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https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 1927 C E R T I F IC A T E T h is p u b lic a tio n is issued p u rs u a n t to th e provisions o f th e s u n d ry civil a c t (41 S ta ts. 1430) ap p ro v e d M a rc h 4, 1921. A D D IT IO N A L C O P IE S O F THIS PUBLICATION M AY BK PRO CURED FROM: T H E S U P E R IN T E N D E N T OF DOCUM ENTS U .S .G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G OFFICE W A SH IN G TO N , D . C. AT 15 C E N T S P E R C O PY U n it e d https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis S u b s c r ipt io n P r ic e P e r Y e a r a n a d a , M e x i c o , $1.50; O t h e r C o u n t r i e s , $2,25 Sta tes, C C o n te n ts Special article s: Page Increase in union wage rates in 1927____________________________ _ 1-8 9-16 The International Federation of Trade-U nions____________________ The unionization of labor in C hina_______________________________ 16-29 Productivity of labor: Labor productivity in copper m ining._____ _______________________ 30 Productivity of labor of seam en__________________________________ 30, 31 M achines for th e harvesting of cotton____________________________ 31-33 Industrial relations and labor conditions: The problem of th e unskilled laborer w ith a large fam ily___________ 34-38 Effect of low income upon health ________________________________ 38-41 Industrial relations in the p o ttery in d u stry _______________________ _ 41-45 An em ployer's view of high wages and industrial relations__________ 45-49 Labor conditions in th e Philippine Islands________________________ 49-56 R eport of British mission on European coal situation______________ 56, 57 English lim itation on mining recruitm ent_________________________ 57, 58 Protection of Indian workers in A rgentina____ ___________________ 58, 59 Industrial accidents: Accident rates for the iron and steel industry, 1922 to 1926________ 60-62 Accident experience of selected industries in 1925 and 1926_________ 62-80 Desirability of more detailed reports on electrical accidents________ 81, 82 In d u strial hygiene: Lead poisoning in an enameling p la n t____________________________ 83, 84 Chronic benzol poisoning among women__________________________ 85-87 Plan for a departm ent of industrial medicine in Stanford U niversity. 87-89 Chile— Occupational diseases defined_____________________________ 89, 90 G reat B ritain— Industrial poisoning and diseases in factories, 1926. _ 90-93 Poland— Prohibition of the use of white lead____ _________________ 93 H ousing: Average construction cost of dwellings in various cities_______ _____94-96 97 Modern houses for workers in Cali, Colombia_____________________ Labor laws and decisions of courts: Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1926______________ 98 T ext of the English trade disputes and trade-unions a c t___________99-103 W orkmen’s com pensation and social insurance: M eeting of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions in 1927____________________________________ 104-106 Unem ploym ent insurance in th e Chicago clothing in d u stry_______ 106-108 England— Widows’, orphans', and old-age contributory p en sio n s._ 108, 109 Child labor: S tatem ent of th e N ational Association of M anufacturers on child labor_________________________________________________________ HO Child endow m ent: Child endow m ent in New Zealand_____________________________ 111-114 Fam ily endow m ent ac t of New South Wales____________________ 114, 115 Labor organizations and congresses: R eport of executive council of th e American Federation of Labor, 1927----------------------------------------------------------------------116-120 Philosophy of th e carpenters’ union____________________________ 120-122 L abor’s unem ploym ent conference______________________________ 122-125 Canada— M eeting of Trades and Labor Congress, 1927__________ 125, 126 Ecuador— Confederation of Labor to hold labor congress___________ 126 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in IV CONTENTS Labor organizations and congresses—Continued. Page England— M eeting of th e Trades-U nion Congress, 1927__________ 126-128 India— Bombay Textile Labor U nion___________________________ 128, 129 Labor turnover: Labor turnover in American factories in first nine m onths of 1927_„ 130 The problem of labor turnover in hospitals______________________ 131, 132 Negro in industry: Work of th e Negro In dustrial Commission of Missouri___________ 133-134 Industrial d isp u te s: Strikes and lockouts in th e U nited States in September, 1927____ 135-140 Conciliation work of th e D epartm ent of Labor in September, 1927_ 140-142 D enmark— Strikes and lockouts, 1920 to 1926------ ------------------------143 England— Conciliation m achinery for railway shopm en__________ 143, 144 Mexico— Labor agreem ent averts shutdow n_______________________ 144 Wages and hours of la b o r: H ourly earnings of employees in railroad freight service, from 1924 to 1927_____________________________________ 145 H ourly earnings in Connecticut, 1926__________________________ 145, 146 Wages in Tennessee, 1926_____________________________________ 147, 148 Brazil— Wage increases for railway employees in Bahia____________ 148 England— Wages of coal miners________________________________ 148, 149 Mexico— Wages of railway workers in 1925 and 1926------------------- 149, 150 Trend of em ploym ent: Em ploym ent in selected m anufacturing industries, September, 1927. 151-162 Em ploym ent and to ta l earnings of railroad employees, August, 1926, and July and August, 1927__________________________________ 162, 163 S tate reports on em ploym ent—■ California------------------------------------------------------------------------- 164, 165 Illinois___________________________________________________ 165, 166 Iow a_____________________________ 167 M aryland__________________________________________________ 168 M assachusetts____________________________________________ 168, 169 New Jersey______________________________________________ 170, 171 Pennsylvania_____________________________________________ 172, 173 Wisconsin________________________________________________ 173, 174 Wholesale and retail p rice s: R etail prices of food in th e U nited S tates_______________________ 175-196 R etail prices of coal in th e U nited S tates_______________________ 196-199 Index num bers of wholesale prices in September, 1927 (revised series) 199-201 Average wholesale prices of commodities, July to September, 1927 _ 201-214 Labor aw ards and decisions: Clothing workers— Chicago___ ___________________________________ 215 Fancy leather goods industry— New York C ity--------------------------- 215, 216 Railroads— Decisions of T rain Service Boards of A djustm ent-------- 216, 217 217 Railroad telegraphers— W ashington Term inal Co--------------------------Railway clerks— Illinois C entral Railroad Co--------------------------------217 Im m igration and em igration: Statistics of im m igration for August, 1927---------------------------------- 218-222 Activities of State labor agencies: California, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, M assachusetts, Missouri, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Wisconsin-----------------223 New D epartm ent of Industrial Relations in California-------------------223 Publications relating to labor: Official— U nited S tates________________________________________ 224-226 Official— Foreign countries_____________________________________ 226-230 Unofficial_____________________________________________________ 231—234 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis This issue in Brief Union wage rates averaged $1.19 'per hour in 1927 compared with an average oj slightly less than $1.15 in 1926, according to the annual survey recently completed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics covering most of the time-work trades in 66 important industrial cities (p. 1). The actual case oj a steel worker struggling to support a wife and eight children on $3.44 Ver duy was discussed at length at a recent session of the Catholic Conference on Industrial Problems. The company employing the man reported that he was earning more than the average laborer in the plant. The discussion at the conference covered a wide range but there was no agreement as to proper remedial measures (p. 34). The serious ejjects oj low earnings upon the health oj workers and their jamities is shown in a summary of various studies dealing with this subject. These studies, which cover the different economic groups and which have been made by various agencies, indicate clearly that while sickness is, of course, not limited to the poor, both sickness and death are much more frequent among those with low incomes than among those with incomes adequate to comfortable living (p. 38). That high wages may mean low prices but high profits, and that a worker’s income should be sufficient to provide for his cultural life as well as for his physical needs, were two of the interesting points in a recent address by Mr. Owen D. Young, chairman of the board of directors of the General Electric Co. The portion of the address dealing particularly with labor and industrial relations is given in full on page 45. The estimated average cost oj building one-jamily and two-jamily dwellings in 257 identical cities of the United States increased steadily from 1921 to 1926, the increase in both cases being 19 per cent, according to information obtained in the studies of building permits made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In the case of multi-family dwellings the figures for 1921 and 1926 were practically the same, the peak having been reached in 1924. A comparison of costs in the first half of 1927 in 14 cities having a population of 500,000 or over showed that St. Louis had the lowest cost for one-family dwellings, Buffalo for two-family dwellings, and Los Angeles for multi-family dwellings, while the Borough of Manhattan had the highest cost for each class. More detailed information is given on page 94. Industrial accidents increased in severity in 1926 as compared with 1925 in 18 of the 24 industries for which comparable data are avail able. This unfortunate result is probably attributable in part to the speeding up of production without corresponding increase in safety activities (p. 60). The hazardous nature of many industrial processes is often not realized by either employers or workers. This is illustrated by the conditions discovered in a stove-enameling plant in which practically https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis v VI MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW all the men were exposed to a serious lead hazard, The most ordinary precautions against poisoning were not observed, and as a result a large percentage of the workers showed the effects of the exposure. Although it might seem that the shocking conditions found in this plant were exceptional, it is said that the situation might be duplicated in almost any industrial center. Especially in plants where lead is used incidentally in one process only, it may be handled as though it were a perfectly harmless substance and workers may be continually exposed to lead poisoning without being aware of the fact (p. 83). That the 'problem, of unemployment is not insolvable was the conclusion reached by the conference on unemployment held at Bryn Mawr College in July under the auspices of the trade-union movement of Philadelphia. However, "any far-reaching solution involves not only advance planning but also the cooperation of labor and manage ment and the consumer in a common task.” Suggested remedies are given in the account of the conference on page 122. The child-labor program recently formulated by the National Associa tion of Manufacturers for the further protection of employed children 14 and 15 years of age provides for (1) an employment certificate under State authority, (2) physical examinations by physicians desig nated by the State, (3) the completion of the sixth school grade, (4) a minimum of four hours a week of continued education, (5) a max imum of 48 working hours per week for all children under 16 and a prohibition of night work before 7 a. m. or after 9 p. m., and (6) strengthening the laws forbidding employment of children in hazard ous occupations (p. 110). A large copper refining company increased its output 10 per cent concurrently with a reduction in the number of employees from 578 to 233, during the period 1918 to 1927. The company further states that with contemplated improvements not more than 100 men should be needed to maintain present production (p. 30). ! The New Zealand child endowment act of 1926 is analyzed, by a New Zealander on page 111. He holds that if such a measure is to be justified it must be simply in the interest of child welfare and not for the purpose of changing the birth rate. He also points out that in considering the dangers of family allowances due weight should be given to actual present evils. The 1927 congress of the International Federation of Trade Unions showed the majority of the membership opposed to cooperation with the Russian labor organizations. The International Federation of Trade Unions has a membership of some 13,000,000 in 25 countries. A brief review of its history, with an account of the 1927 congress, is given on page 9. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVI EW O F U. S. BUREAU O F LABOR STATISTICS W ASHINGTON 25, n o . 5 vol, N o v e m b e r , 1927 In crease in U n io n W age R ates in 1927 Summary NION wage rates have continued into 1927 the steady increase which has been almost uninterrupted during the past 20 years, according to the annual survey just completed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. This survey covered most of the time-work trades in 66 important industrial cities, and included over three-quarters of a million organized workers. The average hourly rate in 1927 for all the trades covered was $1.19, as compared with $1.15 in 1926, or an average increase of 4 cents per hour. This upward movement was very general among the various organizations, but the amount of increase was by no means uniform and some trades suffered slight losses. Thus, of the 73 time-work trades covered by the survey, 64 obtained increased wages in 1927 as compared with 1926, while the remaining 9 showed slightly lower average rates in 1927 than in 1926. The showing by principal trade groups is as follows: U T able 1 .— A V E R A G E H O U R L Y W A G E R A T E S IN S P E C IF IE D T R A D E S IN 1926 A N D 1927 A N D IN C R E A S E , 1927 O V E R 1920 Average hourly wage rate T rade groups 1926 1927 Increase, 1927 over 1926 $0.925 1.278 .663 1.330 .441 .993 .835 $0.957 1.323 .704 1.321 .432 .991 .817 $0.032 .045 .041 1.009 1.009 1.002 1.018 _____________________ .997 1.155 .662 1.021 1.190 .682 .024 .035 .020 Average for all trades 2______________ ______________________ 1.148 1.190 .042 B uilding trad e w orkers__________________ Chauffeurs, team sters, an d drivers __________________________ G ranite an d stone c u tte rs ._________ ______________ . ________ __ L a u n d ry w orkers______________ ____________ Linem en _____________ ____ _______________ _ . _______ ____ Longshorem en______ ______ ___________________________________ P rin tin g an d publishing: N ew spaper_____________________ ... 1 Decrease. 4 N o t including pieceworkers or street-railw ay m otorm en a n d conductors. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [951] 1 2 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Coincident with the rise in wage rates there was a further reduction in hours of labor, the average in 1927 being 45.2 hours per week. Excluding street railway employees, for whom hours of labor were not obtained, the chauffeurs, teamsters, and drivers had the longest regular working week—namely 54.7 hours—while of the 73 time-work trades covered 58 averaged less than 45 hours per week. The plas terers, as a group, had the shortest regular full-time working period per week, 42.1 hours, many of their local unions being on a flat 5-day, 40-hour week. Comparing conditions in 1927 with those in the pre-war year 1913, union wage rates per hour show an increase of 159.5 per cent and full-time hours a week a decrease of 7.6 per cent. The detailed report follows. Union Scales of Wages and Hours of Labor in May, 1927, by Occupations IN THE September, 1927, issue of the Labor Review preliminary * data gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics relating to the union scales of wages and hours of labor were given for 20 trades as found in 40 cities. This article gives the results of the final compila tions, by occupations, for 835,924 members of organized trades located in 66 of the principal cities of the United States as of May 15, 1927. The study covers the bakery trades, the building trades, chauffeurs and teamsters, and drivers, the stone trades, laundry workers, line men, longshoremen, the printing trades, and motormen and con ductors on street railways. All of these trades are employed at time rates except some of the lathers and composing-machine operators. The study does not purport to cover all time-work trades, but it does cover most of the time-work trades that are found in industrial cities. Aside from time-work trades there are many trades employed wholly or mostly at piece rates. These trades frequently have a multitude of piece rates practically impossible to incorporate in a general tabulation and difficult to understand by anyone not familiar with the particular industries. The limitations of the present study therefore should be kept in mind in using the figures. The grand average rate for all trades included in this study, not including pieceworkers and street railway employees, increased from $1,148 per hour in 1926 to $1,190 in 1927. In all trades taken col lectively the hourly union wage rate on May 15, 1927, was higher in the United States than in any preceding year, being 3.7 per cent higher than on the same date in 1926, 127.3 per cent higher than in 1917, 159.5 per cent higher than in 1913, 174.8 per cent higher than in 1910, and 189.2 per cent higher than in 1907. In other words, union wage rates per hour were nearly three times as much in 1927 as in 1910, and more than 2y% times as much as in 1913. All hourly rates have been converted to equivalent weekly rates and all weekly rates have been reduced to equivalent hourly rates. Taken collectively, weekly rates in 1927 were 3.2 per cent higher than in 1926, 114.3 per cent higher than in 1917, 140.8 per cent higher than in 1913, 153 per cent higher than in 1910, and 163.1 per cent higher than in 1907. Because of reductions in hours of labor, weekly rates have not increased to the same extent as hourly rates. In 1927 the regular hours of labor were five-tenths of 1 per cent lower than in 1926, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [952 ] 3 INCREASE IN UNION WAGE RATES IN 1927 6.1 per cent lower than in 1917, 7.7 per cent lower than in 1913, 8.7 per cent lower than in 1910 and 10 per cent lower than in 1907. Table 2 shows by index numbers the change in union wage rates and hours of labor from 1907 to 1927, the base (100) being 1913. These index numbers include all trades and all cities covered in preceding years except street-railway motormen and conductors. Rates of wages per hour were obtained for 57,289 street-railway motormen and conductors, but their hours of labor are so variable that no attempt was made to report them. These occupations are omitted from all three columns of the index numbers below, as of necessity they could not be included in the second and third columns. Piece rates are omitted from these index numbers because hourly rates can not be computed. Pieceworkers, however, and streetrailway motormen and conductors are included in the grand total of organized membership shown bn p. 2. The number of trades and cities included in the data has varied from year to year. T a b l e 2 .—I N D E X N U M B E R S O F U N IO N W A G E R A T E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S AS O F M A Y E A C H Y E A R , 1907 TO 1927 [1913 = 100] Index num bers of— Index num bers of— Year 1907 _______ 1908 1909 _____________ 1910 1911 _ . 1912 1913______________ 1914 1915 ......................... 1916 1917______________ ate of R ate of Full-tim e Rwages wages hours per per hour per week fullweek, tim e 89. 7 91. 0 91.9 94.4 96. 0 97. 6 100.0 101. 9 102. 8 107. 2 114.2 102. 6 102.1 101.9 101.1 100. 7 100. 3 100.0 99. 6 99. 4 98. 8 98.4 91. 5 92. 5 93. 3 95.2 96. 5 97. 7 100.0 101. 6 102. 3 106. 2 112.4 Year 1918......................... . 1919______________ 1920______________ 1921 _____________ 1922...... ................... 1923...... ...................... 1924________ _____ 1925______________ 1926______________ 1927 ........................... ate of R ate of Full-tim e Rwages wages hours per week, per hour per week full tim e 132. 7 154. 5 199. 0 205. 3 193.1 210. 6 228.1 237.9 250.3 259. 5 97. 0 94. 7 93.8 93.9 94.4 94. 3 93.9 93. 0 92. 8 92.4 129.6 147. 8 188.5 193.3 183.0 198.6 214.3 222.3 233.4 240.8 Table 3 shows the average union-wage rates per hour, average full-time working hours per week, the number of quotations on which 1927 averages are based, and index numbers of hourly rates for the years 1922 to 1927. The index numbers for the years back to 1907 may be found in Bulletin No. 431 of this bureau, but are omitted here for want of space. For some trades data were not collected as early as 1913, hence there can be no index numbers for them on a 1913 base. In computing an average rate each rate quoted is multiplied by the number of union members having such rate. The products are added and the sum divided by the grand total membership; in other words, the rates are weighted by the number of union members. This membership is furnished the bureau for this sole purpose and is held strictly confidential. The rates for a city may enter into an average one year because the trade has an effective wage scale, but may drop out the next year because the trade can not enforce its scale or because the union has https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [953] 4 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW disbanded. Hence the grand average may, possibly, vary to a greater extent than the rate in any city reporting for both years. The index numbers are computed from these averages. Index numbers have not been computed for the several industry groups, except for the building trades shown on page 8. In Table 3 hourly rates only are considered. Equivalent weekly rates do not exactly parallel hourly rates because of changes in working hours. T a b l e 3 .—A V E R A G E W A G E R A T E S P E R H O U R , 1926 A N D 1927, A V E R A G E F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K , 1927, A N D IN D E X N U M B E R S O F H O U R L Y R A T E S F O R S E L E C T E D Y E A R S, B A S E D ON 1913 Trades Average rate N u m of wages per ber of hour q u o ta tions M ay, M ay, M ay, 1926 1927 1927 M ay, 1922 M ay, 1923 M ay, 1924 M ay, 1925 M ay, 1926 M ay, 1927 Aver age hours per week M ay, 1927 273 $0. 925 $0. 957 267.0 276.0 283.5 293.4 277.2 286.8 47.7 Index num bers of rates of wages per hour [1913=100] B a k e r y tra d es B akers________ ________ ____ B u ild in g tr a d e s A sbestos w orkers____________ B ricklayers_________________ Sewer, tu n n e l, an d caisson. C arpenters________ _________ M illw rights...... ... ................ P a rq u e try floor layers____ W harf an d b rid g e .............. C em ent finishers__________ H elpers............ ...................... Com position roofers_________ H elpers ________________ E levato r constructors________ H e lp e r s ...______________ Engineers, portable and hoistin g „ ............................................. G laziers........................................ H od carriers........... ...................... Inside w ire m e n .......................... Fixture h a n g ers........... ....... Lathers: Piece w o rk ......................... . M arble setters.............. .............. H e lp e rs...................... ........... M osaic an d terrazzo w o rk e rs.. P ain ters________ _________ _ Fresco..................................... Sign......... ................... ........... Plasterers _________ ________ Laborers..................... ........... P lum b ers a n d gas fitters_____ Laborers_________ _____ _ Sheet-m etal w orkers___ ____ _ Ship carpenters_____________ Slate a n d tile roofers_________ Steam and sprinkler fitters___ H e lp e rs.. ........................... . Stone m asons....................... ....... Structural-iron w orkers___ _ T ile lay ers..................................... H elpers................................... A verage for building 37 67 13 46 65 12 13 14 56 3 37 5 45 44 1.247 1. 565 1.914 .851 1.267 1.207 1.439 1. 255 1.321 1.038 1. 267 .932 1. 382 1.002 1.309 1.603 2.101 .854 1.311 1. 389 1.422 1. 317 1. 379 1.060 1. 302 .750 1. 433 1.033 C1) 168.4 149.0 213.9 183.1 C1) 220.6 (B 174.7 216.7 0 0 0 0) (>) 0 191. 1 202.2 159.6 167.3 218. 1 242.4 204.0 218.3 « 0 222.0 222.0 0) 0) 191.2 211.4 223.4 248.3 0 f1) « 0) 0 0 0 0 0 213.4 187.1 231.6 222.8 0 215.7 0 212.6 260.8 0 0 0 0 0 226.4 199.2 254.9 238.4 0 253.1 0 226.9 288.0 0 0 0 0 0 231.9 218.6 255.8 246.7 0 250.2 0 236.8 294.1 0 0 0 0 43.9 43.8 43.5 44.8 44.0 43.9 43.7 44.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 110 29 42 59 14 1.336 1. 239 1.002 1.339 1.216 1.379 1.323 1. 026 1.396 1.206 168.0 l1) 197.1 190.4 192.2 185.5 0) 215.4 197.1 205. 6 197.2 0 224.9 220. 5 221.8 205.7 0 251.5 232.4 220.8 217.2 0 273.8 244.6 234. 7 224.2 0 280.4 255.0 232.7 45.1 44.1 44.1 44.0 43.9 21 27.230 63 1. 434 51 1.417 15 .996 14 1. 240 65 1. 305 10 1. 199 43 1. 530 64 1.595 36 1.058 64 1.381 10 .957 53 1. 291 8 .969 23 1.466 74 1.376 39 .906 54 1.545 72 1. 358 41 1.372 57 1.389 20 .968 9.336 1. 492 1.448 .990 1. 291 1.345 1.335 1.566 1.628 1.068 1.409 .975 1. 330 .860 1. 535 1.415 .947 1. 563 1. 464 1. 420 1.454 .979 0 180.5 157.3 200. 1 0 199. 1 197.2 194.3 173.5 192.6 168.2 0 187.5 0 0) 167.6 226. 1 179.7 166. 6 168. 2 159.2 217.4 0 199.3 178.0 216.2 0 218.7 206. 5 210.0 193.2 212.0 185.6 0 201.9 Í1) 0 175.6 240. 1 212.5 178.4 174.7 174.0 222.4 0) 215.1 186.1 234.3 0 230.5 194. 1 239.2 216.1 227.8 202.4 0 221.7 0) 0) 201.5 266.0 225.2 202.5 193. 7 197.5 242.2 0 234.5 190.0 222.5 0 243. 1 220.0 241.5 219.8 243. 1 206.6 0 229.3 0 0 212.2 273.7 229.5 204. 5 197.9 202.3 248. 9 0 240.6 212.3 246.7 0 257.5 220.1 240.4 236.1 257.2 222.7 0 244.8 0 0 229.7 289. 7 253. 1 218.5 220. 7 212. 0 269.8 0 250.3 217.0 245.2 (B 265.4 245.1 247.2 241.0 259.7 227.2 0 252.2 0 0 236.2 302.8 256.0 235.5 228.5 221.9 272.9 43.7 43.4 44.0 44.0 43.9 42.6 41.7 42 6 42.1 42.3 43.9 44.0 44.0 44 1 44.0 43.9 44.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 1,608 1.278 1.323 358 178 .657 .673 .703 .706 536 . 663 .704 43.7 C h a u ffe u r s a n d te a m s te r s a n d d r iv e rs C hauffeurs__________ _______ T eam sters a n d d riv ers.............. 191.2 212.7 197.7 224.9 205.6 244.7 223. 5 254.3 A verage for chauffeurs a n d team sters and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 954 ] 242. 1 269. 1 54.2 55.8 54.7 2 P er 1,000 laths. 1 N o d ata for 1913. 226.3 256. 6 INCREASE IN UNION WAGE RATES IN 1927 5 T a b l e 3 __ A V E R A G E W A G E R A T E S P E R H O U R , 1926 A N D 1927, A V E R A G E F U L L -T IM E H O U R S P E R W E E K , 1927, A N D IN D E X N U M B E R S O F H O U R L Y R A T E S F O R S E L E C T E D Y E A R S, B A SE D O N 1913—C o n tin u ed Trades Average rate N u m of wages per ber of hour q u o ta tions M ay, M ay, M ay, 1927 1926 1927 M ay, 1922 M ay, 1923 M ay, 1924 M ay, 1925 M ay, 1926 M ay, 1927 Aver age hours per week M ay, 1927 208.6 181.8 212.7 198.3 214.2 212.9 216.8 221. 9 244.1 241.9 242.6 241.2 44.0 44.0 Index num bers of rates of wages per hour [1913=100] G r a n ite a n d s to n e tra d e s G ranite c u tters........................ . Stone cutters......................... . 62 54 1.250 1.404 1. 242 1. 400 Average for granite and stone tr a d e s ________ 116 1. 330 1.321 53 42 44 .441 .993 .835 .432 .991 .817 G) 0 195. 9 0 0) 209.2 0 0 238.5 0 0 239.9 0 0 242.0 0 0 236.7 47.8 46. 1 44.7 51 82 69 59 .489 .975 1.085 1.209 .522 .996 1. 105 1. 223 233. 6 211.2 223.4 227.4 244.2 224.0 228.5 241.6 247.6 233.9 238.5 250.6 250.5 236.6 237.4 249.7 235.6 240.8 242.1 252.2 251. 5 246. 0 246.6 255.2 44.8 44.6 44.0 45.5 1 64 22 34 47 150 3. 160 1.121 1.195 1.085 1.218 .827 8. 150 1. 162 1. 234 1.148 1.276 .837 98.7 200.0 198.4 167.0 0 238.0 101. 4 203.8 200.2 169.8 0 266.2 101.4 212. 9 214.4 171.6 0) 263.8 101.4 211.7 210.4 183.7 0 278.8 108.1 215.2 219.9 179.2 0 281.9 101. 5 223.0 227.1 189.6 0 285.3 44,0 44.0 44.0 43.9 44.0 44.3 151 112 1. 119 .932 1. 121 .941 200.8 226. 5 216.7 235.8 223.1 242.9 225.9 244.3 230.5 255.8 230. 8 258.3 44.4 44.4 825 .997 1.021 84 72 1. 120 1.249 1. 149 1. 290 17fi 3 176.2 177 9 178.2 189 0 187.5 193 9 187.4 19fi 7 19T 4 201 R 199.7 45 9 45; 1 9 81 8.154 1.135 3. 150 1.176 120.5 180.6 125.0 183.1 117.8 193.4 135.8 198. 0 138.5 201.6 134.9 208.9 42.9 45.2 8 72 3. 169 1. 260 3. 160 1.268 106.0 174.1 112.3 175.5 110.9 186.4 113.7 189.5 118.6 195.7 112.3 196.9 43.3 44.9 66 56 1.089 1.203 1.144 1. 275 180.2 172.4 180.9 173.0 191.5 183.0 185.3 178.4 185.2 176.5 194.4 187.1 45.9 44.9 11 8 1.038 1.109 1.070 1.204 165. 5 160.4 166.8 151.1 180.7 164.5 178.7 156.8 171.9 161.1 177.2 174.9 46.5 45.6 40 34 1. 213 1.557 1.266 1.541 (>) 0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44.0 41.7 121 103 1.013 1.155 1. 066 1.220 180.3 167.7 182.4 169.6 199.4 193.2 208.2 200.6 212.2 198.5 223.3 209.7 46.8 42.6 61 55 .992 1.138 1.007 1.141 171.8 172.7 174.9 178.6 180.4 182.8 184.5 188.4 188.1 187.9 191.0 188.4 47.0 43.0 Average for printing and p u b lis h in g : N ew sp ap er............................... 880 1. 155 1. 190 M otorm en and conductors___ 199 .662 .682 Average for all trades 5. . 4, 563 1. 148 1.190 44.0 M is c e lla n e o u s L a u n d ry w orkers___________ L in em en .__________________ Longshoremen ......................... P r in t in g a n d p u b lis h in g : B o o k a n d job B indery w o m e n ........................ B ookbinders______ ______ ___ Com positors......................... ....... E lectroty p ers............................... M achine operators: Piece w ork ____________ T im e w ork______________ M achine tenders (m achinists). M achinist o p erato rs................. Photo-engravers_____________ Press assistants a n d feeders___ Pressm en: C y lin d e r............................... P la te n ........................ ......... Average for p rinting and publishing: Book and jo b ................................ . P r in t in g a n d p u b lis h in g : N e w s - 44.3 paper Compositors: N igh t work ________ . . M achine operators, day work: Piece w ork______________ T im e w o rk ............ _ __ M a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s , night Piece w o r k _____________ T im e w o r k _____________ M achine tenders (machinists) D ay w o r k ........................... N igh t w o r k . .. ..................... M achinist operators: D ay w ork.............................. N igh t w o rk _____________ Photo-engravers: D ay w o r k ........................ . N ight w o rk _____________ Pressm en, w eb presses: D ay w ork_______________ N igh t w o r k . .. .................... Stereotypers: D a y w o rk ___________ . . . N igh t w o rk........................... 45. 2 0 193.1 210. 6 228.1 1 N o d a ta for 1913. 3 Per 1,000 ems. 4 N o t reported. 6 N o t including piece w orkers or street railw ay m otorm en an d conductors. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [955] 237.9 250. 32 259.5 45.2 6 • MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Table 4 shows the per cent of increase in weekly wage rates in 1927 as compared with specified years, beginning with 1907, the earliest year for which data are available. For lack of space the years 1908 to 1912, inclusive, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1918, and 1920 are omitted. The figures are not index numbers, but may be converted into index numbers. The first line of the table shows that the weekly rate of bakers in 1927 was 203.2 per cent higher than in 1907. This means that the rate was slightly more than 3 times as much in 1927 as in 1907. Read as index numbers, the 1907 figures would be 100, and that for 1927 would be 303.2. In all the 35 trade classifications for which data reach back that far, weekly rates more than doubled between 1907 and 1927 and in three more than trebled. Comparing 1927 full-time wages per week with those of 1926, the changes noted in individual trades are as follows: Bakers’ wage rates show an increase of 3.1 per cent. In the building trades, 35 occupations show increases, while 5 show decreases. Of those occupations showing increases only two increased 10 per cent or more—carpenters: millwrights, 13.6 per cent; and painters: fresco, 10 per cent. The balance of the increases ranged from five-tenths of 1 per cent to 8.6 per cent. A few of the larger increases follow: Asbestos workers increased 5 per cent; bricklayers: sewer, tunnel, and caisson, 8.6 per cent; engineers, portable and hoisting, 5.4 per cent; glaziers, 6.9 per cent; structural iron workers, 7.8 per cent. Those occupations showing decreases were: Carpenters: parquetry floor layers, 1.4 per cent; composition roofers, 19.5 per cent; inside wiremen: fixture hangers, 1.2 per cent; marble setters’ helpers, seventenths of 1 per cent, and ship carpenters, 11.3 per cent. Chauffeurs’ wages show an increase of 4.2 per cent, while wages of teamsters and drivers increased 4.5 per cent. Wages in the granite and stone trades decreased slightly, those of granite cutters decreasing fivetenths of 1 per cent and of stonecutters three-tenths of 1 per cent. Linemen show a very slight increase while laundry workers and long shoremen show decreases—2 per cent for laundry workers and 3.6 per cent for longshoremen. In the book and job printing trades all occupations showed some increase, ranging from less than one-tenth of 1 per cent for cylinder pressmen to 6.3 per cent for machine ten ders (machinists). Bindery women’s wages increased 5.8 per cent, machinist operators’ wages, 5.6 per cent, and photo-engravers’ wages, 4.7 per cent. In the newspaper printing trades all the occupations showed some increase except photo-engravers, night work, which showed a decrease of one-tenth of 1 per cent. The increases ranged from eight-tenths of 1 per cent for machine operators, night work, and stereotypers, day work, to 6.6 per cent for machinist operators, night work. Machine tenders’ (machinists) wages, increased 4.9 per cent for day work and 5.4 per cent for night work; pressmen’s, web presses, wages increased 4.9 per cent for day work and 5.1 per cent for night work. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [956] INCREASE IN UNION WAGE RATES IN 1927 7 T a b l e 4 .—P E R C E N T OF IN C R E A S E IN F U L L -T IM E R A T E S OF W A G E S P E R W E E K IN 1927 AS C O M P A R E D W IT H S P E C IF IE D P R E C E D IN G Y E A R S Per cent of increase in full-time rates of wages per week in 1927 as compared w ith— I________________ ______________________________________ T rade ; 1907 1913 1917 1919 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 203.2 158.0 126.0 49.7 3.8 7.2 4.4 1.4 1 1.4 3.1 (2) 135. 8 (2) 152.7 165. 7 (2) (2) (2) 144.0 233.9 (2) (2) (2) (2) f2) 127.7 116.0 136.2 143. 7 C) 135.2 (2> 126.3 192. 1 (2) (2) 122. 1 65. 7 114. 1 79. 6 108.9 90. 7 111. 6 62.5 112. 6 69. 8 105. 6 58. 6 101.9 66. 2 129.1 95.2 112.9 74. 1 176.9 109.0 139. 6 90. 8 81.9 50. 6 112. 7 73.0 138.9 86.1 26. 1 33. 5 41.0 12. 6 25.2 23. 5 13. 7 33. 8 24.9 30. 1 29.2 7.2 27. 5 27.8 35.0 36.9 45. 0 20. 6 33. 6 29.9 13. 5 50.2 34. 8 35. 8 35. 1 10.5 36. 5 34.3 30.2 20. 6 35. 4 17. 5 20. 8 18. 7 13. 0 32. 4 23.3 31. 8 26. 1 7. 8 28. 4 28. 1 16. 6 14.5 29. 2 6. 3 12.8 10. 6 13. 4 23. 0 11.5 18. 5 15.2 4. 0 14.3 16. 2 12. 2 8.2 15. 5 10. 9 10. 6 17. 8 16. 6 12. 1 11.0 12. 8 11. 7 1 1. 3 9. 3 11. 1 5.0 1. 9 8 6 .5 3.4 13. 6 1 1.4 4.9 4.1 2.2 2.8 1 19.5 3.7 3.1 (2) (2) 186. 7 174.9 (2) (2) 135.2 (2) (2) 118.6 C) 178. 5 146.7 122.5 142. 6 115.0 144 8 (2) 106.2 (2) 138.6 120. 6 94. 7 123. 1 110. 5 129 2 122.9 68.7 91. 0 75.3 74. 5 60. 6 86. 6 80. 9 92 n 98.7 28. 1 34.8 18. 0 26.0 14. 6 29.2 34.9 13 X 31.0 36. 6 34.3 42.2 33. 7 20.3 37. 1 37.8 24. 3 27. 3 30. 0 29. 1 12. 8 24. 0 21. 8 16.8 20.5 24. 6 15. 5 5.0 15. 1 16.5 11.6 8.8 11.7 9. 6 4. 8 5. 6 14.2 5.4 6.9 2. 4 4.1 1 1.2 3.5 2.1 34! 9 31. 6 11.4 6. 0 ¿9 189. 6 152.5 117.9 131. 4 99.7 (2) 134. 7 121. 5 (2) 136. 7 127. 6 115. 3 168.0 145. 6 121. 1 146. 0 122. 7 111. 1 (2) (2) (2) 181.0 145.2 121.7 40. 1 (2) (2) 135. 1 (2) (2) 162.4 129. 4 110.9 250. 6 197. 1 164. 4 167. 1 152. 7 131. 3 158. 6 132. 7 113.4 128.9 111. 1 (2) 117. 7 105. 3 (2) 166. 4 146.4 (2) 69. 6 64. 3 68.9 77.4 68. 7 70. 4 56. 1 73.7 4. 1 89. 4 73. 5 93. 1 89. 4 65.2 67. 3 83. 4 98. 6 24.7 21. 3 21. 3 29.2 13. 9 25.4 14.4 24. 3 i 6. 2 33. 5 37. 6 37. 6 32. 3 28. 1 24. 8 37. 1 18. 7 32.5 26. 4 22. 3 34.3 29.7 32. 4 14. 7 34.0 2. 3 39. 7 40. 5 34. 0 42. 1 41. 3 35.8 39.8 26. 6 14.8 20. 9 24.8 20. 8 15. 7 3.8 19.9 7. 1 17. 6 10. 0 22. 4 12.2 9. 7 1. 6 24. 5 13.5 1 8. 8 1 16. 8 13. 1 25. 4 34. 2 17.0 13.8 26. 1 13. 6 20. 2 32. 1 16. 3 30. 8 18.0 12. 2 27.5 22. 7 12. 7 8. 3 13. 1 2.5 5.7 2. 6 9.9 1.2 9. 7 1 3.0 8.2 11.1 10. 6 11.5 15.2 16. 4 9.7 9. 6 3.0 10.0 .7 1.6 .9 1.9 .7 2.7 1 11.3 4.7 2.6 4.7 1.0 7.8 3.5 3.7 1.2 (2) (2) 100.4 140.1 83. 6 113.7 37.6 52.3 14.9 20.4 20.3 24.9 15.6 19. 1 10. 8 11. 1 4.1 7.7 4.2 4.5 162. 6 147.3 141. 8 138. 1 121.9 116.2 57.8 72.0 16.3 27.2 17.4 32.6 14.5 21.6 13.3 13.2 11.8 8.4 U5 1.3 in (*) 79.7 72.0 (2) 51.1 32.7 (2) 20.6 3.6 5.2 1.7 2.9 13.7 11.9 3.8 8.9 4.7 3.8 4. 4 1 8. 1 1 3.0 4.6 13.6 12.0 .1 13.6 1926 B a k e r y trades B akers...... .................._ B u ild in g trades Asbestos w orkers________ B ric k la y e r s .............................. Sewer, tu n n e l, and caisson. B uilding laborers______ C arpenters____________ M illw rig h ts ___ Parquetry-floor layers W harf and bridge . C em ent finishers___ H elpers___________ ... Com position roofers.. H elpers_______'. E levator constructors H elp ers. ___ Engineers, portable and hoistm g .............................. ................ Glaziers_____ H od c arrie rs......................... Inside wiremen F ixture hangers _ L a th e rs_____ _ M arble setters H elpers ___ M osaic an d terrazzo w o rk e rs.. P ainters: B uilding________ Fresco . . ______ S ign ....................... ................ Plasterers__________ L a b o r e r s ._____ Plum bers and gas fitters Laborers . . . . . . Sheet-m etal w orkers. Ship carpenters. . Slate and tile roofers. Steam and sprinkler fitters___ H elpers______________ Stone m asons. Structural-iron w orkers. _ F in ish ers... . Tile lay ers_____ ____ _ H elpers ................................ <2) (2) C h a u ffe u r s a n d te a m s te rs a n d drivers C hauffeurs........... Team sters and d riv e rs .. ___ G ra n ite a n d s to n e trades G ranite c u tters____________ Stone c u tte rs......................... M is c e lla n e o u s L au n d ry w orkers........ ........... L inem en___________ Longshorem en__________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (2) (2) (2) 1 Decrease. 2N o data. [957] 8 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T a b l e 4 .—P E R C E N T O F IN C R E A S E IN F U L L -T IM E R A T E S O F W A G E S P E R W E E K IN 1927 AS C O M P A R E D W IT H S P E C IF IE D P R E C E D IN G Y E A R S —C ontinued P er cent of increase in full-tim e rates of wages per week in 1927 as compared w ith— T rade 1907 1913 1917 1919 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 (2) 144. 5 154.9 175.0 123. 6 (2) (2) (2) 193.2 (2) 128.2 126. 5 147. 4 105. 5 108. 6 79.4 (2) 162.6 117.9 110.8 111.0 118. 7 97. 2 101. 4 72.9 107. 8 138.4 51.0 47. 1 56. 3 81. 6 50. 2 49. 3 45. 5 68.6 58.6 2. 1 9.9 9. 7 14.9 11.0 14. 0 15.0 24. 5 14.4 6.8 15.4 9. 8 14. 4 11. 1 14. 1 13. 1 23.4 18. 7 2.7 9.4 8.3 6.4 9. 4 13.3 12.0 22. 3 6.8 1.2 4.9 3. 5 2.9 5. 3 5.0 10.7 14.2 6.6 .2 3.5 3.9 2.3 5. 1 7.8 3.0 11.3 2.3 5.8 1.7 1.9 1.3 3.7 6.3 5.6 4.7 1.3 140.5 159.7 112. 4 137.8 100.7 117.7 50.0 61.1 10.0 8.9 13.7 9.1 5.9 8.8 2.9 5.4 2.0 4.8 0) 1.0 123. 6 112.8 100.6 98.4 91.8 91. 6 53. 1 52.2 15. 1 15. 7 12. 7 11.2 11.8 9.9 3.8 5.9 3.9 5.8 2.5 2.7 124.8 109.3 105.4 96.2 95.8 88. 1 54.5 48.8 18,0 15.5 13.3 10.6 11.8 9.6 7.3 5.2 4.8 3.8 3.2 .8 (2) (2) 94.4 85.9 89.8 82.3 41. 1 37.8 9.2 8.8 7.5 7. 1 7. 1 6.8 1.9 1.6 4.7 3.9 4.9 5.4 (2) (2) 75.2 79.5 68.7 74.5 56.6 51.5 8.7 12.3 7. 8 8.3 6.9 14.2 1.7 5.9 4.0 9.6 2.7 6.6 (2) (2) (2) (2) 96.8 110.0 59.3 64.0 19.7 25.8 14.9 18.4 16. 1 18.5 11.3 14.0 7.5 11.2 4.3 149.0 128.7 121.8 117.8 112.6 111.0 61.9 57.3 20.4 18.9 20.5 17.9 19.2 17.3 11.3 9.4 7.0 5.3 4.9 5.1 115. 3 106.1 88.6 87.8 79.8 79.9 53.6 53.4 11.2 9.9 10.2 9.5 8.2 6.7 5. 1 4.0 2.7 2.2 .8 1.0 1926 P r in t in g a n d p u b lis h in g , book a n d jo b B indery w om en_____________ B ookb in d ers........... ................... Compositors____ _______ ____ E lectro ty p ers______________ M achine operators _______ . M achine tenders (m achinists). M achinist operators ............. Photo-engravers __ _______ Press assistants a n d feeders. Pressm en: C ylinder________________ P la te n __________ _______ P r in t in g a n d p u b lish in g , n e w s paper Compositors: D ay w ork_____ _______ N ig h t w ork_____________ M achine operators: D a y w o r k ............................ N ight w o rk . ___________ M achine tenders (m achinists): D ay w ork. _______ _____ N ight w o rk........ .................. M achinist operators: D ay w o rk ............................ N ight work __________ Photo-engravers: D ay w ork_____________ _ N ight w ork. _ . _____ _. Pressm en, web presses: D ay w ork_______________ N ig h t w ork_____________ Stereotypers: D a y w o rk ___ ________ N ig h t w o rk____ _______ 1 Decrease. 3 N o d ata. .1 3 Less th a n one-tenth of one per cent increase. Because of the wide interest in building operations and the resultant inquiries to the bureau for wage changes in building trades as a group, the table below is published: T able 5 —IN D E X N U M B E R S O F U N IO N R A T E S O F W A G E S P E R H O U R IN T H E B U IL D IN G T R A D E S [1913=100] Y ear 1913____________ 1914____________ 1915____________ 1916____________ 1917____________ 1918____________ 1919........ ............ 1920____________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Index num bers 100 102 103 106 113 126 145 197 Y ear 1921 1922 1923 , _ . 1924 1925__________ 1926__________ 1927...... .................. [958] Index num bers 200 187 207 224 233 248 257 MONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW 9 The International Federation of Trade-Unions Bv F r it z R u m m e r , S t u t t g a r t VEN before the World War the trade-union movement had established a common meeting place. The foundation was laid in Copenhagen in the year 1901, when officials of several national federations met at a Danish workers’ congress. At this congress the practicability of an international organization was discussed. This discussion was informal, but it was agreed to hold a meeting if possible every two years, and the duty of arranging for the first meeting was assigned to the president of the German tradeunion federation, Carl Legien. Out of this developed gradually the International Secretariat, with its offices in Berlin. This secretariat was, however, for several years not much more than an exchange place for information for the affiliated organizations. I t was not until 1913 that a real organization was established and regular publications issued. That the usefulness of an international center was more and more recognized is indicated by the increasing membership of the organi zations affiliated with the secretariat. In 1904 there were 15 organi zations with 2,477,000 members; in 1913, 17 organizations with 7,702,000 members. But even the rapidly increasing membership could not overcome the hesitancy as regards acting in important international affairs. The International Secretariat therefore limited itself principally to supplying the affiliated organizations with tradeunion and industrial information. E Changes Resulting from the War A FTER the war a fundamental change occurred. The four years of war had disorganized the industries of most of the European States, crippled business, shattered faith in the political authorities, and severed the business and moral unity of the nations. The work ing classes fervently wished to set aside the consequences of the war and to reestablish peaceful relations among the peoples of the various nations. The worker saw in the trade-unions the means of fulfilling this desire. The workers streamed into the unions, whose membership doubled and even tripled in one or two years. This increased greatly the belief in the power of the trade-union move ment to fulfill the hopes of the working classes. Above everything the war had taught the need of an international organization of the greatest possible strength. The workers had become conscious that only by the unified action of the labor organi zations in all countries could the industrial chaos be ended and a repetition of the war be prevented. Then the treaty of Versailles brought new problems to the trade-unions. An international labor office was to be established, where the workers could work together for the betterment of labor. The necessity of solving these problems operated to reestablish more firmly the International Federation of Trade-Unions, which had been almost destroyed during the war. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [959] 10 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Reorganization in 1919 \Y7HEN the trade-unions met in 1919 for the first time after four ** years of estrangement, mutual faith was naturally by no means fully restored. In order to permit as far as possible the new international from suffering under this lack of mutual trust, and in order to make easier the way to unity among the countries estranged by the war, the headquarters of the new trade-union international was transferred from Berlin to Amsterdam. This transfer of the central office to neutral Holland proved very advantageous. It increased the cohesiveness of the international very greatly and unproved very much the relations of the affiliated organizations to each other. The International Federation of Trade-Unions—the official name of the new organization—began its life with 23,170,000 members. Its international significance, however, was greater than is expressed by the number of its members. For in 1919, the industrial and polit ical powers of Europe had no international relations worthy of the name. This was true especially of the political organizations and parties of the working classes. Thus, it was the trade-union which first united them after the war, and their union comprised an extra ordinarily numerous membership. The fact that the solidarity of the workers of all countries developed so quickly and so strongly led to an exaggerated belief in the power of the trade-union. One expected more from the international than it could fulfill. There were also assigned to the organization purely political and economicpolitical problems of the first magnitude. Thus, to refer to only two matters, it was to be the medium for the socialization of the means of production and it was to lead the fight against war and militarism. Successes and Failures IN order to be able to carry out such tasks, correspondingly greater A administrative machinery was established in Amsterdam, includ ing the publication of a regular journal in German, English, and French. I t can not be denied that the new international has done much to bring together the trade-unions and for the peaceful rela tionship of the peoples of different countries, and that it has done much to strengthen the idea of the solidarity of the workers. Also, it has persistently led the propaganda against war, and with this object in view arranged an international peace conference at The Hague in 1922, the only one of its kind. In addition, the representa tives of the international have worked earnestly and not without results for the betterment of the conditions of labor at the numerous assemblies of the International Labor Office at Geneva. But, every thing considered, the great expectations which existed at the founding of the international organization have been only partially fulfilled, expecially as regards political and economic-political questions. The activity of the international has been limited more and more to purely trade-union problems. This limitation is due to several circumstances. The most im portant is the economic poverty of Europe and the consequent diminution in the membership of the International Federation of Trade-Unions. European industry was shattered by the war, the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [960] INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF TRADE-UNIONS 11 people impoverished, and commerce interrupted. The colossal loss in men and property overburdened the economic life of the people. In addition there came to several countries, as to Russia, Germany, Hungary, and Italy, internal unrest and uncertainty as to the near future. The consequence was a partial paralysis of production, unemployment, and depreciation of the money. Unemployment and inflation emptied the treasuries of the trade-unions and took away hundreds of thousands of members. In the period in which they became numerically and financially weaker, however, the employers joined together and organized strong national associations, which soon entered into friendly relations with the associations of other countries. Out of these international relations of the employers there issued a more or less unified and strong opposition to the struggles of the trade-unions. The trade-union international not being able to over come this strengthened resistance, its activities followed the line of least resistance and returned to purely trade-union tasks. The decline in membership is therefore chiefly responsible for the international’s inability to accomplish as much as its partisans expected of it. The extent of this decline is indicated in the following figures: In 1919 there were 23,170,000 members; in 1921, 21,991,000; in 1923, 16,530,000; in 1925; 13,445,000. That is to say, in seven y«ars there was a decrease in membership of 9,725,000. The de crease was due in part to the fact that several organizations, as the American Federation of Labor, withdrew from the international after 1919; the principal loss in membership, however, was among the European trade-unions. Present Membership A CCORDING to the latest report of the secretariat of the Inter^ national Federation of Trade-Unions, its membership is dis tributed as follows: * Belgium ____ Bulgaria __ _ .____ Denmark ____ G erm any_____ ____ France ____ G reat Britain ____ Ita ly __ __ _ ____ Y ugoslavia.. _ _ .____ Latvia _________ ___ Luxem burg__ __ _ .____ L ithuania. __ _ .____ Memel _ __________ Holland _ ______ ____ A u s tr ia __ _____ __ .____ Members 552, 094 14, 803 239, 704 4, 582, 366 605, 250 4, 365, 619 1 234, 520 27, 156 16. 679 13, 398 18, 486 1, 401 189, 686 807, 515 Poland ___ R um ania___ _____ ___ Sweden ___ Spain _ Switzerland ___ Czechoslovakia H ungary__ __ ___ Palestine_______ ___ ___ Argentina. __ _ Canada ____ ___ South A frica________ ___ Members 224, 423 33, 093 384, 617 235,007 149, 997 356,386 125, 024 18, 663 82, 574 106, 412 60, 660 T o ta l________ ___ 13, 445, 533 This table shows that the membership is drawn almost entirely from Europe, only a very small number, namely 268,309, being from countries outside of Europe. In the trade internationals, however, the percentage of overseas members is somewhat greater. The national federations constitute the foundation of the Interna tional Federation of Trade-Unions. That is to say, a trade-union can belong to the international only through the federation of its 11924 figuras. 68404°—27- -2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [961] 12 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW country, although there are certain exceptions to this rule. In addition, however, the trade-unions are not only internationally associated through their national federations, but the organized workers in particular trades or industries have associated themselves in special trade internationals. A trade-union may be accepted into these internationals only when it is already affiliated with the Inter national Federation of Trade-Unions through its national federation. Exception, however, may be made when a trade-union belongs to a national federation which is not considered unfriendly to the interna tional federation. There are 27 trade organizations in the International Federation of Trade-Unions, namely: M em bers M em bers Building trades workers.. _ Clothing trades w orkers. _ M iners_____ ___________ Bookbinders____________ P rin ters________________ D iam ond workers_______ Factory workers_________ H air dressers____________ Glass w orkers___________ Wood workers__________ H otel and restaurant em ployees_______________ H atters________________ P ottery w orkers_________ A gricultural w orkers_____ Teachers_______________ 775, 322, 1, 688, 80, 184, 21, 694, 9, 92, 637, 103 510 497 603 036 276 272 155 165 197 65, 843 57,352 80, 196 373, 542 90, 000 Food and drink trad es___ Lithographers and engrav ers____________ P ainters________________ M etal w orkers__________ Public service em ployees. _ Post office and telegraph w orkers______________ Clerical em ployees______ Shoe and leather w orkers.. Stone w orkers___________ Tobacco w orkers________ Textile w orkers_________ T ransport workers______ T o ta l____________ 692, 661 47, 748 181, 413 1, 728, 421 437,310 466, 005 720, 201 351,000 107, 24© 105, 059 956, 999 2, 145, 950 13, 111, 754 Each one of these trade organizations has its own secretariat, often has its own journal published in several languages, and may hold special congresses where questions of international trade interest, mutual help in wage struggles, support for traveling members, and the like are handled. The trade internationals are autonomous as regards their organization and activity. They work hand in hand with the International Federation of Trade-Unions in order to put into effect the resolutions of the international congresses. Every year, upon invitation of the executive of the International Federa tion of Trade-Unions, a conference of the international trade-unions is held simultaneously with the international committee of the International Federation of Trade-Unions. Here the reports of activities of the executive of the International Federation of TradeUnions and the program of action for the coming year are discussed, and at the international congresses of the International Federation of Trade-Unions the secretaries of the trade internationals participate in counsel and in voting. Importance of 1927 Congress rT'HE International Federation of Trade-Unions holds a congress every three years. This year one was held at Paris from August 1 to 6. There were in attendance 159 delegates, 41 representatives of the trade internationals, and guests from other organizations. This congress was of the greatest significance as it made very important changes in the character of the organization. The most important of these changes were: (1) The office of the international is trans https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [962] INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF TRADE-UNIONS 13 ferred from Amsterdam to some other country, and (2) in future there is to be only one general secretary in place of the fonner three secre taries. The congress did not decide in what country the office was to be located nor who the one secretary was to be, these matters being left to the international committee, which is to assemble in the near future. Transfer of Central Office from Amsterdam 'T H E reasons why the central office was transferred to Amsterdam have already been noted. But while there were advantages, disadvantages also developed very soon. First, none of the three world languages were spoken in Holland, and this made administra tion difficult and costly. Secondly, Holland did not possess any of the great industries, and its geographical location was not convenient. Finally, and above everything else, the Amsterdam atmosphere was not favorable to the working together of the three secretaries. All of these difficulties the congress thought could be removed by trans ferring the offices to a more favorable location. Therefore, none of the former secretaries were reelected; but one, Mr. Sassenach, was chosen to conduct the business of the bureau until the election of the general secretary. Dispute over Presidency HTHE president of the international, Mr. A. A. Purcell, was not A reelected, although he was again proposed by the British dele gation, which expressly demanded the election of Purcell and declared it would leave the congress if another English representative than Purcell were chosen. Notwithstanding this, the congress elected to the presidency, in place of Mr. Purcell, his fellow-countryman Mr. Hicks. The English delegation did not take part in this election. Tiie reason for the persistence of the congress in this matter lay in the utter difference of opinion between Purcell and the majority of the organization as regards its relation to the communist trade-unions. Mr. Purcell has often given expression to his diverging attitude, as at the convention of the American Federation of Labor two years ago and also at the opening of the present congress of the international. Naturally, no delegate at the congress had thought of denying Mr. Purcell the freedom of his opinions, but the majority believed that at the head of the international there should be a man who more nearly represented its views and who in his official statements as president was in harmony with the executive committee. In addition to Mr. Hicks the following were elected to the execu tive committee: Leipart (Germany), Madsen (Denmark), Tayerle (Czechoslovakia), Jouhaux (France), and Mertens (Belgium). International Help in Labor Conflicts IN addition to the organization changes, which consumed two-thirds of the time of the congress, the congress occupied itself with several questions which may be of general significance. First to be mentioned is the rule regarding international help in wage contro versies. The Austrian delegation proposed that a fund should be established—an international war fund—to which every organization https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [9631 14 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW should contribute a fixed amount regularly and from which every organization involved in a great conflict could obtain as much as it had contributed, and under certain conditions more than it had contributed, such additional payment, however, to be regarded only as a loan which was to be paid back. The congress, however, did not warm up to this proposal, its resolution on this point being as follows: When a more im portant m ovem ent of a trade or industry is concerned, th e participating trad e or in d u stry union m ay appeal for help to its international trad e secretariat, which is thereupon authorized to tran sm it th e appeal to all th e affiliated organizations. The International Federation of Trade-U nions shall participate in an in ter national relief action only when several trad e or industrial unions of a country are sim ultaneously involved in an industrial conflict of such an ex ten t th a t requisite m eans for its carrying on can not be raised in th e country or from th e international trad e secretariats, to which th e participating organizations belong. In ternational relief action shall be given only when th e mem bers of th e aided organizations are affiliated to th e International Federation of Trade-Unions, in so far as th e special political relations of th e country do not m ake this impossible. Another resolution concerning international help was as follows: International relief action can only be instituted upon th e proposal of th e national federation, to which th e organizations to be aided belong. The executive com mittee of the international is to decide w hether such action shall be undertaken. In unusual cases the national federation concerned m ay request th e in ter national to prevent th e transportation of certain goods to th e country in which th e conflict is taking place. In such cases it m ust be established th a t in th e country itself every effort is being m ade to m ake impossible th e im portation and transportation of th e goods. Demand for Ratification of Eight-hour-day Convention PT ’HE eight-hour day or the shortening of the working time has been discussed at all workers’ congresses in Europe in recent years, and also at the present congress of the International Federation of Trade-Unions. In most of the European countries the eight-hour day is in general effect and in part of them is established by law, as in Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, Scandinavia, etc. In Germany the eight-hour day was lost in 1923, in the period of inflation. Since then, however, the trade-unions in general have won it back and more than eight hours a day is now worked in only a few industries. Nevertheless, the German Government refuses to ratify the Wash ington agreement, that is to say, to make the eight-hour day again a matter of law. The English Government also refuses to ratify this agreement. In France the agreement was ratified some time ago, with the proviso, hownver, that it should not become effective until the German Government should also ratify. Through this attitude in the three principal industrial States the eight-hour day is threatened in the other countries, and the struggles of the tradeunions for a shorter workday made difficult. These are the consider ations wfiich the congress sought to clarify in a resolution. The congress dem ands again of th e Governm ents th e im m ediate ratification of th e W ashington eight-hour convention. I t opposes strongly th e conclusion of a separate agreem ent by th e G overnm ents w ithout reference to th e International Labor Office. The London agreem ent (between th e labor m inistries of Germany, England, and France) shows th e danger of a m isinterpretation and therew ith a change for th e worse in th e W ashington convention. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [964] INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF TRADE-UNIONS 15 The congress therefore calls atten tio n to th e fact th a t th e W ashington con vention contains provisions which are universally to be regarded as m inim a only. * * * The congress expresses the view th a t no good reason now exists against a general ratification of th e convention. I t therefore instructs th e executive com m ittee of the International Federation of Trade-Unions to tak e measures for a sim ultaneous intervention favorable to ratification in th e countries concerned. The trade-unions will be able to hold the eight-hour day only when th e workers themselves have th e will to carry it through. * * * The best support and help in th e struggle for the eight-hour day, and w ith it th e greater freedom and greater share of culture it brings the worker, will always be his trade-union. Opposition to War and Militarism pR O M the very beginning the International Federation of Trade1 Unions has led in the fight against war and militarism. I t has supported this fight by a lively propaganda in all countries where it has members, and called a peace congress in 1922 in The Hague. The unbroken activity of the trade-unions for the freedom of "the people and against militaristic armament, however, has not hindered the governments of almost all European States from preparing for a new war as ardently, perhaps more ardently, than before the war. This preparation consumes a considerable portion of the wealth which labor produces. The sums which are spent for militarism might go for increasing the cultural opportunities of the under classes. These are the reasons which influence the pacifist-inclined trade-union international in the discussion of the question of opposition to war and militarism. The results of the discussion were set forth in the following resolution of the congress: The congress declares th a t the labor m ovem ent is th e decisive factor in the struggle for peace and th e m ost im portant elem ent in th e bringing together of th e various peoples. I t alone embodies the power to render null th e w ar plans of the ruling classes. The congress demands therefore th a t all wTar opponents and friends of solidarity among the peoples further the activities which the labor organizations are leading in the struggle against inflam m atory war propaganda. _ The congress considers therefore th a t it is the duty of the International Federa tion of Trade-Unions to carry on a continuous peace propaganda. I t urges especially the m others and the leaders of the young to in stru ct th e rising gener ation in the spirit of peace, to inspire it w ith th e principles of h um anity and brotherhood, in order th a t in the near future the reconciliation of peoples will be an accomplished fact. The congress draws attention to the fact th a t the peace treaties, which have disarmed certain countries, bind th e governm ents which have signed these treaties to disarm themselves. In this spirit and in order to begin th e work of general disarm am ent, the congress urges th a t th e national federations tak e the necessary steps by which the representatives of their countries in th e League of Nations will prepare measures which will p u t an end to th e p rivate m anufacture of weapons and w ar m aterials and place the traffic in weapons and w ar m aterials under international control. Need of a Universal Language A T the congresses of such an organization as the International 'U*- Federation of Trade-Unions where the delegates come from countries with 18 different languages, the question of mutual under standing is, as can easily be understood, a very serious matter. Although many delegates speak one language other than their mother tongue, nevertheless the speeches and decisions must as a rule be translated in three languages, and even, as was the case in Paris, at https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [965] 16 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW times in four or five languages. This not only takes much time and is expensive, but generates numerous misunderstandings, even when the translations are perfect. In order to prevent this difficulty, the congress resolved “ to investigate the possibility of the employment of one specified language or auxiliary language as the language to be used for the proceedings of the International Federation of TradeUnions, and to study what can be done by the International Federa tion of Trade-Unions to make unnecessary the time-consuming and laborious translation at the international congresses.” The originator of this proposal evidently had in mind the intro duction of an artificial language, Esperanto. However, according to the resolution, which was carried by a narrow majority, the choice of some other language for the congresses is possible, provided the investigation of the matter does not develop insuperable difficulties. T h e Unionization of Labor in China B y S. K. S heldon T s o , M . A ., T e c h n i c a l A d v i s e r A g riculture, C hina to the M inistry of N reviewing the situation as a whole, we find that the unionization movement in China is characterized by smooth progress and remarkable development in the south or Kwangtung Province, with a weaker and uneven development in the north, due to lack of education, inherent docility, and militaristic suppression in the latter area, and in the Yangtze Valley, conditions vary between those of the two extreme sections. But through the efforts of the Nationalist Party, organization is developing rapidly, and it is probable that in a few years the entire area will be as well organized as is Kwangtung. The attitude of employers, apart from that of certain philanthropists, is generally that of opposition to the introduction of modern unions, especially with regard to trade-unionism. The Chinese employers point out that it is already very difficult for them to meet the strong competition of foreign capitalists in China, due to the business experi ence and political advantages of the latter class; and if they are to suffer from costly labor regulations from which their foreign com petitors are to be exempt because of their special privileges, it will be impossible for them to cope with the situation, and the result will be the collapse of national industry. With this situation confronting China, she would find strict labor legislation impossible to enforce, unless foreign concessions be subjected to the same legislation. The policy of the Government in dealing with the problem of unionization differs widely in the northern and southern sections. The Southern Government deems it a part of its duty to provide: 1. Labor regulations and laws guaranteeing the right to form unions and the right to strike; 2. Regulations for unions; 3. Limitations of working hours to 54 a week; 4. Social insurance; 5. Minimum wages; 6. Schools for workers, etc., as declared by the Southern Government in October, 1926. The Northern Government has hesitated to come out on the side of the laborers in the matter of legal protection, but has provided a favorable union law. However, this was against the will of the more conservative statesmen, on the ground that the bolshe- I https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [966] UNIONIZATION or LABOK IN CHINA 17 vistic elements had taken an active part in the great railway strikes. In view of this fact, the militarists in the northern districts have frequently applied an iron hand in suppressing unions, and have thus retarded the development of the unionization movement. Yet it is unfair to say that the Northern Government is unwilling to improve the conditions for workers, since it merely shrinks from the danger of a “ red” revolution. The workers themselves, although they are beginning to under stand the advantages enjoyed by laborers in western countries, do not at this time aspire to securing similar conditions. Ten hours’ work each day and a daily wage of one dollar are the extreme limits of their claims. They would even be disposed to trust the Chinese emplo3Ters were it not for the foreign employers, whom they are apt to think hard and grasping and in whom they have little confidence. If we attempt further to visualize the unionization movement from a critical viewpoint, we will find that the south and the Yangtze Valley have made rapid progress as indicated by the number of unions formed. As a matter of fact, judging from the standpoint of the occidental unions, China is still quite inferior in organization. Only a few are well organized, for illiteracy prevails among the working classes, and the masses are handled by a few radical leaders. The National Workers’ Conference at Canton in 1922, and the attempts of railway men to form a national union of railway men in 1923 show some tendency toward national organization. Probably the anticipation of certain enlightened workers will be fulfilled under the régime of Kuomintang Party in the near future, but there are certain weaknesses in connection with the organization of Chinese unions which are causes for alarm. In a number of the so-called unions no actual unity exists among the members. When cases arise which demand cooperation, the leaders of such organizations can hardly induce the rank and file to act. Oftentimes only hand bills and telegrams are sent out in the name of the unions. These factors stand in the way of further development. The family system and the old Pon Kou system have not entirely died out. No inter course or relation exists among the unions which are already formed. The ancient guilds are still at work, and only a few labor leaders possess a working knowledge of how to organize unions and stimulate a unity of purpose. Some of the unions are handled by political demagogues for their own interest. Origin of Modern Trade-Unionism I TNDER the spur of industrial evils in China such as bad housing conditions, low wages, and long working hours, and also the rising cost of living and the depreciation of the copper currency, the workers began to turn toward organization as a means of bettering their general welfare. This activity was accentuated by a nationalist feeling, and probably, to a certain degree, by socialistic propaganda. Western trade-unionism sprang up within the industrial sections of China and gradually penetrated even into small towns where modern factories were in operation. This movement dates back to the armistice, but the conflict of interest between capital and labor in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [967] 18 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW the form of demands for wage increase and shorter hours preceded that by many years. The first strikes made their appearance in China in 1913, but they did not result in unionization, for Chinese large employers of labor met the situation honestly and tactfully, and of their own accord initiated social-service work, organized fac tory medical services, shortened the hours, and increased the pay, and dealt willingly with the leaders of the workers. As a result strikes prior to the armistice were weak and ineffective and practically never accompanied by violence. In 1917 labor newspapers and other publications appeared in Shanghai, Canton, Hankow, and other big cities contemporaneously with the publication of the so-called “ New Thought Tide,” or socialistic, literature, and they became quite effective. The contin ued influx of foreign capital, under the inducement of big profits, aroused a nationalist feeling and the Chinese laboring classes, awakened by students and press, became more and. more articulate. In disputes between Chinese employers and their workmen foreigners have been amazed at the frequency with which settlements are arrived at by arbitration. On the other hand where employers steadily resisted the demands of the workers, as in the case of the foreign ship owners of Hong Kong and their Chinese seamen, signifi cant strikes followed. Due to the fact that the organization of the ancient guilds was very effective in presenting certain principles of unionism, together with the common ties of Chinese traditions and their educational and social ideals, there was a natural response to a common appeal. Moreover, the student movement in 1919 exerted a significant influence in stimulating the organization of unions, though these were not limited to laboring classes; for instance, many unions patterned after the students’ union arose but the trade or craft unions were more rapid in development. From the armistice to 1921, approximately 200,000 factory workers were organized into various unions in different cities. Of all the workers these were the most successful in their efforts to secure higher wages and better working conditions, and their unions were the most efficiently conducted of all the labor organizations then in China. Next in numerical strength were the miners and railway men, numbering 185,000. The agricultural workers, always more conservative than craftsmen, were the least organized. Among these organized laborers higher pay, better treatment, and recognition of unions were the common demands in their strikes, such strikes being most prevalent in Canton, with Shanghai coming next, and the northern Provinces last. In some industries of the interior cities where handicraft conditions still exist, the workers to-day are satis fied with the old guild system for the regulation of wages, output, prices, and hours of labor. In a few instances the guild is under going a process of modernization, either by the application of union rules or by separating the employers and the employees, which is done in two ways; for example, in the Incense and Toilet Articles Guild of Peking, the employers and employees, though belonging to the same organization, hold separate meetings, while in the case of the Shoemakers’ Guild in Peking, separate organizations for employers and for employees are formed. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [968] UNIONIZATION OF LABOR IN CHINA 19 However, the old-fashioned guild system still exerts considerable influence, and controls members by methods similar to those of the guilds in Europe during the Middle Ages. I t works alongside the modern union. So it will be well to divide our discussion into two divisions, namely, the ancient type and the modern union. Ancient Types of Organization rT ,HERE are two kinds of organization of the ancient type; viz., A the ‘T o n Kou,” or local group, system, and the guild system. The so-called Pon Kou system has three distinctive types: 1. Artisan groups, in which organization is based on apprenticeship. The employer controls the whole group, and the purpose of the organization is merely to secure internal cooperation. Such a group may also be called an apprenticeship group. 2. Craftsmen groups, the basis of organization being either trade or locality. The chief point of difference from the artisan groups is that the members of such an organization are all laborers and no employing class is in volved. 3. Local groups, the organization being based upon the lo cality from which the workers come. In certain respects, it is similar to the system of the guild; but in this organization only laborers are eligible to membership, while in the guilds both employers and employees are entitled to join. Examples of such organization are numerous, including the Fukien groups, Kwangtung groups, and others, membership in which is limited to those who come from Fukien or Kwangtung Province and work in the factories or other establishments where the groups are located. As a whole, the scope and sphere of activities of these ancient organizations, or Pon Koce, are narrow and without any far-seeing purposes. Each organization works for its own interest and benefit, and such motives of self-interest often lead to conflict among the workers themselves. Their activities are of no benefit to the modem labor movement, and sometimes impede its development and progress. Although these old groups still exist in certain sections of China, as industry is further developed they will be forced to dissolve or to reorganize themselves into modern unions. There is a type of organization among the farmers bearing some resemblance to the Pon Kou system. Laborers on the farm usually combine in small groups of from 25 to 100 men, under the direction of a so-called “ headman” and his assistants. When labor is needed the employer makes a contract with the headman, who sends workers for the job. The headman also undertakes to collect bills and to divide the gross receipts with his men on an agreed ratio, which varies in different communities. As the headman usually knows local conditions, his information on employment and labor is fairly accu rate. In the absence of employment bureaus such as exist in the western countries, this organization, though antiquated, is highly useful in lessening unemployment in seasonal labor such as agricul ture. But this system is much less desirable in industrial cities. Since the introduction of modern industry, the so-called “ headman” has become a labor broker, due to the fact that in cities thousands of laborers are needed instead of the 25 to 100 needed on the farms. Instead of rendering services to his fellow men in matters of em https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [969] 20 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW ployment the headman has degenerated into an exploiter of the workers for his own personal profit. He supplies labor in the same manner that a contractor supplies coal, hides, or sand—so much labor for a certain period for a given amount. In case of strikes, the headman often receives a sub stantial bonus from the employer to bring about a peaceful settle ment of difficulties, and as this settlement usually includes a higher wage, he also gets a larger sum in commissions, fines, etc., from the workers. The most pronounced effects of this system are less effi ciency and the breaking down of initiative among the laborers. The second type of ancient organization is the guild. As the guild system exercises a predominating influence in Chinese trades, it deserves very careful study. The buildings of these guilds are most conspicuous in every city, like the schools and churches in the United States. The origin of the guild system dates back several centuries. I t is said that when it was first organized, its foundation principle was mutual aid and protection. The organization of craft guilds varies with trades and localities. As a rule, the manager is elected annually, together with several committee men, all of whom serve without pay. Each of the committee men take charge of the guild for one month, thus keeping the chairmanship in rotation. The execu tive secretary is the only paid officer in the organization. The authority of the guild is very extensive. Disputes arising between employers and employees are always first referred to the guilds for settlement. The manager and the committee sit as judges, with two or three experts as advisers. At first the Chinese Govern ment assumed a laissez-faire attitude toward industrial disputes and left the guild to formulate laws regarding trade matters, and so deci sions were rendered by the guilds. Now the courts, as well as the guilds, are appealed to as tribunals for settling labor disputes, but owing to the craftsman’s inability to pay lawyers’ fees and his aversion to legal technicalities, the guilds are often preferred. This is one of the reasons why the guild system still maintains its position in China, though it is being gradually superseded by unions. The influence of the guilds on Chinese industries has been tre mendous. They have protected the craftsmen and the coolies from oppression by the landed aristocrats and political demagogues, and have saved Chinese trade and labor from being crushed by foreign competition. In a protest against a grievance, the laboring classes unhesitatingly follow the decision of the guilds, and when facing a common competition, the tradesmen and the coolies stand firm. The foreign capitalists have succeeded only by the constant influx of capital, and the natives have maintained their industries largely through organization. However, the ancient guild can hardly meet the needs of modern industry because of the defects inherent in the system. I t greatly limits freedom of action, and prevents one who might become a captain of industry from asserting himself. Under it a man of per spicacity and shrewdness finds little room for the expression of busi ness initiative or the exercise of creative intelligence. He has no alternative but to blindly follow the guild regulations; otherwise he will suffer a common boycott for violating guild rules. Besides, as there is no national guild the boundaries of the Province limit develop https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [970] UNIONIZATION OF LABOR IN CHINA 21 merit, regional bias, as in the “ Pon Kou system,” often leading to wasteful competition and rendering cooperation impracticable. So, in a strike for their rightful place in industrial life, the workers have come to have more faith in modern unions than in guilds; and trade-unionism is gradually gaining ground, though these ancient organizations still exist. Labor Organization of Modern Type IN considering labor organization in China, it must not be taken for A granted that there is uniformity in all localities. Broadly speak ing, China may be divided into three zones—the Kwangtung Province or south, the Yangtze Yalley, and the north—and for convenience we will deal separately with the movement in each of these sections. In the south, or Kwangtung Province, through the encouragement of the Koumintang Party and also because of earlier contact with western people, unionism almost measures up to western standards in many respects. In the Yangtze Valley district, the situation is more com plicated, unions in certain localities being better developed than in others. In the north the movement for organization of the workers is decidedly weak, because of suppression by northern militarists and the lack of development of industries. Unionization in the South or Kwangtung Province rTTIE south deserves the credit of starting the labor movement and A its progress along the line of unionization is bound to be rapid. The student agitation of the spring of 1919 led to the formation of 26 modern labor unions. Under the impetus furnished by a successful strike early in 1920 by the Mechanics’ Union in Hong Kong, one of the strongest groups, more than a hundred new unions sprang up within a few months. Most of these were quite small, and some of the smallest, feeling the need of counsel, have sought it from the Y. M. C. A. The activities of these unions vary, among their activities being the observance of Labor Day, support of strikers, contributions to the Kussian famine relief, support of free schools and evening classes for workers and their children, and the publishing of various periodi cals. Numerous saving clubs and unemployment bureaus have been established, As in other countries trade-unionism was not legally recognized at first, for the article of the Provisional Criminal Code, relating to the labor question, is purely repressive and a denial of the right to strike. It provides that “ When workmen engaged in the same business com bine in a strike the ringleader shall be punished with imprisonment for a period not severer than the fourth degree, or detention, or fine of not more than $300, and each of the others shall be punished with detention or a fine of not more than $30.” Fortunately the Kuomintang Party, under the leadership of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, encouraged the organization of unions among the workers, and gradually labor organ izations obtained a legal status, and unions increased every year. Another strong impetus to the unionization of labor in south China, especially in Canton, was the strike of seamen from January 13 to March 5, 1922. It was the most severe of the labor struggles in south China, for it completely paralyzed the trade and industry of the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [971 ] 22 MONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW British colony. Nearly 200 steamers, with an aggregate tonnage of about 300,000, were tied up in the harbor. Toward the end of the strike practically the entire Chinese population of Hong Kong had joined the 30,000 seamen. On February 1, the Hong Kong Govern ment issued an order in council declaring the seamen’s union illegal and ordering its headquarters closed and its signboard removed. On March 6 this order was rescinded and the signboard replaced. The seamen secured increases of from 15 to 30 per cent in wages, prac tically the equivalent of their demands. It is said that the southern Government did a great deal to support this movement, and that otherwise the strike woidd have failed. The Hong Kong Government was much blamed for its failure to appreciate the significance of labor union development in south China in time to cope with it with intel ligence. In 1922 there were, it is estimated, nearly 400,000 members in the Federation of Laborers of Canton, an organization formed after the strike. The majority of the members are workers in the old native industries rather than in the modern forms of industry. At the same time the Mutual Aid Society of Canton was organized under the leadership of Hsieh Ying Pai, a former student in American colleges. The society claims a membership of 50,000, it conducts two news papers and hospitals for workers, and plans to open schools for the workers. In May of the same year (1922) the first national labor conference in China met in Canton. There were 160 delegates from 12 important cities, representing over 300,000 workers in some 200 unions. The chief centers represented at this conference were the cities of Canton and Shanghai, and the Provinces of Shangtung, Honan, and Hupeh. The railway unions were also represented. Ten resolutions were passed, the most important of which were that all the unions should pledge each other financial support in case of strikes; that unions should stand for an eight-hour daj7'; that the labor movement should be economic in character rather than political; that a constitution and the organization of a permanent national federation of labor should be formulated, including plans for the second national labor conference. This conference aimed at a permanent organization of trade-unions to be on an industrial rather than a craft basis. While the immediate result was unimportant with the exception of one union being formed at Canton, still the conference was significant as being the first in the history of the labor movement in China. An example of an industrial union formed under the principle of the conference, is the Metal Workers’ Union of Canton, organized in 1923. Its membership, about 160,000, now includes all of the metal workers of Canton and the neighboring towns. There are 10 departments in the organization, namely, those for machinists, electricians, stokers, founders, turners, draftsmen, molders, steel workers, modelers, and copper workers. Its program aims at the industrial, economic, social, and educational improvement of the members. Among other things, the plans of the organization provide for the publication of a monthly and weekly paper, the erection of a technical school, a sanitarium for tubercular laborers, a convalescent home for aged workers, a general hospital, a savings bank, a model factory for mechanics, and a kindergarten for the children of the wrorkers. The https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [972] UNIONIZATION OF LABOR IN CHINA 23 political and social conditions in. Canton and vicinity have prevented a part of the program from being put into full operation, and some of these lines of work have been held in abeyance. Since the first labor conference strikes have increased each year. In 1922, in a period of nine months, there were 52 strikes at Canton only one of which proved successful and that was due chiefly to the support of Dr. Sun Yat-sen. His influence in the activities of labor has resulted in a united attitude among the laboring classes toward unionization. In 1924 the number of trade-unions in Hong Kong increased to 200 and in Canton to 300, some of which became very powerful in handling strikes and boycotts. This increase in labor unions affected the neighboring Provinces and districts, as may be seen from the following report of British consul to Swatow: “ Trade-unionism had greatly developed of late years, more specially since the shipping strike in Hong Kong in 1922. Practically every branch of labor has now its union” ; and also from the report of Consul Hewlett (Great Britain) in 1924: “ Servants in foreign employ in Amoy combined two years ago to secure a raise in wages; the chair bearers have united and secured a raise in chair hire; the sampan men work in closest coopera tion, and, at an injustice to one of their members, all the other men will cease work.” In 1925, with the further development of labor organizations the absence of union rules made itself felt while conflicts occurred, and regulations were drawn up at the request of the workers’ organiza tions in the Kwangtung Province which were very wide in scope. These organizations include manual laborers and intellectual workers of both sexes, and even public officials. Since the general strike of 1925, organizations of labor have became more active because of the cooperation of the working classes with the student class and the Government in the nationalist movement. At the time a number of peasants organized trade-unions sometimes abused their rights by making unjust demands and resorting to violence, and on December 14, 1926, the Kwangtung Provincial Government decided to restrict and regidate the actions of workmen, issuing the following decree: I t is th e desire of th e G overnm ent to protect th e interests of th e workers, b ut of late laborers of bad character^ taking advantage of complications among their num ber, are com m itting arbitrary acts, which will mislead labor move ments. Hence, th e G overnm ent has issued th e ordinance, b u t th e ordinance by no m eans aim s a t th e oppression of rightful labor movem ent. The second national labor conference was held in Canton in May of 1925. I t decided to create a general labor union of China in order to organize all the workers in the nation and to promote their general welfare. Membership was to be corporate rather than individual. Representatives of federations of labor unions were to become ipso facto members of the General Labor Union, while representatives of single unions might become members on the recommendation of the officers of the General Labor Union. The aims of the General Labor Union were to be: (a) To promote labor organizations in China; (b) to direct and unify the labor movement; (c) to promote friendship and education among the workers; (d) to formulate common aims and policies; (e) to arbitrate in labor disputes, especially between unions; and (/) to establish relations with international labor organi https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [973] 24 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW zations. There was to be an executive committee of 25 members elected annually at the conference of the representatives of member unions. The decisions of the annual conference of the representa tives and of the executive committee were to be binding on all mem ber unions. Under the executive committee there were to be a secretariat and a department of organization, of publication, and of finance. Other important resolutions of the conference were in favor of: 1. The federation of laborers and farmers; 2. The federa tion of laborers and farmers with soldiers; 3. The promotion of workers’ education; and 4. The consolidation of labor unions in Canton and Shanghai. However, these decisions can have no farreaching effect on the laboring classes as there were dissenting opinions. Some unions pointed out that the conference was domi nated by radicals, and others stated that the conference was “ unrep resentative of the Chinese proletariat as a whole.” In May of the year following (1926) the third national labor con ference was held at Canton. Four hundred delegates, representing 1,240,000 organized workers, belonging to 400 unions in 19 Provinces, were present. Resolutions were passed on the following subjects: Organization of the labor movement; reorganization and working of trade-unions; objects and program of the economic struggle; strikes; the relations between workers and peasants; workers’ edu cation; young workers and the trade-union movement; unemploy ment; cooperation; labor legislation; and the right of association and conditions of work, etc. The question might be raised as to why the development of tradeunionism is faster in Kwangtung than anywhere else.^ It is said that Canton presents a favorable field for labor activities for the following reasons: 1. The Southern Government has been sympathetic toward the laboring classes. 2. The Cantonese people have had a closer and more intimate contact with the West. 3. The Cantonese possess more of a fighting spirit and are more contentious than the peoples of other Provinces. 4. The purchasing power of the Cantonese is, on the average, higher than that of the peoples of other sections in China; hence economic conditions favor labor organizations. 5. In the Kwangtung Province climatic conditions permit the land to be under cultivation practically the whole year. Hence the striking laborer can often, through his family connections, return to the land when necessity forces him to obtain his sustenance from sources other than his work. Unionization in the Yangtze Valley ’"THE other section noted for activity of labor is the district around ^ the Yangtze River, including the two industrial Provinces of Hupeh and Kiangsu. The workers of Hupeh have made consid erable effort to organize themselves, receiving encouragement from their comrades in Kwangtung, especially following the success of the Plong Kong shipping strike. Toward the end of 1922 they set up a workers’ federation, including 24 trade-unions and about 40,000 members. About the same time the workers on the Peking-Hankow https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [974] UNIONIZATION OF LABOR IN CHINA 25 Railway, formed a trade-union, with local sections. At Shanghai, according to a report of the Economic Information Bureau of the Chinese Government, 47 trade-unions were created in 1922, and about 80,000 workmen are members of trade-unions. The movement also includes 30,000 coolies, 50,000 dockers, and about 5,000 drivers. At one of the unions at Shanghai, T. S. Chen, a Chinese socialist, said in an address: “ Labor is now awakened to the realization that human physical endeavor is not a commodity, and that the workers7 person, health, and safety must be protected by the capitalist on the one hand and by society on the other.” Since then Chinese laboring classes have felt a new dignity, and are entering into labor activities. The progress of organization in Shanghai was blocked for a time by the policy of the Chinese authorities in the Kiangsu Province, in which Shanghai is situated. Freedom of association was forbidden, the police could break up any meeting of workmen for whatever purpose they might be gathered, and trade-unions were not allowed to exist. The Shanghai municipal council police department, administered by foreigners, assumed the same attitude and allowed no meetings in the International Settlement which might be construed to have a political significance. The result was that, while unions did exist, they were driven to secrecy. At the National Assembly of the Labor Organiza tion, held in Shanghai in 1922, a program was drawn up for presenta tion to the Government, demanding that strikes be declared legal. At the end of 1923 the Peking Government, under which Shanghai and other central sections were then controlled, submitted to Parliament regulations authorizing workers to associate in tradeunions and granting such unions a legal status. Although the inces sant civil wars prevented general legislation, the Provincial govern ments around the Yangtze Valley enacted their own legislation con cerning labor unions, and labor activities in such Provinces as Hunan became very marked; not only legal recognition was secured but certain recognition was accorded union representatives by large companies. Due to the rapid growth of unions, dissension appeared among their leaders, which diminished their power. The extreme group wished to have no dealings with the more conservative section, and in so embryonic a movement this split was particularly disastrous. Also, the mass of the people are unable to read Chinese characters, which means that they must rely for their information upon rumor or word of mouth. However, 75 well-regulated unions were formed in 1924, as reported by the British consul. Meanwhile a General Labor Union was formed at Shanghai, and all the members of the unions at Shanghai became subject to its rules and regulations. Membership was open to all Chinese workers. The rules state that if any member of the union has cause for complaint against any factory owner because of harsh treatment or injury the matter shall be reported to the union, which will investigate and, if necessary, take up the question and negotiate on behalf of the injured member. Disputes between members which have not been taken to court will be adjusted by the union. All important matters concerning mem bership and the union are to be reported to the committee of the General Union, etc. In 1925 the union suffered a blow from the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [975 ] 26 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW acts of Gen. Chang Tso Ling, who closed the union and seized all the documents of the*- organization. After the troops of Chang withdrew from. Shanghai the General Labor Union reopened. In the year following, another disaster confronted the union. The continuous strikes in Shanghai irritated Sun Chuan Fan, the military governor of Kiangsu, arid he ordered the General Union to be “ sealed ” or closed again. After that the labor movement in Shanghai remained inactive for a time, but after the news of the victories of Gen. Chiang Keh Shek, the leader of the Kuomintang, or Nationalist Party, was brought to the laboring classes, they felt that their day of eman cipation had come and became restless again, for the Kuomintang was and is noted for its sympathy toward labor. The Federation of Street Unions held a meeting in December, 1926, at which a com mittee of six persons was appointed to arrange the reorganization of the General Labor Lhiion. Permanent headquarters were estab lished and the General Union was reopened in defiance of the official orders of Governor Sun Chuan Fan. Soon afterward the police seized all documents of the union and placed seals upon the doors, in spite of the laborers’ protests. The union was compelled to remove to other quarters. A resolution was passed threatening another general strike in case of further suppression. By the victory of the Kuomintang, unions in all central China received a strong impetus; for distance, the trade-union members in the Wu Han district increased to 240,000. Practically all types of workers were organized, even servants in native homes. The signifi cance of the movement is illustrated by the demands of the Serv ants’ Union at Siantan, Hunan: An em ployer who wishes to dismiss a servant shall first tak e th e m a tte r up w ith th e union, telling his reasons. If th e union approves, th e servant m ay be dis missed. In case of im proper conduct th e m a tte r shall be reported to th e union and th e servant adm onished by the same. No servant shall be employed who does n o t belong to th e union. Disagreements between em ployer and employee shall be settled by th e union. In th e case of a grievance a servant has th e right to petition th e union to uphold him in his case; if th e reasons of th e grievance w arrant such action th e union m ay take th e m a tte r up w ith th e G overnm ent in order to obtain further help. No servant m ay instigate a strike w ithout the consent of th e union. Thus the strongest element of the labor movement since 1926 has come to be unionization. For instance, among the demands of the Wing-on employees during the strike which started on the 15th of January, 1927, is this: “ The company shall recognize that the Wing-on Labor Union has the sole right to represent the workers as a whole.” During another significant strike early in 1927, against the Tramway Co. we find the demand that “Our federation shall be recognized by the company as the representative of workmen, and foreigners shall not be allowed to hit or dismiss Chinese workmen from the federation unless with permission.” These instances show the increased power of the unions in Shanghai in dealing directly with employers. At the same time, the employers’ associations slow up the progress by breaking away from the old guilds in order to balance their power of bargaining with that of the employees. The conflict of interests between capital and labor has made the Govern ment feel the necessity of stepping in, and the political committee of the Southern Government in the Wu Han district early organized a committee of arbitration. The members of this committee consist https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [976] UNIONIZATION OF LABOE IN CHINA 27 of the representatives of the General Labor Union and delegates of the Kuomintang Party, of the Chamber of Commerce representing the employers, of the political committee of the southern Govern ment, and also of the police department. The purpose of this com mittee is to settle industrial disputes between the employers and employees. Another committee of arbitration is found in Shanghai. Its regu lations were drawn by T. Y. Yu, councilman of the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce. Sixty members are selected, consisting of represent atives of chambers of commerce in Shanghai and surrounding dis tricts, of the General Labor Union, and of the various trade guilds. The committee is vested with power to settle all industrial disputes, its aim being to maintain peace between the two classes. Unionization in the North T JNIONIZATION in the north is least developed and the move^ ment comparatively weak, only the railway men having strong unions. The reason for this is that there are only a few enlightened labor leaders in North China. Public authorities adopt suppressive measures in. dealing with labor. Workers having any real knowledge of unions are found chiefly among those who participated in the World War. So the Returned Laborers’ Union, composed of work men who returned from France, merits particular attention. Besides attempting to improve conditions of employment, the union has a program of wide scope. While in Europe, these workers abstained from drinking and gambling and sent their savings to support ele mentary schools in their home villages, and the organization now feels the wisdom of encouraging temperance among laborers. It has isolated itself from politics in order to insure free and unhampered development along industrial lines. The union published a declara tion at the time of organization as follows: A i m s .— The principal aims of the union shall be to cooperate w ith the workers to strengthen collective bargaining, to increase common knowledge through fre quent association, and to prom ote a cordial b u t nonpartisan friendship^ R e so lu tio n s .— The members are resolved not to drink alcohol, or to visit pros titu tes, or to gamble or to smoke opium or use its derivatives. C la im s .— The union claims the right to strike for improved working conditions, and th e right to hold meetings or to m ake public speeches for prom oting public welfare of th e workers. The union elects a chairman, a secretary, a treasurer, and 10 councilmen to take charge of various activities of the organization. This is probably the first union with progressive ideas in North China. Among other unions those growing out of the guilds are unim portant. Among them is the Lu-an Industrial Union of Peking, an amalgamated organization of several crafts formerly organized in independent guilds, including carpenters, bricklayers, blacksmiths, masons, and painters. Before the reorganization the craft line between the guilds was very rigid, so that members of one guild could not handle the jobs of those of another guild. Under the new organi zation more cooperation is allowed among the craftsmen. The union itself secures building contracts from the Government and distributes them to various members by lot. If a member loses money on the contract so secured, he may be reimbursed by the union on showing 68404°—27-----3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [9771 28 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW good cause. If a member has difficulty in collecting debts or is involved in litigation, he may appeal to the union for assistance. The organization also regulates wages and working hours and gives aid to unemployed. Another type of union, or group of organizations in the nature of clubs, has had a unique growth. The Tanshan Club is one of the best examples. It is located in Tanshan, a pioneer community of industry in North China. About 285 years ago, the inhabitants of the district began to operate coal mines by primitive methods. In 1878, the western method was introduced in the Tanshan Mine, it becoming the first modern mine in China. The increase of workmen led to the formation of a self-government club for the purpose of providing a recreation place for the workers. In 1905 a slight conflict with the laborers from Kwangtung Province resulted in the dissolu tion of the club. A separate Kwangtung Provincial Guild was then formed for fraternal meetings. After the student movement in 1919, the employees of the Peking-Mukden Railway machine shop orga nized a union to improve working conditions as well as to equip themselves with an elementary education. This stimulated similar organizations on the part of the employees of the colliery. The general organization of the miners was gradually strengthened and to-day they have a reading room, a school for teaching the phonetic system of the Chinese language, and a magazine to popularize the use of phonetics. Thus the Tanshan workmen, numbering over 30,000, with more than 30 years of experience in industrial life, have realized the importance of cooperation and combination. The more recent organizations, with broad educational programs, clearly aim at equipping themselves with common intelligence for maintaining a balance of bargaining power with the capitalists. The organizations referred to serve to show that while labor activi ties in North China are more or less identified with the old guilds, and the laboring classes are more conservative and moderate in their attitude than are their comrades in the south and the Yangtze Valley, it is not because they are slow to adopt the modern idea of unionism from Western countries, but rather due to the fact that their environ ment restricts them to inactivity. Moreover, the high-handed policy of the authorities of the northern Provinces is well known to the workers. When the railway men on the different Chinese lines, at the beginning of the year 1923, decided to hold a conference for amalgamating and for founding a national union of railway men, the Peking Plankow Railway workers were told by the Chengchow police authorities that they had received orders from Wu Pei Fu, a powerful general, forbidding such a conference. Representatives were sent to Wu to obtain permission but were unsuccessful. Never theless, they proceeded with the conference. The police interfered, headquarters of the union were “ sealed/7and the delegates dispersed the following day. The workers were ordered to go back to work, and upon their refusal Wu Pei Fu ordered their leader, Liu Tsian Chien, and other active workers shot. After this all of the branches of the Railway Workers7 Union were temporarily closed. The news spread over the country and stirred up the laborers against the northern militarists. When support was denied them in China they appealed to other countries wherein labor had met with a measure of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [978] UNIONIZATION OF LABOR IN CHINA 29 success and denounced militarism as even worse than industrial exploitation. However, there are bright pages to be found in the record of the unionization movement in North China. Seeing that the chief agitation was along the line of health and safety of the workers, the Ministry of Communications, anticipating further developments, began taking the initiative in health and social welfare legislation. The measures passed included life insurance, health and accident insurance, and a pension system for the benefit of the 125,000 railway employees in China. In addition, the ministry now provides an elementary education for railway workmen. This educational pro gram provides for the establishment of schools, lecture groups, rail way libraries, and railway daily newspapers. As the labor organiza tion movement is dependent upon the leaders, it is the purpose of the ministry to enlighten the laborers in order that they may not be misguided by any of their leaders. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [979] PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR Labor P ro d u ctiv ity in Copper R efinin g D ATA regarding output per man per day has been furnished the Bureau of Labor Statistics by one of the large copper refining companies. These data give comparative employment and output in January, 1918, which was the peak employment period, and August, 1927, which is reported to have been a fairly average month. The figures show that during this period of nine years the number of men employed was reduced from 578 to 233, with a coin cident increase of about 10 per cent in total output. The company further states that with contemplated improvements completed not more than 100 men should be needed. The detailed figures for 1918 and 1927 are as follows: Jan u ary , 1918 August, 1927 Pounds refined copper produced______ 9, 165, 628 Tons concentrates sm elted per m an per d a y ---------------------------------------------0. 43 Tons to ta l m aterial smelted per m an per 0. 78 d a y --------------------------------------------Pounds refined copper per m an per day_ 610 10, 142, 766 1. 30 1. 67 1, 612 The reduction in personnel, it is stated, included both skilled and unskilled labor. P ro d u ctiv ity of Labor of S ea m en DECREASE during recent years in the number of persons necessary to operate a given tonnage of shipping and a change in distribution of personnel among the different departments of a ship were brought out in the census of seamen on seagoing vessels taken by the British Government on March 31, 1926. This census, the results of which were published in the Board of Trade Journal (London) for July 14, 1927, included only the seamen actually employed on the day the information was obtained, on seagoing vessels other than yachts and fishing vessels registered in the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands. The relatively diminished personnel of the navigating department and the increased relative importance of the catering staff in steam and motor shipping are shown in the following table giving the number of persons employed per 100,000 net tons on April 3, 1911, and on March 31, 1926: A N U M B E R O F P E R S O N S P E R 100,000 N E T T O N S OF S T E A M A N D M O T O R S H IP P IN G A P R IL 3, 1911, A N D M A R C H 31, 1926 D epartm ent Apr. 3, 1911 M ar. 31, 1926 D eck........................ ........................ Engine room_ . . . ...... ................ Stewards _________________ O th er___________ ______ . 815 828 446 43 713 767 505 99 T o ta l_____________ ______ 2,132 2, 084 30 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [980] MACHINES POE HARVESTING COTTON 31 I t is pointed out that the decrease in the number of persons employed in the engine room may be attributed partly to the increased use of fuel oil by steamships and partly to the increased employment of motor vessels. Other causes for the changes in distribution are the change from tramps to liners and the increase in the average size of ships. The increase in the personnel of the “ other” group is said to be principally due to the inclusion of wireless operators in this group, but partly also to the increase in musicians and other specialists engaged to provide social and other amenities on the luxury type of passenger vessel. M a ch in es for th e H arvestin g of C otton OTTON picking has always been a hand process and has given employment to a very large amount of labor in the cotton growing States. Many attempts have been made to invent machines to do this work, But up to the present apparently none of these attempts has been commercially successful. Recently the International Harvester Co. has devised and is now trying out certain cotton-picking* machines which it believes to be both mechanically and commercially practicable. These experiments will be watched with much interest, as the perfecting of cotton-picking machinery may not only have an important effect in increasing labor produc tivity and reducing labor cost, but through the displacement of labor it may have a great effect upon the whole economic and social life of the cotton-growing States. The following description of the new machines has been furnished by the company: C Type of Machinery IN order to meet the varying conditions of soil and climate in the * cotton-growing areas of the South it has been necessary to devise three types of machines. These are: A picker of the spindle type for the lowlands and other sections of the old South where the entire crop can not be picked at one time, due to a long season and uneven ripening. A stripper or boiler for -harvesting upland cotton, as it is usually called, which is cotton that matures quickly and ripens evenly. A cotton cleaner for cleaning stripped cotton and bolls. Description of Cotton Picker T H E picker is still looked upon as semiexperimental. Only a limited number have been produced this year and these have been placed in various sections of the South where they will be operated during the fall and winter and results carefully watched. The machine is what is known as the spindle type, having two picking cylinders set vertically, each carrying a large number of spindles which work horizontally and are close enough together for at least one of them to come in contact with every open boll on the plant. The two picking cylinders and doffers are suspended by pendulum and spring floating action. The picking mechanism floats in all direc[981] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 32 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW tions and thus adapts itself to the variations in the cotton row and the ground, thereby obviating^ the need of accurate guiding of the wheels of the machine and eliminating danger of breakage of spindles and injury to the cotton plants. As the picker is pulled along over the cotton row by the tractor, two large gathering shoes on the front of the machine pick up the spreading branches of the plant and place them in a position for the picking spindles on the two cylinders. The spindles revolve rapidly, at the same time moving backward on the cylinder in a horizontal position at exactly the same speed that the picker moves forward. The cotton in the open bolls winds around the spindles and is carried back to the doffers where the cotton is released by a quick reverse action of the spindle as it passes between two sections of the doffer. Each section of the doffer is equipped with a small set of brushes on the upper and lower sides. Each spindle passes between the two sets of these brushes which clean the spindle of cotton at the time when the reverse action of the spindle takes place. The next operation is to separate the cotton from dirt and trash, which is accomplished by means of a revolving disk cleaner. From this centrifugal cleaner the cotton passes on to an elevator where a cylinder and belt cleaning device continue the cleaning action. The cotton then passes into one of two large gathering bags at the rear of the machines. These gathering bags are removed when full and replaced with empty ones. The outfit is operated by two men, one guiding the tractor and the other controlling the cotton picker. The machine with its two oper ators is expected to pick from two to five bales of cotton a day, which is equivalent to what two pickers could gather in from 8 to 15 days. Thus, it is estimated by the company that on the basis of present wages paid to hand pickers the machine will save from $10 to $15 a bale over hand picking. It is believed that mechanically harvested cotton will, as a rule, grade higher than the average hand picked cotton. Description of Cotton Stripper W /H ER EA S the picker gathers only the ripe cotton or open bolls, vv the stripper or boiler is designed to gather the ripe cotton and also the unopened bolls in one operation. It is a very simple machine in comparison with the picker and can be operated either by tractor or horsepower. The stripper has a pair of long dividers, similar to the dividers on a corn binder, which pass one on each side of the cotton row. These dividers are adjustable up and down and are operated close to the ground. As the machine is drawn forward, the dividers guide the cotton plants between two stripping chains immediately back of the dividers. A series of stripping fingers on these chains strip the bolls from the plant and deliver them into a gathering box at the rear. Spring bars and leaf springs known as picker fingers are located immediately below the stripping chains. These fingers gather and retain any loose cotton that is not in the bolls. . When the gathering box is filled with bolls, it is dumped on a large piece of canvas located at convenient points in the field where a clean ing machine may be located. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [982] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C O TTON PI CKER AND T R A C T O R IN FI ELD O F C O T T O N https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis COTTON S T R I P P E R MACHINES EOE HAEVESTINC COTTON 33 The stripper, and tractor, as in case of the picker described above, is operated by two men, and is expected also to gather from two to five bales of cotton a day, depending upon the yield and condition of the field. Description of Cotton Cleaner rT ‘HE cotton cleaner used in connection with the stripper is a self1 contained, power-operated stationary machine to which the bolls and stripped cotton are brought after being dumped from the stripper. The cleaner is of the spindle type and consists of a revolv ing drum having spindles of the same type as the cotton picker previously described. The stripped cotton is delivered into a hopper and then passed through a feeder which delivers the bolls at a uniform rate to the boll-breaking device which opens the closed or unripe bolls without injuring the fiber. The cotton is next passed on to the spindle drum where the spindles pick up only the lint, all other material being ejected. The cotton is removed from the spindle by doffers in the same manner as on the picker, and the lint is pneumatically conveyed to a wagon or cotton house where it is then ready for the gin. Thousands of bales of cotton are left in the field each year in the unopened bolls or “ hollies.” I t is believed by the company th at with the cleaner and the stripper, which may be taken into the field late in the fall following hand pickers or the mechanical cotton picker, the cotton in these “ hollies" can be harvested, adding con siderably to the grower’s income. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [983] INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND LABOR CONDITIONS The Problem of the Unskilled Laborer with a Large Family HE case of M att Jones, steel-mill laborer, endeavoring to support a wife and eight children1 on a daily wage of $3.44, was a sub ject of extended discussion at the recent Detroit meeting of the Catholic Conference on Industrial Problems. This particular case was used, of course, merely as a rather vivid example of a situation which it was agreed was not unusual. The discussion covered a wide range, but there was no agreement as to the proper remedial measures to be taken or recommended. The problem presented to the meeting was an actual case which came before the Catholic Central Charity Bureau in Chicago, and was described as follows: T T he family we will call Jones, consisting of father, nam ed M att, age 37 years; m other, Helen, age 39 years, and th e following children: Tom, 13 years; M ary, 10; M andy, 9; Annie, 7; K atie, 5; Rosie, 3; Joe, 2; Helen, 6 m onths. T he fath er is a naturalized citizen of th e U nited States. He is employed w ith a large steel com pany and earning $3.44 a day, and came to our office to supple m en t his earnings. A le tte r was w ritten to th e steel com pany asking if they would give Mr. Jones an opportunity to earn more money so th a t he could support his large family. A reply was received from th e general superintendent of th e steel company, addressed to th e C entral C harity Bureau, 126 N orth Desplaines Street, Chicago: “ We have your letter of July 29, in regard to M a tt Jones, and would advise th a t we have personally looked into his case and give you attach ed hereto a rep o rt from our labor superintendent: “ ‘Referring to your favor of August 1, and the attach ed com munication from th e C entral C harity Bureau, beg to advise th a t th is m an is employed as a gasm an in No. 1 M erchant Mill, and is a t th e present tim e earning $3.44 per day. D uring th is present week when No. 1 M erchant Mill is down he is em ployed as an ashm an in th e boiler house earning $3.42 per day. “ ‘ Mr. Jones first entered our service on June 26, 1920, and was dropped from our roll on July 24th, 1920; investigation by our ‘look-up’ m an disclosed th a t he had accepted a position w ith th e Iroquois Iron Co. He retu rn ed again to our service on M ay 1, 1922, and has been continuously in our employ and has worked steadily ever since. He worked during this period, including July 29, 81 days, earning $295.95, or an average of $3.65 per day. “ ‘Our records show th a t he has nine children, th e oldest one being born F ebruary 10, 1908 and th e youngest on February 5, 1921. “ ‘You can readily see th a t he is m aking more money th a n th e average laborer in th e p la n t and his length of service w ith th e com pany is of such short duration th a t I believe a prom otion from a laborer a t $3.12 a day to a gas m an a t $3.44 a day shows th a t we have advanced him as rapidly as it is possible to do so. “ ‘Yours truly, “ ‘Superintendent L abor D epartm ent. “ You will note th a t he is now earning $3.44 a day on an eight-hour day, and we have prom oted him about as far as we can in view of his short term of employ m ent w ith us, keeping in m ind fairness to th e other workmen in th e plant. i Some of th e docum ents in th e case refer to 9 children, th e difference being probably due to the differing dates to w hich reference is made. 34 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [984] T H E "UNSKILLED LABORER W IT H A LARGE EAMILY 35 “ We appreciate your interest in cases such as this and, of course, we realize th a t th e wage paid to an unskilled laboring man is a very meager am ount w ith which to endeavor to support a wife and family of nine children, b u t th e diffi culty w ith th e present tim es, as we see it, is this: We are engaged in th e m anu facture of a product th a t goes largely to th e farm er, and on th e basis of th e wages we are paying, we can’t m ake a product a t low enough cost th a t th e farm er will buy, except in very sparing quantities, a t our cost price. Yet, th e cost of living in a city or industrial district is kept up so high by street-car fares being high, ren ts being high, which affect th e cost of repairs to shoes and everything else and this on account of th e high wages paid in th e production of street-car tran sp ortation or flat buildings and business houses, etc., th a t our employees, m aking a product for th e farmer, are a t a great disadvantage. “ The farm er has been obliged to go back to alm ost pre-war prices for his prod ucts, he w ants to buy our products a t practically pre-war prices, and a t the present tim e we are paying 50 per cent above the pre-war labor rates; yet, it is a very small am ount for an ordinary unskilled laboring m an to keep a family of a wife and nine children on, and th e n atural proposition in th e minds of m ost people is th a t th e m an should be paid a living wage, b u t th e next question is, “ W hat is a living wage? ” If the industry in which he is employed and his efforts are being consumed will not perm it of any greater wage, and a t th e same tim e produce a product th a t can be sold to th e prospective customer, th a t fact will fix th e wages th a t can be paid in th a t industry, and if other lines of work were brought to an even level so th a t this laborer could get for a dollar w hat he ought to get, he would undoubtedly have a living wage, or else th e industry in which he had been working ought to be stopped entirely and people do w ithout th e product. T h at could hardly be th e result in such a basic industry as ours, th a t of producing steel for agricultural implements. “ Y o u r s t r u ly , “ St e e l C om pany, “ B y G e n e r a l , S u p e r in t e n d e n t .” The discussion opened with a general description of the develop ment of the family allowance and child endowment systems in other countries as a means of meeting the particular difficulty of wage earners with large families. In certain European countries, notably France and Belgium, the family-allowance system has been intro duced in many industries. Under this plan, sometimes referred to as the social-wage plan, the basic wage of the worker is supplemented by an additional allowance proportioned to the number of children. In New Zealand and New South Wales, recent legislation has sought to meet the same problem by direct State endowment to low-paid wage earners with families above a determined size. Under this plan, there is no connection between the State payments and the regular wages of the workers. Commentingon these practices, Dean William J.Engelen,S.J., of St. Johns College, Toledo, Ohio, held that the family-allowance system in France and Belgium was of undoubted value in those countries “ if for no other reason that it helps to overcome the Malthusian tendencies which strongly prevail there.’’ He was of the opinion, however, that a state system of family allowances is not socially sound. With reference to the assumption of such a function by national Governments he asked, “ Must we not fear this new duty of the State will also suggest increased rights of the State in the matter of education? We come dangerously near to socialistic principles and we tread on dangerous ground. ” He suggested, however, a form of insurance which would raise wages “ that are temporarily and on account of temporary necessity too low or which are insufficient in exceptional cases. Such insur ance would substitute dignified justice for sweet and kind but humiliating charity. ” Such social insurance would not of necessity https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [985] 36 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW be State insurance. Preferably it should not be State insurance but “ at least sanctioned and supervised by the State.” “ Should not the payment of a living wage to the workers be charged against industry before dividends are paid?” was one of the questions put to the conference by Dr. J. E. Hagerty, of the Ohio State University. He voiced the hope that the time would soon come when industries which can not pay living wages shall be considered parasitic. In regard to the steel mill superintendent’s statement concerning the economic relations between the steel mill producer and the farmer, Doctor Hagerty said that “ the farmer has stupidly authorized the Government to protect the steel mill producer with out seeking corresponding benefits for himself.” The speaker contended, that the steel producer is entitled to no sympathy be cause the product he sells in this instance is bought by a producer who, unlike himself, enjoys no direct benefits from the United States Government. Joseph Murphy, chairman of the employees’ representatives of the Lackawanna plant of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation, urged, as steps toward a more equitable distribution of wealth and income, the placing of an honest value on investment and the abolition of stock watering and stock melon cutting. He also advocated that the highpaid workers share a portion of their wages with their fellow laborers who hold less advantageous jobs. Estimates worked out from the budgets of various relief organiza tions were presented by Dr. Francis J. Haas, Marquette University, Milwaukee. These figurés included no provision for medical care or future contingencies. According to such estimates Doctor Haas stated that the M att Jones family, in order to secure the bare neces saries of hfe during the summer, would have to spend $155.24 per month apportioned as follows: For food, $72.04; clothing, $40.70; rent, $25; summer fuel, $3; household supplies, including replace ments of kitchen utensils, dishes, bedding, etc., $10; carfare, $3;gas or electric light $1.50. The income of M att Jones being $89.44, the deficit was $65.80. “ There should be no delay on the part of the relief agency in making up the deficit in the family budget.” Miss Louise McGuire^ of the National Catholic Service School faculty, reported that “ the social worker is chronically confronted with the problem of how best to handle” situations similar to that of M att Jones. “ To supplement wages is to keep down wages.” Furthermore, no charity bureau, she said, could possibly meet its obligations if it inaugurated such a scheme. “ Sheer numbers would overwhelm it. It is estimated that 12,000,000 wage earners are just about one week removed from the line of dependence. ” If, however, the incomes of families like that of M att Jones are not supplemented, “ the obvious results are sickness, either chronic or acute, probably malnourishment, tuberculosis, delinquency. ” The speaker briefly reviewed the attempts made by poor families to help themselves by taking in lodgers in already overcrowded houses, by mothers leaving their little ones and going out to work, and by the children becoming wage earners at the earliest possible age. She also declared that the experience of social workers in the mothers’ aid divisions confirms the public statement made by John Fitzpatrick of the Chicago Federation of Labor that “ children of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [986] T H E UNSKILLED LABORER W IT H A LARGE FAMILY 37 Chicago widows had a better chance in life and greater opportunity than the children of workingmen.” Miss McGuire said that “ communities have in a sense subsidized wages” and in this connection she submitted some statistics on the staggering expenditures of New York and Chicago social and chari table agencies. Should we call the Jones family abnormal and have recourse to private charity relief? Can we ask an employer to establish a minimum wage on the basis of a family of 10? After raising these questions Miss McGuire proposed that in cases like that of M att Jones aid be given in regular amounts, the matter being handled on an individual basis, and that strict files be maintained for use in the compiling of statistically indisputable facts. The ultimate solution of the problem, she thought, would seem to point to family grants similar to those provided under the New Zea land arid New South Wales child endowment acts. The situation of M att Jones and his family is the situation of thousands of similar unskilled workers in “ prosperous America, ” Leo Keller, statistician for the Brotherhood of Main ten ance-of-Way Employees, told the delegates. A wage of S3.44 per day or 43 cents per hour, Mr. Keller said, “ is, if anything, in excess of the average wage paid unskilled workers throughout the United States.” By way of illustration he said: “ More than 200,000 section men on Class I railroads to-day receive an average of less than 36 cents an hour, equivalent to S2.88 for an eight-hour day, and for the year 1926 there were 22,315 crossing watchmen guarding our lives seven days a week at railroad crossings for a monthly wage of $75, which is equiv alent to $2.50 per day for a 30-day month.” Wages in America to-day, he stated, are not fixed on the basis of justice or the needs of the family, but by superior economic power. Where the bargaining strength of the workers’ organization is superior, wages are raised and where the preponderant power is in the employers’ hands in creases are refused or wage reductions put into effect “ regardless of the inadequacy of the wage structure thus established.” Mr. Keller acknowledged that intensive and amicable cooperation of employers and workers would result in an increase in production for everybody concerned and he thought it fortunate that such practice is gaining recognition in this country more rapidly at present than ever before. But labor organizations, he stated, such as the Brother hood of Maintenance-of-Way Employees find it no easy task “ to ‘sell’ cooperation to men with empty stomachs.” Mr. Keller expressed his inability to see the consistency of denying unskilled workers a higher wage on the basis that it would be an in justice to the poor farmer. He felt that “ some means * * * must be and, of course, can be found to allay the economic misery of both.” Idealizing that even highly philanthropic individual em ployers can not pay wages greatly in excess of their competitors, he stressed the desirability of employers cooperating “ more intensively with each other * * * to eliminate some of the shamefully inadequate wages now paid unskilled laborers.” Dr. John A. Ryan, director of the social action department of the National Catholic Welfare Conference, who was chairman of the session, stated that no matter what line the discussion regarding this https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [987 ] 38 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW particular family might take “ it is certain that the great majority of unskilled laborers of the United States do not receive family living wages and it is also certain that this deplorable condition is economically unnecessary.” A decent living for a m an and wife and three small children can not be managed in any large city of th e country on less th a n $1,500 a year. Y et we are informed by the U nited States Bureau of Labor Statistics th a t th e average wage of the 200,000 unskilled railroad employees is only $17 a week, while th e average in the sawmills is $17.77 and in the bitum inous coal industry $22.78 a week. We are further informed th a t in only three of our large industries is th e average weekly wage above $25 a week. Doctor Ryan also declared that the problem of providing the people in America with the means of a decent living was no longer a produc tion problem but a “ problem of increasing the consuming power of the masses so that more of the goods that are produced or could be produced will be sold.” I t is quite evident, he said, that the solution of this problem would be advantageous to industry as well as to the masses of workers. So obvious is it that our capacity for production outstrips our capacity to get goods consumed, so manifest is it that industry can not keep going if there is not a wide and great diffusion of purchasing power that employers are at present promulgating the doctrine of high wages. They are aware that they need a large consuming power in the labor ing classes. The situation is this: Those classes in the com m unity who have the power to consume more, have not th e desire; those classes th a t have th e desire, have not the power; therefore, the problem is to give the la tte r th e required increase of consuming power; the class th a t needs m ost such an increase is th e great body of unskilled laborers who now receive less th an living wages; therefore, both industry and hum anity called for the establishm ent, universally, of a minimum standard of decent living. Effect of Low Income upon H ealth N ARTICLE in the August, 1927, Labor Review (pp. 1-3) drew attention to the extremely low wages of certain groups of unskilled laborers in the United States. I t was there shown that the average full-time earnings of unskilled male laborers in sev eral districts was less than $15 per week, and in some instances less than $12 per week. No information is available regarding the family responsibilities of these workers. Many undoubtedly had only themselves to care for, but many others, it may be assumed, were married and had families to support. One of the serious social effects of such low earnings as those re ferred to is the effect upon health. Sickness is, of course, not limited to the poor, but numerous studies indicate clearly that both sickness and death are much more frequent among those with low incomes than among those with incomes adequate to comfortable living. The present article brings together the substance of these studies, the data being taken from the convenient summary and analysis recently published by the United States Public Health Service.1 A 'U n ite d States P ublic H ealth Service. W ashington, 1927. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Public health b ulletin No. 165: Economic statu s and health. [988] EFFECT OF LOW INCOME UPON HEALTH 39 Sickness Studies by Various Agencies public agencies which have made studies bearing on this question are the United States Public Health Service and the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Children’s Bureau of the United States Department of Labor, while the mortality statistics of different countries and various other studies deal with one or another of the phases of this problem. Sickness surveys have been made by the Public Health Service in several communities. In a study carried out in Hagerstown, Md., in November, 1921, data were secured as to the sickness prevalence in 1,751 households. The family income was not ascertained, but the economic status of the family was estimated by the agent from appearances and from the occupation of the household head, and the families were classed as well-to-do and comfortable, moderate, and poor and very poor. The cases of sickness per 1,000 persons were 40.1 for the lowest economic group, 37.6 for those in moderate circum stances, and 32.2 for the highest group. Even more striking differences were shown by a study of the preva lence of disabling sickness in seven cotton-mill villages in the South, which was made in 1916. The case rate per 1,000 persons canvassed was 70.1 for families in which the half-month income per adult male unit was less than $6, decreasing with increased income to 18.5 per 1,000 for those having an income for each adult of $10 and over. This study was extended the following year to cover about 10,000 persons in 24 villages. The rates for sickness prevalence and the percentage of workdays lost, adjusted according to age, showed that both decrease as income increases. A continuous record of the sickness in one village, kept in 1918 from March through November, also showed significant differences between the income groups, and although the rate for influenza did not follow quite the same course as the rate for all sicknesses combined the lowest income group did show a decidedly higher rate from this cause than the other two classes. Both the 1916 and 1917 studies showed more illnesses of long duration in the lower income group. The presence of a con siderable amount of pellagra in the villages accounted for part of this difference, but as pellagra is considered to be a vitamin deficiency disease the economic factor is of importance. A study by Emmet of the disability among members of a sickbenefit association, published in the Labor Review, November, 1919, and March, 1920, shows the disability by occupation of the members of the fund. Disability from accidents which accounted for 28 per cent of the total number of cases and 24 per cent of the disability is included in the data. A comparison of the rates by three principal occupation groups—professional, trade, and clerical; skilled; and unskilled—shows that the annual average number of disabled persons between the ages of 25 and 59, per 1,000 members, was 158 for the first group, 221 for the second group, and 278 for the third. These figures were adjusted to the age distribution of the male white popula tion of the United States in 1910. Several studies of mortality rates in different places and for different periods show consistently higher death rates among the lower income groups. These studies included one by Chapin of the mortality in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [989] 40 MONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW Providence, R. I., in 1865, among those families paying income tax and those whose incomes were not high enough to be taxed; a study of class mortality statistics in Dublin, Ireland, for the year 1911, in which the professional and independent class, the trade and com mercial class, and wage earners were compared, and a comparison of the mortality among the families of the British peerage and the British population in general during the first half of the nineteenth century. Causes of Adult Mortality According to Economic Status rTTIE diseases which occur more frequently as a cause of death 1 among the unskilled laboring classes than among the higher paid classes, as shown by an analysis of the mortality statistics for England and Wales, which are published decennially, are the respira tory diseases, including phthisis, nonpulmonary tuberculosis, valvular disease of the heart, aneurysm, cerebral hemorrhage, and hernia. On the other hand, diabetes, gout, the digestive diseases, angina pectoris and arteriosclerosis occur with greater frequency among the professional and salaried class than among either the skilled or unskilled groups. Thus it is seen that nearly all the major causes of death vary inversely to economic status. While the importance of constitutional or hereditary factors as compared with the environ mental factors can not be determined from these statistics, it does not seem reasonable to assume that the poor are so constituted that they are especially susceptible to some diseases while they offer exceptional resistance to others, but it would seem to be rather the environmental factor which is the more important. Relation of Child Sickness and Mortality to Economic Status A STUDY by the Public Health Service of absence from school in certain cities in Missouri in 1919-20 showed a consistently higher sickness rate among the children of the lower paid workers in all age groups between the ages of 6 and 16. A. similar study of sickness among school children in Florida in 1921-22 showed the same general tendency for absence on account of sickness to increase with the decrease in economic well-being. Comparison of child mortality rates among specific occupational groups and in various cities and counties shows that there is a con stant tendency for the mortality to increase among the children of the lower paid groups of workers, although in some cases this tendency was not quite so marked in rural communities. In regard to specific diseases it appeared that diphtheria and scarlet fever vary less in the different classes than measles and whooping cough, both of which occur more frequently among the poorer children. A study of infant mortality in five cities, made by the United States Children’s Bureau, which gives the mortality rates by earnings of the father and nativity of the mother, shows that there is a general decrease in mortality as the earnings of the family increase and that this holds true for children of native, foreign, and colored workers. Comparison of the deaths among children in England and Wales, by cause, shows that the greatest difference as between classes is found in the common infectious diseases, these being 107 per cent https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [990 ] INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS IN POTTERY INDUSTRY 41 greater among the working class as a whole than in the professional and salaried class, followed by diarrhea and enteritis, while the developmental and wasting diseases show the least variation as between the different economic classes. Important factors in the death rate of infants which are associated with income are congestion of the household, sanitation, and other conditions which are very closely associated with poverty. The education of the mother is also an important factor, as comparison of the rates for literate and illiterate mothers shows a much higher rate among children of the latter. An important point brought out by these studies is that while there is no great difference between the death rates for the different economic classes among infants under one month of age, for infants over that age the rate in the United States in the lowest income group is ten times the rate in the highest income group, suggesting that the difference lies not so much in the inherited make-up of these children as in the environmental conditions. Although these data are scattering and are for varying periods the practical uniformity in the results in showing a higher sickness inci dence and mortality rate for both children and adults among the lower paid income groups indicates that sufficient income to insure reasonable physical comfort, proper nourishment, and care in the event of sickness is of the utmost importance. in d u str ia l R ela tio n s in th e P o ttery In d u stry SHORT study of industrial relations in the pottery industry, by Donald Kennedy, of the University of Pittsburgh, is pre sented in the Journal of Political Economy for August, 1927 (pp. 522-542), from which the following is taken. The pottery industry is of small size, having in 1923, according to the Census of Manufactures, only 36,824 employees and a total product valued at a little over $114,000,000. The plants, also, are small, a typical plant employing from 100 to 250 workers, while 40 per cent of the product is made in plants having a total yearly production valued at between $100,000 and $500,000. Industrial relations in the industry have been influenced by six economic factors—the importance of labor in the manufacturing process, the localization of the industry, the absence of seasonality, the influence of the tariff, the domestic competitive situation, and technological changes. The principal occupations in the production of pottery are skilled, the work being largely handwork. In the early days of the industry the workers were English potters who came to this country, bringing with them the customs and traditions of their craft, which have been handed down so that in the trade practices of to-day as to method of payment, length of working-day, quantity of work to be finished in a day, and hiring of helpers, many of these old customs have been retained. The pottery workers are therefore a conservative skilled group, who have in their skill a big factor in determining bargaining power. A https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [991 ] 42 MONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW Despite the gradual change in process which has been taking place, the industry requires a high proportion of labor, as compared with other industries such as iron and steel. The labor cost of manufac turing white ware at the last date cost figures were published—the beginning of the war—was 58.8 per cent of the total cost, and to-day it is estimated to be above 50 per cent. For the industry as a whole the proportion is somewhat lower due to the greater development of the casting method in the production of sanitary ware. The workers are therefore a big factor in the productive process, and through their union are in a position to demand and secure recognition and coopera tion from the producer. The fact that the industry is localized in Ohio and New Jersey, the centers of location being East Liverpool, Ohio, and Trenton, N. J., has had an important influence on industrial relations in the industry, as the concentration of large bodies of workers in these centers has afforded a constant opportunity for discussion of problems and work ing out of policies and has resulted in a strong union. It has also facilitated the organization of producers’ associations, because of the ready contacts afforded. There is no seasonal fluctuation in the industry, the minimum number employed in 1914 being 93.6 per cent of the maximum and in 1923 87.5 per cent, and consequently problems connected with seasonal production are nonexistent. The pottery industry is a protected industry, there being a tariff of from 30 to 70 per cent ad valorem on imported goods. This pro tection is regarded as necessary because American production costs are in some cases 100 per cent higher than costs of producers in Eng land, Germany, France, Austria, and Japan. The importance of the tariff as a factor in industrial relations is shown in the fact that cuts in duties in 1894 and in 1913 immediately resulted in decreased domestic output and industrial strife. In the domestic competitive situation the chief factor has been the existence of manufacturers’ associations. Until 1923 there were two associations, the United States Potters’ Association and the Sani tary Potters’ Association, the members of the former manufacturing general ware (earthenware or white ware, common colored ware, and porcelain and china) and of the latter sanitary ware, such as washstands, bathtubs, lavatories, and drinking fountains. This grouping is based on nature of product, similarity of interests, and character of production problems. Since 1923 only the former association has functioned. The United States Potters’ Association has been in existence for 20 years. It controls 99.9 per cent of the production of hotel china, 64 per cent of the production of china and porcelain, and about 80 per cent of the production of white ware. It has committees on labor relations, research, manufacturers’ cost, art and design, kiln and fuel production, transportation, and machinery, which are active in the interests of all the members. The harmonious relations between the manufacturers is an important factor in their ability to deal with the union. The Sanitary Potters’ Association was disbanded in 1923 as the result of Government suit, but the case has been appealed and is now in the United States Supreme Court. At that time it controlled https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [992] INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS IN POTTERY INDUSTRY 43 82 per cent of the production of sanitary ware and had been in exist ence for over 23 years, so that harmonious relations and cooperation prevailed among the manufacturers in this branch of the industry, and there was an authoritative organization to deal with the em ployees as to wages and working conditions. While the industry has remained largely one of handwork, in the last 15 years there have been developments in technique which have had an important bearing on industrial relations. The successful introduction since the war of casting of products of a certain type has eliminated the element of skill entirely, as after three weeks’ experience unskilled men can make more pieces per day by this method than a skilled worker can make by hand after three years’ apprenticeship. The process can be used only in making hollow pieces, so that it is in the sanitary-ware branch of the industry that it is most important. The replacement of the old beehive kiln with the modern tunnel kiln has also eliminated a skilled occupation, the kilnman, whose work was intermittent, the old kiln being charged full before firing and then discharged after cooling, and involved heavy lifting. In the tunnel kiln the operation is continuous, new cars of ware con stantly entering the kiln and fired cars constantly leaving it at the other end of the tunnel, and the work of the tender is unskilled and continuous. The pottery workers’ present organization, the National Brother hood of Operative Potters, was formed in December, .1890, though before then both the potters and sanitary-ware workers had been organized under the Knights of Labor and in independent unions. The sanitary-ware workers did not enter the present organization till 1899. Before this there had been unsettled labor conditions and many strikes, but in 1900, with a union representing all the skilled workers in the industry, the workers were able to negotiate an agreement and a uniform wage scale, which was the beginning of a period of peaceful cooperation and effective collective bargaining, lasting until 1922. The National Brotherhood of Operative Potters is composed exclu sively of operative potters who are members of locals. In isolated localities a local including all workers may be organized, but in places where there are a number of plants the men working in each of the skilled occupations are organized into a union. The brother hood is really, therefore, a quasi-industrial union at the top and a trade-union at the bottom. As the union was formed for the skilled workers few unskilled workers belong to the union and their wages are not set in the agreement. Consequently, in 1923, there were only 9,100 union members among the 36,824 workers in the industry. The brotherhood has always based its power on control of the skilled workers and has never asked for a closed shop. The basis of industrial relations between the union and the manu facturers’ association has been the agreements negotiated biennially, there being one for each branch until 1922. Wages were not revised, either upward or downward, until the war, when on account of the high cost of living increases were granted each year from 1916 to 1920, reaching as high as 69 and 75 per cent in some occupations in the general-ware branch and from 52 to 55 per cent in the sanitary68404°—27-----4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [993] 44 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW ware branch. The first reduction, 17 per cent, in the general-ware branch was in 1921, due to the depression of that year. As the locals in the sanitary trade would not allow the question of wages to be brought before a conference committee in 1921, though there was a provision in the agreement permitting it, the manufacturers could not secure a reduction then, and when the wage conference met at its regular time in 1922 there was a deadlock which ended in a strike. One reason for the success of the agreements for so many years was that the employers, because of the protective tariff and coopera tion among themselves and also because of increasing business activity and rising prices, were in a position to be generous in granting increases in wages. There are two standing committees, one for general ware and one for sanitary ware, which can be appealed to for interpretation of the agreements, adjustment of grievances, and making of new rates in the interval between agreements. Each committee is composed of 6 men, 3 elected by the union and 3 appointed by the manufac turers’ association. Matters brought before a committee of this kind are necessarily disposed of by collective bargaining, as no pro vision is made for arbitration. The association and the union are both pledged to enforce the decisions of the committee. A controversy as to a piece rate does not come before the standing committee until it has been considered by the local union, after an unsuccessful conference between the manufacturer and the local shop committee has been had, and one side has referred it to the committee. In each case an attempt is made to settle the case strictly on its merits, the decisions being based on the amount paid in other plants for the same article or, if the article is not being made elsewhere, on its likeness to existing pieces. The amount earned by men on like jobs is also considered. Arguments are heard on both sides, and if a unanimous decision can not be obtained there is a splitting of the difference. The success which attended the making of the biennial agreements and the settlement of disputes by collective bargaining and the resulting industrial peace in the industry for so many years was mainly due to the acceptance of the principle which is so clearly stated in the 1920 wage scale of the Sanitary Potters’ Association and the National Brotherhood of Operative Potters: The cardinal principle of th e agreem ents * * * is th a t there shall be no strike or lockout in th e case of a dispute. To carry o u t these principles both sides m ust understand th a t they are not privileged to in terp ret th e agreem ents to suit themselves, neither are they privileged, if m atters d o n ’t suit them , to stop work. In no case shall there be a suspension of work in. any pottery. In 1922 this basic principle was not followed, a major strike occur ring in each branch of the industry, resulting in the weakening of the union and the breaking up of many of its locals. In the 1922 wage conference of the general-ware branch of the industry the union representatives were determined to get back 7 per cent of the 17 per cent wage cut of 1921 but the manufacturers refused. Neither side would give in and a strike was called for October 1, 1922. After several futile conferences, the union, con struing a statement of the manufacturers that they would be more willing to deal with men who were their workmen than with strikers https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [994 ] H IG H WAGES AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 45 as a promise to meet it part way in its demand, ordered the men back to work. In all about 17,000 employees were out for 63 days. The belief of the union that a wage increase had been promised put the producers and leaders in a difficult position and after many confer ences a raise of 4.2 per cent was granted. The union thus secured a part of its wage demand and was able to maintain its organization and power, and to continue its relations with the employers as to col lective bargaining and negotiation of agreements, so that it came out of the strike in fairly good condition. In the sanitary trade the situation resulted differently. As the union had in the depression of 1921 refused to consider a reduction of wages the manufacturers were not in a mood for compromise when it came time to make the 1922 agreement. The union leaders, however, thought as business was picking up the employers would be willing to renew the old agreement rather than have a strike. The confer ence was a failure. After an investigation of the situation by union leaders, especially as to possibilities of casting, a compromise of a 10 per cent reduction was secured. Opposition arose in the union membership, however, especially among the younger and more radical element, which not having participated in the strikes prior to the era of collective bargaining, did not realize the hardships of a strike and the advantages of collective bargaining. The members also failed to understand the possibilities of the casting process in fighting a strike and, ignoring the advice of their leaders, refused the compromise and a strike was ordered for November 1, 1922. While some of the potteries continued operations, others closed down to install the casting process, and in three weeks inexperienced men were casting more pieces per day than the skilled pressers had made and were carrying on the work in other departments with increasing success. The employers, thereupon, after one or two unsuccessful attempts at reconciliation, refused to deal with the union and the strike was a failure, the union calling off the strike on June 20, 1923, and the men getting what work and whatever terms they could. Thus, the author says, after a period of over 20 years of peaceful and successful settlement of wage disputes in a protected, cooperative industry, such harmonious relations came to an end through changing technique, business depression, and radical leadership. ♦ A n E m p lo y er’s V iew of H igh W ages an d In d u stria l R e la tio n s N A recent address, which has been widely commented upon, Mr. Owen D. Young, chairman of the board of directors, General Electric Co., expresses his belief that high wages may mean low prices but high profits, and that a worker’s income should be sufficient to provide for his cultural life and not merely for his physical needs. Furthermore, he expresses the hope that some day the great business enterprises will really belong to those who, in whatever capacity, are giving to them their lives and their efforts. The address was delivered at Harvard University on June 4, 1927. The portion of the address which dealt particularly with the subject of labor and industrial relations is reproduced on pages 46 to 49.1 I i H arvard Business Review, Cam bridge, M ass., Ju ly , 1927. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [9951 46 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW “ As business widened in area, it increased in size. It was no longer possible for one man to be the whole business. His capital was not enough—his labor was not enough—his knowledge was not enough. For the individual, we substituted the partnership, and finally as the enterprise grew, we displaced the partnership with the modern corporation. Into these we have brought together larger amounts of capital and larger numbers of workers than existed in cities once thought great. We have been put to it, however, to dis cover the true principles which should govern their’relations. From one point of view, they w'ere partners in a common enterprise. From another, they were enemies fighting for the spoils of their common achievement. In dealing with this problem, there has been much misunderstanding and frequently want of sympathy. The organiza tion has not always functioned well, and even to-day in that field we have great problems yet unsolved. The Cultural Wage “ GRADUALLY we are reducing the area of conflict between the ^ two. Slowly we are learning that low wages for labor do not necessarily mean high profits for capital. We are learning that an increasing wage level is wholly consistent with a diminishing com modity price level. We are learning that productivity of labor is not measured alone by the hours of work, nor even by the test of physical fatigue in a particular job. What we need to deal with are not the limits to which men may go without physical exhaustion, but the limits within which they may work with zest and spirit and pride of accomplishment. When zest departs, labor becomes drudg ery. When exhaustion enters, labor becomes slavery. Zest is partly a matter of physical condition, but it is also largely influenced by mental reactions. These are common to all of us in every posi tion. Are we doing well with our lives? Are we providing for our families—not merely clothes and food and shelter while we are work ing, but an insurance for them when our working time is ended either by age, disability, or death? Are we providing more cultural oppor tunities for ourselves and our children? In a word, are we free men? Here in America, we have raised the standard of political equality. Shall we be able to add to that, full equality in economic opportunity? No man is wholly free until he is both politically and economically free. No man with an uneconomic and failing business is free. He is unable to meet his obligations to his family, to society, and to himself. No man with an inadequate wage is free. He is unable to meet his obligations to his family, to society, and to himself. No man is free who can provide only for physical needs. He must also be in a posi tion to take advantage of cultural opportunities. Business, as the process of coordinating men’s capital and effort in all fields of activity, will not have accomplished its full service until it shall have provided the opportunity for all men to be economically free. I have referred elsewhere to the cultural wage. I repeat it here as an appropriate term with which to measure the right earnings of every member of a sound society competent and willing to work. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [996 ] H IG H WAGES AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 47 The “ Hired Men” of Industry ‘1V E ST in labor is influenced by another mental reaction well known _ to us all but too frequently neglected. Is a man working for himself or is he a hired man? It has been assumed that with the evolution of business into large organizations, it was necessary to increase the percentage of hired men. That feeling was encouraged by our old habit of thinking. Capital was the employer, buying labor as a commodity in the cheapest market and entitled to all the profits of the undertaking. Managers were considered the paid attorneys of capital to devise ways and means to squeeze out of labor its last ounce of effort and last penny of compensation. Is it any wonder that in this land of political freedom men resented the notion of being servant to a master? Capital justified its action on the^ plea that it took all the risk. Many men, however, knew from their own experience that they also took a risk in this common busi ness undertaking. With the greater division of labor, it was essen tial that a man be trained for a highly specialized job. In order to obtain the benefit of his training, he had to take employment in a plant which could use it. He accordingly moved into" that com munity. He bought his home—he made his friends—he established his family and social connections. All of his relationships in life were there. If that business failed and the plant were closed, it was not alone the invested capital which suffered. That man, if no other job in his highly specialized field existed in the community, must move. His home must be sold, his ties broken, and perhaps too late in life he must attempt to take up again the forming of new friends elsewhere. Is it any wonder that he resented the notion that capital takes all the risks? Labor and Management “ XTORTUNATELY, we are making great progress in America in 1 these difficult relationships. We are trying to think in terms of human beings—one group of human beings who put their capital in, and another group who put their lives and labor in a common enter prise for mutual advantage. We are learning as one result of our widespread prosperity that the human being who puts his capital in is no longer the gentleman of the cartoonist in need of fat-reducing exercises. It is rather the lean school-teacher, the small merchant, the carpenter, the blacksmith, who are trying to conserve and in crease their surplus earnings, as a guaranty fund against disaster. Or if it be not they directly, then it is most likely to be the insurance company and the savings bank which is investing the savings of millions of our people of all classes in the capital of widely diversified concerns. We think of managers no longer as the partisan attorneys of either group against the other. Rather we have come to consider them trustees of the whole undertaking, whose responsibility is to see to it on the one side that the invested capital is safe and that its return is adequate and continuous; and on the other side that com petent and conscientious men are found to do the work and that their job is safe and their earnings are adequate and continuous. Managers may not be able to realize that ideal either for capital or labor. It is a great advance, however, for us to have formulated that objective and to be striving toward that goal. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [997] 48 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Participation of Labor in Control “ DERHAPS some day we may be able to organize the human 1 beings engaged in a particular undertaking so that they truly will be the employer buying capital as a commodity in the market at the lowest price. It will be necessary for them to provide an adequate guaranty fund in order to buy their capital at all. If that is realized, the human beings will then be entitled to all the profits over the cost of capital. I hope the day may come when these great business organizations will truly belong to the men who are giving their lives and their efforts to them, I care not in what capacity. Then they will use capital truly as a tool and they will be all interested in working it to the highest economic advantage. Then an idle machine will mean to every man in the plant who sees it an unproductive charge against himself. Then every piece of material not in motion will mean to the man who sees it an unproduc tive charge against himself. Then we shall have zest in labor, provided the leadership is competent and the division fair. Then we shall dispose, once and for all, of the charge that in industry organizations are autocratic and not democratic. Then we shall have all the opportunities for a cultural wage which the business can provide. Then, in a word, men will be as free in cooperative under takings and subject only to the same limitations and chances as men in individual businesses. Then we shall have no hired men. That objective may be a long way off, but it is worthy to engage the research and efforts of the Harvard School of Business. “ The fact that such a condition is not here to-day is not chargeable, as so often alleged, to the selfishness or dominance of capital. It is not due to the fact that the workers together have not adequate resources to margin the capital which they seek. I t is due, in my judgment, solely to the unwillingness of men to assume responsibility and take a risk in such a cooperative undertaking. Most men yet prefer a fixed income without risk to a share in the profits of the enterprise with the responsibility which that involves. Gradually, however, we are making our advance. Men are becoming both wage earners and investors. As workers, they seek the most for their labor. As investors, they seek the largest returns from their capital. The ownership of great concerns, under the impetus of our present prosperity, is being widely spread, and in some instances is largely held by the workers. The Problem of Unemployment “ ’TTIEN, too, we must deal with this question of unemployment, 1 which I regard as the greatest economic blot on our capitalis tic system. There is no answer except that the managers of business have not yet learned how to make their system function so that men willing and able to work may do so. There is no limit to the consump tion of the world. It is limited only in its individual compartments. We can not eat more than so much bread or meat. We can not wear more than so many clothes, and so we may have overproduction in individual lines. But there are innumerable wants of men yet unserved, and as long as culture grows, these wants will outrun our https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [998 ] LABOR CONDITIONS IN T H E P H IL IP P IN E S 49 capacity to produce the things to satisfy them. The world does not owe men a living, but business, if it is to fulfill its ideal, owes men an opportunity to earn a living.” Labor Conditions in the Philippine Islands 1 HE labor supply of the Philippines has been classified into groups of which the six most important are the Visayan, Tagalog, Ilocano, Bicolano, Pangasinan, and Pampangan groups. These are all of Malay blend with traces of the Indonesian type and a later addition of Chinese, Spanish, or American blood in some instances. There is frequently a resemblance between the dialects spoken by the various groups although they are distinct from each other. The Tagalog dialect is more or less widespread, probably because it is the language spoken in and around the city of Manila, which is the center of commerce and learning and the gathering place for people from the different Provinces. Manila is populated chiefly by Tagalogs, but considerable numbers of the other groups are to be found there, as well as Chinese, Europeans, Americans, Japanese, and representatives of various other nationalities. T Occupational Groups number of laborers in principal occupational groups has been estimated by the bureau of labor at 2,587,401, of which 1,594,360 are adult males, 619,290 adult females, and 643,751 minors of both sexes. Agriculture employs the largest number of laborers and accounts for about 2,547,572 of the total. The laborers engaged in commerce and transportation, of which there are 118,178, make up the second largest group. The various trades and industries com prise the third largest group and employ about 113,171 laborers, followed by the fishing industry, in which 5,830 laborers are em ployed. This last figure, however, includes only those working for others and takes no account of the far greater number of fishermen working on their own account and who furnish the bulk of the fish caught in the Philippines. The insular government employees, in cluding skilled and unskilled laborers, rank next, with a total of 12,850, closely followed by those engaged in forestry, who number 11,763. The mining industry, with a total of 3,037, employs the least number of laborers among the principal occupational groups. Asiatic immigration Chinese Asiatic immigrants to the Philippines are principally Chinese, Japanese, Hindus, Turks, and Syrians, and of these the Chinese are the most numerous. Long before the arrival of the Spaniards Chinese traders had access to the Philippines, and many of them remained in the islands. 1 E xtracts from U . S. B ureau of Foreign and D om estic Commerce report. T rade prom otion series No. 52: T h e Philippine Island*—a commercial survey, b y O. M . B utler. W ashington, 1927. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [999] 50 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW In 1898, however, the Chinese exclusion act in force in the United States was made applicable to the Philippines, and in 1903, when the first census of the islands under the American sovereignty was taken, there were 41,035 Chinese residents. This number had in creased to 43,802 in the census of 1918, and at present it is estimated that there are 44,239 Chinese residents in the Philippines. The Chinese in the Philippines are not inclined to agricultural pursuits, although a number engage in gardening and ordinarily do not long remain as manual workers. They are found in all the Provinces except the Batanes Islands and the sub-Provinces of Apayao, Bontoc, Ifugao, and Kalinga of the Mountain Province. The great majority of the Chinese residents are engaged in commer cial pursuits, and it is estimated that they handle between 65 and 75 per cent of the merchandise distribution in the Philippines. The remainder of the Chinese residents are employed as carpenters, shipwrights, molders, and cobblers.. They often intermarry with the natives. Japanese Japanese began to settle in the Philippines about the end of the sixteenth century, and in the census of 1918 there were about 7,806 Japanese residents in the Philippines. The present estimate is placed at 8,294. The Japanese immigrants have of recent years settled chiefly in Davao, on the island of Mindanao, and more than half of the present number may be found in that Province. The Japanese engage in agriculture, fishing, gardening^ carpentry, and cabinetmaking. À few have refreshment parlors in the principal towns, and a considerable number of Japanese dry-goods stores have also been established, chiefly in Manila. _Unlike the Chinese, the Japanese seldom intermarry with the Filipinos. Hindus, Syrians, and Turks The Hindus are for the most part engaged as night watchmen, although some have established dry-goods stores. The Syrians and Turks are generally merchants located in Manila, Iloilo, Zamboanga, and Cebu. Labor Supply A BOUT six years ago there was an agitation among a number of the planters for the liberalization of the laws which restrict the entrance of Asiatic laborers into the Philippine Islands. This move ment was the result of the difficulties encountered by the planters in recruiting laborers for their needs, and it was then their general belief that the local supply of labor was not sufficient to meet the demands of the various industries. The insular bureau of labor contends, however, that the supply of labor is more than ample and that the difficulties encountered were the results of various factors, among which were the lack of method and organization in recruitment, the low standard of wages offered, and the unsatisfactory terms and conditions imposed by landowners upon the laboring class. Accord ing to the census of 1918 there were registered 3,893,544 laborers, of which only an average of 2,098,741 were regularly employed in agri cultural, commercial, transportation, and manufacturing pursuits, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1000] LABOR CONDITIONS IN T H E P H IL IP P IN E S 51 and the bureau of labor reports that there is at present a total of 2,857,401 wage earners in the islands. The most prominent factors that determine the supply of labor are the following: (1) The inequality of the distribution of population; (2) the methods of recruitment; (3) the character of crops raised in the areas which constitute the source of labor supply and in the regions where the demand exists; (4) the distance between the demand and the source of supply and the availability of cheap and speedy transportation facilities; (5) the rates of compensation offered. The densely populated Provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, and Cebu furnish the highest percentage of labor moving to other places, not only for temporary but also for permanent employment. Seasonal Movement of Labor Philippines are essentially agricultural and various kinds of seasonal crops are raised, of which the most important are sugar cane, abaca or manila hemp, rice, tobacco, and coconuts. The planting and milling seasons in Negros Occidental, the center of the sugar industry, draw thousands of laborers from the neigh boring Provinces of Antique, Iloilo, and Cebu. These laborers work in the sugar mills and on the plantations, ordinarily remaining there during the milling season, which usually lasts from November to April, or longer. About 11,000 laborers are needed during this season and the scarcity of work hands which is sometimes felt is explained by the bureau of labor as the result of unorganized recruitment. Employment of laborers in the coconut and abaca regions is fairly steady and there is very little seasonal movement of labor to these regions, particularly southern Luzon and the eastern Visayas. During the dry season considerable numbers of laborers move from the islands of Cebu, Bohol, and Siquijor of the Visayas to Mindanao to work in the coconut and abaca plantations there. The sugar plantations in Mindoro draw their supply from Capiz and in part from Pampanga. The rice region of central Luzon needs temporary labor during the planting and harvesting seasons, which is supplied chiefly from the Ilocos Provinces and the Province of La Union in northern Luzon. About 5,000 additional laborers are obtained in this way. The rice crop in the Ilocos Provinces matures early and enables the Ilococano laborers to move as far south as Pampanga and Laguna in time to work there during the sugar-milling season. The tobacco region in northern Luzon also draws an additional supply of labor from the Ilocos Provinces for the planting and harvesting season, which lasts from January to May. About 2,000 laborers move from the Ilocos Provinces to the tobacco regions for this work. Filipino Emigration Emigration to Hawaii 2 Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association established an office in Manila during the year 1909, with a branch at Cebu, for the purpose of recruiting Filipino laborers for Hawaiian sugar planta tions. Systematic recruitment was at first begun in Manila and the 2 A full account of th e practice of recruiting Filipino laborers for work in H awaii was contained in th e Labor Review for October, 1926 (pp. 4-9). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis noon 52 MONTHLY TABOR REVIEW Visayas and later was extended to the Provinces of northern Luzon. In 1915 the Philippine government thought it expedient to regulate this drain on the labor supply, and legislation was approved requir ing that the bureau of labor supervise all such contracts, prevent the employment of minors, and take such action as might be neces sary to insure the health of the laborers during transit. During the years 1909 to 1914, both inclusive, 19,039 Filipino laborers emigrated to Hawaii and only 159 returned to the islands. By the end of 1925 a total of 74,666 Filipinos had emigrated to Hawaii, and of this number 15,517 returned to the Philippines. A considerable number of Filipino laborers have also emigrated to the United States, some of them direct and others through Hawaii, while still others have gone to other foreign countries. Interisland Migration Interisland migration has been in progress in the Philippines for many years. The general trend of this migration has varied some what with the different groups. The Visayans ordinarily move from the densely populated regions of Bohol, Cebu, and Panay and settle in Mindanao, Samar, Leyte, and Negros. The Ilocanos migrate from the western coast of Luzon to the Cagayan Valley and the Mountain Province in northern Luzon and to the Provinces of Pangasinan, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales, of central and western Luzon. The Tagalogs migrate to neighboring territories in the interior which are unoccupied and also to the Provinces of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, and Zambales, in Luzon, and to the island of Mindoro. The Bicolanos settle in the unoccupied regions of the Bicol Provinces and the islands of Masbate and Samar. Agricultural Colonization Legislation was enacted during the early part of 1914 designed to bring about a better redistribution of the population, in order to encourage small land holdings among the people and increase the production of foodstuffs and other agricultural products. This legislation provided for the establishment and maintenance of agricultural colonies and the recruitment of home seekers, and facilitated the migration of colonists from densely populated to sparsely settled regions. Recruitment of colonists for the different agricultural colonies of the government, however, was abandoned in 1917 as a result of the refusal of the legislature to appropriate the necessary funds. The colonists carried on the wrork that had been begun under the direc tion of the government and have to-day attained a fair degree of success in their ventures, aside from the benefit derived by the people from the cultivation of hitherto idle and unproductive lands. Home Seekers and Contract Laborers A further appropriation was made in 1918 for the encouragement of intermigration by the recruitment of home seekers in densely populated regions for shipment to sparsely populated areas. A number of recruiting districts were established, but actual recruit ment was limited to the more densely populated Provinces, and in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1002] 53 LABOS CONDITIONS IN T H E P H IL IP P IN E S Provinces where the industrial and agricultural activities demanded a great number of workers certain restrictions were made. Contract laborers were also recruited to supply the seasonal demand on the plantations and in industry. During the years 1918 to 1925, both inclusive, 13,983 home seekers were recruited and shipped and 8,708 laborers were contracted for and furnished. Working Conditions Wages nPHE greater part of the manufacturing in the Philippine Islands before industrial activities were introduced consisted of home industries. There were only a few industrial establishments, such as a rice mill, a number of small sugar mills, a sugar refinery, and several plants producing lumbang (candlenut) oil. Aside from these establishments and the farms, laborers ordinarily worked under some form of profit sharing. The current rates of daily wages paid to unskilled laborers ranged from 12 to 15 cents, and skilled laborers received from 18 to 30 cents. The standard rates were raised as a result of the sudden increase of the foreign trade of the islands shortly before the American occupation, and unskilled laborers were paid an average of 18 cents a day. Since American occupation the general tendency has been to demand the highest wages obtainable, as a result of the constant advance in the cost of the prime necessities and the reduced purchasing power of money. The standard of living and the wage scale in the Philippines is now so high, compared with other parts of the Far East, that several industries, otherwise prac ticable, can not be made profitable in competition with similar indus tries in near-by countries, because of the greater labor costs in the islands. The following table submitted by the bureau of labor will show the present minimum, average, and maximum rates of wages being paid to the various classes of laborers in the Philippines. D A IL Y W A G E R A T E S P A ID TO L A B O R E R S IN T H E P H IL I P P I N E IS L A N D S [In Philippine pesos; one peso equals $0.50 U nited States currency] M ales T rade or in d u stry U nskilled laborers: A gricultural........ ...................... ......... Skilled la b o re rs:1 _ Sugar-mill em ployees___________ Cigar m a k e r s . ...... .......................... E m broidery w orkers........... ............. M achine (linotypists)___ Em ployees of shoe factories............ M ini A ver M axi M ini A ver M axi M ini A ver M axi m um m u m m um m um m um m um age age age 0.53 .50 0.82 .92 1.29 1.55 .50 .50 1.00 .50 .70 1.00 .60 .80 .60 2.00 .80 1.00 .83 2.00 .60 1. 48 5.00 L 38 4.00 2. 01 4. 75 1.49 : 3. 42 1.66 4. 00 2. 40 2.00 2.70 6.90 i 3.00 6. 90 1.35 2. 50 4. 50 7.00 3. 00 1.90 L 37 1. 75 2. 50 6.00 2.70 3.50 1.88 6.00 0.33 0.50 0. 76 .30 .85 .33 .33 1.05 1.05 1. 50 2.00 2.00 2.50 .50 1.06 2.00 1 H eiiip strippers receive from 50 to 60 p er cent of th e hem p stripped. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M inors Fem ales [1003] 0.22 0.40 0.71 .30 ..50 . .71 .73 1.20 1.00 .40 .85 1. 50 54 MONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW Working Hours There are no laws in the Philippines regulating the working hours of wage earners other than an act limiting the labor of persons below the age of 16 years to 7 hours daily or to a total of 42 hours weekly, to be served between 6 a. m. and 6 p. m. The Administrative Code of 1917 requires not less than six and one-half hours of work daily in the government offices, but at present the government bu reaus work seven hours a day except Saturday and three months during the hot season, when the offices are closed every day at 1 o'clock. Court sessions are regularly held during five hours each working-day except Saturday, when sessions last for three hours only. Public-school teachers are required to devote a total of five hours a day to school work during five days of each school week. The majority of the business houses are open from 7 a. m. until 5 p. m., with a noon recess of two hours. In the trades and industries working hours range from 8 to 10 hours a day. Living Costs The census taken in 1918 reported that the cost of living had increased by 59 per cent compared with 1910, and in 1920 the increase was 104 per cent on the same basis, chiefly as a result of the abnormal situation created by the World War. Living costs in 1925 were generally lower than the 1920 figure by 13 per cent, but higher than that for 1918 by 12 per cent. The different items of a budget of daily expenses for a family of two adults and three minors in Manila for the year 1926 have been placed by the bureau of labor as follows: R e n t--------------------------------------------------------------------------- $0. 13 Food_________________________________________________ . 645 C lothing____________ _________________________________ .0 8 . 065 Light and fu el________________________________________ Prim ary school________________________________________ . 055 Miscellaneous_________________________________________ . 135 T otal__________________________________________ 1. 16 The daily expenses of a single laborer were estimated to amount to half of the estimate above listed. Expenses in other towns of the Philippines during 1925 were given as 91 cents for a family of five and as 42 cents for a single laborer. This budget purports to cover only actual necessities, with the exception of the school allowance, but is perhaps somewhat above the minimum amount on which a family can live. A comparison of this budget with the average wage scale shown in the table (p. 53) indicates that with both adults receiving the average daily wage for unskilled laborers the total income would be only about 75 cents, United States currency, and considerably under the budget. The range between the prices of actual necessities, as understood by the native laborer, and the refinements of life is much greater in the Philippines than in the United States. Apart from the native food products and a few minor articles, little is produced in the islands and all other commodities must be imported. More than half of these imports (including such items as textiles for clothes, leather for shoes, iron and steel products, paper, toilet preparations, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1004 ] LABOR CONDITIONS IN T H E P H IL IP P IN E S 55 and novelties, as well as large quantities of canned fish) are brought in from the United States and pay no duty, but the original price is nevertheless increased by the freight charges from the point of origin to the Philippines and by miscellaneous incidental charges, including the commissions of various middlemen and high interest charges on the capital invested while the shipment is in transit. Labor Organizations '"THERE were no labor organizations in the Philippines during the A early days of Spanish occupation. Two societies of laborers were formed in the city of Manila at the beginning of the nineteenth century, but these were organized more for religious purposes than for the material betterment of their members, and somewhat later a few mutual-aid societies were organized with the object of protect ing members in case of sickness or death. Labor associations for defense, resistance, or positive action, such as strikes or lockouts, or labor syndicates and trade-unions as were known in the United States were completely unknown in the Philippines. Radical changes were made after the occupation of the islands by the Americans, and the first of the modern labor unions was organized in 1902, but was dissolved in 1903. A labor corporation was organized in 1908 to engage in the manufacture of cigars and cigarettes. This corpora tion has been successful and its present capital is placed at $250,000, of which $165,000 has been subscribed and paid in. The first labor congress was held in Manila on May 1, 1913, and representatives from all labor unions and mutual-benefit societies attended the congress. Three years later the forerunner of the present “ Labor Federation of the Philippines” was organized. There are at present 114 labor organizations in the islands, 51 of which are located in Manila and the remainder scattered throughout the Provinces. There is also in existence at present an association of tenants and farm laborers under the name, “ National Confederation of Tenants and Farm Laborers of the Philippines.” A number of fraternal orders have also been organized recently among the laboring classes, of which the more important are the “ Legionarios del Trabajo” and the “ Katipunan Mipanampun,” with a total of about 30,000 members each. With the exception of an unsuccessful strike of cigar makers in 1902, organized-labor disturbances were not recorded until July, 1909. From that date to and including the year 1925 there was a total of 430 strikes and lockouts in the Philippines, involving 115,557 workers, of which 383 were declared by labor organizations and 107 by nonunionists. The wage scale was the cause of the dispute in 333 in stances, and in 315 strikes the workmen won. The greatest number of disagreements occurred between 1917 and 1921, and since that period there has been an average of loss than 25 strikes annually. Agrarian Disputes T H E tenancy system in the Philippines is an institution which dates back for centuries. The system is more or less common in the rice-producing regions, where the landowner allows a number of indi viduals to till portions of his land and furnishes them with the money https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1005 ] 56 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW necessary for raising and harvesting crops, which when harvested are then divided between landowner and tenants, after deducting the portion allotted for the payment of the money advanced. The atti tude of the landowners to the tenants has been more or less paternal, and relations are ordinarily harmonious. Disputes have arisen, how ever, from time to time because of usurious practices on the part of the landowners that resulted in the abandonment of farms and crops. These disputes have assumed such serious proportions during recent years that the government intervened and in most instances brought about an acceptable adjustment of the differences. Recommendations made by the bureau of labor for the betterment of the labor supply and conditions in the Philippine Islands consist mainly in suggested legislation tending to protect the laborers further from unfair treatment, fix better standards of wages, regulate the num ber of hours of service for designated laborers, amplify the present powers of that bureau, and establish a labor insurance and pension fund. R eport o f B ritish M ission on E u rop ean C oal S itu a tio n MPRESSED by the serious difficulties which the British coal industry is facing, an English newspaper, the Daily News, sent to the Continent in the latter part of March a group of four miners’ leaders and one working miner, to study the position in the principal coal fields there. The tour occupied slightly more than three weeks, and included inspection of the works in the main coalproducing regions, visits to the headquarters of the Westphalian coal syndicate, to the super-power stations, low temperature carbonization plants, the Bochum School of Mines, and headquarters of the Ger man miners’ federation, and consultations with leaders and representa tives of the various interests involved. The results of the study have recently been published under the title of the “New European Coal War.” Summarizing these results, the mission concludes that a new crisis of overproduction and cut-throat competition in the whole of the European coal industry is rapidly approaching. The present produc tive capacity of the industry is far in excess of demand, due to the substitution of oil for coal, to the growing use of fuel-saving furnaces which use low-grade or “waste” coal, to a great increase in the German production of lignite coupled with an extensive use of lignite for producing electricity for power purposes, and to the growing use of water power. The mission anticipates before long a ruthless price war between the leading coal-producing countries, and if this develops, Germany, by reason of its large scale organization and its scientific and power developments, appears to be in the strongest position. The German miners’ organizations have accepted the policy of a reorganization of the industry, but have claimed a greater share of the benefits for the workers than is accorded elsewhere. The strength of the Ruhr position is ascribed to the following features: I Its com plete machinery for cooperative selling, regulating o u tp u t according to dem and, reducing internal price com petition to th e narrow est possible lim its, elim inating unnecessary tolls in distribution, and pooling losses incurred on excessively com petitive export contracts. Its technical, scientific, and m echanical organization, w ith a constant process of adaptation, reequipm ent and extension. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10061 EN G LISH LIMITATION ON M IN IN G RECKTJITMENT 57 The revenue resources of its immense by-product plants, and the sale of waste coke-oven gas to public authorities. The alm ost complete interlinking of th e colliery power stations w ith th e farreaching overland supply of th e Rhine-W estphalian undertaking. Its great capital resources, m ade possible by a high degree of unification of mine ownership, on which the vast and complicated coal-using organization is based. The policy by which the revenue from all these activities goes into th e coal industry as such, and not as a contribution to the profits of subsidiary companies which are regarded as outside th e industry. In addition, the industry has the advantage of a highly organized water transport system and, unlike the British industry, is not handicapped by the system of using private coal cars on the railroads. Comparing the British situation with the German, the mission is convinced that the present policy of relying on longer hours and lower wages as a means of reducing costs is inadequate. England, however, has great natural advantages in the quality of its coal and the workability of many of its seams, and if a drastic reorganization were undertaken “ we believe that the British industry could realize such economies as would make possible a complete reversal of the present policy of depressing labor conditions.” Such a reorganiza tion would m ean a reduction in the number of workers, with inevitable hardship to some. We bold strongly, therefore, th a t as the process is essential in th e national interest as well as in th a t of the coal industry, it should be carried o ut only on a carefully considered plan,,w ith aetive Governm ent cooperation to prevent hard ship to individual workers. Measures for th e transfer of displaced workers to new centers of em ploym ent, provision for special unem ploym ent benefit, special pension provision for older mine workers, are tentative suggestions. In addition to the more obvious measures of economy involved in a consolidation of existing mines, the closing of unprofitable ven tures, and the adoption of such remedies as are suggested in a previous report, the mission feels that it is essential that the reorganization shall be based on improved mechanical equipment, the elimination of the hardest and most costly forms of human toil, and constant progress in the scientific utilization of coal as a raw material for the production of power and chemical products. The report contains an interesting description of the Westphalian syndicate and of the effect of its operations upon the producer, the industry, and the consumer, all of which the visitors believed were materially benefited by its workings. English L im ita tio n on M in in g R e c r u itm e n t S ONE way of dealing with the problem of unemployment in the mining industry, the British royal commission recommended in its report made early in 1926 that the Government should take steps to prevent the coming into the industry of men not pre viously employed as miners until there was reasonably steady em ployment for those already in it. In accordance with this recom mendation the mining industry act of 1926 empowered the Minister of Labor, after consultation with the interests concerned, to take steps to make sure that in recruiting adult labor for the coal-mining industry preference should be given to men who had been regularly employed in the industry previous to the stoppage. No official A https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10071 58 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW action in this direction has been taken by the Government, but the Mining Association of Great Britain recently announced its decision to limit employment of new workers in the manner indicated. The Ministry of Labor Gazette (London) for August, 1927, gives the text of the undertaking, of which the following paragraphs contain the principal features. 1. Save as hereinafter provided, no constituent m ember will, after the first day of August, 1927, engage any person over the age of 18 years, otherwise than as a student, for em ploym ent in any one of the occupations specified in th e first schedule attached hereto unless th a t person was during th e period of seven days ending on April 30, 1926, or when last before th a t d ate in regular employment, employed in one or other of such occupations. Provided th a t th e foregoing re striction on engagem ent shall not apply to the em ploym ent of any disabled exservice m an in receipt of a disability pension. 2. The restriction on engagem ent set out in paragraph 1 shall not apply in any case where the constituent m ember has notified particulars of th e vacancy to th e nearest em ploym ent exchange and 14 days have elapsed after such noti fication has been received w ithout submission by th e exchange of a person suit able for filling th e vacancy and qualified in accordance w ith paragraph 1, or the exchange has given notice to th e constituent m ember before the expiration of the 14 days th a t no such person can be subm itted. Other sections of the agreement provide that when any member employs a person not qualifying under the first section he shall send particulars of the matter to the nearest employment exchange and shall also furnish monthly statements concerning the workers en gaged and the number who were and who were not engaged in the industry during the period specified. There is also a provision that “ any question whether employment is employment as set out in paragraph 1 shall be determined by the Minister of Labor after giving the parties an opportunity of expressing their views, and his decision will be accepted by the constituent member.” The Miners’ Federation, while regarding the agreement as better than nothing, does not consider it a satisfactory substitute for gov ernmental action and has accepted it under protest. According to a dispatch from the American consulate in London, the executive of the federation has recently issued a statement concerning the matter, from which the following paragraphs are quoted : While taking steps to insure th a t restriction of workers shall apply to every colliery and as far as possible to every grade of labor covered by our member ship, we were careful to give th e Governm ent no excuse for dropping the pro posals or delaying them in any way. There was distinct danger of this if we had continued to insist on a com pulsory scheme, and while making it plain to the G overnment th a t we regarded sta tu to ry regulations as the only satisfactory basis for operating the proposals, we have not allowed our views in this respect to provide any excuse for delaying their operation. P ro tectio n of Indian W orkers in A rg en tin a 1 HE president of the Argentine Commission for the Protection of Indians has issued instructions to the inspector delegated to a large sugar plantation in that country which includes a résumé of his duties as follows: (1) To collect information concerning the number of Indians em ployed and their age and sex; the manner by which they have been T A rgentina. Crónica Inform ativa del M inisterio del In terio r, Buenos Aires, M ay, 1927, pp. 103, 104- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1008] PROTECTION OF INDIAN WORKERS IN ARGENTINA 59 brought to the plantations and the provision made for their food and accommodation; (2) to supervise their working hours, the conditions under which they work, their wage rates, the cost of food and materials sold to them, medical attendance provided, etc.; (3) to endeavor to increase their wages or, if that is not possible, to attempt to reduce the prices paid by them for food and lodging; (4) to prevent the sale of arms or alcohol to the Indians; (5) to see that the workers are vaccinated on their arrival at the plantations; (6) to procure holdings of land, and animals and tools, for the Indians, in order that they may establish themselves and there await the sugar harvests; (7) to pro cure railway passes and good accommodations on the trains if they desire to return to their homes; (8) to make a report on the above matters at the end of the harvest season. 68404°—27----- 5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1009] INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS A c cid e n t R a tes for th e Iron an d S te e l In d u stry , 1922 to 1926, by S ta te s CCIDENT rates in the iron and steel industry by individual States from 1922 to 1926, in so far as data are available, are shown in the following table. It is desirable to suggest certain cautions which should be observed in considering this table: l .#It is not a complete presentation of the industry. Those cases are included which could be assembled without undue expenditure of time and effort. 2. Some States showed an exposure of less than 1,000 full-year workers. These have been omitted. Some States which are included have too small an exposure to be very authoritative. 3. The industry is not uniform from State to State. In some cases the heavier and more hazardous operations are in much larger volume than in other States. To have separated the record of the individual States by departments would have reduced the exposure to a point where the rates would have been of small significance. Giving due regard to these cautions it may be said that— 1. The general trend of the rates is downward although there are some rather puzzling irregularities. 2. Those States in which accident prevention activity has been of longest duration and has been given most serious consideration have the lower rates. 3. In spite of the evident improvement in the industry as a whole, there is still a large opportunity for further progress. A 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10103 61 ACCIDENT RATES FOR IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S IN IR O N A N D S T E E L , 1922 T O 1926, BY S T A T E A N D Y E A R A ccident frequency rates (per 1,000,000 hours' exposure) N u m b er of cases S tate a n d year A labam a: 1922...................... 1923____ ______ 1924__________ 1925..................1926--................. California: 1922-............ _— 1923- - ................1924....................1925-................... 1926..................... Colorado: 1922-................... 1923 ................ 1924...................... 1925---................ 1926---................ Connecticut: 1922---................ 1923..................-, 1924..................... 1925...................... 1926...................... Illinois: 1922.................. . 1923-.-................ 1924.-................. 1925-.-................ 1926-.......... ......... Indiana: 1922...................... 1923..................... 1924...................... 1925---............... 1926-.................... K entucky: 1922--.................. 1923.................... 1924___________ 1925................... 1926...................... M assachusetts: 1922_____ _____ 1923...................... 1924..................... 1925...................... 1926...................... M ichigan: 1922__________ 1923...................... 1924...................... 1925-.................... 1926...................... M issouri: 1922.................... 1923-.................... 1924 ................... 1925...................... 1 9 2 6 --................ N ew Jersey: 1922-................... 1923- .................. 1924-.................... 1925-................... 1926 N ew York: 1922--................. 1923-__............... 1924---................ 1925 ...................... 1926...................... Fullyear workers 10, m 11,915 13,705 15,244 19,887 Per ma D eath nent disa bili ty If 7 16 14 3C A ccident severity rates (per 1,000 hours’ exposure) Tem pora ry T o tal D eath disa bility P e r m a n en t disa bili ty T em pora ry T otal D eath disa bility Per m a nent disa bili ty T em pora T o ry disa ta l bility 51 72 41 46 130 1,162 1,342 1,127 508 1,370 1,224 1,433 1,184 568 1,530 0 .3C . 2C .39 .31 .5C 1. 55 2.18 1.00 1.00 2.18 35.25 37.74 27.41 12.07 22.95 37.10 40.09 28.80 13.48 25.63 1.82 1.18 2.33 1.84 3.02 1.17 1. 77 1.06 1.37 1.56 0.48 .87 .62 .19 .39 3.47 3.82 4.01 3.40 4.97 2. 91 1.18 1.84 1.11 1.80 59.05 63.92 59. 97 30. 70 95.93 62. 21 65.42 62.04 31.92 97.82 1.50 1.93 1.38 . 66 2.63 1.19 1.43 1.56 2.09 .80 .75 1.34 .71 1.20 4.93 3.87 4. 15 2.93 3.29 1. 79 .27 3. 36 1.22 2.81 1.52 1.41 .93 .89 1.15 .36 .76 .63 .78 .71 2.42 5.34 4.96 3.12 2.75 4,013 3,113 2,901 3,018 2,908 £ 5 2 1 35 11 16 10 16 711 597 522 272 825 749 611 540 289 841 .25 .32 .23 .11 3.351 4,164 4,243 4,507 2 7 6 2 2 2 13 22 14 13 367 462 452 592 668 372 482 480 609 683 . 3C .20 36. 51 37.01 .56 1.04 36. 98 38. 58 .47 1.72 35.29 37.48 .24 1.10 46.50 47.84 .15 .96 49.48 50.59 3,778 5,307 5,639 7,263 2,908 2 5 6 5 1 22 34 40 49 47 510 446 522 778 366 535 485 568 832 414 .26 .31 .35 .23 .13 1.94 2.14 2. 36 2.24 5.40 44.99 28.01 30. 85 35. 72 42.07 47.19 30.46 33.56 38.19 47.60 1. 59 1.88 2.13 1.38 .68 1.38 1.58 1.31 .28 2.47 .67 .27 .43 .35 .72 3.64 3.73 3.87 2.01 3.81 23,926 40,097 38,147 35,810 37,574 16 39 21 2C 25 95 171 126 120 114 2,370 3,753 2,934 2,551 2,916 2,481 3,963 3,081 2,691 3,055 .22 .32 .19 .19 .22 1.32 1.42 1. 13 1.12 1.01 33.02 31. 20 26. 26 23.75 25.87 34. 56 32.94 27.58 25.06 27.10 1.34 1.00 1.95 1.63 1.13 .98 1.12 1.32 1.33 .82 .44 .55 .21 .36 .38 2.78 4.13 2.32 2.80 2.53 36,683 22,887 34,846 32,743 38,735 18 12 30 25 42 113 67 69 86 133 2,200 1,746 1,591 2,110 1,405 2,331 1,825 1,690 2,221 1,580 .16 1.03 20. 05 21.24 . 17 .98 25.43 26.58 .29 .66 15.22 16.17 .25 .88 21.48 22. 61 .36 1.14 12.09 13.59 .98 1.05 1.72 1.53 2.17 .95 .86 .75 .73 .98 .27 .33 .28 .31 .22 2.20 2.34 2. 75 2.57 3.37 1,396 2,601 1,734 2,550 3,744 2 5 1 12 3 10 18 9 15 30 477 899 144 193 273 489 922 154 221 300 2.87 3.84 1.15 10.20 1.60 1.43 4.31 1.58 1.83 2. 57 1.82 .87 .39 .39 .25 6.12 9.02 3.12 12.42 4.42 5,610 5,018 7,580 6,645 7.150 7 4 3 1 5 29 26 22 7 18 337 230 246 126 247 373 260 271 134 270 .41 1.71 19.90 22.02 .27 1.73 15.28 17.28 .13 .97 10.82 11.92 .05 .35 6.32 6.72 .23 .83 11.48 12.54 2.48 1.64 1.59 1.08, .79 1.55 .30 .33 1.42 .78 .53 .57 .29 .21 .32 4.65 3.24 2.6)3 .84 2.52 3,928 4,399 2,457 4,869 7,611 6 11 4 4 3 16 916 938 984 1,014 19 14 601 583 8 1,093 1,105 16 1,086 1,105 .51 1.36 77.73 .83 1.44 74. 57 .54 1.90 79.08 .27 .56 74.83 .13 .70 47.41 79.60 76.84 81.52 75. 66 48.24 3.05 1.29 5.00 1.05 3.26 3.36 1.64 .70 .79 .44 .86 .93 .90 .92 .66 5.20 6.98 7.72 3.26 1.89 4,676 4, 255 1,284 3,662 3,215 6 12 1,632 1, 650 4 903 907 8 266 275 294 297 2 452 6 443 .43 .86 116. 35 117. 64 .31 70. 74 71.05 .26 2.08 69.06 71.40 .09 . 18 26. 76 27.03 .31 .61 46.14 47.06 2. 57 1.01 .33 1.56 1.78 .55 . 19 1.86 .68 1.41 .84 .76 .34 .54 4.99 1. 17 4.10 1.08 3.08 625 780 772 769 568 663 827 819 804 602 .05 1.87 2.13 2.18 .19 1.49 . 16 1.26 31. 58 35.42 35.87 37.03 23.96 33.50 37.55 38.05 37. 71 25.38 .30 1.20 2.17 2.69 1.16 1.46 1.01 .92 .55 .57 .70 .59 .37 2.05 2.74 3.39 3. 21 2.30 1,625 2, 141 1, 107 2,725 1,821 1,683 2,215 1, 163 2, 799 1,871 1.85 1.90 2. 46 2. 12 1.51 64.13 62. 73 53.46 87. 58 64. 34 66.42 64. 89 56.16 89. 92 66.09 2.60 1.58 1.45 1.35 1.48 1.82 1.84 2.03 2. 35 .90 .99 .73 .94 .89 .95 5.41 4.15 4. 42 4.59 3.33 4 , 269 1 1 3 6,597 7,341 7,175 6,923 7,896 4 4 37 47 47 31 30 9,785 11,377 6,903 10,372 9,442 11 9 5 7 7 47 65 51 66 43 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 [ 1011] .48 .64 .19 1.70 .26 .43 .26 .24 .22 .24 2.39 113.89 2.31 115.22 1. 73 27.68 1.96 25.23 2.67 24.37 116. 76 118.17 29. 60 28. 89 27. 30 62 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S IN IR O N A N D S T E E L , 1922 TO 1926, B Y S T A T E A N D Y E A R —C ontinued A ccident frequency rates (per 1,000,000 hours’ exposure) N u m b er of cases S tate and year Ohio: 1922_____ ____ _ 1923__________ 1924__________ 1925__________ 1926...................... Pennsylvania: 1922__________ 1923_______ . 1924_____ ____ _ 1925__________ 1926..................... Tennessee: 1922 1923____ ____ 1924__________ 1925__________ 1926. W ashington: 1922 1923 1924 1925__________ 1926..................... W est Virginia: 1922__________ 1923__________ 1924__________ 1925__________ 1926__________ Wisconsin: 1922 ................ 1923__________ 1924__________ 1925______ ____ 1926-................... Fullyear workers Per m a n ent D eath disa bili ty 51, 424 77, 979 75, 282 86, 820 92, 678 42 39 57 33 48 102,186 140, 259 154, 800 149, 089 196,124 60 112 54 75 77 1, 543 2, 258 1,503 1,256 1,139 9 3 1 1 534 2, 258 l' 503 1,256 1, 348 2 I 2, 702 9,336 4, 613 7, 964 14,124 2 8 7 13 12 5, 441 4,264 8, 321 6, 089 10,481 3 6 2 6 T em pora ry T otal D eath disa bility Per m a nent disa bili ty A ccident severity rates (per 1,000 hours’ exposure) T em pora ry Total D eath disa bility P er m a nent disa bili ty T em pora T o ry disa tal bility 5,435 6,003 5, 461 5,242 5, 850 0.27 . 17 .25 . 13 .17 .81 .86 .80 .58 .62 34.15 24. 63 23.13 19. 42 20.25 35. 23 25. 66 24.18 20. 13 21.04 1.63 0. 66 1.00 .87 1.54 .98 .76 .53 1.03 .44 0. 48 .39 .36 .25 .23 2. 77 2.26 2.88 1.54 1. 71 103 8, 364 8, 527 244 12,188 12, 544 244 8, 382 8, 680 218 9, 527 9, 820 204 7, 763 8,044 .20 .27 .12 . 18 .13 .34 .58 .53 .49 .34 27.28 28. 97 18. 05 21.30 13. 17 27. 82 29.82 18. 70 21.97 13.64 1.17 1. 60 .70 1.01 .79 .34 .59 .34 .45 .09 .45 1.03 .30 .26 .20 1.96 3. 22 1.34 1.72 1.08 125 201 181 150 172 5,268 5, 763 5, 223 5,059 5,630 4 19 6 2 220 437 77 196 32 228 465 86 199 33 6 1 2 3 6 80 77 66 181 148 86 78 68 186 155 .86 47. 52 48. 38 1.33 2.80 64. 50 68.63 .67 1.33 17.08 19. 07 .27 .53 52.02 52. 82 9.41 9. 71 .30 1. 49 7.97 2. 26 3. 99 1.60 1.59 1.67 1.75 . 69 2.18 1.03 11.23 .25 5.84 .69 3.95 . 13 1.88 49. 95 32.09 36. 50 49. 89 37. 00 53. 70 32. 51 37.61 51.27 38. 30 5. 99 . 13 1.49 3.31 1. 27 1.48 .96 . 59 6.58 . 50 . 63 1. 49 .88 1. 15 5.73 .48 2.92 592 600 6 13 749 770 806 18 831 564 14 537 30 1,306 1,348 .24 .74 73.03 .29 .46 26. 74 .51 1.30 58. 24 .54 .59 22. 48 .28 .71 30. 87 74.01 27. 49 60.05 23. 61 31.86 1.48 .84 1. 71 .54 3.03 1. 53 3.26 .67 1.70 .41 .85 .33 1.70 .28 .35 3.17 2.58 6.26 4.21 2.46 790 810 20 728 708 17 47 1, 275 1,327 34 1, 121 1,157 66 1,214 1, 286 .23 .20 . 13 .19 49. 63 56. 90 53.16 74. 33 40.95 1.41 1.20 .77 1.14 1. 39 1.23 1. 57 2.11 1. 76 .73 .78 .68 .81 . 55 2.12 3.42 3.45 3.69 3.45 3.75 .42 1.11 .55 .83 .25 .15 1. 23 1.33 1.88 2.18 2.10 48.40 55. 34 51.08 72. 02 38. 66 A c cid e n t E xperience of S elected In d u strie s in 1925 an d 1926 N Bulletin No. 425 of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (p. 91 et seq.) will be found the first attempt to develop frequency and severity rates 1 from the records of the States. The data on which this presentation was based pertain to the year 1925 and were drawn from 1,272 concerns located in 11 States, and employing the equiva lent of 555,988 full-year workers. Similar data for the year 1926 with comparison for 1925 have now been computed and are pre sented below. The 1926 figures cover 2,212 concerns located in 26 States and employing the equivalent of 989,294 full-year workers. The development of these rates is of importance from the stand point of accident prevention, since without them there can be no adequate understanding of the meaning of the assembled data. To illustrate, in 1925, 506 casualties in the manufacture of agricultural implements occurred in the State of Indiana, while in Ohio there were 194. This may mean either that Indiana has the greater volume of I * T he m ethod of com puting frequency and severity rates w ill be found in U. S. B ureau of Labor Statistics Bui. Nos. 298 and 425. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1012] ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OF SELECTED INDUSTRIES 63 production or that the production is attended with greater hazard. When, however, the rates are determined, it is found that Indiana had in 1925 a frequency rate in the manufacture of agricultural im plements of 45.20 cases per 1,000,000 hours’ exposure, while Ohio had a rate of 60.02. The situation as regards actual hazard is there fore the opposite of what might have been inferred from the mere number of casualties, and, while other factors must be considered before a final conclusion can be reached, it is evident that these industrial rates do afford some real information regarding hazard which can be used in accident-prevention study. In the years 1925 and 1926 the Bureau of Labor Statistics has been extending its accident studies into other industries than iron and steel which had been covered with reasonable completeness since 1910. The basic information for the calculation of these rates has been derived from two sources, namely, for accident occurrence from State records and for man-hours of exposure from the division of employment of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, supplemented by certain data secured directly from the industrial concerns. The following tables summarize the experience of the industries in the two years covered by this report. Of the 30 industries repre sented, 24 appear in each of the years. On comparing the rates it is found that as regards the frequency of accidents 15 industries show declining rates and 9 have rising rates. As regards the severity of accidents there is a reversal of this showing, 6 having declining rates while 18 have rising rates. Since the cost of accidents is influenced by the severity of accidents rather than by their number it is evident that the present tendency in general industry is toward greater cost. One factor in this rising cost may be the fact that all American industry has been much influenced by the effort for increased pro duction. This “ speeding up” has not been accompanied by an equally intense effort toward accident prevention except in the case of certain large organizations in which the safety movement first took root and which have been since that time assiduous and successful in maintaining steadily improved conditions. The showing of this report certainly indicates the need of further intensified accident-prevention activity. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1013] T a b l e 1 . — A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S F O R S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S IN 11 S T A T E S , 1925, A N D 30 S T A T E S , 1926 Accident frequency rates (per 1,000,000 hours’ exposure) N um ber of eases In d u stry and State N um ber of States or in du s tries N um ber of FullP er T em estab year lish workers m a D eath nent porary m ents disa disa bility bility Per T em m a Total D eath nent porary disa disa bility bility T otal 1,137 5,007 3,134 258 1,087 132 230 1,412 214 3,763 983 548 214 605 602 350 675 160 1,741 78 374 356 607 47 0.18 .10 .07 23.31 i 7. 80 57.98 9.88 30.46 4. 87 5.63 9. 46 18.71 23. 62 14. 96 24.37 11.17 19. 78 18. 49 21.09 20. 47 16. 52 22. 94 16. 97 31. 52 43.08 48. 49 1. 59 25.09 9. 14 59.08 10. 06 31. 25 6. 02 6. 72 10.79 19.73 25. 13 16.05 24.89 12. 32 21.94 19.63 22. 09 23. 01 16. 95 24.28 17. 65 33. 61 43. 41 50.95 1.96 1,892 2,271 922 491 4,252 1,210 1,240 2,270 .87 2 11. 28 . 14 .02 .83 35. 93 .06 1. 20 26.49 .05 22.13 .56 . 10 1. 17 2 7.28 .34 1. 33 27. 67 .03 1. 03 2 4. 65 . 12 2.43 2 8.25 12.29 36.78 27. 75 22.74 8. 55 29. 34 5. 71 10.80 05 Accident severity rates (per 1,000 hours’ exposure) P er T em m a D eath nent porary disa bdisa ility bility T otal 1925 [ 1014] Industry: A gricultural im plem ents........... .............. Automobiles_________ ______________ A utomobile tires......... ............................... Boots and shoes............ ............................. B rick____________________ __________ C arpets________________ ___________ C h em icals.......... ........................................ Electrical m a c h in e ry ._______________ Flour___ ________________ __________ Foundry an d machine shops................... F u rn itu re ____________ _______ ______ Glass.......................................... ................. L eather____________________ ________ Lum ber—planing m ills........ ................... Lum ber—saw m ills_____________ ____ M achine tools______________________ Paper and p u lp _____________________ P o ttery ___ ________________ ________ Slaughtering and m eat packing______ Stam ped a n d enam eled w are_________ Steam fittings, apparatus, a n d supplies. Stoves___________________ ________ Structural-iron w ork.................................. Woolen g o o d s .._____ ________________ State: Illinois____ In d ia n a ___ Io w a______ M ary la n d .. M ichigan... M innesota.. N ew Jersey. N ew Y ork.. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis S ta te s 8 8 3 5 9 3 4 8 3 11 10 4 5 10 4 7 8 2 3 3 6 4 10 2 73 25 31 94 19 31 71 27 256 165 40 26 64 22 48 34 13 13 7 44j 29 60 25 16, 295 189,385 20,097 11,200 15, 595 10, 999 11,609 60, 653 3,616 75,404 24, 519 12,138 9,301 9,852 10,223 6,033 11,142 3,148 28,900 1,473 6,212 3,988 6,524 12, 682 120 122 54 52 44 60 113 131 51,330 20, 585 11,074 7,199 165,918 13, 744 46,066 70,053 55 9 56 4 8 5 3 13 4 18 1 2 6 11 1 5 1 15 1 1 6 1 78 704 62 6 29 33 35 229 7 324 so 18 30 58 24 17 80 3 81 3 38 3 42 13 1,050 4,247 3,068 252 1,050 94 192 1,170 203 3,421 903 529 182 541 567 332 590 156 1,645 75 335! 352 559 33 .17 .15 .09 .07 .37 .08 .03 .07 .20 .36 .06 . 15 . 11 .21 .05 .08 .31 .03 1.60 1.24 1.03 . 18 .62 1.00 1.00 1.26 .65 1. 43 1. 09 .49 1.08 1. 96 .78 .94 2.39 .32 1.13 . 68 2.04 .25 2. 15 .34 .32 .50 1.84 .16 1. 26 1.02 1.06 . 13 .73 1. 45 1.49 1. 12 .57 1.24 . 79 .65 .82 2.62 .66 .77 3.20 .87 .94 . 54 1.89 .24 1. 95 .24 0. 42 . 16 .84 . 19 .55 . 15 . 18 .24 .27 .43 .25 .27 .29 .49 .48 .27 .75 .37 .42 . 19 .74 .45 .75 .05 2.78 1. 77 2.30 .32 2. 31 2.51 2.19 1. 79 3.05 2.15 1.04 1.08 1.54 4. 33 3.29 1.37 4. 85 1.88 2. 62 .73 2. 95 1. 19 4. 54 .45 .82 . 10 .36 .28 .58 2.04 .30 .74 .69 .46 1.01 .84 .90 1. 46 1. 57 2.79 2.27 .50 .40 .45 2. 16 2.49 1.78 1.06 1. 77 1. 57 1. 64 3. 99 2.09 3.90 1.10 .59 .40 1.03 .91 .52 .43 2.21 .48 . 16 .43 1.22 2.15 .33 .90 .64 1. 26 In d u s trie s 13 13 9 12 7 12 14 15 21 1 2 1 48 14 7 26 134 51 40 12 580 55 223 511 2 1, 737 2,219 880 478 2 3, 624 1,141 2 1,010 2 1, 733 2.21 .37 Ohio............................................................................................. Pennsylvania___________________ ___________________ W inconsin........................................... ........................................ 15 19 11 43, 213 98, 733 28,083 1,272 555,988 65 101 28 85 135 22 20 50 84 92 27 72 329 232 38 19 77 131 90 85 85 18 26 18 60 23 43 48 58 49 16,026 251,893 27,072 45,924 19,014 12,626 848 16,657 83,009 75,389 3,055 6,102 105,293 36,869 11,550 6,246 19,028 17,223 31,543 15,134 37,308 23,175 8,338 13,737 46,099 13,363 13,883 8,433 7,582 17,966 2,212 989,294 13 26 12 120 7,043 226 0 95 2 1,631 98 3 65 1,102 67 7 5 68 67 7 24 1 17 9 58 1 76 265 11 5 6 27 4 64 638 3 200 6 31 51 74 6 144 15 54 176 64 5 21 106 107 21 2 10 9 77 15 214 79 3 2 57 2 34 23 62 1 32 1,053 7, 740 3,109 781 1,251 162 86 584 1,660 2,092 259 417 6,220 1,422 797 161 604 1,192 2,122 875 2,839 392 276 422 4,228 355 1,346 685 581 330 7,176 252 1, 738 1,154 8,907 3,183 854 1,325 187 103 651 1,737 2,368 270 448 6,922 1,625 833 212 684 1,351 2,352 944 3,026 520 288 508 4,457 437 1,405 721 666 363 .10 .26 .14 .93 54.32 2.23 0 1. 13 2 19. 36 55. 35 2. 48 20.63 .60 1. 54 .85 .93 1. 66 .55 .56 0 2. 41 2.09 3. 20 1.81 21.89 10. 24 38.29 5.67 21.95 4.01 34.40 11.68 6.67 9.25 28.15 22. 79 19.69 12.86 22. 97 8.61 10.10 23.94 22.43 19.27 26.03 5.64 11.31 9.30 30.57 8.14 32.36 28.90 26.41 6.25 23. 99 11.79 39.19 6.20 23.26 4.67 41.20 13.02 6.98 10.47 29.34 24.49 21.91 14. 70 24.00 11.34 11.44 27.13 24.86 20. 79 27.75 7.48 11.80 10.85 32.23 10. 40 33.78 30.41 30.04 6.88 .37 .52 .52 .22 .74 . 16 2.00 1.56 .61 .35 1.62 .50 6.58 1. 57 .26 1.05 1.03 1.91 1.77 1.51 1.01 1.31 1.23 2.80 1.80 1.18 1.66 1.83 .49 1.06 1.51 1.31 1.33 1.56 2.35 .67 .45 .27 .55 .15 .43 .21 .71 .41 .15 .32 .68 .58 .48 .30 .29 .22 .36 .76 .66 .34 .61 .19 .29 .36 .44 .24 .61 .56 .72 .20 2.82 2.35 1.68 .72 2. 79 .87 7.29 3.06 .43 1.66 5.64 3.80 3.47 1.97 2.17 1.53 2.19 5. 37 5.88 2.18 3. 43 3.83 1.27 2.38 2.65 2.00 2.23 2.63 9.13 .98 2.04 1.46 .81 .49 1.18 .63 6.80 .18 1.16 .31 0 .05 1.17 .65 .54 .22 1.48 .20 2.02 .03 1.81 . 14 .89 2.73 .10 1.24 .30 2. 89 .57 1.86 .11 1.41 .19 1.53 .30 1.54 .08 1.41 . 16 1.39 .11 1.55 .08 2.08 .05 1.37 .08 1.43 1.01 2. 62 .02 .61 .06 .09 .09 .04 .13 .03 1 This rate is too low, since the indu stry is located so largely in M ichigan, which does not report tem porary disabilities term inating in th e first week. 2 D ata for disabilities ending in first week not available. 3 D ata for tem porary disabilities not available. * Less th a n 0.005. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1.08 .02 .29 3.93 1.31 1.22 .16 .87 .60 1.81 3.42 .66 1.16 1.81 .49 .96 .65 .45 .29 .51 6.06 .11 ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OF SELECTED INDUSTRIES [1015 ] 1926 m a te s u stry : 12 ____ A gricultural im plem ents_________________ 11 Autom obiles_________ . ___________________ Auto tires . _ _______ . - _________ _____ 7 10 Boots an d shoes___ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ____________ ___ Brick__ _ ____ _____________ ______ _ ________ _ 15 4 C arp ets-.________________________ _________ 12 10 Chemicals- _. ____________ ________ _ _ ______ 13 C otton goods ___■ ____." ___________________ 10 __ _________________ E lectrical m a c h in e ry .__ 10 Fertilizers_________ _ ___________ __________ _____ 15 F lour...»« ._ _ _ . . . ______ _ ______ _____ 23 F o u n d ry arid machine shops___ __ ________ 19 F u r n itu r e .___ . ____ _______ ______ _ . . . _ _ ___ G la s s ___ _ —'' . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____________________ 6 6 H ardw are _ __ ___ 14 _ ___ _______ „ _____ L eather__ ___ _ 16 L um ber—planing m ills ..-. ___ _ _ _______ 16 L u m b er-sa w m ills______________ __________ _______ 9 M achine to o ls _____ ___ ___________ _ __ ___ 16 Paper an d p u lp ____ _______ __________ _____ ___ 8 Petroleum refining....... ..... i _ _ _ ___ ___ __ _ _____ _ 8 P o tte ry .. _ _ _____________________ . ............._ 10 Shipbuilding, ste e l.. . _ . . . _ ... 14 Slaughtering a n d m eat p ack in g ._ _______ _ _ . __________ 10 Stam ped a n d enam eled w are_________ . . . . _______ 11 Steam fittin g s________________________ ______ _._ __. 15 S toves.. . _______________ _____ _ . _____________ 15 _____ _ ________ __« Structural-iron w ork____ . 14 Woolen goods____ ________ ____________________. 161 342 73 05 Or T a b l e 1 .—A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S F O R S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S IN 11 ST A T E S , 1925, A N D 30 S T A T E S , 1926—C ontinued Accident frequency rates (per 1,000,000 hours’ exposure) N um ber of cases In d u stry and State N um ber of States or in dus tries T o tal___________________ ____ _ _______ _____ _____ 18 108 32 208 153 51 24 25 74 156 181 66 39 27 105 10,368 30,921 23,104 80,033 39, 907 12,105 7,181 12,389 13,864 76,568 227,350 14,048 934 6,078 15,253 50,102 110,942 137 64,430 108,060 1,080 10,171 19,943 9,249 45,087 2,212 989,294 4 23 15 126 207 7 192 327 4 40 2 D ata for disabilities ending in first w eek not available. 8 D ata for tem porary disabilities not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P er T em m a D eath n ent porary disa disa bility bility 1 41 4 24 12 6 5 7 75 16 2 3 1 3 48 35 49 1 3 12 2 19 21 5 314 148 (3) 45 2 471 399 2 3,182 229 3,303 39 1,024 47 7924 19 35 826 50 1,980 837 2 6,900 104 2,645 64 15 708 5 650 344 2 1,237 865 2 4,618 1 60 189 8,343 291 0 253 10 67 920 «697 88 899 42 204 2 2,721 Accident severity rates (per 1,000 hours’ exposure) P er T em m a T otal D eath nent porary disa disa bility bility P er m a T em T otal D eath n e n t porary disa disa bility b ility 336 189 520 3,605 3,544 1,069 1 214 ’ 952 866 2,037 7,812 2,765 66 726 656 1,584 5,531 61 8,567 340 264 990 797 943 2,944 10.81 2.06 7.43 15.01 29.60 29.45 0.03 .45 .06 .10 .10 .17 .12 .03 .11 .38 07 .16 .02 .02 .14 .18 .16 .31 .10 .20 .07 .14 0.68 1.61 .64 1.66 1.91 1.07 510.10 (3) 2 6.73 213.25 27.59 28.21 25 62 20.82 19.86 8.87 8.62 210.12 11.46 65.68 62.83 2 29 2 .*16 .82 38. 90 39.88 14.32 .11 14.19 10.54 2.29 2 8.23 2.55 2 13.63 16.32 2. 50 150 00 152 50 .98 42.16 43. 31 .94 1.10 (3) 79. 06 3.13 82.50 32.46 2.20 30.16 1.47 611.65. 13.32 32.45 1.52 34.04 1.51 2 20.11 21.76 .84 .22 1.23 2.47 T otal 0.19 2.67 .34 .60 .60 .99 0.60 1.18 .59 1.49 4.55 .90 2 0 .28 (3) 2.16 2. 33 .44 .54 1.07 3.85 1.09 2.42 5.59 2.43 .72 .18 .65 2.28 .64 .16 .85 2.78 .44 .20 2.32 1.16 1.80 .54 1.82 6.22 .99 .13 .12 .85 1.33 .07 2.53 2.65 14 59 .83 .70 1.02 1.51 1.65 2.04 1.18 .48 .29 2.19 2.73 2.80 .49 2.84 4.23 17 18 2.42 1.65 3.91 2.47 3.20 2.97 2.50 1.08 .95 1.85 .59 1.20 .43 .84 *■ 5 D ata for disabilities ending in first tw o weeks not available. « D ata for disabilities ending in less th a n 10 days not available. .56 (3) 1.04 .37 «.35 .51 2. 48 LABOR REVIEW [1016] 1 9 3 6 —C ontinued In d u sState: trie s _____ _____________ ______ A labam a____ ___ ______ 4 California__ ________ . . _______________ 16 G eorgia.. .................................. ................ ........................... __ 10 Illinois_____ _____________ . _________ 24 Indiana___. . . __________________________ __________ 22 Iow a____ . ___ _______ ______ _ 11 K en tu ck y ___ _ _____ . . . ______________ . . . ... _ 11 9 M aine. _______ _ ~ __ . . . . ____ M ary lan d ____ ____ _______________ . .. . . 20 M assachusetts____ . . . . . _____ _____ _ . . . 15 M ichigan_____________________ . --------------------24 M innesota_____ . . . . _____ _____ _ . 13 M o n tan a ___________ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ________ _ 2 N ebraska . . . ---------- . . .............................. . . . 6 New H am pshire . . . . . . . . . . ___ . . . . 5 New Jersey .. . . _______ . . . . . . . _________ 20 New Y o rk .. ___ _ _ . . . ___ _____ 25 N o rth D akota ___ _______ _ . ... _ __ 3 Ohio_______ _____ ____________ _____ ______ • _ 25 Pennsylvania____ . . . ______. . . . . . _______ 28 South D a k o t a _______ . . . _________________ . . 3 T e n n e sse e... ___ _____ _____ _____ _____ . . . . 17 V irginia__________ ____ ________ . . . _____ . . . 17 West V irginia__ _____ ____________ _____ . . . 12 W is c o n s in .._______ . . __________ ________ . . . 20 N um ber of Fullestab year lish workers m ents 05 05 67 ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OF SELECTED INDUSTRIES Table 2 indicates the trend of events in each industry, by States: T a b l e 2 .— A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S , 1925 A N D 1926, B Y S T A T E S A g ric u ltu r a l im p le m e n ts A c c id e n t fre q u e n c y rates (per 1,000,000 hours’ exposure) N u m b e r of cases State 1925 Illinois______ In d ia n a ______ Iow a____ ____ M inneso ta___ N ew Y o rk ___ O hio________ P e nnsylv an ia_ W isconsin____ T o t a l . .. 1926 California____ Illinois............. In d ia n a ........ . Iow a________ K e ntucky____ M inneso ta___ N e b r a s k a ___ New Y o rk ___ Ohio ........ . P en n sy lv an ia. Tennessee____ W isconsin___ T o ta l__ N u m Fullber of estab wyear P e r ork lish m a ers m ents nent D eath disa bili ty 2,808 3, 732 418 886 1, 615 1,077 1,282 4, 476 2 1 4 1 2 14 9 3 24 55 16, 295 9 13 9 4 5 3 13 5 3 3 21 7 4 1 3 2 5 10 5 2 2 448 5, 357 1, 410 397 537 645 271 1,835 1,537 ' 571 329 2,689 65 16, 026 1 2 1 3 9 17 Tem po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty i 65 488 38 20 i 30 181 (2) i 228 74 506 38 24 45 194 3 253 Per m a nent disa bili ty A ccident severity rates (per 1,000 hours’ ex posure) T em po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty 1.07 i 7. 72 0.09 1.52 43. 59 30. 27 .75 .75 7.53 .21 2. 89 >6.19 1.24 2. 78 56.00 .78 (2) .07 1.79 i 16.98 Per m a nent disa bili ty T em po rary T o disa tal bili ty 0 68 0. 54 E 38 ! 72 2.64 8. 79 45.20 30. 27 9.03 9.29 60.02 .78 18.84 4.52 . 56 1.24 3.14 7. 43 3. 02 34 .45 .95 78 1,050 1,137 .18 1.60 23.31 25.09 1.10 1.26 5 (2) 29 i 284 18 149 42 5 ’ 70 7 74 51 12 1 65 5 152 (2) 4 16 13 1 150 3. 85 (2) .12 1.80 1 17.64 A. 29 35.48 35. 00 3.12 43. 75 3.68 38. 95 63. 75 .18 2.18 i 11.82 1.09 33 04 (2) 4. 00 16 00 1.60 1 18.52 5 315 167 42 75 81 51 78 157 20 163 98 1,053 1,154 44 2 12 .75 1.78 6.90 .08 1.23 .90 (2) 1.34 5.16 4. 61 11.35 34 E 74 .42 2.78 _ 3. 85 19. 56 39 77 35 00 46 87 42. 63 63. 75 14.18 34.13 1. 09 2.02 .94 20. 00 20.12 4 61 .76 1.47 1.23 .06 2.04 21.89 23.99 .37 2.00 .45 2.82 Q3 4 00 2 12 1.50 3! 03 00 (2) 61 26 26 1.17 3.28 1.31 (2) 33 A u to m o b iles 1925 Illinois_______ In d ia n a ______ M ichigan ____ New Jersey__ N ew Y o rk ___ O hio________ P e nnsylv an ia. W isconsin........ 8 2,990 4 2,239 25 152, 620 5 3, 113 15 11,919 5 2,202 5 7, 851 6 6, 450 2 5 1 7 i 45 54 9 176 185 549 3, 210 3,801 25 1 72 97 85 1 188 279 5 137 142 41 (2) 46 24 1 378 403 42 6 0.22 0. 78 1 5. 02 1.34 26.21 .09 1.20 7.01 2. 68 1 7. 71 .17 2. 38 1 5. 26 .76 20. 73 .21 1.74 (2) .05 1.24 1 19.53 T o ta l__ 73 189,385 56 704 4,247 5,007 .10 1.24 1926 California____ Illinois_______ In d ia n a .......... . M ichigan......... New J e r s e y ... New Y ork___ O hio________ Pennsylvania. Tennessee____ W isconsin____ 5 1, 031 9 3,689 9 12, 581 29 190, 210 3 2, 271 18 11, 178 13 14, 122 9 8.524 1,657 4 6,630 1 1 4 46 1 1 C) 2 15 166 82 81 898 983 677 14,766 5, 489 36 188 125 104 1358 462 59 1,016 1, 079 45 0) 50 40 231 273 44 1317 362 .32 .09 .11 .08 .15 T o ta l____ 101 251, 893 2 4 5 2 1 65 1,102 7, 740 8,907 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1. 34 0.27 ‘ 0.11 1.71 .47 .27 .74 .55 .91 .14 1.60 2. 28 1.19 2. 47 1.01 2. 42 ‘.25 3.68 1.50 .35 1.85 1.27 1.22 (2) 2.49 .31 .62 ‘.41 1.34 7. 80 9.14 .59 1.02 .16 1.77 .32 (2) 1.35 15. 95 2.15 23.82 1.19 18. 35 5. 29 1 12. 94 3. 10 1 10. 69 1.39 23.96 1. 76 (2) 8.00 46. 20 2. 21 115. 93 .64 7. 39 26.08 9. 62 18.38 13. 79 25.44 1.96 54. 60 18.19 1.94 . 16 .54 1.25 .64 9. 67 .48 .82 .88 10. 94 3. 27 .57 1.19 1.17 1. 52 2. 41 5.17 .30 1.41 2.10 ( 2) ‘ .14 1.93 .27 10.58 1.25 1.55 1.29 12.11 1 62 3 89 .38 2.14 (2) 2.69 .67 8.25 1.34 2.05 .09 1.46 10.24 11. 79 .52 1.56 .27 2.35 .09 .20 .40 .05 * D a ta for tem porary disabilities ending in first week no t available. 2 D a ta for tem porary disabilities no t available. [10171 6.02 27. 55 8.30 10. 39 7. 81 21.49 1.95 20. 82 68 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T a b l e 3 .—A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S IN S P E C IF I E D IN D U S T R IE S , 1925 A N D 1920, B Y S T A T E S —C ontinued A u to m o b ile tires A c c id e n t fr e q u e n c y rates (per 1 ,000,000 h o u rs’ exposure) N u m b e r of cases State N u m Fullb er of estab wyear ork lish ers m ents P e r m a D eath nent disa bili ty T em po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty P er m a nent disa bili ty A ccident severity rates (per 1,000 hours’ ex posure) T em po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty 1925 N ew Jersey__ O h io ________ P ennsy lv an ia. 7 2,749 12 14. 888 6 2,459 1 3 10 ‘ 97 108 52 2,962 3, 017 9 0 9 0.12 1.2 1 ill. 76 13.09 .07 1. 16 66. 32 67. 55 1.22 (2) 1.22 T o ta l____ 25 20,097 4 62 3, 068 3,134 .07 1.03 57.98 59.08 1926 California____ M ary lan d ____ M assachusetts M ichigan____ N ew Jersey__ O hio________ P ennsy lv an ia. 2 1,891 1 1,907 4 4,323 1 2,860 6 2,015 8 11, 721 6 2,355 1 1 2 .88 0 1.06 .08 27.49 27.73 .31 9. 23 9. 54 .23 1.51 111. 74 13.48 2 1 5 t2) 6 2 156 159 4 120 124 13 MOl 116 10 i 95 105 26 2,637 2,665 7 (a) 8 .06 .14 .71 74. 91 75.68 .99 0 1.13 T o ta l____ 28 27,072 7 67 3,109 3,183 .09 .81 38.29 39.19 .18 .16 1 .fi7 l i f t «3 Per m a nent disa bili ty T em po rary T o disa tal bili ty 0.73 2.03 1 0.37 3.13 .40 1. 06 .74 2. 20 1.13 (S) 1.13 .40 1.06 1.06 1.05 .84 2.30 1.40 .35 . 10 39 ! 96 1.38 2. 74 .34 .85 .54 .85 . 95 1. 83 Ï. 70 (2) .52 .61 .55 1.68 17 ftO 1. 41 (2) .39 1. 54 B oots a n d shoes 1925 I llin o is ............ M arylan d ____ N ew Y o rk ___ P ennsy lv an ia. W isconsin____ T otal ___ 5 7 7 8 4 3,336 8,510 2,238 2,697 2,079 31 11, 200 ___ 1926 Illin o is ........... M ary lan d ____ M assachusetts. M ichigan____ M inneso ta___ N ew J e r s e y ... New Y o rk___ O hio. _______ P ennsy lv an ia. V irginia-.......... W isconsin____ 4 5,556 7 962 28 10, 772 4 522 3 693 4 609 10 17,220 2 2,352 13 3, 539 5 1,664 5 2,035 T o ta l......... 85 45,924 124 54 25 2 1 124 54 1 21 0 i 53 6 252 258 .18 139 34 81 i4 20 ‘6 51 1363 181 1 0 2 8 16 5 ‘ 37 44 34 85 4 20 6 418 183 .30 12 .84 11. 73 2. 51 1 2 50 9. 52 1 3.33 .99 1 7. 02 .14 25. 49 0 .40 8 .9 90 .82 1 6. 07 68 854 4 5 4 4 1 5 781 112.39 12.39 21.14 21.14 0.60 1 3.13 3.73 0 .32 1 8. 50 8. 82 55 9.88 10.06 . 12 .08 .14 18 42 .04 .49 5.67 1 D a ta for tem porary disabilities ending in first week not available. 2 D a ta for tem p o rary disabilities not available. 2 D a ta for tem porary disabilities ending in first 10 days not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1018] 1 0.19 0.19 .44 .44 1 . 1 1 .62 0 .14 1 .17 .31 .51 11 73 2.63 2 ftO 9. 52 3 33 8.09 25. 77 . 13 . 19 .32 .09 .05 Oft .72 .09 2 fiO 6.89 i r>7 1 27 1.45 . 18 1 12 0 .49 ‘ .Il .60 6.20 .35 . 15 .72 .46 .85 69 ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OF SELECTED INDUSTRIES T a b l e 3 —A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S IN S P E C IF I E D IN D U S T R IE S , 1925 A N D 1926, BY S T A T E S —C ontinued B ric k A c c id e n t fre q u e n c y rates (per 1 ,000,000 hours’ exposure) N u m b er of cases State 1925 Illinois.............. In d ia n a ............ Iow a________ M ary lan d ____ M innesota___ N ew Jersey__ N ew Y ork___ O hio.................. Pennsylvan iaT o ta l____ 1926 C alifornia____ Illinois.............. In d ia n a ______ Iow a............... M ary lan d ........ M assachusetts M ichigan ___ _ N e b ra sk a ____ N ew Jersey___ N ew Y o rk ___ N o rth D akota O hio........ ......... P e n n sy lv an ia . South D ak o ta. V irginia........... T o ta l____ N u m Fullber of estab wyear ork lish ers D eath m ents 12 3,802 10 696 16 1,013 5 470 1 57 12 1,900 10 1,008 9 2,542 19 4,106 94 15, 595 14 15 9 12 5 1 2 3 15 14 3 12 26 1,909 3, 265 '686 702 537 93 156 118 2,631 1,948 58 2, 496 4,128 13 274 3 135 19,014 1 1 1 2 2 2 8 1 Per ma nent disa bili ty T em po rary T o D eath disa tal bili ty 2 2 7 1 37 8 67 1,251 1,325 1 1 4 264 187 104 58 4 9 20 78 123 31 419 16 T em po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty 0.09 0.53 117. 27 .48 79.56 .33 .33 24. 36 36.88 34.90 1. 40 ‘12.28 .66 2.31 ‘19. 51 .26 .39 55. 86 . 16 .24 0 .17 .62 30. 46 6 i 197 204 1 166 167 74 76 1 52 52 6 6 78 8 1 70 7 1 59 68 3 426 431 3 0 5 29 1,050 1,087 3 f2) 15 1 249 2 185 3 101 56 1 4 1 18 20 9 i 69 13 1109 1 30 4 413 14 (J) Per m a nent disa bili ty A ccident severity rates (per 1,000 hours’ ex posure) 17.89 80.04 25.02 36.88 34.90 13.68 22.48 56. 51 .40 31.25 Per m a nent disa bili ty 0.53 1.13 ‘ 0.45 2.11 .71 .85 .14 1.98 .10 .45 2.53 .99 .99 .33 .33 1.01 1.28 1.29 3. 97 1. 62 i 1.03 6.62 1.57 .84 .62 3,03 .97 .30 1.27 .55 2.31 1.03 .73 (2) (2) 1.05 .42 .71 .53 2. 46 1.53 125. 41 26. 94 .95 88.10 89.05 1.60 3. 28 1. 43 48. 10 49.53 1 .1 1 .63 .63 35.00 36. 26 3. 78 13. 33 13.33 .64 2.00 >16,00 18.00 50. 00 50.00 1.14 1 8. 73 9. 87 1.79 1.03 3.00 .17 2. 24 >18. 79 21.20 5.00 150.00 155.00 34. 33 .27 .53 55.07 55. 87 1.60 .74 .16 1. 13 .97 .78 1.29 .18 (2) 1.25 3 8. 75 10.00 .13 1.18 21.95 23. 26 T em po rary T o disa tal bili ty .91 .74 1.62 1.47 (2) 1.63 3. 09 1 . 22 2. 82 .84 4. 12 .62 5.52 .09 .09 1.44 1.08 .96 . 96 1.17 1.96 i .66 4. 69 3. 66 37. 99 .90 3.24 1. 75 (S) 3 .23 1.14 .43 2. 79 Car-pets 1925 N ew J e r s e y .., N ew Y o rk ___ P ennsylvan ia . T o ta l. . . . 1926 N ew Y ork P e n n sy lv an ia . T o ta l____ 3 857 2 5, 571 14 4, 571 19 10, 999 3 2 5 3 27 3 33 127 1 67 0 94 30 97 5 132 1.17 110.50 11.67 0.18 1. 62 14. 01 5.81 .37 .15 .22 0 .15 1.00 4. 87 6.02 3 1,482 3 905 5 7,799 11 2,440 22 12,626 1 19 3 * 38 17 i 105 4 0 24 162 19 41 123 4 187 .04 1 4. 31 4.31 1.11 114. 07 15.18 .73 14. 49 5.26 .55 0 .55 .03 .63 4. 01 4.67 3.23 10. 29 3.52 1.08 2. 31 i . 13 3.52 .88 .08 0 .96 .91 1.45 .15 2. 51 .26 .16 .33 .64 .41 .50 .08 .08 1.29 .62 1.28 1. 18 .41 0 .21 .87 C arriages a n d wagons 1926 W isconsin___ T o ta l____ 1 2 1 3 1 2 i 1 1 1 2 3 1 20 56 94 17 263 47 96 10 27 18 17 53 118 32 848 3 10 1 1 2 17 0 i3 8 2 35 15 6 11 7 12 6 8 2 45 16 6 1 8 2 15. 00 i 15.00 30.00 26.67 26. 67 40. 00 40. 00 12. .50 43. 75 56. 25 10. 00 150.00 160.00 20. 00 20. 00 133.00 33.00 10.00 70.00 80.00 1 20.00 20.00 6 11 86 8 1 103 0 5. 00 15.00 20.00 1 10.00 10.00 6. 80 34.40 41.20 1D a ta for tem p o rary disabilities ending in first week no t available. 2D a ta for tem p o rary disabilities n o t available. 3D ata for tem porary disabilities ending in first 10 day s not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1019 ] 17.75 >0. 28 18.03 .58 .58 1.37 1.37 14.00 1.00 15.00 12. 82 1.31 14. 13 .04 .04 1.56 .56 3.68 2. 35 6.03 1 1.30 1.30 1. 69 6.58 0 .35 2.04 1 .23 .23 .71 7.29 70 MONTHLY LABOE KEVIEW T a b l e 2 .—A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S IN S P E C IF I E D IN D U S T R IE S , 1925 A N D 1926, B Y S T A T E S —C ontinued C hem icals A c c id e n t fre q u e n c y rates (per 1 ,000,000 h o u rs’ exposure) N u m b e r of eases State 1925 N ew Jersey__ N ew Y o rk ----PennsylvaniaT o ta l......... 1926 Illinois........ . M ichigan____ N ew Y o rk ___ P en n sy lv an ia. Virginia.......... T o ta l......... N u m Fullber of estab wyear ork lish ers m ents D eath Per ma nent disa bili ty T em po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty Per manent disa bili ty 1, 330 6, 778 3,236 266 1 2 1 12 22 44 1 89 159 (2) 45 102 83 31 11,609 3 35 192 230 .09 1.00 1,527 1, 300 1, 768 2, 528 3, 302 4,152 1,166 49 851 14 1 3 i 1 1 89 57 67 172 i 80 1141 (2) 93 57 69 78 95 168 2 .22 2 2 15 26 1 2 9 8 78 89 5 17 7 2 4 1 8 2 17 10 4 2 1 1 16, 657 50 4 A ccident severity rates (per .1,000 hours’ ex posure) T em po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty 0. 25 11.03 1 1 . 28 0.05 .59 14. 38 5. 02 .2 1 2.27 1 6. 08 8.56 <2) 5. 63 6. 72 .65 119.35 14. 62 .37 12. 64 .53 .26 i 9. 47 1. 52 i 8. 08 .08 2.08 111.28 .29 .29 (2) 20. 22 14. 62 13. 01 10. 26 9. 60 13.44 .58 .77 3.46 3 30.00 34.23 Per ma nent disa bili ty Tem po rary T o disa tal bili ty 0.08 0. 25 0.32 0.30 .65 1.13 1.08 1.24 3. 96 1.26 5.46 (2) .52 1.49 1.31 .29 . 11 3.16 .28 1.57 .48 3.22 1.72 .09 .18 2.19 1.56 . 18 . 30 1.27 1.18 1 .71 (2) 2.16 .18 .41 3. 71 1 . 75 4.41 1.81 4. 70 7.28 3 1.08 13.06 1 9 58 584 651 .18 1.16 11.68 13. 02 1.08 1.57 .41 3.06 Cotton goods 1926 N ew 9 5,917 12 19' 369 2 '515 2 536 6 6, 046 30 22, 577 5 4 62 24 1 290 1 18 1 24 7 279 5 366 67 314 19 25 286 371 1 3 7 4 3 6 10 376 30 41 3 117 87 1 1 76 1,660 1,737 H am p- N ew Y o rk ___ T o ta l......... 5 11,345 3 3, 558 2 1, 413 6 2, 539 3 3 ,175 3 5, 999 1 20 84 83,009 373 1 23 »36 (2) 111 8 77 i1 .24 (5) 0.28 . 41 .67 .63 .39 .07 4 3.48 3. 76 1 4. 99 5. 40 12.00 12. 67 15.00 15. 63 15.41 15. 80 5.41 5.48 .09 .65 .95 .39 .63 .56 10.97 11.06 i 2. 15 2.80 18.57 9. 76 .39 (2) 11. 68 12. 31 3 4. 28 4. 84 >10. 00 10. 00 .31 6. 67 1 D a ta for tem porary disabilities ending in first week no t available. 2 D a ta for tem porary disabilities no t available. 8 D a ta for tem p o rary disabilities ending in first 10 days not available. 4 D a ta for tem porary disabilities ending in first tw o weeks no t available. 4 Less th a n 0.005. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1020 ] 6.98 0.2S 4 0.12 0.41 .25 1 .1 2 .37 .39 . 13 .52 .47 .24 .71 .52 .26 .78 .07 . 13 .20 .03 .34 1.42 1.03 .20 .27 .87 .02 .26 .23 .26 1.05 .39 1.52 2.97 .20 (2) . 11 .38 3 . 13 1.00 i .27 .27 .15 .43 ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OF SELECTED INDUSTRIES T a b l e 2 .— A C C ID E N T 71 F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S , 1925 A N D 1926, BY S T A T E S —C ontinued E lectrical m a ch in ery A c c id e n t fr e q u e n c y rates (per 1 ,000,000 h o u rs’ exposure) N u m b er of cases S tate N um ber of FullPer Tem estab wyear ork lish ma po ers m ents rary T o D eath nent D eath disa disa tal bili bili ty ty 1925 I llin o is ............ I n d ia n a .......... M ary lan d ___ M inneso ta___ N ew J e r s e y ... New Y o rk ___ O hio___ ____ P ennsylv an ia. 13 4, 944 3 3, 080 2 851 1 8 13 8, 329 9 20, 454 17 3, 560 13 19, 441 7 T o ta l......... 71 60, 667 13 1926 Illin o is............. I n d ia n a .......... M arylan d____ M assachusetts M ichigan____ New Jersey __ New Y o rk ___ O hio___ _ . . . VVisconsin____ 20 6,908 5 3,904 3 1,045 11 9, 551 1 113 13 8,090 10 20, 800 12 3,637 14 21,146 3 195 T o ta l____ 92 75, 389 P e n n s y lv a n ia . 1 14 3 1 4 62 74 7 69 2 1 4 4 11 i 54 184 30 1 1 140 1 456 305 (2) 69 187 30 1 203 634 312 76 Per ma nent disa bili ty Tem po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty 0. 07 0.94 13.64 4.65 .32 19. 91 20. 23 11.75 11. 75 43.17 43. 17 .04 2. 48 1 5.60 8. 12 .07 1. 21 17.43 8. 71 . 66 28 56 29 22 . 12 1. 18 0 1. 30 229 1,170 1,412 .07 1.26 36 ! 147 23 275 7 41 18 589 i1 48 1 134 104 1 711 8 190 21 0 ) 14 1. 74 1. 97 2.26 .07 .63 183 298 48 609 1 183 819 198 25 4 .04 1.98 .06 1. 67 .73 .06 .33 265 2,092 2, 368 .05 1. 17 A ccident severity rates (per 1,000 hours' ex posure) 9. 46 10. 79 i 7.10 23. 50 13. 23 20. 52 i . 33 15.51 >11. 39 17. 43 (2) 1 6. 67 8.84 25. 47 15. 49 21.22 . 33 7.53 13. 12 18. 16 .39 6.67 9.25 10.47 Per m a nent disa bili ty T em po rary To disa tal bili ty 0.40 0.54 10.07 17 . 10 . 24 2. 37 .24 2. 47 1.15 .39 1.29 1.33 . 81 22 .72 .80 (2) .43 1. 12 1.01 27 . 24 2. 37 2.86 2. 01 1 03 1. 52 .24 1. 79 1. 34 i 0 19 1 53 „ 35 1 74 1. 39 1. 09 . 28 1. 37 .42 .38 .45 1.25 1 08 08 .25 1. 74 1 .1 2 2. Ü .38 1. 89 1.73 3.00 „ 40 . 23 63 .38 .22 (2) .60 i 15 . 15 .29 1. 05 .32 1.66 F ertilizers 1926 Illinois............. In d ia n a ______ Iow a. . . ___ M ary lan d ____ M ichigan........ New Y o rk ___ O hio_______ P ennsylv an ia. Tennessee __ Virginia_____ 3 1 3 1 5 1 2 3 2 3 3 27 639 68 105 17 714 249 131 — 255 142 218 517 3,055 i 1 i 18 10 23 1 4 1 112 i 10 i8 27 (2) 12 3 39 6 5 259 i 1 1 20 10 23 0.53 0.53 19. 47 10. 53 1.50. 00 50.00 76.67 76. 67 114 .48 .48 53. 33 10 U4.29 9— 2. .50 120. 00 28 1. 25 33. 75 (2) 12 17. 14 44 2. 50 .63 324. 38 270 .65 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10211 54.29 2.80 .23 1.18 4.21 14.29 1 .57 .57 22.50 — 10. 14 1 1. 25 11. 39 35. 00 .78 .55 1.33 (2) 17. 14 .36 .36 27. 51 15. 48 . 19 L 8 5 16.52 . 54Î 28.15 29. 34 1 D ata for tem p o rary disabilities ending in first w eek n o t available. 2 D a ta for tem p o rary disabilities n o t available. 3 D ata for tem p o rary disabilities ending in first 10 days n o t available. 3.13 2.09 1 0.22 5.44 .62 .62 .80 .80 3. 93 1.03 .68 5.64 72 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T a b l e 2 .—A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S IN S P E C IF I E D IN D U S T R IE S , 1925 A N D 1926, BY S T A T E S —C ontinued F lour A c c id e n t fr e q u e n c y rates (per 1 ,000,000 ho u rs’ exposure) N u m b er of eases State 1925 M inneso ta___ T o ta l____ 1926 Illinois. . . . M inneso ta___ W isconsin___ T o ta l____ N u m Fullber of estab wyear ork lish m ents ers D eath 6 2 19 27 143 29 3,443 3, 616 2 6 4 4 5 22 2 8 4 2 1 4 2 3 2 1 72 244 185 329 76 468 2,596 121 218 1,312 34 38 93 44 248 78 18 6,102 4 4 Per m a nent disa bili ty 1 6 7 1 3 2 4 2 7 2 8 1 1 4 27 T em po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty S 3 191 203 9 4 201 214 U2 12 33 14 l 24 156 13 43 i 58 4 8 (2) 5 22 34 i9 417 13 15 35 14 26 167 13 45 66 4 8 5 23 5 9 448 0.39 .37 Per m a nent disa bili ty A ccident severity ratas (per 1,000 h ours’ ex posure) T em po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty 20. 86 11. 31 33. 94 .58 18.49 .65 18. 71 20. 86 45. 25 19. 46 19.73 2.32 2. 21 1. 43 117. 14 18. 57 5. 00 20. 00 25.00 2. 00 33. 00 35. 00 70.00 70.00 1.43 117.14 18. 57 .51 .90 20.00 21.41 3.08 32. 50 32. 50 2. 86 61.43 64.29 2.05 114. 87 16. 92 40. 00 40. 00 80.00 80.00 (2) 50. 00 50.00 1. 4.3 31. 43 32.86 5.00 320. 00 25. 00 190.00 90.00 ............ .22 L 48 22. 79 . 24. 49 1.31 Per ma nent disa bili ty 8.48 .52 .57 .41 a 49 .61 .43 .98 13. 79 2.74 2.42 2. 57 1. 91 T em po rary T o disa tal bili ty 0. 57 .90 .25 .27 0. 57 9. 38 3.09 3.05 1.31 0.72 .31 6. 80 .36 .97 1.19 1. 19 i. 48 .91 .52 4.58 . 14 . 14 .85 14.64 1. 83 3. 57 .26 .26 . 70 .70 ( 2) 1. 15 Í. 15 .23 2. 65 3. 96 3. 53 16.83 6.83 .58 3.80 F o u n d ry a n d m a chine-shop products 1925 Illinois______ I n d i a n a . - ___ Iowa___............ M a ry la n d ... . M ichigan____ M innesota. N ew J e rs e y .. . N ew Y o rk ___ O hio________ P en n sy lv an ia. W isconsin___ T o ta l____ 1926 A labam a_____ C alifornia____ G eorgia______ Illinois______ In d ia n a ______ Iow a________ K e n tu ck y ___ M ain e ___ _ _ M ary lan d ___ M assachusetts M inneso ta___ N eb rask a____ N ew H am psh ire_____ N ew Jersey N ew Y o rk ___ N o rth D akota. O hio________ P e n n sy lv an ia . Tennessee. . V irginia_____ W est Virginia. W isconsin___ T o ta l____ 1 D a ta 2 D a ta 3 D a ta 4 D a ta 20 15 10 10 5 9 21 15 29 109 14 257 10, 293 1,889 2,785 1,317 4,078 1,282 5, 672 10,104 7,629 27,121 3,232 75,404 3 17 6 26 12 10 2 2 1 21 26 5 3 2,092 1,936 1,300 7, 203 2, 250 2, 557 64C 288 165 6,504 6, 375 897 207 3 1, 046 20 4,833 22 16,425 2 45 40 11, 829 85 28, 547 2 298 3 717 1 343 17 8,796 329 105, 293 for tem porary for tem porary for tem porary for tem porary disabilities disabilities disabilities disabilities https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 5 1 18 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 8 i 26 3 15 6 15 4 55 128 17 47 8 324 i 239 266 415 418 316 332 155 162 i 133 149 75 70 1 234 291 i 322 453 1,326 1, 345 52 (2> 1211 220 3,421 3, 763 6 4 102 14 P) 12 1 84 55 1 328 11 399 5 120 10 87 3 86 1 17 5 206 15 1 489 5 104 48 108 15 97 386 412 126 97 90 18 213 lio 48 0.03 0 . 17. 74 .53 73.23 . 12 1 . 80 37.82 .25 1.52 39. 22 .08 1.23 110.87 .26 1.04 18. 20 . 12 3. 23 1 3. 75 .10 4. 22 1 10. 62 .09 .74 57.93 .06 .58 (2) . 10 .82 '21.76 .08 1.43 23. 62 848.61 73.76 39.74 40.99 12. 18 19. 50 17. 10 14.94 58.76 .64 22.68 25.13 .95 416. 19 17.14 2.41 (2) 2. 58 3.08 121. 54 24.88 2. 55 115. 19 17.88 1. 62 58. 68 60. 59 .65 15. 59 16. 37 5. 26 45. 79 51.05 Ï. 11 3.33 95. 56 100.00 2. 00 34. 00 36.00 .10 .26 10. 56 10.92 7Q .37 l! 85 3k 52 40. 74 80. 00 80. 00 .17 .26 . 14 .29 .13 1 78 79 .32 25. 16 25. 48 82 i 243 325 5. 66 116. 76 22. 42 199 1 844 1,057 .28 4.04 117.12 21.44 26 26 192. 59 192.59 10 40 1,897 1,947 .28 1. 13 53. 44 54. 85 16 109 (2) 125 . 19 1. 27 (2) 1.46 39 39 43. 33 43. 33 1 6 3 80 87 .45 2.73 336.36 39. 54 4 86 90 4. 00 86. 00 90. 00 3 55 1 864 922 . 1 1 2.08 132. 73 34.92 64 638 6,220 6, 922 .20 2.02 19. 69 21.91 ending in first week n o t available. no t available. ending in first 10 days not available. ending in first tw o weeks no t available. 14 [ 1022 ] 0.19 a 78 40.26 .78 . 16 .72 1. 38 .52 1.52 3. 35 .64 .49 .94 1.26 .41 1.56 1. 25 .71 2.31 1.41 .59 3.90 i. 58 .52 .46 .43 .37 .53 (2) .62 .32 1.43 .48 1. 24 .43 1.23 .94 2.62 5.53 1. 69 3.22 3.43 5.07 1.41 .90 1. 37 2.15 . 84 2. 91 2. 49 1.82 1. 71 .29 5. 60 6.94 2.49 .61 .62 .14 4 .45 1.29 (2) 3.94 i. 48 4. 51 1.36 3. 01 .82 4.31 .35 1.42 . 78 6. 38 .78 10.21 . 56 1.17 .27 1.03 2.23 2.27 i 18 5.68 2. 71 2. 71 1.03 1.54 .83 1. 78 .78 . 29 . 57 4.85 1.27 1.70 3.71 1 1. 16 2.98 1.69 1. 12 .67 1.12 .98 (2) . 47 2.79 4.65 3. 90 7. 67 1.1 1 .68 1. 71 1. 59 1.22 1. 77 .48 . 86 5. 12 6.57 2. 98 3.48 2. 10 .47 8.34 8. 78 2.98 3.47 73 ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OP SELECTED IN DU STRIES T a b l e 2 .—A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S IN S P E C IF I E D IN D U S T R IE S , 1925 A N D 1926, B Y S T A T E S —C ontinued Furniture A c c id e n t fre q u e n c y rates (per 1 ,000,000 ho u rs’ exposure) N u m b e r of cases State 1925 Illinois______ In d ia n a _____ Iow a ___ ____ M ary lan d ___ M ichigan ____ M innesota___ N ew Y o rk ,. O hio______ . P e n n sy lv an ia . W isconsin___ T o ta l____ 1926 California........ Georgia............ Illinois.............. In d ia n a ______ I o w a ............... K entucky ____ M aine ______ M aryland __ . M assachusetts M ichigan, . . . M innesota___ N ew H am psh ire _______ New Y ork __ O hio_____ P ennsylvan ia. Tennessee, . V irginia,,........ W est Virginia. W isconsin__ T o ta l____ N u m Fullber of estab wyear Per Tem ork lish m a po ers m ents D eath nent rary T o D eath disa disa ta l bili bili ty ty 16 50 5 10 11 2,828 6,086 '504 422 2,013 634 2,930 1,821 4,393 2,888 8 23 8 17 3 165 24, 519 80 7 916 3 500 25 4,356 52 0,418 4 559 3 324 1 156 10 649 624 5 37 9, 052 9 1,002 7 5 8 14 15 32 13 1 18 8 25 5 2 4 13 3 103 3,621 496 2,923 910 559 485 3,216 232 36,869 3 i 97 458 36 30 1 32 38 1 53 77 Per m a nent disa bili ty T em po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty P er m a nent disa bili ty 12 61 25 69 23 79 23. 72 5. 30 24.17 8. 65 16 66 1 29 9.81 0 71 .26 1.18 111 43 . 60 25 09 23 79 23. 72 1 5. 30 4. 20 19. 97 2.62 1 6. 03 1. 46 14 09 1. 29 (2) .35 1 9. 46 107 469 36 30 32 46 76 i 82 85 17 85 903 983 2 (2) 3 19 22 1 168 40 453 1 34 1 6 6 3 34 11 48 l 229 4 93 2 12 190 493 35 6 37 11 280 97 . 74 (2) 2.00 l 6 00 1.68 '1 2 82 2 07 23 47 . 59 20 on 1.00 1 2. 00 1. 58 17. 89 5. 79 . 1 1 1.76 ¡8.42 1.33 31.00 19 39 1129 15 10 0 102 5 3 14 4 22 11 * 78 19 168 15 10 109 19 26 89 63.33 3.58 >11.83 10. 00 1.14 (2) 2. 59 37 78 2. 94 3 8 24 2.67 14. 67 1.15 18.13 (*) T 200 1,422 1,625 A ccident severity rates (per 1,000 hours’ ex posure) 19 2 76 2 70 .79 . 1 .17 .31 .25 1.04 {2) V) 74 00 50 54 59 12.00 19. 47 5.79 10. 29 32.33 19 58 58 1 20 36 3 12 1 27 2 97 (2) . 14 1.09 14.96 16.05 8 14 25 20 Tem po rary T o disa tal bili ty .31 16 15 .85 .66 1.28 1.76 19 19 i. 27 2.21 .60 2.36 27 63.33 15. 41 10 00 1.14 40 37 27 4.09 63 m 63 17.34 9.28 1 86 .92 23 2 09 1.20 1 .1 2 .03 1.81 12.86 14.70 .16 1.51 .30 1.97 Glass 1925 M ary lan d ____ N ew J e r s e y ,.. O hio_____ __ P ennsylvan ia, T o ta l,. 1926 California____ M aryland____ O h io ____ . P ennsylvan ia, Tennessee........ W est VirginiaT o tal____ 4 6 5 25 1,051 4,632 1,552 4,903 1 2 7 2 7 65 1 50 414 0 67* 58 416 7 0.07 40 12,138 1 18 529 548 .03 2 4 6 20 1 5 171 1,012 2,249 4,662 210 3,246 1 4 1 6 14 10 78 358 0 10 351 79 365 18 10 361 0 .33 26.33 26.66 .15 .90 53.43 54.48 .29 1.00 0 1.29 16.67 16. 67 1.03 36.19 37. 22 38 11, 550 5 31 797 833 .14 0 0.63 20.61 21.24 .50 >3.60 4.71 .43 88. 93 89.36 .48 0 .48 0.43 0.19 .76 .77 .59 0.31 0.50 >.10 1.29 .75 1.52 .59 0 .49 24.37 24.89 .16 .65 .27 1.08 .89 22.97 24.00 1 D ate for tem p o rary disabilities ending in first w eek n o t available I D ate for tem porary disabilities n o t available. 8 D ate for tem p o rary disabilities ending in first 10 days not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1023] .79 .89 ...7 3 1.72 1.07 1.39 .87 1.01 0 .56 .62 0 .22 .41 1.35 2.24 2. 79 .22 1.80 .29 2.17 74 M ONTHLY LABOE EE VIEW T a b l e 3 . —A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S IN S P E C IF I E D IN D U S T R IE S , 1925 A N D 1926, BY S T A T E S —C ontinued H ardw are A c c id e n t fr e q u e n c y rates (per 1 ,000,000 ho u rs’ exposure) N u m b er of cases State 1926 Illinois_______ N u m Fullber of estab wyear ork lish m ents ers D eath P er m a nent disa bili ty T em po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty Per m a nent disa bili ty T em po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty P er m a n ent disa bili ty i 8.97 23. 33 114. 29 1 5. 56 28.33 (2) 2. 32 i 0.18 2. 50 2. 51 . 59 3.10 1.82 l. 49 2.31 . 68 1.66 1.34 .58 1.09 . 51 .53 (2) .53 O hio. .............. P ennsylvania. 6 1 3 1 3 5 2,250 100 476 297 786 2,337 24 1 9 2 4 11 1 61 7 » 20 15 68 (2) 85 8 29 7 72 11 3.53 3.33 6.43 2.22 1.67 1.57 T o tal......... 19 6,246 51 161 212 2.73 8. 61 11.34 1.69 3.43 0.44 1.31 .17 .18 .55 114.03 15.72 i 7. 56 10. 99 i 7. 43 9.18 .17 (2) 113.44 14.17 M ichigan ___ A ccident severity rates (per 1,000 hours’ ex posure) 12. 50 26.66 20. 72 7. 78 30.00 1.57 1.31 T em po rary T o disa tal bili ty .22 1.53 Leather 1925 Illin o is ______ New Jersey__ New Y o rk ___ Pennsylvania . W isconsin____ 5 7 6 14 4 1,378 1,455 763 3,870 1,835 1 T o tal------ 26 9,301 5 1 7 1 4 13 2 10 8 1 17 1 2 5 544 451 1,594 105 569 4,251 560 2,286 1,849 ' 295 3,966 113 310 3,035 1 1926 California____ G eorgia______ Illinois _____ M a r y la n d ___ M assachusetts M ichigan____ N ew Jersey__ New York . . . O hio .. _____ P enn sy lv an ia. Virginia ___ W est Virginia. W isconsin........ T otal ___ 77 19,928 1 7 15 3 2 3 ‘ 58 i 33 i 17 (2) 1 74 65 48 21 2 78 2 30 182 214 .07 1.08 11.17 12.32 1 29 96 5 16 129 43 76 119 17 10 11 29 103 .63 (2) .71 1 20.00 3. 54 1 16.46 16. 67 L 18 8. 23 .16 . 16 9. 77 1.76 1 23.53 2. 32 1 8. 70 3. 09 1 18.55 1 .1 1 17. 78 .08 .76 (2) 236. 67 2. 22 30. 00 .22 .44 1 10.66 684 .10 1.24 10.10 11.44 1 2 2 3 16 17 1 9 2 2 4 (2) » 28 1 79 5 14 125 i 40 i 60 1 102 16 (2) 3 11 27 >97 6 74 604 2 Ï 17 1 D ata for tem porary disabilities ending in first week not available. 2 D ata for tem porary disabilities not available. 3 D ata for tem porary disabilities ending in first 10 days no t available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ri0241 .63 20. 71 20. 00 16. 67 9. 41 10. 09 25. 29 11. 02 21. 64 18. 89 .84 36. 67 32. 22 11.32 1.91 10.34 2.25 2 .11 1.23 2.34 2. 62 1.84 1.35 4.81 .05 (2) .05 1.09 .16 1.28 1.53 .43 3.68 .82 2. 66 3.14 3. 05 .05 . 89 1. 36 3. 75 1. 36 .50 .59 .94 * 1.32 3. 55 .65 .60 1.23 .29 1.54 3.68 3. 05 3. 75 . 22 3.35 1.22 2 36 1. 65 4. 48 1. 70 1.09 1. 30 4. 10 1.51 2.48 (2) >.39 l. 61 . 22 . 30 .23 i 1 47 i. 29 i. 73 . 34 (2) 3 1 30 .36 2.19 75 ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OF SELECTED INDUSTRIES T a b l e 2 .— A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S , 1925 A N D 1926, B Y S T A T E S —C ontinued L u m b er— P la n in g m ills A c c id e n t fr e q u e n c y rates (per 1,000,000 hours’ exposure) N u m b er of cases State 1925 Illinois___. . . . In d ia n a _____ Io w a .___ ____ M ary lan d ___ M ichigan____ M inneso ta___ New Y o rk ___ O hio________ P en n sy lv an ia. W isconsin___ T o ta l____ 1926 C alifornia___ Georgia_____ Illinois______ I n d ia n a .,____ Iow a________ K entuck y___ M aine.............. M arylan d___ M ichigan-----M inneso ta---New Y o rk ___ O hio________ P enn sy lv an ia. Tennessee___ V irginia_____ W isconsin___ T o tal......... N u m Fullber of estab wyear ork lish ments ers D eath 8 8 7 5 1 4 14 3 5 9 64 667 624 1,770 ' 272 260 458 2,682 438 735 1,946 9, 852 17 2 17 10 8 2 1 8 16 5 20 5 2, 266 177 1,802 711 1,820 823 52 607 1,893 523 2,928 368 772 338 480 1, 663 17, 223 2 2 9 131 2 1 1 1 1 6 1 3 2 1 2 3 1 2 15 Per ma nent disa bili ty Tem po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty Per m a nent disa bili ty Accident severity rates (per 1,000 hours’ ex posure) T em po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty Per m a nent disa bili ty T em po rary To disa tal bili ty 33 95 49 39 42 2 116 31 2 196 605 1.00 1. 50 i 14.00 1. 07 49. 71 .94 8. 29 1. 23 46. 55 1.28 2.56 1 49.99 I. 45 . 12 3. 85 110. 44 .76 2. 28 20. 53 .91 (2) . 17 1. 54 ‘ 31.86 .20 1. 96 19. 78 16. 50 50. 78 9.23 47.78 53.83 1. 45 14.41 23. 57 . 91 33. 57 21.94 6.00 2.40 >0. 48 8.88 .32 .35 .67 1.24 .20 1.44 3.68 1.15 4.83 7. 69 2. 50 i 1.04 11.23 .01 .01 .75 6. 03 1.51 7.29 4. 56 2. 28 .33 7.17 1.91 (2) 1.91 1.03 .80 i . 70 2.59 1. 22 2. 62 4. 33 .49 15 (2) 15 1 11 19 16 i 126 145 13 83 96 12 75 89 14 198 212 2 2 3 50l 54 16 i 159 177 30 5 25 40 i 248 291 16 16 (2) 18 18 35 4 3 30 5 i 153 160 144 1,192 1, 351 2. 21 (2) 2. 00 2.00 i 18.00 . 58 2. 96 i 23.33 6.19 39. 52 .36 2.18 13. 64 5. 60 79. 20 10. 00 .55 1. 78 27. 78 .35 2. 81 1 27.89 3.13 15. 63 .34 4. 55 i 28.18 14. 55 (2) 18. 00 .71 2. 86 3 21.43 .40 1.00 1 30.60 .30 2. 89 23.94 2.21 22.00 26. 85 45. 71 16. 18 84. 80 10. 00 30.11 31.05 18. 76 33. 07 14. 55 1. 33 (2) 1. 33 11. 30 1. 16 1.57 13.03 3.33 4. 36 i. 62 8.31 7.10 .53 7.63 2.19 1.36 .33 3.88 1. 94 1.87 3.81 . 19 . 19 .79 4.84 3. 29 . 76 2. 11 2.67 i. 77 5. 55 3. 15 .36 3. 51 2.04 5. 48 i 1.60 9.12 .20 .20 0 .36 .36 4.16 3. 22 3.48 7. 86 2.40 .93 i. 92 4. 25 1.81 2. 80 .76 5. 37 3 2 5 1 2 31 3 2 9 58 i 28 93 44 38 i 39 2 i 84 27 (2) i 186 541 18. 00 25. 00 32. 00 27.13 L u m b er— S a w m ills 1925 M ichigan-----M in n e s o ta ... W isconsin___ T o ta l-----1926 A la b a m a ____ California____ M ic h ig a n ___ M inneso ta----O hio........... . . P enn sy lv an ia. Tennessee____ V irginia_____ W est Virginia. W isconsin___ T otal . . . 1 20 5 5,455 5 2,228 11 2, 520 22 10, 223 5 2, 312 21 12,136 1 62 2 309 1 95 4 209 17 2,394 5 1,988 2 813 1 37 2 1,384 2 861 5 3,288 4 1,299 18 4, 356 90 31, 543 4 1 6 11 2 7 i 120 123 5 12 i 322 24 567 1 25 4 84 5 2 9 2 1 2 1 2 2 7 54 13 25 4 1 17 7 16 176 2 131 129 340 602 4 48 53 109 0 5 15 41 1 36 21 21 38 38 i 344 359 756 790 51 53 4 5 6 0 44 46 3 195 214 98 107 i 482 505 2,122 2,352 33.17 0. 24 0. 43 i 7. 33 . 15 .75 18. 40 .79 1. 59 l 42.59 .36 .78 18. 49 1.18 33.17 8. 00 1.47 0. 47 i. 23 19. 30 .90 .96 .50 44. 97 ' 4.76 .79 1 1. 01 19. 63 2. 15 . 66 .48 .14 .58 4 6. 96 7. 68 3. 00 .69 2.31 0 i 25.00 25. 00 5. 56 i 40.00 45. 56 70. 00 70. 00 63. 33 63. 33 .28 1.81 i 47.78 49. 87 1.50 4. 17 126. 00 131. 67 21. 25 22. 08 .83 35. 78 44.72 8. 94 1.43 .48 .95 0 .38 .38 16. 92 17.68 .20 1. 72 3 19.70 21. 62 .51 1. 79 25. 13 27. 43 .53 1.22 i 36.79 38. 54 .57 1.86 22. 43 24. 86 1 D ata for tem porary disabilities ending in first week no t available. 2 D a ta for tem p o rary disabilities no t available. a D a ta for tem p o rary disabilities ending in first 10 days no t available. 4 D a ta for tem porary disabilities ending in first tw o weeks no t available. 68404°—-27- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6 [1025 ] .86 .43 4. 12 1. 75 4. 37 1. 67 9.05 4. 92 53.66 2.89 2. 32 1.21 3.09 3. 21 3. 42 Ì. 62 6. 81 1. 22 . 11 1. 22 2. 92 1.45 1.80 1. 18 2. 17 2. 36 6. 56 3.29 4. 14 1.43 .5. 87 0 i. 91 .91 h 78 5.15 1. 35 1. 35 .96 .96 1 2. 07 5. 36 3. 29 19.15 .40 5. 32 .67 54. 33 4. 11 0 . 29 2. 72 3. 69 3. 12 .74 6. 75 1 1.03 5.69 .66 5.88 76 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T a b l e 3 .—A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S IN S P E C IF I E D IN D U S T R IE S , 1925 A N D 1926, B Y S T A T E S —C ontinued M a c h in e tools A c c id e n t fre q u e n c y rates (per 1,000,000 h o u rs’ exposure) N u m b er of cases State 1925 N u m Fullber of estab wyear ork lish ers m ents D eath W isconsin........ 5 3 5 6 19 7 2 1,197 '124 477 551 1,763 1- 119 802 T o ta l____ 48 6,033 11 3 15 7 7 9 25 3 5 1,933 '248 4,917 574 729 1,282 4 138 196 1,117 N ew Y o rk ___ 1926 M assachusetts M ichigan____ O hio________ P ennsylv an ia. W isconsin___ T o ta l____ 85 15*. 134 Per T em m a po nent rary T o D eath disa :disa tal bili bili ty ty 3 I 6 3 2 i 20 15 1 19 i 10 238 23 15 25 14 24C 3 130 33 1 17 332 350 11 i 66 24 70 i 36 1 IS 1 83 529 1 1 ft 1 4 Ci)48 77 25 73 40 26 106 543 2 52 5 64 875 944 1 1 1 2 3 7 23 A ccident severity rates (per 1,000 hours’ ex posure) Per T em m a po nent rary T o disa . disa ta l D eath bili bili ty ty 0.84 1 5.57 6.41 40. 32 40.32 4.19 113. 28 17. 47 0.61 1.82 1 6.05 8.48 .38 44.99 45.37 .94 21.09 22.09 1.89 111.38 34. 28 1.43 .07 .14 4. 73 .59 1. 76 121.18 3.18 i 8. 63 6.05 1 21.84 .08 1.04 42. 66 1.67 1.67 1. 21 i 14.54 T em po rary T o disa tal bili ty 0.25 10.19 0.44 .60 .60 3.78 i .29 4.07 3.63 2.18 1.27 6.08 .48 .37 .85 1. 25 i 12.47 131 72 .06 Per m a nent disa bili ty .62 .33 .77 : 1 .22 ; .84 .27 I 1.37 13. 27 35. 71 4.94 23.53 11.81 27.89 43.78 3. 33 15. 75 .06 .69 5.57 5.46 .48 .65 10.18 .50 .98 1.48 1.65 .29 8.35 .09 .55 i .56 4.72 i . 16 5. 73: i .97 6.43 .42 1. 55 <2) 10. 68 i .23 1.21 .11 1.41 19. 27 20.79 . 66 1.18 .34 2.18 O 1.17 8.06 .40 3.48 P a p e r a n d p u lp 1925 M ichigan____ M inneso ta___ N ew Y o rk ___ P enn sy lv an ia. W isconsin........ T o t a l . .. .. . 1926 Illinois ............ In d ia n a ______ M ain e _______ M a ry la n d ... . M assachusetts M inneso ta___ N ew H a m p N ow Y o rk ___ O hio________ P en n sy lv an ia. W isconsin........ T o ta l____ 378 560 122 1,179 1,132 4, 597 1,532 1,642 1 34 11,142 5 3 1 1 3 12 4 5 7 3 1 5 1 13 8 3 523 307 113 3,745 1,083 A 008 3,902 1,072 1 19 4 6 1 2 2 9 367 8,163 3,501 2, 501 98 388 476 5,061 85 37, 308 1 1 1 1 l 14 3 50 1 18 3 1 73 7 149 58 i 235 3 (-') 5 i 51 15 53 19 76 157 294 4 57 5 80 590 675 1 i 16 3 40 1 14 9 522 2 56 5 208 15 1 369 267 17 45 15 531 58 213 387 276 .63 U0.00 2. 22 3. 33 44.44 3 33 46. 67 . 80 46. 61 . 63 17. 50 . 28 11. 56 . 25 1 28 1 31 54 .63 2.19 83.44 10. 63 49. 99 50 00 47. 41 18.13 11. 84 33 08 86. 26 i 76 92 i 692 4 251 4 0) 1 20 3 14 3 108 18 1186 77 792 258 6 21 14 111 205 .91 69.09 .33 3: 76 i 28.24 .29 .38 23.90 .27 .53 n 3. 33 66. 67 311.67 2.14 77.14 .07 1.18 i 12.24 70.00 32.33 24. 57 .80 70.0Ü 11. 67 79. 28 13. 49 .27 1. 95 4.30 1. 71 .92 1.59 .24 1.01 .19 1.53 26.03 27.75 1.16 1.66 2 3 2 8 3 2 1 21 166 2, 839 3,026 0.88 .29 .07 .22 .20 112.34 1.79 29. 78 2. 73 49.11 l 20.63 2.06 43.89 4.21 117. 04 .65 C) 1.01 110.35 . 15 2. 39 20. 47 23.01 1 D ata for tem p o rary disabilities ending in first week not available. 2 D ata for tem p o rary disabilities not available. 3 D ata for tem porary disabilities ending in first 10 days n o t available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1026] 13. 22 31. 57 51. 84 21.48 46.24 21.32 .87 11.56 5; 29 1. 77 .44 1.31 1.22 i 0. 21 5. 50 0.80 3.63 4. 43 2.05 1.36 3. 41 . 25 1 .54 .79 2.12 .78 4.67 6.77 -1.67 7.88 .30 C) 1.61 .40 i . 23 1. 85 .90 3.20 .75 4.85 1. 91 1 .31 2. 22 13.00 8.13 .36 21. 49 7.09 . 70 7. 79 .84 1.36 . 52 .59 . 77 . 18 .34 .24 .58 1 53 . 83 1 1 03 3 39 3.73 1.07 1.03 5.83 3.85 ,39 1.29 .93 1.93 .27 (2) .05 3 .33 1. 30 1.34 1.20 7. 18 2.90 1.83 1.06 .33 5.15 2.02 .61 3. 43 77 ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OF SELECTED INDUSTRIES T ìb l e 2 —A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S IN S P E C IF I E D IN D U S T R IE S , 1925 A N D 1926, B Y S T A T E S —C ontinued P etroleum refin in g A c c id e n t fre q u e n c y rates (per 1,000,000 h o u rs’ exposure) N u m b er of cases State 1926 California____ N u m Fullber of estab wyear ork lish ers m ents D eath Pennsylvan ia. 3 4,460 1 228 2 1, 710 1 3, 614 2 101208 2 1,174 1 169 6 1, 612 T o ta l......... 18 23,175 Illinois______ N ew Jersey__ N ew Y o rk ___ 7 1 6 2 5 21 P e r m a nent disa bili ty Tem po rary T o D eath disa tal bili ty 7 0 »7 2 1 16 5 70 66 1 126 24 1 144 1 29 2 0 107 392 14 8 24 75 192 170 30 7 520 P er m a nent disa bili ty A ccident severity rates (per 1,000 hours’ ex posure) T em po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty 1.04 0. 52 0.52 0 1 10.00 11.43 1.43 1.18 .39 1 3. 14 4. 71 .46 6.48 6.94 2. 16 1 4. 12 6.28 .57 6.86 1 41.14 48.57 2.00 58. 00 60.00 1.04 .42 (2) 1.46 .30 1.54 5.64 7.48 P er m a nent disa bili ty Tem po rary To disa tal bili ty 3.34 3.12 0. 22 0 8.78 • 0. 22 9.00 6.97 .41 » . 12 7.50 .30 . 14 .44 2.88 1 .10 2.98 3.40 8.26 » 2.01 13. 67 . 59 1. 32 1.91 6.18 .21 0 6.39 1.81 1.83 . 19 3.83 P ottery 1925 N ew Jersey__ i 76 80 79 81 1 3 156 160 .11 303 189 2, 720 1,228 1,027 277 212 167 2,215 1 1 1 12 12 5 i 114 3 1 18 46 (2) 7 32 1 65 13 12 119 22 47 1.11 13.33 20.00 .61 113. 90 .27 .81 » 4.86 .32 14.84 (2) 11.67 3 4.00 . 15 9.85 8,338 2 1,943 1,206 1 13 3,148 W est Virginia. 2 2 8 2 6 1 1 1 3 T o ta l____ 26 T o ta l____ 1926 N ew Y o rk ___ O h io ..______ 0.17 0.34 113.04 13.55 .28 22.12 22.4C 2 1 6 7 10 276 7 2 66 288 .08 1.03 1.10 »0.41 2. 54 .50 .31 .81 ............ .32 16. 52 16. 95 .64 14.44 20.00 14. 51 5.94 15. 16 1.62 1.95 11.67 4.00 10.00 .41 11.31 11.80 .49 .87 .37 1.88 .33 .60 .23 .56 .51 .51 ».36 1.21 1.29 2.15 . 15 2.10 (2) .05 .05 3 .05 .05 .30 .90 .49 .29 1.27 .85 .24 S h ip b u ild in g : steel 1926 California........ M ichigan____ N ew Jersey__ N ew Y o rk ___ Pennsylvania Virginia_____ T o tal____ 2 1 2 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 2,154 87 546 807 316 3,044 1,409 4,233 199 942 2 1 1 2 1 2 18 13, 737 9 7 2 1 4 2 24 5 31 1 77 »2 36 » 39 1 10 » 62 0 3112 87 » 74 9 4 37 44 13 88 6 145 88 74 422 508 0 1.39 0.31 1.08 0 6. 67 » 6. 67 13.34 .63 22. 50 23.13 .42 1.67 »16. 25 18.34 1. 11 2. 22 »11. 11 14.44 .22 2. 64 »6. 81 9. 67 .24 1.19 0 1.43 .16 2. 44 3 8.82 11.42 1.67 145.00 146.67 »26. 43 26.43 .16 1.39 1 D ata for tem porary disabilities ending in first week no t available. 2 D ata for tem porary disabilities no t available. 3 D ata for tem porary disabilities ending in first 10 days not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1027 ] 9.30 10.85 1.86 0.51 0 2.37 2.31 » 0 .10 2.41 . 18 .68 .86 2.48 1.24 » .42 4.14 6.33 1.27 ».43 8.03 1.31 1.95 ».73 3.99 1.42 .43 (») 1.85 .94 2. 12 3. 22 3.28 6. 71 1. 71 8.42 ».36 . 36 .96 1.06 .36 2.38 78 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T a b l e 2 .— A C C ID E N T v F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S , 1925 A N D 1926, B Y S T A T E S —C ontinued S la u g h terin g a n d m eat ■packing A c c id e n t fr e q u e n c y rates (per 1,000,000 h o u rs’ exposure) N u m b er of cases State N u m Fullber of P er T em estab wyear ork lish m a po ments ers D eath nent rary T o D eath disa disa tal bili bili ty ty 1925 Illin o is ........... Iow a________ M innesota___ 7 16,412 4 4, 252 2 3, 236 12 T o ta l____ 13 23,900 15 1926 A labam a_____ G e o rg ia ____ _ Illin o is ........... In d ia n a ______ Iow a...... ........... K entucky___ M ichigan. __ _ M innesota___ N ebraska . . . Pennsylvania _ South D akota. Tennessee____ Virginia_____ W est Virginia. W isconsin___ T o ta l____ 1 47 218 1 11 22, 228 8 3, 393 8 5,816 3 216 4 930 5 3,902 5 5,098 6 1,102 1 1,023 319 3 1 53 1 42 2 1, 712 60 46.099 3 7 1 3 3 1 15 P er m a nent disa bili ty A ccident severity rates (per 1,000 hours’ ex posure) T em po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty P er m a nent disa bili ty T em po rary To disa tal bili ty 820 363 558 0.24 0.83 >15.58 16.65 1.41 27. 04 28.45 .31 2.27 54.91 57.49 81 1, 645 1,741 .21 1.13 22. 94 24.28 1 *1 2 i8 10 105 ■1,142 1, 254 17 349 367 15 625 643 1 64 65 3 1 64 67 35 1, 077 1,112 13 525 541 (2) 248 259 10 44 2 42 (3) 5 5 11 1 78 89 NO. 00 10.00 2.86 >11.43 14. 29 .10 1.57 >17.12 18.79 .10 1.67 34.22 35. 99 .17 .86 35.92 36.95 1.67 106. 67 108.34 1.07 >22. 86 23. 93 2. 99 92. 05 95. 04 .20 .85 34. 31 35. 36 (2) .32 3. 23 80.00 83. 55 2. 00 42 00 44 00 50. 00 50. 00 2.16 >15. 29 17.45 .88 . 35 .35 1.33 1.21 214 4,228 4,457 .11 1.55 30. 57 32. 23 .65 1.51 .44 2.65 0.14 0.14 .54 .28 1.28 41 18 22 i 767 345 533 ( 3) 1.46 0.50 >0. 33 2.29 1.11 .40 1.51 1.85 2.94 .91 5.70 1.26 .94 5. 49 .63 1.61 .59 1.96 1.03 .52 6.17 1 08 2 86 1. 18 1.00 1.95 1.07 4.49 .42 2.62 4 .15 >. 23 1.38 .48 .61 1 11 l 57 1 15 .36 (2) 1.05 53 ( 3) . 15 5 72 2.62 3.03 2.16 7 28 1 65 4. 01 2.54 4.07 5.02 S ta m p e d a n d enam eled ware 1925 I n d ia n a _____ M arylan d ____ O h io ........... . 2 1 4 588 187 698 1 2 51 24 1 53 13. 61 13. 61 1. 79 1. 79 .95 24.34 25.29 0. 54 1.00 T o ta l____ 7 1,473 3 75 78 16. 97 17. 65 .54 . 19 .73 1926 California____ Illinois______ Indian a .......... M arylan d____ M ichigan____ New Jersey__ N ew Y ork . . . O hio_____ ___ W est Virginia W isconsin___ 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 2 1 108 5,462 654 947 314 485 1,170 853 606 2, 773 3 1 4 3 5 11 8 18 7 10 12 (2) 1 29 43 6 i 13 i 14 i 79 77 49 i 45 1 33 46 11 24 22 97 8Ï 59 60 5.33 5.14 2. 85 5. 55 0. 36 1.44 .33 2. 01 23.00 3. 93 26.66 14.66 27.71 32. 45 32. 77 7. 22 2.31 . 19 2. 34 2.11 3.82 2.47 4. 12 1. 56 2.39 2.16 1.00 (2) l .04 .23 .05 i .26 > .35 i 1.45 .46 .26 1.16 2.31 .23 2.57 2.16 4.08 2.82 5.57 2.02 2. 65 3. 32 22 13,372 3 79 355 437 .08 2.18 8.14 10.40 .45 1.31 T o tal__ 24 .33 .25 1. 50 1.79 12. 22 >D a ta for tem porary disabilities ending in first week n o t available. 2 D ata for tem porary disabilities no t available. 3 D ata for tem porary disabilities ending in first 10 d a y s not available. 3 D ata for tem porary disabilities ending in first two weeks not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1028] .24 2.00 79 ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OF SELECTED INDUSTRIES T able: 2 .—A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S , 1925 A N D 1926, B Y S T A T E S —C ontinued Steam, fittin g s , a p p a ra tu s, a n d su p p lie s A c c id e n t fre q u e n c y rates (per 1,000,000 ho u rs’ exposure) N u m b er of cases S tate N u m Fullber of estab wyear Per T em ork lish ma po ers m ents D eath nent rary T o D eath disa disa tal bili bili ty ty 1925 In d ia n a ______ M inneso ta___ N ew J e rse y .. . N ew Y o rk ___ O hio________ P en n sy lv an ia. T o ta l......... 244 26 1.149 1,458 1 100 120 666 2,669 44 1926 C alifornia........ Illinois______ In d ian a __........ K en tu ck y ____ M assachusetts M ichig an ___ M in n e s o ta ... N ew J e rse y .. New Y o r k ... Ohio_______ Pennsylvania T o ta l___ 43 2 1 70 38 76 2,085 235 3, 257 1,500 1,003 27 968 1,757 878 2,097 335 ( 2) 1 153 44 718 57 1 33 2 1 30 ‘ 164 145 (2) 43 13,883 2 79 121 122 7 (2) 6,212 43 374 172 47! 721: 57 36 2 37 184 146; 3 57 1,346 1,405i P er m a nent disa bili ty A ccident severity rates (per 1,000 hours’ ex posure) T em po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty 58. 71 25. 55 2.61 «20. 30 4. 80 1.00 60. 10 0.12 .75 ( 2) ‘22. 58.71 25.55 22.91 27. 66 61. 10 .87 .05 2.04 31.52; 33.61 P er ma nent disa bili ty T em po rary T o disa tal bili ty 4. 23 4.00 .53 .26 0. 55 0.55 .40 .40 >. 56 4.79 1.88 4.88 .82 1.35 1.01 (2) .32 l. i (2) 3.02 ‘ 24.28 27. 30 4.29 62. 67.15 .31 73. 26 73. 57 2.43 12.32 .32 12. 66 12.66 .67 ‘ 11. 00 12.00 2.41 3.77 .38 . 16 .32 .20 1.99 .20 . 19 .74 2. 95 ( 2) ‘. 63 .41 .71 .23 1.26 .47 ‘.28 1 1.87 .67 (2) 3.07 12.73 1.03 .23 2.44 .47 1.28 6.04 1.35 ‘ 10. 34 12. 75 130. 94 34.71 55.05 55.43 .48 ' (2) 4. 17 . 05 1.37 32.36 33.78 .29 1.33 .61 2.23 0. 58 41. 90 42.54 4. 18 4.18 .38 52. 30 52.68 0.26 .26 (2) 0.17 .48 0.54 0. 71 .14 3.14 .49 .97 1. 58 (2) .24 .45 1.19 1.00 .68 . 17 1.12 Stoves 1925 Pennsylvania - 9 3 8 9 572 399 1,753 1, 264 Î T o ta l____ 29 3,988 1 6 8 1 2 ] 3 2 2 1 3 8 5 4 1 1 1,387 612 54 151 380 943 723 304 747 303 1,028 ' 821 879 73 28 48 8,433 1926 Illinois ___ Io w a .. ______ M arylan d _ M assach u setts P en n sy lv an ia_ T ennessee... _ Virginia ____ W est Virginia. T o ta l____ 1 1 1 2 2 72 5 275 (2) 73 5 277 1 3 352 356 .08 2 2 1 16 77 1 27 6 64 1 45 32 ‘ 66 1 19 79 0) 245 87 1 18 79 1 27 7 67 46 39 72 23 84 2 248 7 1 .48 1 3. 80 1. 11 42. 77 5. 00 54. 00 .91 5. 45 1. 07 22. 86 .45 120. 45 7. 77 35. 55 2. 72 ‘ 30. 00 4.44 ‘ 21.11 1. 61 25. 48 .40 .40 (2) 1. 15 94. 23 335. 00 10.00 685 721 .08 1.43 28.90 30.41 1 3 7 6 4 5 1 3 34 .25 43.08 43.41 ‘ D ata for tem p o rary disabilities ending in first w eek no t available. 2 D ata for tem porary disabilities n o t available. 8 D ata for tem porary disabilities ending in first 10 days no t available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1029] 4. 28 43.88 5. 00 54. 00 6. 36 23.93 20. 90 43. 33 32. 72 25. 55 27.09 .80 95. 38 35. 00 10. 00 1. 58 .50 . 14 3. 59 . 66 1.17 2. 76 7.84 2. 41 5. 50 1. 65 2.43 .30 . 91 .51 1. 56 1.13 . 68 . 17 .98 . 21 .34 i. 53 .81 ‘.83 ‘1. 46 .38 (2) 1. 22 3. 62 . 65 . 27 4. 27 . 17 .98 .87 1. 51 3. 3d 8. 65 3. 24 6. 90 2.03 2.73 2. 13 . 62 .65 .56 2.63 80 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T able 3 .—A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S IN S P E C IF I E D IN D U S T R IE S , 1925 A N D 1926, B Y S T A T E S —C ontinued S tru c tu ra l-iro n work A c c id e n t fre q u e n c y rates (per 1,000,000 h o u rs’ exposure) N u m b er of cases State N um Fullber of estab wyear ork lish m ents ers Per m a nent D eath disa bili ty T em po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty Per m a nent disa bili ty T em po rary T o disa tal D eath bili ty 1925 Illinois.............. In d ia n a ............ Iow a________ M ichigan........ M innesota___ N ew J e r s e y ... New, Y o rk ___ O h io .......... . P ennsylvaniaWisconsin____ 3 5 1 2 2 2 7 16 20 2 296 153 66 313 354 100 929 1,419 2,681 212 1 8 1 i 29 35 38 36 1.13 9.02 i 32.69 42.84 2.17 76.07 78.24 2 4 1 21 9 1.88 1 1 1 11 5 10 2 1 17 6 (2) i 32 424 0) i 16 T o ta l......... 60 6, 524 6 42 559 2 1 2 3 7 3 2 2 1926 California____ Illinois_______ In d ia n a ______ Iow a________ M aryland____ M assach u s e tts ............ . M ic h ig a n ... . M innesota___ N ebraska____ N ew J e r s e y ... N ew Y o rk ___ O hio................. P en n sy lv an ia. V irginia_____ W isconsin........ 4 4 5 1 1 466 434 287 53 235 2 3 2 2 1 6 8 14 1 4 246 537 372 166 8 821 378 2,908 43 628 T o ta l......... 58 7,582 i 1 1 5 9 2 23 15 4 18 1 6 62 A ccident severity rates (per 1,000 hours’ ex posure) Per ma nent disa bili ty T em po rary T o disa tal bili ty 6.76 9.58 1 1 . 1 1 17. 45 1.30 .52 1.82 22 85 8.47 7 Q8 11.29 l! 13 15.79 100. 97 1.36 28.32 2.15 3.78 1.41 1.20 .75 .45 1.65 . 27 12.69 (2) 1.45 6.38 1.15 3.76 1.20 (2) 1.57 2.22 607 .31 2.15 48.49 50.95 1.84 1.95 .75 4.54 (2) 5 53 91 12 14 1.42 2.14 ( 2) 3.56 .76 5.38 i 34.61 40.75 2. 22 3.33 95. 55 101.10 10 00 20 no 8n on 1.43 2.86 15.71 20.00 9 1 37 32 25 (2) l 44 185 9 38 33 25 12. 86 12 86 i 45 86 10 11 4. 26 1 18 09 .94 5.65 (2) 44 .36 3.95 1 11.48 43C .23 1.17 99. 57 11 .12 1.24 (2) 18 ....... 3.15 125.17 .62 • 89 64 198 20 9 95 "".91 29 09 30 00 50 00 50.00 ( 2) 2. 66 6.00 117.60 25. 60 8.18 3.64 168.18 180.00 .23 2. 07 ( 2) 2. 30 10 no 3 8f) no 3.16 1 46.84 50.00 581 666 1. 01 2.62 26.41 30.04 (2) 38 8.59 .96 (2) 9.55 4. 60 4.14 1 1.02 9.76 13.92 13.69 1.54 29.15 8. 51 .85 .31 9.68 3. 72 '".'53 (2) .91 12.17 4.83 1 1. 27 18.27 47. 59 2. 12 2.86 52. 57 1.37 1.10 ( 2) 2.47 1.83 ‘ l! 28 3.11 6.06 2.35 .72 9.13 W oolen goods 1925 N ew J e r s e y ... P en n sy lv an ia. T o ta l-----1926 C alifornia........ G eorgia............ M ain e.............. M ary lan d ____ Massachus e t t s . ............ M ichigan ____ N ew H am pshire.............. N ew J e r s e y ... N ew Y o rk ___ O h io ............... P e n n sy lv an ia . Tennessee____ V irg in ia .......... W isconsin........ T o ta l____ 4 21 6, 910 5, 772 1 9 4 133 (2) 42 5 0.06 25 12,682 1 13 33 47 .03 (2) » 13 50 20 14 50 21 (2) .90 111 81 9 61 .91 18.18 19.09 61 13 63 3 .24 2 2 3 2 191 378 1, 746 377 2 4 2,777 694 5 6 4 1 13 1 2 2 2,392 3,403 1,092 213 3,850 252 446 155 1 49 17,966 1 1 1 2 6 164 120 » 31 4 (2) 13 33 18 37 36 4 6 13 3 8 32 330 363 17 5 0.43 1 1. 59 .23 (2) .34 1. 59 7 85 1 1 42 [1030] 0. 35 1.96 .16 1. 66 1 1 96 8 62 L51 1 9 39 10 90 6 66 6 66 .52 (2) ! 52 16. 25 16 25 3 2. 30 2 30 1 1.60 1.60 .02 .61 6.25 6.88 0.22 10.06 0.27 .26 (2) .61 .24 .05 .45 ---- (2) 1.59 .66 .28 .94 1.06 j /- .06 .07 l! 42 .14 1 D ata for tem porary disabilities ending in first week not available. 2 D a ta for tem porary disabilities no t available. 3 D ata for tem porary disabilities ending in first 10 days not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.02 .29 .83 1.67 .69 .11 .67 (2) 1.32 .32 .20 .98 MONTHLY LABOB REVIEW 81 Desirability of More Detailed Reports on Electrical Accidents HE inadequacy of details in industrial accident reports has made difficult the assembling of statistical data which are necessary in order to determine the real cause of accidents so that possible remedies may be suggested which will result in the saving of many lives now perhaps unnecessarily sacrificed in industry. Much valuable information from a safety engineering standpoint is being withheld in the interests of brevity and because of a disinclination to take the time necessary to compile a report that might be useful in furthering safety work. The United States Bureau of Mines has recognized this situation and suggests methods of correcting it, in so far as the electrical industry is concerned, in its Information Cir cular No. 6046, entitled “ Wanted: More detailed reports on electrical accidents,” prepared by L. C. Ilsley, electrical engineer connected with the bureau. The author suggests that it is not sufficient merely to state that a worker killed by electricity was “ electrocuted” ; information as to the voltage of the circuit, whether direct or alternating current was used, whether the man touched a live wire, etc., is essential if ade quate preventive measures are to be undertaken. The British and United States methods of reporting these accidents are con trasted, much to the disadvantage of the latter; and examples are given to point out the differences in these methods of reporting accidents, showing how complete the British reports are. In addition to these, a number of hypothetical accident reports are included, “ not to be considered as strict guides, but merely as suggestions and reminders of the many points that should be inincluded.” The following is one of these sample reports in detail, with a summary of the information covered. It is typical of the others, and gives a very good idea of the author’s thought in urging greater detail in reports pertaining to the electrical branch of industry. It may, however, be readily applied to all kinds of industrial accidents, and it is believed that those plants which adopt this suggestion will profit materially in their accident prevention work because their efforts will then be directed along more effective lines. S a m p le report Trolly-wire accident: At 9 a. m., M ay 16, 1927, a fatal accident occurred in a room entry a t the Blank mine of th e Blank Co., th e victim being John Doe. D eath was caused by electric shock. The victim, who was a tim berm an, in replacing a tim ber touched th e trolley wire w ith his bare hand. H e was standing in w ater a t th e tim e. He wore leather shoes w ith nailed soles. His companion saw him fall and a t once w ent for help. A bout 15 m inutes later, first-aid men reached him and applied resuscitation for 1 hour w ithout any sign of returning life. As far as could be learned he was in good health on th e day of th e accident. The trolley circuit was 250-volt, d. c. No guard rails were used except a t crossing points. The trolley in this particular entry was controlled by a section switch which could have been opened and th u s render th e trolley “ d e a d ” while th e repair work was being done. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10311 82 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW The author then summarizes the information that has been given as covering the following points: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. F atal accident. Name of person killed. Name of mine. Name of operator. Time of accident. Place of accident. N ature of electrical contact. Where he was standing (grounded by w ater; also grounded through nails in shoes). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 11032] Fell free from wire. Helper w ent for aid. Aid arrived in about 15 minutes. Resuscitation given for 1 hour. No sign of returning life. Voltage of current. Wdiere guards are used. Circuit controlled by switch. Sw itch could have been opened. Person in good health. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE Lead P o iso n in g in an E n a m elin g P la n t 1 RECENT study of the health problems of Nashville, Term., included a survey of the health measures and the medical service provided in industries of the city. Thirty-five indus trial and commercial establishments were visited and processes which involved the use of dangerous substances were found in four instances. In only one case, however (that of a stove enameling plant), was the protection by inclosure or by exhaust ventilation considered in adequate. A case which was diagnosed as lead poisoning in one of the local hospitals occurring shortly after this factory was first visited, it was decided to make a thorough investigation of the health conditions among employees and of working conditions in this plant. It was found that 45 men were engaged in the different operations under practically the same conditions of exposure to the lead hazard, and that both men and management were in ignorance of the dangerous conditions. The men were advised of the danger under which they were work ing, with the approval of the management, and arrangements were made for them to come voluntarily to the outpatient department of the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine for examination. All but six of the employees reported for examination at the time specified. The physical examinations, which included all the routine labora tory tests and such other special tests as were indicated by the symp toms, showed a very high incidence of poisoning. Fifteen, or 39 per cent, of the men were found to be suffering from lead poisoning in various stages; 11, or 28 per cent, were diagnosed as “ probable lead poisoning” ; and only 13 failed to show any evidence of the disease. The average age of the men having unquestionable cases of lead poisoning was 27.6 years, the range being from 18 to 45 years; and the minimum time of employment was two and one-half months and the maximum time about four years. The symptoms presented by those having definite cases of poisoning were: Colic and constipation, 13 cases; secondary anemia, 11; motor disturbance, 8; lead line, 5; weakness of the extensors of fingers or of both wrists and fingers, 4; diffuse arteriosclerosis, 3; inequality of diameter of the pupils, 2; and diminished knee jerk, cardiac dilatation and hypertrophy, and sclerosis of the retinal arteries, each one case. Examination of the blood showed stippling of the red blood cells in all of the 15 men. A i Journ al of th e A m erican M edical Association, Oct. 1, 1927, pp. 1107-1112: “ The stu d y of lead poisoning in an enam eling p la n t,” b y W. S. Leathers, M . D ., and H ugh J. M organ, M . D. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1033] 83 84 MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW A point of interest brought out by the examination and one showing the great need for physical examinations generally in industry was the fact that not one of the 39 men could be given a “ clean bill of health.” A total of 60 defects, many of them serious, were found, although, with the exception of those suffering from lead poisoning, the men generally considered themselves in good health. The paint used in spraying the stoves was a mixture of ground glass and lead with some cadmium applied under a pressure of 80 pounds. It was so heavy that the exhaust equipment provided for the booths was entirely inadequate to remove it. In addition to the poor veil til aing and exhaust systems there was general disregard of the most elementary sanitary precautions. The men smoked while at work and ate their lunches in the workroom, and the washing and locker facili ties were insufficient. As a result of the findings of the investigators the various unhygienic conditions of the plant were corrected—a new exhaust system was installed with its efficiency increased from 2,200 cubic feet of air removed per minute to about 7,300 cubic feet; the workers were instructed in personal hygiene; and adequate medical supervision was instituted. This report is of interest not only because of the shocking conditions described in this one plant but because the situation might be dupli cated in almost any industrial center. Dr. A. J. Lanza, in his discus sion of the paper which was read before the section on preventive and industrial medicine and public health of the 1927 session of the American Medical Association, said that although statistics indicate that deaths from lead poisoning have decreased about one-half in the last 10 years there has not been a corresponding drop in the incidence oh lead poisoning. These cases do not develop so much hi places where lead is manufactured, such as lead or paint works where the lead hazard is recognized and guarded against, but in plants where lead is used incidentally in only one process in a general manufacturing plant. Doctor Lanza says: A great m any employers tak e on a lead process in their p la n t w ithout any realization a t all of its dangers. In other plants, th e risk of lead poisoning is n o t sufficiently brought to th e atten tio n of th e industrial workers who are continually exposed w ithout being aw are of th e fact. I t is not unusual to see lead handled as if it were a perfectly innocuous substance. I had occasion recently to visit an establishm ent in which there was a very pronounced lead hazard. Two hundred men were engaged in lead soldering in one room. The fumes from th e solder came through th e room and leaded th e other workers who were near them . The am o unt of sickness from gastro-intestinal diseases in th is group was four tim es th a t of respiratory disease, whereas in th e ordinary population th a t ratio is transposed. Workers frequently consulted th e ir own physicians in th is small tow n; yet there has not been a single case of lead poisoning certified to th e S tate authorities or diagnosed on an insurance disability certificate. Nevertheless, lead poisoning had been occurring there for a num ber of years to my certain knowledge. T his indicates a failure to appreciate how widespread lead poison ing is in m any an industrial com m unity. Physicians who tre a t industrial workers complaining of gastro-intestinal sym ptom s, combined w ith anem ia, w ithout apparently any definite surgical condition, should keep th e possibility of lead poisoning in m ind and m ake blood smears to determ ine th e presence of stippled cells. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1034 ] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 85 C h ron ic B en zol P o iso n in g A m o n g W om en 1 CUTE and chronic poisoning resulting from exposure to the fumes of benzol was the subject of an exhaustive study and rep o rt2 by a special committee appointed in 1922 by the National Safety Council. In view of the seriousness of the hazard as revealed by this report, and because more information as to the early effect of benzol upon women was needed, a studjr was made during the summer and fall of 1926 by the New York Bureau of Women in Industry to secure data relative to the prevalence of unrecognized chronic "benzol poisoning among woman workers and to the earliest symptoms of such poisoning. ’ The production figures for benzol published by the United States Tariff Commission show the extent to which the use of benzol for industrial purposes has increased in recent years. In 1922 the output was 13,071,288 gallons and in 1925 it had increased to 22,811,576 gallons. In the chemical industries, including the manufacture of dyes and paints, and in the blending of motor fuels benzol is handled in closed systems so that there is comparatively little danger of the development of chronic poisoning through the inhalation of fumes, but in processes in which it is used as a solvent there is con stant risk of poisoning. Benzol has a direct destructive action on the blood and on the blood-forming centers. It attacks and destroys the white blood cells causing the condition known as leukopenia and secondarily destroys the red blood cells, resulting in a corresponding decrease in hemoglobin. The anemia resulting from the action of the benzol is called “ aplastic anemia” as there is little effort on the part of the blood-forming organs to produce new cells. It also destroys the parent cells of the blood platelets, causing a tendency to hemorrhage because of the interference with the normal clotting mechanism. This is the most serious symptom in the advanced cases. The effects upon the blood do not give rise to symptoms usually until considerable damage has been done, and the condition may remain practically stationary in a mild chronic form for some time. The development of serious symptoms comes suddenly and the disease then tends to progress even with withdrawal from exposure to the poison. It appears that susceptibility varies in individuals, as the length of exposure before symptoms developed in various recorded cases ranges from less than a week to several years. The characteristic sign of benzol poisoning, if there is a history of exposure to benzol fumes, is the presence of leukopenia, and it is necessary, therefore, in all suspected cases to examine the blood. In early cases it is often enough to remove the patient from ex posure to the fumes, but if there is anemia, rest, fresh air, sunlight, a nourishing diet, and proper medical care are required, though even with proper care recovery is usually slow. If serious symptoms such as purpuric spots and bleeding from the mucous membranes have occurred, hospital care is necessary and blood transfusions offer the best hope of recovery. A 1 N ew Y ork. D ep artm en t of Labor. Bureau of Women in In d u stry . Special bulletin No. 150: Chronic benzol poisoning among w omen industrial workers. A lbany, 1927. 2 See Labor Review, issue of Septem ber, 1926, for digest of th e final report of this com m ittee issued m M ay, 1926 (pp. 39-44). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1035] 86 MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW The study was carried out in six factories in New York State located in large industrial centers. The industries investigated included three factories in which sanitary tin cans were manufac tured and one each manufacturing tires and rubber goods, cameras, and shoes. Seventy-nine women who in the course of their work were exposed to the fumes of benzol from the cements or lacquers used were given physical examinations. Forty-four were exposed directly to the fumes, through actual use or handling objects to which the substance had been applied and 35 were indirectly exposed through working in the same room where it was used. Of the first group 17, or 38.6 per cent, and of the second, 8, or 22.8 per cent, showed evidence of poisoning. In addition there were five suspected cases. The shortest length of exposure among the women showing positive or suspicious signs of poisoning was 2 months, while one woman who was one of the suspected cases had been exposed for 11 years. Practically all of the women exposed had a look of fatigue and in the majority there was a striking degree of pallor. There were no cases with purpuric spots or bleeding from the mucous membranes, but less serious symptoms, such as headache, nausea, excessive fatigue, etc., were present in practically all of the women even when there was no positive sign of poisoning. The blood changes in the 30 cases showed unmistakably that the blood was seriously affected and the hemoglobin was moderately reduced in all but four cases. The severe anemia seems to develop only in the later stages after bleeding has commenced. The conclusions reached as a result of the study were as follows: Benzol as used in the industries investigated results in chronic poi soning of practically one out of every three women; exposure to the fumes in the workroom even for those not working directly with the benzol is accompanied by risk; more than one-third of those who did not show definite signs of poisoning had symptoms which were probably caused by exposure to benzol; there did not seem to be any difference in the susceptibility to benzol poisoning between young and older workers; the most frequent symptoms accompanying blood changes which show early chronic poisoning are headache, excessive fatigue, dizziness, nausea, loss of appetite, nervousness, and disturbances of sensation such as numbness and tingling in the extremities; and the blood changes in addition to the leukopenia, the most characteristic sign of chronic benzol poisoning, include various other changes in different blood cells. As a result of the study it is recommended that there should be a franker attitude on the part of employers toward the risk involved in its use and that workers should be warned of the possible danger to their health; that benzol should be used only in connection with efficient systems of local exhaust ventilation; that whenever possible substitutes for benzol, such as xylol, toluol, and Hiflash naphtha should be used; and that exposed workers should be under thorough and persistent medical supervision. In connection with this report an account of a fatal case of benzol poisoning reported in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, September 29, 1927 (pp. 521-524), is of interest. The patient, who was treated in the Massachusetts General Hospital, was a Canadian girl 20 years old, who had been employed for eight months cementing https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1036] TRAINING IN INDUSTRIAL M EDICINE 87 rubber heels in a rubber-shoe factory. For four months before admission to the hospital she had felt very exhausted. She had also had dizziness and had felt nauseated by the smell of the cement. For two months before admission there had been bleeding from mucous membranes. The immediate cause of admission to the hospi tal was profuse hemorrhage from the nose. Hemorrhages from various membranes, for which she was given eight blood transfusions, occurred at intervals during the 20 days which elapsed before her death. She had other symptoms of benzol poisoning, such as pur puric spots, and the blood tests showed changes in the various cells characteristic of this form of poisoning. The case was diagnosed by the different physicians concerned in the treatment as benzol poisoning. I t was learned that the cement used by this patient in her work contained 80 per cent of benzol and also that there had been seven almost exactly similar cases reported from this factory. P lan for a D e p a r tm e n t of In d u stria l M ed icin e in S tan ford U n iversity STUDY of the present facilities and methods of training physicians for industrial medical service1 has been made by Dr. R. W. Wilcox, of Long Beach, Calif., for the purpose of formulating a plan for a department of preventive medicine and surgery as applied to industry in the Stanford University Medical School. In the foreword to the plan Doctor Wilcox says: A Tlie rapid progress in American industry during th e last decade has of neces sity resulted in an excessive w aste and loss of effort which has greatly reduced production. The whole economic structure of industry has n ot been grounded upon a sufficiently old experience to obtain maximum production from minimum effort; however, as industrial com petition has become stronger and mass produc tion more extensive, there has been unified endeavor to elim inate every possible factor of waste. One of th e m ost im portant factors, th e conservation of m an power, has received th e least attention. The yearly preventable loss of life and disability resulting from either sickness or accident among th e 42,000,000 gainfully employed in th e U nited States, if estim ated in dollars and cents, would am ount to an astounding figure. I t is estim ated th a t there are yearly 2,500,000 industrial accidents in America resulting in tem porary and perm anent disability, representing th e staggering loss of 227,000,000 days of labor. At an average wage of $4 per day th is repre sents a financial loss of $908,000,000 per year. Besides th is loss there is th e added expense of medical care and attention w ith hospitalization, and th e p ay m ent of w orkm en’s com pensation, which would increase th e to ta l to nearly one and one-half billion dollars. This calculation does not account for th e loss to in d ustry due to decreased production which takes place in th e slowing up of w ork when an accident occurs and the lessening of efficiency brought about by replacem ent and retraining the new man. Lost tim e by an employee from any cause is estim ated to be a financial loss to th e employer approxim ately^equal to th e em ployee’s wage per day. Accordingly the to ta l yearly economic loss is doubled. Experience indicates and authorities agree th a t a t least 50 per cent of these losses can be avoided by proper application of safety m ethods and safety education. Available statistics show th a t th e approxim ate ratio of lost tim e from illness as com pared to accident is 8 to 1; for example, an employee on an average loses eight days per year on account of sickness as com pared to one day per * Wilcox, R. W . In term ed iate report to Stanford U niversity regarding a departm ent of preventive medicine a n d surgery as applied to in d u stry . 1927. 25 p p ., chart. M im eographed. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1037 ] 88 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW year on account of accident. This again shows a trem endous financial loss to industry and to th e workingman, to say nothing of th e physical suffering and distress to both th e worker and his family. M any industrial organizations w ith adequate medical facilities have reduced th is average loss of tim e from sickness by 50 p er cent, through th e application of preventive measures and th e early diagnosis and treatm en t of disease. A possible reduction from eight to four days’ lost tim e per employee, thereby saving four days a t th e average wage of '$4 p er day would represent for th e 42,000,000 workers an increased earning of $672,000,000 per year. Likewise, a similar am ount would be gained by industry in increased production. These figures although n o t absolutely accurate show th a t annually in th e U nited S tates there is a trem endous w aste in industry due to sickness and accident, 50 per cent of which is preventable. W ith th e ad v en t of compensation laws in nearly all of th e States of th e Union, disability from accidents and occu pational diseases has rightly become a definite charge against industry and added to production costs. Accordingly industry was quick to recognize th e fact th a t 50 per cent of this charge could be elim inated and this resulted in th e organization of th e N ational Safety Council, Probably the m ost farsighted and far-reaching effort of this organization is th e extension of th e safety-first idea and accident prevention m ovem ent into th e curriculum of th e public schools. On th e other hand, industrial disability from sickness, representing a far greater economic w aste and likewise preventable to th e same extent, has not received, from industry th e same organized endeavor of prevention, due probably to th e fact th a t no laws, S tate or National, have been developed to force such disability as an added obligation upon production costs. However, m any em ployers have recognized th a t reduction of sickness am ong employees is good business in lessening labor turnover, reducing absenteeism, and increasing labor efficiency. T he burden of responsibility for elim inating this economic waste caused by sickness and accident falls prim arily upon th e medical profession, th e medical departm ents of industry, and th e industrial physician. The scope of th e field is very large and th e essential factor behind th e entire endeavor is th e prevention of health and accident hazards. A properly trained medical profession, ade quately financed by industry, can accomplish th e desired result. This has been proven by larger concerns employing 500 or over who have been able to afford th e m aintenance of th e ir own medical departm ents. However, em ploym ents of 500 or more represent probably less th a n 10 per cent of th e to ta l wage earners. The medical care of th e rem aining 90 per cent falls upon physicians engaged in general practice who can not be fully qualified for such service unless th ey have received definite and specific training in preventive medicine and surgery as applied to industry. In order to bring about th e elim ination of w aste by th e conservation of m an power, industry is dem anding b etter trained physicians who view disability from an economic standpoint. The writer believes that the work of the industrial medical depart ments of those colleges giving such training has lacked proper indus trial contact, and that the courses given do not create the proper incentive for the medical student to become interested in this type of work. In order to arrange the work of the new department to cover the field as comprehensively as possible the various agencies concerned in such work were visited or consulted. These included the univer sities where courses are given in the medical school which have any bearing on the subject; medical directors of a number of large indus trial establishments maintaining full-time medical departments; various individuals, both lay and professional, who are interested in the subject; and governmental and other organizations concerned in the care and prevention of industrial accidents and diseases. The plan as decided upon covers courses in industrial hygiene and medicine and traumatic surgery, which would be linked up with the special divisions in the medical school, and also training in service administration. The entire course is planned to work in as close cooperation as possible with the industries of the State, part of the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1038] C H ILE D EFINES OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES 89 plan being to furnish the services of the university to industrial organi zations for special research or investigation, and to supply for small industries unable to provide medical care for their employees the medical service so urgently needed. As a result of the study the writer reached the following conclusions: 1. The idea m ust be fundam entally sound because w ithout exception it met w ith apparently unqualified approval. 2. The idea is not new, however; it has not been successfully p u t into practical application by any university. 3. The medical schools have segregated courses which have not attracted th e medical students because their curricula have not been correlated w ith and designed to m eet th e requirem ents of industry. M any of these courses are post graduate w ith insufficient preliminary training to stim ulate interest, resulting in th e enrollment of few post-graduate students. 4. Medical schools have not adequately established industrial contact so th a t th e teaching of medical and surgical care of industrial workers comes up to the standard required by industry, whose aim is th e conservation of m an power by th e prevention of sickness and accident. 5. Physicians in charge of industrial medical departm ents, in th e m ajority of cases, are doing good and constructive work; however, their knowledge and train ing has been acquired, not from their medical school b u t from actual practice. These physicians are doing a great deal of scientific work th a t is n ot published and therefore is not avilable as a source of general inform ation, th e result being th a t there has been a failure to properly standardize practices and procedures. 6. Physicians, as a whole, who are not associated directly w ith industry, are uninterested in industrial medical problems because th e field has been greatly com mercialized by insurance companies, and by physicians inadequately trained in general medicine and surgery. This has resulted in a lower standard of industrial practice. 7. In dustry is eager to aid and assist in the better training of physicians both from th e econom ic a n d h u m a n ita ria n sta n d p o in t. If a n estab lish ed m edical departm ent of a large industry could be transferred to th e medical school, and the curriculum correlated w ith established departm ents, a very effective and interest ing training could be given th e medical student. Therefore, in order to obtain the desired objective for th e proper training of medical students th e following recommendations are made: 1. T h at Stanford University establish in the medical school a departm ent of preventive medicine and surgery as applied to industry; 2. T h at established medical school departm ents said courses, also allied d epart m ents and courses in th e university proper having a bearing on public health, hygiene, engineering, psychology, economics, business adm inistration, etc., be so correlated w ith th e proposed departm ent th a t industry may receive th e medical service it dem ands and a t th e same tim e provide the medical stu d en t w ith th e training he should have; and 3. T h at th e medical school be developed into a center for th e form ulation and dissemination of minimum standards of practices and procedures. Chile Defines Occupational Diseases 1 HE workmen’s compensation law of Chile (No. 405’5) which was passed on September 8, 1924,2 included provisions concerning compensation for occupational diseases, subject to the pub lication of special regulations. On April 22, 1927, these regulations were published in the Diario Oficial, “ occupational diseases” being defined as follows: T (1) Poisoning due to lead, mercury, arsenic, toxic gases, copper, zinc, antim ony, chromium, barium, manganese, bronze, gold, silver, tin, carbon disulphide and hydrocarbons. 1 Chile, D iario Oficial, Santiago, A pr. 22, 1927; and International L abor Office, Industrial and Labor Inform ation, Geneva, Sept. 19, 1927, p. 366. a For a resume of this law see the Jan u ary , 1926, issue of the Labor Review, pp. 206-209. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10391 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 90 (2) Diseases caused by infectious bodies (ulcers, anthrax, actinomicosis, glanders, ankylostomiasis), inhalation of dust, gases and fumes (pneumonoconiosis), irritating gases and fumes and compressed air. (3) Poisoning caused by gases, fum es from essences and resins, and toxic fum es from tar and its derivatives; inflamm ation of th e subcutaneous cellular tissues of the hand or knee; acute synovitis of th e elbow; inflamm ation of the synovia and tendons of th e wrist; glassworkers’ cataract; telegraphers’ cramp; m iners’ nystagm us; occupational diseases of th e bones, muscles and tendons; occupational neurosis; occupational skin diseases; alcohol and nico tine poisoning of workers in the alcohol and tobacco industries. In d u stria l P o iso n in g an d D isea ses in B ritish F actories, 1926 HE report of the chief inspector of factories and workshops in Great Britain for the year 1926 contains the report of Dr. John C. Bridge, senior medical inspector of factories, showing the causes and extent of industrial diseases and poisoning among British factory workers. Table 1 shows the number of cases of diseases resulting from the use of some of the more important industrial poisons from 1906 to 1926: T T a bl e 1 . — N U M B E R O F O A SES O F P O IS O N IN G A N D O T H E R IN D U S T R IA L D IS E A S E S A M O N G F A C T O R Y W O R K E R S IN G R E A T B R IT A IN , 1906 TO 1926 Average Disease 1906 to 1908 1909 to 1911 1912 to 1914 1915 to 1917 1918 to 1920 1921 to 1923 1924 1925 619 30 1 576 35 1 522 33 349 21 3 198 20 1 271 26 486 32 326 13 242 28 12 1 7 4 11 2 3 6 1 6 5 3 5 5 4 1 1 1926 Lead poisoning: Arsenic poisoning: M ercury poisoning: 7 10 14 14 7 3 3 A nilin poisoning: Toxic jaundice: 132 34 Epitheliom atous ulceration: 31 1 33 1 1 14 5 4 1 3 2 1 2 45 1 126 41 3 43 123 24 45 160 55 54 187 49 55 59 9 39 5 43 4 45 9 38 3 A nthrax: D e a th s .._______ ____ _______ ___________ 57 13 57 11 57 7 83 12 Several special inquiries wTere made by the medical inspectors during the year. These included a preliminary survey of the stone working industries for the purpose of outlining a scheme for a medical inquiry into the incidence of silicosis. The survey, which w^as limited to stone-working industries in which the stone contained a consider able proportion of silica, included visits to 82 quarries and 33 fac tories. It was found that mechanical methods tend more and more https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1040] POISONING AND DISEASES IN BRITISH FACTORIES 91 to replace manual work on stone and that at some of the crushing plants very large amounts of dust were produced; also that in the use of pneumatic tools in the process of dry drilling the worker is exposed to a considerable amount of harmful dust. Other studies included one on conditions of employment as they affect women and young persons, and one on industrial dermatitis both generally and with special reference to certain trades. Included in the latter study was a brief inquiry into the possibility of the spread of infection by the use of the common towel and a special inquiry into the occurrence of skin lesions in the manufacture of bread, cakes, candies, and in the engineering trades. Lead poisoning.—The number of cases of lead poisoning had de creased considerably in 1926 over the number reported in 1925, although there were more than twice as many deaths as in the preceding year. The decline in the total number of cases was con sidered to be due in part to the adverse conditions of trade, but in electric storage battery works, which had furnished the largest number of cases of any single industry in the past two years, the improvement seemed to be the result of better regulation of working conditions in the industry. Overtime is believed to be partly responsible for the number of cases. I t is pointed out in the report that overtime in work exposing the worker to lead or any other toxic substance should be discouraged as it means an increase in the inevitable daily dose of lead dust or other harmful material. Constant supervision of the exhaust plant for the removal of dust and fumes both in plants using lead and in other factories is essential if the system is to be effective. A case is cited of a plant manufacturing lithotransfers, which had a good exhaust system installed several years ago. Three cases of lead poisoning occurred in rapid succession in 1926, however, and it was found that the exhaust plant and the inclosed machines had become ineffective and allowed the escape of the lead dust, generated in fine powder during the process, into the air of the workroom. One case of lead poisoning was reported from a ship building yard as a result of applying paint containing a high pro portion of lead by the spray method. Owing to the difficulty of providing exhaust apparatus when painting large articles by this process it is recommended that until a more satisfactory method is devised a breathing apparatus supplying the worker with fresh air should be provided. Ninety cases of lead poisoning with 18 deaths among house painters came to the knowledge of the department. Notification of cases of poisoning among painters and plumbers has not been compulsory, but under the lead-paints act which became effective January 1, 1927, poisoning affecting any person engaged in the painting of buildings becomes notifiable to the chief inspector of factories, and it is hoped in the future to secure a more complete record of cases affecting house painters. Arsenic.—Five cases of poisoning with three deaths were reported among men employed in the manufacture of arsenical sheep dip. There was definite cancer of the skin, with secondary growths in two cases, and there were two slight cases of arsenical dermatitis. Mercury.—There were four cases of mercurial poisoning with one fatality. Two of these cases occurred in the repair of electric meters. 68404°—27----- 7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1041] 92 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW The fatal case was of a somewhat unusual character, as the worker died after an acute illness lasting eight days, although there was a previous history of ill health for about two months. Chemical ex amination of some of the organs of the body showed that the amount of mercury present in them was about 0.38 grain of mercury per pound. Anilin.—Anilin poisoning was not among the notifiable diseases until 1925. During the two years, 1925 and 1926, there was a total of 64 cases and 2 deaths. Tumors of the bladder were the cause of notification in 4 cases, including the 2 fatalities, while the remaining 60 were cases showing the typical symptoms of anilism. The effect of hot weather on the incidence of poisoning was shown by the fact that half of these cases occurred in the four summer months, May to August. Anthrax.—There were three deaths from anthrax during the year and 35 nonfatal cases. Fifteen cases, two of which were fatal, were caused by wool; 8, one of which was fatal, was due to horsehair; 12 to hides and skins; and 3 occurred in other industries. In connection with these cases 176 samples of wool and hair were examined, from 20 of which anthrax was cultivated. I t is extremely difficult to disinfect horsehair effectively, and during the past five years examination of several lots of Russian and Siberian and Chinese horsehair which had been responsible for 23 cases of anthrax showed that the disinfection had not been successful in several cases, although the disinfection in all but two cases was carried out according to the regulations. Chrome and epitheliomatous ulceration.—The cases of chrome ulcer ation occurred, principally in dyeing and finishing, in the manufacture of bichromate and chrome dyes, and in chrome tanning. The report points out the importance of slight injuries in the development of chrome ulceration and cites the case of a young man who burned his finger slightly while lighting a cigarette and who developed an ulceration on the site of the burn which rapidly became gangrenous, necessitating the removal of part of the finger. Of the 187 cases of epitheliomatous ulceration, 78 (with 14 deaths) were due to pitch, tar, and paraffin, and 109 (with 35 deaths) were caused by oil. Although there were 49 deaths, not all occurred among persons who contracted the disease during 1926, as the disease is slow in developing, and it may be several years from the time it begins before death occurs. The fact that the disease progresses slowly is an argument for the periodic medical examination in in dustries using these substances, as the cancerous condition can be successfully treated if discovered early enough. During 1926 there were 88 cases of epithelioma reported among mule spinners. Poisoning from gases and fumes.-—The number of cases of poisoning from carbon monoxide was 101 with 6 deaths, a decrease of 17 cases from those reported the preceding year. The closing down of a great number of blastfurnaces is responsible for this reduction, as the number of cases of poisoning from blast furnace gas fell from 25 with 6 deaths in 1925 to 9 cases with no fatalities in 1926. There were 32 cases witn 2 deaths from producer gas, 26 cases of poisoning from coal gas with 1 death, and 34 cases with 3 deaths were due to various causes, such as fumes from coke stoves or fires, exhaust gas from motor cars, fumes from smoldering coke, coal, or ashes, and to fumes or https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1042] 93 PROHIBITION OF T H E USE OF W H IT E LEAD IN POLAND back draught from choked flues. Of the remaining fatalities 1 was caused by inhalation of fumes from strong nitric acid used in cleaning a lavatory floor, 1 by inhaling ammonia in refilling a tank, and 1 by the escape of fumes in a benzol still house. Table 2 shows the number of cases of poisoning from gases and fumes for the years 1917 to 1926, by years: T a bl e 2 .—N U M B E R O F CA SES OF IN D U S T R IA L P O IS O N IN G F R O M G A SES A N D F U M E S , 1917 TO 1926, BY Y E A R S Gas or fume Carbon monoxide: Cases__________________ ______ ___ D e a th s __________________________ C arbon dioxide: Sulphuretted hydrogen: Cases________________ _____ ______ D eath s_____________ ______________ Sulphur dioxide: * Cases____________________________ D eaths _________________________ Chlorine: Cases............................................. N itrous fumes: Ammonia: D e a th s .......................... ......................... Benzol nap h th a: Cases__________ _________________ A rseniureted h y d ro g e n :1 Cases____________________________ M iscellaneous:8 Cases_____________ _____________ _ 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 99 18 54 13 85 12 56 9 77 14 111 14 134 7 107 10 118 10 101 6 ] 5 5 3 1 5 4 1 10 2 5 2 10 2 4 7 3 3 12 3 8 11 4 4 3 13 11 4 1 13 4 1920 2 1 7 2 5 7 10 10 3 4 9 8 3 11 16 20 3 1 12 62 5 27 5 2 9 8 7 10 1 10 2 5 4 1 6 1 8 9 1 8 1 5 1 1 5 5 1 4 2 7 4 9 3 12 1 10 25 1 55 3 26 3 1 4 I 12 3 2 3 5 3 1 1 1 4 2 3 2 1 1 4 1 3 9 3 10 1 35 2 28 4 35 8 17 1 7 3 ! 2 i 1 1 Included also un d er “ Toxic jau n d ice” in Table 1. 2 Includes ether, acetone, nickel carbonyl, etc. Prohibition of the Use of White Lead in Poland 1 LEGISLATIVE decree dated January 30, 1927, promulgated by the president of the Polish Republic, provides for the regu lation of the production, importation, and use of white lead and other lead products. By the terms of the decree no new white lead factories may be set up, nor may white lead, lead sulphate, and other lead products be imported without special governmental authorization. The use of white lead, lead sulphate, and other products containing these pigments is forbidden in painting the interior of buildings with the exception of railway stations and indus trial establishments where the factory inspector has specially author ized their use. Pigments which contain not more than 2 per cent of metallic lead may be used, and the use of white lead is permitted in artistic and decorative painting. White lead, and other lead products may not be used in painting except in the form of prepared paste or paint. Spraying may be carried on only in establishments having special equipment, and dry rubbing down of surfaces painted with lead products is prohibited. The employment of minors and of women in work involving the use of lead products is also prohibited. Penal ties are provided for infringement of the decree. A 1 International L abor Office. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In d u strial and L abor Inform ation. [1043] Geneva, Sept. 19, 1927, p. 365. HOUSING A verage C o n str u c tio n C ost of D w e llin g s in V ariou s C ities HE Bureau of Labor Sta tistics annually collects data concerning building permits in cities having a population from 25,000 to 100,000 and semiannually in cities of over 100,000. Articles based on such data are published in the Labor Review and a bulletin containing the full-year figures is published annually. An interesting feature of these figures is the building cost of new houses or apartments reduced to a per family basis. The cost stated in building permits applies to the building only, the cost of the land not being included. Further, the cost figures are those stated by the builder in his application for a permit to build. There may be a profit or loss between the cost to a builder and the cost to a later home purchaser. Also, as between different cities there may be a varying degree of deviation between the cost stated in the permit and the actual final cost of the structure. Unfortunately, data are not available from which to determine the cost per room or per square foot. It would be of service to know such figures, especially for multi-family dwellings. Table 1 shows the average cost each year, 1921 to 1926, of dwelling accommodations per family in each of the different kinds of dwellings for which permits were issued in 257 cities from which reports were obtained every year. The table also shows index numbers of the cost of accommodations per family in each of the different kinds of dwellings, index numbers of union wage rates in the building trades, and index numbers of wholesale prices of building materials. - The building trades are so largely organized that the union wage rate is generally the prevailing rate. T T able 1. — A V E R A G E C O ST O F D W E L L IN G A C C O M M O D A T IO N S P E R F A M IL Y IN T H E D IF F E R E N T K IN D S O F D W E L L IN G S IN 257 ID E N T IC A L C IT IE S , 1921 TO 1926 Index num bers of- Average cost of dwellings 1 per family in— Y ear Onefamily dwell ings 1921............................... $3, 972 1922_______________ 4,134 1923________ ____ 4,203 1924_______________ 4, 317 1925________ ____ 4,618 1926_______________ 4,725 Cost of dwellings per family in— U nion Whole sale wage rates prices All All Two- M u lti classes Two- M u lti classes Oneof per family family family family family hour in build of of dwell dwell dwell ing build dwell dwell dw ell dwell ings 2 ings 3 ings ing ings ings 2 ings 3 ings m ate trades rial $3, 762 3,801 4,159 4, 336 4, 421 4,480 $4, 019 3,880 4, 001 4, 418 4,289 4,095 $3, 947 4, 005 4,127 4, 352 4,464 4,422 100.0 104.1 105.8 108. 7 116.3 119.0 100.0 101.0 110. 6 115. 3 117.5 119.1 100.0 96. 5 99.0 109.9 106. 7 101.9 100.0 101.5 104. 6 110.3 113. 1 112.0 100.0 93.4 103.6 112.2 116. 3 124.0 100.0 102.2 114. 5 106.1 106.7 105.0 1Buildings only. See text above. 2Includes one and tw o family dwellings w ith stores. 3Includes m ulti-fam ily dwellings w ith stores. In 1921 the average expenditure for the erection of a one-family dwelling was S3,972. Since 1921 there has been an increase each year in the cost of one-family dwellings until in 1926 this cost was $4,725, or 19 per cent higher than in 1921. There has been a steady increase also in the average cost of two-family dwellings. In 1921 the average expenditure per family for this class of dwelling was $3,762. By 1926 this had risen to $4,480, an increase of 19.1 per cent. 94 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1044] CONSTRUCTION COST OF DW ELLINGS 95 In contrast, the average cost per family unit in multi-family dwellings during the period has been irregular. In 1921 the cost per family for dwelling accommodations in this class of structure was $4,019; in 1922 it decreased to $3,880, or 96.5 per cent of the 1921 cost; in 1924 a peak of $4,418 was reached. This was 9.9 per cent above the 1921 cost. By 1926 the average cost had receded to $4,095, which was only 1.9 per cent above the 1921 cost. In the period from 1921 to 1926 wage rates in the building trades advanced 24 per cent. During the same period wholesale prices of building material advanced 5 per cent. Table 2 shows the number of families provided for and the average cost of dwelling accommodations per family in the different kinds of dwellings, in each of the 14 cities of the United States having a population of 500,000 or over, in the first half of 1927. T able 2 — A V E R A G E C O ST O F D W E L L IN G A C C O M M O D A T IO N S P E R F A M IL Y IN T H E D IF F E R E N T K IN D S O F D W E L L IN G S IN C IT IE S H A V IN G A P O P U L A T IO N OF 500,000 O R O V E R IN T H E F IR S T S IX M O N T H S O F 1927 N um ber of fami lies pro vided for Aver age cost per family St. L ouis..................................... Los Angeles............................... B altim ore.................. .............. . Buffalo____________ _______ San Francisco............ .............. Borough of R ichm ond L ........ P hiladelphia........................ . D e tr o it.................................... C levelan d .................................. M ilw au k ee......... ..................... Borough of Queens i ................ B oston...................................... New York (all boroughs)___ P ittsb u rg h . ............................... W ashington............................... C h ic a g o .._______ _________ Borough of B rooklyn >______ Borough of th e Bronx 1_____ Borough of M an h a tta n 1........ 838 4,224 2,115 666 1,586 731 4, 771 3,087 859 765 6,197 265 10,135 1,030 1,069 3, 325 2,529 676 2 $3,540 3,895 3,942 3,986 4,497 4,649 4,758 5,277 5,400 5,571 6,013 6,177 6,184 6,189 6,337 6,440 6, 652 7, 567 37,750 T o tal (14 cities)............... . 34,735 5,306 City C ity O n e -fa m ily d w e llin g s T w o -fa m ily d w e llin g s 1 Buffalo...... ........................................ 607 St. Louis............ ................................ 420 D etro it_______________ _________ 2,412 San Francisco_____ ____________ 327 Los Angeles........................... ............ 970 Philadelphia___________________ 177 Borough of R ichm ond *______ . . - 159 B altim ore......................... .................. 6 Borough of Queens 1........................ 3,164 B o sto n .________ _______________ 810 M ilw au k ee.___________ ____ ___ 622 P ittsb u rg h _____________________ 93 Cleveland_________ ___________ 627 N ew Y ork (all boroughs)........ ....... 8, 615 W ashington____ ____ _____ _____ 16 Borough of th e Bronx 1. ................. 1, 534 Borough of B rooklyn 1__________ 3,754 Chicago__________________ ____ _ 2,714 4 Borough of M an h a tta n 1___ ____ T o tal (14 cities)___ ____ ____ $3,078 3,465 3,644 3,772 3,839 4,057 4,331 4,333 4,339 4,593 4,691 4,780 4,893 4,989 5,050 5,284 5,443 6,351 7,125 18,416 4,793 2,709 10, 637 5,177 1,837 2,224 9, 236 2,525 18,415 7,077 2,153 17, 566 899 18, 011 59,203 1,960 2,583 23, 729 1,425 4,312 $2,991 2,993 3,323 3,726 3,995 4,105 4,264 4,364 4,467 4,476 4,483 4,579 4,673 4,723 4,811 4,962 5,545 5,808 7, 478 T o tal (14 cities)...................... .. 132,475 4,563 M u lt i- fa m il y d w e llin g s 3 A l l classes o f d w e llin g s Los Angeles............................... St. Louis................................. San Francisco___ ____ _____ M ilw aukee____ ________ . . . . Borough of R ichm ond i . . . . . . Borough of Queens *................ D etro it...... .................. .............. C leveland.............. ................... B oston.......... .............................. Philadelphia.............................. W ashington_______________ Borough of Brooklyn 1_____ Buffalo........................................ Borough of th e B ro n x 1_____ New Y ork (all boroughs)___ P itts b u r g h ............................... B altim ore_______ _____ ____ C hicago..................................... Borough of M a n h a tta n 1........ 5,443 1,451 3,264 766 9 8,205 3, 737 474 1,450 2,129 1,498 11,728 564 16,205 40,453 302 103 17, 690 4,306 $2, 143 2,541 2,708 3,208 3,333 3,382 3, 434 3,634 3,730 3,849 3, 981 4,000 4,116 4,143 4,300 4,825 5,049 5,253 7, 464 T o tal (14 cities)................. 79,324 4,185 St. L o u is............................................. Los Angeles........................................ San Francisco............ ....................... Buffalo................................................ B altim ore............................................ D e tro it.................. ............................. B oston__________________ _____ Borough of th e B ronx >.. ______ Philadelphia___________________ M ilw au k ee.__________ __________ Borough of Queens 1...... .................. Borough of R ichm ond 1_________ Borough of B rooklyn L . . . . . . New Y ork (all boroughs)............... C leveland________ . __________ W ashington____________________ Chicago............................................... P ittsb u rg h _______________ ___ Borough of M a n h a tta n 1________ i Borough of “ G reater New Y ork.’’ 3 Includes one-family and two-family dwellings w ith stores. * Includes m ulti-fam ily dwellings w ith stores. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N um ber of Aver fami age lies cost pro per vided family for [1045] 96 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW I t must be remembered that the costs shown in Table 2 are com piled from estimated costs given by the prospective builder when filing his application for a permit to build. These costs may be over estimated or underestimated—probably more often the latter. They may be underestimated more in one city than in another city as some cities check up more closely than other cities on the costs as stated by the builder. I t is not thought, however, that the deviation in underestimation between cities is enough to affect materially the comparative value of the figures presented. Also, it must be borne in mind that the size and quality of the dwellings are not necessarily the same in the several cities. The cities with the lower average costs may be building smaller or lower quality dwellings than the cities with the higher costs. There is a great difference in the average costs in the different cities. The lowest average cost for one-family dwellings was shown in St. Louis, where the cost per family for all new one-family dwellings built during the first half of 1927 was only $3,540. This contrasts with $6,440 in. Chicago. While Chicago showed the highest expendi ture per dwelling for one-family dwellings of any city taken as a whole, it was surpassed by three boroughs of Newr York City. The average cost of one-family dwellings in New York (all boroughs) was $6,184. < Washington and Baltimore are but 40 miles apart, yet the average cost of the one-family dwellings built in Baltimore in the first half of 1927 was only $3,942, while the average cost of those built in Wash ington during the same period was $6,337. The average cost of the 34,735 one-family dwellings for which permits were issued in these 14 cities was $5,306. The cost per family of two-family dwellings ranged from $3,078 in Buffalo to $7,125 in the Borough of Manhattan. There were 18,416 families accommodated in two-family dwellings for which permits were issued in these 14 cities, and the average cost per family of these dwellings was $4,793. The cost per family for dwelling accommodations in apartment houses reached the high level of $7,464 in the Borough of Manhattan. The next most expensive unit cost in this class of structure was in Chicago, where 17,690 families were accommodated at a cost of $5,253 per family. The lowest per family cost for multi-family dwellings was in Los Angeles, where only $2,143 was spent per family provided for. In the 14 cities having a population of 500,000 or over 79,324 families were provided for in apartment houses. The average cost of these multi-family dwellings per family accommodated was $4,185. In these cities all classes of dwellings provided for 132,475 families during this six-month period, and the amount expended per family was $4,563. There were 4,312 families housed during this period on M anhattan Island, and it cost $7,478 per family to house them. The next most expensive housing was provided in Pittsburgh, where 1,425 families were provided with dwelling places at a cost of $5,808 per family. I t cost only $2,991 per family to house the 2,709 families provided for in St. Louis, but it cost $4,962 each to house the 2,583 families accommodated in Washington. In New York (all boroughs) 59,203 families were provided with residences in new buildings at a cost of $4,723 per family. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1046 ] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 97 Modern Houses for Workers in Cali, Colombia SOCIETY composed of prominent business men of Cali, Colombia, has undertaken, with the aid of an American company which has a contract with that city, to erect modern sanitary homes for the exclusive use of the poorer working classes, according to a report from Vice Consul R. Hudson Fetner, at Buena ventura, Colombia, dated August 15, 1927. Cali has a population of 80,000, and in addition to being the leading commercial city, it is also the railroad center of the Cauca Valley. Twelve city blocks have been selected as the site for the new buildings. Each house is to have three bedrooms, a living room, dining room, and kitchen, and will be equipped with sanitary toilets, baths, and running water. Between each two houses there will be sufficient space for a garden or a children’s playground. By the middle of October seven of these houses will be ready for occupancy. The rents are to be low, and are to count as part pay ments toward final ownership of the houses if the tenants reside therein for 20 years and pay their rent promptly. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1047J LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS D ecisio n s of C ou rts an d O p in ion s A ffectin g Labor, 1926 BULLETIN (No. 444) entitled “ Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1926,” has just been issued by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. This bulletin is in continuation of the bureau’s policy of preparing annual compilations of the principal legal decisions regarding labor. The subject matter of the present bulletin as of the previous ones, is such decisions by the State and Federal courts as are adjudged to be of definite interest to students of the relations of employer and employee and the conditions of industry, including opinions of the Attorney General of the United States construing and applying the Federal labor laws. It would be neither practicable nor desirable, from any standpoint, to reproduce all the decisions,, or to present those selected in all their details. Abridged statements of the facts, attempting particularly to bring out such items as are of special interest from the standpoints indicated, are followed by the conclusions reached by the courts, expressed either in the language of the courts or in that of the editors. For the most part decisions appearing in the sources used—i. e., the National Reporter System and the Washington Law Reporter— for the calendar year 1926 are reproduced, though in a few cases later decisions have been noted on account of their application to points involved in cases presented, or for other reasons. Workmen’s compensation continues to afford the most fruitful source of material, the courts being still called upon in numerous instances to give construction to this recently adopted form of legis lation. That employers’ liability is not entirely superseded thereby is evident from the considerable number of cases that still arise under this system, though many of them relate to railroad employments to which the compensation laws do not, in the main, apply. An outstanding decision in admiralty completely reverses the previously accepted position as to the status of longshoremen under the sea men’s acts; however, the effect of this decision is greatly minified, if not destroyed entirely, by reason of the enactment of the longshore men’s compensation act of March 4, 1927. The development of a harmonious and intelligible body of laws with regard to labor organ izations continues, even though the line can not be regarded as a straight one nor the progress steady. Nevertheless, it is only from a study of such decisions as are presented in this bulletin and in pre ceding bulletins that the student of the legal aspects of the labor problem (in so far as judicial activities are concerned) can discover the trends of growth and the tendencies toward a recognition of legal personality that seems to be manifested. A 98 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1048 ] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 99 T ext of th e E n glish T rade D isp u tes and T ra d e-U n io n s A ct HE Labor Review for October (p. 18) contained a summary of the provisions of the English trade disputes and trade-unions bill which became law in July, 1927. The text of the act has since been received, and is as follows: T 1. (1) I t is hereby declared— (a) T h a t any strike is illegal if it (I) has any object other th a n or in addition to th e furtherance of a trad e dispute w ithin th e trad e or industry in which the strikers are engaged; and (2) is a strike designed or calculated to coerce the Governm ent either directly or by inflicting hardship upon th e com m unity; and (b) T h a t any lockout is illegal if it (1) has any object other th a n or in addition to th e furtherance of a trad e dispute w ithin the trad e or industry in which the employers locking-out are engaged; and (2) is a lockout designed or calculated to coerce the G overnm ent either directly or by inflicting hardship upon the com m unity: And it is further declared th a t it is illegal to commence, or continue, or to apply any sums in furtherance or support of, any such illegal strike or lockout. For th e purposes of the foregoing provisions— (a) A trade dispute shall not be deemed to be within a trad e or industry unless it is a dispute between employers and workmen, or between workmen and work men, in th a t trade or industry, which is connected w ith th e em ploym ent or non em ploym ent or the term s of the em ployment, or w ith th e conditions of labor, of persons in th a t trad e or industry; and (b ) W ithout prejudice to th e generality of the expression “ trad e or in d u stry ” workmen shall be deemed to be w ithin the same trad e or industry if th eir wages or conditions of em ploym ent are determ ined in accordance w ith th e conclusions of th e same joint industrial council, conciliation board or other similar body, or in accordance w ith agreem ents m ade w ith the same employer or group of em ployers. (2) If any person declares, instigates, i n c i t e s others to tak e p a rt in or otherwise acts in furtherance of a strike or lockout, declared by this ac t to be illegal, he shall be liable on sum m ary conviction to a fine not exceeding 10 pounds or to im prisonm ent for a term not exceeding three m onths, or on conviction on indict m ent to im prisonm ent for a term not exceeding two y ears: P rovided, T h a t no person shall be deemed to have com m itted an offense under this section or a t common law by reason only of his having ceased work or refused to continue to work or to accept em ployment. (3) Where any person is charged before any court w ith an offense under this section, no further proceedings in respect thereof shall be taken against him w ithout th e consent of th e A ttorney General except such as th e court m ay think necessary by rem and (whether in custody or on bail) or otherwise to secure the safe custody of the person charged, b u t this subsection shall not apply to Scotland or to any prosecution instituted by or on behalf of th e director of public prose cutions. (4) The provisions of th e trad e disputes act, 1906, shall not, nor shall th e second proviso to subsection (1) of section 2 of the emergency powers act, 1920, apply to any ac t done in contem plation or furtherance of a strike or lockout which is by this act declared to be illegal, and any such ac t shall not be deemed for the purposes of any enactm ent to be done in contem plation or furtherance of a trad e dispute: P rovided, T h at no person shall be deemed to have com m itted an offense under any regulations m ade under the emergency powers act, 1920, by reason only of his having ceased work or having refused to continue to work or to accept employment. 2. (1) No person refusing to take p a rt or to continue to tak e p a rt in any strike or lockout which is by this act declared to be illegal, shall be, by reason of such refusal or by reason of any action taken by him under th is section, subject to expulsion from any trade-union or society, or to any fine or penalty, or to depriva tion of any right or benefit to which he or his legal personal representatives would otherwise be entitled, or liable to be placed in any respect either directly or indi rectly under any disability or a t any disadvantage as compared w ith other mem bers of th e union or society, anything to the contrary in th e rules of a trade-union or society notw ithstanding. (2) No provisions of the trade-union acts, 1871 to 1917, lim iting th e proceed ings which m ay be entertained by any court, and nothing in the rules of a trade https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1049 ] 100 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW union or society requiring th e settlem ent of disputes in any m anner shall apply to any proceeding for enforcing any right or exemption secured by this section, and in any such proceeding th e court m ay, in lieu of ordering a person who has been expelled from membership of a trade-union or society to be restored to m em bership, order th a t he be paid out of the funds of th e trade-union or society such sum by way of com pensation or dam ages as th e court thinks just. (3) As respects any strike or lockout before th e passing of this act b u t since th e first day of May, 1926, which, according to th e law as declared by this act, was illegal, this section shall have effect as if it had been in operation when th e strike or lockout took place. 3 . (1) I t ish ereb y declared th a t it is unlawful for one or more persons (whether acting on their own behalf or on behalf of a trade-union or of an individual em ployer or firm, an d notw ithstanding th a t they m ay be acting in contem plation or furtherance of a trad e dispute) to atten d a t or near a house or place where a per s o n r e s i d e s or w o r k s or c a r r i e s o n b u s i n e s s or happens to be, for th e purpose of obtaining or com m unicating inform ation or of persuading or inducing any person to work or to abstain from working, if they so atten d in such num bers or otherwise in such m anner as to be calculated to intim idate an y person in th a t house or place, or to obstruct th e approach thereto or egress therefrom , or to lead to a breach of th e peace; and attending a t or near any house or place in such num bers or in such m anner as is by this subsection declared to be unlawful shall be deemed to be a w atching or besetting of th a t house or place w ithin the meaning of section 7 of the conspiracy, and protection of property act, 1875. (2) In this section th e expression “ to in tim id a te” means to cause in th e mind of a person a reasonable apprehension of injury to him or to any m em ber of his fam ily or to any of his dependents or of violence or dam age to any person or property, and th e expression “ in ju ry ” includes injury to a person in respect of his business, occupation, em ploym ent or other source of income, and includes an y actionable wrong. (3) In section 7 of th e conspiracy, and protection of property act, 1875, th e expression “ in tim id a te” shall be construed as having th e same m eaning as in th is section. (4) N otw ithstanding anything in any act, it shall n o t be lawful for one or more persons, for the purpose of inducing any person to work or to abstain from working, to w atch or beset a house or place where a person resides or th e approach to such a house or place, and any person who acts in contravention of this subsection shall be liable on sum m ary conviction to a fine n o t exceeding 20 pounds or to im prisonm ent for a term not exceeding three m onths. 4 . (1) I t shall not be lawful to require any m em ber of a trade-union to m ake any contribution to th e political fund of a trade-union unless he has a t some tim e after th e com m encem ent of this ac t and before he is first after th e 31st day of December, 1927, required to m ake such a contribution delivered a t th e head office or some branch office of the trade-union, notice in writing in th e form set o u t in th e first schedule to th is ac t of his willingness to contribute to th a t fund an d h a s n o t w ithdraw n th e notice in m anner hereinafter provided; and every m em ber of a trade-union who has no t delivered such a notice as aforesaid, or who, having delivered such a notice, has w ithdraw n it in m anner hereinafter provided, shall be deemed for th e purposes of the trade-union act, 1913, to be a m em ber who is exem pt from th e obligation to contribute to th e political fund of the, union, an d references in th a t ac t to a m em ber who is so exem pt shall be construed accordingly : P rovided, T hat, if a t any tim e a m em ber of a trade-union who has delivered such a notice as aforesaid gives notice of w ithdraw al thereof, delivered a t th e head office or a t any branch office of th e trade-union, he shall be deemed for th e purposes of this subsection to have w ithdraw n th e notice as from th e first day of January next after the delivery of th e notice of withdraw al. F o r th e purposes of this subsection, a notice m ay be delivered personally or b y an y authorized agent and any notice shall be deemed to have been delivered a t th e head or a branch office of a trade-union if it has been sent by post properly addressed to th a t office. (2) All contributions to th e political fund of a trade-union from members of th e trade-union who are liable to contribute to th a t fund shall be levied and m ade separately from any contributions to th e other funds of th e trade-union and no assets of th e trade-union, other th a n th e am ount raised by such a separate levy as aforesaid, shall be carried to th a t fund, and no assets of a trade-union other th a n those forming p a rt of th e political fund shall be directly or indirectly applied or charged in furtherance of any political object to which section 3 of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1050] EN G L ISH TRADES D ISPUTES AND TRADE-UNIONS ACT 101 th e trade-union act, 1913, applies; and any charge in contravention of this sub section shall be void. (3) All rules of a trade-union m ade and approved in accordance w ith th e requirem ents of section 3 of th e trade-union act, 1913, shall be am ended so as to conform to th e requirem ents of this act, and as so am ended shall be approved by th e R egistrar of Friendly Societies (in this ac t referred to as “ th e R eg istrar” ) w ithin six m onths after th e com mencem ent of this a c t or w ithin such further tim e as th e Registrar m ay in special circumstances allow, and if th e rules of any trade-union are not so am ended and approved as aforesaid they shall be deemed n o t to comply w ith th e requirem ents of th e said section. (4) N otw ithstanding anything in this act, until th e 31st day of December, 1927, it shall be lawful to require any m em ber of a trade-union to contribute to th e political fund of th e trade-union as if this act had not been passed. (5) If th e Registrar is satisfied, and certifies, th a t rules for th e purpose of com plying w ith the provisions of this section, or for th e purposes of th e trade-union act, 1913, as am ended by th is act, which require approval by th e R egistrar have been approved by a m ajority of the members of a trade-union voting for th e purpose, by th e executive or other governing body of such a trade-union, or by a m ajority of delegates of such a trade-union voting a t a m eeting called for the purpose, th e R egistrar m ay approve those rules and those rules shall thereupon have efFect as rules of the union notw ithstanding th a t the provisions of th e rules of th e union as to the alteration of rules or the m aking of new rules have not been complied with. (6) Section 16 of th e trade-union act, 1871 (which provides for th e tran s mission to th e R egistrar of annual returns by registered trade-unions), shall apply to every unregistered trade-union so far as respects th e receipts, funds, effects, expehditure, assets, and liabilities of the political fund thereof. 5. (1) Amongst th e regulations as to th e conditions of service in His M ajesty’s civil establishm ents there shall be included regulations prohibiting established civil servants from being members, delegates, or representatives of any organiza tion of which th e prim ary object is to influence or affect th e rem uneration and conditions of em ploym ent of its members, unless th e organization is an organi zation of which th e m embership is confined to persons employed by or under th e Crown and is an organization which complies w ith such provisions as m ay be contained in th e regulations for securing th a t it is in all respects independent of, and n o t affiliated to, any such organization as aforesaid th e m embership of which is n o t confined to persons employed by or under th e Crown or any federation comprising such organizations, th a t its objects do not include political objects, and th a t it is not associated directly or indirectly w ith any political p arty or organization: P rovided, T h at th e regulations m ade in compliance w ith the pro visions of this section shall not prevent— (a) Any person who is a t th e commencement of this ac t an established civil servant from rem aining a m em ber of any trade-union or organization n ot com posed wholly or mainly of persons employed by or under th e Crown of which he had, a t th e commencement of this act, been a member for more th an six m onths, if under th e rules thereof there had on th e 4th day of April, 1927, accrued or begun to accrue to him a right to any fu tu re paym ent during incapacity, or by way of superannuation, or on th e death of himself or his wife, or as provision for his children; or (b) Any person employed a t th e commencement of this act by or under the Crown who thereafter becomes an established civil servant from remaining, so long as he is not appointed to a position of supervision or m anagem ent, a mem ber of any trade-union or organization, not composed wholly or m ainly of persons employed by or under th e Crown, of which he is a m ember a t th e d ate when he so becomes an established civil servant, if under the rules thereof there has a t th a t d ate accrued, or begun to accrue, to him a right to any fu tu re paym ent during incapacity, or by way of superannuation, or on the death of himself or his wife, or as provision for his children; or (c) A person who in addition to being an established civil servant is, ap a rt from his service as such, also engaged in some other em ploym ent or occupation from being a member, delegate, or representative of any trade-union or organ ization, of which the prim ary object is to influence or affect th e rem uneration or conditions of em ploym ent of persons engaged in th a t em ploym ent or occupation. (2) Subject as hereinafter provided, any established civil servant who con travenes th e regulations m ade under this section shall be disqualified for being a m em ber of th e civil service: P ro vid ed , T h at, in th e case of a first offense, a civil servant shall forthw ith be warned by th e head of his departm ent, and th e https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1051 ] 102 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW said disqualification shall not take effect if w ithin one m onth after such warning th e civil servant ceases to contravene the said regulations. (3) In this section na) T he expression “ established civil se rv a n t” means a person serving in an established capacity in th e perm anent service of th e Crown, and includes any person who, having been granted a certificate by th e civil service commissioners, is serving a'probationary period prelim inary to establishm ent; and (b) T he expression “ conditions of em ploym ent” m eans in relation to persons other th an persons em ployed by or under th e Crown th e conditions of employ m ent of persons employed under a contract of service. 6. (1) I t shall n o t be lawful for any local or other public authority to m ake it a condition of th e em ploym ent or continuance in em ploym ent of any person th a t he shall or shall n o t be a m em ber of a trade-union, or to impose any condi tion upon persons em ployed by th e authority whereby employees who are or who are n o t members of a trade-union are liable to be placed in any respect either directly or indirectly under any disability or disadvantage as compared w ith other employees. (2) I t shall not be lawful for any local or other public authority to make it a condition of any contract m ade or proposed to be m ade w ith the authority, or of the consideration or acceptance of any tender in connection w ith such a contract, th a t any person to be employed by any party to th e contract shall or shall not be a m ember of a trade-union. (3) Any condition imposed in contravention of this section shall be void. (4) There shall be added to section 5 of the conspiracy, and protection of property act, 1875, th e following provision, th a t is to say: “ If any person employed by a local or other public au th o rity willfully breaks a contract of service w ith th a t authority, knowing or having reasonable cause to believe th a t th e probable consequence of his so doing, either alone or in com bination w ith others, will be to cause injury or danger or grave inconvenience to the com m unity, he shall be liable, on sum m ary conviction, to a fine not exceeding 10 pounds or to im prisonm ent for a term not exceeding three m onths.” 7. W ithout prejudice to th e right of any person having a sufficient interest in th e relief sought to sue or apply for an injunction to restrain any application of th e funds of "a trade-union in contravention of th e provisions of this act, an injunction restraining any application of th e funds of a trade-union in contra vention of the provisions of section 1 of this act may be granted a t th e suit or upon the application of th e A ttorney General. In the application of this section to Scotland, there shall be substituted therein for references to an injunction references to an interdict, and for the reference to the A ttorney General a reference to the Lord Advocate. 8. (1) This a c t m ay be cited as th e trad e disputes and trade-unions act, 1927, and shall be construed as one with the trade-union acts, 1871 to 1917, and this act and th e trade-union acts, 1871 to 1917, may be cited together as th e trade-union acts, 1871 to 1927. (2) For the purposes of this act— (a) The expression “ strik e ” means the cessation of work by a body of persons em ployed in any trad e or industry acting in com bination, or a concerted refusal, or a refusal under a common understanding of any num ber of persons who are, or have been so employed, to continue to work or to accept em ployment; (b) The expression “ lock o u t” means the closing of a place of em ploym ent or th e suspension of work, or th e refusal by an employer to continue to employ any num ber of persons employed by him in consequence of a dispute, done w ith a view to compelling those persons, or to aid another employer in compelling persons employed by him, to accept term s or conditions of or affecting em ploym ent; and (c) A strike or lockout shall not be deemed to be calculated to coerce the Governm ent unless such coercion ought reasonably to be expected as a conse quence thereof. (3) This act shall not extend to N orthern Ireland, except th a t th e provisions of this ac t relating to civil servants shall apply to civil servants employed in N orthern Ireland in th e adm inistration of services w ith respect to which the P arliam ent of N orthern Ireland has not power to m ake laws. (4) The enactm ents m entioned in the second schedule to this act are hereby repealed to the extent specified in th e third column of th a t schedule. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1052] E N G LISH TRADES D ISPUTES AND TRADE-UNIONS ACT F FORM Schedu ir s t O F P O L IT IC A L F U N D 103 le C O N T R IB U T IO N N O T IC E Name of trad e -u n io n --------N am e of m em ber’s branch (if any) --------P olitical f u n d (•contribution notice ) I hereby give notice th a t I am willing, and agree, to contribute to th e political fund of t h e ------ union and I understand th a t I shall, in consequence, be liable to contribute to th a t fund and shall continue to be so liable unless I deliver a t th e head office, or some branch office, of th e union, a w ritten notice of withdraw al: I also understand th a t after delivering such a notice of w ithdraw al I shall still continue to be liable to contribute to the political fund until th e next following first day of January. A ---------- B --------A d d ress--------Membership num ber (if any) ----------------- day o f ---------- , 19— Second Schedu le ENACTM ENTS REPEA LED Session and chapter 2 & 3 Geo. 5. c. 30. Short title E xten t of repeal Trade-union act, 1913-_ In subsection (1) of section three the words from “ and for th e exemptio n ” to “ objects to co n trib u te;” subsection (2) of section four; sec tion five; section six; th e schedule. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1053] WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION AND SOCIAL INSURANCE Meeting of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions in 1927 HE fourteenth annual convention of the International Associa tion of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions convened in Atlanta, Ga., September 27, 1927. Persons attended from 23 States, the District of Columbia, and two Canadian Provinces. After addresses of welcome by'Gov. L. G. Hardman and Mayor I. N. Ragsdale, there was a brief address by the president of the association, Mr. H. M. Stanley, of Georgia. Mr. L. W. Hatch, of New York, reporting for the committee on statistics and compensa tion insurance cost, gave the progress to date of the work of gathering records of experience from which to compile an American remarriage table, and the revision of the standardization of methods of record ing and compiling accident statistics under the auspices of the American Engineering Standards Committee. The Boston plan of legal aid in compensation cases was described by Mr. Samuel B. Horovitz, attorney for the Boston Legal Aid Society, and cases cited in which the society had been of legal assistance to workmen in obtaining the payment of their compensation. A paper on “ Problems arising through accidents to employees outside the State in which the employer is located/’ by Judge ArthurG. Powell, of Atlanta, led to a resolution that a committee be appointed to draft uniform provisions to eliminate jurisdictional conflict in such cases. Under the subject, “ Tendencies in workmen’s compensation laws,” Mr. Hatch brought out some of the most significant develop ments in workmen’s compensation legislation, such as extension in employments and injuries covered, and of medical benefits, increases in compensation benefits, and reduction of waiting period, and came to the conclusion, “ All of this simply means that in examining our compensation system to-day we have been studying an organism that is alive and growing, still in its youth, and, who can doubt, with much more of growth still ahead. ” Mr. Charles PI. Verrill, member of the United States Employees’ Compensation Commission, read a paper on the recently enacted Federal longshoremen’s and harbor workers’ compensation act, which it was estimated covers upward of 300,000 employees. Arguments on the right of the injured workman to select his own physician were advanced by Mr. O. F. McShane, of Utah, with the mention of five essential factors supplementary to the exercise of such right in procuring the best possible medical care. As usual, the sessions dealing with medical problems confronting the administrators of workmen’s compensation laws evoked much 104 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1054 ] CONVENTION OF I. A. I. A. E. C. 105 interest. Dr. Lawson Thornton, of Atlanta, presented a paper on injuries to bone and joint tissues and gave suggestions for minimizing the industrial handicap. Dr. Charles E. Dowman, of Atlanta, dealt with brain, spinal cord, and nerve injuries, with special reference to their industrial aspects. An attempt to clarify the question of dis ability resulting from functional neuroses was made by Dr. Lewis M. Gaines, of Atlanta, in a paper on “ The psychic factor in industrial practice. ” Dr. H. H. Dorr, of Ohio, summed up the answer to his paper on “ What compensation commissions want of the physicians” in the two words, “ honest cooperation.” Dr. G. H. Gehrmann, medical director of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., discussed the problems of the physician for the self-insurer, and stated that the problems confronting any industrial physician are founded on three principles—prevention, cure, and rehabilitation. Dr. T. F. Abercrombie, State Commissioner of Health of Georgia, stressed the importance of physical examinations and the saving effected by industrial health work. The outstanding medical paper was pre sented by Dr. C. W. Roberts, medical director of the Georgia In dustrial Commission, and chairman of the medical committee of the association, who, under the subject, “ Factors influencing the disability period following industrial injuries,” elaborated upon the following conclusions: 1. Preexisting abnorm al states influence th e type and period of disability in more th a n one out of three workmen. 2. The practice of considering disease activated by injury as a p a rt of the results from injury appears to me to be sound, provided each case is settled upon its own merits. 3. W orkmen should be employed w ithout prejudice, and their handicaps, precipitated by industrial accidents, passed on to society as a p a rt of the production costs. 4. D isability periods m ay be shortened by em ploym ent of physicians and adjusters who are skilled in th e handling of industrial problem s and whose vision is broad enough to recognize th e preferred atten tio n required by the group of injured workmen falling in th e unusual class. 5. The unnecessary idle period should be elim inated by early retu rn to selected work after injury. Mr. Bolling H. Handy, of Virginia, outlined the method of his commission in treating the problem of compensation for extrahazardous industries which insurance carriers refuse to cover, and Mr. L. B. Kyle told how the difficulty is handled in Oklahoma. Mr. Henry J. Halford stated that such a problem could not arise under a State fund system such as that of Ontario. The subject of court system of administration of workmen’s compensation was opened by a paper by Mr. Harry J. Nelson, of Tennessee, in which, referring to agreements in settlement of com pensation cases in his State, he said, “ After over four years of check ing these settlements, including those approved by the courts and those not approved, I do not hesitate to state that, in my humble opinion, court administration in Tennessee is a failure; that the courts will approve in most cases any kind of settlement whatever presented to them by the interested parties regardless of whether said settlement is in line with the law.” Speaking of the court system of administration of workmen’s compensation, Mr. F. W. Wood, commissioner of labor of Louisiana, stated, “ I have been at the head of the Department of Labor of Louisiana for practically https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1055] 106 MONTHLY LABOB BEVIEW 11 years, and from observation after assuming charge of the depart ment it did not take me long to come to realize that court adminis tration of this particular law was a joke.” He cited specific cases to substantiate this conclusion. As reflecting the stand of the large self-insurer on this point, a statement written by Mr. O. T. Fell, solicitor for the Republic Iron & Steel Co., and expressing his personal views upon the court system of administration, was read, to which Mr. Abel Klaw, attorney for E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., replied. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: P resid en t. — Dr. Andrew F. McBride, commissioner D epartm ent of Labor of New Jersey. V ice P re sid e n t .—Jam es A. Ham ilton, industrial commissioner D epartm ent of Labor of New York. Secretary-treasurer .— E thelbert Stew art, U nited States Commissioner of Labor Statistics. E xecutive com m ittee. — H. M. Stanley, chairm an Industrial Commission of Georgia; G. N. Livdahl, W orkmen’s Compensation Bureau of N orth D akota; W. H. H orner, D epartm ent of Labor and Indu stry of Pennsylvania; William W. K ennard, chairm an D epartm ent of In d ustrial Accidents of M assachusetts; George A. K ingston, commissioner W orkmen’s Com pensation Board of O ntario; and William M. Scanlan, chairm an Industrial Commission of Illinois. The location and the date of the next annual meeting will be decided by the executive committee. The proceedings of the convention will be published as a bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. U n e m p lo y m e n t In su ra n ce in th e C h icago C lo th in g In d u stry 1 DISCUSSION by Bryce M. Stewart of the administration of the unemployment insurance plan inaugurated in 1923 by the men’s clothing industry of Chicago is published in the Bulletin of the Taylor Society, August, 1927 (pp. 471-477). Prior to the inauguration of this plan unemployment insurance funds had been established in a few cases by individual employers, unemployment benefits had been paid by a small number of tradeunions, and the Cleveland cloak and suit industry had put into effect a plan guaranteeing employment, or pay therefor, for a period of 40 weeks each year. The Chicago plan was much more compre hensive than any of these plans, however, as it covered about 350 establishments, employing approximately 25,000 workers. Contributions to the fund, which is supported by a payment of 3 per cent of the actual weekly pay roll divided equally between employers and employees, amounted to $3,250,000 for the period from May 1, 1923, to October 31, 1926, and the benefits paid during this period totaled $2,650,000. The plan provides for the payment of benefits amounting to 30 per cent of full-time wages, with a maximum of $15 per week, and for a waiting period for workers on short time of 44 hours before the pay ment of benefits. A waiting period of the same length, after register ing at the employment exchange, is required for workers on lay offs, the time on lay off in excess of the waiting period being counted as A 1 For other articles relating to this plan see L abor Review, Ju ly, 1923 (pp. 129, 130), N ovem ber, 1923 (pp. 125-130), an d Ju ly , 1924 (pp. 23-25). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1056 ] UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE IN CLOTHING INDUSTRY 10 7 unemployment. Every hour of overtime work, however, offsets one of unemployment. Benefits may be paid for not more than two and one-half weeks in either of the two seasons, May to October and November to April, and a worker on short time may not be credited in any week with wages and benefit in excess of $50. In order to be eligible for benefits a worker must have been a member of the union in good standing for one year. Applicants for benefits must be registered at the employment exchange if wholly unemployed and must not have refused to accept suitable employment. A special fund is maintained for temporary cutters, who receive 25 instead of 30 per cent of their weekly wages as benefit and who may receive benefits for six weeks in the year. The size of the employment fund is limited to an amount equal to the total maximum benefits payable during a period of two years. When it reaches that amount contributions cease on both sides until the fund is reduced to an amount less than the total maximum benefits payable during a period of one year. The plan is administered by five boards of trustees presided over by an impartial chairman. These boards include one each from the three largest manufacturers, one for the remaining large concerns, and one for the contractors. On each of these boards there is equal representation of employers and employees. In planning the administration of the scheme it was decided, after much discussion, to locate the administration of all the funds in a central office. The management of the plan is rendered much more complex, for example, than the British scheme of unemployment insurance (in which there is a flat rate for both contributions and benefits) by the fact that contributions and benefits are based on the earnings of each worker. This necessitates keeping a record for each employee covering his weekly hours of employment, earnings, and insurance contributions. Account has to be taken in the record, also, of the overtime worked as it has to be deducted in calculating short time and lay off. Instead of requiring the larger firms to send in a weekly report which would entail transcribing most of the infor mation on the pay roll they are allowed to loan their pay rolls to the unemployment insurance office one day each week. The smaller firms find it more convenient to make their own reports. There are three divisions in the unemployment insurance office— records, benefits, and accounts. The records division collects the pay rolls and pay-roll reports, copies the data, and returns the pay rolls to the firms. The accounts division takes care of the accounts of each firm, banks the money daily, and cooperates with treasurers of the different boards in investing surplus funds in United States securities. A central benefit account is maintained by the trustees, from which all benefits are paid except those to temporary cutters who have a separate fund. When cash is needed for the payment of benefits the treasurer notifies the trustee board concerned and they liquidate securities and deposit the proceeds to the benefit accounts. The benefits division passes upon each worker’s eligibility for benefit and issues the benefit checks. The benefits are paid on April 30 and November 30 at the close of the half-yearly benefit periods. This method of paying has been found to be preferable to the former 68404°—27----- 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1057 ] 108 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW plan of paying each month, as the checks are larger and therefore more appreciated and it is also less expensive. A report is sent once a month by the accounts division to each firm, showing the total contributions received, the balance due on contributions, if any, and the amount of cash available for benefits remaining in the funds of the firm. The cost of administering the plan, not including the cost of equip ment, from May, 1923, to January, 1927, amounted to 6.2 per cent of the contributions received. Widows’, Orphans’, and Old-Age Contributory Pensions in England HE Review for September, 1927 (p. 87), contains an account of the working of the contributory pension act in Scotland. The eighth annual report of the English Ministry of Health, which has recently appeared, gives data concerning the operation of the same act in England up to March 31, 1927. It is to be noted that the sections relating to pensions for widows and orphans became effective January 4, 1926, those relating to unrestricted old-age pensions for persons aged. 70 or over went into operation July 2, 1926, and those dealing with contributory pensions for persons between 65 and 70 will not become effective till January 2, 1928. T • Widows’ and Orphans’ Pensions ^ L A IM S under this section fall into two groups, those in which the ^ applicant’s husband or parents died before January 4, 1926, and those in which the death has occurred since that date, the great majority of claimants being, of course, in the first class. By March 31, 1927, pensions were being paid covering 135,271 widows, 195,369 children of widows, and 11,453 orphans. The total amount which had been paid in pensions to these claimants was approximately £6,614,000,1 and for the week ending March 26th the pension roll amounted to £113,060. Claimants receiving pensions in respect of husbands or parents who had died before January 4, 1926, formed 75 per cent of this group, and had received 84 per cent of the total amount paid out. Claims to the number of 47,206 had been disallowed or withdrawn, the chief causes of rejection being either that the claimant had no child or stepchild under 14 on January 4, 1926, or that the deceased husband had not been insured under the health insurance plan during the last two years of his life, or was not in an occupation which would have qualified his dependents for a pension had the act been in force during his life. Methods of Pension Payments "W/’HEN an application for a widow’s or an orphan’s pension is allowed, the claimant is given a book containing a number 1 Pou n d a t par=$4.8665; exchange rate about par. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1058] WIDOWS’, ORPHANS’, AND OLD-AGE PENSIONS 109 of orders covering a limited period, 50 weeks being the absolute maximum, during which there is no ascertainable prospect of any change in circumstances necessitating a revision of the award. These orders are payable weekly at post offices. A short time before the orders have been used up, the pensioner must present a certificate from which it can be seen whether the conditions for receipt of the pension still hold good. If they do, the order book is renewed after the last order has been cashed, without any interruption in the receipt of the pension. Noncontributory Old-Age Pensions '“THE act of 1925 provided for the extension or grant of pensions as provided under the preceding acts, without the application of the tests as to means, residence, and nationality, to insured men and insured women who reach 70 on or after July 2, 1926, who can not qualify for pensions under the contributory scheme because they will be over 70 when such pensions begin on January 2, 1928. Under these provisions a total of 169,753 claims have been received, of which 18,097 have been rejected. Most of these were disallowed either because the applicant had not the necessary insurance quali fication or because he was unable to prove that he had reached 70. Considerable difficulty has been encountered “ in establishing the claimant’s correct age where no birth certificate is available,” and unless it is established, the claim necessarily fails. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1059] CHILD LABOR S ta te m e n t of th e N a tio n a l A sso cia tio n of M a n u fa ctu rers on C h ild Labor HE National Association of Manufacturers has recently put forth a statement of principles concerning the protection of young workers, which was formulated its committee on junior education and employment and approved by its board of directors. The statement issued by the association is as follows: T P r o g r a m of t h e N a tio n a l A sso c ia tio n of M a n u f a c tu re r s fo r th e f u r th e r p ro te c tio n o f e m p lo y e d c h ild re n 14 a n d 15 y e a rs of a g e : (a) A n e m p lo y m e n t c e rtific a te issu e d u n d e r S ta te a u th o r it y fo r e a c h jo b a p p lie d fo r u n d e r a d iffe re n t e m p lo y e r. ( b) A p h y s ic a l e x a m in a tio n b y p h y s ic ia n s d e s ig n a te d b y th e S ta te , a n d a c e r tific a te t h a t t h e in d iv id u a l is p h y s ic a lly fit to e n te r t h e e m p lo y m e n t a p p lie d fo r. (c) T h e c o m p le tio n o f t h e s ix th g ra d e , a f t e r a llo w in g tw o y e a rs fo r a d ju s tm e n t a f te r t h e p a s s a g e or t h e s t a t u t e in S ta te s n o t a lr e a d y h a v in g a n e d u c a tio n a l q u a li fic a tio n , w ith p ro p e r p ro v is io n fo r v a c a tio n p e rm its . (cl) T h e r e q u ire m e n t of a m in im u m of fo u r h o u rs a w e e k of c o n tin u e d e d u c a tio n , e ith e r in c o n tin u a tio n sc h o o ls o r u n d e r sh o p p la n s a p p ro v e d b y p ro p e r ly c o n s t it u te d S ta t e a u th o r it y w h ic h sh o u ld h a v e th e p o w e r to re le a se in d iv id u a ls in c a p a b le o f f u r th e r e d u c a tio n o r to e x c u se a n y c h ild u n ti l p r o p e r c o n tin u a tio n sch o o ls h a v e b e e n e s ta b lis h e d . (e) T h e lim itin g of t h e h o u rs of la b o r of a ll c h ild re n u n d e r 16 y e a rs e m p lo y e d in m a n u f a c tu r in g , m in in g , tr a n s p o r t a ti o n o r c o m m e rc ia l o c c u p a tio n s , of n o t to exceed 48 h o u rs p e r w eek , w ith a p ro h ib itio n of n ig h t w o rk b e fo re 7 a . m . o r a f t e r 9 p. m . (/) T h e s tre n g th e n in g of la w s fo rb id d in g th e e m p lo y m e n t of c h ild re n in h a z a r d o u s o c c u p a tio n s b y m o re c a re fu lly d e fin in g th e specific h a z a rd s . In discussing these principles, the association’s statement gives emphasis to the importance of providing State supervision over cer tification and physical examination. When the matter of certification is left to local authorities, it is pointed out, the system must inevitably be administered either by the police department, which is out of touch with the educational problems involved, or by the school authorities. “ In the latter case local certification almost inevitably leads to a method under which the school relieves itself of its incompetents and failures.” T h e S ta t e su p e rv isio n of c e rtific a tio n c a n p e rfo rm a v e ry v a lu a b le se rv ic e fo r t h e sch o o ls b y e s ta b lis h in g h ig h e r s ta n d a r d s of a c c o m p lis h m e n t a n d b y m e a s u rin g th e sc h o o ls in re la tio n t o th e s e s ta n d a r d s . S u c h c e rtific a tio n is n o t o n ly of a s s is t a n c e to t h e c h ild b u t t o t h e sc h o o l a n d t h e e m p lo y e r. State supervision over physical examinations is desirable “ in order that there may be uniform physical standards for entering the employ ment applied for.” 110 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1060 ] CHILD ENDOWMENT Child Endowment in New Zealand HE New Zealand child endowment act, which became effective on April 1, 1926,1 provides for the granting of allowances to ward the maintenance of children whose parents have very limited incomes. R. M. Campbell, of Victoria University College, Wellington, New Zealand, discusses the new legislation in the Eco nomical Journal (London) of September, 1927. Excerpts from this article are given below. T S u m m a r y o f the act 1. O n a p p lic a tio n to th e c o m m issio n e r of p e n sio n s b y th e f a t h e r of th r e e o r m o re c h ild re n , a n a llo w a n c e sh a ll b e p a y a b le a t th e r a t e of 2 sh illin g s a w e e k fo r e v e ry c h ild in ex cess o f tw o , b u t so t h a t th e a v e ra g e w e e k ly in c o m e fr o m a ll so u rc e s s h a ll n o t exceed £ 4 to g e th e r w ith 2 sh illin g s fo r e a c h c h ild in ex cess of tw o . (N . B .— “ C h ild ” m e a n s a c h ild u n d e r th e a g e of 15 y e a rs , b e in g a so n , d a u g h te r , s te p s o n o r s te p d a u g h te r of th e a p p lic a n t, a n d in c lu d e s a c h ild le g a lly a d o p te d , b u t d o e s n o t in c lu d e a n ille g itim a te c h ild , o r a n y c h ild n o t m a in ta in e d a s a m e m b e r of th e a p p li c a n t’s fa m ily , o r a n y c h ild re c e iv in g a p e n sio n o u t of p u b lic m o n eys.) 2. I n c o m p u tin g th e a v e ra g e w e e k ly in c o m e , a c c o u n t s h a ll b e ta k e n o f all m o n e y o r m o n e y ’s w o rth re c e iv e d w ith in th e y e a r im m e d ia te ly p re c e d in g th e d a te of th e a p p lic a tio n , a n d in te r e s t a t 5 p e r c e n t (o r su c h h ig h e r r a t e a s m a y a c tu a lly b e re c e iv e d ) o n th e v a lu e o f t h e b e n e fic ia l in te r e s t of a n y m e m b e r of th e fa m ily in a n y p r o p e r ty (o th e r th a n f u r n itu r e a n d p e rs o n a l e ffe c ts). T h e c o m m issio n e r m a y , h o w e v e r, t a k e in to c o n s id e ra tio n a n y in c re a se of in c o m e w h ich a n y m e m b e r of t h e fa m ily m a y b e e n title d to re c e iv e in th e e n s u in g y e a r, o r a n y d e c re a s e of in c o m e to b e su ffered b y a n y m e m b e r of t h e fa m ily in t h a t y e a r. 3. W h e re , b y re a s o n of p h y s ic a l o r m e n ta l d e fe c t, a ch ild is t o t a ll y in c a p a c i t a t e d fro m e a rn in g a liv in g , th e a llo w a n c e m a y b e c o n tin u e d b e y o n d t h e a g e of 15 y e a rs . 4. T h e m in is te r m a y a u th o riz e th e p a y m e n t of an a llo w a n c e in re s p e c t o f a n ille g itim a te ch ild . 5. G e n e ra lly , a llo w a n c e s sh a ll b e p a id to t h e w ife of th e a p p lic a n t. I f , h o w e v e r, th e w ife is n o t liv in g w ith th e a p p lic a n t, o r if fo r a n y o th e r re a s o n t h e c o m m issio n e r is of o p in io n t h a t p a y m e n t s h o u ld b e m a d e to th e a p p lic a n t p e rs o n a lly , th e a llo w a n c e m a y b e p a id to th e a p p lic a n t. S im ila rly th e c o m m is sio n e r m a y in sp e c ia l ca se s p a y th e a llo w a n c e to a n y r e p u ta b le p e rso n . 6. N o a llo w a n c e s h a ll b e p a y a b le u n le s s th e a p p lic a n t h a s b e e n p e rm a n e n tly re s id e n t in N e w Z e a la n d fo r n o t less t h a n o n e y e a r, a n d th e c h ild re n in re s p e c t of w h o m th e a llo w a n c e is p a y a b le h a v e b e e n re s id e n t in N e w Z e a la n d fo r n o t less t h a n o n e y e a r, o r h a v e b e e n b o rn in N e w Z e a la n d . 7. S a v e w ith th e d ire c tio n of t h e m in is te r, a n a llo w a n c e s h a ll n o t b e p a y a b le in re s p e c t o f t h e c h ild re n of a n y p e rs o n w ho is a n a lie n o r a n A sia tic e v e n if he (th e A sia tic ) is a B ritis h s u b je c t. 8. T h e c o m m is sio n e r m a y re fu se to g r a n t a n a llo w a n c e if t h e a p p lic a n t o r h is w ife is of n o to rio u s ly b a d c h a ra c te r, o r h a s b e e n g u ilty of a n y offense o r m isc o n d u c t “ d is h o n o rin g h im o r h e r in t h e p u b lic e s tim a tio n ,” o r if e ith e r h a s fo re g o n e a n y p r o p e r ty in o rd e r to o b ta in a n a llo w a n c e o r to a v o id it s r e d u c tio n . The writer declares that the outstanding features of this legisla tive innovation are that the whole expense of it is borne by the gen eral taxpayer and that the measure provides for all families (with 1 See L abor Review, issue of M ay, 1927, pp. 120,121. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 1061 ] 111 112 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW two or more children) that have less than a stipulated income, regard less of the parents’ employment. Mr. Campbell confines his discussion mainly to two questions: 1. Whether it is a sound principle deliberately to base income to some extent on number of children. 2. If such principle is admitted as sound, is a State-financed and State-conducted scheme preferable to private or semiprivate systems on occupational or regional lines? The strongest argument for this remedial legislation was “ the present plight of an immense number of children.” The quinquen nial census was taken a short time before the Government’s family allowances bill was introduced, and it was found that 50,000 children, or not less than 12% per cent of the total child population of New Zealand, were dangerously near destitution. The minister in charge of the bill quoted figures showing that 32,762 breadwinners, with 80,265 dependent children, had incomes below £4 2 a week and that 50,989 of these children belonged to families which had three or more children. The writer calls attention to the war-time disclosures regarding the physical deficiencies of recruits and to school medical officers’ reports, the latter showing that some 10 per cent of children are vic tims of “ subnormal nutrition.” While he admits that a considerable amount of this child starvation is undoubtedly the result of the ignorance of parents, he thinks that it is not easy to escape the con clusion that in this prosperous young country an astoundingly high percentage of the rising generation “ lack the bare physical minimum of a decent existence.” With reference to the contention that family allowances would en courage the poor to have larger families, Mr. Campbell points out that ‘fit is a statistical commonplace that a high birth rate, only partially offset by a high death rate, prevails under poor social and economic conditions.” Substantial evidence was found by the Cost of Living Commission of New Zealand (Parliamentary paper, 1912: H. 18, p. xlvii) that the improvement in material conditions over a 30-year period was attended by a higher marriage rate, less births per marriage, a decrease in the size of the average family, and a de cline in the bankruptcy rate. Income, however, Mr. Campbell de clares, “ affects birth rate only indirectly and through the standard of life, and allowances would require to be very substantial to in fluence that standard.” He also thinks “ it is reasonable to hope” that family allowances may reduce infant mortality in very poor families. In brief, if child endowment is to be justified, “ it must be simply as a measure of child welfare and not as an expedient de signed to tinker with the birth rate.” Effect on Industry / “■'TTING the objection to family allowances on the basis that ^ “ only increased wealth production and no system of mere redistribution can rescue the mass of the people from poverty,” Mr. Campbell acknowledges the plausibility of this contention and states that “ it is desirable that society should remunerate its members according to their efficiency in production, not in reproduction.” 2 P oun d a t par=$4.8665; exchange ra te ab o u t par. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1062] CHILD ENDOWMENT IN NEW ZEALAND 113 In his judgment, “ it is vitally necessary to maintain a clear con nection between wealth production and reward.’’ At the same time he realizes the force of Tawney’s statement that “ the assumption that the stimulus of imminent personal want is either the only spur or a sufficient spur to productive effort is a relic of a crude psychology which has little warrant either in past history or in present ex perience.” 3 Mr. Campbell also calls attention to an interesting incongruity in the New Zealand child endowment act which he illustrates by the hypothetical case given below: The parent of eight children, six of whom are beneficiaries under th e scheme, has nothing to gain by any weekly wage increase between £ 4 and £ 4 12s., nor will he suffer any n et reduction in income by a fall in his wage from th e larger to th e smaller sum. W ith th e allowance a t its present low ra te th is is n ot serious, b u t future increases in th e rate will expand th e “ doldrums ” in which th e individual is liable to find himself. This should be remedied by th e adoption of some such form ula as th e following (accepting present rates for illustration): T he “ basic incom e” shall be £ 4 weekly plus 2s. per child in excess of two, and th e family allowance shall be a t th e weekly rate of 2s. per child, th e to ta l allowance being diminished by one-half of any excess of actual earnings and allowance combined over th e “ basic incom e.” Some advocates of child endowment argue that the greater sense of security given under such a system to the fathers of families should make for improved efficiency and consequently higher production. Mr. Campbell thinks that the weight of this factor is likely to be underrated in considering the wide adoption of family allowances. influence on General Wage Levels ACCORDING to Mr. Campbell, organized labor under family• allowance systems should be vigilant in maintaining at least established wage standards. This is especially true in times when instability in prices and perplexing money values “ expose those standards to insidious influences not readily apprehended.” The writer thinks this danger is a very grave one in New Zealand. Wages there are arbitrarily fixed from time to time by court decrees, “ and it is not inconceivable that the provision of children’s allowances from a source other than wages may be taken to justify a smaller wage.” It may also be argued, however, that these allowances as granted in New Zealand will increase labor’s bargaining power by taking away some of “ the sting in the whip of starvation which now gives employers such an advantage in a strike or lockout.” The fact that the New Zealand child endowment act was backed by an “ antisocialist government” is responsible, Mr. Campbell maintains, for the measure’s having escaped being scored as “ so cialistic.” In connection with the practice of labeling family allowances “ doles” he says: To th e father of three children who happens to be in the highest income-group th e S tate makes a tax reduction of £33 15s., or 13s. weekly. The m an receiving less th a n £4 weekly and having three dependent children is allowed 2s. weekly, and this can not unreasonably be regarded as a refund of a p a rt of his indirect taxation. Of these tw o forms of S tate aid to th e family m an, why should the 2s. weekly and not th e 13s. weekly be stigm atized as a “ do le” ? 3 T aw ney, R ichard H enry: T h e Sickness of an A cquisitive Society. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1063] L ondon, 1920, p. 78. 114 MONTHLY LABOR BEVIEW Advantages of a National System 'T'H E author is apparently strongly in favor of “ one comprehensive A national, State-financed system which he thinks has distinct advantages because (1) it makes possible a completeness and regularity which could not otherwise be secured; (2) it results in economy of administration and facilitates the imposing of social welfare provisions—for example, those in clauses 5 and 8 of the above summary of the act—which might be vigorously objected to if imposed by private employers; (3) child welfare, the essential ob jective of child endowment is of “ paramount national concern” and therefore justifies direct State action. Mr. Campbell regards it as a “ most glaring” anomaly to exclude from the benefits of the act families, no matter how poverty stricken, which have only one or two children. “ I t may be,” he says, “ that the basic income of £4 weekly covers the requirements of a 4-member family, but this is not a strong reason for withholding even a pittance from children whose parents are not in receipt of that basic wage.” It is suggested that the first amendment to the act should be in direction of the relief of children in these smaller families. The author is aware of the dangers besetting the principle of family allowances but he insists that against these dangers actual present evils must be weighed. As a comprehensive measure of child welfare, however, th ey [these allowances] are to be approved, and their direct provision by means of taxation provides an em inently satisfactory form of S tate activity, promising, w ithout diminishing production, to improve th e distribution of w ealth by the transfer of purchasing power to a m ost deserving quarter. F a m ily E n d o w m en t A ct o f N ew S o u th W ales HE Review for June, 1927 (pp. 127, 128), gave some account of the legislative fight in New South Wales over the effort to secure a family endowment scheme coupled with a basic wage. A bill was finally passed providing that the endowment scheme should not come into effect until the industrial commission had declared a wage based on the needs of a man and wife without children, but that such a declaration must be made before July 1, 1927. On June 27 the commission issued its findings, setting the basic wage at £4 5s.1 a week for men and £2 6s. for women. This was an increase for men of Is. and for women of 3s. 6d. per week over the wage prevailing up to that time. Thereupon the premier immediately issued an announcement that the family endowment act should come into effect on June 30, 1927. The text of the family endowment act is not yet at hand, but the Industrial Bulletin of New Zealand, the organ of the Employers’ Federation, contains a summary of its terms in the issue for August 10, 1927. The main purpose of the act is to insure allowances to families for the benefit of children. Under the terms of the act the allowance is made only for children under 14, and only to families in which the income falls below a certain sum. The basic wage of T 1 A t par p o u n d =$4.8665, shilling=24.3 cents, penny=2.03 cents; exchange ra te about par. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1064] FAMILY ENDOWMENT IN NEW SOUTH WALES 115 £4 5s. is supposed to provide for the needs of a man and his wife, and for each child under 14 an additional income of 5s. a week is to be made sure. If the family income is over the basic wage, the allowance is paid only to such an extent as may be necessary to bring the amount up to the basic wage plus 5s. for each child under 14. Thus if a man with three children under 14 earns precisely the basic wage, £4 5s. a week, the allowance will be paid for all three of the children, bringing the income up to £5 a week; if he earns £4 10s., the allowance will be paid for two children; if he earns £4 15s., the allowance will be paid for only one child, and if he earns £5, no allowance is made. The allowance is in all cases to be paid to the mother, or the person representing her, or the person who has legal custody and is respon sible for the maintenance of the child or children. The allowance is based on annual, not on weekly income. I t is specifically provided th a t no certificate of endow m ent shall be issued in any case where th e family income in th e 12 m onths imm ediately preceding th e date of claim exceeds th e am ount of the living wage, plus £ 13 for each child in th e family. This means th a t although the fam ily’s weekly earnings m ay exceed the weekly basic wage, if through interm itten t em ploym ent or other cause th e annual income does not exceed, or is less than th e basic wage, th e family is entitled to claim for th e full am ount of endowment. The act is to be administered by a commissioner, who is appointed by the governor for seven years, a registrar of family endowment, and other officers. Anyone wishing to claim the benefit of the act must make out an application setting forth his qualifications, and after the registrar has investigated the truth of the statements, the claim is referred to a magistrate, who is empowered to recommend it for payment, to postpone it or to recommend it for rejection. The certificate of endowment, issued if the claim is approved, may not be for more than one year, and application for continuance of the allowance must be made in the same manner as the original claim. The payment of endowments is to be made in fortnightly instalments, which must be claimed within 21 days after becoming due or be forfeited. A fund for the payment of allowances is established by the act, the principal source of income being an assessment of 3 per cent upon the total amount of wages paid by private employers and statutory authorities within the State. If employees are working under a Fed eral award, the amount of this levy is reduced. Employers whose total pay roll for the year does not exceed £150 are exempt from the levy. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ri065] LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AND CONGRESSES R eport of E x ecu tive C ou n cil of A m erica n F ed eration of Labor, 1927 HE Forty-Seventh Annual Convention of the American Federa tion of Labor opened in Los Angeles, Calif., October 3, 1927. The report of the executive council of the organization to this meeting outlines in brief the record of the Federation’s work of the past year and defines the policy of the council regarding the present outstanding problems facing organized labor. Excerpts from this document are given below: T Membership and Finance federation includes 49 State federations and has 4 departments, i06 national and international unions, 742 local department coun cils, 794 city central bodies, 365 local trade and federal labor unions, and 29,394 local unions. The total average paid-up membership reported for 1927 is 2,812,407/ an advance of 8,441 over 1926. The Federation has 1,795 general and district organizers and also 19 paid organizers and the officers of nearly 800 city central bodies who are always ready to meet calls for assistance from members of directly affiliated unions in the event of strikes or lockouts. There was a balance on hand August 31, 1926, of $212,391.96 and the receipts for the following 12 months amounted to $524,284.74, making a total of $736,676.70. The total expenditures for the fiscal year aggregated $485,033.96, leaving a balance of $251,642.74, of which $217,839.56 was in the defense fund for local trade and Federal labor unions. Benefit payments by 24 national and international organizations and 14 directly affiliated unions were reported as follows: D eath benefits________________________________ 2$1, 861, 148. 35 D eath benefits to m em bers’ w ives______________ 92, 002. 00 Sick benefits__________________________________ 3 1, 930, 660. 74 Tool insurance________________________________ 2, 051. 00 U nem ploym ent benefits_____ ________ __________ 75, 405. 05 Traveling benefits_____________________________ 165, 108. 61 These sums are constituted largely of the disbursements of inter nationals. The totals include but a small proportion of the aggregate amounts paid out in trade-union benefits, as many of the local unions provide out-of-work, sick, and death benefits. 1I t is estim ated th a t there were at least 500,000 m em bers for w hom the per capita tax was not p aid because of strikes, lockouts, or unem ploym ent. 2 Includes some d isab ility benefits. 3 Includes some d isab ility benefits for boot and shoe workers, m aintenance of U nion P rin te rs’ Home, old-age pensions, operation of trad e school for apprentices by p rinting pressm en’s union, and operating tuberculous sanitarium , home for aged, and trad e schools for m em bers of typographical union. 116 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10661 REPORT OF EXECUTIVE COUNCIL A. F. OF L. 117 Achievements toward mutual understanding.—Numerous employers P ROGRESS and a large proportion of the general public are beginning to realize “ that in addition to its militant functions the union is the agency through which the workers can make their fullest contribution to industry and society.” This changed attitude is due in a considerable degree “ to the new emphasis labor has put upon its constructive work. By shifting attention from problems of defense or aggression to those of constructive building, the relative importance of the sus tained work of the union becomes more obvious.” Five-day week.—In 1926 labor set for itself a new objective—the 5-day week. Some unions may make this a direct purpose, while others still have an “ intermediate goal” to attain. A large propor tion of the unorganized still have a long working-day. Constructive work of trade-unions.—Practically every union has some distinctive, constructive activity through which it is making the union more valuable to its members and the industry. Practically all establishments in which there are collective agreements have devel oped some kind of continuous cooperation with their employees. Among these schemes are: An agency for th e interpretation of th e agreem ent and for th e adjustm ent of difficulties and new problems arising out of th e contract. An agency of this type becomes a controlling factor in the work experience of th e industry and enables th e workers to participate in decisions of vital im portance to them. A rbitration based upon research. Joint determ ination of production standards. Union control over work opportunities and supply of workers has changed in term itten t work to stable em ployment under good conditions. Jo in t undertakings for th e education of apprentices to assure standards of craftsm anship. Provisions to rew ard craftsm anship. A union technical school which trains apprentices and furnishes technical aid to union workers in industry so th a t craftsm en may get th e best possible results from their labor. Care for th e health of workers—various general undertakings, as well as sick benefits, insurance, and such elaborate services as th e union health bureau. Regular presentation of unsatisfactory work conditions and m ethod which unremedied would result in waste and-losses. Jo in t com mittees of m anagem ent and unions to consider and recommend economical and improved work methods in railway shops. Joint committees of union and m anagem ent to improve street railway service. Joint committees in the paper industry to adjust. Maintenance of union wage standards.—In the past year the unions of the Federation have generally succeeded in preventing the reduc tion of wages and a considerable number of organizations have nego tiated wage increases. The establishment of union rates has tended to raise wages even among the unorganized. The council emphasizes, however, that “ there are still thousands of unorganized workers working for wages that are far below wages necessary to maintain American standards of living. We regret the impression carried abroad by some reporters and commissions that high wages generally prevail.” The council invites unskilled unorganized workers whose wages are below the decent living line to join the ranks of the Federation. We have been publishing in th e American Federationist a series of studies on wages, discussing th e relations of wages to prices and productivity. These studies https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11067] 118 MONTHLY LABOE BEVIEW indicate th a t wages have generally increased in am ount and w ith reference to prices. W ith reference to productivity wage m ovem ents are n ot so regular and it is evident th a t there is need of d a ta to show th e way to wages th a t will provide a purchasing dem and proportionate to increases in production. Our present plan is to utilize statistics of the m anufacturers census and to m ake th e results available by industries. The studies will be published in th e American Federationist. This undertaking we feel is a distinct step forward. For th e first tim e labor is exploring the field of governm ent statistics to ascertain w hether its share in national income is equitable and w hether wages paid to wage earners will enable them to share in advances in m aterial civilization. T hat th e idea of higher wages has gained in popular acceptance and th a t the Federation has begun studies of wages, m ark a definite stage in progress tow ard clearer understanding and discussion of wages. (For details of policy see Labor Review for October, 1927, page 129.) Progress in education.—Trade-unions are counseled to recognize more and more fully that they must have recourse to educational methods. Various kinds of educational work are already being carried on by the union, special reference being made to the educa tional activities of the national and international unions through their official organs and trade training and to the discussion groups and study classes of many labor organizations. The stimulating leader ship of the workers’ education bureau receives cordial comment from the council, the active affiliations of that bureau being reported as including 52 national and international unions, 23 State federations of labor, 68 central labor unions, and 360 local unions. Among the educational conferences and institutes of the last 12 months under trade-union auspices, the council regards as particularly important the conference on the elimination of waste, in Philadelphia,4 which resulted in another constructive meeting on the stabilization of employment.5 Pan American congress.—The Pan American Federation of Labor at its recent congress6 “ gave evidence that it had a definite rôle in promoting peace and good will between the peoples of Pan America.” The organization “ will be a power against imperialism and exploita tion.” No compromise with communists.—The council reports success in the past year in defeating communistic schemes to secure control of trade-unions and states its belief that “ there can be no compromise with communists because their purpose is the destruction of tradeunions and the inculcation of class war.” Subjects Upon Which Union Policies Should be Formulated P R O V IS IO N for old age.—The old-age-pension policies of certain * unions affiliated with the Federation are heartily commended, and the hope is expressed that other unions may adopt like policies. Furthermore, a comprehensive study of all old-age-pension plans, including the insurance system, is recommended in order that advice and suggestions may be made available for the officers and members of the Federation’s affiliated organizations. Investment oj union fonds.—Trade-union assests are quite sub stantial. A very incomplete summary in 1926 which included reports of national and international organizations, but not of the funds of numerous local unions, showed assets totaling $35,897,727.36. 4A report on th is congress is given in th e L abor Review for Ju ly , 1927, pp. 41-43. {See pp. 122 of th is issue of th e Review . ‘For a résum é of th is congress, see L abor Review for Septem ber, 1927, pp. 90-95. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1068] REPORT OF EXECUTIVE COUNCIL A. F . OF L. 119 The investment of union funds is stated to be “ a serious problem for the labor movement.” The report states that repeated notes of caution have been sounded by the Federation regarding experiments in labor banking. Experience along this line is now sufficient “ to make a solemn note of warning imperative.” In the council’s judg ment, “ the time has come to stop expansion in the field of labor banking until experience with those labor banks already organized shall have been critically studied and evaluated.” Important Problems Among the problems now facing the labor movement the following four are listed as “ outstanding:” 1. Legal status.—The interpretation of law and procedure in equity courts are seriously hampering trade-union work, according to the report of the council, which submits a list of cases to illustrate the gravity of the situation. In order to -g iv e th e trade-unions not only legal existence b u t th e right to exercise their norm al functions, two legislative remedies m ust be enacted: Amend m ent of a n titru st and anticom bination legislation to prevent restriction of normal union activity, as is possible under present law, and definition of the jurisdiction of equity courts. We believe there should be freedom of association for economic agencies because associated effort is essential for those experiences and economies necessary to most efficient production results, and, on th e other hand, associated effort is necessary for m ost constructive functioning of all groups connected w ith production. We hold the right of labor to organize into trade-unions and th e exercise of their norm al functions should n o t be questioned. We concede th e necessity for safe guards to prevent monopolistic evils on th e p a rt of all other forms of associations. We shall subm it to Congress legislative drafts and shall give these measures priority in our legislative efforts. We shall seek the cooperation of other interested groups. Use of “ yellow dog c o n tra cts” has not decreased. Employers in m any States have been compelling their employees to sign contracts not to belong to unions as a condition of employment. In other instances we find employers requiring their workers to belong to “ com pany unions.” We note th e efforts in some States to secure legislation declaring yellow dog contracts contrary to public policy and we hope these efforts will be helpful in reducing this evil. 2. Unionization oí highly machinized industries.-—Mass production has brought about another industrial revolution with changes com parable to those effected by the inauguration of the factory system. In mass production individuals are assigned highly repetitive jobs, the former task of the craftsman being subdivided into repetitive operations carried on by a number of workers. “ For example, in the automobile industry there are 34 job designations given work previously called the work of one craft. This production technique in quantity and mass production requires new kinds of skill and new group bases for organization of the workers into unions. In practi cally none of these industries are the workers organized.” The problem of organizing them presents tw o aspects W hat shall be th e basis of union organization and w hat agency shall be responsible for organizing them ? The work organization in mass production industries is such th a t there m ust be a new basis of appeal. The industry or the plant m ust be studied in order to find a basis which would introduce elements of unity and joint interests. _ The responsi bility m ust lie w ith a federated body—locally the central labor union and nation ally, th e Federation. All unions would gain from such planning and foresight. There is need for study of the mass production industries in order th a t we may know the probability of industrial development in this direction. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1069] 120 MONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW 3. How to sustain members’ interest in union activities.— First, among union administrative problems is the maintenance of a per manent, active, and efficient membership. Members must be made to realize that the union is “ permanently necessary to them as a business agency and as a medium to express their needs and wishes as workers.” To bring about such a realization effective publicitjr is required for the various trade organizations and the federated labor movement. Moreover, it is highly desirable that unions maintain activities which will give every member an opportunity for personal service. When a few do all the work, the inactive majority soon lose interest. The importance of the unions’ providing means for educational development and social features is also stressed. As a further stimulus to loyalty and support unions should con sider providing additional benefits and services such as investment advice and opportunities, insurance, employment service, unemploy ment aids, and old-age pensions. 4. Company unions.—The isolation of the company union makes it incapable of setting standards for labor. Such an agency is for the administration of a company’s affairs and “ is not an economic and social force.” Com pany unions do not sponsor great m oral or social issues; th ey do not p articipate in com m unity or national affairs; they do n ot p articipate in funda m ental decisions in th eir own industry affecting workers directly; th ey do not even participate on an equal footing in th e decisions concerning them w ithin their own com pany; they do not venture to give th e ir m anagem ent th e benefit of th eir own work experiences which are invaluable in evaluating technical pro cedure and in knowing when and how changes are necessary. Some corporations which have organized com pany unions are spending consid erable sum s of money on employee representation and welfare work. In addi tion to these inducem ents they add group insurance, old age pension and employee stock ownership plans. Obviously, th e purpose of these coi'porations is to con tro l and influence th e w orker so th a t he will be bound to his position. In bind ing him in this w ay he is compelled to forego th e exercise of fundam ental rights. This is th e price th e workers m ust pay for th e p atern al care which corporations exercise over them . Through such a process th e y are called upon to surrender certain fundam ental rights such as freedom of decision and action. Such a policy is contrary to the public welfare and to the advancem ent of individual interest. The council advocates union-management cooperation—the joint activity of two equal groups, which “ is much more fundamental and effective than employee representation plans for cooperating with management.” T he question a t issue here is not one th a t should be decided by conflict— unless employers force th a t course. I t is a serious problem th a t m ust be m et by indi vidual unions as well as th e labor m ovem ent as a whole. P h ilo so p h y o f th e C a rp en ters’ U n io n HE philosophy of the United Brotherhood of .Carpenters and Joiners is discussed in an article in the Political Science Quar terly for September, 1927 (pp. 397-418). As the attitude of this union reflects that of the American Federation of Labor and as it is the largest and strongest craft union affiliated with that body, its official attitude is of importance. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1070] PHILOSOPHY OF T H E CARPENTERS’ UNION 121 Attitude toward Legislation '"THE attitude of the brotherhood toward legislative action as a means of gaining labor’s ends has varied with circumstances, though in the main “ legislation has been looked upon as a helpful and necessary complement to trade-unionism in the fight for better conditions among the workers.” Although little is known of the attitude of the early local carpenters’ unions toward legislation, it is probable that many of them supported the various legislative movements prior to the Civil War. When the Knights of Labor was organized a large number of carpenters’ locals joined that organization. In the early years after the formation of the brotherhood, that body looked to legislation to secure not only measures which could not be obtained by collective bargaining but also those which could. The eight-hour day through legislation was advocated, although at the same time the carpenters were also carrying on strikes to obtain the same end. Other legislation favored included mechanics’ lien laws (the carpenters’ support being largely responsible for the pas sage of such a law in Pennsylvania), stringent immigration laws, the bimetallic money standard, etc. The faith in the possibilities of legislation has faded and the union now depends largely upon collective bargaining “ for the attainment of all that pertains to the standardization policy.” The brother hood has never depended upon law for improving the wages of its own members, but it does take an official stand as to wages of certain groups handicapped in bargaining for themselves—as women, children and public employees. In this way it has stood for the weekly pay ment of wages, for equal pay for equal work in public employments, and for the abolition of payment in scrip and in kind. As regards hours of work, the brotherhood now relies solely upon collective bargaining, backed up by strikes when necessary, but still favors legislation for those who can not bargain effectively, and sup ports laws providing for the eight-hour day on public works and in public employment, and reducing the hours of employment of women and children. I t opposes compulsory arbitration of labor disputes, and the inter vention of the Government to that end. “ The brotherhood itself has never been confronted with this possibility, but it has scented danger in the introduction of compulsory arbitration into other industries.” It holds that compulsory arbitration strikes at the very heart of unionism, for if the right to strike is taken away the union ceases to be an important factor in improving the condition of the wage earners. I t also opposes convict labor as being in competition with free labor, and so in cutting down wages; opposes the sweating system and child labor; and favors State laws providing for factory and mine inspection. In general the brotherhood has merely expressed approval of proposed labor laws rather than actively to work for such measures. The reason for this policy is that most of these measures have not affected the brotherhood directly. In those in which this union has had a direct concern—measures affecting the general status of tradeunions, of strikes, and of the boycott—it has been vigorous in its action and has given generously both of time and money. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1071] 122 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Relations with the Courts E brotherhood’s disillusionment as to the effectiveness of legislation is largely the result of its loss of faith in the administration of the law. “ I t has learned by experience that even if after a long and bitter fight a favorable piece of legislation is finally enacted/’ a court interpretation may render it useless as far as labor is con cerned. Gains made by collective bargaining, however, can not usually be taken away by the court. The carpenters have especially denounced the use of the injunction in labor disputes, having been “ often and seriously embarrassed by that instrument.” Attitude Toward Political Action brotherhood has from the beginning maintained an official policy of nonpartisan political activity. No union has been more wholeheartedly in support of the American Federation of Labor’s official attitude of “ supporting its friends and punishing its enemies” than that of the carpenters. Though the union has contained a minority favoring separate political action, the majority has always been opposed to it, even during the campaign of 1924, when the American Federation of Labor seemed to have departed from its policy of neutrality. Social Philosophy A LTHOUGH the inside men in the union, the furniture workers, have always been more or less socialistically inclined, this has not been true of the outside workers to any extent. At the present time the constitution of the brotherhood contains a clause favoring Government ownership of public utilities and transportation facil ities, but this clause is not being actively supported and it is stated that the members generally appear to be unaware even that the organization has taken this stand. The article concludes as follows: The brotherhood represents perhaps as well as any other union th e opportunist philosophy of the Federation and is one of its staunchest defenders. There seems to be no im m ediate prospect of any real change in th e brotherhood’s philosophy. The organization has unquestionably been successful, and by its national officers as well as by those members who analyze th e situation m uch of th a t success is attrib u ted to th e opportunistic philosophy of th e union. As long as th e brother hood continues to succeed, it will be loath to give th a t policy up, w hether or not it has been as large a factor in the union’s success as th e carpenters themselves believe. Labor’s Unemployment Conference S NOTED in the July, 1927, issue of the Labor Review (pp. 41-43) a conference on the elimination of waste was held early in April, under the auspices of the trade-union movement of Philadelphia. That conference developed the fact that the main source of industrial waste is unemployment. It was, therefore, decided to hold a second conference devoted to the subject of unem ployment. A A m e ric a n Fed eratio n ist. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W ashington, Septem ber, 1927, pp. 1050-1094. [1072] LABOB’S UNEM PLOYM ENT CONFEBENCE 12 3 The conference on unemployment took place July 30 and 31 at Bryn Mawr College and like the previous conference was attended not only by trade-unionists but also by economists, statisticians, and others. I t is stated that “ the conference did not attempt to solve the problem, but it at least made two things clear—first, that the problem of unemployment is not insoluble, and second, that any far-reaching solution involves not only advance planning but also the cooperation of labor and management and the consumer in a common task.” Israel Mufson, secretary of the Philadelphia Labor College, under whose auspices (jointly with the Central Labor Union of that city) the conference was held, pointed out that all trade-unionists are aware of the evils brought by unemployment, but labor does not look upon unemployment as an irremediable condition. He empha sized, however, that the elimination of unemployment will be a long task, needing for its accomplishment those who do not insist upon immediate results but who have the vision and faith to keep on working for an end whose attainment they themselves ma37never see. Labor’s Attempts Toward the Solution of Unemployment 'T H E point of view of organized labor toward the problem, was 1 presented by speakers representing, respectively, the glass bottle blowers, the photo-engravers, and the ladies’ garment workers. Harry Jenkins, secretary of the Glass Bottle Blowers’ Association, reviewed the employment conditions brought about in the glass industry by the introduction of machinery. Until 1898 practically all the work was done by hand. From that time onward, one machine after another was introduced, throwing the skilled hand workers out of employment. The union met the situation constructively, how ever, not opposing the machines but training the men to operate them, suggesting the introduction of continuous operation in three 8-hour shifts, etc. The union has, at the same time, endeavored to reduce the cost of operation to the hand manufacturers, so as to enable them to remain in business and compete with the machine plants. Elias Reisberg, vice president of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, pointed out the special burden of unemployment in the women’s wear industry, due to the enforced lay-offs summer and winter resulting from the seasonal demand for the products of the industry. Workers in the industry have employment only about 31 of the 52 weeks in each year. As the union could not attempt the payment of unemployment benefits such as are paid by unions in other industries, because of the greatness of the problem, it looked about for other ways of meeting the situation. Those adopted were: The securing of wages during the period of employment high enough to tide the worker over the slack season; reduction of the hours of work so as to provide jobs for a greater number of workers; penalizing overtime by requiring payment at the rate of time and a half or double time and prohibiting it entirely during the slack season, also with the idea of spreading the jobs among a greater number of workers; insisting on the practice of equal division of work among the force; and prohibiting home work. 08404°— 27----- 9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1073 ] 12 4 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Notwithstanding all this, the union has not succeeded in doing away with unemployment or even in diminishing it, because of certain other factors with which the union can not cope—style changes, shift of demand to fur instead of cloth coats, simplification of gar ments’requiring less work, the practice of “ hand-to-mouth” buying which always means rush orders and results in still further shortening the season. The union has attempted to combat this by the introduc tion of an unemployment fund, supported by union and employers jointly. This has worked well in Cleveland, but due to internal difficulties in the union organization in New York City the fund which had been established there has been suspended until July, 1928. The unemployment fund does not diminish unemployment but does alleviate the hardships of being out of work. Warner D. Curry, business representative of the International Photo-Engravers’ Union, emphasized the fact that labor must take an active interest in finding the solution of the unemployment problem. The time has passed when trade-unions could confine their efforts to strictly organization matters, and every union should now have its affairs so arranged that its officers will have time to devote to the big economic and industrial issues, such as unemployment. Suggested Remedial Measures I_| E. BARTOW, secretary of the Peirce School of Business Adminio istration, pointed out that unemployment in and around Philadelphia seems to be on the increase and that while in former years only the less desirable workers were affected, now some of the best workers find themselves out of work. He urged that labor unions should gather and publish statistics of employment, that they assist workers to get jobs, and that there be closer cooperation between employers and employees. Edward Eyre Hunt, secretary of the President’s Conference on Unemployment, 1921, emphasized the need of sound statistics as a basis for national planning to avoid unemployment, and noted that since the holding of the President’s conference on unemployment much has been learned about controlling the extremes of the business cycle, and the Government is committed to the policy of using public works to supply employment in slack times, but there is still a long distance to go toward stabilizing employment in seasonal industries. Charles H. Chase, of the Institute of Economics, was of the opinion that too much emphasis has been placed on statistics of past un employment, and that the budget method be used in planning for future work. “ To the student of the budget method the statistics that are of most interest are not statistics of past decades, but statis tics of prospective economic requirements—statistics of available resources, statistics of current industrial, commercial, and financial projects, and statistics of actual and contemplated agreements and arrangements for the carrying on of various types of economic activity, the employment of labor, the distribution of to-morrow’s income, and the purchase of the product of industry as it prospectively will be coming to the markets. Budgeting means comprehensive balanc ing of prospective wants and forward projects.” Not only is such budgeting possible but it is actually being evolved in American industry. No concentration of administrative power is https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1 0 7 4 1 CANADIAN TEADES AND LABOE CONGEESS 125 necessary for such a system on a national scale but only that “ all major contemplated and contracted activities’' be reported. This is now being done in agriculture, road construction, on the railroads, etc. The relation between security of employment and the whole machinery of finance and credit should be steadily kept in mind, in the opinion of Miss Mary Van Kleeck, director of the department of industrial studies of the Russell Sage Foundation. Fluctuations in buying power are intimately related to security of employment. She urged, also, greater cooperation of unions with their State bureaus of labor statistics in gathering employment data. M e etin g of C an ad ian T rades and Labor C on gress, 1927 1 HE Trades and Labor Congress of Canada held its forty-third annual convention at Edmonton, Alberta, August 22-26, 1927. For the first time in several years an increase in paid-up mem bership was reported, such increase being 11,325 or approximately 11 per cent. The attitude of the congress on various matters is disclosed by the following resume of adopted resolutions: In favor of abolishing all private employment bureaus and extend ing free government agencies. In favor of the enactment of legislation compelling employers to make known, in advertising for workers, whenever a trade dispute exists. Instructing the executive council to seek an amendment to the immigration act, which would prohibit the importation of industrial workers unless it was previously certified “ as being required by the Government Employment Service.” In favor of having “ the administration of the alien labor act placed under a responsible minister of the Crown.” For amendments to the immigration act, which would make those who sought to bring immigrants to the Dominion financially responsi ble for such immigrants for not less than 12 months. Urging the extension of free education and free school books. Pressing for the raising of the standards of teachers and for a mini mum wage for school teachers in certain Provinces. Seeking amendments to Dominion and Provincial fair wage regulations. Recommending that the convention go on record as indorsing the principle of the 5-day, 40-hour, week and urging all affiliated bodies to do their utmost to put it into effect. Approving of legislation in the Province of Quebec allowing a rest of 24 consecutive hours a week to employees in the mechanical department of the theatrical industry. Requesting that Federal office cleaners be compensated on an annual salary basis with sick leave, holidays with pay, and old-age pensions. 9 Favoring the reclassification of the letter-carrier service with a view to more adequate salaries in such service. T i L abor G azette, O ttaw a, Septem ber, 1927, p p . 967-982, and C anadian Congress Journal, O ttaw a, Septem ber, 1927, p p . 9-16. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11075] 126 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW For the taking away of the power of the civil service commission to establish salary schedules. Indorsing a request for an amendment to the bankruptcy and winding-up act so that claimants for wages and salaries be given priority over other creditors. Requesting legislation to compel power companies to provide safety for their employees and the public. Approving various other proposals in the interest of health and safety, including the proper protection of operators on spraying machines, the wrapping of bread in wax paper, and the discontinuance of the making or manufacturing of clothing for commercial purposes in wage-earners’ homes. In favor of the extension of minimum wage legislation. For the extension of old-age-pension legislation to all Provinces. In favor of securing amendments to the criminal code in order to allow peaceful picketing. Urging the organization of women and young workers. Opposing “ the interference of all foreigners into the political, economic, and industrial life of China.” The congress refused to approve a resolution requesting “ that the convention protest against the breaking off of trade relations between Canada and the Union of Soviet Republics.” A special committee appointed by the convention reported on workmen’s compensation, making a number of recommendations with a view to bringing about more equitable compensation for indus trial accidents and greater uniformity in Canadian compensation legislation. Tom Moore, the president of the congress, and P. M. Draper, its secretary-treasurer, were reelected by acclamation. The 1928 con vention will meet in Toronto. C o n fed era tio n of Labor of E cuador to H old Labor C ongress HE national directorate of the Ecuadorian Confederation of Labor has issued a call for a labor congress to be held at Quito beginning October 9, 1927, according to a report from Consul Harold D. Clum, at Guayaquil, dated August 13, 1927. The purpose of this congress is to study and make recommenda tions regarding laws which have been adopted and those which are under consideration by the Government relating to the working classes. The congress is to be composed of two delegates from each provincial branch of the confederation. T M e etin g o f th e E n g lish T ra d es-U n io n C on gress, 1927 HE fifty-ninth annual meeting of the trades-union congress was held in Edinburgh from September 5 to 10, inclusive. A summary of its proceedings is given in the Ministry of Labor Gazette (London) for September, 1927. There were 646 delegates in attendance, or, present, representing 170 organizations with a member ship of 4,163,994. This was a decrease of 201,625 from the member- T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1076 ] E N G LISH TRADES-UNION CONGRESS 127 ship represented at the last annual meeting. The most serious decreases were found in the trades dealing with metals, machines, and conveyances, which had lost 78,335; in the paper and printing trades, which showed a loss of 75,003 ; and in the railway service with a decline of 20,983. The textile trades, building and public works contracting, and the organizations of Government workers showed increases in membership. Important matters handled during the meeting were the attitude of the congress toward the trade disputes and trade-unions act, which had become law a few weeks earlier; the question of organization by industry rather than by craft; the matter of unemployment; the relation between the British trade-union movement and the Russian movement; and a number of miscellaneous resolutions dealing with various questions of fair wages, hours, the attitude of the Govern ment, and the like. On the question of the trades dispute act, the congress expressed itself in no uncertain tones. A resolution was passed unanimously, of which the first and the last two paragraphs are as follows: This congress em phatically protests against th e action of th e G overnm ent in its a tta c k upon th e labor m ovem ent by forcing th e trades disputes and tradeunions bill through th e House of Commons w ithout any attem p t a t im partial prelim inary inquiry or m andate from th e people. This congress hereby affirms its determ ination to m aintain in their entirety the rights and liberties which th e p ast efforts of th e organized workers have secured, including th e full right of com bination by all workers and th e application of th e strike, to be used as and when and in w hat m anner m ay be found necessary, either to secure im provem ents in th eir working conditions, to establish a rightful status of labor in th e economic life of th e country, or to resist any attem p ts to depress th e workers’ economic conditions. This congress pledges itself to wmrk steadfastly for th e repeal of this iniquitous measure, and calls upon th e working class of G reat B ritain to exercise its fullest political power to remove from office th e present G overnm ent, which, dom inated by organized capital and hereditary class privilege and prejudice, has so unscrupu lously used its position to injure th e industrial and political organization of th e workers. Indicative of the same kind of feeling w as the official answer which the congress made to the Prime Minister’s appeal for fuller coopera tion between employers and workers. No other group could be more desirous of industrial peace, it stated, than the congress, representing the views of the workers. I t is compelled, however, to inform Mr. Baldwin th a t th e greatest hindrance to a response to these appeals is th e legislative and industrial policy pursued by him and his G overnm ent, and especially th eir attacks on th e wage standards and liberties of th e workers, th e ir action in lengthening th e m iners’ hours, an d the deliberate class bias displayed in th e trad e disputes an d trade-unions act. The im m ediate repeal of such repressive legislation would be th e best evidence of th e sincerity and honesty of Mr. Baldwin and his Governm ent. Failing this, th e congress declares th a t th e country should be given an im m ediate opportunity of pronouncing a verdict upon th e present G overnm ent’s policy. The question of organization by industry was decided adversely, one of the main objections being the impossibility of fixing any pre cise boundaries of an industry. A resolution on unemployment was carried, deploring the inaction of the present Government, declaring that the problem can be satisfactorily dealt with only on the lines laid down by the labor movement, and demanding a full recognition of the principle of wrnrk or maintenance. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1077 ] 128 MONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW Relations with Russia were discussed at length. The Russian labor representatives were criticized for their apparent inability to understand the democratic basis of English trade-unionism, and for their tendency to indulge in abuse when the British representatives differed from them. Under the circumstances it was decided “ that no useful purpose will be served by continuing negotiations with the All Russian Council of Trade-Unions so long as their attitude and policy are maintained/’ At the same time a resolution was passed unanimously deploring the termination of the trade agreement with Russia and the breaking off of diplomatic relations. The action of the labor representatives on the Blanesburgh com mittee in signing the Blanesburgh report on unemployment insurance (see Labor Review, issue of April, 1927, p. 47) was censured in a resolution passed by a vote of 1,836,000 to 1,419,000. The failure of the Government to ratify the Washington hours convention was condemned, and the general council was called upon to do its best to secure, in the proposed new factories bill, a maximum working week of 48 hours. O ther resolutions dealt w ith the observance of th e fair wage clause in contracts for public bodies; th e establishm ent of m unicipal banks; th e proposed abolition of th e M inistry of T ransport; th e underm anning of trailers attach ed to mechani cally propelled vehicles; th e admission of trades councils to congress; employ m ent of blind persons; proposed deputation to In d ia to report on labor conditions; codification of factory legislation; extension of workm en’s com pensation act; health research; repeal of coal mines act, 1926; im provem ent of young workers’ conditions; shop hours; abolition of night baking; continuance of th e ren t act; encouragem ent of building of houses to let; and th e am endm ent of th e theatrical em ployers’ registration act. B om b ay T ex tile Labor U n io n HE Bombay textile labor union, formed in 1926, has recently issued its first report, giving an account of its organization and its work. This, which is the second largest textile union in India, came into existence as a direct result of the Bombay cotton strike of 1925. (See Labor Review for February, 1926, pp. 226228.) Previous to this there had been a few small unions in the Bombay mills, but they had been scattered and ineffective. During the strike period, however, the employees in general came to realize the desirability of having one strong union catering to the needs of all the textile unions. Also, the help which came to the strikers from the English trade-unions and from the international movement gave them a new idea of what strong and well-organized unions could accomplish, and the success of the strike roused great enthusiasm and fired the workers with the idea of a newTorganization on a sound basis . through which they could make further progress. The new body was formed on January 1, 1926, by the amalgamation of nine unions already existing and in its first month enrolled 5,000 members. Since then the membership has fluctuated, reaching a little over 9,000 at its highest point. The average membership for the year, counting only those who paid dues, was nearly 6,000, of whom the majority came from 15 of the 60 mills represented. Like many of the other Indian trade associations, this is an indus trial rather than a craft union. The mills are grouped into centers, T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1078] BOMBAY TEXTILE LABOR UNION 12 9 each mill being attached to the center nearest it, having its own mill committee and electing representatives to the center committee. The functions of th e mill and center com mittees are purely advisory; they consider questions affecting th e centers and mills concerned, th eir growth and developm ent and th e arrangem ent for collections, th e com plaints and th e like. B ut th eir m ain obj ect is to create interest in th e m inds of th e workers themselves in th e work of th e union and sustain it as far as possible. The affairs of the union as a whole are conducted by a managing committee, which consists of representatives of the workers elected in the ratio of one representative for each 200 members in a mill, together with the officers of the central body. The managing com mittee has at present a membership of 50, of which only 8, the officials, are nonworkers. During the first year the union directed its attention mainly to secure redress of its members’ grievances. From 54 out of about 80 mills in Bombay the union received 260 complaints. The largest group of complaints, numbering 66, dealt with dismissals which the workers affected considered unjustified, the second, largest, 63, with the holding back of wages, and the third, 37, with fines. As to the disposition of the complaints, the union prosecuted 89 successfully, compromised 22, and had 22 pending when the report was issued. I t had been unsuccessful with 50, and 77 had been dropped orcanceled. I t had been most successful in regard to claims for wages withheld, having succeeded in collecting the full amount claimed in 33 cases, while 16 cases were pending at the close of the year, and only 3 had been lost. The union has also taken an active part in presenting the workers’ views on two questions which the Government has under consider ation—the prompt payment of wages, and the deductions from wages and payments under the name of fines. Financially, the year’s record is striking, as it shows that less than half of the total receipts have been devoted to meeting current expenses, the remainder, 9,222 rupees,1 having been put aside as the nucleus of a fund from which it is hoped in the future to pay benefits. 1 Average exchange ra te of rupee in 1926=36.3 cents. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10791 LABOR TURNOVER Labor T urnover in A m e rica n F a cto ries in F irst N in e M o n th s of 1927 HE accompanying table shows the recent figures of labor turn over experience among American manufacturers reporting to the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. About 300 manufac turers, employing about 550,000 wage earners, are now covered in this monthly survey. Associated with the Metropolitan are several agencies which now carry on periodic local investigations along the general lines established by the company. These local organizations include the University of Michigan Bureau of Business Research, Ohio State University Bureau of Business Research, Brown University Bureau of Business Research, University of Denver, University of Pennsyl vania, Associated Industries of Massachusetts, and Manufacturers' Association of Bridgeport, Conn. Similar local surveys are contem plated in Connecticut by the Connecticut Industrial Council of the Manufacturers’ Association of Connecticut and in Illinois by the State Bureau of Labor Statistics. T A V E R A G E T U R N O V E R R A T E S P E R 100 E M P L O Y E E S O N P A Y R O L L . IN M O N T H S S P E C IF I E D , IN S E L E C T E D A M E R IC A N F A C T O R IE S [M o n th ly rate stated on equivalent annual basis] M o n th V olun T otal Accession separation ta ry quit rate rate rate 1 1927 36.3 41. 7 43.2 47. 5 48.0 45.0 37.8 39. 6 52.6 1 A rithm etical sum of last 3 columns. 40.8 36.9 42. 5 48.3 44. 7 43.9 35. 7 36. 4 51.3 Lay-oil rate 23.1 21.8 29.8 32.4 31.9 29. 1 24. 4 23.0 38.0 12.3 9. 6 6.4 9.7 7.6 8.0 6.0 8.5 6.0 D is charge rate 5.4 5. 5 6.3 6. 2 5.2 6.8 5.3 4.9 7.3 2 Prelim inary. This table indicates that the 300 manufacturing establishments covered by the returns took on more new employees during the month of September than in an}^ former month during the year, the Septem ber rate, computed on an annual basis, being 52.6 per cent. On the other hand, the total separations were greater than for any other month during the year, these separations being at the rate of 51.3 per cent per year. The voluntary quit rate, which is probably pure turn over, was the highest of any month of the year. The lay-off rate, which is due to reduction of force, was low. The discharge rate, which may be due to reduction of force or to turnover, was high. These two combined—that is lay-off and discharge—were higher than for the month of July or August, but lower than for several other months. 130 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1080] 131 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T h e P ro b lem of Labor T urnover in H o sp ita ls 1 HE high rate of labor turnover in industry is equaled, if not exceeded, by the labor turnover in hospitals, according to an article in the September issue of the Modern Hospital in which data collected from a study of 54 hospitals in Greater New York are presented. The 54 institutions studied had a total bed capacity of 34,810, or an average of 645 beds each, and the number of unskilled workers included in the study was 6,411, or an average of 120 in each hospital. The distribution of these workers according to occupation was as follows: Orderlies, 1,520; porters, 1,076; pantrymen, 398; kitchenmen, 643; waiters, 494; maids, 1,388; and laborers, 892. Great variation was found between the different hospitals in the wages paid for similar positions. The range for orderlies, who had the highest rate of turnover, was from $35 to $55 per month with full maintenance, with an average of $47 per month when living in the hospital, while the rates for those living out of the institution ranged from $60 to $75 per month. The rate of turnover among the first group was 37 per cent per month and among the second only 12 per cent. The lower turnover rate among those who were furnished no maintenance other than the noon meal is considered to account for the growing tendency to employ these workers on this basis. The second highest turnover rate, 34 per cent per month, was found among waiters. Their average wage was $42 per month, with main tenance, while porters received an average wage of $47 per month and maintenance. The rate of turnover among the latter group was 28 per cent. In institutions employing waitresses the turnover rate was lower for this class of labor than in those employing waiters and the rate among ward maids whose wages averaged $45 per month was only 17 per cent. The following figures show the annual rate of turnover in three groups of hospitals of varying bed capacities: T A N N U A L R A T E O P T U R N O V E R A M O N G U N S K IL L E D L A B O R IN H O S P IT A L S “ Per cent of turnover for year in hos pitals of— O ccupation 150 beds and less 300 to 400 beds 1,000 beds or over 120 192 144 240 228 96 228 264 288 204 156 156 624 420 516 624 660 264 168 216 516 « The tu rn o v er rates which are given on a m o n th ly basis in the report have been recom puted on an annual basis by m u ltip ly in g th e m o n th ly rate by 12. The fact that there is more opportunity for personal supervision by the executives in the smaller institutions and for a more personal interest in the employees makes for a lower rate of turnover in these establishments, it is said, than in the large hospitals. 1 M odern H ospital, Chicago, Septem ber, 1927, pp. 57-60: H ow can th e labor flux be bro u g h t to an irreducible m inim um ?, b y Jacob Goodfriend, assistant general superintendent, M ontefiore H ospital, New York. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10811 13 2 MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW The principal causes of the large number of changes in hospital personnel were found to be the wages, unsuitable living conditions, length of the. working-day, holidays and vacations, location of the hospital, and unsatisfactory working conditions and food. In addition to these definite causes for dissatisfaction many of these employees come within the class of “ drifters” and others leave out of sympathy for friends who have left either on account of discharge or for other reasons. Wages appear to be on a generally unsatisfactory basis as there does not seem to be enough opportunity for advancement for these workers, and the writer states that every effort should be made to work out definite lines of promotion so that employees will realize they have an opportunity to increase their income and advance in position. In dealing with the question of turnover in hospitals it is not enough to remedy conditions which make for dissatisfaction but it is also necessary to keep out undesirable employees. Theft, either of hos pital property or the property of patients or employees, is usually accepted as one of the necessary hospital evils and is often traceable to the class of employees who drift from place to place. One of the essentials in reducing turnover^ therefore, is keeping out these undesirables and a careful interview before employment, requiring references from former employers, and careful record keeping help to attain this object. Of a total of 190 employees leaving a large hospital in the Middle West in 1923 who were questioned as to the cause for giving up their employment, 39.5 per cent gave no reason for leaving; 14.5 per cent left for higher wages; 14.5 per cent left because the work was too hard; 14 per cent were shifters; 10.5 per cent were dissatisfied with working conditions; and 6.5 per cent left on account of marriage, sickness, or death. Of the 39.5 per cent who gave no reason for leaving it is considered probable that a large pro portion were shifters. Steps to remedy the situation were taken at a recent meeting of hospital executives, representing 45 of the leading institutions in New York City, which was held for the special purpose of devising ways and means of reducing the labor turnover. At this meeting a committee was appointed to create a referehce bureau or clearing house of the hospital help in the city. Under this plan employees will be hired directly by the individual institutions but will be regis tered at a central office, so that records of the services of the employees in all the hospitals will be available. It was also proposed, at a subsequent meeting, to establish in addition to the reference bureau an employment agency under the direction of some recognized com munal organization such as the United Hospital Fund of New York. hurther evidence of the unsatisfactory conditions prevailing among hospital workers is contained in a recent statement2 by Bird S. Coler, commisssioner of the Department of Public Welfare of New York City, in which the high labor turnover in the institutions in his depart ment is ascribed to the low wages paid in the city hospitals. He states that of the 5,200 employees in his department 2,012 are getting $40 a month and less and that the changes in personnel are almost en tirely among these low-paid workers. As a result, the work of the department is said to be seriously handicapped. 3 Am erican Federation of Labor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W eekly News Service. [10821 W ashington, Sept. 17. 1927. NEGRO IN INDUSTRY Work of th e Negro Industrial Commission of Missouri HE fourth biennial report of the Negro Industrial Commission of Missouri, covering the period 1925-26, which has recently appeared, in outlining the work which is being attempted, em phasizes especially the effort to open new avenues of employment for the negro worker, to encourage sanitation and better living con ditions, especially in industrial areas, and to foster interracial coopera tion whenever and wherever practicable and helpful to all concerned. The negro in Missouri is still employed largely in agricultural labor, and since the migration from the more southerly States he has played an important part in developing the cultivation of cotton to an extent unknown before. The need for his work in this direction is strongly felt. A single county in the southeast of the State “ recently sent out a call for 5,000 negroes to save the cotton crop.” A few have achieved farm ownership and become employers of labor, but for the most part they are tenants or field hands. While their labor is valued, their coming is not regarded as an unmixed benefit. T The m igration into Missouri has provided a badly needed addition to th e farm labor supply, especially in th e southern section of th e State. I t has also intro duced an acute racial problem ; th e p e tty jealousies between th e w hite and colored ten an ts and laborers have been th e occasion of racial disturbances in several sections. In this section of th e S tate there is no guaranty of p e rm a n e n c y cotton m ay prove to be too costly a crop, one or two bad seasons, a slum p in prices, and there will be a greater return to diversified farming, and th e need for th e negro farm er will be lessened. Answers to a questionnaire sent out to employers of colored labor indicated that the negro compares favorably in efficiency, regularity, and loyalty with other workers. The turnover is somewhat larger than among white employees, a fact which is tentatively ascribed to poor health and poor housing conditions. In regard to wages, there seems to be little discrimination in the larger industrial plants. “ Often the negro is new on the job, and he is given a starting wage and is kept at that rate until increase is justified by length of service, more skill, and experience.” The report contains rather full accounts of the conferences of the State Committee on Interracial Relations, and a study, made by the students of the Lincoln High School, of the opportunities for com mercialized and noncommercialized recreation open to the negroes of Kansas City, Mo. Several recommendations are made for needed legislation, espe cially in regard to school facilities. At present no school for negro children may be provided in a district unless there are at least 15 to benefit by it, an arrangement which leads to neglect of children in the less settled regions. The statu tes m ake no such provision for th e establishing of schools for white children. This law should either be am ended so as to provide a school for a smaller num ber of colored children, or should be repealed and require schools to be established for colored children exactly in th e same m anner in which schools https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1083] 133 134 MONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW for w hite children are established. There is a provision in th e school law requir ing 25 children to reside in a district before a school district m ay be organized, b u t this includes both w hite and negro children. Suppose we m ay have 14 colored children and 11 w hite children in a district; th e district m ay be organized and the 11 white children will be furnished a school and th e 14 colored children will be denied a school because there are not 15 colored children, th e num ber required by statute, yet the colored children were counted in th e organization of the district. The committee on education suggests, in discussing this question, that something might be done in the way of providing itinerant teachers to take care of the colored children where the families are few and widely scattered. Another recommendation is for legislation providing a sanitarium for tuberculous negroes, for whom at present there is no refuge. This is particularly important, as tuberculosis is prevalent among the colored. In Missouri the death rate from tuberculosis among negroes is approxim ately 3.9 tim es as high as am ong w hite people; of th e to ta l population of Missouri, negroes constitute approxim ately one-nineteenth, or 5M Per cent; of all years lost by M issourians in life expectation on account of early preventable death, negroes, because of earlier death from tuberculosis, are responsible for approxi m ately 40 per cent of such year loss. Other recommendations are for the establishment of colonies for the care of feeble-minded negroes, for whom there is as yet no pro vision, though the State laws definitely authorize the maintenance of cottages for them, and larger appropriations for the support of the negro industrial commission, whose work is hampered by its inade quate allowance. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1084] INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES S trik es a n d L o ck o u ts in th e U n ited S ta te s in S ep tem b e r, 1927 HE figures for industrial disputes contained in this issue of the Labor Review form the second monthly report to be given in more detail than was feasible in the past. These reports are made possible through the cooperation of the Conciliation Service of the Department of Labor and other agencies. Under the present method of presentation data are given not only regarding the number of disputes beginning each month, but also regarding the number in effect at the end of the month and the num ber of workdays lost by reason of disputes during each month. The number of workdays lost is computed by multiplying the number of workers affected in each dispute by the length of the dispute meas ured in working-days as normally worked by the industry or trade in question. Disputes involving fewer than six workers and those lasting less than one day have been omitted. Data for August and September are subject to revision because of the fact that reports for these months are more or less incomplete. The bureau is largely dependent upon newspapers and trade journals for its initial information regarding disputes. These are followed by questionnaires addressed to such sources as may further supplement the bureau’s reports with reliable information. The bureau wishes to assure all those cooperating in this wnrk of its appreciation as well as to solicit future assistance from others con cerned. T Industrial Disputes Beginning in and in Effect at End of June, July, August, and September, 1927 '“FABLE 1 is a summary table showing for each of the months, June, * July, August, and September, the number of disputes which began in these months, the number in effect at the end of each month and the number of workers involved. I t also shows, in the last column, the economic loss (in man-days) involved. It is to be noted that the figures given include only those disputes vdiich have been verified by the bureau. T a b l e 1 . — IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN A N D IN E F F E C T A T E N D J U N E , JU L Y , A U G U S T , A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927 N u m b e r of workers involved in dis putes N u m b er of dis putes M o n th and year Begin n in g in m onth 75 62 49 39 J u ly ,'1927_____________________ _____ _______ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1085] OF In effect a t end of m onth 82 62 49 44 Begin ning in m onth 18,585 33,763 7,774 12, 514 N um ber of m andays lost In effect during m onth a t end of m onth 196,047 199,087 198,582 197,101 135 4,859,468 5,307,089 4,997,507 4,959,509 136 MONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW Industrial Disputes Beginning in and in Effect at End of July, August, and September, 1927, by Industries 'T'ABLE 2 gives by industry the same information as that shown in Table 1, thus offering the opportunity for rhore detailed com parison. T a b l e 2 — IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G I N A N D IN E F F E C T A T E N D OF JU L Y , A U G U S T , A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927, B Y IN D U S T R IE S N u m b e r of dis putes * In d u stry a n d m onth Begin ning in m onth Autom obiles: J u l y .. ______________ _____________ A u g u s t... ................... Septem ber__________ B akery trad e: J u l y . . . __________________________ A u g u s t . . _________ ____ S e p te m b e r..___ Barbers: J u ly ._____ __________________________ A u g u s t.._ __ . . . . Septem ber____ _____ B uilding trades: J u ly ___ _____________________________ A ugust—. .. . ________ _ Septem ber____________ C hauffeurs a n d team sters: J u ly _____________________________ A ugust Septem ber_____ Clerks: J u ly ----------------------------------------A ugust_______ Septem ber______ _____ _ _ Clothing: J u ly -------------------------------------------A u g u st.. . Septem ber________ . _ Coopers: A ug u st.. . Septem ber____________ F arm labor: A ugust_____________ F u rn itu re: J u l y .. .................. A ug u st_________ S e p te m b e r............... 1 1 100 100 900 1 1 12 12 300 1 1 16 16 16 1 1 104 30 [ 1086J 90 13 9 6 14 11 5 7,669 966 598 5,463 3, 764 2,270 1 1 3 1 200 22 8,037 200 1 1 1 J u l y . . . . ............. A ugust_________ Septem ber____ ___ _ H otels a n d restaurants: J u ly _______________________________ A ugust_____ . . . Septem ber______ Iron an d steel w orkers: J u ly _____________ _________________ L aundries: J u ly ........................... . . L eather workers: Septem ber_______ ____ _ _ M etal trades: J u ly ----------------------------------------------A ugust______ Septem ber______ . . . M ining, coal: J u ly ---------------------------------------------A ugust________ Septem ber____. . . M iscellaneous; J u l y . . . _____________________________________ A ugust............... . . Septem ber___. . . ____ 1 Figures for A ugust and Septem ber are prelim inary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N um ber of workers involved in disputes N u m b er of m andays lost Begin In effect during In effect ning in m onth a t end a t end of m o nth m onth of m onth 378, 547 124,960 67,370 400 2o] 481 22 23 23 575 575 575 19 11 6 12 8 6 2, 395 2, 569 532 702 806 872 45, 086 27,497 23, 623 1 1 1 20 20 20 340 500 1 50 1 3 3 970 169 328 169 399 1, 490 111 181 167 30 167 197 197 2,671 4, 925 4,925 3 1 3 3 3 4 4 1 1 1 1 150 IS 18 18 250 450 3,000 3 i 745 33 4, 293 1 1 2 1 1 16 25 39 25 25 967 1, 268 ' 625 7 4 1 4 5 4 18, 477 1,015 1,100 190, 500 190,850 191, 200 4, 780, 650 4, 763, 940 4,776,300 5 ] i 50 60 960 137 STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS T able 2.—IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN A N D IN E F F E C T A T E N D O F JU L Y , A U G U S T , A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927, B Y IN D U S T R IE S —C ontinued N um ber of workers involved in disputes N um ber of m andays lost Begin In effect during In effect m onth ning in a t end a t end of m o n th m onth of m onth N u m b er of dis putes In d u s try an d m onth Begin ning in m onth M otion picture a n d theatrical workers: J u ly _____________ ___________________________ A u g u st,.- ______________ ______ ____ ____ ____ Septem ber............. .......... .................................. .......... M unicipal employees: J u ly ____________ ____ _______________________ A ugust.. ___________________ _____________ Septem ber___________________________________ Oil and chemicals: A ugust___ _______ ___________________________ 3 2 9 1 3 1 5 109 608 747 121 600 654 1,794 3, 923 9; 884 1 1 1 30 350 350 350 8, 930 8, 750 8^ 750 1 1 Pottery: 7 48 1 P rin tin g and publishing: J u l y .. .......................................................................... 3 80 9 5 799 740 740 19,495 19,127 18j 500 1 1 140 140 256 1,540 1 1 1 1 30 6 6 6 150 270 150 1 1 42 75 1 1 60 60 2,589 1, 125 1, 200 Slaughtering and m eat packing: J u l y ___________________ ______________ _____ Stone: J u l y .. ___________ __________________ ____ ____ Telephone a n d telegraph: J u ly ............... ................................... ............................... 1 Textile: 640 52 5 R ubber: J u ly ________________________________________ 84 576 2 9 2 6 5 2 23 110 2,029 77 485 ' 998 82 575 529 13,660 32,495 7, 590 Industrial Disputes Beginning in September, 1927, by Classified Number of Workers and by Industries '“FABLE 3 gives the number of industrial disputes beginning in * September, classified by number of workers and by industries: T able 3 —N U M B E R O F IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN S E P T E M B E R , 1927, B Y C L A S S IF IE D N U M B E R O F W O R K E R S A N D B Y IN D U S T R IE S N um ber of disputes beginning in Septem ber, 1927, involving— In d u stry Autom obile, carriage, and wagon workers 6 and under 20 workers 20 and under 100 workers 1 1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 500 and under 1,000 workers 1,000 and 5,000 under workers 5,000 and over workers 1 1 M otion-picture a n d th eatrical w orkers----- 100 and under 500 workers 1 3 1 2 2 1 4 3 1 1 I 1 1 9 17 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 [1087 ] 9 1 2 1 138 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Industrial Disputes Ending in September, 1927, by Industries and Classified Duration JN Table 4 are shown the number of industrial disputes ending in A September, by industries and classified duration: T able 4 —N U M B E R O F IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S E N D IN G IN S E P T E M B E R , 1927, B Y IN D U S T R IE S A N D C L A S S IF IE D D U R A T IO N Classified duration of strikes ending in September, 1927 In d u stry ______ ________ B arbers___ _______ B uilding tra d e s__ _______ ____ __ Chauffeurs a n d team sters. . ___ _________ C lo th in g ______________________________ F urn itu re-- _ .______ ______ _____ Leather w orkers. . - _______ _________ M ining, coal_______ _________ _____ M otion-picture a n d th eatrical w orkers___ Oil a n d chem ical w orkers_______________ T e x tile ________ _ ________ M iscellaneous.._________ ___________ . . . T o ta l__________________________ _ One-half m o n th or less Over one- 1 m onth half and a n d less less th a n th a n 2 1 m o n th m onths 1 4 3 5 1 2 2 5 1 2 1 27 2 2 2 2 2 m onths 3 m onths 4 m onths a n d less a nd less an d less th a n 3 th a n 4 th a n 6 m onths m onths m onths 1 1 2 2 8 3 1 1 2 1 4 Principal Strikes and Lockouts Beginning in September, 1927 '"TEAMSTERS and truckmen, New York.—Approximately 6,000 1 teamsters and truckmen in New York City went out on strike September 7 to enforce their demands for a wage of $45 per week instead of $40, $1.20 per hour for overtime instead of $1, and a work ing-day of 8 hours instead of 9. The strike was called by Locals Nos. 282 and 807 of thelnternationalBrotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Stablemen, and Helpers of America. This strike affected general trucking of merchandise throughout the city and partially tied up shipping, warehouses, etc. The Merchant Truckmen’s Bureau of New York, with some 600 members, was the principal employing organization involved. The old agreement expired September 1 and the strike followed several weeks of unsuccessful negotiation. Freight congestion was not admitted to be serious by the railroads, except in the case of the Long Island Railroad, which declared an embargo on freight delivered at Pier 22, East River, and shipments ordinarily made via that pier were rerouted by way of the Flatbush Avenue station in Brooklyn. Other terminals of this railroad, it is understood, were not seriously affected. The return of the truckmen employed by the United States Truck ing Corporation, one of the largest employing companies, was an nounced on September 10, the company having reached an agreement with its men on the night preceding, whereby it conceded a wage in crease of $5 per week, with the propositions regarding the increase in overtime pay and a reduction of the regular working hours held in abeyance for further consideration. This announcement of a settle ment with the United States Trucking Corporation was soon followed by another to the effect that all the trucking companies had come to a verbal agreement with the strikers, subject to ratification. Under https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1088] STBIKES AND LOCKOUTS 139 the terms of the settlement the men are to receive a wage increase of $5 per week, but agree to the retention of the 9-hour day, with no increase in overtime pay. The strike was officially settled by signed agreement on the afternoon of September 15, and is retroactive, it is understood, to September 1. Some of the men returned to work on September 10 and some on September 12, by which date most of them had resumed work and the strike was practically over. Teamsters and chauffeurs, New York.—A strike of about 2,000 driv ers, loaders, helpers, and assorters engaged in hauling and handling fruit and vegetables in New York City began at 4 o’clock in the after noon of September 15, after conferences had failed to establish a peace ful settlement of differences with employers. Itw as called by Local No. 202 of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Stable men, and Helpers of America. The drivers were employed by the Market Truckmen’s Association, representing the boss truckmen. Other interested groups were the Fruit and Produce Trade Associa tion, United Fruit Buyers’ Association, and the Fresh Fruit and Vege table Trade Association. The drivers or truckmen, numbering about 1,000, demanded a wage increase of $7 per week. No demands were submitted by the other workers, who expected to get a pro rata in crease in case the drivers were successful. A settlement was reached in the afternoon of September 16, about 26 hours after the strike began, allowing the drivers an increase of $5 per week from $40 per week, as in the case of the strike of 6,000 teamsters and chauffeurs which began on September 7. The other workers, it is understood, received wage increases, but the amount is not reported. Earlier in the day the Market Truckmen’s Association had agreed to pay the increase, but there was a hitch in the settlement when the boss truckmen demanded that the produce dealers agree to any rate adjustment necessitated by this increase. Principal Strikes and Lockouts Continuing into September, 1927 IDITUMINOUS coal strike.—The major suspension of April 1 continues only in part. In addition to the settlements in Illinois and Iowa, heretofore reported, settlements have been made in Indiana and in the southwestern district, embracing Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. The agreement in Indiana was reached on the night of October 7, and is similar to the Illinois arrangement. The agreement for the southwestern district was reached on October 6, and virtually continues to March 31, 1928, according to reports, the same wage scale that was in effect before the suspension of April 1 began. It was stated, however, that the operators in Arkansas and Oklahoma had withdrawn from the Southwestern Interstate Operators’ Association, and to what extent they will be governed by the agreement is unknown. These settlements leave only the miners of Ohio and Western Pennsylvania still on strike as a part of the major suspension of April 1, 1927. The big bituminous coal strike is therefore more than 50 per cent settled. The text of the agreement, as reported in the United Mine Workers’ Journal, between the Coal Operators’ Association of Illinois and the United Mine Workers of America, district 12, continuing temporarily 68404°—27----- 10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1089] 140 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW the Jacksonville scale pending an investigation of wages and working conditions in the coal-mining industry by a commission of operators and miners, follows: This agreement, m ade this first day of October, 1926, between D istrict No. 12, U nited Mine Workers of America, parties of th e first p art, and th e Coal Oper ato rs’ Association of Illinois, parties of the second part, covering wages and work ing conditions of em ploym ent a t th e coal mines of Illinois, witnesseth: 1. T he question of m aking a wage contract effective April 1, 1928, and all m atters relating thereto, is referred to a joint wage commission composed of the president and vice president of th e Coal O perators’ Association of Illinois, and th e president and vice president of district 12, U nited Mine W orkers of America. 2. Said joint wage commission shall w ith all diligence apply itself to such task and examine into, consider and report on th e dem ands, claims and contentions of th e operators and mine w orkers w ithout prejudice or restriction. The com mission shall report in w riting its findings and recommendations to a joint scale meeting of th e parties hereto, to be held in Chicago, F ebruary 7, 1928, and its report shall become th e basis for th e ensuing wage agreement. 3. T he commission will form ulate its own rules and m ethods of procedure arid will organize its work prom ptly and hold frequent meetings. To facilitate agreementjs on disputed points th e commission m ay enlarge its num ber to five, in which case a m ajority vote shall be binding. 4. W ork shall be resumed a t once, th e wages, conditions and rules of employ m en t existing M arch 31, 1927, being extended to April 1, 1928. 5. I t is desirable to have an early arrangem ent covering th e operation of machinery an d devices for loading coal. The commission is requested to give th is m a tte r its prom pt atten tio n and is authorized to form ulate a tem porary basis for th e operation of such machines to be in effect from N ovem ber 1, 1927, to M arch 31, 1928. The investigating commission will be Rice Miller and Herman C. Perry, both of Hillsboro, 111., president and vice president, respectively, of the Coal Operators’ Association of Illinois, and Harry Fishwick and State Senator William Sneed, president and vice president, respectively, of district 12, United Mine Workers of America. Conciliation Work of the Department of Labor in September, 1927 By H u g h L. K e r w i n , D ir e c t o r of C o n c il ia t io n HE Secretary of Labor, through the Conciliation Service, exer cised his good offices in connection with 27 labor disputes during September, 1927. These disputes affected a known total of 9,774 employees. The table following shows the name and location of the establishment or industry in which the dispute oc curred, the nature of the dispute (whether strike or lockout or con troversy not having reached the strike or lockout stage), the craft or trade concerned, the cause of the dispute, its present status, the terms of settlement, the date of beginning and ending, and the number of workers directly and indirectly involved. On October 1, 1927, there were 41 strikes before the department for settlement, and, in addition, 6 controversies which had not reached the strike stage. The total number of cases pending was 47. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10901 L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R T H R O U G H IT S C O N C IL IA T IO N S E R V IC E , S E P T E M B E R , 1927 D uration C om pany or in d u stry and location N a tu re of controversy Craftsm en concerned Cause of dispute Present s tatu s and term s of settlem en t Chrisedge T heater Co., Elizabeth, N. J. T heater w orkers___ 1927 P e n d in g ...................................................... . Sept. 9 increase. (i)................................................ ........ do ......... ................................................. (i) Controversy. Truck owners______ tion, N ew Y ork C ity. Potruch Construction Co., Allentow n, P a. [1091] Mass. Bag and suitcase m akers, Phila- ........ do........... delphia, Pa. Lyric T heater, Oil C ity, P a.......... . increase to shippers. Building crafts___ _ N onunion iron w orkers___ D riv ers___________ A sked 8-hour dav; $40 to $45 per week; overtime. L eather w orkers___ Asked 44-hour week; 20 per cent increase. M u sic ia n s......... ....... Wages and num ber of men in orchestra. Sept. 3 b y tru c k owners. A djusted. Agreed to replace nonunion Aug. 30 w ith union iron workers. out change. A djusted. Allowed $5 per week increase. N o change in hours. 175 (!) Sept. 12 0) Sept. 9 53 7 Aug. 26 Sept. 6 100 85 6 Sept. 7 Sept. 10 6,000 300 300 8 5 orchestra; $2.50 increase for players; $5 increase for leader. ____d o __ ___do___ __ d o ___ P en d in g ..................................................... Aug. 24 6 300 3 Sept. 8 5 5 Sept. 12 25 Sept. 22 Sept. 10 loom system . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1927 d i D ire c t In re c t ly ly Oct. 10 pending. Venango T heater, Oil C ity, P a ___ ____d o ........... ____d o _____________ __ d o __ Franc-Srohmenger & Cowan (Inc.), New Y ork C ity. T heater w orkers___ M otion p ictu re an d vaudeville theaters, D ecatur, 111. fected. Neckw ear w orkers. and N ew H aven, Conn. New H aven, Conn. B oldt C onstruction Co., New Cas- ____do _____ Hoisting engineers. . W orkers asked railroad fare A djusted. R eturned; railroad fare not to and from work. allowed. tie, Pa. Sm ith & B rennen, contractors, New C ontroversy Carpenters and sheet- Jurisdiction of metal w o r k .. A djusted. M etal workers to do corm etal workers. Castle, Pa. nice work; rem ainder equally divided betw een m etal w orkers and carpenters. B uilding crafts_____ tion Co., N ew Castle, Pa. dows finished b v m etal w orkers. • N o t reported. E nding Sept. 1 Sept. 14 15 5 Sept. 12 . . . d o ___ 30 25 Sept. 8 C1) Sept. 16 30 15 Sept. 8 Sept. 22 44 716 CONCILIATION WORK OF T H E DEPARTMENT Begin ning B uilding w reckers, Boston, M ass. . W orkers in volved L A B O R D IS P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R T H R O U G H IT S C O N C IL IA T IO N S E R V IC E , S E P T E M B E R , 1927—C ontinued - ___________________________________________________________________________ D uration Com pany or industry and location N atu re of controversy Craftsm en concerned Cause of dispute T o ta l______________ _______ 1 N o t reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Paving-stone cutters. W age scale_______ .’______ _ P e n d in g ____________ ______________ 1927 Sept. 15 T ru ck drivers and handlers. Sept. 16 W ages______ ______ _______ ____d o ............................ ....... ....................... B uilding crafts_____ Wages cut from $1.25 per ____d o ............. ........................ hour to $ l. ____d o _____ ____d o _____ ____ . . ..d o ______ S trik e_____ ____d o _____________ N onunion engineers and A djusted. Agreed to use all union cem ent finishers. workers on this job. ____d o _____ O perators_________ Sym pathy w ith stage hands. P e n d in g ......................................... (9 Sept. 3 ____d o ________ ______________ _ A djusted. R eturned w ith o u t in- Sept. 19 crease; conditions im proved. Pending. Conferences adjourned w ith Sept. 29 o u t settlem ent. A djusted. Settled w hen musicians Sept. 28 strike was adjusted. 'Threatened strike. 1927 100 37 0) Sept. 20 Sept. 21 ........d o ........... Stage h a n d s______ ____d o _____ In d i E nding D irect rect ly ly 0) ____d o ........... A sked 30 weeks’work in year and 1 d ay oil in 7. R ubber-shoem akers. Asked 5 to 15 per cent wage increase. M u sician s_________ Wages and num ber of players employed. Stage h an d s and S ym pathy w ith m u sic ia n s.. operators. W orkers in volved 0) 250 450 Sept. 17 150 Sept. 30 Oct. 10 200 75 125 110 8 8,496 1, 278 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW [1092] M cG rath Co., Colum bus, 0 ______ Victor Sm ith, contractor, on County C hildren’s H om e, D ayton, 0. M otion picture operators, St. P au l and M inneapolis, M inn. Stage hands, picture theaters, St. P au l and M inneapolis, M inn. Phillips-Baker R u b b er Co., Providenee, R . I. K eith and Leow theaters, Columbus, 0 . Stage hands, Oil C ity, P a ________ to Present statu s and term s of settlem ent Begin ning Union Paving Co., P hiladelphia, Strike^____ Pa. R u b el Coal & Ice Co. and Com- ........d o _____ m onw ealth Fuel Co. (Inc.), Jamaica, N . Y . H eck Co., Colum bus, 0._....... ......... L o ck o u t___ I—<■ ^ 143 CONCILIATION MACHINERY FOR RAILWAY SHOPM EN S trik es an d L ock ou ts in D en m ark , 1920 to 1926 HE following figures on strikes and lockouts in Denmark from 1920 to 1926, inclusive, are taken from the Statistical Annual of that country, published in 1927: T S T R IK E S A N D L O C K O U T S IN D E N M A R K , 1920 TO 1926 Y ear 1920 i ................................................................. .. 192)_______________ ____ _______ ____ _ 1922______ _____ ____ ___________________ 1923___________________ ____ ______ _____ 1924................ ............... ...................................... 1925....................................................................... 1926......................................................... ............. N u m b er of strikes and lockouts 243 )10 31 58 71 48 32 N u m b er of workers involved in— Strikes 19,129 13,356 640 1,941 8,993 35,477 975 Lockouts N um ber of days lost (000 om itted) 2,836 34, 791 48,219 765 66,854 75 Cases where S tate conciliator acted as m ediator 690 1,321 2,272 20 175 4,138 23 24 20 6 5 13 18 3 1 T he figures presented for this year do not include the general strike of April, 1920. E n g lish C o n c ilia tio n M ach in ery for R ailw ay S h o p m e n N AUGUST 15, 1927, an agreement was signed between the railway companies of England and the trade-unions which include in their membership employees in the railway shops, establishing machinery for dealing with questions of wages, hours, and working conditions of male workers in the shops. A summary of the terms agreed upon is given in the Ministry of Labor Gazette (London) for September, 1927. The agreement provides that in any shop where not fewer than 75 workers are employed a shop committee may be set up, consisting of representatives of the workers and the employers in equal numbers. Shops employing fewer than 75 workers may be grouped for this purpose. At any place where, in the same department, there is more than one shop committee, a works committee is to be established. A third type of body, a line committee, is also to be established for each department, “ for the purpose of dealing with matters affecting detached bodies of workers in the same department at centers where the number of employees is not large enough to enable a shop com mittee to be formed.” The plan of procedure after the establish ment of these bodies is thus described: O Any employee or group of employees desiring to raise a question w ithin the scope of th e scheme m ay m ake representations in the first place to th e foreman of the shop. If th e answer is not satisfactory reference is to be m ade to th e shop com mittee, or if there is no such com m ittee, th e question m ay be discussed w ith the local m anagem ent. M atters not settled by a shop com m ittee m ay be referred to th e works com m ittee, or discussed between th e district staff officer of the trade-union and th e local m anagem ent, or referred by th e shop com m ittee to the head of th e departm ent. At places where there is no shop com m ittee th e question may be referred to th e line committee. If th e employees in tw o or more shops desire to raise a general question the m a tte r is referred to th e local managem ent, and failing satisfaction, to th e works com mittee. Employees a t different centers where there are no shop or works com m ittees wishing to raise a question collec tively are to refer in th e first place to th e head of th e departm ent, and failing satisfaction, to th e line com mittee. M atters which are no t settled by th e works or line com m ittees m ay be discussed between the district staff officer of the union https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [10931 144 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW and th e local m anagem ent, or between headquarters officials and th e general m anager of the com pany. If the trade-unions wish to raise a question of a national character they are to take up th e m a tte r w ith th e general managers, and a national railway shopm en’s council is to be established to deal w ith such m atters. Any questions which th e com pany or companies m ay wish to raise are to be referred to th e employees’ secretary of th e appropriate com m ittee or of th e national council. Provision is m ade for th e expediting of cases referred to th e new bodies, and also th a t, where th e parties concerned desire to subm it a question to arb itra tion, th e reference is to be to th e industrial court. No w ithdraw al of labor or ■unauthorized action is to be taken pending negotiations on th e lines set out in th e agreement. Labor Agreement Averts Shutdown in Mexico 1 N JULY 21, 1927, 1,500 workers entered into an agreement with the Mazapil Copper Co., a British corporation operating in Mexico, by which they consented to wage cuts averaging about 123^ per cent in order to avert a shutdown which was to have taken place on September 1, 1927, because of the losses sustained by the company as a result of high wages and taxes. Among the outstanding provisions of the agreement are the follow ing: Only wages of more than 1 peso2 per day will be affected; cuts will be in proportion to the wages earned, higher wages being reduced by a greater percentage; the agreement will be binding until the price of copper reaches 14 cents (United States currency) a pound and that of lead 25 pounds sterling per English ton, at which time the company is obligated to resume its present wage scale; wage cuts are to become effective August 1, 1927, but no workers are to be dis missed. The agreement provides also for the creation of a committee on subsistence, to be composed of representatives of the workers, the mer chants, and the State and municipal governments, whose duty it shall be to reduce the cost of living in the mining region for the period during which wages are reduced. O 1 R eport from the A merican consul, T hom as S. H orn, a t Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico, dated Aug. 2,1927. 2 Average exchange rate of peso for year 1926= 48.31 cents. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1 0 9 4 ] 145 HOUKLY EARNINGS IN CONNECTICUT WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR Hourly Earnings of Employees in Railroad Freight Service, from 1924 to 1927 I N ITS publication “ Wage Statistics” for June 1927, the Interstate Commerce Commission gives the following data regarding the straight-time hourly earnings of train and engine employees in the freight service of Class I railroads for the month of June, in each of the years 1924, 1925, 1926, and 1927. A V E R A G E S T R A IG H T -T IM E H O U R L Y E A R N IN G S O F E M P L O Y E E S IN T H R O U G H A N D L O C A L F R E I G H T S E R V IC E O F CLASS I R A IL W A Y S IN JU N E , 1924, 1925, 1926, A N D 1927 Freight conductors Freight brakem en and flagmen Freight engineers Freight firemen and helpers M o n th of June— and T hrough Local and T hrough Local and Through Local and Through Local w ay w ay w ay w ay U n ite d S tates C ents 77.9 78.4 78. 1 81.2 1924________________ 1925_____________ — 1926________________ 1927 ..._____________ C ents 83.6 84.2 84.0 87.3 C ents C ents 65.9 66.6 66.6 69.4 61.5 61.9 61.8 64.2 C ents 93.1 95.5 95.6 95.7 C ents C ents C en ts 95.4 97.9 98.4 98.3 69.8 72.2 72.2 75.0 71.0 73.5 74.2 76.1 98.1 98.9 99.4 99.1 71.2 71.9 72.2 77.2 73.7 74.5 75.0 79.3 95.4 96.8 98. 7 97.3 71.7 73.0 72.5 74 8 70.8 72.2 74.5 75.0 92.2 97.2 97.0 97.7 67.1 72.0 72.0 72. 1 68.1 72.9 73.3 73.2 E a s te r n d istric t 77.5 78.1 77.9 83.2 1924________________ 1925............................ . 1926________________ 1927________________ 83.5 83. 6 83.4 88.8 65.2 65.7 65.7 70.3 61. 1 61.0 61.1 65.2 94.2 95. 1 95.4 95.6 S o u th e rn d istrict 77.9 77.8 77.6 82.2 1924________________ 1925________________ 1926________________ 1927.............................. 83.0 83.6 83.5 88.9 61.2 61.4 61.2 64.7 64.8 65.4 65.5 69.7 96. 1 97.2 96.8 96.6 W e ste rn d istric t 1924............................... 1925............................... 1926________________ 1927________________ 78.3 79.2 78.6 78.4 84.1 85. 1 84.9 85.0 62.2 63.2 62.8 62.9 67.4 68.3 68.2 68.3 90.2 95.1 95.3 95.4 H ourly Earnings in C o n n e c tic u t, 1926 CTUAL hourly earnings in certain occupations in Connecticut are published as follows in the biennial report of the depart ment of labor and factory inspection of that State for the period ending June 30, 1926. A https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1095] 14 6 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW S T A R T IN G R A T E S A N D A C T U A L H O U R L Y E A R N IN G S IN T H E L E A D IN G IN D U S T R IA L P L A N T S O F C O N N E C T IC U T , N O V E M B E R 1, 1926 O ccupation ctual S ta rt A hourly ing earn rate ings Occupation M a le s —C ontinued M a le s Assemblers, bench, first grade. Assemblers, m achine tool, second grade___________ ____ ________ _ A utom atic screw ................ ................. B lacksm iths, first g ra d e ................... Blacksm iths, second g rad e............... B lacksm iths’ h e lp e rs......................... Boring m ill, “ 36” an d u n d e r........... Boring m ill, “ 36” an d o v er.............. Buffers, first grade w o rk................. . Buffers, second grade w o rk .............. C arpenters............................................. C arpenters’ helpers............................. C hippers.......... .................................... . Core m akers______________ ____ ... Designers, tool a n d m a c h in e........... D ie m akers, first grade w o rk ______ D ie m akers, second grade w o rk ___ D ie sinkers, h a n d .. .. ____________ D ie sinkers, h an d an d m achine___ D ie sinkers, first g rad e................ ...... D ie sinkers, second grade_________ D rill press, m u ltip le spindle, first grade________________ _____ ____ D rill press, o rd in ary w o rk ___ _____ D rop forgers, first grade..................... D rop forgers, second grade................ E lectricians........... ............................... E lectricians’ helpers_____________ _ Firem en.................................................. Foot press_______________________ G rinders, surface, first grade______ Grinders, surface, second g rad e____ Grinders, universal, first grade____ Grinders, universal, second g ra d e ... H and screw m achine............ . H ardeners, first grade............... H ardeners, second grade_____ H elpers, fo undry___________ Inspecting, exacting w o rk ....... Inspecting, ord in ary w o rk ___ L athe hands, u n d er “ 24,” first grade L athe hands, u n d e r “ 24,” second grade________ _____ ___ ____ ___ L athe hands, “ 24” to “ 36” _______ M achinists, first grade______ _____ M achinists, second grade______I . . . M illing, “ h a n d ” . ................................. M illing, universal, first grade______ M illing, universal, second grade___ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ctual S ta rt A ing hourly earn rate ings $0. 435 .40 .60 $0. 57 . 54 .71 .55 .55 .'715 .55 . 465 .65 .70 .585 .465 .55 .44 .45 .70 .82 .755 .68 .65 .72 .78 .705 .60 .65 .75 .60 .50 .70 .85 .69 .50 .70 .50 .50 .73 1. 00 .805 .705 1. 05 .98 .905 .83 .46 .44 .72 . 68 . 50 .435 .46 .43 . 525 .46 .60 .55 .45 .60 .45 .45 .50 .45 .56 .60 .525 .885 .86 .705 .535 . 55 .475 .60 .58 .70 .65 .60 .70 .65 . 55 .65 .55 .65 ! 65 . 70 ! 55 t 45 .55 .45 .65 .55 625 M illw rig h ts............. ............................. .to. 60 M illw rights’ h e lp e rs............................ .47 M olders, b e n c h .................. .................. .40 M olders, ex. bench, m achine............. .60 M olders, first class, flo o r.................. . 70 M olders, floor, m achine_____ ____ . 50 . 70 M olders, iron, m achine...................... .60 M olders, iron, floor........ ...................... .69 M olders, saueezers. ........................... .63 P a tte rn m akers, m e ta l.................... .. .75 P a tte rn makers, w ood____________ .75 Planer h ands, “ 36” u n d e r, first grade...... .................................... ......... .60 Planer h ands, “ 36” under, second g ra d e ................................................... .55 Planer h ands, above “ 36,” first g r a d e _________________________ .70 Planer h ands, ab o ve “ 36,” second grade______ ________ ___________ .65 Polishers, first g r a d e _____________ .56 Polishers, second g rade....................... .40 Pow er press, l a r g e _____ __________ .45 Pow er press, s m a l l ........................ . .405 Scrapers, m achine tool, first g rade. _ .55 Scrapers, m achine tool, second grade .41 Shapers, first grade...... .................... . .65 Shapers, second g ra d e ......................... .60 Sheet-m etal w orkers........................... . .56 Sheet-metal helpers........................ . .40 Shop helpers........................................... .415 Snaggers______________________ . . T ap p in g an d counterboring, first grade____________ ________ . . .40 T apping an d counterboring, second grade____________ . . . ___ _ .385 Tool m akers, first grade w ork. ___ .60 Tool makers, second grade w o rk ___ .55 Tool setters, a d ju s te rs ._____ ______ .60 T u rre t lathe, high grade w ork . . . . .60 T u rre t lathe, ord in ary w ork _____ _ . 545 W a tc h m e n ............................. .............. .38 <fr, 70 .525 .50 .85 . 95 . 80 on .65 .875 .89 .80 .80 .70 .65 .75 .70 .715 .61 .55 . 50 .66 .55 .75 .65 .60 .48 .45 . 50 .595 .58 .85 .69 .65 .65 .60 .45 F e m a le s Bench w o rk_____________ ______ . D rill p ress.____ _____ ____ ________ Foot press_____________ _____ ____ Inspecting_____________________ Packing room _________ _ Pow er press........................................... [1096] .275 .33 .28 .285 .275 .27 .38 .40 .41 .355 .32 .41 MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW 147 Wages in Tennessee, 1926 HE wage statistics here presented are taken from the fourth annual report of the Department of Labor of Tennessee for the year 1926 : T A V E R A G E W E E K L Y W A G E S O F M A L E A N D F E M A L E E M P L O Y E E S IN T E N N E S S E E IN D U S T R IE S IN 1926 N um ber of establishm ents In d u stry & M anufactures: Printing, engraving, and lithographing___________ Woolen mills an d woolen ex tracts_________ _____ R etail establishm ents: Unclassified.........- ..................- ____ ________________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis L1097] N u m ber of employees M ale Fem ale 6 36 6 3 54 19 25 2 17 16 1 13 63 64 22 26 3 21 1 53 24 4 36 9 3 4 4 12 9 53 17 90 147 18 30 1 2 9 4 21 1 72 13 3 6 15 2 11 49 4 26 26 10 28 435 906 238 671 637 1,315 1,679 20 517 869 10 351 1,840 5; 438 2,253 270 43 378 8 973 2,896 799 2,427 429 120 185 86 1,759 267 917 258 2,703 8,903 1,609 1,369 23 203 122 334 274 93 1,164 366 71 2,221 460 164 635 571 51 1,056 395 562 531 587 513 5 411 22 303 43 1 616 127 10 1,638 4, 662 9,125 88 13 2 31 2 63 39 3 28 4 2 1 1 5 3 1 13 232 1,430 25 128 43 20 2 6 3 4 6 W eekly wages M ale Fem ale $10.38 10. 36 24. 75 13. 77 20. 55 12.88 12.14 30.00 13. 67 12. 72 14. 30 12.73 12.71 14. 44 13. 31 9.23 25. 00 17. 98 68 27 4 428 30 14 21 627 61 32 43 25 70 737 85 58 4 29 21 10 550 17 562 11 3 2,027 186 3 19 1,814 10 39 12 581 231 $19. 72 24.46 24. 60 23.30 20.34 19. 20 18. 24 18.00 22.34 20.48 10. 80 23. 22 15. 46 19. 68 16. 66 17. 96 37. 25 21. 28 11. 75 19. 49 22. 63 19.03 19. 74 27. 26 19. 02 22.39 19. 51 24.13 22.86 20. 67 22. 81 19. 81 18. 77 25. 31 24. 67 18. 74 19.29 24.12 20.12 24.12 21.29 30. 46 30. 70 20.80 16. 43 25. 77 25. 30 20.32 26.83 24.96 20. 76 23. 61 17.80 22.93 7 443 3,107 8 703 10 4 6 1 16 18 3 30. 38 24.50 26.86 12.76 16.63 22.14 23.86 30.00 18.60 11.67 16.25 25.00 15.57 16.89 15. 61 12. 00 9. 59 17.10 21.50 22.50 13.00 16.13 16.80 38.00 20.59 25.05 26.25 12.75 14.84 28.33 11.84 15.86 24. 75 17. 42 16.02 17.67 20.71 13.40 18.83 18.09 15.00 18.07 19.84 20. 44 14. 86 14.47 16.42 18.90 18.00 13. 74 15. 29 28. 33 16. 63 17. 44 15. 80 25. 59 21.08 12.57 11.84 148 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW A V E R A G E W E E K L Y W A G E S O F M A L E A N D F E M A L E E M P L O Y E E S IN T E N N E S S E E IN D U S T R IE S IN 1926—C o n tinued N um ber of estab lish ments In d u stry Wholesale establishm ents: D ruggists__________________________ _____ _____ _ H ard w are_____________ _ . . . . _______ . . . L um ber pro d u cts__________ ____________ . . . P roduce................................................................................. Shops: Cleaning and dyeing__ _____ _____ ________ . Electrical rep air_____ ____ ____________ __ _____ M achine_______ ______ _____ _________ _ _ P lu m b in g __________ _____________ ___________ Stam ping a n d enam eling__________________ ____ Street railw ay car_________ . . . . ________________ T ailo r____ ________________ _ ________ U nclassified_________________ ____ ______________ N o t otherw ise specified: A uto sales and garage __________________________ B uilders’ supplies_______________________________ C ontractors__ _______________ ___________ _____ D airies (cream eries)_____________________________ Express, transfer, and storage____________ _____ H otels a n d restaurants _________________________ L au n d ries_______________________ ___________ L ivery a n d ta x i_________________________________ N ew spapers a n d periodicals______ ____ ________ __ Office buildings a n d b an k s_____ _________ _____ _ Packing houses, refineries, and cold storage_______ P icture shows a n d th eaters_________ _____ _______ Unclassified........ ......................... ....... ............................... N u m b er of employees M ale W eekly wages Fem ale M ale Fem ale 1 1 2 2 17 8 82 23 6 1 5 20 $25.06 30.00 21.10 28.08 $18.33 10.00 28.60 12.85 44 3 29 2 1 4 1 13 333 2» 489 48 178 406 4 134 255 1 13 9 26 15 2 17 23. 62 23.00 21.95 23.40 21.36 27.65 40.00 19.53 14.86 25.00 19.89 18.00 18.46 22.87 18.00 9. 47 53 9 3 20 8 30 70 1 7 2 32 22 12 1,626 190 316 167 325 254 926 40 341 39 1, 364 279 130 96 9 1 28 100 302 2, 339 32.32 23. 76 18. 43 22.50 23. 32 24.86 21.67 17 40 40.61 19.14 20.86 37.38 18.83 25. 86 21.00 25.00 11.39 25. 86 9.89 9.77 28 20 376 103 225 20.50 9.00 10.12 9.92 9.11 W age In creases for R ailw ay E m p loyees in B ah ia, B razil COMMUNICATION from the American consul, Howard Donovan, at Bahia, Brazil, dated July 20, 1927, states that the employees of the Bahia State South Western Railway are to receive wage increases in accordance with the provisions of decree No. 5041 of July 11, 1927, published in the Diario Oficial of July 13, 1927. The following statement taken from this report gives the average per cent of increase the 1927 wages are over those paid in 1923 and 1925 in the various departments: A Per cent of increase D ep artm en t since 1923 A dm inistration___________ Office____________________ Traffic___________________ Locom otion______________ M aintenance of w ay______ T o ta l__________________ 80 32 57 85 82 72 Per cent of increase since 1925 24 25 32 28 35 31 W ages of E n g lish Coal M in ers HE agreements by which the coal-mining stoppage of 1926 was ended provided that for a transition period wages were to consist of a basis rate plus a specified percentage, and that thereafter the proceeds of the industry were to be determined periodically and di vided in a fixed ratio between wages and profits. A definite minimum T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1 0 9 8 ] 149 W A G E S O F M E X IC A N R A IL W A Y W O R K E R S percentage on basis rates was fixed below which wages must not fall, but if the payment of this minimum cut into the proportion allowed for profits, it became a charge upon future wages; should the industry later oil become more prosperous, the deficit in profits would have to be made up before wages could rise above the minimum. The tran sition period, which was longest for Nottingham and Derbyshire, has now ended throughout the coal fields, and in every district wages have sunk to the minimum. In nearly all cases, moreover, this minimum is maintained only by cutting into profits, thus causing a deficiency which is recoverable by the owners before w^ages can rise above the present figures. The Economist (London), in its issue for September 10, 1927, gives the following table showing the percent ages now ruling as compared with those of 1914: P ercentage a d d itio n to basis rates District July, 1914 N orthum berland______________________________ D urham _____________________________________ Y orkshire____________________________________ Lancashire___________________________________ N ottingham shire__________ ___________________ Derbyshire- _ ^________________________________ South Wales__________________________________ Scotland_____________________________________ . 50 - 57V 2 . 10 . 10 _ 10 - 10 0% . 75 September, 1927 80 89 36 32 38 38 28 110 In considering these figures it must be borne in mind that the cost of living in England in August, 1927, was 64 per cent higher than in 1914. On the other hand, the Economist calls attention to the fact that in a few cases the basis rates have been raised, and that “ the lower paid men in all cases are now in receipt of subsistence wages or allowances which are in excess of the amounts yielded by the addition of the current percentage to basis rates.” W ages of M exican R ailw ay W orkers in 1925 an d 19261 I N THE Eighteenth Annual Report of the National Railways of Mex ico (Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México) for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1926, data are published showing the average daily wages of their railway workers for the six months period from July 1 to December 31, 1925, and also for the period from January 1 to June 30, 1926. The following table is taken from this report: 1 N ational Railw ays of Mexico. [Mexico C ity, 1927] pp. 37, 38. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis E ighteenth A nnual R eport for th e fiscal year ended June 30, 1926. [1 0 9 9 ] 150 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G E S O F W O R K E R S O N M E X IC A N R A IL W A Y S IN 1925 A N D 1926. B Y O C C U P A T IO N ^ [Average exchange rate of peso in 1926 = 48.31 cents.] Average daily wages, Jan u ary 1 Average to June 30, 1926 daily wages Ju ly 1 to Decem E quiv ber 31. in A m ount alent 1925 U. S. currency O ccupation P e so s Section forem en.................................................. Laborers ________ ___ Telegraph linem en______________ Civil engineers. ................. Q uarrym en a n d m asons____ _____ M echanics______ ______ C arp en ters................ ........................ Boiler m ak ers........................... F o u n d ry m en ____________ T in sm ith s and co p p ersm ith s.. . . B lacksm iths................... ........... Station a g en ts........ ........................ Loaders................................... Locomotive engineers____ _ . C o n d u cto rs.............................. B rakem en_______ _____ ___ _ _ F irem en................. ............. .. . . Coal passers_________ _____ _ . Y ard w orkers__ _______ D ispatchers................ .................. Telegraph operators.................................. Flagm en, w atchm an, an d s w itc h m e n ............ Storehouse em ployees....... ............ . . Express ag en ts. .............................. T raveling inspectors............... ........... M essengers__________ . D ay and n ig h t w atch m en . ......................... C h a u ffe u rs ......................... Loaders, cleaners, and messenger boys . _ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P e so s D o lla r s L 57 4.91 1.31 4! 88 3.83 4. 83 16.28 15.33 8.27 2.25 4.48 11.85 14.43 2. 51 2.38 [1100] 2.18 6.82 3.29 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT E m p lo y m e n t in S elected M a n u fa c tu r in g In d u str ie s in S ep tem b e r, 1927 MPLOYMENT in manufacturing industries increased seventenths of 1 per cent in September, 1927, as compared with August, but owing largely to Labor Day shutdowns there was a falling off in pay-roll totals of 1 per cent. The level of employment in September, 1927, was 4.6 per cent below the level in September, 1926, and pay-roll totals were 5.3 per cent lower. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ weighed index of employment for September, 1927, is 88, as compared with 87.4 for August, 1927, 87.3 for July, 1927, and 92.2 for September, 1926; the weighted index of pay-roll totals for September, 1927, is 90.1, as compared with 91 for August, 1927, 89.1 for July, 1927, and 95.1 for September, 1926. The report for September, 1927, is based on returns to the Bureau of Labor Statistics from 10,781 establishments in 54 of the principal manufacturing industries of the United States. These establish ments in September had 3,030,762 employees whose combined earn ings in one week were $79,212,903. E C o m p a r is o n o f E m p lo y m e n t a n d P a y -r o ll T o ta ls in A u g u s t a n d S e p te m b e r , 1927 -FIVE of the 54 separate industries had more employees in oeptcmber than in August, and despite the effect of Labor Day 27 industries reported increased pay-roll totals. The outstanding increases were largely in industries having a decided seasonal tendency, such as confectionery, rubber boots and shoes, and fertilizers. The machine-tools industry showed a large increase in both items, but these increases almost entirely represent merely a recovery from vacations in August; cigars and cigarettes also showed very large gains both in employment and in pay-roll totals. The increases in the two items in these 5 industries ranged from 10.7per cent to 32.7 per cent. Other industries showing pronounced improvement in operation were hosiery and knit goods, shirts and collars, women’s clothing, millinery and lace goods, hardware, stoves, furniture, paper boxes, glass, and carriages and wagons. Cotton goods and woolen and worsted goods each gained from 1 per cent to 1.5 per cent in each item. •Noticeable seasonal decreases in September were in ice cream, cast-iron pipe, structural ironwork, millwork, brick, cement, and agricultural implements. Cane-sugar refining fell off 3.7 per cent in employment; petroleum refining decreased 2.6 per cent; automobiles decreased 2.9 per cent; and automobile tires decreased 3.4 per cent. Employment in shipbuilding also decreased 3.4 per cent, and for the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis rnon. 151 152 M O NTH LY LABOR REVIEW first month since April, 1926, the level of employment in this in dustry fell below the level of employment in the same month of the previous year. Eight of the 12 groups of nidus tries gained in employment and 6 gained in pay-roll totals in September, the greatest improvement having been in the tobacco, chemical, and food groups. The textile group gained 1.9 per cent in employment and 2.4 per cent in pay-roll totals; the iron and steel group lost one-half of 1 per cent of its employees and decreased 2.8 per cent as to pay-roll totals; and the vehicle group decreased 1.6 per cent and 4.9 per cent in the two items. The New England, Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, and South Central geographic divisions gained both in employment and in pay-roll totals in September, the New England and South Atlantic divisions leading with increases of from 2.3 per cent to 2.6 per cent in each item. The West North Central division gained a few em ployees, but pay-roll totals were smaller, and the East North Central, Mountain, and Pacific divisions all had fewer employees and smaller pay-roll totals. T a b l e 1 .— C O M P A R IS O N O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y -R O L L T O T A L S IN ID E N T IC A L ^ B L IO H M E N T S D U R IN G O N E W E E K E A C H IN A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R , N u m b er on p ay roll In d u stry E stablishm ents August, 1927 A m ount of p ay roll Per cent of Septem change ber, 1927 A ugust, 1927 cent of September, change 1927 F ood a n d k in d red p r o d u c ts__ Slaughtering a n d m eat packin g ............ ................................ C onfectionery........................ . Ice cream ...................................... F lo u r............................ ................ B ak in g ______ ___ _ Sugar refining, cane.................. 1,656 223, 457 230, 666 C1 ) $5,720,482 $5,848,362 189 308 206 331 607 15 85,134 33, 641 11,251 15, 635 66,498 11,298 85,011 40,197 10,329 16,026 68,227 10,876 - 0 .1 +19.5 -8 .2 + 2 .5 + 2 .6 - 3 .7 2,196,358 621,450 371, 095 411,609 1, 786,235 333, 735 2,199,936 ' 734, G31 346, 204 420, 608 1,830,440 317,143 + 0 .2 + 18.1 - 6 .7 + 2 .2 +2. 5 - 5 .0 T extiles a n d th eir p r o d u c ts___ C otton goods_______________ Hosiery and k n it g o o d s ....... Silk goods________________ W oolen and worsted goods___ C arpets and rugs __________ D yeing and finishing textiles. C lothing, m en ’s . ............ Shirts an d coliars____ C lothing, w om en’s _______ M illinery and lace goods___ 1, 885 464 249 197 189 31 98 279 92 206 80 602, 623 235,905 79, 723 55,370 61, 905 23,765 30,836 64,657 18,570 20,646 11, 246 611,235 238,196 83,042 55,577 62, 615 23,733 31,420 63,953 19,192 21,721 11,786 (1 ) + 1 .0 + 4 .2 + 0 .4 + 1 .1 - 0 .1 + 1 .9 - 1 .1 + 3 .3 + 5 .2 + 4 .8 12, 092, 692 3,865, 680 1,508,920 1,176,625 1,395, 941 647,382 743j997 1, 649,321 308,883 529,494 266,449 12, 267, 698 3,924. 613 L 560,283 1,174,205 1,413,823 630, 305 779,591 1, 599,434 ' 315 ,169 583,192 287,083 O) + 1 .5 + 3.4 - 0.2 + 1.3 —2 6 + 4.8 —3 0 + 2.0 + 10 1 + 7.7 1,806 209 42 159 648,701 262, 726 13,618 24,096 646,550 260,847 13,034 23,838 0) - 0 .7 - 4 .3 - 1 .1 48,895,222 7,741, 484 333,453 732,146 18,438,573 Î , 543; 486 316, 861 682,246 (i) - 2.6 —5 Q - 6 .8 973 71 153 237,196 30,974 25,602 232,066 32,388 28, 541 -2 .2 + 4 .6 +11.5 6,942,161 764, 516 785, 601 6, 639,555 787, 542 871,854 - 4 .4 + 3 .0 +11.0 114 85 40,353 14,136 41,026 14,810 + 1 .7 + 4 .8 1,198,230 397, 631 1,186,928 410,101 - 0 .9 + 3.1 1,156 475 257 424 219,669 125, 214 32,237 62, 218 Iron a n d steel a n d th eir produ c ts __________________ Iro n and steel_____________ C ast-iron p ip e __________ S tru ctu ral ironw ork________ F o u n d ry and m achine-shop products______ ____ H ardw are . „ . . . M achine tools _ Steam fittings and steam and hot-w ater heating apparatus S to v e s ..._________ L u m b er a n d its p ro d u cts ___ Lum ber, saw m ills________ Lum ber, m illw ork_____ . F u rn itu re - _______ O) 221,556 4,884,987 (>) 4,941,728 (0* 125,776 + 0 .4 2, 538,861 2, 582, 362 + 1 .7 31, 627 -1 .9 813,681 776, 490 - 4 .6 64,153 + 3.1 1,532,445 1, 582, 876 + 3.3 1 The per cent of change has not been com puted for th e reason th a t the figures in th e preceding colum ns are unw eighted and refer only to th e establishm ents reporting; for the w eighted per cent of change, w herein proper allowance is m ade for th e relative im portance of th e several industries, so th a t th e figures m ay represent all establishm ents of th e co u n try in th e industries here represented, see T able 2. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1102 ] 153 EMPLOYMENT IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES T a b l e 1.—C O M P A R IS O N O P E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y -R O L L T O T A L S IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S D U R IN G O N E W E E K E A C H IN A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927—C ontinued A m ount of p a y roll N um ber on p ay roll E stab lish m ents In d u stry A ugust, 1927 Per cent of Septem change ber, 1927 A ugust, 1927 Per cent of September, change 1927 L eath er a n d Its p r o d u c t s ____ L eather__ . ______________ Boots and shoes____________ 380 126 234 128,584 27,118 101,446 128,928 27,302 101,626 0 + 0 .7 + 0 .2 $3,146,794 687,575 2,459, 219 $3,071,486 675,435 2,396, 051 0 - 1 .8 - 2 .8 Paper a n d p r in tin g ________ _ Paper and p u lp _____________ Paper boxes__ _____________ Printing, book and job- -----Printing, new spapers----------- 910 222 180 302 206 173,365 57,494 19,415 47.912 47,544 173,757 57, 527 20, 067 48,372 47, 791 0 +Û.1 + 3 .4 + 1 .0 + 0 .5 5,556,981 1, 505, 666 434,911 1,693,107 1,923, 297 5,610,004 1,484, 084 449,742 1, 708,318 1,967,860 0 - 1 .4 + 3 .4 + 0 .9 + 2 .3 C h em ica ls a n d allied p ro d u cts. C hem icals______ ______ Fertilizers. _________ ____ Petroleum refining........... ......... 383 127 174 61 88, 679 31,130 8, 699 48,850 90,919 31,778 11, 540 47,601 0 + 2 .1 +32.7 - 2 .6 2,610,863 851, 962 176,497 1, 582, 403 2,618,441 855, 725 233,028 1,529,688 0 + 0 .4 +32.0 - 3 .3 S to n e , clay, a n d glass produ ets C em ent __________________ B rick, tile, and terra cotta . . P o tte ry ...................................... Glass...... .................... ................. 638 96 371 64 107 109,776 26, 453 34, 005 12,851 36,467 110,068 26, 252 32,964 13,110 37,742 0 - 0 .8 -3 . 1 + 2 .0 + 3 .5 2,900,550 787, 243 879,182 330, 755 903,370 3,861,278 775,022 838,175 334,829 913,252 0 - 1 .6 - 4 .7 + 1 .2 + 1 .1 M etal p ro d u cts, o th er th a n iron a n d s te e l_______________ Stam ped and enam eled w are. Brass, bronze, a n d copper products................... ................ 328 72 51,535 19,648 51,087 19, 732 0 + 0 .4 1,357,082 498,365 1,318,052 477, 720 0 - 4 .1 156 31,947 31,355 - 1 .9 858, 717 840,332 - 2 .1 173 39,670 44,035 0 705,797 792,717 0 28 145 7,614 32,056 7,632 36, 403 + 0 .2 +13.6 118, 869 586,928 116,107 676,610 - 2 .3 +15.3 1,194 197 66 479,826 313,037 1, 714 169,836 304,108 1,801 0 -2 .9 + 5 .1 15,088,755 10,077,874 38,474 14,313,587 9, 509,127 39,617 0 - 5 .6 + 3 .0 - 0 .9 T ob acco p ro d u cts . . . . ______ Chew ing and sm oking tobaeco a n d snuff_____ _____ Cigars and cigarettes________ V ehicles fo r la n d t r a n s p o r t a tio n _______ . . . . . ________ A utom obiles_______ ____ . . . Carriages and wagons_______ C ar building and repairing, electric-railroad___________ C ar building and repairing, steam -railroad____________ M iscella n eo u s in d u s tr ie s _____ A gricultural im plem ents____ Electrical m achinery, apparatu s, and supplies _______ Pianos an d organs. _______ R ubber boots a n d sh o e s.. . . . A utom obile tires_______ ____ Shipbuilding, steel_____ ____ All in d u s tr ie s ___________ 372 26, 694 26,701 815,877 808,483 559 138,381 137, 226 - 0 .8 4,156,530 3,956,360 —A 8 413 85 351,850 22, 833 253,125 22,139 0 -3 .0 7,338,526 658,449 7,130,977 601,003 0 -8 .4 178 42 10 58 40 121,124 7,650 16,412 56,429 27, 402 123,052 7,808 18,166 54, 502 26,458 + 1 .6 + 2 .1 +10.7 - 3 .4 - 3 .4 3, 547,831 224,195 409, 692 1,728,949 771,410 3,427,160 241,421 458, 862 1,663,766 738, 765 -3 .4 + 7 .7 + 12.0 -3 .8 -4 .2 0 80,298,730 79,212,903 10,781 3,016,775 3,030,762 + 0 0 R e c a p itu la tio n by G eographic D iv isio n s GEO GRA PHIC DIVISION N ew E n g lan d __________________ M iddle A tla n tic .,- . . _________ E ast N o rth C en tral_____________ W est N o rth C e n t r a l___ ________ South A tla n tic __ ______________ E a st South C entral_______ _____ W est South C en tra l. __________ M o u n ta in ._____ _______________ Pacific__________ ____________ All d iv isio n s.. .. .. . ... 1,405 2, 552 2,894 1,008 1,141 470 438 185 688 408,964 836,499 990,780 161,098 279,618 103,664 86,498 27,647 122, 007 418,483 845, 481 978,445 161,120 286, 653 103, 884 87,687 27,346 121,663 10,781 3,016,775 3,030,762 + 2 .3 $10, 019, 468 $10,281,234 + 1 .1 23, 582, 517 23,698,278 - 1 . 2 29, 450,494 27,972,757 4, 078, 521 4,011,410 + 0 + 2 .5 5,166, 846 5,291,404 + 0 .2 1,993,724 1,993, 956 1,837,963 1,860, 616 + 1.4 754, 498 740, 215 -L I - 0 .3 3,414, 699 3,363,033 0 80,298,730 79,212,903 + 2 .6 + 0 .5 - 5 .0 -1 .6 + 2 .4 + 0 + 1 .2 - 1 .9 - 1 .5 0 * T he per cent of change has no t been com puted for th e reason th a t th e figures in the preceding columns are unw eighted and refer only to th e establishm ents reporting; for the w eighted per cent of change, w herein proper allow ance is m ade for th e relative im portance of the several industries, so th a t the figures m ay represent all establishm ents of th e c o u n try in th e industries here represented, see T able 2. 2 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Zlli>3] 154 M O N T H L Y L A B O E K E V IE W T able 2 .—P E R C E N T S O F C H A N G E , A U G U ST TO S E P T E M B E R ., 1927—12 G R O U P S O F IN D U S T R IE S A N D T O T A L OF A L L IN D U S T R IE S [Computed from the index numbers of each group, which are obtained by weighting the index numbers of the several industries of the group, by the number of employees, or wages paid, in the industries] Per cent of change, A ugust, 1927, to Septem ber, 1927 Per cent of change, August, 1927, to Septem ber, 1927 G roup Food a n d kindred p ro d u c ts... Textiles a n d th eir p ro d u c ts ... Iron and steel and th eir prod u c ts ______,.............................. L um ber and its p r o d u c ts ..... Leather and its p ro d u cts____ P aper and p rin tin g _________ Chemicals and allied products. Stone, clay, and glass prod u c ts ........................................... ... G roup N um ber on pay roll A m ount of pay roll + 3 .4 + 1 .9 +2. 3 + 2 .4 -0 .6 + 0 .7 + 0 .3 + 1 .0 + 4 .2 -2 .8 + 1 .3 - 2 .5 + 1 .0 + 2 .2 + 0 .2 - 1 .3 M etal products, other th a n iron and steel........................... Tobacco p ro d u cts_________ Vehicles for land transporta tio n _______ _____ M iscellaneous industries.......... A ll i n d u s t r i e s ............... N um ber on pay roll A m ount of pay roll -1 .2 +11.8 - 2 .6 +13.1 - 1 .6 -1 .3 -4 .9 -3 .5 + 0 .7 - 1.0 C o m p a r is o n o f E m p lo y m e n t a n d P a y - R o ll T o t a ls in S e p te m b e r , 1927, a n d S e p te m b e r , 1926 I7MPLOYMENT in manufacturing industries in September, 1927, ^ was 4.6 per cent lower than in September, 1926, and pay-roll totals were 5.3 per cent smaller. Two of the 12 groups of industries—textiles and tobacco—are shown to have had more employees at the end of this 12-month period than at the beginning, the increases having been 3.2 per cent in each instance. In the textile group as a whole the increase in pay-roll totals reached 6.9 per cent. Seven of the 10 separate industries of the textile group showed decided improvement, the cotton-goods industry leading with an increase of 8 per cent in employment and 12.8 per cent in pay-roll totals, followed next by women’s clothing with increases of 4.9 per cent and 13.2 per cent in the two items, respectively. The iron and steel group fell off 9.3 per cent in employment in this period, the vehicle group 10.5 per cent, the stone, clay, and glass group 8.3 per cent, the lumber group 7.3 per cent, and the chemical group 6.5 per cent. In these groups some of the notable decreases in employment over this 12-month interval were 9.7 per cent in the iron and steel industry, 16.4 per cent in cast-iron pipe, 10 per cent in machine tools, 10 per cent in millwork, 12.3 per cent in fertilizers, 11.3 per cent in petroleum refining, 11 per cent in pottery, 10.9 per cent in automobiles, 26.7 per cent in carriages and wagons, and 10.6 per cent in steam-car building and repairing. The South Atlantic division alone of the nine geographic divisions had more employees in September, 1927, than in September, 1926, the increase having been 1.2 per cent. The greatest declines in employ ment were in the Middle Atlantic, East North Central, and both East and West South Central divisions—about 6 per cent in each case. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1 1 0 4 ] E M PLO Y M E N T IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G 155 I N D U S T R IE S T a b l e 3 .— C O M P A R IS O N O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y -R O L L T O T A L S , S E P T E M B E R , 1927, W IT H S E P T E M B E R , 1926 [The per cents of change for each of th e 12 groups of industries an d for th e total of all industries are weighted in th e sam e m anner as are th e per cents of change in Table 2] Per cent of change, .Septem ber, 1927, compared w ith September,. 1926 Per cent of change, September, 1927, compared w ith September, 1926 In d u stry In d u stry N um ber A m ount on pay of pay roll roll N um ber A m ount on pay of pay roll roll F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s .. - 0 .3 - 0 .4 -2 . 0 —1.3 -5 . 4 -1 .7 + 2.1 + 4 .2 - 2 .8 + 0 .6 -6 . 2 - 3 .2 + 2 .8 + 5 .5 + 3 .2 + 8 .0 + 1.6 + 0 .2 - 1 .3 + 2 .8 + 6.9 +12.8 '+4.4 + 1 .6 + 1 .9 + 1 .9 + 2 .4 -0 .6 —1. 6 + 4 .9 + 2 .5 + 5 .3 + 1.3 +4. 3 +13. 2 + 4 .7 - 9 .3 -9 . 7 -1 6 . 4 —8. 8 -1 1 .8 -1 3 . 5 -1 5 .1 -7 . 3 - 9 .4 - 7 .1 -1 0 . 0 -1 1 .1 -1 0 .1 - 8 .8 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llied p r o d _____________ n e t s ______ __ S l a u g h t e r i n g and m eat F lo u r ...... ............... ............... B ak in g ..... ........................ . T e x tile s a n d th e ir p r o d u c t s .. Silk goods______________ W oolen and worsted goods. S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts ______ _______ __ C lothing, w om en’s ___ __ M illinery and lace goods — Iron and s te e l a n d Stam ped F o u n d ry and machine-shop H ard w are .. _________ .---- Steam fittings and steam and hot-w ater heating a p p a ra tu s .................. - 4 .3 -8 .7 - 5 .9 -1 0 .3 -7 .3 -8 .0 —10.0 - 3 .5 - 6 .5 -7 .2 -9 .8 - 2 .1 L e a t h e r a n d its p r o d u c t s ___ - 2 .8 a 4 - 2 .5 - 2 .8 55 - 1 .6 P a p e r a n d p r in t in g .................... -0 .6 + 0 .8 Paper and p u lp ...................... Paper boxes______________ Printing, book and jo b ____ Printing, new spapers............ - 2 .7 - 2 .7 -0 .9 + 2 .2 - 4 .8 + 1 .5 L u m b e r a n d its p r o d u c t s __ F u rn itu re .... ................ -8 .3 - 8 .0 - 4 .3 - 5 .3 -8 .9 • —9. 3 -1 1 .0 a - 8 .9 -8 .0 - 7 .5 and —7.1 - 8 .1 - 9 .1 - 7 .8 enameled Brass, bronze, and copper T ob acco p ro d u cts .............. Chewing and smoking tobacco and sn u ff............. th e ir Iron and steel____________ Cast-iron p ip e____________ - 3 .9 + 3.3 - 5 .4 -1 1 .3 M e ta l p r o d u c t s , o t h e r t h a n D yeing a n d finishing texC lothing, m en ’s ..................... ____ Cem ent ________ ____ . . . Brick, tile, a nd terra c o tta ,. - 6 .5 -0 .6 -1 2 .3 -1 1 .3 —6.3 - 8 .2 + 3 .2 + 2.6 -2 .4 + 4 .0 - 6 .1 +3-8 -1 0 .5 -1 0 .9 -2 6 .7 -1 0 .6 -1 3 .5 -2 1 .5 V e h ic le s fo r la n d tr a n s p o r - Autom obiles______________ Carriages and wagons........... Car building and repairing, + 3 .4 + 3 .6 -1 0 .6 - 8 .5 - 5 .2 -9 .9 -8 .0 Pianos and organs. _______ R u b b er boots and shoes___ Autom obile tires ______ Shipbuilding, steel........... — . -5 .5 -9 .4 + 7 .2 -7 . 1 -4 .2 -5 .9 -9 .7 +16.8 -1 0 .2 -5 .6 All in d u s t r ie s __________ -4 .6 - 5 .3 -5 .9 -5 .0 - 1 .1 - 2 .8 - 3 .0 -0 .7 -4 .6 -5 .3 Car building and repairing, steam -railroad ---------- __ A gricultural im plem ents. ... Electrical m achinery, apparatus, and supplies ____ M is c e lla n e o u s in d u s t r ie s - 6 .1 + 1 .1 + 4 .9 1 R ec a p itu la tio n by Geographic D iv isio n s GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION—COntd. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION - 3 .6 - 6 .1 - 6 .3 - 3 .0 + 1 .2 -6 .2 68404°—27----- 11 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - 1 .6 - 7 .1 -7 .7 - 4 .4 + 0 .3 - 5 .4 W est South C en tral..................... M o u n tain .................................... . [1105] A ll d iv is io n s ..................... 156 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW P e r C a p it a E a r n in g s D E R CAPITA earnings for the 54 industries combined in Septem ber, 1927, were 1.6 per cent lower than in August, 1927, and seven-tenths of 1 per cent lower than in September, 1926. Per capita earnings in September, 1927, showed a gain over August, 1927, in 14 industries, and a gain over September, 1926, in 31 industries. In the comparison between September, 1927, and September, 1926, the most pronounced increases were in the women’s clothing, rubber boot and shoe, paper box, fertilizer, shirt and collar, and carriage and wagon industries, while the notable decreases were in the iron and steel, automobile, and automobile-tire industries. T a b l e 4 .— C O M P A R IS O N O F P E R C A P IT A E A R N IN G S , S E P T E M B E R , 1927, W IT H A U G U ST 1927, A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1926 Per cent of change, Septem ber, 1927, com pared w ith — P er cent of change, Septem ber, 1927, com pared w ith — In d u stry In d u stry Sep August, tem ber, 1927 1926 Pianos a n d organs............ ................ Clothing, w om en’s............. .............. D yeing and finishing textiles......... M illinery and lace goods________ Printing, new spapers....................... Ice cream .................................. ........... Cigars and cigarettes............ ........... L um ber, saw m ills............................ R ubber boots and shoes.................. C otton goods____________ ______ Slaughtering and m eat p a c k in g ... F u rn itu re ......................................... W oolen and w orsted goods______ P aper b o x e s.............. ....................... B aking________________ ______ _ Printing, book a n d jo b ................... Brass, bronze, a n d copper prod u c ts _______ ______ _____ ______ F lo u r..................................................... A utom obile tires________________ F e rtilize rs...................... .................... M achine tools........................... ......... Silk goods...................................... . Cast-iron p ip e _____ _____________ H osiery a nd k n it goods........... ....... C em ent................................................ Petroleum refining______________ P o ttery ................................................. Shipbuilding, steel....... .................... C ar building a n d repairing, elec tric-railroad...................... ............... + 5 .5 + 4.7 + 2. 8 + 2.8 + 1.8 + 1 .6 + 1 .5 + 1.2 + 1.2 + 0 .5 + 0 .3 + 0.2 + 0.1 + - 0) 0.1 0.1 - 0 .3 - 0 .3 - 0 .4 - 0 .5 - 0 .5 - 0.2 + 8.1 + 2 .5 + 2.0 + 2.6 - 0 .9 - 0.1 + 1.0 + 9 .0 + 4 .6 - 0 .9 - 0 .5 + 3 .4 +4. 5 + 0.6 + 2.2 -2 .4 - 1.2 - 3 .3 0.8 +7. 8 + 1 .3 + 1.3 + 1 .5 + 2 .9 -0 .9 - 0 .3 + 2 .4 - 1 .5 - 0 .9 + 0.1 - 0.6 - 0 .7 - 0 .7 - 0.8 - 0.8 - 0.8 - August, Sep ber, 1927 tem 1926 Confectionery..................................... Shirts and c o lla rs............................. Sugar refining, cane.......................... H ardw are................ ............................ Paper and p u lp ............................ . Brick, tile, an d terra c o t t a .. . ........ Chem icals.......................................... S to v e s.......... ..................................... Iron and steel___ ______ ____ ___ Carriages and wagons............. ......... Clothing, m en’s ................ ........... F o u n d ry and m achine-shop prod u c t s . . ............................................... G la s s ............. ..................................... L eather__________ ________ _____ C arpets and r u g s . . . ........................ Chewing and smoking tobacco an d snuff___________ _________ Steam fitting and steam and hotw ater heating a p p aratu s_______ Boots and shoes................................. Lum ber, m illw ork............................. A utom obiles________ _________ Car building and repairing, steamra ilro ad ........................... .............. Stam ped and enam eled w are____ Electrical m achinery, apparatus, and supplies________ _________ A gricultural im plem ents________ Structural ironw ork.............. ........... - 1 .1 - 1 .3 - 1 .3 - 1 .5 - 1 .5 - 1 .6 - 1 .6 - 1 .6 - 1 .9 - 2 .0 - 2 .0 + 1 .8 + 5 .9 + 1 .6 - 3 .1 -2 . 2 - 0 .2 + 4 .0 - 1 .8 - 4 .3 + 6 .9 + 2 .0 - 2 .3 - 2 .3 -2 .4 -2 .5 - 1 .9 + 0 .2 - 2 .5 - 0 .7 - 2 .6 - 4 .0 - 2 .6 - 2 .7 -2 . 7 - 2 .9 - 1 .9 + 0 .9 +0. 4 -3 .2 - 4 .0 -4 .5 + 2 .4 + 1.3 - 4 .9 - 5 .6 - 5 .8 - 0 .5 + 1 .8 + 1 .8 1 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent. W age C h ang es 'T'WENTY-TWO establishments in 16 industries reported increases in wage rates during the month ended September 15, 1927. These increases averaged 5.5 per cent and affected 887 employees, or 16 per cent of the total employees in the establishments concerned. Twenty-one establishments in 7 industries reported decreases in wage rates during the same period. The decreases averaged 8.4 per cent and affected 3,181 employees, or 59 per cent of all employees in the establishments concerned. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1106] 157 EMPLOYMENT IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES T a b l e 5 .— W A G E A D JU S T M E N T S O C C U R R IN G B E T W E E N A U G U ST 15 A N D S E P T E M B E R 15, 1927 P er cent of increase or decrease in wage rates E stablishm ents ' | In d u stry T otal num ber re porting Em ployees affected P e r cent of employees N um ber reporting increase or de crease in wage rates Range Average T otal num ber In estab In all lishm ents reporting establish increase or m ents re decrease in porting wage rates Increases C onfectionery................ ................ B ak in g ______________________ Silk g o o d s.. _________________ Iron and steel____ ____________ S tructural iro n w o rk __________ F o u n d ry and machine-shop products _________________ L um ber, saw m ills____________ F u rn itu re ___________________ P a p e r boxes______ ___________ P rinting, book and jo b . --------Printing, new spapers_________ C hem icals________ _________ F ertilizers____________________ . . _____________ G lass____ A gricultural im plem ents______ Electrical m achinery, apparatus, and supplies.............................. . 308 607 197 209 159 4 1 1 1 1 5. 0-10.0 10.0 9.0 3.0 10.0 8.9 10.0 9.0 3.0 10.0 53 33 31 200 6 23 50 6 40 10 0) C1) (>) (») « 973 475 424 180 302 206 127 174 107 85 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1.0 6.0 7.0-20. 0 5.0 7.0- 7. 5 3.0 5. 0-10.0 10.0 10.0 2.5 1.0 6.0 9.5 5.0 7.3 3.0 8. 5 10.0 10.0 2.5 10 90 16 7 30 130 110 6 43 100 12 100 5 11 8 43 6 27 13 30 0) (•) (‘) (>) « (•) (l) (') (>) (>) 178 1 5.0 5.0 22 6 0) « Decreases Iro n and steel________________ F o u n d ry and machine-shop p roducts___ ______________ L um ber, saw m ills____________ L um ber, m illw ork___ _ ______ B rick, tile, and terra c o t t a . ___ Cigars and cigarettes. _______ A utom obile tires_____________ 209 1 2.5 2.5 40 7 973 475 257 371 145 58 1 10.0 1.0-10. 0 10.0-15.0 7.0-11.0 1.0 10.0 10.0 8.3 10.3 9.3 1.0 10.0 250 2, 180 89 477 95 50 38 67 64 89 52 100 9 3 5 1 1 (l) 0) 2 1 (>) (>) i Less th a n one-half of 1 per cent. In d e x e s o f E m p lo y m e n t a n d P a y - R o ll T o t a ls in M a n u f a c t u r in g In d u s tr ie s INDEX numbers for September, 1927, and for July and August, * 1927, and September, 1926, showing relatively the variation in number of persons employed and in pay-roll totals in each of the 54 industries surveyed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, together with general indexes for the combined 12 groups of industries, appear in Table 6. The general index of employment for September, 1927, is 88.0, this number being 0.7 per cent higher than the index for August, 1927, 0.8 per cent higher than the index for July, 1927, and 4.6 per cent lower than the index for September, 1926. The general index of pay-roll totals for September, 1927, is 90.1, this number being 1 per cent lower than the index for August, 1927, 1.1 per cent higher than the index for July, 1927, and 5.3 per cent lower than the index for September, 1926. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1107] 158 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T a b l e 6 .—IN D E X E S O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D PA Y -R O L L T O T A L S IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S —S E P T E M B E R , 1926, A N D JU L Y , A U G U S T , A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927 [M onthly average, 1923=100] E m ploym ent In d u stry 1926 Sep tem ber G eneral In d ex. F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ______ Slaughtering and m eat p a c k in g .. Confectionery.................................. . Ice C r e a m .. . ........................... ........ F lo u r ................................................ B aking.......................................... Sugar refining, c a n e ..................... T e x t ile s a n d th e ir p r o d u c t s ............ C otton goods.................................... Hosiery a nd k n it goods................ Silk goods_______ __________. . . Woolen a n d w orsted goods_____ C arpets and rugs............... ............ D yeing and finishing textiles___ Clothing, m en’s............................... Shirts and collars__ ____ ______ Clothing, w om en’s ............... ........ M illinery an d lace goods_______ I r o n a n d s te e l a n d th e ir p r o d u c t s . Iron and steel.................................... C ast-iron pipe.................................. Structural iro n w o rk ........................ F oundry and machine-shop prod u c t s . .. ................. ........................... H ardw are............................................ M achine to o ls ................................. Steam fittings and steam and hotw ater heating a p p aratu s............ S to v e s................................................ L u m b e r a n d its p r o d u c t s . Lum ber, saw m ills............. Lum ber, m illw ork______ F u rn itu re ___ ; ................ . L e a t h e r a n d its p r o d u c t s . L e a th e r............................ . Boots and shoes................ P a p e r a n d p r i n t i n g . ......... Paper and p u l p . . .......... Paper boxes__________ Prin tin g , book and jo b . P rinting, n ew sp ap ers... C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s . Chem icals__________ _______ _ Fertilizers........ ....................... Petroleum refining__________ S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s . C em en t.......................... ............... Brick, tile, and terra co tta......... P o tte ry ............................................ Glass.............................. ............ M e t a l p r o d u c t s , o t h e r t h a n ir o n a n d s t e e l.................................... ............. Pay-roll totals 1927 Ju ly August 1926 Sep Sep tem ber tem ber 1927 Ju ly August Sep tem ber 82.2 87.3 87.4 88.0 95.1 89.1 91.0 90.1 92. 4 81.7 94.3 101. 2 92.5 102.5 91.3 89.9 83.6 73. 1 107.6 87.6 103.0 100.0 89.1 80. 2 77.9 104.2 88.6 102. 1 98.7 92.1 80. 1 93. 1 95.7 90.9 104.7 95.1 96.» 86.2 100. 5 111.3 95.6 107.1 90.2 95.5 88.2 80.7 116. 6 88. 5 108. 7 101.0 93.7 83.7 85.6 111.9 90.5 107.4 100.2 95.9 83.8 101.1 104.4 92.5 110.1 95.2 84.2 81. 0 95.0 97.9 79.9 91.6 96.0 84.4 80.3 77.0 68.3 84.2 87.2 91.0 96.7 74.7 95.0 95.3 82.7 76.7 75.2 62.4 85.3 86.6 92.6 97.7 78.1 94.3 96.5 84.8 76.5 76.8 66.8 86.9 87.5 96.5 98. 1 78.9 94.2 98.3 83.9 79.0 80.8 70.0 82.9 78.1 103.7 102.9 77.1 89. 1 98. 1 77.6 77.1 77.1 71.8 83.5 86. 1 98.9 101.3 73.4: 88.3 95.0 79.3 79.3 75.2 62.0 86.5 86. 8 104. 7 104.7 77.6 93.2 98.6 81. 0 78.9 79.3 69. 8 88.6 88.1 108.3 104.5 78.6 90.8 103.3 78.6 80.4 87.3 75.2 92.6 98. 2 109.4 105.3 85.1 90.4 98.1 95.5 84.4 89.3 95.6 97.1 84.0 88. 7 91.5 96.0 96.0 102.0 108.9 108.6 84.6 86.3 100.6 101.3 87.1 90.5 97.4 108. 0 84.7 88.2 92.5 100.7 87.2 86.4 102.3 81.2 79.4 92.3 80.8 76.8 82.6 79.0 80.3 92.1 88.3 95.1 111.1 81.4 83.1 98.5 82.2 83.1 91.2 78.5 85.5 101.3 97.2 88.3 91.1 67.3 91.5 76.9 93.0 80.6 102.8 90.2 92.7 64.8 97.6 78.5 96.7 80.9 91.8 88.3 97.4 100.6 83.7 80.4 89.3 91.6 84.5 80.9 89.4 94.1 85.1 81.2 87.7 97.1 100.2 97.3 103.4 108.0 89.4 86.7 94.1 95.7 92.5 88.7 97.8 102.3 93.7 90.3 93.3 105.7 93.9 92.3 94.4 88.2 88.2 88.2 91.0 88. 6 91.8 91.3 89.2 92.0 93.6 94.0 93.4 86.7 87.8 86.3 93.3 90.4 94.4 91.0 88.8 91.9 104.0 95.9 102.4 104.9 111.5 101.8 92.2 95.0 101.6 114.4 102.4 93.2 96.3 10C. 9 113.5 103.4 93.3 99.6 104.0 114.0 110.8 101.6 109.2 113.7 117.2 109.0 95.3 103.8 111. 6 121.0 110.6 98.0 107.2 113.9 120.2 111.7 96.7 110.8 114.9 122.9 100.3 95.9 108.6 102. 7 89.4 92.9 64.5 95.7 90.0 93.3 71.7 93.5 93.8 95.3 95.2 91.1 102.5 101.3 117.0 99.8 95.1 102.6 76.5 92.2 96.4 104.2 83.8 91.5 98.5 104.6 110.7 88.5 103.6 96.6 107.4 108.6 100.5 94.4 93.3 103.5 81.6 90.3 94.8 93.2 100.9 94.8 89.4 95.0 92.4 97.8 96.7 92.5 108.1 103.0 110.9 114.6 105.2 96.9 97.5 106.9 81.3 93.0 100.7 99.1 105.6 103.2 96.2 99.4 97.5 100.6 104.4 97.3 95.7 91.2 89.5 82.8 90.0 82.5 88.9 82.9 93.6 85.5 86.9 78.4 88.3 82.1 86.0 78.8 Stam ped and enam eled w are___ Brass, bronze, a n d copper prod ucts................................................. 97.8 92.5 93.4 91.6 96.6 90.0 90.6 88.7 T o b a c c o p r o d u c t s .................................. 85.1 84.6 78.5 87.8 89.1 86.7 80.8 91.4 93.5 84.0 87.3 84.3 91.1 76.9 91.3 87.4 99.1 87.9 96.4 85.6 95.3 79.1 93.2 91.1 Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff......................................... Cigars and cigarettes....................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1108] 159 EMPLOYMENT IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES T a b l e 6 .—IN D E X E S O F E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y -R O L L T O T A L S IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S —S E P T E M B E R , 1926, A N D JU L Y , A U G U S T , A N D C ontinued Pay-roll totals E m ploym ent Sep tem ber Ju ly 1927 1926 1927 1926 In d u stry S E P T E M B E R , 1927— Sep Sep August tem ber tem ber Ju ly Sep A ugust tem ber V e h ic le s fo r la n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ,. 91.3 82.3 83.0 81.7 91.3 81.4 85.8 81. G A utom obiles_______ ______ ____ Carriages an d w agons...... ............... Car building and repairing, elec tric-railroad ...... ...................... C ar building an d repairing, steam -railroad................................ 108.0 103.9 95.3 67.6 99. 1 72.5 96. 2 76.2 109.3 103.4 91. 9 73.6 100.1 78.8 94. 5 81.2 87.8 90.3 90.8 90.8 88.3 90.4 92.3 91.5 79.6 74.3 76.5 72.8 M is c e lla n e o u s i n d u s t r i e s ........... ....... A gricultural im p lem en ts-----------Electrical m achinery, apparatus, and supplies....................... ........... Pianos and organs______________ R u b b er boots and shoes________ A utom obile tir e s .. ____________ Shipbuilding, steel------- ------------ 80.5 74.0 72.6 72.0 96.4 94.3 92.6 91.4 99.3 99.5 , 96.6: 93.2 93.2 85.3 86.6 84.0 98.6 93.1 99.0 90.7 99.4 94.4 83.4 114.9 90. 1 92.0 79.2 80.6 111.4 93.3 92.4 83.8 80.7 110.4 89.3 93.9 85.5' 89. 4 106. 7 86.3 100.2 106.3 87. 6 122.2 92.7 93.6 79. 0 90.2 114.2 100. 1 97-7: 89.2 9L3; 114.0 91. 4: 94.3 96.0 102.3 109.7 87.5 Table 7 shows the general index of employment in manufacturing industries and the general index of pay-roll totals from January, 1923, to September, 1927. Following Table 7 is a graph made from index numbers, showing clearly the course of employment for each month of 1926 and for each completed month of 1927, thus making possible s comparison between corresponding months of the two years. This chart repre sents the 54 separate industries combined and shows the course of pay-roll totals as well as the course of employment. T able 7.—G E N E R A L IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y -R O L L T O T A L S IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S , JA N U A R Y , 1923, TO S E P T E M B E R , 1927 [M onthly average, 1923 = 100] Pay-roll totals E m ploym ent M onth 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 95.4 96.6 96.4 94.5 90.8 87.9 84.8 85.0 86.7 87. 9 87. 8 89.4 90.0 91.6 92.3 92.1 90.9 90.1 89.3 89.9 90.9 92. 3 92. 5 92.6 92.3 93.3 93.7 92.8 91.7 91.3 89.8 90.7 92.2 92.5 91.4 90.9 89.4 91.0 91.4 90.6 89.7 89.1 87.3 87.4 88.0 94.8 95. 2 100.3 101.3 104.8 104.7 99.9 99.3 100.0 102.3 101.0 98.9 94.5 99.4 99.0 96.9 92.4 87.0 80.8 83.5 86.0 88.5 87.6 91.7 90.0 95.1 96.6 94.2 94.4 91. 7 89.6 91.4 90.4 96. 2 96.2 97.3 93.9 97.9 99.1 97. 2 95.6 95. 5 91.2 94.6 95.1 98. 6 95.4 95.6 90.9 96.4 97. 7 96.6 95. 6 93.3 89.1 91.0 90.1 D ecem ber................... 98.0 99.6 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.9 100.4 99. 7 99.8 99 3 9K 7 96! 9 A v e r a g e _____ 160.0 90.3 91.2 91.9 189.3 100.0 90.6 93.6 95.8 193.4 July . ______ i Average for 9 m onths. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1 1 0 9 ] 160 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. MONTHLY INDEXES - 1926& 1927. M O N TH LY A V E .R A G L https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1923 s i O O. iOO 95 90 85 100 95 90 85 [ 1110] 16 1 EMPLOYMENT ÍN MANUFACTURING IN DU STBIES P r o p o r tio n o f T i m e W o r k e d a n d F o r c e E m p lo y e d in M a n u f a c t u r in g In d u s tr ie s in S e p te m b e r , 1927 D EPO R T S in September, 1927, from 8,695 establishments show ^ that 1 per cent of these establishments were idle, 79 per cent were operating on a full-time schedule, and 21 per cent on a parttime schedule; 39 per cent of the establishments had a full normal force of employees, and 60 per cent were operating with reduced forces. The establishments in operation were employing an average of 89 per cent of a full normal force of employees, and were operating an average of 97 per cent of full time. T a b l e 8 .—E S T A B L IS H M E N T S W O R K IN G F U L L A N D P A R T T IM E A N D E M P L O Y IN G F U L L A N D P A R T W O R K IN G F O R C E IN S E P T E M B E R . 1927 E stablish m ents reporting In d u stry Total Per n u m cent ber idle F ood a n d k in d red p r o d u c ts______ 1,362 Slaughtering and m eat packing__ 146 231 Confectionery______________ ____ 167 Ice cream ___ ____________ ____ F l o u r ........... ........... 274 533 11 T extiles a n d th eir p ro d u cts______ C otton goods___________________ 1,368 407 179 157 W oolen and w orsted goods ______ 161 C arpets and r u g s _______________ 20 84 C lothing, m en’s . , .............................. 168 50 Clothing, w om en’s ....................... . 95 47 Iron a n d steel a n d th eir p r o d u cts. 1,489 162 Iro n and steel __________________ 38 124 F o u n d ry and machine-shop products__________________________ 829 48 124 Steam fittings and steam and hot94 70 L u m b er a n d its p r o d u cts__ _____ L um ber, saw m ills_______________ F u rn itu re _____________________ 939 402 197 340 Average P er cent of P er cent per cent establishm ents Average of estab per cent of full operating lishm ents of tim e w ith— operating— norm al operated full force in es employed tablish in estab Full P a rt m ents ents Full P a rt norm al normal lishm oper operating tim e tim e ating force force (0 1 1 79 89 83 95 78 69 100 21 11 16 5 22 31 98 99 98 99 94 99 100 52 43 27 14 69 69 27 48 57 72 85 31 31 73 92 92 82 79 97 98 82 84 90 87 78 84 65 62 90 84 85 77 15 10 13 22 16 30 38 8 16 13 23 98 100 97 98 98 93 96 99 98 98 95 45 57 45 43 33 30 29 45 44 38 23 55 42 55 57 67 65 71 53 58 60 77 92 97 90 93 86 83 90 93 92 87 81 65 68 50 84 35 28 50 16 94 93 87 98 22 17 34 36 77 79 66 64 83 79 89 87 64 44 74 36 56 26 94 90 97 16 15 15 84 85 85 82 84 82 59 54 41 46 94 91 50 53 50 47 93 94 81 89 76 74 18 9 24 26 98 99 97 96 35 37 22 41 64 62 78 58 88 80 79 91 89 86 90 11 14 10 98 98 99 45 38 48 55 62 52 93 89 96 89 84 83 90 100 11 16 17 9 99 97 98 99 100 54 49 37 51 80 48 50 63 48 20 95 95 92 94 100 89 84 73 98 19 16 25 2 98 98 96 100 1 31 40 24 34 68 60 74 66 77 61 64 87 1 G) 5 2 2 1 4 0) 1 1 0) 3Î0 111 199 Paper a n d p r in tin g ___ ___________ Paper and p u lp ______ ___________ Printing, book and jo b __________ C h em ica ls a n d allied p r o d u cts____ F e rtilize rs... ___________________ Petroleum refining___ ___________ 713 165 147 258 143 295 95 156 44 (9 i (*) l ! 2 1 i Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C ll ll] 162 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T able 8 —E S T A B L IS H M E N T S W O R K IN G F U L L A N D P A R T T I M E A N D E M P L O Y IN G F U L L A N D P A R T W O R K IN G F O R C E IN S E P T E M B E R , 1927—C ontinued E stablish m ents reporting In d u stry Total Per n u m cent ber idle S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ___ C em ent ________ _____________ Brick, tile, a n d terra c o tta _______ P o tte ry ________________________ G lass................................. .................... M e t a l p r o d u c t s , o t h e r t h a n ir o n a n d s t e e l __________________________ Stam ped and enam eled w are_____ Brass, bronze, and copper produ c ts .......................... .................... . T o b a c c o p r o d u c t s ________ ______ _ Chew ing and smoking tobacco and s n u f f ........................... ............ Cigars and c ig a re ttes..................... .. 528 78 312 56 82 2 1 3 183 52 All i n d u s t r i e s . . ....................... Average per cent of normal full force employed in estab Full P a rt ents normal normal lishm operating force force 21 5 25 41 11 98 100 95 93 97 33 28 32 45 33 65 71 65 87 91 85 67 87 1 70 81 29 19 95 98 25 31 74 69 83 85 131 1 66 33 94 23 76 82 137 1 72 27 86 45 54 92 2 91 68 9 31 99 96 46 52 93 i 84 75 92 16 24 8 98 96 100 41 34 24 58 64 76 89 79 77 89 11 99 63 37 95 82 17 98 31 69 90 72 60 27 39 96 96 31 21 68 78 83 76 75 77 70 63 97 25 19 30 37 3 96 97 98 93 100 32 90 65 10 89 28 72 73 79 21 97 39 60 89 23 114 1,043 A utom obiles____________________ 140 Carriages a n d w a g o n s ______ . . . 59 C ar building and repairing, electrie-railroad ................. .............. 333 Car building and repairing, steamrailroad______ ________ _____ _ 511 A gricultural im plem ents________ Electrical m achinery, apparatus, and supplies__ _______ Pianos and organs _________ ____ R ub b er boots and shoes________ A utom obile tires . . ______ _____ Shipbuilding, steel............................. P er cent of establishm ents operating w ith— 77 94 73 59 89 V e h ic le s fo r la n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .. M is c e lla n e o u s in d u s t r ie s ................... Average Per cent per cent of estab of full lishm ents tim e operating— operated in es tablish m ents Full P a rt oper tim e tim e ating 328 77 129 31 10 49 32 8,095 « « i i 3 1 1 Less th a n one-tenth of 1 per cent. E m p lo y m e n t an d T o ta l E arn in gs o f R ailroad E m p loyees, A u g u st, 1926, an d J u ly an d A u g u st, 1927 HE number of employees on the 15th of August, 1927, and the total earnings of employees in the entire month of August, 1927, on Class I railroads of the United States, are shown in the table following, together with similar information for July, 1927, and August, 1926. The data are presented for all occupations combined, excluding executives and officials, and also for the six general groups of occupations; under each group data are shown separately for a few of the more important occupations. Class I railroads are roads having operating revenues of $1,000,000 a year and over. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1112] EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES 163 E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S OF R A IL R O A D E M P L O Y E E S — A U G U ST , 1926, A N D JU L Y A N D A U G U S T , 1927 , : [From m onthly reports of In te rsta te Commerce Commission. As d ata for only the more im p o rtan t occupa tions are shown separately, th e group totals are not th e sum of th e item s under th e respective groups] N um ber Of employees at m iddle of m onth T otal earnings O ccupation August, 1927 August, 1926 Ju ly , 1927 P r o fe s s io n a l, c lerica l, a n d g e n e r a l. 287,427 282,554 Clerks ____________ ______ ____ Stenographers and ty p is ts ............ 168, 770 25, 513 163, 993 25,354 162,806 25,248 22,057, 293 3,147,417 21, 844, 577 3,181,461 22,335,860 3,243; 792 M a in t e n a n c e o f w a y a n d s tr u c t u r e s _____________________ _______ 468,246 45,287,945 A ugust, 1926 July, 1927 A ugust, 1927 280,926 $39,611,010 $39, 761,287 $40,487,030 487,429 470,563 44,110,838 44,132,344 Laborers, extra gang a n d work tra in ____ _________ ____ ______ Laborers, track a n d roadw ay s e c tio n ............ ............................ 85,978 95,014 89,033 7,129,613 7,353, 750 7,444, 254 238, 728 249,940 240, 289 18,094, 827 18,133, 629 18,652,275 M a in t e n a n c e o f e q u ip m e n t a n d s t o r e s .. ---------------------- --------------- 514,351 489,934 482,397 68,230,082 63,711,201 112,081 59, 776 113, 301 104, 730 58, 509 107, 858 103, 762 57, 490 106, 338 16, 821,974 9, 599, 625 12, 683,390 15,458, 541 9,022,725 11,864,902 65,683,390 16, Ï59,743 9,349,734 12, 270, 224 42,393 41,292 40,464 4,660, 765 3, 927, 301 3,936,442 60,511 56,541 55,258 5,002,032 4, 512, 247 4, 679, 392 210,268 206,027 205, 428 20,026,296 25, 718,239 26, 194, 390 30,677 30,460 30,413 4, 797, 726 4, 773,881 4,895,650 25, 574 24,614 24,407 3,911, 299 3, 805, 589 3, 814, 018 37,995 35,729 35, 680 3,572, 424 3, 367,194 3, 549,740 22,433 21,989 22,006 1,695, 356 1, 700, 879 1, 703, 711 C arm en........ ....................................... M achinists......................................... Skilled trades helpers ............... Laborers (shops, engine houses, power plants, and stores)_____ C om m on laborers (shops, engine houses, power p lants, and stores) ..................................... . T r a n s p o r t a t io n , o th er th a n t r a in , e n g in e , a n d y a r d _________ S tation agents_____ ____ _______ Telegraphers, telephoners, and tow erm an___________________ Truckers (stations, warehouses, and platform s)......................... . Crossing and bridge flagmen and gatem en .................. ........................ T r a n s p o r t a t io n (y a r d m a s te r s , s w itc h te n d e r s , a n d h o s t l e r s ) ... 24,399 23,516 23,086 4, 620,364 4,589,849 4,580,906 T r a n s p o r t a tio n , t r a in a n d e n g in e . 330,540 316,810 316, 740 66,628,585 63,590,903 Road conductors______________ Road brakem en and flagm en____ Y ard brakem en and yard helpers. R oad engineers and m o to rm e n .. . R oad firemen an d helpers.............. 37,943 75,801 54,033 44, 940 46, 300 36, 361 72,078 52, 270 42, 960 43, 936 36,401 72, 090 51, 739 43, 323 44,217 8, 994,105 13, 315,153 9,444,165 12,096,847 8,995,225 8, 736, 507 12, 638, 734 9, 232, 908 11,214,468 8, 640, 680 67, 201, 663 9,130,376 13, 394, 436 9, 675, 523 12, 075, 398 9, 074, 009 All o c c u p a t i o n s .. .......... ............. 1,836.171 1,806,270 1, 779,140 249,227,175 241,503, 823 249, 435, 324 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1113] 164 MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW State Reports on Employment C a li f o r n i a T HE September, 1927, Labor Market Bulletin, issued by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of California, shows the following changes in volume of employment and pay roll from August, 1926, to August, 1927, in 776 establishments in that State: P E R C E N T O F C H A N G E IN N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S A N D IN T O T A L A M O U N T OF W E E K L Y P A Y R O L L IN 776 C A L IF O R N IA E S T A B L IS H M E N T S , A U G U S T , 1927, C O M P A R E D W IT H A U G U ST , 1926 W eekly pay roll Em ployees N um ber P er cent Per cent of estab change lish N u m ber of ount ofaschange as com Ainm A com m ents re in A u u pared porting gust, 1927 w pared ith A u gust, 1927 w ith A u gust, 1926 gust, 1926 In d u stry Stone, clay, and glass products: M iscellaneous stone a n d m ineral p ro d u cts______ Lim e, cem ent, plaster__________________ ____ Brick, tile, p o tte ry _________________ __________ Glass_____ _____________ - ..................................... . 13 8 22 9 1.740 2,017 3,307 827 +18.4 - 7 .9 +17.1 + 4.4 $58,994 63,901 83,653 28,165 T o ta l........................... ............................... ................ M etals, m achinery, a n d conveyances: A gricultural im plem ents______________________ Automobiles, including bodies and p a rts_______ Brass, bronze, a n d copper p ro d u c ts ....................... Engines, pum ps, boilers, an d ta n k s .. _________ Iro n a n d steel forging, bolts, n u ts, etc__________ S tru ctu ral and ornam ental steel— ....................... Ship a n d boat building an d naval r e p a ir s _____ T in cans. _. ________________________ _______ O ther iron-foundry and m achine-shop p ro d u c ts.. O ther sheet-m etal p ro d u cts______ ___________ Cars, locomotives, a n d railw ay repair s h o p s ____ 52 7,891 + 8 .5 234,713 + 7 .2 6 14 9 7 6 20 7 7 71 19 17 1,433 1,832 874 643 2,587 4,634 4,930 2,282 6,935 1,557 4,373 +19.1 -4 2 .3 -1 9 .3 39,950 61,589 25,936 20,709 82,418 158,256 166,053 63, 502 213,593 43,393 130,821 +21.6 -4 2 .4 -1 4 .2 + 5.3 - 5 .5 +11. 3 T o tal___ ____ ______ ________ _ _____________ W ood m anufactures: Sawmills and logging___________________ ____ Planing mills, sash a n d door factories, etc______ O ther wood m anufactures____ _______ ______ _ 183 32,080 + 7 .0 1,006,220 24 58 41 13,095 10,213 5,260 + 1.3 -1 2 + 7 .9 374,723 284,773 155,462 - 1 .0 - 4 .8 +10.6 T o tal______________' . . _____________________ Leather and ru b b er goods: T an n in g__________________ ______ _ Finished leather p roducts____________ _______ . R u b b er p ro d u c ts_____ ________________________ 123 28,568 + 1 .5 814,953 - .4 7 5 7 791 482 2,541 - 3 .3 - 3 .0 - 7 .8 22,514 11,890 74,627 + 9 .0 + 4 .0 - 8 .6 T o ta l...... ...................................... ............................... Chemicals, oils, p aints, etc: Explosives___________________________________ M ineral oil refining. _______________________ P aints, dyes, and co lo rs.. _____ ___________ M iscellaneous chemical p roducts______________ 19 3,814 - 6 .3 109,031 -4 .2 4 7 7 14 497 10,446 651 1,881 - 1 .4 -1 5 .5 - 7 .0 -1 2 .3 14,873 398,909 17,918 50,453 - 1 .5 -1 3 .8 + 1 .0 -1 4 .1 T o ta l_________________ ________ ______ . . . P rintin g and paper goods: P aper boxes, bags, cartons, etc_________________ . . . P rin tin g ___ _____ __________________________ . Publishing_________________ _____ ___________ O ther paper p ro d u c ts ........................ ....... ............ 32 13,475 -1 4 .3 482,153 -1 3 .0 13 59 17 10 1,944 2,470 3,491 1,150 + 2 .6 - 3 .7 + 2.4 - .8 52,276 87,465 132,464 29,496 + 5 .9 - 9 .2 + 2 .3 + 4 .7 T o ta l.................................... .......................... ............ Textiles: K n it goods____ ______ _________ ________ O ther textile p ro d u c ts................................................. T o ta l_________ _________ ___________________ C lothing, m illinery, an d laundering: M en ’s clothing_________________ _____ ________ V om en’s clothing. ___ _______ M illinery_________________ . . . _____ Laundering, cleaning, a n d d y e in g _____________ T o ta l............................................................ 99 9,055 + .3 301,701 -.5 13 6 19 1,072 1,605 2,677 + 6 .3 - .5 + 2.1 22,609 35,377 57,986 + 3 .3 -.8 + .7 26 9 7 19 61 2,784 835 735 3,188 7,542 - 4 .0 + 6.0 +25.6 + 5.1 + 3 .2 60,320 17,405 14,414 72,329 164,468 - 1 .2 + 1.1 +25.6 + 4 .6 + 3 .5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1114] + .7 + 7.4 -1 .9 -1 7 .3 -1 0 .4 -3 .0 -.5 +22.6 -1 1 .5 +14.1 +11.1 -1 8 .2 -1 2 .2 -1 0 .0 + 2.5 - 7 .0 REPORTS ON EMPLOYMENT— ILLINOIS 165 P E R C E N T O F C H A N G E IN N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S A N D IN T O T A L A M O U N T OF W E E K L Y P A Y R O L L IN 776 C A L IF O R N IA E S T A B L IS H M E N T S , A U G U S T , 1927, C O M P A R E D W IT H A U G U S T , 1926—C ontinued Em ployees N u m b er of estab lish N um ber m ents re in A u porting gust, 1927 In d u stry Foods, beverages, and tobacco: C anning, preserving of fruits a n d vegetables-----C anning, packing of fish. ___________________ Confectionery a n d ice c r e a m .................................. Groceries no t elsewhere specified___________ . . . B read and bakery p ro d u c ts ___________________ Sugar________________________________________ Slaughtering an d m eat p ro d u c ts .______________ Cigars an d other tobacco p ro d u cts_____________ Beverages....................... .................................... ........... D airy p ro d u c ts ...................................... ...................... Flour and grist m ills_________________________ Ice m anu factu res-___________ ________________ O ther food p ro d u cts...................................... .............. 34 7 26 5 20 5 15 4 3 11 12 15 13 30,509 1,047 1,746 469 3,389 3,352 2,648 967 399 2,983 797 1,193 1,109 W eekly p a y roll Per cent of change A m ount as com in A u pared w ith A u gust, 1927 gust, 1926 - 1 .5 + 4.1 - 8.1 -1 7 .6 + .9 + 2 .9 + 1.4 - 4 .1 - 1 .5 + 12.2 - 4 .0 -1 1 .4 + 11.0 $535,824 17,326 44,209 12,279 93,406 86,024 81,451 17,528 10,973 95,766 21,391 41,508 21,919 P e r cent of change as com pared w ith A u gust, 1926 -2 0 .4 —1 1 1 . 8 - 6 .4 - 6 .5 + 1 .5 + 4 .8 -1 3 .3 -7 .4 + 5 .6 -1 3 .2 -7 .7 - .7 T otal.,........ ................................ ................................. 170 50,608 -.6 1,079,604 - 10.8 W ater, light, a n d p o w er.. ________ . . . . . . . . . M iscellaneous________________ ________ _______ ___ 5 13 7,725 2,122 -1 6 .0 - 4 .7 229,992 57,946 -1 9 .2 G rand total, all industries- ................................ - 776 165,557 - 3 .2 4,538,772 - 6.6 - 1.0 I l li n o is rT ’HE following statistics showing the changes in employment and earnings in Illinois factories in July, 1927, as compared with June, 1927, are taken from the August, 1927, issue of the Labor Bul letin, published by the Illinois Department of Labor: C H A N G E S IN E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S IN IL L IN O IS F A C T O R IE S F R O M J U N E TO JU L Y , 1927 Per cent change from June to July, 1927 E m ploym ent In d u s try M ales Stone, clay, and glass products: M iscellaneous stone and m ineral products________ Lime, cem ent, an d p la ste r_____________ ____ ____ Brick, tile, a n d p o tte ry __________________ _ _ G lass_______ ____________ ______ _______________ T o ta l_______________ _____________________ M etals, m achinery, conveyances: Iron and steel________________ ____ - .......................... Sheet m etal w ork a n d hardw are... _____ . . ___ Tools and cu tle ry _______________________________ Cooking, heating, ven tilatin g ap p aratu s__________ Brass, copper, zinc, b a b b itt m e ta l. _______ . Cars and locom otives___________________________ Autom obiles a n d accessories________ ____ ________ M achinery........ ................................................................... Electrical a p p a ra tu s. ___________ ____ __________ A gricultural im p le m e n ts________________________ In stru m en ts an d appliances ________ ____________ W atches, w atch cases, clocks, a n d jew elry________ T o ta l___________ ________________________ W ood products: Sawmill and planing-mill p ro d u c ts______________ F u rn itu re a n d cabinet w o rk .. ___ . . . .. Pianos, organs, and other musical in stru m e n ts. . . . M iscellaneous wood p ro d u c ts______ ______ _______ Household furnishings__________________________ T o ta l..................................................................... .. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1115 ] Females T otal employees T otal earnings - 6.0 “1-2. 5 - .5 - 2.1 -1 8 .0 - 20.0 +19. 1 - 2.2 -6 .4 + 2.1 -.3 - 2. 1 - 10.6 —5.7 +• 1 -1 1 .9 - 2.0 - 2 .4 - 2.0 - 6.1 - 1 .7 - 8.8 - 5 .4 - 1 .3 - 7 .2 - 9 .0 - 2 .5 - 1 .9 - 9 .5 - 5 .2 + 2.1 -3 4 .0 -5 .2 -1 7 .3 -1 3 .1 + 8. 7 -2 5 .1 -2 3 .8 + 6 .9 -4 6 .8 - 6 .3 -1 8 .8 -3 9 .5 -2 7 .6 -3 9 .7 -2 3 .6 - 1.8 -8 .9 - 4 .1 -2 .7 -7 .5 - 8.8 - 6.0 -1 .7 -5 .6 - 5 .6 - 2. 1 -3 6 . 5 - 6.1 - 10.6 -9 .4 - 12.8 + .6 -7 .3 -1 8 .5 -1 2 .7 -4 .9 -1 6 .3 - 6.8 -9 .4 -3 1 .2 -1 1 .3 +3.1 - 4 .4 + .8 - .3 - 2 .3 - 1 .3 -1 3 .9 - 8 .7 -1 0 .3 + 4 .6 - 11.0 -7 .8 + 2 .9 - 4 .8 —. 7 + .i -5 . 1 - 2.0 + 1.8 -1 0 .5 -2 9 .1 -9 .6 - 2 .7 - 10.8 166 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW C H A N G E S IN E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S IN IL L IN O IS F A C T O R IE S F R O M J U N E T O JU L Y , 1927—C ontinued Per cent change from June to Ju ly , 1927 E m ploym ent In d u stry M ales F u rs and leather goods: L e a th e r............................................... Fu rs and fur goods..................... . Boots and shoes................ .............. M iscellaneous leather goods........ . T o ta l........................................ Chemicals, oils, paints, etc: D rugs an d chem icals.................. Paints, dyes, a n d c o lo rs............... M ineral a n d vegetable oils_____ M iscellaneous chemical products. T o ta l................................. P rin tin g a n d paper goods: Paper boxes, bags, and tubes. M iscellaneous paper g o o d s... Job p rin tin g ..... ............ ........... N ewspapers a n d periodicals.. E dition bookbinding............... T o ta l................................ Textiles: C otton and woolen goods___ K n it goods, cotton and woolen hosiery_____ T h read and tw ine................................................ T o ta l.................... ........................................ Clothing, m illinery, laundering: M en ’s clothing_________ _________ ________ M en ’s shirts a n d furnishings...... ..................... Overalls a n d w ork clothing..... ......................... M en ’s h ats an d c ap s...... ................................. . W om en’s clothing_______ ____ _______ ____ W om en’s un d erw ear........................................... W om en’s h a ts _______________ : . . . ................ Laundering, cleaning, a n d d y e in g .................. T o t a l................ ................ ........................ Food, beverages, a n d tobacco: Flour, feed, and other cereal p ro d u cts_____ F ru it and vegetable canning and preserving. M iscellaneous groceries....... ............................... Slaughtering and m eat p ack in g ....................... D a iry p ro d u c ts.............. ...................................... B read an d other b akery p ro d u c ts................ . Confectionery................. ................... ....... .......... Beverages............................................................... Cigars and other tobacco p ro d u c ts________ M anufactured ice................................................ Ice cream .......................................... ..................... T o t a l................................... ............... ....... T otal, all m anufacturing in d u stries__ T rade—W holesale and retail: D ep artm en t stores............................................... Wholesale d ry g o o d s ....... ...................... ............ Wholesale groceries___________ ___ _______ M ail-order houses........................... .................... T o ta l............................................................. Public utilities: W ater, light, a n d power ................................ . T elephone................................. _....................... Street railw ays...................................................... R ailw ay-car repair shops.................................... T o ta l.............................................. ............... . Coal M in in g....................... .......................................... Building an d contracting: Building construction......................................... R oad co nstruction...................................... ........ M iscellaneous contracting.................................. T o ta l........................................................ . G rand total, all in d u stries...................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T otal employees T otal earnings + 2 .4 -1 8 .8 + 7 .7 + 1 .5 + 5 .4 + 6 .4 +7. 4 -5 .2 + 4.3 + 2 .9 -1 1 .5 + 3 .2 - 2 .8 + 2 .5 + 4 .7 -3 .4 -2 .3 -1 5 .6 - 2 .3 - 5 .3 - 7 .3 -5 . 1 -4 .8 - 5 .4 -2 8 .6 -3 8 . 7 - 2 .7 - 9 .5 -1 9 .9 -1 5 .1 - 7 .3 -5 .0 - 5 .5 -7 .2 -1 6 .6 -1 1 .2 - 6 .8 - 9 .4 -9 .9 -.5 + 1.2 - 9 .3 - 2 .1 - 1 .4 + 4 .6 + .9 -. 1 + 4 .2 - 6 .6 + .7 + .9 + .8 + .9 - 5 .1 - 3 .4 -.6 + 1 .5 -1 .9 + 1 .7 -3 .6 - 5 .1 -.2 + .7 - 5 .2 -1 0 .8 - 4 .2 - 2 .9 + 2 .8 -1 0 .9 - 2 .9 -.9 - 7 .5 - 9 .7 -7 .0 -3 .4 -1 7 .5 -1 .7 1 -1 4 .3 + 1 .2 - 5 .6 - 1 .8 0 +10.9 - 1 .1 - 8 .0 -7 .2 + .2 +. 6 -1 0 .8 -.8 -1 9 .4 -2 .2 -4 . 1 - 6 .8 + 1 .2 -.5 + 2.1 + 5.1 -.7 -8 .5 +• 5 - 2 .9 - 7 .1 -2 . 2 + .8 + 8.1 + 4 .5 - 9 .7 -.9 + 4 .7 -4 .8 -2 0 .2 -4 .0 + 4 .7 + 1 .8 +14.2 + 1 .0 + .2 - 1 .7 -3 .0 - 6 .4 + 2 .2 - 1 .1 +12.3 -2 .9 - 6 .6 +10.5 + 4 .2 -1 .7 - 6 .1 - 9 .4 -1 3 .2 -4 5 .7 + 1 .6 - 3 .3 + 6 .7 -5 .0 -8 .2 + 1 .0 +13.4 + 7 .6 +• 4 -2 .0 - 5 .4 - 5 .5 - 2 .5 +■ 4 +12.3 -2 .2 + .4 - 3 .6 +• 1 +13.6 -9 .9 + 1 .0 + 2 .7 -6 .0 -5 .6 -6 .9 - 9 .5 +22.8 +21.2 -.6 -6 .9 + 6 .5 0 + 2 .0 + 5 .3 + 5 .2 -8 .9 -1 .9 +41.8 + 6 .5 + 3 .7 +15.3 + 3 .4 + 2 .7 + 2 .0 + 4 .5 + 2 .9 + 2 .4 + 3 .4 - 1 .3 -.2 + 1 .6 -1 3 .7 - 1 .7 + 2 .0 - 7 .8 + 4 .0 + 1 .9 - 1 .5 + 2 .5 -.1 -.2 + .7 -1 3 .7 -2 .2 -.8 -1 .5 -7 .2 - 2 .3 -1 6 .2 +10.8 + 6 .0 -1 2 .2 + 6 .5 - 2 .3 + 4 .1 +13.6 -8 .5 + 2 .6 - 5 .3 0 +10.8 + 6 .0 -1 2 .2 + 6 .5 - 2 .1 [ 1116] Fem ales 0. - 3 .7 - 2 .8 - 1.0 -5 .4 - 1.0 167 REPOETS ON EMPLOYMENT— IOWA Io w a rT'HE September, 1927, issue of the Iowa Employment Survey, L published by the State bureau of labor, contains the following statistics showing the changes in number of employees in specified industries in Iowa in September, 1927, as compared with the previons month: C H A N G E S IN V O L U M E O F E M P L O Y M E N T IN IO W A , A U G U ST T O S E P T E M B E R , 1927 In d u stry N um ber of firms re p o rt ing Food an d kindred prod ucts: M eat packing.............. Cereals............... ........... F lo u r............................. B akery p ro d u cts........ Confectionery...... ............... P o u ltry , p r o d u c e , bu tter, etc .............. Sugar, starch, sirup, glucose, etc............... O ther food products, coffee, e tc .................. T o t a l . . . ............. Textiles: Clothing, m en’s_____ M illinery.................... Clothing, w o m e n ’s, an d woolen goods.. _ Hosiery, awnings, etc. B uttons, p earl. ____ T o t a l . . .............. ....... Iron and steel works: F ou n d ry a n d m a chine shops ______ Brass, bronze prod ucts, p l u m b e r s ’ supplies..................... Autos, tractors, and engines. ..................... Furnaces...................... P um p s________ ____ A gricultural im ple m e n ts ............. ......... W ashing m a c h in e s... T o ta l_____ _____ _ L u m b er products: M illw ork, interiors, e tc ________ ______ F u rn itu re, desks, etc. R efrigerators.............. Coffins, un d ertak ers’ supplies__________ Carriages, w a g o n s , truck bodies............. T o ta l......................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N um ber of em ploy P er cent ees on of change as com pay w ith rolls, pared A ugust, Sep 1927 tem ber, 1927 7 3 3 9 4 6,476 1,284 120 1,056 131 -7 .2 +16.2 + 3 .4 + 9 .2 +33.7 3 261 +14.0 3 1,182 + 7 .6 8 583 +62.8 40 10,093 + 2 .2 In d u stry L eather products: Shoes__________ Saddlery and harness. F u r goods and ta n ning— Gloves and m itte n s .. 3 7 424 231 +17.3 4 3 65 237 - 1 .5 -1 8 .0 957 - 1 .8 T o tal......................... 17 5 342 + 3 .0 .14 2,637 + 5 .0 T o ta l____________ 19 2, 979 + 4 .8 6 222 + 2 .8 7 14 1,981 1, 224 + 2 .7 -4 .0 -1 3 .6 1,060 144 + 1 .3 - 3 .4 P a te n t medicines, chem icals and co m p o u n d s... 3 5 7 581 652 466 + 2 .8 - 2 .3 *4-8. 4 27 2,903 + 1 .6 Stone and clay products: Cem ent, plaster gyp su m ______________ Brick and tile ............ M arble and granite, crushed rock and stone.......................... 28 3,306 + .9 5 550 + 3 .0 2,070 392 375 -3 .3 + .8 - 3 .4 10 9 1,104 2,436 - 9 .8 - .2 69 10, 233 - 1 .6 17 8 3 2,844 1,203 104 -5 .2 -.7 - 7 .2 5 154 + .7 5 113 + .9 38 4,418 -3 .6 + 0 .5 Paper products, printing and publishing: Paper p ro d u cts. ___ P rin tin g and p u b l i s h i n g . . . . . . . .......... 10 2 6 6 5 N um ber of firms re port ing N um ber of em ploy P er cent ees on ofaschange com pay rolls, pared w ith Sep i -August, 1927 tem ber, 1927 3 83 24 3,288 -.4 Tobacco and cigars............ R ailw ay car shops .......... 4 8 286 9,636 + .4 - 1 .4 Various industries: A uto tires and tubes. Brooms a n d brushes . Laundries..................... M ercantile_________ Public service______ Seeds........................... W holesale h o u s e s __ Commission houses.. O ther industries......... 2 5 6 9 4 2 23 11 9 154 139 367 3, 274 3,807 249 1,107 373 1,238 0.0 -1 5 .8 + 3 .7 + 6 .4 -.6 + 16.9 - .5 -5 .6 -3 .1 T o t a l . . ..................... 71 10, 708 + 1 .2 G rand to ta l.............. 323 55, 723 + .1 T o tal..................... [1117 ] 168 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW M a r y la n d HPHE following employment statistics for specified industries in A Maryland were furnished by the commissioner of labor and industries of that State: C H A N G E S IN E M P L O Y M E N T IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN M A R Y L A N D , A U G U S T TO S E P T E M B E R , 1927 E m ploym ent E sta b lish P er cent N um ber of change m ents reporting of em as com for both ployees, pared m onths Septem w ith ber, 1927 August, 1927 In d u stry Beverages a n d soft d rin k s________________ Boots and shoes______ ___ Boxes, paper and fancy________________ Boxes, w ooden______________ Brass and bronze____________ Brick, tile, etc...____ _____ B ru sh e s....____ _____________ Car building and repairing. _ ____ Chem icals____________ _____ Clothing, m en’s outer garm ents___ ____ _ Clothing, w om en’s outer garm ents___ ______ Confectionery____ C otton g o o d s ...____ F e r tiliz e r ._____ Food p re p a ra tio n __________ . . . . . _ F o u n d ry _____ ____ _____ _ _ Furnishing goods, m en’s____ . . . . . . . F u rn itu re ____ ___________ . . . Glass m a n u fa c tu re ___________ . . . . Ico c re a m _____________ . _ _ _ .. . Leather goods________________________________ . L ithographing__________ _____ ______________ L um ber a n d p la n in g ... . . . . . . . . _____ M attresses and spring b e d s . . . ___ ____ __________ Pianos___________________ _____ _____________ P lum bers’ supplies___________ _________________ Printing __________ . . . . . . ... R ubber-tire m anufacturing_______ ________ . . Shipbuilding________________ . . . . . . . ___ _ S hirts_____________________________________ _ Silk goods_______ ____________________________ Stam ping an d enam eling w are__________________ T inw are________ ___________ _ Tobacco................................ ...................................... M iscellaneous.......... ............................................. 4 8 7 5 4 5 5 4 G 3 5 G 5 4 4 9 5 9 3 3 4 3 8 4 3 4 10 1 3 4 3 4 4 6 19 183 1,376 405 235 2,171 659 Cl 2 356 1,338 1,855 744 1,024 2,050 752 128 1,098 971 716 674 174 597 519 611 177 870 1,081 1,359 2, 727 817 580 404 1,101 3, 256 605 4,965 -1 4 . 7 + 4 .5 + 6 .9 + 4 .4 -1 2 .9 -1 0 .6 + 2 .5 - .0 2 +13.1 -1 6 .0 - .4 +40.9 +23.9 -14. 0 -1 .0 + 1 .6 + 6 .0 +38.1 - 5 .7 -.3 -.8 - 1 .1 +15.7 -1 0 . 5 -3 .9 +2. 3 -.i +13.1 + 3 .2 - 9 .9 - 5 .7 +10.8 -4 .0 + 3 .2 P ay roll A m ount, Septem ber, 1927 $5,401 26,042 5,356 3,752 55,163 18, 324 11,486 11,860 35,123 39, 663 9,769 12,976 32,155 16, 705 3, 303 27,428 13,934 19, 481 14, 946 5,693 12, 791 15,352 16,057 5,010 23, 618 25,207 46,911 167, 677 20,616 8,075 5,849 22, 291 75,979 8,369 117,095 P er cent of change as com pared w ith A ugust, 1927 -1 5 .6 + 4.7 + 6 .9 + 2 .0 + 4.3 - 8 .5 -1 . 7 - 1 .4 + 6 .8 - 7 .5 +14.8 +18.6 + 2 .8 +18.8 —6.7 —2.0 +10.3 +14.9 +42.0 - 6 .8 + 2.3 - 1 .4 - 4 .6 + 4.0 —1.2 -1 5 .9 + 5.0 +15.4 + 5 .0 + 9 .7 -1 3 .3 -.4 +17.5 + .8 + 1 .9 M a s sa ch u se tts A PRESS release from the Department of Labor and Industries of Massachusetts shows the following changes in volume of employ ment in various industries in that State from Julv, 1927, to August, 1627: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1118] EEPOETS ON EM PLOYMENT— MASSACHUSETTS 169 N U M B E R OF E M P L O Y E E S IN 1,018 M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN M A S SA C H U S E T T S , W E E K IN C L U D IN G OR E N D IN G N E A R E S T TO JU L Y 15 A N D A U G U ST 15, 1927 N u m b er of wage earners em ployed N um ber of estab lish m ents In d u stry A ugust, 1927 Ju ly , 1927 F ull tim e P a rt tim e B ookbindin g .. ......... ............... ........... _ ________ Boot and shoe c u t stock and findings______________ Boots a nd shoes______________________ ____ ______ Boxes, p ap er___ ___________ ______ _______ . Boxes, w ooden packing_____________ _ __________ Bread a nd other b akery p ro d u c ts ... ______ ______ C arpets a nd ru g s_____________ . . . . . ________ . C ars and general shop construction an d renairs, steam railroads.. . ................... .................. Clothing, m en’s _________________________________ C lothing, w om en’s______ _______________________ Confectionery___________________________________ Copper, tin, sheet iron, etc_______________ ________ C otton goods ______ ____________ . . . _________ C utlery and tools_________ ____ __________________ D yeing a nd finishing textiles______________________ Electrical m achinery, apparatus, a n d supplies______ F ou n d ry pro d u cts___________ ____________________ F u rn itu re _______ _______ G as and by-products_____________________________ H osiery a nd k n it goods_______ ___________________ Jew elry___________________________ ____ __________ Leather, tanned, curried, a nd fin ish e d .____________ M achine-shop p ro d u cts.__________________________ M achine and other tools__________________ _______ M otor vehicles, bodies, an d p a rts_________________ M usical instru m en ts_____________________________ Paper a nd wood p u lp ____ _ _ . _____________ P rin tin g and publishing, book an d job _________ P rin tin g and publishing, new spaper_________ . . . . R ubber footwear....... .............. . . . _______ _ ______ R u b b er goods_______ _____ ______ ________________ Silk goods_____________ . . . ______. . . __________ Slaughtering an d m eat packing__________ _______ S tationery g o o d s ..__________ ._ ........ Steam fittings and steam a n d hot-w ater heating appara tu s_______________ ________ __________________ Stoves and stove lin in g s .................................... _ ... Textile m achinery an d p a rts .________ _____________ Tobacco___________ ______ ___________________ . . W oolen a nd w orsted goods___ ______________ _____ All other in d u s trie s ....................................... .................... T otal, all industries__________________ _____ _ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1119] 15 43 80 27 12 48 5 902 2, 209 Total 2,003 996 4,551 3,425 693 2,301 22,215 1,090 598 4,152 3,228 4 28 32 17 15 52 20 9 14 26 36 13 12 33 32 45 26 16 13 26 49 18 3 7 10 5 12 2, 814 3,990 1,310 3, 404 480 40,218 1,753 6,459 8,982 2,702 3,491 1,218 3, 432 2,203 6,137 5,524 2,532 2,898 1,061 6,075 3,105 2, 278 7,347 2,725 4,055 1,634 1, 582 3,842 1,122 3,393 437 35,152 1,455 6, 552 8,247 1, 788 3,036 1,159 3,118 1,650 6,057 4, 457 2,322 1,150 734 4,870 2, 746 2,248 6,057 2, 538 3,582 267 1,761 203 228 488 40 4,146 620 35 608 906 533 52 1,301 735 281 985 307 1,464 269 1,346 383 8 2,803 95 475 1,268 9 5 12 5 55 129 1,689 1,093 3,983 647 18,159 29,296 1,598 478 450 597 12, 700 23,008 111 1,045 3, 575 50 5,238 7,464 1,709 1,523 4,025 647 17,938 30, 472 1,018 222,056 182,848 44,410 227, 258 23 ,694 223 916 2 301 2,539 999 328 251 194 2 i, 754 4 ,045 2,089 926 4,403 3, 422 2 814 1,350 3i 881 477 39,298 2,075 6,587 8,855 2, 694 3,569 1, 211 4, 419 2,385 6,338 5,442 2,629 2,614 1,003 6,216 3,129 2,256 8,860 2,633 4,057 1,535 1, 761 170 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW N e w Je r s e y rT'HE following data showing the changes in volume of employment A and pay roll from July to August, 1927, in 851 establishments in that State is furnished by the New Jersey Department of Labor: P E R C E N T O F C H A N G E IN N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S A N D IN T O T A L A M O U N T O F W E E K L Y PA Y R O L L IN 851 N E W J E R S E Y E S T A B L IS H M E N T S , A U G U S T , 1927, C O M P A R E D W IT H JU L Y , 1927 Em ployees W eekly p ay roll N um ber Per cent Per cent of plants of change of change report N um ber as com A m ount as com ing in A u pared in A u pared w ith gust, 1927 w ith gust, 1927 July, July, 1927 1927 In d u stry Food and k indred products: B ak in g ............................................................................. C anning and preserving______________________ Confectionery and ice cream .................................... Provisions______ . . . . _____ _______________ O ther food p ro d u cts..................................................... 16 8 7 3 12 1, 377 3, 869 346 1,332 3,019 T o tal_________________ _______ _____________ 46 9,943 Textiles and th eir products: C arpets and ru g s.......... .............. ............................... . Clothing ............... - ................................................... C otton g o o d s . . _____ _____________________ D yeing an d finishing te x tile s ._________________ H ats and cap s-----------------------------------------------Hosiery a n d k m t goods_______________________ M illinery a n d lace__________________ ________ Shirts a n d collars___ ______ ___________ _______ Silk goods..................................................... . ............ Woolen a n d w orsted goods ___________ _______ M iscellaneous textile p ro d u c ts................................. 3 29 15 38 6 17 9 9 57 18 10 T o t a l____ ________ _______ _________________ Iron and steel and th eir products: Cast-iron p ip e ................................................................ Electrical m achinery, apparatus, and supplies.. F o u n d ry an d m achine-shop p ro d u cts__________ H ard w are. ........ ........................................................ Iron and steel forgings________________________ M achine tools__________ ____ _ ____________ Steam fittings an d steam a n d hot-w ater heating apparatus ................................................... .............. Structural-iron w o rk ................................................... T o ta l.................................... .................................... - 2 .4 +67.3 $45,639 82, 625 8, 763 38, 520 87, 413 + 0 .9 +8. 1 + 11.9 -.7 +82.8 +18.0 262, 960 +21.6 1,183 4, 073 7,155 11, 241 1, 129 3, 761 862 2,016 8, 512 10,118 1,838 + .7 -1 .2 -3 .2 + 4.1 + 4 .0 + 3 .8 - 4 .5 + 5 .2 + 1.1 + 1 .5 - 4 .9 34,151 80, 572 133, 766 290, 837 36, 585 105, 079 14, 356 37, 348 204, 321 290, 103 41, 998 + 6 .8 -. 4 +18.4 + 6.7 +17. 6 +8. 0 -1 2 . 4 + 2 .7 -2 . 2 +10. 9 + .2 211 51,888 + 1 .1 1, 269,116 + 6 .5 6 28 79 7 8 22 3, 423 19, 654 18, 248 889 838 3, 336 - 2 .6 - 1 .3 -.2 - 2 .1 + 4 .4 + 1 .2 104, 316 516, 563 531, 253 25, 367 24, 666 93, 384 +10. 0 +. 4 -. 5 -8 . 0 + 3 .8 + 2 .5 13 10 3, 815 1,547 - 2 .5 + .2 113, 422 43,142 + 1 .6 - 7 .5 +12.3 173 51, 750 -.8 1, 452,113 + .6 L um ber and its products: Fu rn itu re . ______ ______ _________ ____ ____ L um ber and m illw o r k ............................................... 5 13 1,237 694 + 1 .3 - 1 .8 35, 832 20,068 +4. 7 T o ta l..________ ____________________ _______ 18 1,931 +• 1 55, 900 + 2 .7 Leather and its products: Boots and shoes.................. ...................................... . L e a th e r. ________________ . . L eather p ro d u cts______________________ ______ 7 21 4 1,185 3,212 512 + 3 .4 + 1 .2 -.2 30,818 97,994 11,256 +18.3 +7. 6 -j-3. 7 T o tal______________________________________ 32 4,909 +1. 6 140, 068 + 9.4 Tobacco p ro d u cts____________ _____ ______________ 12 3,496 -.4 63, 290 + 2 .0 Paper and printing: Paper and p u lp ....... ................................. .................... Paper boxes________________ ____ _____________ Printing, book and jo b _________ _____________ P rinting, new spaper..................................................... 22 18 12 10 3, 799 1, 523 2,236 2,038 - 1 .2 - 1 .2 - 6 .0 -.5 103, 573 30, 670 70, 956 81,472 + 3.8 -.8 -1 3 .2 -.7 62 9,596 -2 .2 296,671 - 2 .7 T o ta l....................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1120] 171 REPORTS ON EMPLOYMENT----NEW JERSEY P E R C E N T O F C H A N G E IN N U M B E R OF E M P L O Y E E S A N D IN T O T A L A M O U N T O F W E E K L Y PA Y R O L L IN 851 N E W J E R S E Y E S T A B L IS H M E N T S , A U G U S T , 1927, C O M P A R E D W IT H JU L Y , 1927—C ontinued Employees W eekly p a y roll 1 N um ber P er cent Per cent of plants of change of change report N u m b er as com A m ount as com ing in A u pared in A u pared gust, 1927 w ith gust, 1927 w ith July, July, 1927 1927 In d u stry Chemicals and allied products: C h e m ic a ls ..._________ _______________________ Explosives----. _____ _____________________ Oils and greases. ........................... .............. ................ P aints and v a rn ish ..................................................... .. Petroleum re fin in g ..................................................... 42 f> 9 13 8 8, 793 2, 362 1, 427 1, 728 14, 621 - 1 .4 +2. 7 -3 . 2 + .2 -1 .7 $251,442 71.014 42,360 53, 968 487,477 + 1.4 +18.1 - 1 .8 + 2 .8 - 1 .5 T o ta l._____________ _______ ____ ________ ___ 78 28, 931 - 1 .2 906, 261 + .8 Stone, clay, and glass products: Brick, tile, and te rra c o tta .____________ ____ _ G lass_______ _____________ ____ _____________ P o tte ry __________________ _____ _______ ______ O ther p r o d u c ts ...______ _____________________ 26 7 20 2 4, 285 2, 980 4, 036 994 -1 .0 - 6 .8 + 4.3 - .7 132, 842 64, 980 129. 793 36, 261 + 7 .0 - 2 .6 + 8 .2 + .7 T o ta l.............................. ............................................ 55 12, 295 - .8 363, 876 + 4.9 M etal products, other th a n iron and steel: Brass, bronze, and copper p ro d u cts.. ............... . Sheet m etal and enam el w are................................... Smelting a n d refining............................................ . Wire and wire goods_________________________ 11 21 9 14 597 4, 306 3, 731 7,376 -. 7 - 1 .0 +0. 1 + 1.4 19, 913 118, 883 121, 330 206, 754 + 1 .2 + 5 .6 + 2 .2 +19.3 T otal______________ _____ _______ ___________ 55 16,010 + .4 466,880 +10.0 Vehicles for land transportation: Autom obiles and p a rts .. ........ .................. .............. Car building and repairing, steam railroad-.......... 13 9 6,202 4, 784 + 1.3 + 1 .8 197, 248 145, 094 + 1 .2 + 3 .9 22 10, 986 + 1 .5 342, 342 + 2 .3 5 28 8 4 29 6 7 1,488 3, 735 969 7, 590 9, 206 6', 257 2,868 - 4 .6 -.3 +• 5 + 3.1 39, 691 108,191 20, 099 216, 572 257,477 197, 760 88, 699 - 3 .7 + 2 .8 + 3.3 T o tal.................................................... ............... .. M iscellaneous industries: Cork and cork specialties...... .................................... Jew elry an d novelties_________________________ L aun d ries...... ...................... ..................................... M usical in stru m e n ts. ________ ________________ Shipbuilding_____________ ______ _____ _______ M iscellaneous............................................................... T o ta l........... ............................ ................................. . 87 32,113 G rand total, all in d u stries_____________ _____ 851 233, 848 68404°—27 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 32 [1321] - 3 .9 - 5 .4 - .8 -.4 + 3.8 - 1 .9 -3 .2 928, 489 + .5 6, 537, 966 + 3 .5 172 M O N TH LY LA BO R R E V IE W P ennsylvania ""THE following statistics on changes in employment, in weekly 1 man-hours, and in pay-roll totals, from August to September, 1927, were furnished by the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Labor and Industry of Pennsylvania: P E R C E N T O P C H A N G E IN N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S , IN T O T A L W E E K L Y M A N H O U R S , A N D IN W E E K L Y PA Y R O L L IN 491 P E N N S Y L V A N IA E S T A B L IS H M E N T S B E T W E E N A U G U ST A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927 Wage earners, week ending Sept. 15, 1927 In d u stry M etal m anufactures: Automobiles, bodies, and p a rts____ C ar construction and re p a ir________ Electrical m achinery and a p p aratu s. Engines, m achines, and machine tools___________________ . . Foundries a n d m achine s h o p s ... _ H eating appliances an d a p p aratu s.. Iro n and steel blast furnaces Iro n and steel forgings. Steel works and rolling m ills______ S tru ctu ral-iro n w o rk s. . . M iscellaneous iron and steel produ cts____ _____ ____ __________ Shipbuilding...... ................ H ardw are_______ ____ Nonferrous m etals....... .................... N um ber of plants report ing Per cent of change com N um ber aspared w ith Au gust, 1927 T otal w eekly m an hours, week end ing Sept. 15, 1927 N um ber T otal weekly pay ro ll: Per cent P er cent of change of change as com as com w pared ith A u pared w ith Au gust, 1927 gust, 1927 15 12 13 9, 523 7,830 5,108 + 6 .5 + .7 + 5 .2 432,109 342,217 240,857 - 2 .2 + .9 + 2.4 -5 .0 + 1 .7 29 42 7 9 6 22 11 8,039 7,242 1,913 7,567 1,399 30,719 1,809 -3 .6 - 1 .7 + 1.3 -3 .0 -2 .2 + .8 + .1 363,814 305,558 94,227 349,987 48,326 1, 344,733 80,824 -9 .8 - 9 .7 + .5 - 6 .1 -1 9 .2 - 2 .1 -1 4 .0 - 9 .8 - 8 .2 -2 . 1 —5.5 -24. 5 - 3 .3 -1 3 .4 17 3 6 7 10, 550 3, 367 1,124 785 -.9 -1 6 .8 -1 .0 + 2 .6 471,252 145,174 46, 529 37,379 - 6 .6 - 7 .0 + 1 .7 + 3 .8 - 7 .1 -1 0 .8 + 1.6 + .8 T o tal................................. 199 96, 975 -.3 4, 302, 936 -4 .2 -4 .9 Textile products: C arpets and rugs............... C lothing_________ _____ C otton goods _______ _ Silk goods__________ . Woolens and w orsteds K n it goods and hosierv______ D yeing and finishing te x tile s... 5 11 12 22 8 10 5 1,669 1,045 1, 540 9,084 2,533 2,342 687 + 3 .3 + 1 .0 + 3 .6 + 4 .8 + .9 -3 .4 81,472 45, 578 72,006 389,194 118, 576 108,894 29,838 + 2 .7 + 3 .9 - 2 .1 + .9 + 2.1 + .4 - 2 .6 + 8 .9 + 3 .2 + .8 0 T o tal................................... Foods and tobacco: Bakeries___ _____ ________ Confectionery and ice c re a m .. . Slaughtering and m eat packing Cigars and tobacco..................... 73 18,900 + 2 .9 845, 558 + 1 .0 + 1 .2 18 10 9 6 1, 619 2, 659 1,259 295 + .2 + 2 .6 + .1 + 2.1 83, 293 143, 283 64,143 11, 265 + .5 + 6 .9 + 1 .5 - 3 .5 -.2 + 4 .4 + 3 .9 -.9 T o tal...................................... B uilding m aterials: Brick, tile, and terra cotta products. C em ent___ ___________ Glass........................ .............. 43 5,832 + 1 .4 301,984 +3- 5 + 2 .7 14 7 12 2,543 3, 935 4,339 + 3.1 - 2 .1 + 2 .4 118,816 228, 303 198, 678 + 3 .4 -6 . 3 + .1 + 2 .8 - 6 .3 + 1 .7 T o ta l_________ _____ C onstruction and contracting: B uildings. ___ __________ Street and h ighw ay______ G eneral....................... .................. 33 10,817 + .9 545, 797 -2 .0 - 1 .4 16 4 9 1,386 2,437 2, 254 - 1 .6 +18.2 - 3 .3 56, 601 135, 751 113,033 + 2 .3 +28.6 -3 .0 -.5 +26. 4 - 2 .5 T o tal.......................................... Chemicals and allied products: Chemicals and drugs.................. P ain ts and varnishes_______ . Petroleum re fin in g ...____________ 29 6,077 + 4 .8 305,385 +10.1 + 8 .4 10 6 3 813 975 4,256 + 1 .5 -.3 -2 1 .8 45, 767 42,127 197, 602 + 1 .2 -1 0 . 1 -9 . 1 + 1 .3 -9 .6 -3 .4 19 6,044 -1 6 .3 285,496 -7 .8 - 3 .7 T o tal.................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1122 ] -4 . 5 - 3 .9 173 REPORTS ON EMPLOYMENT— W ISCONSIN P E R C E N T OP C H A N G E IN N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S , I N T O T A L W E E K L Y M A N H O U R S , A N D IN W E E K L Y PA Y R O L L IN 491 P E N N S Y L V A N IA E S T A B L IS H M E N T S B E T W E E N A U G U ST A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927—C ontinued Wage earners, week ending Sept. 15, 1926 N um ber of plants report ing In d u stry M iscellaneous industries: L um ber and planing-mill p ro d u c ts.. F u rn itu re _______________ _____ . . . Leather ta n n in g ...................... . . . . L eather products____ ____________ Boots and shoes_______ ________ _ Paper and p u lp p ro d u c ts _________ P rintin g an d publishing. ________ R ubb er tires and goods..................... 18 15 9 5 10 12 23 3 N um ber Per cent of change as com pared w ith A u gust, 1927 1,189 1,609 2,229 128 1,850 3, 002 1,418 819 + .3 +4. 1 + 1 .8 - 4 .5 -.9 - .3 + 1 .4 -2 .3 T otal w eekly m an hours, week end ing, Sept. 15, 1927 N um ber 53,208 78,962 110,147 6,238 85,450 161,607 64,680 40,604 Per cent of change as com pared w ith A u gust, 1927 - 6 .5 + 6 .2 -K 1 + 3 .5 - 4 .7 + .9 + 3 .0 -4 .5 T otal w eek p ay roll: Per cent of change as com pared w ith Au gust, 1927 - 7 .1 + 5 .2 +• 5 + 3.4 -5 .0 + 1 .9 + 4 .1 - 5 .8 T o tal____ _____ _____________ _ 95 12,244 + .6 600,896 -.3 + .2 G rand total, all in d u stries_______ 491 156,889 - .3 7,188,052 - 2 .4 - 2 .9 W is c o n s in '“THE August, 1927, issue of the Wisconsin Labor Market, issued by the State industrial commission, contains the following data on volume of employment in Wisconsin industries in July, 1927: P E R C E N T O F C H A N G E I N N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S A N D I N T O T A L A M O U N T OF PA Y R O L L IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN W IS C O N S IN F R O M JU L Y , 1926, A N D J U N E , 1927, TO JU L Y , 1927 Per cent of change June, 1927, to Ju ly, 1927 In d u stry E m ploy m en t M anual -7 .8 +28.3 - 8.3 -1 1 .5 -.5 -5 .3 + 3 .2 -.1 + 4 .9 -3 .2 + .6 +37.6 +10.3 - 1 .4 O ther wood products________ __________ . ............... . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1123] -.6 -3 .8 + 3 .8 -2 .8 +■1 -.2 -.3 +13.2 + 2 .7 - 3 .4 - 1 .0 0 Pay roll +30.1 -2 8 .0 -1 2 .0 -1 4 . 0 -7 .5 -1 6 .5 - 4 .1 + 6 .6 - 1 .1 +10.3 - 7 .1 +26.3 +24.3 -1 3 .2 - 2 .7 -1 2 .4 -2 6 .8 -9 .9 -1 6 . 6 +14.0 -5 .0 - .7 + 7 .9 -7 .0 -1 6 .5 -2 .0 -7 .6 July, 1926, to July, 1927 E m ploy m ent +10.7 + 13.0 + 3 .0 + 6 .4 -3 .7 + 12.0 -5 .0 +10.5 + 4 .5 + 14.8 -1 0 .1 -1 1 .8 + 4 .6 -1 .6 - 1 .7 -1 4 .4 + .9 -1 9 .1 -2 4 .2 -4 .4 - 2 .6 -6 .4 - 1 .7 -5 .0 - .3 + 3 .0 -6 .9 P ay roll -1 2 .7 +22.1 -.4 + 2 .8 -6 .5 + 4.1 -5 .2 +15.7 + 2 .6 +22.4 -1 1 .1 -2 1 .6 + 11.0 -2 .9 + 2.1 -2 2 .8 -1 2 .1 -17.1 -3 0 .0 -2 .8 —2.3 -7 .9 -4 .8 -2 .3 -.5 + 6 .6 -1 2 .3 174 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW P E R C E N T OE C H A N G E I N N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S A N D IN T O T A L A M O U N T O P P A Y R O L L IN ID E N T IC A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN W IS C O N S IN F R O M JU L Y , 192«, A N D J U N E , 1927, TO JU L Y , 1927-O ontinued Per cent of change June, 1927, to July 1927 In d u stry July, 1926, to July, 1927 Em ploym ent P ay roll -1 .6 +. 9 + 2 .3 + .4 +. 2 + 1.3 +L7 - .3 + .8 - .4 - 1 .8 +. 7 + 2.3 +32.7 -1 7 .1 - 3 .1 -3 .9 +582. 7 -.7 + .7 -5 .0 -.8 + 1 .2 + 1 .6 + .1 -1 7 .3 -3 .6 -4 .0 -4 .8 - 1 .0 - 4 .2 - 5 .9 0 + 1 .8 -5 .9 -1 0 . 5 + 2.1 -1 0 .8 +14.9 -1 6 .4 - .9 -3 .9 +502.4 -.7 + .7 -5 .0 -.5 -.6 + .6 + 1 .6 +3. 5 + 3 .4 - 9 .8 +14.6 -1 .2 + 4 .4 -2 6 .3 + 2 .5 +3. 7 -6 .4 +13.1 +8.1 + 3 .7 - 2 .7 -3 6 .7 -7 .6 +49.1 -1 .8 +15.7 +10.7 + 3 .4 +1-4 +12.2 + 2 .9 + 1 .2 - 4 .3 +10.4 + 2 .3 +• 8 -8 .4 +6.1 -9 .5 -1 4 . 5 +73.7 + 9 .9 - 8 .1 -8 .0 +98.5 + 7 .5 - 2 .2 + 7 .6 -1 .9 + .4 + 8 .0 + •5 + 4 .2 -1 1 .3 +1. 6 + 6 .6 + 5 .9 -7 .8 —1.1 +8.1 + 6 .8 + 3 .3 -8 .8 + .4 -.6 -.4 + .4 - .4 -.5 -1 .0 -. 1 + 6 .4 -.4 -.5 +28.0 + 2 .3 + 4 .0 + 5 .5 -1 .3 -2 .6 + 15.2 + 12.0 + 14.7 + 5 .8 +24.2 + 3 .7 - 1 1 .2 +40.4 + 10.1 Em plovm ent P ay roll M a n u a l —C ontinued M anufacturing—C ontinued. R u b b er.......................................................................... L e a th e r,-................................ .................................... T a n n in g _______________ ______ __________ Boots and shoes.................................................. O th er leath er p ro d u c ts -..________ _______ P a p e r.____ _____ ____ ______ _______ ___ _____ P a p e r and pulp m ills........................ ................ P ap er boxes_______ _____________________ O ther p ap er p ro d u c ts____________________ T extiles____________________________________ H osiery and other k n it goods............... ........... C lothing_______________________ ___ ____ O ther textile products___________________ Foods_____________ ____ ____________________ M eat packing________ _______ _________ _ Baking a n d confectionery______ __________ M ilk pro d u cts.................................................... C anning an d preserving_________________ F lo u r m ills________ ____ ________________ Tobacco m anufacturing................................... O ther food products......................................... . L ight and pow er........................................................ P rin tin g and publishing......................... .............. . Laundering, cleaning, an d d yeing___ ...____ . . . Chem ical (including soap, glue, an d explosives) C onstruction: B uilding....................... ..................... ...................... H ighw ay___________ ______ _________________ R ailroad__________ ______ ___ ______ ________ M arine, dredging, sewer-digging......................... C om m unication: Steam railw ays................................. .......................... Electric railw ays.......... .................................. ............ Express, telephone, and telegraph______ _____ _ W holesale tra d e ._____________ __________________ H otels and restau ran ts................................ ................... . +15. 6 -1 6 .8 -4 0 .2 -1 3 .2 +18.5 -.1 - 1 .4 +• 4 +6.1 +1* 7 + 8 .7 -2 1 .4 -4 3 .2 -1 4 . 8 +12. 7 + 2 .8 + 1 .7 -1 .6 +12.9 + 3 .3 0 + 7 .0 + 4 .6 -8 .2 +21.6 -1 .4 N onm anual M anufacturing, mines, and q u a rrie s .. C o n stru ctio n ..................... ....... .............. C om m unication.................. .................... W holesale tra d e .......................... ............. R etail trade—Sales force o n ly _______ Miscellaneous professional services___ H otels and restau ran ts............................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1124] WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES R eta il P rices of Food in th e U n ite d S ta te s HE following tables are compiled from monthly reports of actual selling prices 1 received by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail dealers. Table 1 shows for the United States retail prices of food September 15, 1926, and August 15 and September 15, 1927, as well as the per centage changes in the year and in the month. For example, the retail price per pound of pork chops was 42.5 cents on September 15, 1926; 37.7 cents on August 15, 1927; and 40.7 cents on September 15, 1927. These figures show a decrease of 4 per cent in the year and an increase of 8 per cent in the month. The cost of the various articles of food combined shows a decrease of 2.9 per cent September 15, 1927, as compared with September 15, 1926, and an increase of 1.0 per cent September 15, 1927, as compared with August 15, 1927. T T a b l e 1 —A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O F S P E C IF I E D FO O D A R T IC L E S A N D P E R C E N T O F IN C R E A S E OR D E C R E A S E S E P T E M B E R 15, 1927, C O M P A R E D W IT H A U G U S T 15, 1927, A N D S E P T E M B E R 15, 1926 [Percentage changes of five-tenths of 1 per cent a n d over are given in w hole num bers] Average retail price on— A rticle U nit Sept. 15, 1926 Aug. 15, 1927 Sept. 15, 1927 C ents C ents C ents P o u n d .......... ____do_____ ........ do............ Q u a rt_____ Milk", e v a p o ra te d ..................................... 15-16 oz. can. P o u n d _____ Oleomargarine (all b u tte r su b stitu tes). ........ do............ ........ do............ ........ do............ Per cent of increase ( + ) or decrease ( - ) Sept. 15,1927 compared w ith — Sept. 15, 1926 Aug. 15, 1927 + 0 .2 0 0 + 0 .4 +1 41.9 36.4 30.6 22.7 14.5 43.7 38.1 31.7 23.9 15.3 43.8 38.1 31.7 24.0 15.5 +5 +5 +4 +6 +7 42.5 51.9 60.4 39.1 37.8 37.7 46.5 54.3 39.2 35.4 40.7 46.5 53.8 38.7 35.4 -4 -1 0 -1 1 -1 -6 +8 0 -1 -1 0 37.2 14.0 11.5 52.5 30.2 32.9 14. 1 11.6 51.4 28.0 33.9 14.1 11.6 53.4 27.8 -9 +1 +J +2 -8 +3 0 0 +4 -1 36.1 22.3 25.9 51.5 9.4 37.0 18.9 25.0 42.0 9.3 37.7 19.2 25.1 48.7 9.3 +4 -1 4 -3 -5 -1 +2 +2 + 0 .4 +16 0 D ozen........... B read.............................. ............................ P o u n d _____ i In add itio n to m o n th ly retail prices of food a n d coal, th e b u reau publishes th e prices of gas an d eletricity from each of 51 cities for th e dates for w hich these d a ta are secured. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1125] 175 176 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T a b l e 1 .— A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O F S P E C IF I E D F O O D A R T IC L E S A N D P E R C E N T O F IN C R E A S E O R D E C R E A S E S E P T E M B E R 15, 1927, C O M P A R E D W IT H A U G U S T 15, 1927, A N D S E P T E M B E R 15, 1 9 2 6 -C o n tin u ed Average retail price on— Article U nit F lo u r___________________ C om m eal........................... Rolled o a ts___________ ______ . C orn flak es. ______________ W heat cereal________ _____________ Sept. 15, 1926 Aug. 15, 1927 Sept. 15, 1927 C ents C en ts C ents Per cent of increase ( + ) or decrease ( - ) S e p t . l 5 , 1927 com pared w ith — Sept. 15, 1926 Aug. 15, 1927 5.8 5.1 9.1 10.9 25.4 5.6 5.2 9.0 9.7 25.5 5.5 5.3 9.0 9.7 25.5 -5 +4 -1 -1 1 + 0 .4 -2 +2 20.2 11.7 9. 1 3.9 5.3 20. 1 10.7 9.5 3.4 6.4 20.1 10.6 9.6 3.2 5.5 - 0 .4 -9 +5 -1 8 +4 0 -1 +1 4.2 11.7 16.4 17.4 4.4 11.5 15.6 16.7 4.1 11.4 15.6 16.7 -2 -3 -5 -4 -1 0 0 Tom atoes, can n ed _____ _ _ __ Sugar____________________ . T e a __________________ Coffee..................................... 11.8 7.0 77.0 51.0 12.0 7.3 77.6 47.4 11.9 7.2 77. 2 47.3 +1 -1 P runes_____________ R aisins. ________ _ B an an as_________ _ Oranges________ ______ _ 17. 1 14.8 34.4 50.7 15.5 14.3 33. 7 53.8 15.0 14.3 33.5 55.2 -1 2 -3 -3 +9 8-oz. p k g ___ 28-oz. p k g ... M acaron i____________________ R ic e __ ________________ Beans, n a v y _____________ . P otatoes_____ ___________ _ Onions......................................... C abbage.......... ............. . . . Beaiis, b a k ed . _ ____ ____ Corn, canned_______ ______ Peas, canned................... .................. N o. 2 c a n __ . W eighted food in d ex _______ + 0 .3 -7 0 0 0 -6 -1 4 -7 -1 -1 - 0 .2 -3 0 -1 +3 - 2 .9 Table 2 shows for the United States average retail prices of speci fied food articles on September 15, 1913, and on September 15 of each year from 1921 to 1927, together with percentage changes in Septem ber of each of these specified years, compared with September, 1913. For example, the retail price per pound of ham was 28.1 cents in September, 1913; 51.4 cents in September, 1921; 48.4 cents in Sep tember, 1922; 46.6 cents in September, 1923; 46.9 cents in September, 1924; 54.9 cents in September, 1925; 60.4 cents in September, 1926; and 53.8 cents in September, 1927. As compared with September, 1913, these figures show increases of 83 per cent in September, 1921; 72 per cent in September, 1922; 66 per cent in September, 1923; 67 per cent in September, 1924; 95 per cent in September, 1925; 115 per cent in September, 1926; and 91 per cent in September, 1927. The cost of the various articles of food combined showed an increase of 50 per cent in September, 1927, as compared with Septem ber, 1913. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 1126 ] 177 BETAIL FEIGES OF FOOD T a b l e 3 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F S P E C IF IE D FO O D A R T IC L E S A N D P E R C E N T O F IN C R E A S E OR D E C R E A S E S E P T E M B E R 15 O F C E R T A IN S P E C IF IE D Y E A R S C O M P A R E D W IT H S E P T E M B E R 15, 1913 [Percentage of five-tenths of 1 per cent a n d over are given in whole num bers] Average retail price on Sept. 15— Article U n it P er cent of increase Sept. 15 of each specified year compared w ith Sept. 15, 1913 1913 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925] 1926 1927 C ts. C ts. Cts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. Cts. Sirloin ste a k _______ P o u n d ._ R ound ste a k .............. ._ d o ____ __do_ C huck ro a s t_______ __do____ 26.3 38.9 38.7 41.1 40.2 41.6 41.9 43.8 23.2 34.4 33.6 35.5 34.3 35.6 36.4 38.1 20.1 28.6 28.1 29.4 29.0 30.1 30.6 31.7 16.4 20.5 20.0 21.0 20.9 22.0 22.7 24.0 12.3 13.3 12.6 13.1 13.2 13.9 14.5 15.5 48 48 42 25 8 47 45 40 22 2 56 53 46 28 7 53 48 44 27 7 58 53 50 34 13 59 57 52 38 18 67 64 58 46 26 Pork ch o p s________ __do____ __do......... __do____ Lam b, leg of_______ __do......... H en s.......................— . . d o ......... 22.8 37.6 36.4 36.7 35.8 40.4 42.5 40.7 28.1 43.0 40.4 39.4 39.3 49.4 51.9 46.5 28.1 51.4 48.4 46.6 46.9 54.9 60.4 53.8 18.7 32.8 35.9 37.5 36.8 38. 5 39.1 38.7 21.5 38.2 34.9 35.0 35.3 36.6 37.8 35.4 65 53 83 75 78 60 44 72 92 62 61 40 66 101 63 57 40 67 97 64 77 76 95 106 70 86 85 115 109 76 79 65 91 107 65 M ilk, fresh________ B u tte r________ 35 4 31 7 31 3 31.3 34.1 37.2 33.9 Q u a rt.. . 8.9 14.1 13.1 14.0 13.9 14.2 14.0 14.1 (1) 13. 5 10.8 12. 2 11.1 11. 5 11.5 11.6 P o u n d . . 37.7 50.6 46.7 55.0 48.5 55.8 52.5 53.4 28.9 27.3 28.5 29.8 30. 6 30. 2 27. 8 b u tte r substitutes) Cheese____________ __do___ 22.1 32.6 32.1 37.0 34.6 37.0 36.1 37.7 L a rd ______________ __do____ 16.1 17.9 17.2 17.9 20.0 24.0 22.3 19.2 21.3 23.0 23.0 25. 5 25.9 25.9 25.1 stitu te . Eggs, stric tly fresh .. Dozen _. 37.7 50.4 44.8 48.6 51.9 51.9 51.5 48.7 B read_____________ P o u n d . . 5.6 9.6 8.7 8.7 8.8 9.4 9.4 9.3 3.3 5.6 4.9 4.5 5.1 6.1 5.8 5.5 Corn m e a l________ __do____ 3.1 4.4 3.9 4.2 4.8 5.4 5.1 5.3 9 9 8 7 8. 8 8. 9 9. 2 9 .1 9.0 R ic e . ____________ _-do____ 19 0 9 8 9 7 10.1 11.0 10.9 9.7 29. 7 25. 6 24. 4 24.2 24.8 25.4 25. 5 20. 6 19. 9 19. 7 19. 6 20. 4 20.2 20.1 8.7 9.0 9.6 9.5 10.3 11.3 11.7 10.6 8.1 10.8 10.9 9.9 10.2 9.1 9.6 3.9 5.3 4.2 11.7 16.4 3.2 5. 5 4. 1 11.4 15. 6 ro 17 7 17 5 17. 6 18.2 18.4 17.4 ( 4) 12 5 13 1 12 9 13 4 13. 5 11.8 7.3 7.9 9.6 8.6 7.0 7.0 Poun d _. 5.7 Sugar, g ra n u la te d .. T e a . _______ _____ __do____ 54.5 69.2 68.2 69.7 71. ( 75.8 77. ( 36.2 37.6 44.3 51.0 51.0 29.8 35.6 Coffee...................... — —d o ......... 16.7 11. 9 7.2 77.2 47.3 P o ta to e s______ ____ _ .d o____ ( 4) ( 4) 1.9 4.0 2.3 3.4 2.6 5. 7 5.1 6. 2 5.8 5. 4 3. 7 4. 6 4.2 14 1 13 4 12.9 12.6 16 1 1b 3 15 5 16.0 18. 9 20.9 29.1 22. 37. 7 34.0 53.1 64.8 3.6 6.4 4.7 12.4 18.1 18.8 17.4 17.3 17.1 15. 2 14.4 37. 8 35.2 34. ( 51.0 48.8 61.0 17.1 14. 34.4 50.7 58 47 57 56 60 57 58 34 24 46 29 48 39 42 48 11 45 7 67 11 57 24 67 49 63 39 71 19 34 71 70 42 19 55 48 26 29 55 36 35 38 57 55 55 38 68 85 74 37 68 76 65 29 66 67 71 3 10 9 18 30 34 22 111 21 79 37 89 105 68 28 27 19 39 25 21 68 28 26 5Î 30 49 23 39 71 23 41 71 26 42 59 15.0 ____ 14.3 33. 55.5 49,4 36.3 45. 43.3 55.2 54.7 50.3 1 15-16-ounce can. * 2 8-ounce package. » 28-ounce package. * No. 2 can. i B eginning w ith Jan u a ry , 1921, index n um bers showing th e tren d in th e retail cost of food have been composed of th e articles shown in T ables 1 and 2 ,w eighted according to th e consum ption of the average fam ily. F rom Jan u ary , 1913, to Decem ber, 1920, th e index num bers included the following articles: Sirloin steak, ro u n d steak, rib roast, chuck roast, p late beef, pork chop, bacon, ham , lard, hens, flour, corn meal, eggs, b u tte r, m ilk, bread, potatoes, sugar, cheese rice, coffee, a n d tea. Table 3 shows the changes in the retail prices of each of 22 articles of food for which prices have been secured since 1913, as well as the changes in the amounts of these articles that could be purchased for $1 in specified years, 1913 to 1926, and in August and September, 1927. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1127] 178 MONTHLY LABOE BEVIEW 3 .— A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S OF S P E C IF IE D A R T IC L E S O F FO O D A N D A M O U N T P U R C H A S A B L E F O R $1 IN E A C H Y E A R , 1913 TO 1926, A N D IN A U G U ST A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927 T able Sirloin steak Y ear Pork chops C ents p e r lb. C ents p e r lb. C ents p e r lb. 22.3 39.5 34.4 32.3 33.5 33.8 34.7 35.6 4.5 2.5 2.9 3. 1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 19.8 33.2 29. 1 27. 6 28.4 28.8 29. 6 30.3 5.1 3.0 3. 4 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.3 C ents p e r lb. L b s. 16.0 26. 2 21. 2 19.7 20.2 20.8 21. 6 22.5 6.3 3.8 4. 7 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.4 12.1 18.3 14.3 12.8 12.9 13.2 13.8 14.6 C ents p e r lb. 8.3 5.5 7.0 7.8 7.8 7.6 7.2 6.8 21.0 42.3 34. 9 33.0 30.4 30.8 36.6 39.5 4.8 2.4 2 9 3.0 3.3 3.2 2.7 2.5 43.7 43.8 2.3 2.3 38.1 38.1 2.6 2.6 31.7 31.7 3.2 3.2 23.9 24.0 4.2 4.2 15. 3 15.5 6.5 6.5 37.7 40.7 2.7 2.5 L b s. L b s. H am C ents p e r lb. L b s. Hens Cents p e r lb. 3.7 1.9 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.1 2.0 L b s. Cents v e r at. 26.9 55. 5 48.8 48.8 45.5 45.3 52.6 57.4 3.7 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 21.3 44.7 39.7 36.0 35.0 35.3 36.6 38.8 4.7 2.2 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 8.9 16.7 14.6 13.1 13.8 13.8 14.0 14.0 46.5 46.5 2.2 2.2 54.3 53.8 1.8 1.9 35.4 35.4 2.8 2.8 14.1 14.1 L b s. C ents p e r lb. L b s. Eggs L b s. B read C ents p er doz. D o z s . C ents p e r lb. L b s. C ents p e r lb. 6.3 3. 4 5.6 5.9 5. 6 5.3 4.3 4.6 34. 5 68.1 50.9 44.4 46. 5 47.8 52.1 48.5 2.9 1. 5 2.0 2.3 2. 2 2.1 1.9 2.1 5.6 11 5 9.9 8.7 8 7 8.8 9.4 9.4 17.9 87 10.1 11.5 11 fi 11.4 10.6 10.6 3.3 H1 5.8 5.1 4. y 4.9 6.1 6.0 18.9 19.2 5.3 5.2 42.0 48.7 2.4 2.1 9.3 9.3 10.8 10.8 5.6 5.5 C ents p e r lb. Sugar C ents p e r lb. Tea C ents p e r lb. B utter Q ts. 11.2 7.1 7.1 51.4 53.4 1.9 1.9 37.0 37.7 2.7 2.7 Corn meal L b s. C ents p e r lb. L b s. Ricé C ents p e r lb. L b s. 30. 3 3.0 33.3 8.7 11.5 17.2 19.6 4.5 3.9 22.2 25.6 9.5 9.5 10.5 10.5 20.4 16.4 16.7 4.7 5.4 5.1 21.3 18.5 19.6 10.1 11.1 11.6 9.9 9.0 8.6 17.9 18.2 5.2 5.3 19.2 18.9 10.7 10.6 9.4 9.4 C ents p e r lb. L b s. 18.2 5.2 12.5 13.7 9.9 10.9 13.9 14.5 54. 4 73.3 69.7 68.1 69.5 71.5 75. 5 76.7 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 29.8 47.0 36.3 36.1 37.7 43.3 51.5 51.0 3.4 2.1 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.3 1.9 2.0 3.4 3.2 29.4 31.3 7.3 7.2 13.7 13.9 77.6 77.2 1.3 1.3 47.4 47.3 2.1 2.1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis L b s. 4.5 2.4 2.9 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 5.5 19.4 8.0 7.3 10.1 9.2 7.2 6.9 [1 1 2 8 ] C ents p e r lb. 22.1 41.6 34.0 32.9 36.9 35.3 36.7 36.6 Coffee L b s. L b s. 6.0 6.8 7.6 7.2 7.2 7. 1 7. 1 58.8 15.9 32.3 35.7 34.5 37.0 27.8 20.4 L b s. Cheese 2.6 1.4 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.7 6.3 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.7 3.6 4.9 L b s. C ents p e r lb. L b s. 38.3 70.1 51.7 47.9 55.4 51. 7 54. 8 53.1 Flour 15.8 29.5 18.0 17.0 17. 7 19.0 23.3 21.9 Potatoes L b s. M ilk 27. 0 52.3 42.7 39.8 39.1 37.7 46.7 50.3 L ard 1913................. 1920____ ______ 1921..................... 1922__________ 1923__________ 1 9 2 4 ................. 1925..................... 1926__________ 1927: A ugust____ Septem ber. P late beef 3.9 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 C ents p e r lb. 1913__________ 1920__________ 1921................... . 1922.................... 1923.......... ........... 1924................ 1925................... 1926__________ 1927: A ugust____ S eptem ber. C huck roast 25.4 43.7 38.8 37.4 39.1 39.6 40.6 41.3 Bacon 1913........ ............. 1920..................... 1921__________ 1922__________ 1 9 2 3 .............. . 1924__________ 1925__________ 1926.................... 1927: A u g u s t___ Septem ber- R ib roast AverAverAverAverAverAverA m t. age age A m t. age A m t. A m t. age A m t. age age A m t. retail for $1 retail for $1 retail for $1 retail for $1 retail for $1 retail for $1 price price price price price price C ents p e r lb. 1913..................... 1920________ 1921__________ 1922..................... 1923__________ 1924...... .......... 1925__________ 1926...... .............. 1927: A ugust____ Septem ber. R ound steak R E T A IL P R IC E S O F FOOD 179 Index Numbers of Retail Prices of Food in the United States 4 index numbers are given which show the changes in IN theTABLE retail prices of specified food articles, by years, for 1913 and 1920 to 1926,2 and by months for 1926, and for January through September, 1927. These index numbers, or relative prices, are based on the year 1913 as 100 and are computed by dividing the average price of each commodity for each month and each year by the average price of that commodity for 1913. These figures must be used with caution. For example, the relative price of sirloin steak for the year 1926 was 162.6, which means that the average money price for the year 1926 was 62.6 per cent higher than the average money price for the year 1913. As compared with the relative price, 159.8 in 1925, the figures for 1926 show an increase of nearly three points, but an increase of 1.75 per cent in the year. In the last column of Table 4 are given index numbers showing changes in the retail cost of all articles of food combined. Since January, 1921, these index numbers have been computed from the average prices of the articles of food shown in Tables 1 and 2, weighted according to the average family consumption in 1918. (See March, 1921, issue, p. 25.) Although previous to January, 1921, the number of food articles has varied, these index numbers have been so com puted as to be strictly comparable for the entire period. The index numbers based on the average for the year 1913 as 100 are 152.4 for August, 1927, and 154.0 for September, 1927. s For index num bers of each m onth, Jan u ary , 1913, to D ecember, 1925, see B ulletin No. 396, pp. 44 to 61, and B ulletin No. 418, pp. 38 to 61. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1 1 2 9 ] 180 T MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 4 .—IN D E X N U M B E R S O F R E T A IL P R IC E S OF P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S O F FO O D B Y Y E A R S, 1913 A N D 1920 TO 1926, A N D B Y M O N T H S F O R 1926, A N D JA N U A R Y T H R O U G H S E P T E M B E R , 1927 u [Average for year 1913=100.0] a ble Y ear and m onth Sirloin Rounc R ib C huck Plate Pork steak steak roast roast beef chops 1913.... .............................. 1920__________________ 1921______ ______ ____ 1922___________ 1923__________________ 1924__________________ 1925.................................... 1926_______ ______ _ 100. 172. 152.8 147.2 153. S 155. £ 159. 162. 100. C 177. ' 154.3 144.8 150. 151.1 155 159.6 100. 0 167 7 147.0 139.4 143 4 145. 5 149 5 153.0 100.0 163.8 132. 5 123.1 126. 3 130.0 135. 0 140.6 1926: J a n u a ry ................ F e b ru a ry _______ M a rc h __________ A p ril___________ M a y ___________ J u n e . ...... ........... J u ly ____________ A ugust_________ Septem ber . ___ O ctober. . . . ___ N o v em b er______ D ecem ber............. 160. 159.8 160.2 161.8 163. ‘ 165.' 165. 1 164. 6 165.0 163.4 161. ( 160.2 157. C 156. : 156.5 157. 160. 162.; 162.8 162.; 163.2 161. < 159.2 158.3 151.5 148.0 151.0 152.5 153. 5 154.5 155. 1 153.5 154. 5 154.5 152.5 152. 5 1927: Ja n u a ry ________ F eb ru ary _____ _ M a rc h __________ A p ril.. _ __ __ M a y ___________ J u n e ..................._ Ju ly ____________ A ugust______ . . S eptem ber______ 160. 6 161.0 161.8 164.6 166.5 166. i 171.7 172. ( 172.4 158.3 158. 7 159.6 163. 2 165. 5 165. Í 170.0 170. t 170.9 153. 0 153.5 153.5 156.1 157.6 157.1 160.1 160. 1 160.1 Y ear and m onth Lard Eggs B a con 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 151.2 118.2 105. 106. 109.1 114. 1 120.7 201.4 166.2 157.1 144.8 146.7 174.3 188.1 193.7 158.2 147.4 144.8 139.6 173.0 186.3 206.3 181.4 181.4 169. 1 168.4 195.5 213.4 209.9 186.4 169. 0 164.3 165. 7 171. 8 182.2 187. 6 164.0 147. 2 155.1 155. 1 157. 3 157. 3 183.0 135.0 125. 1 144.7 135. 0 143.1 138. 6 100.0 188.2 153.9 148.9 167.0 159.7 166.1 165.6 138.1 138. 1 138. 1 139.4 140.6 141.9 141.9 140.6 141.9 142. 5 141.9 141.9 119.8 120.7 120. 7 121.5 120.7 120.7 119.8 118.2 119. 173.8 172. 9 177.1 182.4 191.9 198.6 192.9 202.4 120. 7 202. 9 121.5 187.1 123.1 177.1 178. 5 181. 1 179.3 179. 6 182. 6 190. 7 193. 7 192.6 192. 2 191.5 188.9 183. 7 198. 1 199.3 200. 7 202. 6 207. 8 221, 9 226.4 225.7 224. 5 222.3 217.1 212.3 181.2 182. 6 185.0 190. 1 192. 5 188.7 184.0 177.9 177. 5 176. 5 174.2 174.6 159.6 144.6 159. 6 142.3 157.3 139.9 156.2 132.9 156. 2 130. 5 155. 1 131.3 155. 1 130.8 156.2 . 132.1 157.3 137.1 157. 3 141.8 158.4 145.4 159.6 154.8 170.1 169.7 168.3 165.2 162.9 161.5 161.1 161.5 163.3 166.1 167.0 169.2 141.9 141.9 142.5 145.6 146.9 146.9 149.4 149.4 150.0 124. 0 123.1 123. 1 125.6 125. 6 125.6 126.4 126.4 128. 1 181.1 179. 6 179.3 178.2 176.3 174.4 172.6 172. 2 172.2 211. 2 210.8 210.0 210.8 209.3 206.3 203.0 201.9 200.0 180.8 180.8 181. 7 182.6 180.3 170.4 167. i 166. 2 166.2 158.4 158.4 158.4 157.3 156.2 156.2 157. 3 158. 4 158.4 170.1 170.1 168.8 167.9 167.4 167.4 167.0 167.4 170.6 Bread Flour Corn meal 200.0 174.3 171.0 174. 3 175.7 173.3 165. 2 166.2 179.5 193.8 1000 Rice 1913______ _________ 1920_____________ 1921........................... 1922_______ ____ _ 1923_____________ 1924____ ___________ 1925_____________ 1926_______________ 100.0 186.7 113.9 107.6 112.0 120.3 147. 5 138.6 100.0 197.4 147.5 128.7 134.8 138.6 151.0 140.6 100.0 205. 4 176.8 155.4 155.4 157.1 167.9 167.9 100. 0 245.5 175.8 154.5 142.4 148.5 184.8 181.8 216. 7 150.0 130.0 136.7 156.7 180.0 170.0 1926: J a n u a ry _____ . . F e b ru a ry _______ M arch . . . _____ A p ril___ ___ M a y ___________ J u n e _____ . . . J u ly _____ ______ A u g u st_____ . . . Septem ber______ O c to b er............. N o v em b er____ D ecem ber______ 141.1 140.5 138.6 136.1 136. 3 143.0 144.9 143.7 141.1 138.6 133.5 129.1 156.2 127.0 111.6 111.9 112.8 118.0 122.0 130.1 149.3 168.7 191.3 189.0 167.9 167.9 167.9 167.9 167. 9 167.9 167.9 167.9 167.9 167.9 167.9 167.9 187.9 190. 9 187.9 184.8 184.8 184.8 181.8 181.8 175.8 172.7 172.7 169.7 173.3 173.3 173.3 170.0 170.0 170.0 170.0 170.0 170.0 170.0 170.0 170.0 133.3 133.3 134. 5 134.5 134. 5 134.5 134.5 133.3 134*5 133.3 129.9 128.7 1927: J a n u a ry ............ F e b ru a ry _______ M arch _. _____ A p ril__________ M a y __________ J u n e ___________ J u ly ___________ A u g u st_________ S ep tem b er_____ 126.6 124. 1 122.8 120.9 120.3 119.0 119.0 119.6 121.5 162.0 128.1 102.6 98.3! 97.4! 97. li 107. 0| 121. 71 141. 2: 167.9 167.9 167.9 167.9 167.9 166. 1 166.1 166. 1 166.1 169.7 169.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166. 7 166.7 169.7 166.7 170.0 170.0 170.0 170.0 170.0 173.3 173.3 173.3 176.7 126.4 124.1 124.1 123.0 1 22 articles in 1913-1920; 43 articles in 1921-1927. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis H am Hens M ilk B u t Cheese ter [11301 100.0 200. 0 109.2 109. 2 109.2 116.1 127.6 133.3 121.8 123.0 123.0 123.0 121.8 P o ta toes Sugar 100.0 370.6 182.4 164.7 170.6 158.8 211.8 288.2 341. 2 335.3 329.4 394.1 352.9 294.1 241.2 211.8 229.4 223.5 235.3 235.3 235.3 223.5 217.6 217.6 264.7 352.9 247.1 200.0 188.2 100.0 Tea 100.0 152. 5 153.5 154.6 152.5 139.4 135.2 134.2 134.2 139.4 Coffee 100.0 All a rti cles1 100.0 352.7 145.5 132.7 183.6 167.3 130.9 125.5 134.7 128.1 125.2 127.8 131.4 138.8 141.0 126.5 145.3 172.8 171.1 203.4 153.3 141.6 146.2 145.9 157.4 160.6 121.8 121.8 121.8 120.0 125.5 125. 5 127.3 127.3 129.1 129.1 132.7 139.9 139.9 139.9 140.3 140.4 141.4 141.5 141. 7 141.5 142. 1 141.7 141.4 172.1 172.1 172.1 171.5 171.1 171.1 171.5 171.1 171. 1 170.8 170.5 170.1 164.3 161.5 159.9 162.4 161.1 159.7 157.0 155.7 158.5 160.0 161.6 161.8 136.4 136.4 134.5 132.7 132.7 132.7 134.5 132.7 130.9 142.5 142.3 142.6 142.6 142.3 142. 1 142.5 142. 6 141.9 168.5 167.4 165.4 163.8 161.7 160.7 159.7 159.1 158.7 159.3 156.0 153.8 153.6 155.4 158.5 153.4 152.4 154.0 121.8 157.7 121.8 121.1 R E T A IL P R IC E S O P PO O D TREN D OF RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD. t£0 no 160 iso 14-0 130 IZO no too JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL AUô. SEP OCT NOV. DEC. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1131] 181 182 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW R e t a il P r ic e s o f F o o d in A VERAGE retail food prices are shown in Table 5 for 40 cities 15, 1927. For 11 other cities prices are shown for the same not scheduled by the bureau until after 1913. T a b l e 5 . —A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L [Exact com parisons of prices in different cities can no t be m ade for some articles, A tlanta, Ga. Article U n it Sept. 15— Sept. 15— Sept. 15— Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1913 1926 1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 Cts. C ts. C ts. C ts. 24. 0 21. 5 19.6 16. C Cts. 41. C 37. 1 33.4 24.2 Cts. Cts. Cts. 43.9 40.1 32.8 25. 2 25.0 23.0 19.0 16. 0 40.2 36. 7 30.2 22. 1 C ts. 43. 1 38.9 33. C 25. 0 41. 5 38.5 31.6 23 4 41.4 38. 1 31.2 23 1 28.1 22. 5 20. 6 16 3 40.7 35. 5 28.3 22 9 42.2 42.1 36.3 36.6 31.1 29.8 23 8 - . .d o _____ 9.5 13.5 15.2 _--do_......... 24.0 38.6 35.1 -__do_____ 33. 1 49.6 44.5 - . - d o . ......... 31.0 61.8 56.4 15.2 37.9 44.0 55. 7 12.6 22.0 26. 5 32.0 15. 1 43.3 47. 0 61.8 15.6 37. 7 42. 7 57.7 15. 6 39.4 42.1 56.5 10.5 21.4 35:0 32.5 13.9 39.4 50.6 60.0 15.9 34.9 48.0 55.0 Lam b, leg of____________ -__do_____ H ens___________ ________ Salmon, canned, re d .......... ---d o _____ M ilk, fresh _______ M ilk, e v ap o rated ______ _ 15-16 oz. can. B u tte r_____ __________ P o u n d ___ Oleomargarine (all b u tter --d o _____ substitutes). Cheese................................ ---d o _____ b a rd ____ ______________ Vegetable lard s u b stitu te .. -__do_____ Eggs, strictly fresh.............. D ozen___ 20.0 37.9 40.3 20. 5 36. 7 33. 2 35.1 34.0 10. Ö 18. 8 18 0 40.2 19.3 40.2 34 5 21 8 39 4 34.2 36.0 18 0 8.7 13 0 13.8 13. 5 13. 5 Cts. 14.2 36. 9 47:0 55.3 11. 2 11 3 11.3 12.6 12.6 12.8 39. 7 56.1 52.9 53.6 38.6 56.3 55.6 57.3 38.8 56.4 55.1 56.2 32.0 26.2 26.2 30.1 28.1 27.1 36.4 32.2 32.5 25.0 34.9 36.2 15. 8 22. 6 19. 0 24.0 21.9 33.7 46.3 40.6 36.8 22. 5 33.6 19 7 15 3 20 9 22.3 24! 6 47.4 34.7 47.3 35.5 36.4 23.0 35.6 36. 5 36.7 17 7 22! 4 22! 7 22! 0 21. 7 21.8 36.4 43.3 32.6 47.1 37.5 42.9 5.9 10.7 10.8 10.8 3. 4 6. 6 6, 5 6 5 2.7 4.3 3.9 4.1 9. 7 9.3 9. 4 5. 5 3 2 2. 5 C orn flak es..______ ____ _ 8-oz. pkg . W heat cereal...................... M acaroni............ ............... P o u n d .." . R ice......................................... -._ d o _ ......... 11. 5 9.8 9. 8 26. 4 26. 8 26 4 21.7 21. 7 21. 7 8.6 12.1 10.3 9.8 10.1 9 1 24 6 24 4 19 1 19 0 18 9 9.0 10.7 9.8 9! 6 Beans, n : v y ._ ...................... P otato es__ _______ _____ _ - . - d o . ......... O nio n s... . . . ............... C abbage____________ ___ _ -.d o _____ 10. 5 10.2 10 7 2.3 5.1 4.4 4.2 7.8 7. 7 7. 8 4.9 5. 4 4.9 N o. 2 c a n . _-_do ___ _ - - d o ____ . - . d o ____ Cts. 38.9 37.8 23.3 38.5 42.2 41.6 37 1 18.0 29. 7 31.4 46! 7 33! 9 34.2 14 O 10.3 B read__________ ____ ___ P o u n d ___ F lo u r_________ _____ ___ C orn m eal______ ________ -__do_____ Rolled oats............................ Beans, b a k e d ___________ Corn, can n ed___ ______ Peas, canned____________ Tom atoes, canned_______ B irm ingham , Ala; C Sirloin ste a k ............ ............ P o u n d ___ R ound stea k ...... .................. --_do_......... R ib roast_______ ____ ___ -- .d o _____ C huck ro ast......... ___........... P late beef................. ............. Pork chops___................. .. Bacon, sliced____________ H am , sliced.......................... Baltim ore, M d. 11.8 18. 0 19. 9 11. 1 11.1 18. 2 20.1 11. 5 11.3 18. 2 20. 1 11. 5 9.8 5 5 9.9 9.9 5.4 10.4 10.3 10.3 3 .k 4M 8 2 4.2 82 2.5 8. 4 1.8 7 7 4.1 5 1 4. 0 10.5 14 9 15. 3 10. 0 82 3.0 5 7 3 9 8 5 3Ü 4.2 4.3 4.2 11 9 11 1 8.2 11.6 10.8 10.3 2.2 5.4 5.0 4. 8 3 5 10.4 10.4 14 4 14 5 14 8 10 6 10 3 11.9 11.7 11.3 21 8 Sugar, granulated _............. P o u n d ___ 5.9 7.4 7.6 7.7 5.2 6.5 6.4 6.4 5.8 7.5 7.8 7.8 T e a _________ ______ ____ 60. 0 105. 9 103. 8 102 6 56 0 74 8 Coffee............. ................ ....... ---d o _____ 32.0 51.6 49.6 48.5 24.8 45 0 42.7 42! 7 28. 8 54.3 51.6 51.4 P run es__________ ____ _ 14 2 13 2 19. 7 17. 8 10 4 R aisins _________ B ananas_____ ________ Oranges_____ ______ _ 18.2 16. 3 16. 3 25. 5 27. 5 29 0 61. 7 51. 6 53.1 13 4 13 2 12 9 25 0 51.7 55.6 56.1 51.6 50.9 53.4 1 The steak for which prices are here quoted is called “ sirloin” in this city, b u t in m ost of the other cities included in this report it w ould be know n as “ porterhouse” steak. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1132] RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD 183 51 C it i e s o n S p e c ifie d D a te s for September 15, 1913 and 1926, and for August 15 and September dates with the exception of September 15, 1913, as these cities were A R T IC L E S O F F O O D IN 51 C IT IE S O N S P E C IF I E D D A T E S p a rticularly m eats a n d vegetables, owing to differences in trade practices] Bridgeport, Conn. Boston, M ass. Sept. 15— 1926 1927 Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 20.5 20.2 8.9 C harleston, S C. Sept. 15— Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 135. 8 1 67.0 1 68. 8 1 71.6 49.3 53.9 35.0 52.9 55.7 56.5 42.7 46. 4 25.6 39.2 39.9 40.9 36.9 40.3 18.7 28.2 29.2 30.5 27.5 30.4 25.0 25.8 32.0 B u tte, M ont. Sept 15— Aug. Sept. Sept. Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept 15, 15, 15, 1927 1926 1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 1926 1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 Aug. Sept. Sept. Aug. Sept. 1913 Buffalo, N . Y. Cts. 54.1 47.0 40.2 30.9 23.3 19.8 17.0 15.5 41.7 35.7 30.4 23.4 44.1 37.5 32.0 24.8 44.0 37.4 31.9 25.2 12.5 43.6 50.3 57.7 11.5 23.0 23.3 28.0 14.1 45.6 48.1 59.3 14.2 42.3 42.2 53.0 15.0 45.9 42.0 52.4 12.1 41.9 59.3 61.7 31. 7 27.5 27.2 19.0 Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 32.8 29.1 28.7 20.2 21. 4 20.4 20.4 15.0 33.0 30. 5 27.0 18.8 33.4 30. 7 27.0 20.9 33.3 31.0 26.7 20.8 12.9 35.5 55.4 60.0 13.4 38.0 54.6 58.8 12.1 25.0 27.0 28.8 14.0 37.5 46.5 55.9 15.0 34.7 39.3 50.3 14 9 34 7 40.4 49.7 39.8 35.7 31 8 19.0 32.9 30.6 29.0 21.5 18.4 45.5 49.9 66.3 19.9 40.9 44.6 69.1 20.5 44.8 45.5 58.8 11.9 12.7 46.7 41.4 55.1 51.0 66.0 ' 57.5 41.1 41.6 35. 9 14.9 40.3 38.8 32.7 14 8 39.8 39.0 33.2 15.3 41.0 40.1 34.6 16.0 39.6 15.3 34.6 34 8 33.9 39.8 21.0 37.9 36. 5 36.1 31.9 36.3 31.3 31.8 16.0 8.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 38.2 34.6 32. 5 14 3 38.9 32.9 31 9 14 0 37.0 22.5 42.1 40.0 33.2 21.9 40.9 35.1 3fi 7 30 2 31 4 14.0 12.0 18.0 19.0 40.8 39.6 31. 5 16.0 12.2 12.2 12.1 11.6 11.5 11.6 ....... 11.2 11.3 11.3 11.1 11.2 11.1 37.4 52.5 29.3 52.2 28.3 54.3 52.2 52.6 54 3 35.8 52.6 51.2 54.1 28.1 29.8 27.4 27.8 28. 2 28.0 27. 8 50.8 49.2 52.0 37.0 49.3 49.8 49.5 30. 8 29. 8 29.2 22.4 15.8 37.3 22.2 24. 9 71.3 38.6 19.1 25.2 62.4 38.9 19.5 25. 4 68.4 40.0 22.1 25.9 69.3 41.0 18.4 25. 2 56.7 36.1 20. 5 23.4 15.3 30. 4 50.6 33.3 9.1 6.3 6.2 9.1 8.5 6.1 6.7 9.1 8.5 6.1 6.7 9.1 8.8 6.1 8.1 8.6 8.8 5.7 7.7 8.5 10.8 24 5 22.3 12.1 10.0 25.2 22. 7 11.9 9.9 25. 2 22. 4 12.0 9.8 3.4 5.8 5.2 10.4 3.0 5.9 5.2 10.3 3.2 5.2 5.1 9.3 3.6 5.9 42 9.6 3.0 6.7 5.2 13.0 19.0 20.4 11.9 13.4 17.9 20.2 11.6 13.1 17.7 19.9 11.0 11.5 19.6 21.2 13.2 11.5 18.1 20.8 13.4 6.8 73.3 55.2 16.8 13.6 43.9 54.2 47.1 5.9 8.7 3.5 6.4 1.7 ________ ........ __ ___ ......... 5.6 58.6 33.0 40.9 19. 5 36. 5 18.9 14 4 21.1 25.3 26. 3 66.6 33.8 53.2 ............. 12.0 11.8 11.8 38.0 17.7 25. 7 43.1 38.7 18.3 25. 8 51.1 35.7 25.9 29. 8 56.6 36.5 23. 2 29 7 46.8 8.7 5.1 5.1 8. 7 8.7 5.0 5.2 8. 7 9.8 5.9 5.8 7.3 9.8 5.5 6.0 7. 5 9.8 5.4 6.0 7. 5 6.4 10.2 10.9 10.9 3.8 6.9 6.9 6.8 2.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 9. 4 9. 5 9.5 10.2 9.5 9.0 24. 6 24 6 24. 5 21. 6 21.1 21. 2 9.3 11.5 10.2 10.1 12.2 28. 4 18.7 12.5 10.4 28. 5 19. 5 11.2 10.7 28. 5 19. 5 11.0 11.8 10.2 10.3 26. 3 25. 8 25.8 18.9 18. 4 18.'7 5.5 9.5 7.2 7.2 9.0 2.6 6.0 3.6 10.4 2.7 4.3 4 5 10.1 2.9 6.1 5.1 10.1 10.3 2.1 2.3 4.4 4 8 5.4 3.9 ....... 4 8 11.7 9.8 10.0 9.9 18.1 16.5 15.4 15.0 20.7 16.6 15.9 15.6 13.1 ....... 13.0 13.3 13.0 14 5 15.8 14 4 13.3 14 0 15.5 14.1 13.3 9.7 10.0 10.0 13.3 14 6 15.0 14 4 14.8 13.8 17.5 16.5 16.5 12.8 ....... 9.9 10.2 9.9 7.2 74.9 62.0 15.5 7.2 6.6 7.1 7.1 5.6 6.7 6.9 6.9 72.9 60.3 60.9 60.9 45.0 68.9 67.6 67.1 51.1 48.6 45.9 45.9 29.3 49.1 45.4 45.6 15.4 16.0 16.0 15.8 ....... 16.5 14.2 14 4 8.4 83.3 57.0 17.2 8.7 82.2 53.8 15.4 8.6 5.4 6.5 6.7 6.8 82.8 50.0 73. 9 82.4 82.4 54 0 26.3 46.6 44 0 43.1 15.0 — 15.3 13.6 13.5 13.4 41.5 61.2 13.2 14.5 14.3 14 3 14 4 13.5 13.7 15.3 15.0 15.1 42.9 34.0 35.0 35.0 40. 7 40. 9 41. 2 2 14.5 2 13.1 2 11. 7 64 4 68.2 63.1 64.4 ..... 51.7 56.9 60.6 47.1 53.9 53.5 — 8.8 5. 7 7.8 8.4 10.5 9.7 9.7 24. 7 24. 8 24.8 22. 5 22. 7 22.7 11.7 11.5 11.4 5.6 3.0 2.6 9.6 3.0 2.0 5.6 4.8 ....... 8.9 5.3 5.2 8.6 8.8 3.7 6.1 3.5 8.9 2.7 7.0 4.4 2 P e r pound. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1133] 33.2 23. 7 24. 3 53.6 33.6 20.6 21 7 40.0 9.6 3.6 7.3 5.. 2 34 4 20.6 21 6 48.2 9.8 3.6 6.5 4 4 14 7 14 6 14.4 38. 6 25. 0 25.6 46.7 42.9 46.9 184 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T I Chicago, 111. A rticle U n it Sirloin ste a k ................ R ound s t e a k . .. .......... R ib ro a s t___________ C huck ro a s t....... ......... P o u n d .. . . .. d o ......... . .. d o ____ . ..d o ......... P late b e e f .. .. ---------Pork ch o p s-------------Bacon, sliced—............ H am , sliced ................ . .. d o ......... . .. d o ____ . .. d o ____ . .. d o ------ Lam b, leg o f-----------H ens_______________ Salmon, canned, re d . M ilk, fresh_________ C ineinnait, Ohio. C leveland, Ohio Sept. 15- Sept. 15Sept. 15Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1927 1927 1927 1927 1913 1926 1913 1926 1913 1926 1927 1927 Cts 24.3 21.4 20.3 15.9 Cts. 44.8 36.9 35.7 25.4 Cts 46.9 38.0 35.9 25.7 11.9 15.0 15.0 21.8 42.9 36.8 32.6 55.4 50. 1 32.2 57.8 54.4 Cts. Cts 47.2 38.3 35.8 26.6 Cts. Cts. 23. 7 38.9 21.2 35.1 18.5 30.8 14.5 21.9 C ts. Cts Cts. Cts. Cts. 39.6 40.2 25.4 40. 35.6 36.1 22.9 34. 31.1 31.1 18.9 27.9 22.6 22.8 16.9 22.9 11 15.4 15.5 15.8 42.6 22.7 41.9 37.4 50.9 26.0 46.5 40.9 54. 5 29.8 60.6 54.4 15.8 40.3 40.6 52.2 11.7 24.4 29.6 37.3 13.0 45.1 52. 1 63.0 43.1 36. 7 30. i 24.7 42.4 36.3 30.3 24.9 14.2 39.5 45.8 53.8 14.4 43.5 45.1 53.3 19.9 40.6 39.1 38. 5 16.8 37.8 36.1 35.4 18.7 37.8 38.5 37.4 . .. d o ____ 19.21 37.9 36. 2 36. 1 26.0 37.2; 35.5 33.5 . .. d o ____ 39.4 36.2 35.1 . .. d o ____ 37.7 34.7 35.9 37. 5: 31.2 33.0 35.9 33.6 34.3 Q u a rt____ 14.0 14.0 14.0 14. Q 13.3 13.3 13.7 14.0 14.0 M ilk, ev ap o rated . 15-16 oz. 10.9 11.3 10.8 11.3 11.3 11.1 11.4 11.4 can. B u tte r_________________ P o u n d __ 35.3 50.5 50.3 52.7 38.0 50.8 49.5 51.1 38.3 55.5 53.9 57.1 Oleomargarine (all b u tte r . .. d o ____ 27.0 27.0 27. 1 30.3 27.7 28.0 32.2 29.2 29.3 su bstitu tes). Cheese------- ---------- ------ . .. d o ____ 25.7 40.9 42. 42.0 21 36.0 36.4 37.4 24.0 36.2 38. 7; 38.4 L a rd ___________________ . .. d o ____ 15.0 21.9 19. 1 19. 4 14.3 20.8 17.1 18. 1 16.4 23.6 20.3 20.6 V egetable lard su b stitu te. . .. d o ____ 26.3 26.3 26. 5 26. 1 25.9 26. 1 27.6 26.8 Eggs, strictly fresh............ D ozen__ 30.1 50.5 42.3 46.0 30.1 46.7 40.3 45.9 36. 8 55.8 26.8 43.9 52.8 8.0 11.2 B read _____ F lo u r_____ Corn m e a l.. R olled o a ts . P o u n d ___ . ..d o ____ . .. d o ____ . ..d o ____ Corn flakes___ W heat cereal--. M acaro n i_____ R ic e .. . . ______ 8-oz. p k g .. 28-oz. pkg P o u n d .— ...d o ......... Beans, n a v y -------P o tato es------------Onions__________ C abbage.................. .d o . -d o . -d o . -d o . Beans, b a k e d ____ Corn, c an n e d ____ Peas, canned_____ Tom atoes, can n ed . No. 2 can. do. do. -- .d o . Sugar, g ran u lated . T e a _____________ C oflee___ _______ P ru n e s .__________ Pound. -_do__ —do. .. R aisin s. . B ananas _ O ranges.. d o . .. D o zen . . . d o . .. do. 6.1 9.8 9.9 2. 5.4 5.2 2.8 6.0 6.6 8.3 8.5 10.1 9.9 5. 1 6.4 8.6 9 9.5 24.5 25.1 25.2 19.0 19. 19 9.0 11.6 11. 10.8 9.2 3.8 5.0 4.1 9.6 3.2 5.5 4.0 9. 3.6 6.4 4.2 4.8 3.3 12.6 13.0 12.8 16.5 16.0 15.7 16.7 16.8 16.6 14.0 13.9 13. 8.8 9 .2 6. 0 4. 0j 8. 6 10.4 24.7 18.21 11.4 7.5 4. 31 4. 7¡ 4. 0 10.7 14.8 16.7 11.5 8,9 5. 8 4. 2 8.8 ao 5.8 4.5 8.8 9.3 9.4 24.8 25. 18.4 18.3 9.9 9.7 8,6 3. 7 5. 8 4.4 8.7 3.3 4. T 4.1 10.4 14. 16.8 11.9 10.6 5.6 3.2 2.9 5.4 9.5 7.7 5.7 5.7 9.4 7.7 5.6 5.6 9.4 11.2 9.7 9.8 25.2 25.7 25.7 21.7 21.5 9.0 11.8 11.3 10.9 21 2.0 15.2 16.6 11.7 5.2 6.7 7. 1 7.1 5.6 7.0 7.5 7.5 5.6 55.0 73.2 73. 5 72.0 60.0 77.7 75.5 75.5 50.0 30.7 51.2 47.9 47.1 25.6 46.4 42.6 42.5 26. 5 18.4 17.3 17.3 17.1 15.4 15.2 15.4 15.2 15.0 40.0 39.2 39. 53.2 57.8 63.0 7.9 6.0 15.2 14.6 14.6 36.3 36. 1 3 6 .1 ____ 47. 7Í 51. 4 52. 2f........ 8.8 7.6 4.4 5. 3 4. 5 8.7 3.2 6.3 4.7 3.4 5.0 4.6 12.9 17.1 17.8 13.5 12.9 16.9 18.2 14.1 13. 1 16.6 18.2 14.1 7.5 7.4 81.6 81.8 50. 3 49.9 15.2 15.3 14.7 14.8 10.3 10.3 56.0 59.8 i The & 'teak for w hich prices are here quoted is «tiled “ sirloin” in th is city , b u t in m ost of th e other cities included m this report it w ould be know n as “ r a m p ” steak. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1134] RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD 185 C L E S O F FO O D IN 51 C IT IE S O N S P E C IF I E D D A T E S —C ontinued Columbus, Ohio D allas, Tex. D etroit, M ich. D enver, Colo. Fall R iver, M ass. SeDt. 15— Sent. 15— SeDt. 15— Sent. 15— Aug. Sept. Sept. Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15. 15. 15, 15, 15, 1926 1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 40.7 36.1 30. 8 24.6 41.7 37. 1 32. 2 26.0 41.9 37.6 32.3 26.5 23.0 21.3 20.8 16.9 36.3 33.0 27.4 23.5 37.7 34.1 28.8 23.7 36.9 34.2 27.9 23.9 35. 5 32.8 25. 6 20.9 35. 5 32.0 25.3 20.7 26.3 21.0 20.0 15.0 43.0 35.3 30.5 23.0 44.3 37.9 32.9 25.1 44.8 37.6 32.8 25.1 16.0 39. 5 53.6 58.8 16.6 36.2 48.2 54.2 16.8 37.7 48.2 51.8 13. 2 22.0 38.3 32.5 18.2 38.2 49. 7 63.2 17.7 35.6 46.2 57.1 18.5 9.7 11.1 12. 2 37.4 20.4 39.4 34.9 47.0 29.0 52.6 46.2 56.2 33.3 61.5 51.8 12.2 37.4 47.3 51.6 11.0 22.3 24.7 27.0 14.2 46.4 54.7 65.0 15.1 40.3 48.2 58.4 13.9 15.3 44.8 22.2 40.8 48.5 25.7 46.5 55.8 3a o 58.4 44.6 37.1 39.8 12.0 44.4 36.0 36.3 12.0 44.2 23.3 44.3 45.0 43.4 16.0 37.8 37.0 36,8 16.0 41.2 40.7 38.9 19. 2 35.4 18.7 31.1 30.7 30.7 19.7 30.2 29.4 29. 6 20.5 39.7 36.9 36. 7 24.5 35.9 35.5 33.8 34.5 37.0 33.5 35.0 40.2 35.9 37.2 12.0 ÏÔ.0 12.0 13.0 13.0 8.4 12.0 12.0 12.0 8. Ö 14.0 14.0 14.0 9.5 24.3 21.4 17.8 15.8 34.9 31.6 24.3 19. 7 11.3 11.5 11.6 ........ 13.0 13.1 13.1 ........ 10.8 10.7 10.7 11.2 11.4 11.4 Cts. Cts. 13.9 37.0 43. 6 53.9 15.0 30.5 43.1 52.9 42.3 42. 7 34. 8 15.0 41.5 43.7 34.8 16 0 135. 6 160.9 166. 3 165.3 2a 4 46.5 49. 7 49.4 23.2 31.8 34.4 33.6 i a 4 22. 4 25.1 25.3 42. 2 43.0 3a 8 14.4 12.7 12.7 12.8 51.1 50.6 53.4 38.3 52.8 50.2 52.1 38.6 44.9 43.7 48,3 35.9 53.1 51.9 55.3 35.3 51.3 29.7 27.7 28.0 — 33.9 30.5 30.6 ........ 29.0 24.9 24.6 ........ 28.6 26. 6 26.8 ........ 30.4 51.9 52.6 30.5 30.8 35.2 20.1 26.0 42.8 36.1 16.6 26.5 33.6 8.1 5.6 3. 7 9.4 7.7 5.3 3.7 9.3 36.9 20.0 34.9 36.8 38.9 26.1 37.0 37.1 37.9 20.7 37.9 39.1 16.7 16.5 25.7 23.4 23.3 16. 5 22.8 19.0 19.1 16.9 22. 6 18.9 25.2 22.6 22.4 27. 1 26. 7 26.2 25. 2 23.7 23.4 40.4 (*) 45.3 35.3 43.0 32.1 46.1 37.5 40.7 32.0 48.0 40.9 7.7 5.3 9.5 9.5 9.5 5.3 3.2 5.6 5.5 5.5 4. 1 3.3 4. 5 4. 5 4.5 9. 2 ........ 10. 2 10.5 10.3 10.8 9.7 9.8 25.0 26.4 26.1 21. 7 21.0 21.0 13. 6 12.1 12.1 7.7 4.2 5. 5 4.5 8.5 3.4 7.2 4.6 12.1 15. 7 15. 1 12.7 12.6 14. 1 14.7 13.3 — 8.8 3.3 6.1 4.2 12.6 13. 9 14.8 13.3 — 11.2 27.6 21.4 9.3 12.9 2.8 10.6 27. 2 21. 5 11.6 13.2 18. 6 22.1 12.6 — a3 4.6 4.2 8.5 ao 4.4 4.5 7.6 8.0 4.3 4.4 7.6 5.6 3.1 2.8 1.8 __ 13.0 18. 4 21.4 12.6 — 9.9 10.6 10.7 3. 1 3.2 2. 5 4.3 6.1 4.8 2.2 2.2 2.4 11.8 14.8 15.7 12.3 11.0 14.1 14.8 12.0 10.9 13.9 15.2 11.9 8.5 5.4 6.0 9.5 14.7 14.0 14.0 310.8 310. 9 310. 3 42,5 44.6 48.5 — 9.1 5.6 6.8 9.4 10.6 9.8 9.8 25.9 25.5 25.7 __ 22.3 22.4 22.1 8.4 12.7 11.8 11.8 10.0 11.3 25.3 24. 5 11.9 10.1 25.0 24. 2 11.0 10.0 25. 0 24.2 11.1 Ì.9 9. 7 3.2 5.3 3.6 10.6 2.8 7.0 4.7 10.8 2.9 5.5 4.5 11.3 16.4 17.2 12.7 ........ 12.4 16. 6 18.5 11.9 12.1 16.5 18.1 13.2 11.5 16.3 18.1 13.2 8.3 3.6 4.9 4.1 8.6 2.9 5.9 3.3 . 11.7 16. 5 17.3 11.7 11.5 16. 2 16.9 12.5 9.1 2.9 4.7 3.5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1135] 7.2 7.2 63.8 63.8 48.7 48.8 14.8 14.5 15.8 15.0 14.8 14.5 13.8 13.9 33.9 33.9 35.0 __ 3 9. 4 3 9. 6 3 9. 6 52.6 56.9 60.1 — 49.5 54.0 54.6 3 Per pound. 3 N o quotation. 40.4 18.8 26.7 68.5 9.2 5.8 6.7 9.4 7.2 7.8 7.8 5.9 7.8 8.0 a o 5.9 7.5 7.8 7.8 5.7 7.2 7.5 7.5 5.7 6.8 89.3 90. 2 88. C 66.7 104. 7 107. 5 107.1 52.8 69.5 69.2 68.6 43.3 74.4 75.5 74.5 44.2 59.9 51.6 48.6 47.9 36.7 60. a 56. 7 57. 1 29.4 51.6 48.9 48.9 29.3 52. 1 48.3 47.8 33.0 52.7 19.2 17.1 16.7 18.4 15.7 14.8 15.7 17.4 17.0 16.6 21. 1 20.7 21.1 15.2 14.6 14.5 16.5 16.5 16.3 37. 2 38. 6 38.6 33. a 35. C 35. C 48.8 56.2 54.0 ........ 54,0 53.2 54.7 — 40.4 18. 1 26.4 56.3 9.2 6.3 6.7 9.4 Ï.9 — 8.2 5.7 5.8 9.4 39.4 23.2 37.9 19.4 15.3 21. 3 26.8 26.7 47.8 46.9 68.2 8.5 6.2 5.4 3.4 6.0 a s 9.5 ........ — 11.1 9.6 9.8 24.8 24.6 24.8 20.3 19.7 19.7 8.6 11.2 9.9 9.8 10.6 27.2 21.5 11.7 10.5 11.0 11.2 5.3 5.6 5.0 6.0 7.9 7.4 5.3 6.4 6.1 13.4 17. 9 21.4 12.3 5.5 2.6 2.6 — 186 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T able 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T I H ouston, Tex. Article U nit Indianapolis, In d . Jacksonville, Fla. Sept. 15— Sept. 15— Sept. Aug. Sept. Aug Sept. Aug. Sept. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1926 1927 1927 1927 1927 1913 1926 1913 1926 1927 1927 Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Sirloin steak.. R ound steak. R ib roast___ C huck roast. P o u n d ____ ___ do.......... ___ do.......... ___ do .......... P late b e ef.. . . Pork c h o p s... Bacon, sliced. H am , slic ed .. .d o . .d o . -do. .d o . 17. 37.9 51. 57.1 17.8 33.6 46.5 52. 1 18.0 35.5 46.6 50.8 12. 5 22. 8 30.8 31.7 Lam b, leg of_______ H en s___ _____ _____ Salmon, canned, red. M ilk, fresh________ ___ do. ___ do. ___ do. Q u art.. 35. 7 40.5 36.4 15. 6 34.3 32.9 30.8 15.6 34.2 20. 7 34.6 21.0 32.6 15.6 8.0 M ilk, evaporated___________ B u tte r____ ________________ Oleomargarine (all b u tter su b stitu tes). Cheese____________________ L a rd ______________________ Vegetable lard s u b stitu te ___ Eggs, strictly fresh_________ 15-16 oz. can. P o u n d ____ ___ do ........... 11.5 11.6 11.6 10.8 10.8 10.8 11.9 11.9 11.9 52.2 47.9 49.2 36. 8 50. 5 50. 4 52.2 39.8 54.0 51.8 53.3 29.7 27.8 27.6 — 30. 5 29. 4 29.2 32.1 30.9 30.3 ___ do........ ___ do........ ___ do........ Dozen....... 31.9 33.5 22.6 21.3 21.0 16.8 41.8 35.5 B read ........... F lour......... Corn m eal.. Rolled oats. Pound. ___ do.. ___ do.. ___ do.. Corn fla k e s............ W heat c e r e a l...... M acaroni................. Rice........................... 8-oz. pkg__ 28-oz. pkg. P o u n d ___ ___ do........ 11.8 9.5 9.2 25. 6 25.0 25.0 18.4 18. 0 18.6 9.0 8.9 .d o . .d o . .d o . .d o . 9.5 10.1 10. 2 4. 5.0 4.7 4.9 7.0 5.9 5.4 4. 2.1 7. 7 4.5 5. 1 4.3 8. 7 3.3 7. 3 4. 6 8. 7 3.0 6. 3 4. 5 Beans, b ak ed.......... Corn, canned_____ Peas, c a n n e d .. . . . . Tom atoes, canned. No. 2 can. ----- do___ ___ do___ ___ do___ 11.1 11.0 11.0 14.9 13.9 14. I 13.6 13.7 13.3 10. 1 10.6 10.5 _ 10.6 15.0 15..2 11.3 10.3 13. 9 13.7 13.0 10. 3 13. 8 13. 6 12. 6 Sugar, granulated.. T ea_______ ______ C offee..................... P ru n es...................... Pound. ___ do.. ___ do.. ___ do.. 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.0 7.3 7. 5 7.6 5.9 7.3 7.6 7.5 82. 84.7 84.8 60.0 80. 7 87.9 85.3 60.0 101.6 98.9 97.7 45.0 40.9 40.5 30.0 51.1 47.4 47. 5 34.5 50.3 47.3 47.3 16.3 15.4 14. 5 19.3 18. 5 17. 9 18. 3 16 8 16 4 R aisin s.. B ananas. Oranges.. ___ do. Dozen. ___ do. 14.7 14.5 13.9 28.3 26.2 26.2 39.8 45.6 39.1 Beans, n a v y . Potatoes........ O n io n s......... Cabbage___ 33.8 35.0 34.6 26.0 39. 1 32.0 33.2 33.5 25.2 38.2 27. 1 27. 1 27. S 17.8 29. 4 21.0 21.6 21.3 16.3 24.7 8.8 5.8 4.2 8.9 8.5 5.1 4.3 8.9 41.4 39. 1 30.4 25.2 41.3 38.6 30.8 25.3 25.8 21.5 22. 5 15.0 37. Í 32. Í 29. 1 20.9 35.4 31. 7 27. 1 19.8 35.4 31.3 27. 1 20.1 15.4 41.9 49.0 62. 1 15. 7 36.1 42.4 52.5 16. 1 40.8 42.3 52. 7 11.4 23.5; 29. 0! 30.3 12.5 39.4 49.4 58.0 12. 5! 32.9 42. 8i 51.4 12. 8 33.3 42.1 49.5 42.5 39.8 35. 8 12.0 42.5 36.3 33. 5 12.0 39.0 20.8 38.8 36.21 38.0 36.6 23. 5 39.3 32.9 34.0 34.0 38.4 33.8 33.9 12.0 12.3 22.0 20.3 20.3 34.4 21.3 35. 1 37.2 21.3 15. 2 20. 1 16.8 17.8 20. 8 27.4 41. 5 30.4 43.5 33.1 8.5 5. 1 5. 1 3.2 4.5 2.6 8.9 35.7 21.3 22.9 53.1 8. 1 5.5 4. 2 8. 3 6. 2 11.0 10. 9 10.9 3.8 6.9 6.6 6.6 3. 1 4.3 4.3 4.3 9. 8 9. 3 9 6 10. 1 9.4 9. 3 25. 1 25. 1 25.6 19. 2 19. 7 19. 6 9.2 12.1 10.7 10.6 11. 2 10 0 9 9 24.6 24.8 24.4 20.0 19 4 19 4 6.6 11.2 9.6 9.4 8.1 5.7 4.2 8. 1 8.1 5.5 4.2 8. 3 37.7 22.5 34.4 34. 5 17.4 15.5 24.0 21. 1 27.4 25. 4 22. 5 37.3 36.7 59.5 46.1 15. 9 15.2 15.2 31. 4 30. 5 31. 6 48.3 50.8 51.3 2.6 10.3 9 6 5. 1 4.3 7. 4 7. 9 5. 4 4. 9 11.4 20. 7 19.6 10. 4 9 3 4.4 72 46 10.7 10.8 17 8 17 8 17.8 18.1 10.1 9 8 16.4 14.7 15.3 29. 2 31. 0 28. 3 95.3 60.0 60.0 1 The steak for which prices are here quoted is called “ sirlo in ” in th is city, b u t in m ast of the other cities included in this report it w ould be know n as “ porterhouse” steak. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1136] 187 RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD C L E S O F FO O D IN 51 C IT IE S ON S P E C IF IE D D A T E S —C ontinued L ittle Rock, Ark. K ansas C ity, M o. Los Angeles, Calif. Louisville, Ky. M anchester, N . H . Sept. 1 5 Sept. 15— Sept. 15— Aug. Sept. Sept. 15— Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 1913 1926 1913 1926 1913 1926 1913 1926 Sept. 15— Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. C ts. C ts. Cts. C ts. 39.6 38. 7 39.0 25.0 34.2 36.5 37.3 24.0 36.8 37.6 39.0 23.0 36.4 ÓÍ. b 37.2 137.0 158. 1 162.4 160.0 24.7 22.3 17.7 15.4 34.8 34. 7 34.2 20.0 31.6 34.5 35.4 21.0 30.3 30.8 31.6 20.0 32.3 33.3 34.6 30.5 47. 1 48.6 46.9 30.2 29. 7 29.9 27.2 27. 5 27.4 20. 0 27.3 28.0 30.0 19.6 29.6 29.0 31.2 18.2 26.6 27. ò 27.1 20.0 20.1 20.5 17.5 22.2 22.5 22.8 15.8 20.3 21.0 20.7 15.9 19.4 21.3 21. 3 16.8 23.9 24.9 24.6 12.1 22.8 31.3 30.3 13.1 42.8 52.4 60.8 21.0 13.9 35.5 44.6 51.7 14.5 13.0 40.5 21. 5 45. 1 36.7 51.7 30.0 15.5 37.6 54. 3 58.9 16.7 33.6 46.9 50.8 17.8 12.1 35.3 25.4 47.7 33.1 49.6 35.8 13.8 47.3 62.1 71.8 13.6 45.8 54.7 66.4 14.0 13.1 47.6 21.6 54.4 29.5 68.1 29.0 16.4 38.9 52.0 55.7 17.7 35. 6 46. 9 50. 4 17.3 37.1 23. 0 47. 7 24.0 50.0 29.5 16.9 36.9 39.0 46.3 17.5 40.8 38.7 45.1 18.3 35.0 36.5 16.8 32.9 30.1 38.8 35. 5 9.3 13.0 13.0 35.3 20.0 29.8 20.0 35.8 13.0 10.0 39.5 29.7 36.1 15.0 40.8 28.3 32.1 15.0 41.4 18.8 28.4 26.2 32.8 15.0 10.0 36.8 44.6 34.4 15.0 36.1 40.3 31.3 15.0 37.4 17.8 40.7 21.8 32.3 15.0 8.8 39.2 38.0 38.2 12.0 41.3 33.3 31. 3 12.0 41.3 39. 0 39.1 32.9 25.0 44.1 42.5 32.4 37.0 33.3 12.0 .Ö 14.0 14.8 38.3 41.9 34.1 14.8 16.7 41.8 42.8 51.3 21.8 8 12.9 12.9 12.9 11.9 12.0 12.0 11.9 12.0 12.0 10.2 10.3 10.2 11.7 11. 7 11.8 38.8 51.0 48.4 51.4 42. 5 51. 7 50.5 50.9 43.5 54.4 51.6 54.9 39.6 53.2 51.4 52.4 39.0 53.3 53.8 54.2 26.3 25.8 25.8 31.6 26.2 26.2 . . . . 31.4 27.4 27.4 27.7 25.5 25.5 . . . . 30.2 27.5 28.2 .. . . 21.8 35.7 35.9 16.4 22.9 19.0 27.3 27.4 28.8 42.1 33.7 6. 0 3. 0 2.8 — 9.8 5.6 4.9 9.4 9.6 5.2 4.9 9.0 38.3 22.5 19.7 16.3 24.8 47.1 30.0 36.9 21.8 30.6 45.1 37.0 18.0 28.0 33.8 9.6 6.0 9.5 9.2 9.2 6.0 8.6 8.4 8.5 5.7 5.1 3.6 6.4 6. 1 6.0 3.5 5.4 5.2 5.2 3.5 4.9 2.5 4.1 4. 1 4.0 3.3 5.4 5. 4 5.6 2.5 10.2 10.0 10.0 — 9.1 . . . . 10.8 10.0 10.2 — 9.3 6. 1 3.7 8.4 9.2 6.0 4.2 8.5 37.1 23.3 19.7 16.5 27.6 40.1 32.5 12.0 10. 1 26.9 26.7 20.3 19.9 8.7 11.8 9.9 10.0 26.9 19.9 10.1 8.3 — 9.2 3.7 5.4 3.7 9.6 2.3 7.0 4.1 9.6 2.2 2.4 6.0 4.3 — — 12.7 15.2 15.6 12.3 12.3 14.2 14.9 11.4 2.0 12.4 14.3 14.9 11.4 — 34.3 24.0 24.1 44.4 36.8 21.5 20.9 37.1 37.2 19.5 21.5 17.9 20.5 42.5 46.3 12.1 10.2 10.2 25.7 25.9 26.4 20.4 20.2 20.2 10.2 8.8 8.9 7.7 9.5 4.6 6.3 4.4 8.5 4.9 7.2 5.5 9.3 3.9 1.7 6.3 4.3 — - 10.8 16.6 18. 7 10.6 10.5 16.6 17.6 10.7 10.2 16.0 17.6 10.1 — - 39.4 24.0 26.0 54.0 38.1 19.6 24.4 41.9 10.1 9.4 9.4 25.0 24.8 24.9 18.3 18.3 18.5 11. 1 10.2 10.0 8.3 8.9 10.0 3.8 3.7 4.7 5.8 4.3 5.1 11.3 16.2 17.7 215.4 11.0 15.8 16.9 215. 0 9.9 3.4 2.4 5.2 4.5 . . . . 10.8 15.7 16.4 215.0 . . . . 37.5 21.5 36.5 36.6 36.9 18.6 16.3 21.4 17.8 18.6 28.6 26.0 25.8 26.0 42.1 36.3 63.7 55.0 63.2 9.2 5.9 6.0 3.4 4. 2 3.5 8.5 — 10.6 9.5 9.6 26. 5 25.0 25.1 18.6 18.7 18.9 11.5 11. 2 11.4 7.9 4. 1 5.4 4.8 8.3 2.8 6.3 5.0 10.3 15.1 16.3 10.0 10.2 15.2 14.8 11.1 6.0 8.7 5.8 5.2 9.1 8.7 5.8 5.4 9.2 11.1 9.5 9.6 25.6 25.6 25.9 24.2 23.8 23.8 8.8 11.0 10.1 10.0 8.9 2.9 i. 6 6. 1 5. 1 — 10.2 15.4 14.8 11.1 8.7 5.3 9.0 ..... 8.9 3.0 4. 6 4.1 9.2 2.8 5.8 3.3 9.2 3.0 4.9 3.3 13.7 17.4 19. 1 11.7 13.2 16. 1 17.3 12.7 13.2 15.7 18.0 12.5 5.9 7.4 7.6 7.5 5.7 7.7 7.9 7.7 5.7 6.7 7.0 7.0 5.7 7.3 7.5 7.5 5.6 7.0 7.3 7.5 54.0 86.4 89. 1 90.2 50.0 107.9 107.4 104. 5 54.5 75.8 74.9 74. 165.0 85.5 90.7 90.6 47.0 62.7 63.5 64.2 27.8 54.4 48. 7 48.5 30.8 53.9 51.3 50.8 36.3 53.6 51.4 51. 2 27.5 50.9 47.6 47.2 32.0 52. 2 47.7 47.9 17.9 16.9 18.9 __ * 15.8 14.1 13.7 16.8 14.0 13.5 — 18.2 17. 1 15.1 — 18.2 16.4 15.5 — .. . . 15.0 14.9 14.8 310.2 310. 1 310.0 47.2 50.2 49.6 .. . . 15.6 15.5 15.3 3 9.5 3 9.0 3 8.3 48.4 47.3 50.9 2N o 2 68404°—27----- 13 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .. . . 13.2 12.6 12.7 3 9.7 3 9.6 3 9.6 44.5 55.0 51.1 — 15.5 14.6 14.9 310. 1 3 9.5 3 9.9 45. 9 46.2 47.3 1 Per pound. can. [1137] 14.3 14.0 13.8 3 9.3 3 9.2 3 9.3 54. 1 58.5 56.5 188 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T a b l e 5 — A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T I M emphis, Term. Article U nit M inneapolis, M inn. Sept. 15— Sept. 15— Sept. 15— Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1913 1926 1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 Cts. C ts. Cts. Sirloin steak_____________ P o u n d ___ 24.0 36.7 38.6 R ound steak____ ____ ___ _-_do_____ 20. C 34. C 35.8 R ib ro ast.. ___________ 21. C 27. 3 27 2 C huck r o a s t ____________ 15.0 19.1 21.0 P late beef. _____________ Pork chops............................ ___do_____ Bacon, sliced____________ ___do_____ H am , sliced___________ . .. d o _____ M ilw aukee, Wis. 11.9 22.5 31. C 30.0 14. 8 36.3 45.3 58.8 17. 2 32.4 39.8 53.5 C ts. Cts. Cts. C ts. 39.3 36.4 28 4 22 0 23.6 21.6 19 2 16. 4 39. 1 34.8 28. 7 24 4 41.3 41.4 24.0 32.8 36.8 36.7 21.3 30.7 29 4 2ft 7 20 ft 17 6 34.9 41. 2 52.8 12 0 21.6 28.6 29.0 Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts CU . 36. 6 32.3 29.2 24.2 36.1 31.8 28.6 23.2 14 4 13.6 43.2 36.7 41.3 20.8 39.4 34.0 51.8 46.3 45.9 27.7 52.8 46. 3 56.2 49.0 47.5 32.7 60.4 53.1 13.6 37.2 46.5 51.2 Lam b, leg of_____ ____ _ -__do_____ 20.6 40.0 37.9 38.0 20.5 38.6 39.8 38.2 14.8 35.1 35.9 34.3 H ens___________________ . .. d o _____ 19.5 31.4 29.8 30.0 19.8 33.6 31. 7 31.0 19. 4 30.8 30.7 30.3 Salmon, canned, re d _____ ___do_____ 35.4 31.6 33.8 34.0 32.8 33.2 39.6 36.0 36.6 M ilk, fresh___________ . . Q u art........ 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 7.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 7.7 11.0 11.0 11.0 M ilk, e v a p o ra te d _______ B u tte r .. ____________ Oleomargarine (all b u tte r substitu tes). Cheese________ _____ ___ L a rd ___________________ Vegetable lard su b stitu te .. Eggs, strictly fresh_______ 15-16 oz.ean 11. 5 11.8 11. 6 11.1 11 2 I O l l j ) 11.7 11.7 P o u n d ___ 38.0 51.3 51.2 52.4 34.8 49.8 48. 4 52. 5 34. 6 49. 7 47.3 50.4 __-do-------26.1 25.7 25.6 27.5 26.3 26.4 28.4 25.2 25.4 -_ .d o _____ ___do_____ -__do_____ D ozen___ 20.8 33.3 34.3 16.3 19.4 16.5 23. 5 21.8 29.0 42.8 35.5 36.8 21.3 34.0 35.5 16.9 15. 8 22.3 19.1 21.8 26.7 26. 7 39.2 30.0 41.6 36.6 B read _______ _________ P o u n d ___ F lo u r___________________ C orn1m eal______________ . . . d o -------Rolled oats____ _________ __-do_____ 6.0 3. 5 2.2 Corn flakes______________ 8-oz. pkg_. W heat cereal. . . . . . . 28-oz. pkg. M acaroni______ _______ R ice._________ ______ ___ 11.1 9.9 9 8 25.6 26.0 25.8 19 6 19 3 19 4 7.5 10.6 8.8 8.9 Beans, n a v y .......................... ___do_____ Potatoes_______ _________ ___do_____ O n io n s _______ _________ C abbage.............. .............. -_-do-------Beans, baked____________ Corn, canned____________ _-_do_____ Peas, canned_____ . . _ d o ____ Tom atoes, canned______ ___do_____ 2.2 — 9.6 6. 3 3.7 9. 4 9.4 4.4 5. 3 4.0 9.5 0 1 4.1 9. 0 8.9 4.9 5 8 4.7 9.5 fi 1 4.1 9 0 9.3 3.8 5 1 4.1 11 8 11_2 11 0 16.1 14.8 H 7 17. 2 15 8 15JS 10 6 9 9 9 9 35.9 20.8 33.8 35.9 36.3 19.3 15.7 20.8 18.1 18.3 26. 6 27.3 26.6 27.0 43.1 29.6 42.6 33.1 37.9 5.7 9.0 9.0 9.1 5.6 9.3 3.3 5] 3 ft ft 5. 7 5.6 2. 5 5.3 10 4 25. 3 25.6 25.7 18.9 19. 1 11 9 10.5 10.5 9. 0 1L 9 10JV 10 6 8.2 3.5 ¿6 8. 5 3.1 ¿6 8.6 2. 8 1.4 3.4 ____ 15. 6 15. 2 15. 5 8.9 5.1 5.4 7.9 10.1 10.0 2 4 .4 24. 7 24. 7 1.6 8.9 5.2 5.4 7.9 9.0 3.1 9.5 2.2 3.6 2.8 6.6 9.8 1 5.4 3.2 12.1 12.0 15. 4 13.2 13.5 14.1 13.4 13.3 H2 Sugar, granulated ______ P o u n d ___ 5.9 7.0 7.1 7.1 5.5 6.7 7.0 6. 9 5.8 7.3 7.5 7.3 T e a _____________ _______ _--do____ _ 63.8 96.7 98.6 9a 4 50.0 70.8 71.2 71.3 45.0 60.0 60.8 60. C o S e e _________________ 27.5 51. 0 47 6 47 3 27.5 47 1 30.8 50.5 50.2 P ru n e s ........... ___________ 17. 5 14 7 14. 6 15.5 14.9 Raisins___________ 15 6 14 7 14. 7 14.9 14.3 B ananas______ ____ ____ 2 8 7 2 8 5 2 ft 4 MO. 7 210. 7 Oranges___________ _____ . . . d o . . . . 46. 2 49. 2 4L 6 49! 2 50. 8 52] 0 49.2 57.0 60.3 I i Whole. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1 1 3 8 ] RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD 189 C L E S O F F O O D IN 51 C IT IE S O N S P E C IF I E D D A T E S —Continued N ew ark, N . J. Mobile, Ala New H aven, Conn. New Orleans, La. N ew Y ork, N . Y. Sept. 15— Sept. 15— Sept. 15— Sept. 15— Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. Aug .¡Sept Aug. Sept. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 192C 1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 1913 1926 1913 1926 Cta. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. Cts. C ts. C ts. Cts. Cts. Cts. C ts. Cts. Cts. C ts. Cts. C ts. C ts. C ts. @5.0 34.0 28.0 22.0 35.4 34.6 29.2 22.5 35.9 35.0 29.1 23.6 28.0 28.0 21.2 18.0 46.5 43.2 35.8 25.0 48.8 46.4 37.6 25.1 48.3 46.2 37.5 26.9 32.2 29.6 24.2 20.0 53.8 43.7 36.1 27.3 58.3 46.7 38.4 28.5 58.3 47.5 38.3 29.2 22.5 18.5 17.5 14.3 36.0 31.8 30.0 21.3 37.6 33.0 31.4 21.6 37.5 33.3 31.2 21.3 26.4 25.7 21.5 16.1 46.4 44.5 39.3 25.3 49.5 47.1 41.1 26.7 49.7 47.0 41.0 27.0 17.0 40.5 61.3 65.5 17.3 36.7 46.1 52.7 17.8 38.2 46.2 51.8 12.0 25.0 26.2 12 2 . 0 13.3 44.5 49.2 58.1 13.2 38.5 45.7 53.5 13.7 15.5 16.7 4L 7 24.0 43.8 38.2 46.0 29.3 51.8 45.5 53.8 32.8 63.8 58.0 15.9 42.0 44.7 57.3 11.2 25.0 32.1 28.8 17.5 39.7 50.6 56 1 17.2 37.4 46.2 50.4 17.7 40.4 46.4 50.1 14.6 23.0 26.2 30.0 20.0 46.3 52.2 65.4 21.0 40.5 48.0 58.7 21.4 44.5 48. 5 59.4 40.0 37.2 40.6 17.8 41.4 34.2 31.2 17.8 41.4 20.8 39.7 39.0 38.9 20.5 40.8 40.5 40.0 20.0 39.7 39.3 38.8 15.3 37.7 33.6 23.6 38.6 36.8 37.3 24.2 42.5 40.7 40.2 22.5 38.2 35.1 37.1 21.8 40.3 31.3 36.7 30.2 31.4 39.5 37.1 37.4 __ _ 36.2 35.3 31.2 33.9 17.8 9.0 15.0 15.0 16.0 9.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 9.5 14.0 14.0 14.0 9.0 15.0 38.3 38.4 31.2 15.0 38.3 38.7 33.0 16.0 11.1 11.7 11.7 11.5 11.2 11.3 11.3 11.0 11.2 11.2 11.9 12.1 12.1 53.3 52.4 52.4 39.2 53.5 52. 6 55. 5 35.2 51.1 52.1 52.4 36.8 51.7 52.0 53. 5 37.4 53. 5 30.2 30.6 29.3 29.3 30.5 29.1 29.8 30.9 29.8 29.5 30.5 28.7 28.7 11.1 11.1 52.6 55.7 27.6 27.7 35.7 21.8 21.8 52.6 38.6 19.7 25.9 52.6 39.8 20.5 25. 9 60.6 9.7 5.7 6.5 8.7 9.7 5.5 6.4 8.6 36.1 19.3 20. 0 40.7 37.3 24.8 39.8 39.5 44.1 22.0 38.1 39.2 ' 39.4 21.4 35.2 36.9 19.2 16.6 22.4 19.5 19.4 15.6 22.2 18.5 18.5 15.1 21.8 19.3 21.2 25. 7 25.6 25.6 25.9 25.6 ' 25.5 21. 9 : 18.5 45.6 49.6 61.8 48.8 59.4 45.7 67.1 56.6 64.4 32.0 45.0 40.6 9.6 10.1 10.1 6.5 6.1 6.1 3.9 4.1 4.1 8.7 8.4 8.5 5.6 3.7 3.6 11.3 9.5 9.5 25.1 24.4 24.3 20.9 20.6 20.7 11.3 10.0 10.0 8.9 4.9 5.3 4.8 8.8 4.8 6. 4 5.3 10.9 17.5 16.2 .10.8 10.5 15.7 15.6 10.8 9.5 5.6 6.5 8.4 9.2 6.0 6.7 9. 3 9.2 5.6 6.8 9.3 9.2 5.5 6.8 9.1 10. 8 24.6 21.9 9.3 11.9 10.1 24.8 22.2 10.8 10.0 24.9 22.2 10.3 — 9.5 3.5 5. 7 4.3 9.5 2.8 6. 9 4.4 9.3 3.1 5.9 4.5 — 11. 5 18. 8 20.2 12.5 11.1 18.6 18.9 13.2 11.5 18,4 18.4 13.8 9.5 5.5 6.5 8.5 6.0 3.2 3.2 10.0 8.8 8.6 24.3 24.1 24.1 21.1 21.5 21.4 9.0 11.3 10.8 10.7 8.6 4.4 2.5 5.4 4.8 :---------10.3 15.1 15.4 10.5 9.3 5.8 6.6 8.5 — 9.4 3.5 5. S 4.1 9.8 3.0 6.1 5.0 9.8 3.3 5.5 4.5 10.7 16.6 17.8 10.9 10.8 15.2 15.8 11.2 10.6 15.7 16.8 10.9 1.8 5.1 3.8 2.9 8.9 7.0 4.0 8 9 8.8 6.7 4.2 8.9 37.9 19.6 37.8 19.2 16.3 22.3 26.2 19.0 42.6 44.2 64.0 8.8 6.7 4.4 8.9 6.0 3.2 3.4 10.1 9.8 9.7 24.4 24.5 24.6 9.9 10.7 10.7 7.4 9.9 9.9 9.7 — 8.3 4.5 3.9 4.2 — 10.9 15.1 17.0 10.3 2.3 8.6 4.3 : 4.9 4.8 10.6 14.8 17.0 10.8 8.6 4.2 4.6 4.6 10.8 14.7 17.0 10.6 10.0 24.0 20.9 8.0 10.9 8.8 8.6 24. 0 23.9 20.9 21.1 9.7 9.7 10.2 3.6 5.6 3.8 10.0 10.2 3.2 3.3 6.5 5.4 4.0 3.7 10.6 14.9 15.4 10.4 10.7 13.9 14.7 11.5 2.5 — 9.6 5.7 6.4 8.6 10.9 14.3 14.4 11.3 7.0 7.1 7.2 5.4 6.4 6.9 6.8 5.5 6.7 7.2 7.2 5.4 6.4 6.8 6.8 5.1 6.2 79.8 77.8 80. C 53.8 63.5 62.8 61.0 55.0 60.7 57.4 58. £ 62.1 82.0 78.8 78.8 43.3 64.6 50.3 47.5 47. S 29.3 49.8 45.8 46.3 33.8 52i£ 49.3 48.9 26.1 36.5 35 6 35.6 27.2 47.2 18.4 16.6 15.6 — 18.4 17.0 16.6 — 15.6 15.5 14.5 14.5 — 16.9 15.6 14.6 — 6.6 6.4 66.3 66.5 44.4 45.2 13,9 13.4 14.6 14.2 13.8 21. A 23. £ 21. £ 45.5 49.3 47.5 13.9 13.9 37.1 35.4 04.6 65.8 14.6 14.3 14.2 38.1 37.5 38.3 54.4 57.4 59.0 — 14.0 14.0 13.8 34.2 35.9 33.2 '__ 52.2 61.0 59.6 — *Per pound. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1139] 14.1 13.8 13.7 16.4 16.7 17.5 45.0 49.4 45.6 — 14.7 37.3 61.3 190 M O N T H L Y LA B O R R E V IE W T a b l e 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T I Norfolk, Va. Article U nit Omaha , N ebr. Sept. 15— Sept. Aug. Sept. 15, 15, 15, 1926 1927 1927 1913 1926 Peoria, 111. Aug. Sept. Sept. Aug. Sept. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1927 1927 1926 1927 1927 Sirloin stea k ______ ______ _. P o u n d _____ R ound stea k ........................ . R ib ro ast............................... ____ d o _____ C huck ro a s t.......... ....... ........... ___ .d o ............ C ts. Cts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. 42.1 36. 3 32. 7 23.6 38.4 36. 2 26.2 21.7 C ts. Cts. C ts. 42.2 36. 5 33.4 23.3 25. 6 22. Í19. 1 16.7 C ts. 42. C 35. 4 32.4 23.6 40.1 37. 8 27.4 22.9 39.9 38.1 27. 8 23.1 35.6 34.1 25.3 21.7 36.1 34 8 25.5 22.6 35.7 34. 6 25.5 22.5 P late beef________________ ____d o _____ Pork chops_______________ -do_____ Bacon, sliced-- _ ________ H am , sliced........................... 16.0 39.9 50.1 53. 2 16.2 36.2 44. 3 47. 8 16.3 38.2 43. 1 46. 7 11.4 12.3 22. C 40. 9 28.6 55. 3 29. 0 62. 4 12.8 35. 7 48. 9 53. 8 13.2 38.6 48. 2 51. 2 14.7 38. 1 53. 0 58. 6 15.0 33.2 50 8 54. 2 14.8 35.8 48 8 65.0 L am b, leg o f ._____________ ____d o _____ H e n s ____________________ Salmon, canned, re d .......... ____d o _____ M ilk, fresh........................ ....... 41. 1 37. S 37.9 17. 5 41.7 35. £ 33.9 17.5 41.3 35.1 35.1 17. 5 17.5 16. S 36.5 32. 6 38.6 11. 3 37.9 29. 6 34. 4 10. 8 37.5 30. 9 35.1 11. 3 40.7 34. 8 38. 1 11 7 42.5 32. 9 33.5 13 0 40.0 32. 4 34.8 13 0 11.6 49. 1 30.2 11.8 48 4 26.2 11.8 48 3 26.1 11.5 11.4 11.2 30.0 2 7 .7 27.7 34. 7 24. 1 27.9 39.6 36. 3 19. 6 25.9 30.9 38 0 19. 7 25. 9 35.8 35. 7 23 0 26.9 41.4 36 2 18 8 27. 1 33.0 36. 6 18. 8 27.8 39.4 M ilk, e v ap o rated __________ B u tte r________ _ _______ Oleomargarine (all b u tte r su b stitu tes). Cheese_________ ________ L a rd _____________________ Vegetable lard s u b stitu te ___ Eggs, strictly fresh_______ 15-16 oz. can. 11.1 11.7 11.8 54. S 55. 3 55. 3 ____ d o _____ 28.6 26.8 26.3 33.7 35. 2 21. 6 18. 8 ____ d o -------- 23.2 23.0 D ozen........... 48. 1 40.5 B r e a d _________________ F lo u r___________ _______ Corn m eal-_ ______ _ Rolled o ats______ _________ Beans, n a v y ______________ Potatoes.......... ......... _ _____ Onions___________ ________ C abbage__________________ Beans, b a k ed _____________ Corn, can n ed_____________ Peas, c an n e d .. ______ __ Tom atoes, canned_________ 23.3 17. 8 9. 9 5. 7 4. 7 8.6 5. 2 2. 8 2. 5 10 2 5. 0 5. 0 10. 3 9 7 4. 6 4. 6 10.1 9 7 4 6 4. 7 10.1 10 1 5 8 4. 7 9 1 10 5 4 9 0 3 8 2 10 0 5 3 4.9 9 2 10.3 9.7 9.7 24.2 25.0 25.2 _ 19. 3 19. 1 19. 1 12. 0 11. 5 11.5 8. 5 12.5 28.3 21 1 11. 7 10.3 27. 9 21 3 11. 1 10.2 27.9 21 3 11.1 11.9 25.3 20 0 12 1 10.2 26.3 10.2 26.3 11 5 11 4 9. 7 3 6 5. 7 3. 6 10 2 2 9 6. 9 3. 8 10. 3 2 6 54 3. 6 8 3 6 3 4 6 2 4 8 9 8 9 8 3 4 2 6 9 3 8 13.6 16. 2 15. 8 13. 7 13.0 16. 4 15. 3 12. 9 13.0 16 2 15 3 12. 8 12.2 15 3 18 0 13 7 14 4 16 9 12 6 14 6 17 1 12 5 7. 3 78 8 7 7 77 8 53 4 16. 4 7 6 77 8 53 4 16. 4 7 67 51 20 8 70 47 17 8 4 70 9 46 9 8.0 4. 4 5. 7 4.6 N o. 2 c an . - 36. 6 35.8 19. 2 22.9 51.9 9. 9 5.9 4. 4 8. 7 Corn flakes________ _____ 8-oz. p k g ___ W heat cereal______________ 28-oz. pkg M acaroni_________ . _____ R ice______________________ 8.2 9 9 5. 7 4. 6 8. 7 8. 2 3. 8 7.0 4. 9 8. 2 3. 9 5. 6 4.5 28.3 1. 7 9.9 9.9 9.9 16. 4 14. 7 14. 7 21. 9 19. 2 18. 7 9. 7 9. 9 9. 9 Sugar, gran u lated _________ Tea_____________________ Coffee__ _________________ P ru n es________ _______ ___ 6. 6 6. 9 6. 9 91.1 95.8 96.4 51.1 47. 7 46. 9 15.7 16. 0 15. 7 R a i s in s __________________ B ananas____________ _____ Oranges...................................... 14.7 14.3 14.5 33. 5 34. 5 34. 5 55. 0 53. 8 50. 6 6.1 56. 0 30.0 17. 8 5 9 9 2 2 7 h . i 4 8 8 4 15 9 15. 2 15. 2 15 6 14 5 a 11 6 3 10 7 3 11 0 3 9 8 3 9 8 45.1 44.5 46.5 44.9 48.2 li.i 14 5 39 6 51.0 1 T he steak for w hich prices are here quoted is called “ sirloin” in this city, b u t in m ost of th e other cities included in th is report it w ould be know n as " p o rte rh o u se ” steak. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [Í140] 191 B E T A IL P K IC E S O F FO OD CLEG O F F O O D IN 51 C IT IE S ON S P E C IF I E D D A T E S —C ontinued P ittsb u rg h , Pa. P hiladelphia, Pa. P o rtland, Me. P o rtland, Oreg. Providence, R. I. Sept. 15— Sept. 15— Sept. 15— Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, ,1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 1926 1927 1927 1927 1927 1913 1926 1913 1926 1913 1926 1927 1927 Sept. 15— C ts. 131.7 (27.1 22.3 *8.2 12.5 23.2 28.2 32.6 C ts. C ts. C ts. Cts. C ts. Cts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. Cts. Cts. 27.7 24.7 22.2 17.5 47.2 40.2 34.1 25.1 49.8 42.0 35.7 27.1 49.8 41.9 35.5 27.7 1 63.2 47.7 30.3 21.6 1 66.1 49.3 32.5 22.7 i 64.7 48. 5 32.2 22.3 23.9 21.4 19.5 16-9 29.3 26.6 25.5 17.9 31. 5 28.8 26.3 19.8 31. 7 >40.2 29,0 31.6 25.8 24.2 19.7 18.8 12.8 25.2 30.4 31.6 12.7 44.7 56.6 66.0 13.8 42.0 51.3 60.8 14.1 45.4 51.4 59.3 16.4 43.5 46.9 62.8 18.7 38.8 43.5 55.2 18.3 42.7 42.9 55.7 13.9 24.4 31.5 32.5 12.7 41.2 58.2 59.4 14.2 36.8 53.6 56.3 14.3 18.1 39.6 22.Ö 47.7 53.3 22.2 47.3 55.8 34.3 64.9 40.8 20.0 40.5 42.0 41.0 39.0 25.8 42.1 42.0 42.1 32.2 38.4 30.3 31.8 13.0 8.6 14.0 14.0 14.0 39.8 42.6 38.9 13.8 42,3 41.8 32.1 13.8 39.1 16.4 35.2 36.9 35.8 18.0 42.4 40.8 21.3 34.2 31.7 31.6 25.0 42.6 33.4 38.3 32.8 33.7 37.8 13.8 9.7 12.0 12.0 12.0 9.0 14.8 Cts. i 56.0 159.8 i 59.8 43.5 46. 7 45. 9 36.6 38.4 38.3 26.6 28.2 27.8 12.9 47.9 49.8 62.8 13.7 43.6 46.2 57.9 19.7 40.7 41.6 22.9 41.4 38.9 37.1 29.2 8.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 45.6 45.7 56.4 Cts. C ts. 11.4 11.7 11.7 11.5 11.2 11.1 12.4 12.6 12.7 10.8 10.9 10. 7 12. 5 42.5 56.3 55.0 57.5 39.3 54.1 53.6 56.5 53.3 54.7 55.0 42.0 53.1 51.5 54.4 38.2 52.4 28.2 30.0 30.7 28.3 28.5 31.0 30.7 27.5 27.5 29. 5 30.3 27.3 26.8 . . . . . ........ ........ ........ 25.0 39.2 39.0 15. 9 22. 1 18.0 25.6 25.4 39.7 54.3 42.4 4.8 3.2 2.7 9.5 5.8 4.8 8. 6 9.4 5.2 4.7 8.8 40.0 24. 5 18.0 15.7 25.4 52.1 34.8 9.4 5.2 4.8 8. 6 10.1 9.4 9.5 24.4 24. 7 24.6 20. 7 20. 7 20.7 9.8 12.4 11.3 11.3 8.7 4. 5 5.2 4.1 9. 1 3.3 5.5 4.1 10.5 15.0 15.2 ........ 11.3 10.8 14.3 15. 0 11.7 2.2 ........ _ 5.5 3.2 2.8 38.0 22.6 27. 5 51.2 39.8 18.5 27.4 43.4 9.3 5.6 6.2 9. 3 9.0 5.2 5.8 9. 0 40. 1 18. 6 27.3 49.7 37.7 21.4 25.2 64.0 38.3 18.1 26.7 56.9 37.9 20.8 37.8 37.2 38.5 22.0 36. 2 18.2 18.3 24.3 20.2 20.3 15.7 21. 1 26.9 28.7 28.6 28.3 27. 0 63.1 40.0 46. 9 35.1 43. 5 46.0 70.2 9.0 10. 1 10.3 10.3 5.3 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.9 5.1 5.0 5.0 9.1 8.0 8.0 8.0 10.5 9.8 10.0 11.6 9.6 9.6 25. 2 25.2 25. 1 25.9 25.4 25.6 23. 1 23.3 23.3 24.9 24.4 24.0 9.2 12.8 11.7 11.4 13.0 12.5 12.3 9.0 3.5 2. 1 4.9 3.8 ........ 8.2 4.0 6.2 5.2 8.9 2.9 6.5 4.7 8.9 3.2 5.3 4.4 5.6 2.9 3.4 11.3 9. 5 9.6 26.9 26. 7 26.6 17.3 18.3 18.2 8.6 11.0 10.3 10.5 9.5 10.0 10.4 3. 1 2.9 2.6 1.3 4.9 5.7 4.9 4.0 3.8 2.7 ........ 10.9 12.5 12.4 12.8 15.0 16.2 15.8 16.0 16. 7 14.5 15.0 17.0 16.6 16.9 18.6 11.7 ........ 12.4 12.4 11.9 11.6 14.4 13.8 17.7 12.8 9.4 9.3 9.3 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 6.1 5.5 10.1 10. 4 10. 2 5.9 3.5 3.1 9.2 6.1 5.1 9.1 10.8 25.4 23.4 9.3 11.8 ..... ..... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 17.9 42.0 42.2 55.6 18.0 46.7 42.4 53.8 41.4 40.1 39.7 39.2 32.2 33.1 15.5 15.5 12.1 51.4 27.1 12.1 52.0 28.1 36.9 37.2 18.4 18.6 26.5 26.2 59.8 68.0 9.1 6.0 5.0 9.1 9.1 5.8 5.2 9.1 9.6 9.5 24.9 24.9 23.4 23. 2 10.6 10.8 10.1 2.8 5.2 4.8 10.1 3.1 4.7 4.3 14. 1 13.4 12.0 12.0 11.2 18.4 18.9 18.3 14.4 17.8 17.5 18.7 18.3 18. 1 19.6 13.1 ........ ■! 16.6 8 16.8 2 10.6 ........ 13.6 11.2 16.8 18.4 13. 1 11.2 17.2 18.9 13.1 14.7 14.3 14.3 13.6 13.4 13.1 40.6 38.3 38.2 3 10.8 3 11.1 3 11.6 52.0 60.8 60.0 61.0 66.3 66.4 — * No. 2 C ts. 9.3 3.4 4.7 3.3 9.9 11.1 11.2 2. 6 2.8 2.7 1.8 3. 5 4.5 3.7 4.2 3.7 3.8 ........ 5.0 6.6 6.7 6.7 5.8 7.1 7.3 7.3 6.8 7.3 7.3 6.3 7.2 7.3 7.2 5.3 0.7 54.0 72.2 67.6 67.8 58.0 85.2 83.3 83.0 61.6 62. 2 62.2 55.0 75.8 77.1 78.0 48.3 61.8 24.5 46. 1 38.5 39.2 30.0 51. 5 46.8 46. 0 53.8 49.4 49.5 35. 0 52.8 51.3 51.3 30.0 53. 5 ........ 14.7 13.6 13.3 ........ 18.7 16.4 16.3 15.4 14.5 13.8 ........ 13.3 11.5 11.4 ........ 16. 5 13.9 13.6 13.4 30.4 30. Cl 29.6 63.9 52.3 56.9 C ts. > 70.9 1 75.3 >75.3 49.6 52.5 52.1 38.5 40.5 40.1 28.7 31.4 30.4 can. 13.9 13.6 13.5 a 12.6 3 12.7 3 12.8 45.5 50.2 52.5 8 Per pound. [1141] 14. 3 33.1 61.3 7.0 7.0 60.6 60.8 48.9 48.8 14.8 13.6 13.8 14.0 32.5 33.3 65.5 69.5 19 2 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T a b l e 5 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T I Rochester, N . Y. R ichm ond, Va. Article Unit St. Louis, Mo. Sept. 15- Sept. 15— Aug. Sept. Sept. Aug Sept. Aug Sept. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1913 1926 1927 1927 1926 1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 15, Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Sirloin steak_______________ P o u n d . R ound s te a k ............................ ____ d o .. R ib ro ast...... ...................... ....... ........ d o .. C huck r o a s t .. . ......................... ____ d o .. 20.0 35.1 36. 6 37.6 35.4 36. E 36.1 24. c 36. Í 38.0 38.3 P late beef___ P ork c h o p s ... Bacon, sliced. H am , sliced... 12.5 15.9 17.1 17.3 14.0 13.7 14.4 12.4 22.0 43.6 37.8 41.5 45.9 40.9 44.4 21.0 27.0 48.6 42.4 42.8 47.6 41.5 41.6 27.5 26.0 49.0 45.8 60.2 53.7 54.1 27.3 .d o . .d o . .d o . .d o . 22.6 39.6 42.0 41.8 42.1 43. { 44.2 26.0 37.7 39.2 39.0 18.9 31.5 32.5 30.5 30.4 32.5 32.3 19.5 30.3 30.8 30.8 15.5 22.9 23.8 23.6 24.8 25.6 26.1 15.6 21.0 22.8 22.5 14.1 39. S 48.8 59.1 L am b, leg of_______ H e n s ._____________ Salmon, canned, red . M ilk , fre s h ........... . ___ do. ___ do. ___ do. Q u a rt.. 19.3 45.6 43.2 19.8 35.5 33.2 36.8 34.5 10.0 14.0 14.0 M ilk , evaporated........ ............. B u tte r_____________________ Oleomargarine (all b u tte r substitutes). Cheese_______________ ____ _ L a rd _________________ ____ Vegetable lard s u b stitu te ........ Eggs, stric tly fresh....... ....... 15-16 oz. can P o u n d ........ . ........d o ......... 12.6 12.7 12.4 11.6 11.4 11.3 10.3 57.2 56.0 56.1 51.5 51.6 52.4 36.8 53.6 31.9 31.4 31.4 30.8 29.2 29.8 ........ 27.7 21.8 35.8 36.6 36.8 35.0 36.5 38.6 19.3 33.7 15.4 21.9 18.1 18.8 20.8 17.7 18.4 14.3 18.6 25.9 25.9 25.9 24.6 24.3 24.7 26.0 46.9 37.6 43.2 55.6 40.2 48.0 27.3 42.9 ___ do.......... ___ do.......... ___ do_____ D ozen_____ B re a d ....................... ............... Pound. F lo u r______________________ ------ d o .. C orn m eal__________ _______ ------ d o .. R olled oats_________ ____ ..d o .. C orn fla k e s... W heat cereal. M acaroni___ R ice................. 8-oz. pkg_. 28-oz. pk g . P o u n d ___ ----- do........ Beans, n a v y . Potatoes........ O nions_____ Cabbage........ .d o . .d o . .d o . .d o . Beans, b a k e d ............................. No. 2 can.. C orn, c an n e d .................... . ___ do ___ Peas, canned________ _______ ___ do........ Tom atoes, canned_____ _____ ----- do____ Sugar, gran u lated...................... T e a ............................................... Coffee...................................... P ru n e s .......................................... Pound. ___ d o .. ........ d o .. ........ d o .. R aisins........ ........... ................ . ___do. B ananas...................... ....... ......... D ozen. O ranges.......... ............................ ----- do. 5.4 3.3 2.2 9.4 6.0 4.6 9.1 9.4 5.6 4.9 8.6 38.3 41.6 36.8 12.5 8.9 5.8 5.6 9.4 38.7 38.6 31.5 12.8 9.0 5.5 5.7 9.2 9.0 5.5 5.4 2.9 6.2 2.5 9.4 ........ 9.7 9.7 10.3 9.4 9.4 25.8 25.8 25.9 25.4 24.8 25.0 20.2 20.4 20.9 21.0 19.5 20.3 10.0 13.2 12.0 11.9 10.8 10.4 10.0 9.3 4.6 6.7 4.8 9. 0 3. 6 7. 6 3.9 9.1 3. 4 7.1 4.0 8.9 3.7 5.3 3.2 8.9 2.6 6.0 3.3 9.4 2.5 4.9 2.5 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.4 10.3 10.2 15.4 14.8 15.1 16.1 15.0 16.6 20.3 18.9 18.8 18.4 17.2 18.0 10.1 10.5 10.5 13.8 13.1 13.4 9.8 5.4 4.3 8.7 10.9 10.9 52.7 55.3 26.8 26.7 36.0 15.2 25.8 36.2 36.8 15.9 25.5 40.7 9.9 5.3 4.6 8.4 9.9 5.3 4.7 8.5 10.1 8.8 8.9 24.4 24.8 24.7 21.1 19.9 20.1 8.4 10.8 10.2 10.2 2.0 7.9 4.3 5.2 3.5 8.7 3.5 6.4 4.1 8.7 3.4 5.9 4.0 10.6 15.9 16.5 11.1 10.4 15.2 15.2 11.3 10.3 15.2 15.3 11 3 5.4 6.9 7.0 7.1 6.4 6.6 6.6 5.5 7.1 56.0 91.4 91.4 91.5 6a 7 69.8 69.7 55.0 73.6 27.4 49.5 45.6 46.2 47.9 41. 4 44.3 24.4 48.3 17.9 15.4 15.5 16.9 15.8 15.2 ........ 18.4 14.8 14.1 14.1 14.3 14.6 14.6 15.0 37.7 36.7 37.7 34.0 36.4 32.9 55.0 53.5 52.4 54.6 56.2 — 48.0 [1142] 15.2 37.4 43.0 51.0 38.7 18.3 37.5 37.7 37.4 38.1 17.1 34.6 31.9 31.7 34.2 37.9 33.7 34.0 13.5 9.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 10.8 1 No. 2 A l can. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9.4 5.5 4.7 8.5 43.6 32.9 34.0 14.0 15.0 35.0 42.7 51.3 7.2 7.2 76.5 76.5 45.3 45.1 17.4 17.7 14.4 14.4 31..5 32.5 51.9 54.1 RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD 193 C L E S O F FO O D IN 51 C IT IE S O N S P E C IF I E D D A T E S —C ontinued Salt Lake C ity, U tah S t. P au l , M inn. San Francisco, Caiif. Savannah, Ga. Scranton, Pa. Sept. 15— Sept. 15— Sept. 15— Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. 15, 15, 15. 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 1926 1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 1913 1926 1927 Sept. 15— C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. Cts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. Cts. C ts. C ts. 37.0 31. 9 30.3 23.9 40.1 34.7 31. 6 25.9 39.9 34.1 32.1 24. 6 22.6 20.0 19.4 15.0 30.9 27.3 23.6 17.9 33.2 30.6 25.9 19.6 33.1 30.6 25. 1 19.6 21.3 19. 7 21.1 15.0 31.5 28.9 29.4 18.8 C ts. 27.2 23.6 20.4 16.8 33.2 30.1 30. 1 19.7 33.2 30.4 30.6 19.7 34.6 28.8 28.8 18.7 35.8 30.0 27.9 19.0 35.8 29.6 27.9 18.8 26.0 22.5 23. 0 17.6 51.4 42.6 37.5 27.7 52.6 44.4 37.8 28.7 10.6 21.4 26.3 28.8 13.2 38.2 50.3 56.6 14.7 32.7 44.4 48.2 14.5 37.6 45.2 48.2 12.5 23.8 30.0 30.0 12.5 40.7 53.0 61.0 14.2 35.6 46.9 57.1 14.2 39.4 46.9 57.5 13.8 23.7 34.4 33.0 14.4 46.6 65.0 69.5 15. 1 42.6 57.5 63.3 15.5 43.3 56.7 63.8 14.8 36.2 47. 1 51.1 16.3 32.3 41.9 45.0 15.8 32.5 41.9 45.0 11.9 22.5 27.5 31.7 11.9 47.2 54. 1 64.1 13.3 41.3 48.3 58.9 13.7 44.0 47.9 56.5 32.8 17.5 34.3 35.2 35.1 16.5 37.8 28.8 23.3 32.9 29.6 29.8 24.2 44. 1 33.5 37.5 36.2 34.8 35.3 11.0 8.7 11.3 11.0 11.0 10.0 14.0 37.7 41.4 30.6 14.0 38.8 41.8 32.0 14.0 41.0 35.5 39. 1 17.0 41.0 31.1 33.5 17.0 40.0 19.0 45.9 32.6 22. 7 45.1 36. 2 34.3 17.0 8.8 12.0 46.4 43.4 34.0 12.0 46.1 42.5 35.4 12.0 16.7 34.2 33.6 19.6 30.8 29. 1 39.1 36.3 7.8 11.0 11.0 10.2 10.5 10.4 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.6 11.9 12.0 12.2 10.6 10.6 10.7 35.6 49.0 46. 0 48.6 39.6 49.0 48.2 51.2 42.9 54.8 53.7 56.0 54.5 52. 1 53.1 36.4 51. 6 27.5 24.8 23.2 — 30.2 28.0 27.2 ........ 31.4 27.0 26.0 34.6 32.2 31.1 ........ 29.2 — 21.0 33.9 35.8 15.4 21.5 18. 3 27.1 28.1 28.1 41.8 33.8 _ 6.0 3.0 2.3 — 36.1 24.2 29.5 30.7 30.9 19.5 38.5 38.3 39.2 18.7 19.8 24.8 20.5 21.0 18. 7 25.3 22.7 22.8 28.2 28.2 28.1 28.5 29.9 29.2 29.0 38.8 36.6 44.8 34.0 38.7 46.4 53.5 40.7 47.2 9.9 10.0 9.3 5.9 5.8 5.4 5.3 2.5 5.3 5.2 5. 7 3.4 9.9 10.2 10.3 ........ 11.9 26. 7 18.7 iö .6 12.2 10. 7 26. 4 18.7 10.5 10. 2 26. 7 18.8 10.4 9.3 3.1 5.2 3.4 9. 5 2.4 7. 3 2. 6 9. 6 1,7 5. 4 2.0 13. 7 15.3 15.9 ........ 14. 1 13. 6 14.3 15.3 14.3 1.3 9.9 4.2 5. 6 8.9 9.7 4.2 5.6 8.8 9.7 4.1 5.6 8.8 — 10.5 25.9 16.2 8.5 12.0 1.4 9. 4 2.6 2. 7 3.1 9. 5 2.4 5.3 3.0 9. 3 2.0 3.1 3.0 13.9 14.4 15. 5 14.1 ........ 14. 3 15.3 15. 8 14.7 12. 9 14.4 15. 5 13.9 13.0 14. 4 15.7 13.6 — 5.7 7.6 7.4 7.4 6.2 7.8 8.1 45.0 69.9 68. 1 65.7 65.7 88.3 86.5 30.0 52.8 50.8 52.4 35.8 56.7 55. 1 ........ 16.7 15.1 15.8 ........ 15.2 14.3 15.8 15.4 15.6 211.4 210.3 210. 5 51.4 53.4 55. 7 36.1 18.3 35.1 18.9 16.5 22.4 26.3 17.5 49.5 39.3 54.1 1. 7 9.5 10.3 10.3 10.5 3.5 3.6 3.3 4.9 4.0 4. 3 4. 1 6. 7 4.6 13. 5 18. 2 18. 6 115.3i 10.9 25.6 23.6 8.4 11.8 10.0 9.9 10.2 9.6 9.7 25.3 25.3 24.4 24.3 24.3 15.8 16.1 18.2 18.2 18.3 11.5 11.3 10.5 9.7 9.6 13.0 12.8 18.2 17.9 17. Ç 17. 6 15.1 U5. 1 12.1 15.6 16. 6 10.0 9.4 3.8 6.9 5.3 9.8 4.1 6.7 4.8 12.1 12.2 15.2 15.2 16. 7 16.8 10.0 9.9 Î.8 — 53.7 44.5 38.5 28.8 11.9 11.9 51.7 53.0 28.4 28.2 35.4 18.9 26.0 44.5 35.9 19.8 25.9 50.9 10.7 10.7 5.9 5.9 7.8 7.8 9.8 9.8 10.1 25.1 23.1 11.2 10.1 25.1 22.9 11.2 10.9 3.6 5. 1 3.4 10.6 10.8 2.9 3.0 6.7 5.6 3.5 3.2 11.1 17.4 17.8 12.2 11.4 16.8 17.2 12.2 11.2 16.6 16. 9 12.2 8.1 5.6 6.9 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.9 7.0 5.8 6.8 86.5 50.0 68.8 72.4 72.8 82.5 81.7 82.2 52.5 67.3 54.4 32.0 53.5 52. t 51.7 48.3 45.5 45. 1 31.3 52.4 14.3 ........ 15.2 12.7 12.0 15.9 14.9 14.2 ........ 17.7 7.2 7. 1 71.2 71.3 49.1 49.4 16.1 15.6 13. 1 13.2 12.8 14,9 14.6 14.2 28.3 31.3 30.0 32. 1 29.6 29.6 47.6 50.3 51.3 47.6 46.9 46.5 14.7 14.6 32.9 32.9 59.5 60.5 14.5 13.7 13.3 213. 5 212.8 2 12.1 43.0 48.3 50.5 — 2 P er po u n d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 35.2 18.1 17.0 45.9 9.8 9.5 9.5 10.4 10.7 10.7 5.6 10.4 5.7 5.7 5.6 6.8 6.6 6.6 3.5 6.4 7.8 6.3 6.5 6.4 3.7 3.7 3.8 9.5 10.0 10.1 8.8 8.6 8.6 ........ 10.0 5.9 3.4 3.5 12. 5 10. 2 10.0 25. 5 25. 5 25. 7 20.2 19.9 20.1 8.2 11.2 9.6 9.2 35.2 21.6 20.3 54.6 C ts. [1143] — 15.0 32. 9 52. 7 194 M O N TH LY LA BO R R E V IE W T able 5 —A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F T H E P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S O F FO O D IN 61 C IT IE S ON S P E C IF I E D D A T E S —C ontinued Seattle, W ash. U n it A rticle Springfield, 111. Sept. 15— Aug. Sept. Sept. Aug. 15, 15, 15, 15, 1927 1927 1926 1927 1913 1926 W ashington, D . C. Sept. 15— Sept. Aug. Sept. 15, 15, 15, 1927 1913 1926 1927 1927 C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. C ts. Cts. C ts. Cts. Sirloin steak ................... P o u n d _____ 24. C R ound stea k ...... ...........__ ____d o _____ 20.7 R ib r o a s t .......................... ........d o _____ 19.3 16.0 33.5 29.3 26.9 19.1 34.7 30.6 27.7 20. 5 34.8 30.7 28.2 20.4 35.9 35.4 24. C 21.4 37.1 36.1 24.4 22. 6 37.1 36.5 24.4 22. 5 27.4 24. 1 21.3 17. 3 46.7 40.4 34.3 25.1 50. 1 43.1 34.8 26. 4 49.3 42.8 34.9 25.9 P late beef........ ............... . ____d o __ __ 13.0 24. 3 32.5 30.0 14.8 42.5 62.0 65.0 15.1 38.6 57.0 60.0 15.4 40.5 57.3 59.5 14.1 40.0 50.7 58.9 14.2 31.4 46.3 50.4 14.5 35.0 45.8 49.6 12.4 24.1 28.5 30.0 13.8 47. 5 53.1 62.1 13.9 42.2 43.8 57.2 14.2 44.2 43.8 57.2 L am b, leg of__ ........ ....... ------d o _____ 19.3 H ens______ ____ _____ ____do__ 23.3 ___ _do __ __ Q u a r t... . . . 8.6 36.5 33.7 37.7 13.0 36.6 33.2 35.8 12.0 35.8 31.1 35.8 12.0 39.5 36.7 41.0 12.5 41.3 33.0 34.4 14.4 38.8 19.4 41.2 33.0 22.5 40. S 36. 2 38.0 14.4 8.2 14.0 40.7 37.1 33.1 15.0 38.5 38.3 33.3 15.0 M ilk, evaporated _____ 15-16 oz. can. B u tte r ___ _____ ______ P o u n d ... . 40. Ö Oleomargarine (all but- ........ d o _____ ter substitu tes). ........ do _ 21.7 17.6 Vegetable lard substi- ____ d o _____ tute. Eggs, strictly fresh_____ D o z en ... . . . 43.3 10.6 53.0 30.8 10.6 52.6 27.2 10.6 53.5 26.7 11.6 51.3 30.6 11.7 49.6 27.9 11.6 12.0 12.1 12.0 51.8 38.7 54. 3 53. 7 57.2 28.1 31.5 28.9 27.9 34.6 24.3 28.4 35.1 20.7 27.3 35.2 20.8 27.4 37.4 18.0 27.5 36. 2 23. 5 38.8 39. 1 39.9 18. 6 15.3 21. 7 17.8 18.6 25.9 24.5 24.7 27.5 49.5 37.9 46.4 35.3 21.9 28.0 « 41.4 33.2 39.8 34. 5 55.6 42.2 56.4 9.8 4.9 4.9 8.9 9.7 5.0 5.6 8.6 9.7 4.8 5.7 8.5 10.1 6.0 4.9 10.0 10.3 5.6 4.9 10.1 10.3 5. 5 4.9 10.1 5.7 3.8 2.6 11.8 27.6 18.2 12.9 10.4 27.5 18.1 12.0 10.2 27.5 18.1 12.4 11.6 26.9 19.0 11.5 10.2 27.3 18.9 10.9 10.3 27.5 19.3 10.9 10.8 9.5 9.5 24.8 24.4 24.3 23.8 22. 6 22.5 9.4 12.8 11.5 11.6 10.2 2.6 3.9 4.1 11.1 3.1 5.0 4.9 11.5 2.4 4.0 4.4 8.9 4.0 5.3 4.1 9.1 3.6 6.7 3.4 9.5 3.0 5.8 3.9 12.9 11.9 11.6 18.6 17.1 17. 3 19.7 18. 3 18.4 117.9 1 16.7 1 16.4 10.9 15. 1 16. 9 13.8 10.3 14. 5 15. 9 13.6 10.4 14. 5 16.1 13.6 7.6 81.1 52.7 17.3 7.9 83.8 49.7 16.0 8.0 5.3 6.7 6.8 6.9 84. 6 57.5 90.6 91. 2 91.2 49.7 28. 8 48.6 43. 0 41.0 16.0 17.8 16.0 16.3 C ts. Bacon, sliced__________ ____d o _____ H am , sliced...... ................ ........ d o _____ B read. . . . ___________ F lour. ______________ Corn meal ....................... Rolled o a ts........................ P o u n d _____ ____ do__ __ ____do _ ........ d o _____ W heat cereal..................... 28-oz. pkg . M acaroni................... P o u n d .-. _ R ic e .................................. ........ d o _____ Beans, n a v y ____ . . . . P o ta to e s ....... ................ ____do_. __ O nions.. ___________ . ___do _____ C abbage......................... . ____d o _____ Beans, baked ________ 5.2 2.9 3.2 7.7 1.4 No. 2 c a n ... Tom atoes, canned_____ ____d o _____ Sugar, g ra n u la te d ........... P o u n d _____ 6. 6 Tea _______ ____ ____ 50.0 C offee... ___ _____ ____d o _____ 28.0 Prim es________________ ____do _____ R aisins______________ __ _do __ B ananas....................... . . D o z e n ____ O ranges............................. 7.0 79.0 52.1 15.8 7.3 75. 9 49.0 13.3 14.8 14.0 13.9 16.0 15.3 ■15.4 2 13.6 2 12.5 3 12.4 2 10.0 2 10.0 2 9.3 48.0 50.0 52.6 51.0 49.0 52.3 1 P er pound. 1 N o. 2}4 can. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7.2 75. 7 49.2 13.2 [1144 ] 2.0 8.8 6.5 5.2 9.2 8.2 4.3 6. 0 4.8 10.6 15.4 16. 5 10.2 9.1 5.8 6.2 9.3 9. 0 3.4 6.3 4.4 9.1 5.9 5.2 9.3 8.8 3.6 5.8 4.1 10.0 10.2 14. 3 14.3 15. 9 15. 0 10.1 9.8 15.0 14. 6 14.4 34. 7 31. 8 32.7 57.4 56. 8 63.2 RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD 195 Comparison of Retail Food Costs in 51 Cities T"1ABLE 6 shows for 39 cities the percentage of increase or decrease 1 in the retail cost of food 3 in September, 1927, compared with the average cost in the year 1913, in September, 1926, and in August, 1927. .For 12 other cities comparisons are given for the one-year and the one-month periods; these cities have been scheduled by the bureau at different dates since 1913. The percentage changes are based on actual retail prices secured each month from retail dealers and on the average family consumption of these articles in each city.4 T a bl e 6 . —P E R C E N T A G E C H A N G E IN T H E R E T A IL C O ST O F FO O D IN S E P T E M B E R , 1927, C O M P A R E D W IT H T H E C O ST IN A U G U S T , 1927, S E P T E M B E R , 1926, A N D W IT H T H E A V E R A G E C O ST IN T H E Y E A R 1913, B Y C IT IE S C ity Percent Percent Percent age de age in age in crease crease crease Septem Septem Septem ber, 1927, ber, 1927, ber, 1927, com com com pared pared pared w ith w ith w ith 1913 Septem A ugust, 1927 ber, 1926 Percent Percent age de age in crease crease Septem Septem ber, 1927, ber, 1927, com com pared pared w ith w ith 1913 Septem ber, 1926 C ity A tla n ta __________ B altim ore________ B irm ingham _____ B oston___________ B ridgeport—. .......... 59.1 59.2 59.4 57.2 3.4 4.0 4.0 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.4 2.5 1.8 M inneapolis______ M obile. ............. N e w a r k .................. N ew H aven _____ N ew O rle a n s_____ B uffalo____ ______ 57.2 C harleston, S. C __ Chicago _ ______ C incinnati_______ 55.8 64.8 55.1 3.3 3. 0 3.7 2.0 4. 7 1.7 11 0 1.0 0.6 0.4 N ew Y o rk . . . . . N orfolk. ________ O m aha. ............... Peoria __________ P h ilad elp h ia_____ C leveland________ C olum bus_______ D a lla s .,_________ D e n v e r._________ D e tro it..................... 54.3 4.0 3. 6 1.2 3.0 2.1 2.1 1. 0 0.7 0.2 1.8 P itts b u r g h ___. . . Portland, M e . . _ . . Portland, Oreg____ Providence ______ R ic h m o n d .. _____ 39.5 57. 5 61.1 St. Louis_________ 57.5 Salt Lake C i t y ___ San F ra n c is c o ____ 31.8 50.2 Scran to n .. . . . . S eattle______ ____ Springfield, 1 1 1 ..... W ashington, D. C._ 58.7 43.2 53.6 36.3 63. 1 Fall R iv e r................ 54.6 Indianapolis___ _ . Jac k so n v ille _____ K ansas C ity ______ 48.9 49.7 46.5 20 .1 3. 6 5.0 7. 6 6.2 1.8 0. 7 0.7 1. 1 1.7 L ittle Rock _____ Los A n g e les____ Louisville___ ____ M anchester______ M e m p h i s . . . ......... M ilw au k e e ............. 45.4 42.9 49. 7 54. 1 46. 2 56.4 3.7 2.5 3.7 0.4 2.7 2.5 >0.6 1.7 2.1 1.6 i 0.3 1.1 1 Decrease. 47.2 50.4 55.2 53.5 60. 2 47.1 57.7 56.0 63.8 Percent age in crease Septem ber, 1927, com pared w ith A ugust, 1927 5.6 3. 2 2 0.2 1.6 1.0 0.1 0.1 4.0 1.6 0.8 0.1 2. 2 5.7 2.8 2.6 3.0 1.5 0.7 20. 1 2.4 2.9 1. 5 0.3 1.6 4.0 2.0 0.1 2.0 1. 7 1.7 3.3 2.8 5. 6 2.5 2.0 2. 7 1. 1 i 1.0 0.5 1.1 4. 5 1.8 2.6 2.5 2.7 1.1 1.4 0.2 0.4 3.2 2 Increase. Effort has been made by the bureau each month to have all sched ules for each city included in the average prices. For the month of September 99.3 per cent of all the firms supplying retail prices in the 51 cities sent in a report promptly. The following-named 45 cities had a perfect record; that is, every merchant who is cooperating with the bureau sent in his report in time for his prices to be included in the city averages: Atlanta, Baltimore, Birmingham, Bridgeport, 3 F or list of articles see note 6, p. 177. «T he consum ption figures used from Jan u ary , 1913, to D ecem ber, 1920, for eaeh article in each city are given in the L abor Review for N ovem ber, 1918, pp. 94 and 95. T h e consum ption figures w hich have been used for each m o n th beginning w ith Jan u ary , 1921, are given in th e L abor Review for M arch, 1921, p . 26. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1145] 196 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Buffalo, Butte, Charleston, S. C., Chicago, Cincinnati, Columbus, Dallas, Detroit, Fall River, Houston, Indianapolis, Jacksonville, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Louisville, Manchester, Memphis, Mil waukee, Minneapolis, Mobile, Newark, New Haven, New Orleans, New York, Norfolk, Omaha, Peoria, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Portland, Me., Portland, Oreg., Providence, Richmond, Rochester, St. Paul, Salt Lake City, Savannah, Scranton, Seattle, Springfield, 111., and Washington, D. C. The following summary shows the promptness with which the merchants responded in September, 1927 : R E T A IL P R IC E R E P O R T S R E C E IV E D F O R S E P T E M B E R , 1927 Geographical division Item Percentage of reports receiv ed .. ................... N u m b er of cities in each section from w hich every report was receiv ed .............. U nited States N o rth A tlantic South A tlantic N o rth C entral South C entral 99.3 99. 7 100. 0 99.4 99.0 98.0 45 13 7 5 8 12 W estern Retail Prices of Coal in the United States a HE following table shows the average retail prices of coal on January 15 and July 15, 1913, September 15, 1926, and August 15 and September 15, 1927, for the United States and for each of the cities from which retail food prices have been obtained. The prices quoted are for coal delivered to consumers, but do not include charges for storing the coal in cellar or coal bin where an extra handling is necessary. In addition to the prices for Pennsylvania anthracite, prices are shown for Colorado, Arkansas, and New Mexico anthracite in those cities where these coals form any considerable portion of the sales for household use. The prices shown for bituminous coal are averages of prices of the several kinds sold for household use. T T a b l e 1 .— A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S OF C O A L P E R T O N OF 2,000 P O U N D S , F O R H O U S E H O L D U SE , ON JA N U A R Y 15 A N D JU L Y 15, 1913, S E P T E M B E R 15, 1926, A N D A U G U ST 15 A N D S E P T E M B E R 15, 1927 1913 1927 1926 C ity, and k in d of coal Jan. 15 U n ite d S ta te s: P e n n sy lv a n ia a n th r a c ite — Stove— Average price___ ________ _ In d ex (1913=100)____________ C h estn u tAverage p rice._______ _____ In d ex (1913=100)____________ B it u m in o u s Average price_______________ . . . In d ex (1913=100)______________ A tlanta, Ga.: B itu m in o u s..................................... Baltimore, M d.: Pennsylvania an th racite— S to v e ........... ............... _ C h estn u t__________ B itu m in o u s_____________ 1 P er to n of 2,240 pounds. Ju ly 15 Sept. 15 Aug. 15 Sept. 15 $7. 99 103.4 $7. 46 06.6 $15. 55 201.3 $15.15 196.1 $15.38 199.1 $8.15 103.0 $7.68 97.0 $15.30 193.4 $14. 80 187.0 $15. 03 189.9 $5.48 i00.8 $5.39 99.3 $9. 35 Ì70.3 $8. 99 Ì65.4 $9.30 169.3 $5.88 $4. 83 $8.15 $7. 58 $8.35 17.70 1 7.93 1 7.24 1 7.49 » 16.00 1 15. 50 7.58 1 15. 75 1 15. 00 8.18 1 16.00 » 15.25 8.18 ° Prices of coal were form erly secured sem iannually and published in th e M arch a nd Septem ber issue. Since Ju n e, 1920, these prices have been secured and published m o nthly. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1 1 4 6 1 197 RETAIL PRICES OF COAL T a bl e 1.—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F C O A L P E R T O N O F 2,000 P O U N D S , F O R H O U S E H O L D U SE , ON JA N U A R Y 15 A N D JU L Y 15, 1913, S E P T E M B E R 15, 1926, A N D A U G U S T 15 A N D S E P T E M B E R 15, 1927—C ontinued 1913 1927 1926 C ity, and kind of coal Jan. 15 Ju ly 15 B irm ingham , Ala.: $7.53 $7.30 $7. 49 8.25 8. 25 7.50 7. 75 16. 25 16.00 16.00 15. 75 16.00 15. 75 15.00 15.00 14. 50 14. 50 14.50 14. 50 13. 75 13.39 13.74 13.34 13. 99 13. 59 $6. 75 6. 99 $6. 54 6. 80 10. 95 10. 95 10. 95 1 6. 75 ‘ 6. 75 11.00 11.00 11.00 8.00 8.25 4. 97 7. 80 8.05 4. 65 16. 90 16.65 8. 91 16.70 16. 20 9.16 16. 95 16. 45 9.32 3. 50 3. 38 7.50 7.10 7.08 7. 50 7. 75 4.14 7.25 7. 50 4.14 15. 35 14. 95 9.19 15.05 14. 70 8.92 15.10 14.70 8.94 7.36 6.85 7.21 B u tte , M ont.: Chicago, 111.: P ennsylvania anthracite— C incinnati, Ohio: C leveland, Ohio: Pennsylvania an th racite— C h e s t n u t ______ ____ ____ ______ C olum bus, Ohio: D allas, Tex.: A rkansas anth racite— D enver, Colo.: Colorado an th racite— 8. 25 7. 21 15. 50 13.33 14.33 12.21 15. (7 12.71 8.88 8. 50 5.25 9. 00 8. 50 4.88 16.00 16. 50 10.73 15. 90 15.90 9.78 16.10 16.10 10.25 8.00 8. 25 5. 20 7.45 7. 65 5. 20 16.00 15.50 9.90 15.50 15.00 9. 21 16.00 15.50 9. 38 8.25 8.25 7. 43 7.61 16. 75 16.25 16. 50 16.00 16. 75 16.25 11.50 11.60 11.80 3. 81 3.70 7.18 6.96 7.26 7.50 7.00 14.00 12. 00 13,00 4. 39 3. 94 14. 10 15.50 7. 75 13.50 15.00 7.90 14.00 15. 17 7.83 6.00 5. 33 14.00 10. 35 13.50 9.96 13.50 10.15 13. 52 12. 50 15. 63 15. 55 16.25 4. 20 4.00 6. 63 6. 94 7.01 10.00 10.00 8.60 8.50 17.50 17. 50 17. 25 17.00 16.50 17.25 2 4. 22 7.25 8. 30 8.30 D etro it, M ich.: Pennsylvania an th racite— F all R iver, M ass.: Pennsylvania anth racite— H ouston, Tex.: Indianapolis, In d .: Jacksonville, Fla.: K ansas C ity , M o.: A rkansas an th racite— L ittle Rock, A rk.: A rkansas an th racite— Los Angeles, Calif.: Louisville, K y.: M anchester, N . H .: Pennsylvania an th racite— M em phis, T enn.: B itum inous........... .................... .................. i Per to n of 2,240 pounds. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Sept. 15 $4.01 B ridgeport, Conn.: Pennsylvania anth racite— C harleston, S. C.: Aug. 15 $4.22 Boston, M ass.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Buffalo, N . Y.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Sept. 15 24. 34 2 P er 10-barrel lot (1,800 pounds). [11471 198 MONTHLY LABOE BEVIEW T able 1 . -A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F C O A L P E R T O N O F 2,000 P O U N D S ; F O R H O U S E H O L D U SE , ON JA N U A R Y 15 A N D JU L Y 15, 1913, S E P T E M B E R 15, 1926, A N D A U G U S T 16 A N D S E P T E M B E R 15, 1927—C ontinued 1913 1927 1926 C ity, and k in d of eoal Jan. 15 Ju ly 15 Sept. 15 Aug. 15 Sept. 15 M ilw aukee, W is.: Pennsylvania an thracite— C h e s tn u t.............................................. B itu m in o u s ............................................... M inneapolis, M inn.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove...... ............................................... B itu m in o u s................................................. M obile, Ala.: $a oo 8. 25 6. 25 $7.85 8.10 5. 71 $16. 80 16. 65 9. 75 $16. 40 15. 95 9. 29 $16.65 16. 20 9.29 9.25 9. 50 5.89 9.05 9. 30 5.79 18.10 17. 95 11. 09 17. 90 17. 45 11.16 18.15 17.70 11.66 9. 64 9. 46 9.08 N ew ark, N . J.: Pennsylvania anthracite— N ew H aven, Conn.: Pennsylvania anthracite— S to v e ..........- ........................................ C h e s tn u t....................................... ....... N ew Orleans, La.: N ew Y ork, N . Y.: Pennsylvania anthracite— C h e s tn u t................................. .......... Norfolk, Va.: Pennsylvania an th racite— 6. 50 6. 75 6. 25 6. 50 14. 00 13. 50 13. 75 13. 25 14.00 13.50 7. 50 7. 50 6. 25 6. 25 15.35 15.35 14. 65 14. 65 14.90 14.90 1 6. 06 1 6. 06 9. 32 9. 32 9.32 7.07 7.14 a 66 6.80 14. 75 14. 54 14.08 13. 79 14. 33 14.04 16. 00 16. 00 9. 09 14. 50 14. 50 8. 55 15. 00 15. 00 8.80 10.02 9. 75 10. 02 6.81 6. 96 6.94 C h estn u t ................. ........................... B itum inous......... .................. ..................... O maha, N ebr.: Peoria, 111.: B itum inous.................................................. Philadelphia, Pa.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove______________ ____________ C h estn u t.......... .................................. P ittsb u rg h , Pa.: Pennsylvania an th racite— C h e s tn u t............................................. Portlan d , M e.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove..................................................... C h estn u t............................................ . Portlan d , Oreg.: 6.63 6.13 1 7.16 1 7. 38 i 6. 89 i 7.14 i 15. 79 1 15. 54 4 14.89 1 14. 39 i 15. 04 4 14. 54 i 8. 00 3 3.16 i 7. 44 3 3.18 15.13 5. 55 14. 63 5. 53 15.00 5.76 16. 80 16.80 16. 56 16. 56 16.74 16.74 9. 79 9. 66 13. 37 13. 33 13.64 4 8. 25 4 7. 50 4 7. 75 4 16. 25 4 8. 25 4 16. 00 4 16. 00 4 15. 75 4 16. 25 4 16.00 8.00 8. 00 5.50 7.25 7. 25 4.94 15.92 15. 92 9.67 15. 50 15. 50 9. 61 15.83 15.83 9. 77 14. 60 14. 15 14. 35 13. 90 14.60 14.15 16.93 16. 68 6. 35 16. 70 16. 25 7.44 16.75 16.30 7.57 Providence, R. I.: Pennsylvania an th racite— R ichm ond, Va.: Pennsylvania anthracite— Rochester, N . Y.: Pennsylvania an th racite— St. Louis, M o.: Pennsylvania an th racite— B itu m in o u s...................... ............................ 8. 44 8. 68 3. 36 7.74 7. 99 3.04 4 Per ton of 2,240 pounds. 3 Per 10-barrel lot (1,800 pounds). 8 Per 25-bushel lot (1,900 pounds). 4 The average price of coal delivered in bin is 50 cents higher th a n here shown. delivered in bin. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1148] P ractically all coal is 199 INDEX NUMBERS OF WHOLESALE PKICES T 1 .— A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F C O A L P E R T O N O F 2,000 P O U N D S , F O R H O U S E H O L D U S E , O N JA N U A R Y 15 A N D JU L Y 15, 1913, S E P T E M B E R 15, 1926, A N D A U G U S T 15 A N D S E P T E M B E R 15, 1927— C o n tin u ed able 1926 1927 1913 C ity , a n d k in d of coal Jan. 15 St. Paul, M inn.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Salt Lake C ity, U tah: Colorado an th racite— San Francisco, Calif.: N ew Mexico an th racite— Colorado an th racite— Ju ly 15 Seattle, W ash.: Sept. 15 $9.05 9. 30 6.04 $18.10 17.95 11. 30 $17. 90 17. 45 11. 40 $18.15 17. 70 11.96 11.00 11.00 5.64 11.50 11.50 5.46 18.00 18.00 8.04 18.00 18.00 7. 73 18.00 18.00 8. 34 17.00 17.00 25.50 25.00 25.50 17.00 12.00 17.00 12.00 25. 00 16.67 24.50 15. 40 25.00 16.63 » 11. 25 5 10. 38 5 11. 75 10.48 10.23 10.75 10.50 4.25 4.50 4. 31 4. 56 11.00 10.67 7.63 7. 70 10.20 9. 77 9. 76 4. 38 4. 44 4.44 1 15. 80 1 15. 51 1 15. 25 1 14. 73 1 15. 51 1 14.99 1 11.04 1 8.75 1 7. 75 1 10. 67 1 9. 00 1 7.78 Springfield, 111.: W ashington, D . C.: Pennsylvania an th racite— Stove...... ....... ........................................ Aug. 15 $9.20 9.45 6. 07 Savannah, Ga.: Scranton, Pa.: Pennsylvania an th racite— S e p t. 15 17.50 17.65 B itum inous— 1 7.38 17.53 111.00 19.00 1 7.88 1 Per to n of 2,240 pounds. t All coal sold in Savannah is w eighed b y th e city. A charge of 10 cents per to n or half to n is made. T his a d ditio n al charge has been included in th e above price. Index N u m b ers o f W h olesale P rices in S ep tem b er, 1927 (R evised Series) HOLESALE prices of commodities in ^September averaged higher than in August, according to information collected in representative markets by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor. The bureau’s revised index number, computed on prices in the year 1926 as the base, and including 550 commodities or price series, stands at 96.5 for Sep tember compared with 95.2 for the month before, a rise of 1)4 Per cent. Compared with September, 1926, however, with an index number of 99.7, a decrease of 3)4 per cent is shown. Farm products rose from a level of 102.2 in August to 105.9 in September, due to advances in hogs, calves, beef steers, alfalfa hay, cotton, eggs, and lemons. Small price increases were shown for barley, oats, and rye, while corn and wheat declined sharply. Foodstuffs were generally higher than in August, this being par ticularly true of butter, cheese, and most meats. Hides and leather produets advanced slightly, as did textiles and coal, while petroleum products were somewhat cheaper. W https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1149] 200 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Iron and steel products and nonferrons metals averaged lower than in August. Lumber also was cheaper, while no change in the general price level was reported for brick and Portland cement. Chemicals, including fertilizer materials and mixed fertilizers, were slightly higher, while cattle feed and crude rubber in the group of miscella neous commodities were lower than in the month before. Of the 550 commodities or price series for which comparable infor mation for August and September was collected, increases were TREMO OF WHOLESALE PRICES. shown in 171 instances and decreases in 134 instances. In 245 instances no change in price was reported. Comparing prices in September with those of a year ago, as meas ured by changes in the index numbers, it is seen that farm products and hides and leather products were considerably higher, while decreases are shown for all other groups of commodities. These decreases range from less than 1 per cent in the case of textiles and house-furnishing goods to 71^ per cent in the case of building materials and 17 per cent in the case of fuel and lighting. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1150] 201 WHOLESALE PRICES OF COMMODITIES I N D E X N U M B E R S O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S B Y G R O U P S A N D S U B G R O U P S O F C O M M O D IT IE S [1926 = 100] 1927 Septem ber, 1926 Groups and subgroups A ugust P u r chasing power Septem of the 1926 ber dollar in Septem ber C ents Farm products_______________________________________ _ _ G rains____ _____ _________ _________ ________________ Boots and shoes___ ______________________ _______ ____ O ther leather p ro d u cts-- _____ _________ _____________ Silk a n d ra y o n _ _ ____ _ _ . . . . . . ...... ................ __ __ A nthracite c o a l,____________________ ______ ___________ B itum inous coal. - ..................... ............................................ Coke -- _ ________________________ - ______ _ _______ M a n u fa c tu re d g a s_ -___ _ _______ ______ ___________ M etals an d m etal products _________________ _____ _______ Iron a n d steel - -___________ _ _ _ .......... ........... A utom o b iles.. _______________________ _______ ____ B uilding m aterials_______________________________ . . .. L um ber______________________ _____ _____ _______ ______ B rick. . ________ _______ ____ _ . . . ___ _ . . _____ 99.3 95.3 103. 7 97. 7 99. S 101.1 101. 6 98. 0 98.8 95. 8 9ft I 99.8 100. 0 * 98.9 100. 0 99.0 98. 4 98. 5 »1. 5 98.4 98.2 95.. 3 99.0 105. 4 101. 2 99. 8 102. 2 100.0 102. 3 99. 8 99. 5 98. 5 97. 7 99. 4 102. 1 102. 7 99. 8 100. 2 101.0 101.1 97.0 100.0 99. 5 99.5 99. 4 94.2 95.6 95. 7 85.1 91. 4 100,0 99.7 102.2 108. 3 98. 2 102. 8 94.2 98. 8 90.3 95.0 111. 7 131.3 114.3 103.3 103. 3 96. 2 100. 2 86.6 97.3 95. 7 84.1 95. 7 101. 9 93. 8 99.6 66.5 98.0 95.1 92.5 99.. 3 102.2 100.7 92.9 92.2 93.2 96. 591. 9 92. 5 93. 0 95. 4 100.2 86. 7 91. 2 ' 89.7 98. 6 97.8 100. 0 89.9 125. 4 92.0 71. 9 77.9 100.0 95.2 105.9 102. 9 104. 9 107. 6 98. 5 105. 6 92 2 95.8 112. 5 128. 4 115. 4 105. 6 104. 9 98. 5 106.1 86. 6 97.3 95. 9 84. 2 96. 5 102 4 94.0 97.8 66.4 97. 6 94. 7 90; 7 99. 3 102. 2 100. 7 92 I 91. 0 93.2 96. 5 93. 2 90.0 92. 3 98. 4 101. 4 86. 7 92.1 91. 7 98. 6 97. 6 99.3 89. 2 117.7 92 4 69. 2 77.4 100. 2 96.5 94.4 97.2 95.3 92.9 103. 6 94. 7 108. 5 104. 4 88. 9 77.9 86. 7 94. 7 95. 3 101. 5 94. 3 115. 5 102. 8 104. 3 118. 8 103.6 97. 7 106. 4 102. 2 150. 6 102. 5 105. 6 110.3 100. 7 07. 8 99.3 108. 6 109. 9 107.3 103. 6 107.3 111. 1 108.3 103. 7 98.6 115.3 108. 6 109.1 101. 4 102. 5 100. 7 112. 1 95.0 108.2 144.5 129.2 99.8 103.6 Average Wholesale Prices of Commodities, July to September, 1927 N CONTINUATION of the plan of publishing each quarter in the Labor Review a detailed statement of wholesale price changes, there is presen ted herewith a list of the more important commodities included in the bureau’s revised compilation, together with the latest record of price changes available at the time of its preparation. For convenience of comparison, index numbers based on average prices in theyearT926 as lOOareshown in addition to themoney prices wherever such information can be supplied. Index numbers for the several groups and subgroups also are included in the table. To show more minutely the fluctuation in prices, all index numbers are published to one decimal fraction. Figures are given for July, August, and September, 1927. I1151J I https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 202 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F C O M M O D IT IE S , J U L Y , A U G U S T , A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927 Index num bers (1926=100.0) Average prices C om m odity Ju ly , 1927 A ugust, 1927 July, 1927 A u gust, 1927 95.3 103.2 108.3 115.7 96.5 105.9 102.9 119.5 A L L C O M M O D IT IE S .................... G R O U P L—F A R M P R O D U C T S .......... B arley, m alting, p er bushel, Chicago.......... Corn, per bushel, Chicago— C ontract grad es......................................... N o. 3, m ixed______________ ____ ____ O ats, No. 2, w hite, per bushel, C hicago.... R ye, No. 2, per bushel, C hicago................... W heat, per bushel— N o. 2, red w inter, Chicago................... No. 2, hard, K ansas C ity ................ ....... No. 1, n o rth ern spring, M in n eap o lis... No. 2, dark n o rth ern spring, M inneapolis........................................................ N o. 1, hard w hite, P ortland, O reg___ No. 2, red w inter, St. L ouis_________ (6) L iv esto ck a n d p o u l t r y ........ ........................... C attle, per 100 pounds, Chicago— Calves, good to choice, vealers_______ Cows— F a ir to good......................................... Good to choice...... ............................. Steers— F air to go o d ........................................ Good to choice................................... Hogs, per 100 pounds, Chicago— F a ir to choice, heavy b u tc h e rs.............. F a ir to choice, light bu teh ers................. Sheep, per 100 pounds, Chicago— Ewes, native, all grades, fair to b e s t... Lam bs, w estern, fair to good _______ W ethers, fed, poor to b e st....................... Po u ltry , live fowls, per p o u n d — Chicago......................................................... New Y o rk .................................................... (c) O th e r f a r m p r o d u c ts __________________ Beans, m edium , per 100 pounds,N ew Y ork. C otton, m iddling, per pou n d — G alveston______________ ____________ N ew Orleans...... ... .................................... N ew Y o rk ................................................... Eggs, fresh, p er dozen— W estern, B osto n ....................................... Firsts, Chicago............................................ E x tra firsts, C incinnati....... .................... C andled, N ew O rle a n s........................... Firsts, N ew Y o rk ...................................... E x tra firsts, P h ilad elp h ia...................... . No. 1, extras, San Francisco................... F ru it— Apples, fresh— Baldwins, per barrel— Chicago___________ ________ N ew Y o rk ................................. W inesaps, m edium grade, per box, Portland, Oreg___________ Lemons, choice or fancy, California, per box, Chicago________________ Oranges, choice, California, p er box, C hicago.................. . . . . . H ay, per to n — Alfalfa, K ansas C ity ______________ Clover, mixed, No. 1, C in c in n ati____ T im othy, No. 1, Chicago____ Hops, prim e to choice, Pacifies, per pound, Portland, O re g ................................... M ilk, fluid, p er loo pounds— Chicago_________ ______ ____ _____ _ New Y o rk ........ ....................................... San Francisco. ........................ .................. Peanuts, per pound, Norfolk....................... . 1 N o quotation. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Sep tem ber, 1927 Septem ber, 1927 $0. 786 $0. 803 $0,829 94. 1 97.6 107.0 113.3 1. 021 .999 .477 1. 096 1.085 1. 065 .478 .968 .990 .974 .491 .973 134.6 135.8 110.9 114.8 143.0 144.7 111. 1 101.5 130.5 132.4 114. 2 102.0 1.428 1. 401 1.440 1. 395 1.400 1. 427 1.315 1.323 1.323 92.6 93.6 93.0 90.5 93.5 92. 1 85.2 88.4 85.4 1.486 1.378 1.455 1.461 1.348 1. 452 1.360 1. 315 1.444 95.6 96. 0 93.6 95 3 93.9 93.9 93.4 98.2 87.5 91.6 92.9 104.9 13. 031 13. 900 14. 906 107.4 114.5 122.8 7. 013 8.038 7.090 8. 095 7.075 8. 031 121.7 123.9 123.0 124.8 122. 7 123.8 10.825 12.300 11. 300 12. 575 11. 781 13. 313 123. 5 129.1 129. 0 132.0 134.4 139.7 8. 975 9. 969 9.185 10. 510 10. 850 11. 638 72. 8 76. 0 74.5 80.1 88.0 88.7 5.313 14. 219 6. 500 5. 575 13. 575 6. 500 5.188 13. 563 6.813 80. 6 103. 8 79.4 84.6 99. 1 79.4 78.7 99.0 83.3 .215 .248 .220 .248 . 199 .273 6. 531 6. 700 6.650 85. 5 83.1 95 9 120! 0 87.5 83.3 102.8 123.1 79.3 91.5 107.6 122.2 . 179 .177 . 180 .200 .197 .203 .216 .214 .218 104. 8 104.9 102. 6 117.4 116.9 116.0 127.1 127.2 124.5 .248 .232 .260 .183 .248 .275 .223 .283 .265 .314 .258 .281 .330 .260 .336 .328 .385 .284 .343 .404 .318 69.4 69.3 73.1 53.9 69. 6 69. 6 74. 7 79.3 79.0 88.3 76.0 79.0 83.5 87.3 94.3 97.8 108.2 83.9 96.3 102.2 106.8 (l) (') 0) 4.125 (0 4.031 102. 3 100.0 (>) 0) 1. 638 8.469 8. 800 76.8 12.938 152.0 158.0 232.2 7.156 8. 325 8.844 120.1 139.8 148.5 15. 550 14. 750 18.000 16. 375 15. 550 19.300 18.000 14.125 17. 625 73.9 66.4 76. 7 77.9 70.0 82.2 85.6 63.6 75.1 .199 .175 .203 82.5 72.6 84.1 2.994 3. 517 3.140 .059 2.994 3. 517 3. 140 .061 2.994 3. 936 3.140 .061 101.9 98.2 100.3 120.0 101.9 98.2 100.3 122.4 101.9 109.9 100.3 122.4 [1152] W H O L E SA L E P R IC E S 203 O F C O M M O D IT IE S W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F C O M M O D IT IE S . JU L Y , A U G U ST , A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927— C ontinued Index num bers (1926=100.0) Average prices C om m odity Ju ly , 1927 A ugust, 1927 Septem ber, 1927 July, 1927 A u gust, 1927 Sep tem ber, 1927 G R O U P 1.—F A R M P R O D U C T S -C o n . (c) O th e r f a r m p r o d u c t s — Continued. Seeds— Alfalfa, per 100 pounds, K ansas C ity .. Flaxseed, per bushel, M inneapolis___ T im o th y , p er 100 pounds, C hicago___ Tobacco, leaf, average w arehouse sales, Vegetables, fresh— Potatoes*, white,*per 100 pounds— Chicago................................................. (0 $30. 620 2.215 4.440 $15. 000 27. 361 2.271 3. 880 $16. 500 26. 480 2.197 3.370 96.2 95.1 72. 7 91.0 86. 0 97.5 63.5 100.2 83.2 94.4 55.1 8.786 15. 730 15. 594 103. 7 185. 7 184.1 4.632 2.425 1. 531 189.3 99.1 62.6 1.635 2.138 2.017 3.406 2. 081 1.990 1.856 2.406 1.580 1. 938 1.962 1. 913 46.4 70.9 53.4 118.6 59.0 66.0 49.1 83.8 44.8 64.3 52.0 66.6 (■) 0) (>) Potatoes, sweet, per % -bushel, PhilaWool, per pound, B oston— Ohio, grease basis— Fine delaine..................................... . H alf b lo o d ........................................... Territory, scoured— Foreign—■ A rgentine crossbreds, q u arter A ustralian, Geelong 56’s, scoured M ontevideo, one-fourth blood, .390 .460 .450 .440 .390 .460 .450 .440 .390 .460 .450 .450 97.1 98.6 97. 5 96.3 97.1 98.6 97.5 96.3 97.1 98.6 97.5 98.5 1. 095 1.006 1.105 1.023 1.125 1.023 95.1 96.1 96.0 97.7 97.7 97.7 112.0 .292 .315 .318 103.0 111.2 .660 .660 .660 97.3 97.3 97.3 .361 .375 .376 97.9 101.7 102.0 G R O U P I I .—F O O D S ..................... .. B u tter, cream ery, per pound— B oston— Chicago— F ir s ts ............................ ....................... N ew Orleans— N ew Y o r k E x tra __________________________ F irsts . _______ ________________ _ P hiladelphia— F irsts . ______ ________________ San Francisco— Cheese, whole m ilk, per p ound— M ilk, condensed, per case, N ew Y o rk........ M ilk, evaporated, per case, New Y o rk ----M ilk, fluid. (See F arm products.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 94.3 98.5 98.8 105.6 .416 .396 .367 .419 .399 .371 .459 .426 .386 94.8 93.9 93.8 95.5 94.8 94. 9 104.6 101.0 98.7 .399 .386 .368 .370 .412 .399 .374 .373 .449 .428 .386 .398 93.0 93.0 94.2 93.7 96.1 96.3 96.0 94.5 104.8 103.3 98.9 100.7 .449 .410 .440 .428 . 450 .420 94.3 89.5 92.5 93.4 94.6 91. 6 .416 .394 .369 .417 .400 .378 .465 .430 .394 93.8 94. 0 95.3 94.1 95.2 97.3 104.9 102.5 101.5 .426 .411 .381 .413 .430 .414 .388 .429 .474 .453 .410 .468 93.7 92.8 93. 7 93. 7 94.6 93.4 95.4 97.5 104.3 102.3 100.7 106.2 .418 .399 .441 .425 .468 .442 95.8 95.4 101.3 101.7 107.4 105.7 .223 .243 .204 5.825 4. 581 .235 .253 .210 5. 825 4. 575 .249 .262 .222 6.000 4.575 102.9 107.2 89.1 99. 5 104.3 108.4 111.2 91.8 99.5 104.1 114.9 115.3 97.0 102.4 104.1 1 N o quotation. 68404°— 27------ 14 93.9 97.9 [1153] 204 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F C O M M O D IT IE S , J U L Y , A U G U ST , A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927— Continued Index numbers Average prices (1926-100.0) Commodity Ju ly , 1927 Au gust, 1927 Sep tem ber, 1927 A ugust, 1927 Septem ber, 1927 Ju ly , 1927 $0.182 .200 $0,185 .200 $0.191 .213 110.8 117.2 112. 7 117.2 116.3 124.8 19. 500 .294 20. 400 .265 23.000 .240 83.0 112.4 86.8 101.3 97.9 91.7 G R O U P I I — F O O D S —C ontinued (6) M e a ts ...........__................................................. Beef, fresh, carcass, steers, p er pound— Chicago____________________________ N ew Y o r k .____ ____ ____ ___________ Beef, cured, family, per barrel (200 pounds), N ew Y o rk ______________ _____ _____ L am b, fresh, p er p ound, C hicago................ M u tto n , fresh, dressed, per pound, New Y ork.................................................................. Pork, cured— Bacon, per pound, Chicago................ H am s, p er p ound, C hicago..................... M ess, p e r barrel (200 pounds). New Y o r k . . . ................................... ............... Sides, clear, p e r pound, Chicago__ ___ Sides, rough, p er p ound, C hicago____ Pork, fresh, dressed hogs, p er pound, C hi cago_____________________ __________ P o u ltry , p er pound, dressed— Chicago_________ _______ _______ . . . . N ew Y o rk ____ ________ ____________ Veal, fresh, good, per pound, C h ic a g o ..'II (c) O th e r f o o d s .......................................................... Beans. (See Farm products.) B read, loaf (per po u n d before baking)— C h icag o .._____ ____________ ____ ___ C in cin n ati.......... ................. ............... . N ew Orleans_____________________ II N ew Y o rk ________’ _____________ I ’ " San Francisco___ ______ ________ ____ Cocoa beans, Arriba, per pound,N ew Y ork. Coffee, B razilian grades, per pound, New York— Rio, No. 7__________________________ Santos, No. 4___ ________ __________I Copra, South Sea, per pound, N ew Y o rk .. Crackers, soda, per pound, N ew Y o rk___ Eggs. (See F arm products.) Fish— Cod, pickled, cured, per 100 pounds, Gloucester, M ass_________________ H erring, pickled, per pound, New Y ork___________ ____ _____ _______ M ackerel, salt, p er pound, N ew Y o rk . Salmon, canned, A laska, red, per dozen cans, factory________________ Salmon, sm oked, Alaska, p er pound. N ew Y o rk ____ _______ ___________ Flour, rye, w hite, p er barrel, M inneapolis. Flour, w heat, per barrel— Stan d ard p aten ts, h a rd w inter, B uf falo_____________ _________ ______ F irst clears, B uffalo__________ I I I I I I ' Short p aten ts, w inter, K ansas C ity Straights, w in ter, K ansas C ity _______ S tan d ard p aten ts, M inneapolis______ Second p aten ts, M inneapolis.................. P aten ts, P o rtlan d , O reg____________ Short p aten ts, soft w inter, St. L o u is.I Straights, soft w in ter, St. L ouis____ Stan d ard p aten ts, soft w inter, Toledo F ru it, canned, p er dozen, N ew Y ork— Peaches, 2)Ys__..................... .. Pineapples, 2 'A ’s ____________ F ru it, dried, p er pound, N ew York— Apples, e v ap o rated ................................. C urrants, cleaned........ .................... Prunes, California, 60-70’s _________ II Raisins, coast, seeded.......... .................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 90 5 .156 .136 .115 108.4 94.3 79.8 .270 .243 .254 .235 .257 .224 88.8 79.0 83.5 76.2 84.5 72.9 33.000 . 172 .168 31. 800 . 167 . 158 32.250 . 174 .161 88. 1 85.7 84.7 84.9 83.1 79.5 86. 1 86.6 81.3 . 183 .183 .183 73.1 73.1 73.1 .218 .260 . 195 .218 .270 .223 .230 .274 .234 80.4 82.9 104.2 80.6 86.0 118.9 85.0 87.3 125.1 94 1 .075 .069 .070 .070 .069 .203 .075 .069 .070 .070 .069 .194 .075 .069 .070 .070 .069 .181 100.0 97.6 97.8 100. 0 89.8 112.8 100.0 97.6 97.8 100.0 89.8 107.3 100.0 97.6 97.8 100.0 89.8 100.6 .142 . 169 .052 . 140 .139 . 170 .052 .140 . 135 . 178 .052 .140 78.1 75. 7 90. 2 100.0 76.3 76.4 90.0 100.0 74.3 80.0 89.5 100.0 6.500 6.750 7.000 89.6 93.0 96.4 .145 .090 .160 .090 .180 .100 109.8 90.0 121. 1 90.0 136.3 100.0 2.694 3.020 3.050 81.0 90.8 91.7 .420 5. 950 .430 5.080 .430 4.988 109.6 106.2 112.2 90.7 112. 2 89.1 8.030 6.990 7. 585 6. 920 7.813 7. 556 8.012 6.940 6.295 6. 575 7.313 7.113 7. 531 6.769 7.600 7.320 7. 757 7.244 6. 306 6.406 7. 213 6.613 7. 263 6.644 7.069 6.819 7 .12S 6.869 5.819 6. 275 92.4 83. 5 94.4 95.4 02..7 92.7 100.3 88.6 88.6 86.2 84. 1 84.9 93.7 93.3 90.2 89.8 97.2 92.5 88. 7 84.0 83.0 79.0 90.4 91.6 83.9 83.7 89.3 87.7 81.9 82.3 1. 775 2. 250 1.775 2.250 1.775 2.250 91. 0 104.7 91.0 104.7 91.0 104.7 . Ill . Ill .068 .069 .126 .108 .065 .069 .131 . 113 .061 .069 94.2 123.5 86.5 75.1 106.5 119.3 82.7 75.1 111.2 125.9 78.6 75.1 [1154] W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S 205 O F C O M M O D IT IE S W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O P C O M M O D IT IE S , J U L Y , A U G U S T , A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927— C ontinued Index-num bers (1926=100.0) Average prices C om m odity Ju ly , 1927 G R O U P II.—FO O D S—C ontinued (c) O th er fo o d s—C ontinued. F ru it, fresh— Apples. (See F a rm products.) B ananas, Jam aicas, p er bunch, New Y o rk .______ _____________ _____ Lemons. (See F a rm products.) Oranges. (See F a rm products.) Glucose, 42° mixing, per 100 pounds, New Y ork___________________ _______ . . . H om iny grits, w hite, per 100 pounds, m ill.. L ard , prim e, contract, p er pound, New Y ork____________ _________ __________ M eal, corn, p er 100 pounds— W hite, m ill______________ ____ _____ Yellow, fancy, Philadelphia_________ Molasses, N ew Orleans, fancy, p er gallon, N ew Y o rk _________________________ . O atm eal, in 90-pound sacks, p er 100 pounds, N ew Y ork__________ ________ Oleomargarine, stan d ard , uncolored, per p ound, Chicago______________________ Oleo oil, extra, p e r po u n d , Chicago---------Pepper, black, p e r pound, N ew Y o rk .. . . Rice, head, d e a n , per p ound, N ew Orleans— B lue Rose, m edium to good-------------H onduras, m edium to choice------------S alt, Chicago— American, m edium , per barrel (280 pou n d s)__________________________ G ranulated, p er to n _______ ______ _ Sugar, p er p ound, N ew Y ork— G ran u lated ....... ................ .......................... Raw , 96°.............................................. Tea, Form osa, fine, per pound, N ew Y o rk .. Vegetables, canned, per dozen— String beans, N ew Y o rk ......................... Corn, fa c to ry ................... ......................... Peas, N ew Y o rk ___________________ Tom atoes, N ew Y o rk .................... ......... Vegetables, fresh— Onions. (See F a rm products.) Potatoes. (See F a rm products.) Vegetable oil— Coconut, p er p ound, N ew Y o rk-------C ottonseed, p er po u n d , N ew Y ork___ Olive, per gallon, N ew Y o rk ------------Soya bean, p er p ound, N ew Y o rk -----V inegar, cider, p er gallon, N ew Y o rk ......... G R O U P I I I —H ID E S A N D L EA TH ER PR O D U C T S ................ H ides, per p o u n d , Chicago— C o u n try cows........ .................. ................ . Packers ’— H eavy, n ativ e steers.................... . H eavy, Texas s te e rs -..................... Skins, per pound— Calf, No. 1, country, Chicago----------Goat, B razil,first selection, N ew Y ork. Sheep, p ack ers’, per p elt, C h ic ag o ..... C hrom e calf, B grade, per square foot, B o s to n _________ ___________ _______ Glazed k id , to p grade, p er square foot, H arness, California oak, p er pound, general m a rk e t......................... .......................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A ugust, 1927 Septem ber, 1927 J u ly , 1927 A u gust, 1927 Sep te m ber, 1927 $1.631 $2.025 $2.025 66.5 82.6 82.6 3.160 2.145 3.160 2.121 3.160 1.850 91.9 137.7 91.9 136.1 91.9 118.7 .132 .128 .133 87.8 85.1 88.6 2.145 3. 210 2.121 3.388 1.850 3.080 137.7 120.5 136.1 127.2 118.7 115.7 .650 .650 .650 123.1 123.1 123.1 3.597 3.472 3.417 117.1 113.0 111.2 .215 .134 .358 .215 .131 .3.54 .239 .135 .372 94.2 111.3 139.7 94.2 109.1 138. 1 104.7 112.4 145.3 .041 .061 .041 .062 .041 .054 67.0 83.6 66.2 84.3 65.9 73.4 2.195 6.600 2.195 6.600 2.195 6.600 100.0 87.9 100.0 87.9 100.0 87.9 .059 .045 .082 .345 .056 .045 .086 .345 .058 .048 .097 .345 107.3 104.4 85.8 97.3 101.5 103.9 90.0 97.3 106.0 110.4 101.5 97.3 1.150 .975 1. 225 1.500 1.150 .955 1.225 1.500 1.025 .950 1.150 1.500 128.8 108.3 93.1 104.7 128.8 106.1 93.1 104.7 114.8 105.5 87.4 104.7 .096 . 110 .095 2. 150 . 125 .120 . 190 .097 . 113 .100 2.390 .125 .120 .200 .099 .117 . 107 2.150 .125 .120 .205 90.8 91.4 80. 5 112.5 111. 0 95. 2 102.3 91.3 93.4 84. 0 125.1 111. 0 95.2 107.6 93.4 97. 1 90.5 112.5 111. 0 95.2 110.3 111.7 133.5 111. 7 131.3 112.5 128.4 .173 .171 .176 179.4 176. 7 182.0 .219 .199 .215 .195 .224 .213 156. 4 148.9 153.2 146.1 159.9 159.6 .226 .759 .221 2.250 .212 .760 .210 2.250 .210 .768 .210 1.606 130.5 103.6 142.6 103.8 113.5 122. 3 103.7 135.3 103. 8 114.3 121.1 104.8 135.1 74.1 115.4 .510 .510 .510 112.5 112.5 112. 5 .675 .675 .675 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 .478 .495 .495 109.5 113.3 [1155] 113.3 206 M O NTHLY LA BO R R E V IE W W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F C O M M O D IT IE S , J U L Y , A U G U S T , A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927— C ontinued Index num bers (1926=100.0) Average prices Com m odity Ju ly , 1927 G R O U P I I I .- H I D E S A N D L E A T H E R P R O D U C T S —C ontinued (6) L e a th e r —C ontinued. Side, black, chrome, tan n ed , B grade, per square foot, B o s to n ................................ . Sole, oak, per pound, B oston— In sides........................................................ Scoured backs............................................. Sole, union backs, steers, per pound, New Y o rk________ _______________ ________ (c) B o o ts a n d s h o e s , f a c to r y ............................... C hildren’s, per pair— C h ild ’s gun m e ta l..................................... L ittle b o y ’s, ta n calf, blucher................. M isses’, gun m e ta l.................................... Y o u th s’, ta n calf, b lu ch er........ .............. M en ’s, per pair— Black, calf, b a l . . . .......... ....... .................... Black, calf, blu ch er.................................. Black, dress, welt, side le a th er.............. Black, vici k i d . . . .................................... . Chocolate, el,k, b lu ch er............................ Dress, m edium grade................................ G un m etal, b lu c h e r................................. M ahogany, chrome, b a l_____________ T an, dress, welt, calf.......................... . T an , dress, welt, side le a th e r______ _ W ork, m edium grade........................... . W om en’s, per pair— Black, kid, dress....................................... B lack, kid, M cK ay sew ed.............. . M edium g rad e........................................ B etter g ra d e ............................................... Colored c alf............................................... P a te n t leather p u m p _______ ________ (d) O th e r l e a th e r p r o d u c ts ....... ......................... Gloves, per dozen pairs, factory— M en ’s . . . . ........ ................................... ......... W om en’s....... ...................... ....................... H arness (composite price), per set............... Suitcases (composite price), e a c h ................. T raveling bags (composite price), each ___ G R O U P I V —T E X T IL E P R O D U C T S ., (o) C o tto n g o o d s ............ ........................................ B lankets, colored, per pair, B o s to n ............ D enim s, M assachusetts, 28-inch, per yard, m ill.................................................................. Drillings, brow n, per yard", mill— M assachusetts, 30-inch............................. Pepperell, 29-inch..................................... D uck, per yard, mill— Eight-ounce, a r m y ........... ................. . W ide, 36-inch. . . ________ ____ ______ Flannel, per yard, m ill— Colored, 2 7 -in ch ______________ _____ Unbleached, 33-inch_________ _______ Gingham , per yard, mill— Amoskeag, 27-inch.................................. Security, 32-inch....................................... Hosiery, per dozen pairs, mill— M en ’s, combed y a r n ................................ W om en’s, silk m ercerized.__________ M uslin, bleached, per yard, mill— F ru it of th e L o o m ..................................... L o n sd a le ____________ _____ ___ ____ R ough R id er________ ___________’ N ainsook, W a m su tta _______________ Percale, Scouts, 381^-inch, per yard, m ill.. P rin t cloth, per yard, mill— T w enty-seven in ch ......... .......................... T hirty-eight a n d one-half in c h ............. Sheeting, bleached, per yard, mill— 10/4, P e p p e re ll.............................. ............. 10/4, W a m su tta .......................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A ugust, 1927 Septem ber, 1927 July, 1927 A u gust, 1927 Sep te m ber, 1927 $0.370 $0. 370 $0. 370 146.1 146.1 146.1 .390 .510 .390 .530 .410 .530 110.4 116.4 110.4 120.9 116.1 120.9 .490 .500 .525 114.4 103. 0 116.7 122.5 HI5 8 1. 330 1.473 1. 568 1. 663 1. 330 1.473 1.568 1.663 1.615 1.663 1.900 1. 853 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 121.4 112.9 121.2 111.4 5.000 6.400 3. 286 6.000 1.967 3. 550 4.750 3. 650 5.000 3. 448 2.250 5.000 6. 400 3. 400 6.000 1.974 3. 550 4. 750 3. 650 5.000 3.600 2.250 5.000 6. 500 3.400 6.220 2. 000 3.550 4. 750 3. 650 5.000 3. 600 2.250 101. 6 100. 0 102.7 100.0 114.1 106. 0 103. 3 101. 4 101. 6 102.2 109.8 101.6 100.0 106. 3 100.0 114.6 106.0 103.3 101.4 101. 6 106.7 109.8 101.6 101.6 106.3 103.7 116.1 106.0 103.3 101.4 101.6 106.7 109.8 4.000 3.650 2.200 3.050 4.250 3.750 4.000 3. 650 2. 200 3. 050 4.250 3. 750 4.000 3. 650 2.200 3. 050 4. 250 3. 750 98.2 101.4 110. 0 107.0 102.4 104.2 101 ß 98.2 101.4 110.0 107.0 102.4 104. 2 98.2 101.4 110.0 107.0 102.4 104.2 184-0 33. 840 22. 560 45. 869 8.070 6.597 33. 840 22. .560 47. 448 8. 070 6.597 33. 840 22. 560 49. 592 9.543 6.894 100.0 106.7 105. 5 102. 1 101.3 96.2 100.0 106.7 110.3 120.8 105.8 98 5 1.034 1.070 1.108 100.0 106. 7 102.0 102.1 101.3 94 3 ßß 1 83.7 sa 6 89.7 .164 .173 .201 97.0 102.1 118.8 . 123 . 114 .133 . 127 .142 . 144 92.9 89.4 101.2 99.6 107.8 113.2 .187 .382 .201 .396 .215 .468 94.7 91. 5 102.1 94.7 108.9 112.0 .110 .165 .111 . 181 . 123 .218 87.4 93.8 87.8 102. 7 97.3 123.7 .091 .123 .095 .123 . 100 . 130 101. 1 100.0 105.6 100.0 111.1 106.0 1. 550 2.275 1.600 2.275 1. 600 2. 275 95.4 97. 7 98.5 97.7 98.5 97.7 .162 .137 .154 .225 .127 . 164 . 141 . 157 .225 . 130 . 166 . 147 . 160 .243 . 145 90.6 91.0 107. 6 98.8 98. 3 98.3 93.2 109.7 98.8 100.8 99.5 97.5 112.0 106.7 111.9 .056 .075 .060 .084 .065 .089 100.9 99.2 115.5 110.7 125.1 118.6 .371 1.140 .404 1.140 .404 1.140 89.2 100.0 97.0 100.0 97.0 100.0 [1156] W H O LESA LE P R IC E S QF 207 C O M M O D IT IE S W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F C O M M O D IT IE S , J U L Y , A U G U ST , A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927— C ontinued Index num bers (1926=100.0) Average prices C om m odity July, 1927 G R O U P I V .—T E X T I L E P R O D U C T S — Con. (a) C o t t o n g o o d s—C ontinued. Sheeting, brow n, p er yard , m ill— In d ia n H ead, 36-inch________________ 4/4, Pepperell ___________________ 4/4, T rio n ___________________ ______ Thread, 6-cord, 100 yards, per spool, mill - . Ticking, Amoskeag, 32-inch, per yard, m ill. U nderw ear, m ill— M en ’s shirts a n d draw ers, per dozen garm ents_____ ______________ _ W om en’s union suits, per dozen........... Y arn, per p ound, m ill— C arded, w hite, n orthern, 10-1/s, conesCarded, w hite, northern, 22-1/s, cones. C arded, single w arp, 40/ls, southern sp in n in g ----------- -------------------------T w isted, 20/2, carded, w eav in g .......... . T w isted, 40/2, carded, w eaving....... . R ayon, p er pound, N ew Y ork— 150 A denier................................................ 150 B denier________________________ 300 A denier___________ . . . --------------300 B denier________________________ Silk, raw, per pound, New Y ork— C hina, steam filature, th ird categ o ry .. Jap an , double extra cracks............... Jap an , 13-15_____ ______ ___ ____ _ Silk, spun, per pound, N ew Y ork— Domestic, 6 0 /1 ____________________ Domestic, 60/2... __________________ Im ported, 200/2, first q u a lity ________ Hosiery, per dozen pairs, m ill— W om en’s, pure silk . _______________ W om en’s, artificial s ilk . _________ _ _ M en ’s, silk, mercerized to p , heel, and toe_________ _____________________ B lankets, all wool, 4 to 5 pounds, per pound, m ill______________ _____ ______ Flannel, No. 6400, 54-inch, p e r yard, m ill.. Overcoating, p er yard, m ill— H e a v y .......................................................... L ig h t.......... ........................................ ......... Suiting, per yard, mill— Serge, 116 M . B ____________________ Serge, 11-ounce, 56-58 in ch ___________ Uniform serge, fine grade, 12-ounce___ Uniform serge, m edium grade, 12-ounce U nfinished w orsted, 13-ounce________ Trousering, 2,900 range, cotton w arp, 11ounce, per yard, m ill .................................. U nderw ear, m en’s, m ill— Shirts an d draw ers, per dozen garm ents U nion suits, per d o z e n .. ----------------W om en’s dress goods, per yard , mill— Flannel, 12-ounce. . ................................ Flannel, W F D , 54-inch_____________ French serge, 39-inch__________ _____ Sicilian cloth, 54-inch, cotton w arp___ Y arns, per pound, m ill— 2/32s, crossbred stock, w h ite _________ 2/40s, half-blood, w eav in g .................... 2/50s, fine, w e a v in g ................................ B inder tw ine, stan d ard , per bale (50 po u n d s), m ill_____________ ______ _ . . B urlap, 10/^-ounce, 40-inch, per yard, mill. Septem ber, 1927 July, 1927 A u gust, 1927 Sep te m ber, 1927 $0.110 .119 .087 .036 .207 $0.119 .128 .098 .036 .230 $0.143 .139 .110 .036 .260 89. 5 96.9 93. 8 100.0 101. 3 97.4 104. 6 105.9 100. 0 112.4 116.7 113.2 118.0 100.0 127.1 6. 039 8. 500 6.177 8.870 6.287 9.500 88. 3 86.1 90.3 89.8 92.0 96.2 .305 .354 .333 .387 .377 .406 94.2 98.7 102.6 107.8 116.3 113.2 .481 .313 .456 .512 .347 .475 .547 .389 .518 94.7 96. 8 96. 5 87.4 100.7 107.1 100.6 86.6 107.6 120.1 109.6 86.6 1.500 1.450 1.300 1.280 1.500 1.450 1.300 1.280 1.500 1. 450 1. 300 1.280 82.9 85.7 81.1 84.9 82.9 85.7 81.1 84.9 82.9 85.7 81.1 84.9 5. 418 3. 989 6. 442 5.292 5. 270 3.915 5. 282 5.145 5.265 3. 906 5.304 5.096 85. 3 85. 7 90. 0 85.4 83.0 84. 1 87.4 83.1 82.9 83.9 87.8 82.3 4.077 4. 978 4.978 3. 920 4. 704 4.508 3. 881 4. 704 4.508 86.9 83.4 86.1 83.5 78.8 77.9 82.7 78.8 77.9 10. 780 2. 450 10. 780 2. 450 10. 780 2.450 88. 6 87. 8 88.6 87.8 88.6 87.8 4. 000 4.500 4.500 83.4 97.2 93.8 97.3 93.8 87.3 1.313 1.715 1.313 1.715 1.313 1.715 97.3 102.2 97.3 102.2 97.3 102.2 3.000 4.350 3.000 4. 350 3.000 4.350 98. 6 95. 8 98.6 95.8 98.6 95.8 3.848 2.048 2. 678 1. 935 1. 913 3. 848 2.048 2. 678 1.935 1.913 3.848 2.048 2. 678 1. 935 1. 913 100. 8 94. 5 97.3 96.9 95.4 100.8 94. 5 97.3 96. 9 95.4 100.8 94.5 97.3 96.9 95.4 1. 500 1.500 1.500 98.2 98.2 98.2 28.000 27.440 28. 000 27.440 28. 000 27. 440 93.3 90.3 93.3 90.3 93.3 90.3 2.255 1. 900 1.325 .975 . 510 .775 2.255 1.900 1.325 .975 .510 .775 2.255 1.900 1. 325 .975 (») .775 95. 6 97.7 91.3 94.3 111.3 97.8 95. 6 97. 7 91. 3 94.3 111. 3 97.8 95.6 97.7 91.3 94.3 1.350 1. 750 2.025 1.350 1. 775 2. 025 94.1 1.375 1. 775 94.4 2.014 . 96.1 93.9 94.1 95.8 96.1 95.7 95.8 95.8 95.6 85.8 6. 056 .093 6.056 .101 6.056 . 103 92.7 101.5 92.7 109. 9 92.7 111.8 5No quotation. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August, 1927 [1157] 97.8 208 M O N T H L Y LA BO R R E V IE W W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F C O M M O D IT IE S , J U L Y , A U G U S T , A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927C ontinued Index num bers (1926=100.0) Average prices C om m odity Sep te m ber, 1927 August, 1927 Septem ber, 1927 Ju ly , 1927 A u gust, 1927 $0.144 $0.149 $0.146 97.7 100.5 98.5 .069 .080 .083 77.0 89.3 92.1 1.946 1.946 1.946 100.0 100.0 100.0 .245 .076 .245 .076 .240 .076 97. 5 83.4 84 2 97.5 83.4 84 4 95.5 83.4 13.148 12.665 10.614 13. 209 12.779 10. 661 13.217 12. 942 10. 838 35 9 9¿ 5 95.3 99. 6 95.9 96.2 100.1 96.0 97.4 101.7 4.251 4.741 3.748 4. 275 4.904 3.780 4. 274 5.012 3. 760 98. 5 98. 9 109.5 93 7 99.1 102, 3 110. 5 99.1 104.5 109.9 6.000 3.044 6.000 3.075 6.000 3.000 108. 0 74.1 108.0 74.9 108.0 73.1 5.500 10.180 5.500 10.180 5.688 10.180 96.0 95.8 96.0 95.8 99.3 95.8 1. 026 1.807 1.015 99.« 97.3 98.3 .850 1. 155 2.900 .850 1.155 2.650 .850 1. 198 2.650 77.9 61.3 82.8 77.9 61.3 75.7 77.9 63.6 75.7 .900 .047 .870 .046 .850 .046 69.5 73.6 67.2 71.0 65.7 71.6 .079 .070 .088 . 066 .044 .074 .065 .087 .063 .051 .073 .061 .082 .061 .055 69.6 67.9 68. 5 64.8 49.0 64.9 62.3 68.1 61.3 57.4 64.0 58.6 64.1 59.1 61.5 .064 .070 .063 .068 .064 .068 74.6 67.0 72.8 64.9 74.4 65.8 97.7 98.0 97.8 Ju ly , 1927 G R O U P IV .—T E X T IL E P R O D U C T S—Con. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . (d) O th er textile p ro d u cts—C ontinued. H em p, m anila, per pound, N ew Y ork___ Jute, raw , m edium grades, per pound, N ew Y ork_______ „___________________ Linen shoe th read , 10s, B arbour, per p o u n d , N ew Y o rk ..... ................................... Rope, pu re m anila, f^-inch a n d larger, per pound, N ew Y o rk ____________________ Sisal, M exican, p e r po u n d , N ew Y o rk .___ G R O U P V.—F U E L A N D L IG H T I N G .. (a) A n th ra c ite c o a l, per gross to n (c o m p o site p rice)________________________ C h e s tn u t_______ ____ E g g .____________________________I " " " P e a ___________________ (6) B itu m in o u s co a l, per n e t to n (c o m p o site p rice)____ ____ _______________ M ine ru n ___________________ _____ ___ I' Prep ared sizes_________________________ Screenings_____________________ ____ ___ (c) C oke, per n e t t o n .............................. ............ B eehive— A labam a, foundry, o v e n .. ................. Connellsville, furnace, o v en _______ II B y-product— A labam a, B irm in g ham _____________ N ew Jersey, N ew ark..................... (d ) M a n u fa ctu r ed ga s (c o m p o site price), per 1,080 c u b ic fe e t__________________ (e) P e tr o le u m p r o d u c ts ___________ ___ Petroleum , crude, per barrel", wells—' " C alifornia_________________________ K ansas-O klahom a________________ P en n sy lv an ia....................... . . I l l " " " Fuel oil, refinery— O klahoma, per barrel..................... ....... Pennsylvania, per gallon....................... I Gasoline, p er gallon, refinery— C alifornia_______ ________ ______ O klahom a.............. .................. I . " I I . " P en n sy lv an ia______ _________I . I l l " N o rth T e x a s .________ _________ N atu ral, O klahom a.............. I Kerosene, refined, p er g a llo n sta n d a rd , N ew Y ork__________ W ater w hite, r e f in e r y ............. . . I l l " G R O U P V I.—M E T A L S A N D M E T A L P R O D U C T S ________ _____ _ (a) I r o n a n d s te e l____________ ___ Iron ore, M esabi, per gross ton, lower lake po rts— B essem er....... ................ ......... ........ ....... N on-B essem er__ ____ ______ I " Pig iron, p er gross to n — Basic, furnace_________ ___________ Bessemer, P ittsb u rg h _______ F o u n d ry , N o. 2, northern, P ittsb u rg h F o u n d ry , N o. 2, southern, Birm ing h a m ________________ _______ _____ F erromanganese, furnace . . 111111111111 Spiegeleisen, furnace......................... B ar iron, p er p o u n d — Best, refined, P h ilad elp h ia____ _____ Common, refined, P ittsb u rg h _______ Bars, concrete reinforcing, %-inch and larger, per 100 pounds, m ill____________ Nails, wire, p er 100 pounds, P ittsb u rg h __ Pipe, cast iron, 6-inch, per n e t to n , New Y ork___ ____ 4.400 4.250 4. 400 4. 250 4.400 4. 250 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 17.500 20.260 19.760 17. 300 20.200 19. 360 17.063 19. 760 19. 260 94,3 95.0 95.8 93.3 94.8 93.9 92.0 92.7 93.4 17. 438 90.000 33. 750 17. 250 90.000 33. 500 17. 250 90. 000 33. 500 82.4 94.9 99.9 81.5 94.9 99.2 81.5 94.9 99.2 .028 .028 .028 .028 .027 .028 96.6 91.7 96.6 91.7 93.2 91.7 1.825 2.625 1.800 2.650 1.825 2.650 91.6 95.5 90.4 96.4 91.6 96.4 43.750 4 a 150 37. 7.50 85.2 78.2 73.5 [1158] 209 WHOLESALE PRICES OF COMMODITIES W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F C O M M O D IT IE S , JU L Y , A U G U ST , A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927— C ontinued Index num bers (1926=100.0) Average prices C om m odity Ju ly , 1927 GROUP A ugust, 1927 Septem ber, 1927 Ju ly , 1927 A u gust, 1927 Sep tem ber, 1927 V I.—M E T A L S A N D M E T A L P R O D U C T S — C ontinued (a) I r o n a n d s te e l— C ontinued Pipe, black steel, per 100 feet, P ittsb u rg h .. Skelp, grooved, per 100 pounds, P ittsb u rg h . Steel billets, open-hearth, p er gross ton, P ittsb u rg h _____ ____ ______ __________ Steel m erchant bars, per 100 pounds, P ittsb u rg h __________ _________ _______ Steel plates, ta n k , per pound, P ittsb u rg h .. Steel rails, open-hearth, per gross ton, m ill. Steel scrap, per gross to n ________________ Steel sheets, N o. 27, box annealed, per pound, m ill__________________________ Steel, stru c tu ra l, p er 100 pounds, mill _ . . Terne plate, No. 8 , 1. C. package, per 200 pounds, m ill____ _____ ________ _______ T in plate, domestic, stan d ard , coke, per 100 pounds, P ittsb u rg h ................................ W ire, fence— B arbed, galvanized, per 100 pounds, m ill______________________________ G alvanized, No. 9, p er 100 pounds, P ittsb u rg h .______________________ Plain, annealed, per 100 pounds, Pittsb u rg h _____________________ ______ W oven, per 100 rods, P ittsb u rg h _____ $4. 261 1.800 $4. 261 1.800 $4. 261 1. 775 100.0 94. 7 100.0 94.7 100.0 93.4 33.000 33.000 33.000 94.3 94.3 94.3 1.800 .018 43. 000 12.063 1. 800 .018 43. 000 12.300 1.775 .018 43.000 12.250 90.2 95. 7 100.0 89.5 90.2 95.7 100.0 91.2 88.9 94.7 100.0 90.9 .032 1. 775 .032 1.800 .032 1.825 99. 4 90.6 99.4 91.9 99.4 93.2 11. 475 11.400 11.400 98.1 97.4 97.4 5. 500 5.500 5.500 100.0 100.0 100.0 3. 275 3, 300 3.300 96.3 97.1 97.1 3.000 3. 000 3.000 96.8 96.8 96.8 2.550 20. 030 2.550 20. 030 2.550 20. 030 96.2 100. 0 96. 2 100.0 96.2 100.0 89.3 92,5 90.7 A lum inum , p er pound, New Y o rk _______ A ntim ony, per pound, N ew Y o r k ______ Brass, sheets, per pound, m ill___________ Copper, ingot, electrolytic, per pound, refinery---------------------------------------Copper, sheet, hot rolled, per pound, New Y o r k ____________________ _____ _____ Copper wire, bare, per pound, m ill______ Lead, pig, desilverized, per pound, New Y o rk ________________________________ L ead pipe, per 100 pounds, N ew Y o r k ___ Nickel, ingot, per pound, N ew Y o rk------Quicksilver, per pound, N ew Y o rk ............. Silver, bar, fine, per ounce, N ew Y o rk___ T in , pig, Straits, per pound, N ew Y ork__ Zinc, sheet, per 100 pounds, L a Salle, 111__ Zinc, pig, slab, per pound, N ew Y o rk____ .254 . 120 .177 .254 .119 .182 .254 . Ill .183 94. 1 75.0 92.9 94. 1 74. 5 95.9 94.1 69.8 96.0 . 125 .133 .130 90.4 96.0 94. 1 .203 .147 .210 .152 .210 .153 94.0 90.6 97.0 94. 1 97.2 94.2 .063 7. 735 .350 1. 617 .567 .639 8.793 .066 .067 8.090 .350 1. 586 .550 .645 9. 015 .067 .063 7. 900 .350 1.579 .558 .615 9.023 .066 156. 750 42.270 90. 720 76.000 156. 750 42. 270 90. 720 76.000 156. 750 42.270 90. 720 76.000 74.7 78.0 100.0 131.9 90. 8 97. 8 83.0 85.1 99.4 100.0 95. 7 99.0 100.0 79.2 81.6 100.0 131.0 88.1 98. 6 85. 1 86.8 99.3 100.0 95. 7 99.0 100.0 74.6 79.7 100. 0 130.5 89.3 94.1 85.2 85.3 99.3 100.0 95.7 99.0 100.0 15. 670 19. 470 84.310 59.140 325. 000 57. 710 104. 500 15. 670 19.470 84. 310 59.140 325. 000 57. 710 104.500 15. 670 19.470 84. 310 59.140 325. 000 57.710 104. 500 93.7 88.3 98.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.7 88.3 98.9 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.7 88.3 98.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7.260 16.170 7.210 15. 700 7.210 15.530 99.7 100.5 99. 1 97.5 99.1 96.5 30.400 77.420 61. 270 26. 600 114.000 680.000 103.070 30. 400 77. 420 61. 270 26. 600 114. 000 680. 000 103. 070 30.400 77.420 61. 270 26. 600 114. 000 680. 000 103.070 94. 8 98. 8 103.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.8 98. 8 103.2 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 94.8 98.8 103.2 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 102. 6 B uick___________________ ____ _________ 1,493. 000 Cadillac ___________ ____ _____________ 3, 563. 000 628.000 C hevrolet........ .......................... ............... . 1, 503. 000 3, 563. 000 611. 000 1, 503. 000 3,837. 000 611.000 101. 7 95. 5 102.3 102.2 102.4 95. 5 99.5 102.4 102.8 99.5 B inder, grain, each________ ____________ C ultivator, e a c h .......................... ................. . D rill, grain, each_________ _____ ________ Engine, 3-horsepower, each______________ Harrow, each— Spike, peg to o th ___________________ Spring to o th _______________________ Loader, hay, each________________ _____ _ M ower, hay, each__________ __________ 1 Picker, corn, each________ ____________ Planter, corn, each_________ ____ _____ _ Plow, tractor, each____________ _________ Plow, walking— 1-horse (composite price), each — ........ 2-horse (composite price), e a c h ______ Rake, each— S e lf-d u m p -------------- ----------------------Side delivery......................................... — Separator, cream, each __________________ Shelter, corn, each .. _________________ Spreader, m anure, each ------------------------Tractor, each _. __________________ Wagon, 2-horse, each_________ _______ _ (d) A u to m o b ile s (c o m p o s it e p r ic e ), e a c h , https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1159] 102.2 210 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F C O M M O D IT IE S , JU L Y , A U G U S T , A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927— C ontinued Index num bers (1926=100.0) Average prices C om m odity August, 1927 Septem ber, 1927 July, 1927 A u gust, 1927 Sep tem ber, 1927 $878. 000 453. 000 3, 263. 000 $878. 000 453. 000 3,263.000 101.2 109. 8 90. 7 99.2 109.8 90.7 99.2 109.8 90.7 82.100 50.800 82.100 50.800 82. 250 51. 000 105.8 103.5 105.8 103.5 106.1 103.8 61.600 63.400 61. 550 61. 600 63. 400 61. 550 61.600 63. 400 61. 550 98.0 100.8 98.9 98.0 100.8 98.9 98.0 100.8 98.9 G R O U P V II.—B U IL D IN G M A T E R IA L S . 93. 7 93.9 92 1 (а) L u m b e r ........................... .................................. Cypress, shop, per 1,000 feet, St. L o u is ..II Douglas fir, per 1,000 feet, mill— No. 1 common sheath in g____ ________ No. 2 an d b e tte r drop siding_________ G um , plain, sap, per 1,000 feet, St. L o u is.. Hemlock, northern, N o. 1, per 1,000 feet, C h ic a g o ........ .................... .......... M aple, hard, No. 1, per 1,000 feet, Chicago Oak, plain, w hite, No. 1, per 1,000 feet, C in cin n ati____________ . . . . Pine, w hite, N o. 2, per i.OOOfeet, Buffalo I Pine, yellow, flooring, p er 1,000 feet, mill Pm e, yellow, tim bers, per 1,000 feet, mill Poplar, No. 1, per 1,000 feet, C in c in n a ti.. Spruce, eastern, per 1,000 feet, B oston___ L ath , per M — Douglas fir, No 1, Chicago..................... Pine, yellow, No. 1, m ill______ ______ Shingles, per M , mill— C edar, re d _____________ ____________ C ypress_______________ ____________ (б) B rick, p e r M _ .................... ................. Common, building, p la n t (composite p r ic e ) ............................................................... Brick, front, N ew Y o rk ..................... II I I I I I P.rick, san d lime, p lan t _________ Paving blocks, 3J4-inch, St. Louis...... ......... (c) C e m e n t, P o r tla n d , p e r b a rre l, p l a n t (c o m p o s ite p ric e )..................................... .. (d) S t r u c t u r a l s te e l..................................................... 93 ö July, 1927 G R O U P V I.—M E T A L S A N D M E T A L P R O D U C T S —C ontinued (¿) A u to m o b ile s (c o m p o s ite p ric e ), e a c h , f . o . b . f a c to r y —C o ntinued. D odge________ ____ ___ ______ __________ $884.000 F o rd ...................................................................... 453.000 P a c k ard --............................................................ 3,263.000 («) O th e r m e ta l p r o d u c ts .................................. Sewing machines (composite price), each— E lectric.......... .............................................. T readle.......... .................... .................. Stoves, cooking (composite price), each— C o a l .._______ _______ _____________ G a s.................................... o n ................................. (e) P a i n t m a t e r ia ls .................................................. B arytes, w estern, per ton, N ew Y ork."” " " Bone black, pow dered, per pound, N ew Y ork.............................. ................................... Copal gum, m anila, per pound, m ill.......... L am pblack, velvet, per pound, N ew Y ork. Linseed oil, raw , per pound, N ew Y o r k .. . Litharge, commercial, per pound, New Y o rk ........................................... Lithopone, domestic, per pound,"'N ew " Y ork................................................................. P u tty , commercial, per pound, New Y ork—............................... R ed lead, dry, per pound, N ew Y ork .'H I I Rosin, B grade, per barrel, N ew Y o rk____ Shellac, T . N ., per pound, N ew York T u rp en tin e, Southern, per gallon, ¡New Y o r k ............................................................. W hite lead, in oil, per pound, N ew Y orkI Zinc oxide, leaded grades, per pound, N ew Y o rk ................................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ton ß too 7 43. 750 43. 750 43. 750 89. 7 8 9 .7 89." 7 16. 510 29. 990 62.000 16. 510 29. 970 59. 667 16. 390 30. 230 55. 000 100.2 89. 6 112.0 100.2 89.5 107.8 99.4 90.3 99.4 34.000 51. 500 34. 000 51. 500 36^ 000 51. 500 99. 7 92.5 99.7 92.5 105.5 92.5 65. 000 47.000 38. 310 26. 500 53.000 32. 750 63.000 46.000 37. 680 25. 370 53.000 32.500 63. 000 45. 000 37. 490 24. 000 52.000 32. 250 98.5 93.9 84.9 95.2 95. 7 99.2 95.4 91.9 83.5 91.1 95.7 98.4 95.4 89.9 83.1 86.2 93.9 97.7 6.600 3. 280 6.433 3.100 6. 400 3. 260 87.0 66.1 84.8 62.5 84.3 65.7 2.470 5.750 2.660 5.750 2.790 5.750 90. 7 98.7 97.7 98.7 102.4 98.7 13.988 41. 500 11.000 42. 500 13.978 41. 500 11.000 42.500 13. 970 41. 500 11.000 42.500 100. 5 84.9 95.3 100.0 100.5 84.9 95.3 100.0 100.4 84.9 95.3 100.0 1.683 1.683 1.683 9 6 .5 9 6 .5 9 6 .5 31.900 30.500 30. 500 93.8 89.7 89.7 .055 . 100 . 120 .106 .055 .100 .120 .107 .055 .100 .120 .104 100.0 96.3 100.0 95.4 100.0 96. 3 100.0 96.0 100.0 96.3 100.0 92.8 .089 .093 .088 79.3 82.4 78.5 .053 .053 .053 95.8 95.8 95.8 .060 .099 9. 738 .572 .060 .103 10. 615 .525 .060 .098 10. 081 .505 150. 0 84.4 78.4 166. 7 150.0 87.4 85.5 153.0 150.0 83.6 81.2 147.1 .559 .138 .591 .138 .554 .138 60.1 90.3 63.5 90.3 59.5 90.3 .066 .0 6 6 .0 6 6 90.2 90.2 9 0 .2 [ 1160] 211 WHOLESALE PRICES OF COMMODITIES W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F C O M M O D IT IE S , JU L Y , A U G U ST , A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927— C ontinued Index num bers (1926=100.0) Average prices C om m odity Ju ly , 1927 Septem ber, 1927 July, 1927 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 93 0 $12.000 $12. Ò00 94 9 100.0 îo o ! o 1.840 1. 750 1. 750 103.8 98. 7 98.7 .320 .400 .320 .400 .320 .400 80.3 83.6 80.3 83.6 80.3 83.6 3. 000 3.135 3.600 3.135 3.600 3.135 92.3 100.8 92.3 100. 8 92.3 100.8 .907 .076 .902 .076 .895 .076 96. 5 97.1 95.9 97.1 95.1 97.1 8.764 8.762 8.846 97.6 97.5 98.5 9.743 9.701 9.702 97.6 97. 2 97.2 .595 .587 .586 93.7 92.4 92.3 14.000 14.000 14.000 100. 0 100.0 100.0 C h e m ic a ls ____ ______ . . . ____ __ Acid, per pound, New Y ork— Acetic, 28 per cent, per 100 po u n d s___ B oric. . ________ . . C arbonic________________ . . . _ M uriatic, 20°, works, p er 100 p o u n d s.. N itric, 42°, per 100 po u n d s________ Oleic, d istilled__________ _ Salicylic, U. S. P., N ew Y o rk _____ Stearic, triple-pressed. _ ________ _ Sulphuric, 6 6 ° , p er to n ____ Alcohol, per gallon, New Y ork— D en atu red ____________ _____ Wood, refined_________ . _ A lum inum sulphate, commercial, p er 100 pounds, N ew Y ork__________ . A m m onia, anhydrous, per p ound, New 'i ork__________ A nilin oil, p er pound, N ew Y ork___ Arsenic, w hite, powdered, per pound, New Y ork_______________ Benzine, pure, per gallon, w orks__ Bleaching powder, per 100 pounds, w orks. Borax, crystals, per pound, N ew Y ork___ C alcium arsenate, per pound, N ew Y ork. C alcium chloride, 73-75 per cent, p er ton, N ew Y o rk ___ _ C austic potash, 88-92 per cent, per pound, N ew Y ork..... .................... . ._ __ Sep tem ber, 1927 $12.000 G R O U P V IIL — C H E M IC A L S A N D D R U G S __________ ________ (a ) A u gust, 1927 * G R O U P V II.—B U IL D IN G M A T E R IA L S C ontinued (/) O th e r b u ild in g m a te r ia ls ............ .................. A sphalt, bulk, p er ton, refinery, ............... C rushed stone, lj^-inch, per cubic yard, N ew Y o rk_____________ :...................: Glass, plate, per square foot, N ew Y ork— 3 to 5 square feet................................. 6 to 10 square feet...... .................... ........... Glass, window, per 50 square feet, works— Single A _______ _______ _____ Single B __________ ___ . . . Gravel, building, p er ton, p la n t (composite price)__________ . . . . Hollow tile, building, per block, C hicago.. Lime, building, p er ton, p la n t (composite price)_________________ _ . . . Lime, h y d rated , per ton, p la n t (composite price)__________________ _________ Sand, building, per ton, p la n t (composite price)__________ ______ Slate, roofing, sea green, per 100 square feet, quarry _________________________ Copper, sheet. (See M etals and m etal products). Copper, wire. (See M etals and metal products.) Nails, wire. (See M etals and m etal products.) Pipe, cast-iron. (See M etals and metal products.) Pipe, lead. (See M etals and m etal products.) Pipe, black steel. (See M etals and metal products.) Reinforcing bars. (See M etals and metal products.) T erneplate. (See M etals and m etal products.) Zinc, sheet. (See M etals and m etal products.) August, 1927 io a o 95. 3 95 4 96 100.0 100.2 101.4 4 3. 375 .083 .0(50 1.010 6.500 .088 .400 .133 15.000 3. 375 .083 .060 1.050 6.500 .086 .400 . 133 15.000 3.375 .083 .060 1.050 6.500 .088 .400 . 133 15. 000 103. 7 93.1 100.0 108. 6 101.4 94.4 116.9 81. 4 102.7 103. 7 93.1 100. 0 112. 9 93.1 116. 9 81, 4 102.7 103.7 93. 1 100.0 112.9 101.4 94.4 116.9 81.4 102.7 .512 .660 .520 .578 .545 .550 139. 5 104.1 141.7 91.1 148.5 86.8 1.400 1.400 1.400 100.0 100.0 100.0 .115 .150 .115 .150 . 115 . 150 87.6 91.4 87.6 91.4 87.6 91.4 .038 .230 2.000 .043 .075 .038 .230 2.000 .043 .075 .040 .230 2.000 .041 .070 107.1 95.1 100.0 87.4 102.6 107.1 95.1 100.0 87.4 102. 6 114.3 95.1 100.0 85.0 95.8 21.000 21.000 21.000 100.0 100.0 100.0 .075 .075 .075 105.2 105.2 105.2 [1161] 101. 4 212 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F C O M M O D IT IE S , JU L Y , A U G U ST , A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927— C ontinued Index num bers (1926=100.0) Average prices C om m odity July, 1927 August, 1927 Septem ber, 1927 Ju ly , 1927 A u gust, 1927 Sep te m ber, 1927 G R O U P V III. — C H E M IC A L S A N D D R U G S —C ontinued (a) C h e m ic a ls —Continued. Coal-tar colors, per pound, N ew Y ork— Black, direct __.......................................... Brown, su lp h u r__________ ____ _____ Indigo, p a ste ___________ _____ ______ Jet, nigrosine ____ __________ ____ Copper sulphate, per pound, N ew Y o rk -.Copperas, per ton, w orks-----------------------Copra. (See Foods.) Creosote oil, grade 1, per gallon, w orks___ Form aldehyde, per pound, N ew Y o r k .__ Lim e, acetate, per 100 pounds, N ew Y o rk . . N aphthalene flake, per pound, N ew Y o rk .. Sal soda, per 100 pounds, N ew Y o rk _____ Salt cake, ground, per to n , w orks ______ Soda ash, light, 58 per cent, per 100 pounds, N ew Y o rk .. ____________________ _ Soda, bicarbonate, per pound, w orks.......... Soda, caustic, per pound, N ew Y ork -----Sodium silicate, 40°, per 100 pounds, w orks. Sulphur, crude, p er to n , m in es..................... Tallow, packers’ prim e, per pound, Chicago............................................................ Toluene, pure, p er gallon, w o rk s.................. Vegetable oils, per pound— Coconut, (See Foods.) Corn. (See Foods.) Palm , niger, N ew Y o rk .......... ................ Palm kernel, crude, N ew Y o r k . . . ___ Soya bean. (See Foods.) $0. 400 .240 .140 .400 .049 13. 000 $0,400 .240 .140 .400 .050 13.000 $0,400 .240 .140 .400 .050 13. 000 116.2 113.0 100.0 87. 8 105.1 104.6 116.2 113.0 100.0 87.8 106.4 104.6 116.2 113.0 100.0 87.8 106.4 104.6 .100 .095 3. 500 .045 .900 18. 000 .160 .095 3.500 .045 .900 18. 000 .160 .090 3. 500 .045 .900 18.000 113.6 98.3 106. 7 81.8 89.0 90.0 113.6 98.3 106.7 81.8 89.0 90.0 113.6 93.2 106.7 81.8 89.0 90.0 2.290 .019 .038 .750 18.000 2.290 .019 .038 .750 18.000 2.290 .019 .038 .750 18.000 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.2 98.8 100. 0 100.0 100.0 96. 2 98.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.2 98.8 .078 .350 .078 .350 .085 .350 89. 4 100.0 89.8 100.0 97.7 100.0 .068 .089 .069 .091 .069 .092 85.3 89. 5 86.6 90.8 86.3 92.1 86.9 88. 7 86.7 .445 .370 3. 750 .445 .370 3. 750 .445 .370 3. 750 99. 5 126.2 77.2 99.5 126.2 77.2 99.5 126.2 77.2 .644 .640 .638 87.0 86.4 86.1 .126 . 125 .128 99.8 99.0 101.0 (6) D r u g s a n d p h a r m a c e u t ic a l s - _.................... Acid, New"York— C itric, domestic, per pound, cry stals. . . T artaric, per pound, crystals................. Alcohol, grain, per gallon, N ew Y ork------C am phor, Japanese, refined, slabs, per pound, N ew Y ork __________________ Castor oil, medicinal, p er pound, New Y o r k ........................................ ...................... C ream of ta rta r, pow dered, p er pound, N ew Y o rk ..................................................... Epsom salts, U . S. P ., per 100 pounds, N ew Y o rk ....................................... ............. Glycerine, chem ically pure, per pound, N ew Y o rk . ________________________ M enthol, im ported, per pound, N ew Y ork. Opium , Ü. S. P .Tper pound, New Y o rk ___ Peroxide of hydrogen, U. S. P., per gross 4-ounce bottles, N ew Y o rk ........ ................ Phenol, U . S. P ., per pound, N ew Y o rk___ Quinine, sulphate, domestic, per ounce, N ew Y o rk . ___________________ _____ Soda phosphate, commercial, per pound, N ew Y o rk ___ , ____ __________________ Zinc chloride, granular, p er pound, New Y o rk....................................... .......................... .278 .278 .278 129.9 129.9 129.9 2.250 2.250 2.250 90.9 90.9 90.9 .242 4.320 12. 000 .240 4.188 12.000 .240 4. 150 12.000 87.9 84. 7 100.0 87.2 82. 1 100.0 87.2 81.4 100.0 7. 750 .160 7.750 . 180 7. 750 .175 100. 5 81. 3 100.5 91.4 100.5 88.9 .400 .400 .400 92.9 92.9 92.9 .033 . 033 .033 100.0 100.0 100.0 .064 .064 .063 98.6 98.6 97.5 8. 500 28.000 9.000 93.8 88.6 105. 6 108. 5 91. 2 87.3 105.6 108.5 88.6 105.6 108.5 (c) F er tiliz e r m a t e r ia ls _______________________ Acid phosphate, p er ton, B altim ore______ Bones, ground, p er ton, Chicago____ ____ K ainit, 12.4 per cent, per to n , N ew Y o rk __ M anure salts, 20 per cent, per ton, New Y ork________________________________ M u riate of potash, 80-85 per cent, per ton, N ew Y o rk ..................................................... N itra te of soda, 95 per cent, per 100 pounds, N ew Y o rk ............ .......................... ........... Phosphate rock, Florida lan d pebble, per ton, mines.................................................... . Sulphate of am m onia, per 100 pounds, N ew Y o rk ............................... ................... . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8.500 28.000 9.000 8. 375 28.000 9.000 92.1 12. 400 12. 400 12. 400 105. 2 105.2 105.2 36. 400 36. 400 36. 400 103. 6 103. 6 103.6 2. 390 2.250 2.268 93.7 88.2 88.9 3.000 3 000 3. 000 95. 5 95.5 95. 5 2. 300 2.338 2.375 87. 5 88.9 90.4 [ 1162] 213 WHOLESALE PRICES OP COMMODITIES W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F C O M M O D IT IE S , J U L Y , A U G U S T , A N D S E P T E M B E R , 1927C ontinued Index num bers (1926=100.0) Average prices C om m odity Ju ly , 1927 August, 1927 Septem ber, 1927 Ju ly , 1927 A u gust, 1927 Sep te m ber, 1927 G R O U P V III.— C H E M I C A L S A N D D R U G S — C ontinued (c) F e r tiliz e r m a t e r ia ls —C ontinued. Sulp h ate of potash, 90-95 per cent, per ton, N ew Y ork __________________________ T ankage, per ton, C hicago............................. $47.300 36. 650 $47.300 31. 700 $47. 300 32.488 102.7 105.9 102.7 91.6 102.7 93.9 35. 698 25.287 20.372 29.105 21.400 24. 510 35. 698 26.325 23. 606 30. 733 21.400 24.510 35. 698 26.121 25. 622 30. 705 21. 400 26. 090 86.6 92.1 90.9 73.0 89. 6 92.2 81.9 89, 7 92.1 94.6 84.5 94.6 92.2 81.9 92.1 93.9 91.8 94.5 92.2 87.2 (d ) F e r tiliz e r s, m ix e d , p er t o n ( c o m p o s it e p r ie e )__________________________________ N ew E ngland.........._................ ....................... M iddle W e s t.............. ................................... South C entral and S outhw est...... .............. . M iddle A tlan tic................................................ South A tlantic, 8-3-3___________________ South A tlantic, o th er_______ _____ ______ G R O U P IN . -H O U S E -F U R N IS H IN G G O O D S __________________ (o) F u r n it u r e , fa c t o r y (c o m p o s it e p r ic e )3___ B ed room , each— B e d s .......... ..................... ........................... C h airs_____________________________ Dressers and vanities......... ...................... R ockers___________________________ D ining room— Buffets, china cabinets, a n d servers, each________ ________ ______ ______ C hairs, set of six______ _____ _______ Tables, each _____________ _______ K itchen — Cabinets, each____ _________ ____ ___ Chairs, per dozen___________________ Refrigerators, each_________________ Tables, e a c h .._______ _____________ L iving room, each— C h airs____________________ ________ D av en p o rts_______________________ T a b le s ._______ ___________________ (6) F u r n i s h i n g s _______________________ ____ B lankets— C otton. (See Textile products.) Wool. (See Textile products.) Carpets, per yard, factory— A xm inster................................................... Brussels............. .............. ...................... W ilto n ....................................................... C utlery, factory— Carvers, per p air___________________ K nives and forks, per gross__________ Pails, galvanized iron, per gross, fa c to ry ... Sheeting, 10/4— Pepperell. (See Textile products.) W am sutta. (See Textile products.) Tablew are, factory— D inner sets, 100-piece, semivitreous, per s e t. . . ___________ ____ ___ D inner sets, 104-piece, vitreous, per set N appies, glass, 4-inch, common, per dozen__________ ______ __________ Pitchers, glass, Li gallon, common, per dozen_________ . _________ ____ Tum blers, Ys p in t, common, per dozen. Plates, w hite, granite, per dozen ___ Teacups and saucers, w hite granite, per dozen........ .............. ....... ......... Ticking, Amoskeag. (See Textile products.) Tubs, galvanized iron, per dozen, factory.. Sewing m achines, factory. (See M etals and m etal products.) 91 7 98.0 98. G 98.6 97.8 97.8 97.6 30.842 7. 924 42. 799 7.522 30.842 7. 924 42. 799 7.522 30. 842 7. 924 42. 799 7. 522 0) (4) (4) (4) (4)1 (4) (4) (4) ( 4) (4) (4) (4) 40. 333 49. 471 39. 710 40.333 49. 471 39. 710 40.333 49.471 39. 710 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) l4) ( 4) 39. 000 13. 860 18. 230 6.150 39.000 13. 980 18. 230 5.817 39.000 13. 740 17.770 5. 817 ( 4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 38. 786 63. 393 22.450 38. 786 63. 393 22.450 38. 786 63. 393 22.450 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 99.1 100. 0 99.3 3.120 2.976 4.800 3.120 2. 976 4.800 3.120 2. 976 4.800 100. 0 97.1 94.6 100.0 97. 1 94.6 100.0 97.1 1.350 12. 500 21. 050 1. 350 12. 500 21. 050 1. 350 12. 500 21.050 100.0 100.0 96.1 100. 0 100. 0 96.1 100.0 100.0 96.1 19.860 45. 700 19. 860 45.700 19. 860 46. 518 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.8 94.6 .200 .200 .200 100.0 100.0 1C0.0 2.100 .160 .980 2.100 . 160 .980 2.100 . 160 .980 98. 1 87.3 100.0 98. 1 87.3 100.0 98.1 87.3 100.0 1.260 1.260 1.260 100.0 100.0 100.0 6.475 6. 475 6. 475 98.9 98.9 98.9 * Prices of in d iv id u al articles of furniture are only roughly comparable from m onth to m onth, owing to frequent change of p attern s announced b y m anufacturers. 4 N o exactly com parable 1926 base price. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1163] 214 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S O F C O M M O D IT IE S , JU L Y , A U G U S T , A N D S E P T E M B E R 1927— C ontinued Index num bers (1926=100.0) Average prices Com m odity A ugust, 1927 A u gust, 1927 Sep tem ber, 1927 Septem ber, 1927 Ju ly , 1927 M IS C E L L A N E O U S ............ 89.3 89. 9 89.2 (a) C a ttle fe e d ______ _____ _________________ Bran, p er to n , M inneapolis_____________ Cottonseed meal, prim e, per ton, M em phis Linseed meal, per ton, N ew Y o rk _______ M iddlings, standard, per ton, M inneapolis. 125. 4 114.4 130.5 101.4 146.0 117 7 110.7 130.5 102.7 121.1 July, 1927 G R O U P IX .—H O U S E F U R N IS H IN G G O O D S —C ontinued <ti) F u rn ish in g s -—Continued. Stoves, cooking—Coal. (See M etals and m etal products.) Gas. (See M etals and metal products.) Oil. (See M etals and m etal products.) GROUP X. $24. 875 32. 750 46. 700 31. 500 $26. 400 37. 250 48. 375 34.200 $25. 563 37. 250 49.000 28. 375 115.4 107.8 114.7 97. 8 134.4 92.0 92. 0 92.4 41.184 51. 084 64. 350 41.184 51. 084 64. 350 41.184 51. 084 66. 825 105.6 104.4 105.0 105.6 104.4 105.0 105.6 104.4 109.0 3.250 3. 250 3.250 94.2 94.2 94.2 9.250 9.250 9. 250 83.9 83.9 83.9 28. 500 28.500 28.500 92.5 92.5 92.5 2. 600 2.600 2.600 90.7 90.7 90.7 (c) R u b b e r , c ru d e , p e r p o u n d , N ew Y o r k . .. Para, island, f i n e _______________ _______ P lan tatio n , ribbed, sm oked sheets........... .255 .352 .243 .352 .230 .339 72.0 67.1 72.2 71. 9 63.9 72.3 69 2 60.5 69.6 (d) A u to m o b ile tire s (c o m p o s ite price), e a c h , f a c t o r y . ______ _______________ B alloon____ ____ ___________________ ___ C o r d ________________ _______________ _ F a b ric .......................... ................. ......... ........... 14.045 10.948 6.851 14. 045 10.948 6.851 14. 045 10. 948 6.851 77. 9 76.8 78.1 77:9 77 9 76.8 78. 1 77.9 77 4 76.8 78.1 77.9 100.0 100 0 100.2 . 170 .250 .170 .251 . 170 .255 94.4 94.6 94.4 95.0 94.4 96.5 . 109 .340 .102 .344 .105 .344 84.6 121.5 79.3 122.9 81.6 122.9 4. 180 4. 851 .058 4.180 4.851 .058 4.180 4. 851 .058 93.5 100.0 98.6 93.5 100.0 98.6 93.5 100.0 98.6 .696 8. 320 .696 8. 320 .696 8. 320 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (5) P a p e r a n d p u lp _____________ _________ Box board, per to n , mill— C h i p ..................... ....................................... M anila-lined ch ip ____________ _____ _ 85-pound te st lin e r.............................. . Paper— N ew sprint, rolls, contract, per 100 pounds, m ills.................................... . W rapping, m anila, No. 1, ju te, per 100 pounds, N ew Y o rk ............................... W ood pulp— M echanical, No. 1, domestic, per ton, m ill______ ________ ______________ Sulphite, domestic, unbleached, news grade, per 100 pounds, N ew Y o rk __ («) O th e r m is c e lla n e o u s ...................................... C ylinder oil, per gallon, refinery— O klahom a.............. ..................................... P en n sy lv an ia........ .................... ............... N eu tral oil, per gallon, refinery— Gulf C oast_____________ ______ _____ Pen n sy lv an ia_______________ _______ Soap, laundry, per 100 cakes— C in cin n ati___________ ______ _______ P hiladelphia_______ ____ ______ ____ Starch, la u n d ry , per pound, N ew Y o r k ... Tobacco, New Y ork— Plug, per p o u n d ...................... .............. Smoking, 1-ounce bags, per gross.......... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4[1164 ] LABOR AWARDS AND DECISIONS Aw ards an d D ecisio n s Clothing Workers— Chicago rT'H E trade board in Chicago, in case No. 1094, June 8, 1927, commented upon mistakes of workers as follows: W hat th e board conceives to be th e chief concern of th e firm, and w hat is the chief interest of th e board, is th a t periodically there should be epidemics of mis takes in this cutting room. Usually wdien disciplinary action is tak en b y the firm in connection w ith m istakes th e same argum ent is m ade by th e union th a t th e cutters selected for discipline are no more guilty th a n others an d frequently not so guilty and th a t they should not pay th e penalty for th e others. The board is forced to agree th a t frequently those suspended have b etter records th an other cutters on th e floor, or th a t th e m istake a t th e tim e of suspension is less serious th a n m istakes which they oj* other cutters have made a t other times w ithout suspension. This, of course, is n o t an unusual situation. A firm will p u t up w ith mistakes to a point where it feels th a t something drastic m ust be done, w ith th e result th a t th e cutter who makes th e next m istake of a serious nature is suspended. Ordinarily th e board has taken th e position th a t care less work produced by m any if not m ost of the cutters in a cutting room will not be corrected by th e discharge of a cu tter or a few cutters. There are other more em phatic ways of impressing upon a group th a t each cu tter m ust exer cise greater care. The organization itself should accept responsibility for cor recting such a situation. In this case th e board understands th a t a num ber of shop meetings have been held; th a t th e seriousness of th e m istakes have been brought home to th e cutters n o t only by th e union b u t by th e firm; and th a t individual cutters have been spoken to. The board can only say this: T h at if these measures fail the firm m ust a t least be entitled to release those whose mis takes are m ost flagrant. The board will give these two cutters and th e organi zation another opportunity to minimize mistakes and would m ake th e suggestion to th e firm th a t it cooperate wholeheartedly writh th e union in this further attem p t, and th a t if further discipline shall prove necessary an attem p t be made to select those whose record is poorest. Fancy Leather Goods Industry— New York City IN CASE No. 170, decided May 12, 1927, the chairman of the arbitration committee of the fancy leather goods industry of New York used the following words relative to a stoppage in a certain factory. The im partial chairm an has before him a mass of contradictory evidence. I t is, however, adm itted th a t th e shop chairm an had an argum ent w ith a fellow worker of sufficient length and loudness to a ttra c t th e atten tio n of several others. Also, th a t he refused to obey the repeated orders of th e foreman to retu rn to his machine. H e denies th a t he incited th e workers of th e shop to leave. Some thing, however, caused th e workers to im m ediately leave th e shop, following him, th e whole transaction taking place in a very few minutes, and there is no evidence th a t Mr. W. or any one having authority over th e different groups attem p ted to dissuade th e workers from m aking th e stoppage. The m ost lim ited view th a t can be taken of the action of Mr. W. shows th a t he is n ot fitted for th e position of shop chairm an, and it is hereby ruled th a t he is no longer to be shop chairm an in this shop. In addition, Mr. W. is to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1165] 215 216 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW pay a fine of $25, which am ount is to he collected by the firm and paid into the jo int grievance board fund. If Mr. W .’s theory is correct and the several hundred workers of this shop m ade a stoppage and walked out w ithout any request or direction, then this group of workers is in a grave position. In any event, they did m ake a stoppage and m ust receive discipline. I t is therefore ruled th a t every worker taking p art in this stoppage should have deducted from his or her pay th e am ount which could have been earned during th e hours or period of th e stoppage. In th e case of pieceworkers th e tim e of the stoppage is to be ascertained and th e am ount deducted is to be based on th e minimum rate set by th e agreement. The firm is directed to subm it to th e im partial chairm an a list of those engaged in the stoppage, showing th e tim e lost and the am ount to be deducted from each indi vidual. For th e present these fines are suspended b u t will become operative at th e discretion of th e im partial chairman. On th e claim of th e firm for th e assessment of damages against th e union, the chairm an finds th a t th e union lived up to th e requirem ent of th e agreem ent “ to im m ediately order th e workers to resume work.” There was a delay, however, occasioned by th e union taking th e position th a t even though Mr. W. had been discharged he was to return w ith all the other workers. The chairm an believes th a t this is a wrong m ethod of procedure in handling a case of discharge. Where a firm makes a discharge, no direct action should be tak en by th e workers or th e union to effect th e return of th e discharged worker. The discharge should be settled by the im partial machinery, and, if the firm is a t fault, it should be made to pay for its wrongful action. Railroads-—Decisions of Train Service Boards of Adjustm ent Eastern Region DECISION of the Train Service Board of Adjustment for the Eastern Region, made in Docket No. 414, decided September 22, 1927, shows the desire of the board to have the carrier, in this case the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, observe strictly the seniority clause in the agreement with their trainmen. In this case the yardmaster called a yard brakeman at 5.30 a. m. for work at 7 a. m. and, not finding him in, left a call for him at 6.30. As the man was not at home at the last-named hour the yardmaster, fearing that the second man on the list, who lived six miles away, would be unable to report for work at 7 o’clock, called the third man, who lived but two blocks distant. The committee, claimed that according to the agreement the right to preference of work was governed by seniority in service and that the second brakeman, “ being the oldest man on the board at the time, should have been called and used,” and that the yardmaster, when unable to get the first man because of absence from home, should have then called the second man, who would have been able to get to work without delaying the engine. Claim was made for one day’s pay for the second brakeman, and the board sustained the claim. Southeastern Region Train Service Board of Adjustment for the Southeastern Region rendered a decision September 28, 1927, Docket 282, relative to requiring yard crews at St. Augustine to couple air hose on freight equipment lined up for movement by through train. The Florida East Coast Railway has general repair shops at St. Augustine, but that city is not an inspection point nor does the carrier employ car inspectors there. Outbound cars when ready for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1166] AWARDS AND DECISIONS— RAILWAY CLERKS 217 movement are placed by the switching crew on a specific track, to be picked up later by the road crew. In order to avoid train delays the carrier required the yard crew to couple the air hose on these freight cars when placed on the pick-up track and test the air on the cars. This the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen considered to be contrary to the spirit of article 40, paragraph (a), of their agree ment with the carrier, contending that this was not the duty of switch men but of car inspectors, and appealed to the adjustment board for relief. The carrier insisted that the order was issued to prevent train de lays and to advance the movement of freight trains. The board, however, rendered a decision favoring the contention of the brother hood. Railroad Telegraphers—Washington Term inal Co. A N ARBITRATION board, consisting of F. E. Blaser, represent ing the Washington Terminal Co., B. C. Lewis, representing the Railroad Telegraphers, and Leslie M. Shaw, appointed by the United States Board of Mediation, rendered a decision October 1, 1927, relative to certain demands of the telegraphers in the employ of the company. The arbitrators denied the request of the employees for an annual vacation, but granted one day of relief each two weeks without loss of pay, or overtime instead of the relief day, to all em ployees “ filling positions necessary to the continuous operation of the carrier.” The board also increased the pay of employees 2 centsper hour per position, to be apportioned as the parties migh t mutually agree. Railway Clerks—Illinois Central Railroad Co. A R TH U R M. Millard, Phil E. Ziegler, Richard P. Dee, with William Rogers Clay as chairman, constituting a majority of a board of arbitration, rendered a decision, August 23, 1927, in regard to demands made by the Brotherhood of Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express and Station Employees, employed by the Illinois Central and Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroads, increasing the wage rates of the employees by 5 per cent. G. J. Bunting and Edward C. Craig, representing the carrier, dis sented from the award on the ground that an increase in the rates was not justified by the evidence. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1167] IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION S ta tis tic s of im m ig r a tio n for A u g u st, 1927 By J. J. K u n n a , C h i e f S t a t i s t ic i a n U n i t e d S t a t e s B u r e a u of I m m ig r a t io n HE statistics for August, 1927, show 47,429 aliens admitted and 23,336 departed. During the same month 57,701 American citizens returned to this country and 43,039 left for foreign lands. Compared with the passenger travel for the previous month, these figures for both aliens and citizens show a large increase in the inward movement, but a decrease in the outward. Nearly three-fifths of the aliens admitted in August, 1927, were new arrivals coming to make their future homes in the United States, 28,418 being recorded as immigrants. The principal European sources from which this permanent immigration was drawn were Germany (3,232), Great Britian (1,594), Italy (1,491), the Irish Free State (1,422), Poland (942), Sweden (649), Norway (507), and France (423). The other countries of Europe sent 2,137 immigrants during August. A large proportion of the August immigrants was supplied by the Western Hemisphere, 15,606 immigrants being recorded as coming from the Americas. Canada again led the list with 8,131, followed by Mexico with 6,116. Central and South American countries contributed 692; the West Indies, 501; and New foundland, 166. Compared with the immigration for the previous month these figures show an increase from all the principal sources, except Italy and Mexico. During August last, 1,574 aliens (1,048 male and 526 female) seek ing admission to the United States were rejected for various causes under the immigration laws, mainly for failure to secure visas from American consuls. The vast majority of these aliens were debarred at stations along the northern and southern land borders, 1,073 having been turned back to Canada and 273 to Mexico. Of the remainder 103 were denied admission at New York and 125 at the other seaports of entry. Deportations for a single month again passed the thousand mark. In August, 1,346 undesirable aliens were deported from the United States under warrant proceedings, the principal causes for thendeportation being: Entering without immigration visa—surreptitious entries—650; criminal and immoral classes, 228; and mentally or physically defective, 172. Of the 47,429 aliens admitted in August last, 26,195 arrived at New York and 3,301 at the other Atlantic seaports; 1,726 landed at Pacific ports, 622 at Gulf of Mexico ports, and 675 at ports in the outlying possessions of Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. Eight thousand six hundred and twenty-eight aliens entered the country via Canadian border land ports and 6,282 came through the stations T 218 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1168] 219 STATISTICS OF IMMIGRATION along the Mexican border. Over one-fourth of the total, or 13,935, came in under the immigration act of 1924 as natives of nonquota countries, principally Canada and Mexico; 11,626 entered as immi grants charged to the quota; and 9,488 as residents of the United States returning from a visit abroad. Visitors for business or pleasure numbered 6,376, and 2,464 were passing through the United States with some foreign country as their destination. Two thousand two hundred and thirty-five aliens were admitted this month as wives and children of American citizens, and 1,305 were scattered among the other admissible classes under the act of 1924. T a b l e 1 .— IN W A R D A N D O U T W A R D P A S S E N G E R M O V E M E N T D U R IN G JU L Y A N D A U G U ST, 1927 Inw ard O utw ard Aliens Aliens de Aliens departed de ported U nited barred U nited after States States Total from citizens Total land citizens enter E m i N on N on ing 2 Im m i im de m i Total arrived ing 1 grant 2 em i Total 2 parted grant grant grant 2 Aliens adm itted Period 1927 Ju ly -------------- 23, 420 15, 973 39, 393 A ugust, _ . . . . 28,418 19,011 47,429 Total — 51,838 34, 984 86, 822 29, 935 69, 328 57, 701 105, 130 2,002 9, 230 18, 509 27, 739 1, 574 6, 322 17, 014 23,336 65,686 93, 425 43, 039 66, 375 700 1,346 87, 636 174, 458 3, 576 15, 5521 35, 523 51, 075 108, 725 159, 800 2,046 1N ot included among inw ard num bers, as th ey were not perm itted to enter the U nited States. 2 D eported aliens are included among th e em igrant or th e nonem igrant aliens. T a b l e 2 - I M M I G R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D T O A N D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D F R O M T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S D U R IN G JU L Y A N D A U G U ST , 1927, B Y R A C E OR P E O PL E , SEX , A N D AGE G R O U P Im m ig ran t Race or people A ugust, 1927 . . . . . ___________ A rm enian . . . _________ B ohem ian and M oravian (Czech) . _ ____________ B ulgarian, Serbian, and M ontenegrin___ __________ C hinese___ _ ________ _____ . . . . . ______ . . C roatian and Slovenian___ ______ _ _____ C u b a n . ___ ________ . . . __________ D alm atian, Bosnian, and Herzegovinian _______ ____ D utch and F lem ish__________ I _____________ E ast In d ian ______________ _________ _____ E nglish______ _______ _________ . . F in n ish .......... ................ ....... ........................... F r e n c h ___________ ___________ R ussian................... ................................... .......................... . . . G84040—27- 15 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1169] Em igrant Ju ly to August, 1927 69 102 164 44 115 72 262 6 256 5 3,566 106 2, 204 3,991 264 1,259 2,753 222 1,374 67 4 35 121 5,996 152 219 226 82 168 130 543 11 467 7 6,816 137 3, 741 6,181 520 2, 320 4,733 443 2,733 104 7 47 202 12, 622 394 96 40 102 679 175 65 223 August, 1927 67 4 45 145 517 93 93 17 95 3 887 39 171 622 320 16 205 112 791 84 8 40 58 275 1 317 136 86 58 Ju ly to August, 1927 126 10 275 294 777 114 237 31 238 9 2, 064 180 598 1, 797 524 38 433 399 2,300 158 11 134 178 568 1 1, 071 265 169 137 220 T MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW a bl e 2 —IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D T O A N D E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D F R O M T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S D U R IN G JU L Y A N D A U G U ST , 1927, B Y R A C E OR P E O P L E , S E X , A N D A G E G R O U P —C o n tin u ed Im m igrant Race or people A ugust, 1927 R dthen ian (R u ssn iak )________________ _____ ______ Scandinavian (Norwegians, D anes, an d Sw edes)______ Scotch____________________________________________ Slovak____________________________________________ S p a n is h ..___ . . . ._ _______ . . . ______ . ___ Spanish A m erican____ _________ ________ _______ S yrian________________________ ._ __ __________ __ T u rk ish .. _ . W elsh____ _ _____ _____ _______ . . . ________ _ W est In d ian (except C u b a n )______ ___ _ _ ___ _ O ther peoples_____________________ . ____________ T o ta l________________________________ ______ M ale____ ______________ _ . ______ . Fem ale____________________ . . . ___________________ U nder 16 years_____ _____ . . . . . ___________ _ 16 to 44 years___ _. . . . . _____ _ _______ _ __ __ 45 years a n d over_________ . . . . _________ _ _ . . . E m igrant J u ly to A ugust, 1927 47 1, 553 2,086 122 141 412 39 9 155 85 80 28, 418 15, 369 13, 049 4, 771 20, 997 2,650 63 2,370 3,664 307 268 758 122 21 286 116 110 51,838 28, 272 23, 566 9,105 37, 754 4, 979 August, 1927 Ju ly to August, 1927 15 239 203 76 179 187 38 10 12 38 20 6,322 4, 358 1, 964 325 4,407 1,590 20 596 535 143 517 399 53 40 22 60 31 15, 552 9,965 5,587 725 10,980 3,867 T a b l e 3 .— L A S T P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E OF IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D TO A N D I N T E N D E D F U T U R E P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D F R O M T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S D U R IN G JU L Y A N D A U G U S T , 1927, B Y COUNTRY [Residence for a year or more is regarded as perm anent residence] Im m igrant Em igrant C ountry A ugust, 1927 A lbania................................... ................................................... A ustria_____________ ____ _________________________ B elgium ____________________ ______ _____ ______ ____ B ulgaria _____________________ ___________________ Czechoslovakia _______ _______________________ ... D anzig, Free C ity of_____ ______ _______ . . . . D e n m ark ___________________ . . . _____ _____ E sto n ia ____________________ ______ ____ ______ F in lan d ____________ ________ _____ ________ France, including Corsica_______ ________________ _ G erm an y______ ____________________________ ____ G reat B ritain and N orthern Ireland: E n g lan d _______________________________________ N orth ern Irelan d _____________________________ Scotland______ . . . ____ _ _. . . _. . _________ W ales______________________ ______________ . . . G reece_________ _______ _____ _ ______ . _____ H ung ary __________________________ ____ _________ _. Irish Free S t a t e . . . ___ ______ _ _______ _________ Italy, including Sicily and S ard in ia__________________ L a tv ia . . -------------------------------------------- ----------------L ithu an ia________ __ . . _________ ______ ________ L uxem burg_______ ________ _____________________ N etherlands_________ ___________________________ N orw ay______________ . . . . . ___________________ Poland___________________ _______ ________________ Portugal, including Azores, Cape Verde, and M aderia Islands____ _________ ______ . ______________ R u m a n ia __ _________________ . ___________ ____ R ussia.- __________ _______ ______ ___ _______ Spain, including C anary and Balearic Islands------------Sw eden_________ __________________________________ Sw itzerland_______________________ ____________ . T u rk ey in Europe_____ _____ ____________ . . . -----Y ugoslavia____ ______________________________ ____ O ther E u ro p e .. ------------------------- -------------T otal, E u ro p e--------------- -------------- ------------------ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1170] Ju ly to A ugust, 1927 August, 1927 Ju ly to August, 1927 53 108 59 25 337 53 179 56 60 423 3,232 69 167 97 41 606 63 293 65 81 649 4,881 697 15 764 133 200 95 1,422 1,491 31 52 10 140 507 942 1,217 29 1,175 247 421 168 2,160 3,012 39 102 14 231 664 1,728 136 3 304 56 156 902 6 37 2 46 93 315 1,565 1 392 8 504 161 363 2,689 11 122 4 113 178 1,058 70 124 117 42 649 160 8 122 21 12, 397 122 205 245 88 972 273 63 192 46 20,425 130 100 27 143 98 52 4 220 10 4, 544 254 187 80 429 256 179 5 385 16 12,103 13 52 53 19 127 17 142 125 28 429 37 122 1 165 667 1,447 36 191 487 689 221 STATISTICS OF IMMIGRATION T able 3 .—L A S T P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F IM M IG R A N T A L IE N S A D M IT T E D TO A N D I N T E N D E D F U T U R E P E R M A N E N T R E S ID E N C E O F E M IG R A N T A L IE N S D E P A R T E D F R O M T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S D U R IN G JU L Y A N D A U G U ST , 1927, BY C O U N T R Y —C o n tin u ed [Residence for a year or more is regarded as perm anent residence] E m igrant Im m igrant C ountry Ju ly to August, 1927 August, 1927 A ugust, 1927 Ju ly to A ugust, 1927 Persia----------- ------------ . -----------------------------------------Syria----------------------------- ---------------------------------------T u rk ey in A s ia ...________________________________ O ther Asia_________________________________________ 138 11 71 17 6 18 9 25 5 247 18 114 79 6 86 11 54 1 524 8 95 8 4 34 5 6 3 791 21 175 18 8 48 28 14 T otal, A sia---------- ------------------------------------------ 295 620 685 1,106 C an ad a---------------------------- --------------------------------N ew foundland--- ------------------------- - -------------------Mexico__________ _____ _________________ _________ C uba___________________________ ____ _____________ 15,311 309 12,839 747 231 15 398 186 554 253 37 283 143 110 1 80 O ther S outh A m erica........................................... .................. 8,131 166 6,116 358 143 9 211 131 341 Ï58 486 134 600 306 256 3 178 12 282 T o tal, America_________ _____________________ 15,606 30,590 1,065 2,257 O ther A frica .. . . ................................ .......................... ........... A ustralia___ ________________________ ____________ New Zealand. _______ ______ ____________________ - 25 25 40 24 6 40 49 72 33 9 11 16 1 19 48 19 C hina------- --------- --------- ------------------------- -------------In d ia ------------------- -------- ----------------------------------------Ja p a n ------- -------- ------------------------------ ---------- -------- - B ritish H o n d u ras__________________________________ O ther C en tral A m e ric a __________ __________________ _________ 120 203 28 86 G rand to tal, all countries______________________ 28,418 51, 838 6,322 15,552 T otal, others____________ ____ ____ T a b l e 4.—A L IE N S A D M IT T E D D U R IN G A U G U ST , 1927, A N D F R O M JU L Y 1 TO A U G U ST 31, 1927, S H O W IN G P R IN C IP A L C LA SSES U N D E R T H E IM M IG R A T IO N A C T O F 1924, B Y P R IN C IP A L P L A C E S OF B IR T H , AS S P E C IF IE D Aliens adm itted Q uota im m igrant Place of b irth N o n im m ig r a n t and nonquota im m igrant T otal during August, 1927 G rand total, Ju ly 1 to Aug. 31, 1927 August, 1927 Ju ly to A ugust, 1927 August, 1927 J u ly to August, 1927 A ustralia and Pacific is la n d s ___________ C anada, Mexico, a n d o th er A m erica.......... 11,337 131 50 39 69 18,076 255 83 66 108 15,667 1.822 85 599 17,630 28, 544 3,386 153 1,220 34,931 27,004 1,953 135 638 17,699 46,620 3,641 236 1,286 35,039 T o t a l . . ________ _________________ 11, 626 18,588 35, 803 68,234 47,429 86,822 E urope _______________________________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1171] 222 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T a b l e 5 — A L IE N S A D M IT T E D D U R IN G A U G U ST, 1927, A N D F R O M JU L Y 1 TO A U G U ST 31, 1927, B Y C L A SSES U N D E R T H E IM M IG R A T IO N A C T O F 1924 [The num ber of im m igrant aliens appearing in th is table and in Table 4 is not com parable w ith the num ber of statistical im m igrant aliens shown in th e other tables, b y races, ports of en try , etc.] A ugust, 1927 Class Ju ly to A ugust, 1927 N o n im m ig r a n ts 635 6,376 2,464 130 1,183 12,936 5,133 227 9,605 19,479 2,235 9,488 13, 935 83 128 4,632 15,587 27,591 194 281 24 215 86 4 32 327 104 7 26,198 48, 755 N o n q u o ta im m ig r a n ts Professors of colleges, academies, seminaries, or universities, a n d th eir wives and Spanish subjects a d m itted to Porto R ic o ............................................... - ...................... ....... Total ____ ____________________________ _________________________ 11,626 | 18,588 47,429 86,822 1 W ives, and unm arried children un d er 18 years of age, born in quota countries. , 2 Does not include aliens born in nonquota countries who were a d m itted u nder the act as Governm ent officials, visitors, retu rn in g residents, etc. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1172] ACTIVITIES OF STATE LABOR AGENCIES A MONG the labor activities of the State bureaus the following, reported either directly by the bureaus themselves or through the medium of their printed reports, are noted in the present issue of the Labor Review: California.—Changes in volume of employment and pay roll in 776 establishments, page 164. Connecticut.—Hourly earnings, November 1, 1926, page 145. Illinois.—Changes in employment and earnings in factories, page 165. Iowa.—Changes in volume of employment in specified industries, page 167. Massachusetts.—Changes in volume of employment in specified industries, page 168. Missouri.—Work of negro industrial commission, page 133. New Jersey.—Changes in volume of employment and pay roll in 851 establishments, page 170. Pennsylvania.—Changes in employment and pay roll totals, page 172. Tennessee.—Wages in 1926, page 147. Wisconsin.—Changes in volume of employment, page 173. N ew D e p a r tm e n t of In d u stria l R e la tio n s in C aliforn ia Q N MAY 12, 1927, the new Department of Industrial Relations of California came into existence. This department takes over the duties formerly vested in the department of labor and industrial relations, the commission of immigration and housing, the bureau of labor statistics, the industrial welfare commission, and the industrial accident commission. The divisions and personnel of the new department are given as follows in a recent letter from the director: D e p a rtm e n t of in d u stria l relatio n s: Jo h n A. M cG ilvray, d irector, 535-537 F o ru m B uilding, S acram ento. D ivision of in d u stria l accid en ts a n d safety — Jo h n W. C arrigan, m em b er of in d u stria l accid en t com m ission. J. E . O lm sted, m em ber of in d u stria l a c cid en t com m ission. F. B. L ord, secretary. E. G. Sheibley, chief engineer an d su p e rin te n d e n t of safety. M . R . G ibbons, m edical director. G. C. F au lk n er, a tto rn e y . A ddress of division: S ta te B uilding, C ivic C enter, San Francisco. S ta te com p en satio n in su ran ce fu n d —C lark B. D ay, m anager, S ta te B uilding, Civic C en ter, San Francisco. D ivision of housing a n d sa n ita tio n — M ost R ev. E. J. H a n n a , D. D., p resid en t. C harles C. C hapm an. R . W. K earn ey , chief of division. A ddress of division: S ta te B uilding, C ivic C enter, San Francisco. D ivision of S ta te em p lo y m en t agencies—(V acancy), chief of division. D ivision of lab o r sta tistic s a n d law enforcem ent— W alter G. M athew son, chief, S ta te B uilding, C ivic C enter, San Francisco. D ivision of in d u stria l w elfare— A. B. C. D o h rm an n , chairm an. M rs. K a th e rin e P hilips E dson, chief. G eorge F. N eal. Jam es W. C ostello. (V acancy). A ddress of division: S ta te B uilding, C ivic C enter, San Francisco. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1173] 223 PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR O fficial—U n ited S ta te s A l a b a m a . — C oal M ine In sp e c to r. A n n u a l report, 1926. B irm in g h a m ,, 1927. 124 p p . C o n tain s d a ta on coal a n d coke p ro d u c tio n in A labam a, 1870-1926, w ith d a ta on fa ta l accid en ts in coal m in es 1893-1926, a n d o th e r in fo rm atio n . In 1926 th e re w as a to ta l of 139 fa ta l accidents, falls of roof causing 42, explosions of coal d u st 27, m ine cars 24, electricity 18, explosions of gas 15, a n d o th e r causes 13. C o n n e c t i c u t . — D e p a rtm e n t of L ab o r a n d F a c to ry In sp e c tio n a n d In d u s tria l In v e stig a to r. B ie n n ia l reports. H a rtjo rd , 1926. [V a rio u s p a g in g .] A ta b le giving ac tu a l h o u rly earn in g s in th e lead in g in d u stria l e stab lish m en ts in C o n n ecticu t N ovem b er 1, 1926, fro m th e ab o v e volum e, is rep ro d u ced on page 145 of th is issue. G e o r g ia .— D e p a rtm e n t of C om m erce a n d L ab o r. F ourteenth a n d fifteen th reports, fo r the fisca l years 1925 a n d 1926. A tla n ta , 1927. 79 p p . C o n tain s sta tistic s of im p o rta n t in d u strie s of th e S ta te , w ages b y occupations, a n d lists of m an u fa c tu re rs a n d of new spapers. M a r y l a n d .— 1926. Commissioner of Labor and Statistics. B a ltim o re, 1927. T h ir ty -fifth a n n u a l report, v iii, 131 p p ., chart. C o n tain s d a ta on child lab o r, strik es, fa ta l a c cid en ts in coal m ines, fa c to ry inspection, em ploym en t, a n d a d m in istra tio n of th e 10-hour law fo r w om en em ployed in m an u factu rin g , m ercan tile, or m ech an ical estab lish m en ts. M i s s o u r i .— B oard fo r V ocational E d u catio n . 1924, to J u n e 30, 1926. B u lle tin N o . IS : R eport, J u l y 1 , J e ffe rso n C ity, 1926. 81 p p ., m a p s, illu stra tio n s. ------ N egro In d u stria l C om m ission. C ity [1927?]. F ourth b ien n ia l report, 1 9 2 5 -1 9 2 6 . Je ffe rso n 80 p p ., illu s . R eview ed on page 133 of th is issue. N e b r a s k a .— B oard fo r V ocational E d u catio n . B u lle tin N o . 1 4 ' V ocational ed ucation— a su m m a r y of activities [in N ebraska] fo r the year en d in g J u n e 30, 1927. L in c o ln , 1927. 16 p p . N ew J e r s e y .— B oard of T ru stees of S ta te E m ployees R e tire m e n t S ystem . F ourth a n n u a l report, J u n e 30, 1926. [T renton, 1926?] 31 p p . — — C om m issioner of B an k in g a n d In su ran ce. in g a n d loan associations, J u n e 30, 1926. A n n u a l report relative to b u ild T ren to n , 1927. ix , 163 p p . C o n tain s fo r each of 1,473 asso ciatio n s d a ta show ing financial co ndition M ay 31, 1926, shares, m em bership, a n d m iscellaneous in fo rm atio n . N e w Y o r k .— D e p a rtm e n t of L ab o r. S p e c ia l b u lletin N o . 150: C hronic benzol p o iso n in g am ong w om en in d u s tr ia l w orkers, prepared by B u re a u o f W o m e n in In d u s tr y . N e w Y o r k , 1927. 64 PP- A digest of th is b u lle tin is given on page 85 of th is issue. N orth D a k o t a . — D e p a rtm e n t of A g ricu ltu re a n d L ab o r. report, fo r the period e n d in g J u n e 30, 1926. N in eteen th b ien n ia l [B ism a rck, 1927?] 127 p p . A tte n tio n is called to th e g re a t d e m a n d fo r fa rm la b o r in th is S ta te d u rin g th e spring seeding a n d th e h a rv e s t th re sh in g seasons. R eco m m en d atio n is m a d e to th e legislature fo r a n a p p ro p ria tio n fo r a S ta te free em p lo y m e n t service fo r th e benefit of th e farm ers, such a p p ro p ria tio n s h av in g been d isco n tin u ed since 1923. 224 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1174] P U B L IC A T IO N S P e n n s y l v a n i a .— D epartm ent R E L A T IN G 225 TO LA BO R of In tern al Affairs. Bureau of S tatistics and Inform ation. F ifth in d u s tr ia l directory o f the C om m onw ealth o f P e n n sy lv a n ia [covering the calendar year 1924]. H arrisb u rg , 1925. 624 PP- S outh C a r o l i n a .— D epartm ent of Agriculture, Commerce and Industries. Yearbook, 1926. C olum bia [1927?]. 153 p p ., m a p . C ertain d ata on textile mills from this report are given below: 1925 N u m b er of m ills________________ 220 C ap ital in v e s te d -------------------------$195, 027, 750 V alue of p ro d u c t.____________ _ $236, 876, 213 T o ta l w ages n o t including salaries $43, 598, 618 T e n n e s s e e .— D e p a rtm e n t of L ab o r. 1927. 1926 218 $192, 229, 505 $237, 731, 775 $46, 590, 152 F ourth a n n u a l report, 1926. N a sh ville, 131 p p . W age d a ta from th is re p o rt are p ublished on page 147 of th is issue. T e x a s .— B ureau of L a b o r S tatistics. [1926?]. N in th b ie n n ia l report, 1 9 2 5 -1 9 2 6 . A u s tin 141 p p ., charts. W age sta tistic s fo r v ario u s in d u strie s ta k e up a larg e p a r t of th e p u b licatio n . O ld-age pensions are discussed in considerable d e ta il a n d th e ir un iv ersal ad o p tio n th ro u g h o u t th e U nion is urged. fo r t h e B l i n d . E leventh b ie n n ia l report, fo r the b ie n n ia l period e n d in g J u n e 3 0 , 1926. M ilw a u k e e [1926?]. (R e p rin te d fr o m b ie n n ia l report o f S ta te B o a rd o f C ontrol o f W isc o n sin , p p . 399 - 407 .) W isc o n sin W o r k sh o p T h e W isconsin W orkshop fo r th e B lind n o t only em ploys tra in e d w orkers b u t co n d u cts a tra in in g school in w hich th e b lin d a re fitte d to becom e self-supporting. A t th e p re se n t tim e th e w ork consists of b a sk e t m ak in g . D u rin g th e y e a r Ju ly 1, 1925, to J u n e 30, 1926, 15,169 b a sk e ts w ere m ad e a n d $35,570 w o rth sold. T h e av erag e w eekly w age p a id to w orkm en d u rin g th is p eriod w as $12.65, w hich included a bon u s averag in g $2.70. S t a t e s . C ivil Service C om m ission. T he retirem ent act as am ended J u l y 3 , 1926, a n d M a rch 3, 1927, w ith decisions, ru lin g s, practice, a n d com m en ts. W a sh in g to n , 1927. i n , 28 p p . (F orm 2368.) U n it e d ------ D e p a rtm e n t of C om m erce. B ureau of F oreign a n d D om estic C om m erce. T rade prom otion series N o. 52: T he P h ilip p in e Is la n d s — a com m ercial survey, by O. M . B u tler. W a sh in g to n , 1927. vi, 180 p p ., m a p s, illu stra tio n s. E x tra c ts from th e section of th is b u lletin re la tin g to la b o r conditions in th e P h ilip p in e Islan d s are pu b lish ed on page 49 of th is issue. --------— B ureau of S ta n d a rd s. S ta n d a rd s yearbook, 1927. vi, 892 p p ., d ia g ra m s, illu stra tio n s. W a sh in g to n , 1927. T h is is th e first issue of a y earb o o k w hich th e B u reau of S ta n d a rd s p la n s to p u b lish an n u ally . T h e S ta n d a rd s y earb o o k re p resen ts an effort to p re se n t a n a d e q u a te p ic tu re of th e d iv ersificatio n a n d ram ification of th e sta n d a rd iz a tio n m o v em en t w hich h as sp re a d th ro u g h o u t th e w orld w ith asto n ish in g v ita lity d u rin g th e 25 years t h a t h a v e elapsed sin ce th e e sta b lish m e n t of th e N a tio n a l B u reau of S ta n d a rd s. I t co n ta in s o u tlin es of th e a c tiv itie s a n d acco m p lish m en ts of n o t o n ly th is b u re a u an d o th e r agencies of th e F e d e ra l G o v e rn m e n t a n d th e S ta te s a n d m u n icip alities, b u t also of th e A m erican societies a n d asso ciatio n s of w hich s ta n d a rd iz a tio n is a m a jo r o r v ery im p o rta n t a c tiv ity . D escrip tio n s a n d illu stra tio n s a re p resen ted of all th e fu n d a m e n ta l n a tio n a l sta n d a rd s of th e U n ite d S ta te s. M o reo v er, outlines a re given of th e v ario u s foreign, n a tio n a l, a n d th e several in te rn a tio n a l sta n d a rd iz in g agencies. ----- - D e p a rtm e n t of L ab o r. B u reau of L ab o r S ta tistic s. D ecisions o f courts a n d o p in io n s a ffecting labor, 1928. x ii i, 311 p p . B u lle tin N o . 4 4 4 : W a sh in g to n , 1 9 2 7 . D iscussed briefly on p ag e 98 of th is issue. ‘ " — — B u lle tin N o . 451: S a fe ty code fo r fo rg in g a n d hot-m etal sta m p in g . W a sh in g to n , 1927. iv, 34 p p ., illu s. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1175] 226 U M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W n it e d S t a t e s .— D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r. B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tistic s. N o . 1+53: R evised in d e x n u m b ers o f wholesale prices, 1923 to J u l y , 1927. ington, 1927. H i, 8 1 p p . B u lle tin W a sh T h is b u lletin p resen ts th e d etailed re su lts of th e recen tly com p leted revision of th e index n u m b ers of w holesale prices c o n stru c te d by th e B u reau of L ab o r S ta tistics. --------------- E m p lo y m e n t Service. A special survey m ade by the U n ited S tates E m p lo y m e n t Service show ing em p lo y m e n t prospects fo r the rem a in d er o f 1927. W a sh in g to n , 1927. 18 p p . ------ T reasu ry D e p a rtm e n t. P u b lic H e a lth Service. P u b lic health bu lletin N o . 165: E c o n o m ic sta tu s a n d health— a review a n d stu d y o f the relevant m o rb id ity a n d m o rta lity data. W a sh in g to n , 1927. H i, 74 PP-, charts. R eview ed on page 38 of th is issue. O fficial— F oreign C o u n tries A u s t r a l i a .— R ep o rt o f the C om m onw ealth a n d S ta te s o f A u s tr a lia th ird conference on in d u s tr ia l hygiene, M elbourne, M a y 26, 1927. M elbourne, 1927. 26 p p. A m ong th e v ario u s su b je c ts co v ered in th is re p o r t a re th e a c tiv itie s of th e in d u s tria l hygiene division of th e C om m o n w ealth D e p a rtm e n t of H e a lth ; progress in th e v ario u s S ta te s in th e m a tte r s of h y g ien ic sta n d a rd s, re stric tio n of em ploy m e n t of fem ales a n d y o u n g persons, m edical ex am in a tio n of y o u n g persons, re g u latio n of liftin g a n d c a rry in g of w eights, co n tro l of d an g ero u s tra d e s, notifi catio n of in d u s tria l diseases, e tc .; in d u s tria l m edical services; p ro te c tio n of w orkers in th e p a in tin g tra d e ; p ra c tic a b le m easu res to red u ce p re se n t wrastag e resu ltin g from in d u stria l acc id e n ts; a n d exclusion from m ines, q u arrie s, etc., of persons suffering from tu b ercu lo sis. A n a p p en d ix g iv es a n an a ly sis of h ealth p rovisions in a w ard s of th e C o m m o n w e a lth A rb itra tio n C o u rt, 1924-1926. ------ B u reau of C ensus a n d S ta tistic s. bourne, 1926. L abor report, 1925. N o . 16. M e l 167 p p . M uch of th e in fo rm a tio n given in th e y earb o o k s of th e se p a ra te S ta te s is b ro u g h t to g e th e r here, show ing th e d a ta on a g iven to p ic fo r th e C om m on w ealth a s a w hole. T h e m a te ria l is tre a te d u n d e r fo u r h ead s, prices, wages, em p lo y m en t, a n d associations, a n d in m a n y cases c o m p a ra tiv e d a ta a re given covering five y ears o r m ore. T h e re p o rt is especially a d a p te d fo r use in tracin g th e d evelopm ent of such m a tte r s a s co st of living, tr e n d of W’ages, changes in w ages a n d h o u rs of labo r, th e e x te n t, causes, a n d re su lts of in d u stria l disputes, an d th e like. ------ T h e pocket yearbook o f T a sm a n ia , 1927. 140 p p . H obart [1927?]. A brief s ta tistic a l su m m a ry of public activ itie s a n d in te re sts fo r th e y ear ending Ju n e 30, 1926. ------ -— — P ro d u ctio n bu lletin N o . 19: S u m m a r y o f A u s tr a lia n p roduction statistics fo r the yea rs 1 9 1 4 -1 5 to 1 9 2 4 -2 5 . M elbourne [1926?]. 181 p p . ------- (Q u e e n s l a n d ).-— R e g istra r of F rien d ly Societies, B uilding Societies, a n d In d u s tria l a n d P ro v id e n t Societies. F orty-second report. B risb a n e, 1927. 28 p p . T h e re g istra r re p o rts t h a t th e y e a r en d in g Ju n e 30, 1926, show ed a m ark ed rev iv al b o th in n u m b ers a n d in sta b ility am o n g th e societies. T h ere w as an increase of 16 branches, a n d 7,080 new m em b ers w ere in itia te d , th e la rg e st n u m b er fo r a n y one y e a r since 1913. T h e to ta l su m d isb u rsed in b enefits was £184,615 (p o u n d a t p a r= $ 4 .8 6 6 5 ), of w hich £6 5 ,2 3 4 w as sick p a y , £28,026 w as fo r fu n e ra l a n d special d o n atio n s, a n d £91,355 fo r m edical expenses. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1176] P U B L IC A T IO N S B E L A T IN G 227 TO LABO R A u s t r a l i a .— ( S o u t h A u s t r a l i a ) . — F acto ries a n d S team B oilers D e p a rtm e n t. R ep o rt fo r the year 1926. A d ela id e, 1927. 27 p p . D u rin g th e y e a r cov ered th e n u m b e r of facto ries in creased fro m 2,136 to 2,160, a n d th e n u m b e r of em ployees from 27,838 to 30,204, th e in crease in b o th p a rtic u la rs bein g p ractic a lly th e sam e a s in 1925. T h e n u m b e r of acc id e n ts w as sm aller th a n in 1925— 300, as a g a in st 342. W oodw orking m a ch in ery w as th e leading cause, b eing responsible fo r 66 a c c id e n ts, a n d th e iron w o rk in g tra d e cam e second w ith a to ta l of 22. E ig h t fa ta litie s w ere in clu d ed in th e accidents. A general im p ro v em en t in fa c to ry a n d sh o p co n d itio n s is n o te d . “ T h e fem ale inspectors in p a rtic u la r n o te a m ore gen eral desire on th e p a r t of shop a n d fa c to ry occupiers to stu d y th e general w elfare of em ployees, a n d now q u ite a n u m b e r of rest room s, lu n ch room s a n d cloakroom s a re p ro v id ed , a n d in a few cases th e ad v a n ta g e s of first-aid o u tfits are recognized as p a r t of th e fa c to ry e q u ip m e n t for th e w elfare of th e em ployees. ” ------ (V ic t o r ia ).- —G o v ern m en t S ta tist. F o rty -n in th a n n u a l report o n fr ie n d ly societies, fo r the yea r en d in g J u n e 30, 1926. M elbourne, 1927. xv, 2 2 p p . In a d d itio n to th e a n n u a l re p o rt, figures are given covering th e g ro w th of th e friendly societies since 1895. In t h a t p eriod th e n u m b e r of societies, now 62, h as ex actly doubled, th e m em bership h a s risen from 79,312 to 157,820, a n d th e a n n u a l incom e from £313,370 to £820,550. A u s t r i a .— K am m er fü r A rb eiter u n d A ngestellte in W ien. W irtsch a ftssta tistisches J a h rb u c h , 1926 V ie n n a , 1927. 504 p p ., m a p . T his yearb o o k com piled b y th e A u strian C h am b er of L ab o r in V ienna gives very com prehensive sta tis tic a l d a ta reg ard in g econom ic co n d itio n s in A u stria in 1926, including a sectio n on w ages a n d salaries in v ario u s em ploym ents. C a n a d a .— D e p a rtm e n t of Im m ig ra tio n a n d C olonization. a n d regulations. ------ ( B r it i s h O ttaw a, 1926. C o l u m b ia ) . — D e p a rtm e n t V icto ria , 1927. T he im m ig ra tio n act 41 PP■ of L abor. Annual report, 1926. 85 p p ., charts. D u rin g th e y e a r covered b y th e re p o rt n early all of th e in d u stries of B ritish C olum bia show ed consid erab le progress, th e p a y ro ll of th e P ro v in c e rea c h in g “ a to ta l w hich is easily a record fo r all tim e .” T h e re p o rt includes d etailed w age d a ta , a su m m ary of lab o r d isp u tes in 1926, o p eratio n s u n d e r th e “ H o u rs of w ork a c t,” a n d a sectio n on th e m ale m in im u m wage. -------------- M inim um W age B oard. R eport, 1926. V icto ria , 1927. 14 PP- (Re p rin te d fr o m the A n n u a l R ep o rt o f the D ep a rtm en t o f Labor, 1926.) ------ (O n t a r io ) .— M inim um W age B oard. 1927. S ix th a n n u a l report, 1926. Toronto, 39 p p . In clu d es a m in im u m b u d g e t fo r a single w om an in T o ro n to , as revised in O cto ber, 1926. T h e to ta l co st of such b u d g e t is $650.40 p e r y ear o r $12.50 p e r week, th e la tte r a m o u n t being d istrib u te d as follow s: $7.00 for b o ard an d lodging, $2.39 for clothing, a n d $3.11 fo r sundries. D e n m a r k .— S tatistisk e D e p a rte m e n t. A rb e jd sty n n e n i in d u s trie n m .v. i D a n m a rk 1 9 1 4 -1 9 2 5 . C openhagen, 1927. bind, 1 . hsefte. 169 p p . S ta tis tisk e m eddelelser, 4- rsekke, 78. W ages of in d u stria l w orkers in D en m ark , 1914-1925. ------ -------P ro d u k tio n ssta tistik , 1926. C openhagen, 1927. meddelelser, 4 • rsekke, 79. bin d . 3. hsefte. 76 p p . S ta tis tis k e S ta tistic s of p ro d u ctio n fo r m ore th a n 50 D an ish in d u stries for th e y e a r 1926 a re given in th is p u b licatio n . -------------- S ta tis tis k aarbog, 1927. C openhagen, 1927. xxiv , 249 p p . A ta b le on strik es a n d lo ck o u ts from th is sta tistic a l a n n u a l is rep ro d u ced on page 143 of th is issue. [11771 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 228 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W E s t o n i a .— [C en tral B u reau of S tatistics?] T he E s to n ia n yearbook, 1927, edited by A lbert P u lle rits, c h ie f o f the C entral B u re a u o f S ta tis tic s o f E sto n ia . T a llin n , G overnm ent P rin tin g Office, 1927. 254 PP-, illu stra tio n s, charts. ( P rin te d in E n g lish .) T his first issue of th e E sto n ia n y earb o o k c o n tain s d etailed in fo rm atio n reg ard ing th e G o v ern m en t, in d u stries, a n d in s titu tio n s of t h a t c o u n try . T h e c h a p te r on lab o r a n d social w elfare in clu d es sectio n s on la b o r p ro te c tio n , social w elfare, public h e a lth , th e c o o p erativ e m o v em en t, a n d cost of living. F r a n c e .— M inistère d u T ra v a il, de l ’H ygiène, de l ’A ssistance e t de la P rév o y an ce Sociales. B u re a u d e la S ta tis tiq u e G énérale. P a ris, 1927. A n n u a ir e sta tistiq u e, 1926. x v i, 410 p p . In clu d es a ta b le show ing w ages of v ario u s classes of w orkers fo r specified periods beginning w ith 1806 a n d th e w ages of coal m in ers from 1844 to 1926. F igures on strik e s in F ra n c e as co m p ared w ith six o th e r c o u n tries a re given. G r e a t B r i t a i n .— [C ensus Office.] C ensus o f E n g la n d a n d W ales, 1921. General report, w ith a p p e n d ix e s. L o n d o n , 1927. vii, 211 p p ., charts. ------ C o m m ittee on E d u c a tio n a n d In d u s try in S cotland. F irst report. L o ndon, 1927. 82 pp. T h e figures te n d to show t h a t in S co tlan d u n e m p lo y m e n t is n o t so p re v a le n t am ong ju v en iles as am o n g a d u lts, b u t its effects a re b elieved to b e m o re d e tri m en tal to b oys a n d girls. A s rem edies, th e re p o rt suggests th e u se of overseas m ig ratio n a fte r su ita b le p re lim in a ry tra in in g ; th e ex ten sio n of th e w ork of ju venile tra in in g cen te rs w h ere n eed ed ; th e u se o f “ w ork c e rtific a te s” in o rd e r to bring children b etw een 14 a n d 16 u n d e r th e superv isio n a n d co n tro l of som e public a u th o rity ; a n d th e raisin g of th e school-leaving age, coupled w ith a re d u c tio n of th e age fo r en terin g u n e m p lo y m e n t in su ran ce, so as to do aw ay w ith th e p resen t period of nonsupervision. — F oreign Office. C h in a . C h in a ATo. 2 (1927): M e m o ra n d u m on labor co n d itio n s in L o n d o n , 1927. 25 p p . (C m d. 2846 .) ------ [H om e Office. L o n d o n , 1927. F a c to ry D e p a rtm e n t.] 139 p p . A n n u a l report, fo r the year 1926. (C m d. 2903.) C h a p te r I of th is re p o rt gives th e g en eral re p o rt of th e fa c to ry d e p a rtm e n t on its w ork d u rin g th e y e a r 1926 on safety , d an g ero u s tra d e s, sa n ita tio n , em p lo y m en t, a n d w elfare activ ities. C h a p te r IV , th e re p o rt of th e senior m ed ical in sp ecto r on in d u s tria l diseases a n d poisons, is briefly review ed on p ag e 90 of th is issue. ------- M ines D e p a rtm e n t. S afety in M ines R esearch B oard. F ifth a n n u a l report, in c lu d in g a report o f m atters dealt w ith by the health advisory com m ittee, 1926. L o n d o n , 1927. 5 5 p p . T his re p o rt discusses th e progress t h a t h as been m ad e b y th e S afety in M ines R esearch B oard in its v ario u s researches, th e m a tte rs covered in cluding coal d u s t a n d firedam p explosions, m ining explosives, sa fe ty lam ps, m echanical appliances, falls of g ro u n d , w ire ropes, a n d m in e rescue b re a th in g a p p a ra tu s. T h ere is a brief discussion of th e w ork of th e h e a lth a d v iso ry co m m ittee of th e M ines D e p a rtm e n t, a n d a n a c c o u n t of th e co o p erativ e w ork of th e S afety in M ines R esearch B oard a n d th e U n ited S ta te s B u reau of M ines. ------ M in istry of A griculture a n d Fisheries. wool m a rketin g i n E n g la n d a n d W ales. tra tio n s, diagram s. E co n o m ic series N o . 7 : R eport on L o n d o n , 1926. 66 p p ., m a p , illu s C o n tain s tw o ch a p te rs dealing w ith co o p erativ e m a rk e tin g of w ool, in w hich are described tw o larg e co o p erativ e associations, th e difficulties of cooperative dev elopm ent, a n d m a n a g e m e n t p roblem s in th e co o p erativ e o rg an izatio n . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [11781 PUBLICATIONS ïtELATIN G TO LABOR 229 M inistry of A griculture and Fisheries. G r e a t B r it a in . R eport o n agricu ltu ra l credit. L o n d o n , 1927. E conom ic series N o . 8: 104 p p ., fo ld e r. Reviews th e problem of capitalization, th e need for credit, and th e existing facilities (including th e cooperative credit society). The cooperative provision of credit is spoken of favorably, b u t it is recognized th a t it has n ot tak en hold of th e farm er as it m ight have, due largely to certain defects in th e legislation under which these societies have operated and to th e constitutional aversenesa of th e English farm er to revealing w hat he regards as his private affairs in order to secure a loan. C ertain changes are suggested which it is th ought would give m aterial advantage over th e present scheme. ------ -—— E co n o m ic series N o . 9: R ep o rt on the m a rk e tin g o f potatoes in E n g la n d a n d W a les. L o n d o n , 1926. vi, 107 p p ., m a p , illu s tra tio n s , d ia g ra m s. Contains a chapter reviewing the present position of cooperative m arketing of potatoes in England and Wales, and th e possibilities of large-scale cooperative organization, and illustrates these by th e experience of m arketing associations in th e United States. ------------- E c o n o m ic series N o . 10: R eport on egg m a rketin g in E n g la n d a n d W ales. L o n d o n , 1926. vi, 153 p p ., m a p , illu stra tio n s, diagram s. In nine parts, P art V III dealing with cooperative organization for th e m arketing of eggs. — M inistry of H ealth. E ig h th a n n u a l report, 1 9 2 6 -2 7 . L o n d o n , 1927. x x x ii, 284 PP- (C m d . 2938.) D ata on widows’, o rphans’, and old-age contributory pensions, taken from this report, are published on page 108 of this issue. ------ M inistry of Labor. London Advisory Council for Juvenile Em ploym ent. T h ir d a n n u a l report, 1 9 2 6 -2 7 . L o n d o n , 1927. 18 p p . The com m ittee reports th a t juvenile unem ploym ent has not been greatly affected by th e m ining stoppage, and th a t the num ber of boys and girls regis tered as desiring work in M arch, 1927, compared not unfavorably w ith th e corresponding num ber for M arch, 1926— 4,330 as against 4,079. The report strongly indorses th e plan of requiring work certificates for all children between 14 and 16 who wish to go to work. “ We tru st th e adoption of such a scheme m ay n ot be long delayed, realizing its value as we do from th e twofold aspect of exercising supervision over th e individual young worker and affording a fuller measure of inform ation when dealing w ith the m any and varied problems of juvenile em ploym ent.” ------ P erm anent C onsultative Com mittee on Official Statistics. G uide to current official sta tistics o f the U n ited K in g d o m . V o lu m e V (1926). L o n d o n , 1927. 27 3 pp. This is defined as a system atic survey of the statistics appearing in ail official publications issued in 1926 and in certain selected publications issued in 1927. H u n g a r y .— Office C entral Royal Hongrois de Statistique. R ecensem ent de la p o p u la tio n en 1920. P a rt 2. B u d a p e st, 1925. [V a rio u s p a g in g .] (P u b lic a tio n s sta tistiq u es hongroises, nouvelle série, vol. 71.) •-------——-------- P a rts 3 a n d 4- B u d a p e st, 1926. [V a rio u s p a g in g .] (P u b lic a tio n s sta tistiq u es hongroises, nouvelle série, vol. 72.) P a rt 2 of th is report on th e census of population of H ungary in 1920 contains a census of occupations and of large industrial and commercial enterprises, classified by communes. P a rt 3 includes detailed occupational statistics and P a rt 4 gives th e occupations of th e population combined w ith dem ographic d ata and figures regarding ownership of property. I n d ia ( B o m b a y ) . — Labor Office. R ep o rt on a n in q u ir y in to m iddle class u n e m p lo y m e n t i n the B o m b a y P resid en cy. B o m b a y, 1927. 102 p p. Gives th e result of an investigation into unem ploym ent as of November, 1926, carried on by means of a questionnaire. The term “ middle class,” for th e https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [11791 230 MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW purposes of this inquiry, was defined as covering educated persons engaged in nonm anual occupations, and was still further restricted to those w ith a knowl edge of English. Of 20,446 schedules circulated among this class, 1,852 were re turned filled out w ith sufficient accuracy to be used for tabulation. These confirmed th e impression th a t unem ployment is more general among th e young, 65.98 per cent of those answering being under 27; the great m ajority were engaged in clerical work of th e lower grades, and appeared to be insufficiently trained, nearly 50 per cent not possessing th e m inimum qualifications for entering the G overnm ent service. Retrenchm ent, illness, and th e tem porary character of the work undertaken were the leading causes to which unem ploym ent was assigned. The average num ber of dependents per unem ployed person was 3.12. I n t e r n a t io n a l L a b o r O f f i c e .— S tu d ie s a n d reports, series A tio n s), N o. 26: x ii, 287 pp. The tra d e -u n io n m ovem ent in Soviet R u ssia . ■ --- U n e m p lo y m e n t in 1925, by H e n r i F u ss. Geneva, 1926. fr o m In te rn a tio n a l L abor R eview fo r A u g u st, 1926.) (in d u s tria l rela Geneva, 1927. 31 p p . (R ep rin ted of N a t i o n s .— International Labor Office. C. E . I . N o. 12: R eports on legislation concerning the m ovem ent o f labor a n d m igration in general. Geneva, 1926. 38 p p . League Docum ent prepared for th e use of th e International Economic Conference of M ay 4, 1927, a t Geneva. The three principal subjects of this report are: (1) N ational regulations, (2) M igration in the British Empire, and (3) International regulations. ■ ----------- C. E . I . 25: M ig ra tio n i n its va rio u s aspects. Geneva, 1926. 28 pp. Document prepared for th e use of the International Economic Conference of M ay 4, 1927, containing statistics on European m igration to overseas countries, on continental m igration, and on seasonal influences on m igration. N o r w a y . —[D epartem entet for Sociale Saker.] Arbeidsrâdet og Fabrikktilsynet. A rsberetninger, 1926. Oslo, 1927. 69 p p ., chart, illu stra tio n s. In N orway workers in industrial undertakings are protected by th e law of Septem ber 18, 1915, and th e supplem entary act of July 11, 1919, providing for an 81^-hour day and a 48-hour week. In 1925 there were under this legislation 10,970 establishm ents employing 167,240 workers, and in 1926 11,756 establishments w ith 158,230 workers. Of th e workers in the la tte r year, 122,920 were males, of whom 47 were boys from 12 to 14 years of age, and 6,187, boys from 14 to 18 years of age. The female workers num bered 35.310, of whom 22 were from 12 to 14 years of age and 3,803 from 14 to 18 years of age. P o l a n d .— Office C entral de Statistique. E n q u ê te su r le rendem ent d u travail des ouvriers d a n s l ’in d u s trie polonaise. W a rsa w , 1927. 114 p p . travail, revue m ensuelle, V année, fa sc ic u le p a rticu lier.) (S ta tistiq u e du This special num ber of th e Polish m onthly review of labor statistics gives wages in Poland in various industries in 1924, in each of th e five preceding years, and in 1913. S w e d e n .— [Socialdepartementet.] dr 1924■ S to ckh o lm , 1927. Riksfôrsàkringsanstalten. O lycksfa ll i arbete, 52 p p . R eport on industrial accidents in Sweden in 1924. ■ -----------S tatistiska C entralbyrân. S ta tis tis k drsbok fo r Sverige, 1927. holm , 1927. S to c k x v ii, 381 p p . Section V II of this statistical yearbook of Sweden for th e year 1927 is devoted to industry; Section X II deals w ith prices, cost of living, and consum ption; and Section X II I w ith social statistics, including wages, collective agreements, strikes and lockouts, and unem ploym ent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [11801 231 PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR Unofficial of L a b o r . Executive Council. R eport to the fo r ty seventh a n n u a l convention, L os A ngeles, C a lif., October 3, 1927, W a sh in g to n , 1927. 9 8 p p . A m e r ic a n F e d e r a t io n Reviewed on page 116 of this issue. o f M e c h a n ic a l E n g i n e e r s . E d u c a tio n a n d tra in in g fo r the in d u strie s. P a p e rs selected by the A . S . M . E . com m ittee on education a n d tr a in in g fo r the in d u s trie s, largely fr o m program s arranged by it fo r sessions held since 1923. N e w Y o rk , 29 W est T h ir ty -n in th Street, 1927. 141 p p ., illu stra tio n s, charts. A m e r ic a n S o c ie t y B om bay T e x t il e L a b o r U n io n . 1927. F irst a n n u a l report, 1926. B o m b a y , I n d ia , 28 p p . Reviewed on page 128 of this issue. B rotherhood of L o c o m o t iv e F i r e m e n and T he life a n d w ork o f a locom otive fire m a n . F eeding the iro n hog: C leveland, 1927. 100 p p ., illu s . E n g in e m e n . A popular account of th e work and working conditions of th e locomotive fire man, th e special hazards of th e job, wages, prospects, etc. Contains also a chapter dealing w ith th e Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen and its work, th e various kinds of benefits paid, and so forth. o f R a il w a y N e w s a n d S t a t i s t ic s . R a ilw a y sta tistics o f the U n ited S ta tes o f A m e r ic a fo r the year ended D ecember 31, 1926, com pared w ith the official reports fo r 1925 a n d recent sta tistics o f fo r e ig n ra ilw a y s. Chicago, 1927. 143 p p ., m a p s, illu stra tio n s. B ureau Contains d ata on num ber of employees and yearly and daily wages in the various railway occupations and on accidents to employees and passengers. D a il y N e w s M is s io n of M in e r s ’ L e a d e r s to t h e D N e w E u ro L o n d o n , Fleetgate C o n t in e n t . pea n coal w ar: W h a t the B ritis h in d u s tr y has to face. P u b lic a tio n s [1927?]. 29 p p . Reviewed on page 56 of this issue. V . A., a n d o t h e r s . Coal— a challenge to the n a tio n a l conscience. em ant, don, W . C. 1, H ogarth P ress, 52 T a visto ck S q u a re , 1927. Lon 84 p p . The title of th e book indicates its general character. The w riters (seven in number) believe th a t th e present dem oralization of th e coal industry can n ot be attrib u ted wholly to th e attitu d e of either employers or employees or both, b u t is only p a rt of a general communal failure to m eet th e new conditions brought about by th e war. The w ar had been won by a com m unity effort, which m ight have been carried over into th e economic and industrial struggle following it. Instead, th e country as a whole tried to retu rn to th e past, w ith disastrous con sequences. The present difficulties can be solved, th e w riters think, b u t only by definite and concentrated study of conditions, and determ ined effort to secure th e adoption of th e m ethods indicated by such study. D unn, R obert W. the tra d e-u n io n s. T h e A m e r ic a n iz a tio n o f labor— the em p lo yers’ offensive aga in st N e w Y o rk, In te r n a tio n a l P ub lish ers, 1927. 272 p p . The following is a p artial list of th e subjects covered: T he open shop, the labor spy, th e black list, company “ welfare,” th e American plan, th e company union, personnel activities, insurance and pensions, employee stock ownership, and m ethods of strike breaking. F u l l e r t o n , C. N. A p p re n tic e tr a in in g on the B a ltim o re a n d O hio. W a sh in g to n , 1927. 11 p p . {R ep rin ted fr o m A m e r ic a n F ed era tio n ist, A u g u s t, 1 9 2 7 .) G a r i s , R o y , L. Im m ig r a tio n restrictions: A stu d y o f the o p p o sitio n to a n d regu la tio n o f im m ig r a tio n in to the U n ited States. 1927. xv, 376 p p ., m a p s, charts. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [U S I] N e w Y o rk , M a c m illa n Co., 232 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW G it s h a m , E., and S o u th A fr ic a . T rem bath, J. F. D u rb a n , 1926. A fir s t account o f labor o rg a n iza tio n i n 179 p p . An account of th e trade-union m ovem ent in South Africa, w ith a description of th e chief trade-unions, a discussion of th e relation between th e S tate and industrial organization, a review of th e functions, m ethods, and policy of tradeunions, and a consideration of th e problem s of th e ir organization, especially of th e relative advantages of craft and industrial organization. A second p art gives brief biographical sketches of th e leaders of th e movem ent. T he book is w ritten frankly from a trade-union standpoint, and is adm ittedly sketchy. I t is p u t forw ard, however, as containing extracts “ from th e full story which has yet to be told by someone or by m any,’' on th e ground th a t it is desirable to record a t least an outline of th e chief events in th e history of South African trade-unionism before th e m aterials for th e story slip away into oblivion. G u il l a u m e , A n d r é . P a ris, chart. L ib r a irie U n conseil p a rita ire de c o n c ilia tio n d a n s u n e m a n u fa c tu re . des Sciences P o litiq u es et Sociales, 1927. x x i, 168 p p . ’ An account of a seven years’ experim ent w ith a jo in t conciliation council in th e biscuit industry in France. H arvard L n iv e r s it y . G raduate School of Business A dm inistration. b u sin ess reports, vol 4 . C hicago, A . W . S h a w Co., 1927. H arvard xv, 5 5 9 p p ., charts. In this volume are grouped cases dealing w ith adm inistrative aspects of the labor relationship between em ployers and employees. T he cases have been arranged according to three general types of issues: First, cu rren t operating issues, including cases which refer to m anning th e enterprise, developm ent of abilities, problem s of leadership and supervision, an d provision of incentives; second, questions regarding th e channels through which such issues are negotiated, and th e sta tu s collectively of em ployers and of employees, containing cases which a p a rt from th eir im m ediate focus deal w ith employee representation or agreem ents w ith labor unions; an d third, problem s arising from those relations between em ployer and employee which are superimposed upon th e labor relation ship, including such topics as employee m edical service, housing, and pensions. Ho, F r a n k l i n L. P rices and, price in d e x e s i n C h in a . P e k in g , C hinese Govern m e n t B u re a u o f E co n o m ic In fo r m a tio n , 1927. 35 p p ., charts. fr o m the C hinese E co n o m ic J o u r n a l, J u n e , 1927.) (R e p rin te d An analysis of th e price d a ta and price indexes of th e Bureau of M arkets in Shanghai and th e Bureau of A griculture and Industry in Canton. H J. D a v id . W h a t the em ployer th in k s: E xecutives' a ttitudes tow ard em ployees. C am bridge, H arvard U n iversity Press, 1927. ix, 226 pp. (W e rth e im fe llo w sh ip pu b lica tio n s, I.) o user, Reviewed on page 45 of this issue. I n n é s , K a t h l e e n E. T he League of N a tio n s a n d the w orld's w orkers— an in troduction to the w ork o f the In te rn a tio n a l H ogarth P ress, 1927. 4 8 p p . I n t e r n a t io n a l F e d e r a t io n of S w e d e n , b y S ig fr id H a n sso n . Labor O rganization. T r a d e U n io n s . A m ste rd a m , 1927. L o ndon, The tra de-union m ovem ent of 56 pp. Included in th e statistics of this docum ent are tables showing th e income and expenditures, 1888-1924, of various Swedish unions an d also of th e national center. In October, 1926, the membership of the national center was over 400,000 and a t the tim e th e book under review was w ritten 34 unions were affiliated with the central body. R eports o f the secretary a n d o f the n a tio n a l org a n iza tio n s, 1 9 2 4 -1 9 2 6 , to the eleventh In te rn a tio n a l M etal W o rkers’ Congress at P a ris. B erne, S w itze rla n d , 1927. 288 p p. I n t e r n a t io n a l M e t a l W o r k e r s ’ F e d e r a t i o n . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1182 ] PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR 233 L ouis, P a u l . H isto ire de la classe ouvrière en F rance de la R évolution a nos jo u rs. P a ris , L ib r a irie des Sciences P o litiq u es et Sociales, 1927. 413 p p . The author holds th a t notw ithstanding th e reduction in th e length of the working-day, th e life of th e laboring class in France is harder th a n it was formerly because of th e rationalization of industry, th e constant development of machinery rendering m ore acute th e precariousness of th e individual wage-earner’s situation. Furtherm ore, he declares th a t real wages have greatly declined since 1913. L u b in , I sa d o r , a n d E verett, M a c m illa n C o., 1927. W a sh in g to n , D . C.) H elen. x ii, 370 p p . T he B r itis h coal d ilem m a . N e w Y o rk, {P u b lica tio n o f the In s titu te o f E conom ics, This volume seeks to analyze the forces which have brought th e British coal industry to a n impasse, to appraise th e various measures which have been ad vanced for its regeneration, an d to indicate the lines along which, in the authors' opinions, constructive developments are to be sought. M o n t g o m e r y , R o y a l E. In d u s tr ia l relations i n the Chicago b u ild in g trades. Chicago, U n iv e rsity o f C hicago P ress, 1927. x i, 3 4 0 pp. A history and analysis of th e num erous problem s which have arisen in the relations of em ployers and employees in th e Chicago building trades. Contains chapters on jurisdictional disputes, graft in the building trades, and th e Landis arb itration and award. am sa y . T ra d e -u n io n is m a n d the tra d e-u n io n bill. N orgate {L td .), Covent G arden, 1927. 172 p p . M u ir , R L o ndon, W illia m s & Published before th e recent tra d e disputes act was passed, and intended for use in th e campaign against it. The body of th e book sets fo rth th e trade-union view of th e provisions of th e new act, and an appendix by th e legal subcom m ittee of th e liberal industrial inquiry group gives th e legal position of trade-unions under th e law previous to th e passage of this act. N a t io n a l A s s o c ia t io n o t M a n u f a c t u r e r s . Junior Education and Employ m ent Com m ittee. N a tio n a l education a n d e m p lo ym en t program . N ew Y o rk , 5 0 C hurch Street, 1927. 11 p p . Reviewed on page 110 of this issue. N a t io n a l R a il w a y s o p E ig h teen th a n n u a l report, fo r the fiscal year M exico. D. F. [1926?]. 44 P P ■ M e x ic o . ended J u n e 30, 1926. Wages of Mexican railw ay workers in 1925 and 1926, taken from this report, are given on page — of this issue. N ew Y ork welfare. In flu e n c e o f the w eekly rest-day on h u m a n 120 pp. S a b b a t h C o m m it t e e . N e w Y o rk , 1927. E vo lu tio n o f preventive m edicine. lia m s a n d W ilk in s C o., 1927. xv, 226 p p ., illu stra tio n s. N e w sh o l m e , S ir A r t h u r . B altim ore, W il A survey of th e developm ent of knowledge of th e causes of communicable diseases and of measures for their prevention. I t touches briefly on m any of th e superstitions and erroneous beliefs which prevailed in different periods and on th e discoveries of various scientists and physicians. There is a chapter on sanitation and social im provem ent and one on poverty and preventive medicine. O h io S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . Bureau of Business Research. M ono g ra p h N o . 7: Ohio e m p lo ym en t studies, by R a lp h J . W a tk in s. C olum bus, 1927. v ii,6 5 p p ., charts. P e d d i e , J. T a y l o r . T h e cause o f econom ic a n d social unrest. L o ndon, L o n g m a n s, Green & Co. {L td .), 1927. v, 76 p p . The thesis of this treatise is th a t “ a m onetary system th a t is akin to a barter economy is of fundam ental im portance.” The author discusses th e cost and difficulties involved in m aintaining th e gold standard, and th e necessity for finding a practical and scientific rem edy for them , in order th a t sound finance m ay be established, bringing w ith it a solution for th e various social problems. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1183] 234 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW su is s e d e s P a y sa n s. P u b lica tio n N o . 85: V in g t-n eu vièm e ra p p o rt a n n u e l d u com ité directeur de V U n io n su isse des P a y sa n s et d u S ecréta ria t des P a y sa n s suisses, 1926. B rugg, 1927. 99 p p . U n io n T w enty-ninth annual report of the executive board of th e Swiss Farm ers’ Union on th e work of th e union during 1926. This organization is composed of agricultural associations of various types, having over 400,000 members. A num ber of the agricultural cooperative federations are affiliated w ith th e union. V r in a t , R e n é . M ich el, 1927. L ’effort in d u strie l et social 291 p p ., illu stra tio n s. aux E ta ts -U n is . P a ris, A lb in Among the subjects treated in this French study of industrial and social achievements in the U nited States are: Standardization and factory construction, the W anam aker stores, D etroit and the Ford factories, th e Chicago stockyards, the oil problem, th e electrical industry, the compressed-air industry, th e Steel T rust, and the American viewpoint on apprenticeship and vocational guidance. W o l f , H. D. T he R a ilro a d L abor B oard. Chicago, U n iv e rsity o f Chicago P ress, 1 9 2 /. x, Iffio p p . As set forth in the preface, “ the present study attem p ts a survey of th e work of th e Railroad Labor Board. The author has endeavored to explain th e problems which th e Board had to meet, th e m anner in which it m et them , and th e events and circumstances which led to its abolition. As an introduction to this study a review is given of the changes m ade in wages, hours, and working conditions during the period of Governm ent operation. In conclusion a short account is given of the m achinery which has replaced th e Railroad Labor Board, and of th e present outlook for industrial peace on the railroads.” W o l l , M a t t h e w , a n d B e n s q ,n , C a r v il l e D. T h e birth a n d developm ent o f the U n io n L abor L ife In s u ra n c e Co. [W ashington?], 1927. 47 p p . Addresses delivered a t the first annual m eeting of th e stockholders of th e Union Labor Life Insurance Co., held a t Baltimore, Md., M arch 14, 1927. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis o [1184]