Full text of Monthly Labor Review : November 1952, Vol. 75, No. 5

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Monthly
Labor
Review
N O V E M B E R 19 5 2 VOL. 75 N O .


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The Jobs of Federal White-Collar Workers
Shift Operations and Differentials in Union Contracts
State Labor Legislation in 1952

DEC 1
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U N I T E D STATES D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R
Maurice J. Tobin, Secretary

B U R E A U OF LA B O R S T A T I S T I C S

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
M a u r ic e J. T o b i n ,

Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E wan C lague , Commissioner
A ryness J oy W ickens , Deputy Commissioner

Assistant Commissioners
H erman B. B yer
H enry J. F itzgerald
C harles D. S tewart

Chief Statistician
S amuel W eiss
H . M . D outy, Chief, D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations
W. D uane E vans, Chief, Division of Interindustry Economics
E dward D . H ollander, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Division of Administrative Services
W alter Q. K eim , Chief, D ivision of Field Service
P aul R. K er'Schbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
D A lton B. M yers, Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
D avid J . S aposs, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
W alter W. Schneider , Acting Chief, D ivision of Construction Statistics
Oscar W eigert , Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
F aith M . W illiams, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
S eymour L. W olfbein , Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics

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Monthly Labor Review
U N ITED STATES D EPA RTM EN T OF LABOR . BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L awrence R. K le in , Editor


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CONTENTS
Special Articles
489
495
499

The Jobs of Federal White-Collar Workers
Shift Operations and Differentials in Union Contracts, 1952
The Seventy-first Convention of the AFL

Summaries of Studies and Reports
502
505
507
510
515
518
519
521
522
525
528
535

State Labor Legislation in 1952
Federal Law to Prevent Major Coal-Mine Disasters, 1952
Employment Outlook in the Electrical Equipment Industry
Work Injuries in the United States, 1951
Wages in Liquor Distilleries in April 1952
Earnings in Power Laundries in June 1952
Earnings in Paint and Varnish Industry, June 1952
Defense Mobilizer’s Seventh Quarterly Report
Wage Chronology No. 1 : American Woolen Company, Supplement 1
Wage Chronology No. 10 : Pacific Longshore Industry, Supplement 2
Wage Chronology No. 30: Anthracite Mining Industry, 1930-51
Wage Chronology No. 31: Sinclair Oil Companies, 1941-52

Departments
hi

545
549
550
553
559

The Labor Month in Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)

November 1952 • Vol. 75 • No. 5

M A G A Z IN E S H O W 1952

Awarded by The American Institute of Graphic Arts to
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for contributing to the publication of an outstanding magazine
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THE PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CRAPHIC ARTS

CHAIRMAN OF THF tXJMMITTEE FOR THE MAGAZINE SHOW 195]

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For the second time in 3 years, the Monthly Labor Review has received
a certificate of excellence awarded by the American Institute of Graphic
Arts. The award, which makes the Review a part of the Institute’s Maga­
zine Show of 1952, was one of about 100 such in an open competition of nearly
600 entrants.
The Review is the only Government magazine ever to place in the contest.
The specific recognition was for lay-out and design. The Institute felt that
the selections represented “ the highest standards of contemporary magazine
design and production.” While the jury was charged “ to consider the sep­
arate features and departments of a magazine,” it was reminded that “ the
distinction of award should reflect the commendable excellence and unity of the
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confirmation of the contention, implicit in the format and design of the
Review, that the appearance of Government periodicals need not be trite
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typographical handling, encourage the reader to read.
The format of the Review was designed by Prof. Charles Pollock of the
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The Labor Month
in Review

“ friends” in the new Congress and counted 38 mem­
bers of the new Senate as supporters of organized
labor. At least 186 members of the new House of
Representatives campaigned with the endorse­
ment of one or more of the railway unions, and 16
of the newly elected Senators had the backing of
one or more of the railroad workers’ union
organizations.
Philip Murray

of the leaders of American
5 trade-unions in October and early November was
devoted to political campaigning and efforts to get
out the vote. The death of CIO president Philip
Murray resulted in postponement of the scheduled
CIO convention. Two veteran AFL leaders re­
tired . New contracts were signed by Westinghouse
and by General Electric, and by the anthracite
producers. The Supreme Court accepted cases for
review involving (1) State-court jurisdiction in
preventing Taft-Hartley Act violations, (2 ) the
ban on feather-bedding, and (3) the right of union
members to respect picket lines of other unions.
T h e m a jo r a t t e n t i o n

The Unions and the Elections

In response to President-elect Dwight D. Eisen­
hower’s victory speech appealing to all Americans
to unite behind him, the leaders of the American
Federation of Labor offered their cooperation. In
their congratulatory telegram, the AFL officials
called on the entire AFL membership to give the
new administration “ every possible support in re­
sisting Communist aggression and making peace
and freedom secure,” and expressed confidence
that the next President will do his utmost “ to
carry out” his “ pledge to be fair and just to Amer­
icans in all walks of life.” At the same time, the
AFL wired Governor Adlai Stevenson a message in
which they said: “ We are proud that we supported
you. The fight for the principles you espoused and
which we supported will go on.”
CIO Political Action Committee director Jack
Kroll observed that General Eisenhower had been
elected President of all the American people and
that he is entitled to their support in carrying out
the duties and obligations of that high office.
In surveying the eiection results, organized labor
noted a net loss of two consistent supporters in the
Senate and a similar net loss of 10 or 12 “ friends”
in the House of Representatives. The AFL Labor’s
League for Political Education tabulated 161


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Philip Murray, president of the Congress of
Industrial Organizations and of the United Steel­
workers of America, died following a heart attack
in San Francisco on November 9, at age 66 . His
death occurred only 8 days before the scheduled
opening of the annual CIO convention in Los
Angeles.
Born the son of a miner in Scotland, Mr. Murray
went to work in the coal mines at age 10. Coming
to America at 16, he rose rapidly in the United
Mine Workers. At 18, he was elected local union
president, and 6 years later he was named to the
UMW’s executive board. In 1920, he became a
UMW vice president. Thereafter he was a trusted
lieutenant of UMW president John L. Lewis.
After the formation of the Committee for Indus­
trial Organization, Mr. Murray was assigned to
direct the Steel Workers Organizing Committee.
In his new position he quickly grasped the intricate
wage relationships in the basic steel and related
products industry.
Many of the headlines of labor relations news
resulted from Mr. Murray’s subsequent role in the
American labor movement: achievement, with Mr.
Lewis, of union recognition from the United States
Steel Corp.; the 1937 “ Little Steel” strike; Mr.
Murray’s elevation to the CIO presidency after
the 1940 election; the support given to the foreign
policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt; the
“Little Steel Formula” of World War II; and the
1946, 1949, and 1952 strike settlements.
Before Mr. Murray and SWOC revitalized union
organization in the steel industry, the average
earnings of production workers in the industry were
65 cents hourly and $24.00 a week (September
1935). In contrast, their average wages in
September 1952 were $2.14 an hour and $90.52
weekly. During the same period the average
earnings of production workers in all manufactur­
ing advanced from 54 cents to $1.70 an hour and
from $20.40 to $70.09 a week.
m

IY

THE L AB O R MONTH IN R E V IE W

Mr. Murray played a part in the withdrawal of
the CIO from the World Federation of Trade
Unions and in the expulsion of Communist-line
unions from the CIO. He was active in founding
the International Confederation of Free Trade
Unions. At his death, he was a member of the
Defense Mobilization Advisory Board. He had
sought to retire from the CIO presidency in 1951;
his passing resulted in postponement of the CIO
convention until December 1, when it will meet
in xMlantic City, N. J.
Retirement of AFL Union Leaders

Although renominated for another 5-year term,
Daniel J. Tobin, head of the AFL Teamsters for 45
years, stepped down from his office at the union’s
Los Angeles convention, to assume the position of
president emeritus. In his place, the union elected
Dave Beck, assistant to Mr. Tobin and leader of
his union on the Pacific Coast.
Like William L. Hutcheson, who recently be­
came president emeritus of the AFL Carpenters,
Mr. Tobin will retain his place on the AFL execu­
tive council. Mr. Hutcheson, upon his retire­
ment, was succeeded by his son, M. A. Hutcheson.
David L. Behncke, who has been involved in
court actions and union struggles since mid-1951,
finally gave up his position as president of the
AFL Air Line Pilots. Mr. Behncke had been
ALPA president since its foundation over 15 years
ago; his successor was Clarence Sayen.
Lawrence P. Lindelof, who recently became
president emeritus of the AFL Painters, died.
Mr. Lindelof was reelected first vice president of
the AFL Building Trades Department in
September.
Coal Contracts

UMW President John L. Lewis, in denouncing
the Wage Stabilization Board’s decision to cut the
soft-coal miners’ wage increase from $1.90 to $1.50
a day, declared that the miners would not return
to work until they received the full negotiated
increase. After the miners were idle for a week, a
White House conference of union, industry, and
Government representatives resulted in a recom­
mendation by Mr. Lewis that the men return to
work, pending action by Economic Stabilization

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Director Roger L. Putnam on a bipartite petition
for a review of WSB’s ruling.
Later the Mine Workers negotiated a new con­
tract with the anthracite operators, in which the
workers were granted a $1.90-a-day wage increase.
Union and industry leaders held hopes for a more
favorable review of the hard-coal contract, since
this contract made clear that the additional in­
crease above the $1.50 a day allowed to the softcoal miners was in lieu of fringe benefits and in
recognition of the great advances in productivity
achieved by the coal industry.
Economic Background

An additional 520,000 workers were hired in
nonfarm establishments in September, raising em­
ployment to an all-time high for the month. At
47.6 million, nonfarm employment was 600,000
above the level of a year earlier. Employment
in manufacturing establishments rose by 300,000
between mid-August and mid-September to 16.3
million, the highest level since World War II.
During September, only 7 out of every 1,000
factory workers were laid off, a rate equal to
the postwar low for the month, while nearly all
industries were hiring workers at a faster rate
than a year ago.
Average weekly earnings of factory workers rose
in September to an all-time high of $70.09, $2.29
above the August average. The average work­
week was lengthened a half-hour, to 41.3 hours,
the highest September level since 1945. Factory
workers earned an average of $1.70 an hour, 2.7
cents more than in August.
A total of 98,000 new permanent nonfarm dwell­
ing units were started in September, just 1,000
less than the August figure. This brought hous­
ing starts for the first 9 months of 1952 to
866,800—#00 units above the same period in 1951.
Man-days of idleness caused directly by work
stoppages totaled 3,200,000 in September, 50 per­
cent more than in August. About 230,000 workers
took part in 475 stoppages starting in September,
in contrast to 225,000 involved in 450 strikes
starting in August.
The Consumers’ Price Index declined 0.2 per­
cent between August 15 and September 15 to
190.8, as the index of food prices dropped 1.0
percent. The “old series” CPI for September 15
was 191.4.

The Jobs of Federal White-Collar Workers
Occupational Distribution and Salaries
In Clerical, Administrative, and Professional Work
By Job Classification, Location of Employment, and Grade
C ora E . T ay lo r *

in discharging its
diversified responsibilities for public service, em­
ployed around 900,000 white-collar workers on
June 30, 1951. These workers were employed in
more than 450 different administrative, profes­
sional, and technical occupations. They comprised
about 40 percent of all civilian employees in the
Government’s Executive Branch in continental
United States,1 and were located in all parts of the
country. Only about a fifth were stationed in
Washington, D. C. Among the 60 Federal agen­
cies having white-collar workers on their payrolls,
the Department of the Army and the Veterans
Administration employed the largest numbers.
Many Federal employees are in occupations,
such as the stenographer and typist categories,
which are common to all agencies and comparable
to similar positions in private industry. Certain
other jobs are found only in one or two Depart­
ments or Bureaus and are, in some cases, unique to
Government—for example, those of lighthouse
engineer and patent and trade-mark interference
examiner. The largest single occupational cate­
gory in June 1951 was clerk-typist, with about
111,000 workers. On the other hand, some occu­
pational series including zoology, ethnology, meat
technology, and traffic engineering, had fewer than
25 persons each.
The effect of the defense program on Federal
employment is evident when 1951 and 1947 em­
ployment data are compared. The total number of
white-collar workers increased by a third over the
4-year period. Growth in such occupations as
T he F ederal G overnm ent,


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meteorology, physics, electronics, mathematics,
cartography, engineering, and various inspection
functions was a direct result of expanded defense
activities.
Annual salaries of all white-collar Federal em­
ployees averaged $3,700 as of June 30, 1951. How­
ever, salaries varied considerably by occupation.
In a few small professional and administrative
categories they averaged more than $8,000 annu­
ally, but in some of the largest occupations, such as
typist and hospital attendant, the averages were
under $2,600.
Data presented in this report are from a special
occupational survey of Federal employment made
by the United States Civil Service Commission,
as of June 30, 1951,2 and from hitherto unpub­
lished information obtained by a similar survey
made in 1947. Results of an earlier survey on
employment in the Government, by occupation,
made in 1938, were published in the January 1941
Monthly Labor Review.
*Of the Bureau’s Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics.
1
The total given excludes “blue-collar” employees in crafts (trade and man­
ual), protective, and custodial positions, and employees whose wages are fixed
by wage boards and who work mainly at military installations.
3
In the 1951 survey, the Civil Service Commission requested all Federal
agencies to report the number of full-time employees who were on their rolls
in Classification Act positions inside continental United States on June 30,
1951. Employees were reported by series and grade, by the 60 agencies which
had such employees. Reports were also requested for large white-collar
groups not subject to the Classification Act of 1949. The survey did not
cover postal workers, but only about 10,000 other employees in full-time
white-collar positions were omitted. Among the excluded groups were
Foreign Service employees stationed temporarily in this country; teachers at
Howard University, Columbia Institute for the Deaf, and the military
academies; White House and National Park Police; milk market inspectors
of the Agriculture Department; commissioned officers of the Coast and
Geodetic Survey; and agency and bureau heads.

489

JOBS OF F ED E RA L W O R K E R S

490

1.— Distribution of Federal white-collar employees in
continental United States, by major occupational group,
June SO, 1947 and 1951 1

T able

1951

1947
Occupational group

Total
N um ­
ber

All groups_____

Total

Per­
cent

N um ­
ber

In
Outside
Wash­ Wash­
ington,
ington,
Per­ D . C. D. C.
cent

............ 680,134 100.0 905,902 100.0 189, 721

General
administrative,
clerical, and office services.
Accounting and fiscal___ _
Engineering_______ ____
Medical, hospital, dental,
and public health_______
Inspection and investigation.
Legal and kindred________
Biological sciences________
Phvsieal sciences........ .........
Business and industry____
Mathematics and statistics.
Personnel administration
and industrial relations.
Mechanic__ . . ___ . . .
Social science, psychology,
and welfare. . _____
E ducation... ._ -------------Fine and applied arts______
Library and archives--------Veterinary science_____ ..
Copyright, patent, and
trade-mark. ____ . . . ..
Miscellaneous occupations,
not elsewhere classified__

366,917
75,688
51,098

53.9 446,796
11.1 77,428
7.5 71,260

716,181

49.3
8.5
7.9

96, 808
16,594
13,109

349, 988
60,834
58.151

36, 739
23, 772
29,126
17, 762
11,997
9,124
10,373

5.4
3.5
4.3
2.6
1.8
1.3
1.5

66,467
57,210
29,127
25,988
21, 595
21, 318
18,308

7.4
6.3
3.2
2.9
2.4
2.4
2.0

3, 657
1,982
8,832
2,115
5,658
5,309
11.870

62, 810
55,228
20,295
23,873
15,937
16,009
6,438

15,453
2, 215

2.3
.3

17,417
11,176

1.9
1.2

6,059
1,907

11,358
9,269

8,407
5,167
3,268
2,118
1,765

1.2
.8
.5
.3
.3

10, 954
8,172
5,278
3,054
1,864

1.2
.9
.6
.4
.2

6,020
799
1.632
1,402
53

4,934
7, 373
3,646
1,652
1,811

1,015

.2

1,164

.1

1,098

66

8,130

1.2

11,326

1.2

4,817

6,509

1 Figures for 1947 and 1951 are not strictly comparable.
5, page 491.

See text footnote

Occupational D istribution

Positions in the Federal Service are classified
according to the field of work and also according to
the grade level of the position. The Civil Service
Commission has set up occupational categories or
series, which have titles that refer to the field of
work—for example, labor economist or engineering
aid. Each series includes a number of grades of
positions, based on the difficulty and responsibility
of the work. These grades may be thought of as
steps in the usual line of promotion. Jobs of
comparable difficulty and responsibility have the
same grade in all series.
The Civil Service Commission has also arranged
the 450 white-collar series in 19 major occupa­
tional groups, which represent broad areas of
related work. Statistics are here presented for
these major groups and for some of the more
important occupational series.3
About half of all the Government’s white-collar
employees were classified in the general adminis­
trative, clerical, and office services group (see
3 A forthcoming bulletin, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in
cooperation with the U. S. Civil Service Commission, will present detailed
statistics for all occupational series.


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MONTHLY LABOR

table 1). This group included the army of
typists, stenographers, and secretaries—-number­
ing more than 200,000 in 1951. Also included
were more than 72,000 workers engaged in pro­
curement, property and stock control, storage, and
other activities having to do with the provision of
supplies for the Government, and nearly 30,000
operators of tabulating, bookkeeping, and other
office machines. At least 10,000 employees in the
group operated communication equipment, chiefly
as telephone operators and telegraphic typewriter
operators.
The accounting and fiscal group, the second
largest major occupational group, included only 8
percent of all Federal white-collar employees in
1951. More than a third of the accounting and
fiscal workers had clerical jobs in the series desig­
nated as “ accounting and fiscal clerical” ; they
performed duties pertaining to the receipt and
disbursement of funds collected, appropriated, or
held in trust by the Federal Government. The
next largest single accounting and fiscal occupa­
tion—internal revenue agent—included 7,704 em­
ployees (table 2). The major group also included
about 8,500 other professional accountants dis­
tributed among various occupational categories.
Engineering and related occupations formed the
third largest major group. About 47,000 em­
ployees in this group were in professional engineer­
ing categories, and the remaining 24,000 were in
other types of positions, notably that cf engineer­
ing aid. Professional engineers—the largest pro­
fessional group in Government employment—
comprised about an eighth of all such engineers
in the country. The numbers employed in
different engineering specialties were as follows:
Number of
engineers

C ivil_________________________________
M echanical___________________________
E lectronic____________________________
Electrical_____________________________
Construction_________________________
G eneral______________________________
H ydraulic____________________________
Surveying and cartographic___________
Ordnance_____________________________
N aval architecture____________________
Chemical_____________________________
Other_________________________________

6, 265
6,041
5, 421
4, 676
3, 450
2, 773
1, 949
1, 632
1, 436
1, 239
1, 093
10, 711

The medical, hospital, dental, and public-health
group likewise included both professional and
subprofessional personnel. Physicians, dentists,

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952

JOBS OF F ED E RA L W O R K E R S

nurses, and other professional workers represented
only about 42 percent, while hospital attendants
made up a slightly higher proportion (44 percent).
Technicians of various types constituted the
remainder of the group.
Government inspectors and investigators com­
prised the fifth largest among the major occupa­
tional groups shown in table 1. Included were
employees in such specialties as tax collection;
criminal investigation; construction, customs, and
food inspection; as well as several thousand general
investigators.
All other major occupational groups together
constituted only about a fifth of all white-collar
workers in the agencies covered by the survey.
However, many of the Government’s professional
workers were in these broad occupational cate­
gories. The physical sciences group had the
largest number of professional employees (16,346),
headed by chemistry, with 4,346 workers, and
physics, with 3,067. The Federal Government
employed about a fifth of all physicists in the
country; on the other hand, less than 1 chemist
in 20 was in Federal employment. Other impor­
tant physical-science occupations included elec­
tronic research, meteorology, and geology. Sizable
numbers of biological scientists (15,300) lawyers
(11,784), and social scientists (9,693) were also
employed. Of extreme importance in carrying
on the work of the Government, but numbering
only from 1,000 to 2,000 in each case, were such
workers as mathematicians, statisticians, librar­
ians, and veterinarians. Workers in all profes­
sional occupations taken together totaled 161,500
in 1951—18 percent of all Federal white-collar
employees.

491

Korea and initiation of the current defense pro­
gram, it began to rise again—reaching 2,313,000
by June 1951.4
During this period, three surveys of the occu­
pations of Government workers were conducted—
for 1938, 1947,5 and 1951. So many changes in
occupational classifications were made after 1938,
however, that only limited comparisons are possi­
ble between the 1938 data and the two later sur­
veys. Occupations for which approximately
comparable figures are available for the three
periods include the following:
1938

Chemists and m etallurgists_
Engineers, professional
Librarians
Social and welfare workers. _
Stenographers, typists, and
secretaries

Employment in1947

1 ,455
19, 820
605
755

3 ,2 5 4
32, 960
1, 175
1, 499

53, 200

152, 645

1951

4,
46,
1,
1,

871
686
719
896

200, 859

From 1938 to 1947, employment in all but one
of these occupations expanded at about the same
rate as total civilian Government employment—
around 100 percent. The exception was the
stenographer, typist, and secretary group, in
which employment tripled from 1938 to 1947.
The annual rate of growth in the other four occu­
pations was greater in the 4-year period 1947 to
1951 than in the earlier 9-year period.
Although the 1947 survey differs slightly in
coverage from the 1951 survey, an analysis of
employment changes in major occupational groups
and in some specific occupational categories is
possible. The total number of white-collar em­
ployees increased by nearly a third over the 4-year
period, as a result of the defense program. During
the same period, total white-collar employment in
the Defense Department rose 73 percent.

Comparison of 1951 and Earlier Data

Employment in the Federal Government varied
considerably from the late 1930’s to 1951, prima­
rily in response to changes in the international
situation. Total civilian employment in the
Executive Branch in continental United States
rose from less than a million before 1940 to an
all-time high of about 3 million in June 1943, the
middle of World War II. A postwar decline in
employment continued until December 1947, when
there were 1,766,000 Federal employees. Between
that date and June 1950, employment fluctuated
between 1.8 and 1.9 million. After the attack on

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4 U. S. Civil Service Commission, M onthly Reports of Employment.
s The 1938 study was made as of December 31, 1938. It was based on a
25-percent sample of service records of Federal employees on file at the Civil
Service Commission. All positions were divided into 8 major occupational
groups and 117 occupations or minor groups, which included postal employ­
ees and trade, manual, and service workers. Results of the study were
published in the January 1941 issue of the M onthly Labor Review.
The June 1947 survey, hitherto unpublished, was made by the Civil Service
Commission to determine its examining workload in converting from warservice appointments to permanent civil-service appointments at the end of
World War II. While the 1947 survey did not have exactly the same coverage
as the 1951 survey, it is believed the figures from the two studies are reasonably
comparable for most occupational series. Chief differences in coverage are
that employees of TVA, AEC, and the Department of Medicine and Surgery
of the Veterans Administration were excluded from the 1947 survey. Some
occupational groups were, therefore, more affected than others; for example,
the numbers of engineering and medical employees as shown by the 1947
survey were probably understated to a greater extent than employment in
other groups.

492

JOBS OF F ED E RA L W O R K E R S

The occupations which showed the greatest
numerical increase in employment from 1947 to
1951 were those in the general administrative
and clerical category—an addition of about 80,000
employees. Because of the large number of
administrative and clerical workers in 1947, this
rise in employment was only about 22 percent—
smaller proportionally than the increase in all
Federal white-collar empannent. Administra­
tive and clerical workers constituted 54 percent of
the total number of white-collar employees in
1947, but only 49 percent in 1951 (table 1).
Some of the other major groups, which have
fewer workers and are made up largely of defenseconnected occupations, had a much greater rate
of growth over the 4-year period. In physicalscience occupations, for example, employment
increased by 80 percent, with the greatest rise
in the fields of meteorology and physics. Much
of the increased employment in inspection and
investigation occupations also can be accounted
for by defense-connected activities. This group,
accounting for only 3.5 percent of all white-collar
employees in 1947, claimed 6.3 percent of the
total number in 1951. The rise was due primarily
to increased employment in tax collection, crim­
inal investigation, immigration patrol inspection,
and inspection of food, construction, and ammuni­
tion. Employment in the business and industry
group also rose considerably, chiefly from the
addition of many industrial and production
specialists and commodity-industry analysts in
defense agencies such as the National Production
A dm inistration and the Office of Price
Stabilization.
Location of Employment

Four out of every five Federal white-collar
workers in June 1951 were located outside the
Washington, D. C. area.6 In five of the major
occupational groups—medical, hospital, dental
and public-health services; inspection and investi­
gation; veterinary science; biological sciences; and
education—over 90 percent of the workers were
employed outside metropolitan Washington. In
only three broad occupational categories—the
social science, psychology and welfare group, the
mathematics and statistics group, and the very
e The Washington area includes offices in nearby Maryland and Virginia,
as well as those located in the District of Columbia.


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MONTHLY LABOR

small copyright, patent, and trade-mark group—
were the majority of workers in the Washington
area.
Agency Distribution

The predominance of defense activities in the
work of the Federal Government is indicated by
the relative numbers of workers employed in
different agencies in mid-1951. More than 40
percent of all white-collar employees were in the
Department of Defense and its three component
departments. The Department of the Army,
which alone employed 22 percent, was by far the
largest employing agency. The Veterans Admin­
istration was next largest followed in order by the
Departments of the Navy, the Treasury, the Air
Force, and Agriculture.
Certain occupations, mainly those of an admin­
istrative or clerical nature, are common to all
Government agencies. Every agency has “house­
keeping” functions such as operating personnel
offices, providing space and supplies for employees,
keeping payroll and leave records, and accounting
for expenditures. All agencies also require the
services of typists, stenographers, and clerks.
In contrast to these large occupational groups,
the smaller and more specialized occupations
reflect the functions of the agencies in which they
are found. For example, the Department of
Defense employed over half the workers in the
engineering group. The Army alone used nearly
3.000 civil engineers and twice as many engineer­
ing aids and draftsmen to carry out the Corps of
Engineers’ civil works program, and such services
as mapping and research. The Navy employed
large numbers of mechanical engineers (2,525),
electronic engineers (2,104), and naval architects
(1,140), to carry out its responsibilities in the
fields of naval research, design, and development.
Next most important employer of engineers was
the Department of the Interior, which had about
1.000 employees each in civil, electrical, and
hydraulic engineering, and in surveying and carto­
graphic engineering. Many of these employees
were working on reclamation or geological-survey
projects.
The Veterans Administration employed over
three-fourths of the workers in the medical, hospi­
tal, dental, and public-health group in its hospitals
throughout the country.

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

493

JOBS OF FED E RA L W O R K E R S

T able 2.— Grade distribution and average salary in white-collar occupations having over 5,000 employees, June 30, 1951
Percentage distribution by grade

Total
Occupational group

of em-

A ll
grades

Grades
1-2

Grades
3-4

Grades
5-6

Grades
7-8

Grades
9-10

Grades
11-12

Grades
13-14

Grades
15-18

All g ro u p s.-.___________________ ____ __________

876,810

100.0

17.6

35.6

14.6

11.8

8.7

8.5

2.8

0.4

General administrative, clerical, and office services..
General clerical and administrative__________
M ail and file........................... !_________________
Stenographer_____________________ _____ ___
Clerk-stenographer______________ ___________
Secretary______________________ _____ ______
T ypist---------------------------- ] _________________
Clerk-typist______ _________________________
General supply__________ _j_................ ................
Property and stock control...................... .............
Procurement_______ _____ I_________________
Storage__________________ J______________
Card punch operation____ ______ ______ ___
Tabulating machine operation_______________
Telephone operating________________________
Accounting and fiscal________ ____ _____________
Accounting and fiscal clerical________________
Business accou ntin g........... J_________________
Internal revenue agent.........j ..................................
Voucher examining____________________ ____
Tax accounting__________ __________________
Engineering___________________________________
Engineering a id ._______ _____ ______ ________
Civil engineering__________ ____ ___________
Engineering drafting............ I........ .................. .......
Mechanical engineering...........................................
Electronic engineering______________________
Medical, hospital, dental, and public health______
Hospital a tten d a n t..___________ ____ _______
Inspection and investigation____________________
General investigating_______________________
Criminal investigating______________________
Tax collection_____ _____ ___________________
Miscellaneous inspection and investigation___
Legal and k in d red __________ __________________
Claims examiner...... .......................... .................... .
Biological sciences___________________ _____ ____
Physical sciences_______________________________
Business and in d u str y _______________ ______ ___
Mathematics and statistics.......... .................. ..............
Statistical clerical................................. ....................
Personnel administration and industrial relations.. .
Personnel administration_______________ ____
Mechanic_________ ____________________________
Social science, psychology, and welfare...................
Education_____________________________________
Education and training........ ................ ..................
Fine and applied arts_____ ______ ______________
Library and archives.......... .............. .............................
Veterinary science_____________ ________________
Copyright, patent, and trade-mark______________
Miscellaneous occupations (not elsewhere classified)
Information and editorial. . [ _________________

439, 656
83,151
38. 424
6, 038
49, 424
21,924
7,838
107,872
6, 386
30,026
8,308
19,805
8, 330
6,133
6, 509
77,001
26,820
5,474
7,704
5,924
5,099
69,094
10,812
5,712
6; 750
5,890
5,421
3 47,831
29, 207
57,119
5,420
9,079
10, 230
10. 690
29,072
9, 302
25,877
21,462
21, 243
18,278
9,742
17, 335
5,729
11,143
10,930
8,168
5,629
5,232
3,043
1,864
1,164
IL 298
6,591

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.9
100.0
100.0
100.0

27.1
15.4
52.0
13.3
7.6

10.4
17.2
5.2
2.7
1.6
47.7
(2)

4.8
13.0
.9

3.4
11.7
.2

2.1
7.6
.1

.9
3.8
(2)

.2
1.2
(2)

3.7

.4

26.9
63.0
42.6
24.7
2.6
2.8

51.1
30.1
41.6
84.0
90.8
48.2
9.7
56.7
26.5
61.1
37.6
56.3
34.3
49.4
70.3
44.4
54.4

.3
.1
.8
.3

5.7
7.2

.3
.5

22.4

10. 2

1.0

53.4
82.9
.3

19.5
16.5
5.6
2.4

.1
(2)
10.5
3.5
32.1
45. 4
.4
5.2
26.5
.3
37.1
.4
40.1
42.1
2.6

2.9
.7
8. 4
6.8

8.9

14.5
1.7
9.1
1.2
(2)
.2
(2)
9.5
5.9
28.8
29.7
1.7
8.5
16.0
.7
25.7
3.9
24.5
22. 6
1.6

.1

69. 2
20.0
11.2
38.3

21.2
4.6
16.7
3.5
.3
1.0
.4
11.4
10.2
22.1
17.6
6.0
21.3
15.6
14.8
20. 3
19.3
15.1
15. 2
5.1

2.4
(2)
1.0
.1

4.4
11.4

5.9
9. 4
1.0

.2
.5
.1

.4

13.1
16.8
31.2
21.3
9.0
9.4
50.1
65.2
25.8

.8
2.0

6.8
1.8

3.7
4.2

19.4
23.9

4.2

24.9
30.3

40.9
33.6
11.3
42.6
47.1
16.3
13.6
26.9
18.6
16.4
10.2
5.9
15.9
21.8
29.8
21.1
39.0
39. 5
17.1
28.3
25. 3
8.6
13.2
14.2

20.7
35.5
37.6
23.1
10.9
18.6
15.7
11.9
16.2
26.9
6.2
2.0
14.9
19.6
22.7
15.7
16. 0
13.2
11.0
13.5
41.0
18.0
11.3
10.3

11.2
18.4
40.2
.5
4.2
17.9
1.0
11.1
22.5
27.7
6.4
1.1
14.3
21.8
9.9
29.5
9.7
8.3
16.3
7.3
20. 2
53.2
16.4
16.8

2.2
3.2
9.9
.1
.3
9.7
.3
2.8
7.6
9.3
2.7
.1
5.4
8. 4
2. 4
14.4
3.9
2.0
3.0
1.1
4.0
12. 3
5.9
8.0

.1
.4
.3

1.4

22.6
14.8
29.5
11.5
2.4
6.7
4.6
18.4
22.4
7.8
.2
22.7
39.0
18.6
34.5
5.7
45.1
14. 2
10. 2
16.7
.6
19.0
6.5
.7
33. 7
23.0
18.7
38.2
18.9
21.5
8.7
22.3
25.7
22.9
27.5
27.5
11.7
31. 1
36.8
29.4
23.6
9. 3
6.5
23.4
19.2

J

90.3
43.3
2.9
17.5

6.9
3.3
(2)
1.8

1 Excludes 29,092 employees for whom grade was not specified.
Less than 0.05 percent.

1

The Department of Agriculture employed
approximately four-fifths of the employees in the
biological-sciences group in such activities as soil
conservation and forest and range fire control.
Next largest employer of biological scientists was
the Department of the Interior, which had about
2,700 working in such occupations as park ranger,
range management and conservation, forestry,
fish culture, and wildlife management and research.
Workers in the broad physical sciences group
were employed chiefly in research laboratories of
the Navy (5,420), the Army (3,260), the National
Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (2,180), and
the Weather Bureau and National Bureau of
Standards in the Department of Commerce
226672— 52------ 2


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(2)
9.7
.3
6.0
.5

.2

2.0
(2)
.2
1.3
1.6
.3
.4
.9
.1
3.8
.3
.2
.1
.1
.2
1. 4
.7
1.2

Average
annual
salary

$3,700
3,929
2,812
2,895
2.907
3, 309
2, 583
2,705
4,080
3, 058
3,773
2,966
2,678
2,801
2,811
3,492
5,318
5,501
3,246
4,170
3, 315
5,497
3,509
5,227
5,463
2,552
4, 865
5,837
4. 214
4,046
3,744

3,228
4,979

4,210

4,497

3 Excludes 18,636 employees (mainly professional personnel) for whom
grade was not specified.

(4,682).7 The majority of workers in electronic
research, development, and testing, more than half
of the physicists, and most of the specialists in
nautical science and astronomy were employed
by the Navy. Meteorologists and meteorological
aids were concentrated in the Weather Bureau.
A fourth of the social scientists, psychologists,
and welfare workers were employed by the Veter­
ans Administration. Most of these VA employees
were social workers and psychologists.
7 The Atomic Energy Commission, while an important indirect source of
employment for physical scientists, actually employed fewer than 2 percent
of the full-time scientists on the Federal payroll in June 1951. Most of the
scientists working on the Atomic Energy Commission program are on the
staffs of universities and private companies holding contracts with AEC,

494

JOBS OF FED E RA L W O R K E R S

Grade Distribution and Salary Rates

The current salary schedule for Federal whitecollar workers is the General Schedule established
by the Classification Act of 1949, as amended in
October 1951. This schedule specifies the mini­
mum and maximum annual salary and inter­
mediate salary steps for each grade of position
from 1 through 18. In general, a worker entering
a position of a given grade starts at the minimum
salary for that grade and receives increases at
regular intervals up to the specified maximum
salary. The following tabulation shows the rates
in effect June 1951. Salaries were subsequently
increased by 10 percent of the minimum rate for
each grade, with a minimum increase of $300 and
a maximum of $800.
In-grade steps
Amount
Num- of inSalary range, June
ber
crease
1951 1

Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade

1____________________
7
2 ____________________
7
7
3 ____________________
4 ____________________
7
5 ____________________
7
6 ________ ____________
7
7 ____________________
7
8 ____________________
7
7
9 ____________________
10___________________
7
11___________________
6
12___________________
6
13___________________
6
14___________________
6
15___________________
5
16___________________
5
17___________________
5
18________________________

$80
80
80
80
125
125
125
125
125
125
200
200
200
200
250
200
200
____

$2, 200-$2, 680
2, 45 0 - 2, 930
2, 650- 3, 130
2, 8 75- 3, 355
3, 100- 3, 850
3 ,4 5 0 - 4,200
3, 8 25- 4, 575
4, 2 00- 4, 950
4, 6 00- 5, 350
5, 0 0 0 - 5, 750
5, 4 00- 6, 400
6, 4 00- 7, 400
7, 6 00- 8, 600
8, 8 00- 9, 800
1 0 ,0 0 0 -1 1 ,0 0 0
1 1 ,2 0 0 -1 2 ,0 0 0
12, 200-13, 000
14, 000-14, 000

1
In grades 10 and below, additional “longevity” increases, above the speci­
fied maximum salaries, are given to employees who have been in the same
grade for a long period of time.

Over half the Federal employees for whom grade
was reported in mid-1951 were classified in grades
1 through 4 (table 2). The greatest concentration
of workers (22 percent) was in grade 3. Although
a fifth of all employees were classified in grade 9
or above with salaries of $4,600 or more, only
3.2 percent were in the top six grades with salary
rates of $7,600 or above.
These over-all figures reflect, to a great extent,
the grade distribution of the largest group of
Federal white-collar workers—the administrative,
clerical, and office services group. In this major
group, 75 percent of the workers were in grades 2

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through 4, and 10 percent were in grades 5 and 6;
but only 1 percent held administrative positions
in the 5 highest grades (14 through 18).
The major occupational group having the largest
proportion of workers (over 50 percent) in grades
1 and 2 was the medical, hospital, dental, and
public-health category. Most of the workers in
these grades were hospital attendants. Among
the professional employees in the medical group
for whom grade was reported, the great majority
of the physicians were in grade 12, most of the
dentists were in grade 10, and over 80 percent of
the nurses were in grade 5—the lowest grade for
professional workers.
Only three major occupational groups—educa­
tion; veterinary science; and copyright, patent,
and trade-mark—were made up entirely of profes­
sional workers. Therefore, these groups included
only employees in grades 5 or above.
The average annual salary of Government
white-collar employees was $3,700 on June 30,
1951. It was raised to $4,066 by the salary
increase provided as of July 1951. The average
July 1951 salary was somewhat higher for em­
ployees in Washington, D. C. ($4,496) than for
those outside Washington ($3,951). This differ­
ence was due largely to the concentration of
administrative and executive personnel in the
capital city.
Most groups of clerical workers had relatively
low average salaries, as shown by the grade dis­
tributions in table 2. Under the broad heading
“ general administrative, clerical, and office serv­
ices,” were 14 occupational categories each of
which included more than 5,000 employees. In 9
of these categories, the average salary was below
$3,000; and in the other 5, workers with jobs in
the “general supply” series had the highest average
salary—$4,080.
Among the 34 occupational series with more
than 5,000 workers, employees in 17 had average
salaries greater than the average for all wdiitecollar employees ($3,700). The highest paid of
these relatively large occupational groups were
internal revenue agents, civil engineers, electronic
engineers, mechanical engineers, criminal inves­
tigators, and business accountants, with average
salaries ranging up to about $5,800. Only 8
administrative and legal occupations, each with
less than 150 employees at the time of the survey,
had average salaries as high as $8,000.

Shift Operations
and Differentials in
Union Contracts, 1952
M orton L e v in e a n d J ames N i x *

N i g h t w o r k , which is not considered desirable
by most workers, nevertheless, is unavoidable in
many industries. Places of entertainment, res­
taurants, and some food processing establishments
are usually open during the evening. Some
manufacturing processes, for example, in the
chemical industry, are continuous. Even in
establishments operating less than 24 hours a day,
certain categories of workers, such as plant pro­
tection and maintenance employees, are needed
on duty at all times. Often the addition of night
shifts is a question of lowering average cost per
unit of product by keeping expensive capital
equipment in constant operation. Further, night
work may be necessary to meet peak seasonal or
emergency production requirements.
Provisions relating to multishift operations
affected slightly over four-fifths of 5,329,000
workers 1 covered by 1,065 collective agreements
recently analyzed by the Bureau of Labor Statis­
tics. These contracts were in effect early in 1952.
Premium pay for work on night shifts was pro­
vided for in agreements covering 3,914,000 work­
ers, or 74 percent of the total. Another 8 percent
were under agreements which made some reference
to multishift operations or night work, but did
not specify whether differential wage rates were
paid. Typical of such references are the follow­
ing: “It is agreed that the company shall have
the privilege of operating any part of its plant on
two or three shifts/’ or “the actual number of
shifts shall be fixed from time to time by the
employer after agreement with the union.”


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Most of the remaining 18 percent of the workers
were covered by agreements which did not mention
multiple shifts. A few of these agreements
specifically prohibited the scheduling of more
than one shift; a few others had provisions relating
to split shifts but not to multiple shifts.
Prevalence of Shift Differentials

Comparison of the current data with the results
of a BLS survey in 1943 indicates a marked in­
crease in the prevalence of shift differentials in
manufacturing industries.2 Information regarding
shift differentials in non manufacturing in previous
years is too fragmentary to permit comparison
with current data. About half of the manufactur­
ing workers under union agreements in 1943 re­
ceived differentials if they worked on night shifts,
while the corresponding current figure is 81 per­
cent.
In the present study, over 95 percent of the
workers in the following industry groups were
covered by agreements with differentials for night
work: printing and publishing, rubber, primary
metals industries, machinery (both electrical and
nonelectrical), transportation equipment, instru­
ments and related products, and mining (table 1).
Other industry groups where differentials were
common were food and kindred products, textiles,
chemicals, petroleum refining, paper, fabricated
metal products and communications. Such pro­
visions were almost nonexistent in the apparel
industry which has operated on a one-shift basis
for many years. Industries where less than half
of the workers were covered by night shift differ­
ential provisions were furniture and finished wood
products, leather and leather products, transpor­
tation, trade, hotels and restaurants, services and
construction. In nonmanufacturing as a whole,
only 59 percent of the workers were under agree­
ments with differentials, compared with 81
percent in manufacturing.
*Of the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
1 The number of employees actually working on night shifts is unknown.
M any plants, since the outbreak of the Korean conflict, have added extra
shifts, probably involving substantial numbers of workers. For example,
as of January 1952, about 75 percent of the factory workers in selected metal­
working industries were on the first or “daylight” shift, 20.3 percent on the
second shift, and 3.8 percent on the third. See Employment and Payrolls,
August 1952, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. A
summary of results of this study will appear in the December 1952 issue of
the M onthly Labor Review.
2 See Pay Differentials for Night Work Under Union Agreements, M onthly
Labor Review, July 1943.

495

496
T able

SH IFT D IF FE R EN T IA LS IN CONTRACTS
1 .— Shift provisions in collective agreements, by
industry group
Perceni of workers covered by agreements
with-

Industry group

N um ­ Number
ber of
of
agree­
ments workers

All industry groups__________

1,065 5,329,326

No
provi­
sions
for
multi­
ple
shifts

Provision for
multiple shifts
No
Premi­
um for men­
tion
of
night
work premi­
um

18.1

73.5

Manufacturing__ _________
Food and kindred products___
Tobacco__ . _____ _______
Textile mill products... . .
Apparel and other finished
textile products _
___
Lumber and timber basic
products______ . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture and finished wood
products
_
_____
Paper and allied p ro d u cts___
Printing and publishing___ _
Chemicals and allied products..
Petroleum and coal products.
Rubber products. _ _________
Leather and leather products...
Stone, clay, and glass products.
Primary metal industries_____
Fabricated metal products____
Machinery (except electrical)..
Electrical machinery____ ___
Transportation equipment. . . .
Instruments and related products____ __________________
Miscellaneous________________

751,

3 , 1, 3 9 , 961

1 5 .3

8 1 .4

3 .3

77
9
83

273, 553
30, 708
184, 424

3.6
17.7
3.3

87. i
72.0
86.0

9.3
10.3
10.7

47

401, 859

98.2

.2

1.6

15

18, 715

20.4

79.6

20
38
26
36
15
12
15
31
34
47
87
47
64

52, 031
77, 642
30,989
75, 994
58, 433
80, 923
31,304
71, 717
434,661
91,108
261, 562
296, 407
900, 281

69.0
2.7
1.0
.1
18.8

28.1
74.9
99.0
74.6
81.2
100.0
32.9
70.6
96.2
88.4
100.0
100.0
99. 9

19
32

34, 631
33', 019

Nonmanufacturing... . . .
Mining, crude petroleum and
natural gas production____
Transportation L _________
Communications_____________
Utilities: electric and g a s...
Wholesale and retail trade . . .
Hotels and restaurants________
Services_.
. ______________
Construction . . . _____ . . .
Miscellaneous. ______________

SU 1, 889,365
18
64
49
31
62
14
36
30
7

397, 947
37L 048
370, 554
112, 349
114, 518
106, 750
74, 796
332, 208
9,195

66.1
11.7
3.5
5.3

8.4

2.9
22.4
25.3
1.0
17.7
.3
6.3
1

16.3

100.0
81.0

2.7

23.6

58.9

1 7 .5

98.3
31.4
84.4
63.6
27.0
34.1
27.0
40.0

1 7
31.3
7.2
11.1
22.9

37.3
8.4
25.3
50.1
65.9
39.2
25.1
78.2

33.8
34.9
21.8

1 Does not include national agreements relating to the railroad industry,
which cover approximately 1,250,000 employees.

Types of Differentials

Two major types of differentials were found in
the agreements analyzed. The most common,
applicable to 61.0 percent of the workers under
differential provisions, required a higher premium
for the third than for the second shift.3 (See
table 2.) A variation of this type, confined mostly
to the textile industry and covering only 2.5 per­
cent of the workers, specified a premium for the
third shift but not for the second. The second
major type, involving 36.5 percent of the workers
provided the same differential for all night work.
Illustrative clauses defined night work as “other
* For purposes of classification in this report, the first shift was considered
the regular day shift, while the second and third were considered evening and
night shifts.


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MONTHLY LABOR

than the regular day shift” ; “work performed
between the hours of 6 p. m. and 6 a. m.” ; or “on
the second and third shifts.”
Graduated differentials were predominant in
primary metal industries, fabricated metal prod­
ucts, transportation equipment, petroleum refin­
ing, and mining. Nongraduated premiums were
most common in rubber, machinery, food and
kindred products.
Shift premiums were predominantly monetary
differentials, but sometimes took the form of time
differentials or combined wage-rate and time differ­
entials. Monetary differentials only, applicable
to 92 percent of the workers under shift-premium
provisions, were usually expressed in terms of
cents per hour or a percentage of the regular rate,
and less frequently as a specified amount for each
shift or each week.
Time differential clauses appeared in agree­
ments covering about 4 percent of the workers—
most of them in the construction industry—for
example:
When tw o or more shifts are required, the first
shall work between the hours of 8 a. m. and 5 p. m.
for the first 5 days of the week and shall receive the
regular rate of wages. The second and third shifts
shall work 7 hours and receive 8 hours’ pay at the
regular rate of wages.

Agreements affecting another 4 percent of the
workers, mostly in the aircraft and printing in­
dustries, provided combined wage-rate and time
differentials, i. e., employees worked fewer hours
than day workers and also received a monetary
premium, as in the following example:
First or regular daylight shift: An eight and a half
(8}i) hour period less 30 minutes for meals on the em ­
p loyee’s tim e. P ay for a full shift period shall be a
T a b l e 2. — Types of shift differentials in collective

agreements
Agreements

Employees

Type of differential
Number Percent

Number

Percent

T otal___________________________

743

100.0

3, 913, 540

100.0

General night differential____ . . .
Monetary, only______________
Time, only
______ . . . . .
Combined monetary and tim e.
Third shift differential higher than
second______ ______ _______
Monetary, only______________
Time, only____________ . . . .
Combined monetary and tim e.
Third shift only (monetary)______

313
299
11
3

42.1
40.2
1.5
.4

1, 427, 537
1,319, 515
98, 962
9,060

36.5
33.7
2.6
.2

400
360
9
31
30

53.8
48.4
1.2
4.2
4.1

2,386, 527
2,190, 649
36, 278
159, 600
99, 476

61.0
56.0
.9
4.1
2.5

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

SH IFT D IF FE R EN T IA LS IN CONTRACTS

497

T a b l e 3. — Amount of shift differential, by type of payment and number of employees affected 1
Graduated differentials

General night
differential
Type and amount of differential

Second-shift premium

Third-shift premium

Third-shift; differential
only

Number of
workers

Percent

Number of
workers

Percent

Number of
workers

Percent

! ............

1,427, 537

100.0

2, 386, 527

100.0

2,386, 527

100.0

99, 476

100.0

Monetary differential__ ____ _________
Cents per hour:
2 cents-...................
|______
3 cents_______________________
4 cents________________ ____
5 cents_______________________
6 cents_______________________
7 cents_________ ____ _________
1\4 cents.................
J........ .
8 cen ts..__________ ___________
9 cents— ......................................
10 cents . ...................... ...................
11-16 cents....... ................ ...............
Over 15 cents_________ _____ _
Percent,of regular rate:
5 percent.............. .....................
7 percent.............................j...........
1\4 percent...................... J,..............
10 percent....................... .............. .
12},4 percent___ ______ ________
15 percent_____________ ____ _
Specified amount per shift or week 3
Other 4______ ____________________
Tim e differential______________ j______
Combined money and time different ial-

1,319, 515

92.5

2,190,649

91.8

2,190, 649

91.8

99,476

100.0

10,175
23.026
565,897
186,831
404,182
34, 908
23,825
19, 375
11,191
48, 300
3, 540
1,135

23.7
7.8
16.9
1.5
1.0
.8
.5
2.0
.1
.1

5,425
4, 750
21, 288
521,178
58, 223
36, 517
36, 965
383,601
167,846
78, 492
18,100

.2
.2
.9
21.6
2.4
1.6
1.6
16.1
7.0
3.4
.8

651,362
7,860
5, 200
8, 958

27.4
.3
.2
.4

174, 319
10.565
36, 278
159, 600

7.3
.4
1. 5
6. 7

250
998
609, 415
48, 559
5, 200
8 958
174,319
10, 565
36, 278
159, 600

(2)
(2)
25.7
2.0
.2
4
7.3
.4
1.5
6.7

T otal.....................

300
65, 660
5, 385
117, 317
21, 454
135, 514
33,075
16,156
27,190
57,484
22,000
1,165
11,868
39,642
7,113
507, 551
7,000
8, 569
152,384
82, 688
98, 962
9, 060

«

4.6
.4
8. 2
1.5
9.5
2.3
1.2
1.8
4.0
1.6
.1

.8
2.8
.5
35.6
.5
.6
10.7
5.8
6.9
.6

Number of
workers

Percent

.4
1.0

30, 206

30. 4

41, 770

42. 0

12,000
10,000

12.0
10.1

1,000

1.0

4,500

4.5

1 Includes all employees in the bargaining units covered by the agreements
providing for shift differentials.
2 Less than 0.1 percent.
3 The majority of the employees in this category are in the telephone in­
dustry, where the amount of the daily or weekly differential is usually grad­

uated according to the weekly wage rate of the employee, and in some agree­
ments, according to the ending time of the shift.
4 Includes agreements which provided premium pay for night work but
did not specify the rate clearly enough to classify. Also includes agreements
which established different premium rates for different groups of employees,
e. g., incentive and hourly paid employees, rotating- and non-rotating-shift
workers, kitchen and dining room employees, etc.

sum equivalent to eight (8) tim es the regular hourly
rate w ith no premium.
Second shift: An eight (8) hour period less 30 minutes
for meals on em ployee’s tim e. Pay for full second
shift period shall be a sum equivalent to eight (8)
tim es the regular hourly rate plus ten (10) percent.
Third shift: A seven and one-half (7)4) hour period
less 30 minutes for meals on em ployee’s tim e. Pay
for full third shift period shall be a sum equivalent to
eight (8) tim es the regular hourly rate plus fifteen (15)
percent.

categories accounted for more than two-thirds of
the workers under second-shift differentials. Sim­
ilarly, for seven-tenths of the workers under
graduated plans, the third shift differentials were
6, 9, or 10 cents or 7% percent.
The most frequent combinations of second and
third shift premiums, in terms of number of
workers involved, were 4 and 6 cents, 5 and 10
cents, 6 and 9 cents (mostly steel workers), 5 and
7%percent (mostly in the automobile industry).
Among the time differentials, the most common
provisions were 8 hours’ pay for 7 or 7%hours of
work.

Amount of Differential

Although the amount of premium pay for night
work varied greatly, substantial numbers of the
workers affected were concentrated in a relatively
few categories (table 3). For example, a 10percent premium was specified for over one-third
of the workers covered by nongraduated differ­
entials, and for one-fifth the premium was within
the range of 5 to 7% cents. Among the agree­
ments which established graduated differentials,
the most common second shift premiums were 5
percent, 4 cents, and 6 cents. Altogether, these 3


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Split Shifts

A few agreements, covering about 1 percent of
the workers, had provisions relating to split
shifts, i. e., two or more periods of duty in one
day separated by off-duty periods. Most of the
workers affected were in the hotel and restaurant
industry; a few others were in transportation and
trade. Some of these agreements provided for a

498

SH IFT DIF FE R EN TIA LS IN CONTRACTS

wage rate differential over and above the regular
rate of pay. Others merely regulated the number
of splits permissible and the number of hours over
which work may be spread. For example:
At stations where the spread of hours between
schedules necessitates establishm ent of split shifts,
the company may assign station employees to two
separate periods of duty with one off-duty period
within a spread of 12 hours, where regular assigned
hours are 8 hours per day; where less than 8 hours,
the two separate periods of duty are to be within a
spread of 10 hours.

Oil the other hand, many agreements prohibit
split shifts, in effect, by stipulating that the hours
of work shall be continuous and consecutive.
Other Shift Provisions

Workers on night shifts are sometimes given
privileges not accorded to other employees. For
example, a number of agreements provided paid
lunch periods and/or rest periods for night workers.
Typical of such clauses is the following: “On each
shift other than the regular day shift there will be
a 30-minute lunch period and one 15-minute relief
period without pay deduction.”
Although details concerning the scheduling
and assigning of shift work were often not included
in the agreements, some contained provisions
designed to lessen the inconvenience to workers of


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

abnormal working schedules. Such agreements
included provisions that changes in the starting
and ending time of shifts be made only by mutual
consent of management and union, or that em­
ployees so affected receive advance notice of
proposed changes. Others specified the number
of hours off between shifts and the frequency and
continuity of days off or required rotation of shifts.
Choice of shifts in order of seniority was
frequently permitted, as in the following example:
Vacancies which may occur in any operation which
is operated on a shift basis shall be filled by em ployees
in accordance with their seniority rating as follows:
Should a vacancy occur on the first shift, the worker
on the second shift having the highest seniority for
that operation who desires to make the transfer shall
be assigned to the job; Should a vacancy occur on the
second shift, the same procedure shall be followed, and
the assignm ent shall be made from am ongst the thirdshift workers; The order in cases of shift transfer shall
be from the third shift to the second shift to the first
shift.

Some of the agreements permitting shift pref­
erence authorized management to overrule the
shift choices of senior employees if necessary for
purposes of training new employees or otherwise
maintaining efficiency. A few agreements per­
mitted employees to exchange shifts temporarily
for their own convenience after receiving the
consent of management.

The Seventy-first
Convention
of the AFL
K

ir k

R.

P

e t sh e k

*

P r e o c c u p a t i o n with politics marked the 1952
convention of the American Federation of Labor,
meeting in New York City in mid-September.
International affairs occupied second place, with
AFL representatives stationed abroad reporting
on their respective sections of the world. The
Taft-Hartley Act was discussed at length. Price
and wage controls and questions of union structure
were some of the other problems brought before
the convention.

Political Action

The paramount business of this convention was
politics. Meeting during a Presidential election
campaign for the first time, the AFL delegates
talked about and were addressed on political
issues from the welcome address by the temporary
convention chairman, Martin Lacey, president of
the New York City Central Trades and Labor
Council, right up to the endorsement of Governor
Stevenson, Democratic candidate for the Presi­
dency, on the last day. Nevertheless, a great deal
of other important union business was carried on.
Among the national figures who spoke were
Mutual Security Administrator Averill Harriman;
Secretary of Labor Maurice Tobin; Federal
Security Administrator Oscar Ewing; Senators
Herbert Lehman and Wayne Morse; and the
Republican and Democratic Presidential candi­
dates. In his letter to the convention, President
Truman reviewed past achievements and urged
*Of the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

their continuance. Secretary-Treasurer George
Meany dealt with the reasons why, at this time,
political action was needed and realistically
described the activities which were the responsi­
bility of every labor leader, particularly in the
campaign.
A Presidential candidate had never before been
endorsed by an AFL convention, and the Execu­
tive Council last gave an endorsement (to Senator
La Follette) in 1924. A two-hour session of the
Executive Council, prior to its submission of an
endorsement to the convention, produced a care­
fully worded document which reviewed both plat­
forms and the views of both candidates and then
stated: “It is not our intention or desire to endorse
any political party or to enter into partisan politics
. . . We have an obligation to inform our mem­
bers of the facts . . . We emphasize that the
affiliated unions . . . and each and every one of
their members are free to make their own individ­
ual political decisions.’’ The endorsement of the
Governor was unanimous, but a few internationals
did not vote, reflecting some fear that this might
be a break with the traditional nonpartisan policy
of the AFL.
Underlying this endorsement, in part, was the
AFL’s unmitigated opposition to the Taft-Hartley
Act. For the delegates, General Eisenhower’s
promise to change provisions of the act which
could be used for “ union-busting” and which
singled out union leaders for non-Communist oaths
did not compensate for his unwillingness to have
the act itself repealed, as Governor Stevenson pro­
posed, even though the latter’s solution was not
simply to return to the Wagner Act. Both Gov­
ernor Stevenson and Senator Morse endorsed
legislation which in emergency disputes would give
the President a series of alternative measures to
choose from, so that neither party to the dispute
could predict in advance whose ultimate benefit
the President’s action would further—a doubt
which would encourage collective bargaining. The
AFL’s chief counsel and the Executive Council
report cited cases where crossing the picket line,
demanding additional jobs, etc., were held illegal
under this act, while the employer’s refusal to bar­
gain on work schedules and discipline, and his
questioning employees about union affiliation,
were declared legal. The appointment of a special
committee was approved to gather factual evi499

500

AFL S E VE N TY -F IR ST CONVENTION

dence about incidents under the law which were
felt to be “ injustices and inequities,” and to pre­
pare “ a constructive, fair and equitable legislative
proposal” for congressional action.
International Affairs

The other broad topic on which attention was
focused was world affairs. The Executive Coun­
cil’s report freely discussed the differences between
the AFL and the ICFTU concerning admission of
certain unions 1 to that body, and AFL proposals
leading to the composition of the differences. The
AFL is again fully participating in ICFTU ac­
tivities. ICFTU General Secretary Oldenbroek
addressed the convention and outlined its policies
and its determination to oppose all trade-union
organizations not democratic and free. Help to
“ our Tunisian friends” and opposition to the
“ dictatorship of . . . the Franco regime” were
cited as examples. The AFL Executive Council’s
report endorsed both points. The Committee on
International Relations emphasized the need for
the formation of North African unions free from
the French Communist-controlled unions, and
urged the discontinuance of assistance to and
negotiations with Spain.
Reports from AFL overseas representatives were
not optimistic. In his analysis of the European
situation, Irving Brown stated that the subsiding
of immediate fear of war had lulled most nations
into a false sense of security and removed the feel­
ing of urgency. However, American aid was nec­
essary to maintain both defense and living stand­
ards of a divided Europe. Unity of the European
economies and expansion of markets as well as
removal of tariffs and private restrictive policies
were prerequisites for an independent European
economy founded on increased productivity. In
France, he contended, neither the Communists nor
the West could arouse the tired and disillusioned
workers, so that trade-unionism has declined
generally. West Germany, on the other hand, is
again becoming the industrial power house of
Europe, but while its unions are directed by nonCommunists, these assets have been “somewhat
wasted by the failure of American policy to take
i
The entry of the Italian U. I. L. (Unione Italiana del Lavore) was op­
posed by the A FL while its C. I. S. L. (Confederazione Italiana dei Sindicati
dei Lavoratori) was supported. The admission of the Australian Workers
Union (A. W. U.) was urged. The Yugoslav trade-unions entry was objected
to until free trade-unions were genuinely established there and imprisoned
unionists were freed.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR

the ideological initiative and offensive.” Totali­
tarian forces in Italy, both Communist and Fas­
cist, are endangering stability in general as well as
in the trade-union movement. He advocated
removal of import restrictions in the United States
and a longer-run, planned American-aid program
based on the realization that along with it “an
ideological offensive based on a Point Four Pro­
gram of Ideas” is needed.
The Communists in Latin America have been
relegated to a minority role, Serafino Romualdi
reported. However, they have infiltrated the
various “neo-Fascist movements . . . sweeping
Latin America,” hoping to influence them against
the United States and free trade-unionism. Thus,
in Romualdi’s opinion, they covertly support the
Peron domination of the Argentine labor move­
ment as well as his attempts at gradual economic
and political domination of other Latin American
countries through undermining this country’s
influence there. Romualdi deplored the United
States’ failure to counteract Peron’s propaganda
with political action. He insisted that the living
standard of the man in the street would have to
be improved, partly by American aid seeping
down to his level. This, as well as firmness in
countering propaganda attacks on the United
States is needed, Romualdi said, to restore the full
confidence of the people of Latin America. A
resolution was adopted urging aid to them counter­
acting in a positive way “the dangerous trend
towards dictatorship.”
The dangers of Communism in Asia are equally
great, in the opinion of Harry Goldberg, AFL
representative in that area. They must be over­
come by a twofold program of an improved stand­
ard of living (which can refute Communist argu­
ments based on misery) and of military armaments
as protection. It was the first part of this program
as well as the ideological struggle that was stressed
by V. B. Karnik of the Indian Hind Mazdoor
Sabha who addressed the convention as one of a
number of fraternal delegates; among these were
Alfred Roberts of the British Trades Union Con­
gress and Léon Jouhaux, president of the French
(CGT-Force Ouvrière).
Economic and Social Problems

Action on a wide variety of economic subjects
was taken by the convention. Increasing produc-

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

A FL SEVEN TY-FIRST CONVENTION

tivity in the United States was described as “the
secret of our industrial strength and power.”
The Council’s report contended that wage stabili­
zation had prevented wage increases commensu­
rate with the average “5% percent per year . . .
increase in productivity” of the last few years.
Wage increases must reflect “in full the annual
rate of productivity gains made in the economy
as a whole.” Otherwise, said a resolution on the
subject, the lack of buying power would stop
economic expansion. A WSB regulation on the
subject was recommended. Labor’s partial re­
sponsibility for increased efficiency and production
should be recognized by management consulting
and cooperating with labor in this field. Research
studies of this and related fields were urged, so
that a report of the relation between productivity
and wages could be prepared.
The convention took a firm stand against sub­
sidized industrial expansion in some southern
States by State and local governments at the ex­
pense of industry elsewhere. Pointing out the
dangers to competition and to employment, a res­
olution called the practice “private socialism.”
Inflation, wage and price controls, and the WSB
regulations, as well as allocation of critical ma­
terials, were discussed. Continuance of controls
where necessary, and tightening of price controls
seemed desirable to the AFL delegates.
Individual unions successfully introduced reso­
lutions dealing with their particular economic
problems: as in past years, the St. Lawrence
Seaway was opposed; foreign competition of goods
produced with lower wages and under inferior
working conditions was condemned, and tariffs or
import quotas in these cases were recommended;
in particular, tariffs were urged on the importation
of stained glass, foreign recordings, and tuna fish.
In a different vein, higher wages for Puerto Rican
pottery workers were asked so as not to endanger
the standards of domestic pottery workers.
In the matter of civil rights, Senator Lehman
took a strong stand in addressing the convention.
He pointed out that the world judges us by the
way we treat minorities. He admonished labor
unions as well as other organizations to put their
own house in order. The convention came out in
favor of FEPC and against the filibuster and


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

501

Senate Rule 22. A. Philip Randolph, president
of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, urged
the delegates to consider carefully the location of
the next convention city and succeeded in holding
up the endorsement of St. Louis until assurances
could be obtained that its racial policy was such
that no delegates would be embarrassed.
Organizational Matters

The convention was told that the AFL had
gained 250,000 members since the last convention,
bringing its membership, as measured by per
capita taxes, to about 8,500,000. The time of
organizers, however, was found to be taken up
largely by protecting existing unions rather than
by engaging in new organizing drives. This
deflection the AFL attributed chiefly to restrictive
legislation and raids by other unions. However,
organizing was successful in the aluminum in­
dustry and atomic energy plants. The Inter­
national Union of Doll and Toy Workers led by
A. H. Esposito, who broke away from the Play­
things, Jewelry, and Novelty Workers Union
(CIO) with some of its members, was granted a
charter. This made the 109th AFL international
union.
Two resolutions urged that craft jurisdictions
be respected before organizing work is begun, and
that federal labor unions turn over craft members
to existing national unions. On the other hand,
the Metal Trades Department reported a relax­
ation of its former rules so that it can now appear
as a single organization on an NLRB ballot in
any plant and can thus negotiate for all workers
after the election. The individual workers, how­
ever, join the particular metal-trades union under
whose jurisdiction their skills fall. This was hailed
as showing the flexibility of the AFL structure,
consisting of “ craft and industrial unions . . .
long before the CIO was established.” The
Building Trades Department reported that its
National Joint Board for the Settlement of
Jurisdictional Disputes had kept such conflicts
from going to the National Labor Relations Board.
President William Green, Secretary-Treasurer
Meany, and the 13 vice presidents were unani­
mously reelected.

Summaries of Studies and Reports

State Labor Legislation
in 1952
e g i s l a t u r e s of 14 States and Puerto Rico met
in regular session in 1952, and those of 12 States
and Puerto Rico enacted laws affecting labor.1
Georgia, which reconvened its 1951 session, and
California, which convened a special session in
addition to the regular session, also enacted labor
legislation, and the District of Columbia childlabor law was amended. In Pennsylvania, several
acts passed by the 1951 legislature received the
Governor’s signature early in 1952.
Several important enactments in workmen’s
compensation included general increases in benefits
in Kentucky, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Vir­
ginia. The trend toward extension of occupa­
tional-disease coverage was continued. Virginia
shifted from schedule coverage to compulsory full
coverage; Louisiana covered occupational diseases
for the first time, listing six diseases as compensa­
ble; and Puerto Rico extended coverage to apply
to all employers, rather than to employers of three
or more as in the provisions regarding accidental
injuries.
In Massachusetts, the minimum-wage law,
which applies to men, women, and minors, was
amended to provide a statutory minimum of 75
cents an hour for occupations not covered by a
minimum-wage order. New Jersey passed an
equal-pay law prohibiting wage discrimination
because of sex. New Jersey and Virginia made it
unlawful to require employees to pay for medical
examinations required for employment.
Other significant legislative action included ex­
tension of the school term in Kentucky; additional
safety legislation for the protection of workers in
Massachusetts and New York; and provision in

L

i Laws affecting labor were enacted during the regular sessions in Arizona,
Colorado, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mary'and, Massachusetts, Michigan,
Mississippi, N ew Jersey, N ew York Rhode Island, and Virginia. California
and South Carolina Legislatures also met in regular session in 1952.

502

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

New York for child-care programs for migrant
workers, and for study of the migrant labor prob­
lem. An order of the Wisconsin Industrial Com­
mission set a 16-year minimum age for all boys
working as pin-setters in bowling alleys. For­
merly, boys of 15 could be employed at this work
on Fridays and Saturdays.
Workmen’s Compensation

General increases in benefits were approved in
four States—Kentucky, Michigan, Pennsylvania,
and Virginia. Weekly rates for death and for par­
tial and total disability were increased in these
States by amounts ranging from $3 to $5, and
aggregate benefits were also raised in three States—
Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. For total
disability, maximum aggregate benefits were
raised from $10,000 to $11,500 in Kentucky, from
$12,500 to $20,000 in Pennsylvania, and from
$7,800 to $10,000 in Virginia. Two of these
States, Michigan and Virginia, as well as Rhode
Island, increased burial allowances.
Additional medical benefits were approved in
two States and in Puerto Rico. In Louisiana, the
maximum amount of medical benefits was raised
from $500 to $1,000. In Virginia, the period of
medical care which may be ordered by the Indus­
trial Commission was extended. A Puerto Rico
law authorized the extension of medical benefits to
employers working regularly at manual labor on
their farms or in their businesses.
Coverage under workmen’s compensation laws
in several States was extended to additional
workers. These included employees of rural
telephone cooperatives in Georgia, employees
under control of the State Tuberculosis Sanato­
ria Commission in Kentucky, and physicians in
prisons or municipal hospitals for the insane in
New York. Compensation for injury to civildefense personnel was authorized under State
civil-defense acts in Kentucky, Massachusetts,
and Mississippi, and under the workmen’s com-

S T A T E LABOR LEGISLATION

pensation law in Rhode Island. An amendment
to the New York workmen’s compensation law
permitted coverage of civil-defense workers by
towns where coverage was not provided by the
county.
Occupational-disease coverage was adopted in
Louisiana and extended in Virginia and Puerto
Rico. Employers of one or more in Puerto Rico
were made subject to the occupational-disease
provisions, rather than employers of three or
more as in accidental-injury coverage. Louisiana
adopted occupational-disease coverage for the first
time, naming six diseases as compensable. In
Virginia, schedule coverage was abolished and
compulsory full coverage was adopted instead.
Of the 54 State, Federal, and Territorial laws, 31
now cover all occupational diseases.2
Wage Standards

A Massachusetts amendment raised the statu­
tory minimum wage from 65 to 75 cents an hour
for occupations not covered by a minimum-wage
order. The amendment made it unlawful for an
employer to pay less than the rate set under a
minimum-wage order or less than 75 cents an
hour in an occupation not covered by an order.
It also provided that a wage board may not set
rates lower than 65 cents an hour, except for a few
specified occupations and for apprentices, learners,
and handicapped persons. Another change ef­
fected by the amendment provided for issuance of
mandatory wage orders only, deleting any refer­
ence to directory orders.
The wage-payment and wage-collection law in
Massachusetts was also amended, making it
unlawful for an employer or any other person to
require kick-backs from wages or tips of any em­
ployee serving food or beverages.
New Jersey became the thirteenth State to
enact an equal-pay law, which prohibits discrim­
ination by employers in the rate or the method of
payment of wages to any employee because of sex.
Equal-pay laws are now in effect in Alaska and in
12 other States—California, Connecticut, Illinois,
Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, New
Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, and Washington.
Laws relating to garnishment of wages were
passed in Georgia, New York, and Virginia.
Georgia extended the protection of its law exempt­

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503

ing certain wages from garnishment to share­
croppers as well as to persons paid daily, weekly,
or monthly. A New York enactment raised to
$30 or $25 a week, depending on size of city, the
amount of wages exempt from garnishment in
cases brought before courts not of record—to equal
the exemptions allowed in cases brought before
courts of record. A Virginia law raised from $100
to $150 a month the amount of wages exempt from
garnishment if the wage earner is a householder or
head of a family.
Child Labor and School Attendance

Employment of minors under 18 years of age
to deliver wine or liquor was prohibited in Pennsyl­
vania by an amendment to the penal laws of the
State. In New York, the minimum age for a
licensed practical nurse was reduced from 20 to
19 years. A Kentucky amendment to its childlabor law permits employment of a child between
14 and 16 in nonmanufacturing or nonmechanical
establishments during regular school hours, if the
school authorities have arranged for him to attend
school at other hours. Under the former law, a
minimum age of 16 applied during school hours,
except in farm and domestic service. Kentucky
amended its school law to extend the minimum
school term from 7 to 9 months, but it permits
the Superintendent of Public Instruction to ap­
prove shorter terms than 9 months when necessary
to avoid reducing teachers’ salaries.
An amendment to the District of Columbia
child-labor law reduced the minimum age for
theatrical performers from 14 to 7 years of age
and made changes in the conditions under which
such employment is permitted. For example, it
limited performances to 8 a week, and retained
the limit of 2 a day, but deleted the former
maximum-hours provision of 3 a day and 12 in
any week, and 6 days a week.
In Wisconsin, an order of the Industrial Com­
mission setting a 16-year minimum age for boys
working as pin-setters in bowling alleys was re­
vised to make the 16-year minimum applicable at
all times. Under the previous order, boys of 15
2
Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Indiana,
Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,
Nevada, N ew Jersey, N ew York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode
Island, South Carolina, Utah, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and
Virginia; Alaska, District of Columbia, and Hawaii; the Federal Civil
Employees’ Act and the Federal Longshoremen’s Act.

504

S T A T E L AB O R L EGISLATION

could be employed at this work on Fridays and
Saturdays.
Industrial Health and Safety

Additions to existing safety laws in Massachu­
setts and New York provided further protection
for workers. The Massachusetts law specified
that safety rules shall apply to the self-employed
and individual contractors who themselves work
at the trade, as well as to employees. The New
York Legislature made mandatory the provision
of safety belts or nets for aerial performances such
as trapeze or tight-rope acts.
In Pennsylvania, a law passed by the 1951
legislature and approved early in 1952 set up a
Public Safety Commission to investigate safety
problems in all fields, including industrial and
mine safety. The commission is composed of
various State officials, including the Secretary of
Labor and Industry and the Secretary of Mines,
and has a paid Director of Public Safety as chair­
man. It is directed to act as a clearing-house and
to make recommendations to existing agencies
having to do with safety matters, but it does not
supersede the authority of any existing agency.
Industrial Relations

Virginia this year revised in several respects its
procedures in the field of industrial relations. The
1947 act which authorized seizure of public utili­
ties by the Governor to prevent interruption of
service during industrial disputes was repealed and
was replaced by another act. The new act also
authorizes seizure, but it eliminates the 5-week
strike notice, requires a 30-day notice of intention
to seek contract changes, and otherwise revises
procedures. One of the changes is a designation
of the Department of Labor and Industry as the
State agency authorized to mediate and conciliate
labor disputes. The law relating to illegal picket­
ing in Virginia was also amended to make it clear
that picketing with respect to a strike or lock-out
in an industry, rather than “with respect to such
business or industry,” is illegal for nonemployees.
A Kentucky act makes it unlawful for a national
or international labor organization not to have at
all times one or more chartered local organizations
in the State, if the national or international has


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MONTHLY LABOR

a hundred or more members in good standing who
live or work in Kentucky.
New York’s arbitration law was amended to
make written agreements to arbitrate existing
labor disputes valid and enforceable, without
regard to whether the controversy is one on which
legal action could be taken.
Other Important State Legislation

Fair employment practice acts in New York and
Rhode Island were amended to prohibit discrim­
ination on account of race, creed, or national
origin, not only in employment, but also in public
places. Such discriminatory practices in public
places are made subject to the same procedure
that applies to unlawful discriminatory employ­
ment practices—investigation by the commission
administering the fair employment practice act;
efforts to eliminate the practice by conciliation;
and, if necessary, issuance of cease-and-desist
orders enforceable in the courts. The name of the
Rhode Island commission was changed from
“State Fair Employment Practices Commission”
to “Rhode Island Commission Against Discrimina­
tion.”
Discrimination in employment because of mili­
tary service was prohibited by an Arizona act.
Re-employment rights for persons on military
leave were provided in Georgia and New York.
New York made permanent its program of care
for children of migrant workers, by deleting the
1952 termination date from the law authorizing
the Commissioner of Markets and Agriculture to
furnish care for children of seasonal agricultural
workers. The legislature also set up a committee
to study the problem of agricultural migrant labor.
Two more States, New Jersey and Virginia, this
year, made it unlawful for an employer to require
an employee or applicant to pay for a medical
examination required as a condition of employ­
ment. Such laws are now in effect in Alaska and
in 17 States—Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Maine,
Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hamp­
shire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Okla­
homa, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia,
and Wisconsin.
No new laws relaxing labor standards for the
defense emergency were passed this year. The
New York and Massachusetts acts were both

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

L A W ON COAL-MINE D IS A S T E R S

extended until July 1, 1953. The Massachusetts
act authorizes the Commissioner of Labor and
Industries to suspend laws regulating the employ­
ment of women and minors in cases of emergency
or hardship. Under the New York law, the In­
dustrial Commissioner may grant dispensations
from legal requirements as to hours and other
working conditions to employers engaged in
defense work. The act imposes various restric­
tions and safeguards to protect workers’ health and
welfare, including a provision that no dispensation
may be granted with respect to employment of
minors under 16 years of age.
— B e a t r ic e M c C o n n e l l
B ureau of Labor Standards

Federal Law to Prevent
Major Coal-Mine Disasters, 1952
T h e F e d e r a l p r o g r a m for the prevention of coal­
mine disasters has been strengthened administra­
tively by an amendment to the Federal Coal-Mine
Inspection and Investigations Act of 1941, ap­
proved on July 16, 1952.1 The new legislation is
designed to prevent the causes of major disasters
in coal mines and provides for the issuance of
mine-closing orders by the U. S. Bureau of Mines
under specified conditions.
Under the earlier legislation, the Bureau’s re­
sponsibility in conducting inspections and investi­
gations of coal mines under a broad program cover­
ing health and safety is retained. This program,
however, does not require compliance with the
Bureau’s standards or recommendations.
Minimum standards of safety against major dis­
aster which must be observed by operators are
incorporated in the act. Provision for the coordi­
nation of Federal and State inspection activities
i The latter law (Public Law 49, 77th Cong.), with a few changes, became
T itle I—Advisory Powers Relating to Health and Safety Conditions in
Mines, and the former (Public Law 552, 82d Cong.), Title II—Prevention of
Major Disasters in Mines, of the newly created Federal Coal Mine Safety Act.
Other principal sources: U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,
press release of July 17, 1952; and Congressional reports and hearings, 1951,
1952.
For earlier data, see M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1941 (p. 1216) and Sep­
tember 1950 (p. 346); also Federal Coal Mine Inspection (Bureau o f Mines
Information Circular 7625, 1951).


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505

for this purpose is also included. In addition, the
new law provides various avenues of appeal from
mine-closing orders. Mines employing less than 15
workers and strip mines are not covered in the
amendment.
Minimum Safety Standards

The new law is directed solely to the prevention
of major coal-mine disasters 2from explosions, fire,
flooding, and man-trip or man-hoist accidents. It
contains no provisions for prevention of the various
day-to-day accidents which account for the vast
majority of coal-mine fatalities.3
Federal safety requirements and practices de­
signed to prevent major disasters are specified in
the 1952 law. They deal largely with matters of
roof support, ventilation, rock-dusting, electrical
equipment, fire protection, internal mine transpor­
tation of workers, and examination of work areas
during each coal-producing shift. In addition,
special provisions are prescribed for gassy mines.
Some of the requirements of the new law are
more rigid than those of the 1946 Federal safety
code for bituminous mines, according to the Secre­
tary of the Interior. This is particularly true for
rock-dusting. More rigid requirements were also
noted for “ ventilation, timbering, fire protection,
smoking and using open lights in gassy mines, and
other underground operations.” On the other
hand, he pointed out, “ the act also has several
exemptions concerning electrical equipment and
ventilation which are not conducive to progress in
mine safety.”
Administration and Coverage

Administration of the new legislation is vested
directly in the Director of the Bureau of Mines,
although the Secretary of the Interior, under whom
the Bureau of Mines functions, is given authority
to appoint members of the staff, subject to Fed­
eral civil service regulations.
For the first time, power is given the Federal
administrative agency to enforce the orders of its
representatives. Under the new act, Federal in2 A major disaster is classified by the Bureau of Mines as one in which 5 or
more persons are killed. Man-trip refers to transportation of miners under­
ground; man-hoist, to the elevator that conveys them up and down the shafts.
3 About 90 percent of the fatalities in the coal industry are in the accident
category as distinguished from the fatalities which occur in major disasters,
according to the Committee on Education and Labor of the House of Repre­
sentatives in reporting on the bill (House Report No. 2368, June 1952).

506

L A W ON COAL-MINE D IS A S T E R S

spectors are empowered to order the withdrawal
of workers from a coal mine when there is immi­
nent danger of disaster of the type defined by the
act, or when designated hazards are not corrected
within a reasonable time. Under the 1941 legisla­
tion which is still applicable, such agents have the
right of entry to mines for the purpose of inspection
and investigation relating to health and safety con­
ditions, accidents, and occupational diseases.
However, they can only issue recommendations in
these respects, and compliance on the part of oper­
ators is on a voluntary basis.
During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1951,
Federal officials reported an average of 19 unsafe
conditions and practices per mine for the 6,360
mines inspected. Moreover, 49 percent of the
inspection reports transmitted during the year
indicated serious hazards that were not corrected.
Compliance with recommendations during the
year was only 27 percent—lowest since the fiscal
year 1947.
Coverage. The act applies to underground coal
mines in interstate commerce employing 15 or
more workers. This provision excludes a large
number of small mines which, according to the
Interior Secretary, “ are greatly in need of safety
improvements.” About 71 percent of the under­
ground coal mines operated in the United States
during the fiscal year 1951 employed less than 25
workers. Strip mines are also exempted from the
law’s provisions.
For the large group of mines exempted, general
Federal inspection may still be made under the
terms of the 1941 statute, but compliance with
recommendations of Federal inspectors will con­
tinue to be on a voluntary basis. Enforcement
remains with those States which have laws to
cover such violations.
In s p e c tio n — F ederal a n d S ta te. Coal mines cov­
ered by the new act are to be inspected at least
annually by representatives of the Bureau of
Mines. If the Federal inspector finds imminent
danger that any of the five categories of disaster
will occur immediately or before the danger can
be eliminated, he must issue an order requiring
the operator to withdraw all persons from the dan­
ger area except those necessary to eliminate the
danger and a few others acting in official or con­
sultative capacity. However, if a violation of the

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MONTHLY LABOR

safety provisions of the law is found to be without
imminent danger of disaster, reasonable time is
given for its correction. At the end of the period,
a re-inspection is to be made, and if conditions have
not been corrected or do not warrant further ex­
tension of time, an order of withdrawal is to be
issued.
Joint Federal-State inspection is provided for
those States in which the official mine-inspection
or safety agency submits a plan of cooperation
which meets the approval of the Director of the
U. S. Bureau of Mines. For approval, the plan
must designate such agency as the sole administra­
tive agency of the State plan; the State must also
maintain “ an adequate and competent staff of
mine inspectors” (who have qualified under the
State law), assign them to participate in Federal
inspection, and make reports to the Federal agency.
Approval of the State plan may be withdrawn if
a State fails to comply substantially with any
provision of the plan or to cooperate with the
Federal agency.
Federal inspections in “ cooperating” States may
not be made without the participation of a State
inspector except in cases of great urgency; other­
wise, operators may appeal for a State inspection
after a Federal withdrawal order has been issued.
Moreover, in case of a disagreement between the
Federal and State inspector on a withdrawal case,
either of the inspectors or the mine operator may
request the United States District Court to
appoint a disinterested graduate coal-mining engi­
neer to make a special inspection. The State
inspector or the special inspector must concur
with the Federal representative before the with­
drawal order can be issued.
A mine operator who will­
fully disregards a Federal order to withdraw
workers from a dangerous area, or an operator’s
agent who sends workers into such an area in
violation of the act’s provisions, as well as the
person who enters such area, is subject to a fine
up to $2,000. The law also provides that a mine
owner or his representative who refuses access to
authorized inspectors (Federal, State, or courtappointed under a State plan) is liable to a fine
up to $500.
Numerous avenues of appeal from the orders of
Federal coal-mine inspectors are provided by the
1952 law. A permanent Federal Coal Mine
P e n a ltie s a n d A p p e a ls .

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

OUTLOOK IN ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

Safety Board of Review is created, with principal
headquarters in Washington, D. C. The board
is to be tripartite in composition, with members
appointed by the President and approved by the
Senate.4 Members are to serve for a term of 3
years (except initially for 1, 2, and 3 years, respec­
tively). The Board is authorized to assemble a
staff, hold appeals hearings, and make determina­
tions; it also has subpena power. The staff,
except for the secretary and legal counsel, is to be
under Federal civil service.
In States having an approved State plan of
inspection, operators may appeal directly to the

Employment Outlook in the
Electrical Equipment Industry
in the industrial electric-equipment
industry totaled 266,300 in June 1952, a gain of
nearly 45,000 since the start of Korean fighting,
but it was 14 percent below the all-time peak
reached in November 1943. During the first half
of 1952, average employment was at the highest
level for any corresponding period in the last 7
years, even though the number of workers declined
between March and June. This downward move­
ment is expected to be reversed during the remain­
der of this year, and employment should resume
its gradual upward climb in 1953 in response to the
increasing demand for industrial electrical equip­
ment vitally needed in the mobilization program.
E mployment

Nature of the Industry

The generation, control, and utilization of
electrical energy require many kinds of equipment
varying in size, function, and construction and
ranging from push buttons to huge turbo-genera­
tors. The products manufactured by this
industry account for about a third of the total
value of all electrical machinery and equipment.
Chief among its products are electric motors and
generators, switchgear and electrical industrial
controls, and power and distribution transformers
needed to furnish the driving power for the
Nation’s industries. In addition, the industry
supplies a large military demand for special types

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507

Board of Review; in other States, appeal is either
to the Board or to the Director of the U. S. Bureau
of Mines and thereafter, if necessary, to the Board.
Appeals from final orders of the Board may be
made to the United States Court of Appeals by
either the mine operator or the Director. The
court’s decision is final, subject only to review by
the United States Supreme Court.
4
The President, on August 21, 1952, appointed the following members of
the Board: Alex U. Miller, retired official of the Bureau of Mines, chairman;
Charles R. Ferguson, acting safety director of the United Mine Workers of
America (Ind.); and Joseph G. Solari, assistant general manager of the
Peabody Coal Co. of Chicago, 111.

of motors and electrical equipment used in air­
craft, tanks, and other types of combat equipment.
The industry also produces a variety of other
electrical products. Included among these are
wiring devices and supplies, electric-welding appa­
ratus, carbon and graphite products, instruments
for measuring and indicating electrical character­
istics, and electric-furnace heating units.
Employment in the industry is concentrated in
large plants. According to the 1947 Census of
Manufactures, 128 of the industry’s more than
1,500 establishments employed over 500 workers
each, and together accounted for over 70 percent
of total employment. Some 1,160 establishments
each had less than 100 workers, but represented
only 9 percent of the total number of employees.
The larger plants are engaged in the production of
motors and generators, transformers, and switchgear. Smaller plants manufacture electrical weld­
ing apparatus, industrial electric-heating units,
capacitors, and related electrical equipment for
industrial uses.
The industry is located principally in the Middle
Atlantic, New England, and Great Lakes regions.
About half of its workers are employed in New
York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Other States
which rank high are Massachusetts, Illinois, New
Jersey, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Among impor­
tant industrial centers with large concentrations
of workers are Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland,
Dayton, Milwaukee, Newark, New York, Phila­
delphia, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and Schenectady.
As in the manufacture of other machinery,
assembling, machining, and inspection are basic

508

OUTLOOK IN E LECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

Employment

Trend

in the Electrical
Industry

Equipment

Tho u san d s

1 939 ’4 0

T h o u sa n d s

’4 1 ’ 4

2 ’ 4 3 '4 4 ’ 4 5 ’ 4 6 ’ 4 7 ’ 4 8 ’ 4 9 ’ 5 0

1951

1952

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

processes in the production of electrical generating,
distribution, and related equipment. In addition,
some operations, including wiring, and coil and
armature winding are peculiar to the manufacture
of electrical equipment. The industry also em­
ploys significant numbers of highly skilled workers
such as tool and die makers, millwrights, and
maintenance electricians. Nearly one-third of the
industry’s labor force are women who, in addition
to office jobs, are employed in such plant occupa­
tions as assemblers, inspectors, testers, solderers,
winders, wirers, and machine-tool operators.
Trends in Employment and Production

The industry has had a substantial growth since
1939, despite fluctuations. In 1952, almost three
times as many workers were on the industry’s
payrolls as there were in 1939 (see chart). Em­
ployment and production expanded sharply just
prior to and during World War II. At the peak
of wartime production in 1943, the industry’s
dollar value of shipments was about five times the
1939 level, although higher prices undoubtedly
contributed to some degree to this increase. The
number of production workers jumped from an
average of 106,600 in November 1939 to an alltime high of nearly 310,000 in November 1943.
The employment trend during 1944 was charac­
terized by a gradual decline from peak levels.


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MONTHLY LABOR

But with large cutbacks in production following
the termination of hostilities with Japan in August
1945, employment fell off markedly and, by the
beginning of 1946, the number of production work­
ers had dropped to 192,000. The industry con­
verted quickly to civilian production, and employ­
ment grew rapidly following the settlement of a
major strike in the spring of 1946. Employment
increased by about one-third between May and
December 1946, reaching a level of nearly 260,000
production workers at the end of the year, and
remained at about this level throughout 1947.
Employment fell steadily during 1948 and in the
first half of 1949 after the huge backlog of peace­
time orders for electrical equipment had been
largely satisfied. Between January 1948 and July
1949 more than 65,000 workers were dropped from
the industry’s payrolls. A pick-up in general
business conditions at the end of 1949 resulted in
the reversal of the downward trend; employment
increased gradually during the first half of 1950.
With the advent of the Korean conflict, demand
for most types of electrical generating and related
products rose sharply. Increases in the volume of
defense orders and in outlays for electric-power and
industrial facilities pushed up the industry’s out­
put during 1951 to the highest levels since World
War II. Production-worker employment totaled
275.000 in June 1951 and was at the highest level
reached in the 6 full postwar years. However, as
demand for electric motors and related equipment
for household appliances and other consumer
products fell, employment dropped off somewhat
in the later months of 1951. It briefly resumed its
upward climb in the first quarter of 1952. The
total of 274,600 workers in February was only
slightly under the mid-1951 peak. In the second
quarter, however, employment fell off by about
8.000 workers. Although the demand for heavy
electrical equipment used in power generation
remained at high levels, it was not sufficient to
offset declining output of electrical equipment
used in consumer products during the spring and
summer of 1952. The industry also felt the effects
of the stretch-out in military program goals which
was announced in early 1952 and resulted in some
cutbacks in defense orders. Despite some curtail­
ment of production, total employment in the
industry for the first 6 months of 1952 was com­
paratively high; production-worker employment

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

509

OUTLOOK IN ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

averaged about 271,000, more than 6,000 above
the average for the same period in 1951 and the
highest for any comparable period since 1945.

Average hours and gross earnings of production workers in
the electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and
industrial-apparatus industry and in all durable-goods
industries, 19 47- 5 2
Average weekly
earnings

Earnings and Hours

Earnings of workers in the industry have risen
considerably over the past 2 years (see table).
Average weekly earnings of production workers in
June 1952 were $74.67, about 21 percent higher
than at the start of Korean fighting. The increase
in weekly earnings indicate not only a rise in the
hourly rate of pay but also a lengthening of the
workweek. Hourly pay averaged $1.52 in June
1950 compared with $1.79 in June 1952, while the
workweek rose from 40.7 to 41.6 hours. During
the same period, by way of comparison, earnings of
workers employed in all durable-goods industries
increased from an average of $1.52 for a workweek
of 41.3 hours to $1.75 for 41.2 hours.

Year and month

1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:

Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___

Average weekly
hours

Average hourly
earnings

Dur­ Electrical Dur­ Electrical Dur­ Electrical
generat­
generat­
generat­
able
able ing
able ing
equip­ goods
equip­ goods
equip­
goods ingment
ment
ment
$52. 46
57.11
58.03
63.32
69. 97

$53. 92
58.34
59. 61
63. 75
71. 53

40.6
40. 5
39.5
41.2
41.7

40.6
40.4
39.5
41.1
42.1

$1. 292
1. 410
1.469
1.537
1.678

$1. 328
1.444
1. 509
1. 551
1.699

1951: January___
February. __
March_____
April. ___
M ay______
June______
July_______
August ___
September-.
October___
N ovem ber..
December...

67. 65
68.18
69.30
69. 68
69.60
70. 27
68.79
69. 55
71.01
71.10
71.05
72. 71

68.38
68. 72
70.18
70. 06
71.57
71.91
70. 87
72.11
73.01
73. 26
73. 78
74. 81

41.5
41.6
41.9
42.0
41.8
41.8
40.9
41.3
41.6
41.7
41.5
42.2

41.9
41.7
42.1
42.0
42.4
42.4
41.3
42.0
42.3
42.3
42.4
42.7

1.630
1.639
1. 654
1. 659
1.665
1.681
1.682
1.684
1.707
1.705
1.712
1.723

1.632
1.648
1. 667
1.668
1.688
1.696
1.716
1.717
1. 726
1.732
1.740
1. 752

Employment Outlook

1952: January___
February. __
March_____
April______
M ay.. .
June.........

72.15
72.18
72.81
71.07
71.76
71.98

75.19
75. 06
76.37
75.11
73. 64
74.67

41.8
41. 7
41. 7
40.8
41.1
41.2

42. 7
42. 5
42.5
41.8
41.3
41.6

1.726
1.731
1. 746
1. 742
1.746
1. 747

1.761
1. 766
1.797
1.797
1.783
1. 795

A gradual increase in employment over the next
2 years is in prospect as a result of expected rising
demand for most of the industry’s products.
However, indications are that the all-time employ­
ment peak attained during World War II will not
be reached during this period. These prospects
are governed to a considerable extent by the ex­
pected large-scale expansion of the Nation’s elec­
trical generating capacity during the next 3 years.
The Defense Production Administration has
established a program to raise the Nation’s electric­
generating capacity to a total of 104 million kilo­
watts by the end of 1954, an increase of 29 million
kilowatts over the capacity reached at the close of
1951. The goals call for successive expansions of
7 million kilowatts in 1952, 10 million in 1953, and
12 million in 1954. Each of these planned annual
additions, if fulfilled, will equal or exceed the record
high of 7 million kilowatts actually added to the
total capacity in 1951. The 3-year expansion pro­
gram will almost match total generating capacity
installed by the Nation’s utility systems during the
preceding 9-year period from the close of 1942 to
the end of 1951. When it is completed, the power
capacity of the country will be more than two and
a half times as large as it was in 1939.
Despite increasingly higher annual additions in
the past several years, generating capacity was

barely sufficient to take care of the normal growth
in the use of electricity, to which have been added
the extra power demands of the industrial mobili­
zation program. In addition, electric utilities
have also been called on to provide generating
capacity to meet the power requirements of a
greatly expanding atomic energy program.
The expected record expansion of new generat­
ing capacity will require large additions to the
Nation’s transmission and distribution facilities.
According to estimates prepared by Electrical
World, electric-utility systems expect to invest
about $1.4 billion in construction of new transmis­
sion and distribution facilities in 1952. This
investment will surpass the record outlay in 1951
by 11 percent. Indications are that a very high
rate of expenditures will continue in 1953.
While electric-power utilities furnish the bulk
of demand for generating equipment, switchgear,
transformers, and related apparatus, another
important market for these products is the many
plants which generate their own power. It is
estimated that about one-fifth of the total electric
power in the Nation is produced by industrial
establishments for their own use. With anticipated
high levels of expenditures for new plants and
equipment in the country during 1952 and 1953,


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510

W O R K IN JUR IE S IN 1951

MONTHLY LABOR

industrial establishments are expected to pur­
chase large quantities of electric-power equipment.
The demand prospects for other products made
by the industry are mixed. Output of electric
motors, other than those used in electric-power
generation is expected to rise over its present levels
during the next 2 years. Despite the stretch-out
of defense production goals which will result in
some readjustments in production schedules,
military purchases of special motors and motorgenerator sets should remain at fairly high levels.
Demand for fractional horsepower motors, used
principally in electrical appliances and other re­
lated consumer goods which has been at a low
level during the first half of 1952, should pick up
in the latter half and in 1953. The high volume of
new orders for electric-locomotive motors and
related equipment, which has been sustained over
the past few years, has been easing off somewhat
in recent months; a decline in production in this
segment of the industry is expected by the end
of 1952.
Demand for wiring devices is affected by diver­

gent factors. Output of pole-line hardware and
electrical conduits, which is tied closely to power
transmission, will continue to rise. However,
other wiring devices such as electrical outlets,
switches, receptacles, and adapters used mainly in
residential and commercial-type buildings will
probably decline. While it is anticipated that
home building in 1952 will be at about the 1951
level, the volume of commercial building will
probably be well below that of 1951. No signifi­
cant change in the level of demand is anticipated
for measuring instruments, capacitors, rectifiers,
and other electrical industrial apparatus.
In summary, the industrial electrical-equip­
ment industry is expected to increase its work force
during the remainder of 1952 and in 1953, in
order to meet the steadily increasing production
goals of military and industrial mobilization.
This will be true even after allowing for possible
changes in output per man-hour and the length
of the workweek.

Work Injuries in the
United States, 1951

increase in the severity rate. In nonmanufactur­
ing industries, there were about as many increases
as decreases in injury severity averages and in
severity rates.

I njury rates in manufacturing and nonmanu­
facturing industries increased slightly in 1951 over
1949 and 1950, but remained low compared with
most other years.1 The average injury-frequency
rate for manufacturing increased from 14.7 injuries
per million man-hours in 1950 to 15.5 in 1951.
The 1951 average, however, was well below those
reported for the years 1941 to 1948 and only 7
percent above the record low of 14.5 in 1949.
Many nonmanufacturing industries also reported
higher injury-frequency rates in 1951 than in 1950.
The severity of work injuries showed little
change. Manufacturing showed a slight decrease
in the severity average,2 but this was offset by the
increase in frequency rate, resulting in a fractional
1 The detailed tables upon which this article is based will be presented in a
forthcoming bulletin.
2 The severity average is the average number of days lost per case, including
actual time lost because of temporary-total disabilities and the standard time
charges for deaths and permanent impairments. For other definitions, see
footnote 2 to table (p. 514).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

— A rthur R osenberg
Division of Manpower and Em ploym ent Statistics

Injury-Frequency Rates

Manufacturing. The 5-percent increase in the
average injury-frequency rate for manufacturing
brought the 1951 rate above that for either of the
previous 2 years and also above the low rates
reported for the 3 prewar years 1938, 1939, and
1940, but it was well below that for any other year
on record. (See chart 1.)
Monthly injury-frequency rates for manufac­
turing showed a downward trend during the last
5 months of 1951, resulting in a much more favor­
able safety record at the end of the year than the
annual average would indicate. The monthly
averages were above both 1949 and 1950 for the
first 8 months of 1951, the peak being reached in
July. However, a downward trend, beginning in
August, brought the rates for the last 4 months
below those for 1950, but they were still slightly

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

above the record lows of 1949. The adjusted rate
for December 1951 was 12.9, compared with 13.8
in 1950 and 12.4 in 1949. Preliminary rates for
the first 6 months of 1952 indicate new record lows
for the current year.
Seven of the 21 major manufacturing groups
showed increases of one or more frequency-rate
points between 1950 and 1951, and 8 others showed
minor increases; 6 reported decreases, but of less
than one full point. The lumber and wood prod­
ucts group had the largest increase in average
injury-frequency rate—from 49.8 in 1950 to 52.8
in 1951. Increases of one or more frequency-rate
points were recorded by 6 of the 9 individual
industries in this group; only 2 showed decreases
and 1 reported little change. The primary metals
group, leather and leather products, and food
showed significant increases as did also the
machinery, stone, clay, and glass, and furniture
groups.
Of the 159 individual industries for which com­
parable data were available, 67 (or 42 percent)
showed increases of one frequency-rate point or
more between 1950 and 1951, only 19 industries
reported significant decreases, and 73 recorded
little change. Increases for the following 11 in­
dustries amounted to more than 5 points.
Injury-frequency
ra te s

I960

Prim ary metal industries, no elsewhere
classified______________________________
Veneer m ills_________
Steel foundries___________________________
Wood office furniture____________________
WTines__________________________
Bottled soft drinks_______________________
Beet sugar_______________________________
Cut-stone and stone products____________
Miscellaneous wood products_____________
Steel springs_____________________________
M orticians’ goods________________________

23.
34.
25.
22.
19.
26.
34.
34.
27.
17.
20.

4
6
0
2
8
7
2
3
5
8
9

1961

34.8
42.3
31.5
28.6
26.1
32.9
40.2
40.1
33.2
23.3
26.2

Only one industry—the small beehive coke in­
dustry—showed a decrease of as much as 5 fre­
quency-rate points. The decrease from 50.3
injuries per million man-hours in 1950 to 38.8 in
1951, however, merely represented a return to nor­
mal levels following a very marked increase in 1950
from a rate of 36.4 in 1949.
Logging again topped the list as the most haz­
ardous industry, with a frequency rate of 98.9.
Sawmills operating without planing mills had a
rate of 60.2; independent planing mills and inte
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

511

W O R K IN JUR IE S IN 1951

Chart 1.

Injury-Frequency Rates in Manufacturing,
1938-51

RATE

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

grated saw and planing mills each reported a rate
of 48.1; and veneer mills had a rate of 42.3. The
rate for beet sugar refining was 40.2, cut-stone and
stone products—40.1, structural clay products—
39.8, boat building and repairing—39.2, beehive
coke ovens—38.8, wooden containers—38.4, and
gray-iron and malleable foundries—38.3.
At the other extreme were a number of indus­
tries with rates of less than 5 injuries per million
man-hours. These industries ranked in about the
same order as in previous years, as the following
figures show.
Injury-frequency
rates
1950

Synthetic fibers____________________________
Synthetic rubber___________________________
Explosives_________________________________
Radio tu b es________________________________
Electric lam ps______________
M iscellaneous communication equipm ent____
Aircraft____________________________________
Ophthalmic goods__________________________
W omen’s and children’s clothing____________
Rubber footw ear__________

2.
3.
3.
3.
4.
5.
4.
4.
4.
5.

1951

1
4
8
9
0
1
0
8
9
3

1.7
2.3
3.4
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.5
4.7
4.9
4.9

512
Chart 2.

W O R K IN JU R IE S IN 1951

MONTHLY LABOR

Injury-Frequency Rates and Severity Averages, Major Manufacturing Groups, 1951
Injury-Frequency Rates
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

LUMBER
FURNITURE
STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS
FOOD PRODUCTS
FABRICATED METAL
PRIMARY METAL
PAPER PRODUCTS
A L L M A N U F A C T U R IN G

MACHINERY (EXCEPT ELECTRIC)
MISC, MANUFACTURING
• LEATHER
CHEMICALS
TEXTILES
RUBBER
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
ELECTRICAL MACHINERY
INSTRUMENTS
APPAREL
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Nonmanufacturing. Among the 52 individual
nonmanufacturing industries (exclusive of mining)
for which comparable data were available, 20 re­
ported significant increases in injury-frequency
rates between 1950 and 1951. Only 8 recorded
decreases, and 24 showed changes of less than one
frequency-rate point.
The average rate for the construction group de­
creased from 41.0 injuries per million man-hours in
1950 to 39.3 in 1951. General building contractors
reduced their frequency rate from 45.4 to 39.6.
For highway and street construction, however, the
rate increased from 44.8 to 50.8. Among the
smaller, special-trades industries, structural-steel
erection showed a decrease from 58.9 in 1950 to
48.2 in 1951, and plastering and lathing, from 44.8
to 38.2.
City fire departments reduced their injury-fre­

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

quency rate from 35.5 to 30.4 but the rate for
police departments increased from 32.4 to 36.5
The average rate for the transportation,3 trade,
and business service groups and for waterworks
and educational services increased slightly, and
that for communications and personal services
showed little change between 1950 and 1951.
Heat, light, and power industry, however, recorded
a slight decrease.
Among individual nonmanufacturing industries
for which data were available, most of the highest
injury rates in 1951 were in the construction and
transportation groups, as can be seen from the
following list:
* A number of important transportation industries are not covered by the
Bureau’s injury-rate surveys; therefore, the average for the group does not
represent all types of transportation.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952

Injury-frequency
rate

Stevedoring____________ 1________________________
H ighway and street construction_________________
Structural-steel erection and ornamental iron w ork.
Roofing and sheet-m etal work____________________
H eavy construction, except highway and street___
Masonry, stone setting, and other stonework_____
General building contractors_____________________
Miscellaneous special-trade contractors___________
Trucking and hauling____________________________
Plastering and lathing____________________________
Warehousing and storage_________________________
Police departm ents______ ________________________

76.
50.
48.
43.
42.
40.
39.
39.
38.
38.
37.
36.

5
8
2
7
3
7
6
0
5
2
4
5

Low injury-frequency rates among nonmanu­
facturing industries in 1951 were recorded by the
telephone industry—1.8, insurance—2.0, banks
and other financial agencies—2.8, radio broad­
casting and television—4.1, retail apparel and
accessories-—4.1, medical and other professional
services—4.3, and dry cleaning—4.6.
Injury Severity

Manufacturing. There was little change in the
average severity of injuries in manufacturing
between 1950 and 1951. The average days lost
or charged per case decreased slightly from 84 in
1950 to 82 in 1951. The average days of dis­
ability for each temporary case increased slightly,
from 16 to 17 days per case, and the average time
charge for permanent-partial disabilities remained
virtually unchanged at 893 days per case. The
slight decrease in the average days for all cases
resulted from a decrease of about 7 percent in the
proportion of fatalities and permanent-total dis­
abilities.4 The increase in injury-frequency rate
offset the slight decrease in average days lost per
case; this resulted in a slight increase in the
severity rate for manufacturing, from 1.2 in 1950
to 1.3 in 1951.
Average days lost or charged per case varied
widely not only among individual manufacturing
industries, but also from year to year for the same
industry. These variations, in large part, re­
flected changes in the number or proportion of
deaths and permanent disabilities. In the air­
craft manufacturing industry, the average days
lost per case decreased from 280 in 1950 to 148
in 1951; this was a result of a decrease in the
proportion of fatalities and permanent-total disa< Fatalities and permanent-total disabilities accounted for 0.383 percent of
all cases reported in 1950, but only 0.356 percent in 1951. Because of rounding
these figures appear as 0.4 for both years in published tables.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

513

W O R K IN JU R IE S IN 1951

bilities from 2.6 to 1.3 percent, and of permanentpartial disabilities from 10.7 to 6.1 percent.
Likewise, in the organic chemical industry, the
number of days per case dropped from 193 in
1950 to 119 in 1951, resulting from corresponding
decreases in the proportion of fatalities and perma­
nent disabilities. The average days lost per case
in the plywood industry almost doubled, from 77
in 1950 to 148 in 1951: the proportion of fatalities
decreased slightly, but the permanent-partial
disabilities increased from 2.9 to 8.5 percent.
These relationships are to be expected, since each
fatality and permanent-total disability carries a
time charge of 6,000 man-days, and the average
charge for permanent-partial impairments was 893
for 1951, compared with an average of only 17
days for temporary disabilities.
High severity rates in 1951 were more commonly
associated with high frequency rates than with
long duration of cases, as is shown by the following
figures for the high severity-rate industries:
Aver­
age
days
Frelost
Seventy quency per
rate
rate
case

Logging_____________________________
Saw m ills____________________________
Saw and planing mills, integrated____

10. 3
5. 7
5. 0

98. 9 103
60. 2
95
48. 1 105

Plywood mills_____________________

4. 3 31. 2 148

Planing m ills________________________
Beet sugar___________________________
M alt and m alt liquors_______________
Millwork and structural wood productsM etal doors, sash, frame, and trim ___
M iscellaneous nonm etallic mineral
products__________________________

4.
3.
3.
3.
3.

2
6
4
1
1

48. 1 85
40. 2
89
24. 5 136
28. 0 112
27. 8
95

3. 1 20. 2

140

Although the average days lost per case for each
of the above industries was greater than the aver­
age for all manufacturing, only three could be con­
sidered high. In contrast, the frequency rates for
all except one of these industries were more than 50
percent above the 15.5 average for all manufactur­
ing.
The two industries with the highest severity
averages, on the other hand, reported low fre­
quency rates and about average severity rates.
Injuries to workers in blast furnaces and steel
mills averaged 190 days per case, but the injuryfrequency rate was only 6.4; the severity rate was
1.4. In petroleum refining, 165 days were lost per
case; the frequency rate was 7.4, and the severity
rate, 1.2. The pumps and compressors industry

514

MONTHLY LABOR

W O R K IN JU R IE S IN 1951
In ju ry rates, by major industry group, 1951

Industry group

Manufacturing: All industry groups A ----------Pood and kindred products___________ ____
Tobacco manufactures____________________
Textile-mill products__________ __________
Apparel and other finished textile products.Lumber and wood products (except furniture)---------------- . ------------------------------Furniture and fixtures------------ ---------------Paper and allied products. _______________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.. .
Chemicals and allied products . ______ _ ..
Rubber products___________ . ---------------Leather and leather products_________ ____
Stone, clay, and glass products____________
Primary metal industries---- ------ --------------Fabricated metal products--------- ------------Machinery (except electrical)-------- ._ -----Electrical machinery_____________________
Transportation equipment-------------- ------Instruments and related products . . _____
Miscellaneous manufacturing in d u str ies----Ordnance and accessories............... ...................
Nonmanufa cturing:
Construction____________________________
Communication 9 _ . . . . . .
. .
. ...
Transportation 7_________________________
Heat, light, and power_________________ _
Waterworks. ______ _________________ _
Personal services-------------- . . . . ---------Business services-------------------- . . .
------Educational services__________ . ------------Fire departments_________ . . . ---------------Police departments____________ . . . --------Trade ...... ............ ..........
- - . . . - ----------

Average days lost or charged Percent of disabling inju­
Injury rate 2
ries 3 resulting in—
per case 3
Number
of es­
Number
tablish­
of em­
Death
Frequency
Tempo­
Perma­ Tempo- and
ployees
per- Perma­
ments
rarynentnentSever­
All
manent- partial
report­ reported 1
total
partial
total
total
Current Previous ity 3
cases 4 disabil­ disabil­
ing
disabil­
disabil­
year
year
disabil­
ity
ity
ity
ity
(1951)
(1950)
ity
37,185
4,782
159
2, 510
2,249

9, 271, 021
582,868
42, 484
724, 947
237, 647

15.5
20.7
6.6
11.2
6.9

14.7
18.9
6.8
11.0
6.6

1.3
1.4
.4
1.0
.2

82
70
55
82
30

893
969
639
1,132
677

17
15
16
18
11

0.4
.3
.2
.2
.1

5.0
3.9
4.4
4. 7
1.8

94.
95.
95.
95.
98.

3, 073
1,451
1,584
2,934
2,079
308
829
1,598
1,941
3, 736
3, 946
1,133
1, 055
485
1,196
39

226,885
166,188
337, 401
271,137
434,134
191,991
174, 990
273,133
986, 287
705, 976
1,189,145
721, 704
1, 416, 520
186, 947
164, 637
37, 531

52.8
22.0
16.0
9.1
11.5
9.7
12.8
21.8
16.9
19. 5
15.4
7.5
8.4
7. 4
13.8
6.0

49.8
21.0
16.1
8.2
11. 1
10.0
10.8
20.5
14.8
19.0
13.8
7.4
8.3
7. 7
13.3
6.2

5.3
1.6
1.9
.6
1.1
1.2
.7
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.2
.6
.7
.5
1.6
.6

98
75
82
62
90
105
49
72
101
79
71
73
104
48
104
106

1,118
819
955
910
1,021
1,008
815
1, 123
867
795
850
676
750
696
1,018
1,070

20
14
16
16
16
18
14
15
19
14
15
16
20
13
15
15

.5
.1
.3
.2
.7
.3
.1
.4
.7
.3
.2
.2
.5

4.2
7.0
4.9
3.7
2.9
7.1
3.6
3.0
4.8
5.9
5.4
7.2
7.0
5. 1
7.7
8.6

95.
92.
94.
96.
96.
92.
96.
96.
94.
93.
94.
92.
92.
94.
92.
91.

5, 594
532
2,438
567
168
3,330
3,393
294
223
173
13, 548

235.802
572, 539
251,146
371, 605
10,912
138,896
198, 425
138, 265
31, 286
21, 400
424,450

39.3
1.9
24.0
13.2
23.5
9.9
4.4
8.2
30.4
36.5
12.9

41.0
2. 1
21.9
13.8
21.9
10.0
3.9
7.9
35.5
32.4
12.3

4.2
.1
2.2
2.0
1.4
.4
.2
.6
2.1
1.6
.6

104
58
93
148
58
45
50
73
70
43
49

1,458
1,912
1, 598
1, 45S
1,160
1, 528
1,221
1,622
1,286
1,820
1, 092

15
20
19
17
13
15
15
14
14
14
13

3.1
.6
2.9
2.9
1.0
1.1
2.0
1.9
.4
.3
1.7

96.
99.
96.
95.
98.
98.
97.
97.
98.
99.
98.

.2
.8

.4
.5
1.5
.6
.2
.2
.5
.9
.4
.3

1 Data were obtained by mail questionnaires sent to a representative list
of employers in each industry. The figures shown are the total number of
employees in the reporting establishments. The data reported relate to all
classes of employees—production and related workers; force-account con­
struction workers; administrative, clerical, professional, sales, service, super­
visory, technical personnel, and all others. Self-employed persons, however,
were not included.
2 The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work in­
juries for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is
any injury occurring in the course of and arising out of the employment, which
(a) results in death or any degree of permanent physical impairment, or
(b) makes the injured worker unable to perform the duties of any regularly
established job, which is open and available to him, throughout the hours
corresponding to his regular shift on any one or more days after the day of
injury (including Sundays, days oil, or plant shutdowns). The term “in­
jury” includes occupational disease. The severity rate is the average num ­
ber of days lost for each 1,000 employee-hours worked. The computations

of days lost include standard time charges for fatalities and permanent dis­
abilities. These data were compiled according to the “American Standard
Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates,” approved by the American
Standards Association, 1945. Injury rates for all manufacturing, for each
manufacturing group and for trade were computed from the rates of individ­
ual industries by the application of weights based on estimates of total em­
ployment in each industry; rates for other industry groups were based on the
unweighted totals of all reports received.
8 Based on reports (approximately 60 percent of the total sample) which
furnished details regarding the resulting disabilities.
4 Each death or permanent-total disability was charged with a time loss
of 6,000 days.
5 Includes data for industries not shown separately.
6 Includes only telephone, radio, and television.
7 Does not include interstate railroad, bus, air, water, or pipeline trans­
portation.

reported an average of 153 days per case and an
above-average frequency rate of 18.4; the result­
ing severity rate of 2.8 was relatively high.
Since the severity rate is actually a measure of
the total time lost, expressed as a ratio to hours
worked, it follows that any increase in the fre­
quency of injuries, with no change in the time lost
per case, would be reflected in a comparable change
in the severity rate. Or, assuming the frequency
rate remaining unchanged, an increase or decrease
in the average days lost per case would result in a
comparable change in the severity rate. Thus, the
severity rate can be thought of as a composite
index of the frequency rate and the severity
average.

Nonmanufacturing. Among nonmanufacturing
industries there was a closer correlation between
severity averages and severity rates than in manu­
facturing. Most industries with high severity av­
erages also reported high injury-frequency rates.
The resulting severity rates, consequently, were
also high. An average of 245 days was lost or
charged per injury in the structural-steel erection
and ornamental iron work industry. Of the cases
reported, 1.9 percent were fatalities or permanenttotal disabilities, each carrying a time-charge of
6,000 man-days, and 6.3 percent were permanentpartial impairments, with an average time-charge
of 1,614 days; the temporary cases lost, on the
average, 29 days each. The frequency rate for


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952

W AG ES IN LIQUOR D IS T IL L E R IE S

515

this industry was 48.2, and the resulting severity
rate was 11.8. In the painting, paperhanging, and
decorating industry, 194 days were lost per injury,
and a moderately high frequency rate (23.5) re­
sulted in a severity rate of 4.6.
In the stevedoring industry, a high injuryfrequency rate (76.5) coupled with a high severity
average (163) resulted in the highest 1951 severity
rate recorded—12.4 days lost for each 1,000 man­
hours worked. On the basis of an 8-hour day, this
would be equivalent to a loss of 99 hours for each
1,000 worked, or almost 10 percent of the total
hours worked in the industry.
Other nonmanufacturing industries with high
severity rates in 1951 were highway and street con­

struction, with a severity rate of 8.2, a frequency
rate of 50.8, and 162 days lost per case; masonry,
stonesetting, and other stonework, 4.8, with a
frequency rate of 40.7, and 118 days per case;
heavy construction, except highway and street,
4.4, with a frequency rate of 42.3, and 104 days per
case; roofing and sheet-metal work, 4.2, with a
frequency rate of 43.7, and 96 days lost per case.
The electric light and power industry reported
an average of 188 days per case, but a relatively
low injury-frequency rate of 11.5 kept the severity
rate down to 2.2. In this industry, 2.0 percent of
all cases reported were fatalities or permanenttotal disabilities.
— R obert S. B arker

Wages in Liquor Distilleries
in April 1952

During the war, the industry converted to the
production of industrial alcohol. Distillery em­
ployment dropped because bottling workers,
normally a sizable portion of the work force, were
not needed. By 1947, after the industry had
returned to manufacturing alcoholic beverages,
output reached a new high and employment rose
to about 30,000.
In April 1952, the majority of the distilleries
contacted were engaged in integrated operations,
which include distilling, warehousing, blending,
and bottling. These distilleries were located
primarily in Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and
Maryland. Rectifying plants primarily blending
and bottling liquors distilled by others were found
mainly in Pennsylvania and other northeastern
States. Almost 90 percent of distillery employees
were working in these five States.
Almost all the liquor distilleries surveyed were
unionized. The principal union in the industry
is the Distillery, Rectifying and Wine Workers’
Union (AFL); the other important one is the
Union of Brewery, Flour, Cereal, Soft Drink and
Distillery Workers (CIO). Numerous AFL craft
unions also participate in collective bargaining in
some of the plants.

L iquor distillery w orkers averaged $1.65 an
hour in April 1952, exclusive of overtime and
late-shift pay, according to a Bureau of Labor
Statistics survey.1 Men averaged $1.78 an hour
and women, who comprised about a third of the
work force, averaged $1.41. Since January 1950,
the base month of wage stabilization, production
workers have received general wage increases
averaging 23 cents an hour and office workers, 18
cents. A portion of the production-worker in­
creases were secured under union-contract clauses
relating to cost-of-living and annual-improvement
factors.
Approximately 22,000 workers'— of whom about
17,000 were production workers—were employed
in the distilled liquor industry when the wage
survey was made in April 1952. This number is
somewhat below the seasonal employment levels
for the past several years. Employment and
production in the industry have a history of
marked fluctuations. Subsequent to the prohi­
bition era, distilleries produced liquor in excess of
demand in order to accumulate distilled spirits
for aging. In the years immediately preceding
World War II, production generally equaled cur­
rent needs and employment approximated 10,000.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Branch of Industrial Hazards

i Data were obtained from establishments employing 21 or more workers
and manufacturing alcoholic liquors by distillation and rectification, and in
manufacturing cordials and alcoholic cocktails by blending processes, or by
mixing liquors and other ingredients. Excluded are establishments prima­
rily bottling purchased liquors or manufacturing industrial alcohol.

516

W A G ES IN LIQ UOR D IS T IL L E R IE S

1 . — Percentage distribution of all production workers
in liquor distilleries by straight-time average hourly
earnings f United States and selected regions, A p ril 1952

T able

United S tates2
Average hourly
earnings 1 (in cents)

All
work­
ers

Men

Percent of all workers in—

M id­ Bor­
Wom­ New
Eng­ dle A t­ der Great
en
land lantic States Lakes

Under 85. _. _________
85 and under 90___ _
90 and under 95______
95 and under 100. . . .
100 and under 105_____
105 and under 110..........
110 and under 1 1 5... .
115 and under 120.. .
120 and under 125_____
125 and under 130___
130 and under 135.. ._
135 and under 140_____
140 and under 145. . . .
145 and under 150____
150 and under 155_____
155 and under 160_____
160 and under 165___
165 and under 170.. _
170 and under 175.. __
175 and under 180.
180 and under 185. ___
185 and under 190_____
190 and under 195_____
195 and under 200____
200 and under 2 0 5 ... ._
205 and under 210.
210 and under 2 1 5... .
215 and under 220.. . .
220 and under 225.. _
225 and under 230. __
230 and under 235.. _ _.
235 and under 240___
240 and under 245.. . .
245 and under 250
250 and under 260. _ .
260 and under 270 ____
270 and under 280.
280 and under 290____

0. 2
.6
.4
.2
.9
3.7
.6
1.4
1.1
2.2
1.8
1.8
4.6
3.5
14.2
4.4
7.6
5.8
8.9
9. 6
6.4
4.8
3.2
2.6
1.2
1.1
.9
1.3
1.0
.6

(3)

( 3)

T otal___ _ ____

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Number of workers . 16,952 11,197
Average hourly earnings 1___ ____ ______ $1.65 $1.78

5,755

645

3,787

7,330

4,745

$1.41

$1.22

$1.51

$1.69

$1.77

.8

1.1
.8
.3
.2
.1
.1

( 3)

(3)
0.1
.2
.3
.4
.6
1.3
2.2
2.0
1.5
2.0
.6
1.7
1.3
9.7
8.2
13.2
14. 5
9.7
7.1
4.8
4.0
1.9
1.6
1.4
2.0
1. 6
.9
1. 2
1. 7
1. 2
.5
.3
.1
.2

0.6
1.6
1.1
.5
2.3
10.2
1.0
2.8
.8

2.2
1.4
2.2
9.8
9.1
38.6
10.3
3.4
1.1
.5
.2
.2

3.3
8.7
4.8
4.2
3.4
7.6
2.9
16.5
8.2
8.5
2.5
5.0
7.1
1.4
4.5
1.4
2.5
1. 2
1.2
.8
1.2
2.2

0.2
0. 5
.5
Ö. 2
3.1
14.4
.2
1.0
1.6
5.0
6.4
6.1
4.6
1.1
16.8
4.5
4.0
.9
5.1
6. 2
4.8
3.0
4. 2
1.8

.2

.6

( 3)

.1

.3
.5
2.1
.5
.1
.4

.2

.2

.2
.2
.1

.3

.2
.2
1.0
.7
.5
1.7
.4
.2
6.3
7.1
9.0
2.8
11.6
10. 5
8.8
11.2
7.5
3.8
2. 5
3.1
1. 7
1. 2
1.1
1.1
1.7
.6

.8
1.4
.1
.1
.1
(3)
(3)

(3)

.2

(3)

.7
(3)
.3
.1
.4
1.1
.4
20.3
7.4
4.9
1. 5
13.8
11.4
7.0
8.4
3.9
3.3
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.3
.8

1.3
1.2
1.8
2. 5
.8
.6
.1

.2
( 3)

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Includes data for regions not shown separately.
s Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.

Wage Structure

Individual earnings for production workers
ranged from 75 cents to $2.90 an hour. For the
middle 50 percent of the men, earnings ranged
from $1.65 to $1.90 and for women, from $1.35 to
$1.55 (table 1). Only a 5-cent spread in hourly
earnings was found for a majority of the workers
in 3 occupational groups: men janitors ($1.60$1.65), label supply men ($1.75-$1.80), and oper­
ators of combinations of distillery equipment
($1.95-$2.00). A 10-cent spread existed for a
majority in six other groups: women attendants
performing miscellaneous bottling and packing
duties on the bottling-line ($1.45-$1.55), women
operators of such bottling-line machines as


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MONTHLY LABOR

cleaners, fillers, cappers, and labelers ($1.50$1.60), checkers of bottled liquor ($1.75-$1.85),
dryer operators and yeast operators ($1.80-$1.90),
and repair coopers ($1.85-$1.95).
For 70 percent of the work force classified in the
23 selected production jobs, average occupati onal
earnings varied from $1.40 an hour for women
bottling-line attendants to $2.30 an hour for main­
tenance pipe fitters (table 2). Job averages within
this range varied largely with the type of work per­
formed. Since distilling is primarily a chemical
process, the key workers are responsible for the
operation of distillery equipment, which is either
automatic or batch-process type. In the order of
the distilling process, such workers and their aver­
age hourly earnings were: millers, $1.81; mash op­
erators, $1.82; yeast operators, $1.80; fermenter
operators, $1.76; still operators, $1.86; and dryer
operators, $1.79. Operators of combinations of
equipment averaged $1.91 an hour. Workers re­
sponsible for maintenance of the distillery plants
and equipment had the highest job averages. In
the bottling departments of distilleries, men earned
more than women as bottling-line attendants and
bottling-machine operators. The basic processing
jobs were done almost exclusively by men; at least
85 percent of the distillery women were engaged
in bottling operations.
Among the regions where distilleries are located,
the Great Lakes region, which includes Illinois and
Indiana, had the highest wage level—$1.77 an
hour. Workers in the Border States of Kentucky
and Maryland averaged $1.69, also above the
national level. The average earnings of $1.51 in
the Middle Atlantic States and of $1.22 in New
England were influenced by the prevalence of small
plants performing nonintegrated operations.
Distilleries employing 500 or more employees on
the average paid consistently higher wages than
the smaller distilleries. Employees in half of the
23 selected production occupations earned from 5
to 11 percent more in the larger than in the smaller
distilleries. It was estimated that in April 1952
distilleries with more than 500 workers comprised a
seventh of the 90 establishments in the industry
and employed 60 percent of the work force.
Distribution of production workers by minimum
entrance rate disclosed that the middle 50 percent
of the men were employed by distillers having rates

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952

between $1.50 and $1.70 an hour; for the middle
half of the women the range was from $1.05 to
$1.50. These wide ranges reflect primarily re­
gional variations in minimum-wage standards.
For a majority of the distillery men in New Eng­
land, the minimum entrance rates were from 90
cents to $1.10 an hour; in the Middle Atlantic
States, from $1.05 to $1.65; in the Border States,
from $1.50 to $1.65; and in the Great Lakes, from
$1.50 to $1.70. For women also, the lowest con­
centration of minimum entrance rates was re­
ported in New England and the highest in the
Great Lakes region. Generally, provisions for
automatic increases resulted in minimum job rates
for experienced workers at 5 cents an hour above
the entrance rates.
Related Wage Practices

About 90 percent of the workers were employed
in distilleries with a 40-liour workweek. A few
women were regularly scheduled to work less than
a 5-day week because of some curtailment in liquor
production. About 12 percent of the production
workers were reported on late-shift operations in
April 1952, with about twice as many on the second
shift as on the third. Almost all shift workers re­
ceived premium pay; the typical differentials were
4 cents an hour on the second shift and 6 cents on
the third.
Paid vacations were received by nearly all dis­
tillery workers. For the typical production worker,
vacations equaled 1 week after 1 year and 2 weeks
after 2 years’ service; office workers generally re­
ceived 2 weeks after 1 year. About a fourth of
the production and office workers were employed
in distilleries which granted a third week of vaca­
tion after 10 years’ employment. Most distillery
workers had from 5 to 12 paid holidays a year; the
predominant number for both production and
office workers was 7 holidays a year.
Paid sick leave with full-time pay and without
a waiting period was granted by distilleries which
employed about 12 percent of the industry’s pro­
duction force and 21 percent of the office force.
For most of these production workers, the leave
amounted to 2 days a year, and for most office
workers, 10 days. An additional fourth of the
workers received from 5 to 10 days of sick leave
after a waiting period of 3 to 7 days or at reduced
pay.
226672— 52------ 3


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517

W AG ES IN LIQUOR D IS T IL L E R IE S

T able 2.— Straight-time average hourly earnings 1 of workers
in selected production occupations in liquor distilleries,
United States and selected regions, A p ril 1952
United States2 Average hourly earnings in—
Occupation and sex

N um ­ Aver­
New M id­
A t­ Bor­
ber of age
Great
Eng­ dle
der
work­ hourly
lantic States
Lakes
earn­
land
ers
States
ings

M en

Bottling-line attendants___ 170
Bottling-line mechanics_____
290
Bottling-machine operators.-.
278
Checkers_______ ________
217
Coopers, repair.. . . . . . . .
121
Dryer operators__ __________
112
Electricians, maintenance__
115
Fermenter operators.. _____
84
Firemen, stationary boiler___
274
Grain unloaders___ _____ . . .
84
Guards _______ .
729
Janitors___________________
493
Label supply men _ ______
90
Leak hunters . .
422
Maintenance men, general
utility .
_______________
237
Mash operators (cooker operators) __________ ____
113
Millers . . . . . .
___ . . .
65
Operators, combination . .
231
Pipe fitters, maintenance
143
Still operators.
... .
112
Stock handlers and truckers,
hand____________________ 1,779
Truck drivers. _ . ______ . .
170
Yeast operators..______ _____
105

$1.59
2.15
1.74
1.76
1.91
1.79
2.28
1. 76
1.83
1. 69
1. 69
1.59
1. 76
1. 73

$1.05

1. 92

1. 54

1.27

$2. 09
1.70
1.69
2.18

1.49

1. 66

1.10

1.61
1.51
1.83
1. 62

1.82
1.81
1.91
2. 30
1.86

1.74
2.19
1.82

$1.67
2.14
1.78
1.78
1.90
1.82
2. 26
1.76
1.88
1. 67
1 67
1. 62
1. 77
1. 71

$1.76
2. 36
1.82
1.81
1.91
1. 74
2.35
1.87
2.12
1. 74
1.80
1.65
1. 77
1.83

1. 95

1. 99

1. 80
1. 81
1. 95
2. 28
1. 82

1. 94
1.90
1.97
2.42
2.03

1.63
1.77
1.80

1.30

1.51
1. 74

1.65
1.77
1.81

1.75
1.90
1.89

1.40
1.48
1.45

1.04

1.28
1.43

1.47
1.51
1.53

1.52
1. 54
1.53

W om en

Bottling-line attendants_____ 4,712
Bottling-machine operators.._
352
Janitresses______ _________
64

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Includes data for regions not shown separately.

Christmas or year-end bonuses were paid to a
relatively high proportion of the workers. Dis­
tillers employing over half of the production and
office workers reported such plans.
Insurance benefits, covering life, health, and
hospitalization, were provided by almost all the
distillers. In most instances, the employers paid
all the costs. Over half the distillers who had
signed contracts with the AFL Distillery Workers’
Union contributed 3 percent of their payrolls for
workers covered by the contracts to a unionadministered welfare fund. The union plan pro­
vided a wide array of accident, sickness, hospitali­
zation, and death benefits. Workers not covered
by the union plan were generally provided for
under company-administered plans. Pension or
retirement plans were reported by employers of
65 percent of the production workers and 72 per­
cent of the office workers.
— J e a n A. W ells
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

518

Earnings in Power Laundries
in June 1952

less than 6 percent and 3 increased between 6 and
26 percent. The largest increases, affecting all or
most of the jobs studied, were in Boston, Denver,
Kansas City, Milwaukee, Minneapolis-St. Paul,
St. Louis, and San Francisco-Oakland. The
remaining three-tenths either had not changed or
had decreased; most declines amounted to less
than 5 percent.
Women workers predominated in the work force
of the industry in each area studied. The ratio of
men workers, including routemen, to the total
(less office workers) ranged from a seventh in
Atlanta to two-fifths in New York. Men consti­
tuted a third or more of the nonoffice work force in
only Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, New York, Port­
land (Oreg.), and Seattle, and from a fourth to a
third of the nonoffice total in 15 other areas.
More than two-fifths of the women plant work­
ers were employed as machine flatwork finishers
or machine shirt pressers. The former averaged
less than 50 cents an hour in 7 areas, from 50 to 75
cents in 8 areas, from 76 cents to $1 in 13 areas, and
more than $1 in 3 West Coast areas. Average
hourly earnings of shirt pressers, among the areas
studied, exceeded these levels by amounts ranging
from 3 to 25 cents.

A verage w eekly e a r n in g s , including commis­
sions, ranged from $57 (Dallas) to $104 (Detroit)
for retail routemen in power laundries. Their
earnings were at a new high in 24 of the 31 areas
in which the Bureau of Labor Statistics studied
occupational earnings in the power-laundry indus­
try.1 The highest average occupational earnings
for plant workers were reported in four West Coast
areas. Other high-wage areas were Chicago,
Detroit, Milwaukee, Minneapolis-St. Paul, and
New York.
Among the plant jobs studied, over two-thirds of
the averages showed increases over pay levels
recorded in the Bureau’s 1951 laundry study 2 for
these areas. Out of every 10 averages, 4 increased
1 Data were collected by field representatives under the direction of the
Bureau of Labor Statistics regional wage analysts. More detailed informa­
tion on wages and related practices in each of the selected areas is available
on request.
The study included power laundries with 21 or more employees. Approxi­
mately 106,000 workers were employed in establishments of this size in the 31
areas studied in June 1952.
s See Earnings in Power Laundries, April-June 1951, in M onthly Labor
Review, November 1951 (p. 575).

T a b le

MONTHLY LABOR

EARN IN G S IN P O W E R L A U N D R IE S

1.— StraighEtime average hourly earnings 1 for workers in selected occupations in power laundries in 81 selected areas,
June 1952
Men
Area

Atlanta_________________________________
Baltimore________ __________ ______ _____
Birmingham_________ . . . . . . . . . . . ______
Boston____________________________ ____ _
Buffalo ....................... .......................................... .
Chicago________ ___________ ______ ______
C in c in n a ti-.......... ............................. ..............
Cleveland____ __________________________
Dallas------ ----------------- ---------------------Denver______ _________ ______________
D etroit________ _______________________
H ouston.- . . ____________________ ____
In d ia n a p o lis.._________________________
Jacksonville___________________ . . . .
Kansas C ity .. . ________________________
Los Angeles____________________________
Louisville___________________ _______ ____
M em phis_________________ _________ .
M ilwaukee________
_____ - - - - - - - ___
Minneapolis-St. Paul------------------------------Newark-Jersey C ity._____________________
N ew York________________________ _____ _
Philadelphia____________________________
Pittsburgh------- ------------- ------ -----------_
Portland, Oreg__________________________
Providence_____________________________
Richmond__________ . ________________
St. Louis____ _______________ ___________
San Francisco-Oakland___________________
Seattle__________ _ . ---------------------------Washington, D . C____ _____ _____________

Extractor
operators

Firemen,
stationary
boiler

$0.76
.84
.67
1.07
1.09
1.12
.87
1.02
.81
1.01
1.14
.79
.96
.73
.94
1.17
.94
.72
1.19
1.09
1.01
1.17
.94
1.03
1.40
1.01
.76
.95
1. 48
1.46
.90

$0.82
1. 22
.71
1.28

i Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0

1.46
1.23
1.25

(2)

1.09
1. 45

(2)

1.14
.90
1.38

(2)
(2)
(2)

(2)

(2)

1.22
1.32
1.28
1.41
1.30
1.46
1.27
.91
.99

2. 00
1.04

Women
Washers,
machine
$0.88
1.04
.86
1.28
1. 24
1.39
1.10
1.24
1.03
1.14
1.38
1.01
1.18
.87
1.03
1.35
1.13
.84
1.41
1.19
1.20
1. 47
1.20
1. 26
1.52
1.22
.83
1.10
1.50
1.66
.98

Clerks,
retail
receiving
$0.68
.72
.55
.88
(2)
.94
.83
.91
.82
.77
.95
.73
.86
.70
.87
1.07
.73
.72
.95
.86
1.10
.82
.88
.82
1.13
.80
.68
.82
1.24
1. 25
.87

Finishers,
flatwork,
machine

Identifiers

$0.40
.65
.43
.83
.79
.82
.76
.73
.48
.69
.86
.44
.71
.41
.72
.90
.64
.45
.88
.84
.84
.91
.71
.78
1. 01
.76
.49
.74
1.05
1.05
.80

$0.62
.65
.68
.81
(2)
1.03
.90
.84
.62
.76
.92
.57
.79
.58
.76
1.06
.73
.55
.93
.86
.89
1.02
.75
.80
1.04
(s)
.61
.75
.120
(2)
(2)

Markers

$0. 55
.67
.53
.84
.86
.91
.81
.87
.74
.86
.91
.65
.82
.55
.79
1. 07
.75
.54
1. 02
.86
.96
.98
.84
.84
1.06
.96
.51
.80
1. 24
1.16
.82

Pressers,
machine,
shirts
$0. 57
.75
.50
.99
.95
1.05
.81
.98
.63
.83
1.01
.59
.85
.52
.77
1.08
.82
.51
.94
.89
1.01
1.06
.86
.85
1.04
1.04
.68
.87
1.15
1.11
.83

1 Insufficient data to warrant presentation of an average.

Wrappers,
bundle
$0.44
.62
.44
.79
.82
.86
.78
.76
.56
.73
.87
.56
.80
0

.72
.99
.68
.45
.89
.86
.87
.98
.76
.79
1.03
.82
.47
.77
1.22
1. 12
.79

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952

E A R N IN G S IN P A IN T IN D U S T R Y

2 . — Straight-time average weekly earnings 1 of routemen in power laundries in 31 selected areas, June 1952

T a b le

Weekly earnings of—
Area
All

Routemen having scheduled
workweeks of—
5 days

Atlanta...... ......................
Baltimore........................
Birm ingham ..................
B oston.............................
B uflalo............................
Chicago............................
Cincinnati........ ..............
C leveland.......................
Dallas...............................
D enver______ ________
D etroit................. ...........
H ouston_____________
Indianapolis___ ______
Jacksonville........... .........
Kansas C ity_________
Los Angeles.....................
Louisville........................
M em phis____________
M ilw aukee....................
M inneapolis-St. P au l..
Newark-Jersey C it y ...
N ew Y o r k ....................
Philadelphia........ ...........
Pittsburgh.....................
Portland, Oreg..............
Providence___________
Richmond..................... .
St. L ouis........................
San Francisco-Oakland
Seattle.......... ................. .
Washington, D . C ........ .

$69.00
74.00
80.50
72.00
82.31
101.12
76.88
87.18
57.00
73.50
104.31
76.50
88.60
66.00
83.28
83.18
81.46
66.50
102.63
78.70
82.51
87.43
88.77
83.68
82.00
68.00
77.00
84.77
83.81
82.00
100.00

0
0
$72.50
0
76.88
87.55
114.80
0
84.56
86.88
78.70
83.20
87.16
88.77
84.52
74.50
0
95.88
83.81
82.00
82.50

5\<i days
$70.50
0
66.50
0
101.25

6 days
$78.50
77.00
80.50
82.50
85.70
101.09

85.79
80.97
71.00
93.12

94.14
59.00
72.50
104.84
76.50
89.28
68.00
83.28
74.53
81.02
0
117.59

0
0

0
0

0
82.00
50.50
0
64.94

0
78.80

0

0

71.38
55.00
0
93.24
85.31
0

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work; includes commission
earnings.
2 Insufficient data to justify presentation of an average.

Related Wage Practices

The predominant workweek for routemen was 5
days in 14 of the areas studied, 5%days in 5 areas,
and 6 days in 12 areas. Work schedules of 40
hours or less a week were maintained by laundries
employing three-fourths or more of the plant
workers in each of the West Coast areas, in most of
the Middle Atlantic areas, and in Chicago, Cin­
cinnati, Cleveland, and Detroit. Workweeks of
45 hours or longer prevailed in most southern
areas.
Paid holidays for plant workers were granted by
laundries employing a majority of the workers in
each area except Chicago and Portland (Oreg.).
Three-fourths or more of the workers in 12 areas
were in laundries providing 6 or more paid holidays
annually; a majority of the workers in the southern
areas were in laundries granting 2 to 4 paid
holidays.
A 1-week vacation with pay after a year’s
service was the policy of laundries employing a
majority of plant workers in all areas; in 25 areas,
three-fourths or more of the workers were covered

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519

by such a policy. Two-week vacations after 5
years’ service was the policy of laundries employ­
ing three-fourths or more of the workers in 16
areas, but southern-area laundries with a like
policy employed only from 5 to 15 percent of the
area laundry workers.
Insurance and pension plans paid wholly or in
part by the employers were provided for relatively
few laundry workers. More than half the workers
in only 8 areas were in laundries having provisions
for health insurance; in only 9 areas, hospitaliza­
tion; and in only 7 areas, pensions.
— O tto H ollberg
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

Earnings in Paint and
Varnish Industry, June 1952
P aint and varnish production workers in the
San Francisco Bay area and Detroit had higher
average hourly earnings 1 than those in 10 other
leading areas, according to findings of a Bureau of
Labor Statistics survey in June 1952.2 The lowest
average rates for most occupations in the industry
were found in Louisville and Pittsburgh. Among
the jobs studied, men employed as general main­
tenance men and technicians had the highest
averages in the majority of the 12 areas. At least
four-fifths of the production workers in each area
were employed in establishments which furnished
such supplementary wage benefits as paid holi­
days, vacations with pay, and insurance or pension
plans.
About half of the workers in the industry were
concentrated in the 12 areas included in the study.
Chicago had approximately a fifth of the workers
in the areas studied, and the New York and New­
ark-New Jersey areas together had about a
fourth.
At the time of the study, over 90 percent of the
production workers in the industry were men.
Incentive systems of wage payment were found
1 Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and night work.
* The study covered establishments with 8 or more workers primarily
engaged in manufacturing paints, varnishes, lacquers, japans, enamels, and
shellac. Additional detailed information for each area studied is available
upon request.

MONTHLY LABOR

E A R N IN G S IN P A IN T IN D U S T R Y

520

in 5 of the 12 areas, but less than 5 percent of the
production workers in the 12 areas were paid on
that basis. In the jobs selected for study, all or
a majority of the workers were paid on a time basis.
Union agreements were in effect in establishments
employing about two-thirds of the industry’s
production workers in the 12 areas; coverage varied
from about a fourth of the workers in Louisville
to virtually all workers in both the Detroit and
the San Francisco Bay areas.
The San Francisco Bay area had the highest
average hourly earnings for four of the seven men’s
occupations studied and also for the one occupa­
tion in which women’s earnings were studied.
Detroit ranked highest for two and next to the
highest for the other five occuptions of men. All
the men’s occupations studied had average hourly
earnings of $1.70 or more in San Francisco and
Detroit. In contrast, general maintenance man
was the only job category studied in Louisville
and Pittsburgh with average hourly earnings of
$1.70 or more. Mixers—numerically the most
important men’s job included—had average
hourly earnings ranging from $1.43 in Louisville
to $1.87 in San Francisco. Average earnings for
technicians ranged from $1.46 an hour in Pitts­
burgh to $2.12 in Detroit, and general main­
tenance men’s averages ranged from $1.67 in
Boston to $2.06 in Chicago. About three-tenths
of the technicians and over a fifth of the general
maintenance men in the study were earning $2
or more an hour.
Over two-fifths of the women production work­
ers were employed as “ labelers and packers”—
the only job studied in which women were em­
ployed. Average hourly earnings for women in
this occupation ranged from $1.02 in Louisville to

$1.62 in San Francisco. Men’s averages for this
job, in the various areas, were from 9 to 36 cents
an hour higher.
Comparisons of occupational averages in June
1952 with those of a similar study conducted in
March-May 1951 show that rates for comparable
jobs generally increased between 5 and 10 percent.
Related Wage Practices

Second and third shifts were in operation in most
of the 12 areas, in the paint and varnish industry,
but the proportion of workers employed on late
shifts was relatively small, exceeding 10 percent
in only a few areas. Among plants operating late
shifts, the most common differentials paid were
5 and 10 cents for second and third shifts, respec­
tively. A scheduled workweek of 40 hours was
in effect for a majority of the production workers
in each of the areas covered.
At least 6 paid holidays a year were granted by
establishments employing virtually all production
workers in this industry. In Boston and New
York, about three-fourths of the workers were in
plants granting 9 and 11 paid holidays, respec­
tively. The most common provisions in the other
areas were for either 6 or 7 days a year.
Insurance and pension plans financed wholly or
in part by the employer were common in this
industry. At least four-fifths of the production
workers in each area were employed in establish­
ments furnishing such benefits. Life insurance
was the most usual plan, but a majority of the
workers in each of the areas were employed in
establishments with health-insurance plans. Re­
tirement-pension plans were provided in estab­
lishments employing a third or less of the produc-

Straigh t-time average hourly earnings 1for selected plant occupations in the paint and varnish industry in 12 areas, June 1952

Sex and occupation

Men:
Labelers and packers
M ix e rs__

_ ______

_ - ___

.
-

----

--------------------

Technicians
______
- _ ------Tinters_________ - - ______
- --- ------------Varnish makers—
------ - -- ------- - ¡Vornen:
Labelers and packers -----------------------------------

Bos­
ton

Chi­
cago

Cleve­
land

$1.44
1.67
1.46
1.46
1.90
1.66
1.63

$1. 56
2. 06
1.62
1.53
1.90
1.87
1.79

$1. 55
1.87
1.67
1. 52
1.72
1.88
1.91

1.24

1.28

1.26

i Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Los
Ange­
les

Louis­
ville

$1.72
1.93
1. 75
1.75
2.12
1.92
1.91

$1. 50
1.73
1.57
1.48
1.96
1.74
1.77

$1. 27
1.76
1.43
1.32

1. 51

1.17

D e­
troit

NewarkJersey
City

N ew
York

San
FranciscoOakland

Phila­
del­
phia

Pitts­
burgh

St.
Louis

$1.49
1.83
1.54
1.46
1.89
1.77
1.81

$1.81

1. 27

1.62

$1.40
1. 71
1.50
1.39
1.75
1.65
1. 77

$1. 45
1.90
1.55

1. 64
1.61

$1.63
1.83
1.65
1.45
1.73
1.84
1. 73

1.76
1.81
1.66

$1.43
1.71
1.56
1.39
1.46
1.55
1.53

1.02

1.54

1.25

1.13

1.07

1.87
1.74
1. 91
2.04
2.06

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952

521

R EPO RT OF DEFENSE M O BILIZER

tion workers in all areas except Chicago, Detroit,
Philadelphia, and San Francisco. In those cities,
the proportions of workers in plants with retire­
ment plans ranged from three-fifths in Detroit to
seven-tenths in Philadelphia.
Paid vacations after a specified minimum wait­
ing period were granted to all production workers
in this industry. Vacations were typically 1 week
in length after 1 year’s employment, but the length

was generally graduated to 2 or 3 weeks after
varying lengths of service. At least a fourth of
the workers in 6 of the 12 areas were employed in
establishments granting 2 weeks’ vacation after
1 year’s employment. In Louisville, three-fourths
of the workers were employed in such plants.

Defense M obilized
Seventh Quarterly Report, 1952

by mid-1953. An investment of over $27 billion
for all types of new plants and equipment is pre­
dicted during 1952. Approximately 176 products
and materials have specified expansion goals.
Two basic expansion goals—for aluminum and
electric power—have been increased over previous
levels. Steel production capacity has been in­
creased from 100 to 113 million ingot tons, and
acceleration in the rate of stockpiling of some
critical materials was reported.
Steady maintenance in deliveries of military
goods accompanied the expansion of basic indus­
trial capacity, despite the work stoppage in the
steel industry. For the July-September 1952
period, total deliveries in all military procurement
and construction programs were estimated to be
slightly over the $7.7 billion total of the April-June
quarter.
Of $129 billion voted by Congress for military
procurement and construction since the outbreak
of hostilities in Korea, $41 billion has been
delivered or constructed; $58 billion is now in
plant-construction process or on order; and con­
tracts covering most of the remaining $30 billion
will be let in the next 9 months.

I nd u str ia l capacity is expanding at a record rate
and much has been accomplished in enlarging the
Nation’s industrial base, the Director of the Office
of Defense Mobilization noted in his quarterly
report 1 to the President. New resources will
bring new opportunities, according to the Defense
Mobilizer, and consideration should be given as
to their utilization in 1953. However, the report
cautions, “the greater part of the defense mobiliza­
tion still lies ahead.” Manpower requirements
have been met and rising employment has reduced
labor surpluses in many areas.

Expansion of Industrial Production

Industrial expansion is proceeding at a record
pace, the report said. “Expansion projects
launched during the past 2 years, including $23
billion in defense projects aided by accelerated
tax amortization certificates, are helping to create
margins of capacity which will not only enable us
to meet current defense requirements and main­
tain a high level of civilian supply but will also
provide additional resources available for use as
the Nation may determine.”
Of the new plants granted tax benefits, 48
percent, in terms of value, will be completed by
the end of 1952; over $16 billion will be completed
1
Seventh Quarterly Report to the President by the Director of the Office
of Defense Mobilization, October 1, 1952, entitled “N ew Resources Bring
N ew Opportunities.”


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

—A. N. J arrell
D ivision of W ages and Industrial Relations

Manpower Outlook and New Opportunities

With the exception of shortages of engineers,
scientists, other professional personnel, and certain
categories of farm and skilled industrial workers,
the report said, manpower demands of defense
mobilization “have been met to date without great
strain.”
A gradual tightening of the labor market, which
has been continuing throughout 1952, was noted

522

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 1

MONTHLY LABOR

in the report. Total nonfarm employment in
August 1952 was 55.4 million—a half million above
the same period in 1951. Employment recoveries
in the textile, apparel, and leather industries were
reported. In addition, improved conditions have
resulted in a decline in the number of areas classi­
fied as having labor surpluses.
“Even though employment in several defense
industries will increase,” the report noted, the
over-all manpower demand will be relatively light.
Reserve margins of manpower resources listed in
the report included the annual increase in the
labor force; increasing productivity of workers;
the use of overtime work; and the utilization

of women, older workers, and the handicapped.
In 1953, many of the Nation’s resources will
exceed the requirements of our present security
program, according to the report, and considera­
tion should be given to new opportunities. “The
task before us is to choose wisely—to apply our
new resources where they will do the most good in
terms of the national security and a sound wellbalanced economy.” The Defense Mobilizer listed
six general fields which offer special opportunities
for applying new resources. These are industrial
readiness, military equipment, civil defense, foreign
assistance, technological a dvanc emen t,
and strengthening a growing economy.

Wage Chronology No. 1:
American Woolen Co.

from 12 to 9%cents and the escalator clause from
a 1-cent hourly wage rate change for every 1.14point change in the Consumers’ Price Index of
the Bureau of Labor Statistics to 1 cent for every
1.18-point change. The approved wage increase
was based on the rise in the CPI between August 15,
1950, and February 15, 1951, and the escalator
adjustment allowed a 1-percent wage change for
approximately a 1-percent change in consumer
prices. On October 1, 1951, the technologicaldisplacement pay provision and an adjustment in
the down-time provision were approved. Finally,
on November 30, 1951, after WSB policy govern­
ing welfare benefits had been decided, the remain­
ing provisions negotiated by the parties were
allowed.
The agreement, effective March 15, 1952, pro­
vided for a wage increase to engineers, firemen,
watchmen, and powerhouse crews and for adjust­
ments in eligibility for vacation and holiday pay
affecting all employees. It is to remain in effect
until March 15, 1954, with provision for a wage
reopening after 1 year. The basic chronology
covering the period from 1939 to February 1948
is brought up to date by the following additions.
Each quarterly review of the cost-of-living allow­
ance is listed.

Supplement No. 1

A wage reo pen in g under the 1948 contract1
between the American Woolen Co. and the Textile
Workers Union of America (TWU-CIO) occurred
in August 1950 at the request of the union. An
agreement was reached on October 9, 1950,
providing for an hourly wage increase.
At the next contractual reopening date, 6
months later, the parties failed to agree and a 26day strike ensued. A settlement was reached
terminating the strike and providing increases in
wages and welfare benefits. It included a cost-ofliving escalator clause, a retirement-severance pay
plan, a technological-displacement pay plan, and
additional employer contribution to increase
insurance benefits. Supplemental agreements of
May 21, 1951, and August 8, 1951, established the
details of technological-displacement pay and new
insurance provisions. All of the new provisions
were subject to Wage Stabilization Board
approval.
The WSB dealt with the contractual changes in
three separate actions. On September 12, 1951,
the Board reduced the negotiated wage increase


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 See Wage Chronology No. 1: American Woolen Co., 1939-48, Monthly
Labor Review, December 1948, or BLS Serial No. R. 1945.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952

523

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 1

A—General Wage Changes 1
Provision

Effective date

Oct. 9, 1950 (by
agreem ent
of
same date).
Mar. 15, 1951 (by
agreem ent
of
same date).

July 1, 1951______
Oct. 1, 1951______
Jan. 1, 1952______
Apr. 1, 1952______
M ay 26, 1952 (by
agreem ent
of
Mar. 15, 1952).
July 1, 1952______
Oct. 1, 1952______

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

12-cents-an-hour increase.
Agreement as modified by the Wage Stabilization Board order of
September 12, 1951. The Board also approved an escalator
clause providing quarterly wage-rate adjustm ents of 1 cent an
hour for every 1.18-point change in the CPI over the Feb. 15,
1951, index (old series). Wage rates were not to be reduced
below March 15, 1951, levels.
Quarterly adjustm ent of cost-of-living allowance.
1-cent-an-hour increase.
Quarterly review of cost of living.
N o change_____________
Quarterly adjustm ent of cost-of-living allowance.
3-cents-an-hour increase
1cent-an-hour decrease. Quarterly adjustm ent of cost-of-living allowance.
Wage increase of 3.6 percent was granted to engineers, firemen,
watchmen, and power house crews in lieu of Saturday and
Sunday overtime pay. Approved by Wage Stabilization
Board on June 27, 1952.
2cents-an-hour increase Quarterly adjustm ent of cost-of-living allowance.
1-cent-an-hour increase.
D o.
9^-cents-an-hour i n c r e a s e ,
equalling 6 ^ percent.

1 General wage changes are construed as upward or downward adjustments
affecting a substantial number of workers at one time. N ot included within
the term are adjustments in individual rates (promotions, merit increases,
etc.) and minor adjustments in wage structure (such as changes in individual
job rates or incentive rates) that do not have an immediate and noticeable
effect on the average wage level during the period covered.

The changes listed above were the major adjustments in wage rates made
during the period covered. Because of fluctuations in incentive earnings,
changes in products, and employment practices, the omission of nongeneral
changes in rates, and other factors, the sum of the general changes listed will
not necessarily coincide with the amount of change in average hourly earnings
over the same period.

B—Minimum Plant Wage Rates 1
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Provision

Effective date

$1. 17________________________
$1. 265 ___
- ____

Oct. 9, 1950
Mar. Î5, 1951

All o p e r a t in g u n i t s .
All o p e r a t in g u n i t s .

1 See table A for additional cost-of-living allowances put into effect since
March 1951. W hile not changing these minimum rates, these allowances

do affect earnings of employees.
6 cents an hour.

As of October 1952, these allowances totaled

C—Related Wage Practices
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Provision

Effective date

Prem ium P a y for Saturday and Sunday Work 1
Mar. 15, 1952______

Changed to: Time and onehalf for work on the sixth
consecutive day; double
tim e on the seventh con­
secutive day.

Applied only to engineers, firemen, watchmen and powerhouse
crews.

Holiday P ay
Mar. 15, 1952

___

To qualify for pay on a particular holiday, employee must have
been employed at least 13 weeks preceding the holiday and
worked at least 240 hours in the 13-week period.

i In the basic chronology, premium payments for Saturday and for Sunday work were treated in separate sections.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 1

524

M ONTHLY LABOR

C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Vacation Pay
Mar. 15, 1952____

Total hours of work (required for eligibility for vacation with pay)
during preceding year increased to 1,320. Vacation pay for em­
ployees with 1 but less than 3 years of service equaled 40 tim es
the straight-tim e hourly rate or 2.5 percent of the straight-tim e
earnings during the previous year, whichever was greater. Em ­
ployees with 3 but less than 5 years of service received 60 tim es
the straight-tim e rate or 3.75 percent of annual straight-tim e
earnings, whichever was greater. Em ployees with 5 or more
years of service received 80 tim es the straight-tim e rate or 5
percent of annual straight-tim e earnings, whichever was greater.
Em ployees w ith less than 1,320 hours of work during the year
paid the indicated percentages. Approved by Wage Stabiliza­
tion Board on June 27, 1952.

Down Time
Oct, 1, 1951_______

30-m inute periods exem pt from down-tim e pay not to be extended
because of overlapping shifts. Approved by Wage Stabiliza­
tion Board on Oct. 1, 1951.

Technological Displacement Pay
Oct. 1, 1951_______

Em ployees laid off because of
the adoption of new proc­
esses or machines paid
am ount equal to number of
years’ service multiplied by
maximum weekly benefit
(including dependency ben­
efit) payable under State
U nem ploym ent Compensa­
tion Law.

Approved by the Wage Stabilization Board on Oct. 1, 1951. Com­
pensation to be made in lump sum or in three installm ents.
Benefits for period of less than 1 year computed proportionately.

Retirement Separation Pay
N ov. 30, 1951______

One w eek’s pay for each year
of service, up to maximum
of 20 years, paid to em ploy­
ees voluntarily retiring at
age 65 with 15 years or
more of service.

Approved by the Wage Stabilization Board on N ov. 30, 1951.
Em ployee must have average of 1,000 hours’ em ploym ent for
each year of service. A w eek’s pay defined as: hourly workers,
40 tim es the hourly rate; piece workers, 40 tim es the straighttim e average hourly earnings during Social Security quarter
im m ediately prior to retirement.

Health and Welfare Benefits
N ov. 30, 1951_____


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Increased to: Daily hospital
benefits, for employees, $9 a
day; for dependents, $8 a
day.
Special hospital benefits, up to
15 tim es the daily hospital
benefit for employees and
dependents.
Surgical benefits, up to $225.

Approved by the Wage Stabilization Board on N ov. 30, 1951.

Sickness and accident benefits,

W eekly earnings computed by dividing total am ount earned dur­
ing Social Security quarter im m ediately preceding illness by 13.

50 percent of average
w eekly earnings, w ith mini­
mum of $20 and maximum
of $40 a week.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952

525

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 10

Wage Chronology No. 10:
Pacific Longshore Industry1
Supplement No. 2
P u r su a n t to the Pacific Coast Longshore Agree­
ment which became effective June 16, 1951, a
pension fund, to be financed by employer contri­
butions from July 1, 1951, through June 30, 1961,
was agreed to by the Pacific Maritime Association
and the International Longshoremen’s and Ware­
housemen’s Union. Each employer’s contribution
was to be determined on a tonnage basis, using a
formula establishing the equivalent of 15 cents an
hour for hours worked and tons handled during
the base period from 1948 through 1951. The
amount thus established was to remain unchanged
until July 1, 1956, when the parties may negotiate
a change in the amount of the assessment. The
contract provided that “the contributions required
by this agreement or supplement or amendment
thereto shall cease July 1, 1961. The plan shall
continue in effect until the then-existing Fund has
been exhausted.” The plan, which will be fully
funded at the end of the 10-year period of con­
tributions, should have sufficient reserves to
continue the minimum basic payments during the
lives of all employees retired by June 30, 1961, if
the plan is not extended beyond that date. The
fund is administered by six trustees, three desig­
nated by the association and three by the union.
The new agreement provided also for an increase
in basic hourly rates and for several changes in
related wage practices. Amendment of the wel­

fare and insurance plan extended hospital, medical
and surgical benefits to the families of employees.
Under the new contract, five medical care plans
are in effect and cover the various locals under the
welfare fund program. The Permanente Health
Plan covers the locals in the San Pedro, San Fran­
cisco Bay, and Portland-Vancouver areas; the
Coos Bay Hospital Association covers locals in
North Bend, Bandon, and Reedsport, Oreg.; the
Grays Harbor Hospital Association applies to
Aberdeen, Wash.; the Seattle Group Health
Cooperative covers the men in Seattle while their
families are covered under the Insured Plan. The
Insured Plan covers all locals in California,
Oregon, and Washington that are not under any
of the first four plans.
The contract first was negotiated to be effective
from June 16, 1951 through June 15, 1953. In
accordance with its wage-reopening provision, the
1951 agreement was reopened in May 1952 at the
request of the union for a review of wages and
employers’ contributions to the welfare fund.
Increases in basic straight and overtime rates, plus
an increase in employers’ contributions to the
welfare fund, were negotiated and became effective
June 16, 1952. The agreement was extended to
June 15, 1954, with a reopening June 15, 1953 for
a review of wage rates and welfare fund contribu­
tions, and for negotiation of penalty cargo rates,
skill differentials, and vacations.
The following tables give the details of the
changes and new provisions which bring up to
date the chronology of collective bargaining in the
Pacific longshore industry.
i See Wage Chronology No. 10: Pacific Longshore Industry, 1934-50,
M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1950, or BLS Serial No. R. 1995; Supplement
No. 1, M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1951, or BLS Serial No. R. 2038.

A—General Wage Changes
Effective date

June 18, 1951______
June 16, 1952

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

5 cents an hour increase. _ _ _
13 cents an hour in c r e a s e .__

B—Basic Hourly Rates for Selected Longshore Occupations, General Cargo 1
Effective date
Occupation and port

Longshoremen: All ports_____________________
H atch tenders:
Los Angeles and Long Beach 2____________
San Francisco____________________________
Puget Sound area of Washington State 2__
Portland (including Columbia River ports)
See footnotes at end of table.

226672— 52-------4


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

June 18,1951

$1. 97
2.
2.
2.
2.

07
07
07
07

June 16,1952

$2. 10
2.
2.
2.
2.

20
20
20
20

526

W AG E CHRONOLOGY NO. 10

MONTHLY LABOR

B—Basic Hourly Rates for Selected Longshore Occupations, General Cargo 1—Continued
Effective date
Occupation and port
June 18, 1951

Winch drivers:
Los Angeles and Long B e a c h ____
San Francisco
Puget Sound area of W ashington State
Portland (including Columbia River ports)
_
Gang bosses:
San Francisco
_ __
_
Portland (including Columbia River ports)
L ift-truck-jitney drivers:
Los Angeles and Long Beach __ _
San Francisco
_______
Puget Sound area of W ashington S tate_
Portland (including Columbia River ports)
__
1 Exclusive of premium pay for overtime, night work, and handling penalty
cargo.

$2.
2.
2.
2.

_____

_
_

_ _ _ _
_

_________

June 16, 1952

07
07
07
07

$2.
2.
2.
2.

20
20
20
20

2. 12
2. 12

2. 25
2. 25

2.
2.
2.
2.

2.
2.
2.
2.

07
07
07
07

20
20
20
20

2 Hatch-tender and gang-boss function performed by same employee,

C—Basic Hourly Rates Paid Longshoremen for Handling General and Penalty Cargoes
Effective date
Occupation and port
June 18,1951

General cargo_
_ _ _
___
Selected penalty cargoes:
Shoveling jo b s 1
_
_ _
_
_
Bulk sulfur, soda ash, and crude untreated potash
Untreated or offensive bone in bulk__
Phosphate rock in b u lk .
_
_
Specified comm odities in lots of 25 tons or more 2 _
_
_
_____
Leaking or damaged cargo, because of faulty containers
__ _ _
Creosoted products out of water—
Boom men
_
_ _
_
_________
Hold men
Damaged cargo
Explosives __
__
__
_________
____
Stowing bulk grain, to board men
_______
Paper and pulp in packages weighing 300 pounds or more (hold men onlv) __
1 Except on cargoes requiring a higher rate.

$1. 97

June 16, 1952

$2. 10

2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.

17
42
77
27
07
07

2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.

30
55
90
40
20
20

2.
2.
2.
3.
2.
2.

27
17
82
94
27
07

2.
2.
2.
4.
2.
2.

40
30
95
20
40
20

2 The list now covers 31 commodities.

D—Hourly Overtime Rates for Longshoremen 1
Effective date

June 18,1951
June 1 6 ,1952_

Rate, general cargo

Application to other classifications

$2.955_ _____________________

Overtime differentials for skilled and penalty-cargo rates continued
to be 1% tim es the respective straight-tim e differentials.
Do.
$3.15_____ ______ _________ __

1 Circumstances under which overtime rates are paid are listed in basic chronology.

E—Related Wage Practices
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

H oliday P a y
June 18,1951 ____


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Added holidays in all ports where not included before: Statewide
election day and any other legal holiday proclaimed by State or
national authority.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 10

527

E—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

M eal P a y
June 18, 1951______

Added: Em ployee required for
additional work paid for or
furnished 1 m e a l w h e n
ordered to go to supper or
breakfast.

2 hours’ pay guaranteed on return to work.

P a id Vacations
June 18, 1951______

Added: In case of industrial injury on the job, em ployee was
allowed to include tim e lost when com puting length of service
necessary to qualify for vacation. In the large ports, em ployee
was given allowance up to 100 hours when off a full week, and 8
hours a day when off part of a week as a result of injuries. To
qualify for this credit em ployee m ust average 27 hours a week
for the 4-week period prior to injury and for the 8-week period
after return to work. In the sm all ports, em ployee m ust
average 14 hours a week for the 4 weeks prior to injury and for
the 8 weeks after return to work.
Subsistence P ay

June 18, 1951__ _

Changed to: $2.50 a day for
lodging and $1.50 for each
meal.
Welfare and Insurance Benefits

Aug. 1, 1951 ______

June 16, 1952 _____

Added: H ospitalization, $10 a
day up to a maximum of 35
days for each disability for
fam ily members. H ospital
services, up to a maximum
of $300 for each disability
for em ployees, up to a m axi­
mum of $200 for fam ily
members.
Changed to: Em ployer contri­
bution, 7 cents a man-hour.

To apply on combined charges for laboratory and X -ray services,
use of operating room and anesthetics, medicines and drugs, etc.
Included in this benefit was a maximum of $20 for am bulance
service. D id not cover charges for medical, dental, or special
nursing care.

Pension Plan
July 1, 1951______

Pension plan established; fi­
nanced by em ployer con­
tributions com puted on to n ­
nage basis in am ounts
equivalent to 15 cents a
m a n -h o u r. Contributions
to begin July 1, 1951, and
continue to July 1, 1961.
Plan provided minimum of
$100 a m onth, exclusive of
Social Security benefits, to
em ployees aged 65. P en­
sion benefits available to
em ployees retiring on or
after July 1, 1952.


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To be eligible for pension paym ents an em ployee must: Be on the
Pension L ist, have reached age 65, have been em ployed as a
longshoreman at least 25 of the preceding 28 years, and in each
of the 5 years preceding retirem ent. R etirem ent m andatory at

68 .

To be eligible for Pension List an em ployee m ust have been a
registered longshoreman June 1, 1951; be 55 years of age on or
before th at date; and have been em ployed as longshoreman at
least 25 of past 28 years if 65 or older on or before June 1, 1951,
24 of past 27 years if 64 but not y et 65, 23 of p ast 26 years if 63
but not y et 64, etc., until 15 of past 15 years if 55 but not y et 56.
Principal source of earnings throughout years of qualifying em ­
ploym ent m ust have been as longshoreman.
Approved by Wage Stabilization Board Mar. 4, 1952.

528

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. SO

Wage Chronology No. 30:
Anthracite Mining Industry, 1930-51
M in er s employed in the Nation’s hard coal fields
have been represented in their dealings with, the
operators by the United Mine Workers of America
(Ind.) for the past 50 years. These employees are
engaged in the production of anthracite in a
comparatively small geographic area where mines
are characterized by marked physical differences.
The wage structure of the industry must of ne­
cessity take into account these physical character­
istics in order to provide relatively uniform earn­
ings. To accomplish this relative uniformity, an
extensive system of contract (piece) rates has been
constructed. The general wage changes and re­
lated practices for the period 1930 to 1951 are
reported in this chronology.1
Over 95 percent of our domestically produced
anthracite is mined in a 500-square-mile area in
five counties2 in northeastern Pennsylvania.
Although some 90 companies operate cleaning and
preparation plants for the production of commer­
cial sizes of hard coal, 8 of them account for
approximately three-fifths of the total output.
About 75 percent of the total production is used
for space heating (e.g., private dwellings, office
buildings, hospitals, and schools). The remainder
is used for industrial purposes. Because so much
is used as heating fuel, fluctuations in consumption
and production bear a direct relation to the
weather.
The United Mine Workers of America (Ind.)
succeeded a number of other labor organizations 3
and in 1951 represented the majority of the
Nation’s anthracite miners. Although no formal
meetings were held nor was an agreement signed,
the union obtained its first wage increase in 1900.
The next year, the verbal agreement was extended
without a wage change. At the expiration of this
agreement, in February 1902, and after continued
efforts to negotiate, a vote to suspend work was
taken. In the fifth month of this work stoppage,
a committee known as the Anthracite Coal Com­
mission was appointed by the President of the
United States to study and decide the issues in the
case.4 The award of the Commission provided
for a wage increase and, for the first time in the
history of the industry, set forth provisions
governing hours of work and related conditions.

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MONTHLY LABOR

Subsequent agreements between the parties have
followed the pattern of this award. The first
written agreement negotiated by a committee
representing the operators and the United Mine
Workers was a 3-year extension of this award and
was effective from 1906 to 1909.
The wage structure of the anthracite mining
industry is very complex because of the physical
composition of the coal veins (whether they are
narrow or wide, flat, horizontal or vertical, or a
combination of any of these properties). Rates
are also determined by the amount of rock en­
countered in the vein. The evolution of the
present wage structure, therefore, has involved
a historical variation in methods of compensa­
tion among areas, jobs, and for the same job
among locations at the mine.
Workers in an anthracite mine are classified as
either inside employees or outside employees.
Inside workers are further classified as (1) miners
and laborers who cut and load coal onto conveyors
or into mine cars, and (2) all other employees
whose occupations relate to transportation, tim­
bering, pumping, ventilation, and other general
underground work.
Licensed or contract miners’ rates are compli­
cated to a great degree by the varying physical
characteristics, and piece rates are largely deter­
mined by these circumstances. Contract miners’
rates are generally based on amount of coal (meas­
ured by mine cars loaded or yards advanced in
the coal vein) supplemented by separate contract
rates covering special conditions. In some situa­
tions, miners receive hourly rates in addition to
i For the purpose and scope of the wage chronology series, see M onthly
Labor Review, December 1948. Reprints of lhis chronology are available
on request.
s The counties are: Luzerne, Schuylkill, Lackawanna, Northumberland
and Carbon. The other anthracite-producing counties are: Susquehanna,
Sullivan, Dauphin, and Columbia. Dredge coal only is produced in Lan­
caster, Lebanon, Northampton, and Snyder Counties.
3 The following is a brief summary of previous organizations: 1849-50—
Bates Union at Schuylkill; 1850-61—no organization; 1861-65—American
Miners’ Association; 1864-76—Workingmen’s Benevolent Society; 1873—
W BS changed name to Miners’ National Association; 1877-88—Knights of
Labor organized some miners under name of National Trade Assembly, No.
135; 1883-85—Amalgamated Association of Miners; 1885—AAM succeeded
by National Federation of Miners and Mine Laborers; 1888—N FM M L
changed name to National Progressive Union of Miners and Mine Laborers;
and 1890—National Progressive Union and Knights of Labor (National
Trade Assembly, No. 135) joined to form United Mine Workers. Twentyone districts were organized, one of them being District 1, Anthracite,
Pennsylvania.
4 The operators agreed that the Commission should consist of five men: an
officer of the Army or N avy; a mining engineer, not connected with the
anthracite or bituminous industry; a Federal judge of the Eastern District
of Pennsylvania; a sociologist; and a man who was active in mining and selling
coal.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. SO

contract (piecework) rates during a payroll
period.6 When a licensed miner works for hourly
and daily rates he is classified as either a consid­
eration miner or a company miner.6 Inside em­
ployees, other than contract miners, and all out­
side employees are paid at hourly, daily, or
monthly rates.
Premium payments for all employees except
contract miners are computed at one and a half
times the basic rate for work in excess of 7 hours
a day and on the sixth consecutive day of the week;
and double time on the seventh consecutive day.
Contract miners working on the sixth consecutive
day receive one and a half times their average
daily earnings for the pay period computed at
contract rates; for the seventh consecutive day,
they receive double time. In addition, all em­
ployees receive premium pay for work on the
second and third shifts. Inside employees receive
pay for travel time; outside employees have an
amount equivalent to travel-time pay added to
their basic rates. Additional payments are made
to contract workers on a per diem basis because
the daily increases granted in the recent years
have not been translated into their contract rates.
Table D of this chronology which was collected
and compiled by the industry’s Anthracite Oper­
ators’ Wage Agreement Committee shows earn­
ings for selected mining occupations. Full-time
daily and weekly earnings are reported for all
workers and include straight-time payments and

529

all premium payments. The data for contract
miners represent the full-time average daily earn­
ings at contract rates, based on a full 7-hour day,
although the miners frequently work less than 7
hours. Excluded from earnings is the amount
representing purchases by contract miners of
explosives and other tools and supplies.
Since operators and the union had bargained
collectively for many years, the first provisions in
this chronology reported for 1930 do not neces­
sarily indicate changes from prior conditions of
employment. The 1951 agreement, effective Feb­
ruary 1, was an amendment to the June 7, 1946,
agreement, which had amendments as of July 10,
1947; July 3, 1948; and March 9, 1950. It could
be terminated on 60 days’ written notice by
either party after March 31, 1952.
* The practice of employing contract miners’ laborers is confined primarily
to District 1 of the anthracite mining region. From 1920 to and including
the agreement of M ay 20, 1941, the parties operated under a formula which
was used to determine the proportionate share of the contract laborer’s total
earnings to be paid by the contract miner and by the operator. During this
period, the custom in the anthracite industry was to negotiate general wage
changes on a percentage basis. In applying these increases to the contract
laborer’s earnings, the miner and the operator each contributed his prede­
termined share. After the 1941 agreement, wage increases to contract miners
and their laborers have been uniformly negotiated or directed in terms of a
specified amount per day. The full amounts of such increases have been
assumed and paid by the operator. Thus, in 1951, the miner contributed
that portion of the laborer’s earnings for which he was responsible under the
agreement of M ay 20, 1941, and the operators paid the balance, together
with all increases since the agreement. In a few instances, the laborers share
in the incentive earnings of the contract miner.
4 In addition, some areas have a system of “buddy” mining. Under this
arrangement, two contract miners work together (instead of a contract miner
and a laborer) and share their earnings equally.

A-—Changes in Basic Wages and Hours in Anthracite Mines, 1930-51
Normal schedule
of work
Effective date
D ays
week

D aily hours
paid for

Amount of wage change

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

the
T otal At
site

Outside Company Workers
Sept. 1, 1930 (agreement of
Aug. 8, 1930).
M ay 1, 1937 (agreement of
M ay 7,1936).

6

8

8

N one...................................... - .......................................

5

7

7

14.28 percent increase an hour_________________

M ay 1,1941 (agreement of
M ay 20, 1941).
Oct. 1, 1941 (agreement of
M ay 20,1941).
Jan. 9, 1943 (agreement of
Jan. 9,1943).

5

7

7

7.5 percent increase an hour_____ ____ _________

5

7

7

2.5 percent increase an hour.._________________

6

7

7

None__________________________ _____ . . . .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Previous 8-hour pay established as new rate for 7-hour day.
Employees permitted to work 6 days during any 12 weeks
in the contract year selected by the employer. Em ­
ployees on continuously manned operations and certain
others exempt from 7-hour maximum.

6-day week authorized by supplemental agreement.
Weekly earnings increased by added workday paid at
premium rates (see overtime provisions).

530

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 30

MONTHLY LABOR

A—Changes in Basic Wages and Hours in Anthracite Mines, 1930-51—Continued
Normal schedule
of work
Effective date
D ays
per
week

D aily hours
paid for

Amount of wage change

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

the
Total Atsite

Outside Company Workers— Continued
M ay 1, 1943_____________

6

7

7

4.6 cents an hour increase: 32.2 cents a day

N ov. 3,1943 (agreement of
N ov. 3,1943).

6

7H

7H

N one__ __________ _________________________

M ay 1, 1945 (agreement of
M ay 19,1945).

6

7H

7K $1,132 a day increase__________________ _______

M ay 31,1946 (agreement of
June 7, 1946).
Aug. 1, 1947 (agreement of
July 10,1947).
July 16,1948 (agreement of
July 3,1948).
Mar. 16, 1950 (agreement
of Mar. 9,1950).
Feb. 1, 1951 (agreement of
Jan. 26, 1951).

5

7

7

18.5 cents an hour increase: $1,295 a day...............

5

7

7

17.1 cents an hour increase: $1.20 a day.............. .

5

7

7

14.3 cents an hour increase: $1 a d a y .,-...............

5

7

7

10 cents an hour increase: 70 cents a day_______

5

7

7

22.8 cents an hour increase: $1.60 a day..................

In accordance with National War Labor Board Directive
Order of Oct. 28, 1943. The Order also established a
minimum rate of 57 cents an hour for boys and disabled
men on outside work.
D aily earnings increased 37.8 cents by lengthened work­
day, the added ]4, hour being paid for at premium rates
(see overtime provisions).
Flat amount added to previous 7 \ i hours’ pay to maintain
differential between earnings of inside and outside
workers.

Inside Company Workers
Normal schedule of work
Effective date

D aily hours paid for
D ays
per
week Total In the Trav­
mine
el

Amount of wage change

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Sept. 1, 1930 (agreement
of Aug. 8,1930).
M ay 1,1937 (agreement
of M ay 7,1936).

6

8

8

0

None.............................................................................

5

7

7

0

14.28 percent increase an hour_______________

M ay 1,1941 (agreement
of M ay 20,1941).
Oct. 1, 1941 (agreement
of M ay 20,1941).
Jan. 9, 1943 (agreement
of Jan. 9, 1943).

5

7

7

0

7.5 percent increase an hour..................................

5

7

7

0

2.5 percent increase an hour___ ____ _________

6

7

7

0

N o n e .- _________________

M ay 1, 1943.......................

6

7

7

0

N ov. 3, 1943 (agreement
of N ov. 3,1943).

6

7H

7H

0

M ay 1, 1945 (agreement
of M ay 19, 1945).

6

8

7M

M ay 31,1946 (agreement
of June 7,1946).
Aug. 1, 1947 (agreement
of July 10,1947).

5

7

7

6-day week authorized by supplemental agreement.
Weekly earnings increased by added workday paid at
premium rates (see overtime provisions).
4.6 cents an hour increase: 32.2 cents a day___ In accordance with National War Labor Board Directive
Order of Oct. 28, 1943. The Order also established a
minimum rate of 64 cents an hour for boys and dis­
abled men on inside work.
N one___ _____ __________ ______ ______ ____ Daily earnings increased 37.8 cents by lengthened workday, the added lA hour being paid for at premium rates
(see overtime provisions).
N o n e .............................................. ................ ......... D aily and weekly earnings increased by payment for
travel time, and by premium rates for productive and
travel time after 35 elapsed hours during workweek
and after 7 hours a day (see overtime and traveltime
provisions).
18.5 cents an horn increase: $1,295 a day............

5

7

7

17.1 cents an hour increase: $1.20 a day______


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

H

_______________

Previous 8-hour pay established as new rate for 7-hour
day. Employees permitted to work 6 days dining any
12 weeks in the contract year selected by the employer.
Employees on continuously manned operations and
certain others exempt from 7-hour maximum.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952

531

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. SO

A—Changes in Basic Wages and Hours in Anthracite Mines, 1930-51—Continued

Inside Company Workers— Continued
July 16,1948 (agreement
of July 3, 1948).
Mar. 16, 1950 (agree­
ment of Mar. 9,1950).
Feb. 1, 1951 (agreement
of Jan. 26, 1951).

5

7

7

14.3 cents an hour increase: $1 a day_________

5

7

7

10 cents an hour increase: 70 cents a day.........

5

7

7

22.8 cents an hour increase: $1.60 a day______

-

Contract Workers
6

8

8

0

None______________________ ______________

5

7

7

0

N one____________

5

7

7

0

7.5 percent increase in contract r a tes-................

5

7

7

0

2.5 percent increase in contract rates...................

6

7

7

0

N one__ __________ _______________________

M ay 1, 1943___________

6

7

7

0

N ov. 3,1943 (agreement
of N ov. 3, 1943).

6

iY i

m

0

M ay 1, 1945 (agreement
of M ay 19, 1945).

6

8

7Y i

M ay 31, 1946 (agree­
ment of June 7, 1946).
Aug. 1, 1947 (agreement
of July 10, 1947).
July 16,1948 (agreement
of July 3, 1948).
Mar. 16, 1950 (agree­
ment of Mar. 9, 1950).
Feb. 1, 1951 (agreement
of Jan. 26, 1951).

5

7

7

5

7

7

5

7

7

5

7

7

5

7

7

Sept. 1,1930 (agreement
of Aug. 8, 1930).
M ay 1,1937 (agreement
of M ay 7, 1936).
M ay 1,1941 (agreement
of M ay 20, 1941).
Oct. 1, 1941 (agreement
of M ay 20, 1941).
Jan. 9, 1943 (agreement
of Jan. 9, 1943).

%

_______________________

No change in contract rates. Employees permitted to
work 6 days during each of 12 weeks in the contract year
selected by the employer.

6-day week authorized by supplemental agreement.
Weekly earnings increased by added workday paid at
premium rates (see overtime provisions).
4.6 cents an hour increase: 32.2 cents a start___
In accordance with National War Labor Board Directive
Order of Oct. 28, 1943.
N one_____________________________________ D aily earnings increased 37.8 cents by lengthened work­
day, the added H hour being paid for at premium rates
(see overtime provisions).
N one__________________________________
D aily and weekly earnings increased by payment for
travel time, and by premium rates for productive and
travel time after 35 elapsed hours during workweek and
after 7 hours a day (see overtime and traveltime pro­
visions).
$1,295 a start increase, or 18.5 cents an hour____ Flat amount of $1,295 a start added to daily tonnage or
piece-rate earnings as previously computed.
$1.20 a start increase, or 17.1 cents an hour_____ Flat amount, a total of $2,495, added to daily tonnage or
piece-rate earnings as previously computed.
$1 a start increase, or 14.3 cents an hour______ Flat amount, a total of $3,495, added to daily tonnage or
piece-rate earnings as previously computed.
70 cents a start increase, or 10 cents an hour.. . Flat amount, a total of $4,195, added to daily tonnage or
piece-rate earnings as previously computed.
$1.60 a start increase, or 22.8 cents an hour___ Flat amount, a total of $5,795, added to daily tonnage or
piece-rate earnings as previously computed.

B—Changes in Pay Provisions for Overtime and Travel Time in Anthracite Mines, 1930-51
Inside company workers

Effective date

Outside company workers

Contract workers

Overtime P ay
Sept. 1, 1930 (by agree­
ment of Mar. 5, 1916).
Jan. 9, 1943 - ________

M ay 1,1943 (by N W L B
Order Oct. 28, 1943).

Straight-time rates paid for work in excess of 7 hours a day 1________________________
Time and one-half for work on 6th consecutive day. Premium rate not paid if fewer
hours were voluntarily worked on 6th day than during preceding 5 days. Premium
rate paid on 6th day if employee reported for work without prior notice and work
was not available on any one or more of the 5 preceding days.

A dried • IJnnhle time for work on 7th consecutive dav.2

S ee fo o tn o te s a t end o f tab le.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

___

—

Time and one-half of average earnings
during semimonthly pay period for work
on 6th consecutive day. Premium rate
not paid if fewer hours were voluntarily
worked on 6th day than during preced­
ing 5 days. Premium rate paid on 6th
day if work was not available and em­
ployee was not given notice prior to re­
porting for work on any one or more of the
5 preceding days.

532

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. SO

MONTHLY LABOR

B—Changes in Pay Provisions for Overtime and Travel Time in Anthracite Mines, 1930-51—Con.
Effective date

Inside company workers

Outside company workers

Contract workers

Overtime P a y— Continued
N ov. 3, 1943.

Added: Time and one-half paid for additional H hour productive tim e.

Mar. 8,1944.
M ay 1, 1945.

Added: Tim e and one-half for work in excess of 40 hours a week
Changed to: Time and one-half for work in excess of 7 hours a day or 35 hours a week and for the 6th consecutive day; double time
for 7th consecutive day. Computation of overtime rate not to include 37.8 cents for 15-minute lunch period, shift prem ium s,
travel pay, and differential allowance paid to outside company workers. 50.4 cents a start to contract workers, or a day to other
workers, for additional H-hour productive time worked on the 7th consecutive day.
Added: Shift premiums and differential allowance paid outside company men included Added: Time and one-half for the 6th
in computation of overtime rate.
consecutive day worked in any 6-day
week to be computed on basis of average
daily earnings (including general wage
increases and shift premium per start)
during semimonthly pay period during
which overtime was worked.

M ay 31,1946

Added: 37.8 cents a start paid for addi­
tional H-hour productive time.

P a y for Travel Time
Sept. 1, 1930___________
M ay 1, 1945___________ 45 minutes of travel pay: $1,132 a day.
N ot subject to overtime provisions.
M ay 31, 1946__________ Increased to: $1,339 a d a y ......................... .

No provisions for traveltime pay
No provisions for traveltime p a y . _ . . .
No provisions for traveltime pay___

1 Certain groups (i. e., motor-runners) received an additional hour’s
straight-time pay regardless of the portion of the 8th hour worked. A
N W L B Order of June 6, 1945 changed this provision to pay for 1 hour or
time and one-half, whichever was greater.

45 minutes of travel pay: $1,132 a start.
N ot subject to overtime provisions.
Increased to: $1,339 a start.

» In accordance with Executive Order 9240 of National War Labor Board
effective September 9, 1942.

C—Changes in Related Wage Practices in Anthracite Mines, 1930-51
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Shift Prem ium P a y
Sept, l, 1930______________________
M ay 1, 1945________ ________ _____

No provision for shift premium pay
O u t s i d e a n d i n s i d e w o r k e r s : 4 cents an hour premium pay
for work on second shift, 6 cents on third shift.
C o n t r a c t w o r k e r s : 28 cents a start for work on second shift,
42 cents on third shift.

M ay 31, 1946_..________ ___________

Time and one-half shift premiums paid for work on 2d
and 3d shifts, respectively, on the 6th consecutive day.

Holiday P a y
Sept. 1,1930______________________ No provision for holiday pay
___ . . _____ Time and one-half for work on 6 holidays. N o pay for
Mar. 8, 1944__
holidays not worked.
M ay 31,1946______________________ Added: 2 holidays (total 8)

Holidays specified were: N ew Year’s D ay, Memorial Day,
Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
Holidays added were: Lincoln’s Birthday and October 29
(Mitchell D ay). A holiday not worked but w ithin the
first 5 days of week counted as worked for the purpose of
computing 6th and 7th consecutive days.

P a id Vacations
Sept. 1, 1930______________________
M ay 1, 1941___

June 1, 1943______________________


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

No provision for paid vacations
Employees who worked in each semimonthly pay period
during year to receive 10 calendar days vacation, paid
for by a lump sum of $20.
Payment increased to $25___________ . . .

Time lost during semimonthly pay periods because of
accident, sickness or excused absence construed as tim e
worked.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952

533

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. SO

C—Changes in Related Wage Practices in Anthracite Mines, 1930-51—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

P aid Vacations — Continued
July 15,1944________________

Increased to $50................. ....................... ....................................

June 15, 1945______ _________
June 15, 1946____ ____ ______
Aug. 1, 1947________________

Increased to $75________ ________
Increased to $100...................... .
. . .

Work in 6 pay periods in vacation year required to be eligible
for vacation benefits. Employees who did not work
each semimonthly period to be paid pro rata share of
vacation money. Maximum time construed as worked
hi case of accident, sickness, etc., limited to 12 monthsVacations suspended but full vacation payment made.
Vacation suspended but full vacation payment made.
Vacation period limited to 4 days but full payment m ade.
10-calendar-day vacation period restored.

Work Tools, Equipment, and S u pplies
Sept. 1,1930____ ___________
M ay 1, 1943_________ ______

No provision for supply of work tools, etc_____ ____ _____
Necessary tools, blacksmithing and safety equipment and
devices, including electric cap lamps and carbide, fur­
nished by operators. Contract miners furnished neces­
sary tools or cash equivalent.

Ordered by N W L B Directive Order of Oct. 28, 1943.
Matters affecting costs of explosives governed by pre­
vailing agreements. Employees reimbursed for tools
purchased since M ay 30,1943.

Health and Welfare Benefits
Sept. 1, 1930

No provision for health and welfare benefits................. ........

June 1,1946.

Welfare and retirement fund established to provide bene­
fit payments to miners and dependents or survivors
in case of sickness, disability, death or retirement, and
for other related purposes.1 Financed through contri­
butions by operators of 5 cents for each ton of coal pro­
duced for use or sale.
Operators’ contribution to welfare and retirement fund
increased to 10 cents a ton produced or used.
Operators’ contribution to welfare and retirement fund
increased to 20 cents a ton produced or used.
Operators’ contribution to welfare and retirement fund
increased to 30 cents a ton produced or used.
Operators’ contribution to welfare and retirement fund
increased to 50 cents a ton produced or used.

Aug. 1 ,1 9 4 7 .-._________ ____ _
Aug. 1, 1948______________________
Mar. 16, 1950...........................................
Oct. 1, 1952 (by agreement Sept. 17,
1952).

1 The fund also sponsors a program of research and treatment of anthracosilicosis. The union has a reciprocal agreement with the bituminous welfare

Death benefits of $150 paid to dependents in event of
accident at colliery.
Death benefits of $1,000 paid to designated beneficiary
whether resulting from occupational or nonoccupaticnal
illness or accident. If not designated paid in following
order: Widow, children, parents, sisters or brothers,
executor or administrator. Pensions of $100 a month,
were provided.

A WSB ruling held that since no increase in benefits above
the level of Jan. 25,1951 was involved, prior approval was
not necessary.

fund whereby all silicosis injuries in the coal mines are cared for out of the
anthracite fund and all back injuries out of the bituminous fund.

D—Full-Time Daily and Weekly Earnings and Straight-Time Hourly Earnings 1 for Selected
Occupations in Anthracite Mines, 1930-51
Effective date
Occupational group

Sept.
1,
1930

May
1,
1941

Oct.
1941

Jan.
9,
1943

N ov.
3,
1943

Vari­
ous,
1944

M ay
1,
1945

M ay
31,
1946

Aug.
1,
1947

July
16,
1948

Mar.
16,
1950

$8. 39

$9.63

$9. 85

$10.17

$10.78

$10.76

$12.27

$13. 37

$14.51

$15. 49

$16.20

41.93

48.13

49. 23

M ay
1

,

1937 »

1

,

Feb.
1,
1951

I n s id e w o rk e rs

Contract Miners at Contract Rates: s
Full-time daily earnings__
$8. 63
Full-time weekly earnings:
5day week_____________ __ 43.13
6day week__ _
__
Straight-time hourly earnings________ __ 1.078
Company Miners and Other Skilled Pro­
ducers at Hourly R a tes:4
Full-time daily earnings... . . . _ ______ 6. 40
Full-time weekly earnings:
5day week________________ 33.19
6day w eek__
Straight-time hourly earnings__________
.773
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f tab le.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.198

1.375

1. 407

50.86
66.16
1.453

53.88
69.69
1.540

53. 78
69. 51
1.537

61.33
78.76
1.753

66. 85
85. 46
1. 910

72.57
93.40
2.073

77.47
80.98
99. 95 104.20
2. 213
2. 314

$17.98
89.86
115. 59
2.568.

6. 37

6.78

6.89

6.94

7. 49

7. 64

8.90

10. 39

11.61

12. 61

13.27

14.87

32. 07

34.07

34. 57

34.84
45.17
.989

37.65
48. 64
1.068

38.40
49.65
1.089

44. 77
57.14
1.269

52.27
67.01
1.481

58.38
74. 71
1. 654

63.43
81.02
1.797

66.72
85. 36
1.892

74. 75
95.85
2.120

.909

.967

.982

534

MONTHLY LABOR

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. SO

D—Full-Time Daily and Weekly Earnings and Straight-Time Hourly Earnings 1 for Selected
Occupations in Anthracite Mines, 1930-19—Continued
Effective date
Occupational group

Miners’ Laborers Sharing in Earnings of
Contract M iners:3
Full-time daily earnings__________ ___
Full-time weekly earnings:
5day week________________
6day week _ _ _
Straight-time hourly earnings________ Miners’ Laborers at Hourly R ates:3
Full-time daily earnings_______________
Full-time weekly earnings:
5day week________________
6day week
Straight-time hourly earnings__________
Transportation Employees:6
Full-time daily earnings______ ______ ___
Full-time weekly earnings:
5-day week-__ _ _ ___ _________ _____
6-day w eek.. ______ _
___
Straight-time hourly earnings__________
Other Unclassified Inside Employees:7
Full-time daily earnings_______________
Full-time weekly earnings:
5day week__ ___________
6day week .
Straight-time hourly earnings__________

Sept.
1,
1930

M ay
1,
1937 3

M ay
1,
1941

Oct.
1,
1941

Jan.
9,
1943

N ov.
3,
1943

Vari­
ous,
1944

M ay
1,
1945

M ay
31,
1946

Aug.
1,
1947

July
16,
1948

Mar.
16,
1950

$10.77

$11. 91

$12.80

$13.52

$6. 65

$6.58

$7.19

$7.29

$7.28

$8.12

$8.17

$9.47

33.23

32. 91

35. 95

36. 43

36. 39
46.74
1.040

40. 63
51.73
1.160

40. 87
52.12
1.167

47. 37
59.90
1. 353

.831

.940

1. 027

1.041

53.86
68.42
1.539

59. 52
75.69
1. 701

64.00
81.36
1.829

67.62
85.68
1.931

Feb.
1,
1951

$15.13
75. 59
95. 89
2.161

5.89

5.87

6.30

6. 46

6.57

7.15

7. 40

8.59

9. 96

11.23

12.22

12.82

14.43

29. 52

29. 47

31. 59

32. 42

32.95
42.44
.936

35. 91
45. 49
1.019

37.17
47.40
1.055

43.18
54.49
1. 223

50.06
64.79
1. 417

56. 46
71.60
1.599

61.45
78.27
1.740

64.51
82. 34
1.826

72.62
92. 70
2.054

.730

.837

.897

.921

5. 62

5.77

6.20

6.35

6.37

6.99

7.10

8.42

10.04

11.32

12.41

13.16

14.88

28.32

29.08

31.26

31.99

32.17
41.54
.867

35.31
45. 21
.954

35.89
45. 95
.965

42.57
53. 87
1.139

50.76
64.22
1.351

57.22
72.49
1.521

62.75
79.53
1.667

66.53
84.38
1. 766

75.24
95.50
1.994

.668

.784

.843

.863

5.54

5. 65

6.07

6. 21

6.24

6.87

7.00

8.24

9.78

11.01

12.03

12.76

14.39

29.54

30.13

32.37

33.12

33.40
42. 21
.876

36.91
46. 59
.967

38.24
48.33
.983

45.05
56. 08
1.156

53.47
66.50
1.367

60.22
74.99
1. 539

65.84
82 06
1.681

69.81
87.04
1.783

78.76
98.48
2. Oil

13.01

13.81

.675

.793

.852

.872

O u ts id e W o r k e r s

Power Plant Employees:8
Full-time daily earnings........... .................... 5.40
Full-time weekly earnings:
5-day week______________ ____ ______ 32. 87
6-day week
.623
Straight-time hourly earnings___ _______
Preparation Plant Employees:9
Full-time daily earnings—_____ _________ 4.78
Full-time weekly earnings:
5day week________________ 25.12
6day week
.570
Straight-time hourly earnings__________
Other Unclassified Outside Em ployees:10
5.24
Full-time daily earnings____ _________
Full-time weekly earnings:
5day week________________ 28.46
6day week
.622
Straight-time hourly earnings__________

5. 81

6.25

6.39

6.46

7.07

7.23

8.60

10.47

11.85

35. 51

38.25

39.08

44.08
45. 91
.825

49.24
51.83
.910

53. 51
56.44
.926

62.78
65.84
1.113

76.99
80.73
1.299

87.14
95.69 101.68
91.46 100. 27 106. 69
1.469
1.613
1.712

.750

.807

.825

4.90

5. 27

5.39

5.42

6.05

6.14

7.45

8.86

10.11

11.17

11.91

13.58

25. 71

27.66

28. 29

28.63
36. 57
.748

31.94
41.03
.836

32.65
42.07
.847

39.76
50.16
1.021

53.48
60.39
1.206

54.07
68.96
1.374

59.69
76.14
1.519

63. 76
81.23
1.619

72.60
92.66
1.846

.676

.727

.744

5.44

5. 85

5.99

6.02

6.58

6.68

8.02

9.49

10.74

11.81

12.57

14.27

29.54

31.76

32.51

33.14
41.16
.819

36.47
45. 71
.901

37.59
47.34
.914

45.08
55. 71
1.087

53.47
66. 48
1.273

60.54
75.40
1.440

66.53
82.85
1.581

70.79
88.18
1.683

80.41
100.10
1.910

.740

.795

.814

1 Full-time daily and weekly earnings reflect scheduled hours in effect
during the various periods specified and include straight-time and premium
pay, e. g., for scheduled overtime hours, paid lunch period, travel pay, and
per diem (start) payments to contract workers. Beginning Jan. 9, 1943,
full-time weekly earnings for a 6-day week include premium pay for work
on 6 consecutive days. After Jan. 9, 1943, the earnings for employees in a
limited number of occupations who normally work on the sixth and seventh
consecutive days include premium rates for the sixth day following a 5-day
week and the seventh day following a 6-day week. Beginning M ay 1, 1945,
shift premium and travel pay are included in the earnings of workers receiving
these payments. Straight-time hourly earnings exclude all premium pay
for overtime.
9 The workday was changed by this agreement from 8 hours to 7 hours while
daily rates were maintained.
3 The data for contract miners and their laborers were based on contract
rates or piecework. Included only are those miners’ and laborers’ earnings
when at least 70 percent of total earnings were derived from piecework or
contract rates. Straight-time hourly earnings were computed by dividing
the average daily earnings at contract rates by 7 hours, even though contract
miners frequently work less than 7 hours a day. The earnings of contract
miners are reported on a so-called “ net basis.” N et earnings were arrived
at by deducting from “ gross earnings,” at contract rates, the amount repre­
senting purchases of explosives and other contract supplies. The same
applied to all employees required to purchase tools, to pay for the sharpening
of tools, or to buy or maintain certain items of working equipment, including
electric cap lamps and carbide.
4 “ Other skilled producers” include employees operating undercutting and
loading machines; set-up and repair mechanics; timbermen, original and re­
timbering; and rockmen working in connection with development and re­
opening underground.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

15. 66
115.30
120. 95
1.941

5 Miners’ laborers include all miners’ laborers paid on hourly rate: timbermen’s helpers; rockmen’s helpers; starters of coal in chutes; dumpmen on
intermediate level; and any other unskilled laborers.
6 Transportation employees include underground hoisting engineers,
runners, drivers, spraggers, motormen, motormen’s helpers, headmen and
footmen, shaft repairmen, trackmen or roadmen and helpers, and road
cleaners.
7 Unclassified inside employees include machinists, pipemen, electricians,
and like skilled repairmen and their helpers whose regular stations are under­
ground as well as employees working in connection with pumping and hoist­
ing water and ventilation underground.
8 Power plant employees include firemen, coal and ash handlers, and water
tenders.
9 Preparation plant employees include all employees directly engaged in
work incident to the operation of breaker, washery, or other preparation
plants, and to the disposal of refuse and mine rock.
10 Unclassified outside employees include surface hoisting and other engi­
neers, carpenters, machinists, electricians and like skilled repairmen; timber
yardmen; employees engaged in stripping operations and the recovery of
bank material; and surface truck drivers.

Source: D ata collected and compiled by the Anthracite Operators’ Wage
Agreement Committee.

— D eborah

T.

B ond

and A lbert

A.

B elm an

D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 31

Wage Chronology No. 31:
Sinclair Oil Companies, 1941-52
T he relatively long se r ie s of agreements
between Sinclair Oil Corp. subsidiaries and the
Oil Workers International Union (CIO) consti­
tutes an unusual collective-bargaining situation in
the petroleum industry in the United States.1
Generally, in the petroleum industry, the parties
negotiate their agreements on a plant-by-plant
basis, while in this instance, the contracts cover
the major part of the companies’ operations.
The Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corp. was organ­
ized in 1919. In 1932, when a reorganization took
place, the name was changed to the Consolidated
Oil Corp. Further change in corporate title was
effected in May 1943, when the present title of
Sinclair Oil Corp. was adopted. Currently the
corporation is sole owner of Sinclair Refining Co.,
Sinclair Oil and Gas Co., Sinclair Pipe Line Co.,
and Sinclair Research Laboratories, Inc. (all oper­
ating within the United States). Sinclair Refining
Co. operates plants at Houston and Corpus
Christi, Tex.; East Chicago, Ind.; Marcus Hook,
Pa.; Wellsville, N. Y.; Sinclair, Wyo.; and Wood
River, 111. (not covered by the CIO contract).
Sinclair Oil and Gas Co. operates about 7,000 oil
and over 200 gas wells in the United States. More
than 14,000 miles of trunk, gathering, and branch
pipe lines in Wyoming, from the Gulf of Mexico to
the Great Lakes, and from Indiana to Pennsyl­
vania are operated by Sinclair’s pipe line sub­
sidiary.
1 For purpose and scope of the wage chronology series, see M onthly Labor
Review, December 1948. Reprints of this chronology are available on
request.

535

The first Nation-wide contract between the
Sinclair companies and the Oil Workers was
negotiated in 1934. At that time, the union,
affiliated with the American Federation of Labor,
was called the International Association of Oil
Field, Gas Well, and Refinery Workers of America.
In 1937, the name was changed to Oil Workers
International Union; in 1938, when the Congress of
Industrial Organizations was formed, the union
was among its first affiliates.
Although the majority of the approximately
10,000 workers covered by the contract between
the Sinclair subsidiaries and the Oil Workers
Union are engaged in refining occupations, sub­
stantial numbers are employed at the oil wells
and in the pipeline segment of the industry and
some in the research departments. Excluded
from the bargaining unit are the following occu­
pational classifications: supervisory; executive,
administrative, and professional; clerical; and
technical.
This chronology traces the major changes in
wage rates and related wage practices agreed upon
between April 1, 1941, and July 1952. Provisions
recorded as in effect at the beginning of this period
do not necessarily indicate changes from previous
conditions of employment, since written agree­
ments governing wage rates and related conditions
of employment had been in effect since 1934. The
contract effective July 1, 1952, to remain in force
until June 30, 1953, contained significant changes
in the Employees Benefit Plan. An agreement to
bargain, during the life of the contract, on the
institution of an Employees Thrift or Savings
Plan, was also reached in the 1952 negotiations.

A— General Wage Changes 1
Provision

Effective date
1 , 1941 (by
a g r e e m e n t of
June 27, 1941).
__
S e p t .1, 1941
__
S e p t .1, 1942
Jan. 1 1946 (by
a g r e e m e n t of
D ec. 17, 1945).
O ct. 1 1946 (by
a g r e e m e n t of
N ov. 15, 1946).
A pr.

5 cents an hour increase.
10 cents an hour increase____
5.5 cents an hour increase____
18 percent increase, averaging
approxim ately 25 cents an
hour.
18 cents an hour increase____

See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

The increase ($31.20 a month) was a cost-of-living adjustm ent
based on the Bureau of Labor S tatistics’ Consumers’ Price
Index during the 9-m onth period ending Sept. 30, 1946. There­
after, adjustm ents were to be based on a quarterly review of
the CPI. N o changes were to be made unless the index increased
or decreased 3 points. None of the cost-of-living changes were
incorporated in base rates. N o reduction below the base period
rates was perm itted.2

536

W AG E CHRONOLOGY NO. 81

MONTHLY LABOR

A—General Wage Changes 1—Continued
Provision

Effective date
Jan. 1 , 1 9 4 7 ______
Apr. 1, 1947______
June 30, 1947-------July 1, 1947 (by
a g r e e m e n t of
Aug. 1, 1 9 4 7 ) .
June 30, 1948 (by
a g r e e m e n t of
M ay 8, 1948).
July 1, 1948 (by
a g r e e m e n t of
M ay 8, 1948).
July 1, 1949 to
Sept. 30, 1950.
Oct. 1, 1950 (by
a g r e e m e n t of
N ov. 25, 1950).
Oct. 1, 1950 to
Mar. 31, 1951.
Apr. 1, 1951 (by
a g r e e m e n t of
Apr. 20, 1951).
July 1, 1951_______

Oct. 1, 1951_______
Jan. 1, 1952----------Apr. 1, 1952_______
Apr. 30, 1952_____
M ay 1, 1952 (by
a g r e e m e n t of
M ay 19, 1952).

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

7 cents an hour increase (total
25 cents).
3 cents an hour increase (total
28 cents).
28 cents an hour cost-ofliving allowance abolished.
25 cents an hour increase____

Quarterly adjustm ent of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly adjustm ent of cost-of-living allowance.
Escalator privision discontinued.
The 25 cents consisted of a 15-cent increase in base rates and a
10-cent bonus paym ent which was not made a part of the w age
structure.
10-cent bonus incorporated into wage structure.

17.5 cents an hour increase__
Inequity adjustm ents, averaging 2.5 cents an hour, granted b y
geographic location.
6-percent or 10-cent-an-hour
increase, w hichever was
greater. Average 11.4 cents
an hour.
3.7-percent increase, averaging
7.5 cents an hour.
No change__________________

1 cent an hour increase.______
3 cents an hour increase (total
4 ce n ts).
1 cent an hour decrease (total
3 c e n ts).
3 cents an hour cost-of-living
allowance abolished.
15 cents an hour increase____

Inequity adjustm ents, averaging 2 cents an hour, granted b y
geographic location.
Balance of am ount allowable under W SB regulations.
First quarterly review in accordance w ith escalator clause in 1951contract, providing for 1-cent adjustm ent for each 1-point
change in CPI; wage rates not to go below April 1, 1951, levels.
Approved by WSB in Sept. 1951.2
Quarterly adjustm ent of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly adjustm ent of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly adjustm ent of cost-of-living allowance.
Escalator provision discontinued.
$36.50 flat am ount of retroactive pay representing 9-cent hourly
increase for the period Jan. 1, 1952, through Apr. 30, 1952, only,
less cost-of-living allowances received during such period.

i General wage changes are construed as upward or downward adjust­
ments that affect an entire establishment, bargaining unit, or substantial
group of employees at one time. Not included within the term are adjust­
ments in individual rates (promotions, merit increases, etc.) and minor
adjustments in wage structure that do not have an immediate effect on the
general wage level.

The changes that are listed above were the major adjustments in wage
rates made during the period covered. Because of fluctuations in earnings
occasioned by premiumrates and other factors, the total of the general changes
listed will not necessarily coincide with the changes in average hourly earn­
ings over the period of the chronology.
1Only base rates used in determining payments under certain fringe
benefits.

B—Basic Hourly Rates Paid for Selected Refinery Occupations on Specified Dates, 1941-52
Occupation

Corpus
Christi,
T ex.1

East
Chicago, Houston,
Tex.
Ind.

Marcus
Hook,
Pa.

Sinclair,
Wyo.

Wellsville,
N . Y.

Corpus
Christi,
Tex.2

East
Chicago, Houston,
Tex.
Ind.

Jan. 1,1941
Boilermakers___ _ _ ___
Boilermakers’ helpers____ _
Firemen______________ ____
Light oil treaters____ ______
Laborers, common_________
Laborers, entrance__________
Laborers, skilled___________
M achinists.. . . . . . . . . __
M achinists’ helpers___ ____
Pipe fitte r s ________________
Pipe fitters’ helpers_________
Pumpers___ _ _. _________
S tillm e n __________ ______
Stillmen’s helpers________ _
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.16
.935
1.015
1.315
.755
.65
.755
1.16
.935
1.16
.935
1.315
1.315
1.125

$1.15
.86
1.04
1.155
.58
.48
.63
1.15
.86
1.15
.85
1.10
1.315
1.05

Sinclair,
Wyo.

Wellsville,
N . Y.

Jan. 1,1945

$1.15
.975
1.135
.74
.65
.80
1.15
.975
1.15
.975
1.05
1.314
1.11

Marcus
Hook,
Pa.

$1.18
.72
.65
.85
1.18
.93
1.06
.85
1.18
1.315
1.11

$0.975
1.10
.63
.63
.70
1.08
.83
1.08
.83
.92
1.27
1.20

$1.395
1.075
1. 205
1.255
.785
.685
.835
1.395
1.075
1.395
.985
1.305
1.52
1.305

$1. 365
1.14
1.22
1.52
.96
.855
1.365
1.14
1.365
1.19
1.52
1.52
1.33

$1. 395
1.08
1.205
1.36
.785
.685
.835
1.395
1.08
1.395
1.08
1.305
1.52
1. 305

$1.355
1.18
1.315
1.34
.945
.855
1.005
1.355
1.18
1.355
1.18
1.34
1.52
1.315

$1.355
1.085
1.315
1.435
.925
.855
1.055
1.385
1.085
1.355
1.135
1.435
1. 52
1.315

$1.145
1.035
1.125
1.305
.835
.835
.905
1.285
1.035
1.285
1.035
1.18
1.475
1.255

537

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. SI

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

B—Basic Hourly Rates Paid for Selected Refinery Occupations on Specified Dates, 1941-52—Continued
Corpus
Christi,
Tex.*

Occupation

East
Chicago, Houston,
Tex.
Ind.

Marcus
Hook,
Pa.

Sinclair,
Wyo.

Wellsville,
N . Y.

Corpus
Christi,
Tex.2

East
Houston,
Chicago,
Tex.
Ind.

$2.085
1.70
1. 88
1.945
1.425
1.235
1.485
2.085
1. 70
2.085
1.70
2.075
2. 27
1.965

$2.035
1. 77
1. 865
2. 22
1.56
1.435
1.70
2.035
1.77
2.035
1.77
2.22
2. 22
1.995

$2.085
1.70
1. 88
2. 205
1.425
1. 235
1.485
2.085
1. 70
2.085
1.70
2.075
2. 255
1.965

$2.025
1.815
1.975
2.005
1.54
1.435
1.61
2.025
1.815
2.025
1.815
1.975
2. 22
1.975

$2.025
1.705
1.975
2.12
1.515
1.435
1.67
2.06
1.705
2.025
1.765
2.12
2.22
1.975

$1.815
1.645
1.755
1.965
1.41
1.41
1.495
1.815
1.645
1.94
1.645
1.815
2.165
1.905

$2.21
1.80
1.995
2.06
1.525
1.335
1.585
2.21
1.80
2.21
1.80
2.20
2.405
2.085

$2.18
1.895
2.00
2.375
1.68
1.555
1.825
2.18
1.895
2.18
1.895
2.375
2.375
2.135

$2.29
1.865
2.07
2.135
1.595
1.45
1.645
2.29
1.865
2. 29
1.865
2.28
2.495
2.16

$2.26
1.965
2.075
2.465
1.74
1.615
1.895
2.26
1.965
2.26
1.965
2.465
2.465
2.245

$2.30
1.865
2.07
2.42
1. 595
1.45
1.645
2.30
1.865
2.30
1.865
2.29
2.495
2.16

1 Refinery not acquired by Sinclair Refining Co. until 1943.

Wcllsville,
N . Y.

$2.21
1.80
1.995
2.335
1. 525
1.335
1.585
2.21
1.80
2. 21
1.80
2.20
2.405
2.085

$2.205
1.925
2.095
2.225
1.64
1.535
1.71
2.205
1.925
2.205
1.925
2.12
2.44
2.095

$2.145
1.805
2.095
2. 245
1.615
1.535
1.77
2.185
1.805
2.145
1.87
2.245
2.355
2.095

$1.925
1.745
1.86
2.085
1.51
1.51
1. 595
1.925
1.745
2.055
1.745
1.925
2.295
2.02

$2.415
2.02
2.325
2.48
1.825
1.74
1.985
2.415
2.02
2. 415
2.09
2.48
2.59
2.325

$2.14.5
1.96
2.08
2.31
1.715
1.715
1.805
2.145
1.96
2.28
1.96
2.145
2.53
2.245

M ay 1,1952

M ay 1,1951
Boilermakers_______ _.
Boilermakers’ helpers______
Firemen___
__________
Light oil treaters__ _
Laborers, common________
Laborers, entrance_________
Laborers’ skilled______ _
M ach inists...
_____ _____
M achinists’ helpers_______
Pipe fitters_____________
Pipe fitters’ helpers_________
Pumpers__________ _ _____
Stillm en_______________ .
Stillm en’s helpers_________

Sinclair,
Wyo.

Jan. 1, 1951

Jan. 1,1950
Boilermakers____ _ ______
Boilermakers’ helpers___ _
Firemen________ . . .
Eight oil treaters_______ .
Eaborers, common___ ______
Laborers, entrance____ .
Laborers’ skilled_______. . .
'Machinists________________
M achinists’ helpers___
Pipe fitte r s __ ’_______
Pipe fitters’ helpers__ _____
P u m p e r s__________ _ __
Stillmen___ ____ . .
Stillm en’s helpers__ _______

Marcus
Hook,
Pa.

$2.29
1.995
2.175
2.305
1.70
1.59
1.775
2.305
1.995
2.29
1.995
2.20
2.545
2.175

$2.265
1.87
2.175
2.33
1.675
1.59
1.835
2.265
1.87
2.265
1.94
2.33
2.44
2.175

$1. 995
1.81
1.93
2.16
1.565
1.565
1.655
1.995
1.81
2.13
1.81
1.995
2.38
2.095

$2. 45
2.015
2.22
2.455
1.745
1.60
1.795
2.45
2.015
2.45
2.015
2.44
2.645
2.31

$2.41
2.115
2.225
2.615
1.89
1.765
2.045
2.41
2.115
2.41
2.115
2.615
2.615
2.395

$2.45
2.015
2.22
2.59
1.745
1.60
1.795
2.45
2.015
2.45
2.015
2.44
2. 645
2. 31

$2.44
2.145
2.325
2.455
1.85
1.74
1.925
2.455
2.145
2.44
2.145
2.35
2.695
2.325

2 Houston rates used when classification not shown in force report.

C—Related Wage Practices 1
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Provision

Effective date

Shift Premium P ay
July 1, 1941.
June 1, 1946.

N o provision for shift premium pay.
4 cents an hour for second shift; 6 cents an
hour for third shift.

July 1, 1951 _

Changed to: 5 cents an hour for second shift;
7 cents an hour for third shift.
Increased to: 6 cents an hour for second shift;
12 cents an hour for third shift.

M ay 1, 1952.
July 1, 1952.

Applicable also to hourly workers who were not
regular shift employees but who worked more
than 4 hours during or into the second or third
shift; and to employees who had completed their
regular scheduled work hours and were held over
or assigned to work another shift within 24 hours
from the start of the regularly scheduled hours.

New shift premiums applied to hourly workers who
were not regular shift employees but who worked
more than 1 hour during or into the second or
third shift.

Overtime P ay
July 1, 1941

Time and one-half for work outside regular
hours. (Employers and union were at this
time in agreement as to a 36-hour workweek.)

S ee fo o tn o te s a t end o f tab le.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Applicable to: D ay men required to work beyond
quitting tim e; shift men required to work over­
tim e when relief men failed to appear if employer
had 10 hours’ notice th at the relief shift man
would not report. Other overtime for shift men
paid at rate of tim e and one-half and the equiv­
alent of actual overtim e worked had to be taken
off w ithout pay.

538

W AG E CHRONOLOGY NO. 81

MONTHLY LABOR

C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Overtime P a y— Continued
June 1, 1942

June 1, 1944

Changed to: Time and one-half for work in ex­
cess of 8 hours a day or 40 hours a week, and
for all work outside of regularly scheduled
hours.

July 1, 1949

Agreement that, for the duration of the war emer­
gency, the 36-hour week be extended to 40 hours
w ithout premium overtime pay for the extra 4
hours.
Applicable to all employees. N o em ployee re­
quired to take tim e off to offset overtime.
Time and one-half paid for the following typ es of
work: Call-out work; work before regular start­
ing tim e or beyond regular quitting tim e; work
in excess of 8 hours a day; employer-called
conferences outside of regular working hours.
N o additional paym ents made if these categories
of work extended the workweek beyond 40 hours.
Premium paym ents for work in the following
cases did not cancel overtim e paym ent for hours
in excess of 40 in the workweek: change of hours;
work on paid holidays; double tim e payable on
seventh day; work on regular day off.

Prem ium P a y for Week-end Work
July 1, 1941_______
June 1, 1944 (by
D irective Order
of N W LB, Aug.
17, 1944).*

Time and one-half for work on Sunday as such,
unless it was a regularly scheduled workday.
Changed to: Time and one-half for work on
Sunday provided it was the sixth day of
work in any regularly scheduled week.

Applicable to day employees, but not to shift
workers.
Applicable to all employees.

Added: Double tim e for work on the seventh
day within the workweek.
June 1, 1946

Unworked holidays, unless th ey fell on an em ­
ployee’s regularly scheduled day off, included
as days worked, and double-time rate for seventh
day applied when 48 hours or 6 days of work had
been performed.
Added: Each day during which more than 4
hours was worked included in the account of days
worked, unless an em ployee was absent for a
portion of a day w ithout justifiable cause. In
case of unexcused absence th at day was not
counted in the com putation of 7 consecutive
days of work.

July 1, 1949

Holiday P a y
July 1, 1941

Time and one-half for hourly day em ployees
if th ey worked on 6 specified holidays;
straight-tim e pay for Fourth of July and
Christmas if not worked, unless th ey fell
on regular days off; no paym ent for other
4 holidays if not worked.

June 1, 1944 3

Provision extended to include all hourly em ­
ployees.

June 1, 1945

Added: Straight-tim e pay for Labor D ay
when not worked, unless it fell on regular
day off.
Changed to: Straight-tim e pay for all 6 holi­
days if not worked unless they fell on regular
days off.

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

H olidays were: N ew Year’s D ay, Memorial D ay,
Fourth of July, Labor D ay, Thanksgiving, and
Christmas. D ay men allowed to lay off Wash­
ington’s Birthday and Armistice D ay without
pay if they wished (not applicable to shift em ­
ployees). Time and one-half for shift men who
worked Fourth of July and Christmas.
Any em ployee allowed to lay off W ashington’s
Birthday and Armistice D ay w ithout pay if he
wished.

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 31

C— Related Wage Practices
Effective date

—

539

Continued

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Holiday P a y— Continued
July 1, 1948_______

Changed to: Double time for work on 6 holi­
days.

July 1, 1949

Added: In national election years, straighttime pay for Presidential Election D ay and
General N ational Congressional Election
D ay if not worked or if holiday fell on a
regular day off, except Saturday. Double
tim e paid for hours worked on these holidays.
Added: Armistice D ay as a paid holiday
(total 7) in years when neither Presidential
nor Congressional Election was held.

July 1, 1951______
July 1. 1952_________

To be paid for holiday not worked, em ployee m ust
have worked last regularly scheduled workday
before the holiday and the first one thereafter,
unless excused, ill, or injured. Em ployee re­
quested to work on a holiday, but who did not
work, received no pay for the holiday.

Em ployees allowed to lay off w ithout pay on
Armistice D ay in years when it was not a paid
holiday.
Straight tim e paid for any holiday th at fell on a
regular day off. To be eligible for unworked
holiday pay, em ployee m ust work last regularly
scheduled workday before the holiday or the
first one thereafter, unless excused, ill, or injured.

P aid Vacations
July 1, 1941_______

One week with pay for employees w ith 1 year’s
service; 2 weeks for employees with 2 or
more years’ service.

June 1, 1945

June 1, 1946
July 1, 1948____

Added: 3 weeks after 15 y e a r s __
Added: 4 weeks after 25 years___

July 1, 1949 _____

Changed to: 2 w eeks’ vacation for em ployees
w ith 1 year’s service.

Pay based on full-tim e weekly pay in 3 m onths
prior to vacation. Em ployee laid off for
reason beyond his control and reemployed within
180 days retained vacation rights but forfeited
one-twelfth of vacation pay for each month lost.
No em ployee forced to take vacation because
of shutdown.
Em ployee whose services were term inated received
earned vacation pay on pro rata basis of 1/12 for
each m onth beyond anniversary date of em ploy­
m ent . During the national em ergency, em ployer
could give vacation pay in lieu of vacation.
Additional day of vacation allowed if 1 of the 6
paid holidays fell w ithin vacation.
For refineries and research and developm ent de­
partm ent: based on average hourly straighttim e earnings in 4 workweeks preceding the
vacation. For pipeline and producing opera­
tions: based on average hourly straight-tim e
earnings in 2 preceding pay periods. Time lost
through unpaid absences was accum ulated, and
if the to tal was 22 or more scheduled workdays,
the vacation allowance was reduced Yu for each
22 days. N o t applicable to tim e spent in
approved absence on personal or union business,
or the 2-day w aiting period for sick benefit
paym ents.

Reporting Time or Call-in P a y
July 1, 1941

- -

June 1, 1944 ______

4 hours’ p ay if called for work as scheduled
and no work or less than 3 hours’ work were
available; full d ay’s pay if 3 hours or more
were worked. Time and one-half paid for
actual tim e worked if called in em ergency
outside of regular working hours, w ith m ini­
mum guarantee of 3 hours’ pay a t regular
rate; minimum guarantee of 4 hours’ pay at
regular rate, whether worked or not, if called
outside regular hours, except in em ergency.
Changed to: M inimum guarantee increased to
4 hours’ pay at straight-tim e rate.

See fo o tn o te s a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N ot applicable in case of emergencies when no
work was performed.

540

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. SI

MONTHLY LABOR

C—Related Wage Practices1—Continued
Provision

Effective date

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Travel P a y

Julv 1, 1941 - _ _

June 1, 1944

June 1, 1945 - ___

For production em ployees: transportation
paid if em ployee was instructed to report
for work at other than regular place of em ­
ploym ent.
Added: for production em ployees, transporta­
tion supplied or paid for by em ployer, and
travel tim e considered as hours worked; for
pipeline em ployees, paid for travel to job
from place where they were required to
report for work, but return wras paid for, at
straight-tim e rates, only if it was over 1
hour.
Added: for pipeline em ployees, transporta­
tion supplied or paid for by em ployer, and
travel tim e considered as hours worked.

N ot applicable to truck drivers, who were paid for
all tim e worked.

Subsistence P ay
July 1, 1941 __ _
June 1, 1945

July 1, 1948__. __
July 1, 1949_______
July 1, 1951
July 1, 1952_ .

N o provision for subsistence pay.
$3.50 a day and all necessary transportation
charges paid to em ployee compelled to re­
main overnight on job away from headquar­
ters.
Changed to: actual living expense up to, but
not to exceed, $5 a day.
Changed to: flat rate of $5 a day.
Increased to: $6 a day.
Increased to: $6.50 a day.
M eals and M eal Time

July 1, 1941_______

M eal supplied to em ployee required to work
overtim e past regular meal time; additional
meals supplied at 5-hour intervals as long as
the em ployee worked overtime.

M eals eaten on company tim e.

Severance Allowance
July 1, 1941______
June 1, 1942
June 1, 1944 (by
N W LB
ruling,
Sept. 28, 1944).“

N o provision for severance allowance.
Employees separated through no fault of their
own received 1 w eek’s pay for 1 year’s serv­
ice; 2 weeks’ pay for 2 or more years’ service.
Changed to: 1 w eek’s pay for 1 year’s service;
2 weeks’ pay for 2 but less than 5 years; 3
w eeks’ pay for 5 but less than 10 years; 4
weeks’ pay for 10 or more years’ service.

June 1, 1946. _

July 1, 1951_______

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Em ployee laid off and granted severance pay,
then rehired and laid off again, received second
severance paym ent only if service since reem­
ploym ent was 1 year or more.
Severance pay not allowed em ployees separated
because of retirement under the retirement
plan (see p. 544).

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 31

541

C—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Application, exceptions, and other related matters

Shifted-tour P ay
July 1, 1941_______

June 1, 1942.

1'ime and one-half paid for first day of tem ­
porary work outside of regular hours when
working hours were changed and if em ploy­
ee was kept off regular schedule 7 or more
calendar days and on first day of return to
regular hours or change to different schedule,
1lidded: em ployee compensated for net amount
of tim e and pay lost as a result of shifted
tour.

June 1. 1945

N ot applicable to usual shift changes. If em­
ployee was asked to begin work more than 3
hours before regular starting tim e it was con­
sidered a change in hours rather than overtim e.
N ot applicable if change was because of permanent
promotion to a higher-paid job.
N ot applicable if change was due to substituting
for em ployee on vacation or when change due
to change in lunch period did not alter quitting
tim e by more than 1 hour.

Demotion P ay Allowance
July 1, 1941_______
June 1, 1944

_

Regular rate of pay allowed for first 40 hours
after demotion, if caused by temporary or
permanent closing of unit or departm ent.
Extended to: 2 weeks from date of d em o tio n -.

June 1, 1946

N ot applicable if dem otion was at em ployee’s
request, or incidental to extension of workweek.
N ot applicable if demotion was for cause.

Absence Due to Death in Family
July 1, 1941
June 1, 1946__

N o provision for absence caused by death in
fam ily.
Time off, up to 3 scheduled workdays, paid at
straight tim e in case of death in im mediate
fam ily.

July 1, 1949_______

Im m ediate fam ily defined as including wife, child,
mother, father, brother, sister, mother-in-law
and father-in-law.
Grandchild included in im m ediate fam ily.

Jury-duty P ay
July 1, 1941
____ i o provision for jury-duty pay.
July 1, 1949. _____
s traight-time pay, w ithout deduction of jury
fees, for tim e lost while serving on juries.
Tools and Equipment
July 1, 1941 . _
July 1, 1949 - _

o provision covering tools and equipm ent,

c ompany to provide tools it deemed necessary
to carry on operations.

Excluded: Ordinary hand tools used by craftsmen
in their trades.

Clothes Allowance
July 1, 1941- _ July Ï, 1949______

N o provision for clothes allowance,
C lothing destroyed or rendered unfit for use,
while on job, by acid, caustic, other chemi­
cals, or fire to be replaced.

July 1, 1951___
S ee fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Applicable only if: (1) the accident was not due to
em ployee’s negligence, (2) the em ployee was
using available protective clothing or devices,
(3) the loss was im m ediately reported to the fore­
man, (4) the clothing was surrendered to the
foreman when the claim was made. Gloves
were supplied for welders.
Gloves were supplied for welders’ servicing crews.

542

W AG E CHRONOLOGY NO. 31

MONTHLY LABOR

C—Related Wage Practices —Continued
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Provision

Effective date

Moving Expense

July 1, 1949_______

N o provision covering moving expenses.
Expense, up to $25, of moving personal effects
and household goods paid pipeline and pro­
duction employees.
Added: Refinery em ployees in case of perma­
nent shut-down. M aximum paym ent in­
creased to $50.
Maximum paym ent increased to $65 _ _

July 1, 1951_______
July 1, 1952

M aximum paym ent increased to $75.
M aximum paym ent increased to $85.

July 1, 1941_______
June 1, 1945June 1, 1946

Applicable if employee was compelled to m ove be­
cause of demotion, promotion, or displacement
because of seniority rules.

When em ployee was transferred at request of the em­
ployer, the necessary ordinary and usual moving
expenses were borne by the company, and the
em ployee lost no pay for tim e lost in making the
move.

Accident and Sickness Benefits
July 1, 1941_______
June 1, 1945_______

N o provision for accident and sickness benefits.
For hourly em ployees w ith 6 m onths’ con­
tinuous service, minimum paym ents equiv­
alent to 3 w eeks’ full-tim e and 12 weeks’
half-time pay during a calendar year; pay­
m ents to begin on the third day of illness
and first day of occupational injury.

July 1, 1948
July 1, 1949

July 1, 1951

July 1, 1952

Added: M aximum benefits based on length of
service, as follows: 1 year but less than 10
years, full pay for 3 weeks, half pay for 15
weeks; 10 years but less than 20 years, full
pay for 4 weeks, half pay for 22 weeks; 20
years and over, full pay for 5 weeks, half
pay for 25 weeks.
Changed to: maximum benefits based on
length of service, as follows: 6 months but
less than 1 year, full pay for 1 week, half
pay for 2 weeks; 1 year but less than 5 years,
full pay for 3 weeks, half pay for 15 weeks;
5 years but less than 10 years, full pay for 4
weeks, half pay for 20 weeks; 10 years but
less than 15 years, full pay for 5 weeks, half
pay for 22 weeks; 15 years but less than 20
years, full pay for 6 weeks, half pay for 24
weeks; 20 years and over, full pay for 7
weeks, half pay for 26 weeks.
No change in benefits based on service up to
5 years; thereafter, 5 years but less than 10
years, full pay for 6 weeks, half pay for 24
weeks; for all over 10 years, full pay for 8
weeks, half pay for 26 weeks.

S ee fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


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P aym ents based on normal work schedule and rate
at the tim e absence began. Full cost borne by
employer. N ot applicable if illness or accident
occurred during vacation, leave of absence or
lay-off, unless illness occurring during vacation
carried over the date of scheduled return to
work; in such case, provision applied. N ot
applicable if illness or accident was due to use of
drugs, intemperance, etc. P aym ents ceased
on death or term ination of em ploym ent.
Sick benefits paid in addition to workmen’s
compensation.
In exceptional cases where illness exceeded 15
weeks, additional sick paym ents could be
considered.
In exceptional cases where illness exceeded the
maxinmm, additional sick paym ent could be
allowed.

In case of industrial accident, if absence continued
after the period when full pay was allowable,
em ployee could, for the period during which
he was entitled to half pay, receive in its stead
the difference between full pay and workmen’s
compensation paym ents. N ot applicable un­
less em ployee received workmen’s compensation,
or if the em ployee accepted a lump sum settle­
m ent of a workmen’s compensation claim.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 81

543

C—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Group Life Insurance
July 1,1941 (in effect).

Noncontributory life insurance: made available
to em ployees after 6 m onths’ service, pro­
viding 1-year renewable term life insurance
of $1,000.
Contributory insurance: $1,000 to $9,000, de­
pending on annual earnings and payable to
beneficiary on death of employee from any
cause.5
D isability benefits: insurance premium waived
and face value of the life insurance (includ­
ing noncontributory insurance) paid in
m onthly instalm ents to em ployee perma­
nently and totally disabled prior to age 60;
the balance paid to his beneficiary if the em ­
ployee died before all instalm ents had been
paid.

N ot included in contracts; established by employer
on M ay 1, 1929. Cost to employer about $1.40
a month per $1,000 insurance.
Employee paid 60 cents a $1,000 and employer
paid 80 cents.

Employees Benefit Plan
July 1, 1941
July 1, 1950

___

Sept. 1, 1952______

N o provision for an Employees Benefit P lan..
Employees Benefit Plan established for em ­
ployees with 6 m onths’ service. Plan pro­
vided following compensation for accidents
to employees occurring on or off the job:
Accidental Death Insurance, $1,000.
Dismemberment, up to $1,000, depending on
the typ e of loss.
Plan provided following benefits for off-the-job
accidents and sickness:
Sickness and Accident Insurance, $10 to $60
a week for em ployees depending on earnings,
for maximum of 52 weeks.
H ospital Room and Board, $8 a day for maxi­
mum of 70 days for em ployees; $6 a day for
maximum of 70 days for dependents.
Hospital Special Services, up to $80 for em ploy­
ees; up to $60 for dependents.
Physician's Attendance, $3 a day up to maxi­
mum of $93 for employees and dependents.
Surgical Benefits, up to $225 for employees;
up to $180 for dependents.
M aternity Benefits, $100 flat allowance (normal
delivery) for employees and dependents.
Increased to, for both employees and depend­
ents :
Hospital Room and Board, $10 a day for maxi­
mum of 120 days.
Hospital Special Services, full reimbursement
up to $200 plus 75 percent of next $2,000.
Physician's Attendance, $3 a day up to $250.
Surgical Benefits, up to $250.

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f tab le.


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Employees paid $1.55 to $2.50 a month, depending
on earnings, for personal coverage; additional
$1.60 a month for coverage of children or $2.10
for coverage of wife or wife and children. Com­
panies paid the difference between the net cost
of the plan and the fixed am ount paid by em ­
ployees.
In addition to these insured weekly sickness and
accident benefits, participants eligible for con­
tract sickness and accident benefits received the
difference between the insured benefits and the
contract benefits (see page 542).

N o increase in employee contributions. Em ­
ployee retiring on or after Sept. 1, 1952, could
continue hospital, medical, surgical and mater­
n ity coverage on basis of standard-type “one
sh ot” plan by paym ent of $1 a m onth for per­
sonal coverage, $2.60 a m onth for self and chil­
dren, or $3.10 a m onth for self and wife or self
and wife and children.

544

W AGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 81

C—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Effective date

Applications, exceptions, and other related matter

Provision

Retirement Benefits
July 1, 1941
July 1, 1942

July 1, 1947

July 1, 1950

N o provision for retirement benefits.
Contributory plan established to provide past
and future service annuities for participants.
E m ployee’s contributions plus 2-percent
compound interest paid to beneficiary if em­
ployee died before retirement; if death was
after retirement, beneficiary received the
difference between the am ount payable just
prior to retirement date and any annuities
received by the employee. On termination
of service before retirement age, the em­
ployee could elect to receive (a) cash pay­
ment equal to his own contributions or (b)
annuity at retirement age purchased by his
contributions up to the termination date ex­
cept if em ployee had been a participant for
10 years or more and had attained age 45 or
more, the annuity at age 65 would include
th at purchased by company contributions
in addition to his own.
Reduced annuity payable to em ployee retiring
between age 55 and 65 at request of the
company or at the request of the employee
w ith the consent of the company. R etire­
ment delayed after age 65 only at company
request.
Section (b) changed to: on term ination of
service before the retirement age, if the
em ployee had 20 years or more continuous
service and had 10 years of participation in
the plan, an annuity at retirement age 65
would include th at purchased by his con­
tributions up to the term ination date and
th at purchased by company contributions
in addition to his own.
Added: participants in the plan on July 1,
1947, who became 65 after July 1, 1942, or
would become 65 before July 1, 1957, eligi­
ble, on retirement, for company-paid sup­
plem ental annuity up to $10 a m onth if
past and future service annuities at 65 plus
supplem ental annuity did not exceed $50
a month.
Changed to: minimum annuity on retirement
at 65 w ith 20 years or more of service, $125
a m onth including Social Security; propor­
tionately reduced annuity for retirement at
65 w ith 15 but less than 20 years’ service.
Em ployee to tally and perm anently disabled
before 65 eligible for retirement with reduced
annuities after 15 or more years of service.

> The last item under each entry represents the most recent change.
s The term “shift men” applies to men employed for specific periods in
the course of continuous operations (regularly carried on during two or more
shifts per day for 7 days a week); all other employees are considered “day
men.”
3 During the period covered by Executive Order 9240 (October 1, 1942, to
August 21,1945), practices relating to premium pay for week-end and holiday
work were modified where necessary to conform to that order.
4 Denied by N W L B rulings of August 8, 1944, and August 17, 1944; subse­
quently the Board accepted a petition for review of the rulings in the case
(No. 13-623), and on September 28,1944, approved the change.


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Participation voluntary. M inimum employee con­
tribution, $1 a month; increased contributions
related to annual earnings; balance of cost (ap­
proxim ately 75 percent of total cost of plan) paid
by employer. N ot included in contract. Em­
ployee in service July 1, 1942, who was 46 years
old, had 1 year or more of service and was re­
ceiving over $600 a year salary, could participate
on th at date and receive past service credit for
the period prior to July 1, 1942, but not prior to
June 30, 1922.
Em ployee in service July 1, 1942, who was 35 years
old but not yet 65, had 1 year or more of service,
and was receiving over $3,000 a year salary,
could participate on th at date and receive credit
for service after th at date.

Em ployee in service July 1, 1947, who was 35 years
old but not yet 65, had 1 year or more of service,
and was receiving over $600 a year salary, could
participate on th at date and receive credit for
service after th at date.

Eligibility requirements for service credit after
July 1, 1950, changed to: (a) 5 or more years
of service and 25 years old, or 1 year or more of
service and 35 years old; (b) salary over $600
a year; and (c) not y et 65 years old.

8 Schedule of contributory group life insurance is as follows:

Amount of
Annual earnings of employees
insurance
$1,000 but less than $2,000------------------------ -------------------------- $1, 000
$2,000 but less than $3,000_________________________________
2,000
$3,000 but less than $4,000.................................................. ................
3. 000
$4,000 but less than $5,000............— .........- ....................................... 4,000
$5,000 but less than $7,500-..................... - ..........................................
6,500
$7,500 and over..........................................-................ - ........................ 9,000

— M arion R aym enton R obbins
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

Recent Decisions
of Interest to Labor

Wages and Hours 2
Cotton-Compress Warehouses Under F L S A . A U nited States
court of appeals recently ruled 3 that em ployees of a cottoncompress warehouse were covered by the minimum-wage
and overtim e-com pensation provisions of the Fair Labor
Standards Act.
Suit was filed by em ployees to obtain the difference
between the minimum statutory rate of 75 cents an hour
and the rate of 47}^ cents an hour actually paid to them.
The em ployer could not establish th at these em ployees
came within the section 13 (a) (10) exemption for employees
within the “area of production (as defined by the [Wage
and Hour] Administrator) engaged in . . . compressing
. . . agricultural . . . commodities for m arket.” The
Secretary of Labor intervened and sought an injunction
to obtain the com pany's compliance w ith the minimumwage provisions of the act.
To be exem pt under the Administrator’s definition, the
em ployees would have had to be em ployed in an establish­
m ent not in or near a city or town of more than 2,500
population, and within 50 air miles of 95 percent of the
sources of supply of the comm odities received, on which
operations a t the establishm ent were performed.
The compress company conceded th at its establishm ent
was not within this “area of production” as defined by the
Administrator, but urged th at the definition was invalid
because it was not within the intent of the act. In support
of its view, the company pointed out th at over 81 percent
of all compress-warehouse plants are located in towns
having a population of 2,500 or more, and th at to eliminate
plants so located from the exemption is to exclude all or
m ost of them .
The appellate court by a tw o-to-one majority rejected
the com pany’s view and ruled th at the definition was valid.
The Administrator’s regulation was promulgated, the
m ajority noted, after the U nited States Supreme Court
had declared an earlier regulation to be invalid as to a
requirem ent not contained in the present regulation.4
“It is evident th at Congress intended to exem pt some,
but not all, of the em ployees engaged in the enumerated
industries,” the majority noted, adding th at “the exemp­
tions m ust be determined by drawing geographical lines
in order to differentiate between th at which is predomi­
nantly rural in its economic sense, and th at which is


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essentially industrial.” The Administrator, the majority
ruled, could properly include in his definition of “area
of production” the distance from which enterprises obtain
comm odities on which they perform operations enum ­
erated in the act. It was also noted th at the 2,500population test after public hearings, in the judgm ent of the
Administrator, came “closer to accomplishing the objective
for which it was intended than any other known te st,”
and “was generally considered a dividing line between
urban and rural comm unities. . . . Discrim ination be­
tw een plants, depending upon the population of cities
and towns where located, was recognized, but as the
Administrator points out, discrimination is inherent in
any statute which exem pts some but not all em ployees in
plants engaged in the same industry. Only a definition
which would exem pt none or all of the employees would
entirely avoid some discrim ination.” Finally, the majority
concluded, the record in the case did not support the
compress com pany’s view th at the Administrator’s
definition of “area of production” had the practical effect
of excluding all compress warehouses from the exemption.
A dissenting opinion disagreed because “generally the
population of a city or town has no reasonable relation to
the question of whether a plant is located within the area
of production,” and because the U nited States Supreme
Court in Addison v. Holly H ill Co., had not ruled to the
contrary.
P etition for rehearing was denied by the court on
October 1.
A pplicability of Act to Telephone-Answering Service.
A U nited States Federal court held 5 th at employees of a
company operating a telephone-answering service, which
took calls and received mail and telegrams both from
within and from outside the State, were engaged in
interstate commerce within the meaning of the FLSA.
Since the company was operating a private business
which furnished telephone-answering service and not a
public telephone exchange, the exemption provided in
section 13 (a) (11) for such exchanges was not applicable.
Therefore, the Secretary was entitled to an injunction
requiring the employer to pay his em ployees a t least the
minimum wage and the overtime com pensation required
by the act.
1 Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant
decisions believed to be of special interest. No attempt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results may be reached, based upon local statutory pro­
visions, the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts
to the issue presented.
s This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions in ­
volving the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal Act. It is
not to be construed and may not be relied upon as interpretation of these
acts by the Administrator of the Wage and Hour D ivision or any agency of
the Department of Labor.
3 T o b i n v. T r a d e r s C o m p r e s s C o . (O. A. 10, Sept. 2,1952).
* A d d i s o n v. H o l l y H i l l C o . (322 U . S. 607; rehearing denied 323 U . S. 809).
* T o b i n v. L a m b e r t (D . C. Utah, June 23, 1952).

545

546

DECISIONS OF IN T E R E S T TO L A B O R

Labor Relations
Refusal To Bargain. The N ational Labor Relations Board
h eld 8, th at a com pany violated section 8 (a) (5) of the
Labor M anagement Relations Act in refusing to bargain
with a union which had been certified as bargaining rep­
resentative for the em ployees in the com pany’s plant.
The company refused to bargain on the ground th at
the union had never established a clear right to represent
the employees, as evidenced by a close contest and con­
fusion attending the election. Therefore, the company
contended, the Board had erred in certifying the union as
bargaining representative.
Previously, the Board had examined statem ents sub­
m itted by the employer concerning the conduct of the
election to prove th at the election results were inconclu­
sive. The Board, however, had found no formal hearing
necessary and no warrant for setting aside the election,
and had certified the union. After reviewing the entire
case in the instant proceeding, the Board held there was
no reason for changing its earlier decision.
Employer Interference with Elections. In another N L R B
ruling,7 an employer who used com pany property for
speeches the day before a representation election, while
denying the union a similar right, was found to have
violated section 9 (c) of the act.
The employer contended th at the em ployees had reason­
able opportunity to hear both sides of the issue and that
the Board should find no interference w ith the conduct of
the election. The union had conducted a vigorous cam­
paign during which, among other things, it had distributed
literature at the gates of the plant.
Although the union had opportunity to contact em ­
ployees concerning the issues, the Board noted, it was
denied the use of company tim e and property. U ntil the
employer utilized such a forum for campaigning, the union
had no right to use thereof. The Board cited Bonwit
Teller, Inc.,0 stating th at when the employer used plant
facilities for this purpose and denied the union a similar
use, the em ployees were no longer able to hear both sides
under circum stances approximating equality. Such con­
duct therefore constituted interference w ith their freedom
of choice in selecting a bargaining representative.
8I n

re W ilk e n in g M a n u f a c tu r in g

C o. an d

U n ite d A u to m o b ile , A ir c r a f t a n d

A g r ic u ltu r a l I m p le m e n t W o rk e rs o f A m e r ic a , L o c a l 4 16

Sept. 23,1952).
7I n re O n o n d a g a

P o tte r y

S a n d W o rk ers o f A m e r ic a

(100 N L R B No. 197,

C o . a n d F e d e r a tio n o f G la s s , C e r a m ic a n d S ilic a

(100 N L R B N o. 188, Sept. 16, 1952).

« 93 N L R B No. 73.
9 M o d e r n M o t o r s , I n c . v. N L R B (C. A. 8, Sept. 16, 1952).
« C. A. 8 (Sept. 16, 1952).
ii
I n r e L o c a l 4 0 4 , I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f T e a m s t e r s ,

C h a u ffeu rs, W a re ­

h o u s e m e n a n d H e lp e r s o f A m e r ic a a n d I n te r n a tio n a l A s s o c ia tio n o f M a c h in is ts .

(100 N L R B No. 135, Aug. 26, 1952).
is 63 N L R B 1060.
i* L e w i s v. C a b l e (W. D . Penna., Sept. 4, 1952).


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MONTHLY LABOR

Discharge of Employees for Concerted Activities. A cir­
cuit court of appeals held * th at a company which dis­
charged em ployees who had engaged in concerted activities
for m utual aid and protection violated section 8 (a) (1) of
the act.
Shortly after the Christmas holiday, 11 employees re­
quested an opportunity to discuss w ith the employer his
failure to pay the usual Christmas bonus. The president
of the company stated it could not afford to pay the bonus,
and directed the workers to return to work or leave th e
premises. Two spokesmen for the group indicated th at
th ey would seek legal advice. When the president learned
th at th ey had done so, he announced th at they were fired.
The court cited N L R B v. J . I. Case Co.,10 and held th at
the object and scope of activities of the three discharged
employees could not be considered as beyond the bounds
of the act; th ey had merely stopped work to present a
grievance concerning conditions of em ploym ent and to
make a reasonable attem p t to get the grievance solved.
Representation— Union Discrimination.
The N L R B
found 11 th at a union had violated section 8 (b) (2) of th e
act. The union agreed w ith an employer to apply the
terms of an existing contract effective in one plant to
another plant. However, the employees of the second
plant, for whom a competing union had filed a representa­
tion petition, had not y et had an opportunity to exercise
their choice of a bargaining representative. The em­
ployer and the union representing the workers in the first
plant then executed a new contract, which also included
the workers in the second plant, and which required th e
employees, as a condition of em ploym ent, to pay initia­
tion fees and membership dues. The union contended
it had acted in good faith in entering into the agreement.
The Board held th at an employer and one of the com­
peting unions could not, in the face of a representation
petition, determine the question of representation them ­
selves. Citing M idwest P ipin g and S u pply Co.,12 the
ruling pointed out th at neither a union nor an em ployer
can arrogate to itself the responsibility th at Congress has
delegated to the Board.
Welfare Funds, Ratification of Contract. A United States
district court held 13 th at a coal company which had made
paym ents for 1948 and 1949 into a welfare fund, pursuant
to the 1948 Bitum inous Coal Wage Agreement, had thus
ratified the agreement. Such ratification, the court held,
created apparent authority in the Coal Operators’ Asso­
ciation, which negotiated the 1948 contract, to enter into
a later agreement on the company’s behalf.
Paym ents to the fund had been made on the basis of
production, as provided in the 1948 agreement, up to
April 30, 1949. Late in 1949, after the 1950 agreement
had been entered into, the company advised the union
th at paym ents would be discontinued.
The court held th at although the defendant’s paym ents
were not made under the 1950 agreement, the ratification

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

DECISIONS OF IN T ER E S T TO L AB O R

of the 1948 agreement was conduct on the part of the com­
pany which a third person could reasonably interpret as
consent to have the association negotiate the 1950 agree,
ment. D efendant’s contentions th at the paym ents under
the 1948 agreement were made under threat of a strikeand th at they did not, therefore, constitute ratification of
th at agreement, were rejected.
Service of Process. A Tennessee court of appeals held
constitutional14 a statute providing for substituted service
of process on unincorporated associations doing business
in the State.
The statute required unincorporated associations, in­
cluding unions, doing business in the State, to appoint an
agent within the State upon whom all processes could be
served. In the absence of such designation, all processes
could be served upon the secretary of state. This statute,
the court held, was a valid exercise of the S tate’s police
power and not unconstitutional as violative of the dueprocess and equal-protection clauses of the fourteenth
am endm ent to the Constitution.
Citing Suggs v. Hendrix,15 the court held th at the statute
protected citizens of Tennessee against the inconvenience—
which often am ounted to a complete denial of redress— of
entering a foreign jurisdiction to sue for a wrong arising
out of business done within the State.
State Regulation of Public U tilities. A W isconsin circuit
court, after finding that a local telephone company was
engaged in interstate commerce, held 16 th at the Wisconsin
public u tility antistrike act could not be applied to unions
picketing the telephone company.
Citing Plankinton Packing Co. v. W isconsin Employees
Relations Board 11 the court pointed out th at when Con­
gress has preempted the field of labor relations and has
closed it to State regulation, State law m ust yield to
Federal law. The statutory provision under which the
plaintiff sought injunctive relief had been held by the
U nited States Supreme Court to be in conflict with the
Federal Labor M anagement Relations A ct.18

Veterans’ Reemployment Rights
Veteran Not Im mune From Lay-Off During M ilitary Service.
T he lawfulness, under reem ploym ent statutes, of laying
off an em ployee during his m ilitary service and the
effect of such lay-off on his seniority were the issues in a
case before a N ew Jersey district court.19 The veteran
was first em ployed on Decem ber 4, 1939, left for military
service February 16, 1945, and made tim ely application
for restoration around October 1, 1946. During his military
service, his em ploym ent record was marked to show a lay-off
as of July 12,1945. When he applied for restoration, he was
told th at no work in his classification was available, but
th a t he would be notified when work could be given him.
After some tim e in other em ploym ent, he was reemployed
by his former employer on March 14, 1949, in the same


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547

position as before military service, but with seniority as
of the March 1949 date. The veteran claimed seniority as
of December 4, 1939.
He did not claim that, if he had not entered m ilitary
service, his contractual seniority would have prevented
his lay-off on July 12, 1945, or required his recall within
3 years after th at date. He contended th at he could not
be lawfully laid off while in the Armed Forces. (If his
lay-off had counted only from October 1, 1946, when he
applied for reemployment, the 3 years would not have
expired by March 14, 1949, when he was again employed.)
The court rejected this view, on the established principle
that the statutory rights of a returning veteran apply
to the position, defined by valid collective-bargaining
agreements, which he would hold if he had “been continously on the job” instead of in military service. W ith­
out deciding which of the successive collective agreem ents
would control retention of seniority, the court found th at
the 3-year lim it of the m ost favorable one would not have
saved him, after the lay-off, from loss of seniority on
July 12, 1948, if he had not been in military service.
Hence, the March 14, 1949, seniority date did not violate
his statutory rights.
The collective-bargaining agreements successively in
force between 1938 and 1950 provided in all cases for lay-off
and recall in seniority order, but differed as to length of
tim e after a lay-off during which an em ployee retained
his seniority if not reached for recall. All provided th at
the individual, if not reached for recall within the agreed
period, received no credit for past seniority if again
reemployed. The maximum period for retention of
seniority specified in any of the agreements was 3 years
after lay-off.

Unemployment Compensation
Benefits Erroneously P aid. An Ohio Court of Common
Pleas held 20 th at claimants who received unem ploym ent
compensation and later received settlem ents from their
employer as a result of a claim filed with the N ational
Labor Relations Board were not “a t fau lt” w ithin the
meaning of the Ohio provision on overpaym ents. This
provision read in part: “. . . if the adm inistrator finds
th at an applicant for benefits has been credited w ith a
waiting period or paid benefits to which he was not
entitled for reasons other than fraudulent misrepresenta­
tion, the adm inistrator m ay within 3 years by order cancel
14 M c D a n i e l v. T e x t i l e W o r k e r s U n i o n (Tenn. Court of Appeals, East. D iv.,
Aug. 11, 1952).
15 142 F. 2d 740 (C. A. 5).
18 W i s c o n s i n E m p l o y m e n t R e l a t i o n s B o a r d v. C o m m u n i c a t i o n s W o r k e r s (C.
C. Milwaukee Co., Wis., Apr. 12,1952).
17 338 U. S. 953.
18 A m a l g a m a t e d A s s o c i a t i o n v. W i s c o n s i n E m p l o y m e n t R e l a t i o n s B o a r d (340
U . S. 383).
19 C a r r v. N e w Y o r k S h i p b u i l d i n g C o r p . (D . N . J., Aug. 7, 1952).
30 C l u c k e y v . U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a t i o n B o a r d o f R e v i e w (Ct. of Com.
Pleas, Erie Co., Ohio, 1952).

548

DECISIONS OF IN T E R E S T TO L A B O R

such waiting period and require th at such benefits be
repaid in cash to the bureau or be w ithheld from any
benefits to which applicant is otherwise entitled, except
th at restitution shall not be required where the applicant
is not at fault in the m atter of overpaym ent.” The court
stated th at if there was any fault “it was upon the part
of the Bureau of U nem ploym ent Compensation, in not
protecting itself, in the event th at any of these claimants
received a settlem ent after negotiations w ith the N L R B .”
Conclusive Presum ption of Unavailability. The Illinois
Supreme Court h eld 21 th at a wife who leaves her em ploy­
m ent to be with her husband, leaves because of martial
circumstances, and is, therefore, not available for work
within the meaning of the Illinois unem ploym ent com­
pensation act. The Illinois statutory provision in question
reads: “An individual shall be deemed unavailable for
work . . . if he has left work voluntarily because of mar­
ital, filial, or other domestic circumstances, except th at this
provision shall not apply whenever such circumstances
have ceased to exist.” The court, in setting aside the board
of review ’s award of benefits, held th at the board’s dis­
tinction between the “actual ev en t” of leaving em ploym ent
and the underlying m otive of desiring to be w ith one’s
spouse, was erroneous.
Coverage of Taxicab Drivers. The Illinois Supreme Court
held 22 th at cab drivers engaged in operating their own
cabs, at their own expense, a t their own risk, and for their
own profit are not employees of the company from which
they leased their licenses to operate the cabs. The cab
company did not own the cabs but held 13 licenses, which it
leased to cab drivers for $60 a week. Under the standard
contract between the company and the drivers, the com­
pany insured the cabs. The drivers agreed to be respon­
sible for property damage; to report all accidents to the
company; to bear the cost of repairs and operation; and to
transfer titles to their vehicles to the com pany as security.
The contracts further provided th at the drivers were not


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employees of the company, but th at the relationship of
independent contractor prevailed, and th e drivers would
not be subject to any control, direction, or influence by the
company.
On the basis th at the definitions contained in the unem­
ploym ent com pensation act were controlling, the court
found th at the cab drivers performed no services for the
company. In answer to the contention that, because city
ordinances required the company to operate cabs rather
than lease them , the drivers were employees of the com­
pany, the court stated: “The fact th at the contract may
have violated the city ordinances is not determ inative of
the actual relationship between Park Cabs and its drivers.
We need not and do not decide whether there has been, in
fact, a violation . . .
In our view, economic facts as they
actually exist are determ inative here.”
Leaving Employment Upon M edical Advice. The New
Ham pshire Superior Court held 23 th at voluntary leaving
of em ploym ent on the advice of a physician, based on the
physician’s belief th at the conditions of em ploym ent
adversely affected claim ant’s health, did not constitute a
voluntary leaving w ithout good cause attributable to the
employer. The court also held th at claim ant was able to
work and available for work. She had been hospitalized
for arthritis prior to the em ploym ent in question, which
she accepted on a trial basis after disclosing all pertinent
facts to the employer. After several weeks on the job, she
was again afflicted w ith pain and was hospitalized for
several days. Claimant was advised by her doctor to quit
her job, and she did so. The court held th at where the
conditions of em ploym ent affect the health of the employee,
the leaving was either involuntary or for good cause attri­
butable to the employer.
21 I l l i n o i s B e l l T e l e p h o n e C o . v. B o a r d o f R e v i e w o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r
(111. Sup. Ct., Sept. 17, 1952).
22 P a r k s C a b C o . v. A n n u n z i o (111. Sup. Ct., Sept. 17, 1952).
23 V a r n e y , d / b / a V a r n e y ’s L a u n d r y v. B r i d g e s a n d R i l e y (N. H. Super. Ct.,
Apr. 4, 1952).

September 19

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

I n a case involving the Seafarers’ International Union of
North America (AFL), the International Brotherhood of
Firemen and Oilers, Local 249 (AFL), and the Hammermill Paper Co., the N ational Labor Relations Board held
that Local 249 had violated the secondary b oycott ban of
the Labor M anagement Relations Act. The local had
advised members not to cross a picket line placed by the
first union outside their workplace. (Source: Labor R e­
lations Reporter, vol. 30, No. 43, Sept. 29, 1952, LRR M ,
p. 1419.)

September 22
September 15, 1952
T he P resident accepted the resignation of Cyrus S. Ching
as Director of the Federal M ediation and Conciliation
Service, effective September 30, and named D avid L. Cole
as his successor. (Source: W hite House release, Sept. 15,
1952.)
T he American Federation of Labor opened its 71st annual
convention at N ew York City, N . Y. (Source: The
American Federationist, Sept. 1952; for discussion, see
p. 499 of this issue.)

September 16
T he Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
and the Housing and Hom e Finance Agency announced
the beginning of a “period of residential credit control
relaxation” by suspending Regulation X (see Chron. item
for June 9, 1952, M LR, July 1952). (Source: Federal
Register, vol. 17, No. 182, Sept. 17, 1952, p. 8350.)

September 17
T he U nited Mine Workers of America (Ind.) and anthra­
cite operators, following union notification of termination
of contract, reached an interim agreement, effective
October 1. It provided for a 20-cent increase (to 50 cents
a ton) in operators’ royalty paym ents to the union’s
health and welfare fund and further negotiations on wage
issues. A bituminous coal strike was averted when the
Bitum inous Coal Operators Association and the UM W A
reached agreement on September 20 on a 1-year contract,
effective October 1. Major provisions include a wage
increase of $1.90 a day (to a basic day rate of $18.25), and
a 10-cent-a-ton increase (to 40 cents a ton) in royalty
paym ents to the bitum inous welfare and retirement fund.
(Source: U nited Mine Workers Journal, Oct. 1, 1952; and
N ew York Times, Sept. 18, 21, and Oct. 1, 1952.)
On October 3, the Office of Price Stabilization granted a
price increase of 20 cents a ton for anthracite coal, effective
October 1. (Source: Federal Register, vol. 17, No. 195,
Oct. 4, 1952, p. 8902.)
2 2 6 6 7 2 -5 2 -


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-5

F ollowing prolonged negotiations, members of the Inter­
national Longshoremen’s Association (AFL) voted ac­
ceptance of an offer made by the N ew York Shipping
Association for arbitration of their wage dispute. The
union’s requests include an hourly wage increase of 50
cents and double tim e for all overtim e and premium work.
(Source: N ew York Times, Sept. 19, 29, and Oct. 1, 1952.)

September 24
T he International Union of Electrical, Radio and Ma­
chine Workers (CIO) and W estinghouse Electric Corp.
reached a 1-year agreement, effective October 1. It affects
45.000 workers and provides for hourly wage increases
ranging from 7.5 to 13 cents, extension of the modified
union shop under certain conditions, and other benefits.
(Source: IU E release, Sept. 24, 1952.)

September 28
F ollowing Presidential appeal to union and m anagem ent
officials “in the interest of national defense,” striking
members of the International Association of M achinists
(AFL) agreed to resume work on vital m ilitary planes at
Lockheed and D ouglas aircraft plants in Southern Cali­
fornia pending final contract negotiations. Affected were
25.000 workers on strike a t Lockheed plants since Septem ­
ber 8 (see Chron. item for Sept. 8, 1952, MLR, Oct. 1952),
and 13,000 at the D ouglas plant at El Segundo since
September 15. (Source: N ew York Times, Sept. 28 and
29, 1952.)

October 9
T he N LR B , in the case of Jandel Furs, Washington, D. C.,
and Abe Weinstein; Fur Workers Union, Local 72, of Inter­
national Fur and Leather Workers Union of United States
and Canada (Ind.) and Same, ruled th at both employer
and union had violated LM RA by requiring union member­
ship for participation in benefits of welfare fund established
by union contract. Under the contract, the employer
was required to contribute a percentage of earnings of all
employees to the union for the sole support of the fund.
(Source: Labor Relations Reporter, vol. 30, No. 49,
Oct. 20, 1952, p. 2, and L RR M , p. 1463.)
549

Developments in
Industrial Relations

coal strikes were averted by agree­
ments reached in September with anthracite and
bituminous-coal mine operators. Stoppages at
several large aircraft plants ended following a
Presidential appeal. Major agreements were con­
cluded in the electrical products industry.
T h r ea ten ed

Negotiations and Arbitration

Coal. A threatened stoppage by about 170,000
northern bituminous-coal miners was averted
when the United Mine Workers (Ind.) and the
Bituminous Coal Operators’Association announced
on September 20—the contract expiration date—
that a new 1-year agreement had been reached. A
formal contract, effective October 1, was signed
September 29. A day later, virtually all bitumi­
nous-coal operators represented by the Southern
Coal Producers’ Association agreed to the same
basic contract provisions.2 The contract also
applied to most bituminous-coal mines west of
Ohio which previously had agreed to accept the
settlement finally concluded with Appalachian
soft-coal producers.
Key terms of the agreement with northern
operators provided for a $1.90 increase in the
$16.35 basic daily wage and an increase of 10
cents a ton (from 30 to 40 cents) in employers’
contributions to the union’s welfare and retire­
ment fund. They also provided for incorporation
in the national agreement of seniority provisions
previously included in district agreements; appli­
cation of the agreement to mining properties
leased by coal operators to nonunion coal pro­
ducers; and a pledge to settle disputes by resort
to collective bargaining and contractual grievance
procedures rather than by recourse to the courts.
550


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The union refused the employers’ request for a
clause stipulating that the contract would become
inoperative if the Wage Stabilization Board
disapproved the adjustments. The contract will
extend beyond the October 1, 1953, expiration date
provided neither party files a termination notice.
The bituminous-coal agreements were preceded
by an interim settlement reached with anthracite
operators on September 17. Pending a settle­
ment with bituminous-coal operators on wages and
other issues, it provided for an increase of 20 cents
a ton (from 30 to 50 cents) in the employers’
health and welfare fund payments. However, no
final agreement with anthracite operators was
announced at the end of the month, when the
previous contracts expired.
Electrical Products. Wage increases ranging from
7% to 13 cents an hour were provided in agreements
reached between the General Electric Co. and the
United Electrical, Radio & Machine Workers
(Ind.), effective September 15, and between Westinghouse Electric Corp. and the International
Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers
(CIO), effective October l.2
About 44,000 workers were affected by the GE
wage increases which totaled 5.76 percent, in­
cluding a general hourly wage increase of 2.5 per­
cent (with a minimum raise of 3}{ cents an hour)
and 3.26 percent to compensate for increases in
the cost-of-living since September 15, 1951.
“Substantial improvements in sickness, accident,
hospitalization, and maternity insurance benefits”
were also agreed upon, according to a GE an­
nouncement. GE refused to agree to a provision
substituting two additional holidays for two holi­
days (Fourth of July and Memorial Day) that
occur on Saturday in 1953.
Westinghouse salaried employees represented by
IUE received monthly increases ranging from $13
to $22.55. In addition, adjustments, affecting
about 45,000 workers, averaged about 10 cents an
hour, the company stated. Other terms of the
Westinghouse agreement provided for reopenings
of pension and insurance provisions in January
1953, and wages in April 1953; and extension of
the present modified union-shop provision to addi1 Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
J See October 1952 issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 433).

IN D U S T R IA L R ELA TIO N S

tional locals upon receipt by the company of a
petition signed by a majority of a local union’s
membership. Unlike the GE-UE agreement, the
Westinghouse-IUE settlement provided for two
alternative holidays in lieu of the two holidays
that fall on Saturday in 1953. Similar agreements
affecting an additional 32,000 Westinghouse em­
ployees were concluded subsequently with the
United Electrical, Radio & Machine Workers
(Ind.) and the Federation of Westinghouse
Independent Salaried Unions.
Following a prolonged deadlock in contract
discussions between GE and IUE (CIO), the
union’s conference board on September 29 voted
to empower its negotiators to call a strike “when
and if” they considered this action necessary.
The conference board acted after the union’s
president cancelled plans for a strike vote by the
general membership. Earlier, the union had
agreed to GE’s wage offer 2 but conditioned its
action on acceptance by the company of 7 paid
holidays in 1953 (in lieu of 5 offered by the com­
pany), a modified union shop, and reopening of
negotiations on wages, pensions, and social insur­
ance in March 1953. Further negotiations were
scheduled for September 30.
Maritime. Members of the International Long­
shoremen’s Association (AFL) on September 22
voted to accept a proposal by the New York Ship­
ping Association to arbitrate their wage dispute.2
The proposal followed the union’s refusal to re­
duce its demands for an hourly increase of 50
cents in base rates and double-time instead of
straight-time for overtime and premium work;
the employers offered flat increases of 8% cents
for straight-time and 12% jents for overtime.
Earlier, the union withdrew several demands
which the employers claimed were not bargainable
issues under the contractual wage-review clause.2
Four stipulations were included in the arbitra­
tion proposal: (1) selection of the arbitrators from
a panel of 5 names of be suggested either by the
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service or the
American Arbitration Association; (2) the wage
award to be effective October 1; (3) the arbitrator’s
decision to be final, subject to approval by the
WSB; and (4) the union and its affiliated locals
and membership, must not resort to strikes,


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551

picketing, coercion, or other economic force during
the arbitration proceedings, as a result of the
arbitrator’s award, or the WSB decision. Subse­
quently, the parties agreed that the FMCS should
suggest the panel of arbitrators.
Automobiles. The United Automobile Workers
(CIO) requested the General Motors Corp. to
liberalize wage and pension provisions of their
5-year contract which extends until May 1955
without provision for any interim reopening. The
UAW General Motors’ Council, representing locals
with a membership of about 300,000, made the
following proposals: (1) inclusion in the basic wage
rates of 21 of the 26 cents in hourly wage increases
granted under the contractual cost-of-living es­
calator clause agreed upon in 1948; (2) an increase
in the “ annual improvement” or productivity
factor from 4 to 5 cents an hour; and (3) adjust­
ment of the present $125 monthly pension pay­
ment in order “ to restore the same purchasing
power” the amount had when the contract was
signed in May 1950. Similar proposals were sub­
mitted to the Chrysler Corp. The union stated
that other employers in the automobile industry
operating under GM-type contracts 3 would also
be requested to agree to these improvements.
Strikes and Settlements

Aircraft. Following an appeal by the President
“ in the interest of national defense” strikes which
had idled about 25,000 workers at southern Cali­
fornia plants of the Lockheed Aircraft Co. and
about 15,000 workers at the El Segundo, Calif.,
plant of the Douglas Aircraft Co. were ended by
the International Association of Machinists (AFL)
on September 28. Interim agreements were
reached providing for a resumption of production
under the terms of recently expired contracts,
pending final negotiation.
The Lockheed strike began September 8 follow­
ing protracted negotiations on the union’s pro­
posals for a general hourly wage increase of 14
cents, an additional 2-cent hourly cost-of-living
wage adjustment, the union shop, and various
fringe benefits. The company offered an hourly
* See June 1950 (p. 655) issue of M onthly Labor Review; August 1950 issue
(p. 218).

552

IN D U S T R IA L R ELA TIO N S

increase of 7 cents, and in addition 2 cents an hour
to offset increased living costs. In subsequent
bargaining discussions the union withdrew the
union shop request in order to counter a company
claim that disagreement over this issue was pri­
marily responsible for failure to settle the dispute.
The strike involving Douglas aircraft workers
was called September 15 in an effort to enforce
wage, fringe, and union-shop demands.2 The
company offered a 5-cent hourly wage increase—
about half the amount requested by the union. A
threatened walk-out involving an additional 16,000
employees at the company’s Santa Monica, Calif,
plant was averted when the IAM local membership
voted to accept the company’s offer.
The wage dispute involving North American
Aviation, Inc., and the United Automobile Work­
ers (CIO) was settled on September 10 when the
Wage Stabilization Board approved an arbitration
panel award covering a general hourly wage in­
crease of 10 cents, retroactive to April 28.2
Farm Equipment. No settlement was reached at
the end of the month in the prolonged strike
involving the International Harvester Co. and the
Farm Equipment Workers (Ind.) that idled about
25,000 workers.2 4 Company officials stated on
September 25 that they would consider a union
proposal to utilize the contract previously in effect
as a basis for negotiating an end to the stoppage.
An additional 5,000 employees at the company’s
Melrose Park, 111., plant were idle as the result of
another strike called by the United Automobile
Workers (CIO) on August 4. The walk-out, the
union claimed, was in protest against wage reduc­
tions resulting from revised job production
standards instituted by the company.
4 See August 1952 issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 201).


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Other Developments

Clothing. New contract proposals, formulated by
the Amalgamated Clothing Workers (CIO) for
presentation to the Clothing Manufacturers Asso­
ciation, stressed wage increases to offset advances
in living costs and anticipated “ substantial rent
increases.” Other union goals included hospital­
ization coverage for members’ wives and children
under 18; 6 paid holidays annually, regardless of
the day on which the holiday occurs; 2 weeks’
vacation with pay after 1 year’s service; severance
pay when companies liquidate; the union label
sewed on all garments produced; and a master
agreement providing for a uniform termination
date in all clothing markets.
Petroleum. Long-range policies providing for con­
stant improvements in real wages and in personal
and job security were endorsed on September 2
by delegates to the twenty-second annual conven­
tion of the Oil Workers’ International Union
(CIO). The union’s future bargaining objectives
include “ modest but continuous” wage increases
to compensate for advances in productivity, in
addition to cost-of-living wage adjustments;
jointly-administered pension plans, together with
full and immediate vesting of pension contribu­
tions in order to enable individual workers to
retain pension rights upon transfer to other employ­
ment; a 36-hour workweek in lieu of lay-offs in the
event of a recession; improvements in seniority
provisions and in grievance and arbitration pro­
cedures; and company-wide negotiations to replace
plant-by-plant bargaining. O. A. Knight, presi­
dent of the union, asserted that productivity wage
increases based upon increased output per man­
hour should amount to about 3 percent annually.

Publications
of Labor Interest
E ditor’s N ote.—Correspondence regarding publications to which ref­
erence is made in this list should be addressed to the respective publishing
agencies mentioned. Data on prices, if readily available, are shown with
the title entries.
Listing of a publication in this section is for record and reference only and
does not constitute an endorsement of point of view or advocacy of use.

Special Review
Union Solidarity: The Internal Cohesion of a Labor Union.
B y Arnold M. Rose. Minneapolis, U niversity of
M innesota Press, 1952. xx, 209 pp. $3.
The relationship between union leaders and rank and
file workers, and the question of how closely their ideas
correspond, has been the subject of much discussion
U ntil now, however, basic facts have been lacking; this
is the first full-fledged empirical survey of the attitude of
members of a large local toward the union and its leaders.
Investigating Local 688 (8,500 members) of the Team­
sters’ Union, the author has attem pted to shed light on
reasons for the members’ feeling of solidarity with their
union, and on the degree to which rank and file attitudes
help the union attain its objectives. The study stays
clear of the tem ptation to generalize from the experience
of this one local, stating: “These observations are descrip­
tive necessarily of only the one social group at a specific
period in its history.”
The workers’ feeling toward the union was found to be
proportionate to their participation in its affairs, as meas­
ured by attendance and speaking at union meetings,
by support of shop stewards, etc. It is, however, not
clear whether the workers’ favorable attitude was the cause
or consequence of their participation. This general loyalty
to the union did not preclude specific criticism of the staff and
som e policies of the local. Actually, the workers’ partici­
pation was intim ately linked with their feeling th at the
union should be, and is, democratic. The majority de­
clared they attached greater importance to a democratic
union than to top leaders getting what the members
w ant and need. This may have been a leading question,
however. In other words, the opinion th at the union
successfully achieves its purposes for its members was
generally expressed by the same majority of the workers,
who showed a strong desire for a democratic union and
proved their belief that the degree of democracy can be
increased by actively participating in union affairs.
Another interesting fact brought out by the study is
th at loyalty to the union was in no way combined with
antagonism to the employer. The majority of the workers


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wanted the union to be fair to the employer, recognizing
th at there are limits to wage increases, thus illustrating
the absence of a cleavage between workers and other
strata of society, which the author expressly states in his
introductory statem ent. Although it has become the
practice of some sociologists to assert the existence of
class rigidity in American society, this reviewer would
like to point out th at labor’s progress in the last decade
or two has m oved the workers’ outlook closer to th at of
the middle classes, and th at increasing participation in
national affairs is lessening their feeling of being separated
from other groups of society. B ut social m obility m ust
be viewed nationally, and sociological studies of individual
comm unities focus on the rigidity of barriers often w ithout
considering th at to participate fully in com m unity life
and m ove up the social ladder it is frequently necessary
also to m ove geographically.
Less clear-cut conclusions emerge when the members’
attitudes toward individual policies and goals of the union
are measured. As could have been expected if the workers
approved the union, th ey supported its organizational
work strongly, as well as its economic goals in general.
They mildly favored political action but not contributions.
The attitude of the individual worker toward minorities,
particularly Negroes, was slightly more liberal than his
average neighbor’s; given the determined pro-m inority
policy of the union, the workers’ attitu d e seems to have
been only slightly influenced by the union— but the sub­
jectivity and som ewhat leading nature of these questions
make even this result inconclusive.
While its findings are clearly significant, the m ost
serious shortcoming of the study is its m ethod— a fault
candidly adm itted by the author. The study was con­
ducted by detailed questionnaires, completed during inter­
view s by a group of students. The questions approached
every topic from different angles to probe its ramifications,
and thus check the answers. E ven assuming th at mis­
understandings can be avoided, the method seems inade­
quate for a subjective topic such as union loyalty. It
would have been advisable to first interview each worker
skillfully by the nondirective method in order to ascertain
his attitudes through his own statem ents, before presenting
him with concrete questions. Also, a period of working
and living among these workers and their families should
have supplemented the questionnaires to get at the unex­
pressed problems and to put the answers into the right
framework. After all, m ost of the questions searched for
attitudes rather than objectively quantifiable information;
hence over-generalizations, widely accepted attitudes
within the union com m unity, and knowledge of the purpose
of the study m ight have partially dictated the answers
received in the interviews.
This criticism should, however, not detract from the
great contribution of this study, which is both a land­
mark and a signpost in union research. It is also remark­
able th at the union cooperated so fully in an attem p t to
probe its innerm ost problems, and is a tribute to the
leadership of Harold Gibbons, its director. There is dire
need for such studies to furnish information on the internal
forces which shape unions.
— K irk R. P etshek .
553

554

P UBLICATIO N S OF LAB O R IN T E R E S T

MONTHLY LABOR

Cooperative Movement

ploym ent Security and the State em ploym ent security
agencies.

Crusade: The Fight for Economic Democracy in North
America, 1921-45. B y R oy F. Bergengren. New York,
Exposition Press, Inc., 1952. 379 pp., illus. $3.75.
Because the author believes strongly th at “the brother­
hood of free men is a realizable aspiration for mankind,” he
offers the story of his “ Crusade” to show how the creditunion m ovem ent has been brought to the “edge of ma­
tu rity.” “The basic idea of the credit union,” Mr.
Bergengren points out, “is th at a group of people can
organize cooperatively, pool their individual savings and,
from this pool, take care of their own credit problem
w ithout usury.” H is job during the Crusade period
1921-45 was “to make this idea valid in law throughout
the United States” by doing whatever was necessary to
get such legislation enacted. After that, he took on the
task of making the laws work. This book discusses the
problems encountered in his work and their solutions, as
well as the work done by collaborators in the field. Some
statistical data are included to show the m ovem ent’s
growth during both the Crusade period and the subsequent
years up to the tim e of writing, October 1950.

Placement of Professional Personnel.

Developments in Consumers’ Cooperatives in 1951. Wash­
ington, U. S. Departm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1952. 29 pp. (Bull. 1073.) 20 cents,
Superintendent of Docum ents, W ashington.
Handbook on M ajor Regional Farm S u p p ly Purchasing
Cooperatives, 1950 and 1951. B y M artin A. Abrahamsen and Jane L. Scearce. W ashington, U. S.
D epartm ent of Agriculture, Farm Credit Administra­
tion, Cooperative Research and Service D ivision, 1952.
60 pp., map; processed. (M iscellaneous Report 164.)
Publications on Agricultural Cooperation. W ashington,
U. S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Farm Credit Ad­
ministration, 1952. 29 pp.; processed. (Circular
A -23.)
Farmers’ Cooperation in Sweden. B y Ake Gullander.
Ames, Iowa State College Press, 1951. 184 pp.,
illus. $2.50.

Employment and Unemployment
Employment in M etropolitan Areas: A Sum m ary of A vail­
able Data on Employment Trends, 1947-51, in 100
Metropolitan Areas. W ashington, U. S. D epartm ent
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1952. I l l pp.;
processed. Free.
Intergovernmental Relations in Employment Security. B y
Francis E. Rourke. Minneapolis, U niversity of
M innesota Press, 1952. 133 pp., bibliography, maps.
(Intergovernmental Relations in the United States,
Research Monograph 6.)
Examination of the administration in M innesota of
the Federal W agner-Peyser and Social Security Acts in
terms of relationships between the U. S. Bureau of Em ­


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W ashington, U. S.
D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of Em ploym ent Secu­
rity, 1952. 45 pp., forms; processed. (Employment
Office Training Program U nit 11.) Free.

Underemployment in Asia: I, Nature and Extent; II, Its
Relation to Investment Policy. B y Chiang Hsieh.
(In International Labor Review, Geneva, June 1952,
pp. 703-725; July 1952, pp. 30-39. 60 cents each.
Distributed in U nited States by W ashington Branch
of ILO.)

Handicapped
Disabled M en Work Again. B y Stanwood L. Hanson.
(In American Journal of Public H ealth and the
N ation ’s H ealth, N ew York, July 1952, pp. 787-790.
$ 1.)

One of four articles in the July issue of the Journal on
the subject of rehabilitation.
N E P H Week: M inutes of the Spring Meeting, President’s
Committee on Employment of the Physically Handi­
capped, Washington, A p ril 18, 1952. W ashington,
U. S. D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Stand­
ards, 1952. 79 pp., illus.; processed. Free.
National E m ploy the Physically H andicapped Week, October
5—11, 1952— A Program Guide. B y President’s
Com m ittee on E m ploym ent of the Physically Handi­
capped. W ashington, U. S. D epartm ent of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Standards, 1952. 22 pp., charts.
15 cents, Superintendent of D ocum ents, W ashington.
A guide for State and local N E P H com m ittees in pro­
viding job opportunities for qualified handicapped workers.
Report of a Conference on Rehabilitation in Compensation
Cases— A Panel Discussion and Demonstration Spon­
sored by the Institute for the Crippled and Disabled,
January 16, 1952. N ew York, Institute for the
Crippled and Disabled, 1952. 53 pp., illus.
Report of Proceedings of the 5th A nnual Workshop of
Guidance, Training and Placement Supervisors, Wash­
ington, D. C., A p ril 21-25, 1952: P art I, Total Evalua­
tion of the Client; P art I I , Rehabilitation of the M entally
Retarded and Emotionally Disturbed; P art I I I , Re­
habilitation Programs for the Homebound. Washing­
ton, Federal Security Agency, Office of Vocational
R ehabilitation, 1952. 35, 62, 76 pp., bibliographies;
processed.
National Conference on Handicapped Persons, Pretoria,
February 1952. Pretoria, Departm ent of Social
Welfare, 1952. 61 pp.; processed.
Background data on rehabilitation of the handicapped
in the Union of South Africa, w ith some related informa­
tion for Canada and the United States, prepared for use
of the delegates to the conference.

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

555

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

Industrial Health
Dust in Steel Foundries. London, M inistry of Labor and
N ational Service, Factory D epartm ent, 1951. 83
pp., charts, illus. 3s. 6d. net, H. M. Stationery
Office, London.
Contains sections on dust control.
Health H azards in the Plating Room and Their Control.
B y Samuel Moskowitz. (In M onthly Review, N ew
York State D epartm ent of Labor, D ivision of Indus­
trial H ygiene and Safety Standards, N ew York, July
1952, pp. 25-27; August 1952, pp. 29-32.)
Industrial Lung Diseases of Iron and Steel Foundry Work­
ers. B y A. I. G. M cLaughlin. London, M inistry of
Labor and N ational Service, Factory Departm ent,
1950. 282 pp., diagrams, illus. £ l Is. net, H. M.
Stationery Office, London.
Industrial Cancer of the Lungs. B y M ay R. Mayers, M .D .
(In M onthly Review, N ew York State D epartm ent of
Labor, D ivision of Industrial Hygiene and Safety
Standards, N ew York, June 1952, pp. 21-24; July
1952, pp. 27-28, bibliography.)
Progress of American Industrial Medicine in the First H alf
of the Twentieth Century. B y Robert T. Legge, M .D .
(In American Journal of Public H ealth and the N a ­
tion ’s H ealth, N ew York, August 1952, pp. 905-912.
$ 1.)

A review of major industrial health problems, m ove­
ments, and leaders, by a pioneer industrial physician and
teacher, from his own experience and observations.

Includes texts of speeches on Wage Stabilization and the
Steel Crisis; Government Power and Free Collective Bar­
gaining; and Collective Bargaining in a M obilization
Econom y (Four Viewpoints).
Reports and Resolutions, 16th Annual Meeting, National
Executive Board, National Coat and Su it Industry
Recovery Board, 1952. N ew York, N ational Coat
and Suit Industry Recovery Board, 1952. 93 pp.
Outlines the developm ents and problems m et by the
board, said to be the only national industrial group con­
ducted under the joint auspices of managem ent and labor.
How Human Relations Problems are Dealt with by Medical
Directors, Physicians, and Nurses. B y W illiam J.
Fulton, M .D . (In Industrial M edicine and Surgery,
Chicago, August 1952, pp. 381-389, forms, illus. 75
cents.)
Work Stoppages: “ National Emergency” D isputes Under the
Labor Management Relations ( Taft-H artley ) Act, 194-7June 30, 1952. W ashington, U. S. Departm ent of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1952. 9 pp. Free.

Labor Legislation
Labor Relations Law (October 1951). B y Marcus Manoff.
Philadelphia, Pa., American Law Institute, Committee
on Continuing Legal Education, [1952?]. 145 pp.
$2.50.

Contract Expirations and Wage Adjustments in M ajor
Agreements, [os of August 1, 1852]. W ashington,
U. S. D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis­
tics, 1952. 28 pp.; processed. Free.

Significant Developments in Labor Law During the Last
Half-Century. B y Russell A. Smith. (In Michigan
Law Review, Ann Arbor, June 1952, pp. 1265-1290.
$ 1.)
R eviews the im pact of major national labor legislation
in the past 50 years, especially the last 30, stressing the
substitution of legislative for judicial policy determina­
tion in union-management-employee relations, and the
decision to fix certain minimum standards by fiat in the
area of employment.

M ature Collective Bargaining: Prospects and Problems.
E dited by Anne P. Cook. Berkeley, University of
California, Institute of Industrial Relations, 1952.
88 pp. 50 cents.
T exts of six lectures delivered at U niversity of California
from N ovem ber 1949 to December 1951.

The Law of Seamen, Volume 2. B y Martin J. Norris.
N ew York, Baker, Voorhis & Co., Inc., 1952.
xxxii, 505 pp. $15.
The volum e includes an extensive list of cases and a
detailed index. Volume 1 was issued in 1951 (see M onthly
Labor Review, February 1952, p. 199).

The Problem of Delay in Adm inistering the Labor-Manage­
ment Relations Act. Staff Report to Subcomm ittee
on Labor and Labor-M anagement Relations, Com­
m ittee on Labor and Public Welfare, U nited States
Senate, 82d Congress, 2d session. W ashington, 1952.
34 pp. (Com m ittee Print.)
Describes procedures of the N ational Labor Relations
Board and makes recommendations for expediting the
handling of different types of cases.

Labor Legislation of Japan.

Industrial Relations

Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on Industrial
Relations, A pril 18, 1952. Buffalo, N. Y., University
of Buffalo, School of Business Administration, D e­
partm ent of Industrial Relations, 1952. 51 pp.


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1952.

Tokyo, M inistry of Labor,

44 p p .

Labor Organization and Activities
Building Strength Through International Labor Cooperation.
W ashington, U. S. Departm ent of Labor, 1952. 51
pp., bibliography. (Reprinted from Labor Yearbook,
Vol. I, Mobilizing Labor for Defense— 35th Annual
Report of Secretary of Labor, 1950-51.) Free.
Discusses organized labor’s role in the defense program
and in the war against communism, as well as the inter­
national labor program of the U nited States Government.

556

PU B LIC A TIO N S OF LAB O R IN T E R E S T

Institutional Ultimates in American Labor Unionism. By
Theodore L evitt. (In Southern Economic Journal,
Chapel Hill, N . C., July 1952, pp. 51-65. $1.25.)
Provocative examination of the widely-held thesis
that increasing trade-union power leads inevitably to social­
ism, and an exposition of the basic incom patibility of
socialism and unionism by reference to the domestic and
European scenes.

The Union Shop Issue Today.

N ew York, Industrial
R elations Counselors, Inc., 1952. 8 pp.; processed.
(Industrial Relations Memo 127.) $1.

A Brief Survey of the History and Activities of the Inter­
national Transport Workers’ Federation. By O. Becu.
London, N ew York, etc., the Federation, [1952?].
48 pp., illus.

Facts About the International Typographical Union and a
Chronological Digest of Its History. Indianapolis,
Ind., International Typographical Union, 1952.
pp., illus.

64

Beretning om Virksomheden, 1951.

Copenhagen, Samvirkende Fagforbund, 1952. 129 pp.
Report on activities of the D anish Federation of Trade
Unions during 1951, with information on employment,
unem ploym ent, wages, prices, production, and other
factors in the economic situation in Denmark.

Manpower
America’s Manpower Crisis: The Report of the Institute on
Manpower Utilization and Government Personnel,
Stanford University, August 22, 28, and 2 4 , 1951.
Edited by Robert A. Walker. Chicago, Public
Administration Service, 1952. 191 pp., charts.
(Pub. 106.) $3.
Representatives of government, education, business, and
labor analyze problems relating to the allocation of man­
power, the psychological and social barriers to attaining
maximum productivity from human resources, and the
recruitment and developm ent of top leadership in the public
service.

The Labor Force in War and Transition: Four Countries.
B y Clarence D. Long. N ew York, N ational Bureau
of Economic Research, Inc., 1952. 61 pp., charts.
(Occasional Paper 36.) $1.
Review of the manpower aspects of m obilization during
World War II in the United States, Canada, Great Britain,
and Germany. Describes the adm inistrative mechanisms
developed to aid in manpower m obilization and evaluates
the relative success of each country in meeting its man­
power goal. Indicates the present possibilities for labor
force expansion in the United States in the event of full
mobilization.

Labor-Force Participation, Its Significance to Labor Market
Analysis. Washington, U. S. D epartm ent of Labor,
Bureau of Em ploym ent Security, 1952. 37 pp.,
bibliography; processed. Free.
Includes data showing the proportion of the population
participating in the labor force in the United States as a


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MONTHLY LABOR

whole and in 56 m etropolitan areas, by sex and age groups,
1950.

Manpower Requirements in the Aircraft Industry. Man­
power Requirements in the Production of Military
Weapons. W ashington, U. S. D epartm ent of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1952. 34 and 21 pp.,
charts; processed. (M anpower Reports 16 and 17.)
Free.

Iron and Steel Foundries.

Washington, U. S. Departm ent
of Labor, Bureau of Em ploym ent Security, 1952.
5 pp.; processed. (Industry Manpower Survey 20.)
Free.
Other recent BES industry manpower surveys covered
aircraft and parts manufacturing, shipbuilding and repair,
railroad equipment, machine tool industry, and the woolen
and worsted industry (reports 22 to 26).

Proceedings of the Conference on Scientific Manpower:
118th Meeting of the American Association for • the
Advancement of Science, Philadelphia, December 1951.
Washington, U. S. D epartm ent of the N avy, Office of
N aval Research, 1952. 81 pp., charts.
Series of short papers on crucial problems involving
scientific manpower in the fields of physical, biological,
engineering, and social sciences; emphasis is on supply and
demand, post-baccalaureate training, and selection tech­
niques.

Medical Care
Economic Aspects of Prolonged Illness.

Chicago, Research
Council for Economic Security, 1952. 44 pp., charts,
forms, illus. (Pub. 83.)
Proceedings of the Council’s autum n meeting, 1951.

Health Resources in the United States— Personnel, Facil­
ities, and Services. By George W. Bachman and
Associates. W ashington, Brookings Institution, 1952.
344 pp., charts, maps. $5.
Contains a chapter on health service in industry which
includes advance data from a 1951 survey by the National
Association of Manufacturers.

Independent Plans Providing Medical Care and Hospitaliza­
tion Insurance in 1949 in the United States. By Agnes
W. Brewster. W ashington, Federal Security Agency,
Social Security Administration, D ivision of Research
and Statistics, 1952. 122 pp., bibliography. (Bu­
reau Memorandum 72.) 65 cents, Superintendent of
D ocum ents, W ashington.
Prepaid industrial plans not affiliated with Blue Cross,
Blue Shield, or commercial insurance are reported on, as
well as nonindustrial groups.

Labor Plans for Health.

B y E. Richard Weinerman, M .D.
San Francisco, Calif., San Francisco Labor Council,
1952. 45 pp., bibliography, charts.
A study of health and welfare plans under collective
bargaining among unions affiliated with San Francisco
Labor Council. Includes evaluation of the medical,

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

economic, and adm inistrative aspects of such plans, and
recommendations.
Health Program at a M edical Center. B y J. B. Feldman,
M. D ., and M. D. Kasser, M .D . {In A.M .A. Archives
of Industrial H ygiene and Occupational Medicine,
Chicago, August 1952, pp. 141-146, chart, plan.
$ 1.)

Brief report on the health center established by the
International Ladies Garment Workers’ Union in Phila­
delphia.
Health Security by Union Action: A Report on the Sidney
H illm an Health Center of New York. N ew York,
Am algam ated Clothing Workers of America, New
York Joint Board, 1952. 62 pp., illus.
Covers the first year’s work of the Center.

557

Proceedings of the Joint Conference on the Problem of
M aking a Living While Growing Old, M ay 22, 23,
1952, Philadelphia, P a., Presented by Temple Uni­
versity and Pennsylvania Department of Labor and
Industry. Philadelphia, Temple U niversity; Har­
risburg, D epartm ent of Labor and Industry, 1952.
168 pp.
When Should Workers Retiref B y Perrin Stryker. {In
Fortune, N ew York, September 1952, pp. 110-112,
156, et seq., chart. $1.25.)
Workers Are Young Longer. W ashington, U. S. D epart­
m ent of Labor, Bureau of E m ploym ent Security,
[1952]. 52 pp., charts, forms; processed. Free.
Report of findings and im plications of em ploym ent
service studies of older workers in five localities.

Occupations and Occupational Adjustment

Personnel Management

Employment Outlook in Accounting. W ashington, U. S.
D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1952. 32 pp., map. (Bull. 1048.) 20 cents, Super­
intendent of D ocum ents, W ashington.

Personnel P rinciples and Policies:
Modern Manpower
Management. By D ale Yoder. N ew York, PrenticeHall, Inc., 1952. 602 pp., charts, forms, biblio­
graphical footnotes. $7.95.

Employment Outlook in Electronics M anufacturing. Wash­
ington, U. S. D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1952. 30 pp., charts, illus. (Bull. 1072.)
25 cents, Superintendent of D ocum ents, W ashington.
Occupational Handbook of the United States A ir Force—
A M anual for Vocational Guidance Counselors and
A ir Force Personnel Officers. W ashington, U. S.
D epartm ent of D efense, Departm ent of the Air
Force (Headquarters, Pentagon Building), [1951].
191 pp., charts, illus.
Practical Sales Psychology. B y Donald A. and Eleanor
C. Laird. N ew York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
1952. 291 pp., charts, forms. $4.

Older Workers and the Aged
Age is No Barrier. Albany, N ew York State Joint
Legislative Com m ittee on Problems of the Aging,
1952. 171 pp., charts, illus. (Legislative D oc.,
1952, No. 35.)
Fifth annual report of the com m ittee, including con­
tributions from authorities on health, housing, and
economic problems of the aged. The pictorial illustra­
tions serve to emphasize the view th at the task ahead is to
unshackle the aged from the prejudices of society, and
guide them to a new understanding of opportunities in
old age.
Fact

Book on Aging. W ashington, Federal Security
Agency, Com m ittee on Aging and Geriatrics, 1952.
62 pp., charts. 30 cents, Superintendent of D ocu­
ments, W ashington.
Brief statem ents with selected charts and tables on
personal characteristics, income, em ploym ent, living
arrangements, and health of older persons in the popu­
lation.
226672— 52------ 6


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How to Prepare and Use Job M anuals— A Handbook for
Supervisors. By Marguerite Holbrook W atson. New
York, W illiam-Frederick Press, 1952. 38 pp., bibli­
ography, diagrams. $1.
M erit-Rating Incentive Schemes. By A. F. Stewart. {In
International Labor Review, Geneva, April 1952, pp.
442-461. 60 cents. D istributed in United States by
W ashington Branch of ILO.)
Describes the features, advantages, and lim itations of
merit-rating incentive plans and outlines steps to be taken
in introducing such a plan.
Supervisory M erit-Rating. W ashington, Bureau of N a­
tional Affairs, Inc., 1952. 29 pp., forms. (Personnel
Policies Forum Survey 14.). $1.
Training and Holding Employees. N ew York, N ational
R etail D ry Goods Association, Personnel Group,
[1951?]. 123 pp.; processed. $3.50 to Association
members, $10 to nonmember stores, $5 to other non­
members.

Wages and Hours of Labor
Union Wages and Hours: Printing Industry, J u ly 1, 1951.
W ashington, U. S. D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1952. 43 pp. (Bull. 1062.) 25 cents,
Superintendent of D ocum ents, W ashington.
Bulletins are also available on the Bureau’s 1951 sur­
veys of union wages and hours of local transit operating
em ployees and motortruck drivers and helpers, and in
the baking and building industries.
Wage Structure: Petroleum Production and Refining,
October-Nov ember 1951; Radio, Television, and Re­
lated Products, November 1951; Steel Foundries,
December 1951; Railroad Cars, January 1952; Indus­
trial Chemicals, October-November 1951. W ashington,

558

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
U. S. D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1952. 5 reports, variously paged; proc­
essed. (Series 2, N os. 83-87.) Free.

Textile Wages, [1935-49]— A n International Study. Ge­
neva, International Labor Office, 1952. 126 pp.
(Studies and Reports, N ew Series, 31.) 75 cents.
Distributed in United States by W ashington Branch
of ILO.
Wages, Hours, and Working Conditions: P rim ary Iron and
Steel Industry, [Canada, October 1951]. (In Labor
Gazette, D epartm ent of Labor, Ottawa, August 1952,
pp. 1120-1123.
10 cents in Canada, 25 cents
elsewhere.)
Lfinnsstatistikk, 1950. Oslo, Statistisk SentralbyrS,, 1952.
248 pp. (Norges Offisielle Statistikk X I, 92.) Kr. 4.
First annual report on wages published by the Central
Statistical Office since it began regular collection of data
from firms not belonging to the Norwegian Em ployers’
Association as well as from member companies and public
establishments.

Workmen’s Compensation
A nalysis of Provisions of Workmen’s Compensation Laws
and Discussion of Coverages, [as of January 1, 1952],
Washington, Chamber of Commerce of the United
States, 1952. 61 pp.
The Law of Workmen’s Compensation. By Arthur Larson.
N ew York, M atthew Bender & Co., 1952. 2 vols.:
xlii, 823 pp.; xx, 770 pp. $40.
Technical analysis of the various aspects of workmen’s
compensation.
Workmen’s Compensation Problems—1951: Proceedings,
87th Annual Convention of the International Association
of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions,
Detroit, October 1-4, 1951. W ashington, U. S. D e­
partm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1952.
209 pp. (Bull. 156.) 45 cents, Superintendent of
Docum ents, Washington.
Costs of Adm inistering Reparation for Work Injuries in
Illinois. Urbana-Champaign, U niversity of Illinois,
1952. Various pagings; processed.
Pilot study which compares costs and net benefits for
railroad workers under the Federal Em ployers’ Liability
Act and for other workers under the Illinois Workmen’s
Compensation Act.


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Miscellaneous
Income and Employment. By Theodore Morgan. New
York, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1952. 389 pp., charts.
2d. ed. $6.
Share Ownership in the United States. By Lewis H. Kimmel. W ashington, Brookings Institution, 1952. 140
pp., charts. $1.50.
Analysis of the nature and extent of shareholdings in
corporations, number and characteristics of shareholders,
and number and kinds of issues owned. Includes tabula­
tions showing occupational and industrial distribution of
worker shareholders of publicly owned stocks.
Proceedings of the First International Conference of M anu­
facturers, Sponsored by the National Association of
Manufacturers of the United States of America, New
York, December 8 -5 , 1951.
N ew York, National
Association of Manufacturers, [1952],
412 pp.
$3.50.
First meeting of industrial leaders of western Europe
and the United States to discuss problems of productivity
as related to defense, maintenance of living standards, and
peace. Topics included industrial relations problems.
Labor Statistics Series: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany
(W est), Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, United
Kingdom. Washington, U. S. D epartm ent of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1952. 9 separate reports,
variously paged; processed.
These reports describe the current labor statistics series
of the respective countries. Subjects covered include
prices, consumer expendituies, the labor force, em ploy­
ment, unemployment, earnings, wage rates, and working
hours.
Japan and the World Cotton Goods Trade. B y Claudius
Murchison. Charlotte, N . C., American Cotton Manu­
facturers Institute, Inc., [1952?]. 37 pp.
A chapter on social and structural changes deals with
social legislation, composition of the cotton industry labor
force, and wages in cotton and other textile industries.
Tendenser i den Çlkonomiske Utvikling, Vâren 1952. Oslo,
Statistisk Sentralbyrâ, 1952. 122 pp., charts. (Norges
Offisielle Statistikk X I, 97.) Kr. 3.50.
Review of economic trends and developm ents in Norway
in 1952, including data on production, employm ent, prices,
and wages.

Current Labor Statistics
A.—Employment and Payrolls
Estimated civilian labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
562 Table A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
and group
566 Table A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
568 Table A-4: Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries
569 Table A-5: Federal civilian employment by branch and agency group
569 Table A-6: Government civilian employment in Washington, D. C., by branch and
agency group
Table A-7: Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Table A-8: Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
570 Table A-9: Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro­
grams, by geographic division and State
561 Table A -l:

B.—Labor Turn-Over
571 Table B -l:
572 Table B-2:

Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turn-over
Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries

and Hours
574 Table C -l:
589 Table C-2:
590 Table C-3:
590 Table C-4:
Table C-5:

Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Average hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtime, of produc­
tion workers in manufacturing industries
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1

1 This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
N o t e .— Beginning

with Volume 74, tables in the A section have been renumbered consecutively,
to take into account the elimination of two tables.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

559

560

MONTHLY LABOR

C U R R E N T L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S

D.—Prices and Cost of Living
Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities,
by group of commodities
Consumers’
price index for moderate-income families, by city, for
D-2:
selected periods
D-3: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city and
group of commodities
D-4: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods
D-5: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by city
D-6: Average retail prices and indexes of selected foods
D-7 : Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities (1947-49=100)
D-7a: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, for selected
periods (1926 = 100)
D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities

591 Table D -l:
592 Table
593 Table
594
595
596
597
597

Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

598 Table

E.— Work Stoppages
599 Table E -l:

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

F.— Building and Construction
600 Table F -l:
601 Table F-2:
602 Table F-3:
603 Table F-4:
604 Table F-5:

Expenditures for new construction
Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on fed­
erally financed new construction, by type of construction
Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds

Note.— Earlier figures in many of the series appearing in the following tables are shown in the Handbook of Labor
Statistics, 1950 Edition (BLS Bulletin 1016). For convenience in referring to the historical statistics,
the tables in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review are keyed to the appropriate tables in the Handbook.
M LR
ta b le

A - l ____
A- iu__ _.

A -3..........
A -4 .____


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

H andbook
ta b le

A-13
IA - l
A-3
A-4
1(A-8
A-3
A-4
U -7
A -6

M LR
ta b le

A -5______
A -6______
A -7______
A -8______
A -9______
B - l ______
B -2 ______
C - l______
C -2______

H andbook
ta b le

________A-9
__ _ __ None
________A-2
________A-2
________A-14
________B - l
________B -2
________C -l
________None

M LR
ta b le

C -3______
C -4______
C -5______
D - l ______
D -2 ______
D -3 ______
D -4 ______

H andbook
ta b le

________C-4
________C-3
________C-2
________D - l
________D -2
________None
________D -4
ÌD -2
D -5 ______
------------{D -3

M LR
ta b le

H andbook
ta b le

D -6 .......... .. __ __ None
D -7 a _____ ________D -5
D -8 ______ _______ None
E - l ______ _______ E-2
F - l ______ _______ H - l
F -2 ______ ________H -4
F -3 ______ _______ H -6
F -4 ______ ________H -6
F -5 ______ ________ 1-1

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

561

A : EMPLOYM ENT AND P A Y R O L L S

A: Employment and Payrolls
T a ble

A -l: Estimated Civilian Labor Force Classified by Employment Status, Hours Worked, and Sex
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and o v er1 (in thousands)
1952

1951

Labor force
Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.»

61,838
2,086
982
638
174
198
94
59,752
53,688
44,134
5,652
2,078
1,824
6,064
4,390
1,194
194
286

61, 780
2,054
1,068
570
136
172
108
59, 726
53, 540
44,046
5,686
2,002
1,806
6,186
4,116
1,378
316
376

62,688
1,674
920
374
152
136
92
61,014
54,636
45,116
5,926
2,080
1,514
6,378
4,392
1,638
250
198

63,164
1,828
1,072
390
130
114
122
61,336
54,314
43, 708
6,832
2,102
1,672
7,022
4,660
1,840
332
190

63, 452
1,616
944
330
126
126
90
61,836
54,168
43,040
7,488
1,922
1.718
7, 668
6,090
1,270
228
80

63,186
1,606
1,004
280
128
78
116
61, 580
54,054
29,204
20,070
1,818
2,962
7,526
5,724
1,436
224
142

42,858
1,376
41,482
36,116
31,346
2, 724
852
1,194
5,366
4,210
768
154
234

42,864
1,384
41,480
36,132
31,296
2,852
828
1,156
5,348
3,910
888
232
318

43,114
1,008
42,106
36, 728
31,974
2,906
852
996
5,378
4,110
936
158
174

43,346
1,002
42,344
36,616
31,102
3, 540
834
1,140
5,728
4,280
1,074
216
158

43, 522
890
42, 632
36, 756
31, 206
3, 654
780
1,116
5,876
5,110
554
142
70

43,672
842
42,830
37,050
22,174
12,240
760
1,876
5,780
4,810
690
154
126

18,980
710
18,270
17, 572
12, 788
2,928
1,226
630
698
180
426
40
52

18,916
670
18,246
17,408
12, 750
2,834
1,174
650
838
206
490
84
58

19, 574
666
18,908
17,908
13,142
3,020
1,228
518
1,000
282
602
92
24

19, 818
826
18,992
17, 698
12, 606
3,292
1,268
532
1,294
380
766
116
32

19,930
726
19,204
17,412
11,834
3,834
1,142
602
1,792
980
716
86
10

19,514
764
18,750
17,004
7,030
7,830
1,058
1,086
1,746
914
746
70
16

Total, both sexes

Civilian labor force_________________
Unemployment_________________
Unemployed 4 weeks or less__ ____
Unemployed 5-10 weeks................
Unemployed 11-14 weeks................
Unemployed 15-26 weeks................
Unemployed over 26 weeks______
Employment..................... ...............
Nonagricultural............................
Worked 35 hours ormore______
Worked 15-34 hours.................
Worked 1-14 hours4..._______
With a job but not at work
Agricultural................................
Worked 35 hours ormore______
Worked 15-34 hours_________
Worked 1-14 hours4....... ....... .
With a job but not at work 8__.

63,698
1,438
830
286
110
152
60
62,260
54, 712
45, 538
5,214
1,576
2,384
7, 548
5, 774
1,380
212
182

63,958
1,604
872
422
130
122
58
62,354
55,390
43,824
4,924
1,480
5,162
6,964
5,030
1,560
194
180

64,176
1,942
1,174
476
116
106
70
62,234
54,636
42,112
5,016
1, 512
5,996
7, 598
5, 654
1,610
174
160

64,390
1,818
1,240
288
78
146
66
62, 572
54,402
44,144
5,180
1,642
3,436
8,170
6,482
1,408
184
96

62,778
1,602
896
352
96
158
100
61,176
54,216
45,284
4,946
1,934
2,052
6,960
5,416
1,308
120
116

61,744
1,612
774
342
174
196
126
60,132
53, 720
43,002
6,826
1,918
1,974
6,412
4,684
1,416
150
162

61, 518
1,804
880
418
202
208
96
59, 714
53, 702
43,954
5, 810
2,012
1,926
6,012
4,152
1,378
202
280
Males

Civilian labor force________________________
Unemployment - ....................... .....................
E m p lo y m en t..._______________________
Nonagricultural___________________
Worked 35 hours or more________
Worked 15-34 hours.........................
Worked 1-14 hours 4____________
W ith a job but not at work 8_.
Agricultural_______________________
Worked 35 hours or m o re........... .
Worked 15-34 hours____________
Worked 1-14 hours 4____________
W ith a job but not at work 5_.

43,468
864
42, 604
36, 766
32,316
2,366
542
1,542
5,838
4, 800
706
154
178

44,396
1,004
43,392
37,582
31,362
2,622
494
3,104
5,810
4,656
870
152
132

44, 720
1,244
43,476
37, 316
30,286
2,682
562
3,786
6,160
5,114
778
134
134

44,464
1,138
43, 326
37,050
31, 734
2,490
628
2,198
6,276
5, 450
596
140
90

43,262
972
42,290
36,620
32,060
2,438
780
1,342
5, 670
4,902
618
76
74

42,946
1,048
41,898
36,298
30, 796
3,478
778
1,246
5,600
4,464
876
124
136

42,810
1,224
41, 586
36,246
31,038
3,060
838
1,310
5,340
3,966
964
148
262
Females

Civilian labor force________________________
Unemployment_______________________
Employm ent....................... ......................... .
Nonagricultural-......................................
Worked 35 hours or more.................
Worked 15-34 hours____________
Worked 1-14 hours 4____________
W ith a job but not at w ork8__
Agricultural____________ ____ ______
Worked 35 hours or more________
Worked 15-34 hours____________
Worked 1-14 hours 4____________
W ith a job but not at work *__

20,230
574
19, 656
17,946
13,222
2, 848
1,034
842
1,710
974
674
58
4

19,562
600
18,962
17,808
12,462
2,302
986
2,058
1,154
374
690
42
48

19, 456
698
18,758
17,320
11,826
2, 334
950
2, 210
1,438
540
832
40
26

19,926
680
19,246
17,352
12,410
2,690
1,014
1,238
1,894
1,032
812
44
6

i Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu­
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to
group totals.
» Beginning with January 1951, total labor force is not shown because of the
security classification of the Armed Forces component.
8 Census survey week contains legal holiday.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

19, 516
630
18,886
17,596
13,224
2,508
1,154
710
1,290
514
690
44
42

18, 798
564
18, 234
17,422
12,206
3,348
1,140
728
812
220
540
26
26

18,708
580
18,128
17,456
12,916
2,750
1,174
616
672
186
414
54
18

4 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
8 Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute or
because of temporary lay-off with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of lay-off. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

M ONTHLY LABOR

A : EM PLOYM ENT AND P A Y R O L L S

562
T a ble

A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1951

1952
Industry group and industry
Sept.

July

Aug.

June

M ay

Mar.

Apr.

Feb.

Jan.

Oct.

N ov.

Dec.

Sept.

1951

1850

Total employees__________________ _____ 47, 579 47,060 45,992 46,292 46,329 46,299 46,001 45,899 45,913 47,663 46,852 46,902 46,956 46,401 44,124
917
917
920
917
904
916
902
909
904
896
893
814
885
887
784
M ining_________________________________
77.0 107.3 107.3 106.8 107.2 106.9 106.4 105.4 104.3 103.7 104.9 101.0
95.2
74.2
91.0
M ctal
- ____________
38.2
38.7
37.6
37.7
37.5
35.5
36.9
37.1
36.9
38.0
38.6
8.0
28.0
7.1
_________________________
Iron
27.9
27. 9
28.4
28.7
28.8
28.1
28.9
29.2
29.1
29.2
29.0
28.4
29.5
29.5
Copper
______________________
20.9
21.4
19.8
20.8
21.9
22.2
19.7
22.4
22.2
22.2
21.9
20.4
21.5
19.8
Lead and zinc___ . _________________
Anthracite

__________________

Bituminous-coal..............................................

353.0

Crude petroleum and natural gas production
______________________
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying--------

107.0

63.6

60.9

65.2

65.6

60.1

66.8

61.8

67.0

67.1

67.1

67.2

67.9

69.1

75.1

346.5

267.9

294.2

348.4

356.5

362.8

366.0

367.0

368.5

367.9

367.0

366.5

378.2

375.6

274.4

275.3

272.1

266.3

267.4

266.1

266.6

267.4

268.8

269.2

268.7

269.1

262.2

255.3

100.8

105.1

107.3

109.3

109.5

105.1

97.4

2,761

2,768

2,569

2,318

544
234.5
309.6

554
240.4
313.1

480
200.4
285.1

447
183.0
264.1

107.4

105.6

105.6

105.5

101.4

104.8

100.7

2, 781

2,721

2,663

2, 522

2,416

2,296

2,308

2,316

2,518

2,633

Nbnhnilding construction______________
Highway and street _________________
Other nonbuilding construction----------

573
256.8
316.1

548
243.3
304.4

536
237.2
298.3

500
215.3
284.2

454
179.3
274.2

398
143.2
254.4

395
143.5
251.1

390
140.3
249.5

453
179.4
273.3

495
207.3
288.1

Pnilding construction _

2,208

2,173

2,127 2,022

1,962

1,898

1,913

1,926

2,065

2,138

2,217

2,214

2,084

1,871

823

794

768

775

775

847

887

944

945

880

797

Contract construction____________ ___ ____

General contractors

2,747

____________

82.0

Food and kindred products____________ 1,707
Meat products ___________________
Dairy products
_ ________________
Panning and preserving
_______
Grain-mill produ cts----------- - .......... Pakery products
_____________
Su^ar
. _ ___________
Confectionery and related products___
P e vera yes
________ _
Miscellaneous food products------------Tobacco manufactures________________
___________
Pi garottes
Cigars
__________________
Tobacco and snuff _ _____ ________
Tobacco stemming and redrying-------

97

Textile-mill products__________________ 1,234
Varn and thread mills ____________
Prnad-woven fabric mills__ ____ _____
Knitting mills
____ ____________
Dyeing and finishing textiles
Carpets rngs other floor coverin g__
Other textile-mill products___________
Apparel and other finished textile
products
_____ ___ ______ 1,185
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats— -----M en’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing __________________
Women's outerwear
__ _________
Women's, children's undergarments__
______________
Millinery
Children's outerwear _ _______ ___
Fnr goods and miscellaneous apparel
Other fabricated textile products-------

Lumber and wood products (except furnituro)
________________
Dogging camps and contractors_____
Sawmills and planing mills---------Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood Droducts_______
Wooden containers _ _ _______
Miscellaneous wood products-------S e e fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1,199 1,168 1,130 1,138 1,151 1,218 1,251 1,273 1,269 1,204 1,074
287.8 286.8 288.6 291. 4 296.9 307.9 313.6 314.0 308.4 298. 5 270.6
173.8 158.2 145.3 143.5 146.4 167.6 175.5 182.9 188.8 165.5 132.5
156.7 154.5 154.9 155.2 156.9 158.2 156.9 155.3 153.4 147.5 128.6
580.3 568.4 540.9 548.0 550.6 584.6 604.8 620.7 618.6 591.9 541.7

16,284 15,976 15,153 15,410 15, 654 15, 795 15, 869 15,859 15,776 15,913 15,890 15,965 16,039 15,931 14,884

Durable goods * _________________ 9,092
Nondurable goods 1------------------------ 7,192
Ordnance and accessories______________

878

1,302 1,279 1,249
310.6 306.9 299.4
186.3 184.9 177.4
168.6 167.0 162.3
636.7 620.0 609.6

Special-trade contractors.._____________
Plumbing and heating_______________
Painting and decorating_____________
Plectrical work
____________
Other special-trade contractors----------Manufacturing__________________________

894

906

_________________

762

8, 863
7,113

8,292
6,861

79.1

8,621
6, 789

79.1

79.3

8.991
6,663
78.3

9,054
6,741

9,035
6,834

76.3

74.3

9,010
6,849
71.7

8,946
6,830

9,000
6,913

69.2

8,942
7,023

8, 976
6, 914

66.3

63.4

59.0

8,913
7,126
55.1

8, 926
7,005
46.7

8,008
6,876
24.7

1,688 1,619 1,534 1,463 1,444 1,444 1,448 1,452 1,507 1,547 1,644 1,721 1,555 1, 542
294.7 295.4 294.7 292.4 295.4 301.5 309.3 310.7 314.5 309.8 298.7 297. 2 300.1 295.6
155. 8 159.0 155.5 148.5 141.4 136.0 134.9 133.5 136.6 139.3 144.7 150.2 145. 5 144.5
315.9 243.7 179.7 147.7 138.9 129.6 130.4 131.3 145.5 170.6 263.4 356.6 206.4 202.9
136.2 135.1 133.2 129.8 129.7 130.6 130. 5 131.0 130.5 130.1 131.3 131.7 128.9 123.9
293.2 294.0 290.5 280.7 286.7 287.0 286.4 286.2 288.3 288.6 291.6 289.8 287.6 285.9
46.1
30.3
34.0
42.0
51.7
34.5
27.4
26.7
28.7
27.8
27.3
27.9
28.8
28.5
97.2
99.5
93.8
97.8 102.2 104.5 106.3 101.7
90.6
96.7
87.7
92.7
87.3
88.5
216.2
221.5
225.7
218.8
216.3
235.2 238.9 227.3 217.3 203.8 207.4 202.8 203.9 214.3
136.6 137.1 135.9 131.3 129.8 131.2 129.9 129.3 132.9 136.1 140.3 137.5 136.5 138.5
93
28. C
41.8
11.6
11.9

85
27.2
41.9
11.3
4.5

85
27. 2
42.0
11.7
4.3

85
26.7
41.6
11.8
4.7

84
26.5
41. C
11.8
4.8

86
26.5
41.8
11.8
5.4

88
26.8
41.7
12.0
7.1

90
26.8
40.9
11.9
9.9

92
27.0
41.9
11.8
11.5

93
26.9
42.3
11.9
11.5

96
26.6
42.0
11.7
15.8

96
26.2
41.1
12.0
16.8

88
26.1
41.0
11.9
8.9

88
25.9
41.2
12.3
8.8

1,216 1,174 1,176 1,178 1,189 1,209 1,217 1, 226 1, 237 1,227 1,228 1,231 1,282 1,297
163.8 155.7 157.3 155.1 155. £ 157. £ 159.7 160. C 160.5 160.3 161.3 164.0 167.1 162.0
549.3 538.3 536.2 533.8 538.1 548. £ 556.2 569. 7 579.3 575.2 578.0 582.8 600.4 616.1
239.9 228.1 231.8 228. ‘ 229.3 229.8 230. C 229.1 231.0 229.0 228.4 225.1 238.8 242.8
86.4
83.3
88.1
84.7
89.7
87.9
89.2
89. Î
87.8
86.4
84.9
84.2
84.7
88.7
49.4
48.5
55.0
50.4
49.5
60.6
52. î
50. £
52.6
52.6
41.1
51.9
43.8
47.1
127.0 124.0 124.8 124.2 126.5 130.6 129.9 128.6 128.2 127.0 126 4 127.0 132.4 125.7
1,169 1,102 1,091 1,077 1,115 1,172 1,172 1,149 1,155 1,128 1,138 1,156 1,160 1,159
142. C 131.3 132.9 126.5 134.3 140.4 141.2 140.7 136.4 131.0 144.2 151.5 147.7 148.3
264.
327. f
105.
21.
69.
93.4
144. £

257.3
302. £
99.7
19.
67.7
87.8
136.4

258.7
286.5
101.5
16.1
67.9
89.1
138.1

256.8 257.6
286. C 309.7
101. ' 102.2
21.2
18.
64.8
64.8
85.
(
85.:
138.2 140.6

256.6
342. !
102.7
26.6
69. £
88.2
145.8

251.9
344.7
101.1
25.5
69.8
89.5
148.6

247.2
335.5
98. £
23. <
65.9
90.!
146.7

253.6
331.5
loo.;
21.0
64.0
98.9
149.2

251.6
314.1
100.3
19.1
64.7
101.5
145.6

256.2
305.5
99.7
21.1
63.6
102.2
145.2

257.0
320 2
97.7
21.5
62.8
102.2
143.0

264.2
317. 7
100.9
21.2
65.2
97.1
145.6

263.2
320.3
105.4
22.0
66.5
89.6
143.5

770
60.
463.

758
61. £
453.3

763
59.6
457.5

700
42. '
420.5

742
62.:
438.1

735
62.!
430.2

733
61.!
429.0

718
52.!
423.2

761
68.8
445.1

783
74.9
460.7

803
78.1
471.4

808
79.8
475.0

805
73.3
469.4

792
67.9
461.6

114. £
72.
58.4

112.
72.8
58.1

111.7
75.2
59.1

103.1
75.:
58.,

107.3
75.:
59.8

106. C 105.3
76. C 76.5
60.
60.4

107. C 109.
77. £
76.5
59.2
59.8

110. 8
76.7
60.2

115.2 115.6
77. C 77.0
60.8
61.1

118.8
80.3
62.7

124.3
77.7
60.8

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

T able

563

A : EMPLOYMENT AND P A Y R O L L S

A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group x—Con.
[In thousands]
1952

Annua
average

1951

Industry group and Industry
Sept.
Manufacturing—0 ontinued
347
Furniture and fixtures________________
Household furniture
Other furniture and fixtures....... ............ —

Aug.

July

June

M ay

April

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1951

1950

342
236. £
105.3

334
231.1
102.7

338
231.6
106.4

336
231.8
104.6

342
235.3
106.6

346
237.8
107.7

345
236.4
108.2

345
237.2
107.5

344
236.3
108.1

342
235.1
106.8

337
229.8
107.3

334
225 0
108.5

349
240 8
108.0

357
255. 5
101.5

Paper and allied products_____________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard m ills ___
Paperboard containers and boxes

491

487
245.6
132.3
109. 5

474
237.6
127.5
108.7

482
244.2
129.0
109.1

475
241. C
126.1
108.2

477
241.6
126.8
108. 4

479
243.4
127.1
108.3

482
246.4
126.8
108 3

482
247.1
126.8
108.4

484
245.9
129. 2
109.3

486
246.1
130. 5
109. 4

488
246.3
131.4
110 4

490
247.7
131.1
111 2

494
245 7
134 0
113 0

472
235.8
128. 5
107 7

Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Newspapers
Periodicals
Books
Commercial printing .
Lithographing
Other printing and publishing _

768

766
304. (
54.4
52.4
201.8
39.5
114.0

764
302. ê
53.9
51.6
202.6
39.1
113.8

767
304.5
53.9
52.2
204.1
39.2
113.6

763
302. £
54.0
50.8
203.5
39.8
111.7

763
302.6
54.3
51.2
203.4
40.0
111.8

763
301.8
54. 4
51.3
204.0
40.2
111.4

765
303.5
54.6
51.6
203.9
39.9
111.3

768
303.2
54.7
51.2
207.2
39.9
112.1

775
304. 4
56.1
51.3
207.9
41. 5
114.2

773
302. 5
55.4
51.2
207.1
41.9
115.2

769
300. 7
54. 5
50.9
206.3
42.1
114.6

764
299 6
53.8
51 0
203. 7
41 5
114.1

763
200
53
49
205
41
113

2
5
8
6
2
5

743
203 3
52J
46 7
200 8
40 7
108 Q

Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial inorganic chemicals___
Industrial organic chemicals
Drugs and medicines__
Paints, pigments, and fillers
Fertilizers
Vegetable and animal oils and fats . .
Other chemicals and allied products .

763

747
84.0
234.5
112.1
73.9
30.5
45.4
166.9

742
84.1
230 9
112.0
74.5
30.1
44.5
166.0

739
83.8
224.7
111.2
74.1
32.0
45.2
167.6

741
83.1
221.4
110.3
74.6
37.4
47.5
167.0

754
83.1
223.3
110.5
74.8
42.3
51.1
168.7

761
83. 5
227.8
110.6
75. 0
41.9
53.7
168. 6

759
83.4
228.1
109.1
74.8
38.8
56.9
168.0

757
83.5
229.5
108.2
74.8
35.0
59.6
166. 6

759
84. 2
230. 9
108.3
74.3
32. 5
61.9
166.6

762
84.0
233.0
108.3
74.4
31.8
63.3
167.6

763
83.7
231.3
107.9
75.1
32.7
64.5
168.2

764
84 0
234 5
108 1
75 9
32.7
59.8
168 6

749
82
227
106
75
34
55
168

3
2
2
6
8
1
2

686
71 5
200 1
95 8
7 lli
34 0
54 5
158 3

Products of petroleum and c o a l......... .......
Petroleum refining
Coke and byproducts
Other petroleum and coal products

281

283
229.5
22.1
31.0

268
225.7
12.2
30.2

265
220.5
14.2
30.1

244
192.3
22.6
28.9

271
220.0
22.4
28.7

267
216. 9
22. 5
28.0

267
217.1
22.2
27. 6

266
216.4
22.1
27.4

269
218.3
22.2
28.5

269
217.0
21.3
30.4

269
215.4
22.1
31.1

267
213. 9
22.1
30. 7

263
210 6
21 8
30 4

245
104 6
20* 8

Rubber products . . . ________________
Tires and inner tubes . _______
Rubber footwear
Other rubber products_______

275

268
119.0
29.3
119.6

256
119.3
24.2
112.4

271
121.5
29.4
120.0

268
120.2
29.1
118.9

268
120.3
27.6
120.2

270
119.3
29.9
120.9

269
119.4
30.3
119.6

272
119.7
31.0
121.7

273
120.5
31.1
121.7

273
120.4
31.2
121.8

269
115.0
31.1
122.9

272
117.7
80.9
123.6

272
115 5
30 8
125 7

252
110 Q
25* 6
114 9

Leather and leather products__________
Leather
_
- _______ __
Footwear (except rubber) _____ _
Other leather products

391

396
46.0
254.7
94.8

377
45.0
241.1
91.2

379
44.8
244.6
89.1

369
43.6
236.7
88.8

376
43.7
241.0
90.8

383
44.2
245. 6
93. 6

382
44.5
244.1
93.2

368
44.2
235.1
89.1

362
43.7
228. 2
90.5

356
43.3
220.7
92.3

359
42.6
224.0
92.5

365
42.2
230.4
92.7

381
46 7
240 6
93 3

394
50 5
252 2
01 J[

Stone, clay, and glass products......... .........
Glass and glass products..___________
Cement, hydraulic
Structural clay products __
Pottery and related products
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone, clay, and glass products .

544

541
146.5
43.7
90.6
52.4
102.2
105.6

524
141.6
40.5
89.2
50.5
100.4
101. 7

536
143.7
40.5
91.8
53.2
101.2
105.8

532
142.2
41.4
89.3
53.5
98.4
106.7

533
140.9
42.2
89.3
54.1
97.5
108. 9

530
139.5
42. 5
86.9
54. 2
97.0
110. 2

528
138.0
42. 4
87.3
54.7
96.2
109. 6

533
137.6
42.8
88.8
54.7
97.2
111.5

545
141.8
43.0
92.0
55.3
100.3
112.7

552
143.2
43.2
93.0
56.2
102.1
113.8

559
146.7
43.3
93.2
56.8
103.1
115.4

561
147.9
43.6
93.4
57.2
103.0
116.2

556
145.7
43 0
91 3
58 6
101.2
115 6

512
133.5
42J
82 4
57 Q
92^2
103 5

Primary metal industries_________ ____ 1,345 1,304
Blast, furnaces, steel works, and rolling
635.6
mills
. . . _____________
261.6
Iron and steel foundries. . _____ .
Primary smelting and refining of non57.2
ferrous metals ____
. . ________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non100. 3
ferrous metals . . . __________ ____
111.9
Nonferrous foundries.
._ ________
136.9
Other primary metal industries............. .......
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)__ . ___________
Tin cans and other tinware__________
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware...
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies _________ ____
Fabricated structural metal products
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving.
Other fabricated metal products ____

988

890

899

245.2
252.6

231.0
266.8

1, 335
644.6
270.6

1,338
646.5
270.7

1,350

1,354

656.8
272.1

659.2
275.0

1,354
657.6
277.4

1, 355
658.9
279.9

1,339
643.6
281.9

1,349
655.6
280.4

1,351
659.0
280.6

1,345
650 5
279 9

1,220
614 1
231.8

56.7

56.9

57.2

56.9

56.8

56.9

56.3

56.4

56.2

56.3

55.9

56.3

54.6

95.5
111.1
128.8

99.3
112.2
132.7

100.6
113.4
148.6

100.6
113. 3
149.7

100. 5
111.9
151.9

99.9
111.7
151.5

100.5
111.1
150.8

97.9
110.4
151.0

98.6
108.7
149.8

98.5
108.3
149.7

96.3
109.0
149.8

100.3
109. 6
147.7

96 9
93 Ö
129.8

950
50.1
138.1

906
48.3
132.2

954
48.6
145.1

981
46.8
147.2

990
46.7
148.9

989
45.4
148.4

989
44.4
150.6

986
44. 7
151.1

988
46.1
149.9

984
45.9
150.5

988
48.9
152.7

989 1,007
51.0
49.0
154.3 159.7

933
48.4
156.9

150. 4
230.3
163.5
217.2

141.4
213. 6
161.9
208.6

145.0
221.6
173.5
219.9

143.0
241.5
172.1
230.8

144.4
243.3
173.4
233.1

144.7
243.2
172. 5
235.2

144.9
241.9
171.0
236.2

143.8
240.9
170.4
235.3

148.1
240.5
168.4
235.2

148.7
235.6
169.1
234.3

148.6
234.2
170.1
233.2

149. 2
232.3
168.4
233.6

150.6
201.4
169.8
206.1

154.8
229.8
179.7
233.8

Machinery (except electrical)__________ 1, 573 1, 575 1, 581 1, 640 1,648 1,660 1, 658 1,655 1,647 1, 640 1,625 1,611 1,585 1,591 1,352
99.0
97.9
95.1
93.5
91.3
Engines and turbines _______________
97.1 100. 4 103. 8 102.2 100.8 100.7 100.5 100.1
72.6
Agricultural machinery and tractors__
154.7 166.1 190.0 190.9 191.4 186. 6 190.9 189.6 188.0 186.3 187.8 170.0 187.3 172.4
Construction and mining mlachinery__
127.0 127. 5 130.2 132.4 133.3 133. 5 132.3 130.9 128.1 126.2 124.8 124.1 120.7 100.7
Metalworking machinery____ ___ _
312.8 308.1 312.9 311.1 312.9 312.9 311.8 310.0 307.9 303.5 294.3 293.1 289.8 220.2
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)__________
187.7 190.0 191.4 190.8 192.9 194.3 191.8 193.1 194.8 196.6 196.7 196.4 195.6 167.6
Genera! industrial machinery . ______
235.6 232.8 236. 6 237.6 241.8 242.6 242.1 240.1 239.8 238.6 236.9 235.3 229.7 188.5
Office and store machines and devices..
106.9 104.3 107.4 107.6 108.1 107.7 107.7 107. 8 107.8 108.0 107.2 106.3 104.5
90.9
Service-industry and household ma163.5 160.9 164.8 172.4 174.3 173.2 170.5 167.4 164.7 159.4 161.0 162.0 171.2 176.2
chines ____ _. _____________ _
Miscellaneous machinery parts.______ ............ 189.4 190.5 203.0 203.4 204.6 206.5 207.2 208.0 209.6 208.8 207.4 204.4 201.2 162.7
S ee fo o tn o te a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

564

MONTHLY LABOR

A : EMPLOYMENT AND P A Y R O L L S

T able

A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1—Con.
[In thousands]
1952

Annual
average

1951

Industry group and industry
Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1951

1950

999

957

930

956

955

960

967

970

965

965

955

944

942

937

836

365.9
74.2
380.6

358.5
76.6
363.0

374.4
81.7
365.9

374.1
82.6
362.6

376.9
81.5
364.1

379.8
81.7
367.3

380.9
82.3
366.5

378.3
82.5
362.4

376.2
83.0
362.2

370.8
82.7
357.3

369.1
82.3
346.0

376.3
82.5
334.2

367.6
81.0
339.8

317.3
70.1
309.

135.8

132.3

133.7

135.9

137.3

138.3

139.8

141.4

143.9

144.4

146.9

148.7

149.0

139.3

M an u factu rin g— Continued

Electrical machinery______ _____ ______
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus
- - _______ - ________
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
Communication eq u ip m en t-________
Electrical appliances,* lamps, and miscellaneous products _______________

Transportation equipment____ _____ —. 1,631
A utom obiles__ _________________
Aircraft and parts - _______________
A ircraft__________________________
Aircraft engines and parts ________
Aircraft propellers and parts_______
Other aircraft parts and equipment-Ship- and boatbuilding and repairing.-.
Shipbuilding and repairing
. .. .
Boatbuilding and repairing_____ _.
Railroad equipment. ________ ______
Other transportation equipm ent___

1,542 1,510 1,670 1, 648 1,629 1,602 1,584 1,560 1, 558 1,551 1,511 1,514 1,511 1,273
674.2 661.6 820.3 812.9 809.8 786.6 776.9 775.0 786.0 794.5 807.1 816.7 856.3 839.
635.6 622. 5 611.0 598.2 591.9 586.1 581.0 666.4 556.0 539.0 496.2 493.4 456.3 275.
425.2 415. 6 406.1 399.9 395.1 390.2 386.6 377.5 373.2 364.0 339.8 330.8 308.3 184.
90.3
99.8
54.
89.6
126.7 125.3 124.9 121.6 120.9 120.7 120.4 116.1 112.6 106.5
11.8
13.5
12.4
12.1
11.5
13.4
13.2
12.7
10.7
8.
12.9
14.3
13.9
13.9
63.2
54.3
51.3
62.5
47.7
28.
62.0
60.1
57.8
56.4
69. 4
67. 7
66.1
61.1
84.
151.0 151.7 152.2 150.1 144.8 142.5 138.9 131.0 126.5 127.0 118.9 117.2 113.7
99.7
71.
129. 6 130. 4 131. 5 130.7 126.8 126.1 123.8 116.8 112.6 113.6 106. 2 104.3
12.7
12.9
19.4
14.2
13.9
13.4
14.0
18.0
16.4
13.
21.4
15.1
21.3
20.7
75.5
77.4
72.4
76.6
77.6
75.1
71.9
76.0
62.
62.4
75.7
78.3
68.3
74.6
11.5
11.4
11.0
10.9
11.2
11.1
11.7
11.7
12.4
11.7
11.
11. 7
11.5
11.2

Instruments and related products______
Ophthalmic goods__________________
Photographic apparatus_____________
Watches and clocks
______________
Professional and scientific instrum ents..

330

327
26.6
67.0
37. 5
196.0

323
26.9
66.7
36.0
193.3

322
27. 2
65. 8
36.3
192.5

320
27.5
64.9
36.3
191.0

323
27.7
64.7
36.4
193.9

321
27.7
64.4
36.0
192.4

319
27.4
64.1
35.8
191.3

316
27.5
63.7
35.5
189.4

315
27.9
63.5
35.3
188.6

313
27.7
62.7
35.5
186.9

310
27.4
62.3
35.0
185.6

307
27.2
62.6
34.2
183.2

299
27.6
60.1
34.3
177.3

250
25.
51.
30.
143.

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Toys and sporting g o o d s..___________
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions____
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
industries_________________________

491

476
43.7
83.5
54. 5

457
42. 7
77.9
61. S

464
43.9
77.6
51. 4

458
44.0
72.3
49.2

461
45.4
70.1
51.1

463
45.9
68.9
53.8

461
46.2
67.0
54.5

453
45.7
64.5
52.6

463
46.8
65.9
52.9

469
47.2
70. 5
53.7

471
47.6
72.1
53.4

467
48.1
72.2
51.9

480
51.4
73.5
56.7

459
54.
73.
58.

294. 7

284.7

290.9

292.3

294.6

293.9

293.2

290.6

297.0

297.9

297.8

294.9

298.6

272.

Transportation and public utilities________
4,216 4,202 4,141 4,168 4, 131 4, 098 4,118 4, 111 4,103 4, 161 4, 185 4,166 4,178 4,144 4,01
Transportation...................................... ......... 2, 927 2,892 2,840 2,884 2, 891 2,877 2,855 2,853 2, 852 2,908 2,912 2,915 2,925 2,905 2,801
Interstate railroads__________________
1,392 1,351 1,396 1,416 1,404 1,395 1,392 1,394 1, 426 1,428 1,440 1, 457 1,449 1,390
Class I railroads.______ _______ _
L 219 1,182 1,225 1,243 1,230 1,221 1,218 1,222 1,247 1,258 1,271 1,287 1,276 1,220
137
141
141
' 141
148
141
143
Local railways and bus lines___ ____ _
139
139
141
141
' 138
137
137
649
584
648
641
631
628
648
641
637
651
Trucking and warehousing__________
653
641
656
651
690
693
696
679
694
686
Other transportation and s e r v ic e s.___
686
680
680
690
700
698
707
679
89.9
84.1
74.
83.7
80.9
Air transportation [common carrier)
92.4
89.2
87.8
86.3
85.3
84.7
91.7
90.6
87.5
696
712
701
697
688
663
Communication ________ ________ _____
701
702
723
736
729
720
708
ft)
(t)
Telephone__________________________
689.2 682.1 673. 7 668.6 648. C 663.8 660.3 652.8 654. 1 652.8 648.5 647.8 638. £ 614.
47.4
47.9
47.5
47.
Telegraph.. _______________________
47.2
47.3
46.8
46.2
45.2 (t)
47.0
45.5
47.1
(t)
553
552
554
557
546
564
551
Other public utilitias__________________
553
574
572
551
550
551
666
550
Gas and electric utilities.. __________
547. 8 545. 9 538.4 528.8 528. ( 526.3 525. 6 525. 5 527. f 527.6 528.7 531.7 526. C 520.
Electric light and power utilities____
243.0 242. 7 239.2 234.9 234.9 234.4 234.1 234.4 234.3 234.9 236. 2 236.2 234.3 234.
Gas utilities___ ________ ________
124.1 123.7 121.9 118.7 118.6 117.8 117.6 117.3 118. 5 118.6 118.4 118.8 117.7 114.
Electric light and gas utilitias______
177.3 175.2 174.5 174.1 173.9 173.8 174.2 174.1 174.1 176.7 174.0 171.
180. 7 179.
24.5
25.4
25.1
25.
24.8
24.1
24.4
24. 5
Local utilities_____________ _______ __
25.0
26.0
25.
25.1
24.3
24.1
Trade_________________________________
Wholesale trade........... ................................
Retail trade_____________ ____________
General merchandise stores__________
Food and liquor stores___ __________
Automotive and accessories dealers.......

9, 931
2,646
7, 285
1,490
1,289
744
A p p a re l a n d a c ce sso rie s s to re s .
547
Other retail trade___________________ 3, 215
See footnotes at end of tablej


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

9, 789
2. 637
7,152
1,411
1,290
'751
505
3,195

9, 787
2,623
7,164
1,418
1,294
'756
518
3,178

9, 838
2,618
7,220
1,460
1,292
'754
554
3,160

9, 773
2,601
7,172
1,466
1, 293
' 742
554
3,117

9, 845
2,605
7,240
1,527
1,295
'737
589
3,092

9, 868
2,623
7,045
1,437
1,287
738
529
3,054

9,643
2, 624
7,019
1,416
1,286
'743
515
3,059

9, 720
2,622
7,098
1,472
1,282
'749
531
3,064

10, 660
2,657
8,003
2, 092
1,316
768
651
3,176

10, 109 9, 893
2,657 2,622
7,452 7, 271
1,701 1,550
1,295 1,281
'759
'748
561
580
3,117 3 , 131

9. 781
2,594
7, 187
1,487
1, 274
754
544
3,128

9,804
2,602
7,203
1,535
1,272
'749
550
3,097

9,52
2, 544
6,980
1,493
1,209
'728
536
3,014

565

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952____________A : EMPLOYMENT AND P A Y R O L L S

T a ble

A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1—Con.
IIn thousands]
1952

Annual
average

1951

Industry group and industry
Sept.
Finance___________________
Banks and trust conmanies
Security dealers and exchanges.... ..............
Insurance carriers and agents....... __...........
Other finance agencies and real estate____

1,972

Service................... ..........................................
Hotels and lodging p la c e s...........................
Laundries . _________________ ______
Cleaning and dyeing plants.....................
Motion pictures...............................................

4,832

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

1951

1950

1,992
501
65.3
725
701

1,991
501
65.2
721
704

1,977
490
64.5
713
709

1,958
481
64.4
706
707

1,952
481
64.5
705
701

1,937
479
64.3
702
692

1,919
477
64.1
692
686

1,909
472
63.9
685
688

1,912
472
64.1
690
686

1,907
470
64.1
689
684

1,898
467
63.7
682
685

1,898

1,883

1,812

63.4
684
685

63.7
674
686

59.6
646
680

4, 844
508
366.6
155.9
244

4,857
511
370.7
160.9
244

4, 837
475
368.6
165.1
248

4, 796
450
363.3
163.8
249

4,748
438
357.5
161.0
248

4, 681
430
352.9
154.1
242

4,667
428
354.0
153.4
242

4,671
424
355.5
153.8
242

4,702
426
356.2
154.3
241

4,734
430
356.6
157.4
242

4,770
437
360.0
159.3
244

4,831
473
362.1
157.4
247

4,759
455
358.6
154.5
245

4,761
456
353.5
147.5
241

Government__________ ____ _______ ____
6,712 6, 589 6,558 6, 585 6, 602 6, 551 6, 528 6,490 6,509 6,881 6,497 6,532 6,544 6,390 5,910
Federal8............................................................ 2,407 2, 418 2,416 2,381 2,371 2,362 2,354 2,344 2,331 2,727 2,325 2,322 2,336 2,277 1,910
State and localc...................... ....................... 4,305 4,171 4,142 4,204 4,231 4,189 4,174 4,146 4,178 4,154 4,172 4,210 4,208 4,113 4,000
i The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating establish­
ments and, therefore, differ from employment information obtained by
household interviews, such as the M onthly Report on the Labor Force
(table A -l), in several important respects. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’
data cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricultural estab­
lishments who worked during, or received pay for, any part of the pay period
ending nearest the 15th of the month; in Federal establishments during the
pay period ending just before the first of the month; and in State and local
government during the pay period ending on or just before the last of the
month, while the M onthly Report on the Labor Force data relate to the
calendar week which contains the 8th day of the month. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, domestic servants, and personnel of the Armed Forces
are excluded from the BLS but not the M R L F series. These employment
series have been adjusted to bench-mark levels indicated by social insurance
agency data through 1947. Revised data in all except the first f o u r columns
will be identified by asterisks the first month they are published.
1 Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical
machinery, transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
8 Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod­
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod­
ucts: products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather and
leather products.
4 Data by region, from January 1940, are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
8 Fourth class postmasters (who are considered to be nominal employees)
are excluded here but are included in table A-5.
* Excludes as nominal employee paid volunteer firemen, employees hired
to conduct elections, and elected officials of small local governments.
f Data are not available because of work stoppage.
All series may be obtained upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Requests should specify which industry series are desired.

A : EMPLOYMENT AND P A Y R O L L S

566
T a ble

M ONTHLY LABOR

A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries1
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1951

1052
Industry group and industry
Sept.
Mining:
Metal
- _____________________
Iron. ____ ______ ______________ ____
______ ______ - - - -Copper
Lead and zinc
__ ___ __________ -A nthracite______
Bituminous-coal

__________________
________ ___ -

Crude petroleum and natural gas production:
Petroleum and natural gas production
(except, contract services)
____
Nonmctallir mining and quarrvinc
M an u factu rin g _________ ______ _______ - -

Durable goods 5 _ .
Nondurable goods

62.0

Food and kindred products . _
.. . ... 1,312
Meat products
Dairv products
__ _______ __ __
Canning and preserving _ ________ _
Grain-mill products _ _ _____ ___
Bftlrery products _______ ______ . _ .
Rugar
-__ _ ___
O onfectionerv and related p ro d u c ts

Beverages
_ - _______________
______
Miscellaneous food products
Tobacco manufactures_________ . . . .
__________________
Cigarettes
Cigars .
_ _ _________________ Tobacco and snuff. _ - ________
Tobacco stemming and redrvine. _

90

Textile-mill products__________________ 1,141
Yarn and thread mills
Broad-woven fabric m ills__ _________
Knitting mills
Dyeing and finishing textiles __
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings____
Other textile-mill products. _________
Apparel and other finished textile products____________ ________ ______ 1,068
M en’s and boys* suits and coats ___
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clo th in g ___ ___________________
Women’s outerwear_______
. . __
Women’s, children’s undergarments..
Millinery __
_____________________
Children’s outerwear________________
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel..Other fabricated textile products_____
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)____ _____ _________________
Bogging camps and contractors_____
Sawmills and planing mills__________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products___________
Wooden containers_________________
Miscellaneous wood products.________
Furniture and fixtures_________ _______
Household furniture __ _____________
Other furniture and fixtures__________
S ee fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

July

82.1
23.8
25.6
17.2

60.7
3.1
24.3
17.6

59.8

June

M ay

Apr.

94.4
33.9
25.4
19.5

Mar.

94.1
32.9
25.5
19.5

Feb.

94.4
32.9
25.3
19.7

Jan.

94.2
33.1
25.2
19.5

Dec.

93.8
33.6
25.1
19.2

698

298

___

Nov.

92.9
33.8
.24.8
18.7

Oct.

91.8
34.2
24.3
18.2

Sept.

91,0
34.7
24 2
17.1

1951

92.5
33.8
25.1
18.1

1950

89.4
31.9
24.8
17.2

63.7
3.9
25.5
18.7

94.3
34.5
25.2
19.2

57.2

61.3

61.6

56.5

62.8

58.1

63.0

63.1

63.1

63.2

63.8

65.0

70.6

324.3

245.2

272.1

322.9

332.2

338.8

341.8

343.5

344.9

344.7

343.0

341.9

353.7

351.0

136.1
92.9

136.1
91.0

134.0
91.3

128 7
91. 7

129.2
90.9

128.3
87.9

127.5
87.2

127.3
87.2

126.9
91.6

127.8
93.9

127.7
95.5

129.4
96.1

127.3
91.9

125. 7
85.2

13,159 12, 848 12, 059 12, 329 12, 588 12, 733 12,815 12, 820 12, 766 12,911

___ _______ 7,322
. . . .
.... 5,837

Ordnance and accessories-----------

Aug.

7, 096
5, 750

6, 550
5, 509

6,888
5,441

7 2fi2
5; 326

7,329
5,404

7,316
5,499

7.306
5,514

7,264
5, 502

7, 322
5,589

12,904 12, 997 13,087 13,034 12,264
7,314
5, 590

7,296
5,701

7,279
5,808

7.334
5, 700

6,622
5, 642

46.9
37.4
19.8
50.1
43.6
53.5
51.7
59.8
54.6
59.5
57.8
56.1
59.1
59.4
1,288 1,221 1,138 1 074 1,057 1, 057 1,060 1,068 1,122 1,160 1,254 1,330 1,170 1,168
231.9 234.0 232.0
233.1 239.4 244.1 246.4 251.6 246.3 236.3 234. 5 237.6 235.9
98.5 102.8 108.1 104.4 104.4
93.7
96.3
94.8
95.5
111.7 114.8 112.9
100.4
289.4 217.9 154.5
114.3 104. 3 105.4 105.8 120.3 145.2 238.1 329 5 180.5 176.9
97.9
96.4
94.2
98.5
97.0
97.3
97.2
99.4
96.4
96.6
101.3 100.8
95.6
Q6 n
193.2 194.6 190.0
186.3 188.5 187.3 187.2 190.3 192.2 195.1 193.0 191.0 191.5
40.2
28.8
29.9
45.6
25.3
36.7
22.3
24.0
21.8
23.7
23.0
23.7
22.2
89.2
80.4
85.1
84.7
83.1
82.7
87.5
79.4
71.9
76.8
76.2
71.1
71 1
73.7
159.9 162.7 153.2 146 6 136.3 137.9 134.4 136. 2 145.9 146.8 150.0 155. 5 150.2 149.1
101.2
100.9
102
6
104.8
98.1
101.1
94.7
96.5
95.2
95.1
101.3 101.2 100.8
Q6 *5
86
25.6
39.7
10.0
10.9

78
24.7
39.7
9.7
3.7

78
24.6
39.8
10.0
3.5

77

24 0
39 4
10 0

3 8

77
23.7
38.8
10.0
4.0

78
23.9
39.6
10.1
4.6

80
24.2
39.5
10.3
6.3

82
24.2
38.8
10.3
9.0

85
24.4
39.7
10.2
10.5

85
24.4
40.1
10.3
10.5

89
24.0
39.8
10.2
14.8

89
23.7
38.8
10.3
15.9

81
23.6
38.9
10.4
8.0

81
23.3
39.1
10.8
7.8

1,123 1,081 1,082 1,083 1,093 1,113 1,123 1,131 1,141 1,132 1,133 1,136 1,186 1,206
153.3 145.1 146. 6 144 4 145. 2 146.8 149.0 149.0 149.8 149.4 150.5 153.2 156.3 151.8
519.7 508.7 506.2 603 4 507.4 51.8. 2 526.7 540.0 547.5 544.2 546.2 551.4 568.7 585.6
221.0 208.7 212.4 200 0 209.6 210.0 210.0 209.0 210.7 209.1 208.5 205.3 219.0 223.6
73.4
78.1
80.1
74.9
77.9
78.0
76.5
79.0
79.0
74.7
74.0
76.1
78.3
74 7
41.6
40.6
47.1
53.3
42.6
43.1
41.6
44.8
44.5
34.0
39.8
36.6
44.8
44 1
110.9 107.6 108.2 107.8 109.9 113.7 113.3 112.4 112.3 111.3 110.8 111.6 117.0 111.9
1,052
129.1

985
118.3

972
119.4

959
113.0

996 1,051 1,052 1,029 1,035 1,008 1,019 1,037 1,039 1,042
120.7 126.5 127.5 127.2 122.5 117.1 130.6 138.0 133.8 134.3

246.6
294.8
94.7
18.9
63.2
82.1
122. 8

238.5
269.6
89.0
16.5
61.8
76.8
114.1

239.8
252.4
90.7
13.9
62.0
78.0
116.0

237 5
252. 0
91.1
15.8
58. 8
74.3
116 3

238.8
274.7
91.9
18.7
58.9
74.4
118.1

237.9
306.4
92.6
23.4
63.8
77.2
123.2

232.7
308.8
91.2
22.8
64.0
78.7
126.0

228.2
300.3
88.9
21.0
60.2
79.2
124.3

235.4
295.7
90.2
18.7
58.3
87.6
126.5

232.7
278.6
90.3
16.7
59.2
90.3
123.3

237.5
270.1
89.8
18.7
58.1
91.0
123.3

238.8
284.4
87.6
19.1
57.1
90.9
120.7

245.6
282.7
90.6
18. 7
59.6
85.4
123.1

245.3
286.8
95.2
19.4
60.7
78.4
121.7

706
56. 6
430.9

693
57.3
420.7

697
55.5
423.7

635
38. 5
387.3

678
58.2
405.2

670
58.1
397.5

668
56.9
396.4

654
47.9
390.6

696
64.2
412.2

719
70.7
428.0

740
74.2
439.3

745
75. 5
442.7

741
69. 2
437.1

730
63.5
431.1

99. 2
67.1
51.9

96.7
67.0
51.6

96.0
69.4
52. 5

87. 6
69.2
52.1

91.7
69.4
53.4

90.3
70.3
54.1

89.8
70.8
54.4

91.6
71.0
53.0

93.9
72.1
53.7

95. 3
70.9
54.0

100.0
71.1
54.9

100. 4
71.2
54.8

103.4
74.4
56. 5

108.5
72.2
54.8

293
207.8
85.1

284
201. 5
82.7

288
202.0
86.2

287
202.2
84.5

292
205.4
86.6

296
207.8
88.0

296
207.4
88.4

296
208.0
87.6

296
207.7
88.4

294
206.4
87.3

289
201.2
87.9

285
196.0
89.3

301
211.9
88.8

311
227.9
82.6

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952
T able

A : EMPLOYMENT AND P A Y R O L L S

567

A-3 : Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries l—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1952
Industry group and industry
Sept.
Manufacturing—Continued
Paper and allied products.^.......................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills____
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Other paper and allied products...........

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1951

1950

412

408
209.3
110.3
88. 5

395
202.0
105.7
86.8

403
208.8
107.0
87.5

398
206.3
104.4
86.9

398
205.8
105.0
86.9

401
207.9
105.6
87.4

404
210.2
105.7
88.0

405
211.3
105.7
87.8

410
212.2
108.7
88.8

411
211.9
109.9
89.0

413
212.3
110.7
90.2

416
214.3
110.9
91.0

420
212.2
114.5
92.7

404
205.1
109.8
88.8

Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
N ew spapers..._________ ____________
Periodicals_____ ______ _______ _____ _
Books___________________________ _
Commercial printing................................
Lithographing____________ _________
Other printing and publishing...............

512

508
153. 5
33. 8
36.1
165.1
30. 5
89.3

507
153.2
34.0
35. 6
165. 5
30.0
88.9

511
154.3
33.6
36.7
167.0
30.1
88.9

507
153.6
34.5
35.3
166.5
30.5
86.8

507
151.9
35.2
35.7
166.4
30.7
87.2

508
151.8
35. 5
35.9
166.9
30.8
86.9

507
151.7
35.2
36.2
166.4
30.6
87.3

510
151.3
34.7
36.0
169.7
30.6
88.0

520
154.9
35.6
36.3
170.5
32.1
90.2

519
153.7
35.1
36.5
169.6
32.6
91.0

517
152.8
35.5
36.7
168.9
32.9
90.5

515
152.5
35.4
37.0
167.4
32.4
89.9

512
151.6
35.0
36.2
168.6
32.1
89.1

503
148.6
34.7
35.7
166.6
31.7
85.8

Chemicals and allied products....................
Industrial inorganic chemicals................
Industrial organic chemicals.................. .
Drugs and medicines________________
Paints, pigments, and fillers...................
Fertilizers____________________ ______
Vegetable and animal oil and fats...........
Other chemicals and allied products__

531

514
60.3
168.9
69.7
47.1
23.2
32.6
112.6

512
60.7
166.7
69.9
47.9
22.9
31.8
112.1

512
60.9
163.2
70.4
47.6
24.7
32.2
113.3

517
60.5
161.1
70.9
47.5
30.1
34.1
112.9

530
60.8
162.8
71.3
47.7
35.0
37.9
114.4

538
60.9
167.9
71.5
47.8
34.4
40.7
114.5

538
61.0
168.4
70.6
48.0
31.5
44.0
114.2

536
61.0
169. 6
70.2
47.9
27.8
46.4
112.8

538
61.8
171.1
70.5
47.9
25.4
48.8
112.4

542
61.7
172.9
70.4
47.9
24.8
50.5
113.5

544
61.2
172.1
69.9
48.1
25.8
52.0
114.4

543
61.4
174.9
70.0
48.6
25.8
47.6
114.6

535
60.1
169.9
69.7
49.1
28.0
43.2
114.8

496
52. 9
151. 8
62. 7
46. 8
27 8
43.8
110.3

Products of petroleum and coal________
Petroleum refinin g............. .....................
Coke and byproducts...............................
Other petroleum and coal products___

201

203
159.5
18.4
24.6

190
156.6
9.5
24.1

190
154.6
10.9
24.0

168
125.8
19.2
23.1

197
155.3
19.0
22.7

194
152.3
19.2
22.1

193
152.6
18.8
21.6

193
152.7
18.8
21.4

196
154.5
19.0
22.4

197
154.1
18.2
24.2

197
153.6
19.0
24.8

197
153.6
19.2
24.4

195
151.9
18.8
24.3

185
142. 8
18.1
23.9

Rubber products____ ____ j_.......................
Tires and inner tubes___ |_........................
Rubber footwear............................ ............
Other rubber products............................ .

219

211
92.4
23. 5
94.7

201
92.9
18.6
89.0

215
95.3
23.7
95.7

213
94.6
23.5
95.0

213
94.6
22.0
96.3

215
93.9
24.2
97.2

215
94.2
24.7
96.3

218
94.4
25.4
97.9

219
95.4
25.5
97.9

219
94.8
25.6
98.2

215
89.8
25.5
99.4

218
92.4
25.3
100.2

219
90.8
25.3
102.9

208
87 8
20 6
94.3

Leather and leather products.....................
Leather_____________________________
Footwear (except rubber)...................... .
Other leather products..............................

351

357
41.4
231.8
83.3

339
40.4
218.7
79.8

340
40.2
221.4
77.9

330
39.0
212.8
77.7

336
39.2
216.9
79.4

344
39.7
221.8
82.0

342
40.0
220.6
81.6

330
39.8
212.8
77.5

323
39.0
205.4
78.4

317
38.7
197.7
80.3

320
38.1
201.4
80.8

327
37.6
208.0
81.2

342
42.1
218.0
81.7

45 Q
22Q 4
79.7

Stone, clay, and glass products_________
Glass and glass products_____________
Cement, hydraulic__________________
Structural clay products.;____________
Pottery and related products____ ____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone, clay, and glass products.—

462

458
127.2
37.1
81.8
46.9
84.8
80.4

441
122.6
33.9
79.8
44.7
83.1
76.6

453
124.6
34.1
82.4
47.4
84.1
80.6

449
122.8
35.0
80.1
47.8
81.6
81.9

452
122.5
35.8
80.2
48.5
80.8
84.2

449
121.2
36.2
77.9
48.4
80.2
85.2

447
119.8
36.1
78.0
49.1
79.2
84.6

452
119.4
36.6
79.7
49.0
80.8
86.7

465
123.4
36.8
83.2
49.9
83.7
88.2

472
124.7
37.0
84.4
50.6
85.6
89.4

479
128.2
37.1
84.7
51.1
87.0
91.0

482
129. 6
37.4
85.2
51.5
86.9
91.7

478
128.2
36.8
83.0
52.9
85.6
91.6

Primary metal industries.-L___________ 1,146
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills_____________________________
Iron and steel fou ndries...___________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals_____ _v______________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals________ ________ ____
Nonferrous foundries_________ _______
Other primary metal industries______
Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transporta­
tion equipment)______________ ____
Tin cans and other tinware.................
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware........
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies______ ______
Fabricated structural metal products..
M etal stamping, coating, and engraving.
Other fabricated metal products..........

799

Machinery (except electrical)__________ 1,187
Engines and turbines.............................
Agricultural machinery and tractors__
Construction and mining m achinery...
Metalworking machinery____________
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)!_________
General industrial machinery________
Office and store machines and devices..
Service-industry and household ma­
chines.......................................................
Miscellaneous machinery parts_______
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

702

716

546.0
228.9

163.0
221.1

155.0
234.8

556.9
238.9

558.0
239.0

47.5

46.9

47.3

47.8

81.1
92.8
110.0

76.6
92.2
102.3

79.8
93.2
105.6

81.7
94.3
121.4

763
44.4
112.0

722
42.4
107.2

769
42.8
119.0

120.6
174.6
133.7
177.5

112.1
159.3
132.3
168.9

115.3
167.3
144.5
180.1

1,106

1,141

1,143

1,154

1,160

1,162

566.9
240.2

570.2
243.4

570.2
246.3

47.6

47.4

47.5

81.9
94.0
122.4

81.9
93.0
124.7

81.4
93.0
124.7

798
41.0
121.0

806
40.9
122.9

807
39.7
122.3

113.3
188.2
144.0
190.9

115.0
188.6
145.5
193.2

115. 5
189.2
144.7
195.2

1,164

1,149

572.7
248.6

557.7
250.3

47.1

47.1

82.2
92.4
124.1

79.3
91.8
124.3

807
38.7
124.6

804
38.9
124.9

115.5
188.2
143.8
196.3

115.4
186.7
143.0
195.5

1,160

1,162

1,159

855

441
117 8
80 0
74 8

52 8
78 7
81.8
l,

053

569.7
248.7

572.7
249.4

566.4
248.9

47.1

47.2

46.8

47.2

45.4

80.0
90.2
123.3

80.1
90.8
123.4

78.4
90.8
123.7

82.2
91.9
122.7

80 7
78.8
108.4

806
40.2
123.9

805
40.0
124.5

809
42.9
126.6

810
44.9
128.5

831
42.9
134.3

776
42.8
132.7

118.9
186.1
141.2
195.7

120.0
183.1
142.2
195.2

120.2
181.7
142.9
194.5

120.7
180.0
141.5
194.8

126.0
178.8
153.0
195.6

123.9
156.5
146.9
173.0

585 fi
204.0

1,191 1, 200 1, 261 1,269 1,282 1,280 1,281 1,276 1, 269 1,255 1, 242 1,219 1,233 1,040
69.3
73.7
77.1
69.4
76.0
74.8
73.9
74.8
74.9
74.3
70.2
68.6
73.0
54.5
112.5 123.8 147.9 149.2 150.6 145.5 149.9 148.7 147.2 145.8 145.6 129.0 145.9 133.5
95.0
95.6
98.3 100.4 101.4 101.7 100.8
97.4
99.6
93.8
95.5
94.3
90.8
73.0
246.5 242.2 247.8 247.0 249.1 249.1 248.5 246.5 244.8 240.7 231.9 230.9 228.7 169.0
138.5
166.1
88.0

140.1
164.4
85.4

142.4
168.9
88.6

142.5
169.2
88.9

144.5
172.1
89.4

145.8
173.4
89.3

145.4
173.6
89.2

146.8
173.4
89.8

147.5
173.1
90.6

148.4
172.5
90.9

148.9
171.3
90.4

148.9
169.4
89.5

148.6
166.5
87.9

126.6
134.3
75.6

124.9
149.8

122.9
151.8

126.9
162.8

133.4
162.7

135.6
164.1

134.8
165.2

132.5
166.4

130.1
166.6

127.0
167.9

121.4
166.6

123.5
165.7

124.1
163.5

134.7
161.6

143.2
130.0

MONTHLY LABOR

A : EMPLOYMENT AND P A Y R O L L S

568
T a ble

A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1951

1962
Industry group and industry
Sept.
Manufacturing—Continued
__ _____ - —
Electrical ruftchincry
Electrical generating, transmission, distribution and indust,rial apparatus__
Fleetrical equipment. for vehicles_____
Communication equipment________
Electrical appliances, lamps, and miseel lap eon* products
_________ __

744

Transportation equipment------------------- 1,280
Automobiles
__________________
Aircraft and p a r ts ____________ — ___________________
A ircraft
Aircraft engines and parts--------------- —
Aircraft propellers and parts __ __ __
Other aircraft parts and equip m ent- —
ppip. qnri hniithnililins1and renairme.
Pbipbuildiny and repairing ____ __
Boatbuilding and repairing____ ____
______ - ___
Railroad equipment
Other transportation equipment
________ ____
Ophthalmic goods
Photographic apparatus _ __________
Watches and clocks
_________ p rnfossinnal and scientific instruments.Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry silverware, and plated ware _
Toys and sporting goods........ .................
Pnst.nmft jewelrv, buttons, notions
Other miscellaneous manufacturing indu strips
___________________

238

408

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

1951

1950

718

705

683

706

708

714

722

727

725

726

707

707

710

636

257.6
58.0
280.9

251.3
60.6
265.3

266.2
65.2
268.2

266.8
66.3
266.5

269.9
65.4
268.7

272.7
65.4
273.3

274.6
66.1
273.4

272.8
66.6
271.1

270.8
67.2
272.0

266.2
67.4
268.4

265.0
67.2
257.5

272.8
67.5
247.3

267.1
66.1
256.1

229.7
56.0
237.0

108.8

105.4

106.7

108.7

109.9

110.8

112.4

114.1

115.7

115.9

117.7

119.7

120.5

113.3

PM

1,186 1,159 1,323 1,307 1,288 1,266 1,251 1,235 1,235 1,234 1, 205 1,211 1,221 1,044
523.8 512.1 671.9 667.4 663.2 642.6 634.0 633.2 645.3 654.6 667.4 678.6 718.4 713.6
463.6 452.8 446.9 437.2 430.3 427.7 424.3 415.4 406.7 395.3 362.1 360.3 336.6 201. 8
311.7 303.8 298.9 294.7 288.8 286.8 283.7 278.9 274.7 267.8 248.7 241.9 228.6 135. 7
63.0
39. 1
78.4
74.8
62.4
69.5
81.3
84.1
84.2
84.3
84.5
87.2
87.2
88.3
7.5
5.4
8.0
8.7
8.5
8.3
9.0
9.4
9.2
9.6
9.7
9 .9
10.0
10.2
37.5
21.5
44.9
44.2
40.9
46.2
42.7
47.1
47.8
47.3
48.3
50.8
53.4
51.9
98.9
71.
4
110.5
111.1
101.9
114.9
103.7
122.4
133.1 134.4 134.7 132.9 128.0 125.8
86.5
60. 2
90.6
98.2
99.3
92.5
113.8 115.1 116.0 115.3 111.7 111.1 108.9 102.3
12.4
11.
2
12.3
11.2
11.3
12.6
11.8
13.5
16.3
14.7
17.6
18.7
19.3
19.3
56.7
47. 9
61.7
62.8
62.2
60.0
63.1
60.5
56.9
60.7
60.4
49.4
59.3
55.4
9.9
9.7
9.8
9.7
9.4
9.3
9.8
9.7
9.1
9.1
9.3
9.8
9.7
10.4
186
223
232
226
232
230
228
236
234
233
233
233
232
236
22.5
22.1
20. 6
22.7
22.5
22.3
22.3
22.4
22.3
22.5
22.3
21.9
21.6
21.4
43.4
44.9
44.4
44.2
37.3
44.7
44.7
44.8
44.7
45.2
45.5
46.4
46.1
47.0
29.0
30.0
25. 5
30.0
29.5
28.9
30.1
30.2
30.5
30.8
30.8
30.4
30.7
31.8
135.4 133.8 134.6 133.9 137.1 136.4 135.8 135.1 134.1 133.2 132.3 130.2 127.7 103.0
393
35.3
72.6
45.3

374
34.1
67.0
42.8

382
35.4
67.3
42.3

376
35.5
62.2
40.2

380
36.9
60.1
42.2

382
37.1
58.9
44.8

381
37.4
57.3
45.5

374
36.8
54.9
43.5

381
37.7
56.2
43.7

388
38.3
60.8
44.5

390
38.6
62.4
44.4

388
39.0
62.6
43.1

402
42.0
64.1
47.8

385
44.5
64.2
49.2

240.2

230.0

236.5

238.5

241.0

241.0

240.4

238.3

243.8

244.6

244.8

243.6

247.8

227.2

1 See footnote 1, table A-2. Production workers refer to all full- and parttime employees engaged in production and related processes, such as fabrieating, processing, assembling, inspecting, storing, packing, shipping, main­
tenance and repair, and other activities closely associated with production
operations.

T able

Apr.

* See footnote 2, table A-2.
* See footnote 3, table A-2.

A-4: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment and Weekly Payrolls in Manufacturing
Industries 1
[1947-49 average=100]

Period
1939: Average............................
1940: Average...........................
1941: Average_________ ____
1942: Average...........................
1943: Average--------------------1944: Average_____ _____ _
1945: Average..........................
1946: Average---------------------

Employ­
ment
66.2
71.2
87.9
103.9
121.4
118.1
104.0
97.9
103.4

* See footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Weekly
payroll
29.9
34.0
49.3
72.2
99.0
102.8
87.8
81.2
97.7

Period

Employ­
ment

Weekly
payroll

1948: Average_____________
1949: Average_____________
1950: Average_____________
1951: Average________ ____

102.8
93.8
99.2
105.4

105.1
97.2
111.2
129.2

1951: September___________
October______ _______
N ovem ber.. ________
December___________

105.8
105.1
104.3
104.4

130.9
129.7
129.8
132.9

Period
1952: January_____________
February________ ____
M arch..........................
A p r il...................... .
M a y ___ ______ ______
J u n e................................
July_________________
A u gu st.. ............ ...........
September___________

Employ­
ment
103.2
103.6
103.6
102.9
101.8
99.7
97.5
103.9
106.4

Weekly
payroll
130.4
131.0
131.9
128.1
128.1
126.4
121.1
133.0

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952____________A : EMPLOYMENT AND P A Y R O L L S___________________________
T able

569

A-5: Federal Civilian Employment by Branch and Agency Group
[In thousands]
Executive 1

Year and month

Judicial

Legislative

All branches
Defense
agencies1

Total

Post Office
Department *

All other
agencies

Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1950: A verage............................ .....................
1951: A verage..................................................

2,080. 5
2, 465. 9

2,068. 6
2, 453. 7

837.5
1, 210. 7

521.4
525.4

709.7
717.6

8.1
8.3

3.8
3.9

1951: September...............................................
October ...............................................
November__________ _____ _______
December.............. .................................

2, 528. 7
2, 514. 9
2, 517. 5
2, 921. 6

2, 516. 7
2, 502. 8
2, 505. 4
2, 909.2

1, 277.2
1,279. 4
1, 288. 5
1, 293.0

496.0
495.7
496.2
898.1

743.5
727.7
720.7
718.1

8.1
8.2
8.2
8.4

3.9
3.9
3.9
4.0

1952: January.............. ...................................
February..................... ..........................
M arch .......................... .........................
April........................................................
M a y ............................... ..........................
J u n e ________ ________ ___________
July------------------------------------------August__________________________
Septem ber.............................................

2, 524.3
2. 537. 5
2, 550.9
2, 559. 2
2, 571.3
2, 582. 9
2,619.1
2,621. 5
2,610.4

2, 512.1
2, 525. 2
2, 538. 5
2, 546. 7
2, 558.7
2,570.2
2,606.4
2,608.9
2,597.7

1, 296.9
1,308. 8
1,314. 6
1, 319. 0
1,326.4
1,334.0
1, 356.1
1, 358.2
1,352.9

502.4
503.6
508.8
510.0
511.8
512.5
514.5
515.8
515.8

712.8
712.8
715.1
717.7
720.5
723.7
735.8
734.9
729.0

8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.8

„

3.9
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.9

Continental United States 4
1950: Average______________ ___________
1951: Average_________________________

1, 930. 5
2, 296.9

1, 918. 7
2, 284.8

732.3
1,093. 7

519.4
523.4

667.0
667.7

8.1
8.3

3.7
3.8

1951: September..............................................
O ctober.________________________
N ovem ber..............................................
December......................................... ....

2,355. 3
2, 341. 5
2, 344.0
2, 746.2

2,343. 4
2, 329. 4
2,332.0
2, 733.9

1,164. 4
1,166.1
1,174. 0
1,177.8

494.0
493.6
494.1
894.4

685.0
669.7
663. 9
661.7

8.1
8.2
8.2
8.4

3.8
3.9
3.8
3,9

1952: January...................................................
February................. ..........................
M arch...................................................
A p r il........ .............................................
M ay.......................... ........................
June......... ............................... .............
J u ly .......................................................
August__________________ _______
September......................................... .

2,350.0
2. 362. 9
2,373. 5
2, 380. 8
2, 390.0
2,399.8
2, 434. 7
2, 437.1
2, 425. 9

2,337. 8
2,350. 7
2,361.2
2, 368. 4
2, 377.4
2,387.2
2, 422.1
2,424.6
2,413.3

1,181.1
1,192.2
1,195. 3
1,198. 5
1, 203. 6
1,210.4
1,232. 3
1, 233.7
1,228.0

500.3
501.5
506.6
507.9
509.6
510.3
512.3
513.6
513.6

656.4
657.0
659.3
662.0
664.2
666.5
677.5
677.3
671.7

8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.8

3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3, 9
3.8
3.8

i See footnote 2, table A-6.
* See footnote 3, table A-6.

T able

3 Includes fourth class postmasters, excluded from table A-2.
4 Includes the 48 States and the District of Columbia.

A-6: Government Civilian Employment in Washington, D. C.,1 by Branch and Agency Group
[In thousands]
Federal

Year and month

District of
Total
Columbia
government government

Executive *
Legislative

Total
All agencies

Defense
agencies *

Post Office
Department

Judicial

All other
agencies

1950: Average_________ _________
1951: Average_____________ ______

242.3
271.4

20.1
20.3

222.2
251.1

213.4
242.1

67.5
83.8

8.1
8.3

137.8
150.0

8.1
8.3

0.7
.7

1951: September____
O ctober..
. — _______
Novem ber____
- - ___
December_________ ______

278.0
274.0
273.5
279.2

20.0
20.3
20.7
20.5

258.0
253.7
252.8
258.7

249.2
244.8
243.9
249.6

87.4
86.6
86.7
86.5

7.8
7.7
7.9
14.2

154.0
150.5
149.3
148.9

8.1
8.2
8.2
8.4

.7
.7
.7
.7

1952: January.......................................
February__________M arch. ______ . - ____
April____ _ _______ ______
M ay ___ — .............. — ___
June_________ ______ - ...........
July---------------------------------August __________________
September_______________

272.0
273. 0
272.7
273.1
273.0
272.7
275.5
274.3
272.2

20.5
20.6
20.6
20.4
20. 5
20.5
20.1
19.6
20.5

251.5
252.4
252.1
252.7
252.5
252.2
255.4
254. 7
251.7

242.5
243. 4
243.0
243.5
243.1
242.8
246.0
245.2
242.1

86.5
87.1
87.1
87.4
87.6
87.8
89.7
89.9
89.0

7.9
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.1

148.1
148.3
147.9
148.0
147.4
146.9
148.1
147.1
145.0

8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.8

.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.8
.8

' Includes all Federal civilian employment in Washington Standard Metro­
politan area (District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia
counties).
» Includes all executive agencies (except the Central Intelligence Agency),
Government corporations, Federal Reserve Banks, and mixed-ownership
banks of the Farm Credit Administration. Civilian employment in navy
yards, arsenals, hospitals, and on force-account construction is included in
total for executive agencies.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

* Covers civilian employees of the Department of Defense (Secretary of
Defense, Army, N avy, and Air Force), National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics, Canal Zone Government, Selective Service System, National
Security Resources Board, National Security Council, and War Claims
Commission.
N O T E .—Government payroll statistics, which are collected monthly by
the Civil Service Commission, will no longer be published by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics.

MONTHLY LABOR

A : EMPLOYMENT AND P A Y R O L L S

570
T able A -9 :

Insured Unemployment Under State Unemployment Insurance Programs,1 by Geographic
Division and State
[In thousands]
1951

1952
Geographic division and
State
Aug.

July

June

M ay

April

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1950

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Aug.

939.9

853.0

859.8

939.2

1,063. 2

New England____________________
Maine . . . -------------------------New Hampshire------------------ _
Vermont____________________
M assachusetts--------------- . . .
Rhode Island____ - ........... . .
Connecticut----------------------------

95.5
5.0
6.0
2.8
50.6
14.7
16.4

116.7
5.6
7.2
3.1
63.8
18.9
18.1

118.3
7.4
7.7
3.9
67.5
18.0
13.8

131.5
12.4
8.8
2.8
73.2
19.8
14.5

135.2
14.7
9.6
2.9
73.3
19.3
15.4

110.3
9.8
7.6
2.3
58.2
18.6
13.8

113.1
9.2
7.0
2.3
61.0
18.6
15.0

123.3
10.2
7.6
3.0
65.3
21.0
16.2

107.4
9.8
7.9
2.3
56.5
18.4
12.5

102.2
8.6
8.9
1.9
52.1
17.7
13.0

105.8
7.4
8.0
1.9
52.1
22.4
14.0

106.4
7.5
8.2
1.7
52.7
21.8
14.5

110.5
7.4
7.3
1.5
54.1
22.5
17.7

105.0
7.4
8.8
2.1
55.8
13.7
17.2

Middle Atlantic__________________
New York____________ ______
New Jersey-------------- -------------Pennsylvania_________________

290.3
136.4
42.8
111.1

383.9
190.3
51.5
142.1

355.7
185.2
41.7
128.8

356.4
199.0
50.6
106.8

359. 5
200.6
51.0
107.9

355.3
198.4
50.4
106.5

373.2
209.6
54.7
108.9

415.8
232.6
63.1
120.1

352.2
219.3
42.8
90.1

316.2
196.0
41.6
78.6

304.2
183.9
46.2
74.1

298.6
178.2
42.9
77.5

315.1
189.0
42.9
83.2

369.1
242.2
44.6
82.3

East North Central----------------------Ohio_________________________
Indiana-------------- -----------------Illinois _______- _____________
M ichigan----------- -----------------W isconsin. _______ ... . . . . _

267.3
39.1
27.6
78.2
107.1
15.3

321.8
57.4
46.9
84.3
111.3
21.9

175.4
36.0
19.8
81.0
30.1
7.9

173.0
35.6
17.6
76.1
34.4
9.3

184.3
36.7
19.3
71.3
44.6
12.4

194.5
42.8
19.6
55.5
61.1
15.5

226.1
47.8
23.8
63.3
73.7
17.5

259.3
49.7
25.6
73.8
89.3
20.9

213.4
41.8
22.0
57.4
77.2
15.0

182.2
38.0
19.1
55.8
57.5
11.8

158.7
32.7
13.3
54.6
50.6
7.5

158.0
30.4
15.1
62.1
44.5
5.9

184.3
31.8
20.1
70.6
55.1
6.7

178.4
41.0
8.9
103.6
18.2
6.7

West North Central---------------------M in n eso ta-------------------------- -Io w a .____ ___________________
Missouri---- ---------- --------- . . .
North Dakota_____ . . .
South D a k o t a . ------------------Nebraska-----------------------------K a n sa s... ---------------------------

36.6
8.0
7.3
16.8
.2
.2
.9
3.2

40.9
9.7
4.5
21.3
.2
.2
1.2
3.8

30.0
8.2
3.8
14.2
.2
.2
1.1
2.3

40.7
13.7
4.5
17.3
.4
.4
1.5
2.9

59.2
23.7
6.1
19.7
2.0
1.1
2. 6
4.0

71.0
26.3
8.1
21.6
3.5
1.8
4.3
5.4

76.1
26.7
8.9
24.3
3.7
1.9
5.1
5.5

76.5
24.0
8.4
28.2
3.1
1.8
4.7
6.3

51.3
13.9
4.4
24.2
1.8
.9
1.9
4.2

40.6
8.1
2.6
25.0
.6
.3
.8
3.2

34.4
6.0
2.5
22.4
.1
.2
.5
2.7

30.8
6.3
2.4
18.3
.1
.2
.6
2.9

31.5
6.7
2.8
16.7
.2
.2
.6
4.3

38.8
8.3
4.5
20.0
.3
.4
1.3
4.0

South Atlantic-----------------------------Delaware------------------------------Maryland
-------------------------District of Columbia__________
Virginia______________________
West V irginia...------- -------------North Caro'ina_______________
South Carolina-----------------------Georgia___ . . . ------------------Florida.---------- ----------------------

105.3
1.3
12.7
1.8
10.2
18.4
20.2
8.7
14.3
17.7

128. 5
1.5
15.6
1.8
14.5
24.8
26.9
10.8
16.5
16.1

113.6
.8
12.8
1.7
16.0
20.2
27.1
9.6
14.7
10.7

110.1
1.0
14.4
1.9
12.3
16.3
30.4
10.7
13.8
9.3

104.8
1.3
12.7
2.3
7. 1
15.7
31.8
11.3
14.6
8.0

99.8
1.5
9.5
2.8
8.1
14.4
29.3
11.2
14.6
8.4

106.8
1.7
11.6
3.0
9.3
15.7
28.4
12.2
15.3
9.6

116.9
1.9
13.5
2.7
10.6
16.3
30.2
12.9
17.9
10.9

90.6
1.4
10.0
1.8
7.3
11.3
24.7
10.0
13.9
10.2

84.6
1.1
7.7
1.4
7.5
9.0
25.2
9.3
12.9
10.5

83.2
1.0
6.7
1.2
7.4
8.5
24.2
9.0
11.4
13.8

94.7
1.1
6.5
1.4
8. 2
8.5
28.5
9.6
13.8
17.1

107.0
1.2
8.5
1.5
10.5
10.4
31.0
10.5
15. 4
18.0

113.1
1.2
16.1
3.5
13.7
16.7
19.0
11.4
12.4
19.1

East South Central------------- ---------Kentucky---------------------- ------ Tennessee------ --------- .................
Alabama________________ _____
M ississippi-----------------------------

69.4
19.8
21.0
20.0
8.6

83.2
24.8
25.2
24.0
9.2

72.4
21.7
22.8
20.1
7.8

71.8
20.8
26.1
15.9
9.0

74.8
20.8
28.6
15.0
10.4

78.5
20.1
31.4
14.9
12.1

79.1
19.7
31.4
15.1
12.9

81.4
18.8
35.0
15.6
12.0

66.1
15.5
28.4
13.4
8.8

63.1
14.9
26.0
15.3
6.9

51.8
13.5
21.5
11.6
5.2

54.7
13.5
22.7
12. 2
6.3

58.3
14.9
22.7
13.2
7.5

62.1
15.3
22.2
16.9
7.7

West South Central---------------------A rkansas--- --------- ----------------Louisiana..... ................................. .
Oklahoma____________________
Texas______________ _________

39.1
6.4
13.9
7.4
11.4

41.4
6.9
15.1
7.8
11.6

39.7
5.8
15.4
7.2
11.3

46.4
7.4
17.4
8.1
13.5

53.1
11.3
18.6
9.3
13.9

60.7
14.2
21.0
10.5
15.0

63.3
15.5
21.5
11.2
15.1

58.7
15.1
19.5
10.7
13.4

42.7
10.5
13.9
7.9
10.4

34.5
7.7
11.5
6.5
8.8

29.1
4.9
11.1
5.3
7.8

30.2
4.5
12.1
5.5
8.1

35.8
5.3
14.4
6.5
9.6

52.1
7.7
18.1
9.8
16.5

M ountain-----------------------------------M ontana____________ _____ ___
Idaho________ ______ _________W yom ing. --------------------- -----Colorado............................................
New Mexico__________________
A rizona____________________ .
U ta h .............................................. .
N evada..-------------- -----------------

7.7
.5
.9
.2
1.0
1.0
2.2
1.4
.5

9.9
.7
.9
.3
2.1
1.2
1.9
2.3
.5

10.0
.9
.7
.4
2.3
1.2
1.6
2.3
.6

11.4
1.4
1.4
.4
1.6
1.7
1.9
2.1
.9

18.9
3.4
3.3
.8
2.0
2.2
2.5
3.5
1.2

28.3
5.9
6.0
1.2
2.4
2.7
3.1
5.4
1.6

31.9
6.8
7.3
1.5
2.7
2.6
3.2
5.8
2.0

30.7
6.1
7.3
1.4
2.6
2.5
3.0
5.7
2.1

18.8
3.2
4.7
.7
1.4
1.6
2.6
3.2
1.4

10.3
1.4
2.0
.3
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.7
• .9

6.7
.6
,9
2
.7
.7
1.7
1.3
.6

6.7
.6
.7
.1
.7
.9
2.0
1.2
5

8.0
.7
.9
.2
1. 1
1.0
2.0
1. 5
.6

14.6
1.4
1.4
.4
3.2
1.6
3.4
2.1
1.1

Pacific........... .................. ................. .......
W ashington._________ _________
Ore e o n _______________________
California. .................................

86.7
12. 2
6.6
67.9

101.9
11.9
7.2
82.8

110.1
11.6
5.4
93.1

134.3
15.3
7.9
111.1

154.2
19. 7
12.3
122.2

193.9
28.3
21.4
144.2

214.0
38.4
27.6
148.0

221.5
46.3
33.2
142.0

159.0
31.1
21.5
106.4

106.5
18.1
12.3
76.1

78.9
10.8
7.6
60.5

79 9
9.6
6.3
64.0

88.7
10.3
6.4
72.0

129.9
13.2
7.5
109.2

Continental United States...................

997.6 1,228.5 1,024.9 1,075.5 1,143.9 1,192.3 1,284.1 1,384.1 1,101. 6

i Average of weekly data adjusted for split weeks in the month. For a
technical description of this series, see the April 1950 Monthly Labor Review
(p. 382).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Figures may not add to exact column totals because of rounding.

Source: U. S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Employment Security.

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

B : LAB O R TURN-OVER

571

B: Labor Turn-Over
T a ble

B -l: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries, by
Class of Turn-Over1

Class of turn-over and year

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

M ay

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Total separation:
1952..........
1951____
1950..........
1949-........
1948..........
1947.........
1946-........
1939..........

4.0
4.1
3.1
4.6
4.3
4.9
6.8
3.2

3.9
3.8
3.0
4.1
4.7
4.5
6.3
2.6

3.7
4.1
2.9
4.8
4.5
4.9
6.6
3.1

4.1
4.6
2.8
4.8
4.7
5.2
6.3
3.5

3.9
4.8
3.1
5.2
4.3
5.4
6.3
3.5

3.9
4.3
3.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
5.7
3.3

5.0
4.4
2.9
3.8
4.4
4.6
5.8
3.3

»4.5
5.3
4.2
4.0
5.1
5.3
6.6
3.0

5.1
4.9
4.2
5.4
5.9
6.9
2.8

4.7
4.3
4.1
4.5
5.0
6.3
2.9

4.3
3.8
4.0
4.1
4.0
4.9
3.8

3.5
3.6
3.2
4.3
3.7
4.6
3.6

Quit:
1952..
1951..
19.50..
1949..
1948..
1947..
1946..
1939 ».

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

1.9
2.1
1.1
1.7
2.6
3.5
4.3
.9

1.9
2.1
1.0
14
2.5
3.2
3.9
.6

2.0
2.6
1.2
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.8

2.2
2.7
1.3
1.7
3.0
3.7
4.3
.8

2.2
2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.7

2.2
2.6
1.7
1.5
2.9
3.1
4.0
.7

2.2
2.4
1.8
1.4
2.9
3.1
4.6
.7

»3.0
3.1
2.9
1.8
3.4
4.0
5.3
.8

3.1
3.4
2.1
3.9
4.5
5.3
1.1

2.6
2.7
1.5
2.8
3.6
4.7
.9

1.9
2.1
1.2
2.2
2.7
3.7
.8

1.4
1.7
.9
1.7
2.3
3.0
.7

..
..

.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1

.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.6
.1

.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1

.3
.4
.2
.2
.4
.4
4
.1

.3
.4
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1

.3
.4
.3
.2
.4
.4
.3
.1

.3
3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1

».3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1

.3
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1

.4
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2

.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2

.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
,4
.1

1.4
1.0
1.7
2.5
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2

1.3
.8
1.7
2.3
1.7
.8
1.7
1.9

1.1
.8
1.4
2.8
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2

1.3
1.0
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.4
2.6

1.1
1.2
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.4
1.5
2.7

1.1
1.0
.9
2.5
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.5

2.2
1.3
.6
2.1
1.0
1.0
.6
2.5

».9
1.4
.6
1.8
12
.8
.7
2.1

1.3
.7
1.8
1.0
.9
1.0
1.6

1.4
.8
2.3
1.2
.9
1.0
1.8

1.7
1.1
2.5
1.4
.8
.7
2.0

1.6
1.3
2.0
2.2
9
1.0
2.7

.4
.7
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.4
.6
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.3
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.3
.6
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.3
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.3
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.3
.4
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2

».3
.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.2

.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2

.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2

.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1

.3
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1

4.4
5.2
3.6
3.2
4.6
6.0
8.5
4.1

3.9
4.4
3.2
2.9
3.9
5.0
6.8
3.1

3.9
4.6
3.6
3.0
4.0
5.1
7.1
3.3

3.7
4.5
3.5
2.9
4.0
5.1
6.7
2.9

3.9
4.5
4.4
3.5
4.1
4.8
6.1
3.3

4.9
4.9
4.8
4.4
5.7
5.5
6.7
3.9

4.4
4.2
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.9
7.4
4.2

5.7
4.5
6.6
4. 4
5.0
5.3
7.0
5.1

4.3
5.7
4.1
5. 1
5.9
7.1
6.2

4.4
5. 2
3.7
4.5
5.5
6.8
5.9

3.9
40
3 3
3 9
4 8
5.7
4.1

3.0
3.0
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.3
2.8

Discharge:
1952..
1951..
1950 ..
1949 . .
1948 . .
1947 . .
1946 . .
1939 . .

..
..
..
..
..
..

Lay-off:
1952.
1951.
1950.
1949.
1948.
1947.
1946.
1939.
Miscellaneous, including military:
1952.................................................
1951................................................
1950...............................................
1949................................................
1918.................................................
1947.................................................
1946.................................................
Total accession:
1952........
1951........
1950........
1949___
1948____
1947____
1946____
1939____

1 Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus­
tries as indicated Oy labor urn-over rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment and payroll reports, for the following
reasons:
(1) Accessions and separations are computed for the entire calendar month;
the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1-week pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
(2) The turn-over sample is not so large as that of the employment and
payroll sample and includes proportionately fewer small plants; certain
industries are not covered. The major industries excluded are: printing,
publishing, and allied industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables,
and sea foods; women’s, misses’, and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(3)
Plants are not included in the turn-over computations in months when
work stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppage is reflected,
however, in the employment and payroll figures. Prior to 1943, rates relate
to production workers only.
* Preliminary figures.
»Prior to 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with quits.

N ote : Information on concepts, methodology, and
special studies, etc., is given in a “Technical Note on Labor
Turn-Over,” October 1949, which is available upon re­
quest to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

MONTHLY LABOR

B : LAB O R TURN-OVER

572
T able B -2 :

Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per

100

Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries1
Separation

Industry group and industry

Total
August
1952

Quit

July
1952

August
1952

July
1952

August
1952

August
1952

July
1952

Total accession

M ise., inch
military

Lay-ofl

Discharge

August
1952

July
1952

July
1952

August
1952

July
1952

M a n u fa c tu r in g

Durable goods A _ ------------- ------ - ............ Nondurable goods * ____________________

4.6
4.6

5.8
4.0

3.0
3.2

2.2
23

0.4
.3

0.3
.3

0.9
.8

2.9
1.1

0.3
.3

0.4
.3

6.2
5.0

4.

Ordnance and accessories..............................
Food and kindred products............ ...........
Meat products.. . --------------------------Grain-mill products........... ............. .
Bakery products.. ------------------------Beverages:
Malt liquors........................................

3.6
6.0
5.5
6.4
5.1

2.6
5.8
4.4
5.8
4.2

2.1
3.8
2.8
4.9
4.0

1.7
2.5
1.7
3.9
3.0

.9
.4
.5
.4
.3

.5
.5
.4
.7
.5

.3
1.6
1.9
.9
.6

.1
2.5
2.0
.9
.5

.3
.2
.3
.2
.2

.3
.3
.3
.3
.2

4.2
6.6
6.0
5.6
4.8

3.,
5.4
4.'
7.(
5.

7.4
3.9
4.3
4.0
2.9
4.2
5.5
4.6
4.4
5.1
4.0
3.6
4.1
3.9
2.5
3.4

3.7
3.6
3.7
3.4
3.3
3.7
3.7
4.1
3.9
5.3
3.3
2.9
2.9
3.6
3.3
3.4

3.6
2.7
2.4
3.1
1.7
2.8
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.1
2.9
2.8
2.9
3.1
1.6
2.2

1.9
2.4
1.9
3.0
1.5
2.2
2.0
2.5
2.6
1.7
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.5
1.3
1.6

.3
.5
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.4
.3
.7
.3
.1
.1
.3
.2
.4

.5
.3
.4
.1
.4
.2
.1
.3
.2
.6
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.4

3.3
.3
.2
.3
.6
.8
2.0
.8
.7
1.7
.7
.5
.9
.5
.3
.3

.9
.4
.3
.2
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.0
.8
2.5
.7
.3
.4
.9
1.3
.8

.2
.4
1.1
.1
.2
.3
.2
.4
.4
.6
.1
.2
.2

.4
.5
1.1
.1
.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.5
.1
.2
.2
.5
.6

2.5
4.5
5.5
4. 5
2.1
5.1
6.3
5.5
5.5
4.9
4.9
3.7
4.3
6.1
4.2
4.1

4.;
7.«
14.
5.
2.
4.
6.
4.
4.
7.
4.
3.
4.
5.
2.
2.

5.5
4.3

4.4
3.0

4.7
3.1

3.7
2.2

.3
.2

.2
.1

.4
.9

.4
.4

.1
.1

.1
.3

6.5
5.7

6.
3.

6.3

5.3

5.7

4.5

.2

.2

.3

.5

.1

.1

7.4

7.
7.
10.
7.

Tobacco manufactures...............................
Cigarettes----------------------- ---------- —
Cigars______________ ______________
Tobacco and sn u S ...................................
Textile-mill products......... ......................... —
Yarn and thread mills--------------------Broad-woven fabric mills -------------Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber-------Woolen and worsted........ ..............
Knitting mills-------------------------------Full-fashioned hosiery....................
Seamless hosiery________________
Knit underwear---------------- -------D veing and finishing textiles.................
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings—
Apparel and other finished textile prod­
ucts____ . . . --------------- ------------M en’s and boys’ suits and coats-------M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing------------ ------ ------------------Lumber and wood products (except fur­
niture)____________________ _______ _
Logging camps and contractors--------Sawmills and planing mills____ _ ._
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products--------------Furniture and fixtures---------- ------ --------Household furniture_________ ______
Other furniture and fixtures..................
Paper and allied products---------------------Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Chemical« and allied products.................
Industrial inorganic chem icals.............
Industrial organic chemicals.............. .
Synthetic fib ers...............................
Drugs and medicines______________ _
Paints, pigm ents,and filler s...............
Products of petroleum and c o a l............. .
Petroleum refining.......................... .........
Rubber produ cts.............................................
Tires and inner tubes_______________
Rubber footwear---- ------ ----------------Other rubber products....................... .
Leather and leather products___________
Leather___________________________
Footwear (except ru b b er)............. .......
Stone, clay, and glass products--------------Glass and glass products.......................
Cement, hyd rau lic.................................
Structural clay products-----------------Pottery and related products...............
Primary metal industries_______________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills . . . ----------------------------------Iron and steel foundries_____________
Gray-iron foundries........................ .
Malleable-iron foundries........ .........
Steel foundries_________________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc_________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper___ _________________
Nonferrous foundries _______________
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings......................
See footnotes at end of table


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0

.4
.4

0

4 .1

6.5
10.1
6.0

6.5
9.5
5.2

5.0
9.0
4.8

4.3
8.0
4.1

.4
.4
.4

.5
.4
.5

.9
.4
.6

1.4
.7
.4

.2
.3
.2

.3
.4
.2

6.6
9.8
6.2

5.0
5.9
6.2
5.4
4.1
3.1
5.5
2.9
3.0
2.8
3.7
2.0
4.1
1.7
1.0
3.4
2.1
3.4
4.9
5.2
4.6
5.4
3.3
3.3
3.6
4.2
2.8
3.3

3.8
4.7
5.0
4.1
3.8
2.3
4.1
2.1
2.6
1.8
1.6
1.8
2.7
1.2
.7
3.1
2.0
4.7
3.8
4.3
4.0
4.3
6.1
9.2
2.6
7.4
3.8
3.9

3.4
4.3
4.8
3.2
3.1
2.3
4.3
1.8
2.0
1.3
.6
1.4
3.0
1.3
.7
2.3
1.5
2.5
3.2
4.2
2.1
4.6
2.2
1.8
2.8
3.1
2.0
2.3

2.3
3.4
3.5
3.0
2.1
1.5
3.0
1.0
1.4
.9
.6
1.1
1.1
.7
.4
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.8
3.2
1.9
3.4
1.8
1.8
1.7
2.7
1.6
1.7

.3
.6
.6
.4
.4
.3
.5
.3
.4
.2
.1
.1
.4
.1

.4
.5
.6
.2
.3
.2
.4
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.3
.1

.9
.8
.5
1.5
.3
.2
.4
.6
.3
1.1
2.8
.4
.5
.2
.1
.6
.2
1.1
.5
2.1
.3
.6
1.0
.1
.4
.4
.4

.7
.6
.7
.6
1.1
.3
.4
.6
.7
.6
.6
.4
1.2
.1
.1
1.0
.4
2.2
1.5
.6
1.3
.4
3.8
7.0
.1
4.1
1.7
1.6

.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
.3
.3
.7
.3
.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.1
.3

.4
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
.3
.2
.4
.3
.8
.3
.2
.3
.2
,3
.2
.5
.3
.2
.3

4.9
6.7
7.9
3.9
4.6
2.8
6.1
2.5
2.3
2.1
3.7
.9
3.2
1.3
1.0
4.1
1.9
7.7
5.5
5.3
4.4
5.5
6.0
10.4
3.8
5.1
3.1
4.2

4.
6.
7.
3.
3.
2.
5.
2.
2.
3.
5.
1.
2.
1.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
5.
4.

2.9
4.1
3.8
3.9
4.5

1.7
6.0
6.6
6.7
4.8

2.2
2.8
2.6
2.6
3.2

2.
4.

2.7

2.9

3.0
4.6
2.8

0

0
.2
.1
.2
.3
.3
.1
.3
.2
.2
.4
.4
.3
.3

.2
.1
.1
.2
.3
.5
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3

.9
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.8

.1
.5
.3
.7
.6

.1
.5
.4
.5
.5

.1
.5
.6
.2
.5

.4
2.7
3.6
3.6
1.3

.5
.3
.3
.4
.2

.3
.3
.3
.3
.2

3.9
5. 4
5.8
5.0
5.0

1.
4.

2.1

1.6

.1

.2

.3

.8

.2

.3

3.6

2.

1.9
6.8

2.0
2.7

1.1
2.0

.3
.5

.2
.5

.2
1.1

.1
3.7

.5
.3

.5
.6

3.1
6.2

3.
4

3.8

1.7

1.6

.4

.2

1.6

.4

.4

3.1

11.6

0

.3 1

5.

4.
4.
3.
3.
3.
3.

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

T able B -2 :

B : L A B O R T U R N -O V E R

573

Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees)
tries 1—Continued

Selected Groups and Indus­

in

Separation
Total

Industry group and industry

August
1952
M a n u f a c t u r i n g — Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transportation
equipment)............ ......................
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware—.
Cutlery and edge tools...
Hand tools_________
Hardware........... .....
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies. ...
Sanitary ware and plumbers’
supplies..............................
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not
elsewhere classified____
Fabricated structural metal products
Metal stamping, coating, and en­
graving........... .........................
Machinery (except electrical)___
Engines and turbines____
Agricultural machinery and tractors...
Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery__
Machine tools_______
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools)............
Machine-tool accessories..
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)..
General industrial machinery. ..........
Office andstore machines and devices..
Service-Industry and household ma­
chines___ _________
Miscellaneous machinery parts........
Electrical machinery.............. .
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa­
ratus . _____ ________
Communication equipment...
Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment_______
Telephone and telegraph equip­
ment_____ __________
Electrical appliances, lamps, and
miscellaneous products________
Transportation equipment____
Automobiles___________
Aircraft and parts_______
Aircraft_______ ____
Aircraft engines and parts.
Aircraft propellers and parts___
Other aircraft parts and equipment ____ ______
Ship-and boatbuilding and repairingRailroad equipment______
Locomotives and parts__
Railroad and streetcars__
Other transportation equipment___
Instruments and related products.
Photographic apparatus____
Watches and clocks___ ...
Professional and scientific instruments______________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..

Quit

July
1952

August
1952

July
1952

August
1952

July
1952

5.3
3.4
2.8
2.9
3.5
5.5
4.4

7.7
7.8
3.5
10.0
7.8
4.1
3.0

3.0
2.2
2.2
1.6
2.4
3.7
3.0

2.0
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.9
2.4
1.9

0.5
.3
.2
.2
.3
.6
.6

0.4
.3
.1
.3
.3
.4
.4

6.6
5.3
6.2
4.2
4.2
7.7
4.4
3.5
3.2
2.8
5.3
4.8
3.9
2.4
4.0
3.5
4.0

5.3
5.2
8.1
5.0
8.1
14.4
3.8
3.0
2.8
2.6
4.3
4.2
3.3
2.3
6.5
3.2
3.2

4.3
3.2
2.9
2.4
2.4
2.1
3.1
2.5
2.5
2.2
2.9
2.4
2.3
1.8
2.3
2.4
2.7

2.9
2.8
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.3
2.3
1.8
1.7
1.7
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.6

.7
.5
.2
.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.4
.3

.4
.6
.3
.3
.4
.2
.5
.4
.4
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2

3.3

1.8
3.1
(»)
3.0
3.0
1.9
3.6
4.1
2.6
1.7
2.7
(5)
2.3
1.8
3.1
2.8
1.8
(5)
1.8
2.0
4.8
2.5

1.3
1.9
2.2
1.2
1.8
2.4
1.4
2.8
3.2
1.7
1.6
2.4
5.2
2.1
1.3
3.1
2.0
1.2
.8
1.5
1.2
2.6
1.3

.1

4.6
(')
4.2
4.9
3.6
4.4
4.8
3.5
2.1
3.6
(5)
9.9
2.5
23.0
3.9
2.8
(5)
2.0
3.1
6.5
3.4

3.7
2.5
3.2
1.5
4.0
9.0
13.9
3.8
4.0
3.5
2.2
3.9
11.5
4.4
2.4
7.0
3.3
2.1
1.2
2.2
2.3
4.2
2.4

.5
.2

.1
.2
.4
.1
.3
.4
.2
.4
.4
.5
.3
.6
.9
.4
.2
.8
.5
.3
(4)
.1
.4
.4
.1

6.5
3.5
5.8
6.1
3.0
2.8

7.3
4.1
5.5
4.2
3.1
3.5

5.3
2.6
5.3
•4.9
1.5
1.7

5.6
1.6
5.0
2.9
1.4
1.6

.6
.2
.4

.8
.5
.3
.2

2.2
2.1

(5)
(5)

1.9
1.5

(5)

(5)

(5)

.4
(')
.6
.3
.2
.4
.4
.5
.2
.4
(5)
.4
.1
.9
.4
.2
«
(4)
.3

Mise., inch
military

Lay-off

Discharge

August
1952

July
1952

1.5
.6
.3
.9
.5

August
1952

July
1952

jlmai accession

August
1952

July
1952

4.9
5.4
1.6
8.0
5.2
1.0
.4

0.3
.3
.1
.2
.3
.2
.2

0.4
.4
.2
.4
.4
.3
.3

6.5
6.4
3.6
11.3
5.2
6.7
5.7

4.1
1.8
1.0
2.1
1.8
4.7
3.5

.1
1.8
1.9
1.0
.3
1.0
.4
.6

1.7
1.5
5.4
2.8
5.7
12.4
.7
.6
.4
.4
1.7
1.7
.9
.5
4.2
1.1
1.1

.3
.2
.5
.3
.2
.5
.3
.2
.3
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.4
.3
.4

.3
.3
.6
.3
.3
.5
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.7
.3
.3

7.5
4.1
9.4
4.0
2.7
8.8
3.5
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.6
2.5
2.9
2.1
7.1
3.7
5.4

6.1
4.0
4.3
3.0
3.7
3.2
3.1
2.5
2.3
2.7
3.0
2.8
2.7
2.7
5.4
1.7
3.0

1.1
(0)
.4
(5)
.3
1.1
.8
.1
0)
.1

2.0
.1
.2
(4)
1.5
5.7
11.5
.3
.1
.8

.3

2.8

(4)

(4)

.3
.3
.4
.2
.4
.5
.8
.3
.3
.5
.3
.3
.4
.7
.6
.7

1.8
3.9
5.6
1.6
4.3
5.1
2.7
5.8
6.2
4.5
4.1
5.7
12.6
5.1
3.6
7.1
6.7
2.8
3.4
2.2
3.0
7.2
3.4

1.0

.6
1.3
1.4
2.6
1.2
1.3
4.9
.6
.4

(4)

.2
(5)
6.6
(4)
18.3
.5
.5
(5)
(4)
.6
.9
.4

.6
5.0
1.2
.3
2.4
.5
.2
.1
.4
.1
.9
.6

(5)

.7
(5)
.3
.5
.7
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
(5)
.6
.6
.7
.2
(s)

.3

.2
.2

.4
.3
.2
.6

.3
.3

.4

.3

.3

(s)

9.0
(5)

7.8
10.5
16.2
4.9
4.9
4.9
2.7
6.1
(5)
4.9
4.4
5.8
7.1
3.0
(5)
3.1
3.5
7.6
5.8

N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g

Metal mining______ _____
Iron mining............ ...........
Copper mining_________
Lead and zinc mining_____
Anthracite mining..________
Bituminous-coal mining.............
Communication:
Telephone_____________
Telegraph____________

(5)
(5)

.2

(4)

.1
(»)
(5)

(4)
w

.1
.1

.3
.3
(4)

.5
1.2
.8

(5)
(5)

.5
1.4
.4
1.4
1.6

.3
.4

.3
.3
.3

(4)

.1

.3

.2
(5)
«

• See footnote 1, table B -l. Data for the current month are subject to
* See footnote 2, table A-2.
revision without notation; revised figures for earlier months will be indicated
* See footnote 3, table A-2. Printing, publishing,
b y footnotes
and allied industries are excluded.
N o t e . — T e l e g r a p h data for March and June are: 1 .7 ,1 .1 , 0.1, 0.3, 0.2 and 1.7; 3.1, 2.6,>, 0.3, 0.2 and 3.9.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.4
.6
.2
.7
.3
.3

.1
.2

6.9
5.4
5.5
4.6
1.6
2.6
(5)
(s)

7.3
5.9
5.3
5.0
1.6
4.4

3.4
3.1

4 Less than 0.05.
8 Not available,

574

C: EARNI NGS AND HO U RS

M ONTHLY LABOR

C: Earnings and Hours
T a ble C - l :

Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1
Mining
Coal

Metal
Year and month

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly
wkly. wkly
earn­ hours earn­
ings
ings

Copper

Iron

Total: Metal

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly.
hrly. wkly.
wkly. wkly.
earn­
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings ings hours ings
ings

$1. 554 $61.96
1. 711 72.63
1.702 75. 92
1.733 76. 56
1. 714 76.79
1.715 73.06
1.789 76.83
1.786 74.57
1.797 76.32
1.811 78.42
1.802 72.33
1.812 77.80
1.862 50.12
1.871 71.27
1.843 85.10

40.9 $1. 515 $72.05
42.5 1.709 78.19
44.4 1.710 76 88
43.8 1.748 79.20
44.7 1. 718 78.15
42.5 1.719 77. 74
43.9 1. 750 84.38
44.1 1.691 86.11
44.4 1.719 84.50
45.2 1.735 84.69
42.3 1.710 82.43
45.1 1. 725 83. 57
29. 5 1.699 83.36
41.9 1.701 83.41
47.7 1.784 84.64

45.0
46.1
45.9
46.7
46.3
46.0
46.8
46.7
46.0
45.9
44.8
45.2
44.6
44.2
44.9

Anthracite

Lead and zinc
Avg. Avg
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

$1. 601 $66. 64
1.696 76.20
1. 675 76.78
1.696 75.66
1.688 75 55
1. 690 74 44
1.803 81. 52
1.844 83.02
1.837 81.90
1.845 82.45
1.840 80. 20
1.849 82. 52
1.869 81.28
1. 887 79. 78
1.885 80.30

41.6
43.0
43.7
42.6
42.9
42.2
43.2
43.4
42.7
42.7
41.9
42.6
42.2
41.4
42.0

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Bituminous

Avg Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly
hrly. wkly.
earn­
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings ings hours ings

$1.602 $63. 24
1. 772 66.60
1. 757 58. 52
1.776 60 36
1. 761 78. 24
1.764 81.84
1.887 69.98
1.913 73. 58
1.918 68.97
1.931 67.00
1.914 62. 52
1.937 74.69
1.926 66. 67
1.927 59. 58
1.912 66.15

32.1 $1. 970 $70 35
30.3 2.198 77.86
26.3 2.225 77.23
27. 2 2. 219 81.61
35.1 2.229 80. 62
36.8 2.224 81 09
31.1 2. 250 86.28
32.6 2. 257 86.39
30.9 2.232 80. 27
30.1 2. 226 79.26
28.1 2.225 66.68
33.3 2 243 70. 25
30.1 2. 215 64.30
26.8 12.223 62.30
29.4 j 2.250 80.26

35.0 $2.010
35.2 2. 212
34.9 2 213
36.5 2.236
36.3 2.221
36 2 2.240
38.4 2. 247
38.5 2.244
35.9 2.236
35.4 2.239
29.9 2.230
31.8 2.209
28.5 2. 256
27.7 2.249
36.2 2. 217

1950: Average____
1951: Average........
1951: August____
September__
October........
November__
December__
1952: January........
February......
March..........
April______
May.
June.
JulyAugust........

$05. 58
74.60
75.74
76.43
76.10
74.43
79. 43
79.12
79. 25
80. 59
77.67
80. 45
79. 32
78. 96
82.20

1950: Average__
1951: Average__
1951: August__
September.
October__
November.
Decernber..
1952: January__
February...
March......
April........
May........
June____
July____
August__

Contract construction
Mining—Continued
Crude petroleumand
Nonbuilding construction
natural gas production
Nonmetallic mining Total: Contract con­
Petroleum and
struction
and
quarrying
natural gas production
Total: Nonbuilding Highway and street Other nonbuilding
(except contract
construction
construction
services)
$73. 69 40.6 $1.815 $59. 88 44.0 $1.361 $73. 73 37.2 $1.982 $73.46 40.9 $1. 796 $69.17 41.1 $1.683 $76. 31 40.7 $1.875
79. 67 40.9 1.948 67.19 45.0 1.493 81. 71 37.9 2.156 80. 82 40.8 1.981 74.66 41.0 1.821 85. 06 40.6 2.095
78.15 40.2 1.944 69.59 46.3 1.503 84.46 39.1 2.160 85.27 42.7 1.997 79. 90 43.4 1.841 89. 51 42.2 2.121
83.68 41.8 2.002 70. 63 46.1 1. 532 85.19 38.9 2.190 84. 72 41.9 2 022 78.81 42.1 1.872 89.20 41.7 2.139
78.93 40.5 1.949 71.72 47.0 1.526 86.26 39.3 2.195 86. 61 42.6 2.033 81.75 43.6 1.875 90 42 41.9 2.158
79.02 40.4 1. 956 68.35 44.5 1.536 81. 66 36.8 2.219 79.30 38.7 2.049 71.73 38.4 1.868 84.72 38.9 2.178
83.85 41.8 2.006 67.32 44.0 1. 530 83.83 37.9 2. 212 79.08 38.9 2.033 70. 56 38.2 1.847 84. 75 39.4 2.151
84.53 41.7 2.027 66.69 43.7 1.526 84.74 37.9 2.236 81.26 39.6 2.052 71.84 39.3 1.828 86. 64 39.8 2.177
82. 29 40.8 2.017 67.60 44.3 1. 526 85. 95 38.3 2.244 82. 73 40.2 2.058 73.34 39.6 1.852 88.01 40.5 2.173
84. 57 41.6 2.033 67. 50 43.8 1.541 83. 51 37.1 2. 251 79. 46 38.5 2.064 68.03 37.5 1.814 85. 76 39.0 2.199
83.10 41.1 2.022 69.31 44.8 1.547 85.20 38.0 2. 242 82.43 39.8 2.071 73.64 39.7 1.855 88.00 39.8 2.211
81.93 40.6 2.018 70.74 45.7 1. 548 85. 81 38.6 2. 223 84. 42 41.2 2. 049 78.64 42.1 1.868 89.00 40.6 2.192
85.53 41.3 2.071 71.31 45.8 1.557 87.35 39.4 2. 217 86. 72 42.2 2.055 80. 68 42.8 1.885 91.49 41.7 2.194
85. 28 41.1 2.075 70. 01 45.4 1.542 87.77 39.2 2.239 87.49 42.0 2.083 81. 53 42.8 1.905 92.14 41.3 2.231
85.46 40.6 2.105 72. 30 46.2 1. 565 89. 29 39.3 2.272 90.09 42.1 2.140 83.61 42.7 1.958 95.31 41.6 2. 291

42.2
43.6
44. 5
44.1
44.4
43.4
44.4
44.3
44.1
44.5
43.1
44.4
42.6
42.2
44.6

Contract construction—Continued
Building construction
Special-trade contractors
Total: Building con­ General contractors
struction
1950: Average__ $73. 73
82.10
1951: Average__
84.31
1951: August___
September.. 85. 42
86. 20
October__
November.. 82 26
December... 84.94
85.35
1952: January__
86.60
February...
84.57
March___
85.92
April........
May____
86.03
87. 50
June____
88.09
July_____
89.13
August___

36.3
37.3
38.2
38.2
38.5
36.4
37.7
37.5
37.9
36.9
37.6
37.9
38.7
38.6
38.6

See footnotes at end o f table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2 031 $68. 56
2.201 75.10
2.207 76. 76
2.236 77. 79
2.239 79.66
2.260 76. 06
2. 253 77.98
2. 276 78. 62
2.285 79. 67
2.292 76.26
2. 285 80.60
2. 270 79. 78
2. 261 82.04
2. 282 82. 91
2. 309 84.14

Total: Special-trade Plumbing and heating
contractors

35.8 $1.915 $77. 77
36.6 2.052 87. 20
37.5 2.047 89.94
37.4 2.080 91.14
38.3 2.080 90.94
36.2 2.101 86. 58
37.4 2.085 89. 51
37.6 2.091 90. 00
37.9 2.102 91.34
36.4 2. 095 90.17
38.2 2.110 89.30
38.3 2.083 90. 28
39.5 2. 077 91.49
39. 5 2. 099 91.53
39.5 2.130 92.44

36 7 $2.119 $81.72
37.8 2.307 91.26
38.7 2. 324 92.39
38.8 2. 349 93.89
38.6 2.356 94.60
36.5 2.372 91.18
37.8 2.368 95.92
37.5 2.400 95.92
37.9 2.410 94.32
37.2 2. 424 93. 77
37.1 2.407 91.96
37.6 2.401 91.60
38. 2 2. 395 92. 06
37.9 2.415 93.74
37.9 2.439 94.84

Painting and
decorating

38.4 $2.128 $71,26
39.2 2.328 78. 65
39.4 2. 345 80.33
39.7 2.365 80.27
39.9 2.371 82.16
38.2 2.387 78.07
40.2 2.386 80.31
39.8 2.410 78. 07
39.3 2. 400 79. 57
38.7 2. 423 78. 51
38.3 2. 401 78.59
38.6 2. 373 81.36
38.6 2.385 82. 98
38.8 2.416 83.93
38.9 2. 438 85.72

Electrical work

35.4 $2.013 $89.16
35.8 2.197 102.21
36.2 2.219 104. 42
35.9 2. 236 106. 76
36.5 2.251 105. 19
34.3 2.276 100. 61
35.1 2.288 106. 28
34.3 2. 276 106. 74
34.9 2.280 108.93
34.6 2.269 108.43
34.5 2. 278 106. 57
35.1 2. 318 108.63
35.8 2.318 109. 55
36.1 2.325 111.10
36.4 2.355 110. 79

38.4
40.1
40.9
41.0
40.6
38.8
40.8
40.6
41.2
40.4
39.9
40.1
40.8
40.8
40.7

$2.322
2. 549
2. ,553
2.604
2.591
2. 593
2.605
2. 629
2. 644
2.684
2.671
2.709
2. 685
2.723
2. 722

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

575

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.

T a ble

Contract construction—Continued
Building construction—Continued
Special-trade contractors—Continued

Year and month

Other special-trade
contractors

Masonry

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­
ings
ings ings hours ings

Plastering and lath­
ing

Carpentry

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly
hrly. wkly
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings ings hours

1960: Average___ $74. 71 35.8 $2.087 $70.85 33.9 $2.090 $86. 70
1951: Average___ 83.62 37.0 2.260 78.83 35.1 2.246 89. 66
1951: August____ 87 90 38.5 2. 283 83 55 37.1 2. 252 91.18
September... 88. 97 38.6 2 305 84.00 37.3 2. 252 90. 72
Octol>er___ 88.20 38.1 2 315 83 61 36 8 2 272 87 91
November... 82.91 35.6 2.329 74. 93 33.2 2. 257 83.05
December__ 84.51 36.6 2. 309 76. 94 33.6 2.290 85.81
1952: January..... . 85.18 36.2 2. 353 75.70 33.0 2.294 83.19
February__ 87.80 37.0 2.373 75.73 33.2 2.281 87. 88
March....... 85.95 36.1 2.381 71.97 32.0 2.249 85.17
April......... 86.32 36.5 2.365 74.84 33.1 2. 261 86. 45
May........ . 87.38 37.2 2. 349 80. 68 35.0 2. 305 89. 04
June_____ 88.88 38.0 2.339 84.08 36.7 2. 291 90.87
July............ 87. 38 37.2 2.349 81.31 35.4 2. 297 92.60
August........ 88. 61 37.2 2.382 82.35 35.3 2.333 96. 25

35.0
34.9
35.8
35.8
34.5
32.8
33.6
32.7
34.3
33.0
33.3
34.3
34.2
34.4
35.0

$2. 477
2.569
2.547
2. 534
2.548
2. 532
2. 554
2.544
2. 562
2.581
2. 596
2. 596
2. 657
2. 692
2. 750

$69.86
72.92
77. 73
80.14
77.65
71.14
73.08
71.89
73. 43
72.83
71. 77
72.71
76.56
76.14
77.01

37.0
35.8
37.3
38.0
36.2
33.7
35.0
35.0
35.7
35.2
35.2
35.8
37.2
36.5
35.9

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings
$1,888
2.037
2.084
2.109
2.145
2.111
2.088
2.054
2.057
2.069
2.039
2.031
2.058
2.086
2.145

Roofing and sheetmetal work

Excavation and foun­
dation work

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg,
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly
ings
ings ings hours
$64.49
71.13
73. 51
75.53
76.63
70. 55
71.92
70.31
72.04
68.46
72. 79
74. 76
78.08
77.97
79.90

35.3
36.2
37.6
37.9
37.9
34.6
35.5
34.4
34.7
33.3
35.2
36.1
37.5
36.9
37.3

$1,827
1.965
1.955
1.993
2.022
2.039
2. 026
2.044
2.076
2.056
2.068
2.071
2.082
2.113
2.142

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

$74.92 38.6 $1,941
80.17 39.3 2.040
85.82 41.2 2.083
84.69 40. 5 2.091
85.11 40.8 2.086
77.53 36.9 2. 101
81.82 39.0 2. 098
78.19 37.9 2.063
83.28 39.3 2.119
80.45 38.0 2.117
81.90 39.7 2.063
83. 42 40.3 2.070
88.35 41.5 2.129
86. 75 40.5 2.142
87.21 41.1 2.122

Manufacturing

'
1950: Average........
1951: Average____
1951: August.........
September__
October.......
November__
December__
1952: January__
February___
March_____
April______
May______
June__
July______
August—.......

Total: Manufac­
turing

Durable goods >

$59.33 40. 5 $1. 465 $03. 32
64.88 40.7 1.594 69.97
64.32 40.3 1.596 69. 55
65.49 40.6 1.613 71.01
65.41 40.5 1.615 71. 10
65.85 40.5 1.626 71.05
67.40 41.2 1.636 72. 71
66. 91 40.8 1.640 72.15
66.91 40.7 1.644 72.18
67.40 40.7 1.656 72. 81
65.87 39.8 1. 655 71.07
66. 65 40.2 1. 658 71.76
67.15 40.5 1.658 71. 98
65. 76 39.9 1.648 70.05
67. 80 40.6 1. 670 72. 92

41.2
41.7
41.3
41.6
41. 7
41.5
42.2
41.8
41.7
41.7
40.8
41.1
41.2
40.4
41.2

$1. 537
1.678
1.684
1.707
1.705
1.712
1.723
1.726
1.731
1.746
1.742
1.746
1.747
1.734
1.770

Food and kindred products
Ordnance and
Nondurable goods * Total:accessories
Total: Food and kin­
Meat products
dred products
$54. 71
58.50
57. 91
58. 67
58.00
59.07
60. 45
60.04
60. 12
60.13
58.71
59. 71
60. 83
60. 87
61.57

39.7
39.5
39.1
39.4
38.9
39.2
39.9
39.5
39.5
39.3
38.4
39.0
39.5
39.4
39.9

$1. 378
1.481
1.481
1.489
1.491
1.507
1.515
1. 520
1.522
1.530
1.529
1. 531
1. 540
1.545
1.543

$64. 79 41.8 $1,550 $56.07
73.78 43.5 1.696 61.34
73. 71 43.9 1.679 61.15
76.47 44.2 1. 730 62.06
75.50 44.0 1. 716 61.91
75. 68 43.9 1.724 63.34
77. 62 45.1 1. 721 64.13
77. 26 44.4 1.740 63.40
78. 76 44.7 1.762 63.30
78. 85 44.3 1.780 63.30
77.04 43 4 1.775 62.80
78. 22 43.7 1.790 64.09
77.73 43.5 1.787 65. 34
76.46 42.5 1.799 64. 78
74. 38 41.3 1.801 63.25

41.5
41.9
42.0
42.8
42.0
42.0
42.3
41.6
41.4
41.0
40.7
41.4
42.1
41.9
41.1

$1. 351
1.464
1.456
1.450
1.474
1.508
1. 516
1.524
1.529
1. 544
1.543
1. 548
1.552
1.546
1.539

$60.07 41.6 $1,444
66. 79 41.9 1.594
67. 48 41.3 1.634
68. 46 41.9 1.634
67.65 41 5 1.630
73.51 44. 1 1.667
73. 06 44.2 1.653
69. 66 42.5 1.639
68. 72 41.4 1.660
68. 09 40.6 1.677
67.78 40.3 1.682
68.82 40.7 1.691
69.91 41.1 1.701
70.00 40.7 1.720
69. 37 40.1 1.730

Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Meat packing,
wholesale
1950: Average____
1951: Average____
1951: August____
September__
October____
November__
December__
1952: January____
February___
March____
April______
May............
June............
July---------August____

$60. 94 41.6
68. 34 41.9
69. 09 41.2
70. 27 41.9
69.01 41.1
75.98 44.2
75. 82 44.6
71.95 42.8
70. 97 41.6
70.02 40.5
69.87 40.2
70. 96 40.5
71.94 40.9
72.08 40.7
71.04 40.0

See footnotes at end of table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1,465
1.631
1. 677
1.677
1.679
1.719
1.700
1.681
1.706
1. 729
1.738
1.752
1.759
1.771
1.776

Sausages and casings
$60.80
65. 87
67. 69
67. 92
67.00
68.19
66. 44
65.91
66.01
66. 75
66.95
68.39
70.54
71 16
71.18

42.4
41.9
42.6
41.9
41.9
42.3
41.6
41.3
40.8
41.1
40.8
41. 6
42.7
43.1
42.8

$1. 434
1.572
1. 589
1.621
1.599
1.612
1.597
1.596
1.618
1.624
1.641
1.644
1. 652
1. 651
1.663

Dairy products
$56.11
60.61
60.70
62.10
60.60
60. 09
61.48
62. 79
62. 29
62. 55
62. 24
62. 95
65. 30
64. 85
63.74

44.5
44.6
44.9
45.0
44.3
43.8
44.1
44.0
43.9
43.8
43.8
44.3
45.6
45.0
44.2

$1,261
1.359
1.352
1.380
1.368
1.372
1.394
1.427
1.419
1.428
1.421
1.421
1.432
1.441
1.442

Condensed and evap­ Ice cream and ices
orated milk

Canning and preserv­
ing

$57.36
63. 25
63.70
64.77
62.06
61.92
62.56
63. 56
63.50
64.12
64.36
66.04
68. 39
68. 39
67.08

$46. 81
51.42
53.00
54. 33
56. 87
47.80
51.02
50.35
51. 11
51.40
50. 44
49. 50
50. 62
51.30
51.01

45.6
46.1
46.7
46.5
45.5
45.2
45.2
44.6
45.1
44.9
45.1
45.8
47.2
46.4
46.1

$1. 258
1.372
1.364
1.393
1.364
1.370
1.384
1.425
1.408
1.428
1.427
1.442
1.449
1.474
1.455

$57.29
62.35
62.32
63.11
62.33
62. 48
64.09
63.03
63. 66
63. 34
62.89
62.28
64. 65
64. 25
62.31

44.1
44.6
44.9
44.6
44.3
44.0
44.6
43.5
43.9
43.5
43.4
43.4
44.8
44.4
43.0

$1,299
1.398
1.388
1.415
1.407
1.420
1.437
1.449
1.450
1.456
1.449
1.435
1.443
1.447
1.449

39.3 $1,191
40.2 1. 279
41.7 1.271
43 5 1.249
42.5 1.338
37.0 1.292
38.3 1.332
38.0 1.325
38.4 1.331
38.1 1.349
37.5 1.345
37.9 1.306
38.7 1.308
40.3 1.273
39.0 1.308

T able

MONTHLY LABOR

C: EARNI NGS AND HO U RS

576

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued

Year and month

Grain-mill products

Flour and other
grain-mill products

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
earn­
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings ings hours ings

Prepared feeds

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­
ings ings hours ings
ings

1950: Average........ $59.02 43.3 $1,363 $60. 95 44.1 $1.382 $57. 21
1951: Average....... 66.28 44.6 1.486 67.43 45.5 1.482 64.63
1951: August......... 68.09 45.3 1.503 69.76 46.6 1.497 65. 85
September__ 68.60 45.4 1.511 71.35 47.0 1.518 68.45
October____ 68. 67 45.3 1.516 69. 98 45.8 1.528 65. 98
November__ 68.00 44.5 1. 528 71.37 45.9 1. 555 67.04
December__ 68.38 44.4 1.540 71.28 45.4 1.570 65.98
1952: January..... . 69.22 44.8 1.545 71.06 45.7 1.555 67.46
February___ 66.40 43.2 1. 537 67. 21 43.7 1.538 63.20
March_____ 67. 77 43.5 1.558 68. 57 43.9 1.562 67.47
April______ 66. 53 43.2 1.540 67.67 43.6 1.552 66.05
May............ 68.91 44.2 1. 559 68.99 44.0 1. 568 67.88
June______ 72. 57 45.9 1.581 75. 69 47.1 1.607 69.01
July---------- 72.03 45.3 1.590 74.31 46.1 1.612 69.08
August____ 72.48 45.1 1.607 73.41 45.4 1.617 69.95

45.3
46.1
46.8
47.9
46 5
46.3
45.5
46.3
44.1
45.9
45.3
46.4
47.2
46.8
47.2

$1,263
1.402
1.407
1.429
1.419
1.448
1.450
1.457
1.433
1.470
1.458
1.463
1.462
1.475
1.482

Sugar

Bakery products

$53. 54
57.38
58.07
58.69
58.38
59. 26
59.43
59.04
60. 09
59.29
60.25
61. 57
62.27
61.76
61.47

41.5
41.7
41.9
42.1
41.7
41.5
41.5
41.2
41. 5
41.0
41.1
41.8
42.3
41.9
41.9

$1,290
1.376
1.386
1.394
1.400
1.428
1.432
1.433
1.448
1.446
1.466
1.473
1.472
1.474
1.467

Cane-sugar refining

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
wkly. wkly.
hrly.
earn­
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings ings hours ings
ings
$59. 94
61.66
58. 42
62.82
55.39
65.20
64.75
62. 57
62. 24
66.10
61.78
63.04
71.43
66.45
64.64

43.0
41.3
39.0
41.3
38.2
45.5
43.6
40.5
40.1
41.6
39.1
39.3
43.9
41.3
39.9

$1.394
1.493
1.498
1.521
1.450
1.433
1.485
1. 545
1.552
1.589
1.580
1.604
1.627
1.609
1.620

$61. 83
63.13
59.15
63. 38
56.93
62.36
63.45
63.40
60.80
67.17
61.90
64. 76
75.08
67.42
65.12

43.0 $1. 438
41.1 1.536
39.2 1.509
41.7 1.520
37.9 1.502
39.9 1.563
40.7 1.659
40.8 1. 554
39.0 1.559
42.3 1.588
39.1 1.583
40.0 1. 619
45.5 1.650
41.9 1.609
40.0 1.628

Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Beet sugar
1950: Average____
1951: Average____
1951: August____
September__
October____
November__
December__
1952: January..... .
February___
March_____
April______
May______
June______
July---------August____

Confectionery and
related products

$58.69 42.5 $1,381 $46.72
61.36 41.1 1.493 50.41
58.91 38.3 1.538 50.23
63.78 40.7 1. 567 52.17
54.90 38.1 1.441 50.96
68.12 47.7 1.428 51.74
66.60 43.9 1.517 52.33
62.70 38.8 1.616 51.82
66.91 40.7 1.644 52.43
64.80 38.3 1.692 51.68
63.06 38.5 1.638 51.01
60.19 37.2 1.618 52.17
65. 57 40.3 1.627 54.30
65.35 39.2 1.667 50.92
64.06 38.2 1. 677 52.38

39.9
40.2
39.8
41.5
40.7
41.1
41.6
39.8
40.3
39.6
38.5
39.4
40.4
38.0
39.5

$1.171
1.254
1.262
1.257
1.252
1. 259
1.258
1.302
1.301
1.305
1.325
1.324
1.344
1.340
1.326

Confectionery
$44.81
48.32
47.48
49.16
48. 44
49.68
50.61
49.30
50.01
49.10
48.51
49.83
51.70
47.90
49.50

39.9
40.3
39.5
41.1
40.6
41.3
42.0
39.6
40.3
39.5
38.2
39.3
40.2
37.6
39.1

$1,123
1.199
1.202
1.196
1.193
1.203
1.205
1.245
1.241
1.243
1.270
1.268
1.286
1.274
1.266

Beverages
$67.49
73.62
75.13
75.11
72.54
74. 54
73. 48
72.94
73.50
73.41
73.81
76.95
78.68.
81.01
78.85

41.0
41.2
41.9
41.8
40.8
40.6
40.8
40.5
40.7
40.4
40.6
41.8
42.3
43.0
41.5

$1,646
1.787
1.793
1.797
1.778
1.836
1.801
1.801
1.806
1.817
1.818
1.841
1.860
1.884
1.900

Bottled soft drinks
$49.12
53.03
54.89
53.79
52.68
54. 59
52. 58
51.31
51.73
52.35
53. 21
54.04
58.01
59.38
55.08

42.9
43.5
44.7
43.7
43.0
43. 5
43.1
42.3
42.4
42.7
42.6
43.2
44.9
46.1
43.2

$1.145
1.219
1.228
1.231
1.225
1.255
1.220
1.213
1.220
1.226
1.249
1.251
1.292
1.288
1.275

Malt liquors
$72.66
78.99
80.53
81.00
77.29
80.11
79.34
77.89
78.75
78.42
79.28
82. 61
84.56
88.00
85.24

40.8 $1.781
41.1 1.922
41.9 1.922
42.1 1.924
40.4 1.913
40.5 1.978
41.0 1.935
40.4 1.928
40.7 1.935
40.3 1.946
40.7 1.948
41.7 1.981
42.3 1.99943.2 2.037
41.5 2.054

Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Distilled, rectified,
and blended liquors
1950: Average__
1951: Average_
1961: August__
September.
October__
November.
December1952: January....
February..
March__
April___
May.......
June.......
July-----August__

Total: Tobacco
manufactures

$61.94 40.3 $1.537 $54.99 42.2 $1,303 $41.08
68.86 40.2 1.713 59.22 42.0 1.410 44.20
68.18 39.8 1.713 58.66 41.4 1.417 44.08
67.70 39. 5 1.714 59. 74 41.6 1.436 44.75
70.20 40.6 1.729 59.05 41.7 1.416 45. 30
67. 61 38.7 1.747 60.06 42.0 1.430 46. 26
66.30 38.5 1.722 60.77 42.2 1.440 46.53
68.43 39.1 1. 750 61.36 41.8 1.468 45.27
68.87 39.2 1.757 61.82 42.2 1.465 43.69
68.60 38.8 1.768 61.30 41.7 1.470 43. 88
68.38 38.7 1.767 60.92 41.3 1.475 41.45
73.04 41.5 1.760 61.28 41.6 1. 473 45. 40
70.88 39.8 1.781 62.96 42.6 1.478 46.74
69.75 39.1 1.784 63.34 42.2 1.501 46.28
70.20 39.0 1.800 62.01 41.7 1.487 47.67

S ee fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Miscellaneous food
products

Tobacco manufactures

37.9
38.3
38.5
39.5
39.7
39.3
39.5
38.4
36.9
36.6
34.6
37.9
38.6
38.0
39.4

$1.084
1.154
1.145
1.133
1.141
1.177
1.178
1.179
1.184
1.199
1.198
1.198
1.211
1.218
1.210

Cigarettes
$50.19
54.21
55. 79
55.82
55.40
58.02
57.53
55. 24
5,1.84
52.59
48.40
54. 41
56.78
57.10
63. 51

39.0
39.4
40.4
40.1
39.8
41.0
40.6
39.4
36.9
37.3
34.4
38.7
39.9
39.3
43.0

$1,287
1.376
1.381
1.392
1.392
1.415
1.417
1. 402
1.405
1.410
1.407
1. 406
1.423
1.453
1.477

Cigars
$35. 76
38.92
38.94
40.18
40. 88
41.03
41.66
40.14
38.86
39. 05
37.03
40. 25
40.29
39.18
39.61

36.9
37.6
37.7
38.3
38.9
38.6
39.3
37.9
36.8
36.6
34.8
37.9
37.9
37.0
37.3

Tobacco and snufll
$0.969
1.035
1.033
1.049
1.051
l.oai
1.060
1.059
1.056
1.067
1.064
1.062
1.063
1.059
1.062

$42.79 37.7 $1.136
46.07 37.7 1.222'
46.76 33.3 1.221
48.20 38.9 1.239
46.90 37.7 1.244
48.63 33.5 1.263
47.67 38.2 1.248
47.82 38.1 1.255
46.30 37.1 1.248
44. 09 34.8 1.267
43.42 34.6 1.255
45.74 36.3 1.260
48.04 37.8 1.271
48.41 38.3 1.264
48.97 38.2 1.282

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

T able C - l:

C: EARNI NGS AND HOURS

577

Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—C o n .
Manufacturing—Continued

Tobacco manufac­
tures—Con.
Year and month

1950: Average.......
1951: Average___
1951: August____
September__
October____
November__
December__
1962: January...
February.
March__
M ay...........
June_____
July............
A ugust.......

Tobacco stemming
and redrying

Textile-mill products

Total: Textile-mill
products

Yam and thread
mills

Yam mills

Broad-woven fabric
mills

Cotton, silk, syn*
thetic fiber
United States

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly. earn­ earn­ wkly. earn­
ings
ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­
ings
ings ings hours ings

$37. 59
37.91
34.99
37. 30
39. 25
36. 89
37.67
38.04
37.72
39.16
37.88
41.92
45. 08
44. 42
38. 55

$49.28
51.63
48. 30
48.75
48.77
50.01
52.62
52.10
51.19
49. 48
49.08
49. 42
50.37
50. 81
52.49

39.4
39.2
37.5
42.0
42.8
39.0
38.6
38.5
36.8
36.5
34.0
37.7
39.3
38.9
39.5

$0.954
.967
.933
.888
.917
.946
.976
.988
1.025
1.073
1.114
1.112
1.147
1.142
.976

$48.95 39.6
51.33 38.8
48.08 36.7
48. 74 36.9
49. 29 37.2
50.46 37.8
52.70 39.3
52.40 38.9
52. 22 38.8
51.32 38.1
49. 85 37.2
50.78 37.7
51.61 38. 4
51.65 38.4
53. 42 39.6

$1. 236
1.323
1.310
1.321
1.325
1.335
1.341
1.347
1.346
1.347
1.340
1.347
1. 344
1.345
1.349

$45.01 38.9 $1.157 $45.09
47.86 38.6 1.240 48.02
44.89 36.2 1.240 44.94
45.14 36.2 1.247 45.16
46.01 36.9 1.247 46.38
46. 57 37.2 1.252 46. 97
49.02 39.0 1.257 48.94
48.88 38.7 1.263 48. 71
48.55 38.5 1.261 48.35
48.31 38.1 1.268 48.02
46.39 36.7 1.264 46.39
47. 22 37.3 1.266 47.39
48.82 38.5 1.268 49.11
48.65 38.1 1.277 48.86
49.99 39.3 1.272 50. 20

38.8
38.6
36.1
36.1
37.1
37.4
38.9
38.6
38.4
37.9
36.7
37.4
38.7
38.2
39.4

$1.162
1.244
1.245
1.251
1.250
1.256
1.258
1.262
1.259
1.267
1.264
1.267
1.269
1.279
1.274

40.1
39.2
37.1
37.1
37.0
37.6
39.3
39.0
38.4
37.2
37.1
37.1
37.7
38.0
39.2

$1,229
1.317
1.302
1.314
1.318
1.330
1.339
1.336
1.333
1.330
1.323
1.332
1.336
1.337
1.339

$48.00
50.38
46.59
47.20
47.36
48. 35
50.48
50.30
49.45
47. 49
47.14
46. 99
47.58
48.34
50.18

40.1 $1.197
39.3 1.282
36.8 1. 266
36.9 1.279
37.0 1.280
37.6 1,286
39.1 1.291
38.9 1.293
38.3 1.291
36.9 1.287
36.8 1.281
36.6 1.284
37.0 1.286
37.5 1.289
38.9 1.290

Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber—Continued
North
1950: Average____
1951: Average.........
1951: August_____
September__
October____
November__
December__
1952: January____
February......
March_____
April______
May__ __
June.........
July______
August-........

$51.23
53. 66
48.82
51.17
51.41
51.27
54. 46
54.89
54.13
52.53
52. 74
52.67
53.43
53.76

40.5
38.8
35.9
36.6
36.1
35.8
37.9
37.7
37.2
36.2
36.4
36.3
36.8
37.1

Woolen and worsted

$1.265
1.383
1.360
1.398
1.424
1.432
1.437
1.456
1.455
1.451
1.449
1. 451
1.452
1.449

$47.08
49.41
45.99
46.18
46.40
47.58
49.49
49.12
48.20
46. 21
45.87
45.68
46.25
47. 08

40.0
39.4
37.0
37.0
37.3
38.0
39.4
39.2
38.5
37.0
36.9
36.6
37.0
37.6

Full-fashioned hosiery

Knitting mills

South

United States
$1.177
1. 254
1.243
1. 248
1.244
1.252
1.256
1.253
1.252
1.249
1.243
1.248
1.250
1.252

$54.01
57.71
55.84
56.20
55. 38
57.68
62.15
61.42
60. 37
59. 25
59. 29
61.69
63.28
63. 23
63.34

39.8
39.1
38.3
38.1
36.8
37.6
40.2
39.6
39.1
38.6
38.7
39.9
40.8
40.4
40.6

$1. 357
1.476
1.458
1.475
1. 505
1.534
1. 546
1.551
1.544
1.535
1. 532
1.546
1.551
1.565
1. 560

$44.13
46.57
44. 44
44.84
46.06
47.56
48.08
47.66
48.31
48.16
45. 94
46. 86
47.23
47.72
48. 94

37.4
36.7
35.3
35.5
36.3
37.3
37.8
37.0
37.8
37.8
36.2
36.9
37.6
37.9
38. 9

$1.180
1. 269
1.259
1. 263
1. 269
1.275
1.272
1.288
1. 278
1.274
1.269
1. 270
1.256
1.259
1.258

$53.63
56.69
53. 75
54.07
55.18
57. 75
58.09
58.18
59.06
58.83
55.20
55.70
54.94
56.93
57.49

37.9
36.6
35.2
35.2
35.9
37.5
37.6
37.2
38.5
38.6
36.1
36.5
36.6
37.8
38.2

$1,415
1.549
1. 527
1.536
1.537
1.540
1.545
1. 564
1.534
1.524
1.529
1. 526
1.501
1.506
1.505

North
$54.25
58.16
54. 32
55.12
57.47
57.80
56. 57
58.76
57.26
56.36
54.13
54. 75
53.94
55.06

37.7 $1,439
35.9 1.620
34.4 1. 579
34.6 1. 593
36.1 1. 592
36.4 1.588
35.6 1. 589
36.7 1.601
37.6 1.523
37.7 1.495
35.8 1.512
36.5 1.500
36.2 1.490
37.2 1.480

Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Full-fashioned ho­
siery—Continued
South
4950: Average____
1951: Average........
4951: August........ .
September__
October.........
November__
December.....
1952: January____
February......
March.........
April__ ___
May............
June_____
July______
August____

$53. 33
55. 76
53. 41
53. 32
53. 81
57. 68
58.70
57.49
59. 98
59.90
55.50
55.69
55. 46
58.18

38.2
37.2
35.7
35.5
35.8
38.2
38.8
37.5
39.1
39.1
36.3
36.4
36.8
38.2

S ee fo o tn o te a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1. 396
1.499
1.496
1.502
1.503
1.510
1.513
1.533
1.534
1.532
1.529
1.530
1.507
1.523

Seamless hosiery
United States
$34.94
36.85
35. 32
35.25
37. 45
38.66
39. 41
38.48
39.38
38.88
37.13
38.41
39.25
38. 83
40. 02

35.8
35.2
33.7
33.8
35.5
36.4
37.0
36.1
36.8
36.4
34.9
35.9
37.1
36.6
37.9

$0. 976
1.047
1.048
1.043
1.055
1.062
1.065
1.066
1.070
1.068
1.064
1.070
1.058
1.001
1.056

Knit outerwear

North
$38.12
41.24
39.71
40. 74
42. 21
42. 48
44.31
42.85
42. 79
43. 05
41.29
42.83
43.24
41.63

38.2
37.8
36.6
37.1
38.1
38.0
39.6
38.4
38.0
38.3
36.8
38.0
38.5
37.5

Knit underwear

South
$0. 998
1.091
1.085
1.098
1.108
1.118
1.119
1.116
1.126
1.124
1.122
1.127
1.123
1.110

$34. 37
36.02
34. 42
34.23
36. 54
37.94
38. 43
37. 66
38.76
38.16
36.40
37.56
38.49
38. 29

35.4
34.7
33.1
33.2
35.0
38.1
36.5
35.7
36.6
36.1
34.6
35.5
36.8
36.4

$0,971
1.038
1.040
1.031
1.044
1.051
1.053
1.055
1.059
1.057
1.052
1.058
1.046
1.052

$43. 73
47.23
46.27
46. 56
47. 36
48.33
48. 21
46. 79
47.88
48.32
45.41
47.10
48.42
47. 51
50.85

38.6
38.4
37.8
37.7
37.8
38.6
38.6
36.9
38.0
38.2
36.5
37.8
38.8
38.5
40. 2

$1.133
1.230
1.224
1.235
1.253
1.252
1.249
1.268
1. 260
1.265
1.244
1.246
1.248
1.234
1.265

$39.60
42. 71
40. 91
41.62
42.33
43.14
44.50
44.16
43. 78
43.61
42.71
43.72
44. 50
45. 28
46.49

37.5 $1.050
37.3 1.145
35.7 1.140
36.0 1.150
36.3 1.166
36.9 1.169
38.0 1.171
37.3 1.184
37.1 1.180
37.4 1.166
36.6 1.167
37.4 1.169
38.3 1.162
38.7 1.170
39.7 1.171

G: EARNI NGS AND HO U RS

578
T a ble

M ONTHLY LABOR

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and ocher
finished textile
products

Textile-mill products—Continued
Year and month

Dyeing and finishing Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings
textiles

Wool carpets, rugs,
and carpet yarn

Other textile-mill
products

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg Avg.
hrly
hrly. wkly.
wkly wkly.
earn­
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings ings hours ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
wkly. wkly.
hrly.
earn­
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings ings hours ings
ings

Apparel and
Fur-felt hats and hat Total:
other finished taxbodies
tile products
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg Avg.
wkiy. wkly
hrly.
hrly. wkly.
earn­
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly
ings ings hours ings
ings

IPSO- A v e r a g e
$53. 87 40.9 $1.317 $62. 33 41.5 $1.502 $62. 72 41.1 $1.526 $52. 37 40.6 $1.290 $51.05
1951: Average......— 56 49 39.7 1.423 62.53 39 4 1.587 60.37 37.9 1. 593 54. 88 39.8 1.379 52. 67
1951- August ___ 51. 01 36.0 1.417 58. 59 37.2 1. 575 54. 46 34.8 1.565 52. 32 38.3 1.366 47.18
September__ 53. 18 37.4 1.422 59. 69 37.8 1. 579 55. 96 35.6 1. 572 53.89 38.8 1.389 49. 66
October____ 55. 19 38.7 1. 426 60. 99 38.8 1.572 59. 05 37.3 1.583 54. 03 38.7 1.396 49.90
November__ 58. 70 40.4 1. 453 60. 80 38.7 1.571 59.18 37.6 1.574 54. 09 38.5 1.405 49.93
December___ 61.76 42.3 1.460 63.12 39.9 1. 582 61.15 38.8 1. 576 56. 30 40.1 1.404 57.23
1952: January.,...... 60 69 41. 4 1.466 64.80 40. 5 1.600 63. 68 39.9 1. 596 56. 41 39.7 1. 421 55.12
Fphrnary
62. 27 42.1 1.479 65.04 40. 5 1. 606 64. 00 39.9 1. 604 56.98 39.9 1.428 56. 22
March ____ 60. 76 41.0 1.482 66. 79 41.0 1. 629 64.96 40.1 1.620 56. 97 39.7 1.435 55. 31
Anril............ 58. 72 40.0 1.468 61. 53 38.1 1.615 56. 55 35.5 1. 593 55.10 38.4 1.435 44. 44
May
59 91 40.7 1. 472 65. 64 40. 1 1. 637 62. 47 38.8 1. 610 56. 67 39.3 1. 442 52. 41
June______ 62. 58 42.0 1.490 65. 89 40.8 1.615 62.25 39.5 1. 576 57. 58 39.9 1.443 56.66
July______ 60. 53 40.9 1.480 64. 72 40.0 1.618 59. 70 38.1 1.567 57. 25 39.7 1.442 53.08
August____ 63. 60 42.8 1. 486 70. 72 42.5 1.664 67. 53 40.9 1.651 58. 48 40.3 1.451 59.67

35.9
35.3
33.2
32.0
33.4
33.4
37.8
36.6
36.7
36.7
29.1
34.3
36.7
34.2
38.2

$1.422
1.492
1.421
1. 552
1.494
1.495
1. 514
1. 506
1.532
1. 507
1. 527
1. 528
1.544
1. 552
1.562

36.4
36 0
35.8
35 6
34.6
35. 5
36.2
36.0
36.7
36.8
35.0
36. 4
36.2
36.0
37.3

$43. 68
45. 65
46.11
45. 89
43. 70
45.12
46. 26
46. 40
47. 56
47. 36
43. 58
45. 06
45. 21
45. 68
48.15

$1.200
1. 268
1.288
1.289
1.263
1.271
1.278
1.289
1.296
1.287
1.245
1.238
1.249
1.269
1.291

Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Men’s and boys’
suits and coats
1950: Average____
1951: Average____
1951: August____
September__
October____
November__
December___
1952: January___
February___
March_____
April_____
May______
June______
July______
August____

$50. 22
52.73
51. 56
51.98
47. 81
47. 59
49. 98
50 00
51. 67
52. 63
48. 20
48. 77
50. 86
49.35
53.83

36.9
35.8
35.0
35. 1
32.5
32.2
33.7
33.4
34. 7
35.3
32.9
33.2
34.2
33.8
36.2

$1. 361
1.473
1.473
1.481
1.471
1.478
1.483
1. 497
1.489
1.491
1. 465
1.469
1.487
1.460
1.487

Men’s and boys’fur­
nishings and work
clothing

Shirts, collars, and
nightwear

Work shirts

Separate trousers

$36. 43 36.8 $0.990 $36. 26 36.7 $0. 988 $39. 43 37.8 $1.043 $31. 34
38. 05 36.0 1.057 37. 95 35.6 1.066 40.14 36.0 1.115 33.02
36. 99 35.3 1.048 36. 47 34.5 1.057 39 13 35.0 1.118 32.42
37. 67 35.5 1.061 37.70 35.1 1.074 39 94 35.6 1.122 31.83
37.14 35.0 1.061 37. 52 35.0 1.072 36. 83 33.3 1.106 32. 53
38 13 35.6 1.071 38. 84 36.0 1.079 37.56 33.6 1.118 32. 85
38.09 35.8 1.064 38.41 35.7 1.076 39.32 35 2 1.117 32.86
38 06 35.7 1.066 38. 23 35.3 1.083 40. 52 35.7 1.135 33. 46
39.02 36.5 1. 069 38.84 35.7 1.088 42. 03 36.8 1.142 33.32
39.34 36.7 1.072 39.24 36.3 1.081 44.12 38.2 1.155 33.39
38.02 35.8 1.062 38. 41 35.6 1.079 41.95 36.8 1.140 34.63
39.47 37.2 1.061 39. 82 36.7 1.085 43. 32 37.9 1. 143 35.06
39.35 37.3 1.055 39.27 36.5 1.076 42. 82 37.4 1.145 35. 59
38. 75 36.9 1.050 38. 81 36.1 1.075 41.74 37.1 1.125 34. 84
40. 06 37.9 1.057 39. 67 36.8 1.078 43.85 38.7 1.133 36.19

Women’s outerwear

35.9 $0.873 $49. 41
35.7 .925 51.31
35.2 .921 53.45
34.3 .928 51.50
34.5 .943 47. 33
35.1 .936 50. 41
35.3 .931 52. 30
36.1 .927 53. 38
35.9 .928 54. 78
36.1 .925 53.14
37.2 .931 47.81
37.7 .930 49. 43
38.6 .922 48.79
37.5 .929 51. 58
38.5 .940 54. 70

34.7 $1.424
35.0 1.466
35.4 1.510
34.4 1.497
32.8 1.443
34.6 1. 457
35.8 1.461
35.9 1.487
36.4 1. 505
36.2 1.468
34.2 1.398
36.0 1.373
34.8 1.402
34.9 1.478
36.2 1.511

Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Women’s dresses
1950: Average____
1951: Average____
1951: August........
September....
October.........
November__
December___
1952; January____
February......
March____
April______
May______
June _____
July______
August____

$48. 09 34.8 $1. 382
50. 65 35.1 1.443
52.16 35.8 1. 457
51.05 34.4 1.484
47. 33 32.8 1.443
49. 60 34.3 1.446
52.60 36.1 1.457
51.77 35.9 1.442
52. 96 36.3 1.459
52.82 36.4 1. 451
50.33 35.0 1.438
52 45 36.1 1.453
47.80 34.0 1.406
48.06 34.4 1.397
51.32 35.1 1.462

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

omen’s and chil­ Underwea and
suits, coats, Wdren’s
undergar­ nightwear, except
Household apparel Women’s
and skirts
ments
corsets
$34.66
37. 86
37.19
37.69
36. 81
38. 35
39.07
39. 34
40. 38
41.24
39. 51
41.00
39.89
37. 62
39. 53

36.1
36.9
36.5
36.7
35.7
36.8
37.9
37.5
38.2
38.8
37.7
38.5
37.7
36.0
37.4

$0. 960
1.026
1.019
1.027
1.031
1.042
1.031
1.049
1.057
1.063
1.048
1.065
1.058
1.045
1.057

$63.77
63.89
66. 97
63.33
56.29
60.83
63. 21
67. 01
68.63
63.31
54.09
54. 41
61.20
67. 79
71.06

33.6
32.9
33.5
32.1
29.3
31. 5
33.2
34.0
34.3
32.4
28.5
30.9
32.4
34.5
35.8

$1.898
1.942
1.999
1.973
1.921
1. 931
1.904
1.971
2. 001
1.954
1.898
1. 761
1.889
1.965
1.985

$38. 38
40. 92
39. 55
41.06
41.66
42. 79
42. 90
41.95
42.49
43. 39
41.18
43. 12
43.19
41.80
43.82

36.9
36.6
35.5
36.5
36.8
37.5
37.5
36.7
37.4
37.8
36.0
37.3
37.3
36.7
38.1

$1. 040
1.118
1.114
1.125
1.132
1.141
1.144
1.143
1.136
1.148
1.144
1.156
1.158
1.139
1.150

$36. 55 36.4 $1.004
39. 67 36.8 1.078
38.66 35.9 1. 077
40.00 36.9 1.084
40. 51 37.2 1.089
41.13 37.6 1.094
41.21 37.4 1.102
40.00 36.6 1.093
40.18 37.0 1.086
40. 62 37.1 1.095
38. 62 35.3 1.094
40. 00 36.3 1.102
40.33 36.6 1.102
39.17 36.1 1.085
41.73 37.7 1.107

Millinery
$54. 21
57. 46
59. 35
62.10
52.50
50. 90
55. 91
61.82
69. 91
68.86
49.91
50. 46
51.29
56. 54
62.11

35.2 $1.540
36.0 1.596
36.5 1.626
37.3 1.665
33.4 1.572
32.9 1.547
35.5 1.575
38.4 1.610
41.1 1.701
40.7 1.692
32.6 1.531
33.2 1.520
32.2 1.593
34.9 1.620
37.8 1.643

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

T a ble

C: EARNI NGS AND HOURS

579

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued

Lumber and wood
products (except
furniture)

Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued

Year and month
Children’s outerwear

Avg. Avg Avg.
wkly. wkl
hrly.
earn­ hou“7-8 earn­
ings
ings
1950: Average___ $38. 98
1951: Average___
41.53
1951: A ugust,............ 41.59
September__ 41 93
October............ 40.15
N ovember.
42. 37
42. 79
D ecem ber1952: January___
43 23
February...
44. 29
March___
43.87
April........
39.87
May____
42. 41
June____
42. 22
July.........
42. 67
August__
43. 58

36. 5
36. 3
36. 2
35. 9
34. 7
36. 4
36. 7
36. 7
37. 5
37. 4
35. 6
37. 6
37. 0
37. 2
37. 0

$1,068
1.144
1.149
1.168
1. 157
1.164
1.166
1.178
1.181
1.173
1.120
1.128
1.141
1.147
1.162

Fur goods and mis­
cellaneous apparel

Other fabricated
textile products

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings ings hours
$43. 45
45. 71
46.28
46. 76
45.68
47. 62
47.13
43.86
43.37
44.39
42. 32
44.12
45. 47
45. 56
47.13

36.7
36.6
36.5
36.7
36.0
37.0
37.2
36.1
36.2
36.3
34.8
35.9
36.2
36.3
37.7

$1.184
1. 249
1.268
1.274
1.269
1.287
1.267
1.215
1.198
1.223
1.216
1.229
1.256
1.255
1.250

$42. 06
44.19
44.03
44. 36
44.41
44.65
45.74
45.08
44.96
45.15
44.15
46. 38
46. 27
45.86
47.11

38.2
37.8
37.7
37.5
37.6
37.9
38.6
38.3
38.1
38.2
37.1
38.3
38.3
37.9
38.9

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings
$1.101
1.169
1.168
1.183
1.181
1.178
1.185
1.177
1.180
1.182
1.190
1. 211
1.208
1.210
1. 211

Curtains and
draperies

Textile bags

Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex­
cept furniture)

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­
ings
ings ings hours ings

Avg. Avg. Avg
wkly. wkly.
hrly.
earn­ hours earn­
ings
ings

$38.37 36.3 $1.057 $44.85
37. 49 35.7 1.0.50 45.94
37.31 35.4 1.054 44.92
37. 73 35.8 1.054 45. 21
38.00 36.5 1.041 46. 21
39. 33 37.1 1. 060 47.60
40.81 38.9 1.049 45. 31
42.32 39.7 1.066 45. 71
41.92 39.4 1.064 45.31
41. 27 38.5 1.072 44. 02
42.14 39.2 1.075 45.73
41.14 38.2 1.077 47. 04
38. 56 36.0 1.071 46. 81
41.17 37.7 1.092 47. 79

$55 31
59. 26
60. 49
61. 51
62. 32
60.86
60.18
57. 02
59.11
59. 59
61.13
59. 96
64. 73
62. 81
66.22

38.4
38.9
38.0
37.9
38.8
40.0
38.4
39.0
38.4
36.5
37.0
38.0
37.9
38.2

$1.168
1.181
1.182
1. 193
1.191
1.190
1.180
1.172
1.180
1. 206
1. 236
1. 238
1.235
1.251

41 n $1 34Q
40.9 L449
40.9 1 479
40. 6 1. 515
41 3 1 509
40.6 1.499
40.8 1.475
40. 1 1. 422
40.6 1. 456
40.4 1. 475
40.7 1. 502
41.1 1. 459
42. 2 1. 534
41.0 1. 532
42.1 1.573

Manufacturing—Continued

Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued
Logging camps and
contractors
1950: Average____
1951: Average........
1961: August____
September__
October____
November__
December___
1952: January........
February___
March_____
April___ ...
May__ ___
•Tune. ___
July___ ...
August____

$66.25
71.37
74.57
75. 63
79. 99
79.38
74. 92
63. 46
72.82
72. 78
78. 85
67.64
81.41
79. 05
85.70

38.9
39.3
40.2
39.7
41.9
41.3
40.0
39.1
41.4
40.3
40.6
39.3
42.8
41.3
43.0

$1. 703
1.816
1.855
1.905
1.909
1.922
1.873
1.623
1.759
1.806
1.942
1.721
1.902
1.914
1.993

Sawmills and plan­
ing mills
$54.95 40.7 $1,350
58.73 40.5 1.450
60.29 40.6 1.485
61.06 40.2 1. 519
61. 49 40.8 1.507
60.56 40.4 1.499
59. 47 40.4 1.472
56. 56 39.5 1.432
58. 47 40.1 1.458
58.85 39.9 1.475
60. 37 40. 3 1.498
60.45 40.9 1.478
65.17 42.1 1. 548
62.69 40.6 1.544
66.62 41.9 1.590

Sawmills and planing mills, general
United States
$55.53 40.5 $1,371
59.58 40.5 1.471
61.06 40.6 1.504
61.95 40.2 1. 541
62.42 40.8 1. 530
61.49 40.4 1.522
60.36 40.4 1.494
57. 25 39.4 1.453
59.16 40.0 1.479
59.43 39.7 1.497
61. 30 40.3 1. 521
61.40 40.8 1. 505
66. 38 42.2 1.573
63. 50 40.5 1.568
67. 71 41.9 1.616

South
$38.90
41.19
41.02
41.21
42.37
41.75
42.03
41.92
41.18
41.05
41.86
43.13
43. 65
42. 77
43. 20

42.1
42.2
41.9
41.8
42.8
42.3
42.5
42.3
41.6
41.3
41.9
43.0
43.3
42.3
42.6

Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural wood
products

West
$0.924
.976
.979
.986
.990
.987
.989
.991
.990
.994
.999
1.003
1.008
1.011
1.014

$70. 43
75.85
77.57
79.01
79. 57
78. 82
77.19
72. 67
76. 76
76. 72
78.80
78. 32
84.90
80.16
89. 21

38.7
38.6
39.1
38. 6
39.1
38.6
38.1
36. 3
38.4
38.0
38.8
38.3
40.8
38.5
42.3

$1.820
1.965
1.984
2. 047
2. 035
2. 042
2.026
2. 002
1.999
2.019
2. 031
2.045
2. 081
2.082
2.109

$60. 52
64. 74
64.79
66.39
66.94
62. 97
65.15
65. 06
65. 89
66. 62
66. 87
65.47
69.18
67.02
68. 98

43.2
42.4
42.1
42.1
42.5
40.6
41.9
41.6
41.7
41.9
41.9
41.7
43.1
42.1
42.5

401
527
1 . 539
1 577
1 . 575
1 . 551
1 . 555
1 . 564
1 . 580
1 . 590
1 . 596
1 . 570
1 . 605
1 . 592
1 . 623

$ 1.
1.

Manufacturing—Continued

Furniture and fixtures

Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued

Millwork
1950: Average____
1951: Average........
1951: August____
September__
October____
November__
December__
1952: January____
February___
March_____
April______
May______
June______
July---------August____

boxes, other Miscellaneous wood
Wooden containers Wooden
than cigar
products

$59.05 43.2 $1.367 $46.03
61.80 42.1 1.468 49.22
62.14 42.1 1.476 48.87
62. 81 42.1 1.492 49. 93
64.20 42.8 1.500 50.01
61. 74 41.3 1.495 49. 48
63.09 42.2 1.495 51.07
61.98 41.4 1.497 48. 63
62.00 40.9 1.516 48.64
63.11 41.3 1.528 49.37
63. 79 41.5 1.537 49. 45
64. 36 41.9 1. 536 50. 51
67.57 43.4 1. 557 50. 80
65.44 42.0 1.558 50. 76
67.94 42.7 1. 591 51. 67

S ee fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

40.7
41.5
41.0
41.3
41.5
41.3
42.0
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.6
41.5
41.3
41.2
41.6

$1.311
1.186
1.192
1.209
1. 205
1.198
1.216
1.192
1.195
1.213
1.218
1.217
1.230
1.232
1.242

$46.56
49. 54
48.74
49. 42
49. 61
49.16
50. 37
48.16
48.16
48.79
49. 64
50. 32
50. 58
50.99
51. 54

41.5
42.2
41.2
41.6
41.9
41.8
42.4
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.4
41.9
41.7
41.9
41.9

$1.122
1.174
1.183
1.188
1.184
1.176
1.188
1.166
1.166
1.187
1.199
1.201
1.213
1.217
1.230

$47.07
51.28
51.29
52.38
51. 96
50. 92
52. 08
51.75
52. 21
52.83
52. 67
53. 51
54. 06
52.61
54. 61

41.4
42.0
41.9
41.9
41.6
40.8
41.7
41.6
41.6
41.7
41.7
41.9
42.2
41.2
42.4

$1.137
1.221
1.224
1. 250
1. 249
1.248
1.249
1.244
1.255
1.267
1. 263
1.277
1.281
1.277
1.288

Total: Furniture
and fixtures
$53.67
57. 72
57.53
58.40
58. 79
58. 81
60.48
59.84
60. 26
60. 67
59. 48
59. 80
60.02
58. 37
60.40

41.9
41.2
40.8
41.1
41.4
41.1
42.0
41.5
41.5
41.3
40.6
40.9
41.0
40.2
41.4

$1.281
1.401
1.410
1.421
1.420
1.431
1.440
1. 442
1.452
1.469
1.465
1.462
1. 464
1.452
1.459

Household furniture
$51.91 41.9 $1.239
54.84 40.8 1.344
53.64 40.0 1.341
55.32 40.8 1 366
55. 94 41.1 1.361
56. 50 41.0 1.378
57. 75 41.7 1.385
56. 46 41.0 1.377
57.31 41.2 1.391
57.55 40.9 1.407
56.76 40.4 1. 405
56. 84 40.6 1.400
57.36 40.8 1.406
56. 20 40.4 1.391
58.56 41.8 1.401

T able

MONTHLY LABOR

C: E ARNI NGS AND HO U RS

580

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees —Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Paper and allied products

Furniture and fixtures—Continued

Year and month

Wood household
furniture, except
upholstered
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wKly.
earn­ hours
ings

Wood household furniture, upholstered

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings

Mattresses and
bedsprings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings

41.4 $1. 361 $57.27
39.8 1.458 60.37

Total: Paper and
allied products

Other furniture
and fixtures

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

41.2 $1,390 $58. 53
40.3 1. 498 64.69

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

41.9 $1.397 $61.14
42.2 1.533 65. 77

Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

43.3 $1,412 $65.06
43.1 1. 526 71.17

43.9
44.4

$1. 482
1.603

1.522
1.532
1.537
1.548
1. 558

70. 38
71.29
71.15
71.31
72.22

44.1
44. 2
44.0
43.8
44.2

1. 596
1. 613
1. 617
1.628
1.634

1.562
1. 570
1.584
1. 578
1. 587
1. 597
1.619
1.616

71.29
71.68
72.93
69.88
71.01
72.54
74.04
74.07

43.6
43. 6
43.8
42. 2
42. 6
43.1
43.3
43.7

1.635
1.644
1.665
1. 656
1.667
1.683
1.710
1.695

1950: Average_____ $48. 39
1951: Average.......... 50.88

42.3 $1.144 $56.35
41.3 1.232 58.03

1951: August ___
September..
October...........
November___
December___

50.10
50.92
51.46
51.58
52.54

40.6
41.1
41.5
41.3
41.8

1. 234
1. 239
1.240
1.249
1.257

55. 59
58.17
60.23
61.39
65.33

38.5
40.2
41.0
41.2
42.7

1.444
1. 447
1.469
1.490
1.530

57.97
62.23
62. 09
63.15
63.08

39.3
40.7
40.5
40.4
40.8

1. 475
1. 529
1. 533
1.563
1.546

65. 92
65. 32
65. 30
64.49
67.07

42.5
41.9
42.1
41.5
42.8

1.551
1. 559
1. 551
1.654
1. 567

64.84
65. 57
65. 32
65.64
66.68

42.6
42.8
42.5
42.4
42.8

1052: .Tannary
February____
March______
April_______
May
June
July
August...........

51.87
52.37
51.89
51. 56
51. 65
51.82
51. 46
53. 72

41.4
41. 5
40.7
40.6
40.8
40.9
41.0
42.4

1.253
1. 262
1.275
1. 270
1.266
1.267
1.255
1.267

59.12
62.34
63.28
62. 42
61.97
63. 51
61.05
65.63

39.6
40.8
41.2
40.4
40.4
41.0
39.8
42.1

1.493
1. 528
1. 536
1.545
1.534
1.549
1.534
1.559

63. 45
63. 78
64.39
62. 92
62.76
64.19
62.48
62.56

40.7
40.7
40.7
39.9
39.9
40.6
40.0
40.0

1.559
1. 567
1.582
1. 577
1. 573
1. 581
1. 562
1.564

67.85
67. 22
67.94
65. 97
66.65
66. 08
63. 84
64.96

42.7
42.2
42.2
41.1
41.5
41.3
39.8
40.5

1.589
1. 593
1.610
1.605
1.606
1.600
1.604
1.604

66.39
66. 57
67.48
65.33
66. 34
67. 71
68.65
69.81

42.5
42.4
42.6
41. 4
41.8
42.4
42.4
43.2

Manufacturing—Continued
Printing, publishing, and allied industries

Paper and allied products—Continued
Paperboard con­
tainers and boxes
1950: Average_____ $57. 96
1951: Average_____ 60. 65

Other paper and
allied products

Total: Printing, pub­
lishing, and allied
industries

43.0 $1. 348 $55. 48
41.8 1.451 59.73

42.0 $1,321 $72. 98
41.8 1. 429 76.05

38.8 $1.881 $80.00
38.8 1. 960 83.34

Books

Periodicals

Newspapers

36.9 $2.168 $74.18
36.6 2.277 79.28

39.5 $1. 878 $64.08
39.8 1.992 67.48

39.1
39.6

$1.639
1.704

1951: August _____
September___
October ____
November___
December___

58.92
59.12
.58.93
59. 49
60. 77

40.8
41.0
40.7
40.8
41.2

1.444
1.442
1.448
1.458
1. 475

59.39
59. 78
59.60
59. 80
60. 76

41.5
41.6
41.3
41.1
41.5

1.431
1. 437
1.443
1.455
1.464

75. 54
77. 69
76.27
77.09
79.43

38.7
39.2
38.6
38.7
39.4

1.952
1. 982
1.976
1.992
2.016

82.29
85.13
84. 59
85.51
88.65

36. 3
36.9
36.7
36.7
37.5

2. 267
2.307
2.305
2.330
2.364

80.32
83.23
80. 07
80. 48
80.11

40.0
40.7
39 7
39.8
39.5

2.008
2.045
2.017
2.022
2.028

68.28
68. 69
66.31
66.68
68.03

40.0
40.1
39.4
39.2
39.6

1.707
1.713
1.683
1.701
1. 718

1952: January_____
February___
March______
April_______
May________
J u n e___
July ______
August_____

61.25
61.13
61. 57
60.18
61.83
63. 67
64.05
66. 68

41.3
41.0
41.1
40.2
41.0
42.0
41.4
42.8

1.483
1. 491
1.498
1. 497
1. 508
1. 516
1.547
1. 558

60. 90
60. 64
61. 59
60. 65
60.61
61.33
61. 67
63.39

41.4
41.0
41.5
40.9
40.9
41.3
41. 5
42.4

1.471
1. 479
1.484
1.483
1.482
1.485
1.486
1.495

77.28
77.64
79.06
78.23
79.86
80.16
79. 86
80.48

38.6
38.4
38.7
38.2
38.6
38.8
38.6
38.9

2.002
2. 022
2.043
2.048
2.069
2.066
2.069
2. 069

83.13
84.19
84. 55
85.02
87. 42
87.32
86. 60
86. 71

35.8
36.1
36.1
36.1
36.5
36.4
36.1
36.1

2.322
2.332
2.342
2. 355
2. 395
2.399
2. 399
2.402

78.67
81.69
84.24
80. 99
81.85
82.33
84.37
88. 07

39.1
40.2
40.5
39.2
39.6
40.2
40.7
42.2

2.012
2. 032
2.080
2.066
2.067
2.048
2.073
2.087

68.19
68. 56
69.36
69. 68
70.54
70. 55
69. 22
72.28

39.3
39. 0
39.3
39.1
39.3
39.7
38.8
40.0

1.735
1. 758
1.765
1.782
1.795
1.777
1.784
1.807

Manufacturing—Continued
Chemicals and allied products

Printing, publishing, and allied industries—Continued
Commercial printing
1950: Average_____ $72.34
1951: Average_____ 75.36

Liitnograpnmg

39.9 $1,813 $73.04
40.0 1.884 75.99

Other printing and
publishing

40.0 $1. 826 $65.18
40.1 1. 895 67.42

Total: Chemicals
and allied products

39.1 $1. 667 $82. 67
39.2 1. 720 68.22

Industrial inorganic
chemicals

41.5 $1,510 $67.89
41.8 1.632 75.13

Industrial organic
chemicals

40.9 $1,660 $65. 69
41.6 1. 806 71.62

40.6
40.9

$1,618
1. 751

1951: August______
Septem ber___
October ____
November___
Decern ber___

74.77
76.99
75. 13
76.57
78.75

39.9 1.874
40.5 1.901
39.5 1.902
39.9 1.919
40. 7 1.935

77.09
77.81
75. 96
75.56
78. 47

40.3
40.4
40.0
39.6
40.7

1.913
1. 926
1. 899
1.908
1.928

65.96
67. 70
67.22
69.99
69.38

38.8
39.2
38.9
38.7
39.6

1.700
1.727
1. 728
1.731
1.752

68.18
68.43
68.18
68. 72
69.10

41.5
41.7
41.8
41.8
41.8

.643
1.641
1.631
1.644
1. 653

76.03
76.13
76. 45
76.36
75. 89

42.1
41.6
41.8
41.5
41.0

1.806
1.830
1.829
1.840
1. 851

71.67
72. 54
71.17
71.63
72.45

41.0
40.8
40.3
40.4
40.7

1.748
1.778
1. 766
1. 773
1.780

1952: January..........
February____
March______
April_______
May________
June________
July________
August........ .

78.18
77. 26
79. 55
78. 21
79. 96
80. 52
80.48
79. 79

40.3
39.7
40.3
39.5
40.0
40.2
40.3
40.3

76.40
77. 14
78.96
77.93
79. 48
81.28
82. 57
85.02

39.2
39.1
39.6
39.2
39.6
40.0
40.2
40.7

1.949
1.973
1.994
1.988
2.007
2.032
2.054
2.089

68.99
68. 84
70.71
69. 45
69.74
69.26
68.53
69. 70

39.4
38.5
39.0
38.5
38.7
38.8
38.2
38.7

1.751
1. 788
1.813
1.804
1.802
1. 785
1.794
1.801

69.06
68.81
69.18
69. 09
69. 73
70. 65
70. 08
70.72

41.6
41.4
41.3
41.0
40.9
41.1
40.6
40.9

1.660
1. 662
1.675
1. 685
1.705
1.719
1.726
1.729

76. 74
75. 46
75.70
76. 55
76. 52
77.12
77. 33
76. 68

41.3
40.9
40.7
41.0
40.9
41.0
41.0
40.7

1.858
1. 845
1.860
1. 867
1. 871
1.881
1.886
1.884

72.11
72.02
72.54
73.20
73.67
74.07
73. 98
74.97

40.4
40.3
40.3
40. 2
40.3
40.3
40.1
40. 5

1.785
1. 787
1.800
1.821
1.828
1.838
1.845
1. 851

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.940
1. 946
1.974
1.980
1.999
2.003
1.997
1.980

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

T a ble

581

C: EARNI NGS AND HOURS

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Chemioals and allied products—Continued

Year and month

Plastics, except syn­
thetic rubber
Avg.
wkly
earn­
ings

1950: Average____
1951: Average____

$55. 54
72.66

1951: August_____
Septem ber...
October........ .
N ovem ber...
December__
1952: January____
February___
March______
April.............
M ay...............
June...............
July-----------August_____

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Synthetic rubber
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Synthetic fibers

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Drugs and medicines

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Paints, pigments,
and fillers
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn­ wkly.
ings hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Fertilizers
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­
hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

41.8 $1,568 $71. 93
42.0 1.730 78.31

40.8 $1. 763 $58. 40
41.0 1.910 62. 76

39.3 $1.486 $59. 59
39.4 1.593 62.51

40.9 $1,457 $64.80
41.1 1.521 68.84

42.3 $1,532 $47.00
41.9 1.643 52.16

41.3
42.2

$1,138
1.236

72.36
74. 65
72. 36
73.49
73. 61

41.9
42.5
41.3
41.4
41.4

1.727
1. 754
1.752
1.775
1. 778

79.12
78. 44
76. 86
80.42
81.20

41.1
40.6
40.2
41.2
41.6

1.925
1.932
1.912
1.952
1.952

62.53
63. 54
62. 86
63.10
63.91

39.4
39.1
38.9
38.9
39.4

1.587
1. 625
1.616
1.622
1.622

62.00
61.90
63. 51
63.59
63.67

40. 6
40.3
41.0
41.0
41.0

1. 527
1.536
1.549
1.551
1.553

68.35
67.86
68. 56
69. 85
70. 27

41.7
41.0
41.2
41.6
41.9

1.639
1. 655
1.664
1.679
1.677

52.67
54. 02
52. 92
53.09
54. 95

41.6
42.4
41.9
41.9
42.6

1.266
1.274
1.263
1.267
1.290

73. 86
72. 69
73.36
72. 54
73.83
74.78
74.20
74.81

41.4
40.7
40.8
40.3
40.5
41.0
40.7
40.9

1.784
1. 786
1.798
1.800
1.823
1.824
1.823
1.829

78.86
77. 62
77.84
78. 83
76.75
78. 92
78. 72
80.96

40.4
40.3
40.0
40.2
39.2
40.1
39.8
40.5

1. 952
1. 926
1.946
1.961
1.958
1.968
1.978
1.999

63. 38
64. 06
65.18
67. 28
66. 02
65.93
66.11
65.87

39.0
39.4
39.6
40.0
39.7
39.6
39.9
39.9

1.625
1. 626
1.646
1.682
1.663
1.665
1.657
1.651

64.25
64. 93
64.55
63. 00
62. 37
63.40
60.95
61.34

40.9
41.2
40.8
40.0
39.3
40.1
38.6
38.8

1.571
1. 576
1. 582
1. 575
1.587
1. 581
1.579
1.581

69. 63
69.41
70. 66
69.89
71.34
71.72
71.29
71.20

41.3
41.0
41.3
40.8
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.3

1.686
1.693
1.711
1.713
1.715
1.724
1.722
1.724

54. 23
53. 76
54.23
57.14
56. 31
57.44
56.22
57.45

42.2
42.1
42.7
44.4
42.5
42.8
41.8
43.0

1.285
1.277
1.270
1. 287
1. 325
1.342
1.345
1.336

Manufacturing—Continued
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Vegetable and ani­
mal oils and fats
1950: Average__
1951: Average__

$53.46
58.60

1951: August___
September.
October___
November
Decem ber.
1952: January__
February..
M arch____
April_____
M ay_____
June..........
J u ly ..........
August___

Other chemicals and
allied products

Products of petroleum and coal

Soap and glycerin

Total: Products of
petroleum and coal

Petroleum refining

Coke and byproducts

45.5 $1.175 $64.41
46.0 1.274 69.31

41.5 $1,552 $71.81
41.7 1.662 77.11

41.7 $1. 722 $75.01
41.5 1.858 81.30

40.9 $1.834 $77.93
41.0 1.983 84.70

40.4 $1.929 $62.85
40.7 2.081 69. 47

39.7
39.9

$1.583
1.741

59.81
58.43
58. 82
58.95
59.65

44.4
47.7
49.1
48.6
48.3

1.347
1.225
1.198
1.213
1.235

68.19
69. 22
69. 55
70.47
70.72

41.3
41.4
41.4
41.6
41.5

1.651
1.672
1.680
1.694
1.704

75.91
76. 86
77.39
79.25
79.06

40.9
41.1
41.1
41.6
41.2

1.856
1.870
1.883
1.905
1.919

80. 55
83.21
81.72
81.28
82.94

40.6
41.4
40.9
40.7
41.2

1.984
2.010
1.998
1.997
2.013

83.70
86.60
84.68
84.89
87.14

40.2
41.1
40.4
40.6
41.3

2.082
2.107
2.096
2. 091
2.110

68. 77
70. 62
69.20
69.32
70.35

39.5
39.9
39.7
39.5
40.3

1.741
1.770
1.743
1.755
1.750

59. 53
58.79
59.16
60.08
61.20
62.43
61.85
62.45

47.4
46.4
45.4
44.7
43.9
44.5
43.8
44.1

1.256
1. 267
1.303
1.344
1.394
1.403
1.412
1.416

70. 38
70. 46
70.71
69.69
70. 49
71.15
70.33
71.70

41.4
41.3
41.3
40.8
41.1
41.2
40.7
41.3

1. 700
1. 706
1.712
1. 708
1.715
1.727
1. 728
1.736

77. 79
77. 93
78. 65
77.80
78. 50
79.18
80.16
82. 21

40.9
40.8
40.9
40.5
40.8
40.5
40.9
41.5

1.902
1.910
1.923
1. 921
1.924
1.955
1.960
1.981

82.66
82.09
82.09
82. 34
75.22
84.95
87.71
87.08

40.9
40.8
40.7
40.5
37.2
40.8
41.1
40.5

2.021
2.012
2.017
2.033
2.022
2.082
2.134
2.150

86.67
85. 63
85.50
85. 68
76. 58
87.83
90. 58
90.48

41.0
40.7
40.5
40.3
35.7
40.4
40.6
40.0

2.114
2. 104
2.111
2.126
2.145
2.174
2.231
2.262

70.05
70.46
69. 48
68. 53
65. 25
64.73
68.49
69.79

39.6
39.9
39.5
38.5
36.8
35.9
37.8
37.4

1.769
1.766
1.759
1.780
1.773
1.803
1.812
1.866

M anufactur ing—Continued
Products of petro­
leum and coal—Con.
Other petroleum and
coal products

Total: Rubber
products

1950: Average_____ $66. 78
1951: Average______ 69.09

44.7 $1. 494 $64.42
43.7 1.581 68.70

1951; August______
September__
October............
N ovem ber___
December........

70.68
72. 44
72. 74
67.37
64. 75

44.4
44.8
44.9
42.4
41.4

1.592
1.617
1.620
1.589
1.564

1952: January........__
February____
March_______
April.................
M ay________
June_________
July-------------August______

64. 88
67.43
68.95
70. 54
75.41
74.93
75.88
77.14

41.3
42.3
42.8
43.3
45.4
45.3
45.3
45.7

1. 571
1. 594
1.611
1.629
1.661
1.654
1.675
1.688

See fo o tn o te a t end o f table.

226672— 52-

-7


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Leather and leather
products

Rubber products
Tires and inner
tubes

Rubber footwear

Other rubber
products

Total: Leather and
leather products

42.2 $1.416 $44.56
41.4 1. 528 47.10

37.6
37.0

$1.185
1.273

1.524
1.538
1.540
1.536
1. 577

46.19
45. 92
45. 31
45.85
48.61

36.4
35.9
35.4
35.6
37.8

1.268
1.279
1.280
1.288
1.286

1.593
1. 587
1.589
1.596
1.601
1.607
1.574
1.601

49. 54
50.19
50.46
48. 53
48.90
50.04
49.97
52.11

38.4
38.7
38.7
37.1
37.3
38.2
38.5
39.6

1. 290
1.297
1.304
1. 308
1.311
1.310
1.298
1.316

40.9 $1.575 $72.48
40.6 1.692 77.93

39.8 $1,821 $52.21
39.6 1.968 57.81

40.1 $1.302 $59. 76
41.0 1.410 63.26

69.52
70.18
68. 67
69. 46
73.91

40.7
40.9
40.3
40.5
41.2

1.708
1.716
1.704
1.715
1.794

82.07
81.64
78.76
80.27
86.26

41.2
40.9
39.9
40.5
41.0

1.992
1.996
1.974
1.982
2.104

57.04
55. 94
56.16
56. 64
59.95

40.8
40.1
40.0
40.2
40.7

1.398
1.395
1.404
1.409
1.473

61.42
63.06
62. 68
62.36
65.45

40.3
41.0
40.7
40.6
41.5

74.19
73.31
72. 58
71.40
73. 47
75.01
73.42
74.93

40.9
40. 5
40.3
39.6
40.5
40.9
40.1
41.1

1.814
1.810
1.801
1.803
1.814
1.834
1.831
1.823

86.99
85. 75
83.46
81.90
84. 96
87.79
86.67
87.17

40.9
40.6
39.8
39.3
40.4
41.1
40.5
41.0

2.127
2.112
2.097
2.084
2.103
2.136
2.140
2.126

60.27
60. 46
61.51
59. 42
60.69
61.38
58.34
61.73

40.1
39.8
40.2
39.3
39.9
40.3
39.1
40.4

1. 503
1. 519
1.530
1. 512
1.521
1.523
1.492
1.528

65.63
64.43
64.83
63. 68
65.32
65.73
62.96
66.12

41.2
40.6
40.8
39.9
40.8
40.9
40.0
41.3

582
T a ble

C: EARNI NGS AND HO U RS

MONTHLY LABOR

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees

l—

Con.

Manufacturing—Continued
Leather and leather products—Continued
Year and month

Footwear (except
rubber)

Leather
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

1950: Average-----1951: Average....... .

$57.21
60.41

1951: August..........
September..
October____
November...
December__

58.94
58.94
60.37
59.98
61.11

38.1
38.3
38.9
38.3
38.9

1. 547
1.539
1.552
1.566
1.571

1952: January____
February___
March_____
April.......... .
M ay_______
June_______
Ju ly .............
August_____

61.82
61. 78
61.78
61.61
62.17
64. 52
64.07
65.85

39.1
39.0
39.0
38.8
39.1
40.2
39.5
40.2

1.581
1. 584
1.584
1. 588
1.590
1.605
1.622
1.638

39.7 $1. 441 $41. 99
39.1 1.545 44.10

Stone, clay, and glass products

Other leather
products

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Glass and glass
products

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Glass containers

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

36.9 $1.138 $44.85
36.0 1.225 48.16

38.5 $1.165 $59.20
38.5 1.251 64. 94

41.2 $1. 437 $61. 58
41.6 1.561 65.81

40.3 $1. 528 $56.36
40.2 1.637 60. 67

39.8
40.1

$1,416
1. 513

43.29
42.73
41.83
41.93
45. 57

35.4
34.6
33.9
33.9
36.9

1.223
1.235
1.234
1.237
1.235

47.88
48.04
47.08
48. 79
50.17

38.3
38.1
37.6
38.6
39.5

1.250
1. 261
1.252
1. 264
1.270

64.74
65.74
65. 93
65.03
65.30

41.5
41.5
41.7
40.9
41.2

1.560
1.584
1.581
1.590
1.585

63.19
65.40
65.67
65.50
66.28

39.2
39.3
39.8
39.2
40.0

1.612
1.664
1.650
1.671
1.657

58. 45
59.40
61.21
62.22
64. 48

39.1
38.4
39.9
40.3
41.6

1.495
1. 547
1. 534
1.544
1.550

47. 52
48.52
49.15
46. 57
46.63
47.74
47.68
50.38

38.2
38.6
38.7
36.7
36.8
37.8
38.3
39.7

1.244
1.257
1.270
1. 269
1.267
1.263
1.245
1.269

48.92
49.17
48.80
47.66
48. 42
48. 93
49. 30
50. 37

38.7
38.9
38.7
37.5
37.8
38.2
38.7
39.2

1. 264
1. 264
1.201
1.271
1.281
1.281
1.274
1.285

64.35
65.23
65.76
64.88
65.85
66.09
65.41
67.65

40.6
41.0
41.1
40.5
41.0
40.9
40.4
41.4

1.585
1. 591
1.600
1.602
1.606
1.616
1.619
1.634

64.14
65. 54
66.59
65.16
66.78
67.37
66. 25
69.70

38.8
39.6
39.9
38.9
39.8
39.7
38.7
40.5

1.653
1. 655
1.669
1.675
1.678
1.697
1.712
1.721

60. 92
60. 76
61.89
60. 76
61.70
61.98
61.82
64. 58

39.2
39.1
39.6
38.6
39.4
39.3
39.2
41.0

1.554
1.554
1.563
1.574
1. 566
1. 577
1.577
1.575

Manufacturing—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Pressed and blown
glass
1950: Average____
1951: Average____

$53.71
57.50

1951: A ugust......... .

September-..
October........ .
November...
December__

56.56
58.23
56.64
56.70
58.76

39.5
39.8
39.2
38.6
40.3

1.432
1.463
1.445
1.469
1.458

1952: January____
February......
March_____
April.............
May_______
June..............
J u ly............ .
August_____

58.12
59. 99
60.51
59. 30
60. 33
60.22
57.43
58.48

39.4
40.7
40.5
39.3
39.9
39.7
37.1
37.9

1.475
1.474
1.494
1.509
1.512
1. 517
1. 548
1. 543

Cement, hydraulic

Structural clay
products

Brick and hollow
tile

Sewer pipe

Pottery and related
products

41.7 $1,442 $54.19
41.8 1. 559 61.01

40.5 $1,338 $53. 75
41.5 1.470 58.09

42.9 $1.253 $52.17
42.9 1.354 58.19

39.7 $1,314 $52.16
40.1 1.451 57.65

37.5
38.1

$1,391
1.513

66.72
67.01
66. 56
65.64
65. 27

42.2
41.8
42.1
41.7
41.6

1.581
1.603
1.581
1.574
1.569

61.63
61.98
63. 34
61.98
62.13

41.9
41.4
42.2
41.4
41.5

1.471
1.497
1.501
1.497
1.497

58.71
58.58
59. 91
57.34
57.92

43.2
42.7
43.6
42.1
42.4

1.359
1.372
1.374
1.362
1.366

59.30
59. 41
62.10
61.11
60. 25

40.7
39.5
41.1
40.5
39.9

1.457
1. 504
1.511
1.509
1.510

57.04
56.93
58.06
58. 79
59. 40

37.4
37.3
37.8
38.0
38.2

1.525
1. 527
1. 536
1.547
1. 555

65.05
65.81
65.27
65.89
66. 31
66.00
68.10
68. 54.

41.3
42.0
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.2
42.3
42.1

1. 575
1. 567
1.569
1. 584
1.594
1.602
1.610
1.628

61. 21
60. 48
60.41
59.70
59.79
60.34
59.66
61.35

41.0
40.7
40.6
40.2
40.1
40.2
39.8
40.6

1.493
1.486
1.488
1.485
1.491
1.501
1.499
1. 511

55.62
56. 22
56.63
57.11
58.39
59. 66
58. 63
59.47

41.2
41.8
41.7
41.9
42.9
43.2
42.7
43.0

1.350
1.345
1.358
1. 363
1.361
1.381
1.373
1.383

58. 37
56.76
59.09
60. 39
53.04
60. 49
60. 09
60.14

39.2
38.3
39.5
40.1
35.6
39.9
39.2
39.0

1.489
1.482
1.496
1. 506
1. 490
1.516
1.533
1.542

58.97
60.92
61.86
60.40
60.88
60. 21
58. 47
60.91

37.8
39.0
39.3
38.3
38.8
38. 4
37.1
38.7

1.560
1. 562
1.574
1.577
1. 569
1. 568
1.576
1.574

39.7 $1,353 $60.13
39.9 1.441 65.17

Manufacturing—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Concrete, gypsum,
and plaster products
1950: Average____
1951: Average------

$62. 64
68.37

1951: August........
September..
October........
November...
December__
1952: January____
February___
March_____
April............ .
May_______
June_______
J u ly.............
August..........

Other stone, clay,
and glass products

45.0 $1.392 $61.15
45.4 1.506 67.41

43.9 $1.393 $60.94
45.0 1.498 67. 67

70.34
70. 71
70. 82
69.06
67.98

46.4
46.4
46.2
44.9
44.4

1.516
1. 524
1.533
1.538
1. 531

69.49
69.89
70.12
68.67
68. 36

45.9
46.1
46.1
45.0
44.8

1.514
1.516
1.521
1.526
1.526

67.49
68.44
67.83
69. 22
70. 24
71.17
70.40
72.46

44.4
44.5
44.1
44. 6
45.2
45.3
44.9
45.6

1.520
1.538
1.538
1. 552
1.554
1.571
1.568
1.589

66.66
68. 75
66.14
68.11
69.89
72.15
69.99
69.68

44.5
45.2
43.6
44.4
45.5
46.4
45.3
44.9

1. 498
1. 521
1.517
1. 534
1. 536
1. 555
1.545
1.552

8ee footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Concrete products

Primary metal industries
Total: Primary
metal industries

Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills

Iron and steel
foundries

41.4 $1. 472 $67. 24
41.8 1.619 75.12

40.8 $1,648 $67. 47
41.5 1.810 77.06

39.9 $1. 691 $65.32
40.9 1.884 71.95

41.9
42.4

$1. 559
1.697

67. 93
68. 35
67. 81
66.94
67.73

41.7
41.7
41.4
40.4
41.1

1. 629
1.639
1.638
1.657
1.648

73.70
75.79
74. 82
75.23
77.73

40.9
41.3
41.2
41.2
42.2

1.802
1.835
1.816
1.826
1.842

75.25
78.72
75. 79
77.49
79.44

40.2
41.0
40.4
41.0
41.9

1.872
1.920
1.876
1.890
1.896

70.85
71.82
72.24
71.37
73. 69

41.9
42.1
42.0
41.4
42.4

1.691
1.706
1.720
1.724
1. 738

67.52
68.46
69. 45
67.69
68.57
68.14
67. 22
68.90

40.6
40.7
41.0
40.1
40.5
40.2
39.8
40.2

1.663
1.682
1.694
1.688
1.693
1. 695
1.689
1.714

76.86
75.85
76.55
71. 53
72.17
73.38
72.23
79.22

41.5
41.2
41.4
39.0
39.2
40.1
39.6
40.9

1.852 77.93
1.841 76.53
1.849 78.33
1.834 70.16
1.841 70.46
1.830 Î70.77
1. 824 Î71. 91
1.937 84.75

40.8
40.6
41.4
37.4
37.4
Î36.8
Í37.3
41.3

1.910
1.885
1.892
1.876
1.884
1.923
1.928
2.052

72.86
72.33
72.02
71.00
72.02
71.88
68. 53
69.28

41.8
41.3
40.9
40.5
40.9
40.7
39.5
39.5

1.743
1.751
1.761
1.753
1.761
1.766
1.735
1.754

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

583

C: E ARN IN GS AND HO U RS

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Primary metal industries—Continued

Gray-iron foundries
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Malleable-iron
foundries

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Steel foundries

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Prim ary sm elting
and refining of
nonferrous metals
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

P rim ary sm elting
and refining of
copper, lead, and
zinc

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Primary refining of
aluminum

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

1950: Average............ $65. 06
1951: A verage.......... 70.01

42.3 $1.538 $65. 46
42.2 1.659 71.98

41.3 $1. 585 $65.43
41.9 1.718 75.68

41.1 $1. 592 $63. 71
43.1 1. 756 70.13

41.0 $1. 554 $62.37
41.4 1.694 69.34

40.9 $1. 525 $63. 97
41.3 1.679 70.92

40.9
41.5

$1. 564
1.709

1951: August........... .
September___
O ctober...........
November___
December____

68.81
68.93
69.47
68. 96
70.43

41.5
41.4
41.4
41.0
41.6

1.658
1. 665
1.678
1.682
1.693

71.39
71.84
71.69
70. 79
72.99

41.6
41.5
41.2
40.5
41.4

1.716
1.731
1.740
1.748
1.763

74.99
76.33
76.64
76.37
79.56

42.9
43.2
43.2
43.0
44.1

1.748
1.767
1. 774
1.776
1.804

70. 46
68.64
70. 47
69. 95
71.58

41.4
40.4
41.6
41.1
41.4

1.702
1.699
1.694
1.702
1.729

69. 84
67.31
70.01
69.17
72.44

41.4
39.9
41.6
41.1
41.8

1.687
1.687
1.683
1.683
1.733

71.39
71.05
72.24
71.70
69.12

41.6
41.5
42.1
41.3
40.4

1.716
1.712
1. 716
1.736
1.711

1952: January......... .
February____
M arch_______
April________
M ' a y .. . _____
June_________
July_________
August______

70. 59
68. 75
69.63
68. 60
68. 80
68. 51
64.33
68.58

41.4
40.3
40.6
40.0
40.0
39.9
38.5
39.8

1.705
1. 706
1.715
1.715
1.720
1.717
1. 671
1.723

70. 79
70. 09
68.85
68.58
71.18
72. 22
64.81
60.13

40.2
39.8
38.9
38.7
39.7
39.9
36.7
34.3

1.761
1.761
1.770
1.772
1.793
1.810
1.766
1.753

77. 01
78. 78
76.97
75. 20
76. 97
76.83
74.86
73.95

42.9
43.5
42.2
41.8
42.5
42.1
41.2
40.7

1.795
1.811
1.824
1.799
1.811
1.825
1.817
1.817

73.54
73.17
74.03
73. 33
74. 41
74. 36
75. 50
75.93

41.5
41.6
41.8
41.5
41.9
41.8
41.9
41.4

1.772
1. 759
1.771
1.767
1.776
1.779
1.802
1.834

74.82
73. 77
74.67
73.88
74. 31
75.05
75. 78
74.93

41.8
41.7
41.9
41.6
41.7
42.0
41.8
41.7

1.790
1. 769
1.782
1.776
1.782
1.787
1.813
1.797

71.60
72.19
72.15
72.10
74.42
72.29
74. 89
78.39

41.8
41.9
41.8
41.7
42.6
41.5
42.5
41.3

1.713
1.723
1.726
1.729
1.747
1.742
1.762
1.898

Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries—Continued
R o llin g , d raw ing,
and alloying of
nonferrous metals

R o llin g , d raw ing,
and alloying of
copper

R o llin g , draw ing,
and alloying of
aluminum

Nonferrous foundries

Other primary metal
industries

Iron and steel
forgings

42.7 $1.645 $59.99
40.9 1.723 64.14

40.1 $1. 496 $67.65
39.4 1.628 73.83

41.5 $1.630 $71.27
41.9 1.762 79. 45

41.9 $1.701 $74.09
42.6 1.865 84.87

41.6
43.3

$1.781
1.960

69.53
69.41
70. 54
69.04
75.35

40.4
40.4
40.8
40.0
42.5

1.721
1.718
1. 729
1.726
1.773

62.17
63.36
64. 39
66. 50
67.07

38.4
38.4
39.6
40.4
40.6

1.619
1.650
1.626
1.846
1.652

72.73
74.76
75.08
74. 48
77.97

41.3
42.0
41.9
41.4
42.7

1.761
1.780
1. 792
1.799
1.826

78.51
79.21
80. 49
80.39
83. 69

42.3
42.0
42.7
42.4
43.5

1.856
1.886
1.885
1.896
1.924

83.22
84.14
87. 21
85.46
91.10

42.7
42.6
43.8
42.9
44.7

1.949
1.975
1.991
1.992
2.038

73.37
71.33
72.11
71.33
71.64
73.23
76. 40
77.73

41.5
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.2
41.0
42.0
42.5

1.768
1. 770
1.785
1.770
1.782
1. 786
1.819
1.829

67.15
66.21
66. 00
66. 21
66. 77
65. 29
65.07
73. 59

40.6
40.2
40.1
40.2
40.2
39.5
39.2
40.3

1.654
1.647
1.646
1.647
1.661
1.653
1.660
1.826

78. 88
76. 94
77. 24
74. 79
74.97
75.56
73. 90
75. 81

42.8
42.0
42.0
40.8
40.7
41.0
40.1
40.8

1.843
1.832
1.839
1.833
1.842
1.843
1.843
1.858

82. 75
83.01
81.79
77.40
78. 69
79. 46
76.65
78.54

43.1
43.1
42.4
40.5
41.2
41.3
40.3
40.8

1.920
1. 926
1.929
1. 911
1.910
1.924
1.902
1.925

91.30
89. 85
87.51
84. 44
85.03
84. 50
76.56
77.73

44.8
44.0
43.0
41.8
42.2
42.0
38.9
39.6

2.038
2.042
2.035
2.020
2.015
2.012
1.968
1. 963

1950: Average.......... $66. 75
1951: Average_____ 68. 70

41.9 $1. 593 $70. 24
40.7 1.688 70.47

1951: A ugust..........
September__
October............
N ovem ber___
December

67.15
67.64
68. 61
68.94
73.00

39.9
40.0
40.6
40.6
42.1

1.683
1.691
1.690
1.698
1.734

1952: January...
February____
March_______
April___
M ay ___
June___
July-----A ugust..

71.54
70.21
70.74
69. 85
70.47
71.03
72.86
76. 86

41.4
40.7
40.7
40.4
40.5
40.8
41.4
42.0

1.728
1. 725
1.738
1.729
1.740
1.741
1.760
1. 830

Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal in­
dustries—Con.

Wire drawing

T otal: F ab ricated
m e ta l p r o d u cts
(except ordnance,
m achinery, and
tr a n s p o r ta tio n
equipment)

Tin cans and other
tinware

42.9 $1,720 $63.42
43.0 1.864 69.35

41.4 $1,532 $60.90
41.7 1.663 66. 45

79.09
80. 06
78.70
80.33
81.00

42.8
42.7
42.2
42.5
42.9

1.848
1.875
1.865
1.890

70.14
70.39
69.92
71.78

41.3
41.7
41.7
41.4
42.3

1.689
1.697

78.58
79.34
79.04
70.16
75.13
77.49
79.28
80.33

41.6
42.0
41.8
37.6
40.2
41.0
41.1
40.9

1.889
1. 889
1.891

71.06
71.27
71.43
69.64
70.95
70.18
67.83
70.34

41.8
41.8
41.7
40.7
41.3
40.9
39.9
40.8

1.700
1.705
1. 713
1.711
1.718
1.716
1.700
1. 724

1950: Average__
1951: Average__

$73.79
80.15

1951: August___
September.
October___
November.
U
December..
1952: January___
February ..
M arch___
April.........
M ay _____
June............
July...........
August-----

m

Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)

S e e fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.888

1.866

1.869
1.890
1.929
1.964

68.68

1.663
1.682
1.688

41.6 $1.464 $61.01
41.3 1.609 66.47

69.69
72.11
68. 52
66.50
68.51

42.7
43.1
41.3
40.7
41.9

1.632
1. 673
1.659
1.634
1.635

66. 22

40.5
40.4
41.1
40.6
40.5
41.6
42.2
42.4

1.635
1.625
1.644
1. 647
1.648
1. 643
1.662
1.678

65.65
67.57
66. 87
66.74
68.35
70.14
71.15

Cutlery, hand tools,
and hardware

65.84
66.41
66.78
66.74
68. 21

67.81
67. 57
67.32
66.86

67.60
67.64
65.29
66.48

Cutlery and edge
tools

Hand tools

41.5 $1.470 $55.54
41.7 1.594 60.53

41.7 $1.332 $61.31
41.6 1.455 69.49

41.2
42.5

$1.48#
1.635

41.2
41.2
41.3
41.3
42.0

1.598
1.612
1.617
1.616
1.624

59.18
60.55
60.31
60.87
62. 36

40.7
41.3
41.0
41.1
41.6

1.454
1.466
1. 471
1.481
1.499

69.32
69.09
69.30
68.06
69.68

42.5
42.0
41.9
41.1
42.1

1.631
1.645
1.654
1.656
1.655

41.6
41.2
40.8
40.3
40.6
40.5
39.5
40.0

1.630
1. 640
1.650
1. 659
1.665
1.670
1. 653
1.662

61.49
61.39
61.01
60. 37
62.09
62.57
60.28
62.45

40.8
40.6
40.3
39.9
40.5
40.5
39.4
40.5

1.507
1. 512
1.514
1. 513
1.533
1.545
1. 530
1.542

69.26
69.35
69.26
68.97
69.51
67.93
65. 80
67.15

41.9
41.7
41.5
41.2
41.4
40.9
40.0
40.5

1.653
1.663
1.669
1.674
1.679
1.661
1.645
1.658

584
T able

G: E AR N IN GS AND HO U RS

M ONTHLY LABOR

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued

Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued
Year and month

Hardware

Heating apparatus
(except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies

Sanitary ware and
plumbers' supplies

Oil burners, non­
electric heating and Fabricated struc­ Structural steel and
cooking apparatus, tural metal products
ornamental
not elsewhere
metalwork
classified

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly. earn­ earn­ wkly. earn­ earn­ wkly. earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours
Average------ $62.65
Average........ 66.70
1951: August......... 66.30
September--- 66.67
October____ 67. 32
November__ 67. 52
December__ 69.09
1952: January........ 69.26
February----- 68.60
March_____ 68.13
April..... ...... 67. 77
May............ 68.11
June______ 68.83
July_______ 66. 66
August........ . 67.49

1950:
1951:

41.6 $1. 506 $63.91
41.3 1. 615 69. 58

41.1 $1. 555 $67.64
41.0 1.697 75.03

41.6 $1.626 $61.20
41.8 1.795 65.93

40.8 $1.500 $63.29
40.6 1.624 71. 74

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

41.1 $1.540 $63.23
42.6 1.684 71.61

41.3
42.3

$1.531
1.693

40.9
40.8
41.2
41.4
42.0

1.621
1.634
1.634
1.631
1. 645

67.23
69.89
70. 65
69.53
71.49

39.9
40.8
41.1
40.4
41.3

1.685
1.713
1.719
1.721
1.731

70.92
75. 84
75.58
72.96
75.84

39.8
41.4
41.3
40.0
41.4

1.782
1.832
1. 830
1.824
1.832

64.24
65. 61
66. 91
66.91
68.27

39.9
40.4
40.9
40.7
41.2

1.610
1.624
1.636
1.644
1.657

71.95
73.44
72.59
72.93
74.87

42.7
43.1
42.6
42.6
43.4

1.685
1.704
1.704
1.712
1. 725

72.89
73.66
72.12
73.19
74.78

42.8
43.1
42.2
42.5
43.0

1.703
1. 709
1.709
1.722
1.739

41.8
41.2
40.6
40.1
40.3
40.3
39.4
39.7

1.657
1. 665
1.678
1.690
1.690
1.708
1.692
1.700

70.07
69. 85
70.35
67.74
69.99
70.11
68.00
70. 82

40.5
40.4
40.5
39.0
40.2
40.2
39.4
40.4

1.730
1. 729
1.737
1.737
1.741
1.744
1.726
1.753

73.61
73.83
74.09
68. 04
71.59
71.25
70.38
73.10

40.4
40.5
40.4
37.1
39.4
39.3
38.8
39.6

1.822
1. 823
1.834
1. 834
1.817
1.813
1.814
1.846

67.40
67.10
67.55
67.21
68.45
68.78
66. 51
68. 89

40.6
40.4
40.5
40.2
40.6
40.6
39.8
40.5

1. 660
1.661
1.668
1.672
1.686
1.694
1.671
1.701

73. 36
73.74
74.04
72. 23
73.39
72. 02
71.59
73.67

42.7
42.8
42.8
41.8
42.4
41.7
41.6
42.0

1.718
1. 723
1.730
1.728
1.731
1.727
1.721
1.754

73.74
74.34
74.99
72.34
73.00
69.85
69.74
72.64

42.7
42.8
43.1
41.6
42.1
40.8
41.0
41.2

1.727
1.737
1.740
1. 739
1.734
1.712
1.701
1.763

Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance machinery and transportation equipment)—Continued

Machinery (except
electrical)

Metal stamping,
coating, and
engraving

Total: Machinery
(except electrical)

Boiler-shop products
Average........ $62.16
Average........ 71.57
1951: August____ 71. 56
September--- 74.38
October........ 73.73
November__ 73.53
December___ 75.11
1952: January........ 73.70
February___ 74.35
March____ 74.78
April__ ___ 73.27
May............ 74.30
June__ ___ _ 74.34
July---------- 74.74
August_____ 75.77
1950:
1951:

Sheet-metal work

40.6 $1. 531 $62.14
42.7 1. 676 70.31

41.1 $1.512 $64.22
41.9 1.678 68. 54

Stamped and pressed
metal products

41.3 $1.555 $66.15
40.7 1.684 70.50

Other fabricated
metal products

41.5 $1.594 $64. 78
40.8 1. 728 70.43

41.7 $1.553 $67.21
42.3 1. 665 76. 73

41.8
43.5

$1.608
1. 764

42.8
43.7
43.5
43.2
43.9

1.672
1.702
1.695
1.702
1. 711

70.05
70.68
72. 54
71.13
74.69

41.8
41.6
42.3
41.5
43.0

1.684
1.699
1. 715
1.714
1.737

67.06
68.67
69. 49
69.64
71.15

39.8
40.3
40.4
40.3
41.2

1.685
1.704
1.720
1.728
1.727

68.76
70.73
71.52
71.85
73.40

39.7
40.3
40.5
40.5
41.4

1.732
1.755
1. 766
1.774
1.773

69. 22
70. 27
71.32
70.22
72.71

41.6
42.0
42.4
41.9
43.1

1.664
1.673
1. 682
1.676
1. 687

75.94
77.24
77.86
77.63
79.95

43.0
43.2
43.4
43.2
44.1

1.766
1.788
1.794
1.797
1.813

43.1
43.2
43.1
42.4
42.8
42.8
43.1
43.2

1.710
1. 721
1.735
1. 728
1.736
1.737
1.734
1.754

72.01
71.93
71.32
69.05
73.02
73. 03
74.04
76.24

41.6
41.6
41.2
39.8
41.8
41.4
41.5
42.4

1.731
1.729
1.731
1.735
1.747
1.764
1.784
1.798

73.06
73.35
73. 54
71.21
72.41
71.55
65.93
70.83

41.7
41.7
41.5
40.6
41.0
40.4
38.0
40.2

1.752
1. 759
1.772
1.754
1.766
1.771
1. 735
1.762

75.77
76.02
76.19
73.68
74.90
74.30
67.97
73. 57

42.0
42.0
41.7
40.8
41.2
40.8
38.1
40.6

1.804
1.810
1.827
1.806
1.818
1.821
1.784
1.812

71.19
71. 66
71.23
69.54
70.76
69. 20
67.00
68.48

42.3
42.4
42.1
41.1
41.5
40.9
40.0
40.4

1.683
1.690
1.692
1.692
1.705
1.692
1.675
1.695

79.81
79.70
80.00
78.62
79.06
78.87
76.97
77.86

43.9
43.6
43.5
42.8
42.9
42.7
41.9
42.2

1.818
1.828
1.839
1. 837
1.843
1.847
1.837
1.845

Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Engines and
turbines
Average........
Average........
August____
September__
October____
November__
December___
1952: January........
February___
March_____
April............
May............
June______
July---------August_____

1950:
1951:
1951:

$69. 43
79.79
78.91
78. 79
81.76
79.97
83.55
84. 42
84.90
83.29
82.37
79. 50
81.99
81.15
80.81

40.7 $1.706 $64.60
42.9 1.860 73. 46
42.4 1.861 72.41
42.0 1.876 74. 52
43.1 1.897 74.01
42.4 1.886 73.42
43.7 1.912 76.55
43.9 1.923 75.85
43.9 1.934 76.10
43.0 1.937 77.94
42.5 1.938 78.25
41.6 1.911 77.94
42.2 1.943 75.84
41.7 1.946 73.98
41.7 1. 938 72.93

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Agricultural
machinery
and tractors
40.1
40.7
39.7
40.0
40.6
40.1
41.2
40.8
40. 2
41.0
40.8
40.7
40.0
39.5
39.0

$1.611 $66.09
1.805 75.75
1.824 74.85
1.863 77.73
1.823 76.24
1.831 76.58
1.858 79.23
1.859 78.06
1. 893 78.63
1.901 79.01
1. 918 80. 94
1.915 79.10
1.S96 77. 64
1.873 74. 65
1.870 73. 46

Tractors

Agricultural
machinery
(except tractors)

40.3 $1.640 $62.57
40.9 1.852 70.92
38.6 1.939 70.64
39.6 1.963 72.18
40.9 1.864 71.65
40.8 1.877 69.97
41.7 1.900 73.40
41.0 1.904 73. 63
40.3 1.951 73.30
40.6 1.946 76.94
40.9 1.979 75.21
40.4 1.958 76.34
40.0 1.941 73. 54
38.8 1.924 73. 02
38.5 1.908 72.36

Construction and
mining
machinery

39.8 $1. 572 $65.97
40.5 1.751 75.38
40.6 1.740 74.94
40.3 1.791 75.60
40.3 1.778 75.57
39.4 1.776 76.96
40.6 1.808 80. 47
40.7 1.809 79.24
40.1 1.828 79. 04
41.5 1.854 79.54
40.7 1. 848 77.79
41.0 1.862 77.31
39.9 1.843 74.90
39.9 1.830 73. 28
39.5 1.832 74.53

Metalworking
machinery

42.4 $1.556 $71.54
44.5 1.694 85.55
44.5 1.684 85.23
44.6 1. 695 86. 77
44.4 1.702 89.44
44.9 1.714 87.33
46.3 1.738 90.20
45.7 1.734 90. 30
45.4 1.741 89.82
45.4 1.752 90.43
44.5 1.748 88.33
44.1 1.753 89.55
42.7 1.754 89. 64
41.8 1.753 86.07
42.2 1.766 88. 72

43.2
46.8
46.5
46.5
47.4
46.5
47.6
47.5
47.0
47.0
46.1
46.4
46.4
44.9
45.9

$1.656
1.828
1.833
1.866
1.887
1.878
1.895
1.901
1.911
1.924
1.916
1.930
1.932
1.917
1.933

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

585

C: E A R N IN OS AND HOURS

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Year and month

Machine tools

ma­
Metalworking ma­ Machine-tool acces­ Special-industry
chinery (except
chinery (except
sories
metalworking
ma­
machine tools)
chinery)

General industrial
machinery

Office and store ma­
chines and devices

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly. earn­ earn­ wkly. earn­ earn­ wkly. earn­ earn­ wkly. earn­
ings
ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings
1950- Average___ $69. 72
1951: Average___ 84.75
1951: August........ 84. 64
September.... 84.91
October___ 89. 42
November... 86.89
December__ 89.69
1952: January___ 90. 59
February__ 89.39
March....... . 89. 77
April......... . 88. 08
May......... . 88.45
June........... 87.75
July........... 83. 96
August........ 88.40

43.2
47.4
47.1
46.5
48.0
47.3
48.3
48.6
47.7
47.6
46.9
46.9
46.5
44.9
46.5

•$1,614
1.788
1. 797
1.826
1.863
1.837
1. 857
1.864
1.874
1.886
1.878
1.886
1. 887
1.870
1.901

$70.54
81. 99
81.00
83.68
85. 28
82.89
85.75
84.64
85. 97
86.67
83.37
84. 66
84.89
80.85
83. 75

42.7
45.2
44.9
45.6
46.4
45.0
46.1
45.7
45.9
46.1
44.7
45.2
45.3
43.7
44.5

$1.652
1.814
1.804
1.835
1.838
1.842
1.860
1.852
1.873
1.880
1.865
1.873
1.874
1.850
1.882

$74. 69
88.08
87.46
90.81
91.62
90.64
93.68
94.00
92.70
94.32
92. 61
94. 78
95.61
92.19
92.03

43.5
46.8
46.4
47.2
47.4
46.6
47.7
47.5
46.7
46.9
46.1
46.6
46.8
45.3
45.4

$1. 717
1.882
1.885
1. 924
1.933
1.945
1.964
1.979
1.985
2. Oil
2.009
2.034
2.043
2. 035
2.027

$65. 74 41.9 $1. 569 $66.33 41.9 $1,583 $66. 95 41.1 $1,629
74.69 43.6 1. 713 76.91 44.2 1.740 73.58 41.9 1.756
73.14 43.0 1.701 76. 56 44.0 1.740 73.67 41.6 1.771
74.56 43.3 1. 722 78.15 44.2 1. 768 74.38 41.6 1. 788
74.43 43.0 1.731 77. 48 43.8 1.769 75.04 41.9 1.791
74.65 42.9 1.740 78.14 44.0 1.776 74.95 41.8 1.793
76.47 43.8 1.746 79.97 44.8 1.785 75.35 41.7 1.807
76.39 43.5 1.756 78.90 44.2 1.785 75.24 41.5 1.813
76.47 43.4 1.762 79.07 44.1 1.793 75.04 41.3 1.817
77.25 43.4 1.780 79. 02 43.8 1.804 75.72 41.4 1.829
75. 71 42.7 1.773 77.45 43.1 1.797 74. 85 40.9 1.830
76. 23 42.9 1.777 78. 60 43.4 1.811 74.05 40.4 1.833
76.84 43.0 1.787 78.05 43.0 1.815 75. 28 40.8 1.845
74.17 41.6 1.783 75. 77 42.0 1.804 74.11 40.3 1.839
74.92 41.9 1.788 76. 86 42.3 1.817 74.39 40.3 1.846

Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Computing machines
and cash registers
1950: Average........
1951: Average........
1951: August.........
September__
October___
November__
December___
1952: January____
February___
March_____
April______
May__ ___
June______
July______
August____

$71.70
78. 81
79.22
80.48
81.17
81.62
81.91
82.43
81.08
82.15
80. 99
80.24
81.16
80. 52
81.40

40.9
41.5
41.5
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.6
41.8
41.2
41.3
40.7
40.3
40.7
40.4
40.6

$1. 753
1.899
1.909
1.944
1.956
1.962
1.969
1.972
1.968
1.989
1. 990
1.991
1.994
1.993
2.005

Typewriters
$62.08
68.00
67.49
67.45
68. 42
68. 51
68.51
67.81
69.18
69.26
68. 52
67.13
70.68
67.19
69. 53

41.5
42.5
42.0
42.0
42.6
42.5
41.9
41.4
41.7
41.8
41.2
40.2
41.7
40.4
40.9

$1,496
1.600
1.607
1.606
1.606
1.612
1. 635
1.638
1.659
1.657
1.663
1.670
1.695
1.663
1.700

Service-industry and Refrigerators and air- Miscellaneous ma­
chinery parts
household machines conditioning units
$67.26
71.06
69.54
71.32
71. 73
72. 41
74.04
75.59
74.49
74.03
72. 34
73.71
74. 56
74.64
74. 22

41.7
40.7
39.6
40. 5
40.5
40.7
41.2
41.9
41.2
40.7
39.9
40.5
40.9
40.7
40.6

$1,613
1. 746
1.756
1. 761
1. 771
1.779
1.797
1.804
1.808
1.819
1.813
1.820
1.823
1.834
1.828

$66.42
69.41
68. 72
70.26
70. 25
71.44
72.80
75. 25
74.65
74.11
70.90
72.90
74.91
75. 22
76.32

41.1
39.8
39.2
39.9
39.8
40.0
40.4
41.6
41.2
40.7
39.3
40.1
41.0
40.9
41.3

$1,616
1.744
1.753
1.761
1. 765
1.786
1.802
1.809
1. 812
1.821
1.804
1.818
1.827
1.839
1.848

$66.15
74. 26
73.49
74.13
74. 82
74. 00
75.86
76. 39
75.85
75. 66
74.16
74. 69
74.14
72.11
73.09

42.0
43.2
42.7
42.8
43.1
42.6
43.4
43.5
43.0
42.7
41.9
42.1
41.7
40.9
41.2

$1.575
1. 719
1.721
1.732
1.736
1.737
1.748
1.756
1.764
1.772
1.770
1.774
1.778
1.763
1.774

Ball and roller bear­
ings
$68.55
76.69
77.39
76.46
77 20
75.28
76.70
78.38
76.73
76.70
73.62
73.28
72. 43
70. 44
71.10

42.5 $1,613
43.4 1.767
43.6 1.775
43.1 1.774
43.3 1.783
42.2 1.784
42.8 1.792
43.4 1.806
42.7 1.797
42.4 1.809
41.2 1.787
41.1 1.783
40.6 1.784
40.3 1.748
39.9 1.782

Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except
electrical)—Con.

Electrical machinery

Machine shops (Job Total: Electrical ma­
chinery
and repair)
1950: Average__
1951: Average__
1951: August___
September..
October___
November..
December...
1952: January__
February..
March__
April........
May____
June____
July____
August__

$65.18
74.17
72.38
74.08
74.81
75.90
78.15
78.14
78.62
78.58
78.21
78.83
78. 42
75.81
76.53

41.7
43.2
42.4
42.6
42.8
43.1
44.2
44.0
43.9
43.8
43.4
43.6
43.3
42.0
42.4

S ee fo o tn o te s a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1,563
1.717
1.707
1.739
1.748
1.761
1. 768
1.776
1.791
1.794
1.802
1.808
1.811
1.805
1.805

Electrical generat­
ing, transmission, Motors, generators, Electrical equipment
distribution, and transformers, and
for vehicles
industrial appa­ industrial controls
ratus

$60.83 41.1 $1,480 $6)3. 75
66.86 41.4 1. 615 71.53
66.34 40.8 1.626 72.11
68. 06 41.5 1. 640 73.01
68. 27 41.5 1.645 73.26
69.10 41.8 1.653 73.78
69. 97 42.0 1. 666 74.81
70. 22 41.9 1.676 75.19
69.93 41.6 1.681 75.06
70. 43 41.5 1.697 78.37
69. 03 40.7 1.696 75.11
68.90 40.6 1.697 73.64
69.73 40.9 1.705 74. 67
68.28 40.0 1.707 74. 69
70.18 40.9 1. 716 74.93

41.1
42.1
42.0
42.3
42.3
42.4
42.7
42.7
42.5
42.5
41.8
41.3
41.6
41.4
41.4

$1. 551
1.699
1.717
1.726
1.732
1.740
1. 752
1.761
1.766
1.797
1. 797
1.783
1.795
1.804
1.810

$64.90
72.92
73.58
74.48
74.70
75.30
75.95
76.92
76.37
78.35
77. 20
74. 56
76.09
75. 99
76.12

41.1
42.1
41.9
42.2
42.3
42.4
42.5
42.9
42.5
42.7
42.0
41.1
41.6
41.3
41.3

$1,579
1.732
1.756
1. 765
1.766
1.776
1.787
1.793
1.797
1.835
1. 838
1.814
1.829
1.840
1. 843

Communication
equipment

$66. 22 41.7 $1,588 $56.20
68. 84 40.4 1.704 61. 86
68.88 40.0 1.722 60.34
70.08 40.3 1.739 62. 75
70. 32 40.3 1.745 63. 87
70.86 40.4 1.754 65.02
72.99 41.1 1. 776 64.69
74.41 41.9 1.776 65.35
71.83 40.4 1. 778 65.17
72.34 40.3 1.795 64.86
71.66 39.9 1.796 63. 28
69.71 38.9 1.792 64. 52
72. 42 39.9 1.815 64. 80
66.17 36.6 1.808 62.80
69.16 38.0 1.820 66.05

40.9 $1,374
41.1 1.505
40.2 1.501
41.2 1.523
41.5 1.539
42.0 1.548
41.6 1. 555
41.6 1.571
41.3 1.578
41.0 1.582
40.1 1.578
40.4 1.597
40.5 1.600
39.3 1.598
40.9 1. 615

586

C: E AR N IN GS AND HO U RS

M ONTHLY LABOR

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued

Electrical machinery—Continued
Year and month

1960: Average___
1951: Average___
1981: August........

September..
October___
November.
December..

1952: January___

February...
M arch.........
A pril..........
M ay______
June______
July---------August____

Transportation equipment

Radios, phono­
appliances,
graphs, television Telephone, telegraph, Electrical
Transporta­
and miscel­ Total:
sets, and equip­ andrelatedequipment lamps,
tion equipment
laneous
products
ment

Automobiles

Aircraft and parts

Avg, Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hriy. wkly.
hrly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­
ings
ings ings hours ings

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­
ings
ings ings hours ings

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­
ings
ings ings hours ings

$53.85 40.7 $1,323 $65. 84
58.40 40.5 1. 442 77.20
57.26 39.9 1.435 76.24
59.40 40.8 1.456 78. 76
60. 41 40.9 1.477 80. 42
60.98 41.4 1.473 81.33
61.14 41.2 1.484 81.08
61.24 41.1 1.490 82.19
61.01 40.7 1.499 82.73
60.91 40.5 1. 504 81.91
59.62 39.8 1.498 80. 81
61.33 40.4 1.518 82.06
61. 58 40.3 1.528 81.16
60. 60 39.3 1.542 74. 68
63. 47 41.0 1.548 81.27

$61.58
65.73
64.28
66.10
65. 61
66.26
68. 89
67. 77
67.98
68.18
66.60
67.39
67. 76
68.15
70.13

$73. 25
75. 52
76.31
77.53
77.34
76.44
79.91
80. 55
79.83
80.84
79.68
80.24
79. 27
71.84
77.04

40.1
43.2
43.1
44.2
44.8
44.3
43.9
44.0
44.1
43.8
43.1
43.6
43.4
41.1
43.0

$1,642
1.787
1. 769
1.782
1.795
1.836
1.847
1. 868
1.876
1.870
1. 875
1.882
1.870
1.817
1.890

41.0
40.8
40.0
40.7
40.4
40.5
41.6
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.0
40.4
40.5
40.4
41.3

$1. 502
1.611
1.607
1. 624
1.624
1.636
1.656
1.657
1.662
1.671
1. 665
1.668
1.673
1.687
1.698

$71.18
75.77
76. 36
77.43
77.14
77.05
79. 48
79. 47
79.24
80.08
78. 47
79. 57
79.12
75.73
78.31

41.0
40.8
40.9
41.1
40.9
40.7
41.7
41.5
41.4
41.3
40.7
41.1
40.7
39.4
40.2

$1. 736
1.857
1.867
1.884
1.886
1.893
1.906
1.915
1.914
1.939
1.928
1.936
1.944
1.922
1.948

41.2
39.5
39.5
39.8
39.7
39.1
40.4
40.5
40.4
40.4
39.9
40.1
39.4
36.1
38.1

$1. 778
1. 912
1.932
1.948
1.948
1.955
1.978
1.989
1.976
2.001
1. 997
2.001
2.012
1.990
2.022

$68. 39
78.05
77. 48
79. 28
78 07
79. 85
80. 57
79.53
80.01
80. 57
78.08
80.38
80. 36
80. 51
80.69

41.6 $1.644
43.8 1.782
43.6 1.777
43.9 1.806
43.3 1.803
43.9 1. 819
44.1 1.827
43.2 1.841
43.2 1.852
42.9 1.878
42.0 1.859
42.8 1.878
42.7 1.882
42.6 1.890
42.4 1.903

Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation equipment—Continued
Aircraft engines and
parts

Aircraft
1950: Average__
1951: Average__
1951: August.....

September.
October___
November..
December..

1952: January_

February..
March____
April..........
M ay.......... .
June_____
July--------August___

$67.15
75.82
75.86
77.65
76.42
77.95
78.13
76.82
78.40
78.59
76. 56
78. 58
78. 48
79.18
79.84

41.4
43.3
43.3
43.7
43.1
43.5
43.5
42.3
42.7
42.3
41.7
42.5
42.4
42. 5
42.4

$1,622
1.751
1.752
1.777
1.773
1. 792
1.796
1.816
1.836
1.858
1.836
1.849
1.851
1.863
1.883

$71.40
85.90
84.00
85. 61
83.20
87.02
88.44
88. 50
85.66
87.23
81.98
85.13
85. 32
85. 21
84. 56

42.1
45.4
44.8
44.8
43.4
45.3
45.8
45.9
44.8
44.8
42.7
43.5
43.2
43.1
43.1

$1. 696
1.892
1.875
1.911
1.917
1.921
1.931
1.928
1.912
1.947
1.920
1.957
1. 975
1.977
1.962

Aircraft propellers
and parts
$73.90
89.17
90.49
87.33
86. 33
87. 67
88.98
88. 97
87.36
91.21
89. 27
92. 75
93.59
93. 52
93.07

42.4
46.2
47.5
45.2
44.8
45.1
45.4
45.3
44.8
45.2
44.5
45.0
45.5
45.8
45.2

$1. 743
1.930
1.905
1.932
1.927
1.944
1. 960
1.964
1.950
2.018
2.006
2. 061
2. 057
2.042
2.059

Other aircraft parts Ship and boatbuild­
and equipment
ing and repairing
$70. 81
78.53
75.84
78.29
79 35
78.50
81.16
80. 78
79. 75
79. 71
78. 33
80.98
80. 21
78.03
77.23

41.7
43.7
42.7
43.4
43.6
43.3
44.4
44.0
43.2
42.9
42.0
43.1
43.1
42.2
41.7

$1.698
1.797
1.776
1.804
1.820
1.813
1. 828
1.836
1.846
1.858
1. 865
1.879
1.861
1.849
1.852

$63.28
70.56
71.96
71. 52
73. 57
72.37
74.12
74.85
74.32
76. 81
75. 01
76.36
76.03
74. 97
75.86

38.4
40.0
40.2
40.0
40.2
39.1
40.5
40.7
40.0
40.9
40.5
41.1
40.9
40.7
40.5

$1,648
1.764
1.790
1. 788
1.830
1.851
1.830
1.839
1.858
1.878
1. 852
1.858
1. 859
1.842
1.873

Shipbuilding and
repairing
$63.83
71.18
72.66
72.10
74.23
72.97
74.72
75. 58
75 04
77.90
75. 86
77.12
76.74
76.01
76. 75

38.2 $1.6
39.9 1.7
40.1 1.8
39.9 1.8
40.1 1.8
39.0 1.8
40.5 1.8
40.7 1.8
40.0 1.8
41.0 1.9<
40. 5 1.8
41.0 1.8
40.8 1.8
40.8 1.8
40.5 1.8

Manufacturing—Continued
Instruments and
related products

Transportation equipment—Continued

Boatbuilding and
repairing
1950: Average___
1951: Average___
1951: August___

September..
October___
November.
D ecember..

1952: January___

February...
M arch____
April...........
M a y ..........
June______
July---------August____

$55.99
60. 79
60.86
62. 52
62. 55
63.48
65. 53
63. 99
63. 40
62.84
63. 28
66.13
66. 38
65. 52
66.97

40.6
40.1
40.2
40. 7
40. 3
39.9
40.3
39.6
39. 5
39. 5
39. 5
41.1
40.8
40.0
40. 2

See footnotes at end of table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.379
1.516
1. 514
1.536
1.552
1. 591
1.626
1. 616
1. 605
1.591
1.602
1.609
1.627
1. 638
1.666

Railroad equipment
$66. 33 39.6
75. 99 40.9
77.05 40.7
76.96 40.7
77.06 40.9
76. 49 40.6
77.81 40.8
76.79 41.0
78.12 41.4
78. 55 41.3
76.25 40.3
76.11 40.4
77.79 40.6
75.01 40.2
76. 63 40.1

$1,675
1.858
1.893
1.89)
1.884
1.884
1.907
1.873
1.887
1.902
1.892
1.884
1.916
1.866
1.911

Locomotives and
parts
$70.00
81.16
82.45
82.05
82.75
81.93
83. 76
81.61
81.90
81.62
78.74
81.32
82. 31
80.43
80.81

40 3
41.6
41.6
41.8
41. 9
41.8
41.9
41.7
42.0
41.6
40.4
41.7
41.3
41. 5
41.4

$1. 737
1.951
1.982
1.963
1. 975
1.960
1.999
1.957
1.950
1.962
1. 949
1. 950
1.993
1.938
1.952

Railroad and street­ Other transportation Total: Instruments
cars
equipment
and related products
$62.47
70.48
71.20
71.68
71.06
70. 66
71. 05
72.19
74. 22
75. 58
73. 57
72.10
74.17
72.16
71.76

38.9
40.0
39.6
39.6
39.9
39.3
39.3
40.4
40.8
41.1
40.2
39.7
40.4
39.8
39.3

$1. 606
1.762
1.798
1.810
1.781
1. 798
1.808
1.787
1.819
1.839
1.830
1.816
1.836
1.813
1.826

$64. 44 41.9 $1. 538 $60.81 41.2 $1.476
68.44 42.3 1. 618 68.87 42.2 1.632
67.82 42.1 1.611 68. 51 41.9 1. 635
68.91 42.3 1. 629 69. 93 42.2 1.657
71.13 42 9 1.658 70. 26 42.3 1.661
71.06 42.6 1.668 70. 98 42.5 1.670
73.48 44.0 1. 670 71.70 42.6 1.683
68.80 41.9 1.642 71.02 42.1 1.687
68. 72 41.5 1.656 71.02 41.7 1.703
70.39 41.8 1.684 71.47 41.7 1.714
70.69 42.1 1.679 70. 71 41.4 1. 708
71.28 42.2 1.689 71.81 41.8 1. 718
73.02 42.8 1.706 71.97 41.6 1.730
73. 57 43.1 1.707 70. 62 40.8 1.731
73 92 43.0 1.719 71. 92 41.5 1.733

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

C: E ARNINGS AND H OURS

587

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued

Miscellaneous manu*
facturing industries

Instruments and related products—Continued

Year and month

Ophthalmic goods

Photographic
apparatus

Watches and
clocks

Miscellaneous
Professional and sci­ Total:
manufacturing in­
entific instruments
dustries

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly. earn­ earn­ wkly. earn­ earn­ wkly. earn­
ings
ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings
1950: Average.
1951: Average.
1951: August__
September.
October__
November..
December..
1952: January...
February.
March__
April......
May.......
June_____
July--------

August__

$50. 88 40.7 $1.250 $65.59 41.2 $1.592 $53.25 39.8 $1.338 $63.01 41.7 $1. 511 $54.04
55.65 40.8 1.364 73.08 42.0 1.740 59.49 40.8 1. 458 71.99 42.9 1.678 58.00
55.23 40.2 1.374 71.93 41.6 1.729 59.70 41.0 1.456 71.57 42.5 1.684 56.82
56.19 40.6 1.384 72.90 41.8 1.744 59. 98 40.8 1.470 73.53 43.0 1.710 57. 61
56.11 40.6 1.382 73.33 41.9 1.750 59. 52 40.3 1.477 73. 92 43.1 1. 715 58.18
55.36 40.2 1.377 74.53 42.3 1.762 60. 57 40.9 1.481 74.78 43.3 1.727 58.71
55.14 39.9 1.382 74.96 42.3 1. 772 60. 55 40.8 1.484 75.95 43.6 1.742 60.53
55.62 39.7 1. 401 75.39 42.4 1.778 59. 52 40.0 1.488 74.77 42.9 1.743 59.94
56. 22 39.4 1.427 74.92 41.9 1.788 59. 86 40.2 1.489 74. 71 42.4 1.762 60.18
57.20 40.0 1.430 76.47 41.4 1.847 60.68 40.4 1. 502 74.67 42.4 1.761 60.57
57.49 40.2 1.430 76.62 41.8 1.833 59.31 39.7 1.494 73. 40 41.8 1. 756 59. 31
57.73 40.2 1.436 76.71 41.6 1.844 59.40 40.0 1.485 75. 27 42.5 1.771 60.39
53.52 37.4 1.431 75.84 41.4 1.832 59.07 39.2 1. 507 76.58 42.9 1.785 60.01
51.62 36.1 1.430 73.83 40.7 1.814 56. 51 37.7 1.499 75.76 42.3 1.791 58.94
55.12 38.6 1.428 73.55 40.5 1.816 59. 92 39.5 1.517 76.73 42.7 1.797 60.68

41.0 $1.318
40.9 1.418
40.1 1.417
40.4 1.426
40.6 1.433
40.6 1.446
41.4 1.462
41.0 1.462
40.8 1.475
40.9 1.481
40.1 1.479
40.5 1.491
40.3 1.489
39.8 1.481
40.7 1.491

Manufacturing—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued

Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware
1950: Average__
1951: Average__
1961: August__
September.
October__
November..
December..
1952: January__
February...
March___
April____
May____
June____
July____
August__

Jewelry and
findings

$59. 45 42.8 $1.389 $54.25
62.11 41.6 1.403 58. 21
59.25 39.5 1.500 55.28
61.63 40.8 1.508 57. 25
62.14 40.8 1. 523 59. 27
63.42 41.4 1.532 61.07
66.33 42.6 1. 557 63.02
63. 55 41.4 1.535 60.77
63.47 41.0 1.548 60.44
64.35 41.3 1. 558 60.90
62. 98 40.4 1. 559 58.93
63.43 40.4 1.570 60.48
64. 66 41.0 1.577 61.92
63.68 40.2 1.584 59.72
65.66 41.4 1.586 61.92

41.6
41.7
39.6
41.1
41.3
42.0
42.9
42.2
41.6
41.8
40.5
41.0
41.7
40.0
41.7

$1.304
1.396
1.396
1.393
1.435
1.454
1.469
1.440
1.453
1.457
1.455
1.475
1.485
1.493
1.485

Manufacturing—Con.

See footnotes at end of table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$54. 91
59. 20
58. 22
58.89
59. 43
59. 84
61.73
61.02
61.50
61. 55
60.49
61.44
61.01
60.81
62.28

41.1
41.2
40.6
40.7
40.9
40.9
41.6
41.2
41.0
40.9
40.3
40.5
40.3
40.3
41.0

$1. 336
1.437
1.434
1. 447
1. 453
1.463
1.484
1.481
1.500
1.505
1. 501
1.517
1.514
1.509
1.519

43.8
41.6
39.4
40.6
40.3
40.9
42.2.
40.7
40.6
40.8
40.3
39.9
40.3
40.2
40.9

$1. 463
1.580
1.591
1. 608
1. 605
1.607
1. 641
1.629
1.636
1.653
1.648
1.654
1.660
1.664
1.681

$50. 98
53.54
52.72
53.54
54.26
54.53
56.17
57.21
57.39
58.14
55. 98
57.87
56. 92
54.99
57.37

40.4
39.6
39.2
39.6
39.9
39.8
40.7
40.6
40.7
41.0
39.7
41.1
40.4
39.0
40.4

$1.262
1.352
1.345
1.352
1. 360
1.370
1.380
1.409
1.410
1.418
1.410
1.408
1.409
1.410
1.420

Costume Jewelry,
buttons, notions
$49.52
53. 65
52.63
53.35
53. 53
54.04
54.20
54. 48
54.54
55.43
53.92
54.84
54.68
51.96
54.31

40.0 $1. 238
40.1 1.338
38.9 1.353
39.9 1.337
39.8 1.346
39.3 1.375
40.0 1.355
40.0 1.332
40.1 1.360
40.4 1.372
39.1 1.379
39.4 1.392
39.2 1.395
38.4 1.353
39.5 1.375

Communication
Class I railroads <

1950: Average__
1951: Average__
1951: August__
September.
October__
November.
December..
1952: January__
February_
March___
April........
May........
June____
July------August.....

$64.08
65. 73
62.69
65. 28
64.68
65. 73
69. 25
66.30
66. 42
67.44
66. 41
65. 99
66.90
66.89
68.75

Toys and sporting
goods

Transportation and public utilities

Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries—Con.
Other miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries

Silverware and
plated ware

Local railways and
bus lines »

Telephone «

Switchboard operat­
ing employeesT

$63. 20 40.8 $1.549 $66. 96 45.0 $1.488 $54.38 38.9 $1.398 $46. 65
*69. 78 *41.0 *1. 702 72.32 46.3 1. 562 58.30 39.1 1.491 49.54
72.54 42.1 1.723 72. 72 46.2 1.574 58. 84 39.2 1.501 50.03
68.82 39.1 1.760 73. 11 46.1 1.586 59. 97 39.4 1.522 51.23
72.74 42.0 1. 732 73. 23 46.2 1. 585 59.94 39.1 1. 533 51.48
71. 40 40.8 1. 750 73.11 46.3 1.579 60.84 39.2 1.652 52.79
69.95 39.5 1. 771 75.35 47.6 1.583 59.44 38.8 1. 532 49.70
74.09 41.6 1.781 73.92 46.4 1. 593 59.68 38.7 1.542 49.63
76. 69 42.7 1.796 73. 52 46.5 1.581 59.83 38.5 1.554 50.33
71.52 40.2 1.779 74. 89 46.6 1.607 59.29 38.5 1. 540 49.31
72. 65 41.3 1.759 74.31 46.1 1.612 53. 92 34.9 1.545 43.30
70. 57 39.8 1.773 76.17 46.9 1. 624 60.60 38.7 1.566 52.11
70.78 39.5 1.792 76.91 47.1 1.633 60.80 39.0 1.559 51.56
71.86 39.7 1.810 78. 21 47.2 1.657 62.41 39.4 1. 584 52.91
78.87 47.4 1.664 61.96 38.7 1.601 52.14

37.5 $1.244
37.7 1.314
37.9 1.320
38.2 1.341
37.8 1.362
37.9 1.393
37.2 1.336
36.9 1.345
36.9 1.364
36.8 1.340
32.1 1.349
37.6 1.386
37.8 1.364
38.2 1.385
37.7 1.383

588

C: E AR N IN GS AND HO U RS

T able C -l:

M ONTHLY LABOR

Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
Communication

Year and month

Line construction,
installation,and
maintenance em­
ployees 1
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Other public utilities
Total: Gas and electric Electric light and
utilities
power utilities

Telegraph •

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Gas utilities

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

1950: Average.................................................. $73.30
1951: Average.................................................. 81.28

42.1 $1. 741 $64.19
42.8 1.899 68.33

44.7 $1,436 $66.60
44.6 1. 532 71. 77

41.6 $1,601 $67. 81
41.9 1. 713 72.74

41.6 $1,630 $63.37
41.9 1.736 68.76

41.5
41.8

$1.527
1.645

1951: August................... .............................
September............. ................. .............
October__________________ ______
November........... ................ .............. .
December.............. ...... .........................

82.58
83.83
83. 54
83.79
83.91

42.9
43.1
42.6
42.6
42.7

1.925
1. 945
1.961
1.967
1.965

70. 47
72.33
72.34
72.13
72.21

44.6
44.4
44.3
44.2
44.3

1. 580
1.629
1. 633
1.632
1.630

1.73
72. 88
72.92
73.29
73. 63

41.9
42.2
42.1
42.0
42.1

1.712
1.727
1.732
1.745
1. 749

72. 96
73.34
72. 85
73.56
74. 56

42.1
42.1
41.7
41.7
42.1

1.733
1.742
1.747
1.764
1. 771

67.48
69.35
71.39
71.49
71.53

41.3
41.8
42.7
42.4
42.3

1. 634
1. 659
1.672
1.686
1.691

1952: January............................... ...... ..........
February—............... ...........................
March...... ...................................... ......
April______________ ___________
May___________ _ . ___________
June_____ _ ___ _____ _
___
July-----------------------------------------August... ___ ____ ____ ______ _

83. 90
83.97
83.39
76.55
83.99
85.71
87.46
88.18

42.5
42.3
41.8
38.7
42.1
42.6
42.6
42.7

1.974
1.985
1.995
1.978
1.995
2.012
2. 053
2.065

70. 77
70. 90
71.02

43.9
43.9
44.0

1.612
1.615
1.614

73.20
72.82
73.28
73. 24
73.46
74. 41
74.69.
75.20

41.9
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.4
41.5

1.747
1.759
1. 770
1.769
1.783
1.806
1.804
1.812

74. 25
73.39
74.27
73.62
74.25
75.42
75.84
75.44

41.9
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.0
41.1
41.4
41.2

1.772
1.777
1.794
1.787
1.811
1.835
1.832
1.831

70.56
70.38
70.09
70.34
70.20
70. 56
70.93
71.64

41.8
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.1

1. 688
1.700
1.693
1.699
1.704
1.721
1.730
1.743

(t)

(t)

72.40
72.84
71.96

(t)
(t)

44.5
44.8
44.5

(t)

(t)

1.627
1.626
1.617

Transportation and
public utilities—
Con.

Trade

Other public utili­
ties—Con.

Retail trade
Wholesale trade

Retail trade (except General merchandise Department stores
eating and drink­
and general mail­
stores
ing places)
order houses

Electric light and gas
utilities combined
1950: Average.
1951: Average.
1951: August__
September.
October__
November.
December..
1952: January..
February.
March_
April.....
May___
June___
July......
August...

$67. 02
72.36
73.04
74.50
74.02
73.96
73.66
73.58
73.62
74.29
74. 55
74. 62
75.56
75.99
77. 31

41.6
41.9
42.1
42.5
42.2
42.0
41.9
42.0
41.5
41.5
41.6
41.5
41.4
41.8
42.2

$1,611
1.727
1.735
1. 753
1. 754
1.761
1.758
1.752
1.774
1.790
1. 792
1.798
1.825
1.818
1.832

$60.36
64. 51
64.51
65.64
65.44
65. 52
66.58
66.42
66.13
66. 62
66.49
66.94
67. 59
67.96
68. 21

40.7
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.8
41.1
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.1
40.4
40.5
40.6
40.6

$1. 483
1. 585
1. 585
1.605
1. 604
1.606
1.620
1. 632
1. 637
1.649
1. 658
1. 657
1. 669
674
1. 680
1

.

$47. 63
50.25
51.37
50.80
50. 43
49.92
49. 92
51.22
50. 98
50.90
50. 97
51.68
52.85
53.21
53.03

40.5
40.1
40.8
40.0
39.8
39.4
40.1
39.8
39.8
39.8
39.7
39.6
40.1
40.4
40.3

$1,176
1. 253
1.259
1.270
1. 267
1.267
1.245
1.287
1. 281
1.279
1.284
1.305
1.318
1.317
1.316

$35.95
37. 25
38. 01
37.19
36. 56
36.12
37.52
38.27
37.44
37.20
37.04
37.91
38.80
38.80
38.62

36.8
36.2
36.9
35.9
35.6
35.1
37.0
35.8
35.9
35.8
36.0
35.7
36.3
36.4
36.4

$0.977
1.029
1.030
1.036
1.027
1.029
1.014
1.069
1.043
1.039
1.029
1.062
1.069
1.066
1.061

$41. 56
44.11
44.27
44.29
43.57
43.28
46.49
45. 27
43. 67
43.63
43. 94
44. 71
45.19
44.88
44.88

38.2 $1,088
37.8 1.167
37.9 1.168
37.6 1.178
37.3 1.168
36.8 1.176
39.4 1.180
37.2 1.217
37.1 1.177
37.1 1.176
37.3 1.178
37.1 1.205
37.1 1.218
37.0 1.213
37.0 1.213

Trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued
Food and liquor
stores
1950: Average__
1951: Average...
1951: August__
September.
October__
November.
December..
1952: January__
February..
March__
April........
May____
June........
July____
August.....

0sfW

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Automotive and aocessories dealers

$51.79 40.4 $1.282 $61.65
53.96 40.0 1.349 66. 51
55.23 41.0 1.347 67.18
54.24 40.0 1.356 67.94
53.90 39.6 1.361 67. 24
54.35 39.7 1.369 67.13
54.44 40.0 1.361 67.06
54.53 39.4 1.384 66.68
54.45 39.4 1.382 67.37
54.87 39.5 1.389 67.74
55.16 39.6 1.393 69.28
55.12 39.2 1.406 71.08
56.68 40.2 1.410 71.71
56.86 40.5 1.404 71. 32
56.86 40.5 1.404 70.21

45.7
45.4
45.3
45.2
45.4
45.3
45.4
44.9
45.0
45.1
45.4
45.3
45.3
45.4
45.5

$1,349
1.465
1.483
1. 503
1. 481
1.482
1. 477
1.485
1.497
1.502
1.526
1.569
1.583
1.571
1.543

Other retail trade
Apparel and accèssories stores

$40. 70
42.20
42.47
42. 45
42. 49
42.17
43.31
43.64
42. 76
41.83
42. 97
42.48
44. 22
44.43
44. 34

36.5
36.1
36.8
36.1
35.8
35.5
36.3
36.1
35.9
35.6
35.6
35.4
36.1
36.6
36.8

$1.115
1.169
1.154
1.176
1.187
1.188
1.193
1.209
1.191
1.175
1. 207
1. 200
1.225
1.214
1. 205

Furniture and appli- Lumber and hardance stores
ware-supply stores
$56.12
59.61
59.47
60.07
60.50
60.23
62.39
59. 45
59. 72
59.24
58.96
60. 51
61.27
60. 93
60. 76

43.5
43.1
43.0
43.0
43.0
42.9
43.6
42.8
42.9
42.8
42.6
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.4

$1.290
1.383
1.383
1.397
1.407
1.404
1.431
1.389
1.392
1.384
1.384
1.417
1, 435
1.427
1.433

$54.62
58.64
59. 48
59.69
60.18
59.10
59.60
58. 65
59.36
59. 21
60. 36
59.96
61.80
61.70
61.91

43.8 $1.247
43.6 1.345
43.9 1.355
43.7 1.366
43.8 1.374
43.2 1.368
43.6 1.367
43.0 1.364
43.2 1.374
43.0 1.377
43.3 1.394
43.2 1.388
43.8 1.411
43.7 1.412
44.0 1.407

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952
T a ble

589

C: E AR N IN GS AND HO U RS

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Finance 11

Banks
and
trust
com­
panies

Year and month

Service

Security
Insur­
dealers
and
ance
ex­
carriers
changes

Hotels, year-round 11

Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
earnings earnings earnings earnings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Cleaning and dyeing
plants

Laundries

Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Motionpicture
produc­
tion
and
distri­
bution w

Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings

1950: Average. . .
1951: A verage...

$46.44
50.32

$81.48
83.68

$58. 49
61.31

$33.85
35.38

43.9
43.2

$0. 771
.819

$35. 47
37.52

41.2
41.1

$0,861
.913

$41.69
44.07

41.2
41.5

$1,012
1.062

$92.79
83.95

1951: August___
September
October__
November.
December.

50.28
50.36
50.78
51.13
51.81

79.14
81.78
85.20
83.88
83. 09

61.01
60.91
61.32
60.70
62.25

35.29
35. 78
35. 91
36.20
36.81

43.3
42.9
42.9
43.1
43.2

.815
.834
.837
.840
.852

37.38
37.87
37.73
37.93
38.34

40.9
41.3
41.1
41.0
41.4

.914
.917
.918
.925
.926

42.56
44. 72
44.36
43.71
44.14

40.3
41.6
41.5
40.7
41.1

1.056
1.075
1.069
1.074
1.074

83.32
83.98
85.09
83.68
86.19

1952: Janu ary...
February..
March.......
April..........
M ay......... .
J u n e.........
July-------August__

52.05
52.14
52.30
52. 03
52.12
51.96
52. 50
52. 51

82.79
83.17
81.34
82.99
81.54
79.15
80. 01
80.18

62.09
62.11
63.22
62. 68
62. 55
63.37
64. 78
64.33

36. 47
36. 59
36.38
36.72
36.76
36. 72
36. 72
36.76

42.8
42.8
42.5
42.8
42.6
42.6
42.3
42.3

.852
.855
.856
.858
.863
.862
.868
.869

38. 55
37. 96
38. 00
38. 47
39.00
39.54
39.14
39.06

41.5
40.9
40.9
41.1
41.4
41.8
41.2
40.9

.929
.928
.929
.936
.942
.946
.950
.955

44.08
43.14
43.39
45. 22
46.41
47. 20
44.87
44.32

40.7
39.8
40.1
41.3
42.0
42.6
40.5
40.4

1.083
1.084
1.082
1.095
1.105
1.108
1.108
1.097

89.35
90.25
90. 47
89.00
90. 52
91.08
93.22
90.35

1 These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments cover­
ing both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received pay
for any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For the
mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants industries,
data relate to prod action and related workers only. For the remaining indus­
tries, unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and
working supervisors. All series are available upon request to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics. Such requests should specify which industry series are de­
sired. Data for the t h r e e current months are subject to revision without nota­
tion; revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the first
month they are published.
2 Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical ma­
chinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
• Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod­
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod­
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; leather and leather
products.
4 Data relate to hourly rated employees reported by individual railroads
(exclusive of switching and terminal companies) to the Interstate Commerce
Commission. Annual averages include any retroactive payments made,
which are excluded from monthly averages.
* Data include privately and government operated local railways and bus
lines.

T a ble

I Through May 1949 the averages relate mainly to the hours and earnings of
employees subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act. Beginning with June
1949 the averages relate to the hours and earnings of nonsupervisory employ­
ees. June data comparable with earlier series are $51.47, 38.5 hours, and
$1,337. Weekly earnings and hours data for April 1952 affected by work
stoppage.
7 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone Industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. During 1951 such employees made up 47 percent of
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments
reporting hours and earnings data.
• Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. During 1951 such employees
made up 23 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in
telephone establishments reporting hours and earnings data.
• N ew series beginning with January 1952; data relate to domestic em ploy­
ees, except messengers, and those compensated entirely on a commission
basis. Comparable data for October 1951 are $70.52, 43.8 hours, and $1,610;
November—$70.31, 43.7 hours, and $1,609; December—$70.47, 43.8 hours,
and $1,609.
'• Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail­
able.
II M oney payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
•Preliminary.
tD ata are not available because of work stoppage.
JData are affected by work stoppage.

C-2: Gross Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Selected Industries, in Current
and 1939 Dollars 1
Manufacturing

Bituminouscoal mining

Manufacturing

Laundries

Year and month

Laundries

Year and month
Current 1939 Current 1939 Current 1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars

Current 1939 Current 1939 Current 1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
1939:
1941:
1946:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:

Bituminouscoal mining

Average__________ $23. 86
Average_________ - 29. 58
Average__________
43. 82
54.14
Average-...................
A verage...... ...........- 54.92
59. 33
Average— _______
Average____ ____ - 64.88

$23. 86
27.95
31.22
31.31
32.07
34.31
34. 75

$23.88
30. 86
58.03
72.12
63.28
70.35
77.86

$23. 88
29.16
41.35
41.70
36.96
40.68
41.70

$17. 69
19.00
30. 30
34.23
34.98
35.47
37.52

$17.69
17.95
21.59
19. 79
20.43
20. 51
20.09

64.32
65. 49
65.41

34.47
34.89
34. 69

77.23
81. 61
80. 62

41.38
43. 47
42.76

37.38
37. 87
37.73

20.03
20.17
20.01

1951: A u g u s t.-...............
September________
October.......... - .........

1These series indicate changes in the level of weekly earnings prior to and
after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the
Bureau’s Consumers’ Price Index, the year 1939 having been selected for the
base period. Estimates of World War II and postwar understatement by


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1951: November................. $65.85
December—............- 67.40

$34. 71
35.43

$81.09
86.28

$42.74
45.35

$37.93
38.34

$19.99
20.15

66.91
66. 91
67.40
65.87
66. 65
67.15
65. 76
67.80

35.17
35. 40
35.64
34. 70
35.05
35. 20
34. 26
35.27

86.39
80.27
79.26
66.68
70. 25
64.30
62.30
80. 26

45.41
42.46
41.91
35.12
36.95
33. 71
32.46
41.75

38. 55
37.96
38.00
38.47
39.00
39. 54
39.14
39.06

20.26
20.08
20.09
20. 26
20. 51
20.73
20.39
20.32

1952: January__________
February..................
March.......................
ADril__________ _
M ay_____________
June______ _____ _
July 2_____ _
__
A u gu st2__________

the Consumers’ Price Index were not included. See the M onthly Labor
Review, March 1947, p. 498. Data from January 1939 are available upon
request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2 Preliminary.

590

G: E ARN IN GS AND HO U RS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able C-3: Gross and Net Spendable Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Manufactur­

ing Industries, in Current and 1939 Dollars 1
Gross average
weekly earnings

N et spendable average weekly
earnings
Worker with
no dependents

Period
Index
Amount (1939=
100)

Worker with
3 dependents

Cur­
Cur­
1939
rent
rent
dollars dollars dollars

111.7
199.1
190.5
181.6

$25.41
39. 40
37.80
37.30

$25.06
30.76
28.99
27. 77

$26.37
45.17
43.57
42.78

$26.00
35. 27
33. 42
31.85

1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:

100.0
105.6
124.0
153. 6
180.8
193.1
186.0
183.7
209.4
226.9
230.2
248.7
271.9

23.58
24.69
28. 05
31.77
36. 01
38.29
36.97
37. 72
42.76
47.43
48.09
51.09
54.18

23. 58
24. 49
26. 51
27.08
28.94
30.28
28.58
26. 88
26.63
27. 43
28.09
29.54
29.02

23. 62
24.95
29.28
36.28
41.39
44.06
42.74
43.20
48.24
53.17
53.83
67. 21
61.41

23. 62
24. 75
27. 67
30.93
33. 26
34.84
33.04
30.78
30.04
30.75
31. 44
33.08
32.89

23.86
25.20
29. 58
36.65
43.14
46.08
44.39
43. 82
49.97
54.14
54.92
59.33
64.88

i N et spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which
the specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability
depends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker
as well as on the level of his gross income. N et spendable earnings have,
therefore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker
with no dependents; (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both factory worker with
no dependents and the factory worker with 3 dependents are based upon the

N et spendable average weekly
earnings
Worker with
no dependents

Period
Index
Amount (1939=
100)

1939
dollars

1941: January..................... $26. 64
1945: January....................
47. 50
July..........................- 45. 45
1946: June........ ................ - 43.31
A verage.................
Average................... .
Average.....................
Average__________
Average__________
Average.....................
Average__________
Average....................
Average................... .
Average__________
Average__________
Average____ ____ _
Average__________

Gross average
weekly earnings

1951: August—_________ $64.32
September................ 65.49
October__________
65.41
November _______ 65. 85
December________
67.40
1952: January__________
66. 91
February
______ 66.91
M arch____________ 67.40
April__ __________ 65. 87
M ay_____________
66.65
June___ __________ 67.15
July 2____________
65.76
August 2_ ______
67.80

269.6
274.5
274.1
276.0
282.5
280.4
280.4
282.5
276.1
279.3
281.4
275.6
284.2

Worker with
3 dependents

Cur­
Cur­
1939
1939
rent
rent
dollars dollars dollars dollars
$53.93
54.85
54.79
54.04
55.23
54. 85
54. 85
55.23
54.06
54.65
55.04
53.97
55.53

$28. 90
29.22
29.06
28.48
29.03
28.83
29.02
29. 20
28.48
28.74
28.86
28.12
28.88

$61.01
61.95
61.89
61.96
63.17
62.79
62. 79
63.17
61.97
62. 58
62.98
61.88
63.49

$32. 69
33.00
32.83
32.66
33.21
33. 01
33. 22
33.40
32.64
32.91
33.02
32.24
33.02

gross average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing
industries without direct regard to marital status and family composition.
The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative
changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers. That series
does not, therefore, reflect actual differences in levels of earnings for workers
of varying age, occupation, skill, family composition, etc. Comparable data
from January 1939 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
* Preliminary.

T able C-4: Average Hourly Earnings, Gross and Exclusive of Overtime, of Production Workers in

Manufacturing Industries 1
Durable
goods

Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime

Period
Gross
amount

1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:

Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____

$0. 729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.086
1.237
1.350
1.401
1.465
1. 594

Index
Amount (1939=
100)
$0. 702
.805
.894
.947
.963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367
1.415
1.536

Gross

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

Nondurable
goods

Gross

110.9 $0.808 $0.770 $0.640
127.2
.947
.881
.723
141.2 1.059
.976
.803
149.6 1.117 1.029
.861
152.1 1.111 2 1.042
.904
166.0 1.156 1.122 1.015
189.3 1.292 1.250 1.171
207.0 1.410 1.366 1.278
216.0 1.469 1.434 1.325
223.5 1. 537 1.480 1.378
242.7 1.678 1.610 1.481

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

Period

$0.625
.698
.763
.814
«.858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292
1.337
1.437

1951: A u g u s t____
Septem ber...
October____
November__
D ecem ber...
1952: January____
February___
March_____
A p r il______
M ay ___ . . .
June_______
J u ly 3 ____
A ugust3____

1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for at
time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings exclusive of
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holi­
days. Comparable data from January 1941 are available upon request to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Durable
goods

Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime
Gross
amount

$1. 596
1. 613
1. 615
1.626
1.636
1.640
1.644
1.656
1.655
1. 658
1. 658
1.648
1.670

* Eleven-month average.
period.
* Preliminary.

Index
Amount (1939=
100)
$1. 542
1. 554
1. 557
1.569
1.571
1.579
1. 585
1.597
1.605
1.604
1.602
1.600
1.614

Gross

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

Nondurable
goods

Gross

243.6 $1.684 $1. 619 $1.481
245.5 1. 707 1.638 1.489
246.0 1.705 1.635 1.491
247.9 1.712 1.644 1.507
248.2 1.723 1.644 1.515
249.4 1.726 1.653 1.520
250.4 1.731 1. 659 1. 522
252.3 1. 746 1.673 1.530
253.6 1.742 1.683 1.529
253.4 1.746 1.682 1.531
253.1 1.747 1. 682 1. 540
252.8 1. 734 1.681 1.545
255.0 1.770 1.705 1.543

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

$1. 441
1. 444
1.450
1.465
1.468
1. 476
1.480
1.489
1.494
1.492
1.496
1.501
1.498

August 1945 excluded because of VJ-holiday

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952

D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

591

D: Prices and Cost of Living
T able D - l : Consumers’ Price Index 1 for Moderate-Income Families in Large Cities, by Group of

Commodities
(1935-39-100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration
Year and month

All items

Food

Apparel

Total
Average.................................
Average.................................
Average________________
Average................................
Average________________
Average_________ _____ Average________________
A v e ra g e ..............................
Average...............................
A v e ra g e ..._____________
Average........ .......................
Average.................................
Average................................
Average......................... .......
Average__________ _____
Average------ -----------------Average........ .......................
Average------ ----------------Average---------- ------------Average................................
Average................................
Average.............. ................ .
Average________________
Average________________
Average _______________
Average______ _____ ____
Average................................
Average.................................
Average.............. ..................
Average_____ ___________
Average_________ ____ _
Average________________
Average............................
Average..................... ...........
Average ______________
Average________________
Average________________
Average................................
Aver« vo
January 15_____________
June 15_________________
1951 January 15_____________
J a n u a r y 1 5 _____________
September 1 5 __________
S e p t e m b e r 1 6 - __________
October 1 5 _____________
O c to b e r 1 6 _______________
November 15___________
N o v e m b e r 1 5 ____________
December 15___________
D e c e m b e r 1 5 _____________
1952 January 15___ _ _ .
J a n u a r y 1 5 ____ ___ __ _
February 15__ ___
F e b r u a r y 1 5 _____________
March 15_______________
M a r c h 1 5 _______________
April 15____ ___________
A p r i l 1 5 ________________
M~ay 15________________
M a y 15.
____________
June 15__________ ____ _
J u n e 1 5 ____ ________ _
July 15_________________
J u l y 15________________
August 15______ _______
A u g u st 15- . . . . . .
___
September 15_________ .
S e p t e m b e r 1 5 - - - . ______

1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1950

70.7
71.8
72.5
77.9
91.6
107.5
123.8
143.3
127.7
119.7
121.9
122.2
125.4
126,4
124.0
122.6
122.5
119.4
108.7
97.6
92.4
95.7
98.1
99.1
102.7
100.8
99.4
100.2
105.2
116.6
123.7
125.7
128.6
139.5
159.6
171.9
170.2
171.9
185.6
168.2
170.2
181.5

79.9
81.8
80.9
90.8
116.9
134.4
149.8
168.8
128.3
119.9
124.0
122.8
132.9
137.4
132.3
130.8
132.5
126.0
103.9
86.5
84.1
93.7
100.4
101.3
105.3
97.8
95.2
96.6
105.5
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
159.6
193.8
210.2
201.9
204.5
227.4
196.0
203.1
221.9

1 8 1 .6

t» 1 .6

69.3
69.8
71.4
78.3
94.1
127.5
168.7
201.0
154.8
125.6
125.9
124.9
122.4
120.6
118.3
116.fi
115.3
112.7
102.6
90.8
87.9
96.1
96.8
97.6
102.8
102.2
100.5
101.7
106.3
124.2
129.7
138.8
145.9
160.2
185.8
198.0
190.1
187.7
204.5
185.0
184.6
198.5

92.2
92.2
92.9
94.0
93.2
94.9
102.7
120.7
138.6
142.7
146.4
151.6
152.2
150.7
148.3
144.8
141.4
137.5
130.3
116.9
100.7
94.4
94.2
96.4
100.9
104.1
104.3
104.6
106.4
108.8
108.7
109.1
109.5
110.1
113.6
121.2
126.4
131.0
136.2
129.4
130.9
133.2

61.9
62.3
62.5
65.0
72.4
84.2
91.1
106.9
114.0
113.1
115.2
113.7
115.4
117.2
115.4
113.4
112.5
111.4
108.9
103.4
100.0
101.4
100.7
100.2
100.2
99.9
99.0
99.7
102.2
105.4
107.7
109.8
110.3
112.4
121.1
133.9
137.5
140.6
144.1
140.0
139.1
143.3
1 4 4 .6

Gas and
electricity
(»)
(»)
(»)
(»)
(»)
(»)
(»)
(«)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(J)
(»)
h

(»)
(»)
(»)
(»)
0

(*)
(»)
(»)
1 0 2 .8

m s
9 9 .1
9 9 .0

98.9
98.0
97.1
96.7
96.1
95.8
95.0
92.3
92.0
94.3
96.7
96.8
97.2
96.7
96.8
97.2
9 7 .»

Other
fuels
(»)
(*)
(»)
(J)
(»)
(*)
(»)
<»>
(')
(*)
(»)
(*)
(')
(»)
(•)
(*)
(*)
(»)
(*)
(*)
(»)
(»)
98.4
99.8
101.7
101.0
99.1
101.9
108.3
115.1
120.7
126.0
128.3
136.9
156.1
183.4
187.7
194.1
204.5
193.1
189.0
202.3

Miscella­
neous 1

Ice
(*)
(8)
(•)
(*)
(»)
(»)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(•)
(«)
(»)
(*)
(s)
(s)
(*)
(s)
(»)
(«)
(*)
(*)
(*)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.4
104.1
110.0
114.2
115.8
115.9
115.9
125.9
135.2
141.7
147.8
155.6
145.5
147.0
152.0

59.1
60.7
63.6
70.9
82.8
106.4
134.1
164.6
138.5
117.5
126.1
124.0
121.5
118.8
115.9
113.1
111.7
108.9
98.0
85.4
84.2
92.8
94.8
96.3
104.3
103.3
101.3
100.5
107.3
122.2
125.6
136.4
145.8
159.2
184.4
195.8
189.0
190.2
210.9
184.7
184.8
207.4

50.9
51.9
53.6
56.3
65.1
77.8
87.6
100.5
104.3
101.2
100.8
101.4
102.2
102.6
103.2
103.8
104.6
105.1
104.1
101.7
98.4
97.9
98.1
98.7
101.0
101.5
100.7
101.1
104.0
110.9
115.8
121.3
124.1
128.8
139.9
149.9
154.6
156.5
165.4
155.1
154.6
162.1

» 0 8 .9

1 6 3 .7

1 9 9 .7

1 » 6 .0

» 0 1 .8

16». 9

186.6

227.3

209.0

137.5

144.4

97.3

204.9

157.8

211.1

166.0

1 8 6 .5

» » 6 .3

» 1 0 .7

1 3 0 .0

1 4 6 .3

9 7 .3

» 0 4 .8

1 5 7 .8

»1». 8

1 6 7 .5

187.4

229.2

208.9

138.2

144.6

97.4

205.8

156.3

210.4

166.6

1 8 7 .8

1 6 8 .1

9 7 .4

» 0 6 .3

1 6 6 .3

e is .o

97.4

206.3

156.3

210.8

168.4

9 7 .4

» 0 6 .7

1 6 6 .3

» 1 2 .6

1 6 9 .9

156.3

210.2

169.1

1 5 6 .3

2 1 1 .8

1 7 0 .6

97.6

206.6
*07.0
206.8

156. 3

209.1

169.6

1 4 7 .»

9 7 .6

» 0 7 .1

1 5 6 .3

2 1 0 .6

140.2

145.3

97.9

206.7

156.3

208.6

170.2

» 0 6 .1

1 3 2 .8

1 4 7 .3

9 7 .8

» 0 7 .1

1 5 6 .3

» 1 0 .0

1 7 1 .5

227.6

203.5

140.5

145.3

206.8

156.5

207.6

170.7

» » 9 .»

» 0 5 .6

1 3 2 .9

1 4 7 .4

» 0 7 .1

1 6 6 .6

» 0 9 .»

145.3

97.9
97.8
98.0

206.1

156.5

206.2

171.1

1 4 7 .»

9 8 .1

» 0 6 .»

1 5 6 .6

2 0 7 .7

1 7 2 .4

» » 9 .»

» 1 1 .0

188.6

231.4

207.6

138.9

144.8

189. S

tS i.l

» 0 9 .9

1 4 7 .0

189.1

232.2

206.8

1 3 1 .4

139.2

144.9

1 9 0 .0

» 3 3 .9

» 0 9 .1

1 3 1 .8

1 4 7 .1

9 7 .5

189.1

232.4

204.6

139.7

145.0

1 9 0 .»

» 3 4 .6

» 0 6 .7

I S » .»

187.9

227.5

204.3

1 8 8 .3

» » 9 .1

188.0
188. 4

ISO . 8

188.7

230.0

202.7

140.8

1 8 9 .6

»3». 3

» 0 5 .0

1 3 3 .»

1 4 6 .8

97.5

1 7 2 .0

189.0

230.8

202.3

141.3

144.6

98.2

203.1

156.5

205.4

»5 4 .6

1 4 5 .5

9 8 .2

» 0 1 .8

1 5 6 .5

2 0 7 .0

1 7 2 .9

231.5

» 0 4 .4

133. 7

189.6

202.0

141.6

144.8

98.4

203.4

156.8

204.4

172.5

1 9 1 .1

» 3 6 .0

» 0 4 .0

1 3 4 -0

1 4 5 .9

9 8 .7

» 0 2 .1

1 5 6 .8

» 0 5 .7

1 7 3 .9

171.4

190.8

234.9

201.4

141.9

146.4

98.3

208.4

162.1

204.2

173.0

1 9 2 .4

» 3 9 .1

» 0 3 .3

1 3 4 .3

1 4 7 .8

9 8 .7

» 0 5 .6

1 6 2 .1

2 0 5 .8

235.5

201.1

142.3

147.3

99.0

209.0

164.2

204.2

1 7 4 -4

191.1

173.2

2 0 2 .7

1 3 4 -7

1 4 8 .7

9 9 .»

2 0 6 .5

2 0 5 .3

1 7 4 .7

190.8

233.2

202.3

142.4

147.6

99.0

210.1

165.8

205.0

173.8

1 9 1 .4

» 3 4 .7

»03. 6

1 3 4 .7

1 4 9 .5

9 9 .3

207. 9

165. 8

» 0 6 .6

1 7 5 .5

1 9 2 .3

2 3 8 .4

1 6 4 -2

adjusted population and commodity weights beginning with indexes for
January 1950. These adjustments make a continuous comparable series
from 1913 to date. See also General Note below.
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for each
of the cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau and for each of the major groups
of living essentials. Indexes for all large cities combined are available since
1913. The beginning date for series of indexes for individual cities varies from
city to city but indexes are available for most of the 34 cities since World
War I.
* The Miscellaneous group covers transportation (such as automobiles and
their upkeep and public transportation fares); medical care (including pro­
fessional care and medicines); household operation (covering supplies and
different kinds of paid services); recreation (that is, newspapers, motion pic­
tures, radio, television, and tobacco products); personal care (barber and
beauty-shop service and toilet articles); etc.
• Data not available.

old series of Indexes for 1951-52 are shown in italics in tables D - l , D -2, and D -5 for reference.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 7 1 .1

190. Í

i The “Consumers’ price Index for moderate-income families in large cities”
formerly known as the “ Cost-of-living index” measures average changes in
retail prices of goods, rents, and services purchased by wage earners and
lower-salaried workers in large cities.
U. S. Department of Labor Bulletin No. 699, Changes in Cost of Living in
Large Cities in the United States, 1913-41, contains a detailed description of
methods used in constructing this index. Additional information on the
index is given in the following reports: Report of the Joint Committee on the
Consumers’ Price Index of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, A Joint
Committee Print (1949); September 1949 M onthly Labor Review, Construc­
tion of Consumers’ Price Index (p. 284); April 1951 Monthly Labor Review,
Interim Adjustment of Consumers’ Price Index (p. 421), and Correction of
N ew Unit Bias in Rent Component of CPI (p. 437); and Consumers’ Price
Index, Report of a Special Subcommittee of the House Committee on Educa­
tion and Labor (1951).
The Consumers’ Price Index has been adjusted to incorporate a correction
of the new unit bias in the rent index beginning with indexes for 1940 and
N o t e .'— The

Housefurnishings

Rent

592
T able

MONTHLY LABOR

D : P RICE S AND COST OF L IVING

D-2: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City,1 for Selected Periods
[1936-39-100]
Sept. 15, Aug. 15, July 15, June 15, M ay 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Feb. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, N ov. 15, Oct. 15, Sept. 15, Jan. 15, June 15,
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1951
1951
1951
l‘961
1951
1952
1952
1950

Average.....................

190.8

191.1

190.8

189.6

189.0

188.7

188.0

187.9

189.1

189.1

188.6

187.4

186.6

Atlanta, Oa...............
Baltimore, M d ____
Birmingham, A la ...
Boston, M ass...........
Buffalo, N . Y _____
Chicago, 111_______
Cincinnati, Ohio___
Cleveland, Ohio___
Denver, Colo______
Detroit, M ich_____
Houston, T ex_____

0
197.6

198.4
(2)
198.5
183.0
(2)
196.7
190.9
194.2
(2)
194.2
196.0

0

0
194.2

194.4

0

0
191.9

196.0
180.9

196.3
180.0

189.4
192.7

187.5

187.1
191.8

180.0
188.3
194.1
188.3

(>)
190.5
191.4
177.8

190.1

0
192.7

193.9
179.3

0
0
196.0

0
194.7

178.9
188.8
193.1
188.4

193.6
179.1

0

0
193.3

194.5
180.4

0
0
194.7

196.1

194.2
179.9

0
193.0

195.2

196.7
183.1
189.9
195.9
190.9

0
0
193.3

187.9

187.8
192.0

196.6
182.2
(2)
195.9
190.7

0

(2)
193.6
195.6

Indianapolis, I n d ...
Jacksonville, Fla___
Kansas City, M o ...
Los Angeles, C alif..
Manchester, N . H . .
Memphis, T enn___
Milwaukee, W is___
Minneapolis, M inn.
Mobile, A la ______
New Orleans, La__
N ew York, N . Y __

(2)
199.5
(2)
192.2
(2)
192.9
(2)
190.1
189.4
(2)
186.0

Norfolk, Va_______
Philadelphia, P a___
Pittsburgh, P a____
Portland, M aine___
Portland, Oreg____
Richmond, Va_____
St. Louis, M o_____
San Francisco, Calif
Savannah, Ga_____
Scranton, P a______
Seattle, W ash_____
Washington, D . C._

(2)
190.8
192.4
182.8
(2)
( 2)

192.7
195.6
(2)
(2)
(2)

0

(2)
(2)
(2)
192.0
(2)
(2)
199.2
(2)

0

0

0

192.8
193.5
195.1
192.1

0

185.6
192.1
190.2

0
0
0
0

0
195.6
0
0
192.3

194.6

194.3

0
198.2
0
191.9
0
191.2

0
0
0
191.3
0
0
198.1

0

190.3
188.4

192.7
185.7

0
185.9

183.6

195.7
191.2
192.9

0
191.1
192.1

0
189.1
190.8
182.3

0
0
0
0

0

0

189.4
195.9
187.4

0

198.6
185.8

0

0
202.0
0
0
0

0
191.8

0

0

0
192.7
196.3
0

0

0
0

0
0

190.1
183.2
192.9
188.3
191.1

0
0
0
0

0
0

186.3
195.8
184.9

0

191.1
191.7
194.7
189.8

0

183.3
191.5
187.0

0

0
0
0
0

0
0
190.7

0
190.7

194.3

194.3

0
195. 6
0
190.9
0
190.2

0
0
0
190.7
0
0
195.1

0

188.0
187.9

0

183.5

182.4

0
188.2
190.9
0
198.6
184.5

0
187.8
190.3
180.6
0
0
190.2
193.1
0
0
0
0

0
0
199.6

0
0
0

1 The indexes are based on time-to-time changes in the cost of goods and
services purchased by moderate-income families in large cities. They do
not Indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0
0

0

192.3
192.0
195.4
190.9

0

182.3
190.0
187.0

0
0

0
0

190.5
183.0

0
184.2

»192.0
187.1
190.9
0
0

0
188.9
192.2

0

0
0
0
184.2
195.3
183.9

0

199.0
183.8
0

0

200.3
0
0
0

0
194.2
0
0

191.9
196.0
0
195.9

0
0
191.4

190.4

0

187.7
187.3
0
184.0
0
189.2
191.7
179.9
0
0
190.2
193.1

0

0
0
0

0

0
194.3

0
191.5

195.1

0
0
0
189.6
0
0

179.3
186.9
193.5
187.0
(*)
191.2
190.2
194.4
189.9

0

180.4
187.9
187.0

181.6

170.2

1 9 1 .1

0
0

0
174.7

01 9 6 . 7

171.6
165.5

1 9 8 .5
1 8 3 .6

175.1
170.5

1 9 2 .0

191.8
186.8

188.2
173.5
180.8
185.4
182.3

189.0
194.1

184.9
184.2
190.1

0

00

0
192.0
0
187.2
0
189.9

0

184.4

0

195.3
0
0
190.0
184.1

0
0
0
0
183.0

0
183.1
185.6
0
182.5

175.6
181.3
180.6
0
0
0
0
0
177.8

191.7
189.1
192.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
185.4
194.6
184.7

0
186.7
191.2
0
195.8
183.8
0
0
198.8
0
0
0

0
186.1
190.0
178.6
0
0
186.2
188.4
0
0
0
0

0
181.0
183.4
0
190.4
179.8
0
0
189.2
0
0
0

0

S e p . 15,
i9 6 2

0

00

173.5
175.8

0
176.3
0
169.3
0

01 9 7 . 8
0
0
193. 4

1 9 4 .5

0
2 0 1 .1
0
1 8 9 .7

0

0
1 9 1 .4
0

0

0

172.7
169.1
168.2

167.0
0
169.1
171.8
164.4
0
0
168.8
172.4
0
0
0
0

1 9 0 .2
1 8 9 .4
1 8 6 .2

0
1 9 1 .6
1 9 4 -2

I8 4.O

0
0

1 9 3 .7
1 9 7 .8

0

0
0

0

1 Indexes are computed monthly for 10 cities and once every 3 months for
24 additional cities according to a staggered schedule.
* Corrected.

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

T able

D : PRICES AND COST OF LIV IN G

593

D-3: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City and Group of
Commodities 1
[1935-39-100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration
Food

Rent

Housefurnishings
Total

City

Miscellaneous

Gas andelectricity

Sept. 15, Aug. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 15,
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
Average-........................

233.2

235.5

Atlanta, Ga- _______
Baltimore, M d ______
Birmingham, A la.........
Boston, M ass................
Buffalo, N . Y ________
Chicago, 111__________
Cincinnati, Ohio_____
Cleveland, Ohio_____
Denver, Colo________
Detroit, M ich........ ......
Houston, Tex________

234.3
246.9
224.2
221.3
227.8
238.6
237.4
243.9
235.6
233.0
240.9

238.0
249.9
230.8
225.5
229.7
241.8
239.7
245.5
237.7
235.3
242.8

Indianapolis, Ind____
Jacksonville, F la ____
Kansas C ity, M o____
Los Angeles, Calif___
Manchester, N . H___
Memphis, T enn_____
M ilwaukee, W is_____
Minneapolis, M inn__
Mobile, A la_________
New Orleans, La..........
New York, N . Y ..........

231.6

240.1
217.3
234.5
225.9
240.8
234.3
223.7
233.1
245.4
231.7

235.6

Norfolk, V a . . ...............
Philadelphia, P a _____
Pittsburgh, P a .............
Portland, M aine_____
Portland, Oreg_______
Richmond, Va_______
St. Louis, Mo______
San Francisco, Calif—
Savannah, Ga...............
Scranton, Pa _______
Seattle, Wash ______
Washington, D . C____

238.9
232.3
237.1
219.0
249.6
222.7
244.3
240.9
245.0
234.8
240.7
232.2

244.6
220.6
235.3
230.6
243.7
240.1
225.0
236.0
248.7
232.5

244.0
235.4
240.9
222.9
251.6
224.1
249.0
241.7
252.0
237.7
239.0
233.1

202.3

201.1

142.4

142.3

147.6

147.3

99.0

99.0

0)

214.2

(9

153.0

(9

207.4

161.3
152.7
138.3
166.5
155.2
138.7
155.5
153.6
114.7
155. 7
103.1

159.3
152.3
137.8
166.3
154.6
138.7
154.6
153.6
114.6
155.7
103.1

85.9
115.6
79.4
118.8
110.0
83.5
104.9
107.0
69.7
88.8
86.3

85.9
115.6
79.4
118.6
110.0
83.5
104.3
107.0
69.7
88.9
86.3

161.7

84.5

84.5

195.9
212.6
187.6

0

205.2
200.3

0)
0

0

212.7
185.1

0)

203.5
199.2
200.3

(9
(9
(9
(9

153.3

201.2
193.9
191.9

0

193.3
190.7

(9
166.7
(9
(9
(9
162.6
(9
152.2
157.9
(9
(9

(9
(9
(9
169.3
(9
(9
178.0
(9
(9
144.3
(9

143.6
134.3
101.8
173.6
141.6
152.7
150. 7
131.3
112.0
150.3

143.6
134.9
100.9
173.5
141.6
152.4
150.7
131.0
112.0
150.0

84.8
71.4
95.3
113.2
77.0
99.2
86.2
85.4
74.1
106.7

84.8
71.8
95.3
113.0
77.0
99.2
86.2
85.1
74.1
106.8

200.9
(i)
202.2
0
181.5
0
196.0
174.1
0
196.6

190.8
194.5
226.5
0
0
0
0
0)
(9
211.3
201.6
220.2

(9
(9
(9
128.8
(9
(9
136.0
139.8
(9
(9
(9
(9

163.4
132.7
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
126.1
163.7
128.2

162.0
151.3
149.6
163.4
138.5
150.5
146.4
98.8
170.1
161.4
129.3
156.3

162.0
150.5
149.6
163.4
138.5
149.4
144.2
98.8
170.1
160.3
129.3
156.0

100.3
104.2
111.6
112.4
97.5
102.2
88.4
87.0
123.9
103.5
88.5
111.2

100.3
104.2
111.6
112.5
97.5
102.2
88.4
87.0
123.9
103.5
88.5
111.2

0
211.3
206.3
199.2

(>)

(9
(9

* Prices of apparel, housefumishings, and miscellaneous goods and services
are obtained monthly in 10 cities and once every 3 months in 24 additional
cities on a staggered schedule.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

173.2

0

0
0
195.2
0
0
202.7
0
0
207.7
204.0

0
196.5
0
195.8
0
213.8
(l)
209.3
204.2
0)
206.3

(>)

(9

156.5
130.1

(9

173.8

212.7

173.0

0

195.7
216.8

«

133.4

204.2

0

(9
(9
(9
(9

194.3
217.1

0)
198.0
230.1
205.2
0)
0)
202.0
195.6
0
0)

144.9

205.0

162.7

0)
0
218.3
202.3
C1)

(i)
(1)

182.7
171.7
0
0
0
0

195.5
193.0

178.6
171.2
167.4

183.3
(l)
171.1
166. 5

194.0
187.3
183.9
(')
219.2
202.9

176.4
172.9
(!)
(1)
188.0
173.2

0

0

0
(i)
0
200.5
0
0
217.1
0
0
205.6
193.8

186.0
0
172.3
0
161.5
0
179.0
163.9
(!)
173.7

0
0
0
172.0
0
(0
170.9
0
0
153.9
173.1

0)
174.4
170.0
167.6
0
0
170.2
190.5
0
(0
(l)
0

170.5
174.0
169.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
161.1
178.9
175.4

0

(i)

201.3
210.5
206.2
0
0
0
0
(i)
(i)

181. 6
206.3
212.3

(!)

176.5
172. 9
169.1

0

187.5
172.9

» Rents are surveyed every 3 months in 34 large cities on a staggered schedule

594

D : P RICE S AND COST OF L IVING

T a ble

M ONTHLY LABOR

D-4: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods,1 by Group, for Selected Periods
11935-39=100]

Year and month

Cere­ Meats,
als
poul­
All
and
try,
foods bakery and
Total
prod­ fish
ucts

1923:
1926:
1929 •
1932:
1939:

Average_____
Average___ __
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
A ugust______
1940: Average..........

124.0
137.4
132.5
86.5
95.2
93. 5
96.6

105.5
115.7
107. 6
82.6
94.5
93. 4
96.8

101.2
117.8
127.1
79. 3
96 6
95.7
95.8

1941: Average_____
December___
1942: Average_____
1943: Average_____
1944: Average_____
1945: Average_____
August______

105.5
113.1
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9

97.9
102.5
105.1
107.6
108.4
109.0
109.1

107.5
1 1 1 .1
126.0
133.8
129.9
131.2
131.8

106.5
109.7
122.5
124.2
117.9
118.0
118.1

1946: Average_____
June
____
November___

159.6
145. 6
187.7

125.0
122.1
140.6

1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:

Average_____
Average_____
Average..........
Average_____
J a n u a r y .___
June________

193.8
210.2
201.9
204. 5
196. 0
203.1

1951: Average.........
September___
October. ___
November___
December___
1952: January..........
February____
M arch______
A p r il........... .
M ay________
June________
July------------August.........
September___

Meats
Beef
and
veal

Fruits and vegetables
Chick­ Fish
ens

Pork

Lamb

Fro­
Can­
zen > Fresh ned Dried

169.5
210.8
169. 0
103. 5
94. 5
92.4
96 5

173.6
226. 2
173 5
105 9
95.1
92. 8
97.3

124
122
124
91
92
91
92

8
9
3
1
3
6
4

175 4
152.4
171 0
91 2
93 3
90 3
100 6

131. 5 126 2
170 4 145 0
164 8 127 2
112 6 71 1
95 5 87 7
94 9 84 5
92 5 82 2

175
120
114
89
100
95
96

112.0
120.5
125.4
134.6
133. 6
133.9
133.4

112.2
138.1
136. 6
161.9
153.9
164.4
171.4

103. 2
110.5
130 8
168. 8
168. 2
177 1
183 5

104. 2
111.0
132 8
178.0
177. 2
188. 2
196 2

97 9
106.3
121 6
130 6
129 5
130 2
130 3

106 7
118.3
136 3
158 9
164 5
168 2
168 6

101 5
114.1
122 1
124 8
124 3
124 7
124 7

94 0
108.5
119 6
126 1
123 .3
194 0
194 0

106 4
114.4
196 5
197 1
196 5
126 5
196 6

139 6 152 1
125 4 126 4
167.8 244.4

143 9
136 2
170.5

88.9
88.0
81.1

99.5
98.8
99.7

110.8
114.4
123.6
124.7
118.7
118.4
118.5

100.1
103.2
120.4
119.9
112.2
112.6
112.6

106.6
108.1
124.1
136.9
134.5
136.0
136.4

102.1
100.5
122.6
146.1
151.0
154.4
157.3

161.3
134. 0
203.6

150.8 150.5
120.4 121.2
197.9 191.0

148.2
114.3
207.1

163.9
139.0
205.4

174.0 236.2
162.8 219.7
188.9 265.0

165.1 168.8
147.8 147.1
198.5 201.6

182 4
183. 5
184.5

190 7
196. 7
182.3

140 8 190 4
127 5 172 5
167.7 251.6

155.4
170.9
169.7
172.7
169.0
169.8

217.1
246.5
233.4
243.6
219.4
246.5

214.7
243.9
229.3
242.0
217.9
246.7

213.6
258.5
241.3
265.7
242.3
268.6

215.9
222.5
205.9
203.2
177.3
209.1

220.1
246.8
251.7
257.8
234.3
268.1

183.2
203.2
191.5
183.3
158.9
185.1

271.4
312.8
314.1
308. 5
301.9
295.9

186.2
204.8
186.7
184. 7
184. 2
177.8

200.8
208. 7
201. 2
173.6
152. 3
148.4

199.4
205. 2
208.1
199 2
204 8
209.3

201. 5
212 4
218. 8
206.1
217. 2
224 3

166
158
152
146
143
142

227.4
227.3
229.2
231.4
232.2

188.5
189.4
189.4
190.2
190.4

272.2
275.6
276.6
273.5
270.1

274.1
277.6
281.0
278.6
274.6

310.4
310.7
317.0
317.3
316.9

215.7
224.3
223.8
215.8
203.8

288.8
292.2
293.7
295.6
300.0

192.1
195.1
188.7
184.0
181.9

352.0
353.2
353.2
351.1
351.2

208.0
206.4
207.9
210.4
213.2

211.3
239.3
243.4
241.8
216.7

217.9
205.1
210.8
223.5
236.5

98.6
97.5
97.5
95.9
95.0

223.3
204.3
214.4
235.0
255.4

232.4
227.5
227.6
230.0
230.8
231.5
234.9
235.5
233.2

190.6
190.9
191.2
191.1
193.8
193.3
194.4
194.2
194.1

272.1
271.1
267.7
266.7
266.0
270.6
270.4
277.3
277.0

273.8
270.8
268.8
268.1
271.7
275.9
274.1
280.3
278.5

316.0
314.2
312.6
311.2
310.8
310.9
308.0
307.8
308.7

203.8
201.0
200.3
198.7
208.6
219.4
219.3
237.0
231.2

297.1
285.6
276.5
283.1
287.1
291.5
290.3
290.8
288.5

192.6
197. 5
190.7
188.8
175.4
181.9
187.4
197.8
202.1

351.5
351.5
347.6
346.3
345.3
343.9
342.1
339.8
339.3

215.8
217.0
215.7
212.6
210.6
209.8
212.3
213. 8
216.7

184.3
166.5
161.3
165.9
164.0
169.1
208.7
217.2
221.4

241.4
223.5
232.1
247.2
253.8
250.0
253.2
242.3
227.6

95.0
94.2
92.5
91.5
88.7
90.0
90.1
90.8
90.3

263.2
234.6
248.4
272.8
283.4
278.1
283.0
265.3
241.0

93.8 101.0
94.6 99.6
94.8 110.6
124.5
138.9
163.0
206. 5
207.6
217.1
217.8

Bever­ Fats Sugar
and
ages and
oils sweets

129.4 136.1
127.4 141. 7
131.0 143. 8
84.9 82.3
95.9 91.0
93.1 90 7
101.4 93.8

96.6 10 1.1
95.4 99.6
94.4 102.8

1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics retail food prices are obtained monthly
during the first three days of the week containing the fifteenth of the month,
through voluntary reports from chain and independent retail food dealers.
Articles included are selected to represent food sales to moderate-income
families.
The indexes are computed by the fixed-base-weighted-aggregate method,
using weights representing (1) relative importance of chain and independent
store sales, in computing city average prices; (2) food purchases by families
of wage earners and moderate-income workers, in computing city indexes;


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Dairy
prod­ Eggs
ucts
Total

2
0
9
0
3
7

4
n
3
6
6
6
8

263 5
246 8
227 4
228. 5
223 Q
222 9

186
205
220
312
299
296

8
0
7
5
5
5

197 5
195' 5
148 4
144 3
135 9
140 1

180 0
174 n
176 4
179 9
178 9
174 3

165.9
164.2
162.8
162.7
163.3

249.9
245.6
240.8
238.1
238.9

344.5
345.0
345.8
346.6
346.8

168.8
161.5
160.6
158. 5
157.8

188.6
188.2
187.0
186.7
186.4

163.3
163.6
163.9
163.5
163.7
162.3
162.4
162.6
164.2

238.6
238.4
236.3
236.9
236.8
237.1
238.9
241.4
243.5

346.7
347.1
347.1
347.3
346.6
346.5
346.4
346.6
346.6

155.3
150.9
145.6
143.1
139.9
140.1
140.6
141.4
141.1

185.9
185.1
184,3
186.2
187.3
187.7
188.9
189.9
190.4

and (3) population weights, in combining city aggregates in order to derive
average prices and indexes for all cities combined.
Indexes of retail food prices in 56 farge cities combined, by commodity
groups, for the years 1923 through 1950 (1935-39=100), may be found in Bulle­
tin No. 1055, Retail Prices of Food, 1950, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S.
Department of Labor, table 3, p. 8. Mimeographed tables of the same data,
by months, January 1935 to date, are available upon request.
1 December 1950=100.

REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1952

D : PRICE S AND COST OF LIVING

T a ble

595

D-5: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City
[1335-39=1001

City

Sept.
1952

Aug.
1952

July
1952

June
1952

M ay
1952

Apr.
1952

Mar.
1952

Feb.
1952

Jan.
1952

Dec.
1951

N ov.
1951

Oct.
1951

United States.................. . . . .

233.2

235.5

234.9

231.5

230.8

230.0

227.6

227.5

232.4

232.2

231.4

Atlanta, Ga______________
Baltimore, M d__ . _____
Birmingham, A la_________
Boston, M ass_____________
Bridgeport, Conn_________

234.3
246.9
224.2
221.3
232.5

238.0
249.9
230.8
225.5
235.2

236.1
248.6
225.5
225.9
238.0

226.5
242.4
217.4
219.9
230.2

223.2
243.2
216.4
218.8
230.5

225.0
242.6
215.8
215.2
228.3

223.9
239.5
215.3
214.6
227.3

227.4
238.6
217.3
214.5
227.0

230.7
243.8
220.2
218.2
229.4

230.7
242.5
222.7
219.3
228.9

232.1
242.4
224.3
218.4
227.9

Buffalo, N . Y _____________
Butte, M o n t_____________
Cedar Rapids, Iowa 1_____ _
Charleston, S. C _________
Chicago, 111.....................

227.8
233.6
237.0
226.5
238.6

229.7
232.8
238.7
232.2
241.8

228.3
231.8
240.9
231.4
239.9

227.0
231.7
240.6
222.8
239.2

227.0
229.4
238.0
221.4
239.3

224.7
228.9
236.4
220.2
234.8

221.8
228.1
235.1
219.3
233.3

221.0
227.5
235.1
219.4
231.4

225.2
230.2
238.3
222.3
237.5

226.7
233.7
239.8
221.5
238.1

Cincinnati, Ohio__________
Cleveland, Ohio____ ______
Columbus, Ohio__________
Dallas, Tex_______________
Denver, Colo____________ _

237.4
243.9
218.3
237.1
235.6

239.7
245.5
220.3
237.4
237.7

239.1
245.5
217.2
233.7
237.7

236.9
242.5
214.3
232.0
235.1

234.3
240.3
213.8
231.8
232.6

231.9
238.2
211.4
231.3
232.0

228.6
235.8
209.2
229.8
230.4

228.1
237.2
209.8
228.8
230.0

233.2
240.9
214.3
236.3
236.2

Detroit, M ich____________
Fall River, Mass _______
Houston, Tex.
_________
Indianapolis, I n d ... ______
Jackson, M iss.1___________

233.0
225.6
240.9
231.6
231.6

235.3
227.6
242.8
235.6
232.8

237.2
228.6
239.7
232.0
229.7

234.2
225.2
237.2
228.9
225.2

231.6
224.4
236.1
225.0
222.7

231.2
220.4
237.9
222.2
223.7

228.8
221.4
236.1
224.1
223.9

229.1
220.7
236.0
223.8
225.8

Jacksonville, F la ................ .
Kansas City, M o ................. .
Knoxville, Tenn.1_________
Little Rock, Ark ________
Los Angeles, Calif................

240.1
217.3
258.5
231.6
234.5

244.6
220.6
263.4
233.6
235.3

240.1
220.2
256.6
230.4
235.7

236.2
216.8
251.5
228.7
235.4

231.3
215.5
249.6
226.5
235.7

232.6
214.4
250. 9
226.1
237.1

231.2
213.1
250.5
224.3
234.6

Louisville, K y ____________
Manchaster, N . H ................
Memphis, T enn_________
Milwaukee, W is__________
Minneapolis, M inn_______

221.1
225.9
240.8
234.3
223.7

224.4
230.6
243.7
240.1
225.0

221.2
228.6
236.8
237.6
226.4

218.1
223.9
235.6
237.9
226.6

216.4
221.2
231.7
237.1
224.2

214.5
217.5
231.4
231.5
222.3

Mobile, A la .............................
Newark, N . J_____________
New Haven, Conn________
New Orleans, L a ............
New York, N. Y ....................

233.1
229.9
227.7
245.4
231.7

236.0
230.0
229.4
248.7
232.5

235.2
230.2
232.0
246.6
233.2

230.4
226.4
225.3
241.4
226.9

224.4
228.6
226.1
239.2
227.4

Norfolk, Va____ ____ ____
Omaha, N ebr............... ...........
Peoria, 111........... .............. .......
Philadelphia, P a ....................
Pittsburgh, Pa........... ............

238.9
224.6
244.0
232.3
237.1

244.0
227.3
245.9
235.4
240.9

242.0
225. 5
243.7
235.1
237.3

236.0
226.6
243.3
228.8
232.9

Portland, M aine____
Portland, Oreg___ ____
Providence, R. I...... .............
Richmond, Va____________
Rochester, N. Y ____ ____

219.0
249.6
235.6
222.7
227.7

222.9
251.6
241.3
224.1
231.0

222.3
250.5
241.8
220.7
232.0

St. Louis, M o ....................... .
St. Paul, M inn____ ____ _
Salt Lake City, U tah______
San Francisco, Calif..........
Savannah, G a ............. .......

244.3
222.4
237. 5
240.9
245.0

249.0
223.3
237.3
241.7
252.0

Scranton, P a______ ____
Seattle, Wash........... .............
Springfield, 111...... ................ ,
Washington, D, O..................
Wichita, Kans.1_____ _____
Winston-Salem, N . C.1

234.8
240.7
244.7
232.2
249.9
224.7

237.7
239.0
246.9
233.1
250.9
228.6

1 J u n e 1940= 100.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Sept.
1951

June
1950

229.2

227.3

203.1

SSI 7

230.0
241.1
224.0
217.8
227.4

232.1
238.3
220.1
213.9
224.3

195. 4
215. 6
192. 2
196.1
204.0

S 3 7 .7
2 4 8 .5
S S 8 .B
S S S .9

227.2
230.2
240.5
218.0
237.8

224.2
229.2
237.8
217.9
236.2

221.5
228. 5
235.1
220 6
232.3

199.0
203.0
208.6
188.0
208.4

2 3 4 .2
2 3 8 .0
2 4 2 .9
226. S
2 4 1 .7

230.4
238.5
211.3
235.4
239.2

232.0
239.0
211.4
236.0
236.9

229.7
237.2
209.6
233.8
234.9

229.0
235.3
207.8
233.6
232.4

205.1
211.2
183.9
201. 5
205.9

2 3 8 .4
2 4 5 .7
221 6
2 S 8 .7
2 3 3 .2

235.0
224.0
241.4
227.6
230.3

234.5
223.8
241.2
227.0
229.2

233.5
224.2
237.8
227.9
227.4

230.5
223.2
237.6
226.3
229.4

228.4
219. 7
239.4
225.4
227.2

202.9
200.7
208.1
198.1
201.0

231 5
2 2 8 .4
24 S 2
235 1
2 3 3 .1

231.5
213.0
253.2
224.6
234.2

237.2
217.8
256.9
229.7
239.3

235.0
218.0
256.6
229.9
240.7

234.8
216.4
256.2
225.4
237.1

232.5
213.9
253.7
224.4
234.6

234.7
212. 2
2,54.9
223 0
233.3

205. 8
189. 2
223.1
200.1
201.6

H 2 .7
218 7
261 2
236 1
2 3 1 .7

213.2
216.6
231.0
228.0
220.2

213.6
216.8
234.9
227.3
220.1

218.4
221.2
237.8
232.8
223.1

219.1
220.9
238.9
232.6
224.0

218.6
222.5
237.7
231.7
221.2

216.7
222.8
238.0
228.9
218.9

215 6
219.8
237.4
227.9
215.6

192.0
200.6
208.3
206.6
194.1

29.1 3
228 8

229.1
228.2
221.0
240.1
229.3

228.0
224.1
220.2
239.8
225.3

228.0
225.0
219. 7
240.5
226.2

231.6
227.7
222.6
244.8
230.2

231.4
227.2
222.2
244.3
230.6

230.0
228.3
222.1
241.3
230.9

231.7
226.4
222.4
239.9
227.8

229.1
225.3
219.9
240.6
226.1

200.1
203.3
199.8
212.9
203.7

2 3 4 .9
228 0
228 8
2 4 5 .9
2 3 1 .3

235.0
224.8
240.0
228.1
233.0

234.7
223.2
239.8
226.9
231.4

231.0
222.4
235.6
224.3
229.3

232.7
222.6
238.5
224.4
229.8

237.2
226.8
243.8
229.4
235.7

233.6
227.0
242.5
228.8
234.6

231.9
225.1
239. 5
228.6
235.2

230.0
223.3
235.6
227.1
233.5

229.1
219.6
235.6
224.1
231.0

205.9
197.2
216.8
201.4
207.5

2 4 0 .7
2 2 7 .1
2 4 8 .8
232. 6
2 3 8 .2

219.0
250.0
238.5
214.6
226.7

215.4
251.3
237.8
215.6
226.4

213.6
250.6
233.4
216.8
222.2

213.8
248.3
231.4
212.9
221.6

214.1
246.9
229.5
214.3
223.5

217.0
254.8
234.4
219.3
227.4

216.1
253.3
234.1
218.3
227.4

216.4
251.8
233.3
219.1
226.3

215.8
246.9
232.8
218.4
222.3

213.2
247.9
228.3
217.7
220.2

193.0
219.1
207.9
195.2
196.4

2 4 9 .4
2 3 9 .8
2 2 7 .3
2 2 9 .6

248.6
224.1
236.8
243.0
247.3

247.6
225.1
234.8
247.4
242.9

243.6
223.2
234.2
247.0
241.3

240.5
221.6
233.7
249.5
239.3

238.3
220.0
231.5
245.4
238.7

238.6
221.2
231.2
240.5
238.9

244.0
224.0
232.9
248.9
242.6

243.9
223.7
233.4
248.4
241.7

242.2
221.6
232.5
240.7
241.7

239.3
220.7
228.5
235.8
240.7

238.8
215.1
228.0
234.8
241.4

210.2
192.5
202.2
211.1
206.3

2 4 7 .9
2 2 3 .3
2 4 2 .5
2 4 6 .7
2 4 8 .3

237.7
239.2
246.9
232.2
246.0
224.9

230.9
237.8
245.9
227.2
245.9
219.0

231.1
239.7
242.2
226.8
241.5
217.1

227.8
241.5
240.1
227.8
240.4
218.0

224.3
239.7
238.6
224.0
240.8
217.6

225.6
238.2
240.2
223.1
242.7
218.6

232.0
243.4
244.1
228.7
248.3
223.2

229.9
239.9
242.6
228.9
248.8
222.8

229.8
238.1
241.4
228.1
244.1
220.5

227.2
234.8
238.6
228.0
242.9
220.1

225.6
234.4
238.1
224.0
241.4
219.3

204.2
208.6
211.8
201.9
209.4
197.3

2 3 7 .8
2 3 9 .9

S e p t.

m s

2311

2 4 4 .1
2 3 6 .4
2 2 6 .1

2 2 0 .3

246.8
2 3 5 .3
2 5 4 .6
2 2 6 .4

D : P RICE S AND COST OF LIVING

596
T able D -6 :
Commodity

Average Retail Prices and Indexes of Selected Foods

Aver­
age
price
Sept. Sept.
1952
1952

Cereals and bakery products:
Cereals:
51.9
Flour, wheat ____ ___5 pounds..
Corn fla k e s ._____ ...1 2 ounces.. 22.3
Corn meal---- --------- _____ pound. _ 10.9
18.4
R ic e 1 ... _______ -- ______ do___
Rolled oats 5----------- . . 20 ounces . 18.2
Bakery products:
16.2
Bread, white 3 ------- . . . ..p o u n d ..
23.1
Vanilla cookies. . . . ___7 ounces..
_____pound..
49.6
M eats, poultry, and fish:
Meats:
Beef:
Round steak__ _______ do___ 111.9
85.7
Rib roast . . . . ______ do___
73.0
Chuck roast. . . ______ do___
64.4
Frankfurters 4 . ______ do___
63.4
Hamburger 2. . . ______ do___
Veal:
Cutlets_______ ______ do___ 128.8
Pork:
87.8
Chops.. .
__ _______ do___
70.8
Bacon, sliced__ ______ do___
69.3
Ham, w h o le __ _______ do___
___
do
38.1
Salt pork--------Lamb:
83.0
Leg _________ ______ do___
Frying chickens:

do
Ready-to-cook7 ..............do___

45.6
50 4
54.9
85.9
61.0
24.5
23.1
31.4
14.9
77.2

Eggs: Eggs, fresh--------------- _____ dozen..
Fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits:
...1 2 ounces.. 39.4
Strawberries 4
18.3
Orange ju ice4_____ ___6 ounces..
Frozen vegetables:
23.9
Peas 4- . . ------------- ___12 ounces..
Fresh fruits:
13.8
Apples___________ _____pound..
16.2
Bananas __ ___ ______ do___
57.8
Oranges, size 200----- ______dozen..
Fresh vegetables:
18.0
Beans, green______ ..........pound..
7.5
Cabbage
______ ______ do___
_____bunch..
11.9
Carrots _________
15.4
Lettuce __________ ____..h e a d ..
9.0
Onions ____ ___ - _____pound _
Potatoes . _______ ...1 5 pounds.. 114.0
13.7
_____pound.
Sweetpotatoes __
17.3
Tomatoes 10______ ........ . .. d o ___
Canned fruits:
P e a c h e s ._________ .N o . 2 U can.. 33.3
38.2
Pineapple------------- ______ do___
Canned vegetables:
19.1
Corn _ __________ .N o . 303 can..
. .. No. 2 can _ 18.4
Tomatoes_______
21.1
Peas
_________ .N o . 303 can..
Baby foods 4—. __ 4 U - 5 ounces.. 10.0
27.1
Dried fruits, prunes .. _____ pound-16.5
Dried vegetables, navy beans— do---Beverages:
86.7
Cnfl’pp.
_____
29.1
Cola drink 4 u ___carton of 6, 6-ounce..
Fats and oils:
17.5
Barri
_____ _____pound..
32.6
Shortening. hvdrogenated_____ do . . .
34.5
______
p
in
t..
Salad dressing . . ____
29.8
Margarine, colored 12- . . _____pound..
Sugar and sweets:
52.4
Sugar
_______ ___5 pounds..
23.4
Grape jelly 4--------------- ___12 ounces..

July
1952

June
1952

M ay
1952

Apr.
1952

Mar.
1952

Feb.
1952

Jan.
1952

Dec.
1951

Nov.
1951

Oct.
1951

Sept.
1951

201.2
210.3
231.0
102.8
164.9

202.0
210.5
220.6
102.2
164.9

202.8
210.3
218.5
100.9
164.6

203.5
209.8
217.7
99.9
164.2

203.4
209.9
217.1
99.0
163.8

203.6
210. 1
217.4
98.2
163.7

203.7
209.6
218.0
96.7
163.5

204.4
209.4
216.1
96.7
163.8

204.3
208.2
212.7
96.1
163.3

203.1
207.7
209.0
94.9
162.9

202.3
207.9
206.4
93.1
162.7

201.8
206.4
204.3
94.2
162.9

201.3
205.8
203.6
99.7
162.2

190.5
176.5
181.9
93.1
145.8

190.3
222.4
108. 8

190.2
224.9
108.7

190.1
225.4
109.7

188.9
224.6
107.9

189.7
223.3
108.9

185.2
222.5
108.2

185.1
224.6
108.5

184.8
224.5
107.9

184.5
224.2
108.3

184.2
223.8
109.1

183.9
223.1
109. 8

183.9
221.5
107.6

183.7
220 0
107.9

163.9
191.7

331.2
296.8
323.4
106.2
207.3

331.1
296. 6
318.0
106.7
207.1

330.2
297.7
318.4
106.5
207.6

330.1
297.0
327.1
106.5
211.9

330.3
299.0
332.6
105.7
210.6

330.0
299.0
332.3
105.8
211.7

330.4
298.0
333.7
106.2
214.3

331.9
303.2
334.0
106.3
215.9

333.3
305.3
336.7
107.6
217.0

333.6
307.2
338.3
108.1
217.9

334.6
308.2
338.5
108.6
217.6

332.7
306.4
337.4
108.9
218.7

323.3
290.6
327.7
108.6
216.1

287.9
264.1
279.2

321.5

316.5

318.2

326.7

325.3

325.5

326.4

326.8

325.0

322.9

319.5

319.6

320.1

271.2

266.0
185.7
236.1
181.2

278.7
185.2
239.2
178.6

254.4
170.7
227.1
167.0

257.5
167.3
226.1
166.8

245.8
158.8
213.4
159.4

223.2
159.2
210.8
160.9

225.1
160.6
211.9
164.0

223.9
161.9
214.4
168.1

227.6
163.5
216.8
171.4

226.0
165.2
217.2
174.8

248.8
172.7
218.7
179.2

258.7
178.4
226.5
185.6

258.1
178.0
229.4
186. 2

243. 5
161.9
215.8
160.5

293.1
202.1

295.4
197.8

294.9
187.4

296.1
181.9

291.7
175. 4

287.7
188.8

280.9
190.7

290.2
197.5

301.8
192.6

304.8
181.9

300.3
184.0

298.4
188.7

296.9
195.1

272.4
185. 1

291.5

290.7

291.8

293.3

295.1

295.5

296.7

299.6

298.3

296.7

295.8

294.7

290.1

268.4

444.2

448.8

454.2

456.9

456.7

459.3

460.9

467.1

471.2

475.1

477.4

489.1

503.1

344.1

245.8
265.6
196.7
198.7
106.0
208.2
161.3

258.5
265.4
196.5
198.5
105.7
206.6
166.5

252.4
266.8
196.0
198.1
105.3
205.1
184.3

241.2
263.3
195.0
197.1
104.4
202.8
216.7

226.9
261.2
194.0
195.8
104.5
202.8
241.8

224.2
258.3
191.2
192.7
104. 9
203.1
243.4

219.7
195.4
2.59.4
226.2
160.4
189.7
191.2
162.0
104.8 203.0
174.2
239.3
148.4

91.9
84.2

92.0
85.3

92.7
88.8

93.2
92.6

94.9
96.6

95.1
99.2


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

June
1950

181.8

235.9
269.6
199.6
201.8
105.5
210.3
221.4

230.6
267.4
197.0
198.3
105.4
210.1
217.2

229.0
266.4
195.7
196.0
105.1
209.7
208.7

223.5
265.3
193.3
193.3
105.1
210.0
169.1

225.3
266.2
193.7
194.2
105.5
209.8
164.0

231.1
266. 1
195.0
196.6
106.0
209.6
165.9

88.6
78.3

88.8
78.5

88.6
74.6

89.2
73.9

89.8
73.3

88.5
83.0

95.4

96.3

96.4

95.9

93.3

96.3

95.8

98.7

98.5

96.9

96.3

98.5

97.8

258.1
267.7
203.0

288.7
269.4
193.2

366.9
265.5
188.6

395.9
277.9
170.0

310.0
278.7
164.3

279.7
282. 1
159.9

239.4
281.5
160.8

229.2
273.4
156.2

218.8
269.9
161.7

204.3
267.7
164.7

191.2
270.5
175.8

178.4
269.9
189.3

203.0
265.6
194.4

301.1
271.9
172.8

167.4
199.4
218.7
186.7
219.1
312.7
263.6
114.0

214.8
286.2
216.2
177.8
234.3
354.4
407.2
151.8

235.3
287.6
216.8
171.3
250.7
360.1
444.8
204.9

161.2
229.7
220.9
166.9
276.7
351.9
470.7
217.0

236.8
327.6
234.7
199.3
370.1
333.7
433.4
201.4

258.8
235.5
193.4
184.5
382.2
307.0
387.7
231.8

250.4
198.1
196.3
166.0
313.3
282.0
331.2
192.9

238.1
260.0
220.0
145.4
250. 9
270.5
309.9
160.7

191.3
419.8
291.7
256.5
242.6
289.5
299.7
189.0

208.0
268.0
281.8
272.8
209.0
266.2
265.2
222.4

246.2
217.2
289.4
232.1
196.6
247.5
234.4
144.3

188.4
160.5
235.9
186.4
177.0
215.2
227.5
142.8

185.4
153.7
241.1
16.8.1
168.6
193.3
265.8
101.5

151.0
174.3
181.7
167.3
187. 1
219.3
209.4
208.3

173.1
175.9

172.8
176.1

172.4
176.2

173.6
176.6

180.0
176.6

178.8
176.5

179.7
176.4

180.0
176.8

179.1
176.7

178.3
177.3

177.6
177.6

177.9
177.8

177.0
177.4

140. 1
172.0

176.5
196.3
115.3
101.9
257.7
222.6

174.4
192.7
112.8
102.0
256.0
220.4

173.0
193.8
112.4
101.8
256.0
216.7

172.6
193.1
111.7
102.0
256.0
214.2

172.2
195.2
111.8
102.0
256.2
213.6

172.0
194.8
112.3
102.1
256.3
213.7

171.2
195.9
113.0
102.0
256.2
212.9

171.3
194.2
113.0
102.0
259.0
214.5

169.5
195.1
113.0
101.9
260.6
214. 0

168.3
195.4
114.3
101.9
261.6
213.9

166.7
194.2
114.6
101. 7
263.1
211.9

165.3
194.8
115.5
101.7
268.7
213.1

165.7
200.7
116.9
101.7
274.9
216.8

138.4
161.6
114.3

344.5
111.8

344.7
111.6

344.8
111.3

345.0
111. 3

345.2
111.2

345.8
111.4

345.9
111.2

345.9
111.2

345.2
111.3

345.4
111.2

345.5
110.8

345.1
110.2

345.3
294.9
109.1 —

118.2
158.0
143.1
159.2

122.2
157.7
142.6
158.5

120.7
157.8
142.0
156.7

122.4
158.1
141.1
153.9

118.3
159.1
142.9
151.8

124.8
162.8
146.7
151.6

130.3
165.6
147.9
153.8

143.7
170.7
151.1
157.2

149.8
174.0
153.6
165.4

155.5
176.6
153.4
169. 4

158.3
177.2
152.8
170.5

167.7
178.4
153.0
171.2

163.1
179.4
156.9
172.8

116.0
155.6
142.1
161.1

195.6
98.1

195.1
98.0

193.3
98.4

192.2
97.5

191.2
98.2

189.1
98.9

187.0
98.2

187.9
98.3

188.7
98.8

188.8
99.6

189.1
100.0

189.8
99. 4

191.6
99.3

175.3

i July 1947=100.
February 1943=100.
* Average price based on 52 cities; index on 56 cities.
< December 1950= 100.
» Priced in 46 cities.
*Priced in 23 cities.

*

Indexes 1935-39= 100
Aug.
1952

51. 2
64.5

Fish:

Salmon, pink 3- . . 16-ounce can..
Dairy products:
____ pound..
■Rnt.t.pr
_____
Cheese. American p rocess------- do. .
M ilk, fresh (delivered).. ___..q u a rt..
M ilk, fresh (grocery)__ _______ do___
Trp rrftflm 4
______ _______ p in t..

M ONTHLY LABOR

7Priced in 33 cities.

« 1938-39=100.
• Priced in 47 cities.
October 1949= 100.
54 cities.
Average price based on 50 cities; index on 56 cities.

10
11
12

95.6
100.2

237.8
202.7

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

T able

597

D : PRICES AND COST OF LIV IN G

D-7: Indexes of Wholesale Prices, by Group of Commodities
[1947-49=100] >
Aug.
1952

Sept.
1952

Commodity group
All commodities..............................................

111.7

Farm products......................„.................
Processed foods........................................ .

106.4
110. 5

All commodities other than farm and food

113.1

Textile products and apparel________
Hides, skins, and leather products___
Fuel, power, and lighting materials....
Chemicals and allied products............. .

99.5
96.5
106.1
104.0

'

112. 2

All commodities other than farm and food—Continued

109.
110. 5

Rubber and products................................. ....................
Lumber and wood products_____________________
Pulp, paper, and allied products_________________
Metals and metal products.. ________ ____ ______
Machinery and motive products____ ____ _____
Furniture and other household durables__________
Nonmetallic minerals—structural. .............................
Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages_____
Miscellaneous_____________________________ . .

» 99.1
96.5
1105.8
104.0

1 The revised wholesale price index (1947-49=100) is the official index
for January 1952 and subsequent months. The official index for December
1951 and previous dates is the former index (1926=100)— see table D-7a.
The revised index has been computed back to January 1947 for purposes
of comparison and analysis. Beginning with January 1952 the index is
based on prices for one day in the month. Prices are collected from manu-

T a ble

Sept.
1952

Commodity group

126.3
120.4
115.7
124.5
121.4
111.9
113.8

110.8
108.3

Aug.
1952

» 127. 8
” 120. 5
115.6
» 124.1
121.4
” 111.5
113.8
110.8

108.9

facturers and other producers. In some cases they are secured from trade
publications or from other Government agencies which collect price quota­
tions in the course of their regular work. For a more detailed description
of the index, see A Description of the Revised Wholesale Price Index,
M onthly Labor Review, February 1952 (p. 180).
* Corrected.

D-7a: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group of Commodities, for Selected Periods
11926=100]

All
com­
modi­
ties

Farm
prod­
ucts

Foods

Hides
and
leather
prod­
ucts

Tex­
tile
prod­
ucts

Fuel
and
light­
ing
mate­
rials

Average_____
J u ly _______
November__
M a y ________
Average_____

69.8
67.3
136.3
167.2
95.3

71.5
71.4
150.3
169.8
104. 9

64.2
62.9
128.6
147.3
99.9

68.1
69.7
131.6
193.2
109.1

57.3
55.3
142.6
188.3
90.4

61.3
55.7
114.3
159.8
83.0

90.8
79.1
143.5
155.5
100.5

56.7
52.9
101.8
164.4
95.4

80.2
77.9
178.0
173.7
94.0

1932: Average_____
1939: Average_____
August______
1940: Average_____

64.8
77.1
75.0
78.6

48.2
65.3
61.0
67.7

61.0
70.4
67.2
71.3

72.9
95.6
92.7
100.8

54.9
69.7
67.8
73.8

70.3
73.1
72.6
71.7

80.2
94.4
93.2
95.8

71.4
90.5
89.6
94.8

1941: Average_____
December___
1942: A v e r a g e .___
1943: Average..........
1944: Average..........

87.3
93.6
98.8
103.1
104.0

82.4
94.7
105.9
122.6
123.3

82.7
90.5
99.6
106.6
104.9

108.3
114.8
117.7
117.5
116.7

84.8
91.8
96.9
97.4
98.4

76.2
78.4
78.5
80.8
83.0

99.4
103.3
103.8
103.8
103.8

1945: Average.........
August______

105.8
105.7

128.2
126.9

106.2
106.4

118.1
118.0

100.1
99.6

84.0
84.8

1946: Average_____
June _______
November___
1947: Average_____
1948: Average_____
1949: Average_____
1950: Average_____
December___
1951: Average........ .

121.1
112.9
139.7
152.1
165.1
155.0
161.5
175.3
180.4

148.9
140.1
169.8
181.2
188.3
165.5
170.4
187.4
196.1

130.7
112.9
165.4
168.7
179.1
161.4
166.2
179.0
186.9

137.2
122.4
172.5
182. 4
188.8
180.4
191.9
218. 7
221.4

116.3
109.2
131.6
141.7
149.8
140.4
148.0
171.4
172.2

1951: Jan u a ry ____
February........
M arch........... .
April............
M ay________
J u n e ...............
July_________
August............
September___
October_____
November___
December........

180.2
183.7
184.0
183.6
182.9
181.7
179.4
178.0
177.6
178.1
178.3
177.8

194.2
202.6
203.8
202.5
199.6
198.6
194.0
190.6
189.2
192.3
195.1
193.6

182.2
187.6
186.6
185.8
187.3
186.3
186.0
187.3
188.0
189.4
188.8
187.3

235.4
238.7
236.9
233.3
232.6
230.6
221.9
213.7
212.1
208.3
196.6
192.3

178.4
181.0
183.0
182.7
182.0
177.9
173.2
167.4
163.1
157.7
159.4
160.5

Year and month

1913:
1914:
1918:
1920:
1929:

Metals Build­ Chem­
Houseicals
and
furand
ing
nishmetal mate­
allied
prod­
ing
rials
prod­ goods
ucts
ucts


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

All
com­
modi­
ties
ex­
cept
farm
prod­
ucts
and
foods

M is­
cella­
neous
com­
modi­
ties

Raw
mate­
rials

56.1
56.7
99.2
143.3
94.3

93.1
88.1
142.3
176.5
82.6

68.8
67.3
138.8
163.4
97.5

74.9
67.8
162.7
253.0
93.9

69.4
66.9
130.4
157.8
94.5

69.0
65.7
131.0
165.4
93.3

70.0
65.7
129.9
170.6
91.6

73.9
76.0
74.2
77.0

75.1
86.3
85.6
88.6

64.4
74.8
73.3
77.3

65.1
70.2
66.5
71.9

59.3
77.0
74.5
79.1

70.3
80.4
79.1
81.6

68.3
79.5
77.9
80.8

70.2
81.3
80.1
83.0

103.2
107.8
110.2
111.4
115.5

84.4
90.4
95.5
94.8
95.2

94.3
101.1
102.4
102.7
104.3

82.0
87.6
89.7
92.2
93.6

83.5
92.3
100.6
112.1
113.2

86.9
90.1
92.6
92.9
94.1

89.1
94.6
98.6
100.1
100.8

88.3
93.3
97.0
98.7
99.6

89.0
93.7
95.5
96.9
98.5

104.7
104.7

117.8
117.8

95.2
95.3

104.5
104.5

94.7
94.8

116.8
116.3

95.9
95.5

101.8
101.8

100.8
100.9

99.7
99.9

90.1
87.8
94.5
108.7
134.2
131.7
133.2
135. 7
138.2

115.5
112.2
130.2
145. 0
163.6
170.2
173.6
184.9
189.2

132.6
129.9
145.5
179.7
199.1
193.4
206.0
221.4
225.5

101.4
96.4
118.9
127.3
135.7
118.6
122.7
139.6
143.3

111.6
110.4
118.2
131.1
144.5
145.3
153.2
170.2
176.0

100.3
98.5
106.5
115.5
120. 5
112.3
120.9
140. 5
141.0

134.7
126.3
153.4
165.6
178.4
163.9
172.4
187.1
192.4

110.8
105.7
129.1
148.5
158.0
150.2
156.0
178.1
177.6

116.1
107.3
134.7
146.0
159.4
161.2
156.8
169.0
174.9

114.9
106.7
132.9
145.5
159.8
152.4
159.2
172.4
176.7

109.5
105.6
120.7
135.2
151.0
147.3
153.2
166.7
169.4

136.4
138.1
138.6
138.1
137.5
137.8
137.9
138.1
138.8
138. 9
139.1
139.2

187.5
188.1
188.8
189.0
188.8
188.2
187.9
188.1
189.1
191.2
191.5
191.7

226.2
228.2
228.6
228.6
227.7
225. 6
223.8
222.6
223.1
223.6
224.5
224.0

147.5
150.2
149.3
147.2
145. 7
142.3
139.4
140.1
140.8
141.1
138.7
137.9

175.0
175.7
179.1
180.4
180.1
179. 5
178.8
175.3
172.4
171.7
172.0
172.0

142.4
142.7
142.5
142.7
141.7
141.7
138.8
138.2
138.5
139.2
141.3
141.6

192.6
198.9
199.4
197.7
195.5
194.7
189.9
187.5
187.0
188.9
189.6
188.8

184.9
187.0
187.4
187.0
186.4
180.0
174.0
170.0
168.8
168.3
168.7
167.9

173.3
175.6
175.9
176.1
176.2
175.6
175.1
174.4
174.2
174.3
174.1
173.9

176.9
179.3
179.4
179.2
179.0
177.8
176.0
174.9
174.8
174.8
174.3
174.1

170.4
171.9
172.6
172.3
171.6
170.6
168.6
167.2
167.0
166.6
166.9
166.9

i This index (1926=100) is the official index for December 1951 and all
previous dates. The revised index (1947-49=100) is the official index for
January 1952 and subsequent dates—see tables D-7 and D-8. BLS whole­
sale price data, for the most part, represent prices in primary markets. They
are prices charged by manufacturers or producers or are prices prevailing on
organized exchanges.
2 2 6 6 7 2 — 52------- 8

All
com­
modi­
ties
ex­
cept
farm
prod­
ucts

Semi- M anu­
manufac­
factured
tured
prod­
articles ucts

For a detailed description of the method of calculation for this series see
November 1949 M onthly Labor Review, Compiling M onthly and Weekly
Wholesale Price Indexes (p. 541).

D : PRICE S AND COST OF L IVING

598
T a ble D - 8 :

M ONTHLY LABOR

Indexes of Wholesale Prices, by Group and Subgroup of Commodities 1
[1947-49=100]
Sept.2
1952

Commodity group

Aug.
1952

111.7

« 112.2

Farm products
_________________________________
Fresh and dried produce______ _________________
Grains
___________________________
TJvpstock and poultry.. ________________________
Plant and animal fibers_________________________
Fluid m ilk__ __ _____________________________
Eggs
-- ________________________________
____________________________
Flay and seeds
Other farm products
_________________

109.4
115.6
96.9
99.3
113. 3
112.1
112.5
96.4
136.6

109.9
» 124.3
96.9
106.4
» 115.0
o 110.1
» 114. 2
99.9
137.0

Processed foods____________________________________
Cereal and bakery products_____________________
Meats poultry, fish
________________________
Dairy products and ice cream____________________
Harmed frozen, fruits and vegetables____________
Sugar and confectionery. _______________________
Packaged beverage materials____________________
Animal fats and oils. ___________________________
Crude vegetable oils __________________________
Befined vegetable oils
____________________
Vegetable oil end products_______________________
Other processed foods___________________________

110.5
106.5
110.1
116.4
106.1
110. 5
161.9
60.4
63.3
65.7
80.8
127.6

110.5
106.4
112.3
114.3
0 105.1
» 110.7
» 161. 9
63.1
» 62.1
o 68.6
<=79.2
» 125.2

All commodities

_____________________________

All commodities other than farm and foods _

113.1

o 113.0

Textile products and a p p a rel_______________________
Cotton products________________________________
Wool produ cts_________________________________
Synthetic textiles_____ - ________________________
Silk products. _________________________________
Apparel.. _________________ - __________________
Other textile products. _________________________

99.5
99.1
112.2
90.0
139.3
99.3
95.0

o 99.1
97.6
o 113.3
90.5
139.3
» 99.1
90.4

Hiftes, qkins, and leather products __________________
Hides and skins________________________________
Feather __ __________________________________
Footwear. _____ ______________________________
Other leather p ro d u cts___ _____________________

96.5
64.1
89.3
110. 6
99.9

96.5
» 64.4
89.3
110.6
° 100.1

Fuel, power, and lighting materials__________________
C oal _ _______________________________________
Coke
______________________________________
Gas _ _ ____________________________________
Electricity_____________________________________
Petroleum and products
_ _______________

106.1
107.7
124.3
3 100.4
4 100.7
108.5

» 105.8
106.5
124.3
” 100.4
» 100. 7
108.3

Chemicals and allied products_______________________
Industrial chemicals
______
Paint and paint materials_______________________
Drugs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics_______________
Fats and oils, inedible___________________________
Mixed fertilizer._ ______________________________
Fertilizer materials___ __________________________
Other chemicals and products___________________

104.0
114.3
107.0
92.1
48.9
110.2
111.0
103.0

104.0
114.6
» 106. 9
92.1
47.5
108.7
110.9
103.1

Rubber and products ______________________________
Crude rubber___________________________________
Tires and tubes__ ______________________________
Other rubber products.............. ..................................—

o 127.8
126.3
128.3
o 136. 3
126.3
126.3
125.2 !
125.2

i See footnote 1, table D-7.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 Preliminary.

Corrected.

Commodity group

Sept.2
1952

Aug.
1952

Lumber and wood products_________ ____ ____
Lumber________________________________
M illwork................... ...........................................
Plywood................ .......................... ....................

120.4
120.6
127.1
106.0

« 120.5
« 120.6
127.2
« 106.0

Pulp, paper, and allied products........................... .
Woodpulp.............................................................
Wastepaper_______ ______ _______________
Paper......................................................................
Paperboard......... ............ .............. .....................
Converted paper and paperboard_________
Building paper and board.................................

115.7
109.3
78.5
124.0
124.6
112.8
115.8

115.6
109.3
65.7
124.0
124.6
113.0
115.8

M etals and metal products___________________
Iron and steel_____ _________________ ____
Nonferrous metals..................... .........................
Metal containers__________________ ____
Hardware______________________________
Plumbing equipment_________ ____ ______
Heating equipment--------------------------------Structural metal products.................................
Nonstructural metal products____________

124.5
127.4
124.7
123.9
123.8
118.1
113.7
115.6
125.4

« 124.1
o 127. 2
» 124.4
120.7
123.8
118.1
» 113.7
115.4
« 124.6

Machinery and motive products_____________
Agricultural machinery and equipment-----Construction machinery and equipment---M etal working machinery.......... .............. .......
General purpose machinery and equipment.
Miseellaneous machinery________________
Electrical machinery and equipment______
Motor vehicles.....................................................

121.4
121.5
125.9
129.1
122.2
119.1
119.8
119.7

121.4
121. 5
o 125. 3
» 129.1
122.2
» 119.1
» 119.8
119.7

Furniture and other household durables..............
Household furniture____________________
Commercial furniture____________________
Floor covering___________________________
Household appliances........................................
Radio, TV , and phonographs..........................
Other household durable g o o d s ....................

111.9
112.6
122.5
122.2
106.9
93.7
119.5

o 111.5
« 112.5
122.5
o 118.9
106.8
»93.7
» 119.4

N onm etalic minerals—structural...... ....................
Flat glass..............................................................
Concrete ingredients_____________________
Concrete products—_____________________
Structural clay products..................................
Gypsum products____ ___________________
Prepared asphalt roofing...................................
Other nonmetallic minerals_______________

113.8
114.4
112.9
112.7
121.3
117.7
106.0
112.0

113.8
114.4
112.9
112.4
121.3
117.7
106.0
111.9

Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages...
Cigarettes__________________________ ____
Cigars_______ _______ ___________________
Other tobacco products_____ ____________
Alcoholic beverages_________ ____________
Nonalcoholic beverages__________________

110.8
105. 7
102.4
118.4
111.2
119.7

110.8
105. 7
102.0
118.4
111.2
119.7

M iscellaneous_____________ ______ ___________
Toys, sporting goods, small arms_____ ____
Manufactured animal feeds..............................
Notions and accessories__________________
Jewelry, watches, photo equipment—...........
Other miscellaneous........ ................. ....... .........

108.3
113.1
108.3
90.8
101.1
120.5

108.9
» 113.1
109.5
90.8
101.1
120.8

3Calculated fromJuly data.

4Calculated fromJune data.

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

599

E: W O R K STOPPAGES

E: Work Stoppages
T a ble

E -l: Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes 1
Workers involved in stoppages

Number of stoppages

Man-days idle during month
or year

Month and year
Beginning in
month or year

In effect dur­
ing month

Beginning in
month or year

2,862
750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4, 843

September

_ _ _ _______ __________________
________________________________

December

_________________________________

505
457
487
305
186

727
693
728
521
357

213,000
215,000
248,000
84,000
81,500

1952: January 3 __ _ _______________________________
F e b ru a ry 3
_______________________________ March 3
_ ___________________________ ____
April3
________________________________
May 3
_______________________________
.Tone 3
__________________ _____ __
July 3
_______________________ ________
A ugust3 3
_____________________ - __________
September *_.........................................................................

400
350
400
475
475
425
425
450
475

600
550
600
650
675
650
650
675
700

190,000
185,000
240,000
1,000,000
300, 000
170,000
125, 000
225,000
230,000

1951* August
O ctober
N ovem ber

_ _ ________________________________
_ _ _ __________________________

i,

• All known work stoppages, arising out of labor-management disputes,
involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift
are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “work­
ers involved’’ and “man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for one or
more shifts in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Number

Percent of esti­
mated work­
ing time

16,900,000
38,000,000
116,000,000
34,600,000
34,100,000
50, 500,000
38, 800,000

0.27
.47
1. 43
.41
.37
.59
.44

314,000
340,000
365,000
191,000
130,000

2, 640,000
2, 540, 000
2, 790,000
1, 610,000
1,020,000

.28
.33
.30
.19
.13

250,000
250,000
320,000
1, 200, 000
1, 200, 000
1,000,000
850,000
310,000
360, 000

1,250,000
1,270,000
1, 400,000
5, 300,000
7, 500,000
14,000.000
12,500, 000
2,100,000
3,200,000

.14
.15
.17
.61
.90
1.68
1.44
.25
.37

1,130,000
3i 470,000
4, 600,000
2,170,000
1,960,000
3,030,000
2,410,000

______
.............................................
_ . ........................................
_ _____________
_ _______ ____
_ _ _____________
- _____________

1935—
39 (average)
1945
1Q4fi
1Q47
1948
]Q49
19*0

In effect dur­
ing month

measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or indus­
tries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
1Preliminary.
s Does not include memorial stoppage in coal mining industry.

600

F: BUILDING AND

CONSTRUCTION

MONTHLY LABOR

F: Building and Construction
T able F - l: Expenditures for New Construction 1
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions) *
Type of construction

1952 2
Oct.8

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1951 8

M ay

April

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

19512

1950

Total

Total

Total new construction8.................................. $3,007 $3, 098 $3,095 $3,027 $2,945 $2, 743 $2, 516 $2,332 $2,088 $2,174 $2, 366 $2, 624 $2,849 $30,893 $28,749
Private construction____________________ 1,982
Residential building (nonfarm)..........
1,040
N ew dwelling units______________
930
92
Additions and alterations________
Nonhousekeeping»_______________
18
Nonresidential building (nonfarm) 8__
437
Industrial_______________________
190
Commercial______________
_
106
Warehouses, office and loft
buildings__________________
46
Stores, restaurants, and garages
60
141
Other nonresidential building____
Religious- _________________
39
Educational . . . . . . _______
33
Social and recreational_______
12
Hospital and institutional' ___
31
Miscellaneous_______ ______
26
Farm construction__________________
139
Public utilities______________________
359
Railroad___ _ _ ________________
36
Telephone and telegraph_________
49
Other public utilities____________
274
All other private 8 ________________
7
Public construction._ .
_______________ 1,025
Residential building
. _ ________
50
Nonresidential building (other than
military or naval facilities)_________
363
Industrial_______________________
152
Educational ___________________
137
Hospital and institutional________
40
Other nonresidential. . . _________
34
Military and naval facilities 10________
128
Highways____________________ _____
320
Sewer and water___ ____________ ____
62
Miscellaneous public service enterprises 11_______
________________
20
Conservation and development______
77
All other public u . ______ ___________
5

2,030
1,049
935
96
18
430
187
101

2,037
1,047
930
99
18
418
181
98

1,994
1,023
905
101
17
411
180
97

1,925
983
865
103
15
404
182
92

1,811
922
810
99
13
392
188
82

1,690
849
750
87
12
386
194
73

1,617
799
710
77
12
398
202
74

1,463
676
600
63
13
406
209
75

1,517
719
650
56
13
415
209
83

1,674
840
760
66
14
415
200
92

1,818
930
832
84
14
425
200
96

44
57
142
38
32
12
33
27
168
376
37
48
291
7
1,068
53

43
55
139
36
31
12
34
26
183
381
37
48
296
8
1,058
55

39
58
134
33
30
11
35
25
180
371
36
47
288
9
1,033
53

36
56
130
31
29
10
35
25
171
359
36
47
276
8
1,020
54

34
48
122
29
26
9
34
24
157
333
33
46
254
7
932
54

33
40
119
28
26
9
33
23
136
313
32
45
236
6
826
54

33
41
122
29
26
9
33
25
123
292
30
46
216
5
715
55

36
39
122
30
27
9
32
24
113
263
27
41
195
5
625
58

39
44
123
31
28
9
32
23
110
267
30
41
196
6
657
63

41
51
123
32
28
8
33
22
110
303
37
40
226
6
692
66

41
55
129
34
29
9
34
23
126
331
41
42
248
6
806
68

41
54
140
38
31
10
36
25
148
351
40
44
267
6
941
66

544
827
1, 664
' 452
345
104
419
284
1,800
3, 695
399
487
2,809
64
9,209
595

402
886
1, 427
' 409
294
247
344
133
1, 791
3Ì 330
315
440
2, 575
112
7,139
345

369
156
137
41
35
127
350
63

373
162
137
42
32
129
335
65

375
162
138
43
32
121
320
63

375
164
138
42
31
119
310
62

356
151
136
41
28
116
250
60

343
138
135
42
28
109
175
56

311
114
131
39
27
100
115
51

275
88
128
36
23
85
90
46

286
92
130
37
27
91
90
48

289
95
131
36
27
88
111
50

300
97
134
37
32
100
187
55

318
105
136
40
37
103
293
58

3,471
’ 958
1, 531
498
484
887
2, 400
706

2, 402
224
1,163
476

22
79
5

20
75
6

19
76
6

18
76
6

18
72
6

15
68
6

13
65
5

11
56
4

12
62
5

12
72

15
76
5

20
78
5

213
860
77

186
881
96

1 Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of
Labor, and the Building Materials Division, U. 8. Department of Com­
merce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the monetary value
of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These
figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported in the
tabulations for building authorized (tables F-3 and F-4) and the data on
value of contract awards reported in table F-2.
1 Revised.
* Preliminary.
* Includes major additions and alterations.
» Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
* Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are included under “ Public utilities.”

4

1,908 21, 684
963 10,973
858 9,849
91
934
14
190
440 5,152
205 2,117
95 1,371

539

177
2,381
671

TIncludes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
8 Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges, and
miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
• Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
19 Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding (except for pro­
duction facilities, which are included in public industrial building).
11 Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power
systems, and local transit facilities.
18 Covers public construction not elsewhere classified, such as parks, play­
grounds, and memorials.

*N O T E — These data incorporate extensive downward revisions in m ilitary and naval construction expendi­
tures for months in 1951 and 1952, because of modified reports subm itted by the Corps of Engineers.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

21, 610
12,600
Ili 525
900
175
3, 777
1,062
1,288

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952
T able

F: BUILDING AND

601

CONSTRUCTION

F-2: Value of Contracts Awarded and Force-Account Work Started on Federally Financed
New Construction, by Type of Construction 1
Value (in thousands)

Type of construction

1952
Aug.

Total new construction

July

June*

M ay

1951

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept,

Aug.

1951

1950

Total

Total

$227, 748 $203, 658 $596,883 $285,047 $358, 525 $265,187 $202,100 $260,887 $208, 507 $190, 610 $189,117 $264,023 $281,797 $4, 201,939 $2,805,214

Airfields *.........................
8,012
3,924
Building.......................... 107, 989 68, 418
R esid en tial................
362
3,367
N onresidential______ 104, 622 68, 056
Educational * _____
8,941
9,073
Hospital and insti­
tutional............. .
29, 054
6,931
Administrative and
general *________
1,022
2,514
Other nonresidential
b u ild in g ..........
65, 605 49, 538
Airfield buildings ®.
7,701
4,131
Industrial7______ 19,119
9,974
Troop housing___
18,095 20,305
Warehouses. .......... 10, 551
4,165
M iscellaneous*__
10,139 10,963
Conservation and de­
velopm ent.................
7, 912
3, 727
R eclam ation................
2,894
659
River, harbor, and
flood control..............
5,018
3,068
Highways.......................... 93,360 105, 449
E lectrification.......... .
895 14, 464
All other •........... ............
9, 580
7,676

17, 556
6,020
3,833
6, 949
3,371
369,355 143,940 144, 461 144, 054 104,876
2,067
668
530
178
280
367, 288 143,272 143, 931 143,876 104, 596
12,290
879
5,896
3, 318
6,508

10,170
72, 316
112
72, 204
9,825

278,630
9,096 14, 532 15, 535
58,183
72,709 109,893 151,381 2,179, 280 1,369, 617
46
179
64
8, 966
15,445
72,663 109, 714 151, 317 2,170, 314 1, 354,172
12, 229
9,723
8,038
60, 570
3,123

20,060

15,171

23, 270

10, 902

10, 629

5,745

10,653

10,867

14, 601

29, 634

23,825

305, 787

11,891

3,422

615

3, 266

1,717

2,236

1,570

1,265

1,812

15, 673

2,807

57,146

58,794

323,047 123,800 114,150 126, 390
7,773
2,702
5,310
6, 461
166,522 48, 511 31,161 43, 645
58,360 23,178 36, 534 28, 492
38,013 35,998 28, 256 29, 765
52,379 13,411 12,889 18,027

85, 742
2, 041
6, 764
23, 962
32, 427
20, 548

85, 451
905
11, 703
25,020
28,133
19,690

95, 399
1,787
32, 274
47, 293
6, 734
7,311

50, 247
309
27, 973
656
12, 547
8,762

44, 021
3, 903
10, 890
1,201
4,850
23,177

54, 684 116, 647 1, 746,811
91,911
11,013 15,685
892, 384
22,033 47,006
3,055
5,633
225, 909
3,229
3,156
75,824
15, 427 45, 094
460,783

896,169
32, 450
745, 037
2,589
45,437
70, 656

44,720
10,923

396,086

50, 433
34, 637

15, 246
5,461

24,382
5,470

26, 389
527

13,852
2,423

28, 449
2,017

19, 429
6,244

47, 493
6,409

9,816
1, 953

396,841
86,928

321, 458
81,768

33,797
6,635 15, 796
124,689 105, 228 101, 566
9,039 10,896 49, 681
31, 524 10,137
8,551

9,785
79, 605
12, 738
6,595

18,912
60, 971
2,960
5,540

25,862
66, 430
49, 523
12,104

11,429
53, 373
6, 464
15,847

26,432
69, 554
2,711
7,410

13,185
65, 375
3, 614
18,894

41, 084
68, 419
5, 671
18, 015

7,863
91, 588
2,730
10, 747

309, 913
850,946
281, 251
214, 991

239, 690
836,015
156, 981
62,960

8,826
2,191

1 Excludes classified military projects, but includes projects for the Atomic
Energy Commission. Data for Federal-aid programs cover amounts contrib­
uted by both owner and the Federal Government. Force-account work is
done not through a contractor, but directly by a Government agency, using a
separate work force to perform nonmaintenance construction on the agency’s
own properties.
1 Includes major additions and alterations.
* Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other
nonresidential” building construction.
4 Includes projects under the Federal School Construction Program, which
provides aid for areas affected by Federal Government activities.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

9,315
3,340
97,126 115,631
310
306
96,816 115, 325
3,384
7, 703

• Includes post offices, armories, offices, and customhouses.
• Includes all buildings on civilian airports and military airfields and air
bases with the exception of barracks and other troop housing, which are in­
cluded under “ Troop housing.”
7 Covers all industrial plants under Federal Government ownership, in­
cluding those which are privately operated.
1 Includes types of buildings not elsewhere classified.
• Includes sewer and water projects, railroad construction, and other types
of projects not elsewhere classified.
“During June, the last month in the fiscal year, volume is relatively high
because of the large number of contracts customarily awarded.

602

F: BUILD IF O AND

MONTHLY LABOR

CONSTRUCTION

T able F-3: Urban Building Authorized, by Principal Class of Construction and by Type of Building 1
Number of new dwelling units—House­
keeping only

Valuation (in thousands)
N ew residential building

Privately financed

Housekeeping

Period
Total all
classes1

NonPublicly housefinanced keeping 3
dwell­
Multiing
family 4 units

Privately financed dwelling units
Total

1942,....................- ........... $2,707, 573 $598, 570
1946.-............................... 4, 743,414 2.114,833
1947................................... 5, 563,348 2,885,374
1948................................... 6,972,784 3, 422, 927
1949................................- 7,396, 274 3, 724, 924
1950................................... 10,408, 292 5. 803,912
1951......... .......................... 8,895,430 4,375, 520

1-family

2-fam­
ily 3

$478,658
1,830, 260
2, 361,752
2, 745, 219
2,845,399
4,845,104
3,814, 922

$42,629
103, 042
151,036
181,493
132,365
179, 214
170,392

New non­
resi­
dential
building

Addi­
tions,
altera­
tions,
and
repairs

Total

1-fam­
ily

$77, 283 $296.933 $22,910 $1,510,688 $278, 472 184, 892 138,908
181, 531 355, 587 43,369 1, 458,602 771,023 430,195 358,151
372, 586
42,249 29,831 1,713,489 $92,404 502,312 393. 606
496, 215 139,334 38,034 2,367,940 1,004.549 516,179 392. 532
747. ICO 285,627 39,785 2, 408, 445 937.493 575,286 413, 543
779, 594 301,961 84, 508 3,127, 769 1,090,142 796,143 623,330
390, 206 579,634 37,4,67 2, 807,359 1,095,451 533,942 434,893

2-fam­
ily 3

Multi
fam­
ily ‘

15, 747 30,237
24,326 47,718
33, 423 75, 283
36, 306 87,341
26, 431 135,312
33,302 139, 611
29,743 69,306

Pub­
licly fi­
nanced

95, 946
98,310
5.833
15,114
32,194
34,363
66,044

1951: A u g u st............. September_____
October_______
November_____
December........ .

781, 644
838, 035
651,679
541. 096
429, 830

385,139
435, 867
344,329
264, 089
210, 328

333,986
379,690
306,172
235, 464
178, 004

15, 389
18,169
14,374
10,324
9, 572

35,764
38, 007
23,784
18, 301
22, 752

15,838
16,616
9,788
21,192
10, 669

4,100
7,684
4,880
2,369
1,014

272,987
282,659
196, 589
186,187
148,031

103, 581
95, 209
96, 092
67, 258
59, 788

47,182
50,492
42,175
32,682
26,805

38,036
40,371
35, 580
27,782
21, 238

2,669
2, 995
2, 477
1,766
1,700

6,477
7,126
4,118
3,134
3,867

1,706
1,860
1,017
2,308
1,234

1952: January________
February_______
March_________
April__________
M a y __________
June___________
July 6__________
A ugust7-----------

508, 470
595. 214
778, 897
843, 466
813,858
869, 290
806, 071
736, 756

266,719
345,009
407, 925
465, 375
443, 641
410, 751
419, 706
392,103

234,184
300,701
352, 857
409, 724
388. 300
367,746
368, 487
344, 307

12, 206
17,263
18, 794
20, 380
20, 599
17, 384
17, 282
18, 927

20,329
27,045
36, 274
35, 271
34, 742
25, 621
33, 936
28, 869

25,731
25,181
76, 903
73, 066
55,150
62,070
22, 554
12,119

1,247
1,607
4, 570
3, 307
5, 561
3,605
2,395
5, 781

145,675
146, 739
198, 888
208,317
204, 635
275,25C
252, 209
229,184

69. 098
76,678
90, 611
93, 401
104,871
117,614
109, 208
97, 568

34, 374
43.191
49, 942
56, 269
53, 228
48,841
50, 57C
47, 745

28. 376
34,978
40,136
45, 936
43, 572
41,075
41, 790
38, 794

2,386
3,017
3, 469
3, 558
3, 532
3,06C
2, 930'
3, 278

3,612
5,196
6,337
6,775
6 ,124|
4,706
5, 850
5, 673

3,185
2,975
9, 588
8,941
5. 996
6,868
2,483
1, 663

i Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private and State and local govern­
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula­
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from
other Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow
for lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc­
tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Urban is defined according to the 1940 Census, and includes all incorporated
places of 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1940 and a small number of places,
usually minor civil divisions, classified as urban under special rule.
Sums of components do not always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
* Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidential building.
3 Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores.
4 Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
6 Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
6 Revised.
1 Preliminary.

REVIEW , NOVEMBER 1952

T able

603

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

F-4: New Nonresidential Building Authorized in All Urban Places,1 by General Type and by
Geographic Division 2
Valuation (in thousands)

Geographic division and
type of new nonresi­
dential building

1952
AUg.8;

July

*

June

May

1951

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1951

1950

Total

Total

All ty p e s ........... ............. $229,184 $252, 209 $275,250 $204,635 $208, 317 $198,888 $146, 739'$145, 675 $148, 031 $186,187 $196, 589 $282, 659 $272, 987 $2, 807,359 $3,127, 700
197, 358
8,914 13, 812 19, 440
7, 566 14, 651 11, 294 16.170 32, 282
193, 386
New England.......... 16, 877 14,399 12,650
7, 522 10, 847
422, 549
516, 583
Middle Atlantic___ 37,055 31,872 44, 928 34, 294 29, 773 41, 738 26, 096 25,311 28, 958 29, 988 36,132 33, 408 47, 537
744,183
East North Central
54,116 60, 024 56, 541 66,073 45, 827 40, 238 34, 879 28, 136 33, 710 63, 408 52, 322 70, 698 68. 478
675, 555
204, 788
24, 510 22, 203 18, 057 18,356 20, 367 10,941 10,136
8,946 11, 181 17, 692 30, 799 13, 482
262, 737
West North Central
9, 732
301, 283
375, 803
21,184 24, 905 30,632 19, 557 20, 589 22, 784 21,615 17, 060 15, 687 18, 222 20, 962 39, 716 26, 266
South Atlantic. . . .
112. 622
8, 760
5,603
4,999
8. 176
144, 084
6,199
5, 040
6, 735
2, 939
East South Central. 10, 525 13, 980 19, 429
8,455
6, 556
287, 388
388, 201
West South Central. 14, 228 33,384 24,000 18, 994 25, 224 17, 503 15, 736 18,142 12, 635 15, 673 15, 777 28, 872 30, 699
101, 235
5,279
9, 088 11, 282 13, 311
112, 265
5,876
8,445 15, 275
5,477
6,411
5,229
M ountain_________
7, 763
5, 639
4,125
435, 953
44, 813 42, 998 53, 738 24,484 42, 208 31,378 20,074 24,073 32, 361 22,183 28, 324 43, 537 32,172
459,155
Pacific.. _________
22,884 36,877
Industrial buildings5. . .
3,226
N ew England_____
1, 679
3, 958
3,649
Middle Atlantic___
8,941
East North Central.
7,136
3, 515
3,154
West North Central.
2,044
551
South Atlantic __
2,382
East South Central.
2,089
1,133
1,505
West South Central.
774
M ountain.................
611
2, 571 10, 840
Pacific.. . . ______
Commercial buildings 6. 59, 580 56,611
2,804
4, 254
N ew England_____
8,804 10,064
Middle Atlantic___
East North Central. 13,414 10, 903
3, 808
8,730
West North Central.
7,427
6,887
South Atlantic____
3,474
2,030
East South Central.
7,999
5,356
West South Central.
2,243
1,567
M ountain_________
7,888
8, 538
Pacific____________
Community buildings 7_ 108, 062 106, 694
6,311
8, 560
New England_____
19, 958 12, 692
Middle Atlantic___
East North Central. 22,181 26, 889
9,713 11, 732
West North Central.
9, 770 10,199
South A tla n tic ____
3, 963
6,659
East South Central.
4,881 11, 275
West South Central.
3,680
2,337
M ountain_________
26, 698 17, 256
Pacific____________
Public buildings 8___
7, 523 10, 251
1,488
1, 022
New England____
54
1, 955
M iddle A tla n tic...
394
779
East North Central.
341
677
West North Central
438
2,583
South Atlantic____
730
113
East South Central.
300
361
W est South Central.
95
434
Mountain_________
2,663
Pacific________ . .
3,347
Public works and utility
7,684 23,454
buildings *________ .
78
122
New England ..
1,858
1, 749
Middle Atlantic___
East North Central.
1, 824
6,225
195
1,186
West North Central.
950
1,378
South A tlantic____
988
East South Central
649
807 10,645
W est South Central.
M ountain_________
397
559
588
942
Pacific________ —.
All other buildings 10___ 23,452 18,321
914
New England_____
817
2,424
1, 763
M iddle Atlantic___
9,166
6,286
East North Central.
2,041
1,620
West North Central.
2,588
1, 275
South Atlantic____
725
704
East South Central.
1, 751
1, 599
West South Central
M ountain................ .
869
755:
3,071
3,407
Pacific____________

33, 613
1,690
5,200
17,457
1,412
656
2,460
888
445
3,406
50,848
1,908
6,426
12, 508
4, 583
7,347
1,251
6, 961
2, 775
7,090
81,338
3,487
15,035
22,751
8,252
7,918
1,992
9,148
2,101
10,656
10,107
559
3,950
2,150
12
1,623
34
44
1,650
84

33,067
1, 570
6,068
6,683
1, 332
3, 108
354
4,421
246
9,285
54, 040
2,256
8,489
10, 904
4,867
8,457
1, 948
7, 552
2, 384
7, 183
79, 851
8, 277
11, 696
17, 036
11, 825
5,708
2, 057
10, 054
1, 082
12,116
12,216
6
461
1, 393
31
246
0
714
716
8,649

22, 517
1.010
4, 427
7,665
643
1, 728
2,212
536
216
4,080
54, 976
2, 751
16,120
8,133
3, 715
6, 369
3, 528
6, 500
1,500
6, 300
96, 367
14, 330
18, 950
18, 843
4, 569
13,081
2, 224
8, 681
1,636
14,053
4, 725
10
19
450
554
172
0
120
927
2,473

17, 391
2, 299
2,074
5, 859
1,300
939
340
1, 541
132
2,907
34, 434
1, 227
5, 398
6, 953
1, 724
5,957
1,146
4, 823
1,092
6,114
71, 769
3,406
17, 030
19, 032
5, 857
7,608
4, 528
6, 658
2, 005
5,645
3, 696
339
107
256
0
2,351
0
131
90
422

23, 222
5,939
3,940
4, 731
1,484
1, 570
662
1, 586
279
3, 031
33,184
1, 983
5,203
3,853
1, 537
5, 045
2,163
4, 995
2, 807
5, 598
64,084
2, 481
13,121
12, 447
6,137
8, 559
2, 639
7,321
1,140
10,239
4, 045
86
1,122
1, 522
0
52
1,000
60
18
185

17, 828
617
1, 599
9,236
1,131
499
248
1,185
293
3,021
43, 594
1,174
6,625
6,797
1,458
6,714
744
4,707
1, 835
13, 539
54, 910
4,799
19, 585
6, 503
5,382
5, 361
1,270
5, 310
1, 331
5,368
11, 593
265
48
7,934
345
2,093
0
305
0
604

58, 295
4,362
10, 100
36, 652
1,156
1,530
118
975
749
2,654
41, 348
1,314
8, 904
6,476
3, 776
4,853
1.738
4,132
1, 479
8, 674
59, 611
6,784
8,815
16, 095
4,593
7,356
1, 963
4, 814
2,038
7,153
6,063
780
38
937
8
195
0
3, 948
8
148

506,193
36, 206 36,163 48, 651
296, 803
31, 916
2,624
4, 600
1, 503
13, 999
6,634
9, 379
97,144
11, 546
55, 679
205, 815
12, 981 12, 218 22,165
110, 829
1,527
25, 306
1, 169
3, 887
23,369
22, 038
1,008
2,950
17, 019
1, 016
23. 914
4, 548
982
1, 590
13, 355
1,
475
18, 328
1,046
1, 048
17, 800
214
6,103
382
5, 469
308
3,735
75, 629
4, 830
5,655
39, 284
739, 908 1,122,583
47,144 91, 488 57, 360
5,947
36, 506
2, 535
1, 693
53, 675
111, 764
6, 631 12, 655 10, 815
212,645
155, 535
9,375 16, 487 10, 822
201,314
2, 424
43, 206
2, 934
4,977
94,104
7,244
99, 315
139, 990
9,346 17, 484
2, 074
36, 535
46, 076
3,078
1, 800
7,341
93,132
175,129
5,499 10, 946
1,034
26,185
2,143
4,398
47, 481
9,661
137, 730
7,722 18, 928
152,169
79, 016 114,163 122, 591 1,147, 356 1,200, 078
105, 739
8,083 •19, 971
107, 541
6,130
167,319
169, 036
14, 504 10, 375 13, 959
263, 047
275, 029
18, 821 29, 208 24, 604
105, 792
6,160
105, 603
9,734 16, 842
139, 562
179, 635
8,467 15,191 15, 786
43, 328
1, 775
2, 301
62, 529
1, 475
130,150
146, 688
6,248 13, 816 18, 361
51, 210
5, 111 10, 334
43, 296
4, 625
141, 209
170, 721
9,011 13, 236 11, 641
134, 894
108,196
4,362
5,879 16, 097
4,354
2, 58.4
200
521
889
16, 236
40,178
213 11,076
226
374
25,
332
897
9, 513
130
2, 084
244
4, 896
777
0
47
17, 419
15,008
2,666
40
9,279
271
36
0
56
15, 899
685
8,268
18
654
4,136
301
3, 240
0
1, 090
22,
466
41,
928
3,109
382
1,645

14, 284
8,321
1,647
102
5,724
1,383
2,981
3, 904
395
2,102
291
557
346
36
1,499
0
104
7
1,031
496
22,013 20,408
858
1,168
2,051
2,299
7,155
7,304
2, 515
1,995
3,635
1,723
405
426
1,532
1,956
1,070'
785
2,793 j 2,752

8,568
275
803
3,188
169
1,673
240
728
30
1, 462
20, 576
1,429
2,256
6,623
2,143
1, 398
440
1, 755
1,01S
3, 513

5, 779
1,008
268
1,020
479
247
112
272
0
2,373
14, 524
332
1,955
4,126
981
1,186
379
1, 334
2,131
2,100

8,163
28
644
816
238
3, 517
66
763
4
2, 087
11, 286
223
842
1, 963
1,017
1,243
476
1,821
802
2,899

12, 753
149
1,162
3,903
134
689
0
2,862
1.085
2, 769
8,387
209
762
1,680
441
1,144
271
1,318
310
2, 252

11, 674
205
187
1, 424
6
389
368
472
70
8, 553
8,433
506
914
1, 817
623
632
308
657
1,700
1,276

7,507
106
647
707
534
3, 555
8
845
440
664
13, 364
1, 305
1, 485
2,540
1,113
732
1, 776
958
565
2,891

9, 713
361
1,024
3, 960
1, 002
1,212
161
842
0
1,150
20,148
1, 086
2, 201
7, 054
2, 852
881
523
1,488
923
3,140

41,193
1,298
8, 552
13, 707
1,267
2,044
2, 270
2,306
288
9,461
65, 846
2,394
10,714
13, 203
4,738
8.159
2,405
11,469
4,267
8,497
88,886
3,640
12,035
16, 779
8,508
14,493
5,855
5,189
2,703
19,686
43,027
2,813
5,854
2, 717
632
1,745
8,148
2,007
6,842
12, 269

t Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
J For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1.
* Preliminary.
< Revised.
• Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
Industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

9,458
1,002
1, 354
3,722
1, 825
128
250
511
240
426
25, 508
1, 037
2, 176
8,166
2,492
1, 298
922
2, 532
1,151
5,735

8,809
624
348
3,309
889
324
0
1,727
240
1, 348
19, 478
941
1, 960
7,203
2, 238
1, 857
363
1 ,11(
1,128
2,677

115,708
8,801
11, 161
35, 028
9, 672
9, 629
1, 988
11, 058
2,094
26, 279
189, 998
10, 044
18, 925
59, 426
18, 727
13, 320
6, 587
18, 821
11, 507
32, 640

106,164
6,478
16,868
26,585
9,314
7,658
3,316
13,646
2,702
19, 597
207, 247
9,109
22,177
52. 285
25, 451
16,493
9, 529
26. 670
10,077
35.456

6 Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
TIncludes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries, etc.
..........
,
,
8 Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as post
offices, courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
armories, army barracks, etc.
,,
..
.
* Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses.radio stations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
. ..
10 Includes private garages, sheds, stables and barns, and other buildings
not elsewhere classified.

F : BTJILDINO AND CONSTRUCTION

604
T able F -5 :

Number and Construction Cost of New Permanent Nonfarm Dwelling Units Started, by
Urban or Rural Location, and by Source of Funds 1
Number of new dwelling units started
All units

Period
Total
non­
farm

Privately financed

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

1925________ ________ _____ _____
937,000
1933J______ ____________________
93,000
1941 * __________________________
706,100
1944 ‘__________________________
141,800
1946........- ____ _________________
670, 500
1947........................................................
849,000
931,600
1948___________________________
1949________ ____ ______________ 1,025,100
1950*______ _______ ____ ______ . . 1,396,000
1951___________________________ 1,091,300

752,000
45,000
434,300
96,200
403, 700
479,800
524, 900
588,800
827,800
595,300

1950: First quarter...........................
January____ ____ _______
February______________
M arch_________________
Second quarter____________
A p ril.....................................
M ay_______ ____ _______
J u n e __________________
Third quarter_____ _______
July-----------------------------August_________________
September______________
Fourth qu arter.............. .......
October________________
November______________
December______________

278,900
78, 700
82, 900
117, 300
426,800
133,400
149,100
144, 300
406,900
144,400
141,900
120, 600
283,400
102, 500
87,300
93, 600

1951: First quarter.............................
January_________ _______
February_________ ____ _
M arch.. _______________
Second quarter........................
April___________________
M ay.......................................
June_______ ______ ____
Third quarter..........................
July_____ ______ _______ _
August...................................
Septem ber........ ..................
Fourth quarter_______ ____
October.. . . . __________
Novem ber. ____________
December___ __________
1952: First quarter___ _____ _____
J a n u a ry ............................
February_______________
March________________ .
Second quarter 8. . ______
April_____ _
.
M ay___ __________ ..
June 8------------------- -------Third qu arter... _________
July-----------------------------A u g u st10_______________

Total
non­
farm

Estimated construction cost
(in thousands) 4

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

Total
non­
farm

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

185,000
937,000
48,000
93,000
271,800
619,500
45, 600
138,700
266,800
662,500
369, 200
845,600
406. 700
913, 500
436, 300
988,800
568,200 1,352, 200
496,000 1,020,100

752,000
45,000
369, 500
93,200
395, 700
476, 400
510,000
556,600
785,600
531,300

185,000
43,000
250,000
45, 500
266,800
369, 200
403, 500
432.200
566,600
488,800

0
0
86,600
3,100
8,000
3,400
18,100
36,300
43,800
71, 200

0
0
64,800
3,000
8,000
3,400
14,900
32,200
42,200
64,000

0 $4,475.000 $4, 475,000
0
' 285,446
285, 446
21,800 2,825,895 2, 530,765
100
495,054
483,231
0 3, 769, 767 3, 713, 776
0 5,642, 798 5,617,425
3,200 7,203,119 7,028,980
4,100 7, 702, 971 7,374, 269
1,600 11, 788, 595 11, 418, 371
7,200 9,800, 538 9,186,12 3

167, 800
48,200
51,000
68, 600
247,000
78,800
85, 500
82, 700
238, 200
84, 200
83,600
70,400
174, 800
59,400
53,100
62,300

111,100
30, 500
31,900
48, 700
179, 800
54,600
63, 600
61,600
168, 700
60,200
58,300
50,200
108, 600
43,100
34,200
31,300

276,100
77, 800
82, 300
116, 000
420, 400
131,300
145,700
143, 400
393, 600
139, 700
137,800
116,100
262,100
100, 800
82, 700
78,600

165,600
47, 300
50,800
67, 500
241,200
77,000
82, 200
82, 000
225,200
79, 500
79, 600
66,100
153,600
57, 700
48, 500
47,400

110, 500
30, 500
31, 500
48, 500
179, 200
54,300
63, 500
61,400
168, 400
60,200
58, 200
50, 000
108, 500
43,100
34,200
31,200

2,800
900
600
1,300
6,400
2,100
3,400
900
13,300
4, 700
4,100
4,500
21,300
1,700
4,600
15,000

2,200
900
200
1,100
5,800
1,800
3, 300
700
13, 000
4, 700
4,000
4,300
21,200
1,700
4,600
14,900

600
0
400
200
600
300
100
200
300
0
100
200
100
0
0
100

2,162, 425
589,997
637, 753
934, È75
3, 564,856
1,093, 726
1, 232, 976
1,238,154
3, 564, 953
1,253,340
1,266,198
1,045,415
2,496,361
915,895
762, 625
817,841

2,138, 565
581,497
632, 690
924,378
3, 511,204
1,075, 644
1, 204,978
1,230, 582
Z, 446; 722
1,210,745
1,230,238
1,005, 739
2, 321,880
902,190
724;876
694,814

23, 860
8i 500
5; 063
10, 297
53; 652
18,082
27; 998
7, 572
118; 231
42, 595
35; 960
39,676
174; 481
13; 705
37', 749
123,027

260,300
85,900
80, 600
93, 800
329, 700
96, 200
101,000
132,500
276,000
90, 500
89,100
96,400
225,300
90,000
74, 500
60,800

147,800
49,600
47,000
51, 200
192,000
51,900
55,400
84,700
141, 200
45,900
45,900
49,400
114,300
44, 400
38, 500
31,400

112, 500
36,300
33,600
42, 600
137,700
44,300
45, 600
47, 800
134,800
44, 600
43, 200
47,000
111,000
45,600
36,000
29,400

248, 900
82,200
76, 500
90, 200
280, 200
92, 300
97,600
90,300
270,400
86,800
88, 300
95, 300
229,600
88, 900
72, 200
69,500

137,200
46,400
43, 200
47, 600
148, 500
48, 300
52, 300
47,900
135, 700
42, 300
45,100
48,300
109,900
43, 400
36, 200
30,300

111, 700
35,800
33, 300
42, 600
131, 700
44,000
45, 300
42,400
134, 700
44, 500
43,200
47,000
110, 700
45, 500
36,000
29,200

11,400
3, 700
4,100
3,600
49,500
3,900
3,400
42, 200
5,600
3, 700
800
1,100
4,700
1,100
2,300
1,300

10,600
3, 200
3, 800
3,600
43,500
3,600
3,100
36, 800
5, 500
3,600
800
1,100
4,400
1,000
2, 300
1,100

800
500
300
0
6,000
300
300
5,400
100
100
0
0
300
100
0
200

2,293,974
755, 600
716,629
821,745
2, 964,456
866, 298
922, 661
1,175,497
2,527,033
827,173
804,317
895, 543
2,015,075
806,955
672,078
536,042

2,191,489
' 721, 014
681; 607
788, 868
2, 549,238
828, 339
895, 309
825, 590
2,472; 196
' 791,783
795; 624
884,789
1, 973,200
796, 682
650,660
525,858

102,485
34; 586
35,022
32', 877
415,218
37; 959
27', 352
349,907
54; 837
35; 390
8,693
10, 754
41,875
10, 273
2i; 418
10,184

246, 500
64,900
77, 700
103,900
319, 300
106, 200
109, 600
103, 500

137,400
36,100
42,800
58, 500
175, 800
59. 000
60, 700
56,100

109,100
28,800
34,900
45,400
143, 500
47, 200
48, 900
47, 400

226,900
61, 500
74,300
91,100
294,800
97, 000
100, 900
96, 900

119,200
32,900
39,700
46, 600
152, 700
50, 400
52, 400
49, 900

107,700
28,600
34,600
44, 500
142,100
46, 600
48, 500
47, 000

19,600
3,400
3,400
12,800
24, 500
9,200
8,700
6,600

18,200
3,200
3,100
11,900
23,100
8, 600
8, 300
6,200

1,400
200
300
900
1, 400
600
400
400

2,167,387
566,625
682,895
917,867
2,895, 715
948, 850
982, 232
964, 633

2,007,833
538, 612
654.631
814, 590
2, 681,333
874, 524
902, 483
904, 326

159,554
28; 013
28; 264
103', 277
214,382
74', 326
79; 749
60; 307

0
(9)

102, 400
97, 600

(9)
(»)

(9)
(9)

1,600
1,400

(9)
(9)

951, 877
908, 346

937, 504
898,322

14, 373
10,024

104, 000
99, 000

0
0

1 The estimates shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do include
prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of
Federal construction contract awards and beginning in 1946 on field surveys
in non-permit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm
dwelling units started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as
shown in table F-3.
All of these estimates contain some error. For example, if the estimate
of nonfarm starts is 50,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an actual
enumeration would produce a figure between 48,000 and 52,000.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Publicly financed

0
0

Total

Privately
financed

Publicly
financed
0
0
$295,130
11,823
55.991
25,373
174,139
328, 702
370; 224
614,' 415

* Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construc­
tion costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for
individual projects.
* Depression, low year.
4 Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations.
1 Last full year under wartime control.
4 Housing peak year.
7 Less than 50 units.
1 Revised.
* N ot available.
14 Preliminary.

U 5. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: I95Î