41.4
40.9
39.1
40.7
38.6
39.8

1.93
1.94
1.93
1.95
2.04
2 . 08
2.06
2.09
2.02

2.07

$1. 74 $59. 57
1.84 60.55
1.82 59.89

40.8
40 1
39.4

62. 73
63.86
65.16
66.14
67.10
66.78
67.20
67. 78
67. 46
67.73

41.0
41.2
41.5
41.6
42.2
42.0
42.0
42.1
41.9
41.3

1.87

1.87
1.87
1.88

1.87
1. 86
1. 88

Optical instruments
and lenses

$1.62 $72. 07
1.69 76. 50
1.68
75.42
1.75
1.77
1. 76
1.77
1.77
1.78
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.81

80. 22
81. 72
80.29
80.29
80.11
81.47
81.22
79.98
77.78
77. 59

42.9
42.5
41.9

$1.68
1.80
1.80

43.6
43.7
43.4
43.4
43.3
43.8
43.9
43.0
42.5
42.4

1.84
1.87
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.86

1.85
1.86

1.83
1.83

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries

Watches and clocks

1.88
1.86
1.86

Mechanical measur­
ing and controlling
instruments

$1.93 $68.69
2 . 06
71.66
2.08 70.90

Instruments and related products—Continued
Surgical, medical,
and dental instru­
ments

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkiy.
earn­ hours
ings

Aircraft propellers
and parts

Instruments and related products

$1.62 $6 8 . 20
1. 71 72. 07
1.72 71.21
1 80
1.76
1.75
1.77
1. 77
1.77
1.82
1.82
1.78
1.81

Avg.
hriy.
earn­
ings

Boatbuilding and
repairing

$1. 79 $60. 95
1.91 6 6 . 23
1.90 66.80

37.6
40.2
39. 6
38.1
39.0
39.4
39.3
39.2
39.2
39.2

Aircraft engines and
parts

Aircraft

Total: Miscellaneous
manufacturing in­
dustries

$1. 46 $57. 67
1.51 61.50
1.52 60.64
1.53
1. 55
1.57
1. 59
1.59
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.61
1.64

64. 26
65. 57
64.17
64.12
64. 74
64.43
64.21
63.80
62.80
63. 59

40.9
41.0
40.7
42.0
42.3
41.4
41.1
41.5
41.3
40.9
40.9
40.0
40.5

Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware 1

$1. 41 $61.30
1.50 65. 99
1.49 64.74
1.53
1.55
1.55
1.56
1.56
1. 56
1.57
1.56
1.57
1. 57

71.84
72.32

6 8 . 41
6 8 . 48

69.28
6 8 . 59
68 . 2 0

67. 36
66.01

67. 65

41.7
42.3
41.5

$1.47
1.56
1. 56

44.9
45.2
43.3
42.8
43.3
42.6
42.1
42.1
41.0
41.5

1.60
1.60
1.58
1.60
1.60
1 . 61
1.62
1.60
1.61
1.63

T able

1255

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees1—Continued
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued

Year and month

Jewelry and findings
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

1951: Average_____
1952: Average_____
August______

$58. 38
63. 33
62.13

41.7
42.5
41.7

1952: November___
December____
1953: January..........
February____
March______
A p r il...............
M ay________
June________
July_________
August______

67. 79
6 8 . 70
6 6 . 73
65. 91

44.6
45.2
43.9
42.8
43.2
42.1
41.5
41.7
40.3
40.6

66.10

64. 41
63. 91
63. 38
61.26
62.93

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Silverware and plated
ware

$1.40 $65. 73
1.49 70.98
1.49 69.63
1.52
1.52
1. 52
1.54
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.52
1.52
1.55

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

80. 08
79.28
71.74
73. 44
75. 69
76.13
76. 03
74. 73
73.85
75.68

Musical instruments
and parts
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$1.58 $63. 65
1.69 68.64
1.69 67. 64

41.6
42.0
41.2

1.76
1.75
1.70
1.72
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.75
1.75
1.76

45.5
45.3
42.2
42.7
43.5
43.5
43.2
42.7
42.2
43.0

72.58
72. 93
71.28
72. 21
72. 73
72. 28
70.88
70. 35
6 8 . 56
70.00

40.8
41.1
40.5
42.2
42.4
41.2
41.5
41.8
41.3
40.5
40.2
39.4
40.0

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Toys and sporting
goods 3
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$1. 56 $53. 60
1.67 58. 73
1.67 58. 20

39.7
40.5
40.7

61.27
62. 06
60.15
61.00
62.06
61.05
60.90
60. 60
58.89
59.70

41.4
41.1
40.1
40.4
41.1
40.7
40.6
40.4
39.0
39.8

1.72
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.74
1.75

Games, toys, dolls, and
children’s vehicles

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$1.35 $53. 72
1.45 58.84
1.43 58.20

39.5
40.3
40.7

61.27
61.41
59.04
60.04
61.81
61.56
61.41
60. 70
59.13
60. 25

41.4
40.4
39.1
39.5
40.4
40.5
40.4
40.2
38.9
39.9

1.48
1.51
1. 50
1.51
1.51
1.50
1. 50
1. 50
1.51
1.50

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Sporting and athletic
goods
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

$1.36 $53. 33
1.46 58.90
1.43 58. 46

39.8
40.9
40. 6

$1.34
1.44
1. 44

61.12
63.15
61.69
61.98
62. 58
60.83
60.53
60. 24
58. 41
59.00

41.3
42.1
41.4
41.6
42.0
41.1
40.9
40.7
39.2
39.6

1.48
1. 50
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.48
1.48
1. 48
1.49
1.49

1.48
1.52
1.51
1.52
1.53
1. 52
1.52
1. 51
1. 52
1. 51

Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation and public utilities
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
Pens, pencils, and
other office supplies
1951: Average............ $54. 91
1952: Average........... 57. 26
A ugust............. 56.16

41.6
40.9
40.4

58. 79
59. 76
57. 86
57. 57
58.29
59. 02
59.13
59.86
57. 92
58.84

41.4
41. 5
39.9
39.7
40.2
40.7
40. 5
41.0
39.4
40.3

1952: November___
December........
1953: January.........
February____
M arch..............
April________
M ay..................
June..................
July_________
August______

Costume jewelry,
buttons, notions

$1.32 $53. 73
1.40 55.74
1.39 55.06
1.42
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.46

59.74
59. 47
60.30
60. 01
61.01
61.01
60. 38
59.83
57. 96
58.00

Fabricated plastic
products

$1.34 $60. 59
1.39 64. 79
1.38 64.83

40.1
40.1
39.9
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.5
41.5
40.8
40.7
39.7
40.0

1.45
1.44
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.48
1.47
1.46
1.45

67. 62
6 8 . 96

70.09
69. 21
69.28
6 8 . 79
68.88

67.16
6 6 . 83
67.48

41.5
41.8
42.1
42.8
43.1
43.0
42.2
42.5
42.2
42.0
41.2
41.0
41.4

Other manufacturing
industries

$1.46 $59.18
1.55 62. 02
1.54 60.95

41.1
40.8
40.1

64. 06
65. 68
64.37
63. 90
64.37
64.62
64. 24
64.71
64.16
64.64

41.6
42.1
41.0
40.7
41.0
40.9
40.4
40.7
40.1
40.4

1.58
1.60
1.63
1.64
1.63
1.63
1.64
1.63
1.63
1.63

Class I railroads

$1.44 $70. 93
1.52 74.30
1.52 74.19

41.0
40.6
40.1

74. 29
76. 30
74.61
76. 95
75. 30
76.82
74.43
77. 75
78.31

39.1
40.8
39.9
40.5
40.7
41.3
39.8
41.8
42.1

1.54
1.56
1.57
1. 57
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.59
1.60
1.60

Switchboard operat­
ing employees 1

1951: Average............ $58. 26
1952: Average........ ... 61. 22
62.01
August______

39.1
38. 5
39.0

64. 57
63.63
63.69
63. 58
63.03
63.20
64.63
65.13
64. 35
64.08

38.9
38. 8
38.6
38.3
38.2
38.3
38. 7
39.0
39.0
38.6

1952: November.......
December____
1953: January............
February.........
M arch..............
April________
M a y ..............
June..................
July-------------August______

$1.49 $49.39
1.59 51.43
1.59 52.40

37.7
37.0
37.7

55.35
52. 26
52. 56
53. 07
52.20
52. 20
54.68
54.09
54. 38
53. 57

37.4
36.8
36.5
36.6
36.5
36.5
37.2
37.3
37.5
37.2

1 . 66

1.64
1.65
1 . 66

1.65
1.65
1.67
1.67
1.65
1 . 66

Line construction,
installation, and
maintenance em­
ployees 8

$1.31 $81.32
1.39 8 6 . 51
1.39 8 8 .39
1.48
1.42
1.44
1.45
1.43
1.43
1.47
1.45
1.45
1.44

90. 31
92.23
92.02
89. 25
88.83
89. 67
90. 95
93.53
90.95
91.15

42.8
42.2
42.7
42.6
43.1
43.0
41.9
41.9
42.1
42.5
43.3
42.3
42.2

Telegraph

$1.90 $68.24
2. 05 72. 48
2.07 72.09

44.6
43.4
44.5

73.74
74.10
73. 63
73.46
73.63
73. 63
75.90
75. 60
74.76
74.76

41.9
42.1
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.6
42.4
42.0
42.0
42.0

2. 12

2.14
2.14
2.13
2 . 12

2.13
2.14
2.16
2.15
2.16

Transportation and public utilities—
Continued

41.8
41.5
41.3

75. 78
74.46
74. 52
74.21
74. 21
75.44
75. 26
74.85
76.82
77.04

42.1
41.6
41.4
41.0
41.0
41.0
40.9
40.9
41.3
41.2

1952: November___
December____
January_____
February____
M arch_______
April________
M ay ______
June
July
August______

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

41.9
41.7
41.7

79.19
79.19
80. 37
78.85
79.49
80.32
80.93
82.15
82. 74
82. 35

41.9
41.9
42 3
41.5
41.4
41.4
41.5
41.7
42.0
41.8

1.80
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.84
1.84
1.83
1 . 86

1.87

$1.56
1.65
1.67

77. 81
78. 66
76.01
76. 61
76. 78
77. 92
79. 06
78.89
78. 23
78. 32

45.5
46. 0
44. 5
44.8
. 44. 9
45.3
45.7
45.6
44. 7
44. 5

1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.73
1.75
1.76

1.90
1.87
1.87
1.90
1.85
1.86

1.87
1.86
1 . 86

$1.53 $71. 65
1.67 75.12
1.62 74.52
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.79
1.80
1.78
1.78

78. 77
78. 21
78. 40
77. 46
77.87
78. 50
79. 52
80.22
81.09
80.93

41.9
41.5
41.4
41.9
41.6
41.7
41.2
41.2
41.1
41.2
41.5
41.8
41.5

Electric ligh ; and
power utili ties

$1.71 $72. 91
1.81 76.18
1.80 75.58

41.9
41. 4
41.3

$1.74
1.84
1.83

80.45
78. 88
79.27
78. 50
78. 91
79.13
80.15
81.54
82.32
82.17

41.9
41.3
41.5
41.1
41.1
41.0
41.1
41. 6
42.0
41.5

1.92
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.93
1. 95
1.96
1.96
1.98

1 . 88
1 . 88
1 . 88
1. 88

1.89
1.91
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.95

Retail trade

Electric light and gas
utilities combined
$1.65 $72.49
1.73 75. 89
1.73 75.89

46.3
46.4
47.0

Wholesale and retail trade

Wholesale trade

A verage.-........ $6 8 .97
71.80
Average_____
August........... - 71.45

$1.73 $72. 23
1.83 76. 56
1.85 78. 49

Total: Gas and elec­
tric utilities

9

Other public utilities—Continued
Gas utilities

Local railways and
buslines 9

Other public utilities

C ommunication

Telephone

3

$1.73 $64.31
1.82 67.80
1.82 6 8 . 21

40.7
40.6
40.6

69.19
69. 53
69.08
69.66
69.89
70.12
70.93
71.10
72.04
72. 04

40.7
40.9
40.4
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.3
40.4
40.7
40.7

1.89
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.92
1.94
1.95
1.97
1.97
1.97

Retail trade (except
eating and drink­
ing places)

$1.58 $50.65
1.67 52.67
1.68
53.87

40.2
39.9
40.5

52.65
52.54
53.45
53. 70
53.70
53.96
54.21
55.16
56. 40
56.40

39.0
39.8
39.3
39.2
39.2
39.1
39.0
39.4
40.0
40.0

1.70
1. 70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1. 74
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.77

General merchandise
stores 3

$1.26 $37. 75
1.32 38.41
1.33 39.53

36.3
35.9
36.6

37.15
38.48
38.85
38.17
37. 82
37.93
38. 52
39. 65
40.54
39. 96

34.4
37.0
35.0
34.7
34.7
34.8
34.7
35.4
36.2
36.0

1.35
1.32
1.36
1.37
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.41

Department stores and
general mail-order
houses

$1.04 $44. 23
1.07 44. 77
1.08 45.14

37.8
37.0
37.0

43.19
45.90
44. 50
43. 77
43.67
43.79
44.38
45. 59
45. 99
45. 49

35.4
38.9
¿5. 6
¿5.3
¿5. 5
35.6
35. 5
35. 9
36. 5
36.1

1.08
1.04
1.11
1.10

1.09
1.09
1.11
1.12
1.12
1.11

$1.17
1 *21
1 . 22
1.22

1.18
1.25
1. 24
1.23
1.23
1.25
1.27
1 . 26
1.26

1256
Ta ble

C: EARN IN O8 AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOR

C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees1—Continued
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued

Other retail trade

Food and linuor stores

Automotive and accèssories dealers

Apparel and accessories
stores

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
w kly.
hours

1951: Average_____ _______
1952: Average_____________
August____ . . .

$54.54
56.52
57.53

40.1
39.8
40.8

$1.36
1.42
1.41

$66.28
69.61
69. 61

45.4
45.2
45.2

$1.46
1.54
1.54

$42.24
43.68
43. 92

36.1
35.8
36.6

$1.17
1.22
1.20

$59.48
61.06
60.92

43.1
42.7
42.6

$1.38
1.43
1.43

$58.86
61.19
61.76

43.6
43.4
43.8

$1.35
1.41
1.41

1952: November__________
December___________
1953: J a n u a ry ___________
February____________
M arch.I_________ .
April_______________
M ay____________
June________ _
July . . . _________ _
August___
._ ___

56.99
57.13
57.62
57. 48
57. 57
57. 81
57. 66
58. 95
60. 25
60.10

39.3
39.4
39.2
39.1
38.9
38.8
38.7
39.3
39.9
39.8

1.45
1.45
1.47
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.51

71.26
71.28
71.12
71.55
72.90
74. 09
74. 70
74. 98
75.15
74.98

45.1
45.4
45.3
45.0
450
44.9
45.0
44.9
45.0
44.9

1.58
1.57
1.57
1.59
1.62
1. 65
1 . 66
1.67
1.67
1.67

43.65
45.49
44. 73
43.65
43.30
43.75
44. 58
45. 09
45.75
45. 26

35.2
36.1
35.5
35.2
35.2
35.0
35.1
35.5
36.6
36.5

1.24
1.26
1.26
1.24
1.23
1. 25
1.27
1.27
1.25
1.24

62.46
65.66
60. 76
60.06
60.48
60. 90
61.03
61.89
62. 88
62.60

42.2
43.2
41.9
42.0
42.0
42.0
41.8
42.1
42.2
42.3

1.48
1.52
1.45
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.49
1.48

61.78
61.92
61.06
61.92
62. 49
62. 78
64.37
64. 67
64.52
65.53

42.9
43.3
42.7
42.7
42.8
43.0
43.2
43.4
43.3
43.4

1.44
1.43
1.43
1.45
1. 46
1.46
1.49
1.49
1.49
1. 51

Year and month

Finance, insurance, and real estate i°

Banks and
Security
trust com­ dealers and
panies
exchanges

Avg.
wkly.
earnings

Avg.
wkly.
earnings

Furniture and applianee stores

Lumber and hardwaresupply stores

Service and miscellaneous
Personal services

Insurance
carriers

Hotels, year-round n
Cleaning and dyeing
plants

Laundries

Avg.
wkly.
earnings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Ave.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

1951: A verage...
1952: Average. . .
August___

$50.32
52. 50
52. 48

$83.68
81.07
80.12

$61.31
63.38
63. 47

$35.42
37.06
37.06

43.2
42.6
42.6

$0.82
.87
.87

.$37.81
38.63
38.16

41.1
41.1
40.6

$0.92
.94
.94

$43.99
45.10
44. 33

41.5
41.0
40.3

$1.06

1952: November.
December.
1953: January...
February..
March___
April____
M ay_____
June_____
July_____
August___

53.42
53.56
54. 29
54. 61
54. 40
54.47
54. 65
54. 28
55. 04
54. 82

80.10
83.27
84.06
83. 21
8 6 . 01
8 6 . 78
84. 48
82.55
83.23
80.16

64.06
65.34
65.75
66.23
6 6 . 32
6 6 . 55
6 6 . 52
67. 20

37.22
37. 75
37.31
37.65
37. 47
37. 83
37.89
38. 22
38.49
38.61

42.3
42.9
42.4
42.3
42. 1
42. 5
42.1
42.0
42.3
42.9

.88
.88
.88

38.88
39. 55
39. 36
38.88
39.38
39. 58
40. 67
40.08
39. 40
39.10

40.5
41.2
41.0
40.5
40.6
40.8
41.5
40.9
40.2
39.9

.96
.96
.96
.96
.97
.97
.98
.98
.98
.98

44. 96
45. 92
45. 02
43.73
45. 02
45.36
48.19
47.08
44.92
44.46

40.5
41.0
40.2
39.4
40.2
40. 5
41.9
41.3
39.4
39.0

1.11
1.12
1.12
1.11
1 . 12
1.12

68 .1 0

67. 24

, ‘ Data are based upon reports from cooperating establishments covering
both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received pay for,
any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants, data refer
to production and related workers only. For the remaining industries, unless
Otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and working super­
visors. Data for the three current months are subject to revision w ithout no­
tation; revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the
first month they are published.
8 Italicized titles which follow are components of this industry.
8 See footnote 2 , table A - 2 .
4 See footnote 3, table A-2.
8 Figures for class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies)
are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC
Group I).
• Data include privately and government operated local railways and bus­
lines.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

.89
.89
.89
.90
.91
.91
.90

1 . 10
1.10

1.15
1.14
1.14
1.14

Motionpicture pro­
duction and
distribu­
tion i°
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$83.95
90.49
90.21
88.85
90.20
87.44
90. 76
90. 98
89. 64
84. 51
91.46
91.64
90.97

7 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. During 1952 such employees made up 47 percent of
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments
reporting hours and earnings data.
8 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry as
central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. During 1952 such employees
made up 23 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in
telephone establishments reporting hours and earnings data.
8 Beginning with 1952, data relate to domestic employees, except messen­
gers, and those compensated entirely on a commission basis and are not strictly
comparable with figures shown for 1951.
80 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail­
able.
11 M oney payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.

See N ote on p. 1226.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

1257

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table C-2: Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected industries, in current and
1947-49 dollars 1
coal
Manufacturing Bituminous
mining

coal
Manufacturing Bituminous
mining

Laundries

Year and month

Current 1947-49 Current 1947-49 Current 1947-49
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars

Current 1947-49 Current 1947-49 Current 1947-49
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
1939:
1941:
1946:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:

Laundries

Year and month

$23.86
Average_________
Average___ ___ _ 29. 58
43.82
Average— _______
54.14
Average__________
Average____ ____ - 54. 92
59.33
A verage.. . .
Average__________ 64. 71
67.97
Average__________

$40.17
47.03
52. 54
52. 67
53. 95
57. 71
58.30
59.89

$23.88
30.86
58.03
72.12
63.28
70.35
77. 79
78.32

$40. 20
49.06
69. 58
70.16
62.16
6 8 . 43
70.08
69.00

$17.64
18.69
30.20
34.23
34. 98
35.47
37.81
38.63

$29.70
29.71
36.21
33.30
34.36
34. 50
34.06
34.04

1
These series indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings prior
to and after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined
from the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index, the years 1947-49 having been
selected for the base period.

1952: August..................
September_______
October. ...............
November_______
December________

$67.23
69.63
70.38
70. 28
72.14

$58.82
61.03
61.63
61.49
63.23

$80.73
87.91
75.58
86.27
91. 73

$70.63
77.05
66.18
75.48
80.39

$38.16
38.95
38.86
38. 88
39. 55

$33.39
34.14
34.03
34.02
34.66

1953: January__________
February_________
March___________
April__ _ ___ _
M ay_____________
June_____________
July 2 ___________
August 2 ........... .........

71.34
71.17
71.93
71.40
71.63
71.63
71.51
71.69

62.63
62. 76
63. 32
62. 80
62.83
62. 56
62.35
62.34

87. 79
81.42
81.76
79. 61
84. 97
91.25
84. 72
94.12

77.08
71.80
71.97
70. 02
74. 54
79.69
73.86
81.84

39.36
38. 88
39.38
39. 58
40. 67
40. 28
39.40
39.10

34. 56
34. 29
34. 67
34.81
35.68
35.18
34.35
34.00

Preliminary,
a —.
„„„
° ee ^ 0TE on P*

1

Table C-3: Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars 1
Gross average
weekly earn­
ings
Period

1941: January _
1945: January— _ .
July________ ___
1946: Jun e. _______ .
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:

Average.....................
Average—
Average
Average - Average —
Average.. .
Average____ ____
Average _
Average__ . - __
Average__________
Average........—.........
Average__________
Average....................
Average______ . . .

N et spendable average weekly
earnings
Worker with
no dependents

Worker with 3
dependents

Index
(1947-49 Cur­
1947-49 Cur­
Amount average
rent
rent
dollars dollars dollars
■=100 )

1947-49
dollars

$26. 64
47. 50
45.45
43.31

50. 3
89.7
85.8
81.8

$25. 41
39. 40
37.80
37.30

$42.14
51. 77
48. 77
46.74

$26.37
'45.17
43.57
42.78

$43. 73
59. 36
56. 22
53.61

23. 86
25.20
29. 58
36.65
43.14
46. 08
44.39
43.82
49.97
54.14
54.92
59.33
64.71
67.97

45.1
47. 6
55.9
69. 2
81. 5
87.0
83.8
82.8
94. 4

23. 58
24. 69
28.05
31. 77
36. 01
38.29
36. 97
37. 72
42.76
47. 43
48.09
51.09
54.04
55.66

39. 70
41. 22
44. 59
45. 58
48. 66
50. 92
48.08
45. 23
44. 77
46.14
47. 24
49. 70
48.68
49.04

23.62
24. 95
29. 28
36.28
41.39
44.06
42. 74
43. 20
48. 24
53.17
53.83
57. 21
61.28
63.62

39.76
41. 65
46. 55
52.05
55.93
58. 59
55.58
51.80
50. 51
51.72
52.88
55. 65
55.21
56.05

10 2. 2

103.7
11 2. 0
12 2. 2

128.4

1
N et spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which the
specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability de­
pends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income. N et spendable earnings have, there­
fore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no
dependents; (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross aver-


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Gross average
weekly earn­
ings
Period

N et spendable average weekly
earnings
W orker with
no dependents

Worker with 3
dependents

Index
1947-49
(1947-49 Cur­
1947-49 Cur­
Amount average
rent
rent
dollars
dollars dollars
dollars
= 100)
1952: August________ . $67.23
September_______
69.63
O ctober_________
70.38
November________ 70. 28
December................. 72.14

127.0
131.5
132.9
132.7
136.2

$55. rO
56.93
57.52
57. 44
58.89

$48. 21
49. 89
50.37
50.25
51.61

$63.04
64.93
65. 53
65.45
66.94

$55.15
56. 91
57.38
57.26
58.67

71.34
71.17
71.93
71.40
71.63
71.63
71.51
71.69

134.7
134.4
135.8
134.8
135.3
135. 3
135.1
135.4

58.27
58.13
58. 72
58. 31
58. 49
58. 49
58.40
58.54

51.16
51.26
51.69
51.28
51.31
51.08
50.92
50.90

66.30
66.16
6 6 . 77
6 6 . 34
6 6 . 53
6 6 . 53
66.43
6 6 . 58

58. 21
58.34
58. 78
58.35
58. 36
58.10
57.92
57.90

1953: January_____ ____
February_________
March___________
A pril____________
M a y _____________
J u n e ____________
July 2 ____________
A ugust2. .............-

age weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing industries
without direct regard to marital status and family composition. The pri­
mary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes Ia
disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers.
2 Preliminary.
See N ote on p. 1226.

1258

MONTHLY LABOR

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table C-4: Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production workers in
manufacturing industries 1
Manufacturing

Durable
goods

Excluding
overtime

Period
Gross
amount

1941: Average____
1942: Average.........
1943: Average____
1944: Average____
1945: Average____
1946: Average____
1947: Average____
1948: Average____
1949: Average.........
1950: Average.........
1951: Average____
1952: Average____

$0. 729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.086
1.237
1.350
1.401
1. 465
1.59
1.67

Excluding
overtime

Period

Gross

54.5 $0.808 $0. 770 $0. 640
62.5
.947
.881
.723
69.4 1.059
.976
.803
73.5 1.117 1.029
.861
1 74. 8
1.111 a1.042
.904
81.6 1.156 1. 12 2 1.015
93.0 1.292 1. 250 1.171
101.7 1.410 1.366 1.278
106.1 1.469 1. 434 1.325
109.9 1.537 1.480 1.378
1.48
118.8 1.67
1.60
125.0 1.76
1.69
1.54

$0. 625
.698
.763
.814
».858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292
1.337
1. 43
1.49

1952: August_____
Septem ber.-.
October____
N ovem ber..D ecem b er...

$1.66
1.69
1.70
1.71
1. 73

$1.61
1.63
1.63
1.65
1.65

125.0
126.6
126. 6
128.1
128.1

1953: January____
February___
March...........
April______
M ay_______
June_______
July s______
August 3 ___

1.74
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.76
1.76
1. 77
1.77

1.67

129.7
130.4
130.4
131.2
131.2
132.0
132.8
132.8

1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for
at time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings excluding
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on
holidays.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Durable
goods

Manufacturing

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

Index Gross
(1947-49
Amount average
<=100 )
$0. 702
.805
.894
.947
3 . 963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367
1.415
1.53
1.61

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

Nondurable
goods

Gross
amount

1.69
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.71

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

Gross

$1.76
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83

$1.70
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.75

$1.54
1.54
1.54
1.56
1.57

$1.49
1.49
1.49
1.51
1.51

1.84
1. 85
1.85

1.76
1.77
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.81

1.58
1.58
1.59
1. 59
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.61

1.53
1.54
1. 54
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.56
1.56

Index Gross
(1947-49
Amount average
= 100 )

1.68
1.68

Nondurable
goods

1 . 86
1.86

1.87
1.88
1.88

* 11-month average; August 1945 excluded because of VJ-holiday period.
* Preliminary.
See N ote on p. 1226.

1259

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

D : Prices and Cost of Living
T able

D - l : Consumer Price Index1—United States average, all items and commodity groups
[1947-49=100)
Housing 8

Year and month

1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:

Average________
Average-...............
Average________
Average................
Average________
Average....... .........

1950: January...............
F eb ru ary............
March........ .........
April__________
M a v ....................
June___________
July. .................
A ugust_________
September______
October________
N ovem ber_____
D ecem ber...........

All
items

95.5

Total
food 2

97.0
96. 5
97.3
97.7
98.9
100. 5
103.1
103.9
104.0
104.3
104.4
107.1

96.7
96.7
06.8
98.7
96. 5
90.5
96.4
97.1
99.2
100.9

104.4
104.6
104.6
104.7
104. 7
104.9
105. 3
106.1
107.1
108.1
108.8
109.4

107. 5
107.7
107.8
108.1
108.5
108.7
109.1
109.3
109.5
109.6

109.9
111.9

103.8
105. 6
103. 2
106.4
106.6
106. 6
106.3
106.4
109.3
109.2
108. 5
108.1

110.4

110.6

111.2

114.6

10 0. 6

101.8

102.9
103.7
104.4
105.0
105.5
106.9

101.6
102. 2

1951: January.............. .
F eb ru a ry --------March. _______
April__________
M ay___________
June___________
July-------------- A ugust________
September______
October-----------November______
December______

108.6
109.9
110.3
110.4
110.9

1952: January___ ____
February_______
M arch......... .........
April______ ____
M av___________
June___________
July--------- -------August________
September......... .
October________
November_____
December______

113.1
112.4
112.4
112.9
113. 0
113.4
114.1
114.3
114.1
114.2
114.3
114.1

112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116. 3
116.6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8

107.0
106. 8
106.4
106.0
105.8
105.6
105.3
105.1
105.8
105.6
105. 2
105.1

1953: January________
February_______
March_________
April.....................
M ay.......................
June___________
Jlily ----------------A ugust_________
September______

113.9
113.4
113.6
113.7
114.0
114.5
114. 7
115.0
115.2

113.1
111.5
111.7
111. 5
112. 1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8

104.6
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.4
104.3
105.3

110.8

110.9
110.9
111.6
112.1
112.8

113.1

Rent

94.4
100.7
105.0
108.8
113.1
117.9

113.5

101.3

8

95.0
101.7
103.3
106.1
112.4
114.6

100.0
101.2
112.6

100.8

Total

97.1
103. 5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105.8

95.9
104.1

102. 8
101.8
102.8
11 1. 0

100.4
100.7

Apparel

11 2 . 0

111.7
112.6

112.3
112.7
112.4
112. 5
113.5
114.6
115.0
115.0
112.6

Solid
House- House­
Gas and
electric­ fuels and furnish­ hold op­
ings
fuel oil
eration
ity
97.6
100.0

102.5
102.7
103.1
104.5
102.5
102.8
102.8

102.9
102 . 8

102.7
102.8

102.7

109.9
109.6
109.9
109.7
106.8
107.6
108.1
109.8

102.8

111.6

102. 7
102.7
102.7

113.4
114.3
114.8

111.3
111.9

103.1
103.1
103.1

112.2

102.8

112.9
113.2
113.7
113.9

112.5
1 1 2 .7
113.1
113.6
114.2
114.8
115. 4
115.6

103.2
103.0
103.1
103.2
103. 2
103 3
103.3
103.4

115.1
116.4
116.7
116. 7
115.2
115.4
115.9
116.2
116.6
117.1
117.4
117.6

113.9
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.4
114.6
114.8
115.2
115.7
116.4

116.0
116.4
116.7
116.9
117.4
117.6
117.9
118.2
118.3
118.8
119.5
120.7

103.5
103.8
103.8
103.9
104.1
104.3
104.2
105.0
105.0
105.0
105.4
105.6

110. 4
116.6
116.8
117.0
117.1
117.4
117.8
118.0
118.4

121.1

105.9
106.1
106.5
106. 5
106.6
106.4
106.4
106.9
106.9

111.7
111.9
112.2

112.3
112.6
112.6

110.0

110.4

121.5
121.7
122.1

123.0
123.3
123.8
125.1
126.0

J A’major revision was incorporated in the Consumer Price Index beginning
January 1953. The revised index, based on 46 cities, has been linked to the
previously published “interim adjusted” indexes for 34 cities and rebased on
1947-49 = 100 to form a continuous series. Tor the con venience of users, the
“All-items” indexes arc also shown on the 1935-39 = 100 base in table D-3.
The revised Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices
of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and salaried-clerical
worker families. Data for 46 large, medium, and small cities are combined
for the United States average.
For a history and description of the index see The Consumer Price Index,
in the February 1953 M onthly Labor Review; the pamphlet, The Consumer
Price Index—A Short Description of the Index as Revised, 1953; The Interim
Adjustment of Consumers’ Price Index, in the April 1951 Monthly Labor
Review; Interim Adjustment of Consumers’ Price Index, Bulletin 1039,


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88.8

10i.4
106.8
110. 5
116.4
118.7

117.7
117.6
117.7
117.3
115.6
115.8
118.6
119.0
119.6
121.1
121.6

123.2
123.3
123.3
124.4
123.6
121.8
121.8

123. 7
123.9
124.6

97.2
103.2
99.6
100.3
1 11 . 2
108.5
97.4
97.6
97.7
97.7
97. 5
97.4
98.1
99.7
102.4
104.7
106.0
107.1
109.3
110.5
111.1
11 1. 6
112.1
112.0
112.0
111.1

111.3
110. 9
111.1
110.8
11 0. 2
110.0

97.2
102.6
100.1
101.2

109.0
111.8

99.4
99.4
99.5
99.4
99.7
99.6
99.9
101.2

102.3
103. 6
104.4
105.6

Reading Other
Trans­
and
goods
porta­ Medical Personal
care
care
recrea­
and
tion
tion
services «

90.6
100.9
108. 5
111.3
118.4
126.2

94.9
100.9
104.1
106.0

110.2
11 0. 0

109.8
109.6
110.1

109.9
11 1 . 2
112.4
112.7
112.6

112.9
114.1

97.6
101.3
101.1
101.1

111.1

110. 5

117.2

111.8

105.0
105.0
105.1
105.1
105. 3
105.4
105. 6
106.0
107.0
107.1
107.4
108.0

99.4
99.2
99.1
99.1
99.0
99.2
99.5
100.8

101.3
103.3
106.1
107.4

114.7
115.8
116.9
117.2
117.6
117.5
117.8
118.7
119.7
120. 5

108. 5
108.9
109. 9
110.3
110.7

111.1

122.1
12 2. 2

113.1
114.3

110.9

12 2. 8

110.8
11 1. 0
111. 0
111.2
11 1. 2
111.8

114.7
114.8
115.7
115.9
116.1
117.8
118.0
118.1
118.8
118.9
118.9
119.3

11 1. 0
111.1
11 1. 0

119.4
119.3
119. 5

112.4
112.5
112.4
112.5

107.2
108.1
108. 4
108.3
108.7
108.7
109.1
109.0
108.8
109.6
110.4

109.4
108.7
108.3
107.7
107.6
107.6
108.1
107.9
108.0
108.2

113.3
113.4

123.7
124.4
124.8
125.1
126.3
126.8
127.0
127.7
128.4
128.9
128.9

107.7
108.0
108.0
107.8
107.6
108.0
108. 1
107.4
108.1

113.4
113.5
114.0
114.3
114. 7
115.4
115. 7
115.8
116.0

129.3
129.1
129.3
129.4
129. 4
129.4
129.7
130.6
130.7

111.9
112.1
112.8

111.0
11 1. 0
111.2
111.8
11 2. 6

12 0 . 2

120.7

109.8
110.6

110.7
110.7
110.8
11 0. 8
110.6

110.4
11 0. 0
11 0. 0
11 0. 6
111.1

111.3
11 1. 6

111.7
111.9
112.1
112.1

112.3
112.4
112.5

121. 5

112.8
11 2. 6
112. 6

121.8
122.6

112.7
112.9

121.1

95.5
100.4
104.1
103.4
106.5
107.0

96.1
100.5
103. 4
105.2
109. 7
115.4

104.3
104.6
104.4
104.0
103.8
102. 5
101.7
101.9
102.7
103. 0
103.6
104.1

103.9
103. 9
103. 9
103.8
103.9
103.7
104.1
106.3
106.8
107.1
107.4
107.9

105.6
106. 4
107.0
107.3
1 0 7. 3
106. 5
106.6
106. 4
105.8
105.9
106. 3
106. 5

108.4
108.7
108.9
109.0
109.2
109.1
109.1
109.1
109.6
109.6
112.4

107.2
106.6
106.3
106.2
106.2
106.8
107.0
107.0
107.3
107.6
107.4
108.0

113.2
114.4
114.8
115.2
115.8
115.7
116.0
115.9
115.9
115.8
115.8
115.9

107.8
107. 5
107.7
107.9
108.0
107.8
107. 4
107.6
107.8

115.9
115.8
117.5
117.9
118.0
118.2
118.3
118.4
118.5

112.8

and the following reports: Consumers’ Price Index, Report of a Special Sub­
committee of the House Committee on Education and Labor (1951); and
Report of the President’s Committee on the Cost of Living (1945).
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for th e
United States and 20 individual cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau
for “ Ail items” and 8 major components from 1947 to date. Indexes are also
available from 1913 for “ All items,” food, apparel, and rent, for all large cities
combined, and from varying dates for individual cities.
2
Includes “ Food away from home” (restaurant meals and other food
bought and eaten away from home); prior to January 1953, prices for this
category were estimated to move like prices for “ Food at home” but, since
that date, have been measured by prices of restaurant meals.
2 Includes “ Other shelter” .
‘ Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and “miscellaneous services”
(such as legal services, banking fees, burial services, etc.).

1260

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

MONTHLY LABOR

D-2: Consumer Price Index1—United States average, food and its subgroups

T able

(Indexes, 1947-49=100]
Food at home
Year and month

1947: A vg.........__
1948: A vg______
1949: A vg............
1950: A v g ...........
1951: A vg______
1952: A vg______
1950: Jan______
F eb______
Mar........ .
Apr......... .
M ay_____
June_____
July--------Aug--------Sept______
Oct ____
N o v______
D ec______
1951: Jan.........
Feb______
M a r ... . . .
A pr..........
M ay_____
June_____
July______
Aug............
Sept______

Total
food *

T otal
food
at
home

95.9
104.1

95.9
104.1

114.6
97.0
96.5
97.3
97.7
98.9
100.5
103.1
103.9
104.0
104.3
104.4
107.1
109.9
111.9

114.6
97.0
96.5
97.3
97.7
98.9
100.5
103.1
103.9
104.0
104.3
104.4
107.1
109.9
111.9

Cereals Meats, Dairy
and
poul­
prod­
bakery try,
and ucts
prod­
fish
ucts

100.0 100.0
101.2 101.2
112.6 112.6

112.0 112.0
111.7
111.7
112.6 112.6

112.3
112.7
112.4
112.5

112.3
112.7
112.4
112.5

94.0
103.4
102.7
104.5
114.0
116.8
102.2

102.3
102.3
102.4
102.7
102.7
103.8
106.2
107.0
107.2
107.4
107.5
112.2

113.2
113.4
113.9
113.9
114.0
114.3
114.2
114.6

93.5
106.1
100.5
104.9
117.2
116.2
94.4
95.6
98.7
99.5
103.4
106.1
110.1
11 2. 2

112.4
109.0
107.7
109.1
113.5
116.3
117.2
117.3
117.4
116.9
117.6
118.4
118.6

96.7
106.3
96.9
95.9
107.0
111.5
95.6
95.3
94.7
93.3
92.6
92.3
93.8
95.7
97.0
99. 6
100.1

100.7
105.2
106.1
106.2
106.0
105.7
105.9
106.5
106.9
107.2

Food at home
Fruits
and
vege­
tables

Year and month
Other
foods 8

97.6
100.5
101.9
97.6
106.7
117.2
100.3
97.6
95.5
97.4
99.0
102.5
103.6
94.7
91.1
92.9
95.8
99.9
104.8
109.8
106.3
105.2
108.5
107.7
107.0
102.3
100.4

100.1

102.5
97.5
10 1. 2

114.6
109.3
95.1
93.5
95.5
95.1
93.5
94.1
97.7
105.3
107.7
110.4
109.2
117.0
11 1. 2

110.3
112.7
112.4
113.5
113.8
114.8
116.5
118.4

1951: Oct_______
N o v ______
D ec........... .
1952: Jan______
Feb______
Mar______
Apr—........_
M ay_____
June_____
July--------Aug............
S e p t......... .
Oct______
N ov ______
D ec______
1953: J a n __ _
F e b ...........
M ar______
Apr______
M ay_____
June...........
July______
A ug--------Sept______
Oct______
N ov______
Dec______

i See footnote 1 to table D -l. Indexes for 18 food sub-groups (1935-39=
100) from 1923 to December 1952 were published in the March 1853 M onthly
Labor Review and in previous issues.

T able

1947-49 = 100

1 See

All
items

Total
food 2

42.3
42.9
43.4
46.6
54.8
64.3
74.0
85.7
76.4
71.6
72.9
73.1
75.0
75.6
74.2
73.3
73.3
71.4
65.0
58.4
55.3
57.2
58.7
59.3
61.4
60.3
59.4
59.9

39.6
40.5
40.0
45.0
57.9
66.5
74.2
83.6
63.5
59.4
61.4
60.8
65.8

footnote 1 on table D -l.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Total
food
at
home

113.5
114. 6
115.0
115.0

113.5
114.6
115.0
115.0

11 2. 6

112.6

112. 7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8
113.1
111. 5
111.7
111.5

112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8
112.9

112.1

113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8

111.1

111.3
111.1

111.7
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.5

Cereals Meats,
poul­
and
bakery
try,
prod­
and
ucts
fish
114.6
115.1
115.2
115.3
115.5
115.7
115.6
117.2
116.9
117.6
117.5
117.4
117.5
117.5
117. 7
117.7
117.6
117.7
118.0
118.4
118.9
119. 1
119.5
120.3

119.1
117.7
116.3
117.1
116.7
115.2
114.8
114.5
116. 5
116.4
119.4
119.2
116.9
114.3
113.0
110.9
107. 7
107.4
106.8
109.2
111.3
112.0

114.1
113.5

Dairy
prod­
ucts

Fruits
and
vege­
tables

107.9
109.2
110.7

103.2
109.5
115.8
118.2
109.5
113.7

11 2. 0

112.7
11 2. 0

110.4
109.3
108.9
11 0. 2
11 1. 0

112.5
113.2
113.3
112.7
111.6

110 7
110.3
109.0
107.8
107.5
108.3
109.1
109.6

121.1

124.3
122.4
124.0
118.7
111.5
111.3
115.9
115.8
116.7
115 9
115.5
115.0
115.2
121.7
118.2
112.7
106.6

Other
foods *

118.9
118.5
114.5
109.1
105.8
104.4
105.0
104.4
105.2
111.5
113.1
113.7
115.1
114.3
110.6

109.7
107 3
109.1
110.4
110.3
110.9
112.3
114.4
116.7

2 See footnote 2 to table D -l.
* Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic)
and other miscellaneous foods.

D-3: Consumer Price Index1—United States average, all items and food
1935-39=100

Year

1913: Average......... .
1914: Average____ _
1915: Average______
1916: Average........ .
1917: Average______
1918: Average______
1919: Average______
1920: A verage...........
1921: A verage______
1922: Average______
1923: Average......... .
1924: Average______
1925: Average______
1926: Average.......... .
1927: Average______
1928: Average........ .
1929: Average______
1930: Average_____
1931: Average______
1932: Average______
1933: Average._____
1934: Average_____
1935: Average.........
1936: Average...........
1937: Average_____
1938: Average...........
1939: Average........ .
1940: Average______

Total
food 2

1947-49=100

1935-39=100

Year and month
All items
70.7
71.8
72.5
77.9
91.6
107.5
123.8
143. 3
127.7
119.7
121.9
122.2

125. 4
126.4
124.0

6 8 .0

65.5
64.8
65.6
62.4
51.4
42.8
41.6
46.4
49.7
50. 1
52.1
48.4
47. 1
47.8

122.6

122.5
119.4
108.7
97.6
92.4
95.7
98.1
99. 1
102.7
100.8

99.4
100.2

2

1941: A v e r a g e ..___
1942: Average........ .
1943: A verage...........
1944: Average______
1945: Average______
1946: A verage_____
1947: Average______
1948: Average.......... .
1949: Average______
1950: Average_____
1951: Average............
1952: Average...........
1950: January______
February____
March..............
April.................
M av____ ____
June..................
July________ _
August______
September___
October______
November.......
December____
1951: January______
February____
March_______
April________

See footnote 2 on table D -l.

All
items

Total
food 2

62.9
69.7
74.0
75.2
76.9
83.4
95.5

52.2
61.3
68.3
67.4
68.9
79.0
95.9
104.1

102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0

113.5
100.6

100.4
100.7
100.8

101.3
101.8

102.9
103.7
104.4
105.0
105.5
106.9
108.6
109.9
110.3
110.4

100.0
101.2
112.6

114.6
97.0
96.5
97.3
97.7
98.9
100. 5
103.1
103.9
104.0
104.3
104.4
107. 1
109.9
111.9
112.0

111.7

1947-49=100

1935-39 = 100

Year and month
All items
105.2
116.6
123.7
125.7
128.6
139. 5
159.6
171.9
170.2
171.9
185.6
189.8
168.2
167.9
168.4
168.5
169.3
170.2
172.0
173.4
174.6
175. 6
176.4
178.8
181.5
183.8
184.5
184.6

1951: M ay..................
June_________
J u ly ........... .
August______
September__
October______
November___
December____
1952: January______
February... ._
March......... .
April________
M ay________
June_________
July-------------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December____
1953: January_____
February____
March....... .
April. . . . _____
M ay..................
J u n e.................
July_________
August______
September___

All
items

Total
food 2

110.9

112. 6

110.8

112.3
112.7
112.4
112.5
113. 5
114.6
115.0
115. 0

110.9
110.9
111.6
112.1
112.8

113.1
113. 1
112.4
112.4
112.9
113.0
113.4
114.1
114.3
114.1
114.2
114.3
114.1
113.9
113.4
113.6
113.7
114.0
114.5
111.7
115.0
115.2

112.6

112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8
113.1
111.5
111.7
111.5
112.1

113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8

All items
185.4
185.2
185.5
185.5
186.6
187.4
188.6
189.1
189.1
187.9
188.0
188.7
189.0
189.6
190.8
191.1
190.8
190.9
191.1
190.7
190.4
189.6
189.9
190.1
190.6
191.4
191.8
192.3
192.6

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

1261

Table D-4: Consumer Price Index 1—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
Indexes, 1947-49=100

1935-39=100

City
Sept.
1953

Aug.
1953

July
1953

June
1953

M ay
1953

Apr.
1953

United States average s

115.2

115.0

114.7

114.5

114.0

113.7

anta, Q a........... ........
‘*more, M d .............
>n, M ass________
go, 111. .......... .
aati, Ohio...........

117.6
115.0
(3)
116.6
115.3

(3)
(3)
(3)
116.3
(3)

(3)
(3)
113.1
115.7
(3)

117.1
115.1
(3)
115.3
114.5

(3)
(3)
(3)
114.6
(3)

111.7
114.2

and, Ohio______
tj- M ich________
ton, T ex________
sas City, M o_____
i Angeles, Calif____

(3)
116.9
(3)
(3)
116.2

115.1
116.9
116.8
(3)
115.8

(3)
116. 9
(3)
115.3
115.8

(3)
116.6
(3)
(3)
115.4

113.7
115.8
116.8

115.2

M inneapo iis, M inn___
New York, N . Y ...........
Philadelphia, P a ...........
Pittsburgh, Pa...............
Portland, Oreg_______

(3)
113.2
115.2
(3)
(3)

(3)
112.7
114.9
(3)
(3)

115.6

(3)

112.1

112.0

114.7
113.8
115.5

114.6
(3)
(3)

St. Louis, M o________
San Francisco, Calif__
Scranton, P a .................
Seattle, W ash________
Washington, D . C.........

117. 1
116.9
(3)
(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)
113.2
116.8
114.2

(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

115.8
116.1
(3)
(3)
(3)

0
0

0
0

0

0

114.3
115.6

0

115.1

0
0

112.8

115.3
111.4
113.8

Dec.
1952

Nov.
1952

Oct.
1952

Sept.
1952

June
1950

113.6

113.4

113.9

114.1

114.3

114.2

114.1

101 . 8

192.6

190.9

0
10 1. 6
102.8
102.8
101.2

199.4
197.7

(3)

197.7
194.6
180.6
195. 7
195.0

( 3)

( 3)

116.7
114.2
0

113.8
112.6
0

115.2
0
0

0
0
0

113.9
0

112.5
115.1
116.1

0
0
112.1

114.2
0
0

115.7
0

115.4

114.9

111.1

0
111.2

0
111.1

113.7

114.1

113. 7

114.4
111.7
114.3

115.4

113.5

June 1953
196.6 I Mobile, Ala.................................185.6
198.2 Portland, M aine_____________181.9
190.8 I


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Jan.
1953

114.3
115.4

0
0
0
0
0

1 See footnote 1 to table D -l.
Indexes are based on time-to-time changes
in the cost of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical
worker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one
city than in another.
1 Average of 46 cities beginning January 1953. See footnote 1 to table D -l.
3 Prior to January 1953, indexes were computed monthly for 9 of these cities
and once every 3 months for the remaining 11 cities on a rotating cycle.
Beginning in January 1953, indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and
once every 3 months for the 15 remaining cities on a rotating cycle.
1 All “old series” indexes discontinued as of June 1953. Last “old series”
indexes (1935-39=100) for the 14 cities not included in the revised index and
for cities not surveyed in June are as follows:

Birmingham, Ala.
Jacksonville, Fla.
Memphis, T en n „

Feb.
1953

0

0
0
112.0
116. 2

Revised
Old
series
series
SeDt. June <
1953
1953

Mar.
1953

0
0

114.7
115. 5
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
11 2 . 2

114.6
113.0

112.6

114.6
0
0
0
0
0

0

114.4
112.4
114.6
112.5
0

116.0
116.7
0

115.3
114.6
112.0

114.7
113. 4
0

114.9
115. 6
0
0
0

117.1
0

112.7
115.1
112.5
113.6
115.3
116.0
0

115.1
0

112.9
114.7
113.5
0
0
0

113.1
115.6
113.8

0
0

0

113.4
115.0
113.3
0

115.5
116.1
115.2
114.8
0

112.4
114.6
113.4
115.0

115.0
113.2
115.0
113.2
0

114.7
115.5
0

103.8
0

115.0

101.3

114.8
112.4
114.7
113.2

102.1

0

115.5
114.5

0
0
0
0
0

0
102.8

0
0
0

100.9
101.6
101.1
0
101.1

100.9
0
0
0

198.6
194.2
197.3
( 3)

(3)
194.2
(3)

187.3
191.7

200.4
193.4

(3)

188.7

( 3)

(3)

185.4190.5
194.6

(3)

(3)

195.4
199.8
( 3)
( 3)

(3)

192.9
199.1
(3)
(3)
(3)

M ay 19B3
Cleveland, Ohio_______
192.8
Scranton, Pa........................... 185.3
196.9
Milwaukee, W is..... ...........
Seattle, W a sh ......................... . 195.4
New Orleans, La___________ 190.1
Washington, D . C .................... 185. 5
Norfolk, V a_______ _______ _ 191.3
A pril 1953
Buffalo, N . Y ........
Denver, Colo____
Indianapolis, Ind_.
Kansas City, M o..
Manchester, N . H.

187.3
189.1
192.5
181.8
184.7

Minneapolis, Minn.
Portland, Oreg____
Richmond, Va........
Savannah, Ga____

188.0
198.9
181.5
197.7

MONTHLY LABOR

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

1262
T able

D-5: Consumer Price Index1—All items and commodity groups, except food,2 by city
[Indexes, 1947-49=100]
Apparel

All items

Personal care

Transportation

Reading and
recreation

Sept.
1952

Sept.
1953

Sept.
1952

Sept.
1953

Sept.
1952

Sept.
1953

Medical care

Other
ser

City and cycle of pricing

United States average______
Monthly:
Chicago, 111........................
Detroit, M ich_____ ____
Los Angeles, C alif...........
N ew York, N . Y ..............
Philadelphia, P a _______
Mar., June, Sept., and Dec.:
Atlanta, Ga.4_...................
Baltimore, M d ________
Cincinnati, O h io ............
St. Louis, M o_________
San Francisco, Calif........

Feb., M ay, Aug., and Nov.:
Cleveland, Ohio_______
Houston, T ex_____ ____
Scranton, P a . . . ........ .......
Seattle, W ash_________
Washington, D . C_____

Jan., Apr., July,rand’Oct.:
Boston, M ass________
Kansas City, M o____
Minneapolis, M inn__
Pittsburgh, P a _______
Portland, Oreg_______

Sept.
1952

Sept.
1953

112.9

112.1

12 2 . 6

118.8

130.7

127.7

107.8

107.3

118. 5

114.3
119.5
117.8
106.9
116.9

114.7
119.1
113.2
105.8
116.8

12 1 . 2

116.2
116.2
118.5
121.5
119.6

133.8
127.2
127.6
134.0
135.3

133.6

110.9
109.6
103.3
106.4
111.3

108.7
110.9
109.6
105.4
109.4

113.0
123.6
114.4
119.1

115.0
108.1
109.7

(3)
106.1
108.7
109.5
113.0

117.2
132.6
123.0
133.0

(3)
125.2
117.6
130.1
119.2

129.1
140.1
131. 6
137. 0
143.6

138.2
127.7
134.1
140.3

113. 0
99.7
99.8
104.7

Aug.
1953

Aug.
1952

Aug.
1953

Aug.
1952

126.7
118.5
115.0
125.5
117.7

119.6
112.7
111.9
123.7
116.8

125.1
127.2
130.2
133.3
128.8

122.3
124.0
129.8

111.4

112.1
111.8
112.1

July
1952

July
1953

July
1952

July
1953

July
1952

102.3
107.6

111.9
116.0
117.0
106.1

110.5
115.5
(3)
105.9

12 0. 2

11 1. 8

11 0 . 6

123.6
119.4
137.4
121.3
119.4

Sept.
1953

Sept.
1952

Sept.
1953

Sept.
1952

Sept.
1953

115.2

114.1

105.3

105.8

116.6
116.9
116.2
113.2
115.2

115.0
114.7
115.0
112.4
114.7

108.4
103.2
104.2
105. 9
106.5

106.3
103.0
105.1
106.6
105.7

117.6
115.0
115.3
117.1
116.9

(s)
115.0
113.2
115.5
114.5

111.1

103.5
104.9
106.0
105.1

102.9
106.0
105.5
105.4

Aug.
1953

Aug.
1952

Aug.
1953

Aug.
1952

115.1
116.8
113.2
116.8
114.2

114.0
115.8
114.0
114.6
114.1

104.9
106.6
106.7
107.6
104.0

105.5
108.3
107.2
108.2
103.5

113.8
119.2
111.9

July
1953

July
1952

July
1953

113.1
115.3
115. 6
113.8
115. 5

113.7
115.3

103.4
105.6
104.4
103.1
103.9

0

113.0
114.7

0

0

103.0
104.8

11 0. 0

112.9
Aug.
1953

111.2

Aug.
1952

111. 5
119.2

121.4
120.4
12 1. 6

120.4

12 2. 6

122.1

123.8
127.8
132.7

Sept.
1952

12 2 . 2

102.1

117
119
116. 2
116. 7
115.3

Aug.
1953

Aug.
1952

Aug.
1953

123.5

113. 7
113.8
117.6
112.7
109.2

104.1
107.4
118.6
107.8
109.6

116.5
119.3
115.4
125.9
125.8

July
1953

July
1952

July
1953

July
1952

July
1953

July
1952

136.7
130.5
121.9
140.7
126.6

133.2
128.4

106.5
109.5
116.2
95.0
114.4

104.7
108.5

116.5
118.0
123.4
118.9
118.5

0

118.5
0

114.0
117.4

11 1. 2

0

12 2. 0

0

138.1
122.9

0

116.7
101.5
100.3

0

104.8
116.5

Aug.
1952

117.1
117.6
114.1
123.2
122.0

115.3
114.0
117.0
114.1

Housing
Total housing
Sept.
1953
United States average______
Monthly:
Chicago, 111____________
Detroit, M ich_________
Los Angeles, Calif_____
N ew York, N . Y _______
Philadelphia, P a _______
Mar., June, Sept., and Dec.:
Atlanta, Ga .4__________
Baltimore, M d ________
Cincinnati, Ohio_______
St. Louis, M o_________
San Francisco, Calif____

114.8

123.6
120.4
124.0
115.1
113.3

116.4
113.6
120.7
111.7

124.0
113.6
116.5
118.6
118.3

118.2
122.5
115.3
118.9
116.4
July
1953

Jan., Apr., July, and Oct.:
Boston, M ass________
Kansas City, M o____
Minneapolis, M inn__
Pittsburgh, P a ______
Portland, Oreg______

116.4
117.7
118.0
115.0
119.3

See footnote 1 to table D -l.
* See tables D -2, D -3, D - 6 , and D -7, for food.
1


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Sept.
1952

118.4

Aug.
1953
Feb., May, Aug. and Nov.:
Cleveland, O h io ...........
Houston, T ex_________
Scranton, P a .................
Seattle, W ash..................
Washington, D . C .........

Rent
Sept.
1953
126.0

Gas and electricity
Sept.
1952

99.9
109.3
109.5
108.8

10 0. 0
102.1

122.9
118.7

115.7

11 0. 6

106.7
107.9

0

101.8

123.7
119.3

110.7
107.7
110.4

110.3
109.1

101.8

128.8
123.0

0

11 0. 2

108.8
97.4
113.2
99.4
130.1

0

115.9
124.5
125.2
130.7

0

123.7
119.7
122.3

0

0

113.8
103.2
103.9
109.4
109.7

103.2
103.3
109.0
107.1

129.1
121.7

0

11 1. 0

0
0
0

112.4
119.8
112.4
115.8
115.5
July
1952
113.7
115.5
0
111.8

115.6
1

130.7
137.5
0

132.9

0

July
1953
118.0
0

122.7

0

127.2

N ot available.

Sept.
1952

119.6

0

Aug.
1953

Sept.
1953

124.6

117.8

Aug.
1952

Sept.
1952

105.0

0
0
0
0

113.5
114.1

Sept.
1953

106.9

135.5

112.7

Sept.
1952

Housefurnishings

118.3

0
0
0
0

11 1. 0

Sept.
1953

Solid fuels and
fuel oil

118.9
112.4
115.6
118.8

Aug.
1952
118.6
134.5
117.2
123.0
118.0
July
1952

Aug.
1953
106.8
106.5
111.9
99.0
117.0
July
1953

97.1
108.0
95.8
119.7
Aug.
1952
102.7
105.6
111.9
98.2
114.9
July
1952

0

120.5

105.3
103.6

102.1

0

110.0

0

113.1
124.2

113.7
105.2
4

105.6
108.0
105.0

Aug.
1953
12 1. 0
0

137.3
127.0
130.2
July
1953
122.9
113.2
115.1

120.0

Aug.
1952
117.0
0

119.5
112.7
125.1
July
1952

108.1
109.8

Aug.
1953
105.0
103.8
101.5
107.6
108.6
July
1953

12 0. 6

0
11 2. 6

108.4
107.7
107.9
106.6

127.1

109.3

111.1

12 1. 0
110.8

108.1

Household
operation
Sept.
1953

Sept.
1952

116.0

112.1

108.7

12 0 . 2

110.1

106.4
107.7
118.8
113.4

115.8
107.7
106.1
H 6.8
K’6 . 1
’

0

Aug.
1952
104.8
106.6
102.5
109.7
107.7
July
1952
107.0
107.5
0

107.5
107.3

Atlanta formerly priced Feb., M ay, Aug., and Nov,

127.7
109.2
121.4
117.2
109.0
Aug.
1953

10,.1
112.0

113.8
107.9
Aug.
1952

110.4
120.3
106.7

10 1. 0

11 0. 2

108.6
113.0

113.1
July
1953
109.3
12 0. 8

116.9
117.4
111.4

109.3
102.2

July
1952
106.2
117.7
0

111.5
108.5

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953
T able

1263

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

D-6: Consumer Price Index1—Food and its subgroups, by city
[Indexes, 1947-49=100]

Food at home

Total food3
Total foodat home

City
Sept.
1953

P.W
A*

t.

#edStates average3........
^Vr"'.iQa -------------U: . ¡Mass__________
M d -------------Clew
............. .....
Detr 'Ö-.Ohio-..............
Hor, •- • 'j-OO
-s...
hio-------------

T . ,roit, M ich______________
idston, Tex_______________
Adnsas City, M o. . . . _____
Los Angeles, C a lif....................

Aug.
1953

Sept.
1952

Sept.
1953

Aug.
1953

Cereals and bakery products

Sept.
1952

Sept.
1953

Aug.
1953

Sept.
1952

Meats, poultry, and fish
Sept.
1953

Aug.
1953

Sept.
1952

113.8
114.7
114.7
111.9
112.5
116.9

114.1
115.2
114.5
112.6
112.3
117.1

115.4
115.9
116.1
114.9
115.4
116.8

113.5
114.7
114.3
111.5
112.0
117.0

114.1
115.3
114.3
112.3
111.8
117.3

115.4
115.9
116.1
114.9
115.4
116.8

120.3
116.8
116.9
118.7
116.3
119.9

119.5
117.5
116.6
117.6
114.1
120.2

117.4
115.6
117.3
118.0
114.4
117.0

113.5
118.9
115.7
111.3
108.5
118.4

114.1
121.4
116.8
111.1
107.7
117.4

119.2
120.3
119.9
118.1
116.2
119.4

111.3
116.7

11 2. 2

112.3
116.4
112.7

117.0
118.5
114.9
120.4

122.8

109.5
114.4
110.3
109.1
112.4

117.0
118.9

122.6

114.5
114.4
114.2
114.0
116.9

120.3

112.7

116.6
116.3
115.2
120.4

11 1. 0

112.9

116.5
118.3
114.2
113.6
114.1

110.9
113.2

112.8
112.0

116.5
118.3
114.2
113.6
114.1

11 1. 2

11 2. 2

112.6
11 2. 6

113.1
112.2

115.5
115.7
114.0

121.7
124.8

116.5
115.4
114.9

115.7
114. 7
117.7
115.2
116.0

119.7
123.2
118.9
119.7
117.7

118.9
121.7
117.2
116.7
112.7

105.9
113.3
114.8

115.2
114.0

117.3
113.8
113.4
113.7
113.1

116.7
112.9
116.2
115.5
115.6

115.6
127.8
116. 6
122.4
115.0

111.5
113.8

116.7
113.3

Minneapolis, M inn____ _____
N ew York, N . Y ___________
Philadelphia, Pa____________
Pittsburgh, Pa___________
Portland, Dreg........ ...................

112.8
112.6

112.1

115.7
115.7
113.8

116.5
115.4
114.5

115.7
114.7
117.7
115. 2
116.0

St. Louis, M o_____ _____ ___
San Francisco, Calif..................
Scranton, P a . .. ___ ________
Seattle, "Wash. _ ______
Washington, D . C.......... ...........

115.7
114.1
113.2

117.2
113.4
113.6
113.6
113.3

116.7
112.9
116.2
115.5
115.6

11 2. 6
11 2. 6

113.2

116.3
112.0
111. 0

112.8

112.5
112.3

111.6

120.8

119.8
117.6

114.9
127.4
116. 3

111.8
12 2. 0

115.9
117.7
114.1

12 0. 0

115.5

111.8

117.2
114.5
11 2. 0

112.7
111.5
111.1

12 1. 0

110.7
11 2. 6

12 1. 6

107.5
113. 0
116.8
112.5
119.0

117.2

115.7
112.4
114.6
113.3
113.5

119.6
120.4
119.2
119.3
119.3

12 1. 0
12 0. 8

114. 7
127.3

Food at home—Continued
City

Dairy products

Fruits and vegetables

Sept. 1953

Aug. 1953

Sept. 1952

Sept. 1953

Other foods at hom e 3

Aug. 1953

Sept. 1952

Sept. 1953

Aug. 1953

Sept. 1952

United States average 3_______________

109.6

109.1

112.5

106.6

112.7

111.5

116.7

114.4

113.7

Atlanta, G a ...__________________________
Baltimore, M d ...___ _______ _ _________
Boston, Mass___ _____ _________ ________
Chicago, 111.. . _________________________
Cincinnati, Ohio________________________

110.1
112.1
110.6
110.2

110.1
11 2. 2

113.2

118.7
110. 5
111.5

122.8
112.1

111.9

111.0

106.6
112.3
110.7
119.7

112.1

114.9

113.2

109.2
115. 5
109.9
122.5

106.2

107.9
109.8

115.8
107.7
104.0
105.5
109.6

112.8

12 2. 6

12 1. 0

Cleveland, O h io ..____ ___ ______________
Detroit, Aiich___________ _______________
Houston, Tex______________________ _____
Kansas City, M o__________ ____________
Los Angeles, Calif.. ................ .............. ..........

105.9
109.4
107.0
108.7
108.5

105.1
109.4
108.0
106.3
108.7

102.7
114.3

11 0. 0
12 2. 0

112.2

115.1

103.8
103.2

118.7
118.3
114.2
113.1
116.8

116.7
116.1
113.5

11 0. 0

112.9
118.3
113.1
109.2
101.9

115.0

115.6
115.2
111.3
108.5
112.3

Minneapolis, M inn_____________ _____ ___
N ew York, N . Y _____________ . . . ______
Philadelphia, P a________________________
Pittsburgh, Pa__________________________
Port id lö r e g __________________________

106.7
107.6

113.5
107.8
113.6
111.7
111.5

111.0

117.4
106.4
117.8
114.4
107.8

111.1

112.5
109.4

106.7
106.3
111. 1
109.5
109.4

108.1
117.8
113.5
105.9

123.0
116.4
116.7
126.3
119.5

119.4
113.9
114.3
121.9
117.5

113.9
114.9
119.4
114.6

• ,,., M o__________________ ________ _
Ban Francisco, Calif____________________ .
Scranton, P a____________________________
Seattle, Wash........... ...........................................
Washington, D . C............ ..................................

106.1
109.9
112.4
106.9
114.6

106.1
109.7
109.9
107.0
114.3

115.9
112.9

112.8
102.1

112.9
114.4

105.5
104.5

126.2
110.7
106.6
113.1
107.1

113.6
97.6
118.2
110.4
113.8

123.8
116.0
115.6
115.4
113.8

12 2. 0

110.8

111.1

1 See footnote 1 to table D -l.
Indexes for 56 cities for total food (193539=100 or June 1940=100) were published in the March 1953 M onthly Labor
Review and in previous issues. See table D -7 for U . S. average prices for 46
•cities combined.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

112.2

114.2
116.5
113.3
113.8
113.6
113.4
112.2

111.3

103.0
111.3
108.7
102.7
107.3

104.5

115.5

2 See footnote 2 on table D -l.
3 Average of 46 cities beginning
3 See footnote 3 to table D-2.

110.8

112.5
114.4
113.9
112.1

January 1953. See footnote

1

11 2. 0

108.2
117.8
119.1

12 0. 0

118.8
113.3
112.0

113.3
111.6

to table D -l.

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

1264

MONTHLY LABOR

T able D - 7 : Average retail prices of selected foods
Commodity

Sept.
1953

Cents
Cereals and bakery products:
52.0
Flour, wheat_______________ ____ 5 pounds..
21.8
Com flakes 1________________ ____ 12 ounces..
1 2 .6
Cornmeal 2. _______ _______ ______ pound .
2 0 .6
Rice___ __________________ ________ do___
18.4
Rolled oats_________________ ____ 20 ounces..
28.1
Biscuit mix________ _______ ________ do___
16.7
Bread, w h ite-.- ___________ ______ pound..
23.4
Vanilla cookies 2_____________ _____7 ounces..
27.3
Soda crackers__ ____________ ______ pound..
M eats, poultry, and fish:
Beef and veal:
94.4
Round s te a k ..--------------- ________ do___
70.5
Rib roast---- ------ ------------ ________ do___
53.4
Chuck roast_____________ _______ do___
43.2
Hamburger_____________ ________ do___
11 1. 2
Veal cutlets__________ . . _______ do____
Pork:
88.8
Pork chops______________ ________ do___
89.1
Bacon__________________ ________ do___
________
do___
72.7
Ham, whole_____________
69.7
Lamb, leg__________________ _______ do___
Other meats:
57.1
Frankfurters____ ____ . . . ________ do___
50. 5
Luncheon meat, canned— ____ 12 ounces
Poultry:
Frying chickens:
47.8
______ pound.
Dressed
______
60.1
Ready-to-cook 4______ ............. __do___
Fish:
43.5
Ocean perch, fillet, frozen«________ do___
48.9
Haddock, fillet, frozen •__ ________ do___
52.6
Salmon, pink, canned____ 16-ounce can .
38.5
Tuna fish, canned_______ ...7-ounce can..
Dairy products:
78.3
Butter------------- ------------------- ______ pound..
59.4
C heese..- - ______
______ ________ do _ _
23.5
M ilk, fresh (delivered) 7_____ _______ quart..
22. 5
M ilk, fresh (grocery)________ _________do_ __
30.0
Ice cream ... - ------------------ . . . _____pint.
14.4
M ilk, evaporated____________ 14^-ounce can..
All fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits and vegetables:
37.2
Strawberries____________ ........ 12 ounces..
21.4
Orange juice concentrate.. _____ 6 ounces..
22.9
Peas, frozen_____________ ____ 12 ounces.24.2
Beans, green_____ _____ ____ 10 ounces..
Fresh fruits and vegetables:
13.9
Apples_________________ ______ pound..
16.8
B an an as______ _______ ________ do___
15.2
Peaches*
_ _ _ ___ ________ do___
Typ.mons
_ ______ __do___
22.5
1 38 cities.
41 cities.
s 12 cities.
* 34 cities.
«42 cities.

2

Aug.
1953

Jan.
1953

Cents
52.0
2 1 .8

Cents
52.3
21.7

12.7
21.3
18.4
28.2
16.4
23.4
27.2

18.8
lb. 3
28.2
16.2
23.5
25.7

95.2
70.2
52.7
44.0

103.0
80.0
63.6
53.8

11 2. 2

12 0. 6

87.2
88.3
76.1
73.2

72.5
65.2
65.1
72.3

57.8
50.6

59.8
48.6

48.0
60.5

49.9
62.6

44.0
48.2
52.9
38.3

44.5
50.9
53.3
37.9

1 2 .6

78.1
59.6
23.3
22.3
29.9
14.4

80.3
60.5
23.8

37.0

38.5
18. 5
23.4
24.3

20.6
22.8

24.3
16.2
16.9
14.1
18.9

22.8

30.4
15.0

14.2
16.2

Commodity

Sept.
1953

All fruits and vegetables—Continued
Cents
Fresh fruits and vegetables—Continued
51.5
Oranges, size 200. ._ ------- ______dozen. _
________
each
Grapefruit* . . ________
2 0 .6
Grapes*
__________ _____ pound..
________ p in t..
Strawberries* _
W aterm elons*
. pound..
19.5
Beans, green____________ ............___do___
7.1
Cabbage________________ ........... ___do___
________
do___
13.2
Carrots___ _____________
14.6
Lettuce_________________ _______ head..
6.4
Onions_________________ ___ _ ..p o u n d ._
69.4
Potatoes______ ________ ___15 pounds..
______
pound
12.7
Sweetpotatoes__________
13.8
Celery__________________ ________ do_ __
15.5
Tomatoes_______________ ________ do___
Canned fruits and vegetables:
33.8
Peaches_________________ ..N o . 2 W can.
38.7
Pineapple_______________ ___ ____ do___
35.5
Orange juice____________ -46-ounce can..
40.4
Fruit cocktail...... .............. ..N o . 2 can. .
19.0
Corn___________________ ..N o . 303 can..
17.3
Tomatoes 9______________ ___No. 2 can..
21.3
Peas________ _____ ______ ..N o . 303 can..
9.8
Baby foods. ________ . . - _.4j^-5 ounces..
Dried fruits and vegetables:
29.3
Prunes_________________ ______ pound __
17.6
N avy beans-------------------- _____ _do__
Other foods at home:
Partially prepared foods:
Beans with pork____ . . . .16-ounce can
14.4
14.3
Vegetable soup__________ . . 11 -ounce can..
29.6
Gherkins, sweet________ ___ 7j4i ounces..
22.2
Catsup_________________ ____14 ounces..
Beverages, nonalcoholic:
91.1
Coffee_________ _______ ...........p o u n d ..
32.5
Tea_____________________ ____W pound..
30.4
Cola drink__________carton of 6 , 6 ounce.
Fats and oils:
26.8
Lard____________ ______ ______ pound..
Shortening, hydrogenated. ________ do___
34.1
34.7
Salad dressing___________ ........... p in t..
29.2
Margarine, colored 9_____ ______ pound__
49.1
Peanut butter___________ ________ do___
Sugar and sweets:
53.1
Sugar. _ _____
-. ------- ____5 pounds.
23.5
Com syrup______________ ____24 ounces..
24.6
Grape jelly______________ ___ 12 ounces..
4.5
Chocolate bar___________ . . . 1 -ounce bar..
77.8
Eggs, Grade A, large------------- ______ dozen..
Miscellaneous foods:
8.5
Gelatin, flavored_________ ___2-5 ounces..

Aug.
1953

Jan.
1953

Cents
51.6

Cents
43.3
10.3

31.3
4.5
18.3
7.0
12.4
20.1

32.4
7.6
12.3
15.3

7.2
73.3
18.1
14.9
20.9

104.3
17.5
14.4
31.6

34.3
38.7
34.7
40.2
19.0
17.2
21.3
9.8

34.0
38.4
31.2
40.3
19.2
18.5
21.5
9.8

29.3
17.5

28.4
16.5

14. 4
14.3
29.7
22.3

14.3
14.3
29.3

90.0
32.5
30.2

86.4
32.3
29.3

2 0 .8

34.2
34.6
29.4
49.1

16.1
32.8
34.2
29.9
49.0

53.0
23.5
24.5
4.5
74.4

52.9
23.5
23.9
4.5
66.9

8. 6

8.6

11.0

22.8

8 36
7 45
8 40
9 44

cities.
cities.
cities.
cities beginning July 1953, 43 cities December 1952 through June 1953.
‘ Priced only in season.

N o t e .—The United States average retail food prices appearing in table D-7 (above) are based on prices collected
monthly in 46 cities for use in the calculation of the food component of the r e v i s e d Consumer Price Index. Average retail
food prices for each of 20 large cities are published monthly and are available upon request. Prices for the 26 medium­
sized and small cities are not published on an individual city basis.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

1265

Table D -8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1
[1947-49=100]
Commodity group

Sept. Aug.
19515 * 1953

July
1953

June
1953

May
1953

Apr.
1953

Mar.
1953

Feb.
1953

Jan.
1953

Dec.
1952

Nov.
1952

1952

1952

1950

110.7

111.1

111.8

100.2

103.6
113. 2
96.5
93.0
107.
113.1
117.6
98.5
132.5

104.9
111.7
95.0
94.8
109.6
114.8
124.8
96.7
136.0

106.6
115.6
96. 9
99.3
113.3
113. 8
112. 5
96. 4
136.6

94 ft
R9 8
R9 A
99 8
107 3
R1 ft
70 ft
R7 ft
12 2 ! 4

110.3
106. 5
109. 4
116. 4
105. 9
110. 5
161.9
60.4
63.3
65. 7
80.8
127.6

9ft R
9ft ft
109 4
Qo’ 0
98 0
94 7
1.8ft 9
ft3 Q
R7 9
ft7 4
79 2
m '. e
102.2

All commodities-........ ......................................

111. c

110.6

110. S

109. £

109.

109.4

110. C 109.6

109.9

109.6

Farm products...................................................
Fresh and dried produce..........................
Grains............................................................
Livestock and poultry..............................
Plant and animal fibers______________
Fluid milk....................................................
E ggs..............................................................
Hay and s e e d s ................................ ...........
Other farm products..................................

97. f: '•96.4
96. C 98.0
88.2
86.5
90. e
88.1
103.0 103.9
98.
97.6
122.5 113.8
81. 5
85.1
146. ' 144. 3

97.9
94.7
85.4
95.9
105.0
96. 4
106.2
85. 5
140.7

95.4
109.9
84.2

97.8
105.4
93.4
91.7
104.3
93.6
98.7
93.7
135.4

97.3
106. 9
93.8
87.5
103 4
96.7
102.5
95. Í
137.1

99.8 97.9
105.8 102.2
94.7 93.1
91.7 91. 2
104.6 10 2 .7
100.5 103.0
100.6
89.1
97.5 94.9
142.5 134.5

99.6
107.3
94.6
92 7
100.9
105. Í
93.9
97.2
133.3

99.2
112.3
96.

Processed foods...................................................
Cereal and bakery products....................
Meats, poultry, fish .................................
Dairy products and ice cream.................
Canned, frozen, fruits and vegetables..
Sugar and confectionery...........................
Packaged beverage materials..................
Animal fats and oils........ ............... .........
Crude vegetable oils_____________ ___
Refined vegetable oils_______________
Vegetable oil end products___________
Other processed foods................................

106. 5 104.8
110. 4 r 108. 4
97. 2
93.6
111. 3 110.7
104. 7 ' 104. 7
110.1
110.5
169.8 169.8
106. 6 ' 82 2
65.8 ' 62 9
68.8
70.9
80. 5
83.4
116.8 116.7

105. 5
108.5
97.0

104.1
108.9
91.2
109.7
105.1
109.6
168.9
60.2
75.6
79.8
84.3
120.9

105.2
107.6
98.2
110.9
105.5
108.0
161.9
53.8
70.5
69.9
83.3
114.4

105. 5
106.8
99.3
111.9
105.4
108.0
161.9
52. 1
70.4
77.0
S3. 5

120.2

103.2
109.2
89.2
108.5
104.4
109.7
168.1
60.4
75.4
79.8
85. f
120.5

107.7
107.1

105.0
109.8
169.8
72.4
63.1
78.0
84.0
117.3

104.3
109.0
93.8
107.9
104.0
109.6
164.6
64.2
70.5
79.8
86.5
121.5

All commodities other than farm and foods.

114.8 ' 114.9

114.8

113.9

113.6

113.2

113.4 113.1

Textile products and apparel.........................
Cotton products_____________________
Wool products.............................................
Synthetic textiles...... .......................... ......
Silk products...............................................
Apparel............................. ............. .............
Other textile products.............................

97.2
97.5
93.7 ’■94. 1
111. 2
111.8
86. 7
86.7
134.7 134.7
99.3
99.3
82.9
86.5

97.5
94.1
111.7
87.5
134.7
99.3
85.3

97.4
93.4

97.6
93.3

111 6

112.0

87.5
134.7
99.4
85.5

87.4
133.0
99.9
83.8

97.4
92.9
111.3

97.5 98.5
93.1 96.1
111.9 111.5
87.9 88.3
141.4 141.4
99.6 99.9
82.8 83.5

101.0

100.4
74.8
97.3
111.5

Hides, skins, and leather products................
Hides and s k in s .........................................
Leather____________________________
Footwear...................................................... .
Other leather products....... .......................

99.7
74. 2
94. 5
111.8

99.9
74.6
95.0
111.8

99.3

'99.5

111. 1

' 111.0
'111.7
131.8
' 105. 7
' 99.1
116.5

110.0

8 6 .8

104.0
93.1
106.5
89.8
136.7
103.3
107.9
91.6
107.7
103.7
109.8
164.6
60.9
68.4
79.8
84.6

73.4
96.1
111.7
99.7

76.3
98.0
111.7
100.3

100.0

97.9
66.4
92.7
111.5
99.3

111.1
111.8

108.3

107.1

107.4

111.2

110.8

111.2

131.8
108.2
98.5

131.8
108.2
97.4
109.4

131.8
100.5
98.0
109.3

105.5
118.0
106.1
93.1
49.9
110.7
112.9
103.0

125.0
122.7
126.3
124.5

125.4
124.2
126.3
124.7

100.0

99.0
70.6
92.9

97.6
69.2
90.1

96.6
65.0
89.9

96.5
64.4
89.3
110.6

100.0

98 8
90 0

10 ft 8
91 3

RR R
99 7
96! 3
99 1
94 3
9R 2
109 7

99.2

99.9

108.4
114.4
131.8
109. 5
100.7
109.0

108.1
115.9
131.8
109.5
100.7
107.9

107.8
116.3
131.8
108 0
99.6
107 9

107.2
116.1
129.0
104. 9
98.5
107.9

106.7
113.6
124.3
104.9
98.0
108.1

106.6
113.3
124.3
100.4
98.5
108.6

106.2
107.6
124.3
100.3
101.3
108.5

105.5
117.0
106.0
93.0
55.9
110.7
113.2
103.1

103.6
113.1
105. 9
91.4
52.7
110.8
112.7
102.9 102.9

103.6
106.2
91.5
53.5

103.3
112.3
106.1
91.3
52.8

111.2 111.1

112.9
103.1

103. 5
112.7
106.3
91.9
53.1
110.9

113.0
103.1

103.9
113.9
106.5
92.0
51.0
110. 7

104.0
114.3
107.0
92.1
48.9
110.3

102.9

103.0

103.0

9R* ft
9L1

124.8
122.3
126.3
124.2

125.7
126.6
126.3
124.3

127.3
135.5
126. 3
124.3

127.7
137.3
126.3
124.3

126.4
130.3
126.3
124.3

126.0
126.6
126. 3
125.2

126.3
128.3
126.3
125.2

10ft 1

121. 5
120.7
132.0
112.4

121.8 122.2 121.7 121.1 120.5
121.0 121.5 120.9 120.3 120.1
132.0 132.0 131. 9 131.9
129.3
112.4 112.0 112.0 110.9
108.5

119.7
119.8
128.3
102.3

120.2 120.4
120.0 120.2 120.6

127.5
102.3

127.7
106.1

127.2
106.0

115.4
108.8
85.0
124.9
123.1
111.4
123.0

115.3
108.8
88.3
124.9
123.1
111.4
118.2

115.3
108.8
83.8
124.9
123. 5
111.1 111.5
118.2 118.2

115.8
108.8
87.0
124.9
124.2
112.3
118.2

115.9
108.8
89.3
124.9
124.4
112.3
118.2

115.5
108.8
65.7
124.9
124.8
112.3
118.2

115.5
109.3
71.2
124.9
124.6

115.6
109.3
78.5
124.0
124.6

115.8

115.8

125.7
128.9
126.6
126.6
133.2
113.8
114.4
113.6
124.0

125.0
127.7
128.2
126.5
127.9
113.8
113.8
113.6

125.5
127.7
131.5
125. 3
126.2
114.3
113.9
113.6

124.0
127.1
122. 5
125.3
125.9
113.6
113.8
113.9
126.5

124.0
127.0
122.3
125.4
125.9
118.1
113.6
113.9
126.5

123.9
127.0
122.5
125.1
125.3
118.1
113.6
114.1
125.91

124.1
127.3
122.9
125.1
125.3
118.1
113.7
114.0
125.8

124.6
127.5
124.7
124.2
123.8
118.1
113. 7
115.6
125.6

119.2 ' 120. 4
118.3 ' 119.3
131. 5 131.7
107.4 ' 112. 4

121.1
120.2

Pulp, paper, and allied products.....................
Wood pulp__________________________
W astepaper............................. ...................
Paper___________ __________________
Paperboard...................................................
Converted paper and paperboard............
Building paper and board______ ______

116.9
108.8
109.6
126. 5
126.0
112.3
123.0

Metals and metal products............ ..................
Iron and steel................................................
Nonferrous metals___________________
Metal containers_____________________
Hardware___________________________
Plumbing equipment..................................
Heating equipment__________________
Structural metal products..........................
Nonstructural metal products..................


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

97.3
62.1
92.0

88.1

141.4

112.6

110.6

Lumber and wood products............................
Lumber_____________________________
Millwork___________________________
P ly w o o d .......................................................

-8

99. 5
98.9
112. 4
89.9
139.3
99.3
95.0

99.6

126.4
124.1

276 3 6 1 — 53

99.2
99.2
113.2
89.5
140.0
98. 4
94.5

111.0

125.1
123.2 ' 123. 2

See footnotes a t end of table.

83.1

87.8
139.7
98.3
84.4

98.6
98 4
112 . 6
89.0
139.3
98.3
86.9

112.0

124.6

111.1

105.6
119.2
106.1
93.1
46.6
110.7

116.2
108.8
98.5
125.9
123.6

115.8
108.8
85.0
125.1
123. 7

123.0

123.0

115.8
108.8
85.0
124.7
123.2
112.4
123.0

128.4 ' 129. 4
134. 5 ' 136. 2
' 124. 5
128. 6 128.6
136.8 135.6
118.7 118.7
115.8 '115. 6
117.9 117.8
127.0 126.3

129.3
135.7
126.4
128.6
134.7
116.4
115.1
117.5
125.4

126.9
130.9
127.6
126.6
134.5
113.5
114.6
114.4
124.1

112.1 112.1

113.2

98.2
97.7

100.3

124.1 ' 123. 5

131.6
112.7

113.0

98.8
97.0
113.0

99.2

Rubber and products...... .................................
Crude ru b b er______ ______________ _
Tire casings and tubes___________ ____
Other rubber products...............................

120.1 120.0 121.1
126.4

112.8

11 2. 0

110.6
113.8 110.6
102.8 102.6

106.1
93.6
46.7

112.9

66.8

67.0
81. 1

99.0

106.7 106.3
.0
107.1 106.3
93.5
93.5
51.1 '46.9
111. 5 '111.2
113. 0 113.8
103.3 102.9

120 120.2 120.2

113.1

115. 5
106.0
109.9
161.9
57.0

112.1

Chemicals and allied products........................
Industrial chemicals...................................
Paint and paint m a teria ls.......................
Drugs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics____
Fats and oils, inedible................................
Mixed fertilizer______________________
Fertilizer materials......................................
Other chemicals and products_________

106.2

98.0
66. 5
91.9

122.1

108. 5
106.4
104.1
115.9
105. 9
110.7
161.9
58.4
63.9
64.9
81. 7
124. 3

102.0

99.0

112. 3
131.8
105. 7
99.1
116. 5

131.8
106.1
98.5
116.8

98.1
64.8
93.5

112.8

104.3
106.8
93.9
113.0
105 0
108.2
161.9
51.0
71.1
69.3
81.7
116.9

112.1

Fuel, power, and lighting materials...............
Coal.................................................................
Coke................................................................
G as...................................... ..........................
Electricity..................................... ...............
Petroleum and products_________ ____

122.8

8 8 .0

131.6
99.9
82.5

86.8

101.9
108.9
99.6
98.3
134.7

104.2
113.9
106.0
91.6
59.0
110.7

112.8

126.2
129.4
126.3
124.3

115.1
108.8
83.8
124.9
123.4

122.8 122.2

124.6
127.5
124.4
125. 3
125.9
114.3
113.9
113.9
126.7

112.8

111.1 111.0 111.0

119.7

112.2 112.6

9 5 .2

109 4
1 0 4 "R
1 1ft’ ft
94 R
101 3
103!1
99
9ft
94
91
48

1
3
ft
3
3

101?

109 ft
10 9 0

m e
119 4
11.3 ft

110 0

101! 7

9ft Q
90 ft
79 n
103 3
97 2
93 2
106.3
108.8
113.1

101.8
109.0
111. 1
103.2
102.0
100.1

113.2

MONTHLY LABOR

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

1266

Table D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities ^C ontinued
[1947-49=100]
Aug.
1953

Sept.
19531

C ommodity group

July
1953

M ay
1953

June
1953

Machinery and motive products,...........................—
Agricultural machinery and equipment.............
Construction machinery and equipment............
Metalworking machinery.......................................
General purpose machinery and equipment—
Miscellaneous machinery— ----------- ------------Electrical machinery and equipm ent-...............
Motor vehicles...................- ................ - ..................

124.0
122.3
130.9
132.6
127.8
124.0
125.9
118.6

' 123. 7
122.3
' 130 5
131.9
' 126.9
' 123.9
' 125. 6
118.6

123.4
122.7
130.8
131.8
125.8
123.3
124.8
118.6

122.9

Furniture and other household durables................—
Household furniture................................................
Commercial furniture..............................................
Floor coverin g------- ----------------------------------Household appliances---------------------------------Radios .......................................................................
Television s e t s ---------- --------------------------------Other household durable goods.............................

114.9 114.8
114.2 ' 113.8
125.8 125.8
125.2 125.3
109.1 108.9
95.0
95.0
74.0 '74.0
126.9 ' 126. 9

114.7
113.8
125.8
125.2
108.8
95.0
74.3
126.7

Nonmetallic minerals—structural----------------------Flat glass.....................................................................
Concrete ingredients................................................
Concrete products--------------------------------------Structural clay products------------------------------Gypsum products__________________________
Prepared asphalt roofing-----------------------------Other nonmetallic minerals---------------------------

120.7 119.6
124.7 124.7
119.3 118.6
117.4 116.1
131.7 ' 131.4
122.1
110 6

Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages 4........
Cigarettes 4 ..................................................................
Cigars4. ...........................- ..........................................
Other tobacco products 4.........................................
Alcoholic beverages 4----------------------------------Nonalcoholic beverages.............................. - ...........
M iscellaneous...................................................................
Toys, sporting goods, small a r m s .......................
Manufactured animal feeds-------------------------Notions and accessories..........................................
Jewelry, watches, photo equipment--------------Other miscellaneous.................................................

122.6

129.4
131.3
124.9
122.4
124.2
118.6

Apr.
1953

122.4
122.4
129.1
130.1
123.8

122.0

122.0
122.6

12 0. 6

Mar.
1953

122.3
128.6
129.8
123.6

Jan.
1953

121.8
122.2

121.6
121.8

121.5

127.1
129.1

126.2
129.0

122.1

122.0
12 0 . 1

126.2
129.0
121.9
119.7
119.6
119.8

120.3
119.9

118.6

121.3
118.9

114.3
114.1
125.7
124 8
108.1
95.4
75.0
125.5

114.1
114.0
124.3
125 0
108. 1
94.9
74.9
125.4

113.9
113.8
123.2
124.2
108.0
94.9
74.9
125.4

113.1
113.6
123.2
124.1
107.9
95.5
74.9

119.4
124.7
118.4
115.6
131.1

118.1
122.9
118.2
115.5
125.1

117.2
116.4
117.9
115.5
124.7

116 9
116.4
117.6
114.2
124.6

122.1

122.1

122.1

122.1

122.1

105.8
118.0 '117.8

105.8
117.3

106.2
116.4

106.0
115.3

116.2
124.0
103. 5
120.7

115.6
124.0
103. 5
120.7

115.6
124.0
103.5
120.7

114.9
124.0
102.9
120.7

11 1. 2

110.0

110.0

125.1

125.1

94.8 '96.4
114.0 '114.0
81.9
85.0
93.5 ' 93.
101.8
101.8
119.3 ' 119.6

125.1

Feb.
1953

12 0. 0

121.8

119. 7
119.9

Dec.
1952

Nov.
1952

Oct.
1952

Sept.
1952

June
1950

119.4
119 0
119.7

121.5
121.5
125.8
129.2
122.3
119.2
119. 7
119.7

106.3
108.3
108.1
108.8
107.0
105.0

112.1
112.8

11 2. 0
112.6

11 2. 0
112.6

103.1

123.2
122.4
107.2
(3)
(3)
119.6

123.2
122.4
107.2
(3)

106.2
109.1

119.5

122. 5
122.4
107.3
(3)
(3)
119.5

114. 5
114.4
112.9
112.7
124.0
117.7
106.0
115.1

114.4
114.4
113.0
112.7
124.0
117.7
106.0
112.7

113.8
114.4
112.9
112.7
121.3
117.7
106.0

121.4
121.7
126 3
129.0
121.9
119.6
119.6
119.7

121.4
121. 6
126.2
128.9

121.3
121.5
125.8
129.1

121.8
119 6

121.8

119. 5
119.7

112.3
113.0
123.2
122.7
107. 5
95.0
74.9
119.6

102.1

106.7

112.7
113.2
123. 0
124.1
107.4
95.0
74.5

12 1 . 8

112.9
113. 4
123.2
124.1
107.4
95.5
75.6
121.7

115.1
116.4
113.8

114.6
114.4
113. 1

114.6
114.4
113.1

11 2. 8

112.8

112.8

106.0
115.3

124. 3
118.3
106.0
115.3

124.0
117.7
106.0
115.3

124.0
117.7
106. 0
115.3

114. 6
114.4
113.1
112.7
124.0
117.7
106.0
115.3

11 2. 0

105.4
105.6
105.7
104.5
110.5
102.3
98.9
105.7

114.8
124.0
102.9
121.5

114.8
124.0
102.9
121.5

114.8
124.0
102.9
122.4

111.9

111.9

110.8

110 8

110.8

110.8

101.4

112.0

11 2. 0

102 9
120.3

105.7
102.4
118.4

105.7
102.4
118.4

105.7
102.4
118.4

102.8
100.6

110.0
120.6

110.0

11 0. 0

1100

110

111.2

111.2

111.2

111.2

103.3
100.9

119.9

119.8

119.8

102.9
120.3
110 . 1
119.8

105.7
102.4
118.4

119.7

119.7

119.7

119.7

119.7

10 0. 8

95.3
114.1
82.7
93.2

95.8
114.0
83.7
93.2

98.5
113.7
88.7
93.2

101.7
112.9
95.0
94.3

101.2
112.8

103.0

105.1
113.1

94.4
92.9

97.9
92 9

102 1

105.7
1)3.2
103.3
91. 1

10 1. 8

101.8

119.9

101.8
121.1

101.8
121.0

101.0
121.2

101.0
120.8

101.0
120.8

108.4 108.3
113.2 113. 1
108.4 108.3
90.8
90 9
101 C 101.0

119.8

99.7
114.3
91. 1
93.2
101.9
120.3

96.9
104.8
93.7
88.7
96.6
105.4

121.2

112.8

I

92.9

0

101.0
120.8

120.8

120.8

101.8

100.1

(3)
(3)
106.8

» Preliminary.
> Not available.
.
< Figures shown in this series are the official indexes. Beginning with Januarv 1953 the method of calculating excise taxes and discounts was changed
and'official indexes for earlier dates are not strictly comparable with these.
For analytical purposes indexes prior to 1953 have been recalculated for com­
parability and are available on request.
' Revised.

i The revised wholesale price index (1947—
49=100) is the official index for
January 1952 and subsequent months. The official index for December 1951
and previous dates is the former index (1926=100). The revised index has
been computed back to January 1947 for purposes of comparison and analysis.
Prices arc collected from manufacturers and other producers. In some cases
they are secured from trade publications or from other Government agencies
which collect price quotations in the course of their regular work. For a more
detailed description of the index, see A Description of the Revised Wholesale
Price Index, Monthly Labor Review, February 1952 (p. 180), or reprint
Serial No. R. 2067.

Table D-9: Special wholesale price indexes1
[1947-49=100]

Commodity group
Sept.»

All foods______________________________________
All fish_________________________________ ______
Special metals and metal products---------------------Metalworking machinery................... ..........................
Machinery and equipment-------------------------------Total tractors........... ..................- ....................................
Steel mill products......................................................... Building materials...........................................................
Soap s.................... ............................................................
Synthetic detergents----- ------- --------------------------Refined petroleum products------------------------------East coast petroleum .............................................
Mid-continent petroleum........................................
Gulf coast petroleum..............................................
Pacific coast petroleum.......... .................................
Pulp, paper and products, excl. bldg, paper.............
i See footnote 1, table D - 8 .
»Preliminary.
r Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Aug.

106.6 104.8
104.9 107.8
126.1 ' 126.8
139.7 ' 139.1
127.0 ' 126. 5
124.1 123.7
142.7 142.7
120.4 120.8
85.8
86.1
91.0
91.0
115.6 115.6
113.8 113.8
109.6 109.6
122.8

122.8

118.8
116.7

118.8
116.1

July

104.9
102.5
126.8
138.8
126.0
124.3
142.7
121.3
85.8
90.8
116.1
113.8
109.7
124.1
118.8
115.6

June

103.8
100.9
125.0
138.7
125.3
123.8
137.1
120.5
85.5
90.8
109.1
107.3
100.0

116.8
118.8
115.6

May

104.1
106. 5
124.1
138.2
124.4
123.8
134.4
120 2

87.1
90.8
109.1
107.8
99.6
116.8
118.8
115.2

1950

1952

1953
Febru­ Janu­
April March ary
ary
103.4
98.9
123.6
137.6
123 7
123.6
131.1
119.9
87.2
90.8
108. 9
109.3
99.6
115.2
118.8
115.2

104.0
10 2. 8

124.2
136.6
122.8
122.8

131.1
119.2
86.7
91.8
108.6
108. 5
99.6
114.6
118.8
115.0

104 1
108.0
123.5
136. 5
122.5
121.7
130.9
118.7
8 6 .6

91.8
107.2
108.8
99.7
111.6

108.7
115.2

D e­
cem­
ber

N o­
vem­
ber

Octo­
ber

Sep­
tem­
ber

June

91.8
108.0

121.3
131.0
118.6
87.0
91.8
108.4

110.7
108.1
123.4
136. 3
122.4
121.3
131.2
118. 7
87.0
91.8
108. 5

111.8
101.0

111.8
101.8

111.8
101.8

111.8
102.0

101.8

115.0
104.2
115.8

115.0
104.2
115.4

115 0
107 0
115.5

115.0
107.0
115.6

109.7
94.1
95.6

105.0
110.5
123.0
136.4
122. 4
121.7
131. 1
118.5
87.1
91.8
107.7

104.5
104.6
123.0
136.4
122.4

111.6
101.0

115.0
104.2
115.7

121.6

130.9
118.3
87.2
91.8
107.7

108.6
113.2
122.9
136.3
122.3
121.5
130. 9
118.4
86.8

109.5
101.6

123. 1
136 3
122.2

95.0
92.4
108. 3
109.8
106.1
107.5
114.9
107. 5
80.9
82.9
102.1

98.1

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

E: WORK STOPPAGES

1267

E: Work Stoppages
Table E -l: Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
during month
Workers involved in stoppages Man-days idle
or year

Number of stoppages
Month and year

Beginning in In effect dur­ Beginning in In effect dur­
month or year ing month month or year ing month
1935-39 (average)-.

1952 2........................

2,862
3,573
4,750
4,985
3, 693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4, 737
5,117

1952: Septem ber..
October........
Novem ber. .
December—.
1953: January»___
February »__
M arch»____
A pril»...........
M ay »............
June *_____
July»..........
A u gu st»___
September».

522
459
269
179
350
350
450
500
525
500
475
450
375

1947-49 (average)

1945

...........

1946
1947
1948
1949

............
............
............
................................................

1950

...........

1951

............

i All known work stoppages, arising out of labor-management disputes,
involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift
are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “ work­
ers involved” and “man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for one or
more shifts in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.130.000
2.380.000
3.470.000
4, 600.000
2.170.000
1.960.000
3,030, 000
2.410.000
2. 220.000
3.540.000
828
768
535
369
500
550
650
700
750
725
700
675
600

250, 000
450.000
98.800
33.600
200, 000
120 , 000

180.000
275. 000
270, 000
250.000
260. 0 0 0
230.000

110, 000

Number

Percent of esti­
mated work­
ing time

16.900.000
39. 7<'0,000
38,000. 000
116, 0 0 0 , 0 0 0
34, 600, 000
34,100, 000
50, 500, 000
38, 800,000
22.900.000
59.100.000
378.000
584.000
215.000
82,300
250.000

3.390.000

200 . 000

1. 000, 000
1 100.000

230.000
350.000
370. 000
400.000
410.000
400.000
210.000

5. 000.

1, 560. 000
854,000
1,250, 000

.

2, 500,000
3, 000, 000
3, 750,000
3. 0 0 0 ,000
2,800.000
1, 550,000

0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
000

.39
.53

.20

.09
.15

.12
.1 2

.27
.34
.40
.30
.31
.17

measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or indus­
tries whose employees are made idle as a result of materia! or service shortages.
» Does not include memorial stoppage in coal mining industry.
» Preliminary.

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

1268

MONTHLY LABOR

F: Building and Construction
T able F - l: Expenditures for new construction1
[Value of work put Inplace]
Expenditures (in millions)
1952

1953

Type of construction

Oct.3 Sept.3 Aug.3 July June May April Mar. Feb. Jan.

1952 1951

Dec. Nov. Oct. Total Total

$3,223 $3,290 $3,319$3,270 $3,199 $2,941 $2, 735 $2, 521 $2, 278 $2,361 $2, 550 $2,858 $3,094 $32,638$30, 895
Total new construction1
21,812 21,564
2,181 2,149 1,988 1,851 1, 729 1,575 1,627 1, 795 1,934 2,007
Private construction...... -................... 2,113 2,165 2,199
1,110 1,007 944 863 758 816 942 1, 024 1,051 11, 100 10, 973
Residential building (nonfarm)......... 1,045 1,077 1,105 1,111
9,870 9, 849
935
75 980 880 830 770 675 735 850 915
New dwelling units................... 920 '950 970 911
934
98 1,045
74
91
74
f4
63
94
2 107 105
100 102 110
Additions and alterations-------1
8
185
190
18
18
19
18
19
22
20
23
25
24
25
25
Nonhousekeeping *-------------4
41
5,152
5
,
01
4
433
443
4
3
1
430
4
34
4
5
1
479
426
498
492
5
06
5
16
Nonresidential building (nonfarm) »...
1
9
3
2,320
2
,
117
178 187 192 193 198 204 201 193 194 105 1,137 1,371
Industrial............................... 183 179 179 165
152 129 113 114 112 109 112 113
179 174 168
Commercial------------------Warehouses, office, and loft
544
46 515
49
50
49
49
50
51
52
56
66
60
71
76
buildings....... ......... .......
64
59 622
827
62
65
62
58
77
64
96
103 103 102 105
6 143 1, 557 1, 664
154 153 151 149 140 130 120 118 11S 121 128 13
Other nonresidential building-----39 399
452
38
34
35
37
35
33
33
41
38
43
45
46
Religious------ ------------- -------33 351
345
33
33
32
30
31
32
31
34
36
39
38
40
Educational................................
164
1
2
1
2
5
1
2
1
1
1
1
10
10
11
13
14
15
15
15
16
Social and recreational..............
419
33 394
28
30
25
26
26
27
26
27
26
27
26
26
Hospital and institutional1__
284
288
20
1
9
2
3
1
6
1
9
24
17
20
28
30
28
28
26
Miscellaneous............................. .
97 112 133 1,610 1,646
97
119 144 158 155 148 138 120 108 100
Farm construction__________________
314 347 375 4,003 3,729
423 428 427 410 399 380 352 320 275 275
Public utilities------------------------------399
48 438
43
38
29
34
27
40
40
41
44
43
49
44
Railroad_______________________
53 570
487
48
44
45
48
43
52
48
52
53
54
54
55
Telephone and telegraph.................
226 261 274 2,995 2,843
319 330 329 314 306 288 264 2388 2058 202
Other public utilities-----------------64
85
8
7
9
8
12
9
13
11
13
10
10
All other private • . . ................................
826 9,331
953 884 792 703 734 755 924 1,087 10, 654
Public construction------------------------------- 1,110 1,125 1,120 1,089 1,050
595
49
5
1
4
9
48
47
49
47
49
50
43
46
45
47
Residential building 1--------------- -----Nonresidential building (other than
328 342 361 379 4,119 3,469
379 378 373 372 384 374 369 353 315
military or naval facilities)------------946
131 142 154 166 1,667
150 150 154 154 169 162 158 153 113213 13
Industrial----- -------------------- -----2 134 136 137 1,619 1,513
13
9
133
140
142
160 155 150 147
Educational........................................
528
38
40 473
34
36
33
33
33
34
32
28
25
23
26
Hospital and institution al-........... .
482
33
36 360
30
28
31
34
38
41
39
43
43
48
46
Other nonresidential-----------------887
111 104 109 111 121 128 1,388
116 116 121 121 121 115 114 140
Military and naval facilities 10----------110 115 112 240 362 2,860 2,518
395 400 405 375 330 260 200
Highways.......... ........................................
716
61 692
56
58
54
56
57
61
60
67
63
71
73
69
Sewer and water-----------------------------Miscellaneous public service enter­
213
16
19 193
13
11
13
13
15
14
17
19
19
23
21
prises 11-------------------------- - .........—
853
74
81 854
50
61
67
65
70
70
79
76
77
74
76
Conservation and developm ent..........
66
80
6
5
5
5
5
9
8
9
11
10
12
11
All other public >».....................................

8

>Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of
Labor, and the Building Materials Division, U. S. Department of Com­
merce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the monetary value
of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These
figures should be differentiated frompermit valuation data reported in the
tabulations for building authorised (tables F-3 and F-4) and the data on
value of contract awards reported in table F-2.
*Preliminary.
»Revised.
*Includes major additions and alterations.
»Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
* Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are included under “Public utilities.”


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

’ Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
• Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges, and
miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
• Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
i« Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding (except for
production facilities, which are included in public industrial building).
11Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power
systems, and local transit facilities.
u Covers public construction not elsewhere classified such as parks
playgrounds, and memorials.

1269

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

T able F-2: Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on federally financed
new construction, by type of construction 1
Value (in thousands)
1952 »

1953 >

Type of construction
Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.*

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1952 »

1951«

Total

Total

Total newconstruction4. $204,079 $159,142 $329, 573 $245,615 $276,006 $226,027 $179,773 $220,337 $645.851 $337, 705 $294,344 $515.056 $495,161 $4, 730,211 $4,230,552
Airfields *............... .. 9,623 9,995 9,715 4,207 20,936 16,567 3. 264 12.047 12,661 17,442 13, 740 9,849 8,624 140, 991 278. 630
Building................... 60,175 33,355 118,379 98, 903 138.440 70,417 111,985 134, 960 194, 654 223, 273 143,316 373,397 371,023 2, 596,961 2,183.951
5,391
23, 296
797
2,383
1,172
8 , 966
4.807
1,171
580
371
1, 114
620
3,025
30
Residential.............
(•)
Nonresidential........ 60,145 33,355 117,265 98, 283 135,415 69, 837 107,178 134, 589 193,483 222,476 140, 933 372.225 365, 632 2, 573, 665 2,174,985
14,
771
13,046
15,874
15,
679
13,368
130,949
14,
574
5,275
10,311
60,
570
11,169 16,714
8,194
Educational7____ 17,481 13, 229
Hospital and insti­
211,877
305,
787
15,
788
19,499
4,985
30,950
9,755
9,516
5,192 15, 790
tutional______ 5,289 6,463 12,773 22,117 5,303
Administrative and
1,978
43,195
3,122
3,245
5,394
1,511
57,146
4,931
3,538
1,785
general8........... 2,135 1,607 4,506 4,462 4,078
Othernonresidential
building..... .
35, 240 12,056 85, 412 60,535 109,320 42, 230 92,007 108, 593 164, 750 188, 795 105,143 351, 535 319,803 2,187,644 1,751,482
Airfield buildings •_ 2, 203 1,090 17,694 10,145 11.829 2,360 7. 902 7,435 12,819 7,754 11,456 1, 858 7,766 80, 671 91,911
Industrial10___ 20,611 4,404 32,184 31. 187 71,527 13,915 77. 240 6 8 , 641 111,690 139, 666 46,898 302.347 272,824 1,305,481 897,055
Troop housing__ 3, 048 2,378 9, 423 4. 451 6,617 15,049 1 612 13,862 14, 520 17, 736 7, 522 11,933 18, 292 285.602 225,909
4,962
2,977
276,455
75,824
8,382
5, 197
1,405
8,607
8,167 15,441 2 0 , 102 12,007 10, 659
160
1 , 110
Warehouses___
Miscellaneous n~. 9,218 2,779 17, 729 9,555 14,385 7,929 4,143 9,988 17, 554 8,198 19,165 23,390 10 , 262 239,435 460,783
Conservation and de­
velopment........... 14, 663 11, 564 24,352 14,129 10, 665 37. 096 4, 379 21,444 18,852 20,969 31,634 27,581 7,912 287,498 396,841
5,724
3,456
6,902 13,970
2,894
92,916
86,928
Reclamation............ 1 1 , 086 4,060 4, 540 9,419 3,083 5,577
444 10, 461
River, harbor, and
flood control......... 3, 577 7, 504 19,812 4.710 7. 582 31,519 3,935 10,983 13,128 17,513 24, 732 13,611 5,018 194, 582 309.913
Highways............ ..... 105,446 94, 738 121,968 109.809 92,717 90, 443 47, 002 42, 101 56, 795 48, 714 77, 715 79,002 95, 734 1,005,808 850, 946
Electrification............ 10, 695 5, 293 40,042 11,815 2,981 4, 743 8,709 3,304 346,455 10,935 2, 633 9,153 1,549 515, 962 305,193
All other11................ 3,477 4,197 15,117 6 . 752 10,267 6 , 701 4,344 6,481 16,434 16,372 25,306 16,074 10,319 183,091 214, 991
1 Excludes classified military projects, but includes projects for the Atomic
Energy Commission. Data for Federal-aid programs cover amounts con­
tributed by both owner and the Federal Government. Force-account work
is done not through a contractor, but directly by a Government agency, using
a separate work force to perform nonmaintenance construction on the agency’s
own properties.
* Beginning with data for January 1953, awards of less than $25,000 in value
are excluded; over the past 2 years the total value of such awards has repre­
sented less than 1 % of the total.
1 Revised.
4 Includes major additions and alterations.
* Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other
nonresidential” building construction.
* Less than $25,000.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

7 Includes projects under the Federal School Construction Program, which
provides aid for areas affected by Federal Government activities.
8 Includes armories, offices, and customhouses.
8 Includes all buildings on civilian airports and military airfields and air
bases with the exception of barracks and other troop housing, which are in­
cluded under “Troop housing.”
10 Covers all industrial plants under Federal Government ownership, in­
cluding those which are privately operated.
11 Includes types of buildings not elsewhere classified.
11 Includes sewer and water projects, railroad construction, and other types
of projects not elsewhere classified.
•December 1952 volume is high principally because of contracts let for ex­
pansion of TVA facilities to provide power for the Atomic Energy Commis
sion and the Tennessee Valley Authority.

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

1270

MONTHLY LABOR

T able F-3: Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by type of building1
Number of new dwelling units—House­
keeping only

Valuatlon (In thousands)
N ew residential building
Period

Housekeeping

Total all
classes 1

1942................

1946-......................
1947 ...................
1948 ...................
1949-......................
1950 ...................
1951 ...................

1952 .............
1952: January.—
February—
March__
April___
May___
June.......
July.......
August__
September.
October...
November.
December1953: January...
February..
March__
April___
May___
June .......
July 8.....
August7..

N ew non­
resi­
Nondential
Privately financed dwelling units
Publicly house­ building
financed keep­
dwell­
ing •
2 -fam­
M ulti­
ing
1 -family
Total
family * units
ily »

Addi­
tions,
altera­
tions,
and
repairs

Total

1 -fam­

2 -fam-

ily

ily *

$2, 707. 573
4, 743,414
5. 563. 348
6 , 972. 784
7, 398, 144
10, 480, 350
8 , 918. 168
8 , 926, 672

$598, 570
2, 114,833
2 885,374
3, 422. 927
3, 724. 924
5,819, 360
4. 380,137
4,647,014

$478, 658
1, 830, 260
2. 361. 752
2. 745, 219
2. 845. 399
4. 850. 763
3. 817, 697
4,050, 435

$42, 629
103, 042
151,036
181. 493
132. 365
178. 985
171,343
213, 790

527, 773
611.085
783. 787
858. 403
829. 940
887, 561
807,019
751, 678
800, 125
S22. 292
644. 786
602, 222

267,068
345, 392
408. 651
465, 793
413,519
411,226
420, 336
401.450
438.618
450. 175
319, 189
275. 596

230.354
300, 957
353. 504
409. 964
388. 013
368. 060
369.052
347 555
384 202
388. 207
276. 724
233,845

16, 287
17, 276
18, 807
20. 425
2 0 , 737
17. 489
17, 301
19. 001
20, 719
17, 479
14.498
13, 770

20, 426
27, 160
36.341
35, 404
34. 769
25 678
33. 983
34. 894
33, 097
44. 489
27. 967
27, 981

28. 684
26,089
80, 957
75, 698
62. 057
63. 596
22, 554
12,119
15, 947
15, 680
2 1 , 822
35,172

1,432
1,632
4.570
3, 257
6 . 729
3.605
2. 395
5, 781
7. 247
4, 243
7. 451
3,370

159.148
160. 555
197. 739
219,581
211,040
291,571
252. 128
232. 974
233. 568
246, 654
217,98?
214, 990

71.441
77,417
91,869
94 074
106, 595
117, 562
109. 607
99, 354
104. 746
105. 539
79, 237
73,094

34, 426
43, 237
50.026
56,325
53,352
48, 909
60, 636
48 768
52, 528
52, 785
38,314
33,905

27. 902
35, 003
40, 204
45,964
43, 672
41,107
41,842
39,110
42, 767
42, 655
30, 854
26,309

2,892
3,019
3,471
3, 566
3,550
3,080
2, 938
3, 289
3, 588
3,055
2, 521
2,485

590,397
665, 229
941,507
1,015. 568
910, 269
8 8 6 . 089
884,063
800, 640

278,931
331,971
482. 342
501,327
454. 976
447. 820
410,770
394, 584

233. 070
281.720
417,691
438, 360
395. 168
385.891
352,921
338,526

13,369
16, 345
19, 861
20. 964
20. 095
16. 970
17,967
14,682

32, 492
33, 906
44, 790
42,003
39, 713
44. 959
39,882
41,376

32,280
33,111
80, 979
20,005
23, 150
19, 976
5, 21C
9,730

5,153
3, 101
6 . 693
7,077
6,235
4, 677
11,135
13,109

195,643
213, 028
268.016
362, 123
311. 049
288, 053
332, 523
275,264

78. 390
84, 088
103,478
119,037
114, 859
125, 565
124,425
107,954

34,914
39, 953
56. 068
57, 225
52, 739
51,721
46, 697
44,846

26,833
31,047
44, 647
46,074
42, 477
41,351
37,015
35, 673

2,347
2, 815
3,342
3, 524
3,294
2, 635
2,906
2,246

$77, 283 $296, 933 $22, 910 $1,510, 688 $278, 472 184, 892 138, 908
181, 531 355, 587 43. 369 1, 4.58, 602 771. 023 430, 195 358, 151
42, 249 29. 831 1, 713, 489 892, 404 502,312 393, 606
372. 586
496. 215 139. 334 38, 034 2, 367. 940 1,004,549 516, 179 392, 532
747. 160 285. 627 39. 785 2,410,315 937, 493 575, 286 413, 543
798.612 327. 553 84, 504 3, 156. 475 1.092, 458 798, 499 624,377
391, 097 587, 476 37, 875 2, 815.669 1,097, Oil 534, 605 435.219
382,789 460,375 51, 713 2, 637,037 l, 130, 534 563,211 457,389

> Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Fedcral (private and State and local govern­
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula­
tion of the country: estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from
other Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow
for lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc­
tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Privately financed

Pub­
fi­
Multi- licly
nanced
fam­
ily ‘

15, 747 30, 237
24,326 47,718
33, 423 75. 283
36, 306 87,341
26, 431 135,312
33, 310 140,812
29, 895 69, 491
37, 454 68,368

95,946
98,310
5, 833
15,114
32,194
38. 953
6 6 , 640
53, 626

3, 632
5,215
6,351
6 , 795
6 , 130
4, 722
5, 856
6,369
6 . 173
7, 075
4, 939
5, 111

3,419
3.047
10,094
9,235
6 , 736
7,008
2, 483
1,663
1,701
1, 624
2,475
4,141

5, 734

3.973
3,869
9, 268
3,918
2, 457
2,282
571
1,046

6 , 091
8 , 079

7,627
6.968
7, 735
6 , 776
6,927

Urban is defined according to the 1940 Census, and includes all incorporated
places of 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1940 and a small number of places,
usually minor civil divisions, classified as urban under special rule.
Sums of components do not always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
1 Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidential building.
! Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores.
< Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
» Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
* Revised.
7 Preliminary.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1953

F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

1271

T able F-4: New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places,1 by general type and by
geographic division 2
Valuation (in thousands)
Geographic division and
type of new nonresi­
dential building

1953
Aug .3

July

4

June

M ay

1952
Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1952

1951

Total

Total

All types........... ............... $275,264 $332, 523 $288,053 $311,049 $362,123 $208.016 $213, 028 $195. 643 $214, 990 $217,087 $246, 054 $233, 508 $232, 974 $2, 637,037 $2,815,609
11,260 16, 233 17, 486 21,323 22, 552 14,538
7,398 14.312 20. 554 10.337 17, 527
4, 958 12, 952
New England_____
165, 928
197, 698
Middle Atlantic___
44,055 40,125 46,485 47, 769 50,012 40. 731 29, 334 21,079 30. 952 52,323 30, 510 41,537 37, 217
440, 529
423,143
East North Central. 74, 730 102, 275 6 8 , 768 76,925 92 818 49, 537 57,025 38. 805 46,413 50,315 55. 290 55, 800 54, 531
597, 588
744; 183
West North Central. 23,836 30,470 18, 584 32.934 25.074 19,846 18,280 11, 514 18, 391 10. 736 25, 093 24,945 24, 610
215,776
205, 435
Smith AMan tin
40,810 44,496 35,810 36,831 52, 476 2 2 . 201 35.083 36. 272 26, 219 21,907 21,322 23, 856 22, 017
276. 783
306,997
S, 558 10, 164
East South Central.
9, 522
6 , 575
11,631 10,891
7, 737
9, 879 11,913 10,443 10,977
9.150
7,216
120,1G5
117, 328
West South Central. 22,425 28,101 41,131 28, 552 50, 546 28, 222 22,049 26, 945 23,035 17, 547 2 2 , 861 2 2 , 221 14,476
274, 142
281,588
9, 95,8
9,961 17, 762 10. 749 11,082 17, 562 12,836
M ountain_________
8 . 978
6 , 901
12, 950
7,500
9,602
6 , 554
101, 699
103. 345
Pacific____________ 38, 663 44,503 38,877 49,058 39, 452 69,154 28,170 30, 599 44,8 S6 33. 105 46.102 30, 870 45,066
444, 429
435,953
Industrial buildings*___
New England_____
M iddle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North Central.
South Atlantic_____
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain..................
Pacific.........................
Commercial buildings *.
New England_____
M iddle Atlantic___
East, North Central.
West North Central.
South Atlantic____
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain_________
P a c ific......................
Community buildingsT.
New England_____
Middle Atlantic___
East North Central.
W est North Central.
South Atlantic.........
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain..................
Pacific____________
Public buildings 8 ............
New England_____
Middle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North Central.
8 out.h Atlantic____
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain_________
Pacific____________
Public works and utility
buildingsf ....................
New England_____
M iddle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North Central.
South Atlantic____
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain_________
Pacific____________
Allother buildings 18___
New England_____
M iddle Altantfc___
East North Central.
West North Central.
South Atlantic____
East 8 outh Central.
West South Central
M ountain_________
Pacific____________

41.198 39, 523 37, 982 46,826 48, 178 32.097
1.982
1,291
2, 559
2, 553
2,237
1,904
6,213
4, 729
7,335
6,983
7,133
9.010
7,787
21,156 18,399 12,380 20, 762 1 0 , 228
3,055
1,225
2,316
2, 369
2,147
1,246
2,199
2,341
3,689 12,340
1, 752
3, 774
662
924
1,359
707
3,771
447
801
1,987
856
2, 258
1,026
1,713
356
625
209
709
492
668
8,178
5,587
5,954
5, 562
8 , 774
9,107
90. 723 112,910 96,137 101,017 124,887 84,822
5,180
3,487
7,481
3, 619
2, 832
4,420
12, 571 16. 260 16,237 21,798 17, 039 14,338
20,170 26,805 16,182 17, 706 35, 344 14.945
8,056
6 , 699
6 ,803
10, 296 12,813
5,278
21,162 22, 294 12,903 14,316 11,493
9, 166
2,951
3, 083
3,6 66
3, 405
2, 782
2,885
5, 715 12,671 20, 558 10, 736 13, 493 13,347
3,149
5,095
3,307
3,180
4,204 10,471
13.162 15, 934 13.906 14, 759 13,201 16,499
98, 993 136, 250 102,894 119,215 123, 702 114,991
4, 541
9,282
4,397
6 , 649
8 . 881
8 , 911
23,349
9,949 12,890 14,607 19,593 16,169
20,019 46,284 26, 956 25, 579 27,351 19, 144
9, 985 18,026
6,626 10,319
7.136 17,728
8,913 15,814 13,360 15, 572 24. 538
7,181
3, 8S5
1,469
2,258
3,575
4,977
4, 500
11,011
8 , 758
15, 499 12, 920 11,414 10,292
7,515
4, 877
9, 246
5,385
3, 800
4.718
12,414 17, 792 10,518 17,871 13,605 34, 997
6,145
4,384 13, 700 13.824 13,476
6,003
20
1,294
916
149
20
420
285
6,145
51
1,585
609
381
1,133
731
666
1,269
5, 467
5, 743
285
332
1,502
51
467
606
1,227
1,197
189
4,114
287
611
480
13
419
175
639
0
212
360
648
14
2,608
176
96
320
419
0
506
5
753
3,302
3, 277
2,850
1,718
790

23, 252
1,284
3, 725
5,051
1,629
1, 577
577
301
4,475
4, 572
62, 400
1,374
9, 739
12, 915
4,193
11,234
2 , 017
9,291
3.031
8 , 000
80,144
1,501
14, 509
14,396
9, 515
15, 302
6 , 8 S6
9,003
621
9,290
22, 739
07
256
17, 488
452
1,812
105
339
307
1,912

19, 088
1. 109
3,080
4, 458
1, 712
2, 780
1, 552
797
489
3, 105
64, 602
5. 105
7, 149
11.075
2.175
10, 470
3,385
11, 829
4, 097
8,778
71, 923
1 230
9. 840
18, 737
6 , 189
9,082
1, 451
11,406
3,053
10, 935
10,937
606
40
673
243
1,027
125
450
289
7,485

26.302 30,342
2,512
1, 923
4, 121
6 , 035
9, 469 11 , 612
1,582
1, 752
4, 076
1, 142
109
1, 938
647
640
1,208
338
4,214
3,280
63,181 53, 673
1,647
2, 219
9.319 12, 632
16, 949
9, 555
4, 495
4,292
7,474
6 , 615
1,951
1, 460
9, 786
6 , 437
1, 235
2 , 132
10, 325
8,326
83,808 105, 549
2,145
8 , 001
13, 951 30,392
13, 740 18, 161
9,416
3,247
9,315 11,380
3,918
5,743
9, 009
8 , 624
2,541
7, 255
15,063 17, 463
5,814
13, 720
70
463
546
731
1, 638
2 , 222
682
0
1,926
1,212
0
248
1,119
349
184
281
7,458
405

22. 773
1,514
4, 522
5, 059
3,954
1,936
399
812
361
4, 215
84, 291
2, 557
12, 519
25,865
6 , 048
9, 246
2,547
8,038
6,441
11,029
84, 771
6 , 750
10, 435
15, 764

11,482
1,710
1.580
1,700
376
1,767
848
662

12, 758
379
345
4,611
1,840
3,858
180
812

20, 819
4, 651
735
2,314
778
5,919
380
1,470
312
4,200
8,215
252
83C
1, 547
447
994
352
994
762
2,036

14,313
344
1,477
2,247
1,465
1, 287
312
246
340
6 , 596
13, 666
681
1, 539
2,364
582
2,141
1,447
2,228
509
2,174

9,889
1 , 260
791
601
330
420
410
784
128
5,105
21. 894
2, 052
2,077
6,753
2, 007
931
467
2,635
2, 213
2,761

11,498
507
1,151
4,184
1,363
1,602
123
890
462
1,156
26, 707
1,193
1,972
8 , 464
1,999
5, 565
1,060
2, 339
1,021

3, 093

14,140
536
5, 335
1,509
614
2,078
889
1, 760
951
468
25,316
1,297
1,987
8,612
1,609
1,499
1,872
4,096
1,340
3,004

12,113
3, 632
1,112

3,904
1,174
181
28
654
74
1,354
25,226
1.401
2, 766
8,077
1,635
1,478
1,349
3, 218
1,767
3,535

7, 787
2,860
709
605
573
673
287
777
44
1,258
22,380
1,631
1,937
6,806
2, 758
1,384
383
2,046
2,221

3,213

31,547
1, 597
1,065
7,383
351
2,541
24
15, 505
128
2, 954
20,334
1,372
2,097
6 , 770
1,465
1,277
671
2, 540
1,158
2,985

120

20

2,708
18,620
537
1,625
4,82S
1,453

713
11, 736
292
760
2, 564
651
1,300
385
2,182
523
3,077

2,200

778
2,417
1,307
3,470

1 Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
3 For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1.
s Preliminary.
* Revised.
* Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
Industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

8,740
924
494
5,019
226
939
154
312
257
416
12,969
781
1,991
3,745
1,389
673
33C
1,185
583
2,292

12,210

7,975
8,011

8,428
3.356
11,812
23, 037
6,421
165
1,188
544
814
50
2,163
451
11,240

40, 434
3, 423
7,628
13, 460
2,911
5, 444
869
1,177
1 , 080
4. 437
75,300
2, 765
15, 082
11,778
7,518
8. 10 2

2,106
11,800
2, 003
14, 144
81, 482
8 , 300
13,811
20,169
10, 105
5.155
6.113
6 , 085
2, 540
8,599
6,838
350
1,342
607
603
2, 499
519
111

520
286
7,919
359
1,413
1 , 826
700
986
407
1,002

444
7Q9

21, 595
1,135
2 , 260
8, 0 2 0

3,108
1,669
429
1,446
906
2,622

22, 893
351, 520
513,007
1,679
28, 097
31,916
3,967
60.919
97; 144
7. 136
111,839
205,813
24, 305
3, 154
25,306
551
25, 237
24,181
2,089
16,0S4
28, 584
1,133
17. 192
18, 328
611
5, 983
6,103
61, 834
2, 571
75,629
59, 906
686,346
739,912
4. 254
28, 760
36,506
9,125
12 1, 12 0
111,793
13,414
144. 107
155, 535
56, 056
8,730
43,206
87, 085
6.887
99,315
26. 015
2,030
36, 535
91,774
5,356
93,132
1,572
30,392
26,161
8,538
101,032
137, 730
110,577 1,101.141 1,146,507
9.210
78, 221
106,079
193, 155
19.382
167,869
22. 433
227, 139
263,047
9,713
103.712
106, 060
10, 503
115, 572
142,405
4,415
57, 008
43.328
5. 106
117, 261
124,350
3,003
34,827
52.160
174, 243
2 0 , 812
141,209
8,268
152, 537
109. 308
1,488
13.951
4,354
273
19,434
16, 242
559
15, 656
25,332
4,246
777
2,463
538
16, 547
18,147
1 0 . 841
730
305
7,348
323
15,899
14, 480
95
4,101
3,486
50,035
22,466
7,780
78
1, 954
1, 824
195
950
988
807
397
5S8
23, 550
817
2,516
9,166
2, 041
2,588
725
1, 751
876
3, 071

135, 525
6 . 296
23,540
33. 612
7,618
12, 736
3, 720
19, 991
3.305
24,648
209, 968
10, 599
22 331
65, 234
19,839
19,605
6,497
20, 57?
12, 651
32, 638

115,708
8,801
11,161
35,028
9, 672
9,629
1,988
11,058
2,094
26, 279
191,227
10,044
18. 935
59,426
18, 727
13,320
6 , 587
18,821
12,726
32,640

• Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries, etc.
• Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as
courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
armories, army barracks, etc.
• Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings,roundhouses,radiostations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
i« Includes private garages, sheds, stables and barns, and other buildings
not elsewhere classified.

1

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

1272

Table F-5: Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by
urban or rural location, and by source of funds1
Number of new dwelling units started
Estimated construction cost
(in thousands) *
All units

Privately financed

Publicly financed

Period
Total
nonfarm

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

Total
nonfarm

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

Total
non­
farm
0
0
8 6 , 600

Urban

1925............................ ...........................
1933 s_____ - .............- .........................
1941 *.......................................... - .........
1944 *.............................................. .......
1946........................................................
1947........................................................
1948........................................................
1949........................................................
1950'......................................................
1951........................................................
1952........................................................

937,000
93, 000
706,100
141, 800
670, 500
849,000
931, 600
1,025,100
1,396,000
1,091,300
1,127,000

752, 000
45, 000
434, 300
96, 200
403, 700
479, 800
524, 900
588, 800
827, 800
595, 300
609,600

937, 000
185,000
48.000
93, 000
619, 500
271, 800
45, 600
138, 700
266, 800
662, 500
845, 600
369, 200
406, 700
913, 500
988, 800
436, 300
568, 200 1, 352, 200
496, 000 1. 0 2 0 , 100
517,400 1,068, 500

752, 000
45,000
369, 500
93. 200
395, 700
476, 400
510,000
556, 600
785, 600
531, 300
554,600

185, 000
48, 000
250,000
45, 500
206. 800
369, 200
403, ,500
432. 200
566, 600
488, 800
513,900

8, 00 0

8, 00 0

3, 400
18, 100
36,300
43, 800
71,200
58,500

3. 400
14,900
32, 200
42, 200
64, 000
55,000

1951: First quarter.............................
January..................................
February............................ -March__________________
8 econd quarter-.......................
A p ril-.-..................................
M ay......... ........................... .
June........ ................................
Third quarter.............. - ..........
July.............................. ..........
August....................................
September...................... .......
Fourth quarter------- ---------October------------------------N ovem ber...........................
December-.............................

260, 300
85, 900
80, 600
93,800
329, 700
96, 200
101 , 00 0
132, 500
276, 000
90, 500
89,100
96. 400
225, 300
90, 000
74,500
60,800

147, 806
49,600
47, 000
51, 200
192, 000
51, 900
55, 400
84, 700
141,200
45, 900
45, 900
49, 400
114, 300
44, 400
38, 500
31, 400

112, 500
36,300
33, 600
42. 600
137, 700
44, 300
45, 600
47, 800
134, 800
44,600
43. 200
47, 000

248, 900
82, 200
76, 500
90. 200
280, 200
92, 300
97,600
90, 300
270, 400
8 6 , 800
8 8 , 300
95.300
2 2 0 , 600
8 8 , 900
72, 200
59, 500

137,200
46, 400
43. 200
47, 600
148. 500
48, 300
52, 300
47, 900
135, 700
42, 300
45, 100
48, 300
109. 900
43, 400
36, 200
30,300

111, 700
35, 800
33, 300
42, 600
131, 700
44. 000
45, 300
42, 400
134, 700
44, 500
43, 200
47,000
110, 700
45. 500
36. 000
29,200

11, 400
3, 700
4. 100
3, 600
49, 500
3, 900
3, 400
42,200
5,600
3, 700
800
1 , 100
4, 700
1 . 100
2, 300
1,300

10 , 600

1952: First quarter-......... - ............
January----- ------------------February_______ ____ ___
M arch.................. - ............ .
8 econd quarter........... ............
April..................... ..................
M a y .......................................
Juno........ ................................
Third quarter----- -------------Ju ly .......................................
A u g u st-...............................
September................ ............
Fourth quarter __________
October.— ................- ..........
November______________
December--------- ------------

246, 500
64,900
77, 700
103, 900
319, 300
106, 200
109,600
103, 500
302, 500
102 , 600
99, 100
100,800
258, 700
101 , 100
8 6 , 100
71,500

137,400
36,100
42, 800
58,500
175,800
59, 000
60, 700
56, 100
156,000
52, 400
50, 800
52,800
140, 400
53,800
46.000
40,600

109,100
28.800
34,900
45, 400
143,500
47, 200
48,900
47, 400
146, 500
50,200
48,300
48, 000
118,300
47,300
40, 100
30, 900

226,800
61,400
74,300
91, 100
294,900
97,000

119,100
32, 800
39, 700
46, 600
152, 700
50, 400
52, 400
49,900
151,600
50. 900
49, 400
51,300
131,200
52, 100
42.300
36,800

107, 700
28.600
34, 600
44, 500
142, 200
46,600
48. 600
47, 000
146, 100
50, 200
48. 000
47, 900
117,900
47,100
40.000
30,800

1953: First quarter.............................
January.................................
February...............................
March...................................
Second quarter 8---------------April------------- --------------M ay.........................- ..........
June 8 ______________
Third quarter 5
July *.....................................
August
------ -------------September 8 _____________

257.100
72, 100
79, 200
105,800
324,300
111,400
108. 300
104, 600

140, 600
38, 400
43, 100
59, 100
165, 900
57, 400
55,200
53, 300

116, 500
33, 700
36.100
46,700
158, 400
54,000
53,100
51,300

238,100
6 8 , 200
73,800
96.100
315,000
107,400
105, 600

123,800
35, 400
38, 600
49.800
158, 000
54,100
52,500
51,400

114,300
32,800
35, 200
46. 300
157, 000
53, 300
53,100
50.600

96,000
94,000
92,000

( 10)
('«)
(10)

( 10)
( 10)
( 10)

111,000

45, 600
36, 000
29, 400

101, 00 0

96, 900
297, 700
101 , 100
97, 400
99, 200
249,100
99, 200
82,300
67,600

1 0 2, 00 0

95.600
93.000
89,000

i The estimates shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do include
prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of Federal
construction contract awards and beginning in 1946 on field surveys in non­
permit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm dwelling units
started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as shown in table F-3.
All of these estimates contain some error. For example, if the estimate
of nonfarm starts is 50.000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an actual
enumeration would produce a figure botween 48,000 and 62,000.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0 °)
(10)
( 10)

( 10)
( 10)
( 10)

3,100

Rural
non­
farm

0
0

64, 800
3, 000

3,200
3, 800
3, 600
43. 500
3,600
3, 100
36, 800
5, 500
3, 600
800
1,100

4,400

0
0
21,

800
100
0
0

3, 200
4,100
1,600
7, 200
3, 500
800
500
300
0
6, 00 0

300
300
5, 400
100
100
0

(7)
300

1,000

2, 300

100

(7)

1,100

200

19, 700
3, 500
3, 400
12 , 800
24, 400
9,200
8,600
6,600
4,800
1, 500
1, 700
1,600
9, 600
1,900
3, 800
3,900

18,300
3, 300
3,100
11,900
23, 100
8 , 600
8,300
6 , 200
4,400
1, 500
1, 400
1 , 500
9,200
1,700
3, 700
3,800

1, 400

19.000
3, 900
5, 400
9,700
9,300
4,000
2,700
2,600

16.800
3.000
4, 500
9, 300
7, 900
3, 300
2,700
1,900

2,200

900
900
400
1,400
700

°)
(. 0)
C°)

('")
(10)
(10)

400
1, 00 0

3,000

0

200

300
900
1,300
600
300
400
400
(7)
300
100

400
200
100
100

0

700

Total

Privately
financed

Publicly
financed

$4, 475,000 $4,475,000
285, 446
285, 446
2,826, 192 2, 530, 765
496, 054
483, 231
3, 769, 707 3, 713, 776
5,643, 436 5, 617, 425
7,203,119 7.028, 980
7, 702, 971 7, 374, 269
11, 788, 595 11, 418,371
9, 800, 892 9, 186,123
10, 208,983 9, 706, 276

0
0

$295,427
12,823
55, 991
26,011
174,139
328, 702
370, 224
614, 769
502, 707

2, 293,974
755, 600
716, 629
821, 745
2,964, 810
866,652
922, 661
1,175, 497
2, 527, 033
827, 173
804,317
895, 543
2,015, 075
806, 955
672,078
536,042

2,191, 489
721,014
681, 607
788, 8 6 8
2, 549, 238
828, 339
895, 309
825, 590
2. 472,196
791, 783
795, 624
884, 789
1, 973, 200
796, 682
650, 660
525, 858

102,485
34, 586
35,022
32, 877
415, 572
38,313
27,352
349,907
54, 837
35, 390
8,693
10, 754
41,875
10. 273
21,418
10,184

2,167,659
566, 665
682, 895
918, 099
2, 920,186
949,001
1, 006, 552
964, 633
2, 761, 316
945. 587
895,675
920,054
2,359,822
928,677
785, 969
645,176

2,006, 918
537,697
654, 631
814, 590
2, 705,653
874, 524
926,803
904, 326
2, 718,369
931, 214
882,446
904, 709
2,275,336
910, 701
751, 664
612, 971

160, 741
28, 968
28, 264
103, 509
214, 533
74, 477
79, 749
60, 307
42.947
14, 373
13. 229
15, 345
84,486
17, m
34,305
32, 205

2,346,213
641,703
720, 234
984, 276
3, 083, 256
1,057,899
1,027, 221
998,136

2,183, 710
610, 344
674, 399
898, 967
3,000,120
1,022,836
1,001,693
975, 591

162, 503
31, 359
45,835
85, 309
83,136
35,063
25, 528
22, 545

920, 787
904, 778
(10)

916,972
895, 598
(10)

3,815
9,180
(10)

8 Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construc­
tion costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for
individual projects.
* Depression, low year.
* Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations.
* Last full year under wartime control.
* Housing peak year.
TLess than 50 units.
* Revised.
* Preliminary.
18 N ot available.

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