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Schedule of Economic News Releases, June 2010
Date
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Release
Thursday,
June 03, 2010
8:30 AM
Productivity and Costs (R) for First
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Wednesday,
June 02, 2010
Friday,
June 04, 2010
10:00 AM Metropolitan Area Employment
and Unemployment (Monthly) for
April 2010
8:30 AM
Employment Situation for May
2010
Tuesday,
June 08, 2010
10:00 AM Job Openings and Labor Turnover
Survey for April 2010
Tuesday,
June 15, 2010
8:30 AM
Wednesday,
June 09, 2010
Wednesday,
June 16, 2010
10:00 AM Employer Costs for Employee
Compensation for March 2010
U.S. Import and Export Price
Indexes for May 2010
8:30 AM
Producer Price Index for May 2010
Thursday,
June 17, 2010
8:30 AM
Consumer Price Index for May
2010
Friday,
June 18, 2010
10:00 AM Regional and State Employment
and Unemployment (Monthly) for
May 2010
Thursday,
June 17, 2010
Thursday,
June 24, 2010
Wednesday,
June 30, 2010
8:30 AM
Real Earnings for May 2010
10:00 AM Mass Layoffs (Monthly) for May
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10:00 AM Metropolitan Area Employment
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MONTHLY LABOR
REVIEW
Volume 133, Number 5
May 2010
Labor costs in India’s organized manufacturing sector
presents, for the first time, estimates of compensation costs in India’s organized
manufacturing sector
Jessica R. Sincavage, Carl Haub, and O.P. Sharma
3
BLS
The early 2000s: a period of declining teen summer employment rates
23
Job openings, hires, and separations fall during the recession
36
Teen employment rates declined over the period because of several factors, namely an
increased emphasis on academics, a weakened labor market, and fewer summer job programs
Teresa L. Morisi
JOLTS data indicate record-low levels of job openings, hires, and separations for 2009, as
well as a record-high number of layoffs and discharges
Mark deWolf and Katherine Klemmer
Departments
Labor month in review
Précis
Book review
Current labor statistics
2
45
47
49
Editor-in-Chief Executive Editor Managing Editor Editors
Book Review Editor Design and Layout
Contributors
Michael D. Levi William Parks II Terry L. Schau
Brian I. Baker James Titkemeyer
Edith Baker
Jacob Galley
Casey P. Homan
Catherine D. Bowman Maureen Soyars
Edith W. Peters
The Labor Month in Review section of this issue of the
Monthly Labor Review will be posted to the BLS website soon.
May 28, 2010
Manufacturing in India
Labor costs in India’s organized
manufacturing sector
Compensation costs in India’s organized manufacturing sector
were 91 cents per hour for all employees in 2005; this amounted to
about 3 percent of hourly labor costs in the U.S. manufacturing sector,
but was above BLS estimates of labor costs in China
Jessica R. Sincavage,
Carl Haub,
and O.P. Sharma
Jessica R. Sincavage is a
supervisory economist in
the Division of International Labor Comparisons, Bureau of Labor
Statistics; Carl Haub is
a senior demographer
and the Conrad Taeuber
Chair of Information at
the Population Reference
Bureau; and O.P. Sharma is
the former Deputy Director of Census Operations
in India. Email: sincavage.jessica@bls.gov or
chaub@prb.org
I
ndia’s important role in the global economy is perhaps best exemplified by its
membership in the G-20, the group
that has replaced the G-8 as the major
international economic forum. Although
India is the fourth-largest economy in the
world, accounting for 4.6 percent of the
world’s GDP, the value of India’s exports
in 2007 was only 1 percent of the world’s
total exports.1 Many factors affect the level
of a country’s exports and the growth of its
GDP. The Government of India’s National
Manufacturing Competitiveness Council
has identified manufacturing as “the main
engine for economic growth and creation
of wealth” for the country.2 Currently, the
Council believes that India’s export levels
are far below its potential. India has been
identified as a potential manufacturing giant by outsiders, as well, and has generated
interest in the global marketplace because
of its low cost of labor and large population.
Because of India’s economic prominence,
and in light of BLS’s history of providing
comparative statistics, BLS has undertaken
a research project to study the manufacturing industry in India, supported by the
expertise of coauthors Haub and Sharma.
This article presents, for the first time, BLS
estimates of compensation in India’s “or-
ganized” manufacturing sector—the portion of the country’s manufacturing activity
that is formally registered with Indian state
governments, making it subject to regulation. BLS estimates that in 2005, the latest
full year for which data were available at
the time this article was written, employers in India’s organized manufacturing sector compensated employees at a mean rate
of $0.91 an hour—approximately 3 percent
of the compensation level of manufacturing
employees in the United States. (All averages referred to in this article are means.)
This article describes the Indian manufacturing industry and the differences between the organized and unorganized sectors. However, it focuses primarily on the
organized manufacturing sector. This sector
produces over two-thirds of India’s manufacturing output, and the firms in this sector are more comparable to enterprises in
advanced countries than are firms in the
unorganized sector.3 The article also discusses India’s statistical system, features of
the available Indian manufacturing industry
data, the procedure used by BLS to estimate
hourly compensation, and compensation
trends both in all manufacturing and in 18
industries within manufacturing. Lastly, it
addresses the commonly made comparison
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 3
Manufacturing in India
of Indian and Chinese manufacturing.
The Indian statistical system
Background
Unlike most developing countries, India has a long history of conducting surveys and maintaining statistics, and
its systems have evolved and remained relevant to changing economic and political conditions. Statistical systems
in India can be traced back as far as the fourth century
BC, when rulers maintained information on population,
land, and agricultural production primarily to serve their
own needs. In general, data collection was neither highly
developed nor well coordinated until after India gained
its independence in 1947, when the need for more advanced economic planning arose.6 By the early 1950s, the
country had established the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO), which coordinates the state statistical offices,
and the National Sample Survey Organisation, which
conducts large-scale sample surveys.7 These two entities
are currently housed under the Ministry of Statistics and
Programme Implementation.
In the 1990s, India’s government and its markets underwent changes that put new pressures on the statistical system. The closed economy, driven fundamentally by public
sector activity, began opening up and relying more heavily
on the private sector. In January of 2000, the government
created a formal body—the Rangarajan Commission—to
review the statistical system and all the official statistics
it produces.8 In response to the group’s recommendations, India has been working to create a system that is
more centralized, consistent, timely, credible, and reliable.
One major initiative is the India Statistical Strengthening
Project, which calls for creating and maintaining a national business register to allow for more scientific periodic
business surveys, improve the training of employees who
work with statistics, and increase resources available to
the states.9 The experience and history that India has with
The Bureau of Labor Statistics calculates and publishes
hourly compensation costs in manufacturing for all employees in 32 countries and for production workers in
34 countries.4 In recent years, BLS has added emerging
economies to these two series, which previously had contained only data from developed countries. Although India has been recognized among developing economies for
the abundance and quality of its statistics, compensation
estimates for India’s manufacturing sector cannot yet be
incorporated into the main BLS comparative compensation series because of limitations such as a lack of timely
data publication, absence of data on recorded work hours,
and a likelihood of many businesses reporting innacurate
data. Instead, BLS hopes to present data for India as a special supplemental series—an approach similar to that used
for China, another country for which BLS has identified a
number of data quality issues, and a country to which India is often compared.5 Because these two countries have
become important forces in the global economy, there is
value in studying the compensation data for both countries, to the extent possible.
This article presents, for the first time, BLS estimates of
compensation in the organized sector on an estimated
hourly basis in Indian rupees and in U.S. dollars for the
period from 1999 to 2005. The limitations of the estimates also will be discussed. The analysis in this article
uses information published by India’s national statistical
organizations, the primary source being the Indian Annual Survey of Industries (ASI), which collects employment and compensation data for the country’s organized
manufacturing sector.
Publication of data from India
The Bureau of Labor Statistics has been a leader in compiling international comparisons of hourly compensation
of manufacturing employees over a wide range of countries.
Despite its large and growing importance in world manufacturing, India has not been included in the comparisons
because of difficulties in obtaining and interpreting that
country’s data and because of concerns about the quality of
the data. Although this Monthly Labor Review article greatly
facilitates understanding of Indian compensation statistics,
many problems with data availability, coverage, and reliability remain, as described in the article. Therefore, the Bureau
does not plan to include India in its regular comparisons of
4
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
hourly compensation costs at this time. This article is intended as the first step toward developing the measures necessary to include India in the regular comparisons series that
currently comprises 36 countries. Because of the difficulties
in creating hourly compensation estimates for India, the
short-term plan is to publish updates for this country, with
appropriate annotations, separate from the regular series of
international comparisons of hourly compensation. This is
similar to how BLS treats hourly compensation estimates developed for China. The final goal of moving India and China
into the regular comparisons series would, of course, remain
intact.
respect to collecting data increases BLS’s confidence in
the credibility of the Indian statistical system as a reliable
source of data and information. Still, India acknowledges
opportunities for improvement and a need to respond to
its rapidly changing economy.
Organized sector versus unorganized sector
Although detailed data are available for India’s organized
sector, they are less plentiful for India’s unorganized sector. Understanding how these two sectors differ is important in analyzing India’s labor statistics.
India’s organized and unorganized sectors generally
correspond with what economists call the formal and
informal sectors in other countries.10 The official distinction
between the organized and unorganized sectors lies in
whether businesses register with the government and
regularly maintain prescribed records. According to the
National Accounts Statistics for India, the organized sector
comprises enterprises for which statistics are available from
budget documents, reports, or other such documents. In
contrast, the unorganized sector refers to those enterprises
whose activities or collection of data is not regulated under
any legal provision or enterprises that do not maintain any
regular accounts.11 Not surprisingly, there are relatively few
data series that cover the unorganized sector. Individual
establishments tend to be small, typically employing fewer
than 10 persons, and many of these “enterprises” have no
hired workers and operate primarily for family sustenance.
The two sectors also differ in how they contribute to
India’s thriving manufacturing industry, which accounted
for approximately 16 percent of India’s real GDP from
2000 to 2006.12 When measured by output, the organized
sector dominates, producing approximately two-thirds of
the country’s manufacturing output.13 The organized sector’s average annual rate of growth was stronger than that
of the unorganized sector, 13.1 percent compared with 9.9
percent. When measured by employment levels, however,
the unorganized sector dominates. According to estimates
from national data, close to 80 percent of manufacturing
employees work in the unorganized sector.14 From either
perspective, the unorganized sector must be regarded as
an important part of Indian manufacturing, and BLS is
currently conducting additional research on it. This article’s primary focus, however, is the organized manufacturing sector.
The Annual Survey of Industries
The ASI collects employment and earnings data from the
organized manufacturing sector for all employees and for
production workers for each fiscal year, which in India
runs from April 1 to March 31.15 Although the survey has
been conducted since 1960, the BLS hourly compensation
costs series for India’s organized manufacturing sector
does not begin until 1999, primarily because of industry
classification changes that occurred before that year and
would have compromised historical comparisons.
Beginning with the ASI of 1998–99 (which is survey
notation for the fiscal year from April 1, 1998 to March
31, 1999), data were classified according to the National
Industrial Classification (NIC) of 1998, which is based on
the International Standard Industry Classification system (ISIC Rev.3). In 2004, the NIC was modified, and its
changes were captured in the ASI of 2004–05 (henceforth
“ASI 2004–05”). However, BLS analysis shows that the
differences between NIC 1998 and NIC 2004 do not affect
year-over-year comparisons between the BLS estimates
for ASI 2004–05 and those for previous survey periods.
Ultimately, BLS adjusts the Indian manufacturing data to
make them comparable with data that were calculated in
a manner consistent with the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS).
The ASI is conducted every year by mail and covers 31
of the 35 states and union territories that make up India. The four areas not covered likely have little impact on
measurement because of their small size.16 Because the
survey frame includes all establishments that have registered with the Indian states, the ASI sample is believed
to be representative of the organized manufacturing sector.17 Although the data are thought to be characteristic of
firms in the organized sector, there are important caveats.
ASI survey data are presented in raw form without adjustments to the ways that employers reported them; there
are no attempts to contact employers to fill in missing or
incomplete data or to correct for data that seem out of
line with other data. In addition, although participation
is compulsory by the Collection of Statistics Act of 1953,
penalties for noncompliance are not enforced frequently.18
Because of the problem of nonresponse and because no
attempt is made to impute values for employers that do
not respond, the results are dependent upon which establishments return the survey questionnaire. These problems
cause the data to be less reliable than survey data that are
adjusted by the receiving statistical agency, or data that are
weighted to be representative of the entire survey population.
The ASI covers manufacturing activities as defined by
the Indian Factories Act as any of the following five processes:
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 5
Manufacturing in India
(i) “making, altering, ornamenting, finishing, packing,
oiling, washing, cleaning, breaking up, demolishing
or otherwise treating or adapting any article or substance with a view to its use, sale, transport, delivery
or disposal; or
on whichever factories respond to the survey in any given
year. General trends can be compared across years for all
of manufacturing and for subsectors within manufacturing, but ASI data on industries with 4-digit NIC codes
generally are not comparable from one year to the next.
(iii) generating, transforming or transmitting power; or
The growth of contract labor. In 2005–06, the most recent
fiscal year for which data from the ASI are available, 8.7
million people were covered in the survey and reported
as employed in India’s organized manufacturing sector.22
(See table 1.) As mentioned earlier, there are difficulties
in estimating trends in employment by use of data from
the ASI because the survey results are not representative of
the entire organized manufacturing sector. The National
Sample Survey Organisation does not publish response
rates, and, as mentioned earlier, data from the ASI are not
adjusted to account for nonresponse.23 Despite these limitations, it is possible to discern from the data that some
changes in the makeup of the Indian organized labor
force are occurring.
BLS produces data for two groups of people in its international series on hourly compensation in manufacturing: all employees and production workers.24 Production
workers are defined as those employees who are engaged
in fabricating, assembly, and related activities; material
handling, warehousing, and shipping; maintenance and
repair; janitorial and guard services; auxiliary production;
or other services closely related to the aforementioned activities. Working supervisors generally are included; apprentices and other trainees generally are excluded. The
category all employees comprises production workers as
well as other workers employed full time or part time in
an establishment during a specified payroll period. Temporary employees are included. People are considered
employed if they receive pay for any part of the specified pay period. Unpaid family workers, workers in private
households, and the self-employed are excluded. Typically, contract workers are excluded from BLS estimates of
hourly compensation, but for India, contract workers are
(ii) pumping oil, water, or sewage; or
(iv) composing types for printing by letter press, lithography, photogravure or [a] similar process, or binding [books]; or
(v) constructing, reconstructing, repairing, refitting, finishing or breaking up ships or vessels.”19
The manufacturing sector is defined differently in the
hourly compensation series. Under the 2007 NAICS,
manufacturing “comprises establishments engaged in the
mechanical, physical, or chemical transformation of materials, substances, or components into new products.”20
The assembling of component parts for manufacturing is
considered manufacturing, except in cases in which the
activity is classified in construction. In order to reconcile
hourly compensation costs calculated by use of the NAICS definition of manufacturing with those calculated by
use of the ASI definition, BLS must remove from the raw
Indian data all publishing activity as well as industries engaged in items (ii) and (iii) of the Factories Act definition
of manufacturing.21
BLS
Data features
Knowledge of ASI data reporting practices and the salient
features of the ASI data are important to understanding
the estimates presented in this article and their limitations. Trends in employment, including the growth of
contract labor in the organized manufacturing sector, will
be discussed, as will the lack of data on payment for overtime work. As noted earlier, ASI data are reported as they
are collected and are not weighted to represent India’s entire organized manufacturing sector. The results are based
Table 1.
Employment in India's organized manufacturing sector, 1998–2006
[Numbers in thousands]
Type of employees
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
All employees.............................................................................
All production workers........................................................
Directly employed................................................................
Employed through contractors......................................
Employees other than production workers..................
8,317
6,174
5,213
960
2,143
7,857
6,049
4,857
1,192
1,808
7,634
5,933
4,725
1,208
1,702
7,400
5,757
4,507
1,249
1,643
7,590
5,961
4,591
1,369
1,629
7,518
5,887
4,440
1,447
1,631
8,064
6,373
4,685
1,688
1,691
8,688
6,893
4,920
1,973
1,800
SOURCE: BLS estimates made by use of Annual Survey of Industries data
from the Central Statistical Organisation of India.
NOTE: Data are not as originally published. Industries were removed to
6
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
make data comparable with estimates that were calculated in a manner
consistent with NAICS. Because of rounding, some sums of components do
not equal their respective totals.
included in both the production workers and all employees series because their wages are reported together with
the earnings of other workers and cannot be separated.
According to ASI 2005–06 data, production workers accounted for 79.3 percent of all employment in the
organized manufacturing sector in India, an increase of
approximately 5 percentage points from 1998–99, when
production workers accounted for 74.2 percent of total
organized manufacturing sector employment. (See chart
1 for information on the structure of employment). This
increase in production workers’ share of employment was
driven by an increase in the number of contractors employed as production workers in the organized manufacturing sector—a number that more than doubled over the
period in question. In 1998–99, contract workers accounted for only 15.6 percent of the employment of production
workers; by 2005–06, contract workers accounted for 28.6
percent of production workers’ employment. The increase
in the proportion of contract workers in the organized
manufacturing sector has likely helped keep overall labor
costs lower over the period in question because employing contract workers is a legal way for employers to avoid
many of the costs associated with hiring workers directly,
such as the costs of social insurance and paid vacation.
The use of contract labor has been cited as a global trend
and a phenomenon by which, according to Amit K. Bhandari and Almas Heshmati, workers earn lower wages and
also are “deprived of benefits like health, safety, welfare
and social security.”25 Bhandari and Heshmati found that,
in the Indian labor market, workers continue to accept
these types of job arrangements because they tend to prefer secure employment to employment opportunities that
are less secure, even if the less secure opportunities are potentially more lucrative. It is likely that large growth in the
number of contracted production workers has caused the
average compensation estimates published here for both
production workers and all employees to be lower than
they otherwise would be. Earnings of contract workers are
included in the earnings data for all workers, but the ASI
does not publish separate earnings data for contract workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine directly the
effect of contract work on earnings in India.26
Hours, part time, and overtime. BLS needs data on the
number of hours that employees worked, as well as information on employers’ practices as regards compensating
employees. BLS estimates assume a 6-day, 8-hours-perday workweek on the basis of research and interviews, as
described in the following paragraphs.
In the ASI, wages are based on gross amounts paid to
workers in general; no distinction is made between wages
paid to full-time workers and wages paid to part-time
workers. This is a common limitation of earnings and
compensation data across countries. Additionally, because regular-time earnings and overtime earnings are
combined when they are reported, average wage data include the effect of an unknown number of overtime hours,
which may be paid at a higher rate. Overtime is common
Chart 1. Structure of employment in India’s organized manufacturing sector
All employees
Production workers
Directly hired
production workers
Salaried workers
Contract production
workers
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 7
Manufacturing in India
in Indian manufacturing, but no data on actual overtime
hours are available. Government regulations in India stipulate that workers be paid twice their regular earnings for
each hour of overtime worked.27 However, it is not clear
how many workers in the manufacturing industry actually
receive this increased wage for their overtime hours. For
those who do receive it, it is not clear whether they receive
the full amount to which they are entitled or only some
fraction of it.
The practice of ignoring regulations regarding hours
worked and overtime and the practice of using contract
labor to circumvent paying required amounts are widespread in India; fortunately, some employers were willing to provide information on an anonymous basis during personal interviews and through a small, independent
survey of manufacturing establishments administered by
coauthors Haub and Sharma in Faridabad, Haryana state,
an industrial suburb of Delhi, in July 2006 specifically
for this article.28 A branch supervisor of a private printing firm provided information on common practices.29 At
his firm, the normal workday is 8 hours, with overtime
worked as needed. He stated that his firm and others with
which he is familiar pay an overtime rate that equates to
the amount required by law, 2 times salary, but added that
he was also aware of printers who pay less than the legally
required rate. He noted that most employment contracts
are arrived at orally, are typically cash transactions, and
that the records kept by employers do not always reflect
reality.
The supervisor also noted that 50 percent of workers at
his firm were contract labor, a high proportion, and that
the hours worked “do not matter” (meaning that a person’s
salary will be the same whether he or she works regular
hours or long hours). Work that is somewhat irregular in
nature is often contracted, and most contracted work is
not regulated. Employers and contracted workers negotiate a specific job, and the workers are paid a lump sum
for the work, regardless of the number of hours the job
eventually takes.
During other interviews, respondents provided less
specific information, but one theme was expressed repeatedly—enforcement difficulties are compounded by
employee connivance in circumventing hours and overtime pay regulations. Employees frequently wish to work
additional hours and to earn more than the standard
hourly rate doing so, but employers often point out that
they can simply hire additional workers who are happy
to work at the regular rate because there is a large number of workers competing for jobs. As a result, workers
who work beyond the standard number of hours usually
8
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
do not receive the proper overtime pay, if they receive any
additional pay at all. Overall, the respondents did report
that a 6-day, 8-hours-per-day workweek is the common
practice, which is in line with the hours estimate used in
the BLS calculations.
It is important to consider these cultural practices and
data nuances when one interprets the hourly compensation figures presented in this article. The increase in contract labor has likely suppressed the average hourly cost
of compensation in Indian manufacturing over time. Additionally, it is not clear how much work is occurring “off
the books.” The addition of pay for work done beyond the
number of hours in a standard workweek could cause the
average hourly compensation estimate to be slightly inflated since those additional hours worked are not included in the BLS estimates (and the pay for those hours would
be estimated at a higher rate). Although earnings, hours,
and employment that are not documented by employers
likely affect the hourly compensation estimates presented
in this article, no adjustments have been made because the
magnitude of the unrecorded data is not known. BLS estimates are based on the data as they are reported in the ASI.
Lastly, there are a number of inconsistencies in the ways
factories respond to some survey items in the ASI, which
reduces the level of detail that can be shown in the survey
reports. For example, although the ASI questionnaire includes columns titled “contribution to provident & other
funds,” “workman & staff welfare expenses,” and “bonus,”
all broken down by type of worker, a substantial number
of respondents simply write in a lump sum for all workers. The Indian term for this practice in reporting data is
“clubbing,” and, when it occurs, only aggregate expenses
for all employees are reported. For the BLS estimates, this
does not present a problem. In the BLS hourly compensation series, data on the structure of labor costs for all employees are frequently used to estimate the corresponding
values for production workers.30 This common practice
was adopted because of a lack of detailed data on production workers for many countries. BLS analysis has shown
that in the manufacturing sector data on the structure of
labor costs for all employees tend to be similar with those
for production workers.
Hourly compensation estimation procedures
BLS comparative measures of hourly compensation costs
include both data on hourly direct pay (which comprises pay for time worked, pay for vacations and holidays,
bonuses, in-kind pay, and other premiums) and data on
employers’ social insurance expenditures and other labor
taxes (a category that comprises employers’ expenditures
for legally required insurance programs and contractual
and private benefit plans, as well as other taxes on payrolls
or employment).
The concept of earnings as reported in the ASI for all
employees is nearly equivalent to the BLS concept of
total direct pay, except that there are no estimates of pay
in kind in the ASI data.31 The ASI also reports data on
social insurance, such as employers’ contributions to the
provident fund and other funds, and workmen and staff
“welfare” expenditures (that is, additional expenditures
that promote the general well-being of employees.)32
In addition to earnings data, a measure of the number
of days or hours worked by employees in manufacturing
is needed to calculate hourly compensation. The ASI does
not report the number of days or hours worked in manufacturing, but does report the number of “man-days.”
Man-days are days both worked and paid for during the
accounting year. The number of man-days is calculated by
summing the number of paid employees working during
each shift over all the shifts worked on all days. Man-days
include only days on which employees actually worked;
because of how they are defined and recorded by employers, man-days do not include days for which employees
were paid but on which they did not work, such as vacation days and holidays.
Total hourly compensation can be obtained by a simple
division equation. The numerator is the sum of total direct
pay, or earnings (including bonuses), and social insurance
as reported in the ASI. The denominator is aggregate hours
worked, which is equal to man-days as reported in the
ASI multiplied by the estimated number of hours worked
daily. In order to estimate average hourly earnings, the average number of hours worked daily is necessary. Unfortunately, no data on hours worked are collected in the ASI
or from any other national source. Coauthors Haub and
Sharma thus solicited information from the CSO on typical working practices in India’s organized manufacturing
sector, conducted interviews with employers in Delhi, and
conducted the aforementioned survey in Faridabad in July
2006.33 All three of these sources indicated that a 6-day
workweek lasting from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. is very common.
BLS thus estimates average daily hours worked at 8.34
To better understand ASI data on compensation in India’s
organized manufacturing sector, BLS created estimates of
components of compensation not already reported in the
ASI: pay for time worked and pay for time not worked (pay
for vacation days and holidays). Having data on the various components of compensation and how they change
over time allows for a greater understanding of the trends
in compensation and what factors affect them.
To estimate the amount of compensation attributable to
paid time off, a measure of hours or days paid was needed.
Estimating the number of days paid for but not worked
is complicated by the fact that employers are not required
to pay all workers for vacations and holidays. The Factories Act stipulates that production workers and salaried
workers in organized manufacturing are entitled to 1 day
of earned leave for every 20 days worked in the previous
year.35 Also entering into the calculation are 10 national
holidays in India during which employees do not work,
but are paid.36 However, employers are only legally required to provide paid leave to employees who were hired
directly. There is no legal obligation to provide paid time
off for contract workers, although the contractor is supposed to do so; however, anecdotal evidence indicates that
these workers often are not paid for time off. For this reason, BLS calculated an estimate of the number of paid days
worked and of the number of paid days not worked for
three separate groups of workers in the Indian organized
manufacturing sector: directly hired workers other than
production workers, directly hired production workers,
and contract workers.
Man-days in the Indian organized manufacturing sector
for salaried workers can be derived from data published
by the CSO for all employees and for production workers. Separate man-days data for directly hired and contract production workers, respectively, are not available,
so BLS allocated production worker man-days using the
ratio of people employed as directly hired employees to
those employed as contract workers. Then, paid leave days
for salaried workers and directly hired production workers were calculated. The number of paid leave days for
contract production workers is assumed to be zero since
employers have no legal obligation to pay them.37 (That
is, contract workers are removed from the calculation of
man-days paid but not worked.) Paid leave excluding holidays for non-contract employees is estimated to be 1 day
for for every 20 days worked (because of the requirement
in the Factories Act). The sum of paid holidays and paid
leave days excluding holidays is the total number of days
paid but not worked; this sum is added to the published
number of man-days worked to get the total number of
paid man-days in manufacturing. All the aformentioned
calculations were done on a per-worker basis.
The ratio of man-days worked to man-days paid can be
multiplied by the earnings (without bonuses) figure reported in the ASI to provide a rough estimate of aggregate pay for time worked—or basic wages and salaries. All
employees’ pay for time worked is the sum of production
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 9
Manufacturing in India
workers’ pay for time worked and salaried workers’ pay for
time worked. To get average hourly earnings, this aggregate is then divided by aggregate hours worked, or the
product of man-days worked and estimated daily hours
worked. The value of pay for time not worked can also be
calculated by subtracting aggregate pay for time worked
from earnings (without bonuses).
Next, total compensation ratios were calculated by BLS.
The total compensation ratio is a multiplicative factor
that, when applied to the average hourly earnings figure,
results in a product equal to total compensation. For India, it was calculated by dividing aggregate total compensation by aggregate total pay for time worked. Total compensation was calculated by summing total direct pay (pay
for time worked, pay for time not worked, and bonuses)
and aggregate annual social insurance costs. Aggregate
annual social insurance costs for all employees in Indian
manufacturing are equal to employers’ contributions to
the Provident Fund and other funds plus worker and staff
welfare expenses.
As noted earlier, data from the ASI are reported on a fiscalyear basis, from April 1 to March 31. In order to compare
the total compensation estimates created from fiscal-year
ASI data with the corresponding estimates from other countries in the BLS hourly compensation series, the data must
be adjusted to conform to a calendar-year basis. To do this,
BLS used a weighted average of two sets of ASI fiscal-year
data. For example, to obtain data for calendar-year 2005,
BLS applied a weight of 0.25 to ASI 2004–05 estimates and
a weight of 0.75 to ASI 2005–06 estimates. The 0.25 figure
represents the quarter of 2005 that is covered in ASI 2004–05
( January 2005–March 2005) and the 0.75 figure represents
the three quarters of 2005 that are covered in ASI 2005–06
(April 2005–December 2005). Under this system of estimation, the most recent calendar year for which ASI data were
available at the time this article was written was 2005.
Estimate of hourly compensation for production workers. The
foregoing discussion relates to the procedures used to derive estimates of hourly compensation for all employees in
manufacturing. BLS also constructed estimates of hourly
compensation of production workers. Data on earnings of
production workers are available from the ASI, but those
data differ from the data for all employees in that bonuses
are not included. In order to put the production worker
estimates and the all-employee estimates on a comparable
basis, BLS derived an estimate of bonuses that was added
to the earnings of production workers. Bonuses and social insurance have been redistributed among workers in a
manner proportionate to their earnings; this procedure was
recommended by the CSO as a method of estimating these
components of compensation.38 Under the assumption
that all employees (including production workers) receive
bonuses in direct proportion to their wages, bonuses were
estimated by applying the ratio of all employees’ bonuses
paid to their nonbonus earnings. Like data on bonuses, data for social insurance expenditures for production
workers are not available from the ASI. Thus, BLS applied
the ratio of social insurance to earnings for all employees to
production workers’ earnings in order to derive an estimate
of social insurance expenditures for production workers.
Similar methods are used in the BLS series for a number of
countries for which the requisite production-worker data
are lacking. Research conducted by BLS in the past for several other countries has shown that this practice does not
substantially affect the hourly compensation estimates.
Results
Table 2 displays detailed estimates of India’s hourly com-
Table 2. Hourly compensation costs in India's organized manufacturing sector, 1999–2005
Year
1999.........
2000.........
2001.........
2002.........
2003.........
2004.........
2005.........
Mean hourly earnings
in rupees
(hourly pay for time
worked)
[1]
Total compensation
ratio
Hourly compensation
in rupees
[2]
[3]=[1] × [2]
All employees
Production
workers
All employees
Production
workers
All employees
20.68
22.54
23.77
24.95
26.58
27.57
29.10
15.97
16.97
17.57
18.22
18.98
19.46
20.06
1.423
1.406
1.416
1.417
1.417
1.398
1.375
1.423
1.406
1.416
1.417
1.418
1.398
1.376
29.43
31.68
33.65
35.36
37.68
38.55
40.02
Production
workers
22.72
23.86
24.88
25.83
26.91
27.21
27.60
Exchange
rate:
rupees/
USD
[4]
43.06
44.94
47.22
48.63
46.59
45.26
44.00
SOURCE: BLS estimates made by use of Annual Survey of Industries data from the Central Statistical Organisation of India.
10
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
Hourly compensation in
USD
[5]=[3] ÷ [4]
All employees
Production
workers
0.68
.70
.71
.73
.81
.85
.91
0.53
.53
.53
.53
.58
.60
.63
Chart 2.
Components of hourly compensation in India’s organized manufacturing sector, 2005
Total hourly compensation = 40 rupees
Pay for time worked (average hourly earnings)
Other direct pay
Pay for time worked (average hourly earnings) = 29 rupees
Other direct pay =
4 rupees
Social insurance
Social insurance =
7 rupees
SOURCE: BLS estimates made by use of Annual Survey of Industries data from the Central Statistical Organisation of India.
pensation costs for all employees and for production
workers. When measured in Indian rupees, total compensation of all employees in India’s organized manufacturing
sector increased by 36.0 percent from 1999 to 2005. From
1999 to 2003, total hourly compensation for all employees
grew, on average, by 6.4 percent each year. The growth of
hourly compensation slowed to 2.3 percent in 2004 and
was 3.8 percent in 2005.
When measured in U.S. dollars the increase for all employees was slightly less (34.1 percent) over the same period because of the depreciation of the rupee relative to
the dollar. Overall, the rupee depreciated slightly over the
1999–2005 period, but appreciated from 2002 through
2005. Increases in hourly compensation were accompanied by decreases in the value of the rupee against the U.S.
dollar from 1999 to 2002—which is evidenced by relatively small increases in the all-employees section of column 5
during these years. Hourly compensation as measured in
U.S. dollars grew much faster from 2003 through 2005 as
the rupee appreciated against the dollar.
The ratio of total compensation to average hourly earnings rose or stayed the same every year from 2000 to 2003.
However, the ratio decreased slightly over the last 2 years
of the 1999–2005 period, declining from 1.417 in 2003 to
1.375 in 2005. The total compensation adjustment ratio is
obtained by dividing total compensation by pay for time
worked; for India, average hourly earnings are equal to pay
for time worked.
Changes in total compensation are affected by changes
in any component of compensation. The components on
which BLS has data for India’s organized manufacturing
sector are the following: pay for time worked (average
hourly earnings), other direct pay (which for India consists primarily of pay for time off and bonuses), and so-
cial insurance. (See chart 2.) From 1999 to 2005, average
hourly earnings increased 40.7 percent, other direct pay
grew by 31.7 percent, and average social insurance expenditures per hour increased 20.7 percent; in 2004 and 2005,
average social insurance expenditures actually decreased.
Widespread pension reform has been occurring across in
India over the past several years as many states move from
defined benefit pension schemes to defined contribution
schemes, but it is unclear exactly what role this has played
in trends in social insurance expenditures.39 Typically, it
takes some time for the effects of pension reform programs to show up in labor cost data, and many changes
have been happening in India simultaneously. Longer
time series of data for India will likely provide more insight into trends in social insurance.
Pay for time worked, or basic wages and salaries, accounted for the largest portion of total compensation in
India’s manufacturing sector by far in 2005 (approximately 73 percent). As noted earlier, this component of compensation grew the fastest in comparison with other components of compensation over the 1999-to-2005 period.
For production workers, average hourly earnings increased by only 25.6 percent over the 1999–2005 period,
compared with 40.7 percent for all employees, so total
compensation for production workers as measured in Indian rupees increased significantly less than it did for all
employees over the same period (21.5 percent versus 36.0
percent). Production workers’ total compensation as a percentage of all employees’ total compensation decreased as
result. (See chart 3.)
ASI data on employment and man-days show that, over
the 7-year period, the average employee in India’s organized manufacturing sector consistently worked about
305 days a year, with the exception of 1999, for which
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 11
Manufacturing in India
Chart 3. Total hourly compensation of all employees and of production workers in India’s organized
manufacturing sector, 1999–2005
Production workers’ mean
compensation as a percent
of all employees’ mean
compensation
78
Compensation, in
rupees
44
Production workers’ mean compensation as a percent of all employees’ mean
compensation
All employees’ mean compensation
Production workers’ mean compensation
76
42
40
38
74
36
34
72
32
70
30
68
28
26
66
24
64
22
20
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
SOURCE: BLS estimates made by use of Annual Survey of Industries data from the Central Statistical Organisation of India.
the average was 289. This implies that, for the 2000-to2005 period, employees worked an average of just under a
6-day workweek, which is consistent with the information
received from the CSO and from interviews with Indian
employers.
Comparisons with other countries
Hourly compensation costs in India are among the lowest
when compared with the 36 countries in the BLS hourly
compensation series.40 In 2005, India’s average hourly
compensation cost for all employees in manufacturing
($0.91) was approximately 3.1 percent of the level seen in
the United States ($29.74) when measured in U.S dollars.
(See chart 4.) Over the period from 1999 to 2005, hourly
compensation costs for all employees in Indian manufacturing fluctuated between 2.7 and 3.1 percent of the
U.S. level. This fluctuation is due in part to changes in the
rupee-to-dollar exchange rate. As seen earlier, measured
in rupees, hourly compensation costs increased each year
from 1999 to 2005.
Among the economies studied by BLS, the lowest hourly
compensation costs for all employees in manufacturing in
2005 were found in India (3.1 percent of the U.S. level)
12
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
and the Philippines (3.6 percent of the U.S. level). The
average hourly compensation cost for manufacturing production workers in Sri Lanka, a country for which BLS
publishes hourly compensation cost data for production
workers only, was 2.3 percent of the U.S. average hourly
compensation of all manufacturing production workers.
Compensation costs were moderately higher in Mexico,
Brazil, the Eastern European countries, and in the countries in East Asia excluding Japan—countries that are
often thought of as having relatively low manufacturing
compensation costs.
When BLS hourly compensation estimates for India’s
production workers were compared with estimates of
hourly compensation of U.S. production workers, the
analysis yielded results similar to the those obtained in
the analysis for all employees. The cost of employing 1
hour of production worker labor in India in 2005 ($0.63)
was equal to 2.6 percent of the cost in the United States
($23.81) as measured in U.S. dollars. (See table 2.)
Historically, other countries in the BLS series have been
in comparatively low positions, similar to those of India,
the Philippines, and Sri Lanka. In 1975, the initial year of
the BLS hourly compensation series, hourly compensation
costs for production workers in manufacturing in Korea
Chart 4.
Mean total hourly compensation cost of manufacturing employees, selected countries and regions, 2005
Index
($29.74 = 100)
Index
($29.74 = 100)
120
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
United
States
India
Brazil
Mexico
Euro area1
Eastern
Europe2
Japan
East Asia
excluding
Japan3
Philippines
Sri Lanka4
0
“Euro area” refers to European Union member countries in the BLS series that have adopted the euro as the common currency as of
January 1, 2009. These countries are the following: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal,
Slovakia, and Spain.
2
Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia.
3
Republic of Korea, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan.
4
Data are for production workers only.
1
SOURCES: See ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ForeignLabor/ichccaesuppt01.txt for data on all employees, and see
ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ForeignLabor/ichccpwsuppt01.txt for data on production workers in Sri Lanka.
and Taiwan were equal to 5 percent and 6 percent of the
U.S. level, respectively, when measured in U.S. dollars.41
As these countries became larger players in the global
marketplace, their compensation costs grew more
quickly than those of the United States, whose global
manufacturing presence was already well established.
By 1980, compensation costs in Korea and Taiwan had
increased to 10 percent and 11 percent of the U.S. level,
respectively. By 2005, the percentages had increased to 52
percent and 27 percent.
Subsectors within manufacturing
Employment and earnings data are also available for 18
“industries” within the manufacturing sector in India. For
this analysis, the food manufacturing subsector (NAICS
311) and the beverage and tobacco product manufacturing subsector (NAICS 312) are considered together as one
industry. The same goes for the textile mills subsector (NAICS 313) and the textile product mills subsector (NAICS
314). Each of the other 16 “industries” is a subsector. The
level of total compensation in all manufacturing can mask
important differences among the compensation levels in
the subsectors within manufacturing. In some subsectors,
employer labor costs are much higher, or much lower, than
in other subsectors. Also, some subsectors have high employment relative to others. Compensation costs in subsectors within manufacturing can provide insights that
are useful for making international comparisons, because
individual subsectors generally play larger roles in some
countries than in others. Data on all employees’ aggregate
earnings and on their aggregate social insurance paid, as
well as on their employment and man-days worked, are
available for the subsectors.
In 2005, the lowest hourly compensation costs were
in food, beverage, and tobacco manufacturing, and in
wood product manufacturing. (See chart 5.) Employees
were most highly compensated in the petroleum and coal
products manufacturing subsector; costs in this subsector
were more than twice the level faced by employers in all
manufacturing subsectors on average. However, because
this subsector accounts for only 1 percent of total
employment in the organized manufacturing sector, these
high compensation costs have little effect on the average
compensation level for all of manufacturing.
Six subsectors make up about half of all manufacturing
employment in India’s organized sector. The ASI 2005–06
data show that organized-sector employment is highest
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 13
Manufacturing in India
Chart 5. Mean total hourly compensation in India’s organized manufacturing sector, by subsector, 2005
Subsector(s)
311 and 312, Food, beverage, and tobacco
321, Wood products
316, Leather and allied products
315, Apparel
313 and 314, Textile and textile product mills
327, Nonmetallic mineral products
326, Plastic and rubber products
322, Paper
332, Fabricated metal products
31 to 33, All manufacturing (excluding publishing)
337, Furniture and related products
325, Chemicals
335, Electrical equipment, appliances, and components
331, Primary metals
333, Machinery
336, Transportation equipment
334, Computer and electronic products
324, Petroleum and coal products
All employees
Production workers
0
20
40
60
80
Rupees per hour
100
120
SOURCE: BLS estimates made by use of Annual Survey of Industries data from the Central Statistical Organisation of India.
in the following industries: food, beverage, and tobacco
manufacturing (two subsectors considered together, as
previously mentioned); textile and textile product mills
(two subsectors considered together, as previously mentioned); chemical manufacturing (NAICS 325); and primary metal manufacturing (NAICS 331).42 (See table 3.)
Food, beverage, and tobacco manufacturing, and textile
and textile product mills are among the lowest paid industries in India’s organized manufacturing sector and in
2005–06 accounted for over 36 percent of all organizedsector manufacturing employment. Their high employment share and low compensation levels drag down the
average compensation level for all of manufacturing.
Data on employment of production workers in
manufacturing subsectors are reported in the ASI; however,
man-days for production workers in the subsectors are
not. Because man-days are directly linked to the level
of employment in any given industry, BLS was able to
estimate the number of man-days worked by production
workers in each of the manufacturing subsectors by use
of employment and man-days data for all employees and
employment data for production workers.
In 2005, the average hourly compensation cost for production workers in India’s organized manufacturing sector
14
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
was 31 percent lower than average hourly compensation
for all employees. (See chart 5.) Within manufacturing,
however, the ratio of the mean hourly compensation of
production workers to that of all employees varied across
industries. Among the industries analyzed, the ratio was
the greatest in textile and textile product mills, where
hourly compensation of production workers was equal
to 83 percent of the level of hourly compensation of all
employees. In the computer and electronic product manufacturing subsector (NAICS 334), the difference between
the hourly compensation of all employees and that of
production workers varied greatly; the average compensation of production workers was only 52 percent of the
average compensation of all employees in the same subsector. Generally, subsectors that required more technical
expertise tended to have greater differentials between all
employees’ average hourly compensation and that of production workers.
International comparisons of subsectors within manufacturing. As previously noted, when 2005 data from other
countries in the BLS series are compared with those from
India, only the Philippines is found to have similar hourly
compensation costs in the manufacturing industry as a
Table 3. Employment in subsectors within India's organized
manufacturing sector, 2005–06
NAICS
code(s)
31–33
311–312
313–314
325
331
327
336
315
333
332
326
335
322
316
334
324
321
337
Subsector(s)
All manufacturing (excluding publishing)................
Food, beverage, and tobacco.........................................
Textiles and textile product mills..................................
Chemicals..............................................................................
Primary metals....................................................................
Nonmetallic mineral products.......................................
Transportation equipment..............................................
Apparel...................................................................................
Machinery.............................................................................
Fabricated metal products..............................................
Plastics and rubber products.........................................
Electrical equipment, appliances, and
components....................................................................
Paper........................................................................................
Leather and allied products............................................
Computer and electronic products..............................
Petroleum and coal products.........................................
Wood products....................................................................
Furniture and related products.....................................
Percent
of total
manufacturing
employment
(8,688)
100.0
20.9
15.3
9.5
7.4
6.6
6.4
6.2
5.3
4.2
3.6
3.1
2.3
2.0
1.6
1.0
.6
.4
SOURCE: BLS estimates made by use of Annual Survey of Industries data
from the Central Statistical Organisation of India.
NOTE: The sum of the subsectors’ percents of total manufacturing employment does not equal 100 because of the exclusion from the table of
certain subsectors whose data BLS does not publish.
whole. International comparisons of hourly compensation
costs in manufacturing subsectors also can be made. (See
chart 6.) When hourly compensation costs are calculated
as a percentage of those costs in the United States, labor
in India is found to be substantially less expensive than
labor in the Philippines in five industries: food, beverage,
and tobacco manufacturing; textile and textile product
mills, chemical manufacturing; nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing; and transportation equipment manufacturing. Hourly compensation costs in these industries
were at least 1.25 percentage points lower in India than in
the Philippines when measured as a percentage of hourly
compensation costs in the United States. For countries
with such low levels of labor costs, a difference of 1.25
percentage points, or more, of the U.S. level is significant—in the food, beverage, and tobacco manufacturing
industry, costs in the Philippines ($1.03) are actually double those in India ($0.51). Although these results can vary
from year to year depending on currency exchange rates,
they do provide an example of labor costs within manufacturing varying across countries to a greater extent than
they do in manufacturing as a whole.43
Comparisons of India with China
India and China are two countries that often have been
compared in terms of their manufacturing and development potential. Even with the recent growth in India’s
manufacturing activity, the manufacturing sector in India
is still considerably smaller than the manufacturing sector
in China. The $70 billion in manufacturing goods exported by India over the 2006 fiscal year is still only one-tenth
of the $700 billion in manufactured goods exported by
China in 2005.44 The difference in the magnitude of the
manufacturing sector can also be seen when one compares
manufacturing activity with overall GDP for each country.
Over the period from 2000 to 2005, manufacturing accounted for 32 percent of China’s GDP, while accounting for only 16 percent of India’s GDP.45 In 2005, 108.4
million workers were employed in China’s manufacturing
sector on average, while only 8.7 million were employed in
India’s organized manufacturing sector, according to ASI
2005–06.46 Even when workers in the unorganized sector are included, India’s total manufacturing employment
is still dwarfed by employment in the Chinese manufacturing sector. For now, China’s manufacturing sector
outweighs India’s—even when the unorganized sector is
included.
In terms of population, India has been growing faster
than China, and it surpassed 1 billion people in the year
2000.47 In 1990, the population of India was equal to 73
percent of the population of China. By 2008, India’s population had grown to equal 86 percent of the level in China.
Additionally, India’s population is younger than China’s.
(See charts 7 and 8.) Because India’s population pyramid
is currently bottom heavy, or concentrated in the younger
age groups, over the next few decades the working-age
population will grow considerably. This larger labor supply
could serve as a source of growth for the manufacturing
sector in India. China’s population pyramid is different in
that the largest segment of the population is currently in
the 35–44 age range and the younger age groups contribute less to the overall population. Thus, one would not expect the working-age population in China to experience
the same rate of growth as that in India.
The growing manufacturing sectors of India and China
have attracted much interest in recent years. As regards
statistics, it was mentioned earlier that India’s statistical system is already highly developed relative to that of
many other developing countries, even as it strives to improve itself. In China, the private sector has been largely
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 15
Manufacturing in India
Chart 6. Hourly compensation costs in India and the Philippines as a percent of costs in the United States, measured in
.
U.S. dollars, 2005
Subsector(s)
31 to 33, All manufacturing (excluding publishing)
311 and 312, Food, beverage, and tobacco
313 and 314, Textile and textile product mills
315, Apparel
316, Leather and allied products
Philippines
321, Wood products
India
322, Paper
325, Chemicals
326, Plastic and rubber products
327, Nonmetallic mineral products
331, Primary metals
332, Fabricated metal products
335, Electrical equipment, appliances, and components
336, Transportation equipment
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Percent (U.S. costs = 100 percent)
6.0
SOURCE: BLS estimates made by use of Annual Survey of Industries data from the Central Statistical Organisation of India;
.see ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ForeignLabor/aecountrytables.txt for Philippines data.
Chart 7. Population pyramid, India, 2006
Age
Age
80+
80+
75–79
75–79
70–74
70–74
65–69
65–69
60–64
Males
55–59
50–54
60–64
Females
55–59
50–54
45–49
45–49
40–44
40–44
35–39
35–39
30–34
30–34
25–29
20–24
25–29
20–24
15–19
15–19
10–14
10–14
5–9
0–4
5–9
0–4
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
Percent
SOURCE: Population Reference Bureau projections, based on the 2001 Census of India.
16
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
2
3
4
5
6
7
Chart 8. Population pyramid, China, 2007
Age
Age
80+
80+
75–79
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
70–74
65–69
60–64
Males
55–59
50–54
Females
55–59
50–54
45–49
45–49
40–44
40–44
35–39
35–39
30–34
30–34
25–29
25–29
20–24
15–19
20–24
15–19
10–14
10–14
5–9
5–9
0–4
0–4
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Percent
SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base.
neglected in statistics; the dominance of private sector
businesses in today’s economy does not fit easily into the
theories and ideologies that prevailed in China in the
recent past.48 During the most recent quarter century of
economic reform, China has been working to adopt better, internationally recognized statistical practices, with
guidance from developed countries and from international organizations such as The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. However, much work remains
to be done.
BLS has conducted extensive research on China’s
manufacturing sector and published research on
employment and hourly compensation in Chinese
manufacturing.49 In November 2006, BLS published, for
the first time in a news release, a supplemental hourly
compensation series for Chinese manufacturing; it
covered the years 2002–04. To date, estimates for China
through 2006 are available from BLS.50
BLS now has estimates of hourly compensation for employees in manufacturing in both India and China. These
estimates can be compared to gain insight into the relative compensation costs in the two countries, but they are
not derived by use of the same methods. The features of
the Chinese source data and the BLS hourly compensa-
tion estimation methods vary from those used in the series for India. Readers should refer to articles previously
published in The Monthly Labor Review for a comprehensive description of the estimation methods used to calculate hourly compensation costs for employees in Chinese
manufacturing.51
For China, hourly compensation estimates can be broken into three employment-based groups: all employees,
employees in urban enterprises, and employees in town
and village enterprises. As discussed, the compensation
costs presented for India refer to all employees in the organized sector. Compensation costs for employees in India’s unorganized sector are not presented here. Because
the employment groups are defined differently for each
country, and because of how difficult it can be to collect
reliable data on employment and compensation in both
India and China, there are limitations associated with
comparisons of hourly compensation costs between the
two countries. Nevertheless, BLS research on both countries indicates that the concept of all employees in the organized manufacturing sector in India is similar enough
to the “all employees” concept for manufacturing in China
(estimates are calculated as the employment-weighted average of Chinese urban and town and village enterprise
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 17
Manufacturing in India
Chart 9. Mean hourly compensation costs in the manufacturing sectors of India and China as a percent
of corresponding costs in the United States, 2002–05
Percent of
U.S. cost
3.5
Percent of
U.S. cost
3.5
Costs in India as percent of
costs in U. S.
3.0
Costs in China as percent of
costs in U.S.
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
2002
2003
2004
2005
0.0
NOTE: Mean hourly compensation costs for all manufacturing employees in China were the following: $0.57 in 2002, $0.62 in 2003, $0.67
in 2004, and $0.73 in 2005. The corresponding costs in India are reported in table 2.
SOURCES: BLS estimates made by use of Annual Survey of Industries data from the Central Statistical Organisation of India; International
comparisons of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 2007 (Bureau of Labor Statistics), March 26, 2009.
manufacturing) to allow for rough comparisons to be
made.
Organized-sector compensation costs in India and
compensation costs for all employees in Chinese manufacturing were both very low in comparison with corresponding costs in the United States from 2002 through
2005. Chart 9 shows that costs in China were lower than
those in India each year. During this period hourly compensation costs increased by 25 percent in India and by 28
percent in China as measured in U.S dollars. According to
preliminary BLS research, if data were available to create
a series on hourly compensation encompassing the total
number of employees in Indian manufacturing—including employees in both the organized and unorganized sectors—the estimate would be considerably lower because
workers in India’s unorganized sector earn substantially
less than their organized-sector counterparts and greatly
outnumber them.
It has been reported that some manufacturers are finding labor shortages in China, a situation that is already
causing wages to rise and making goods costlier to produce.52 Businesses that choose India for offshore production face challenges as well, many of them stemming from
the current state of India’s infrastructure and labor laws. It
18
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
is estimated that the average manufacturer in India loses
8.4 percent of its potential sales each year because of power outages, compared with less than 2 percent for the average manufacturer in China.53 In 2005, annual spending
on infrastructure as a share of GDP in India was 5.9 percent, compared with 14.6 percent in China.54 In addition,
the nature of manufacturing in India tends to be different
from that in China. China’s factories tend to be very large
scale facilities that specialize in low-cost manufacturing of
goods. In terms of value, the major items that are imported by the United States from China include the following:
toys and sporting goods, miscellaneous household goods,
computers and computer accessories, telecommunications
equipment, video equipment, and cotton household furnishings and clothing.55 In India, extensive required paperwork, restrictive labor laws, and spotty power supplies
make large-scale factories less common than in China.
Instead of using big factories, a large portion of Indian
manufacturing relies on a mix of technical skill and lowcost labor to produce goods. India appears to have a competitive advantage over China in the manufacture of such
items as cell phones, car parts, and apparel items that are
more complex to construct.56 In terms of value, the major
manufacturing imports from India into the United States
are items such as jewelry; medicinal, dental and pharmaceutical preparations; drilling and oil field equipment and
platforms; and industrial machinery.57
Although employers’ labor costs in Indian and Chinese
manufacturing are currently at similar levels, a 2002 Confederation of Indian Industry report created by McKinsey
& Company indicated that the retail price of the average
Chinese product is about 30 percent lower than the retail
price of the same product produced in India, in spite of
similar labor costs and other input costs.58 The Indian National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council has gone
on record asserting that the key to improving India’s position in global manufacturing is to keep costs low.59 Of
course, manufacturing involves many other costs as well,
such as shipping, raw materials, and tariffs. The Council
also strongly endorsed the Second National Labor Commission’s recommendation that India harmonize its currently scattered labor laws, stating that “with the harmonization not only will the flexibility improve in the organized labor market, simultaneously better social security
provisions will also be made in the unorganized sector.”60
As more reforms are implemented and more resources invested, it will be of interest to the world whether India
expands its share in global manufacturing.
Recent economic trends
According to India’s Central Statistical Office, growth in
Indian manufacturing in fiscal year 2006–07 was strong.
In the organized sector, at constant prices, the GDP growth
rate from 2005–06 to 2006–07 was 11.6 percent.61 From
2006–07 to 2007–08, GDP growth slowed in the organized
sector, but was still impressive: 7.6 percent. In manufacturing overall, including both the organized and the unorganized sectors, growth in GDP was slightly higher during
these years—11.8 percent from 2005–06 to 2006–07 and
8.2 percent from 2006–07 to 2007–08. However, the global financial crisis that started in 2008 did not leave India
untouched. Even though India is not a huge exporter and
has a large domestic market for its goods, growth slowed
considerably, to 2.4 percent from 2007–08 to 2008–09 in
the organized sector. (When this article was authored,
only GDP figures for total manufacturing were available).
The global financial crisis also indirectly affected India’s
growth potential because of the extent to which other
countries around the globe were hit. India’s plan to invest
$500 billion in infrastructure improvements from 2008
through 2012 may have to be revisited, since one-third
of that money was to come from the private sector. In
2007, “some of the world’s biggest banks and private-equity funds announced dedicated infrastructure funds with
India as a priority,” and now, India is looking for those
investors to begin building new roads. 62 As of April 2009,
the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) was
having difficulty finding bidders on its infrastructure projects. However, by April 2010, the NHAI had restructured
its project plans and its bidding requirements to attract
more bidders.63 In order for India to reach the level of
exports envisioned by India’s National Manufacturing
Competitiveness Council and for manufacturing to truly
be the engine of growth that it envisions, infrastructure
growth in all forms—roads, power sources, ports, and so
forth—likely will be important. Of course, manufacturing
growth can be spurred by consumer demand as well. A
recent BusinessWeek article states that domestic demand
accounts for two-thirds of the Indian economy and that
Indians can “buy their way to growth.”64 BLS will continue
to make estimates and monitor trends in hourly compensation costs in India’s organized manufacturing sector as
updated ASI data are released by the CSO.65
Notes
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: The authors thank Chris Sparks, Connie
Sorrentino, Bradley Nicholson, Elizabeth Zamora, Andrew Petajan,
Jake Kirchmer and Marshall Carter, all of the BLS Division of International Labor Comparisons, for their assistance in the preparation of
this article.
1
“Table. PPP Conversion Factors and Share of Global Output,
2007” (Washington, DC, International Monetary Fund, January 8,
2008). Visit www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2008/res018a.
htm and click on “Link to PPP data” under “Related Links (visited Apr.
26, 2010); WTO: developing, transition economies cushion trade slowdown,
Press/520/Rev. 1 (World Trade Organization) Apr. 17, 2008, Appendix
Table 3, “Merchandise trade: leading exporters and importers, 2007,”
on the Internet at www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres08_e/pr520_e.
htm#appendix_table3 (visited Apr. 26, 2010).
2
The National Strategy for Manufacturing (Government of India National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council, March 2006), 1.1, p.
2, on the Internet at http://nmcc.nic.in/pdf/strategy_paper_0306.
pdf (visited Apr. 26, 2010).
3
Statement 010. Summary of macro economic aggregates at constant
(1999-2000) prices, 1950-51 to 2008-09 (Government of India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Central Statistical
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 19
Manufacturing in India
Organisation, National Accounts Division), on the Internet at www.
mospi.gov.in/mospi_nad_main.htm (visited Apr. 26, 2010).
4
International Comparisons of Hourly Compensation Costs in Manufacturing, News Release number USDL 09–0304, (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Mar. 26, 2009).
5
Judith Banister, “Manufacturing earnings and compensation in
China,” Monthly Labor Review, August 2005, pp. 22–40, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/08/art3full.pdf; and International Comparisons of Hourly Compensation Costs in Manufacturing.
Report of the National Statistical Commission, section 1.1 (Government of India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation,
Sept. 5, 2001), on the Internet at http://mospi.gov.in/nscr/hp.htm
(visited May 11, 2010).
6
7
Ibid.
8
Ibid, section 14.2.
9
Dr. Govindan Raveendran, Reforming the Indian Statistical System
(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), The
Statistics Newsletter, February 2006, on the Internet at www.oecd.org/
dataoecd/13/62/36132793.pdf (visited May 11, 2010).
See Key Indicators of the Labor Market (International Labour
Organization), section 7, on the Internet at http://ilo-mirror.library.
cornell.edu/public/english/employment/gems/eeo/download/
kilm07.pdf (visited May 12, 2010).
10
Informal Sector in India: Approaches for Social Security (Government
of India, Ministry of Labour), p. 2, on the Internet at http://labour.
nic.in/ss/INFORMALSECTORININDIA-approachesforSocialSecurity.pdf (visited Apr. 29, 2010). The unorganized sector includes enterprises run by unincorporated businesses and partnerships,
in addition to cooperative societies (co-ops owned and managed by
and for the benefit of the customers or workers), trusts (corporations
organized to perform a fiduciary function), private companies (firms
not owned by the government) and limited companies (corporations
with shareholders whose liability is limited by shares), all of which are
not included in the informal sector as defined by the International Labour Organization.
11
12
Statement 010. Summary of macro economic aggregates.
Output is measured at factor cost. BLS was unable to locate reliable data that could indicate the portion of India’s manufacturing exports that are produced in the organized sector or the portion produced
in the unorganized sector.
13
14
See the 1999–2000 Annual Survey of Industries (Government
of India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation), on
the Internet at http://mospi.gov.in/mospi_asi.htm; and Employment and Unemployment in India, 1999-2000: Key Results, Report No.
455(55/10/1) (Government of India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, National Sample Survey Organisation), on
the Internet at http://www.mospi.gov.in/mospi_nsso_rept_pubn.
htm (visited May 11, 2010). The ASI’s exact coverage of the manufacturing sector cannot be determined because the sample is drawn
from the list of registered factories and not from a complete list of all
manufacturing establishments in India.
15
India’s ASI defines “workers” as all people employed directly or
through any agency, whether for wages or not, and engaged in any
20
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
manufacturing process or in cleaning any part of the machinery or
premises used for manufacturing process or in any other kind of work
incidental to or connected with the manufacturing process or the product. Workers engaged in repair and maintenance or production of fixed
assets for a factory’s own use and workers employed in the production
of electricity or coal, gas, etc. are included. This definition is deemed
equal to the BLS definition of production workers, which is those employees who are engaged in fabricating, assembly, and related activities;
material handling, warehousing, and shipping; maintenance and repair;
janitorial and guard services; auxiliary production (for example, power
plants); or other services closely related to the aforementioned activities. Working supervisors generally are included; apprentices and other
trainees generally are excluded. However, the ASI definition includes
workers who do not receive wages. This inclusion of some additional
workers is not believed to significantly affect the BLS estimates of
hourly compensation costs.
16
The states of Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Sikkim, and the
union territory of Lakshadweep are not included in the geographical
coverage of the ASI. The source of this information is Carl Haub and
O.P. Sharma, Hourly Compensation Costs for Workers in India, November 2005, unpublished manuscript.
The Factories Act, 1948, Commercial Law Publishers (India) Pvt.
Ltd., Delhi, 2006.
17
18
The Collection of Statistics Act, 1953 (Government of India,
Ministry of Law), on the Internet at www.mospi.gov.in/mospi_stat_
act53.htm (visited May 3, 2010).
19
The Factories Act, 1948.
20
For the 2007 NAICS definition of the manufacturing sector, visit
the BLS Web site at www.bls.gov/iag/tgs/iag31-33.htm (visited May
24, 2010).
21
For information on NIC 1998 see www.mospi.nic.in/nic_98.htm
(visited May 3, 2010). Raw data for industries 0140, 1422, 2211, 2212,
2219, and mining and utilities (industries 4000 to 4390) have been
excluded from the BLS estimates.
22
Note that the data published in this article do not match data
published by India’s CSO because of adjustments performed by BLS to
make the data comparable with data calculated in a manner consistent
with NAICS.
23
BLS has no information on the level of nonresponse to the ASI.
24
International Comparisons of Hourly Compensation Costs in Manufacturing.
Amit K. Bhandari and Almas Heshmati, Wage Inequality and Job
Insecurity among Permanent and Contract Workers in India: Evidence
from Organized Manufacturing Industries, discussion paper no. 2097
(Institute for the Study of Labor, April 2006), p. 3, on the Internet
at http://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp2097.html (May 3, 2010).
25
Bhandari and Heshmati also point out that contract labor is not
spread evenly across all industries within manufacturing. The ASI data
support the claim of the Institute for the Study of Labor that laborintensive industries like the tobacco industry hire a high percentage of
contract labor, whereas industries such as the pharmaceutical industry that require more capital and highly skilled labor hire a relatively
low percentage of contract labor. According to published ASI data, in
26
2005–06 contract workers accounted for 68.3 percent of all production workers in India’s organized tobacco industry and only accounted
for 31.7 percent of the production workers in the chemicals industry
(which includes pharmaceuticals). As previously mentioned, contract
workers accounted for 28.6 percent of all production workers in India’s
manufacturing sector in 2005.
tracted employees. For these reasons, BLS assumes no paid leave for
contracted employees in the hourly compensation estimates presented
in this article.
27
The Factories Act, 1948, section 59 (1), states: “Where a worker
works in a factory for more than nine hours in any day or for more than
forty-eight hours in any week, he shall, in respect of overtime work, be
entitled to wages at the rate of twice his ordinary rate of wages.”
39
India’s Pension Reform: Chronology of Events, Invest India Economic Foundation, on the Internet at www.iief.com/chronology.htm
(visited May 5, 2010).
28
Carl Haub and O.P. Sharma, Hourly Compensation Costs for Workers in India: 1989-1990 to 1997-1998 and 2003-2004, September 2006,
unpublished manuscript.
29
Although publishing is not included in the NAICS definition of
manufacturing, printing is included in manufacturing under NAICS
subsector 323: printing and related support activities.
30
Data on the structure of labor costs are used to analyze relationships
among various components of labor costs. For example, structure-oflabor-costs data can provide information on the percent of total labor
costs that is accounted for by the cost medical insurance.
31
BLS was unable to locate data to serve as a proxy for pay in kind.
BLS was unable to find conclusive evidence regarding what portion of
total compensation pay in kind represents for the organized manufacturing sector, but it is believed to be small, and its exclusion should not
significantly affect the estimates.
32
Employers in Indian manufacturing currently are not subject to
any taxes or subsidies linked to the level of employment in their firms;
therefore, this component of total compensation is zero.
33
Interviews were conducted in New Delhi by Carl Haub and O.P.
Sharma during a 7-day period in July 2006. Out of the 120 employers
in Faridabad who were mailed survey forms, 10 employers returned the
completed form and 15 addresses were found to be invalid. Haub and
Sharma, Hourly Compensation Costs for Workers in India: 1989-1990 to
1997-1998 and 2003-2004, September 2006, unpublished manuscript.
BLS calculated hourly compensation using an average of 9 hours
worked per day to see how the change in working time would affect
the estimate. The result was that the change in working time had little
effect. When measured in U.S. dollars, mean hourly compensation for
all employees was $0.81 in 2005 and was still equal to approximately 3
percent of the U.S. level.
34
35
The Factories Act, 1948, chapter 8.
The 10 paid holidays included in BLS estimates are: New Year’s
Day, Holi, Id-ul-Fiter, Raksha Bandhan, Guru Nank’s birthday,
Dusshera, Diwali, Ambedkar Jayanti, Krishna’s birthday, and Christmas. Some states observe more holidays than others; BLS chose to account for these major 10 paid holidays across all Indian states because
they are those which function as paid holidays almost everywhere.
36
37
Given that a manufacturer’s responsibility for employees employed by contractors, as well as its need to keep records of these employees, ends when the contract is issued, it is not possible to estimate
any amount of paid leave that contracted employees may receive. This is
especially true of work delegated on short-term contracts. In addition,
it is not legally required that employers provide any paid leave to con-
Haub and Sharma, Hourly Compensation Costs for Workers in India,
November 2005, unpublished manuscript.
38
40
In a 2006 paper, the Conference Board published an estimate of
compensation per employee for India in 2002. See Bart van Ark, Judith
Banister, and Catherine Guillemineau, Competitive Advantage of “LowWage” Countries Often Exaggerated, (The Conference Board, Executive
Action Series, No. 212, October 2006), p. 5. The estimate is for “largescale manufacturing” only, which includes registered manufacturing
enterprises only—that is, those enterprises in the organized sector.
The Conference Board reports that Indian manufacturing employees
received compensation at a level equal to 2.5 percent of the level
of compensation in U.S. firms. BLS estimates put Indian hourly
compensation at a level equal to 2.7 percent of the U.S. level in 2002.
The small difference between these numbers is likely due to differences
in estimation methods. One obvious difference is that the Conference
Board estimates measure the ratio of annual compensation per
employee in India to annual compensation per employee in the United
States, whereas BLS estimates measure the hourly compensation ratio.
The Conference Board estimates that large-scale manufacturing
employed 7.8 million employees in 2002—which includes unpaid
family members, sole proprietors, etc. BLS omits this group of
workers and only considers paid employees when estimating hourly
compensation costs. See Judith Banister, India and China: Demography,
Human Capital, and Socioeconomic Transformations (The Conference
Board, 2007), p. 27. Additionally, as mentioned earlier, BLS excludes
employment and compensation data from the ASI for industries
that do not fit within the NAICS definition of manufacturing. BLS
estimates that there were 7.5 million paid employees in the organized
manufacturing sector in 2002.
41
See “Table 1. Production Workers: Indexes of hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and
selected economic groups, 1975-2007” (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
March 2009), on the Internet at ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ForeignLabor/ichccpwsuppt01.txt (visited May 5, 2010).
42
The industries with the highest levels of employment are not necessarily the industries that contribute the most to India’s position in
the global economy, however. According to The National Strategy for
Manufacturing, gems and jewelry, textiles and garments, engineering
goods, chemicals, and leather and leather goods account for approximately 75 percent of India’s exports.
For a full list of the BLS international hourly compensation cost
estimates for both all employees and production workers, visit the BLS
Web site at www.bls.gov/ilc/ (visited May 6, 2010).
43
Michael Schuman, “The Drive to Compete,” Time, June 19,
2006, on the Internet at www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,1205526,00.html (visited May 6, 2010).
44
45
Gordon H. Hanson and Raymond Robertson, China and the
Manufacturing Exports of Other Developing Countries (Cambridge,
Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2007), on the Internet at www.nber.org/books_in_progress/china07/cwt07/hanson.
pdf (visited May 6, 2010).
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 21
Manufacturing in India
46
Erin Lett and Judith Banister, “China’s manufacturing employment and compensation costs: 2002–06,” Monthly Labor Review, April
2009, p. 32, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2009/04/art3full.pdf (visited May 6, 2010).
See the U.S. Census Bureau’s International Data Base at www.
census.gov/ipc/www/idb/ (visited May 11, 2010), click on “Data Access,” and select the country and years for which you would like to
download data.
47
48
Judith Banister, “Manufacturing employment in China,” Monthly
Labor Review, July 2005, p. 11, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/opub/
mlr/2005/07/art2full.pdf (visited May 7, 2010).
49
Judith Banister, Manufacturing Employment and Compensation in
China (Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 2005), on the Internet at
www.bls.gov/fls/chinareport.pdf (visited May 7, 2010).
50
Lett and Banister, “China’s manufacturing employment and compensation costs: 2002–06,” pp. 30–38.
Ibid; and Banister, “Manufacturing Employment and Compensation in China,” pp. 26–47.
51
Barbara Demick and David Pierson, “People, people everywhere
in China, and not enough to work,” Los Angeles Times, Mar. 28, 2010,
on the Internet at http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/28/world/
la-fg-china-labor28-2010mar28 (visited May 11, 2010).
52
The National Strategy for Manufacturing, 3.6.4, pp. 34–35. See also
“The long journey,” an article published in the June 3, 2006, issue of The
Economist. On page 11, Vineet Agarwal of the Transport Corporation
of India describes the typical journey cargo must make between Kolkata and Mumbai. The 1,340 mile trip takes 8 days at an average speed
of less than 7 miles per hour. More than 32 hours are spent waiting at
tollbooths and checkpoints.
53
“India urged to copy China in infrastructure spending,” The China
Post, May 5, 2008, on the Internet at www.chinapost.com.tw/business/asia/india/2008/05/05/155047/India-urged.htm (visited May
7, 2010).
54
55
“U.S. Imports from China by 5-digit End-Use Code 2005-2009”
(U.S. Census Bureau), on the Internet at www.census.gov/foreigntrade/statistics/product/enduse/imports/c5700.html (visited May
7, 2010).
22
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
56
Anand Giridharadas, “India, Known for Outsourcing, Expands in
Industry,” The New York Times, May 19, 2006, on the Internet at www.
nytimes.com/2006/05/19/business/worldbusiness/19factory.html
(visited May 11, 2010).
57
“U.S. Imports from India by 5-digit End-Use Code 2005-2009.”
This information was obtained from The National Strategy for
Manufacturing, p. 20; the original source is listed as “Learning from
China to unlock India’s manufacturing potential” (CII-McKinsey,
October 2002). McKinsey & Company undertook a study on behalf
of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) in March 2002. The
objective was to understand the drivers of Chinese competitiveness
in manufacturing and identify how India could put its manufacturing
sector on the path to high growth. BLS estimates indicate that in 2002
hourly compensation costs in China were 22 percent lower than those
in India, as shown in Chart 9. For reasons described in this article, estimates from China are not directly comparable with those from India.
58
59
The National Strategy for Manufacturing, 3.3.2, p. 20.
60
Ibid, 4.2.2.12, p. 64.
61
Statement 10. Summary of macro economic aggregates.
62
Geeta Anand, “India’s Infrastructure Funds Fall,” Wall Street Journal, Apr. 28, 2009.
Sobia Khan, “NHAI’s new bid norms may speed up road projects,” The Economic Times, Mar. 13, 2010, on the Internet at http://
economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/
NHAIs-new-bid-norms-may-speed-up-road-projects/articleshow/5678094.cms (visited May 11, 2010); and “NHAI to invite fresh
bids for 38 projects,” Business Standard, Apr. 15, 2009, on the Internet
at www.business-standard.com/india/news/nhai-to-invite-freshbids-for-38-projects/58608/on (visited May 11, 2010).
63
64
John Lee, “Don’t Underestimate India’s Consumers,” BusinessWeek,
Jan. 21, 2010, on the Internet at www.businessweek.com/print/
magazine/content/10_05/b4165084462859.htm (visited May 7,
2010).
65
At the time this article was published, the CSO had released data
from ASI 2006–07 and ASI 2007–08.
Teen Summer Employment
The early 2000s: a period of declining
teen summer employment rates
With many teens concentrating on academics, fewer are working
during the summer; in recent years, teens also have faced
a labor market weakened by recessions, a diminishing number
of federally funded summer jobs, and competition from other
groups for entry-level job opportunities
Teresa L. Morisi
Teresa L. Morisi is a supervisory
economist in the Division of
Occupational Outlook, Office
of Occupational Statistics and
Employment Projections, Bureau
of Labor Statistics. E-mail: morisi.
teri@bls.gov
H
aving a summer job has become
a less common way for teenagers
to spend their summers. The proportion of teens aged 16 to 19 years who
are employed in the summer has been on
a downward trend since 2000. The trend
has encompassed younger teens and older
teens and has spanned the genders and
the major race and ethnicity groups. This
article examines possible reasons behind
this trend of lower summer employment
rates for teens.
The data on employed persons used in
the analysis that follows come from the
Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households. Persons are counted as employed in the CPS if
they did any work for pay or profit during
the reference week of the survey.1 Persons
who are absent from their jobs due to reasons such as illness or vacations are still
counted as employed. Unpaid family workers, defined as those who work 15 or more
hours during the reference week without
pay in a family-operated enterprise, also
are counted as employed. The employmentpopulation ratio, or the employment rate,
is the proportion of the civilian noninstitutional population that is employed; the
terms “employment rate” and “employmentpopulation ratio” are used interchangeably in
this article. The CPS data used in the analysis are
not seasonally adjusted. Throughout the article,
when the words “summer” and “summertime”
are used as an adjective, they refer to the average
for the period from June through August, inclusive. For example, “summer employment rate”
refers to the average employment rate for June,
July, and August, and “summer 2009” refers to
the average for those months in 2009.
Summer trends in teen employment rate
Between 1948 and 1989, the summertime teen
employment rate fluctuated between 46.3 percent and 58.0 percent, falling during and around
recessions and climbing during expansions. The
trend appeared to change around the time of the
1990–91 recession: the summer employment
rate declined during and around this period, as
was typical, but it did not climb again during the
1990s expansion, as it had in previous recovery
periods. Beginning in 2000, the summer employment rate for teens dropped, from 51.7 percent in summer 2000 to 48.0 percent by summer
2001, as the economy fell into a recession. The
rate continued to fall, rather precipitously, until
summer 2003, reaching 41.7 percent, and was
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 23
Teen Summer Employment
little changed until summer 2006, when it again began a
steep decline. By summer 2008, the economy was again
in a recession and the rate was 37.4 percent. It fell further
to 32.9 percent in summer 2009, a new series low. During
the early 2000s, the summer employment rate did not
rebound between the end of the 2001 recession and the
one that began in December 2007.2 (See chart 1.)
2000 (from 56.4 percent to 36.8 percent). The rate for Hispanic teens, 27.1 percent in summer 2009, was down by 13.2
percentage points since summer 2000. The summer 2009 employment rates for Black youths and Asian youths were 19.2
percent and 18.2 percent, respectively, having shown declines
similar to those of Whites and Hispanics since summer 2000.
(See chart 4.)
Demographic trends
The falling summer teen employment rate
During the early 2000s, employment rates declined
among teens of both genders and among younger
(16–17 years) and older (18–19 years) teens. The proportions of White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian teens
employed in the summer dropped as well.
The recent declines in summer employment rates among
teens have been large and unprecedented, and have occurred
across all major demographic groups. Several reasons for the
declines are related to education. First, the proportion of
teens enrolled in school during the summer was on an upward
trend over the period examined. Second, a number of factors
suggest that teenagers are facing greater academic demands
and pressures than in the past, which, together with the desire
to achieve, may incline them toward placing greater emphasis
on academics than on working.3 Finally, teenagers were affected by the two recessions that occurred during the 2000s,
which likely resulted in both reduced job opportunities and
increased competition for those jobs which were available.
The declines in summer 2009 employment rates were especially steep.
Male and female youths. Prior to 2000, the employment rates for young men and young women showed
divergent trends. From summer 1948 (the start of
both series) through summer 2000, the employmentpopulation ratio for women between the ages of 16
and 19 years generally trended upward, while the ratio
for young men was on a downward trend. Since 2000,
the gap between the rates for young men and young
women has disappeared, with women having overtaken men slightly and both rates moving downward. In
summer 2009, the employment rate for 16- to 19-year
old men was 32.1 percent, down by 20.5 percentage
points from summer 2000. The rate for teen women
was 33.8 percent in summer 2009, down by 16.9 percentage points since summer 2000. (See chart 2.)
Younger and older teens. Employment data for teens
can be further subdivided into youths aged 16–17
years and youths aged 18–19 years. The older teens
have higher employment rates than the younger ones,
but rates for both age groups have declined since the
summer of 2000. During summer 2009, 44.1 percent
of 18- to 19-year-olds were employed, down from 62.3
percent in summer 2000. The rate for youths aged 1617 years dropped from 41.0 percent in summer 2000
to 22.7 percent in summer 2009. (See chart 3.)
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. The teen summer employment-population ratios for the major race
and ethnicity groups (White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic) declined during the decade. The summer employment rate for White teens, 36.8 percent in 2009,
was the highest among the groups that year; Whites
also experienced the largest decline since summer
24
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
Summer school has increased. CPS data show that the proportion of 16- to 19-year-olds enrolled in school (both high
school and college) during the summer has increased substantially.4 More than half (53.0 percent) of youths aged 1619 years were enrolled in school sometime during the summer of 2009, a percentage close to 3 times higher than that
20 years earlier (19.4 percent). (See chart 5.) The increase is
due partly to a trend of school terms beginning earlier in the
summer, compared with after Labor Day, but summer school
enrollment plays a part as well. Looking solely at July data,
when the majority of school systems would be closed for the
summer, reveals that the proportion of teens enrolled has
more than tripled in the past 20 years.
Teens who are enrolled in school are much less likely to
hold jobs in the summer than are youths who are not enrolled. The employment-population ratio for enrolled youths
was 25.5 percent in summer 2009, compared with 41.3 percent for nonenrolled youths. Both of these proportions have
been on a downward trend since 1999–2000, with a pause
during the summers of 2003–06. (See chart 6.)
Most school terms begin before September. School districts have
moved toward setting earlier starting dates for the school year,
and some have shortened the length of the summer break. It
Chart 1. Employment-population ratio for teens aged 16–19 years, summer 1948–summer 2009
Percent
Percent
60
60
55
55
50
50
45
45
40
40
35
35
30
1948
1953
1958
1963
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
30
NOTE: Data are averages for the period from June through August. Shaded areas represent recessions as determined by the National
Bureau of Economic Research, which has not yet determined an end point for the recession that began in December 2007.
SOURCE:
Current Population Survey.
Chart 2. Employment-population ratios for young men and young women aged 16–19 years, summer 1948–
summer 2009
Percent
80
Percent
80
70
70
Men
60
60
50
50
Women
40
40
30
30
20
1948
20
1953
1958
1963
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
NOTE: Data are averages for the period from June through August. Shaded areas represent recessions as determined by the National
Bureau of Economic Research, which has not yet determined an end point for the recession that began in December 2007.
SOURCE:
Current Population Survey.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 25
Teen Summer Employment
Chart 3. Employment-population ratios for teens, by age group, summer 1948–summer 2009
Percent
70
Percent
70
60
60
Ages 18–19
50
50
40
40
Ages 16–17
30
30
20
1948
1953
1958
1963
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
20
NOTE: Data are averages for the period from June through August. Shaded areas represent recessions as determined by the National
Bureau of Economic Research, which has not yet determined an end point for the recession that began in December 2007.
SOURCE:
Current Population Survey.
Chart 4. Employment-population ratios, by race and Hispanic ethnicity, for teens aged 16–19 years, summer
1976–summer 2009
Percent
70
Percent
70
65
65
60
60
55
55
50
50
White
45
45
40
40
Hispanic
35
30
35
30
Asian
25
25
Black
20
15
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
20
15
2009
NOTE: Data are averages for the period from June through August. The data series for Hispanics began in 1976, that for Asians in
2000. Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race. Shaded areas represent recessions as determined by the National Bureau of Economic
Research, which has not yet determined an end point for the recession that began in December 2007.
SOURCE:
26
Current Population Survey.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
Chart 5. Proportion of 16- to 19-year-olds enrolled in school, summer 1985–summer 2009
Percent
60
Percent
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
0
NOTE: Schools are defined to be public or private institutions, including high schools, community or junior colleges, 4-year colleges,
universities, and graduate or professional schools of learning, that confer academic degrees. School attendance can be either full time or
part time. Data are averages for the period from June through August.
SOURCE:
Current Population Survey.
Chart 6. Employment-population ratios, by enrollment status, for teens aged 16–19 years, summer 1985–
summer 2009
Percent
Percent
65
65
60
60
55
55
Not enrolled
50
50
45
45
40
40
35
35
Enrolled
30
30
25
25
20
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
20
2009
NOTE: Data are averages for the period from June through August. Shaded areas represent recessions as determined by the National
Bureau of Economic Research, which has not yet determined an end point for the recession that began in December 2007.
SOURCE:
Current Population Survey.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 27
Teen Summer Employment
has become less common for school districts to open after
Labor Day. According to Market Data Retrieval, a company providing marketing services to educational institutions, about three-quarters of public school districts began
their school year before September 1 in 2007, up from
about one-half in 1988.5 School districts cite the need
for more instructional time to prepare for standardized
tests, such as those required by the Federal No Child Left
Behind Act. In addition, some States and school districts
have increased the number of instructional hours required
in a school year. In recent years, however, there has been
a push to open school later in the summer, and some
school districts have moved to later starts. For example,
Florida passed a law effective with the 2007 school year
that school cannot begin more than 14 days before Labor
Day; in 2006, about half of Florida school districts began
their school year the first week in August.6
A shorter timeframe for working may serve to discourage teens from getting summer jobs and may discourage
employers from hiring teens, who, because of early school
starting dates, would not be available for work during a
substantial part of the summer season.
Higher achievement is required for a high school diploma. The
level and difficulty of high school courses have grown, at
least partly because of tougher graduation requirements.
Hence, teens may be attending summer school to “catch
up” or to gain the needed credits. The trend for States or
localities to adopt new graduation requirements started
in the early 1980s in response to recommendations from
the National Commission on Excellence in Education.
The report A Nation at Risk recommended that collegebound students complete 4 units of English, 3 units each
of mathematics, science, and social studies, one-half year
of computer science, and 2 units of a foreign language.7
Data from the National Center for Education Statistics
of the U.S. Department of Education show that the percentage of high school graduates satisfying these requirements rose from 2 percent in 1982 to 36 percent in 2005
(the year for which the latest data are available).8 Overall,
the average number of credits (as measured in Carnegie
units) earned by high school graduates from 1982 to 2005
increased from 21.6 to 26.7.9
Data from the same organization also show that the
proportion of high school graduates taking advanced
courses has grown. In 2005 (the year for which the latest
data are available), the proportion of graduates who took
advanced mathematics courses was 48.8 percent, up from
26.3 percent in 1982. The proportion who took advanced
science courses also grew, from 35.4 percent in 1982 to 62.5
28
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
percent in 2005. The proportion of graduates who took advanced English courses more than doubled, from 13.3 percent in 1982 to 30.9 percent in 2005, as did the proportion
who took advanced foreign language courses: 14.6 percent
in 1982, compared with 33.5 percent in 2005.10
College enrollment rates for recent high school graduates
have risen. The increased level at which teens are taking academic courses also may be due to growing college
enrollment. CPS data show that most recent high school
graduates are enrolled in college in the October following
graduation. In October 2009, the college enrollment rate
for recent high school graduates was 70.1 percent.11 The
rate has trended upward over time; when the series began
in 1959, it was 45.7 percent. (See chart 7.) Because most
teens enroll in college after graduation, students may be
taking advantage of summer instruction to increase their
levels of academic achievement.
Many colleges are now offering summer “precollege” programs. Attendance at these programs can allow prospective
college attendees to enhance their admissions applications,
and some colleges grant credit upon completion of the programs. Another scholarly choice for teens is traveling abroad
during the summer; some trips are sponsored through high
schools and others through private travel companies that
combine volunteering with language-learning opportunities.
If the educational institutions offer credit for these nontraditional educational options, then credit-earning participants
would be counted as enrolled under the CPS definition.
Community service now receives increasing emphasis. There
is some evidence that teenagers are being given both increased requirements and increased incentives for performing community service activities. In recent years, legislatures at the State and local levels have modified graduation
requirements to include community service and volunteer
work. Also, Federal programs such as Americorps have
been attracting student volunteers. Colleges may look at
past community service when evaluating applications for
admission, and some offer scholarships based on previous
volunteer activities. It is possible that teens are fulfilling
such requirements and needs during the summer, which
could leave less time for paid work.
The CPS collects data on volunteers as part of a supplemental survey conducted in September. The data characterize persons who performed unpaid volunteer activities
for an organization at any point during the previous year
ending in September. In the 2009 survey, 26.0 percent
of teens aged 16–19 years reported volunteering at some
time during the past year; the teen rate was higher than
Chart 7. College enrollment rates for recent high school graduates, October 1959–October 2009
Percent
80
Percent
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
1959
SOURCE:
1964
1969
1974
1979
1984
1989
1994
1999
2004
0
2009
Current Population Survey, October Supplement.
the rate for 20- to 24-year-olds (18.8 percent).12
A recent survey by the Corporation for National and
Community Service examined teen volunteering, with an
emphasis on service learning—in other words, schoolbased service opportunities that are combined with academic instruction. The survey, conducted in 2005, found
that 38 percent of youths reported current or past participation in community service activities as part of a school
course or requirement. Of these youths, 74 percent were
currently enrolled in a service-learning course or had been
within the previous year.13 A November 2008 study by the
Corporation for National and Community Service found
that 86 percent of high schools recognized student participation in community service and 35 percent offered
service learning to students.14
More students are taking internships, many of which are unpaid. Students increasingly are looking toward internships
as a way to bolster their resumes or graduate school applications. Some college majors offer credit for internship
work or require it for graduation. An April 2007 survey
by Vault.com, a career counseling company, found that 74
percent of respondents had completed at least one intern-
ship by graduation; in comparison, 62 percent of college
seniors responding to a 1995 Vault survey reported that
they had completed at least one internship by the time
they graduated.15 Internships go not only to older college
students, but to younger ones as well, with companies often hiring sophomore and freshmen interns.16 Therefore,
students as young as 18 or 19 years (who are included
in the age group studied in this article) could be among
those seeking internships.
Internships can be paid or unpaid, and recent anecdotal discussions suggest that more youths are opting for
unpaid internships.17 Unpaid internships can be easier to
get than paid positions, and some sought-after fields tend
to offer only unpaid internships. The 2007 Vault survey
found that 29 percent of respondents had not been paid
for their internships.18 Given that a person holding an
unpaid internship as his or her primary job would not
be counted as employed in the CPS (because the position is unpaid), if youths are increasingly holding unpaid
internships instead of paid positions, then fewer would
be counted as employed. Consequently, estimates of the
number of youths enrolled in school could rise because
students who are receiving college credit for an internMonthly Labor Review • May 2010 29
Teen Summer Employment
ship would be counted as enrolled while performing the
internship.
Teen earnings may have become less important in funding a
college education. Dependence on financial aid as a way
to pay for college has been growing. There are a number
of reasons, one being that the average amount for tuition
and fees (adjusted for inflation) has grown substantially,
resulting in more families becoming eligible for aid. In
addition, revisions to the Higher Education Act in 1992
made more students eligible for aid, allowed them to borrow more, and made federally guaranteed subsidized loans
available regardless of students’ financial need.19 According to data from the National Center for Education Statistics, between 1998–99 and 2008–09 average prices for
the academic year for undergraduate tuition, room, and
board at public colleges, in constant 2007–08 dollars, rose
by 32 percent, to $12,113, and prices for private institutions rose by 24 percent, to $30,803.20 Statistics from the
College Board show that total aid to students increased by
about 85 percent from 1998–99 to 2008–09 (in constant
2008 dollars).21
In response to the rising costs of college tuition,
Congress, State governments, and colleges and universities have developed new types of grant and assistance
programs. One such State-administered program is the
Hope scholarship, which provides financial assistance
to students attending State universities. Established in
Georgia in 1993, Hope scholarships are now available in
15 additional States. A recent study by economists from
the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago found evidence
that the scholarships have influenced the decline in teen
labor force participation rates. The researchers theorized
that Hope scholarships could explain up to 0.5 percentage point in the decline in teen labor force participation
among 16- to 17-year-olds between 2000 and 2004.22
Another source of financial aid has been colleges and
universities that created their own programs offering
free tuition to lower or middle-income families. An example is the University of North Carolina, which created
a program in 2003 that covered nearly the entire cost of
school for students whose families made less than 150
percent of the poverty level, provided that the students
worked 10 to 12 hours per week at a campus job.23 Other
colleges, including the University of Virginia, Harvard
University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
and Stanford University, have followed with their own
programs.
Yet another source of college financing comes from
Section 529 college investment plans. There are two types
30
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
of 529 plans: State-sponsored plans that cover State
schools, and an independent plan offered by a group of
more than 270 private college and universities. According
to one report, assets in the 11.2 million State-sponsored
529 savings plans totaled $100.3 million (in constant
2009 dollars) in 2009.24 The publication also notes that
assets in the independent 529 plan exceeded $135 million
that same year.25 The State-sponsored plans came into existence in 1996, the independent plan in 2003; both were
created by acts of Congress.
Given the aforementioned rise in tuition and fees and
greater availability of grant and loan programs, teen earnings would make less of a dent now in paying for an education compared with past years and could therefore be a
less desirable source of funding. Teens generally earn low
wages. In 2009, median hourly earnings for hourly paid
persons aged 16–19 years was $7.92. Although teen earnings have trended upward in recent years, they were still
32 cents lower in 2009 than in 2002 (in constant 2009
dollars; see chart 8). There were Federal minimum-wage
increases in July in each of 2007, 2008, and 2009.
Increasing affluence has enabled parents to keep their children in school. Recent anecdotal evidence suggests that
as parents have become more affluent, due partly to the
well-known rise in dual-income families and increasing
educational attainment, they are more willing to have
their children participate in school and extracurricular
activities instead of working for pay.26 As mentioned
earlier, teens are facing greater academic demands and
pressures than in the past and are participating in various school-related activities, such as volunteering. All of
these endeavors can leave little or no time for jobs. A
recent study examined the role played by parental educational attainment in teens’ use of time.27 The authors
analyzed CPS data on employment and hours worked,
time use data from the BLS American Time Use survey
(ATUS), and data on hours worked and time use from the
Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey administered by the
Institute of Survey Research at the University of Michigan. They found that teens in families with higher educational attainment exhibited a decrease in the time they
spent in paid employment and an increase in their rates
of volunteering. Also noted was a trend for teens—especially in the most highly educated families—suggesting
a substitution of volunteer work for paid work. Finally,
the ATUS data indicated that teens in the most highly
educated families spent much more time in “traditional”
activities, including extracurricular activities, reading and
writing, and pursuing hobbies.
Chart 8. Median hourly earnings for 16- to 19-year-olds paid hourly rates, in constant 2009 dollars, 1979–2009
Dollars
$9.00
Dollars
$9.00
8.50
8.50
8.00
8.00
7.50
7.50
7.00
7.00
6.50
6.50
6.00
6.00
5.50
5.50
5.00
1979
NOTE:
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
5.00
2009
The Consumer Price Index research series (CPI-RU) is used to convert dollars into constant 2009 dollars.
The number of federally funded summer jobs has diminished.
The Summer Youth Employment Training Program
(SYETP), a Federal summer jobs program for lowincome youths, was established in 1982 as part of the Job
Partnership Training Act. The program was replaced by
the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) in 2000. The Act,
which is still in force, contains some restrictions that
ended Federal funding dedicated solely to summer jobs
programs: now all youths must be served in year-round
programs, youths in the program must be tracked for a year
following their enrollment, and at least 30 percent of the
funds must be spent on out-of-school youths.28 Since 1999,
the amount of Federal funding dedicated to WIA youth
activities has been trending downward: between calendar
years 1999 and 2009, funding was down by 8 percent,
in current dollars.29 Reduced funding and additional
program restrictions, as well as increases in Federal and
State minimum wages, have resulted in municipalities
offering fewer summer jobs. An example is the city of New
York, which provided about 18 percent fewer jobs as part
of its summer jobs program in 2005 than it did in summer
1999; Federal funds made up 11.5 percent of the city’s
summer jobs program’s budget in 2005, compared with
82 percent in 1999.30 Another example is Pima County,
Arizona, which includes the city of Tucson: the county’s
summer youth program expected to fund fewer positions
in summer 2008 than in the previous summer, owing to
less funding and an increase in the minimum wage.31
The effect of the demise of SYETP can be seen in employment statistics from the BLS Current Employment
Statistics (CES) survey, a monthly survey of business
establishments in the private and public sectors. Customarily, local government entities have provided many
federally funded summer jobs, so those jobs would be included in CES payroll data for local government; however,
the number of federally funded summer jobs cannot be
strictly separated from other jobs. Still, CES data for local
government, excluding education, show fewer jobs added for
the May-through-July period beginning in 2002. (Estimates are not seasonally adjusted; May-through-July data
are used because seasonal buildup in that industry occurs
during those months.)
The number of jobs added in May through July of 2002
was down by about one-third from the same period in
2001 (from 426,000 to 287,000). Although SYETP ended
in 2000, it took States some time to change over to the
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 31
Teen Summer Employment
new WIA program, which is likely why summer hiring
in local government, excluding education, did not begin to
slow until 2002.32 Since then, the number of jobs added
in May through July in this local government sector has
ranged from 285,000 to 330,000, a clear dropoff from
earlier years. (See chart 9.)
Teens are facing stiffer competition from adults and the foreign born. Federal and State laws bar minors from working in certain jobs and operating hazardous machinery,
and some States and localities set limits on the hours that
teens can work. Teenagers also have less experience and
availability than adults; for example, they may be available
only for summer work. These factors may make it more
desirable for employers to hire adults, rather than teens,
for entry-level jobs. Adults also may be more likely to take
entry-level jobs in a tough labor market. Many studies
have suggested that, in the current economic times, teens
are facing increased competition from other groups for
the types of entry-level jobs they normally would fill. One
such study conjectures that a rising number of young college graduates are taking jobs outside of the normal college
labor market and that more older women without college
degrees are holding jobs in retail trade.33 The authors also
note that employment growth over the 2000–04 period
appears to be attributable to new immigrants, many of
whom are young persons under age 30 who would compete directly with teenagers for entry-level jobs.34 In addition, teens are facing more competition for jobs from older
workers in general, who have been increasing their participation in the labor force in recent years. Studies have
shown that many older workers take on “bridge jobs” after
they retire from career jobs. There are a number of reasons
for this phenomenon, including an increase in the retirement age normally required to receive full Social Security
benefits, the elimination of an earnings test for persons of
normal retirement age, increased health among seniors,
and a shift toward defined-contribution pension plans.35
The CPS has data by occupation and by age group. Because of a change in occupational classification, comparable data are available only back to 2000. Accordingly,
the analysis that follows will examine changes in annual
average employment between 2000 and 2009. CPS data
show that the largest proportions of employed teens are
in food preparation and serving occupations and in sales
and related occupations. In 2009, 27 percent of employed
Chart 9. Number of payroll jobs added in May through July in local government, excluding education, not
seasonally adjusted, 1978–2009
Thousands
450
400
400
350
350
300
300
250
250
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
0
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986
SOURCE:
32
Thousands
450
1988 1990 1992
Current Employment Statistics survey.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
1994
1996 1998 2000
2002 2004 2006
0
2008
teens worked in the former, and 24 percent in the latter,
occupational group. Employment was up from 2000 to
2009 in food preparation and serving, and little changed
in sales occupations. Total employment in food preparation and serving rose by 1.1 million between 2000 and
2009, while the number of teens employed declined by
242,000. During this same period, food preparation and
serving employment increased by 478,000 among persons between the ages of 20 and 24 years and by 388,000
among 25- to 34-year-olds. The following tabulation of
CPS data shows the change in employment, in thousands,
between 2000 and 2009 in selected intermediate-level occupations, by age group:
Occupational group
Office and
Food preparation Sales and administrative
Age group
and serving
related
support
Total..................
16-19 years.............
20-24 years.............
25-34 years.............
35-44 years.............
45-54 years.............
55 years and older...
1,052
–242
478
388
15
284
128
–80
–532
121
–214
–599
322
822
–2,302
–553
–532
–869
–1,280
–158
1,091
According to the tabulation, total employment in sales and
related occupations was little changed (–80,000) between
2000 and 2009; teen employment in sales fell by 532,000,
while persons aged 55 years and older increased their employment in sales occupations by 822,000. The largest loss
in teen employment among the intermediate-level occupations came in office and administrative occupations,
which lost 553,000 teen workers between 2000 and 2009.
Overall, employment in this occupational group declined
by 2.3 million. During the same period, employment in
the occupational group grew by 1.1 million among workers aged 55 years and older.
The CPS also collects data on the labor force status of
the foreign born, including data aggregated by level of
educational attainment for those aged 25 years and older.
Foreign-born persons tend to have lower levels of education than native-born persons and would therefore be
more likely to seek or qualify for jobs in the areas that
normally employ teens—that is, jobs which require lower
levels of education. In 2009, 30 percent of the foreignborn population aged 25 years and older had less than a
high school diploma, while 10 percent of the native-born
population had that same low level of education.
CPS data on persons employed in intermediate-level
occupations are available by native- or foreign-born status. These data show that the proportions of workers who
were foreign born increased between 2000 and 2009 in
the two occupational categories that employ the most
teens: food preparation and serving occupations and sales
occupations. Foreign-born workers also increased their
share of employment in the occupational category that
showed the largest decline in teen employment: office and
administrative support occupations. The following tabulation shows the foreign born as a percent of the total employed in selected occupations for 2000 and 2009:
Change,
Occupational group
2000
2009 2000–09
Total employed, all occupations.. 13.3
Food preparation and serving......... 20.1
Sales and related............................. 10.9
Office and administrative support... 8.6
15.4
22.4
12.3
9.7
2.1
2.3
1.4
1.1
Teens not in the labor force
Persons who are not in the labor force are neither employed
nor unemployed; in other words, they do not have a job and
are not currently looking for a job. The number of teens who
are not in the labor force has been moving up steadily since
the summer of 1989, when the group totaled 4.7 million;
by summer 2009, 9.5 million teens did not participate in
the labor force. The CPS asks non-labor-force participants
about their desire to find a job; since 1994, the survey has
included questions aimed at determining whether persons
not in the labor force “want a job.” This group need not
have made any effort to find a job. The proportion of teens
not in the labor force who want a job was 13.2 percent in
summer 2009, up slightly from the previous summer, but
down from 24.0 percent in summer 1994. (See chart 10.)
IN SUM, FEWER TEENS ARE EMPLOYED during the
summer, a trend that has been particularly evident since
2000. Today, teens are enrolled in school during the summer more so than in the past. In addition, teens are placing greater emphasis on academic achievement, because
of both stricter graduation requirements and increased
college enrollment among recent high school graduates.
Teens may be choosing summer school or other scholarly
activities over working. Also, teen earnings may have become less important in paying for college as financial aid
has grown and their earnings remain low. There is evidence
as well that the types of jobs that teens would normally
fill have become scarcer: not only is there increased competition for such jobs from other groups, but also, fewer
summer jobs are funded through government programs.
Finally, the decade has experienced two recessions, which
no doubt have diminished employment opportunities for
teens as well as other age groups.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 33
Teen Summer Employment
Chart 10.
Percentage of teens not in the labor force who say they “want a job,” summer 1994–summer
2009
Percent
30
Percent
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
1994
SOURCE:
1995 1996 1997 1998
1990 2000
2001
2002 2003 2004
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Current Population Survey.
Notes
The survey reference week is the calendar week that includes the
12th day of the month.
1
The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) is the official
arbiter of dating recessions.
2
In this regard, more teenagers are both enrolled and working
less during the school year. For a discussion of enrollment and employment trends during the school year, see Teresa L. Morisi, “Youth
enrollment and employment during the school year,” Monthly Labor
Review, February 2008, pp. 51–63, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/
opub/mlr/2008/02/art3full.pdf (visited May 20, 2010).
3
In the CPS, schools are defined to be public or private institutions,
including high schools, community or junior colleges, 4-year colleges,
universities, and graduate or professional schools of learning, that confer academic degrees. School attendance can be either full time or part
time.
4
5
“Public School Calendars Shifting Toward Earlier Opening and
Closing Dates” (Shelton, CT, MDR, 2010), on the Internet at www.
schooldata.com/mdrk12calendar.asp (visited May 20, 2010).
6
Sean Lavin, “Districts could pick school starts,” The Florida
Times-Union ( Jacksonville, Apr. 14, 2007), on the Internet at www.
jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/041407/met_9239982.shtml
(visited May 20, 2010).
7
A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform (U.S. Department of Education, National Commission on Excellence in Education, April 1983), on the Internet at www.ed.gov/pubs/NatAtRisk/
index.html (visited May 20, 2010).
34
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
Digest of Education Statistics, 2009, Table 153, “Percentage of public
and private high school graduates earning minimum credits in selected
combinations of academic courses, by sex and race/ethnicity: Selected
years, 1982 through 2005” (National Center for Education Statistics,
April 2010), on the Internet at nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d09/
tables/dt09_153.asp.
8
Digest of Education Statistics, 2009, Table 149, “Average number
of Carnegie units earned by public high school graduates in various subject fields, by selected student characteristics: Selected years,
1982 through 2005” (National Center for Education Statistics, April
2010), on the Internet at nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d09/tables/
dt09_149.asp (visited May 20, 2010). A Carnegie unit is the credit
given for the successful completion of a year’s study of one subject in
a secondary school.
9
The data cited in this paragraph are from the Federal Interagency
Forum on Child and Family Statistics, America’s Children: Key National
Indicators of Well-Being, 2009, Indicator Tables ED3A, B, C, and D: “High
school academic coursetaking: percentage distribution of high school
graduates by the highest level of mathematics, science, English, and
foreign language courses taken, selected years, 1982–2005” (Hyattsville, MD, U.S. Government Printing Office, July 2009). The Forum
uses data from a number of Federal sources, including the National
Center for Education Statistics.
10
11
See “College Enrollment and Work Activity of 2009 High
School Graduates,” news release (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Apr. 27,
2010), on the Internet at www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/hsgec.pdf
(visited May 20, 2010).
See “Volunteering in the United States—2009,” news release
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, Jan. 26, 2010), on the Internet at www.bls.
gov/news.release/pdf/volun.pdf (visited May 20, 2010).
12
The survey included youths between the ages of 12 and 18, a
broader group than that analyzed here. (See Youth Helping America:
Educating for Active Citizenship; Service-Learning, School-Based Service
and Youth Civic Engagement (Washington, DC, Corporation for National and Community Service, March 2006), on the Internet at www.
nationalservice.gov/pdf/06_0323_SL_briefing.pdf (visited May 20,
2010).
13
“Community Service and Service-Learning in America’s
Schools” (Washington, DC, Corporation for National and Community
Service, November 2008), on the Internet at www.nationalservice.
gov/pdf/08_1112_lsa_prevalence.pdf (visited May 20, 2010).
14
“More Interns Getting the Loot, Says Vault,” on the Internet at www.
vault.com/wps/portal/usa/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gzQ0u_YHMPIwP_gABTA09npxDXgKAAY5cAc_2CbEdFAF2a9xM!/?
WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/vault_content_library/
articles_site/articles/internships/more+interns+getting+the+loot%2C+
says+vault (visited May 20, 2010).
15
Rachel Emma Silverman, “Summer Jobs are Easier to Find This
Year; After a Post-Boom Drought, Employers Are Staffing Up; Industries That Are Hiring,” The Wall Street Journal, May 11, 2006, p. D1.
16
17
See, for example, Barbara Whitaker, “Ample Jobs, but Youths
Are Choosy,” The New York Times, June 9, 2007), on the Internet at www.nytimes.com/2007/06/09/business/09teens.html?_
r=1&scp=1&sq=barbara%20whitaker%20summer%20jobs&st=cse
(visited May 20, 2010).
18
“More Interns Getting the Loot.”
Susan P. Choy, Paying for College: Changes Between 1990 and
2000 for Full-Time Dependent Undergraduates, Findings from the Condition of Education 2004, NCES 2004–075 (National Center for Education Statistics, June 2004), on the Internet at www.nces.ed.gov/
pubs2004/2004075.pdf (visited May 20, 2010).
19
Digest of Education Statistics: 2009, Table 334, “Average undergraduate tuition and fees and room and board rates charged for fulltime students in degree-granting institutions, by type and control of
institution, 1964–65 through 2008–09” (National Center for Education Statistics, April 2010), on the Internet at nces.ed.gov/programs/
digest/d09/tables/dt09_334.asp?referrer=list (visited May 20, 2010).
20
com/2008/04/20/education/edlife/essay.html?st=cse&sq=the+%28
yes%29+low+cost+of+higher+ed&scp=1 (visited May 20, 2010).
24
25
See Trends in Student Aid: 2009.
Ibid.
See, for example, David Cho, “Working on Nothing But Their
Suntans; Many Teens Do Without Summer Jobs,” The Washington Post,
June 16, 2002, p. C1; Mary Williams Walsh, “Summer Work is Out of Favor With the Young,” The New York Times, June 18, 2008, on the Internet
at www.nytimes.com/2000/06/18/business/summer-work-is-out-offavor-with-the-young.html?scp=2&sq=summer%20work%20is%20
out%20of%20favor&st=cse&pagewanted=1 (visited May 20, 2010);
and Barbara Hagenbaugh, “Full Activity, Study Schedules Have Many
Teens Just Saying No to Jobs,” USA Today, Apr. 6, 2005, on the Internet at
www.usatoday.com/money/economy/employment/2005–04–06-teenwork-usat_x.htm?loc=interstitialskip (visited May 20, 2010).
26
27
Shirley L. Porterfield and Anne E. Winkler, “Teen time use and
parental education: evidence from the CPS, MTF, and ATUS, Monthly
Labor Review, May 2007, pp. 37–56, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/
opub/mlr/2007/05/art4full.pdf (visited May 20, 2010).
28
Josie Hathaway, “Summer Jobs Program Faces Two-Thirds
Cut,” U.S. Mayor Newspaper, Washington, DC, Jan. 24, 2000, on
the Internet at www.usmayors.org/uscm/us_mayor_newspaper/
documents/01_24_00/summer_washington.htm (visited May 20,
2010).
Author’s analysis of WIA funding from program allotment information published in various issues of the Federal Register.
29
30
See “Since 2000, Funding Changes Cause Annual Uncertainty
for Summer Jobs Program,” New York City Independent Budget Office
Fiscal Brief (New York, New York City Independent Budget Office,
June 2006), p. 1.
31
Siobhan Daniel, “Summer jobs program will hire fewer due to
higher wage, smaller budget,” Arizona Daily Star, Apr. 3, 2008), on the
Internet at azstarnet.com/business/article_8866619d-aaeb-5b2a-9827fcf11eb215a4.html (visited May 20, 2010).
32
See Jennifer L. Martel and David S. Langdon, “The job market in
2000: slowing down as the year ended,” Monthly Labor Review, February
2001, pp. 3–30, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2001/02/
art1full.pdf (visited May 20, 2010).
Trends in Student Aid: 2009 (New York, The College Board,
2009), on the Internet at www.trends-collegeboard.com/student_
aid/pdf/2009_Trends_Student_Aid.pdf (visited May 20, 2010).
Andrew Sum and Ishwar Khatiwada, with Sheila Palma, The
Age Twist in Employment Rates in the U.S., 2000–2004: The Steep Tilt
Against Young Workers in the Nation’s Labor Markets (Boston, Northeastern University, Center for Labor Market Studies, January 2005).
David Leonhardt, “The (Yes) Low Cost of Higher Ed,” The
New York Times, Apr. 20, 2008, on the Internet at www.nytimes.
See, for example, Kevin E. Cahill, Michael D. Giandrea, and Joseph F. Quinn, “Are Traditional Retirements a Thing of the Past? New
Evidence on Retirement Patterns and Bridge Jobs,” Working Paper
384 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2005), on the Internet at
www.bls.gov/osmr/pdf/ec050100.pdf (visited May 20, 2010); and “A
Micro-Level Analysis of Recent Increases in Labor Force Participation
Among Older Men,” Working Paper 400 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
October 2006), on the Internet at www.bls.gov/osmr/pdf/ec060120.
pdf (visited May 20, 2010). See also Murray Gendell, “Older workers:
increasing their labor force participation and hours of work,” Monthly
Labor Review, January 2008, pp. 41–54, on the Internet at www.bls.
gov/opub/mlr/2008/01/art3full.pdf (visited May 20, 2010).
21
22
See Daniel Aaronson, Kyung-Hong Park, and Daniel Sullivan, “The decline in teen labor force participation,” Economic
Perspectives (Chicago, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, first quarter, 2006), on the Internet at www.chicagofed.org/digital_assets/
publications/economic_perspectives/2006/ep_1qtr2006_part1_
aaronson_et_al.pdf (visited May 20, 2010); and “Explaining the
Decline in Teen Labor Force Participation,” Chicago Fed Letter
(Chicago, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, January 2007), on
the Internet at www.chicagofed.org/digital_assets/publications/
chicago_fed_letter/2007/cfljanuary2007_234.pdf (visited May
20, 2010).
23
33
34
Ibid.
35
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 35
JOLTS Annual Story
Job openings, hires, and separations
fall during the recession
JOLTS data indicate record-low levels of job openings, hires,
and separations in 2009, as well as a record-high number
of layoffs and discharges
Mark deWolf
and
Katherine Klemmer
Mark deWolf and
Katherine Klemmer
are economists in the
Division of Administrative
Statistics and Labor
Turnover in the Office
of Employment and
Unemployment Statistics
at the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. Email:
dewolf.mark@bls.gov
or klemmer.katherine@
bls.gov
D
ata from the Job Openings and
Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) reflect the continued impact that the
recession which began in December 2007
(according to the National Bureau of Economic Research1) has had on the demand
for labor and worker flows. Job openings—
a measure of labor demand—and hires and
separations—measures of worker flows—all
declined during the 2007–09 period and
reached series lows in 2009. The job openings rate, seasonally adjusted, dropped from
3.1 percent in December 2007 to 1.9 percent in December 2009. The job openings
rate reached a series low of 1.8 percent in
April 2009. The annual hires rate declined
from 46.1 percent to 37.2 percent, a series
low, during the 2007-to-2009 period. The
annual separations rate (which includes
both voluntary and involuntary separations)
dropped from 45.1 percent to 41.0 percent,
also a series low, during the 2007–09 period.
(See table 1.)
The downward trends in job openings,
hires, and separations that began in 2007 are
consistent with recessionary trends in other
economic statistics. The unemployment rate
reached a peak of 10.1 percent in October
2009, having climbed from 5.0 percent in
December 2007. Nonfarm employment
reached a low of 130 million in December
36
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
2009 after having fallen from a high of 138
million in December 2007, a net employment loss of approximately 8 million.2
The JOLTS program measures job openings, hires, and separations on a monthly
basis by industry3 and geographic region.
JOLTS gauges labor demand by collecting
data monthly from a sample of approximately 16,000 nonfarm business establishments. Published JOLTS data are available
from December 2000 forward. All monthly
JOLTS data used in this report are seasonally
adjusted.
Job openings
During the recession that began in December 2007, the number of job openings has
indicated a contraction in labor demand.
National job openings reached a prerecession peak of 4.8 million in March 2007. By
the official start of the recession, job openings had decreased to 4.4 million. Nonfarm
payroll employment peaked at 138 million
in December 2007. The declines in job openings became steeper after the onset of the
recession. In a weak economy, job openings
fall as employers cut back their hiring plans
in response to weak demand.4 The national
job openings level reached a series low of 2.3
million in July 2009, a decline of 2.5 million
Table 1. Job openings (seasonally adjusted), hires, and separations rates and levels, 2007–09
[In thousands]
December rates
Dec. 2007
Job openings................................
3.1
Dec. 2008
2.2
December levels
Dec. 2009
1.9
Dec. 2007
4,378
Annual rates
Hires..................................................
Separations...................................
2007
46.1
45.1
2008
41.1
43.6
openings from its March 2007 peak. Job openings trended
up in the second half of 2009, and the national level was
2.7 million in February 2010. (See chart 1.)
Job openings by industry. The monthly job openings levels
for all published industries have trended downward during the recession, with every industry falling to a series low
during 2009. The job openings levels for most industries
began to decline before the start of the recession. The two
industries with the steepest drops in job openings were
construction and manufacturing. Both industries peaked
in early 2007 and trended downward prior to the recession. For all JOLTS industries, the decline in job openings
appears to have leveled off in the second half of 2009.
Manufacturing has trended upward since July 2009, and
retail trade has done so since November 2009. All industries except for manufacturing ended 2009 with fewer job
openings than existed in December 2008.
Job openings by region. The finest geographical breakout
the JOLTS sample can provide is for the Midwest,
Northeast, South, and West regions. All four regions
experienced recessionary trends in job openings similar
to that of the national level, reaching their peaks before
December 2007. Job openings trended downward in the
four regions during the recession and dropped to series lows
in July 2009. The West experienced the largest decline in
job openings, with the level dropping 59 percent from the
start of the recession to July 2009. The downward trend in
job openings appears to have subsided in the four regions
during the middle of 2009, with an upward trend starting
at the end of the year. Despite the upward movement late
in the year, all four regions had lower levels of job openings
in December 2009 than in December 2008.
Job openings and unemployment. Historically, the total
nonfarm job openings rate and the Current Population
Survey’s national unemployment rate have moved
inversely. An economic expansion is indicated by a low
Dec. 2008
3,078
Dec. 2009
2,531
Annual levels
2009
37.2
41.0
2007
63,404
62,125
2008
56,204
59,640
2009
48,696
53,679
unemployment rate and a high rate of job openings. A
contraction is indicated by a high unemployment rate
and a low rate of job openings. Chart 2 illustrates the
historically inverse relationship between these two series:
the two rates move toward each other during expansions
and away from each other during contractions. Before the
recession the difference between the two rates had never
(since the beginning of the JOLTS data series) surpassed 3.8
percentage points. With the exception of the period from
the beginning of the data series through May 2001, the
difference between the two series was smallest in March
2007. In April 2007, the two rates began to move away
from each other, reflecting the weakening of the economy
before the beginning of the most recent recession. At
the onset of the recession, the difference between the job
openings rate and the unemployment rate began to grow
rapidly, reaching a series high of 8.2 percent in October
2009. Since October the gap has decreased, and by
February 2010 it was 7.6 percent. (See chart 2.)
Definitions of JOLTS terms
Job openings. Monthly job openings are defined as the number of
openings on the last day of the reference month.
Hires. Monthly hires are all additions of personnel to the payroll
during the reference month, and annual hires are all additions to
the payroll during a given year.
Total separations. Monthly total separations are the number of
employees separated from payroll during the reference month, and
annual total separations are the number separated during a given
year. Separations are classified as quits, layoffs and discharges, and
other separations.
Quits. Cases in which people left a job voluntarily but did
not retire or transfer.
Layoffs and discharges. Involuntary separations initiated by
employers.
Other separations. Retirements, transfers, deaths, and separations caused by disability.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
37
JOLTS Annual Story
Chart 1.
JOLTS total nonfarm job openings and CES total nonfarm employment, both seasonally adjusted,
December 2000–February 2010
[In thousands]
Job openings
5,500
Employment
140,000
Employment
5,000
138,000
136,000
4,500
Job openings
134,000
4,000
132,000
3,500
130,000
3,000
128,000
2,500
126,000
2,000
124,000
Dec 2000
Chart 2.
Dec 2001
Dec 2002
Dec 2003
Dec 2004
Dec 2005
Dec 2006
Dec 2007
Dec 2008
Dec 2009
JOLTS job openings rate and CPS unemployment rate, both seasonally adjusted, December 2000–
February 2010
Job openings
rate
12.0
Unemployment
rate
12.0
10.0
10.0
8.0
8.2
Unemployment rate
6.0
6.0
3.8
4.0
2.0
0.0
Dec 2000
38
8.0
4.0
1.0
2.0
Job openings rate
Dec 2001
Dec 2002
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
Dec 2003
Dec 2004
Dec 2005
Dec 2006
Dec 2007
Dec 2008
0.0
Dec 2009
The Beveridge Curve is the economic model used to
examine the inverse relationship between labor demand
(as measured by job openings) and labor supply (as
measured by the number of unemployed people) over
time.5 The curve plots the job openings rate with respect to
the unemployment rate. During the recession that began
in December 2007, the curve began to move southeasterly,
with job openings and labor demand decreasing and
unemployment and excess labor supply increasing. The
movement reflects the contracting job market. In October
2008 the curve started to move horizontally to the right
as the unemployment rate increased faster than the job
openings rate decreased. The lowest points on the curve,
representing the series lows for the job openings rate,
occurred in April, July, and August 2009, but the highest
unemployment rate did not occur until October 2009.
(See chart 3.)
Another way to look at the effect the recession had on the
labor market is to create a ratio from the unemployment
and job openings data. In the most recent recession, the
ratio has increased. There are many more unemployed
people than there are job openings. The southeasterly
movement of the Beveridge Curve during the recession
also shows that the number of jobseekers per opening was
increasing.6
The ratio of unemployed persons per job opening
bottomed in late 2006 to early 2007 and then began to
climb through the onset of the December 2007 recession.
The ratio reached a series high of 6.2 unemployed persons
per job opening in November 2009 and has since fallen.
The ratio was 5.5 in February 2010. 7 (See chart 4.)
Hires and separations
The levels of both hires and separations began to decline
during the months before the most recent recession
began. Both the level of hires and that of separations
reached high points in May 2006: 5.6 million hires
and approximately the same number of separations.
Employment, as measured by the Current Employment
Statistics program, reached a high point of 138 million
in December 2007. Shortly after the recession began, the
level of hires and that of employment showed steep drops
whereas separations declined slowly until a more rapid
decline began after January 2009. From January 2008
through January 2010, separations consistently exceeded
hires, causing employment levels to drop.8 Hires and
employment leveled off in late 2009, whereas separations
have continued to decline. (See chart 5.)
The level of hires hovered between 5.3 million and 5.6
Chart 3. The Beveridge curve (job openings rate versus unemployment rate), seasonally adjusted, December
2000–February 2010
Job openings
rate
Job openings
rate
4.0
4.0
Dec. ‘00
Mar. ‘01
3.5
3.5
Dec. ‘07
3.0
3.0
Oct. ‘08
2.5
2.5
Nov. ‘01
Feb. ‘10
2.0
1.5
3.5
Apr. ‘09
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
Unemployment rate
8.0
8.5
Oct. ‘09
Aug. ‘09
9.0
9.5
10.0
2.0
1.5
10.5
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
39
JOLTS Annual Story
Chart 4. Ratio of unemployed persons per job opening, seasonally adjusted, December 2000–February 2010
Unemployed persons
per job opening
Unemployed persons
per job opening
7.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
Dec 2000
Dec 2001
Dec 2002
Dec 2003
Dec 2004
Dec 2005
Dec 2006
Dec 2007
Dec 2008
0.0
Dec 2009
Chart 5. Hires, separations, and employment, all seasonally adjusted, December 2000–February 2010
[In thousands]
Hires and
separations
Employment
140,000
6,000
Employment
5,500
135,000
5,000
Separations
4,500
130,000
4,000
Hires
125,000
3,500
Dec 2000
40
Dec 2001
Dec 2002
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
Dec 2003
Dec 2004
Dec 2005
Dec 2006
Dec 2007
Dec 2008
Dec 2009
million from May 2006 through November 2006 and
then began a steady decline. In June 2009, the hires level
dropped to a series low of 3.9 million. Since July 2009,
the hires level has remained between 4.0 million and 4.2
million. A primary reason for the drop in hires before and
during the recession was the hiring freezes implemented
by companies that were looking to reduce the size of their
workforce but avoid layoffs.9 Total annual hires for 2009
were 48.7 million, making that year the weakest one since
the series began.10
The dynamic nature of the labor market has remained
apparent during the recession that began in December
2007. Hires and separations have continued to occur, albeit at increasingly lower levels. Although many companies
have discharged employees, many of them have continued
to hire at the same time. Sometimes companies lay off employees with outdated skills and search for new employees
who have different skills because the companies are moving away from retaining and retraining employees.11
In May 2006, the separations level was 5.6 million. The
separations level declined from that point to reach a series
low in February 2010 of 4.0 million. Between May 2006
and January 2009, the number of separations had declined
at a slower pace; after January 2009, separations began a
steeper drop. The relatively slower decline in separations
between May 2006 and January 2009 can be attributed to
high levels of layoffs and discharges. Another component
of separations is quits, which declined from November
2006 through September 2009. Economic uncertainty has
likely resulted in workers keeping the jobs that they have
instead of risking unemployment.12 Beginning in January
2009, layoffs and discharges started to decline. The separations level for the year 2009 declined to 53.7 million,
which is the lowest annual level since the series began.
hiring in this industry was at a series low in February 2010.
Annual hires data show that all industries declined for the
year 2009, with the exception of the “other services” industry, which showed a slight increase in hires.
Hires by region. Annual hires in all four Census regions
have declined since the beginning of the recession and
dropped to series lows in 2009. From 2007 to 2009, the
South experienced the largest decline in hires, followed
closely by the West.13 Hires fell in the South from 24 million annually in 2007 to 18 million annually in 2009. Annual hires in the West fell from 15 million in 2007 to
11 million in 2009. Both the Northeast and the Midwest
also have been affected by the recession, with annual hires
levels falling by 1.2 million in the former and 3.4 million
in the latter from 2007 to 2009.
Components of total separations
Total separations comprise quits, layoffs and discharges,
and other separations. Each component contributes to
the overall movement in total separations. However, every
component has unique trends and cyclical movements.
Overall, monthly total separations changed little from the
beginning of the recession through early 2009, hovering
between 4.8 million and 5.1 million. Still, the labor market has remained dynamic, as indicated by the underlying
movements of the components of separations. Quits decreased because many employees chose to keep their jobs.
Layoffs and discharges, in contrast, increased.
The number of quits usually exceeds the number of layoffs and discharges. During the most recent economic expansion, the gap between quits and layoffs and discharges
widened considerably and then narrowed during 2007.
The two series reversed an 8-year trend when the number
Hires by industry. Hires within industries show trends of layoffs and discharges exceeded the number of quits in
similar to the trend at the national level. Seasonally adjusted November 2008 for the first time. Layoffs and discharges
monthly data show that in most industries hires began to continued to exceed quits through January 2010. February
decline before the onset of the recession. Hires in construc- 2010 is the first month since November 2008 in which
tion peaked relatively early—in August 2005—at 534,000 the quits level was higher than the layoffs and discharges
hires and declined through June 2009, when they reached a level. (See chart 6.)
Between 2007 and 2009, the relative annual contribulow point of 268,000. In late 2009 and early 2010, construction hires have risen slightly. Manufacturing hires peaked at tions to total separations of quits and of layoffs and dis421,000 in March 2006 and reached a trough of 204,000 in charges changed dramatically. Note the differences beMay 2009. Retail trade; professional and business services; tween the two pie graphs of chart 7. From 2007 to 2009,
education and health services; and arts, entertainment, and the annual share of quits dropped from 57 percent to
recreation all appear to have reached low points and leveled 41 percent. In that same period, the share of layoffs and
off or increased slightly by early 2010. The exception is ac- discharges increased from 36 percent to 52 percent. The
commodation and food services, for which hiring peaked share of other separations remained stable at 7 percent
in November 2006 and declined from that point onward; from 2007 through 2009 in spite of an aging baby-boomer
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
41
JOLTS Annual Story
Chart 6. Quits and layoffs and discharges, both seasonally adjusted, December 2000–February 2010
[In thousands]
[In thousands]
4,000
4,000
3,500
3,500
Quits
3,000
3,000
2,500
2,500
2,000
2,000
1,500
1,500
Layoffs and discharges
1,000
1,000
500
500
0
Dec 2000
Chart 7.
0
Dec 2001
Dec 2002
Dec 2003
Dec 2004
Dec 2005
Dec 2006
Dec 2008
Dec 2009
Composition of total separations, 2007 and 2009
Composition of total
separations: 2007
Percentage
quits
57%
Composition of total
separations: 2009
Percentage
layoffs and
discharges
36%
Percentage
other
separations
7%
42
Dec 2007
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
Percentage
quits
41%
Percentage
other
separations
7%
Percentage
layoffs and
discharges
52%
Table 2.
Composition of JOLTS separations, 2001–09
Year
Total separations, in thousands
Layoffs and
discharges, in
thousands
Layoffs and
discharges:
percentage of
total separations
Quits, in
thousands
Quits: percentage of total
separations
Other separations, in thousands
Other
separations:
percentage
of total separations
2001.........................................
2002.........................................
2003.........................................
2004.........................................
2005.........................................
2006..........................................
2007.........................................
2008..........................................
2009..........................................
65,610
60,412
57,847
59,666
62,107
62,661
62,125
59,640
53,679
24,351
23,325
23,959
23,389
22,774
21,460
22,557
24,549
27,790
37.1
38.6
41.4
39.2
36.7
34.2
36.3
41.2
51.8
36,405
32,375
29,351
31,852
34,964
36,327
35,108
31,074
21,964
55.5
53.6
50.7
53.4
56.3
58.0
56.5
52.1
40.9
4,851
4,711
4,537
4,425
4,369
4,871
4,464
4,018
3,921
7.4
7.8
7.8
7.4
7.0
7.8
7.2
6.7
7.3
Table 3. Annual levels of quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations, by region, 2007–09
[In thousands]
Region
Northeast........................................
South.................................................
Midwest...........................................
West..................................................
Quits
Layoffs and discharges
Other separations
2007
2008
2009
2007
2008
2009
2007
2008
4,708
14,475
7,554
8,370
4,622
12,426
6,893
7,131
3,294
8,645
4,928
5,100
4,002
7,912
5,282
5,359
4,395
8,300
5,316
6,538
5,335
9,554
6,103
6,797
820
1,475
1,034
1,134
779
1,372
954
916
population, possibly indicating a recession-induced reluctance among workers to retire. (See table 2 and chart 7.)
Components of separations by industry and region. From the
onset of the recession in December 2007 through February 2010, each industry has shown an overall decline
in the quits level. Annual quits decreased from 2008 to
2009 in every JOLTS industry and, with the exception of
educational services, reached a series low in each industry.
In addition, quits declined from 2008 to 2009 in every
region on an annual basis. The majority of industries and
all regions showed a decline in quits from 2007 to 2008.
The annual number of layoffs and discharges increased
from 2008 to 2009 in every industry with the exceptions
of retail trade and arts, entertainment, and recreation, and
reached series highs in almost every industry. On an annual basis, layoffs and discharges increased in every region from 2008 to 2009. From 2007 to 2008, layoffs and
2009
740
1,445
900
839
discharges increased for the majority of industries and all
regions. (See table 3.)
Most industries showed small declines in the component of other separations from 2007 to 2008 and from
2008 to 2009. Construction showed the largest decline in
2009, with 100,000 fewer other separations than in 2008.
Examination of the demand for labor and of
worker flows provides valuable insight into how employers react to the business cycle. JOLTS data show that
the labor market contracted over the 2007–09 period.
Both the number of job openings and the number of hires
declined from the months before the recession through
the first half of 2009. Decomposition of the separations
data shows that underlying churning in the labor market caused a significant shift in the behavior of quits and
layoffs and discharges data that caused the two series to
reverse their historical trend.
NOTES
1
Determination of the December 2007 Peak in Economic Activity (Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research), on
the Internet at www.nber.org/cycles/dec2008.html (visited May 11,
2010). The National Bureau of Economic Research has not yet determined an endpoint for the recession. Therefore, all economic analysis
in this article neither assumes the recession has ended nor assumes it
is still ongoing.
Data on annual employment levels are available from the Current
Employment Statistics program at http://stats.bls.gov/ces/home.
htm (visited Apr. 6, 2010).
2
The term “industry” can refer to a supersector, sector, or subsector,
depending on the context. In analyzing “industries,” the JOLTS program follows the North American Industry Classification System.
3
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
43
JOLTS Annual Story
4
Kelly A. Clark and Rosemary Hyson, “New tools for labor market
analysis: JOLTS,” Monthly Labor Review, December 2001, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2001/12/art4full.pdf (visited Apr. 26,
2010).
Kelly A. Clark, What an Indicator of Labor Demand Means for U.S.
Labor Market Analysis: Initial Results from the Job Openings and Labor
Turnover Survey (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003), on the Internet at
www.bls.gov/osmr/pdf/st030150.pdf (visited Apr. 26, 2010).
5
Julie Hotchkiss and Menbere Shiferaw, “Employment Survey
Delivers JOLTS,” EconSouth, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, first
quarter 2010, on the Internet at www.frbatlanta.org/documents/
pubs/econsouth/q110econsouth.pdf (visited Mar. 22, 2010).
6
Katherine Klemmer, “Job availability during a recession: an examination of the number of unemployed persons per job opening,” Issues
in Labor Statistics, March 2010, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/opub/
ils/pdf/opbils80.pdf (visited Apr. 14, 2010).
7
8
44
Casey B. Mulligan, “Another Look at Hiring and Layoffs,” The
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
New York Times Economix blog, Dec. 23, 2009, on the Internet at
http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/23/another-look-athiring-and-layoffs/ (visited Apr. 12, 2010).
9
Chris Isidore, “The jobs problem you don’t know about,”
CNNMoney.com, Feb. 9, 2009, on the Internet at http://money.cnn.
com/2009/02/05/news/economy/jobs_outlook/index.htm (visited
Mar. 22, 2010).
10
Mark Lieberman, “In English, Please: A Dismal Jolt,” FOXBusiness, July 7, 2009, on the Internet at www.foxbusiness.com/story/
markets/english-dismal-jolt/ (visited Mar. 22, 2010).
Cari Tuna, “Many Companies Hire as They Fire,” The Wall Street
Journal, May 11, 2009, p. B6, on the Internet at http://online.wsj.
com/article/SB124198904713604533.html (visited Mar. 22, 2010).
11
Chris Isidore, “Take this job and tolerate it,” CNNMoney.com,
Mar. 23, 2010, on the Internet at http://money.cnn.com/2010/03/23/
news/economy/trapped_in_a_job/ (visited Apr. 21, 2010).
12
13
Hotchkiss and Shiferaw, “Employment Survey Delivers JOLTS.”
Précis
Returns of community college to economic mobility
Community colleges play an important role in the U.S. higher education
system. With their open admissions
policies, less expensive tuition, and
flexible curriculum and class schedules, community colleges serve groups
that might not otherwise be able to
pursue an education, such as firstgeneration college students, people
from low-income families, and fulltime workers who attend class part
time. Students enrolled at community colleges across the United States
represent 46 percent of current U.S.
undergraduates. There are 11.5 million community college students in
total, and 6.5 million of them are
studying for college credit. For many
of these students, community colleges
are a path to further education and
improved economic status.
Published in the January/February
2010 edition of the Federal Reserve
Bank of St. Louis Review, Natalia
A. Lolesnikova’s article “Community Colleges and Economic Mobility” explores the advantages and
limitations of a community college
education as regards labor market
outcomes. Lolesnikova’s data illustrate community colleges’ substantial
influence on labor market outcomes.
According to the author, the annual
earnings of students who attended
community college but did not complete an associate degree increase by
5–8 percent for each year of community college completed. Students
who attended community college
but did not complete a degree earn
9–13 percent more than those who
have only a high school diploma.
Although the return differs by city,
the hourly wages of white men with
an associate degree are 19 percent
higher than wages of white men
who stopped their formal education
immediately after high school. Returns are much higher for black and
Hispanic men—25 and 27 percent,
respectively. Women have higher
returns to an associate degree than
men do (perhaps related to the fact
that they are more likely to major in
nursing and related health fields).
However, a salary gap exists between
those community college students
who graduate with an associate degree and go on to receive a bachelor’s
degree and similar people who have a
bachelor’s degree without an associate
degree, regardless of location or racial
and ethnic boundaries. When all
other factors are controlled, individuals of prime age (23 to 55 years old)
with an associate degree earn $3,853
less per year than their counterparts
with no associate degree. Lolesnikova
also finds a “penalty” resulting from
beginning postsecondary education
at a community college, regardless
of whether an associate degree is obtained. College students who began
their postsecondary studies at community colleges are 36 percent less
likely to obtain a bachelor’s degree
than similar students who started at
4-year colleges.
Employment challenges
faced by former inmates
Finding stable employment is one of
the many challenges former prison
inmates face when reentering society.
Maintaining employment is often
a decisive factor in determining the
success of an inmate in his or her
life after release from prison. Professor Steven Raphael discusses the
challenges former inmates face and
analyzes a number of programs that
have been put in place to improve
their future employment prospects
in his working paper titled “Improving Employment Prospects for Former Prison Inmates: Challenges and
Policy” (NBER Working Paper 15874,
April 2010).
Raphael analyzes the demographics of America’s 51 Federal and State
prison systems. He empirically characterizes inmates as being predominantly male (93 percent), mostly in
racial or ethnic minorities (52 percent
African-American and 20 percent
Hispanic), and having low levels of
educational attainment (two-thirds
do not have a high school diploma or
the equivalent). Large portions of the
incarcerated population have physical
and/or mental health problems. Many
suffer from drug or alcohol problems,
and 60 percent have participated in
drug or alcohol treatment programs
while incarcerated.
Many former inmates face challenges finding employment because
of their educational and criminal
background. Former inmates are often legally barred from employment
in certain occupations or discriminated against in the hiring process
because of the belief that former
convicts exhibit behavioral traits that
employers find objectionable.
Raphael continues by analyzing the
results of a survey of establishments
regarding employers’ attitudes toward
hiring workers with criminal records.
He notes that 71 percent of private establishments said they would
probably not or definitely not hire a
worker with a criminal record. Sixty
percent of employers indicated that
they always check criminal records
before hiring, and 78 percent of the
establishments that always check records use an outside security agency
to run background checks.
There have been numerous reentry
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 45
Précis
programs and experimental programs
designed to help former inmates
overcome these challenges. Raphael
analyzes and discusses several of these
programs. A meta-analysis of over 50
in-prison and post-prison interventions indicates that these programs
yielded an overall 9-percent reduc-
46
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
tion in criminal activity for in-prison
educational/vocational programs and
a 5-percent decrease for post-prison
employment programs. Many of the
programs discussed focus on finding
and maintaining employment as a
means of reducing recidivism.
In conclusion, Raphael states that
the cost of these reentry programs is
relatively low in comparison with the
costs of constructing, staffing, and operating prisons for returning inmates.
In addition, he asserts that these programs also result in obvious social
benefits to both the former inmates
and the general public.
Book Review
Welfare Reform and its
Aftermath
Working After Welfare: How Women
Balance Jobs and Family in the Wake of
Welfare Reform. By Kristin S. Seefeldt,
Kalamazoo, MI, W.E. Upjohn Institute
for Employment Research, 2008, 171
pp., $40/hardback.
Working After Welfare author Kristin
S. Seefeldt, who holds a faculty research appointment at the Gerald R.
Ford School of Public Policy at the
University of Michigan as well as an
assistant directorship at the National Poverty Center, begins her book:
“Several years ago, The New York
Times quoted a former executive who
decided to stay home with her children as saying ‘Most of us thought
we would work and have kids…But
really we were kind of duped. None
of us realized how hard it is.’” The
Times article also acknowledged that
a particular group of women—single
mothers—posed an exception to any
trend from paid work in the formal
economy to staying at home with
the children. Welfare reform beginning in 1996, along with other policy
changes, helped fuel an increase in
single mothers’ labor force participation as an intended consequence—
from about 62 percent in 1995 to
about 73 percent by 2000. The result
for many single mothers, who tend to
be far more likely to earn low wages
and struggle to pay for child care than
married mothers, was that reducing
the number of hours they work was
no longer a viable option.
According to Seefeldt, the policies that are in place to address workfamily balance issues tend to benefit
those who work in well-paid jobs.
For example, the Family and Medical
Leave Act of 1997 requires employers to provide up to 12 weeks of leave
to certain classes of employees so that
they can perform certain caretaking
responsibilities—however, that time
is unpaid. Workers in low-wage jobs,
particularly single mothers who are
sole earners for their families, usually
cannot afford lengthy absences without pay. And to qualify, employees
must have been working in the job for
at least 12 months. Higher than average turnover characterizes the lowwage labor market, so many mothers
may not work in one job long enough
to be eligible for unpaid leave.
A number of teams launched major research projects designed to track
the well-being of those families affected by the change in social policy
triggered by Welfare-to-Work. Barriers to work for low-income individuals typically included low education
levels, spotty employment histories,
health issues, and child care and
transportation problems. And, compared to national samples of women,
welfare recipients were more likely
to suffer from depression and other
mental health disorders and to have
recently experienced domestic violence.
To help former welfare recipients
maintain steady, secure employment,
states began offering services ranging
from transportation assistance and
counseling for handling workplace
disputes—support that might help
workers keep existing jobs—to opportunities to participate in vocational
training activities. The Women’s Employment Study—a collaborative effort among a multidisciplinary group
of University of Michigan researchers—collected data from a sample of
Michigan women who received cash
welfare beginning in 1997, just after
welfare reform was implemented in
Michigan, until August 2003. They
numbered 750 recipients, the majority of whom worked in any given
month. For those who worked earnings did increase over time, although
many still did not earn their way out
of poverty. Unstable employment
patterns were characteristic of just
about half of these workers. Most of
the sample left welfare by 2003 and
did not return. At the end of the survey just over two-thirds, 68.6 percent,
were employed.
The results of the Women’s Employment Study regarding barriers
to employment indicated that 29.9
percent of the women had less than a
high school education/no GED, 13.3
percent had a learning disability, 13.9
percent had low work experience,
21.1 percent work skills barriers, 8.9
percent “work norms” barriers, and
14.7 percent had experienced prior
discrimination—all considered “human capital” deficits. Among other
employment challenges faced by
those in this group, 64.6 percent had
pre-school aged children, 41.8 percent had a child aged two or younger,
22.9 percent had a child with a health
problem, 42.9 percent had a transportation barrier, 36.9 percent had a
mental health problem, 16.0 percent
faced domestic violence, 22.0 percent
were involved in drug use, and 19.4
percent had a physical health problem. Many experienced more than
one of these challenges.
Surveys by employers, most notably Georgetown professor and chief
economist for the U.S. Department
of Labor in the Clinton Administration Harry Holzer, showed that even
entry-level job openings required
high school diplomas and the ability
to perform simple reading and computational skills. Yet many welfare recipients lacked these credentials. Another concern was that welfare recipients who had minimal work histories
were perhaps not accustomed to the
culture of work. Employers sometime
look for a strong prior attachment to
the labor market as a signal of the
ability to perform a variety of job-reMonthly Labor Review • May 2010 47
Book Review
lated tasks or as a proxy for the ability
to show up for work reliably.
Median hourly wage rates in 1997
were $6.66 (in 2003 inflation adjusted dollars) and wage rates increased
by 25 percent over the 1997–2003
study period, reaching a median of
$8.35 an hour by 2003. Many women
held service jobs, such as cashiers in
retail stores or fast-food outlets, janitors, or health care aides. The proportion of workers whose employers
offered paid sick days, paid vacation
days, and health plans and retirement
benefits all increased over the 6 year
period. Inflation-adjusted wages also
increased modestly over the study period. In 2003, about 16 percent of the
women made between $10 and $12
an hour compared to just 7 percent
in 1997, and more women—17.3
percent—earned at least $12 an hour.
The percentage of women earning
less than $7 an hour fell from 53 to
about 30 percent.
About 17 percent of women who
started in a poverty-wage job ended
in one, and about 25 percent started
in a poverty-wage job and moved into
a higher paying position. Thirteen
percent of those working at the start
were not employed in the 12 months
prior to the 2003 interview. About a
quarter of the workers, 26.1 percent,
both began and ended in jobs paying above poverty wages. Just under
a tenth (9.3 percent) moved from
above poverty wages to a povertylevel job; similar percentages started
in jobs above poverty-level wages but
were not employed at all in 2003.
48
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
The reasons Seefeldt sees for women remaining in poverty-wage jobs:
1. Women with large families tend
to stay in very low-wage jobs if
the positions that pay better are
less flexible in regard to scheduling. More children often mean
greater challenges to achieving
child care, particularly if that
care must be with different providers.
2. Not knowing appropriate workplace norms: this could lead to
issues with absenteeism; late arrival, extended breaks, and early
departure; personality conflicts;
and refusal to do tasks outside
the “job description.”
3. Having previously experienced
discrimination in the workplace increases the probability
of staying in a poverty-wage job
relative to moving up the ladder
and to later unemployment. A
worker discouraged about her
prospects for obtaining a better
job may not seek one out.
Seefeldt sees that many of the
challenges faced by working mothers, whether they are the women
who participated in the Women’s
Employment Study or higher-paid
executives, are generated by conditions inherent in the way American
employment and educational institutions are structured. The Alfred P.
Sloan Foundation, a leader in funding
research on work and family, states
that, “While the demographics of the
American work-force have changed
dramatically over the last 30 years, the
structure of the American workplace
has not. It retains its full-time, yearround form, which no longer makes
sense when most employees live in
dual-earner or single–parent households (and often have considerable
care-giving responsibilities).” This is
also supported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Time Use Survey data
which show that, even when women
work outside the home in two-gender
households, they still usually carry the
responsibilities of helping and caring
for household members and purchasing goods and services.
Seefeldt makes a number of recommendations. She feels a shorter
work-week and more generous leave
policies could enable welfare mothers
to get a better education and, simultaneously, encourage men to devote
more time to family responsibilities.
She also recommends additional
funding for high-quality child care
and a government policy of health
care for all.
Working After Welfare, tapping into
the quantitative and qualitative evidence gathered in the Women’s Employment Study of an urban Michigan county, offers valuable insights
into how women who left welfare for
work balanced job and family in the
wake of welfare reform. I recommend
it.
—Mary Ellen Ayres
Office of Publications (Retired)
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Current Labor Statistics
Notes on current labor statistics . ..............
50
Comparative indicators
1. Labor market indicators..................................................... 62
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in
compensation, prices, and productivity........................... 63
3. Alternative measures of wages and
compensation changes.................................................... 63
Labor force data
4. Employment status of the population,
seasonally adjusted.........................................................
5. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted.........
6. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted.....
7. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted................
8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment,
seasonally adjusted.........................................................
9. Unemployment rates by sex and age,
seasonally adjusted .........................................................
10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted.............
11. Employment of workers by State,
seasonally adjusted..........................................................
12. Employment of workers by industry,
seasonally adjusted..........................................................
13. Average weekly hours by industry, seasonally adjusted.......
14. Average hourly earnings by industry,
seasonally adjusted..........................................................
15. Average hourly earnings by industry..................................
16. Average weekly earnings by industry.................................
17. Diffusion indexes of employment change,
seasonally adjusted ......................................................
18. Job openings levels and rates, by industry and regions,
seasonally adjusted.........................................................
19. Hires levels and rates by industry and region,
seasonally adjusted.........................................................
20. Separations levels and rates by industry and region,
seasonally adjusted..........................................................
21. Quits levels and rates by industry and region,
seasonally adjusted.........................................................
64
65
66
66
Labor compensation and collective
bargaining data
30.
31.
32.
33.
Employment Cost Index, compensation .......................... 91
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries ..................... 93
Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry .......... 95
Employment Cost Index, private industry workers,
by bargaining status, and region..................................... 96
34. National Compensation Survey, retirement benefits,
private industry ............................................................. 97
35. National Compensation Survey, health insurance,
private industry............................................................... 100
36. National Compensation Survey, selected benefits,
private industry.............................................................. 102
37. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more............. 102
Price data
73
74
75
38. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average, by expenditure
category and commodity and service groups.................. 103
39. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and
local data, all items ........................................................ 106
40. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items
and major groups........................................................... 107
41. Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing................... 108
42. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major
industry groups.............................................................. 109
43. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes
by stage of processing..................................................... 110
44. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category................... 110
45. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category................... 111
46. U.S. international price indexes for selected
categories of services...................................................... 111
76
Productivity data
77
47. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation,
and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted.......................... 112
48. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity........................ 113
49. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation,
unit costs, and prices...................................................... 114
50. Annual indexes of output per hour for select industries..... 115
67
67
68
68
69
72
77
78
78
22. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages,
10 largest counties . ....................................................... 79
23. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, by State... 81
24. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages, by ownership............................................... 82
25. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages,
establishment size and employment, by supersector....... 83
26. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and
Wages, by metropolitan area ......................................... 84
27. Annual data: Employment status of the population.......... 89
28. Annual data: Employment levels by industry ................. 89
29. Annual data: Average hours and earnings level,
by industry..................................................................... 90
International comparisons data
51. Unemployment rates in 10 countries,
seasonally adjusted......................................................... 118
52. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian
working-age population, 10 countries............................119
53. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures,
16 economies................................................................. 120
Injury and Illness data
54. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness..................... 122
55. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure ................ 124
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 49
Current Labor Statistics
Notes
on Current Labor Statistics
This section of the Review presents the
principal statistical series collected and
calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics:
series on labor force; employment; unemployment; labor compensation; consumer,
producer, and international prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury
and illness statistics. In the notes that follow,
the data in each group of tables are briefly
described; key definitions are given; notes
on the data are set forth; and sources of additional information are cited.
General notes
The following notes apply to several tables
in this section:
Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly
and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate
the effect on the data of such factors as climatic conditions, industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday
buying periods, and vacation practices, which
might prevent short-term evaluation of the
statistical series. Tables containing data that
have been adjusted are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are estimated
on the basis of current and past experiences.
When new seasonal factors are computed
each year, revisions may affect seasonally
adjusted data for several preceding years.
Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables
1–14, 17–21, 48, and 52. Seasonally adjusted
labor force data in tables 1 and 4–9 and seasonally adjusted establishment survey data
shown in tables 1, 12–14, and 17 usually are
revised in the March issue of the Review. A
brief explanation of the seasonal adjustment
methodology appears in “Notes on the data.”
Revisions in the productivity data in table
54 are usually introduced in the September
issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month-to-month and
quarter-to-quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index
series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes
are not published for the U.S. average AllItems CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent
changes are available for this series.
Adjustments for price changes. Some
data—such as the “real” earnings shown in
table 14—are adjusted to eliminate the effect
of changes in price. These adjustments are
made by dividing current-dollar values by
the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate
component of the index, then multiplying
by 100. For example, given a current hourly
wage rate of $3 and a current price index
number of 150, where 1982 = 100, the hourly
rate expressed in 1982 dollars is $2 ($3/150
x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting
50
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or
“1982” dollars.
Sources of information
Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau in a variety
of sources. Definitions of each series and
notes on the data are contained in later sections of these Notes describing each set of
data. For detailed descriptions of each data
series, see BLS Handbook of Methods, Bulletin
2490. Users also may wish to consult Major
Programs of the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Report 919. News releases provide the latest statistical information published by the
Bureau; the major recurring releases are
published according to the schedule appearing on the back cover of this issue.
More information about labor force,
employment, and unemployment data and
the household and establishment surveys
underlying the data are available in the
Bureau’s monthly publication, Employment
and Earnings. Historical unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted data from the household
survey are available on the Internet:
www.bls.gov/cps/
Historically comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data from the establishment
survey also are available on the Internet:
www.bls.gov/ces/
Additional information on labor force data
for areas below the national level are provided in the BLS annual report, Geographic
Profile of Employment and Unemployment.
For a comprehensive discussion of the
Employment Cost Index, see Employment
Cost Indexes and Levels, 1975–95, BLS Bulletin 2466. The most recent data from the
Employee Benefits Survey appear in the following Bureau of Labor Statistics bulletins:
Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms;
Employee Benefits in Small Private Establishments; and Employee Benefits in State and Local
Governments.
More detailed data on consumer and
producer prices are published in the monthly
periodicals, The CPI Detailed Report and Producer Price Indexes. For an overview of the
1998 revision of the CPI, see the December
1996 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Additional data on international prices appear
in monthly news releases.
Listings of industries for which productivity indexes are available may be found on
the Internet:
www.bls.gov/lpc/
For additional information on international comparisons data, see International Comparisons of Unemployment, Bulletin
1979.
Detailed data on the occupational injury
and illness series are published in Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States,
by Industry, a BLS annual bulletin.
Finally, the Monthly Labor Review carries
analytical articles on annual and longer term
developments in labor force, employment,
and unemployment; employee compensation
and collective bargaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury
and illness data.
Symbols
n.e.c. =
n.e.s. =
p =
r =
not elsewhere classified.
not elsewhere specified.
preliminary. To increase
the timeliness of some series,
preliminary figures are issued
based on representative but
incomplete returns.
revised. Generally, this revision
reflects the availability of later
data, but also may reflect other
adjustments.
Comparative Indicators
(Tables 1–3)
Comparative indicators tables provide an
overview and comparison of major bls statistical series. Consequently, although many
of the included series are available monthly,
all measures in these comparative tables are
presented quarterly and annually.
Labor market indicators include employment measures from two major surveys
and information on rates of change in
compensation provided by the Employment
Cost Index (ECI) program. The labor force
participation rate, the employment-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major
demographic groups based on the Current
Population (“household”) Survey are presented, while measures of employment and
average weekly hours by major industry sector are given using nonfarm payroll data. The
Employment Cost Index (compensation),
by major sector and by bargaining status, is
chosen from a variety of BLS compensation
and wage measures because it provides a
comprehensive measure of employer costs for
hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it
is not affected by employment shifts among
occupations and industries.
Data on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity are presented in table 2.
Measures of rates of change of compensation
and wages from the Employment Cost Index
program are provided for all civilian nonfarm
workers (excluding Federal and household
workers) and for all private nonfarm workers.
Measures of changes in consumer prices for
all urban consumers; producer prices by stage
of processing; overall prices by stage of processing; and overall export and import price
indexes are given. Measures of productivity
(output per hour of all persons) are provided
for major sectors.
Alternative measures of wage and compensation rates of change, which reflect the
overall trend in labor costs, are summarized
in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope,
related to the specific purposes of the series,
contribute to the variation in changes among
the individual measures.
Employment and
Unemployment Data
because they were on layoff are also counted
among the unemployed. The unemployment
rate represents the number unemployed as a
percent of the civilian labor force.
The civilian labor force consists of all
employed or unemployed persons in the civilian noninstitutional population. Persons not
in the labor force are those not classified as
employed or unemployed. This group includes
discouraged workers, defined as persons who
want and are available for a job and who
have looked for work sometime in the past
12 months (or since the end of their last job
if they held one within the past 12 months),
but are not currently looking, because they
believe there are no jobs available or there are
none for which they would qualify. The civilian noninstitutional population comprises
all persons 16 years of age and older who are
not inmates of penal or mental institutions,
sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm,
or needy. The civilian labor force participation rate is the proportion of the civilian
noninstitutional population that is in the
labor force. The employment-population
ratio is employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.
(Tables 1; 4–29)
Notes on the data
Household survey data
From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the
Current Population Survey figures to correct
for estimating errors during the intercensal
years. These adjustments affect the comparability of historical data. A description of
these adjustments and their effect on the
various data series appears in the Explanatory Notes of Employment and Earnings. For
a discussion of changes introduced in January
2003, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” in
the February 2003 issue of Employment and
Earnings (available on the BLS Web site at
www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf).
Effective in January 2003, BLS began
using the X-12 ARIMA seasonal adjustment
program to seasonally adjust national labor
force data. This program replaced the X-11
ARIMA program which had been used since
January 1980. See “Revision of Seasonally
Adjusted Labor Force Series in 2003,” in
the February 2003 issue of Employment and
Earnings (available on the BLS Web site at
www.bls.gov/cps/cpsrs.pdf) for a discussion
of the introduction of the use of X-12 ARIMA
for seasonal adjustment of the labor force
data and the effects that it had on the data.
At the beginning of each calendar year,
historical seasonally adjusted data usually
are revised, and projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated for use during the
January–June period. The historical season-
Notes on the data
Definitions of each series and notes on the
data are contained in later sections of these
notes describing each set of data.
Description of the series
Employment data in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey,
a program of personal interviews conducted
monthly by the Bureau of the Census for
the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample
consists of about 60,000 households selected
to represent the U.S. population 16 years of
age and older. Households are interviewed
on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of
the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive
months.
Definitions
Employed persons include (1) all those who
worked for pay any time during the week
which includes the 12th day of the month or
who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a
family-operated enterprise and (2) those who
were temporarily absent from their regular
jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial
dispute, or similar reasons. A person working
at more than one job is counted only in the
job at which he or she worked the greatest
number of hours.
Unemployed persons are those who did
not work during the survey week, but were
available for work except for temporary illness
and had looked for jobs within the preceding
4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work
ally adjusted data usually are revised for only
the most recent 5 years. In July, new seasonal
adjustment factors, which incorporate the
experience through June, are produced for
the July–December period, but no revisions
are made in the historical data.
F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on
national household survey data, contact the
Division of Labor Force Statistics: (202)
691–6378.
Establishment survey data
Description of the series
Employment, hours, and earnings data in this
section are compiled from payroll records
reported monthly on a voluntary basis to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by about 160,000
businesses and government agencies, which
represent approximately 400,000 individual
worksites and represent all industries except
agriculture. The active CES sample covers
approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll workers. Industries are classified in
accordance with the 2007 North American
Industry Classification System. In most
industries, the sampling probabilities are
based on the size of the establishment; most
large establishments are therefore in the
sample. (An establishment is not necessarily
a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example,
or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and
others not on a regular civilian payroll are
outside the scope of the survey because they
are excluded from establishment records.
This largely accounts for the difference in
employment figures between the household
and establishment surveys.
Definitions
An establishment is an economic unit which
produces goods or services (such as a factory
or store) at a single location and is engaged
in one type of economic activity.
Employed persons are all persons who
received pay (including holiday and sick pay)
for any part of the payroll period including
the 12th day of the month. Persons holding
more than one job (about 5 percent of all
persons in the labor force) are counted in
each establishment which reports them.
Production workers in the goods-producing industries cover employees, up through
the level of working supervisors, who engage
directly in the manufacture or construction of
the establishment’s product. In private service-providing industries, data are collected
for nonsupervisory workers, which include
most employees except those in executive,
managerial, and supervisory positions. Those
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 51
Current Labor Statistics
workers mentioned in tables 11–16 include
production workers in manufacturing and
natural resources and mining; construction
workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in all private service-providing
industries. Production and nonsupervisory
workers account for about four-fifths of the
total employment on private nonagricultural
payrolls.
Earnings are the payments production
or nonsupervisory workers receive during
the survey period, including premium pay
for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special
payments. Real earnings are earnings
adjusted to reflect the effects of changes
in consumer prices. The deflator for this
series is derived from the Consumer Price
Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical
Workers (CPI-W).
Hours represent the average weekly
hours of production or nonsupervisory
workers for which pay was received, and are
different from standard or scheduled hours.
Overtime hours represent the portion of
average weekly hours which was in excess
of regular hours and for which overtime
premiums were paid.
The Diffusion Index represents the
percent of industries in which employment
was rising over the indicated period, plus
one-half of the industries with unchanged
employment; 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing
and decreasing employment. In line with
Bureau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6month spans are seasonally adjusted, while
those for the 12-month span are unadjusted.
Table 17 provides an index on private nonfarm employment based on 278 industries,
and a manufacturing index based on 84
industries. These indexes are useful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or
losses and are also economic indicators.
Notes on the data
With the release of data for January 2010, the
CES program introduced its annual revision
of national estimates of employment, hours,
and earnings from the monthly survey of
nonfarm establishments. Each year, the CES
survey realigns its sample-based estimates
to incorporate universe counts of employment—a process known as benchmarking.
Comprehensive counts of employment, or
benchmarks, are derived primarily from unemployment insurance (UI) tax reports that
nearly all employers are required to file with
State Workforce Agencies. With the release
in June 2003, CES completed the transition
from its original quota sample design to a
52
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
probability-based sample design. The industry-coding update included reconstruction
of historical estimates in order to preserve
time series for data users. Normally 5 years
of seasonally adjusted data are revised with
each benchmark revision. However, with this
release, the entire new time series history for
all CES data series were re-seasonally adjusted
due to the NAICS conversion, which resulted
in the revision of all CES time series.
Also in June 2003, the CES program introduced concurrent seasonal adjustment for
the national establishment data. Under this
methodology, the first preliminary estimates
for the current reference month and the
revised estimates for the 2 prior months will
be updated with concurrent factors with each
new release of data. Concurrent seasonal
adjustment incorporates all available data,
including first preliminary estimates for
the most current month, in the adjustment
process. For additional information on all of
the changes introduced in June 2003, see the
June 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings
and “Recent changes in the national Current
Employment Statistics survey,” Monthly Labor Review, June 2003, pp. 3–13.
Revisions in State data (table 11) occurred with the publication of January 2003
data. For information on the revisions for
the State data, see the March and May 2003
issues of Employment and Earnings, and “Recent changes in the State and Metropolitan
Area CES survey,” Monthly Labor Review,
June 2003, pp. 14–19.
Beginning in June 1996, the BLS uses
the X-12-ARIMA methodology to seasonally adjust establishment survey data. This
procedure, developed by the Bureau of the
Census, controls for the effect of varying
survey intervals (also known as the 4- versus
5-week effect), thereby providing improved
measurement of over-the-month changes
and underlying economic trends. Revisions
of data, usually for the most recent 5-year
period, are made once a year coincident with
the benchmark revisions.
In the establishment survey, estimates
for the most recent 2 months are based on
incomplete returns and are published as preliminary in the tables (12–17 in the Review).
When all returns have been received, the
estimates are revised and published as “final”
(prior to any benchmark revisions) in the
third month of their appearance. Thus, December data are published as preliminary in
January and February and as final in March.
For the same reasons, quarterly establishment data (table 1) are preliminary for the
first 2 months of publication and final in the
third month. Fourth-quarter data are pub-
lished as preliminary in January and February
and as final in March.
F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on
establishment survey data, contact the Division of Current Employment Statistics:
(202) 691–6555.
Unemployment data by State
Description of the series
Data presented in this section are obtained
from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program, which is conducted in
cooperation with State employment security
agencies.
Monthly estimates of the labor force,
employment, and unemployment for States
and sub-State areas are a key indicator of local economic conditions, and form the basis
for determining the eligibility of an area for
benefits under Federal economic assistance
programs such as the Job Training Partnership Act. Seasonally adjusted unemployment
rates are presented in table 10. Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions underlying
these data are those used in the national
estimates obtained from the CPS.
Notes on the data
Data refer to State of residence. Monthly
data for all States and the District of Columbia are derived using standardized procedures
established by BLS. Once a year, estimates are
revised to new population controls, usually
with publication of January estimates, and
benchmarked to annual average CPS levels.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on data
in this series, call (202) 691–6392 (table 10)
or (202) 691–6559 (table 11).
Quarterly Census of
Employment and Wages
Description of the series
Employment, wage, and establishment data
in this section are derived from the quarterly
tax reports submitted to State employment
security agencies by private and State and
local government employers subject to State
unemployment insurance (ui) laws and from
Federal, agencies subject to the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees
(ucfe) program. Each quarter, State agencies edit and process the data and send the
information to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages (QCEW) data, also referred as ES202 data, are the most complete enumeration
of employment and wage information by
industry at the national, State, metropolitan
area, and county levels. They have broad economic significance in evaluating labor market
trends and major industry developments.
Definitions
In general, the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages monthly employment data
represent the number of covered workers
who worked during, or received pay for, the
pay period that included the 12th day of
the month. Covered private industry employment includes most corporate officials,
executives, supervisory personnel, professionals, clerical workers, wage earners, piece
workers, and part-time workers. It excludes
proprietors, the unincorporated self-employed, unpaid family members, and certain
farm and domestic workers. Certain types
of nonprofit employers, such as religious
organizations, are given a choice of coverage
or exclusion in a number of States. Workers
in these organizations are, therefore, reported
to a limited degree.
Persons on paid sick leave, paid holiday,
paid vacation, and the like, are included.
Persons on the payroll of more than one
firm during the period are counted by each
ui-subject employer if they meet the employment definition noted earlier. The employment count excludes workers who earned no
wages during the entire applicable pay period
because of work stoppages, temporary layoffs,
illness, or unpaid vacations.
Federal employment data are based on
reports of monthly employment and quarterly wages submitted each quarter to State
agencies for all Federal installations with
employees covered by the Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (ucfe)
program, except for certain national security
agencies, which are omitted for security reasons. Employment for all Federal agencies
for any given month is based on the number
of persons who worked during or received
pay for the pay period that included the 12th
of the month.
An establishment is an economic unit,
such as a farm, mine, factory, or store, that
produces goods or provides services. It is
typically at a single physical location and
engaged in one, or predominantly one, type
of economic activity for which a single industrial classification may be applied. Occasionally, a single physical location encompasses
two or more distinct and significant activities.
Each activity should be reported as a separate
establishment if separate records are kept
and the various activities are classified under
different NAICS industries.
Most employers have only one establishment; thus, the establishment is the
predominant reporting unit or statistical
entity for reporting employment and wages
data. Most employers, including State and
local governments who operate more than
one establishment in a State, file a Multiple
Worksite Report each quarter, in addition
to their quarterly ui report. The Multiple
Worksite Report is used to collect separate
employment and wage data for each of the
employer’s establishments, which are not
detailed on the ui report. Some very small
multi-establishment employers do not file a
Multiple Worksite Report. When the total
employment in an employer’s secondary
establishments (all establishments other
than the largest) is 10 or fewer, the employer
generally will file a consolidated report for all
establishments. Also, some employers either
cannot or will not report at the establishment
level and thus aggregate establishments into
one consolidated unit, or possibly several
units, though not at the establishment level.
For the Federal Government, the reporting unit is the installation: a single location
at which a department, agency, or other government body has civilian employees. Federal
agencies follow slightly different criteria than
do private employers when breaking down
their reports by installation. They are permitted to combine as a single statewide unit: 1)
all installations with 10 or fewer workers,
and 2) all installations that have a combined
total in the State of fewer than 50 workers.
Also, when there are fewer than 25 workers
in all secondary installations in a State, the
secondary installations may be combined and
reported with the major installation. Last, if a
Federal agency has fewer than five employees
in a State, the agency headquarters office
(regional office, district office) serving each
State may consolidate the employment and
wages data for that State with the data reported to the State in which the headquarters
is located. As a result of these reporting rules,
the number of reporting units is always larger
than the number of employers (or government agencies) but smaller than the number
of actual establishments (or installations).
Data reported for the first quarter are
tabulated into size categories ranging from
worksites of very small size to those with
1,000 employees or more. The size category
is determined by the establishment’s March
employment level. It is important to note that
each establishment of a multi-establishment
firm is tabulated separately into the appropriate size category. The total employment level
of the reporting multi-establishment firm is
not used in the size tabulation.
Covered employers in most States report
total wages paid during the calendar quarter,
regardless of when the services were performed. A few State laws, however, specify
that wages be reported for, or based on the
period during which services are performed
rather than the period during which compensation is paid. Under most State laws or
regulations, wages include bonuses, stock
options, the cash value of meals and lodging,
tips and other gratuities, and, in some States,
employer contributions to certain deferred
compensation plans such as 401(k) plans.
Covered employer contributions for
old-age, survivors, and disability insurance
(oasdi), health insurance, unemployment insurance, workers’ compensation, and private
pension and welfare funds are not reported as
wages. Employee contributions for the same
purposes, however, as well as money withheld
for income taxes, union dues, and so forth, are
reported even though they are deducted from
the worker’s gross pay.
Wages of covered Federal workers represent the gross amount of all payrolls for all
pay periods ending within the quarter. This
includes cash allowances, the cash equivalent
of any type of remuneration, severance pay,
withholding taxes, and retirement deductions. Federal employee remuneration generally covers the same types of services as for
workers in private industry.
Average annual wage per employee for
any given industry are computed by dividing total annual wages by annual average
employment. A further division by 52 yields
average weekly wages per employee. Annual
pay data only approximate annual earnings
because an individual may not be employed
by the same employer all year or may work for
more than one employer at a time.
Average weekly or annual wage is affected by the ratio of full-time to part-time
workers as well as the number of individuals
in high-paying and low-paying occupations.
When average pay levels between States and
industries are compared, these factors should
be taken into consideration. For example,
industries characterized by high proportions
of part-time workers will show average wage
levels appreciably less than the weekly pay
levels of regular full-time employees in these
industries. The opposite effect characterizes
industries with low proportions of part-time
workers, or industries that typically schedule
heavy weekend and overtime work. Average
wage data also may be influenced by work
stoppages, labor turnover rates, retroactive
payments, seasonal factors, bonus payments,
and so on.
Notes on the data
Beginning with the release of data for 2007,
publications presenting data from the Covered Employment and Wages program have
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 53
Current Labor Statistics
switched to the 2007 version of the North
American Industry Classification System
(NAICS) as the basis for the assignment and
tabulation of economic data by industry.
NAICS is the product of a cooperative effort on the part of the statistical agencies
of the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
Due to difference in NAICS and Standard
Industrial Classification ( SIC) structures,
industry data for 2001 is not comparable to the SIC-based data for earlier years.
Effective January 2001, the program
began assigning Indian Tribal Councils and
related establishments to local government
ownership. This BLS action was in response to
a change in Federal law dealing with the way
Indian Tribes are treated under the Federal
Unemployment Tax Act. This law requires
federally recognized Indian Tribes to be treated similarly to State and local governments.
In the past, the Covered Employment and
Wage (CEW) program coded Indian Tribal
Councils and related establishments in the
private sector. As a result of the new law, CEW
data reflects significant shifts in employment
and wages between the private sector and
local government from 2000 to 2001. Data
also reflect industry changes. Those accounts
previously assigned to civic and social organizations were assigned to tribal governments.
There were no required industry changes for
related establishments owned by these Tribal
Councils. These tribal business establishments
continued to be coded according to the economic activity of that entity.
To insure the highest possible quality
of data, State employment security agencies
verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership
classification of all establishments on a 3-year
cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification
process are introduced with the data reported
for the first quarter of the year. Changes
resulting from improved employer reporting
also are introduced in the first quarter. For
these reasons, some data, especially at more
detailed geographic levels, may not be strictly
comparable with earlier years.
County definitions are assigned according
to Federal Information Processing Standards
Publications as issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Areas
shown as counties include those designated
as independent cities in some jurisdictions
and, in Alaska, those areas designated by the
Census Bureau where counties have not been
created. County data also are presented for
the New England States for comparative
purposes, even though townships are the
more common designation used in New
England (and New Jersey).
54
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
The Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) defines metropolitan areas for use
in Federal statistical activities and updates
these definitions as needed. Data in this table
use metropolitan area criteria established
by OMB in definitions issued June 30, 1999
(OMB Bulletin No. 99-04). These definitions
reflect information obtained from the 1990
Decennial Census and the 1998 U.S. Census
Bureau population estimate. A complete list
of metropolitan area definitions is available
from the National Technical Information
Service (NTIS), Document Sales, 5205 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22161, telephone 1-800-553-6847.
OMB defines metropolitan areas in terms
of entire counties, except in the six New England States where they are defined in terms of
cities and towns. New England data in this
table, however, are based on a county concept
defined by OMB as New England County
Metropolitan Areas (NECMA) because county-level data are the most detailed available
from the Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages. The NECMA is a county-based
alternative to the city- and town-based metropolitan areas in New England. The NECMA for
a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) include:
(1) the county containing the first-named city
in that MSA title (this county may include
the first-named cities of other MSA, and (2)
each additional county having at least half its
population in the MSA in which first-named
cities are in the county identified in step 1.
The NECMA is officially defined areas that
are meant to be used by statistical programs
that cannot use the regular metropolitan area
definitions in New England.
For additional information on the
covered employment and wage data, contact
the Division of Administrative Statistics and
Labor Turnover at (202) 691–6567.
Job Openings and Labor
Turnover Survey
Description of the series
Data for the Job Openings and Labor
Turnover Survey (JOLTS) are collected and
compiled from a sample of 16,000 business
establishments. Each month, data are collected for total employment, job openings,
hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other
separations. The JOLTS program covers all
private nonfarm establishments such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal,
State, and local government entities in the
50 States and the District of Columbia. The
JOLTS sample design is a random sample
drawn from a universe of more than eight mil-
lion establishments compiled as part of the
operations of the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, or QCEW, program. This
program includes all employers subject to
State unemployment insurance (UI) laws and
Federal agencies subject to Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE).
The sampling frame is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and size class.
Large firms fall into the sample with virtual
certainty. JOLTS total employment estimates
are controlled to the employment estimates
of the Current Employment Statistics (CES)
survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment
is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS
data elements. Rates then are computed from
the adjusted levels.
The monthly JOLTS data series begin with
December 2000. Not seasonally adjusted
data on job openings, hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other
separations levels and rates are available for
the total nonfarm sector, 16 private industry
divisions and 2 government divisions based
on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), and four geographic
regions. Seasonally adjusted data on job
openings, hires, total separations, and quits
levels and rates are available for the total
nonfarm sector, selected industry sectors, and
four geographic regions.
Definitions
Establishments submit job openings infor-mation for the last business day of the
reference month. A job opening requires
that (1) a specific position exists and there
is work available for that position; and (2)
work could start within 30 days regardless
of whether a suitable candidate is found;
and (3) the employer is actively recruiting
from outside the establishment to fill the
position. Included are full-time, part-time,
permanent, short-term, and seasonal openings. Active recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position by
advertising in newspapers or on the Internet,
posting help-wanted signs, accepting applications, or using other similar methods.
Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers,
promotions, demotions, or recall from layoffs
are excluded. Also excluded are jobs with
start dates more than 30 days in the future,
jobs for which employees have been hired but
have not yet reported for work, and jobs to be
filled by employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside
contractors, or consultants. The job openings
rate is computed by dividing the number of
job openings by the sum of employment and
job openings, and multiplying that quotient
by 100.
Hires are the total number of additions
to the payroll occurring at any time during
the reference month, including both new and
rehired employees and full-time and parttime, permanent, short-term and seasonal
employees, employees recalled to the location
after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call
or intermittent employees who returned to
work after having been formally separated,
and transfers from other locations. The hires
count does not include transfers or promotions within the reporting site, employees
returning from strike, employees of temporary
help agencies or employee leasing companies,
outside contractors, or consultants. The hires
rate is computed by dividing the number of
hires by employment, and multiplying that
quotient by 100.
Separations are the total number of
terminations of employment occurring at
any time during the reference month, and
are reported by type of separation—quits,
layoffs and discharges, and other separations.
Quits are voluntary separations by employees
(except for retirements, which are reported
as other separations). Layoffs and discharges
are involuntary separations initiated by the
employer and include layoffs with no intent
to rehire, formal layoffs lasting or expected
to last more than 7 days, discharges resulting
from mergers, downsizing, or closings, firings
or other discharges for cause, terminations
of permanent or short-term employees, and
terminations of seasonal employees. Other
separations include retirements, transfers to
other locations, deaths, and separations due to
disability. Separations do not include transfers
within the same location or employees on
strike.
The separations rate is computed by dividing the number of separations by employment, and multiplying that quotient by 100.
The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other
separations rates are computed similarly,
dividing the number by employment and
multiplying by 100.
Notes on the data
The JOLTS data series on job openings, hires,
and separations are relatively new. The full
sample is divided into panels, with one panel
enrolled each month. A full complement of
panels for the original data series based on
the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) system was not completely enrolled in
the survey until January 2002. The supplemental panels of establishments needed to
create NAICS estimates were not completely
enrolled until May 2003. The data collected
up until those points are from less than a
full sample. Therefore, estimates from earlier
months should be used with caution, as fewer
sampled units were reporting data at that time.
In March 2002, BLS procedures for collecting hires and separations data were revised to
address possible underreporting. As a result,
JOLTS hires and separations estimates for
months prior to March 2002 may not be
comparable with estimates for March 2002
and later.
The Federal Government reorganization
that involved transferring approximately
180,000 employees to the new Department
of Homeland Security is not reflected in
the JOLTS hires and separations estimates
for the Federal Government. The Office of
Personnel Management’s record shows these
transfers were completed in March 2003. The
inclusion of transfers in the JOLTS definitions
of hires and separations is intended to cover
ongoing movements of workers between
establishments. The Department of Homeland Security reorganization was a massive
one-time event, and the inclusion of these
intergovernmental transfers would distort
the Federal Government time series.
Data users should note that seasonal
adjustment of the JOLTS series is conducted
with fewer data observations than is customary. The historical data, therefore, may
be subject to larger than normal revisions.
Because the seasonal patterns in economic
data series typically emerge over time, the
standard use of moving averages as seasonal
filters to capture these effects requires longer
series than are currently available. As a result,
the stable seasonal filter option is used in the
seasonal adjustment of the JOLTS data. When
calculating seasonal factors, this filter takes
an average for each calendar month after
detrending the series. The stable seasonal
filter assumes that the seasonal factors are
fixed; a necessary assumption until sufficient
data are available. When the stable seasonal
filter is no longer needed, other program features also may be introduced, such as outlier
adjustment and extended diagnostic testing.
Additionally, it is expected that more series,
such as layoffs and discharges and additional
industries, may be seasonally adjusted when
more data are available.
JOLTS hires and separations estimates
cannot be used to exactly explain net changes
in payroll employment. Some reasons why it
is problematic to compare changes in payroll
employment with JOLTS hires and separations, especially on a monthly basis, are: (1)
the reference period for payroll employment
is the pay period including the 12th of the
month, while the reference period for hires
and separations is the calendar month; and
(2) payroll employment can vary from month
to month simply because part-time and oncall workers may not always work during
the pay period that includes the 12th of the
month. Additionally, research has found that
some reporters systematically underreport
separations relative to hires due to a number of factors, including the nature of their
payroll systems and practices. The shortfall
appears to be about 2 percent or less over a
12-month period.
F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on
the Job Openings and Labor Turnover
Survey, contact the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover at (202)
961–5870.
Compensation and
Wage Data
(Tables 1–3; 30–37)
The National Compensation Survey (NCS)
produces a variety of compensation data. These
include: The Employment Cost Index (ECI)
and NCS benefit measures of the incidence and
provisions of selected employee benefit plans.
Selected samples of these measures appear in
the following tables. NCS also compiles data on
occupational wages and the Employer Costs
for Employee Compensation (ECEC).
Employment Cost Index
Description of the series
The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a
quarterly measure of the rate of change in
compensation per hour worked and includes
wages, salaries, and employer costs of employee benefits. It is a Laspeyres Index that
uses fixed employment weights to measure
change in labor costs free from the influence
of employment shifts among occupations
and industries.
The ECI provides data for the civilian
economy, which includes the total private
nonfarm economy excluding private households, and the public sector excluding the
Federal government. Data are collected each
quarter for the pay period including the
12th day of March, June, September, and
December.
Sample establishments are classified by
industry categories based on the 2007 North
American Classification System (NAICS).
Within a sample establishment, specific job
categories are selected and classified into
about 800 occupations according to the 2000
Standard Occupational Classification (SOC)
System. Individual occupations are combined to represent one of ten intermediate
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 55
Current Labor Statistics
aggregations, such as professional and related
occupations, or one of five higher level aggregations, such as management, professional,
and related occupations.
Fixed employment weights are used
each quarter to calculate the most aggregate
series—civilian, private, and State and local
government. These fixed weights are also used
to derive all of the industry and occupational
series indexes. Beginning with the March
2006 estimates, 2002 fixed employment
weights from the Bureau’s Occupational
Employment Statistics survey were introduced. From March 1995 to December 2005,
1990 employment counts were used. These
fixed weights ensure that changes in these
indexes reflect only changes in compensation,
not employment shifts among industries or
occupations with different levels of wages
and compensation. For the series based on
bargaining status, census region and division,
and metropolitan area status, fixed employment data are not available. The employment
weights are reallocated within these series
each quarter based on the current eci sample.
The indexes for these series, consequently, are
not strictly comparable with those for aggregate, occupational, and industry series.
Definitions
Total compensation costs include wages,
salaries, and the employer’s costs for employee benefits.
Wages and salaries consist of earnings
before payroll deductions, including production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-of-living adjustments.
Benefits include the cost to employers
for paid leave, supplemental pay (including nonproduction bonuses), insurance,
retirement and savings plans, and legally
required benefits (such as Social Security,
workers’ compensation, and unemployment
insurance).
Excluded from wages and salaries and
employee benefits are such items as paymentin-kind, free room and board, and tips.
Notes on the data
The ECI data in these tables reflect the
con-version to the 2002 North American
Industry Classification System (NAICS) and
the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data
shown prior to 2006 are for informational
purposes only. ECI series based on NAICS
and SOC became the official BLS estimates
starting in March 2006.
The ECI for changes in wages and salaries
in the private nonfarm economy was pub56
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
lished beginning in 1975. Changes in total
compensation cost—wages and salaries and
benefits combined—were published beginning in 1980. The series of changes in wages
and salaries and for total compensation in
the State and local government sector and
in the civilian nonfarm economy (excluding
Federal employees) were published beginning in 1981. Historical indexes (December
2005=100) are available on the Internet:
www.bls.gov/ect/
A DDITIONAL INFORMATION on the
Employment Cost Index is available at www.
bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm or by telephone
at (202) 691–6199.
National Compensation Survey
Benefit Measures
Description of the series
NCS benefit measures of employee benefits
are published in two separate reports. The
annual summary provides data on the incidence of (access to and participation in)
selected benefits and provisions of paid
holidays and vacations, life insurance plans,
and other selected benefit programs. Data on
percentages of establishments offering major
employee benefits, and on the employer and
employee shares of contributions to medical
care premiums also are presented. Selected
benefit data appear in the following tables. A
second publication, published later, contains
more detailed information about health and
retirement plans.
Definitions
Employer-provided benefits are benefits
that are financed either wholly or partly by
the employer. They may be sponsored by a
union or other third party, as long as there
is some employer financing. However, some
benefits that are fully paid for by the employee also are included. For example, long-term
care insurance paid entirely by the employee
are included because the guarantee of insurability and availability at group premium
rates are considered a benefit.
Employees are considered as having access to a benefit plan if it is available for their
use. For example, if an employee is permitted
to participate in a medical care plan offered
by the employer, but the employee declines to
do so, he or she is placed in the category with
those having access to medical care.
Employees in contributory plans are
considered as participating in an insurance
or retirement plan if they have paid required
contributions and fulfilled any applicable
service requirement. Employees in noncontributory plans are counted as participating
regardless of whether they have fulfilled the
service requirements.
Defined benefit pension plans use predetermined formulas to calculate a retirement
benefit (if any), and obligate the employer to
provide those benefits. Benefits are generally
based on salary, years of service, or both.
Defined contribution plans generally
specify the level of employer and employee
contributions to a plan, but not the formula
for determining eventual benefits. Instead,
individual accounts are set up for participants, and benefits are based on amounts
credited to these accounts.
Tax-deferred savings plans are a type of
defined contribution plan that allow participants to contribute a portion of their salary
to an employer-sponsored plan and defer
income taxes until withdrawal.
Flexible benefit plans allow employees
to choose among several benefits, such as life
insurance, medical care, and vacation days,
and among several levels of coverage within
a given benefit.
Notes on the data
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE NCS
benefit measures is available at www.bls.
gov/ncs/ebs/home.htm or by telephone at
(202) 691–6199.
Work stoppages
Description of the series
Data on work stoppages measure the number
and duration of major strikes or lockouts
(involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring
during the month (or year), the number of
workers involved, and the amount of work
time lost because of stoppage. These data are
presented in table 37.
Data are largely from a variety of published sources and cover only establishments
directly involved in a stoppage. They do not
measure the indirect or secondary effect of
stoppages on other establishments whose
employees are idle owing to material shortages or lack of service.
Definitions
Number of stoppages: The number of
strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer.
Workers involved: The number of workers directly involved in the stoppage.
Number of days idle: The aggregate
number of workdays lost by workers involved
in the stoppages.
Days of idleness as a percent of estimated working time: Aggregate workdays
lost as a percent of the aggregate number of
standard workdays in the period multiplied
by total employment in the period.
Notes on the data
This series is not comparable with the one
terminated in 1981 that covered strikes involving six workers or more.
A DDITIONAL INFORMATION on work
stop-pages data is available at www. bls.
gov/cba/home.htm or by telephone at (202)
691–6199.
Price Data
(Tables 2; 38–46)
Price data are gathered by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price
indexes are given in relation to a base period—December 2003 = 100 for many Producer Price Indexes (unless otherwise noted),
1982–84 = 100 for many Consumer Price
Indexes (unless otherwise noted), and 1990
= 100 for International Price Indexes.
Consumer Price Indexes
Description of the series
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure
of the average change in the prices paid by
urban consumers for a fixed market basket
of goods and services. The CPI is calculated
monthly for two population groups, one
consisting only of urban households whose
primary source of income is derived from
the employment of wage earners and clerical
workers, and the other consisting of all urban
households. The wage earner index (CPI-W) is
a continuation of the historic index that was
introduced well over a half-century ago for
use in wage negotiations. As new uses were
developed for the CPI in recent years, the need
for a broader and more representative index
became apparent. The all-urban consumer
index (CPI-U), introduced in 1978, is representative of the 1993–95 buying habits of about
87 percent of the noninstitutional population
of the United States at that time, compared
with 32 percent represented in the CPI-W. In
addition to wage earners and clerical workers,
the CPI-U covers professional, managerial, and
technical workers, the self-employed, shortterm workers, the unemployed, retirees, and
others not in the labor force.
The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing,
shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors’
and dentists’ fees, and other goods and services
that people buy for day-to-day living. The
quantity and quality of these items are kept
essentially unchanged between major revisions
so that only price changes will be measured. All
taxes directly associated with the purchase and
use of items are included in the index.
Data collected from more than 23,000 retail
establishments and 5,800 housing units in 87
urban areas across the country are used to develop the “U.S. city average.” Separate estimates
for 14 major urban centers are presented in table
39.The areas listed are as indicated in footnote 1
to the table. The area indexes measure only the
average change in prices for each area since the
base period, and do not indicate differences in
the level of prices among cities.
Notes on the data
In January 1983, the Bureau changed the way
in which homeownership costs are meaured
for the CPI-U. A rental equivalence method
replaced the asset-price approach to homeownership costs for that series. In January 1985,
the same change was made in the CPI-W. The
central purpose of the change was to separate
shelter costs from the investment component
of homeownership so that the index would
reflect only the cost of shelter services provided
by owner-occupied homes. An updated CPI-U
and CPI-W were introduced with release of the
January 1987 and January 1998 data.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, contact the Division of Prices and Price Indexes:
(202) 691–7000.
Producer Price Indexes
Description of the series
Producer Price Indexes (PPI) measure average changes in prices received by domestic
producers of commodities in all stages of
processing. The sample used for calculating
these indexes currently contains about 3,200
commodities and about 80,000 quotations per
month, selected to represent the movement
of prices of all commodities produced in the
manufacturing; agriculture, forestry, and fishing; mining; and gas and electricity and public
utilities sectors. The stage-of-processing
structure of PPI organizes products by class
of buyer and degree of fabrication (that is,
finished goods, intermediate goods, and crude
materials). The traditional commodity structure of PPI organizes products by similarity of
end use or material composition. The industry
and product structure of PPI organizes data in
accordance with the North American Indus-
try Classification System and product codes
developed by the U.S. Census Bureau.
To the extent possible, prices used in
calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to
the first significant commercial transaction
in the United States from the production
or central marketing point. Price data are
generally collected monthly, primarily by
mail questionnaire. Most prices are obtained
directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week
containing the 13th day of the month.
Since January 1992, price changes for
the various commodities have been averaged
together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net
selling value of all commodities as of 1987. The
detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes
for stage-of-processing groupings, commodity
groupings, durability-of-product groupings,
and a number of special composite groups. All
Producer Price Index data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, contact the Division of Industrial Prices and
Price Indexes: (202) 691–7705.
International Price Indexes
Description of the series
The International Price Program produces
monthly and quarterly export and import
price indexes for nonmilitary goods and
services traded between the United States
and the rest of the world. The export price
index provides a measure of price change
for all products sold by U.S. residents to
foreign buyers. (“Residents” is defined as in
the national income accounts; it includes
corporations, businesses, and individuals, but
does not require the organizations to be U.S.
owned nor the individuals to have U.S. citizenship.) The import price index provides a
measure of price change for goods purchased
from other countries by U.S. residents.
The product universe for both the import
and export indexes includes raw materials,
agricultural products, semifinished manufactures, and finished manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price
data for these items are collected primarily
by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases,
the data are collected directly from the exporter or importer, although in a few cases,
prices are obtained from other sources.
To the extent possible, the data gathered
refer to prices at the U.S. border for exports
and at either the foreign border or the U.S.
border for imports. For nearly all products, the
prices refer to transactions completed during
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 57
Current Labor Statistics
the first week of the month. Survey respondents are asked to indicate all discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the reported
prices, so that the price used in the calculation
of the indexes is the actual price for which the
product was bought or sold.
In addition to general indexes of prices
for U.S. exports and imports, indexes are also
published for detailed product categories of exports and imports. These categories are defined
according to the five-digit level of detail for the
Bureau of Economic Analysis End-use Classification, the three-digit level for the Standard
International Trade Classification (SITC), and
the four-digit level of detail for the Harmonized System. Aggregate import indexes by
country or region of origin are also available.
BLS publishes indexes for selected categories of internationally traded services,
calculated on an international basis and on a
balance-of-payments basis.
Notes on the data
The export and import price indexes are
weighted indexes of the Laspeyres type. The
trade weights currently used to compute both
indexes relate to 2000.
Because a price index depends on the same
items being priced from period to period, it
is necessary to recognize when a product’s
specifications or terms of transaction have
been modified. For this reason, the Bureau’s
questionnaire requests detailed descriptions of
the physical and functional characteristics of
the products being priced, as well as information on the number of units bought or sold,
discounts, credit terms, packaging, class of
buyer or seller, and so forth. When there are
changes in either the specifications or terms
of transaction of a product, the dollar value
of each change is deleted from the total price
change to obtain the “pure” change. Once
this value is determined, a linking procedure
is employed which allows for the continued
repricing of the item.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, contact the Division of International Prices:
(202) 691–7155.
Productivity Data
(Tables 2; 47–50)
Business and major sectors
Description of the series
The productivity measures relate real output
to real input. As such, they encompass a family of measures which include single-factor
input measures, such as output per hour,
58
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
output per unit of labor input, or output per
unit of capital input, as well as measures of
multifactor productivity (output per unit
of combined labor and capital inputs). The
Bureau indexes show the change in output
relative to changes in the various inputs.
The measures cover the business, nonfarm
business, manufacturing, and nonfinancial
corporate sectors.
Corresponding indexes of hourly compensation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor
payments, and prices are also provided.
Definitions
Output per hour of all persons (labor
productivity) is the quantity of goods and
services produced per hour of labor input.
Output per unit of capital services (capital
productivity) is the quantity of goods and
services produced per unit of capital services input. Multifactor productivity is the
quantity of goods and services produced per
combined inputs. For private business and
private nonfarm business, inputs include
labor and capital units. For manufacturing,
inputs include labor, capital, energy, nonenergy
materials, and purchased business services.
Compensation per hour is total compensation divided by hours at work. Total
compensation equals the wages and salaries
of employees plus employers’ contributions for
social insurance and private benefit plans, plus
an estimate of these payments for the self-employed (except for nonfinancial corporations
in which there are no self-employed). Real
compensation per hour is compensation per
hour deflated by the change in the Consumer
Price Index for All Urban Consumers.
Unit labor costs are the labor compensation costs expended in the production of a
unit of output and are derived by dividing
compensation by output. Unit nonlabor
payments include profits, depreciation,
interest, and indirect taxes per unit of output.
They are computed by subtracting compensation of all persons from current-dollar value
of output and dividing by output.
Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except
unit profits.
Unit profits include corporate profits
with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments per unit of output.
Hours of all persons are the total hours
at work of payroll workers, self-employed
persons, and unpaid family workers.
Labor inputs are hours of all persons
adjusted for the effects of changes in the
education and experience of the labor force.
Capital services are the flow of services
from the capital stock used in production. It
is developed from measures of the net stock
of physical assets—equipment, structures,
land, and inventories—weighted by rental
prices for each type of asset.
Combined units of labor and capital
inputs are derived by combining changes in
labor and capital input with weights which
represent each component’s share of total
cost. Combined units of labor, capital, energy,
materials, and purchased business services are
similarly derived by combining changes in
each input with weights that represent each
input’s share of total costs. The indexes for
each input and for combined units are based
on changing weights which are averages of
the shares in the current and preceding year
(the Tornquist index-number formula).
Notes on the data
Business sector output is an annually-weighted index constructed by excluding from real
gross domestic product (GDP) the following
outputs: general government, nonprofit
institutions, paid employees of private households, and the rental value of owner-occupied
dwellings. Nonfarm business also excludes
farming. Private business and private nonfarm business further exclude government
enterprises. The measures are supplied by
the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau
of Economic Analysis. Annual estimates of
manufacturing sectoral output are produced
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes from the
Federal Reserve Board are adjusted to these
annual output measures by the BLS. Compensation data are developed from data of the
Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau
of Labor Statistics. Hours data are developed
from data of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The productivity and associated cost
measures in tables 47–50 describe the relationship between output in real terms and
the labor and capital inputs involved in its
production. They show the changes from
period to period in the amount of goods and
services produced per unit of input.
Although these measures relate output
to hours and capital services, they do not
measure the contributions of labor, capital,
or any other specific factor of production.
Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many
influences, including changes in technology;
shifts in the composition of the labor force;
capital investment; level of output; changes
in the utilization of capacity, energy, material,
and research and development; the organization of production; managerial skill; and
characteristics and efforts of the work force.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this
productivity series, contact the Division of
Productivity Research: (202) 691–5606.
Industry productivity measures
Description of the series
The BLS industry productivity indexes measure the relationship between output and
inputs for selected industries and industry
groups, and thus reflect trends in industry efficiency over time. Industry measures include
labor productivity, multifactor productivity,
compensation, and unit labor costs.
The industry measures differ in methodology and data sources from the productivity
measures for the major sectors because the
industry measures are developed independently of the National Income and Product
Accounts framework used for the major
sector measures.
Definitions
Output per hour is derived by dividing an
index of industry output by an index of labor
input. For most industries, output indexes
are derived from data on the value of industry output adjusted for price change. For
the remaining industries, output indexes are
derived from data on the physical quantity
of production.
The labor input series is based on the
hours of all workers or, in the case of some
transportation industries, on the number of
employees. For most industries, the series
consists of the hours of all employees. For
some trade and services industries, the series
also includes the hours of partners, proprietors, and unpaid family workers.
Unit labor costs represent the labor compensation costs per unit of output produced,
and are derived by dividing an index of labor
compensation by an index of output. Labor
compensation includes payroll as well as
supplemental payments, including both
legally required expenditures and payments
for voluntary programs.
Multifactor productivity is derived by
dividing an index of industry output by an index of combined inputs consumed in producing that output. Combined inputs include
capital, labor, and intermediate purchases.
The measure of capital input represents the
flow of services from the capital stock used
in production. It is developed from measures
of the net stock of physical assets—equipment, structures, land, and inventories. The
measure of intermediate purchases is a
combination of purchased materials, services,
fuels, and electricity.
Notes on the data
The industry measures are compiled from
data produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau, with additional
data supplied by other government agencies,
trade associations, and other sources.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this
series, contact the Division of Industry Productivity Studies: (202) 691–5618, or visit the
Web site at: www.bls.gov/lpc/home.htm
International Comparisons
(Tables 51–53)
Labor force and unemployment
Description of the series
Tables 51 and 52 present comparative
measures of the labor force, employment,
and unemployment approximating U.S.
concepts for the United States, Canada,
Australia, Japan, and six European countries.
The Bureau adjusts the figures for these
selected countries, for all known major
definitional differences, to the extent that
data to prepare adjustments are available.
Although precise comparability may not
be achieved, these adjusted figures provide
a better basis for international comparisons than the figures regularly published
by each country. For further information
on adjustments and comparability issues,
see Constance Sorrentino, “International
unemployment rates: how comparable are
they?” Monthly Labor Review, June 2000,
pp. 3–20, available on the Internet at www.
bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf.
Definitions
For the principal U.S. definitions of the labor
force, employment, and unemployment, see
the Notes section on Employment and Unemployment Data: Household survey data.
Notes on the data
Foreign country data are adjusted as closely
as possible to the U.S. definitions. Primary
areas of adjustment address conceptual differences in upper age limits and definitions of employment and unemployment,
provided that reliable data are available to
make these adjustments. Adjustments are
made where applicable to include employed
and unemployed persons above upper age
limits; some European countries do not
include persons older than age 64 in their
labor force measures, because a large portion
of this population has retired. Adjustments
are made to exclude active duty military
from employment figures, although a small
number of career military may be included
in some European countries. Adjustments
are made to exclude unpaid family workers
who worked fewer than 15 hours per week
from employment figures; U.S. concepts do
not include them in employment, whereas
most foreign countries include all unpaid
family workers regardless of the number
of hours worked. Adjustments are made
to include full-time students seeking work
and available for work as unemployed when
they are classified as not in the labor force.
Where possible, lower age limits are based
on the age at which compulsory schooling
ends in each country, rather than based on
the U.S. standard of 16. Lower age limits
have ranged between 13 and 16 over the years
covered; currently, the lower age limits are
either 15 or 16 in all 10 countries.
Some adjustments for comparability are
not made because data are unavailable for
adjustment purposes. For example, no adjustments to unemployment are usually made for
deviations from U.S. concepts in the treatment
of persons waiting to start a new job or passive
job seekers. These conceptual differences have
little impact on the measures. Furthermore,
BLS studies have concluded that no adjustments should be made for persons on layoff
who are counted as employed in some countries because of their strong job attachment as
evidenced by, for example, payment of salary
or the existence of a recall date. In the United
States, persons on layoff have weaker job attachment and are classified as unemployed.
The annual labor force measures are obtained from monthly, quarterly, or continuous household surveys and may be calculated
as averages of monthly or quarterly data.
Quarterly and monthly unemployment
rates are based on household surveys. For
some countries, they are calculated by applying annual adjustment factors to current published data and, therefore, are less
precise indicators of unemployment under
U.S. concepts than the annual figures. The
labor force measures may have breaks in
series over time due to changes in surveys,
sources, or estimation methods. Breaks are
noted in data tables.
For up-to-date information on adjustments and breaks in series, see the Technical
Notes of Comparative Civilian Labor Force
Statistics, 10 Countries, on the Internet at
www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf.htm, and the
Notes of Unemployment rates in 10 countries,
civilian labor force basis, approximating U.S.
concepts, seasonally adjusted, on the Internet
at www.bls.gov/fls/flsjec.pdf.
F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 59
Current Labor Statistics
this series, contact the Division of Foreign
Labor Statistics: (202) 691–5654 or flshelp@
bls.gov.
Manufacturing productivity
and labor costs
Description of the series
Table 53 presents comparative indexes
of manufacturing output per hour (labor
productivity),output,total hours,compensation
per hour, and unit labor costs for the United
States, Australia, Canada, Japan, the Republic
of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and 10 European
countries. These measures are trend comparisons—that is, series that measure changes over
time—rather than level comparisons. BLS does
not recommend using these series for level
comparisons because of technical problems.
BLS constructs the comparative indexes
from three basic aggregate measures—output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures
refer to employees (wage and salary earners)
in Belgium and Taiwan. For all other economies, the measures refer to all employed
persons, including employees, self-employed
persons, and unpaid family workers.
The data for recent years are based on the
United Nations System of National Accounts
1993 (SNA 93). Manufacturing is generally defined according to the International Standard
Industrial Classification (ISIC). However, the
measures for France include parts of mining
as well. For the United States and Canada,
manufacturing is defined according to the
North American Industry Classification
System.
Definitions
Output. For most economies, the output
measures are real value added in manufacturing from national accounts. However, output for Japan prior to 1970 and
for the Netherlands prior to 1960 are
indexes of industrial production. The
manufacturing value added measures for the
United Kingdom are essentially identical
to their indexes of industrial production.
For United States, the output measure for
the manufacturing sector is a chain-weighted
index of real gross product originating (deflated value added) produced by the Bureau
of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Most of the other
economies now also use chain-weighted as
opposed to fixed-year weights that are periodically updated.
To preserve the comparability of the U.S.
60
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
measures with those of other economies,
BLS uses gross product originating in manufacturing for the United States. The gross
product originating series differs from the
manufacturing output series that BLS publishes in its quarterly news releases on U.S.
productivity and costs (and that underlies the
measures that appear in tables 48 and 50 in
this section). The quarterly measures are on
a “sectoral output” basis, rather than a valueadded basis. Sectoral output is gross output
less intrasector transactions.
Total hours refer to hours worked in all
economies. The measures are developed from
statistics of manufacturing employment and
average hours. For most other economies, recent years’ aggregate hours series are obtained
from national statistical offices, usually from
national accounts. However, for some economies and for earlier years, BLS calculates the
aggregate hours series using employment
figures published with the national accounts,
or other comprehensive employment series,
and data on average hours worked.
Hourly compensation is total compensation divided by total hours. Total compensation includes all payments in cash or in-kind
made directly to employees plus employer
expenditures for legally required insurance
programs and contractual and private benefit
plans. For Australia, Canada, France, Singapore, and Sweden, compensation is increased
to account for important taxes on payroll
or employment. For the United Kingdom,
compensation is reduced between 1967 and
1991 to account for subsidies.
Labor productivity is defined as real
output per hour worked. Although the labor
productivity measure presented in this release
relates output to the hours worked of persons
employed in manufacturing, it does not measure
the specific contributions of labor as a single
factor of production. Rather, it reflects the joint
effects of many influences, including new technology, capital investment, capacity utilization,
energy use, and managerial skills, as well as the
skills and efforts of the workforce.
Unit labor costs are defined as the cost
of labor input required to produce one unit
of output. They are computed as compensation in nominal terms divided by real output.
Unit labor costs can also be computed by
dividing hourly compensation by output per
hour, that is, by labor productivity.
Notes on the data
The measures for recent years may be
based on current indicators of manufacturing output (such as industrial production
indexes), employment, average hours, and
hourly compensation until national ac-
counts and other statistics used for the
long-term measures become available.
F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on
this series, go to http://www.bls.gov/news.
release/prod4.toc.htm or contact the Division of International Labor Comparison at
(202) 691–5654.
Occupational Injury
and Illness Data
(Tables 54–55)
Survey of Occupational Injuries
and Illnesses
Description of the series
The Survey of Occupational Injuries and
Illnesses collects data from employers about
their workers’ job-related nonfatal injuries
and illnesses. The information that employers
provide is based on records that they maintain
under the Occupational Safety and Health
Act of 1970. Self-employed individuals, farms
with fewer than 11 employees, employers
regulated by other Federal safety and health
laws, and Federal, State, and local government
agencies are excluded from the survey.
The survey is a Federal-State cooperative
program with an independent sample selected for each participating State. A stratified
random sample with a Neyman allocation
is selected to represent all private industries
in the State. The survey is stratified by Standard Industrial Classification and size of
employment.
Definitions
Under the Occupational Safety and Health
Act, employers maintain records of nonfatal
work-related injuries and illnesses that involve one or more of the following: loss of
consciousness, restriction of work or motion,
transfer to another job, or medical treatment
other than first aid.
Occupational injury is any injury such
as a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation that
results from a work-related event or a single,
instantaneous exposure in the work environment.
Occupational illness is an abnormal
condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by
exposure to factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses
or disease which may be caused by inhalation,
absorption, ingestion, or direct contact.
Lost workday injuries and illnesses are
cases that involve days away from work, or
days of restricted work activity, or both.
Lost workdays include the number of
workdays (consecutive or not) on which the
employee was either away from work or at
work in some restricted capacity, or both,
because of an occupational injury or illness.
BLS measures of the number and incidence
rate of lost workdays were discontinued beginning with the 1993 survey. The number
of days away from work or days of restricted
work activity does not include the day of injury
or onset of illness or any days on which the
employee would not have worked, such as a
Federal holiday, even though able to work.
Incidence rates are computed as the
number of injuries and/or illnesses or lost
work days per 100 full-time workers.
Notes on the data
The definitions of occupational injuries and
illnesses are from Recordkeeping Guidelines
for Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1986).
Estimates are made for industries and employment size classes for total recordable cases,
lost workday cases, days away from work cases,
and nonfatal cases without lost workdays. These
data also are shown separately for injuries.
Illness data are available for seven categories:
occupational skin diseases or disorders, dust
diseases of the lungs, respiratory conditions
due to toxic agents, poisoning (systemic
effects of toxic agents), disorders due to
physical agents (other than toxic materials),
disorders associated with repeated trauma,
and all other occupational illnesses.
The survey continues to measure the
number of new work-related illness cases
which are recognized, diagnosed, and reported during the year. Some conditions, for
example, long-term latent illnesses caused
by exposure to carcinogens, often are difficult to relate to the workplace and are not
adequately recognized and reported. These
long-term latent illnesses are believed to be
understated in the survey’s illness measure. In
contrast, the overwhelming majority of the
reported new illnesses are those which are
easier to directly relate to workplace activity
(for example, contact dermatitis and carpal
tunnel syndrome).
Most of the estimates are in the form
of incidence rates, defined as the number
of injuries and illnesses per 100 equivalent
full-time workers. For this purpose, 200,000
employee hours represent 100 employee years
(2,000 hours per employee). Full detail on the
available measures is presented in the annual
bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses:
Counts, Rates, and Characteristics.
Comparable data for more than 40 States
and territories are available from the bls
Office of Safety, Health and Working Conditions. Many of these States publish data
on State and local government employees in
addition to private industry data.
Mining and railroad data are furnished to
BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration and the Federal Railroad Administration. Data from these organizations are
included in both the national and State data
published annually.
With the 1992 survey, BLS began publishing details on serious, nonfatal incidents
resulting in days away from work. Included
are some major characteristics of the injured
and ill workers, such as occupation, age, gender, race, and length of service, as well as the
circumstances of their injuries and illnesses
(nature of the disabling condition, part of
body affected, event and exposure, and the
source directly producing the condition). In
general, these data are available nationwide
for detailed industries and for individual
States at more aggregated industry levels.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on occupational injuries and illnesses, contact the
Office of Occupational Safety, Health and
Working Conditions at (202) 691–6180, or
access the Internet at: www.bls. gov/iif/
Census of Fatal
Occupational Injuries
The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
compiles a complete roster of fatal job-related injuries, including detailed data about the
fatally injured workers and the fatal events.
The program collects and cross checks fatality
information from multiple sources, including
death certificates, State and Federal workers’
compensation reports, Occupational Safety
and Health Administration and Mine Safety
and Health Administration records, medical
examiner and autopsy reports, media accounts, State motor vehicle fatality records,
and follow-up questionnaires to employers.
In addition to private wage and salary
workers, the self-employed, family members, and Federal, State, and local government workers are covered by the program.
To be included in the fatality census, the
decedent must have been employed (that is
working for pay, compensation, or profit)
at the time of the event, engaged in a legal
work activity, or present at the site of the
incident as a requirement of his or her job.
Definition
A fatal work injury is any intentional or
unintentional wound or damage to the body
resulting in death from acute exposure to
energy, such as heat or electricity, or kinetic
energy from a crash, or from the absence of
such essentials as heat or oxygen caused by a
specific event or incident or series of events
within a single workday or shift. Fatalities
that occur during a person’s commute to or
from work are excluded from the census,
as well as work-related illnesses,which can
be difficult to identify due to long latency
periods.
Notes on the data
Twenty-eight data elements are collected,
coded, and tabulated in the fatality program,
including information about the fatally
injured worker, the fatal incident, and the
machinery or equipment involved. Summary worker demographic data and event
characteristics are included in a national news
release that is available about 8 months after
the end of the reference year. The Census
of Fatal Occupational Injuries was initiated in 1992 as a joint Federal-State effort.
Most States issue summary information
at the time of the national news release.
F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on
the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
contact the BLS Office of Safety, Health,
and Working Conditions at (202) 691–
6175, or the Internet at: www.bls.gov/iif/
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010 61
Current Labor Statistics: Comparative Indicators
1. Labor market indicators
Selected indicators
2008
2008
2009
I
II
2009
III
IV
I
II
2010
III
IV
I
Employment data
Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional
population (household survey):
1
Labor force participation rate........................................................
Employment-population ratio........................................................
Unemployment rate………………………………………………….…
Men………………………………………………..…….….…………
16 to 24 years...........................................................................
25 years and older....................................................................
Women……………………………………………….….……………
16 to 24 years...........................................................................
25 years and older....................................................................
Employment, nonfarm (payroll data), in thousands:
66.0
62.2
5.8
6.1
14.4
4.8
5.4
11.2
4.4
65.4
59.3
9.3
10.3
20.1
8.8
8.1
14.9
6.9
66.1
62.8
5.0
5.1
12.7
3.9
4.8
10.2
3.9
66.1
62.6
5.3
5.5
13.3
4.2
5.1
11.0
4.1
66.0
62.0
6.0
6.4
14.9
5.1
5.6
11.7
4.5
65.9
61.3
6.9
7.6
16.5
6.1
6.2
11.7
5.3
65.7
60.3
8.2
9.0
18.1
7.6
7.3
13.2
6.2
65.7
59.7
9.3
10.4
19.9
8.9
8.0
14.6
6.9
65.3
59.0
9.7
10.8
20.7
9.4
8.3
15.6
7.1
64.9
58.4
10.0
11.2
22.0
9.5
8.7
15.9
7.5
64.8
58.5
9.7
10.7
21.7
9.0
8.5
15.5
7.4
1
Total nonfarm…………………….................................................... 136,790
Total private....................................................................... 114,281
130,912
108,369
137,858
115,419
137,285
114,775
136,283
113,715
134,328
111,767
132,070
109,510
130,640
108,075
129,857
107,377
129,588
107,107
129,750
107,254
21,334
Manufacturing………….………………..………………………… 13,406
18,620
11,883
21,815
13,654
21,511
13,528
21,092
13,270
20,294
12,822
19,233
12,212
18,503
11,782
18,124
11,634
17,906
11,534
17,870
11,579
Service-providing……………………………………………….…………..…115,456
112,292
116,043
115,774
115,191
114,031
112,837
112,137
111,733
111,682
111,880
Goods-producing ……………………………………………….…………..
Average hours:
Total private........................................…………..........................
Manufacturing………...……………………………………………
Overtime……..………….………………...………………………
33.6
40.8
3.7
33.1
39.8
2.9
33.8
41.3
4.1
33.7
41.0
3.9
33.5
40.4
3.5
33.3
39.8
2.9
33.1
39.4
2.6
33.0
39.5
2.8
33.1
39.9
3.0
33.2
40.5
3.4
33.3
41.0
3.7
Civilian nonfarm ……………………………….…………………………….……
2.6
1.5
.8
.7
.8
.3
.4
.4
.5
.3
.6
Private nonfarm……………...............………...............................
2.4
1.2
.9
.7
.6
.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
.8
2.4
1.0
1.0
.7
.4
.3
.4
.3
.2
.2
1.1
1, 2, 3
Employment Cost Index
Total compensation:
4
5
Goods-producing ……………………………………………….…………
5
Service-providing ……………………………………………….…………
State and local government ……………….………………………
Workers by bargaining status (private nonfarm):
Union……………………………………………………………………
Nonunion…………………………………………………………………
1
2.5
1.3
.9
.7
.6
.3
.4
.3
.4
.3
.7
3.0
2.4
.5
.5
1.7
.3
.6
.5
1.0
.3
.3
2.8
2.4
2.9
.9
.8
.9
.8
.7
.7
.6
.6
.2
1.0
.3
.6
.2
.6
.3
.5
.2
1.5
.7
Quarterly data seasonally adjusted.
Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes
are calculated using the last month of each quarter.
3 The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North
American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational
Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for
informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official
BLS estimates starting in March 2006.
2
62
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
4
Excludes Federal and private household workers.
Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Serviceproviding industries include all other private sector industries.
5
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, household survey data reflect revised population
controls. Nonfarm data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the North
American Industry Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) system. NAICS-based data by industry are not comparable with SICbased data.
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity
Selected measures
2008
2008
2009
I
II
2009
III
IV
I
II
2010
III
IV
I
1, 2, 3
Compensation data
Employment Cost Index—compensation:
Civilian nonfarm...................................................................
Private nonfarm...............................................................
Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries:
Civilian nonfarm……………………………………………….
Private nonfarm...............................................................
Price data
2.6
2.4
1.5
1.2
0.8
.9
0.7
.7
0.8
.6
0.3
.2
0.4
.4
0.4
.3
0.5
.4
0.3
.2
0.6
.8
2.7
2.6
1.5
1.4
.8
.9
.7
.7
.8
.6
.3
.3
.4
.4
.4
.3
.5
.5
.3
.3
.4
.5
3.8
-.4
1.7
2.5
0
-3.9
1.2
1.4
.1
.0
.8
6.3
7.4
2.9
10.3
21.6
-2.5
-3.8
2.0
-8.3
-30.5
2.8
3.4
.7
5.0
14.5
4.2
5.2
.6
6.9
14.9
-.1
-.4
1.0
.7
-15.6
-7.4
-10.0
1.9
-13.6
-32.1
.2
.3
-.2
-2.1
-7.2
3.1
4.3
-.2
2.8
12.3
-.6
-.7
-.4
1.2
-3.5
1.7
2.1
.8
1.1
11.7
1.7
2.3
.0
2.4
10.2
2.1
2.0
3.8
3.7
1.9
-.2
-.5
2.9
3.0
1.4
1.1
2.1
2.2
.9
.9
7.6
7.6
8.0
7.8
-3.2
6.6
4.9
.2
-6.8
9.2
3.9
6.6
6.3
8.2
3.0
3.6
_
1
Consumer Price Index (All Urban Consumers): All Items......
Producer Price Index:
Finished goods.....................................................................
Finished consumer goods.................................................
Capital equipment……………………………………………
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components…………
Crude materials.....................................................................
4
Productivity data
Output per hour of all persons:
Business sector.....................................................................
Nonfarm business sector.......................................................
5
2.2
Nonfinancial corporations ……………….…………...………………
1 Annual changes are December-to-December changes.
Quarterly changes are
calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price data are not
seasonally adjusted, and the price data are not compounded.
2 Excludes Federal and private household workers.
3 The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American
Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC)
system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes
only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in
March 2006.
4 Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages. Quarterly
percent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly indexes. The data are
seasonally adjusted.
5 Output per hour of all employees.
3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes
Quarterly change
Components
Four quarters ending—
2009
I
II
2010
III
IV
I
2009
I
II
2010
III
IV
I
1
Average hourly compensation:
All persons, business sector..........................................................
All persons, nonfarm business sector...........................................
Employment Cost Index—compensation:
7.5
7.7
0.0
-.4
0.4
.4
1.7
1.9
1.7
1.8
3.3
3.4
1.8
1.8
0.9
.8
2.4
2.3
.4
.4
1.0
.3
.6
.4
.3
.6
.2
.5
.5
.4
.6
.3
1.0
.3
.2
.5
.2
.3
.6
.8
1.5
.7
.3
2.1
1.9
3.0
1.8
3.1
1.8
1.5
2.9
1.2
3.2
1.5
1.2
2.9
.9
2.4
1.5
1.2
2.9
.9
2.4
1.7
1.6
3.4
1.4
2.0
.4
.4
.6
.4
.5
.4
.3
.7
.2
.5
.5
.5
.5
.4
.8
.3
.3
.6
.3
.2
.4
.5
.5
.5
.3
2.2
2.0
3.1
1.9
3.0
1.8
1.6
2.7
1.4
3.0
1.5
1.4
2.6
1.1
2.1
1.5
1.4
2.6
1.2
2.0
1.5
1.5
2.5
1.3
1.8
2
3
Civilian nonfarm ……….………………………………………….…………..…
Private nonfarm….......................................................................
Union…………..........................................................................
Nonunion…………....................................................................
State and local government….....................................................
Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries:
3
-4.1
-4.2
2
Civilian nonfarm ……….………………………………………….…………..…
Private nonfarm….......................................................................
Union…………..........................................................................
Nonunion…………....................................................................
State and local government….....................................................
1 Seasonally adjusted. "Quarterly average" is percent change from a
quarter ago, at an annual rate.
2 The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002
North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard
Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown
prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS
and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006.
3 Excludes Federal and private household workers.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
63
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
4. Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status
2009
Annual average
2008
2009
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
2010
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 233,788
Civilian labor force.............. 154,287
66.0
Participation rate...........
Employed........................ 145,362
Employment-pop62.2
ulation ratio 2……………
8,924
Unemployed...................
5.8
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force........ 79,501
235,801 235,086 235,271 235,452 235,655 235,870 236,087 236,322 236,550 236,743 236,924 236,832 236,998 237,159
154,142 154,164 154,718 154,956 154,759 154,351 154,426 153,927 153,854 153,720 153,059 153,170 153,512 153,910
65.4
65.6
65.8
65.8
65.7
65.4
65.4
65.1
65.0
64.9
64.6
64.7
64.8
64.9
139,877 140,854 140,902 140,438 140,038 139,817 139,433 138,768 138,242 138,381 137,792 138,333 138,641 138,905
59.3
14,265
9.3
81,659
59.9
13,310
8.6
80,922
59.9
13,816
8.9
80,554
59.6
14,518
9.4
80,496
59.4
14,721
9.5
80,895
59.3
14,534
9.4
81,519
59.1
14,993
9.7
81,661
58.7
15,159
9.8
82,396
58.4
15,612
10.1
82,696
58.5
15,340
10.0
83,022
58.2
15,267
10.0
83,865
58.4
14,837
9.7
83,663
58.5
14,871
9.7
83,487
58.6
15,005
9.7
83,249
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 104,453
Civilian labor force.............. 79,047
75.7
Participation rate...........
Employed........................ 74,750
Employment-pop71.6
ulation ratio 2……………
4,297
Unemployed...................
5.4
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force……… 25,406
105,493 105,095 105,196 105,299 105,412 105,530 105,651 105,780 105,906 106,018 106,125 105,998 106,100 106,198
78,897
78,680
79,106
79,339
79,246
78,984
79,196
78,977
79,024
78,901
78,402
78,225
78,471
78,796
74.8
74.9
75.2
75.3
75.2
74.8
75.0
74.7
74.6
74.4
73.9
73.8
74.0
74.2
71,341
71,667
71,665
71,552
71,354
71,255
71,142
70,861
70,662
70,662
70,391
70,390
70,623
70,913
67.6
7,555
9.6
26,596
68.2
7,013
8.9
26,415
68.1
7,441
9.4
26,091
68.0
7,787
9.8
25,961
67.7
7,892
10.0
26,166
67.5
7,728
9.8
26,547
67.3
8,055
10.2
26,455
67.0
8,116
10.3
26,803
66.7
8,362
10.6
26,882
66.7
8,239
10.4
27,117
66.3
8,011
10.2
27,723
66.4
7,835
10.0
27,774
66.6
7,848
10.0
27,628
66.8
7,882
10.0
27,403
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 112,260
Civilian labor force.............. 68,382
60.9
Participation rate...........
Employed........................ 65,039
Employment-pop57.9
ulation ratio 2……………
3,342
Unemployed...................
4.9
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force……… 43,878
113,265 112,908 112,999 113,089 113,189 113,296 113,405 113,522 113,636 113,737 113,832 113,796 113,886 113,974
68,856
68,972
69,105
69,060
68,984
68,910
68,847
68,686
68,687
68,742
68,620
68,949
69,069
69,027
60.8
61.1
61.2
61.1
60.9
60.8
60.7
60.5
60.4
60.4
60.3
60.6
60.6
60.6
63,699
64,110
64,147
63,847
63,741
63,685
63,552
63,280
63,133
63,269
62,998
63,527
63,538
63,495
56.2
5,157
7.5
44,409
56.8
4,863
7.1
43,936
56.8
4,957
7.2
43,894
56.5
5,213
7.5
44,029
56.3
5,243
7.6
44,205
56.2
5,225
7.6
44,386
56.0
5,295
7.7
44,558
55.7
5,406
7.9
44,837
55.6
5,554
8.1
44,949
55.6
5,473
8.0
44,994
55.3
5,622
8.2
45,212
55.8
5,422
7.9
44,848
55.8
5,531
8.0
44,818
55.7
5,532
8.0
44,947
17,043
6,390
37.5
4,837
17,083
6,512
38.1
5,077
17,076
6,507
38.1
5,089
17,064
6,557
38.4
5,039
17,053
6,529
38.3
4,943
17,044
6,457
37.9
4,877
17,031
6,383
37.5
4,740
17,020
6,264
36.8
4,627
17,008
6,143
36.1
4,448
16,988
6,077
35.8
4,450
16,967
6,037
35.6
4,403
17,038
5,996
35.2
4,416
17,012
5,972
35.1
4,480
16,987
6,087
35.8
4,496
28.4
1,552
24.3
10,654
29.7
1,435
22.0
10,571
29.8
1,418
21.8
10,569
29.5
1,518
23.2
10,507
29.0
1,586
24.3
10,525
28.6
1,581
24.5
10,586
27.8
1,643
25.7
10,648
27.2
1,637
26.1
10,756
26.1
1,696
27.6
10,865
26.2
1,627
26.8
10,911
25.9
1,634
27.1
10,930
25.9
1,580
26.4
11,041
26.3
1,491
25.0
11,041
26.5
1,591
26.1
10,899
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 17,075
6,858
Civilian labor force..............
40.2
Participation rate...........
5,573
Employed........................
Employment-pop32.6
ulation ratio 2……………
1,285
Unemployed...................
18.7
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force……… 10,218
White3
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ……………………. 189,540
Civilian labor force.............. 125,635
66.3
Participation rate...........
Employed........................ 119,126
Employment-pop62.8
ulation ratio 2……………
6,509
Unemployed...................
5.2
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force……… 63,905
190,902 190,436 190,552 190,667 190,801 190,944 191,086 191,244 191,394 191,516 191,628 191,454 191,552 191,648
125,644 125,659 126,108 126,326 126,088 125,911 126,038 125,581 125,567 125,258 124,605 124,579 124,847 125,054
65.8
66.0
66.2
66.3
66.1
65.9
66.0
65.7
65.6
65.4
65.0
65.1
65.2
65.3
114,996 115,663 115,896 115,451 115,102 114,984 114,784 114,215 113,754 113,669 113,339 113,797 113,865 114,108
60.2
10,648
8.5
65,258
60.7
9,996
8.0
64,777
60.8
10,213
8.1
64,443
60.6
10,874
8.6
64,342
60.3
10,986
8.7
64,713
60.2
10,927
8.7
65,033
60.1
11,254
8.9
65,048
59.7
11,366
9.1
65,663
59.4
11,813
9.4
65,827
59.4
11,589
9.3
66,258
59.1
11,266
9.0
67,024
59.4
10,782
8.7
66,875
59.4
10,982
8.8
66,705
59.5
10,945
8.8
66,594
27,843
17,740
63.7
15,953
28,241
17,632
62.4
15,025
28,118
17,543
62.4
15,176
28,153
17,795
63.2
15,119
28,184
17,716
62.9
15,066
28,217
17,665
62.6
15,048
28,252
17,651
62.5
15,050
28,290
17,596
62.2
14,914
28,330
17,455
61.6
14,754
28,369
17,516
61.7
14,763
28,404
17,660
62.2
14,904
28,437
17,600
61.9
14,758
28,526
17,749
62.2
14,820
28,559
17,748
62.1
14,936
28,591
17,871
62.5
14,920
57.3
1,788
10.1
10,103
53.2
2,606
14.8
10,609
54.0
2,367
13.5
10,575
53.7
2,676
15.0
10,358
53.5
2,650
15.0
10,467
53.3
2,617
14.8
10,552
53.3
2,600
14.7
10,601
52.7
2,682
15.2
10,694
52.1
2,701
15.5
10,875
52.0
2,754
15.7
10,853
52.5
2,757
15.6
10,744
51.9
2,843
16.2
10,837
52.0
2,929
16.5
10,777
52.3
2,812
15.8
10,811
52.2
2,951
16.5
10,720
Black or African American3
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population …………………….
Civilian labor force..............
Participation rate...........
Employed........................
Employment-population ratio 2……………
Unemployed...................
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force………
See footnotes at end of table.
64
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
4. Continued—Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status
2010
Annual average
2010
2008
2009
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
32,141
22,024
68.5
20,346
32,891
22,352
68.0
19,647
32,585
22,236
68.2
19,664
32,671
22,403
68.6
19,855
32,753
22,459
68.6
19,599
32,839
22,348
68.1
19,609
32,926
22,540
68.5
19,748
33,017
22,320
67.6
19,411
63.3
1,678
7.6
10,116
59.7
2,706
12.1
10,539
60.3
2,571
11.6
10,350
60.8
2,548
11.4
10,268
59.8
2,860
12.7
10,294
59.7
2,739
12.3
10,491
60.0
2,792
12.4
10,386
58.8
2,908
13.0
10,697
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
33,110
22,444
67.8
19,595
33,202
22,492
67.7
19,553
33,291
22,564
67.8
19,692
33,379
22,404
67.1
19,513
33,251
22,578
67.9
19,730
33,335
22,648
67.9
19,848
33,414
22,707
68.0
19,848
59.2
2,849
12.7
10,666
58.9
2,939
13.1
10,710
59.2
2,872
12.7
10,727
58.5
2,891
12.9
10,976
59.3
2,848
12.6
10,674
59.5
2,800
12.4
10,687
59.4
2,859
12.6
10,706
Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population …………………….
Civilian labor force..............
Participation rate...........
Employed........................
Employment-population ratio 2……………
Unemployed...................
Unemployment rate.....
Not in the labor force …………
1 The
population figures are not seasonally adjusted.
Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.
Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who
selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who
reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main
race.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white and black or African American) do not
sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose
ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified
by ethnicity as well as by race. Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population
controls used in the household survey.
2
3
5. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Annual average
Selected categories
2008
2009
2009
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
2010
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Characteristic
Employed, 16 years and older.. 145,362 139,877 140,854 140,902 140,438 140,038 139,817 139,433 138,768 138,242 138,381 137,792 138,333 138,641 138,905
Men....................................... 77,486
73,670
74,072
74,107
73,974
73,727
73,613
73,436
73,120
72,844
72,794
72,499
72,516
72,813
73,092
66,208
66,782
66,794
66,463
66,311
66,205
65,997
65,648
65,398
65,587
65,293
65,817
65,828
65,813
Women............................…… 67,876
Married men, spouse
present................................
45,860
43,998
44,451
44,424
44,214
44,242
43,955
43,847
43,656
43,401
43,336
43,312
43,126
43,168
43,083
35,869
35,207
35,465
35,438
35,347
35,402
35,321
35,151
34,891
34,736
34,867
35,004
35,073
35,248
34,887
5,875
8,913
9,023
8,888
9,048
8,962
8,808
9,077
9,158
9,240
9,225
9,165
8,316
8,791
9,054
4,169
6,648
6,839
6,699
6,788
6,779
6,831
6,895
6,815
6,882
6,684
6,453
5,873
6,185
6,177
1,389
1,966
1,847
1,819
1,917
1,970
1,826
2,065
2,081
2,084
2,238
2,346
2,295
2,212
2,388
reasons……………………… 19,343
18,710
18,829
18,976
18,848
18,715
18,993
18,768
18,590
18,632
18,354
18,364
18,563
18,360
18,379
5,773
8,791
8,910
8,795
8,894
8,825
8,664
8,946
8,983
9,158
9,137
9,055
8,193
8,651
8,946
4,097
6,556
6,761
6,634
6,670
6,685
6,713
6,797
6,695
6,797
6,616
6,378
5,792
6,079
6,099
1,380
1,955
1,848
1,826
1,910
1,964
1,789
2,046
2,063
2,033
2,241
2,349
2,288
2,199
2,406
reasons.................………… 19,005
18,372
18,494
18,595
18,478
18,358
18,610
18,383
18,251
18,317
18,066
18,056
18,218
18,043
18,066
Married women, spouse
present................................
Persons at work part time1
All industries:
Part time for economic
reasons…………………….…
Slack work or business
conditions………….........
Could only find part-time
work………………………
Part time for noneconomic
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic
reasons…………………….…
Slack work or business
conditions.......................
Could only find part-time
work………………………
Part time for noneconomic
1
Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003 data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
65
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
6. Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Unemployment rates]
Annual average
Selected categories
2008
2009
2009
2010
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Characteristic
Total, 16 years and older............................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.....................
Men, 20 years and older.........................
Women, 20 years and older...................
5.8
18.7
5.4
4.9
9.3
24.3
9.6
7.5
8.6
22.0
8.9
7.1
8.9
21.8
9.4
7.2
9.4
23.2
9.8
7.5
9.5
24.3
10.0
7.6
9.4
24.5
9.8
7.6
9.7
25.7
10.2
7.7
9.8
26.1
10.3
7.9
10.1
27.6
10.6
8.1
10.0
26.8
10.4
8.0
10.0
27.1
10.2
8.2
9.7
26.4
10.0
7.9
9.7
25.0
10.0
8.0
9.7
26.1
10.0
8.0
White, total 1………………………………
5.2
16.8
19.1
14.4
4.9
4.4
8.5
21.8
25.2
18.4
8.8
6.8
8.0
20.3
23.5
17.1
8.1
6.5
8.1
20.0
22.9
17.1
8.5
6.4
8.6
20.7
24.6
16.6
9.0
6.9
8.7
21.7
24.4
19.0
9.2
6.8
8.7
22.5
26.1
18.7
9.1
6.8
8.9
24.3
28.1
20.2
9.3
7.0
9.1
23.3
26.8
19.7
9.6
7.1
9.4
25.1
28.6
21.4
9.9
7.4
9.3
23.0
26.0
20.0
9.8
7.4
9.0
23.6
27.4
19.8
9.3
7.4
8.7
23.5
27.9
18.8
9.1
6.8
8.8
22.5
25.0
19.9
9.0
7.3
8.8
23.7
27.0
20.3
8.9
7.3
10.1
31.2
35.9
26.8
10.2
8.1
14.8
39.5
46.0
33.4
16.3
11.5
13.5
33.1
41.7
26.0
15.6
10.1
15.0
35.1
41.7
28.2
17.2
11.4
15.0
39.9
46.2
34.8
16.7
11.3
14.8
38.5
44.8
33.1
16.4
11.5
14.7
36.2
39.2
33.5
16.0
11.9
15.2
35.0
46.8
24.5
17.0
12.2
15.5
41.7
50.8
32.7
16.5
12.5
15.7
42.1
43.6
40.7
17.0
12.5
15.6
49.8
57.1
41.4
16.8
11.7
16.2
48.4
52.2
44.8
16.6
13.1
16.5
43.8
48.3
39.4
17.6
13.3
15.8
42.0
44.9
39.1
17.8
12.1
16.5
41.1
47.4
34.7
19.0
12.4
7.6
3.4
3.6
5.8
5.5
12.1
6.6
5.5
10.0
6.0
11.6
6.0
5.5
9.3
5.9
11.4
6.3
5.5
9.6
6.0
12.7
6.7
5.6
10.2
6.1
12.3
6.9
5.6
10.3
6.0
12.4
6.9
5.5
10.2
6.0
13.0
7.1
5.5
10.5
6.3
12.7
7.3
5.8
10.7
6.4
13.1
7.5
5.9
11.1
6.1
12.7
7.5
5.7
11.0
5.6
12.9
7.3
5.8
10.9
6.0
12.6
6.6
5.8
10.4
6.4
12.4
6.8
6.1
10.5
6.2
12.6
6.7
6.0
10.5
6.7
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................
Men, 16 to 19 years........................
Women, 16 to 19 years..................
Men, 20 years and older....................
Women, 20 years and older..............
Black or African American, total 1………
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................
Men, 16 to 19 years........................
Women, 16 to 19 years..................
Men, 20 years and older....................
Women, 20 years and older..............
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity………………
Married men, spouse present................
Married women, spouse present...........
Full-time workers...................................
Part-time workers..................................
Educational attainment2
Less than a high school diploma................
9.0
14.6
13.8
14.9
15.4
15.4
15.3
15.5
15.0
15.5
15.0
15.3
15.2
15.6
14.5
Some college or associate degree………..
5.7
4.6
9.7
8.0
9.1
7.3
9.4
7.5
10.0
7.8
9.8
8.0
9.4
8.0
9.8
8.2
10.8
8.6
11.2
9.0
10.4
9.0
10.5
9.0
10.1
8.5
10.5
8.0
10.8
8.2
Bachelor's degree and higher 4…………….
2.6
4.6
4.4
4.4
4.8
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.9
5.0
4.9
5.0
4.9
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
High school graduates, no college 3………
1
Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who
selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who
reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main
race.
2
Data refer to persons 25 years and older.
7. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Weeks of
unemployment
Less than 5 weeks...........................
5 to 14 weeks..................................
15 weeks and over..........................
15 to 26 weeks.............................
27 weeks and over.......................
Mean duration, in weeks...................
Median duration, in weeks...............
Annual average
2008
2,932
2,804
3,188
1,427
1,761
17.9
9.4
2009
3,165
3,828
7,272
2,775
4,496
24.4
15.1
2009
Mar.
3,314
4,032
5,815
2,574
3,241
20.8
11.9
Apr.
3,284
3,962
6,296
2,571
3,725
21.8
13.1
May
3,219
4,300
7,013
2,983
4,030
22.9
14.9
June
3,152
3,994
7,844
3,404
4,440
24.4
18.2
July
3,181
3,539
7,819
2,847
4,972
25.3
15.9
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
66
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
2010
Aug.
2,992
4,093
7,849
2,825
5,024
25.2
15.5
2,938
3,838
8,405
2,958
5,447
26.5
17.8
3,131
3,671
8,804
3,184
5,620
27.2
19.0
2,774
3,517
8,976
3,075
5,901
28.6
20.2
Dec.
2,929
3,486
8,969
2,840
6,130
29.1
20.5
Jan.
3,008
3,362
8,945
2,632
6,313
30.2
19.9
Feb.
2,748
3,412
8,829
2,696
6,133
29.7
19.4
Mar.
2,646
3,228
8,983
2,436
6,547
31.2
20.0
8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Reason for
unemployment
Annual average
2008
1
Job losers …………………….…
On temporary layoff..............
Not on temporary layoff........
Job leavers..............................
Reentrants...............................
New entrants...........................
2009
2009
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
2010
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
4,789
1,176
3,614
896
2,472
766
9,160
1,630
7,530
882
3,187
1,035
8,434
1,581
6,853
884
3,017
881
8,867
1,638
7,229
887
3,127
919
9,428
1,842
7,586
909
3,200
977
9,562
1,741
7,821
822
3,322
969
9,549
1,670
7,880
882
3,306
994
9,814
1,704
8,110
835
3,294
1,096
10,236
1,918
8,318
869
3,255
1,134
10,261
1,671
8,590
909
3,461
1,114
9,965
1,548
8,418
929
3,221
1,270
9,701
1,558
8,143
932
3,334
1,270
9,323
1,454
7,869
914
3,585
1,235
9,550
1,558
7,992
866
3,451
1,238
9,354
1,595
7,758
894
3,544
1,197
53.7
13.2
40.5
10.0
27.7
8.6
64.2
11.4
52.8
6.2
22.3
7.3
63.8
12.0
51.9
6.7
22.8
6.7
64.3
11.9
52.4
6.4
22.7
6.7
65.0
12.7
52.3
6.3
22.0
6.7
65.2
11.9
53.3
5.6
22.6
6.6
64.8
11.3
53.5
6.0
22.4
6.8
65.3
11.3
53.9
5.6
21.9
7.3
66.1
12.4
53.7
5.6
21.0
7.3
65.2
10.6
54.6
5.8
22.0
7.1
64.8
10.1
54.7
6.0
20.9
8.3
63.7
10.2
53.4
6.1
21.9
8.3
61.9
9.7
52.3
6.1
23.8
8.2
63.2
10.3
52.9
5.7
22.8
8.2
62.4
10.6
51.8
6.0
23.6
8.0
5.5
.6
2.0
.6
5.7
.6
2.0
.6
6.1
.6
2.1
.6
6.2
.5
2.1
.6
6.2
.6
2.1
.6
6.4
.5
2.1
.7
6.6
.6
2.1
.7
6.7
.6
2.2
.7
6.5
.6
2.1
.8
6.3
.6
2.2
.8
6.1
.6
2.3
.8
6.2
.6
2.2
.8
6.1
.6
2.3
.8
Percent of unemployed
Job losers 1…………………….…
On temporary layoff...............
Not on temporary layoff.........
Job leavers...............................
Reentrants................................
New entrants............................
Percent of civilian
labor force
3.1
5.9
Job losers 1…………………….…
.6
.6
Job leavers...............................
1.6
2.1
Reentrants................................
.5
.7
New entrants............................
1
Includes persons who completed temporary jobs.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
9. Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Civilian workers]
Sex and age
Annual average
2009
2008
2009
Mar.
Apr.
Total, 16 years and older..................
16 to 24 years...............................
16 to 19 years............................
16 to 17 years.........................
18 to 19 years.........................
20 to 24 years............................
25 years and older........................
25 to 54 years.........................
55 years and older..................
5.8
12.8
18.7
22.1
16.8
10.2
4.6
4.8
3.8
9.3
17.6
24.3
25.9
23.4
14.7
7.9
8.3
6.6
8.6
16.4
22.0
23.9
21.1
14.0
7.3
7.7
6.2
8.9
16.7
21.8
23.4
21.7
14.6
7.6
7.9
6.4
9.4
17.5
23.2
23.8
23.2
15.1
8.1
8.5
6.7
9.5
17.9
24.3
25.5
23.8
15.2
8.2
8.5
7.0
Men, 16 years and older.................
16 to 24 years.............................
16 to 19 years..........................
16 to 17 years.......................
18 to 19 years.......................
20 to 24 years..........................
25 years and older......................
25 to 54 years.......................
55 years and older................
6.1
14.4
21.2
25.2
19.0
11.4
4.8
5.0
3.9
10.3
20.1
27.8
28.7
27.4
17.0
8.8
9.2
7.0
9.6
19.2
25.9
28.2
24.8
16.5
8.0
8.4
6.4
10.1
19.6
25.9
26.4
25.7
17.0
8.5
8.9
6.8
10.5
20.3
27.1
26.5
28.0
17.4
9.0
9.5
7.0
Women, 16 years and older...........
16 to 24 years.............................
16 to 19 years..........................
16 to 17 years…………………
18 t0 19 years…………………
20 to 24 years..........................
25 years and older......................
25 to 54 years.......................
55 years and older 1…………
5.4
11.2
16.2
19.1
14.3
8.8
4.4
4.6
8.1
14.9
20.7
23.1
19.4
12.3
6.9
7.2
7.6
13.4
18.2
19.7
17.4
11.3
6.6
6.8
7.6
13.6
17.6
20.4
17.5
11.8
6.6
6.8
3.7
6.0
5.8
5.4
1
May
June
July
2010
Aug.
Sept.
9.4
18.0
24.5
26.0
23.3
15.3
8.1
8.4
6.7
9.7
18.3
25.7
26.5
25.2
15.1
8.4
8.8
6.8
9.8
18.3
26.1
28.2
24.4
15.0
8.6
9.1
6.8
10.6
19.9
26.5
26.5
27.1
17.2
9.2
9.6
7.8
10.5
20.3
27.9
28.5
27.3
17.1
9.1
9.6
7.4
11.0
20.8
29.9
29.6
29.9
17.0
9.5
10.0
7.5
8.1
14.5
19.1
21.2
18.0
12.5
7.0
7.2
8.3
15.8
22.1
24.6
20.3
12.9
7.0
7.2
8.2
15.6
20.9
23.6
19.2
13.2
7.0
7.2
5.8
6.4
7.1
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
10.1
19.2
27.6
30.2
25.7
15.6
8.7
9.2
7.0
10.0
19.1
26.8
28.8
26.1
15.9
8.5
8.9
7.1
10.0
18.9
27.1
29.9
25.8
15.6
8.5
8.9
7.2
9.7
18.9
26.4
27.9
25.4
15.8
8.2
8.6
6.8
9.7
18.5
25.0
28.2
23.7
16.0
8.3
8.6
7.1
9.7
18.8
26.1
29.6
24.4
15.8
8.3
8.8
6.9
11.0
20.9
29.9
31.1
28.3
17.2
9.7
10.3
7.3
11.4
22.2
31.0
33.5
28.9
18.6
9.7
10.2
7.8
11.2
21.8
30.4
30.5
30.5
18.3
9.5
10.0
7.8
11.0
22.0
30.9
33.1
30.2
18.4
9.2
9.6
7.9
10.8
22.5
30.6
30.8
30.3
19.2
9.0
9.4
7.5
10.7
21.2
27.6
30.4
27.3
18.7
9.1
9.5
7.8
10.7
21.6
29.7
30.9
29.1
18.4
9.0
9.5
7.4
8.3
15.6
21.4
23.3
20.2
13.1
7.1
7.3
8.5
15.5
22.2
25.1
20.2
12.7
7.3
7.7
8.8
15.9
24.0
26.8
22.4
12.4
7.6
8.0
8.6
16.2
23.1
27.1
21.5
13.3
7.3
7.5
8.8
15.7
23.1
26.8
21.3
12.5
7.6
8.1
8.4
15.0
21.9
25.0
20.1
12.2
7.3
7.7
8.6
15.8
22.3
26.2
19.9
13.1
7.4
7.7
8.6
15.8
22.4
28.3
19.5
13.0
7.5
7.9
6.7
6.3
6.1
6.2
5.8
6.1
6.5
6.0
Data are not seasonally adjusted.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
67
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted
Feb.
2009
State
Jan.
Feb.
2010p
2010p
Feb.
2009
State
Jan.
Feb.
2010p
2010p
Alabama............................…………………
Alaska........................................................
Arizona............................……………………
Arkansas....................................................
California............................…………………
8.7
7.3
8.3
6.8
10.2
11.1
8.5
9.2
7.6
12.5
11.1
8.5
9.5
7.7
12.5
Missouri………………………………………
Montana.....................................................
Nebraska............................…………………
Nevada......................................................
New Hampshire............................…………
8.5
5.7
4.3
10.1
5.5
9.4
6.8
4.7
13.0
7.0
9.4
6.9
4.8
13.2
7.1
Colorado....................................................
Connecticut............................………………
Delaware...................................................
District of Columbia............................……
Florida........................................................
7.3
7.4
7.4
8.8
9.2
7.4
9.0
8.9
12.0
12.0
7.7
9.1
9.2
11.9
12.2
New Jersey................................................
New Mexico............................………………
New York...................................................
North Carolina............................……………
North Dakota.............................................
8.0
6.1
7.5
9.8
4.2
9.9
8.5
8.8
11.1
4.2
9.9
8.7
8.8
11.2
4.1
Georgia............................…………………
Hawaii........................................................
Idaho............................………………………
Illinois.........................................................
Indiana............................……………………
8.7
6.3
6.9
8.7
9.5
10.4
6.9
9.3
11.3
9.7
10.5
6.9
9.5
11.4
9.8
Ohio............................………………………
Oklahoma..................................................
Oregon............................……………………
Pennsylvania.............................................
Rhode Island............................……………
9.1
5.5
10.6
7.2
9.9
10.8
6.7
10.7
8.8
12.7
10.9
6.8
10.5
8.9
12.7
Iowa............................………………………
Kansas.......................................................
Kentucky............................…………………
Louisiana...................................................
Maine............................……………………
5.3
6.0
9.6
5.9
7.7
6.6
6.5
10.7
7.4
8.2
6.7
6.5
10.9
7.3
8.3
South Carolina............................…………
South Dakota.............................................
Tennessee............................………………
Texas.........................................................
Utah............................………………………
10.7
4.6
9.6
6.8
6.1
12.5
4.8
10.7
8.2
6.8
12.4
4.8
10.7
8.2
7.1
Maryland............................…………………
Massachusetts...........................................
Michigan............................…………………
Minnesota..................................................
Mississippi............................………………
6.4
7.4
12.0
7.7
8.6
7.5
9.5
14.3
7.3
11.0
7.7
9.5
14.1
7.3
11.5
Vermont............................…………………
Virginia.......................................................
Washington............................………………
West Virginia.............................................
Wisconsin............................………………
Wyoming....................................................
6.7
6.1
8.1
6.4
7.7
4.8
6.7
6.9
9.3
9.2
8.7
7.6
6.6
7.2
9.4
9.5
8.7
7.5
p
= preliminary
11. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by State, seasonally adjusted
State
Feb.
2009
Jan.
Feb.
2010p
2010p
State
Feb.
2009
Feb.
2010p
Alabama............................………… 2,146,523 2,056,589 2,056,113
359,405
362,932
363,773
Alaska.............................................
Arizona............................…………… 3,147,205 3,137,804 3,149,642
Arkansas........................................ 1,371,452 1,377,005 1,377,122
California............................………… 18,357,363 18,118,429 18,161,705
Missouri……………………………… 3,054,073
Montana.........................................
502,160
Nebraska............................…………
987,863
Nevada........................................... 1,363,908
New Hampshire............................…
742,613
2,993,859
495,774
984,103
1,373,224
743,208
2,991,506
496,843
985,999
1,374,082
746,463
Colorado......................................... 2,734,150
Connecticut............................……… 1,885,416
Delaware........................................
440,345
District of Columbia........................
331,804
Florida............................................ 9,198,592
2,644,485
1,897,295
428,226
335,581
9,235,310
2,647,690
1,905,578
427,906
336,407
9,254,495
New Jersey.....................................
New Mexico............................……
New York........................................
North Carolina............................…
North Dakota..................................
4,533,347
957,586
9,727,669
4,578,622
365,860
4,533,371
962,289
9,635,330
4,538,076
364,875
4,553,718
964,181
9,645,128
4,549,039
366,534
Georgia............................………… 4,823,110
Hawaii.............................................
641,337
Idaho............................……………
750,713
Illinois............................................. 6,608,997
Indiana............................…………… 3,242,137
4,700,613
633,401
753,185
6,616,993
3,112,330
4,703,442
635,148
755,517
6,640,974
3,118,743
Ohio............................………………
Oklahoma.......................................
Oregon............................……………
Pennsylvania..................................
Rhode Island............................……
6,002,137
1,766,093
1,980,296
6,447,362
563,154
5,910,922
1,777,523
1,939,343
6,421,703
576,653
5,928,409
1,779,634
1,945,234
6,451,557
578,042
Iowa............................………………
Kansas...........................................
Kentucky............................…………
Louisiana........................................
Maine............................……………
1,674,239
1,511,087
2,079,717
2,070,856
705,272
1,680,897
1,516,142
2,070,714
2,074,018
705,260
1,682,233
1,516,629
2,078,579
2,081,332
705,848
South Carolina............................… 2,181,436 2,173,981 2,174,240
South Dakota..................................
447,535
445,079
444,577
Tennessee............................……… 3,045,619 2,996,682 3,000,621
Texas.............................................. 11,821,111 12,091,623 12,131,502
Utah............................……………… 1,377,028 1,342,627 1,342,774
Maryland............................…………
Massachusetts...............................
Michigan............................…………
Minnesota.......................................
Mississippi............................………
3,011,369
3,475,667
4,926,706
2,969,308
1,294,569
2,956,926
3,472,156
4,839,634
2,970,308
1,296,244
2,956,941
3,478,197
4,843,997
2,979,529
1,301,362
Vermont............................…………
361,085
Virginia........................................... 4,184,963
Washington............................……… 3,532,844
West Virginia..................................
803,135
Wisconsin............................……… 3,109,716
Wyoming........................................
293,903
NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the database.
p
68
Jan.
2010p
= preliminary
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
359,916
4,149,845
3,515,653
786,557
3,030,254
292,412
361,376
4,163,844
3,510,476
787,262
3,039,902
292,201
12. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Industry
Annual average
2008
TOTAL NONFARM................. 136,790
TOTAL PRIVATE........................ 114,281
2009
2009
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
2010
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.p
Mar.p
130,920 132,070 131,542 131,155 130,640 130,294 130,082 129,857 129,633 129,697 129,588 129,602 129,588 129,750
108,371 109,510 108,861 108,527 108,075 107,778 107,563 107,377 107,115 107,190 107,107 107,123 107,131 107,254
21,334
18,620
19,233
18,956
18,731
18,503
18,375
18,245
18,124
17,993
17,960
17,906
17,876
17,829
17,870
767
56.6
709.8
160.5
1
226.0
Mining, except oil and gas ……
81.2
Coal mining……………………
323.4
Support activities for mining……
7,162
Construction................................
Construction of buildings........... 1,641.7
964.5
Heavy and civil engineering……
Speciality trade contractors....... 4,555.8
Manufacturing.............................. 13,406
9,629
Production workers................
8,463
Durable goods...........................
5,975
Production workers................
456.0
Wood products..........................
465.0
Nonmetallic mineral products
442.0
Primary metals..........................
1,527.5
Fabricated metal products.........
1,187.6
Machinery……….....................
Computer and electronic
700
49.8
650.0
161.6
211.6
82.2
276.7
6,037
1,365.6
846.9
3,824.4
11,883
8,350
7,309
5,008
360.7
397.7
364.7
1,317.5
1,029.3
728
50.3
677.9
162.8
217.3
85.3
297.8
6,293
1,422.5
887.8
3,982.8
12,212
8,593
7,580
5,211
375.4
407.1
381.9
1,367.3
1,079.3
714
50.1
664.0
162.2
214.8
84.2
287.0
6,179
1,400.4
866.7
3,911.9
12,063
8,478
7,450
5,108
370.5
405.1
371.7
1,339.9
1,057.5
700
49.5
650.7
162.0
212.2
83.0
276.5
6,120
1,386.9
856.8
3,876.5
11,911
8,349
7,326
5,005
361.9
399.7
363.4
1,323.2
1,038.7
692
49.3
642.7
161.6
210.0
82.0
271.1
6,029
1,362.8
841.3
3,824.9
11,782
8,244
7,222
4,921
355.1
394.1
355.2
1,305.0
1,022.7
687
49.1
637.4
161.0
208.6
80.9
267.8
5,949
1,344.1
834.6
3,770.7
11,739
8,230
7,197
4,920
352.4
393.5
353.8
1,291.4
1,008.6
678
49.4
628.6
160.1
207.4
81.0
261.1
5,885
1,332.2
830.5
3,722.3
11,682
8,192
7,151
4,886
350.2
391.6
353.9
1,284.2
1,002.9
676
50.1
625.5
160.4
206.8
80.6
258.3
5,814
1,313.0
817.8
3,682.9
11,634
8,166
7,112
4,865
349.2
389.5
351.3
1,276.9
993.8
669
48.5
620.8
160.4
204.3
79.3
256.1
5,747
1,300.0
804.6
3,642.8
11,577
8,124
7,070
4,833
348.4
382.2
350.1
1,272.1
983.8
676
47.2
628.4
160.2
207.2
79.3
261.0
5,732
1,295.9
808.7
3,627.6
11,552
8,108
7,047
4,816
348.6
382.6
350.8
1,268.0
975.9
676
46.9
629.4
159.8
207.7
79.2
261.9
5,696
1,282.5
797.9
3,615.1
11,534
8,089
7,036
4,801
348.9
383.9
351.8
1,266.8
973.2
684
47.0
637.2
160.9
209.3
79.6
267.0
5,636
1,266.3
800.8
3,568.4
11,556
8,113
7,062
4,828
348.3
382.2
353.5
1,268.4
975.6
690
47.0
643.2
161.5
211.0
80.3
270.7
5,577
1,251.7
792.1
3,533.0
11,562
8,116
7,065
4,829
348.5
382.3
358.2
1,272.9
979.5
699
47.2
651.3
162.9
213.1
80.5
275.3
5,592
1,260.3
798.1
3,533.1
11,579
8,130
7,086
4,847
350.0
380.6
361.8
1,282.0
985.4
products 1……………………… 1,244.2
Computer and peripheral
1,136.3
1,175.0
1,160.2
1,144.0
1,131.0
1,122.8
1,113.3
1,107.5
1,101.5
1,097.9
1,093.3
1,091.6
1,090.9
1,090.9
GOODS-PRODUCING………………
Natural resources and
mining…………..……….......……
Logging....................................
Mining..........................................
Oil and gas extraction……………
equipment..............................
Communications equipment…
183.2
127.3
166.0
121.4
174.8
123.0
169.1
122.5
164.9
121.7
163.7
121.0
163.2
120.8
161.2
120.1
160.8
120.4
159.6
119.3
159.5
118.3
158.3
119.0
158.2
118.1
157.8
118.6
157.4
119.2
Semiconductors and
electronic components..........
Electronic instruments……….
431.8
441.0
377.0
421.3
394.8
429.2
387.5
428.9
381.0
425.0
374.2
421.8
369.2
419.9
365.8
417.4
363.3
414.9
361.1
413.5
360.8
411.4
359.7
408.9
360.0
408.2
361.2
406.7
361.8
405.5
Electrical equipment and
appliances...............................
Transportation equipment.........
424.3
1,608.0
376.7
1,353.0
387.7
1,408.3
379.3
1,376.3
376.0
1,338.9
374.4
1,313.0
370.9
1,341.6
369.8
1,331.1
369.0
1,328.0
365.6
1,326.3
363.4
1,318.0
361.8
1,316.6
362.5
1,343.6
364.2
1,332.9
365.6
1,335.4
Furniture and related
products.....……………………… 479.6
Miscellaneous manufacturing
628.9
4,943
Nondurable goods.....................
3,653
Production workers................
Food manufacturing.................. 1,480.9
385.7
587.0
4,574
3,341
1,459.0
403.6
594.5
4,632
3,382
1,451.1
395.7
593.6
4,613
3,370
1,462.6
389.1
591.3
4,585
3,344
1,459.5
382.6
588.4
4,560
3,323
1,459.9
377.5
584.5
4,542
3,310
1,460.3
372.8
581.5
4,531
3,306
1,463.3
368.5
578.2
4,522
3,301
1,463.6
364.6
575.6
4,507
3,291
1,462.0
365.8
576.1
4,505
3,292
1,457.4
363.9
575.6
4,498
3,288
1,455.6
361.0
575.1
4,494
3,285
1,450.6
360.6
575.2
4,497
3,287
1,455.2
358.7
575.1
4,493
3,283
1,457.8
Beverages and tobacco
products…………………………
Textile mills………………………
Textile product mills...................
Apparel………………………….
Leather and allied products.......
Paper and paper products.........
198.4
151.2
147.2
199.0
33.1
444.9
187.7
125.6
126.6
169.6
29.4
407.4
189.6
128.6
128.4
175.5
30.0
415.6
188.6
127.7
126.4
171.8
30.2
412.1
188.2
126.3
126.0
171.6
29.8
407.5
187.6
124.6
125.8
165.6
29.4
406.2
186.8
122.8
124.9
168.2
29.0
403.9
187.2
122.1
124.6
166.8
29.1
402.7
187.2
120.9
124.9
165.2
28.6
402.2
187.8
119.9
123.6
163.5
28.1
399.3
185.3
122.5
122.8
164.0
28.4
398.5
183.6
124.2
122.1
166.0
28.4
397.6
182.3
121.1
121.6
168.9
28.5
397.2
183.4
122.8
122.0
168.2
28.7
398.0
183.9
121.8
121.8
168.0
28.5
395.4
Printing and related support
activities…………………………
Petroleum and coal products.....
Chemicals..................................
Plastics and rubber products..
594.1
117.4
847.1
729.4
523.8
115.3
802.8
627.4
541.0
115.7
813.7
643.2
534.6
115.9
809.3
633.9
529.9
116.1
805.3
625.2
522.6
115.8
801.5
620.7
517.9
115.6
797.3
615.3
513.4
115.4
793.2
613.5
510.6
115.6
791.3
611.7
506.7
115.3
790.5
610.7
501.4
115.2
794.7
614.8
501.0
112.3
791.2
616.4
499.6
113.3
788.7
622.4
499.3
113.2
783.7
622.2
495.2
113.4
781.5
625.9
SERVICE-PROVIDING...................
115,456
112,300 112,837 112,586 112,424 112,137 111,919 111,837 111,733 111,640 111,737 111,682 111,726 111,759 111,880
PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING……………………… 92,947
Trade, transportation,
and utilities................................
Wholesale trade.........................
Durable goods…………………..
Nondurable goods……………
26,293
5,942.7
3,052.0
2,047.7
89,751
90,277
89,905
89,796
89,572
89,403
89,318
89,253
89,122
89,230
89,201
89,247
89,302
89,384
24,949
5,625.3
2,827.0
1,980.0
25,174
5,671.9
2,868.1
1,986.2
25,052
5,641.7
2,845.6
1,981.0
24,997
5,625.9
2,831.8
1,979.5
24,943
5,612.7
2,819.6
1,977.3
24,845
5,596.9
2,808.0
1,975.6
24,819
5,588.2
2,799.3
1,972.8
24,754
5,579.9
2,792.1
1,969.9
24,670
5,574.5
2,787.0
1,968.7
24,678
5,568.3
2,775.0
1,975.4
24,653
5,564.0
2,766.7
1,974.3
24,666
5,556.3
2,761.9
1,975.1
24,669
5,559.9
2,763.8
1,972.0
24,700
5,568.9
2,763.0
1,978.6
Electronic markets and
agents and brokers……………
842.9
818.4
817.6
815.1
814.6
815.8
813.3
816.1
817.9
818.8
817.9
823.0
819.3
824.1
827.3
Retail trade................................. 15,283.1 14,527.8 14,635.2 14,592.4 14,570.2 14,545.8 14,492.3 14,477.0 14,428.7 14,365.7 14,374.5 14,360.0 14,409.1 14,417.4 14,432.3
Motor vehicles and parts
dealers 1………………………
Automobile dealers..................
1,831.2
1,176.7
1,640.0
1,021.8
1,657.8
1,036.6
1,647.2
1,027.0
1,637.6
1,019.4
1,630.7
1,013.1
1,624.9
1,008.9
1,628.0
1,012.6
1,621.2
1,007.3
1,618.6
1,005.7
1,620.4
1,007.8
1,624.0
1,014.0
1,622.5
1,013.6
1,621.0
1,012.8
1,622.5
1,013.5
Furniture and home
furnishings stores....................
531.1
450.0
461.6
455.0
449.0
447.1
445.9
441.2
439.6
437.3
438.6
439.0
439.8
441.3
441.9
Electronics and appliance
stores.......................................
540.5
487.1
489.6
488.0
486.8
484.5
482.0
482.4
481.5
475.3
477.2
477.2
481.0
481.8
481.0
See notes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
69
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
12. Continued—Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Annual average
Industry
2010
2009
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb. p
Mar.p
1,248.0
2,862.0
1,162.6
2,829.0
1,176.8
2,839.6
1,171.2
2,839.0
1,168.3
2,838.4
1,163.3
2,839.8
1,155.0
2,834.4
1,149.6
2,832.3
1,146.3
2,825.4
1,138.9
2,823.5
1,142.9
2,808.5
1,150.0
2,799.8
1,154.6
2,813.3
1,163.1
2,804.9
1,174.6
2,804.2
Health and personal care
stores……………………………… 1,002.8
842.4
Gasoline stations……………………
984.2
827.0
987.4
827.1
985.8
827.6
986.3
826.1
986.1
825.9
984.6
826.8
983.6
830.3
977.5
827.1
978.8
827.5
979.1
823.5
978.7
822.5
980.9
820.9
977.0
820.1
976.5
819.9
Clothing and clothing
accessories stores ………………… 1,468.0
1,368.9
1,379.6
1,377.9
1,374.0
1,369.7
1,361.1
1,354.4
1,354.3
1,351.8
1,363.1
1,360.9
1,371.6
1,373.0
1,378.3
Sporting goods, hobby,
651.0
book, and music stores……………
General merchandise stores1……… 3,025.6
Department stores………………… 1,540.5
Miscellaneous store retailers………
842.5
Nonstore retailers…………………… 438.0
616.4
2,956.1
1,471.2
784.6
421.8
623.7
2,976.1
1,479.1
791.6
424.3
622.3
2,968.8
1,471.0
786.7
422.9
621.0
2,970.9
1,475.5
788.8
423.0
619.1
2,970.8
1,473.3
786.1
422.7
619.4
2,956.9
1,467.8
780.3
421.0
619.6
2,955.2
1,471.7
780.3
420.1
620.3
2,944.3
1,467.7
772.6
418.6
596.3
2,930.4
1,457.0
770.6
416.7
604.7
2,928.1
1,464.3
773.3
415.1
606.9
2,911.8
1,458.7
769.4
419.8
608.8
2,927.8
1,471.0
772.6
415.3
611.9
2,934.5
1,477.1
772.0
416.8
609.2
2,933.9
1,476.5
771.2
419.1
Transportation and
warehousing................................. 4,508.3
Air transportation…………….……… 490.7
Rail transportation……...…………… 231.0
67.1
Water transportation………...………
Truck transportation………..……… 1,389.0
4,235.3
459.7
219.4
63.7
1,265.9
4,303.6
466.8
225.0
65.6
1,293.4
4,255.8
458.0
222.6
64.3
1,274.2
4,239.9
459.9
219.2
63.6
1,267.9
4,223.2
457.8
217.3
62.6
1,260.0
4,195.9
457.0
217.0
61.8
1,254.5
4,194.8
457.6
217.7
62.5
1,251.0
4,184.4
456.8
215.7
62.7
1,249.6
4,168.6
457.1
214.1
62.8
1,240.8
4,175.8
454.7
213.2
63.0
1,243.3
4,171.8
453.8
213.7
63.3
1,231.3
4,142.5
454.1
213.2
62.9
1,232.1
4,133.3
452.9
213.6
62.3
1,229.1
4,141.1
450.9
214.2
62.3
1,229.7
Building material and garden
supply stores................................
Food and beverage stores.............
Transit and ground passenger
transportation………...……………
Pipeline transportation………...……
423.3
41.7
419.3
41.7
422.1
41.9
416.6
42.0
420.9
41.6
427.8
41.3
418.7
40.9
417.6
41.4
416.2
42.2
416.7
42.3
417.5
41.6
414.6
40.7
414.8
41.0
410.7
40.9
414.2
40.9
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation…….…………………
28.0
27.8
27.0
27.7
28.3
27.9
28.3
28.0
28.0
27.3
27.7
28.1
27.5
27.5
27.6
592.0
573.4
672.1
558.9
2,984
549.0
547.1
641.6
561.1
2,807
560.7
551.2
649.9
563.3
2,861
556.8
548.1
645.5
562.1
2,837
552.1
542.8
643.6
560.9
2,812
543.3
543.1
642.1
561.2
2,797
538.7
539.6
639.4
559.8
2,785
539.8
540.6
638.6
559.3
2,776
540.5
537.1
635.6
560.6
2,777
537.8
538.6
631.1
561.0
2,774
539.0
542.7
633.1
559.8
2,762
538.5
553.6
634.2
557.2
2,748
538.2
523.8
634.9
558.5
2,745
535.5
522.8
638.0
558.0
2,738
538.6
521.6
641.1
557.7
2,726
Publishing industries, except
Internet…………………...…………
880.4
796.4
820.4
812.9
801.6
794.5
788.1
781.1
779.8
772.5
770.7
769.3
770.8
763.5
761.4
Motion picture and sound
recording industries……...…………
Broadcasting, except Internet.
371.3
318.7
350.4
301.0
359.3
307.4
355.3
304.8
347.3
302.7
345.7
300.4
345.6
298.2
347.6
296.3
349.6
296.2
353.8
296.0
350.6
295.5
341.7
294.3
341.9
295.2
346.1
296.1
342.6
296.7
Internet publishing and
broadcasting………………...………
Telecommunications………….…… 1,019.4
974.8
989.4
979.9
977.3
972.4
968.9
966.8
966.7
967.0
961.4
956.9
951.9
946.8
943.0
250.0
134.5
7,758
5,762.7
250.2
133.9
7,852
5,827.9
251.0
133.1
7,805
5,796.1
249.3
133.4
7,773
5,776.3
249.5
134.9
7,742
5,756.8
249.3
134.4
7,719
5,738.1
251.1
133.0
7,695
5,718.9
250.1
134.3
7,683
5,707.5
248.8
135.7
7,664
5,694.8
248.3
135.4
7,666
5,699.6
250.2
135.3
7,657
5,693.7
249.7
135.8
7,635
5,677.0
249.6
135.7
7,620
5,663.7
247.3
135.2
7,599
5,646.6
22.4
21.1
21.5
21.2
21.0
20.9
20.9
21.0
21.1
21.2
21.1
21.1
21.2
21.2
21.2
related activities1………………… 2,732.7
Depository credit
2,597.3
2,625.0
2,608.8
2,600.8
2,592.0
2,587.3
2,578.6
2,571.3
2,565.6
2,573.1
2,570.9
2,565.5
2,565.4
2,560.9
intermediation1…………………… 1,815.2
Commercial banking..…………… 1,357.5
1,760.5
1,318.8
1,769.6
1,326.0
1,764.3
1,321.9
1,760.2
1,319.8
1,758.0
1,316.3
1,755.6
1,315.3
1,752.5
1,311.9
1,749.3
1,309.5
1,747.4
1,308.4
1,750.9
1,311.4
1,750.3
1,310.8
1,748.5
1,310.1
1,749.3
1,310.9
1,750.3
1,311.1
864.2
809.7
825.7
816.3
811.3
805.4
800.6
798.6
796.3
795.5
795.1
795.9
792.6
789.5
786.4
Insurance carriers and
related activities………………...… 2,305.2
2,246.7
2,267.3
2,261.5
2,255.1
2,250.1
2,241.9
2,233.4
2,231.9
2,225.4
2,223.7
2,219.6
2,212.1
2,202.8
2,193.6
90.5
87.8
88.4
88.3
88.1
88.4
87.4
87.3
86.9
87.1
86.6
86.2
85.6
84.8
84.5
Real estate and rental
and leasing………………………..… 2,129.6
Real estate……………………….… 1,485.0
Rental and leasing services………
616.9
1,995.3
1,416.7
552.4
2,024.2
1,432.3
565.0
2,008.7
1,422.0
560.0
1,996.5
1,414.0
555.7
1,984.8
1,406.2
552.3
1,980.8
1,404.7
550.1
1,975.8
1,402.8
547.2
1,975.8
1,407.5
542.5
1,969.1
1,403.8
539.4
1,966.8
1,405.6
535.7
1,963.3
1,403.5
534.2
1,958.3
1,399.4
533.7
1,956.1
1,397.7
533.5
1,951.9
1,391.6
535.3
Support activities for
transportation………………..……
Couriers and messengers……...……
Warehousing and storage…………
Utilities ………………………….……….....
Information…………………...….
ISPs, search portals, and
data processing………..…………
Other information services…………
260.3
133.5
8,145
Financial activities ………………..…
Finance and insurance……………..… 6,014.9
Monetary authorities—
central bank…………………..……
Credit intermediation and
Securities, commodity
contracts, investments……………
Funds, trusts, and other
financial vehicles…………….……
Lessors of nonfinancial
intangible assets………………..…
27.7
26.3
26.9
26.7
26.8
26.3
26.0
25.8
25.8
25.9
25.5
25.6
25.2
24.9
25.0
Professional and business
services…………………………...…
Professional and technical
17,735
16,580
16,774
16,636
16,585
16,453
16,405
16,371
16,349
16,360
16,466
16,488
16,511
16,551
16,562
services1……………………………
Legal services……………..………
7,799.4
1,161.5
7,508.5
1,122.4
7,583.7
1,136.5
7,557.8
1,131.1
7,526.0
1,127.7
7,481.6
1,121.8
7,464.9
1,117.5
7,450.6
1,116.5
7,444.6
1,113.5
7,434.1
1,107.4
7,433.3
1,106.2
7,431.5
1,104.5
7,417.7
1,105.0
7,416.1
1,105.7
7,403.6
1,105.2
Accounting and bookkeeping
services……………………………
951.0
920.4
925.7
925.0
924.8
918.8
921.0
921.3
916.6
919.4
918.4
915.8
919.0
915.1
908.7
Architectural and engineering
services…………………………… 1,439.4
1,324.6
1,358.6
1,344.6
1,332.1
1,318.9
1,305.7
1,301.6
1,299.9
1,292.3
1,289.6
1,291.7
1,283.7
1,281.9
1,281.7
.
See notes at end of table
70
2009
2008
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
12. Continued—Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Industry
Annual average
2009
2010
2008
2009
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.p
Mar.p
1,439.6
1,426.3
1,423.0
1,425.8
1,419.7
1,417.7
1,423.6
1,421.4
1,425.5
1,429.9
1,431.3
1,428.3
1,433.4
1,438.3
1,432.5
Management and technical
consulting services…………… 1,002.0
992.5
991.5
991.6
991.6
988.5
988.0
987.8
987.5
995.1
990.6
993.3
986.3
984.9
986.0
1,904.5
1,856.0
1,885.5
1,873.9
1,864.3
1,854.5
1,849.0
1,845.1
1,837.4
1,830.0
1,824.9
1,819.8
1,819.2
1,818.6
1,817.7
Administrative and waste
services…………………………… 8,031.5
Administrative and support
7,214.9
7,304.4
7,204.0
7,194.2
7,116.5
7,091.3
7,075.6
7,066.6
7,096.2
7,207.3
7,236.4
7,273.6
7,316.5
7,340.8
6,864.3
2,497.6
1,827.7
816.8
6,955.7
2,554.5
1,871.2
826.4
6,854.7
2,477.8
1,805.3
820.2
6,844.4
2,460.8
1,792.4
815.6
6,767.3
2,421.7
1,758.1
808.7
6,741.0
2,398.7
1,749.3
809.4
6,725.1
2,381.7
1,733.6
809.1
6,714.2
2,375.0
1,724.4
810.8
6,744.0
2,408.6
1,766.6
811.2
6,856.5
2,515.8
1,861.3
813.4
6,888.7
2,575.0
1,911.0
805.3
6,927.0
2,629.3
1,960.2
801.5
6,969.3
2,669.8
1,996.9
795.9
6,992.5
2,712.4
2,037.1
790.4
Computer systems design
and related services…………
Management of companies
and enterprises……..……….....
services 1……………………… 7,674.7
Employment services 1……… 3,133.0
Temporary help services…… 2,348.4
832.3
Business support services……
Services to buildings
and dwellings…………………
1,839.8
1,748.5
1,763.9
1,755.6
1,766.8
1,743.3
1,738.6
1,735.0
1,730.4
1,727.1
1,726.8
1,725.9
1,710.9
1,716.4
1,701.5
Waste management and
remediation services………….
356.8
350.7
348.7
349.3
349.8
349.2
350.3
350.5
352.4
352.2
350.8
347.7
346.6
347.2
348.3
18,838
3,039.7
19,191
3,089.9
19,095
3,084.8
19,099
3,079.0
19,137
3,081.5
19,165
3,091.7
19,186
3,085.8
19,221
3,088.7
19,247
3,080.4
19,282
3,087.7
19,313
3,092.7
19,350
3,107.3
19,370
3,111.5
19,397
3,119.2
19,442
3,127.6
Educational and health
services………………...……….
Educational services…….………
Health care and social
assistance……….……………… 15,798.3 16,100.8 16,010.4 16,019.5 16,055.5 16,073.4 16,100.6 16,132.6 16,166.3 16,194.6 16,220.7 16,242.5 16,258.2 16,277.4 16,314.1
Ambulatory health care
services 1……………………… 5,646.6
Offices of physicians…………… 2,252.6
Outpatient care centers………
533.3
961.4
Home health care services……
Hospitals………………………… 4,627.3
5,777.3
2,279.8
543.0
1,023.9
4,677.1
5,731.7
2,266.2
539.7
1,005.6
4,670.0
5,741.2
2,266.4
540.3
1,012.9
4,669.0
5,757.1
2,268.7
541.2
1,020.1
4,670.5
5,769.9
2,273.5
545.0
1,023.8
4,672.1
5,779.3
2,280.0
543.0
1,025.7
4,675.2
5,789.0
2,283.8
544.2
1,028.1
4,675.4
5,804.9
2,287.9
544.6
1,035.1
4,680.8
5,813.8
2,287.6
548.4
1,040.7
4,688.6
5,830.3
2,298.1
544.4
1,046.1
4,690.4
5,847.2
2,306.5
546.2
1,051.0
4,694.4
5,855.0
2,309.7
544.7
1,050.9
4,702.5
5,862.7
2,311.4
544.8
1,052.2
4,703.8
5,878.2
2,315.4
545.5
1,056.5
4,705.7
3,081.2
1,643.9
2,565.2
857.0
13,102
3,066.7
1,637.4
2,542.0
857.7
13,137
3,066.5
1,639.7
2,542.8
854.9
13,103
3,072.3
1,642.6
2,555.6
860.6
13,126
3,077.8
1,644.4
2,553.6
851.3
13,105
3,086.3
1,645.4
2,559.8
849.4
13,101
3,094.2
1,649.4
2,574.0
855.7
13,083
3,096.1
1,650.8
2,584.5
857.4
13,099
3,103.2
1,652.9
2,589.0
855.0
13,045
3,102.2
1,649.7
2,597.8
859.6
13,024
3,099.0
1,648.2
2,601.9
858.9
12,991
3,096.5
1,644.9
2,604.2
859.8
13,003
3,101.6
1,646.8
2,609.3
860.9
13,019
3,111.0
1,651.1
2,619.2
864.1
13,041
Nursing and residential
care facilities 1………………… 3,016.1
Nursing care facilities………… 1,618.7
Social assistance 1……………… 2,508.4
859.4
Child day care services………
13,436
Leisure and hospitality………..
Arts, entertainment,
and recreation……….…….……
1,970.1
1,914.5
1,931.8
1,908.8
1,910.9
1,896.4
1,905.9
1,901.9
1,938.7
1,904.7
1,895.7
1,886.5
1,884.8
1,893.2
1,900.6
Performing arts and
spectator sports…………………
405.7
397.2
398.2
394.2
397.7
396.1
401.9
398.6
401.3
400.0
393.2
391.8
390.1
396.4
393.0
Museums, historical sites,
zoos, and parks…………………
131.6
129.9
129.5
129.4
130.1
130.1
129.8
129.9
130.5
130.5
129.1
129.0
128.2
129.5
130.5
1,432.8
1,387.4
1,404.1
1,385.2
1,383.1
1,370.2
1,374.2
1,373.4
1,406.9
1,374.2
1,373.4
1,365.7
1,366.5
1,367.3
1,377.1
Amusements, gambling, and
recreation………………………
Accommodations and
food services…………………… 11,466.3 11,187.5 11,205.5 11,194.2 11,215.0 11,208.7 11,195.4 11,180.9 11,160.4 11,140.3 11,128.2 11,104.5 11,117.7 11,125.8 11,140.3
Accommodations………………. 1,868.7
1,759.7 1,771.4 1,762.1 1,764.3 1,759.0 1,755.4 1,754.0 1,748.4 1,741.3 1,735.0 1,733.1 1,726.1 1,726.6 1,726.4
Food services and drinking
places…………………………… 9,597.5
Other services……………………
5,515
Repair and maintenance……… 1,227.0
Personal and laundry services
1,322.6
9,427.8
5,364
1,153.7
1,282.3
9,434.1
5,384
1,162.6
1,290.7
9,432.1
5,373
1,158.7
1,283.2
9,450.7
5,366
1,153.0
1,277.9
9,449.7
5,367
1,150.4
1,282.3
9,440.0
5,362
1,149.1
1,280.2
9,426.9
5,353
1,148.0
1,278.5
9,412.0
5,344
1,141.2
1,274.5
9,399.0
5,327
1,138.2
1,269.7
9,393.2
5,321
1,141.3
1,270.8
9,371.4
5,314
1,139.8
1,269.6
9,391.6
5,317
1,138.5
1,268.4
9,399.2
5,308
1,135.6
1,271.3
9,413.9
5,314
1,138.7
1,270.7
Membership associations and
organizations…………………… 2,965.7
Government..................................
Federal........................................
Federal, except U.S. Postal
Service....................................
U.S. Postal Service………………
State...........................................
Education................................
Other State government..........
Local...........................................
Education................................
Other local government...........
2,927.6
2,930.8
2,931.1
2,935.3
2,934.5
2,932.2
2,926.6
2,927.8
2,918.8
2,908.7
2,904.4
2,910.5
2,901.2
2,905.0
22,509
2,762
22,549
2,828
22,560
2,797
22,681
2,919
22,628
2,865
22,565
2,810
22,516
2,816
22,519
2,815
22,480
2,818
22,518
2,836
22,507
2,833
22,481
2,824
22,479
2,857
22,457
2,863
22,496
2,911
2,014.4
747.4
5,177
2,354.4
2,822.5
14,571
8,083.9
6,486.5
2,124.2
703.2
5,180
2,370.5
2,809.2
14,542
8,062.1
6,479.8
2,077.0
719.5
5,183
2,365.3
2,817.6
14,580
8,092.4
6,487.3
2,201.9
716.6
5,184
2,367.9
2,816.2
14,578
8,093.9
6,484.4
2,156.0
708.8
5,189
2,372.8
2,816.6
14,574
8,086.9
6,486.9
2,106.3
703.9
5,177
2,366.1
2,810.7
14,578
8,094.1
6,483.6
2,113.9
701.7
5,154
2,351.5
2,802.0
14,546
8,048.9
6,497.5
2,120.4
694.4
5,172
2,367.4
2,804.7
14,532
8,034.0
6,497.9
2,127.3
690.5
5,173
2,365.5
2,807.0
14,489
8,013.0
6,476.1
2,147.4
688.6
5,182
2,378.5
2,803.4
14,500
8,041.0
6,459.0
2,150.4
682.8
5,172
2,378.0
2,793.6
14,502
8,054.1
6,448.0
2,160.1
663.7
5,178
2,383.7
2,794.5
14,479
8,040.0
6,438.9
2,181.4
675.9
5,169
2,383.2
2,785.8
14,453
8,025.1
6,427.9
2,196.3
666.9
5,171
2,389.4
2,781.4
14,423
8,002.8
6,420.5
2,247.6
663.4
5,166
2,389.0
2,777.2
14,419
8,005.3
6,414.0
1
Includes other industries not shown separately.
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
p = preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
71
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
13. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly
data seasonally adjusted
Annual average
Industry
2008
2009
2009
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.p
Mar.p
33.3
TOTAL PRIVATE…………………………
33.6
33.1
33.1
33.1
33.1
33.0
33.1
33.1
33.1
33.0
33.2
33.2
33.3
33.1
GOODS-PRODUCING………………………
40.2
39.2
38.9
39.0
39.0
39.0
39.3
39.4
39.2
39.1
39.7
39.6
40.0
39.4
40.1
Natural resources and mining……………
45.1
43.3
43.4
43.1
43.3
43.2
42.9
43.3
43.1
42.8
43.0
43.4
44.2
43.5
44.1
Construction…………………………………
38.5
37.6
37.6
37.5
37.6
37.5
37.8
38.0
37.4
36.9
37.8
37.5
37.9
37.0
37.8
Manufacturing…………………….............
Overtime hours..................................
40.8
3.7
39.8
2.9
39.4
2.6
39.6
2.8
39.5
2.8
39.5
2.8
39.9
3.0
40.0
3.0
39.9
3.0
40.0
3.2
40.5
3.4
40.5
3.4
40.9
3.6
40.5
3.5
41.0
3.7
Durable goods..…………………............
Overtime hours..................................
Wood products.....................................
Nonmetallic mineral products...............
Primary metals.....................................
Fabricated metal products...................
Machinery…………………………………
Computer and electronic products……
Electrical equipment and appliances…
Transportation equipment....................
Furniture and related products………..
Miscellaneous manufacturing..............
41.1
3.7
38.6
42.1
42.2
41.3
42.3
41.0
40.9
41.9
38.1
38.9
39.9
2.7
37.4
40.9
40.7
39.4
40.1
40.4
39.3
41.2
37.7
38.5
39.3
2.4
36.9
39.9
40.2
39.0
40.1
39.9
38.8
40.2
37.7
38.2
39.6
2.5
37.0
40.4
40.1
39.3
40.2
40.2
39.6
40.8
37.6
38.3
39.4
2.6
37.0
40.6
40.1
39.2
39.9
40.0
39.4
40.0
37.8
38.1
39.5
2.6
37.5
40.8
39.8
39.3
39.8
40.0
38.8
40.4
37.8
38.0
39.9
2.8
37.7
41.5
40.2
39.4
39.9
40.2
39.0
41.9
37.9
38.4
40.0
2.8
37.7
41.3
40.8
39.5
39.9
40.5
39.1
41.6
37.5
38.6
40.0
2.8
37.8
40.9
40.7
39.4
39.7
40.4
39.3
41.9
38.0
38.6
40.1
3.0
37.6
40.8
41.0
39.5
40.0
40.5
39.4
41.9
38.2
38.7
40.6
3.2
38.2
41.9
42.4
39.9
40.6
41.0
40.0
42.4
37.9
39.3
40.6
3.3
38.2
40.2
42.7
40.1
41.0
40.8
40.5
42.5
37.8
38.9
40.9
3.5
39.2
41.4
42.9
40.5
41.2
41.1
40.8
42.5
37.8
38.8
40.6
3.4
38.2
39.9
42.7
40.4
41.0
41.2
39.6
42.4
37.5
38.8
41.2
3.7
39.2
41.0
42.8
41.0
41.6
41.3
40.5
43.0
38.8
38.7
Nondurable goods..................................
Overtime hours..................................
Food manufacturing............................…
Beverage and tobacco products..........
Textile mills………………………………
Textile product mills……………………
Apparel.................................................
Leather and allied products..................
Paper and paper products………………
40.4
3.7
40.5
38.8
38.7
38.6
36.4
37.6
42.9
39.8
3.2
40.0
35.7
37.7
37.9
36.0
33.6
41.8
39.4
3.0
40.0
36.0
36.4
37.3
36.0
32.9
41.1
39.6
3.2
40.1
35.8
36.9
37.6
36.0
32.5
41.5
39.6
3.2
40.1
36.6
36.8
38.3
36.1
31.9
41.2
39.6
3.2
39.9
35.3
37.9
37.9
35.7
32.0
41.9
39.8
3.3
39.7
35.1
37.8
38.3
36.2
33.6
42.2
39.9
3.3
40.1
35.4
37.9
38.1
35.6
33.8
42.0
39.9
3.2
39.8
35.8
38.0
38.3
36.0
33.7
42.3
40.0
3.4
40.0
36.1
38.8
38.3
36.0
35.0
42.2
40.3
3.6
40.5
34.6
40.1
37.6
36.3
35.6
42.4
40.4
3.6
40.5
34.7
39.4
38.9
36.2
36.2
42.1
40.8
3.7
40.9
35.4
40.5
39.8
36.7
38.3
42.9
40.3
3.6
40.4
35.1
40.0
39.3
36.0
37.9
42.1
40.7
3.6
40.7
35.6
41.4
39.6
36.4
38.2
42.6
Printing and related support
activities.............................................
Petroleum and coal products……………
Chemicals…………………………………
Plastics and rubber products……………
38.3
44.6
41.5
41.0
38.0
43.4
41.4
40.2
37.6
44.2
41.0
39.5
37.7
43.7
41.0
39.9
37.6
43.4
41.1
39.8
38.1
43.3
41.2
39.8
38.4
43.1
41.5
40.5
38.7
44.1
41.5
40.3
38.3
43.3
41.4
40.6
38.2
42.2
41.7
40.7
38.3
41.7
42.1
41.0
38.2
42.7
42.7
41.4
38.2
42.4
42.8
41.5
38.0
42.0
41.8
41.3
38.0
43.2
42.2
42.0
PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING………………………………
32.3
32.1
32.0
32.0
32.0
31.9
32.0
32.0
32.0
32.0
32.1
32.1
32.2
32.1
32.2
Trade, transportation, and
utilities.......……………….......................
Wholesale trade........……………….......
Retail trade…………………………………
Transportation and warehousing………
Utilities………………………………………
Information…………………………………
Financial activities…………………………
33.2
38.2
30.0
36.4
42.7
36.7
35.8
32.9
37.6
29.9
36.0
42.1
36.6
36.1
32.7
37.7
29.7
35.7
42.4
36.7
36.1
32.8
37.7
29.8
35.9
42.3
36.5
36.0
32.9
37.6
29.9
35.9
42.1
36.6
36.0
32.8
37.6
29.8
35.8
41.9
36.5
35.9
32.9
37.4
29.9
36.2
41.9
36.5
35.9
32.8
37.5
29.8
36.1
41.9
36.5
36.1
32.8
37.4
29.8
36.4
41.5
36.4
36.0
32.9
37.4
29.9
36.3
41.7
36.4
36.0
33.0
37.6
30.0
36.4
41.6
36.7
36.1
32.9
37.6
30.0
36.2
41.4
36.5
35.9
33.1
37.7
30.1
36.4
41.4
36.6
36.1
33.0
37.6
30.0
36.3
41.5
36.5
36.0
33.1
37.7
30.2
36.6
41.6
36.4
36.1
Professional and business
services……………………………………
Education and health services……………
Leisure and hospitality……………………
Other services……………........................
34.8
32.5
25.2
30.8
34.7
32.3
24.8
30.5
34.6
32.3
24.8
30.5
34.7
32.3
24.8
30.5
34.7
32.3
24.8
30.5
34.6
32.2
24.7
30.4
34.6
32.2
24.7
30.4
34.7
32.2
24.7
30.5
34.7
32.2
24.8
30.5
34.6
32.2
24.6
30.5
34.8
32.2
24.9
30.5
34.8
32.3
24.8
30.5
34.9
32.3
24.8
30.7
34.7
32.2
24.8
30.6
34.9
32.1
25.0
30.7
1
Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and
manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers in
the service-providing industries.
72
2010
Mar.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark
revision.
p = preliminary.
14. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry,
monthly data seasonally adjusted
Annual average
Industry
2009
2010
2008
2009
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.p
Mar.p
TOTAL PRIVATE
Current dollars………………………
Constant (1982) dollars……………
$18.08
8.57
$18.62
8.88
$18.52
8.93
$18.53
8.93
$18.55
8.93
$18.57
8.86
$18.62
8.87
$18.69
8.86
$18.71
8.85
$18.78
8.86
$18.80
8.85
$18.85
8.85
$18.90
8.85
$18.92
8.86
$18.90
8.84
GOODS-PRODUCING...............................
19.33
19.90
19.85
19.83
19.85
19.86
19.92
19.95
19.92
20.04
20.02
20.04
20.10
20.14
20.14
22.50
21.87
17.75
16.97
18.70
16.15
23.29
22.67
18.23
17.58
19.35
16.56
23.27
22.61
18.14
17.56
19.22
16.47
23.34
22.58
18.15
17.53
19.24
16.49
23.33
22.63
18.15
17.53
19.27
16.47
23.33
22.62
18.17
17.55
19.27
16.55
23.31
22.69
18.26
17.60
19.40
16.56
23.27
22.70
18.31
17.65
19.45
16.63
23.29
22.54
18.39
17.72
19.53
16.70
23.45
22.91
18.41
17.70
19.55
16.72
23.28
22.89
18.38
17.64
19.55
16.66
23.47
22.95
18.38
17.64
19.57
16.64
23.29
23.08
18.42
17.64
19.63
16.64
23.63
23.17
18.46
17.70
19.69
16.63
23.51
23.18
18.45
17.65
19.66
16.64
PRIVATE SERVICE-PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING..........………………..............
17.77
18.35
18.22
18.25
18.27
18.29
18.34
18.42
18.46
18.51
18.54
18.60
18.64
18.67
18.64
Trade,transportation, and
utilities…………………………………....
Wholesale trade....................................
Retail trade...........................................
Transportation and warehousing………
Utilities……………………………………
Information..............................................
Financial activities..................................
16.16
20.13
12.87
18.41
28.83
24.78
20.28
16.50
20.85
13.02
18.80
29.56
25.45
20.83
16.40
20.57
12.95
18.82
29.25
25.33
20.66
16.42
20.70
12.95
18.77
29.31
25.30
20.66
16.45
20.86
12.96
18.77
29.42
25.45
20.79
16.41
20.78
12.96
18.67
29.38
25.48
20.83
16.44
20.86
12.96
18.75
29.45
25.48
20.79
16.54
20.98
13.04
18.82
29.71
25.67
20.90
16.56
21.03
13.07
18.77
29.64
25.54
20.94
16.59
21.08
13.05
18.91
29.69
25.69
21.03
16.65
21.16
13.12
18.94
29.92
25.68
21.07
16.73
21.35
13.16
19.00
29.91
25.64
21.11
16.78
21.49
13.18
19.14
29.79
25.58
21.37
16.79
21.47
13.21
19.10
29.88
25.62
21.25
16.79
21.46
13.21
19.15
29.94
25.62
21.37
Professional and business
services.................................................
21.18
22.35
22.21
22.24
22.23
22.30
22.39
22.45
22.53
22.52
22.50
22.58
22.62
22.70
22.66
Education and health
services.................................................
Leisure and hospitality..........................
Other services.........................................
18.87
10.84
16.09
19.49
11.11
16.59
19.28
11.00
16.43
19.39
11.01
16.45
19.40
11.01
16.50
19.45
11.07
16.51
19.51
11.12
16.57
19.55
11.16
16.65
19.61
11.24
16.71
19.70
11.23
16.78
19.73
11.28
16.81
19.76
11.27
16.85
19.76
11.28
16.85
19.82
11.30
16.89
19.75
11.30
16.83
Natural resources and mining...............
Construction...........................................
Manufacturing.........................................
Excluding overtime...........................
Durable goods……………………………
Nondurable goods………………………
1
Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and
manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers
in the service-providing industries.
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
p = preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
73
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry
Annual average
Industry
2008
TOTAL PRIVATE……………………………… $18.08
Seasonally adjusted…………………….
–
2009
2009
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
2010
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.p Mar.p
$18.62 $18.60 $18.55 $18.50 $18.45 $18.51 $18.63 $18.73 $18.76 $18.88 $18.85 $18.98 $18.99 $18.91
– 18.52 18.53 18.55 18.57 18.62 18.69 18.71 18.78 18.80 18.85 18.90 18.92 18.90
GOODS-PRODUCING......................................
19.33
19.90
19.75
19.79
19.84
19.84
19.98
20.01
20.04
20.08
20.06
20.08
20.02
19.99
20.02
Natural resources and mining……………..
22.50
23.29
23.45
23.45
23.15
22.99
23.15
23.13
23.26
23.29
23.27
23.73
23.43
23.69
23.65
Construction.…………..................................
21.87
22.67
22.49
22.48
22.59
22.52
22.74
22.79
22.74
23.07
22.94
23.03
23.00
23.03
23.06
Manufacturing…………………………………… 17.75
18.23
18.12
18.16
18.12
18.15
18.21
18.26
18.43
18.33
18.39
18.46
18.47
18.46
18.42
Durable goods..…………………..................
Wood products .........................................
Nonmetallic mineral products ………………
Primary metals .........................................
Fabricated metal products …....................
Machinery …………..………………………
Computer and electronic products ...........
Electrical equipment and appliances ........
Transportation equipment ........................
Furniture and related products .................
Miscellaneous manufacturing ...................
18.70
14.19
16.90
20.19
16.99
17.97
21.04
15.78
23.85
14.54
15.20
19.35
14.93
17.28
20.08
17.49
18.38
21.88
16.27
24.93
15.04
16.13
19.21
14.65
17.18
19.72
17.30
18.25
21.73
15.95
24.89
15.00
16.04
19.24
14.70
17.36
20.01
17.42
18.20
21.74
15.99
24.85
14.97
16.09
19.24
14.89
17.24
19.83
17.40
18.35
21.71
16.15
24.94
15.00
16.21
19.25
14.83
17.38
19.94
17.45
18.24
21.67
16.23
25.05
15.09
16.10
19.36
15.02
17.42
20.23
17.48
18.36
21.86
16.39
25.10
15.20
16.21
19.43
15.09
17.43
20.28
17.52
18.36
22.08
16.58
24.92
15.12
16.20
19.60
15.08
17.46
20.57
17.65
18.62
22.00
16.61
25.18
15.28
16.21
19.51
15.09
17.34
20.42
17.61
18.55
22.05
16.48
24.98
14.98
16.23
19.56
15.18
17.45
20.29
17.66
18.70
22.40
16.55
24.82
14.98
16.27
19.67
15.16
17.25
20.19
17.87
18.76
22.42
16.65
24.96
15.05
16.30
19.64
14.97
17.28
20.06
17.79
18.81
22.52
16.76
24.89
15.04
16.22
19.70
14.79
17.20
20.09
17.85
18.76
22.88
16.62
24.86
14.99
16.35
19.64
14.73
17.33
20.10
17.87
18.63
22.40
16.61
25.00
14.89
16.52
Nondurable goods………………………......
Food manufacturing ...........................……
Beverages and tobacco products .............
16.15
14.01
19.35
16.56
14.40
20.49
16.44
14.25
20.40
16.52
14.29
20.25
16.45
14.27
20.38
16.52
14.35
20.20
16.52
14.35
20.15
16.54
14.44
20.27
16.74
14.66
20.29
16.60
14.51
20.60
16.67
14.49
21.34
16.67
14.46
21.71
16.72
14.41
22.12
16.63
14.30
21.99
16.58
14.24
22.16
13.58
11.73
11.40
12.96
18.89
16.75
27.41
19.50
15.85
13.71
11.44
11.37
13.90
19.28
16.75
29.63
20.30
16.01
13.88
11.34
11.25
14.21
18.93
16.69
29.62
19.96
16.20
13.79
11.34
11.44
14.34
19.32
16.76
29.06
20.05
16.19
13.64
11.35
11.28
13.85
19.12
16.61
28.99
20.19
16.09
13.63
11.56
11.38
14.06
19.32
16.56
29.23
20.21
16.05
13.50
11.18
11.38
13.69
19.48
16.54
29.48
20.38
15.82
13.78
11.34
11.30
13.59
19.12
16.76
29.41
20.41
15.90
13.77
11.29
11.53
13.46
19.53
16.87
29.72
20.61
16.05
13.62
11.41
11.15
13.83
19.21
16.79
30.35
20.60
15.78
13.62
11.61
11.35
13.93
19.43
16.88
30.61
20.61
15.83
13.64
11.72
11.55
13.49
19.55
16.93
30.81
20.68
15.72
13.50
11.95
11.28
13.56
19.60
17.01
31.49
20.62
15.90
13.56
11.65
11.36
13.37
19.56
17.06
31.30
20.57
15.69
13.50
11.57
11.38
13.18
19.50
16.97
31.64
20.50
15.65
Textile mills ..............................................
Textile product mills .................................
Apparel .....................................................
Leather and allied products ………………
Paper and paper products …………………
Printing and related support activities…...
Petroleum and coal products ………………
Chemicals ……………………………………
Plastics and rubber products ....................
PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING …………………………………….
17.77
18.35
18.35
18.28
18.21
18.14
18.19
18.32
18.44
18.48
18.63
18.59
18.76
18.78
18.68
Trade, transportation, and
utilities…….……..........................................
Wholesale trade ………………………………
Retail trade ……………………………………
Transportation and warehousing ……………
Utilities ………..…..….………..………………
16.16
20.13
12.87
18.41
28.83
16.50
20.85
13.02
18.80
29.56
16.48
20.62
13.00
18.79
29.38
16.45
20.67
12.99
18.73
29.45
16.42
20.75
12.97
18.69
29.45
16.37
20.64
12.94
18.69
29.23
16.42
20.81
12.97
18.80
29.29
16.58
21.00
13.10
18.89
29.47
16.62
21.01
13.20
18.77
29.71
16.59
21.05
13.05
18.89
29.79
16.63
21.25
13.05
18.97
29.97
16.57
21.40
12.99
18.98
30.09
16.83
21.55
13.20
19.14
29.80
16.86
21.52
13.24
19.15
29.90
16.80
21.36
13.22
19.13
30.06
Information………………………………….....
24.78
25.45
25.43
25.29
25.45
25.31
25.35
25.73
25.65
25.77
25.76
25.50
25.60
25.57
25.48
Financial activities……..………....................
20.28
20.83
20.72
20.69
20.76
20.71
20.69
20.92
20.94
21.01
21.19
21.08
21.35
21.25
21.37
21.18
22.35
22.48
22.25
22.11
22.08
22.22
22.37
22.40
22.33
22.69
22.63
22.76
22.90
22.69
services………………………………………… 18.87
Professional and business
services…………………………………………
Education and health
19.49
19.31
19.41
19.37
19.39
19.54
19.49
19.65
19.67
19.72
19.79
19.83
19.82
19.75
Leisure and hospitality ………………………
10.84
11.11
11.02
11.01
11.00
10.99
10.98
11.04
11.23
11.24
11.34
11.41
11.34
11.39
11.31
Other services…………………......................
16.09
16.59
16.61
16.55
16.57
16.45
16.45
16.59
16.72
16.73
16.80
16.85
16.86
16.90
16.92
1 Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and
manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-providing industries.
74
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry
Industry
Annual average
2008
2009
2010
2009
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
TOTAL PRIVATE…………………
6HDVRQDOO\DGMXVWHG
±
±
GOODS-PRODUCING………………
Natural resources
and mining«««««««««
Manufacturing………………………
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Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.p
Mar.p
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PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING…………....................
Trade, transportation,
and utilities………………………
:KROHVDOHWUDGH««««
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Financial activities…………………
Professional and
business services………………
Information…………………………
Education and………………………
health services……………………
Leisure and hospitality……………
Other services………………………
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Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
75
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
[In percent]
Timespan and year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug. Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 278 industries
Over 1-month span:
2006...............................................
65.1
66.9
66.0
61.0
49.6
53.0
56.5
54.3
52.0
52.4
55.8
58.2
2007..............................................
58.4
59.1
55.4
51.5
56.7
49.1
49.1
43.1
52.4
52.2
53.7
50.6
2008..............................................
48.9
48.9
51.1
44.1
38.8
33.3
35.1
32.3
27.3
30.7
22.3
18.2
2009…………………………………
19.7
17.1
16.5
20.6
27.3
23.0
26.4
32.9
32.9
31.0
46.8
39.6
2010…………………………………
48.9
57.4
57.8
2006...............................................
67.7
67.8
69.0
69.5
62.5
60.6
55.0
57.4
52.6
49.3
54.8
58.0
2007..............................................
60.2
59.7
62.8
58.7
57.1
52.2
53.7
45.5
49.6
49.1
53.5
54.6
2008..............................................
56.3
48.1
48.5
46.3
39.6
33.1
31.6
29.0
27.1
26.8
20.8
18.8
2009…………………………………
17.7
12.3
12.6
10.8
14.9
20.8
21.6
21.7
28.4
27.3
33.8
36.1
2010…………………………………
42.4
40.9
55.6
2006...............................................
64.1
65.1
66.7
67.3
66.9
69.1
62.5
60.8
58.2
57.2
58.2
55.2
2007..............................................
58.6
57.1
62.5
61.9
59.5
59.1
56.7
54.8
56.3
51.5
53.5
51.3
2008..............................................
49.1
50.6
51.7
49.6
43.9
39.2
36.1
31.6
28.1
26.4
23.0
21.4
2009…………………………………
17.5
13.2
12.1
11.9
12.5
13.4
13.2
15.8
20.4
20.4
21.0
24.7
2010…………………………………
31.6
31.8
40.3
2006...............................................
67.7
66.0
66.4
63.4
65.6
67.3
64.9
64.5
66.7
65.8
65.1
66.0
2007..............................................
63.4
59.5
61.2
59.7
59.3
58.4
57.2
57.4
59.9
59.3
58.6
60.0
2008..............................................
54.8
56.5
53.0
47.4
48.1
44.2
41.1
39.8
36.4
33.1
29.0
26.8
2009…………………………………
24.9
17.7
15.4
15.1
15.1
13.8
12.6
11.5
14.1
13.0
13.4
13.0
2010…………………………………
14.5
16.5
23.0
Over 3-month span:
Over 6-month span:
Over 12-month span:
Manufacturing payrolls, 84 industries
Over 1-month span:
2006...............................................
59.1
56.1
55.5
50.0
39.6
51.8
48.8
40.9
34.1
39.0
36.0
41.5
2007..............................................
55.5
45.7
31.7
28.7
42.7
36.0
40.2
22.6
32.3
37.2
51.8
42.1
2008..............................................
40.9
39.6
45.1
37.2
42.7
23.2
21.3
21.3
16.5
20.1
12.8
4.9
2009…………………………………
4.9
10.4
9.1
16.5
11.0
11.0
19.5
26.2
20.1
18.9
45.7
41.5
2010…………………………………
42.7
67.1
56.7
2006...............................................
54.9
58.5
54.9
54.3
48.8
53.7
43.9
41.5
33.5
28.0
29.3
27.4
2007..............................................
39.6
40.2
45.7
32.3
31.7
34.1
31.7
25.0
24.4
25.0
32.9
39.0
2008..............................................
48.2
36.6
35.4
38.4
39.6
30.5
20.1
9.8
14.0
17.1
13.4
6.1
2009…………………………………
4.9
2.4
2.4
7.3
8.5
11.0
7.3
10.4
17.7
17.7
21.3
29.9
2010…………………………………
37.2
42.7
51.2
2006...............................................
43.3
47.6
48.2
51.2
53.0
52.4
47.0
48.8
43.9
39.6
34.1
29.9
2007..............................................
34.8
31.7
32.3
32.9
35.4
39.0
34.1
27.4
28.7
24.4
30.5
25.6
2008..............................................
27.4
29.9
42.1
38.4
38.4
31.7
26.2
20.1
13.4
12.2
13.4
12.2
2009…………………………………
7.3
4.9
2.4
6.1
2.4
6.1
7.3
6.1
7.3
8.5
8.5
15.2
2010…………………………………
24.4
26.2
31.7
2006...............................................
44.5
41.5
41.5
40.2
40.2
45.7
42.7
43.3
47.6
48.8
46.3
43.9
2007..............................................
40.2
37.2
37.8
31.1
29.3
29.9
31.1
29.3
33.5
29.3
34.8
36.0
2008..............................................
28.0
29.3
26.2
25.6
31.1
26.8
23.2
19.5
24.4
20.1
16.5
14.6
2009…………………………………
7.9
3.7
4.9
6.7
3.7
4.9
6.1
4.9
5.5
4.9
4.9
4.9
2010…………………………………
6.1
6.1
7.3
Over 3-month span:
Over 6-month span:
Over 12-month span:
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment
increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged
employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance
between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment.
76
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
See the "Definitions" in this section. See "Notes on the data" for
a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
Data for the two most recent months are preliminary.
18. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
1
Levels (in thousands)
Industry and region
2009
Sept.
Total 2………………………………………………
Oct.
Percent
2010
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
2009
Mar.
p
Sept.
Oct.
2010
Nov.
Dec.
Jan
Feb.
Mar.
p
2,624
2,546
2,456
2,531
2,854
2,647
2,694
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.0
2.0
Total private 2…………………………………
2,333
2,164
2,113
2,130
2,471
2,266
2,286
2.1
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.1
Construction………………………………
73
65
71
67
62
65
77
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.4
Manufacturing……………………………
139
141
155
171
154
167
176
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities………
415
363
334
378
395
453
473
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.9
Professional and business services……
446
436
425
404
424
409
420
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.5
Education and health services…………
573
529
537
545
624
502
510
2.9
2.7
2.7
2.7
3.1
2.5
2.6
Leisure and hospitality……………………
305
268
236
227
268
285
262
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.7
2.0
2.1
2.0
292
382
343
401
383
381
408
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.8
Industry
Government…………………………………
Region3
Northeast…………………………………
532
532
482
547
585
542
536
2.1
2.1
1.9
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.1
South………………………………………
952
915
859
943
986
916
942
2.0
1.9
1.8
2.0
2.1
1.9
2.0
Midwest……………………………………
565
566
553
495
613
566
566
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.7
2.0
1.9
1.9
West………………………………………
566
605
586
603
648
682
680
1.9
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3
1
Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of the various series.
2
Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other
services, not shown separately.
3
Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey,
New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas,
Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland,
Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,
West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California,
Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming.
NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the
month; the job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month
as a percent of total employment plus job openings.
P = preliminary.
19. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels1 (in thousands)
Industry and region
2009
Sept.
Total 2………………………………………………
Oct.
Percent
2010
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
2009
Mar.
p
Sept.
3.2
Oct.
3.1
2010
Nov.
3.2
Dec.
3.1
Jan
3.2
Feb.
3.1
Mar.p
4,091
4,001
4,160
3,997
4,087
4,011
4,242
3.3
Total private 2…………………………………
3,833
3,689
3,878
3,715
3,790
3,710
3,887
3.6
3.4
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.6
Construction………………………………
349
325
329
335
312
306
398
6.0
5.7
5.7
5.9
5.6
5.5
7.1
Manufacturing……………………………
271
243
259
244
289
267
279
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.5
2.3
2.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities………
854
772
847
849
822
821
901
3.4
3.1
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.6
Professional and business services……
698
709
808
652
729
767
742
4.3
4.3
4.9
4.0
4.4
4.6
4.5
Education and health services…………
532
522
512
496
487
470
473
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.4
Leisure and hospitality……………………
693
663
693
657
715
652
671
5.3
5.1
5.3
5.1
5.5
5.0
5.1
258
312
282
282
297
301
355
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.6
Industry
Government…………………………………
Region3
1
Northeast…………………………………
731
805
758
746
836
733
837
3.0
3.3
3.1
3.0
3.4
3.0
3.4
South………………………………………
1,518
1,420
1,555
1,463
1,449
1,381
1,596
3.2
3.0
3.3
3.1
3.1
2.9
3.4
Midwest……………………………………
926
949
896
900
936
965
1,030
3.1
3.2
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.5
West………………………………………
954
933
970
879
922
861
958
3.3
3.2
3.4
3.1
3.2
3.0
3.3
Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of the various series.
Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other
services, not shown separately.
3 Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware,
District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia;
2
Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Washington, Wyoming.
NOTE: The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month; the hires rate is
the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
p = preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
77
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
20. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
1
Levels (in thousands)
Industry and region
2009
Sept.
Total 2………………………………………………
Oct.
Percent
2010
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
2009
Mar.
p
Sept.
Oct.
2010
Nov.
Dec.
Jan
Feb.
Mar.
p
4,274
4,171
4,130
4,195
4,155
3,969
4,016
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
Total private 2…………………………………
3,990
3,901
3,846
3,884
3,858
3,663
3,698
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.4
Construction………………………………
415
381
347
382
405
362
376
7.1
6.6
6.1
6.7
7.2
6.5
6.7
Manufacturing……………………………
313
293
285
273
276
260
251
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities………
916
844
853
901
856
806
873
3.7
3.4
3.5
3.7
3.5
3.3
3.5
Professional and business services……
705
717
706
649
698
716
708
4.3
4.4
4.3
3.9
4.2
4.3
4.3
Education and health services…………
503
473
486
486
457
440
424
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
Leisure and hospitality……………………
677
707
716
688
709
621
639
5.2
5.4
5.5
5.3
5.5
4.8
4.9
284
269
284
311
296
306
318
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
Industry
Government…………………………………
Region3
Northeast…………………………………
744
727
728
817
789
730
804
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.3
3.2
3.0
3.3
South………………………………………
1,598
1,544
1,531
1,499
1,561
1,459
1,426
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.1
3.0
948
920
752
1,016
988
858
894
3.2
3.1
2.6
3.5
3.4
2.9
3.0
1,037
939
894
1,061
1,034
954
890
3.6
3.3
3.1
3.7
3.6
3.3
3.1
Midwest……………………………………
West………………………………………
1
Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of the various series.
Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other
services, not shown separately.
3 Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware,
District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia;
Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,
North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California,
Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington,
Wyoming.
2
NOTE: The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire
month; the total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire
month as a percent of total employment.
p= preliminary
21. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels1 (in thousands)
Industry and region
2009
Sept.
2
Total ………………………………………………
Oct.
Percent
2010
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
2009
Mar.
p
Sept.
Oct.
2010
Nov.
Dec.
Jan
Feb.
Mar.p
1,716
1,723
1,837
1,753
1,772
1,851
1,868
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
Total private 2…………………………………
1,616
1,620
1,731
1,639
1,661
1,719
1,749
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
Construction………………………………
77
62
92
76
99
84
90
1.3
1.1
1.6
1.3
1.8
1.5
1.6
Manufacturing……………………………
90
80
75
75
85
97
89
.8
.7
.6
.7
.7
.8
.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities………
387
382
413
392
368
432
414
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.7
Professional and business services……
265
277
264
248
259
300
301
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.8
Education and health services…………
270
267
262
271
248
237
227
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
Leisure and hospitality……………………
345
356
397
375
401
393
403
2.6
2.7
3.0
2.9
3.1
3.0
3.1
100
102
106
114
112
132
118
.4
.5
.5
.5
.5
.6
.5
Industry
Government…………………………………
Region3
Northeast…………………………………
245
300
276
280
268
320
323
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3
South………………………………………
659
677
757
722
736
755
752
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
Midwest……………………………………
359
382
377
391
380
421
434
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.5
West………………………………………
371
388
446
382
362
434
390
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.4
1
Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of the various series.
2
Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other
services, not shown separately.
3 Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware,
District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West
Virginia;
78
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon,
Utah, Washington, Wyoming.
NOTE: The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month; the quits
rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total
employment.
p = preliminary.
22. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: 10 largest counties, first quarter 2009.
County by NAICS supersector
Establishments,
first quarter
2009
(thousands)
Average weekly wage1
Employment
March
2009
(thousands)
Percent change,
March
2008-092
First
quarter
2009
Percent change,
first quarter
2008-092
United States3 ..............................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
9,113.9
8,819.8
126.3
860.9
356.4
1,912.2
148.0
853.1
1,533.8
861.3
739.1
1,234.6
294.2
128,992.2
106,866.1
1,670.1
5,937.8
12,096.6
24,597.3
2,858.8
7,651.3
16,534.8
18,245.7
12,715.3
4,357.1
22,126.1
-4.2
-5.1
-3.8
-15.4
-10.6
-5.5
-5.0
-4.4
-6.4
2.2
-3.1
-2.1
.5
$882
882
993
906
1,062
733
1,439
1,596
1,129
776
351
543
884
-2.5
-3.3
-2.3
.9
-1.3
-1.6
-2.0
-15.9
-.2
1.2
-2.2
-.5
1.6
Los Angeles, CA ..........................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
431.2
427.3
.5
14.0
14.4
54.0
8.9
24.0
43.3
28.6
27.5
202.9
3.9
3,996.3
3,395.0
10.7
123.3
401.4
744.8
197.3
223.4
541.8
499.8
384.1
258.5
601.3
-4.9
-5.7
-6.2
-17.4
-9.3
-7.2
-7.3
-6.8
-8.3
1.1
-3.9
3.0
-.3
967
945
1,479
973
1,063
776
1,755
1,577
1,149
865
519
424
1,090
-2.4
-3.0
-15.8
.3
-1.8
-1.5
1.8
-12.1
-2.1
2.4
-2.4
-3.9
-.2
Cook, IL ........................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
141.1
139.8
.1
12.3
6.9
27.5
2.6
15.6
29.1
14.1
11.9
14.7
1.4
2,381.5
2,069.2
.9
71.9
206.7
438.8
53.5
197.7
398.3
385.9
216.4
94.8
312.3
-4.4
-5.0
-3.7
-14.4
-9.5
-6.5
(4)
-5.0
-8.0
3.1
-3.6
-1.4
.0
1,084
1,093
792
1,317
1,013
797
1,644
2,397
1,403
839
404
729
1,022
-5.4
-6.3
-12.8
.5
-4.1
-4.3
-8.7
-17.4
-.6
1.0
-2.9
1.1
1.6
New York, NY ...............................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
119.1
118.8
.0
2.4
2.9
21.7
4.5
19.0
25.4
8.8
11.9
18.2
.3
2,290.3
1,837.8
.2
34.0
30.4
230.7
129.0
355.9
463.7
293.9
208.9
86.9
452.6
-3.6
-4.4
1.3
-7.2
-15.3
-6.6
-4.7
-6.2
-5.6
.7
-3.0
-1.3
.0
2,149
2,425
1,967
1,479
1,365
1,136
2,449
6,379
2,095
998
725
999
1,017
-23.4
-24.9
-16.9
-6.4
-8.3
-5.4
-7.9
-35.2
-10.2
.8
-5.0
-9.0
1.2
Harris, TX .....................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
97.9
97.4
1.5
6.7
4.6
22.3
1.4
10.5
19.6
10.4
7.7
11.9
.5
2,028.4
1,766.7
82.8
149.0
182.5
418.9
31.3
116.2
321.4
224.3
179.8
59.1
261.7
-1.1
-1.5
(4)
-6.5
-2.0
-1.5
-3.4
-3.9
-4.5
3.9
1.2
.3
2.2
1,143
1,175
3,483
1,051
1,411
1,029
1,314
1,511
1,321
851
374
628
926
-2.6
-3.1
-5.5
.0
-7.0
-3.1
-3.2
-12.7
2.1
1.3
-2.3
-.8
3.7
Maricopa, AZ ................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
104.0
103.3
.5
10.8
3.5
23.2
1.7
12.8
23.0
10.3
7.5
7.3
.7
1,671.0
1,444.9
8.5
100.5
111.9
344.5
29.0
137.5
270.4
214.8
178.1
47.8
226.1
-7.4
-8.6
-1.0
-30.7
-11.2
-7.7
-5.0
-4.9
-11.5
3.6
-5.2
-6.5
.5
854
852
855
877
1,227
801
1,166
1,145
896
875
398
567
868
-1.3
-1.3
-14.2
-.9
-2.1
-.7
.0
-7.5
3.1
.0
-1.7
-1.2
-1.3
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
79
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
22. Continued—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: 10 largest counties, first quarter 2009.
County by NAICS supersector
Establishments,
first quarter
2009
(thousands)
March
2009
(thousands)
Percent change,
March
2008-092
First
quarter
2009
Percent change,
first quarter
2008-092
Dallas, TX .....................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
67.9
67.3
.6
4.3
3.1
15.0
1.7
8.7
14.8
6.7
5.4
6.7
.5
1,425.7
1,257.6
8.3
76.3
123.7
287.9
46.7
140.3
255.0
154.6
126.3
37.7
168.0
-3.3
-3.8
(4)
-9.8
-8.2
(4)
-6.5
(4)
-6.4
4.5
(4)
-3.0
.7
$1,085
1,103
3,066
942
1,267
964
1,823
1,632
1,219
920
499
624
950
-3.3
-3.9
-13.0
-.8
-3.8
-4.1
(4)
-13.3
-2.5
3.1
-1.4
.8
3.6
Orange, CA ..................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
102.3
100.9
.2
6.9
5.3
17.3
1.4
10.7
19.4
10.2
7.2
19.2
1.4
1,399.5
1,244.8
5.1
78.3
159.9
253.7
28.2
106.7
244.0
150.7
167.0
47.7
154.7
-6.8
-7.4
-16.0
-18.1
-8.8
-8.5
-4.8
(4)
-10.4
1.7
-4.7
-3.0
-1.8
992
967
561
1,072
1,148
916
1,567
1,502
1,121
873
382
513
1,188
-2.7
-3.6
-3.4
-1.0
-3.1
-.1
.8
-12.0
-2.4
1.6
-3.3
-4.6
1.5
San Diego, CA .............................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
99.6
98.3
.7
7.0
3.1
14.4
1.3
9.4
16.5
8.3
7.0
27.6
1.3
1,263.0
1,035.8
9.7
64.1
99.3
197.1
37.8
71.4
201.2
142.2
152.2
57.4
227.2
-4.7
-5.5
-13.8
-18.1
(4)
-7.9
-1.2
-6.0
-6.9
3.2
-5.6
.2
-.4
934
916
540
975
1,309
744
1,604
1,257
1,208
851
393
466
1,017
-1.1
-1.9
.7
-.3
.2
(4)
-16.1
-5.6
2.7
1.7
-6.9
-2.1
2.7
King, WA ......................................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
75.4
74.9
.4
6.4
2.4
14.7
1.8
6.8
13.6
6.6
6.1
16.3
.5
1,135.9
979.2
2.8
57.1
104.2
206.7
80.7
69.7
176.9
130.4
105.0
45.8
156.6
-3.9
-4.6
-9.6
-18.7
-7.2
-5.7
4.0
-6.7
-6.8
5.1
-4.2
.6
.8
1,127
1,136
1,553
1,130
1,366
967
2,125
1,579
1,311
857
422
634
1,074
.2
-.5
-1.2
4.1
-5.5
1.5
-.9
-5.0
.2
2.4
-5.8
5.8
6.0
Miami-Dade, FL ............................................................................
Private industry ........................................................................
Natural resources and mining ..............................................
Construction .........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ...........................................................................
Financial activities ................................................................
Professional and business services .....................................
Education and health services .............................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Other services ......................................................................
Government .............................................................................
84.7
84.4
.5
6.1
2.6
23.0
1.5
9.8
17.7
9.4
5.9
7.5
.4
963.9
813.6
10.0
37.7
38.4
238.8
18.5
63.7
124.5
144.1
102.0
35.3
150.3
-6.1
-6.9
-8.8
-25.4
-16.7
-6.0
-7.1
-9.0
-8.7
1.8
-4.2
-5.5
-1.7
858
818
403
861
783
765
1,308
1,353
992
801
471
529
1,074
-1.2
-1.8
-12.6
6.6
.3
-.6
-3.5
-9.7
.1
1.0
-1.5
-.4
.8
1
Average weekly wages were calculated using unrounded data.
2
Percent changes were computed from quarterly employment and pay data
adjusted for noneconomic county reclassifications. See Notes on Current Labor
Statistics.
3
80
Average weekly wage1
Employment
Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
Virgin Islands.
4
Data do not meet BLS or State agency disclosure standards.
NOTE: Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI) and
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs. Data are
preliminary.
23. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: by State, first quarter 2009.
State
Establishments,
first quarter
2009
(thousands)
Average weekly wage1
Employment
March
2009
(thousands)
Percent change,
March
2008-09
First
quarter
2009
Percent change,
first quarter
2008-09
United States2 ...................................
9,113.9
128,992.2
-4.2
$882
-2.5
Alabama ............................................
Alaska ...............................................
Arizona ..............................................
Arkansas ...........................................
California ...........................................
Colorado ...........................................
Connecticut .......................................
Delaware ...........................................
District of Columbia ...........................
Florida ...............................................
119.2
21.3
164.6
86.4
1,369.6
176.6
113.0
29.3
33.3
612.2
1,844.6
303.5
2,459.7
1,144.5
14,742.5
2,211.0
1,620.1
399.9
679.2
7,352.2
-5.2
.1
-6.9
-2.9
-5.0
-3.9
-3.8
-5.1
-.1
-7.0
736
887
807
695
994
913
1,189
975
1,461
771
-.4
2.5
-1.3
4.2
-1.2
-.8
-5.6
-.8
-1.9
-.8
Georgia .............................................
Hawaii ...............................................
Idaho .................................................
Illinois ................................................
Indiana ..............................................
Iowa ..................................................
Kansas ..............................................
Kentucky ...........................................
Louisiana ...........................................
Maine ................................................
274.4
39.2
56.7
372.2
161.3
94.6
87.3
109.1
124.2
51.0
3,835.9
599.1
603.4
5,552.0
2,701.1
1,432.5
1,326.2
1,710.0
1,867.4
563.1
-5.4
-4.9
-6.3
-4.2
-5.6
-2.5
-2.6
-4.6
-1.1
-3.7
831
775
638
951
739
709
719
712
772
688
-1.4
.4
.3
-3.0
-2.4
-.1
-2.3
-.3
.8
-1.9
Maryland ...........................................
Massachusetts ..................................
Michigan ............................................
Minnesota .........................................
Mississippi .........................................
Missouri .............................................
Montana ............................................
Nebraska ...........................................
Nevada ..............................................
New Hampshire ................................
164.5
213.0
253.8
168.6
71.0
173.7
42.9
59.6
76.6
48.8
2,452.8
3,102.8
3,765.9
2,538.5
1,087.9
2,618.3
413.9
894.8
1,150.8
601.2
-3.1
-3.3
-7.2
-4.0
-4.5
-3.4
-4.2
-2.0
-9.1
-3.2
964
1,101
825
882
633
771
628
699
810
837
.1
-3.7
-3.7
-2.9
-.2
.1
.5
1.7
-3.5
-3.0
New Jersey .......................................
New Mexico ......................................
New York ..........................................
North Carolina ...................................
North Dakota .....................................
Ohio ..................................................
Oklahoma ..........................................
Oregon ..............................................
Pennsylvania .....................................
Rhode Island .....................................
271.3
54.9
588.1
260.6
25.6
293.6
100.5
130.7
342.4
35.5
3,775.1
794.1
8,332.4
3,852.4
341.8
4,937.1
1,517.0
1,602.8
5,449.4
441.8
-4.0
-3.5
-2.6
-5.2
-.4
-4.9
-2.0
-6.3
-2.9
-4.9
1,100
723
1,207
766
666
790
709
772
862
831
-2.8
.7
-13.8
-2.8
2.0
-1.0
-.3
-.6
-.7
-2.4
South Carolina ..................................
South Dakota ....................................
Tennessee ........................................
Texas ................................................
Utah ..................................................
Vermont ............................................
Virginia ..............................................
Washington .......................................
West Virginia .....................................
Wisconsin ..........................................
115.3
30.6
142.7
564.9
85.3
24.8
232.6
216.4
48.4
156.8
1,779.4
382.9
2,586.1
10,237.9
1,162.2
291.7
3,541.6
2,810.6
690.2
2,619.0
-5.9
-1.7
-5.7
-1.8
-4.6
-3.2
-3.0
-3.8
-1.4
-4.3
692
630
751
886
726
719
920
906
704
747
-.4
-.3
-1.3
-1.9
1.1
-2.0
.1
.8
4.0
-1.6
Wyoming ...........................................
25.1
272.1
-2.0
778
-.1
Puerto Rico .......................................
Virgin Islands ....................................
53.4
3.6
967.1
44.6
-4.1
-4.3
496
685
1.4
-3.1
1
2
Average weekly wages were calculated using unrounded data.
Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico
or the Virgin Islands.
NOTE: Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI)
and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE)
programs. Data are preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
81
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
24. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, by ownership
Year
Average
establishments
Average
annual
employment
Total annual wages
(in thousands)
Average annual wage
per employee
Average
weekly
wage
Total covered (UI and UCFE)
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
2006 ..................................................
2007 ..................................................
2008 ..................................................
7,820,860
7,879,116
7,984,529
8,101,872
8,228,840
8,364,795
8,571,144
8,784,027
8,971,897
9,082,049
127,042,282
129,877,063
129,635,800
128,233,919
127,795,827
129,278,176
131,571,623
133,833,834
135,366,106
134,805,659
$4,235,579,204
4,587,708,584
4,695,225,123
4,714,374,741
4,826,251,547
5,087,561,796
5,351,949,496
5,692,569,465
6,018,089,108
6,142,159,200
$33,340
35,323
36,219
36,764
37,765
39,354
40,677
42,535
44,458
45,563
$641
679
697
707
726
757
782
818
855
876
$33,094
35,077
35,943
36,428
37,401
38,955
40,270
42,124
44,038
45,129
$636
675
691
701
719
749
774
810
847
868
$33,244
35,337
36,157
36,539
37,508
39,134
40,505
42,414
44,362
45,371
$639
680
695
703
721
753
779
816
853
873
$34,681
36,296
37,814
39,212
40,057
41,118
42,249
43,875
45,903
47,980
$667
698
727
754
770
791
812
844
883
923
$31,234
32,387
33,521
34,605
35,669
36,805
37,718
39,179
40,790
42,274
$601
623
645
665
686
708
725
753
784
813
$44,287
46,228
48,940
52,050
54,239
57,782
59,864
62,274
64,871
66,293
$852
889
941
1,001
1,043
1,111
1,151
1,198
1,248
1,275
UI covered
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
2006 ..................................................
2007 ..................................................
2008 ..................................................
7,771,198
7,828,861
7,933,536
8,051,117
8,177,087
8,312,729
8,518,249
8,731,111
8,908,198
9,017,717
124,255,714
127,005,574
126,883,182
125,475,293
125,031,551
126,538,579
128,837,948
131,104,860
132,639,806
132,043,604
$4,112,169,533
4,454,966,824
4,560,511,280
4,570,787,218
4,676,319,378
4,929,262,369
5,188,301,929
5,522,624,197
5,841,231,314
5,959,055,276
Private industry covered
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
2006 ..................................................
2007 ..................................................
2008 ..................................................
7,560,567
7,622,274
7,724,965
7,839,903
7,963,340
8,093,142
8,294,662
8,505,496
8,681,001
8,789,360
107,619,457
110,015,333
109,304,802
107,577,281
107,065,553
108,490,066
110,611,016
112,718,858
114,012,221
113,188,643
$3,577,738,557
3,887,626,769
3,952,152,155
3,930,767,025
4,015,823,311
4,245,640,890
4,480,311,193
4,780,833,389
5,057,840,759
5,135,487,891
State government covered
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
2006 ..................................................
2007 ..................................................
2008 ..................................................
70,538
65,096
64,583
64,447
64,467
64,544
66,278
66,921
67,381
67,675
4,296,673
4,370,160
4,452,237
4,485,071
4,481,845
4,484,997
4,527,514
4,565,908
4,611,395
4,642,650
$149,011,194
158,618,365
168,358,331
175,866,492
179,528,728
184,414,992
191,281,126
200,329,294
211,677,002
222,754,925
Local government covered
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
2006 ..................................................
2007 ..................................................
2008 ..................................................
140,093
141,491
143,989
146,767
149,281
155,043
157,309
158,695
159,816
160,683
12,339,584
12,620,081
13,126,143
13,412,941
13,484,153
13,563,517
13,699,418
13,820,093
14,016,190
14,212,311
$385,419,781
408,721,690
440,000,795
464,153,701
480,967,339
499,206,488
516,709,610
541,461,514
571,713,553
600,812,461
Federal government covered (UCFE)
1999 ..................................................
2000 ..................................................
2001 ..................................................
2002 ..................................................
2003 ..................................................
2004 ..................................................
2005 ..................................................
2006 ..................................................
2007 ..................................................
2008 ..................................................
49,661
50,256
50,993
50,755
51,753
52,066
52,895
52,916
63,699
64,332
NOTE: Data are final. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
82
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
2,786,567
2,871,489
2,752,619
2,758,627
2,764,275
2,739,596
2,733,675
2,728,974
2,726,300
2,762,055
$123,409,672
132,741,760
134,713,843
143,587,523
149,932,170
158,299,427
163,647,568
169,945,269
176,857,794
183,103,924
25. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, establishment size and employment, private ownership, by
supersector, first quarter 2008
Size of establishments
Industry, establishments, and
employment
Total
Fewer than
5 workers1
5 to 9
workers
10 to 19
workers
20 to 49
workers
50 to 99
workers
100 to 249
workers
250 to 499
workers
500 to 999
workers
1,000 or
more
workers
Total all industries2
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
8,737,209
112,661,107
5,347,059
7,726,320
Natural resources and mining
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
125,210
1,735,716
70,167
113,349
23,540
155,594
15,213
205,063
10,230
309,062
3,338
229,769
1,888
285,052
574
198,874
192
129,465
68
109,488
Construction
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
884,900
7,015,698
596,761
820,427
135,351
887,949
80,118
1,076,415
49,933
1,494,411
14,548
990,273
6,455
953,252
1,305
438,169
337
221,521
92
133,281
Manufacturing
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
360,128
13,530,440
138,761
239,464
61,564
413,129
53,932
741,464
52,329
1,631,131
25,129
1,758,241
18,998
2,909,766
6,052
2,072,004
2,298
1,554,107
1,065
2,211,134
Trade, transportation, and utilities
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
1,918,453
26,025,160
1,025,889
1,686,285
381,783
2,543,460
253,919
3,411,060
158,449
4,758,401
53,773
3,726,557
34,906
5,155,843
7,571
2,600,592
1,654
1,090,853
509
1,052,109
Information
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
144,342
3,007,840
82,456
113,866
21,073
140,161
16,279
222,141
13,502
415,963
5,634
388,105
3,580
542,466
1,093
380,246
490
334,589
235
470,303
Financial activities
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
866,044
8,002,154
571,395
880,298
153,677
1,013,702
80,370
1,059,248
39,542
1,176,225
11,675
798,971
6,176
929,717
1,823
631,696
911
630,185
475
882,112
Professional and business services
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
1,500,983
17,672,891
1,026,478
1,403,930
199,658
1,312,525
126,947
1,712,339
85,319
2,594,343
32,918
2,279,648
20,556
3,116,492
5,907
2,019,588
2,267
1,542,704
933
1,691,322
Education and health services
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
838,101
17,855,618
403,555
715,158
181,824
1,208,328
119,131
1,604,008
77,795
2,344,710
28,219
1,961,088
19,577
2,946,642
4,258
1,449,126
1,933
1,343,470
1,809
4,283,088
Leisure and hospitality
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
729,550
13,121,259
280,079
443,453
122,835
829,466
135,822
1,908,049
137,270
4,122,254
40,241
2,674,380
10,754
1,523,474
1,610
547,993
642
438,685
297
633,505
Other services
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
1,157,207
4,450,274
946,782
1,128,799
118,658
775,868
57,400
757,235
25,255
736,119
5,738
391,483
2,787
406,934
458
152,494
109
70,269
20
31,073
1
Includes establishments that reported no workers in March 2008.
2
Includes data for unclassified establishments, not shown separately.
1,405,989
940,355
649,897
221,242
125,680
30,651
9,317,598 12,712,673 19,590,026 15,200,470 18,769,975 10,490,782
10,833
5,503
7,355,848 11,497,415
NOTE: Data are final. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
83
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
26. Average annual wages for 2007 and 2008 for all covered workers1 by
metropolitan area
Average annual wages3
Metropolitan area2
2008
Metropolitan areas4 ..............................................................
$46,139
$47,194
2.3
Abilene, TX ............................................................................
Aguadilla-Isabela-San Sebastian, PR ...................................
Akron, OH ..............................................................................
Albany, GA ............................................................................
Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY ..............................................
Albuquerque, NM ...................................................................
Alexandria, LA .......................................................................
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ ....................................
Altoona, PA ............................................................................
Amarillo, TX ...........................................................................
31,567
20,295
39,499
33,378
42,191
38,191
32,757
41,784
31,988
35,574
32,649
20,714
40,376
34,314
43,912
39,342
34,783
42,500
32,986
38,215
3.4
2.1
2.2
2.8
4.1
3.0
6.2
1.7
3.1
7.4
Ames, IA ................................................................................
Anchorage, AK ......................................................................
Anderson, IN ..........................................................................
Anderson, SC ........................................................................
Ann Arbor, MI ........................................................................
Anniston-Oxford, AL ..............................................................
Appleton, WI ..........................................................................
Asheville, NC .........................................................................
Athens-Clarke County, GA ....................................................
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA .....................................
37,041
45,237
32,850
31,086
49,427
34,593
36,575
33,406
34,256
48,111
38,558
46,935
31,326
32,322
48,987
36,227
37,522
34,070
35,503
48,064
4.1
3.8
-4.6
4.0
-0.9
4.7
2.6
2.0
3.6
-0.1
Atlantic City, NJ .....................................................................
Auburn-Opelika, AL ...............................................................
Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC ......................................
Austin-Round Rock, TX .........................................................
Bakersfield, CA ......................................................................
Baltimore-Towson, MD ..........................................................
Bangor, ME ............................................................................
Barnstable Town, MA ............................................................
Baton Rouge, LA ...................................................................
Battle Creek, MI .....................................................................
39,276
31,554
36,915
46,458
38,254
47,177
32,829
37,691
39,339
40,628
40,337
32,651
38,068
47,355
39,476
48,438
33,829
38,839
41,961
42,782
2.7
3.5
3.1
1.9
3.2
2.7
3.0
3.0
6.7
5.3
Bay City, MI ...........................................................................
Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX .....................................................
Bellingham, WA .....................................................................
Bend, OR ...............................................................................
Billings, MT ............................................................................
Binghamton, NY ....................................................................
Birmingham-Hoover, AL ........................................................
Bismarck, ND .........................................................................
Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA ................................
Bloomington, IN .....................................................................
35,680
40,682
34,239
34,318
35,372
36,322
42,570
34,118
35,248
32,028
36,489
43,302
35,864
35,044
36,155
37,731
43,651
35,389
35,272
33,220
2.3
6.4
4.7
2.1
2.2
3.9
2.5
3.7
0.1
3.7
Bloomington-Normal, IL .........................................................
Boise City-Nampa, ID ............................................................
Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH ......................................
Boulder, CO ...........................................................................
Bowling Green, KY ................................................................
Bremerton-Silverdale, WA .....................................................
Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT .........................................
Brownsville-Harlingen, TX .....................................................
Brunswick, GA .......................................................................
Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY ......................................................
42,082
37,553
59,817
52,745
33,308
39,506
79,973
27,126
32,705
38,218
43,918
37,315
61,128
53,455
34,861
40,421
80,018
28,342
34,458
38,984
4.4
-0.6
2.2
1.3
4.7
2.3
0.1
4.5
5.4
2.0
Burlington, NC .......................................................................
Burlington-South Burlington, VT ............................................
Canton-Massillon, OH ...........................................................
Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL ....................................................
Carson City, NV .....................................................................
Casper, WY ...........................................................................
Cedar Rapids, IA ...................................................................
Champaign-Urbana, IL ..........................................................
Charleston, WV .....................................................................
Charleston-North Charleston, SC ..........................................
33,132
41,907
34,091
37,658
42,030
41,105
41,059
35,788
38,687
36,954
34,283
43,559
34,897
37,866
43,858
43,851
42,356
37,408
40,442
38,035
3.5
3.9
2.4
0.6
4.3
6.7
3.2
4.5
4.5
2.9
Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC ....................................
Charlottesville, VA .................................................................
Chattanooga, TN-GA .............................................................
Cheyenne, WY ......................................................................
Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI .......................................
Chico, CA ..............................................................................
Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN .........................................
Clarksville, TN-KY .................................................................
Cleveland, TN ........................................................................
Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH .................................................
46,975
40,819
36,522
36,191
50,823
33,207
42,969
32,216
34,666
42,783
47,332
41,777
37,258
37,452
51,775
34,310
43,801
32,991
35,010
43,467
0.8
2.3
2.0
3.5
1.9
3.3
1.9
2.4
1.0
1.6
Coeur d’Alene, ID ..................................................................
College Station-Bryan, TX .....................................................
Colorado Springs, CO ...........................................................
Columbia, MO ........................................................................
Columbia, SC ........................................................................
Columbus, GA-AL ..................................................................
Columbus, IN .........................................................................
Columbus, OH .......................................................................
Corpus Christi, TX .................................................................
Corvallis, OR .........................................................................
31,035
32,630
39,745
33,266
36,293
34,511
41,078
42,655
37,186
41,981
31,353
33,967
40,973
34,331
37,514
35,067
42,610
43,533
38,771
42,343
1.0
4.1
3.1
3.2
3.4
1.6
3.7
2.1
4.3
0.9
See footnotes at end of table.
84
Percent
change,
2007-08
2007
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
26. Continued — Average annual wages for 2007 and 2008 for all covered
workers1 by metropolitan area
Average annual wages3
Metropolitan area2
Percent
change,
2007-08
2007
2008
Cumberland, MD-WV ............................................................
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX ............................................
Dalton, GA .............................................................................
Danville, IL .............................................................................
Danville, VA ...........................................................................
Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL .....................................
Dayton, OH ............................................................................
Decatur, AL ............................................................................
Decatur, IL .............................................................................
Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL .........................
$31,373
49,627
34,433
34,086
30,212
39,385
40,223
35,931
41,039
32,196
$32,583
50,331
34,403
35,602
30,580
40,425
40,824
36,855
42,012
32,938
3.9
1.4
-0.1
4.4
1.2
2.6
1.5
2.6
2.4
2.3
Denver-Aurora, CO ................................................................
Des Moines, IA ......................................................................
Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI ....................................................
Dothan, AL .............................................................................
Dover, DE ..............................................................................
Dubuque, IA ...........................................................................
Duluth, MN-WI .......................................................................
Durham, NC ...........................................................................
Eau Claire, WI .......................................................................
El Centro, CA .........................................................................
50,180
42,895
49,019
32,367
35,978
34,240
35,202
52,420
32,792
32,419
51,270
43,918
50,081
32,965
36,375
35,656
36,307
53,700
33,549
33,239
2.2
2.4
2.2
1.8
1.1
4.1
3.1
2.4
2.3
2.5
Elizabethtown, KY .................................................................
Elkhart-Goshen, IN ................................................................
Elmira, NY .............................................................................
El Paso, TX ............................................................................
Erie, PA .................................................................................
Eugene-Springfield, OR .........................................................
Evansville, IN-KY ...................................................................
Fairbanks, AK ........................................................................
Fajardo, PR ...........................................................................
Fargo, ND-MN .......................................................................
32,701
36,566
34,879
31,354
34,788
34,329
37,182
42,345
22,075
35,264
33,728
35,858
36,984
31,837
35,992
35,380
38,304
44,225
22,984
36,745
3.1
-1.9
6.0
1.5
3.5
3.1
3.0
4.4
4.1
4.2
Farmington, NM .....................................................................
Fayetteville, NC .....................................................................
Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO ...............................
Flagstaff, AZ ..........................................................................
Flint, MI ..................................................................................
Florence, SC ..........................................................................
Florence-Muscle Shoals, AL ..................................................
Fond du Lac, WI ....................................................................
Fort Collins-Loveland, CO .....................................................
Fort Smith, AR-OK .................................................................
38,572
33,216
37,325
34,473
39,310
34,305
30,699
34,664
39,335
31,236
41,155
34,619
39,025
35,353
39,206
34,841
32,088
36,166
40,154
32,130
6.7
4.2
4.6
2.6
-0.3
1.6
4.5
4.3
2.1
2.9
Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL ..............................
Fort Wayne, IN ......................................................................
Fresno, CA ............................................................................
Gadsden, AL ..........................................................................
Gainesville, FL .......................................................................
Gainesville, GA ......................................................................
Glens Falls, NY ......................................................................
Goldsboro, NC .......................................................................
Grand Forks, ND-MN .............................................................
Grand Junction, CO ...............................................................
35,613
36,542
35,111
30,979
36,243
36,994
33,564
30,177
30,745
36,221
36,454
36,806
36,038
31,718
37,282
37,929
34,531
30,607
32,207
39,246
2.4
0.7
2.6
2.4
2.9
2.5
2.9
1.4
4.8
8.4
Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI ..................................................
Great Falls, MT ......................................................................
Greeley, CO ...........................................................................
Green Bay, WI .......................................................................
Greensboro-High Point, NC ...................................................
Greenville, NC .......................................................................
Greenville, SC .......................................................................
Guayama, PR ........................................................................
Gulfport-Biloxi, MS .................................................................
Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV .........................................
38,953
31,009
37,066
37,788
37,213
33,703
36,536
26,094
34,971
35,468
39,868
31,962
38,700
39,247
37,919
34,672
37,592
27,189
35,700
36,472
2.3
3.1
4.4
3.9
1.9
2.9
2.9
4.2
2.1
2.8
Hanford-Corcoran, CA ...........................................................
Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA ..........................................................
Harrisonburg, VA ...................................................................
Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT .............................
Hattiesburg, MS .....................................................................
Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC ..............................................
Hinesville-Fort Stewart, GA ...................................................
Holland-Grand Haven, MI ......................................................
Honolulu, HI ...........................................................................
Hot Springs, AR .....................................................................
32,504
41,424
32,718
54,188
30,729
32,364
33,210
37,470
40,748
28,448
35,374
42,330
34,197
54,446
31,629
32,810
33,854
37,953
42,090
29,042
8.8
2.2
4.5
0.5
2.9
1.4
1.9
1.3
3.3
2.1
Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux, LA ......................................
Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX ........................................
Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH ...........................................
Huntsville, AL .........................................................................
Idaho Falls, ID .......................................................................
Indianapolis, IN ......................................................................
Iowa City, IA ..........................................................................
Ithaca, NY ..............................................................................
Jackson, MI ...........................................................................
Jackson, MS ..........................................................................
41,604
53,494
33,973
45,763
29,878
42,227
37,457
39,387
38,267
35,771
44,345
55,407
35,717
47,427
30,485
43,128
39,070
41,689
38,672
36,730
6.6
3.6
5.1
3.6
2.0
2.1
4.3
5.8
1.1
2.7
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
85
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
26. Continued — Average annual wages for 2007 and 2008 for all covered
workers1 by metropolitan area
Average annual wages3
Metropolitan area2
2008
Jackson, TN ...........................................................................
Jacksonville, FL .....................................................................
Jacksonville, NC ....................................................................
Janesville, WI ........................................................................
Jefferson City, MO .................................................................
Johnson City, TN ...................................................................
Johnstown, PA .......................................................................
Jonesboro, AR .......................................................................
Joplin, MO .............................................................................
Kalamazoo-Portage, MI .........................................................
$35,059
41,437
27,005
36,790
32,903
31,985
31,384
30,378
31,068
38,402
$35,975
41,524
27,893
36,906
33,766
32,759
32,464
31,532
32,156
40,333
2.6
0.2
3.3
0.3
2.6
2.4
3.4
3.8
3.5
5.0
Kankakee-Bradley, IL ............................................................
Kansas City, MO-KS ..............................................................
Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, WA ...........................................
Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX ...............................................
Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA ............................................
Kingston, NY ..........................................................................
Knoxville, TN .........................................................................
Kokomo, IN ............................................................................
La Crosse, WI-MN .................................................................
Lafayette, IN ..........................................................................
33,340
42,921
40,439
32,915
36,399
35,018
38,386
47,269
32,949
36,419
34,451
44,155
41,878
34,299
37,260
35,883
38,912
44,117
34,078
37,832
3.3
2.9
3.6
4.2
2.4
2.5
1.4
-6.7
3.4
3.9
Lafayette, LA .........................................................................
Lake Charles, LA ...................................................................
Lakeland, FL ..........................................................................
Lancaster, PA ........................................................................
Lansing-East Lansing, MI ......................................................
Laredo, TX .............................................................................
Las Cruces, NM .....................................................................
Las Vegas-Paradise, NV .......................................................
Lawrence, KS ........................................................................
Lawton, OK ............................................................................
40,684
37,447
34,394
37,043
40,866
29,009
31,422
42,336
30,830
30,617
42,748
39,982
35,195
38,127
42,339
29,572
32,894
43,120
32,313
32,258
5.1
6.8
2.3
2.9
3.6
1.9
4.7
1.9
4.8
5.4
Lebanon, PA ..........................................................................
Lewiston, ID-WA ....................................................................
Lewiston-Auburn, ME ............................................................
Lexington-Fayette, KY ...........................................................
Lima, OH ...............................................................................
Lincoln, NE ............................................................................
Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR ...........................................
Logan, UT-ID .........................................................................
Longview, TX .........................................................................
Longview, WA ........................................................................
32,876
31,961
33,118
39,290
35,177
34,750
39,305
27,810
36,956
37,101
33,900
32,783
34,396
40,034
35,381
35,834
38,902
29,392
38,902
37,806
3.1
2.6
3.9
1.9
0.6
3.1
-1.0
5.7
5.3
1.9
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA .............................
Louisville, KY-IN ....................................................................
Lubbock, TX ..........................................................................
Lynchburg, VA .......................................................................
Macon, GA .............................................................................
Madera, CA ...........................................................................
Madison, WI ...........................................................................
Manchester-Nashua, NH .......................................................
Mansfield, OH ........................................................................
Mayaguez, PR .......................................................................
50,480
40,125
32,761
34,412
34,243
33,266
41,201
49,235
33,109
21,326
51,520
40,596
33,867
35,207
34,823
34,405
42,623
50,629
33,946
22,394
2.1
1.2
3.4
2.3
1.7
3.4
3.5
2.8
2.5
5.0
McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr, TX ..................................................
Medford, OR ..........................................................................
Memphis, TN-MS-AR ............................................................
Merced, CA ............................................................................
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL ..............................
Michigan City-La Porte, IN .....................................................
Midland, TX ...........................................................................
Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI ....................................
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI ...........................
Missoula, MT .........................................................................
27,651
32,877
42,339
32,351
43,428
32,570
45,574
43,261
49,542
32,233
28,498
33,402
43,124
33,903
44,199
33,507
50,116
44,462
51,044
33,414
3.1
1.6
1.9
4.8
1.8
2.9
10.0
2.8
3.0
3.7
Mobile, AL ..............................................................................
Modesto, CA ..........................................................................
Monroe, LA ............................................................................
Monroe, MI ............................................................................
Montgomery, AL ....................................................................
Morgantown, WV ...................................................................
Morristown, TN ......................................................................
Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA ...............................................
Muncie, IN .............................................................................
Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI ................................................
36,890
36,739
31,992
41,636
36,223
35,241
32,806
34,620
31,326
34,982
38,180
37,867
32,796
41,849
37,552
37,082
32,858
36,230
32,420
36,033
3.5
3.1
2.5
0.5
3.7
5.2
0.2
4.7
3.5
3.0
Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC ....................
Napa, CA ...............................................................................
Naples-Marco Island, FL .......................................................
Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN .................................
New Haven-Milford, CT .........................................................
New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA .........................................
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA ......
Niles-Benton Harbor, MI ........................................................
Norwich-New London, CT .....................................................
Ocala, FL ...............................................................................
28,576
44,171
41,300
42,728
47,039
43,255
65,685
38,140
45,463
31,623
28,450
45,061
40,178
43,964
48,239
45,108
66,548
38,814
46,727
32,579
-0.4
2.0
-2.7
2.9
2.6
4.3
1.3
1.8
2.8
3.0
See footnotes at end of table.
86
Percent
change,
2007-08
2007
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
26. Continued — Average annual wages for 2007 and 2008 for all covered
workers1 by metropolitan area
Average annual wages3
Metropolitan area2
Percent
change,
2007-08
2007
2008
Ocean City, NJ ......................................................................
Odessa, TX ............................................................................
Ogden-Clearfield, UT .............................................................
Oklahoma City, OK ................................................................
Olympia, WA ..........................................................................
Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA ................................................
Orlando, FL ............................................................................
Oshkosh-Neenah, WI ............................................................
Owensboro, KY .....................................................................
Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA ...................................
$32,452
41,758
34,067
37,192
39,678
39,273
38,633
41,014
33,593
47,669
$33,529
44,316
34,778
39,363
40,714
40,097
39,322
41,781
34,956
46,490
3.3
6.1
2.1
5.8
2.6
2.1
1.8
1.9
4.1
-2.5
Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL ........................................
Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL ...............................................
Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH ..............................................
Pascagoula, MS ....................................................................
Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL ...........................................
Peoria, IL ...............................................................................
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD ................
Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ ...............................................
Pine Bluff, AR ........................................................................
Pittsburgh, PA ........................................................................
40,975
33,950
33,547
39,131
34,165
43,470
50,611
43,697
33,094
42,910
42,089
34,361
35,102
42,734
34,829
44,562
51,814
44,482
34,106
44,124
2.7
1.2
4.6
9.2
1.9
2.5
2.4
1.8
3.1
2.8
Pittsfield, MA ..........................................................................
Pocatello, ID ..........................................................................
Ponce, PR .............................................................................
Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME ................................
Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA ...............................
Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce, FL ................................................
Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY ............................
Prescott, AZ ...........................................................................
Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA ..........................
Provo-Orem, UT ....................................................................
38,075
29,268
21,019
38,497
44,335
36,375
40,793
32,048
40,674
34,141
38,957
30,608
21,818
39,711
45,326
36,174
42,148
33,004
42,141
35,516
2.3
4.6
3.8
3.2
2.2
-0.6
3.3
3.0
3.6
4.0
Pueblo, CO ............................................................................
Punta Gorda, FL ....................................................................
Racine, WI .............................................................................
Raleigh-Cary, NC ..................................................................
Rapid City, SD .......................................................................
Reading, PA ..........................................................................
Redding, CA ..........................................................................
Reno-Sparks, NV ...................................................................
Richmond, VA ........................................................................
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA .................................
32,552
32,833
40,746
42,801
31,119
39,945
34,953
41,365
44,530
37,846
34,055
32,927
41,232
43,912
32,227
40,691
35,655
42,167
45,244
38,617
4.6
0.3
1.2
2.6
3.6
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.6
2.0
Roanoke, VA .........................................................................
Rochester, MN .......................................................................
Rochester, NY .......................................................................
Rockford, IL ...........................................................................
Rocky Mount, NC ..................................................................
Rome, GA ..............................................................................
Sacramento--Arden-Arcade--Roseville, CA ...........................
Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI ..................................
St. Cloud, MN ........................................................................
St. George, UT ......................................................................
35,419
44,786
40,752
38,304
32,527
33,041
46,385
37,507
33,996
29,052
36,475
46,196
41,728
39,210
33,110
35,229
47,924
37,549
35,069
29,291
3.0
3.1
2.4
2.4
1.8
6.6
3.3
0.1
3.2
0.8
St. Joseph, MO-KS ................................................................
St. Louis, MO-IL .....................................................................
Salem, OR .............................................................................
Salinas, CA ............................................................................
Salisbury, MD ........................................................................
Salt Lake City, UT ..................................................................
San Angelo, TX .....................................................................
San Antonio, TX ....................................................................
San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA ...................................
Sandusky, OH .......................................................................
31,828
42,873
33,986
39,419
34,833
40,935
30,920
38,274
47,657
33,471
32,651
45,419
34,891
40,235
35,901
41,628
32,852
38,876
49,079
33,760
2.6
5.9
2.7
2.1
3.1
1.7
6.2
1.6
3.0
0.9
San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA ...................................
San German-Cabo Rojo, PR .................................................
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA ..................................
San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo, PR .........................................
San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA ........................................
Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA ................................
Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA ..................................................
Santa Fe, NM ........................................................................
Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA ....................................................
Sarasota-Bradenton-Venice, FL ............................................
64,559
19,777
82,038
25,939
36,740
41,967
41,540
37,395
42,824
36,424
65,100
19,875
80,063
26,839
38,134
42,617
41,471
38,646
43,757
36,781
0.8
0.5
-2.4
3.5
3.8
1.5
-0.2
3.3
2.2
1.0
Savannah, GA .......................................................................
Scranton--Wilkes-Barre, PA ..................................................
Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA ..............................................
Sheboygan, WI ......................................................................
Sherman-Denison, TX ...........................................................
Shreveport-Bossier City, LA ..................................................
Sioux City, IA-NE-SD .............................................................
Sioux Falls, SD ......................................................................
South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI ..............................................
Spartanburg, SC ....................................................................
36,695
34,205
51,924
37,049
35,672
34,892
33,025
36,056
36,266
37,967
37,846
34,902
53,667
37,834
36,081
36,308
34,326
36,982
37,654
39,313
3.1
2.0
3.4
2.1
1.1
4.1
3.9
2.6
3.8
3.5
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
87
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
26. Continued — Average annual wages for 2007 and 2008 for all covered
workers1 by metropolitan area
Average annual wages3
Metropolitan area2
2008
Spokane, WA .........................................................................
Springfield, IL .........................................................................
Springfield, MA ......................................................................
Springfield, MO ......................................................................
Springfield, OH ......................................................................
State College, PA ..................................................................
Stockton, CA ..........................................................................
Sumter, SC ............................................................................
Syracuse, NY .........................................................................
Tallahassee, FL .....................................................................
$35,539
42,420
39,487
31,868
32,017
36,797
37,906
30,267
39,620
36,543
$36,792
44,416
40,969
32,971
33,158
38,050
39,075
30,842
40,554
37,433
3.5
4.7
3.8
3.5
3.6
3.4
3.1
1.9
2.4
2.4
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL ..................................
Terre Haute, IN ......................................................................
Texarkana, TX-Texarkana, AR ..............................................
Toledo, OH ............................................................................
Topeka, KS ............................................................................
Trenton-Ewing, NJ .................................................................
Tucson, AZ ............................................................................
Tulsa, OK ...............................................................................
Tuscaloosa, AL ......................................................................
Tyler, TX ................................................................................
39,215
32,349
34,079
38,538
36,109
56,645
38,524
38,942
36,737
37,184
40,521
33,562
35,002
39,686
36,714
60,135
39,973
40,205
37,949
38,817
3.3
3.7
2.7
3.0
1.7
6.2
3.8
3.2
3.3
4.4
Utica-Rome, NY .....................................................................
Valdosta, GA .........................................................................
Vallejo-Fairfield, CA ...............................................................
Vero Beach, FL ......................................................................
Victoria, TX ............................................................................
Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton, NJ .............................................
Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC .....................
Visalia-Porterville, CA ............................................................
Waco, TX ...............................................................................
Warner Robins, GA ...............................................................
33,916
27,842
42,932
35,901
38,317
39,408
37,734
30,968
34,679
39,220
34,936
29,288
45,264
36,557
39,888
40,709
38,696
32,018
35,698
40,457
3.0
5.2
5.4
1.8
4.1
3.3
2.5
3.4
2.9
3.2
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV ...............
Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA .......................................................
Wausau, WI ...........................................................................
Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH ...............................................
Wenatchee, WA .....................................................................
Wheeling, WV-OH .................................................................
Wichita, KS ............................................................................
Wichita Falls, TX ....................................................................
Williamsport, PA ....................................................................
Wilmington, NC ......................................................................
60,711
35,899
35,710
32,893
29,475
31,169
39,662
32,320
32,506
34,239
62,653
37,363
36,477
35,356
30,750
32,915
40,423
34,185
33,340
35,278
3.2
4.1
2.1
7.5
4.3
5.6
1.9
5.8
2.6
3.0
Winchester, VA-WV ...............................................................
Winston-Salem, NC ...............................................................
Worcester, MA .......................................................................
Yakima, WA ...........................................................................
Yauco, PR .............................................................................
York-Hanover, PA ..................................................................
Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA ...............................
Yuba City, CA ........................................................................
Yuma, AZ ...............................................................................
36,016
38,921
44,652
29,743
19,380
38,469
34,698
35,058
30,147
37,035
39,770
45,955
30,821
19,821
39,379
34,403
36,538
31,351
2.8
2.2
2.9
3.6
2.3
2.4
-0.9
4.2
4.0
1 Includes workers covered by Unemployment
Insurance (UI) and Unemployment Compensation
for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs.
2 Includes data for Metropolitan Statistical
Areas (MSA) as defined by OMB Bulletin No.
04-03 as of February 18, 2004.
88
Percent
change,
2007-08
2007
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
3 Each year’s total is based on the MSA
definition for the specific year. Annual changes
include differences resulting from changes in
MSA definitions.
4 Totals do not include the six MSAs within
Puerto Rico.
27. Annual data: Employment status of the population
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status
19991
Civilian noninstitutional population...........
Civilian labor force............................……
Labor force participation rate...............
Employed............................…………
Employment-population ratio..........
Unemployed............................………
Unemployment rate........................
Not in the labor force............................…
1
207,753
139,368
67.1
133,488
64.3
5,880
4.2
68,385
20001
212,577
142,583
67.1
136,891
64.4
5,692
4.0
69,994
20011
20021
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
215,092
143,734
66.8
136,933
63.7
6,801
4.7
71,359
217,570
144,863
66.6
136,485
62.7
8,378
5.8
72,707
221,168
146,510
66.2
137,736
62.3
8,774
6.0
74,658
223,357
147,401
66.0
139,252
62.3
8,149
5.5
75,956
226,082
149,320
66.0
141,730
62.7
7,591
5.1
76,762
228,815
151,428
66.2
144,427
63.1
7,001
4.6
77,387
231,867
153,124
66.0
146,047
63.0
7,078
4.6
78,743
233,788
154,287
66.0
145,362
62.2
8,924
5.8
79,501
235,801
154,142
65.4
139,877
59.3
14,265
9.3
81,659
Not strictly comparable with prior years.
28. Annual data: Employment levels by industry
[In thousands]
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Total private employment............................…
Industry
108,686
110,995
110,708
108,828
108,416
109,814
111,899
114,113
115,380
114,281
108,369
Total nonfarm employment……………………
Goods-producing............................…………
Natural resources and mining.................
Construction............................……………
Manufacturing............................…………
128,993
24,465
598
6,545
17,322
131,785
24,649
599
6,787
17,263
131,826
23,873
606
6,826
16,441
130,341
22,557
583
6,716
15,259
129,999
21,816
572
6,735
14,510
131,435
21,882
591
6,976
14,315
133,703
22,190
628
7,336
14,226
136,086
22,531
684
7,691
14,155
137,598
22,233
724
7,630
13,879
136,790
21,334
767
7,162
13,406
130,912
18,620
700
6,037
11,883
Private service-providing..........................
Trade, transportation, and utilities..........
Wholesale trade............................………
Retail trade............................…………
Transportation and warehousing.........
Utilities............................………………
Information............................……………
Financial activities............................……
Professional and business services……
Education and health services…………
Leisure and hospitality……………………
Other services……………………………
84,221
25,771
5,893
14,970
4,300
609
3,419
7,648
15,957
14,798
11,543
5,087
86,346
26,225
5,933
15,280
4,410
601
3,630
7,687
16,666
15,109
11,862
5,168
86,834
25,983
5,773
15,239
4,372
599
3,629
7,808
16,476
15,645
12,036
5,258
86,271
25,497
5,652
15,025
4,224
596
3,395
7,847
15,976
16,199
11,986
5,372
86,600
25,287
5,608
14,917
4,185
577
3,188
7,977
15,987
16,588
12,173
5,401
87,932
25,533
5,663
15,058
4,249
564
3,118
8,031
16,394
16,953
12,493
5,409
89,709
25,959
5,764
15,280
4,361
554
3,061
8,153
16,954
17,372
12,816
5,395
91,582
26,276
5,905
15,353
4,470
549
3,038
8,328
17,566
17,826
13,110
5,438
93,147
26,630
6,015
15,520
4,541
553
3,032
8,301
17,942
18,322
13,427
5,494
92,947
26,293
5,943
15,283
4,508
559
2,984
8,145
17,735
18,838
13,436
5,515
89,749
24,947
5,625
14,528
4,234
561
2,807
7,758
16,580
19,190
13,102
5,364
20,307
20,790
21,118
21,513
21,583
21,621
21,804
21,974
22,218
22,509
22,544
Government……………………………………
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
89
Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data
29. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm
payrolls, by industry
Industry
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Private sector:
Average weekly hours.......……................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars).........................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)........................
34.3
13.49
463.15
34.3
14.02
481.01
34.0
14.54
493.79
33.9
14.97
506.75
33.7
15.37
518.06
33.7
15.69
529.09
33.8
16.13
544.33
33.9
16.76
567.87
33.9
17.43
590.04
33.6
18.08
607.95
33.1
18.62
617.11
Goods-producing:
Average weekly hours.............................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars).......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................
40.8
14.71
599.99
40.7
15.27
621.86
39.9
15.78
630.01
39.9
16.33
651.61
39.8
16.80
669.13
40.0
17.19
688.13
40.1
17.60
705.31
40.5
18.02
730.16
40.6
18.67
757.34
40.2
19.33
776.66
39.2
19.90
779.79
44.2
16.33
721.74
44.4
16.55
734.92
44.6
17.00
757.92
43.2
17.19
741.97
43.6
17.56
765.94
44.5
18.07
803.82
45.6
18.72
853.71
45.6
19.90
907.95
45.9
20.97
962.64
45.1
22.50
1014.69
43.3
23.29
1007.92
Average weekly hours............................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars).....................
Manufacturing:
39.0
16.80
655.11
39.2
17.48
685.78
38.7
18.00
695.89
38.4
18.52
711.82
38.4
18.95
726.83
38.3
19.23
735.55
38.6
19.46
750.22
39.0
20.02
781.21
39.0
20.95
816.66
38.5
21.87
842.61
37.6
22.67
852.48
Average weekly hours............................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars).....................
Private service-providing:
41.4
13.85
573.14
41.3
14.32
590.77
40.3
14.76
595.19
40.5
15.29
618.75
40.4
15.74
635.99
40.8
16.14
658.49
40.7
16.56
673.30
41.1
16.81
691.02
41.2
17.26
711.56
40.8
17.75
724.46
39.8
18.23
725.87
Average weekly hours..………................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars).......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................
32.7
13.09
427.98
32.7
13.62
445.74
32.5
14.18
461.08
32.5
14.59
473.80
32.3
14.99
484.68
32.3
15.29
494.22
32.4
15.74
509.58
32.5
16.42
532.78
32.4
17.11
554.89
32.3
17.77
574.35
32.1
18.35
588.07
Trade, transportation, and utilities:
Average weekly hours.............................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars).......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)......................
Wholesale trade:
33.9
12.82
434.31
33.8
13.31
449.88
33.5
13.70
459.53
33.6
14.02
471.27
33.6
14.34
481.14
33.5
14.58
488.42
33.4
14.92
498.43
33.4
15.39
514.34
33.3
15.78
526.07
33.2
16.16
536.06
32.9
16.50
542.47
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Retail trade:
38.6
15.62
602.77
38.8
16.28
631.40
38.4
16.77
643.45
38.0
16.98
644.38
37.9
17.36
657.29
37.8
17.65
667.09
37.7
18.16
685.00
38.0
18.91
718.63
38.2
19.59
748.94
38.2
20.13
769.62
37.6
20.85
784.72
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
30.8
10.45
602.77
30.7
10.86
631.40
30.7
11.29
643.45
30.9
11.67
644.38
30.9
11.90
657.29
30.7
12.08
667.09
30.6
12.36
685.00
30.5
12.57
718.63
30.2
12.75
748.94
30.0
12.87
769.62
29.9
13.02
784.72
Transportation and warehousing:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
37.6
14.55
547.97
37.4
15.05
562.31
36.7
15.33
562.70
36.8
15.76
579.88
36.8
16.25
598.41
37.2
16.52
614.96
37.0
16.70
618.58
36.9
17.28
636.97
37.0
17.72
654.95
36.4
18.41
670.37
36.1
18.80
677.72
Utilities:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
42.0
22.03
924.59
42.0
22.75
955.66
41.4
23.58
977.18
40.9
23.96
979.09
41.1
24.77
1017.27
40.9
25.61
1048.44
41.1
26.68
1095.90
41.4
27.40
1135.34
42.4
27.88
1182.65
42.7
28.83
1230.69
42.1
29.56
1243.79
Information:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Financial activities:
36.7
18.40
675.47
36.8
19.07
700.86
36.9
19.80
730.88
36.5
20.20
737.77
36.2
21.01
760.45
36.3
21.40
777.25
36.5
22.06
805.08
36.6
23.23
850.42
36.5
23.96
874.65
36.7
24.78
908.99
36.6
25.45
931.81
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
35.8
14.47
517.57
35.9
14.98
537.37
35.8
15.59
557.92
35.6
16.17
575.54
35.5
17.14
609.08
35.5
17.52
622.87
35.9
17.95
644.99
35.7
18.80
672.21
35.9
19.64
705.13
35.8
20.28
727.07
36.1
20.83
751.04
Professional and business services:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
34.4
14.85
510.99
34.5
15.52
535.07
34.2
16.33
557.84
34.2
16.81
574.66
34.1
17.21
587.02
34.2
17.48
597.56
34.2
18.08
618.87
34.6
19.13
662.27
34.8
20.15
700.82
34.8
21.18
737.70
34.7
22.35
775.78
Education and health services:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
32.1
13.44
431.35
32.2
13.95
449.29
32.3
14.64
473.39
32.4
15.21
492.74
32.3
15.64
505.69
32.4
16.15
523.78
32.6
16.71
544.59
32.5
17.38
564.94
32.6
18.11
590.09
32.5
18.87
613.73
32.3
19.49
628.59
26.1
7.96
208.05
26.1
8.32
217.20
25.8
8.57
220.73
25.8
8.81
227.17
25.6
9.00
230.42
25.7
9.15
234.86
25.7
9.38
241.36
25.7
9.75
250.34
25.5
10.41
265.52
25.2
10.84
273.39
24.8
11.11
275.78
32.5
12.26
398.77
32.5
12.73
413.41
32.3
13.27
428.64
32.0
13.72
439.76
31.4
13.84
434.41
31.0
13.98
433.04
30.9
14.34
443.37
30.9
14.77
456.50
30.9
15.42
477.06
30.8
16.09
495.57
30.5
16.59
506.31
Natural resources and mining
Average weekly hours............................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars).....................
Construction:
Leisure and hospitality:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
Other services:
Average weekly hours.........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................
NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) system. NAICS-based data by industry are not comparable with SIC-based data.
90
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
30. Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group
[December 2005 = 100]
2008
Series
Mar.
June
2009
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
2010
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
Mar. 2010
2
Civilian workers ……….…….........…………………………………….…
107.6
108.3
109.2
109.5
109.9
110.3
110.8
111.1
111.8
0.6
1.7
Management, professional, and related………………………
Management, business, and financial……………………
Professional and related……………………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Sales and related……………………………………………
Office and administrative support…………………………
108.3
108.2
108.4
106.8
105.0
108.0
109.0
108.9
109.0
107.7
106.1
108.6
110.1
109.7
110.4
108.2
106.0
109.5
110.4
109.8
110.7
108.3
105.5
110.0
110.9
110.0
111.3
108.4
104.3
110.8
111.1
110.1
111.6
108.7
104.5
111.3
111.5
110.2
112.2
109.4
105.4
111.8
111.7
110.4
112.4
109.7
105.8
112.1
112.5
111.7
112.9
110.3
105.9
113.0
.7
1.2
.4
.5
.1
.8
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.8
1.5
2.0
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…………
Construction and extraction………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair……………………
Production, transportation, and material moving……………
Production……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving………………………
Service occupations……………………………………………
107.7
108.5
106.7
105.6
104.8
106.6
108.4
108.4
109.6
107.0
106.2
105.3
107.3
109.1
109.3
110.3
108.0
106.9
105.9
108.1
110.2
109.8
110.8
108.6
107.2
106.2
108.4
110.6
110.1
111.0
109.1
108.0
107.2
108.9
111.5
110.7
111.6
109.5
108.5
107.7
109.5
111.9
111.2
112.2
110.0
109.1
108.1
110.2
112.6
111.6
112.5
110.4
109.3
108.4
110.4
113.0
112.5
113.2
111.6
110.3
109.6
111.2
113.5
.8
.6
1.1
.9
1.1
.7
.4
2.2
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.1
1.8
Workers by industry
Goods-producing………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing………………………………………………
Education and health services……………………………
Health care and social assistance………………………
Hospitals…………………………………………………
Nursing and residential care facilities………………
Education services………………………………………
Elementary and secondary schools…………………
106.1
104.7
107.8
108.6
108.9
108.4
107.3
108.3
108.2
106.8
105.1
108.5
109.2
109.6
109.2
108.2
108.9
108.8
107.3
105.6
109.5
110.8
110.4
110.2
109.0
111.1
111.1
107.5
105.9
109.8
111.1
110.8
110.8
109.6
111.3
111.4
108.0
106.5
110.3
111.7
111.7
111.7
110.3
111.8
111.9
108.2
106.7
110.6
112.2
112.2
112.3
110.8
112.1
112.1
108.5
106.8
111.3
113.2
112.8
112.9
111.3
113.5
113.9
108.7
107.0
111.5
113.4
113.2
113.4
111.5
113.6
114.0
109.8
108.4
112.2
113.7
113.7
114.1
112.1
113.7
114.1
1.0
1.3
.6
.3
.4
.6
.5
.1
.1
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.8
2.1
1.6
1.7
2.0
Public administration ……………………………………… 109.7
110.1
111.6
112.0
113.0
113.8
114.5
115.1
115.6
.4
2.3
107.3
108.0
108.7
108.9
109.3
109.6
110.0
110.2
111.1
.8
1.6
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Management, business, and financial……………………
Professional and related……………………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Sales and related……………………………………………
Office and administrative support…………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…………
Construction and extraction…………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair………………………
Production, transportation, and material moving……………
Production……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving………………………
Service occupations……………………………………………
108.1
108.0
108.3
106.6
105.0
107.8
107.6
108.6
106.3
105.5
104.8
106.4
107.8
108.9
108.7
109.0
107.5
106.2
108.5
108.3
109.7
106.6
106.0
105.2
107.2
108.7
109.6
109.3
109.9
107.9
106.0
109.2
109.0
110.3
107.4
106.6
105.8
107.7
109.4
109.9
109.5
110.3
107.9
105.5
109.6
109.6
110.8
108.1
106.9
106.1
107.9
109.8
110.4
109.6
111.0
107.9
104.3
110.5
109.9
110.9
108.6
107.7
107.1
108.4
110.7
110.5
109.7
111.1
108.3
104.5
110.9
110.3
111.5
108.9
108.1
107.6
108.9
110.9
110.6
109.7
111.4
108.8
105.3
111.3
110.9
112.0
109.4
108.6
108.0
109.6
111.7
110.7
109.9
111.4
109.2
105.8
111.6
111.2
112.4
109.8
108.9
108.3
109.7
111.8
111.8
111.3
112.2
109.8
105.8
112.6
112.2
113.1
111.1
109.9
109.5
110.5
112.4
1.0
1.3
.7
.5
.0
.9
.9
.6
1.2
.9
1.1
.7
.5
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.8
1.4
1.9
2.1
2.0
2.3
2.0
2.2
1.9
1.5
Workers by industry and occupational group
Goods-producing industries……………………………………
Management, professional, and related……………………
Sales and office………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………
Production, transportation, and material moving………..
106.1
106.1
105.1
108.1
104.8
106.8
106.6
106.3
109.0
105.3
107.2
106.7
106.7
109.8
105.8
107.5
106.6
107.1
110.4
106.2
107.9
106.8
107.3
110.4
107.0
108.2
106.7
107.4
110.9
107.5
108.4
106.5
107.5
111.3
107.8
108.6
106.4
107.8
111.7
108.0
109.8
108.0
108.2
112.6
109.3
1.1
1.5
.4
.8
1.2
1.8
1.1
.8
2.0
2.1
Construction…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Management, professional, and related…………………
Sales and office……………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance……
Production, transportation, and material moving……..
108.9
104.7
104.9
105.0
104.6
104.5
110.1
105.1
105.2
106.1
104.5
105.0
110.6
105.6
105.4
106.7
105.3
105.5
110.9
105.9
105.4
107.0
106.0
105.8
110.9
106.5
105.7
107.3
106.6
106.7
111.2
106.7
105.7
107.1
107.1
107.2
111.5
106.8
105.4
107.2
107.4
107.5
111.7
107.0
105.5
107.5
107.7
107.8
112.1
108.4
107.2
108.2
109.5
109.1
.4
1.3
1.6
.7
1.7
1.2
1.1
1.8
1.4
.8
2.7
2.2
Service-providing industries…………………………………
Management, professional, and related……………………
Sales and office………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………
Production, transportation, and material moving………..
Service occupations…………………………………………
107.7
108.5
106.8
106.7
106.4
107.9
108.5
109.3
107.7
107.3
107.0
108.7
109.1
110.2
108.0
107.8
107.6
109.5
109.4
110.6
108.0
108.4
107.8
109.8
109.8
111.1
108.0
109.0
108.5
110.7
110.1
111.2
108.4
109.5
109.0
111.0
110.5
111.4
109.0
110.1
109.7
111.7
110.8
111.6
109.4
110.4
109.9
111.9
111.6
112.5
110.0
111.7
110.6
112.4
.7
.8
.5
1.2
.6
.4
1.6
1.3
1.9
2.5
1.9
1.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities…………………………
106.1
107.3
107.6
107.5
107.8
108.1
108.6
108.8
109.9
1.0
1.9
Workers by occupational group
3
Private industry workers………………………………………
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
91
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
30. Continued—Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group
[December 2005 = 100]
2008
Series
Mar.
June
2009
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
2010
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
Mar. 2010
Wholesale trade……………………………………………
Retail trade…………………………………………………
Transportation and warehousing………………………
Utilities………………………………………………………
Information…………………………………………………
Financial activities…………………………………………
Finance and insurance…………………………………
Real estate and rental and leasing……………………
Professional and business services………………………
Education and health services……………………………
Education services………………………………………
Health care and social assistance……………………
Hospitals………………………………………………
Leisure and hospitality……………………………………
Accommodation and food services……………………
Other services, except public administration……………
105.7
106.6
105.6
106.5
106.1
106.8
107.0
105.5
109.0
108.6
108.1
108.8
108.2
109.0
109.5
108.7
107.2
107.6
106.4
108.1
106.2
107.3
107.7
105.7
109.9
109.4
109.1
109.4
109.1
109.3
110.0
109.4
107.1
108.2
106.8
108.1
107.2
107.4
107.6
106.4
110.8
110.3
111.4
110.1
110.1
110.6
111.4
109.9
106.8
108.1
106.9
108.9
107.4
107.1
107.2
106.6
111.6
110.6
111.3
110.5
110.7
111.4
112.1
109.9
107.1
108.3
107.4
109.6
107.7
106.8
106.9
106.6
111.9
111.5
111.9
111.5
111.5
112.2
113.0
110.8
106.9
108.8
107.9
110.9
107.5
107.9
108.1
106.9
111.9
111.9
112.0
111.9
112.0
112.0
112.6
110.8
106.8
109.7
108.3
111.2
108.0
108.3
108.6
107.4
112.1
112.6
113.2
112.5
112.6
112.7
113.4
111.8
107.0
110.0
108.2
112.0
108.3
108.6
108.8
107.7
112.4
112.8
113.2
112.8
113.2
112.7
113.5
111.5
108.0
110.9
109.0
115.4
109.0
109.8
110.0
109.0
113.0
113.3
113.2
113.3
113.9
113.5
114.0
112.2
0.9
.8
.7
3.0
.6
1.1
1.1
1.2
.5
.4
.0
.4
.6
.7
.4
.6
0.8
2.4
1.5
5.3
1.2
2.8
2.9
2.3
1.0
1.6
1.2
1.6
2.2
1.2
.9
1.3
108.9
109.4
111.3
111.6
112.3
112.9
114.0
114.3
114.6
.3
2.0
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Professional and related……………………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Office and administrative support…………………………
Service occupations……………………………………………
108.8
108.6
108.8
109.3
109.7
109.3
109.1
109.3
109.8
110.0
111.3
111.1
111.0
111.4
111.9
111.6
111.4
111.3
111.8
112.4
112.0
111.9
112.4
112.8
113.4
112.6
112.4
113.0
113.3
114.0
113.7
113.7
114.3
114.7
114.9
113.9
114.0
114.7
115.0
115.6
114.1
114.0
115.3
115.6
116.1
.2
.0
.5
.5
.4
1.9
1.9
2.6
2.5
2.4
Workers by industry
Education and health services………………………………
Education services………………………………………
Schools…………………………………………………
Elementary and secondary schools………………
Health care and social assistance………………………
Hospitals…………………………………………………
108.6
108.4
108.4
108.3
110.1
109.2
109.1
108.8
108.8
108.8
111.1
109.7
111.2
111.0
111.0
111.1
112.7
110.8
111.5
111.2
111.2
111.4
113.2
111.3
111.9
111.8
111.8
112.0
113.3
112.4
112.4
112.1
112.1
112.2
114.8
113.5
113.7
113.5
113.5
114.0
115.3
114.0
114.0
113.7
113.7
114.1
115.8
114.5
114.1
113.8
113.8
114.1
116.2
115.2
.1
.1
.1
.0
.3
.6
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.6
2.5
109.7
110.1
111.6
112.0
113.0
113.8
114.5
115.1
115.6
.4
2.3
State and local government workers…………………………
3
Public administration ………………………………………
1
Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index consists of
wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits.
2 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and
State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers.
3 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
92
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North
American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational
Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for
informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS
estimates starting in March 2006.
31. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
[December 2005 = 100]
2008
Series
Mar.
June
2009
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
2010
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
Mar. 2010
1
Civilian workers ……….…….........…………………………………….…
107.6
108.4
109.3
109.6
110.0
110.4
110.9
111.2
111.7
0.4
1.5
Management, professional, and related………………………
Management, business, and financial……………………
Professional and related……………………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Sales and related……………………………………………
Office and administrative support…………………………
108.2
108.2
108.3
106.7
105.2
107.8
109.0
109.0
109.0
107.7
106.6
108.5
110.1
109.8
110.3
108.1
106.3
109.3
110.5
110.1
110.7
108.1
105.6
109.8
111.0
110.4
111.2
108.1
104.3
110.6
111.2
110.5
111.5
108.6
104.7
111.2
111.5
110.6
112.1
109.2
105.7
111.6
111.8
110.9
112.2
109.7
106.2
111.9
112.5
112.1
112.7
109.9
106.2
112.3
.6
1.1
.4
.2
.0
.4
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.8
1.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…………
Construction and extraction………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair……………………
Production, transportation, and material moving……………
Production……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving………………………
Service occupations……………………………………………
108.1
109.0
107.0
106.1
105.7
106.6
108.0
109.0
109.9
107.8
106.9
106.5
107.3
108.7
109.9
110.7
108.8
107.7
107.2
108.2
109.9
110.6
111.3
109.6
108.0
107.5
108.5
110.3
110.7
111.4
110.0
108.5
108.2
108.8
111.2
111.2
111.8
110.5
109.0
108.7
109.5
111.6
111.7
112.3
111.1
109.6
109.2
110.2
112.4
112.1
112.7
111.5
109.9
109.4
110.4
112.7
112.6
112.8
112.3
110.1
109.8
110.6
113.0
.4
.1
.7
.2
.4
.2
.3
1.7
1.3
2.1
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.6
Workers by industry
Goods-producing………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing………………………………………………
Education and health services……………………………
Health care and social assistance………………………
Hospitals…………………………………………………
Nursing and residential care facilities………………
Education services………………………………………
Elementary and secondary schools…………………
107.1
105.9
107.7
108.0
108.9
108.4
107.4
107.3
107.0
108.0
106.7
108.5
108.7
109.6
109.4
108.1
107.9
107.5
108.6
107.4
109.4
110.2
110.4
110.5
109.1
110.0
109.9
109.0
107.7
109.7
110.5
110.9
111.3
109.7
110.2
110.1
109.2
108.1
110.2
111.0
111.7
112.0
110.3
110.5
110.4
109.5
108.4
110.5
111.4
112.2
112.6
110.9
110.7
110.5
109.8
108.6
111.1
112.3
112.8
113.2
111.4
111.8
112.0
110.1
108.9
111.4
112.6
113.2
113.7
111.7
112.0
112.1
110.5
109.4
111.9
112.8
113.6
114.0
112.1
112.2
112.3
.4
.5
.4
.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.7
Public administration ……………………………………… 108.2
108.6
109.9
110.4
111.3
112.3
112.8
113.3
113.7
.4
2.2
107.6
108.4
109.1
109.4
109.8
110.1
110.6
110.9
111.4
.5
1.5
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Management, business, and financial……………………
Professional and related……………………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Sales and related……………………………………………
Office and administrative support…………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…………
Construction and extraction…………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair………………………
Production, transportation, and material moving……………
Production……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving………………………
Service occupations……………………………………………
108.5
108.2
108.7
106.7
105.3
107.7
108.1
109.2
106.8
106.0
105.6
106.5
107.9
109.3
109.0
109.5
107.7
106.6
108.5
109.0
110.1
107.6
106.8
106.4
107.4
108.8
110.1
109.7
110.4
108.0
106.4
109.2
109.8
110.8
108.5
107.5
107.2
108.0
109.7
110.5
110.0
110.9
108.0
105.7
109.7
110.5
111.5
109.3
107.8
107.4
108.3
110.1
111.1
110.3
111.6
107.9
104.3
110.6
110.6
111.4
109.7
108.3
108.1
108.5
111.0
111.1
110.3
111.8
108.3
104.7
111.1
111.0
111.7
110.2
108.8
108.5
109.2
111.2
111.3
110.4
112.1
109.0
105.7
111.4
111.6
112.3
110.7
109.4
109.0
109.9
112.1
111.5
110.8
112.1
109.4
106.2
111.8
112.0
112.7
111.2
109.6
109.3
110.1
112.3
112.5
112.0
112.8
109.6
106.2
112.2
112.5
112.9
112.1
109.8
109.6
110.2
112.6
.9
1.1
.6
.2
.0
.4
.4
.2
.8
.2
.3
.1
.3
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.7
1.3
2.2
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.4
Workers by industry and occupational group
Goods-producing industries……………………………………
Management, professional, and related……………………
Sales and office………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………
Production, transportation, and material moving………..
107.1
107.7
105.8
108.8
105.7
108.0
108.4
107.2
109.6
106.6
108.6
108.7
107.6
110.5
107.3
109.0
108.8
107.9
111.3
107.6
109.2
109.3
108.1
111.1
108.0
109.5
109.3
108.3
111.4
108.5
109.8
109.4
108.4
111.9
108.9
110.0
109.4
108.8
112.3
109.1
110.5
110.5
108.4
112.6
109.4
.5
1.0
-.4
.3
.3
1.2
1.1
.3
1.4
1.3
Construction…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Management, professional, and related…………………
Sales and office……………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance……
Production, transportation, and material moving……..
109.0
105.9
106.7
105.5
106.8
105.4
110.0
106.7
107.2
106.9
107.1
106.3
110.6
107.4
107.6
107.6
108.1
107.1
111.1
107.7
107.8
108.1
109.0
107.3
111.2
108.1
108.4
108.2
108.8
107.7
111.4
108.4
108.5
108.2
109.2
108.2
111.7
108.6
108.6
108.3
109.7
108.6
111.9
108.9
108.7
108.7
109.9
108.9
112.1
109.4
110.0
108.3
110.4
109.2
.2
.5
1.2
-.4
.5
.3
.8
1.2
1.5
.1
1.5
1.4
Service-providing industries…………………………………
Management, professional, and related……………………
Sales and office………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………
Production, transportation, and material moving………..
Service occupations…………………………………………
107.7
108.6
106.8
106.9
106.3
108.0
108.6
109.4
107.7
108.0
107.1
108.8
109.3
110.3
108.0
108.6
107.8
109.7
109.6
110.8
108.0
109.3
108.1
110.1
110.0
111.4
107.9
109.9
108.6
111.0
110.3
111.5
108.3
110.5
109.3
111.3
110.8
111.7
109.0
111.2
110.0
112.2
111.1
111.9
109.5
111.6
110.2
112.3
111.7
112.8
109.8
112.5
110.4
112.6
.5
.8
.3
.8
.2
.3
1.5
1.3
1.8
2.4
1.7
1.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities…………………………
105.9
107.2
107.5
107.4
107.8
108.2
108.7
108.9
109.5
.6
1.6
Workers by occupational group
2
Private industry workers………………………………………
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
93
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
31. Continued—Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
[December 2005 = 100]
2008
Series
Mar.
June
2009
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
2010
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
Mar. 2010
Wholesale trade……………………………………………
Retail trade…………………………………………………
Transportation and warehousing………………………
Utilities………………………………………………………
Information…………………………………………………
Financial activities…………………………………………
Finance and insurance…………………………………
Real estate and rental and leasing……………………
Professional and business services………………………
Education and health services……………………………
Education services………………………………………
Health care and social assistance……………………
Hospitals………………………………………………
Leisure and hospitality……………………………………
Accommodation and food services……………………
Other services, except public administration……………
105.2
106.4
105.0
108.0
105.3
107.2
107.9
104.5
109.1
108.6
107.9
108.7
108.2
109.7
110.0
109.2
107.2
107.6
106.0
109.3
106.3
107.7
108.4
104.7
110.0
109.2
108.6
109.4
109.2
109.9
110.4
109.9
106.8
108.1
106.7
109.3
107.3
107.7
108.2
105.3
111.0
110.2
110.8
110.1
110.3
111.4
111.9
110.4
106.4
108.1
106.9
109.6
107.5
107.2
107.6
105.7
111.9
110.6
110.8
110.6
111.1
112.3
112.8
110.4
106.8
108.3
107.2
111.0
107.8
106.8
107.1
105.6
112.3
111.4
111.1
111.5
111.8
113.1
113.7
111.4
106.5
108.9
107.9
112.0
108.1
107.9
108.5
105.8
112.2
111.8
111.2
111.9
112.3
112.8
113.2
111.4
106.2
110.0
108.3
112.2
108.7
108.5
109.0
106.3
112.3
112.5
112.2
112.5
112.9
113.7
114.2
112.5
106.4
110.4
108.3
113.3
109.1
108.9
109.4
106.8
112.7
112.8
112.6
112.8
113.4
113.8
114.3
112.1
107.1
111.0
108.7
113.9
109.6
109.8
110.2
107.9
113.3
113.2
112.5
113.3
113.7
114.5
114.7
112.3
0.7
.5
.4
.5
.5
.8
.7
1.0
.5
.4
-.1
.4
.3
.6
.3
.2
0.3
2.5
1.4
2.6
1.7
2.8
2.9
2.2
.9
1.6
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.2
.9
.8
107.7
108.2
110.1
110.4
110.9
111.5
112.4
112.6
112.9
.3
1.8
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Professional and related……………………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Office and administrative support…………………………
Service occupations……………………………………………
107.6
107.5
107.4
107.8
108.3
108.2
108.1
107.9
108.3
108.6
110.1
110.1
109.3
109.7
110.4
110.4
110.3
109.7
110.1
110.9
110.7
110.6
110.5
111.0
112.0
111.2
111.1
111.2
111.6
112.7
112.1
112.1
112.1
112.6
113.3
112.3
112.3
112.4
112.9
113.8
112.5
112.5
112.9
113.3
114.3
.2
.2
.4
.4
.4
1.6
1.7
2.2
2.1
2.1
Workers by industry
Education and health services………………………………
Education services………………………………………
Schools…………………………………………………
Elementary and secondary schools………………
Health care and social assistance………………………
Hospitals…………………………………………………
107.5
107.2
107.2
106.9
110.1
109.8
108.1
107.7
107.7
107.5
111.0
110.3
110.2
109.9
109.9
109.8
112.8
111.4
110.5
110.1
110.1
110.1
113.4
112.1
110.7
110.4
110.4
110.3
113.1
112.8
111.1
110.7
110.7
110.5
114.8
114.0
112.1
111.7
111.7
112.0
115.2
114.4
112.3
111.9
111.9
112.1
115.6
114.9
112.5
112.1
112.1
112.3
115.9
115.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.4
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.8
2.5
2.3
108.2
108.6
109.9
110.4
111.3
112.3
112.8
113.3
113.7
.4
2.2
State and local government workers…………………………
2
Public administration ………………………………………
1
Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and
State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers.
2 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North
94
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational
Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for
informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS
estimates starting in March 2006.
32. Employment Cost Index, benefits, by occupation and industry group
[December 2005 = 100]
2008
Series
Mar.
June
2009
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
2010
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
Mar. 2010
Civilian workers………………………………………………….
107.6
108.1
108.9
109.1
109.7
110.0
110.6
110.7
112.1
1.3
2.2
Private industry workers………………………………………… 106.5
107.0
107.5
107.7
108.2
108.4
108.7
108.8
110.4
1.5
2.0
Workers by occupational group
Management, professional, and related………………………
Sales and office…………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…………
Production, transportation, and material moving……………
107.3
106.5
106.5
104.4
107.9
107.0
107.0
104.5
108.5
107.6
107.5
104.8
108.5
107.8
107.7
105.1
108.8
108.0
108.2
106.4
108.8
108.1
108.8
106.8
108.9
108.5
109.3
107.1
108.8
108.7
109.5
107.4
110.2
110.2
111.6
110.0
1.3
1.4
1.9
2.4
1.3
2.0
3.1
3.4
Service occupations……………………………………………
107.6
108.5
108.7
108.8
109.7
110.0
110.4
110.5
111.7
1.1
1.8
104.0
Goods-producing………………………………………………
Manufacturing………………………………………………… 102.3
Service-providing……………………………………………… 107.6
104.4
102.2
108.1
104.6
102.3
108.7
104.7
102.5
108.9
105.4
103.5
109.3
105.7
103.6
109.5
105.7
103.4
109.9
105.8
103.6
109.9
108.4
106.6
111.3
2.5
2.9
1.3
2.8
3.0
1.8
111.8
113.9
114.2
115.2
115.8
117.5
117.9
118.3
.3
2.7
Workers by industry
State and local government workers…………………………
111.4
NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to
the 2002 North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000
Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and
SOC data shown prior
to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official
BLS estimates starting in March 2006.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
95
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
33. Employment Cost Index, private industry workers by bargaining status and region
[December 2005 = 100]
2008
Series
Mar.
June
2009
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
2010
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Percent change
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
Mar. 2010
COMPENSATION
Workers by bargaining status1
Union…………………………………………………………………
Goods-producing…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing…………………………………………………
105.9
104.6
101.4
107.0
106.7
105.6
101.7
107.5
107.4
106.2
102.1
108.3
108.0
106.9
102.8
108.8
109.1
108.0
104.4
109.9
109.8
108.9
104.8
110.6
110.5
109.5
105.4
111.3
111.1
110.0
105.8
111.9
112.8
112.0
108.6
113.5
1.5
1.8
2.6
1.4
3.4
3.7
4.0
3.3
Nonunion……………………………………………………………
Goods-producing…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing…………………………………………………
107.5
106.5
105.6
107.7
108.3
107.1
106.2
108.6
108.9
107.6
106.6
109.2
109.1
107.7
106.8
109.4
109.4
107.9
107.1
109.8
109.6
108.0
107.3
110.0
109.9
108.0
107.3
110.4
110.1
108.2
107.5
110.6
110.9
109.1
108.5
111.3
.7
.8
.9
.6
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.4
Workers by region1
Northeast……………………………………………………………
South…………………………………………………………………
Midwest………………………………………………………………
West…………………………………………………………………
107.4
107.8
106.0
107.8
108.1
108.5
107.0
108.4
108.7
109.1
107.4
109.3
109.5
109.3
107.6
109.4
109.8
109.8
107.9
109.9
110.2
110.1
108.1
110.1
110.7
110.6
108.4
110.3
111.0
110.7
108.6
110.7
111.8
111.5
109.9
111.4
.7
.7
1.2
.6
1.8
1.5
1.9
1.4
Workers by bargaining status1
Union…………………………………………………………………
Goods-producing…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing…………………………………………………
105.5
105.2
103.4
105.8
106.7
106.4
104.4
106.9
107.4
107.1
104.9
107.7
108.1
107.7
105.5
108.3
108.8
108.2
106.0
109.2
109.6
108.8
106.4
110.1
110.2
109.5
107.0
110.8
110.9
109.8
107.3
111.6
111.5
110.2
107.8
112.4
.5
.4
.5
.7
2.5
1.8
1.7
2.9
Nonunion……………………………………………………………
Goods-producing…………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Service-providing…………………………………………………
107.9
107.7
106.6
107.9
108.7
108.4
107.3
108.8
109.4
109.0
108.0
109.4
109.6
109.3
108.2
109.7
110.0
109.5
108.6
110.1
110.2
109.7
108.9
110.3
110.6
109.9
109.1
110.8
110.9
110.1
109.3
111.0
111.4
110.6
109.8
111.6
.5
.5
.5
.5
1.3
1.0
1.1
1.4
Workers by region1
Northeast……………………………………………………………
South…………………………………………………………………
Midwest………………………………………………………………
West…………………………………………………………………
107.5
108.1
106.3
108.3
108.2
109.1
107.5
108.9
108.7
109.8
107.9
109.9
109.6
110.0
108.0
110.1
109.9
110.4
108.4
110.5
110.3
110.7
108.6
110.8
110.8
111.3
108.9
111.2
111.1
111.5
109.2
111.6
111.7
111.9
109.9
112.1
.5
.4
.6
.4
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.4
WAGES AND SALARIES
1 The indexes are calculated differently from those for the
occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the
index calculation, see the Monthly Labor Review Technical Note,
"Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index," May
1982.
96
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American
Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The
NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS
and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006.
34. National Compensation Survey: Retirement benefits in private industry by
access, participation, and selected series, 2003–2007
Year
Series
2003
2004
2005
2007 1
2006
All retirement
Percentage of workers with access
All workers………………………………………………………
57
59
60
60
White-collar occupations 2 ……………………………………
67
69
70
69
-
-
-
-
-
76
64
Management, professional, and related ……………….
61
Sales and office ……………………………………………
-
-
-
-
Blue-collar occupations 2………………………………………
59
59
60
62
-
-
-
-
-
61
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance...…
Production, transportation, and material moving…...…
Service occupations……………………………………………
-
-
-
-
65
28
31
32
34
36
Full-time…………………………………………………………
67
68
69
69
70
Part-time………………………………………………………
24
27
27
29
31
Union……………………………………………………………
86
84
88
84
84
Non-union………………………………………………………
54
56
56
57
58
Average wage less than $15 per hour……...………………
45
46
46
47
47
Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...………………
76
77
78
77
76
Goods-producing industries…………………………………
70
70
71
73
70
Service-providing industries…………………………………
53
55
56
56
58
Establishments with 1-99 workers……………………………
42
44
44
44
45
Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………
75
77
78
78
78
All workers………………………………………………………
49
50
50
51
51
White-collar occupations 2 ……………………………………
59
61
61
60
-
-
-
-
-
69
54
Percentage of workers participating
Management, professional, and related ……………….
Sales and office ……………………………………………
-
-
-
-
Blue-collar occupations 2………………………………………
50
50
51
52
-
-
-
-
-
51
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…...
Production, transportation, and material moving…...…
Service occupations……………………………………………
-
-
-
-
54
21
22
22
24
25
Full-time…………………………………………………………
58
60
60
60
60
Part-time………………………………………………………
18
20
19
21
23
Union……………………………………………………………
83
81
85
80
81
Non-union………………………………………………………
45
47
46
47
47
Average wage less than $15 per hour……...………………
35
36
35
36
36
Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...………………
70
71
71
70
69
Goods-producing industries…………………………………
63
63
64
64
61
Service-providing industries…………………………………
45
47
47
47
48
Establishments with 1-99 workers……………………………
35
37
37
37
37
Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………
65
67
67
67
66
-
-
85
85
84
All workers………………………………………………………
20
21
22
21
21
White-collar occupations 2 ……………………………………
23
24
25
23
-
-
-
-
-
29
19
3
Take-up rate (all workers) ……………………………………
Defined Benefit
Percentage of workers with access
Management, professional, and related ……………….
Sales and office ……………………………………………
-
-
-
-
Blue-collar occupations 2………………………………………
24
26
26
25
-
-
-
-
-
26
26
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance...…
Production, transportation, and material moving…...…
-
-
-
-
Service occupations……………………………………………
8
6
7
8
8
Full-time…………………………………………………………
24
25
25
24
24
Part-time………………………………………………………
8
9
10
9
10
Union……………………………………………………………
74
70
73
70
69
Non-union………………………………………………………
15
16
16
15
15
Average wage less than $15 per hour……...………………
12
11
12
11
11
Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...………………
34
35
35
34
33
Goods-producing industries…………………………………
31
32
33
32
29
Service-providing industries…………………………………
17
18
19
18
19
9
9
10
9
9
34
35
37
35
34
Establishments with 1-99 workers……………………………
Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
97
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
34. Continued—National Compensation Survey: Retirement benefits in private industry
by access, participation, and selected series, 2003–2007
Year
Series
2003
2004
2005
2007 1
2006
Percentage of workers participating
All workers………………………………………………………
White-collar occupations 2 ……………………………………
Management, professional, and related ……………….
Sales and office ……………………………………………
Blue-collar occupations 2……………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance...…
Production, transportation, and material moving…...…
Service occupations…………………………………………
Full-time………………………………………………………
Part-time………………………………………………………
Union……………………………………………………………
Non-union………………………………………………………
Average wage less than $15 per hour……...………………
20
22
24
7
24
8
72
15
11
21
24
25
6
24
9
69
15
11
21
24
26
7
25
9
72
15
11
20
22
25
7
23
8
68
14
10
20
28
17
25
25
7
23
9
67
15
10
Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...………………
33
35
34
33
32
Goods-producing industries…………………………………
31
31
32
31
28
Service-providing industries…………………………………
16
18
18
17
18
Establishments with 1-99 workers…………………………
8
9
9
9
9
Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………
33
34
36
33
32
-
-
97
96
95
All workers………………………………………………………
51
53
53
54
55
White-collar occupations 2 ……………………………………
62
64
64
65
-
-
-
-
-
71
60
3
Take-up rate (all workers) ……………………………………
Defined Contribution
Percentage of workers with access
Management, professional, and related ……………….
Sales and office ……………………………………………
2
Blue-collar occupations ……………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance...…
-
-
-
-
49
49
50
53
-
-
-
-
-
51
56
Production, transportation, and material moving…...…
-
-
-
-
Service occupations…………………………………………
23
27
28
30
32
Full-time………………………………………………………
60
62
62
63
64
Part-time………………………………………………………
21
23
23
25
27
Union……………………………………………………………
45
48
49
50
49
Non-union………………………………………………………
51
53
54
55
56
Average wage less than $15 per hour……...………………
40
41
41
43
44
Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...………………
67
68
69
69
69
Goods-producing industries…………………………………
60
60
61
63
62
Service-providing industries…………………………………
48
50
51
52
53
Establishments with 1-99 workers…………………………
38
40
40
41
42
Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………
65
68
69
70
70
All workers………………………………………………………
40
42
42
43
43
White-collar occupations 2 ……………………………………
51
53
53
53
-
-
-
-
-
60
47
Percentage of workers participating
Management, professional, and related ……………….
-
-
-
-
Blue-collar occupations 2……………………………………
Sales and office ……………………………………………
38
38
38
40
-
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance...…
-
-
-
-
40
41
Production, transportation, and material moving…...…
-
-
-
-
Service occupations…………………………………………
16
18
18
20
20
Full-time………………………………………………………
48
50
50
51
50
Part-time………………………………………………………
14
14
14
16
18
Union……………………………………………………………
39
42
43
44
41
Non-union………………………………………………………
40
42
41
43
43
Average wage less than $15 per hour……...………………
29
30
29
31
30
Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...………………
57
59
59
58
57
Goods-producing industries…………………………………
49
49
50
51
49
Service-providing industries…………………………………
37
40
39
40
41
Establishments with 1-99 workers…………………………
31
32
32
33
33
Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………
51
53
53
54
53
-
-
78
79
77
Take-up rate (all workers) 3……………………………………
See footnotes at end of table.
98
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
34. Continued—National Compensation Survey: Retirement benefits in private industry
by access, participation, and selected series, 2003–2007
Year
Series
2003
2004
2005
2007 1
2006
Employee Contribution Requirement
Employee contribution required…………………………
Employee contribution not required………………………
Not determinable……………………………………………
-
-
61
31
8
61
33
6
65
35
0
Percent of establishments
Offering retirement plans……………………………………
Offering defined benefit plans………………………………
Offering defined contribution plans……………………….
47
10
45
48
10
46
51
11
48
48
10
47
46
10
44
1
The 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) replaced the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
System. Estimates for goods-producing and service-providing (formerly service-producing) industries are considered comparable.
Also introduced was the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) to replace the 1990 Census of Population system.
Only service occupations are considered comparable.
2
The white-collar and blue-collar occupation series were discontinued effective 2007.
3
The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan.
Note: Where applicable, dashes indicate no employees in this category or data do not meet publication criteria.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
99
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
35. National Compensation Survey: Health insurance benefits in private industry
by access, participation, and selected series, 2003-2007
Year
Series
2003
2004
2005
2007 1
2006
Medical insurance
Percentage of workers with access
All workers…………………………………………………………………………
White-collar occupations 2 ………………………………………………………
Management, professional, and related …………………………………
Sales and office………………………………………………………………
Blue-collar occupations 2………………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………………………
60
69
70
71
65
76
77
77
71
-
-
-
-
-
85
71
-
-
-
-
64
76
77
77
-
-
-
-
-
76
Production, transportation, and material moving…………………………
-
-
-
-
78
Service occupations……………………………………………………………
38
42
44
45
46
Full-time…………………………………………………………………………
73
84
85
85
85
Part-time…………………………………………………………………………
17
20
22
22
24
Union………………………………………………………………………………
67
89
92
89
88
Non-union…………………………………………………………………………
59
67
68
68
69
Average wage less than $15 per hour…………………………………………
51
57
58
57
57
Average wage $15 per hour or higher…………………………………………
74
86
87
88
87
Goods-producing industries……………………………………………………
68
83
85
86
85
Service-providing industries……………………………………………………
57
65
66
66
67
Establishments with 1-99 workers………………………………………………
49
58
59
59
59
Establishments with 100 or more workers……………………………………
72
82
84
84
84
45
53
53
52
52
50
59
58
57
-
-
-
-
-
67
48
Percentage of workers participating
All workers…………………………………………………………………………
2
White-collar occupations ………………………………………………………
Management, professional, and related …………………………………
Sales and office………………………………………………………………
Blue-collar occupations 2………………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………………………
-
-
-
-
51
60
61
60
-
-
-
-
-
61
Production, transportation, and material moving…………………………
-
-
-
-
60
Service occupations……………………………………………………………
22
24
27
27
28
Full-time…………………………………………………………………………
56
66
66
64
64
Part-time…………………………………………………………………………
9
11
12
13
12
Union………………………………………………………………………………
60
81
83
80
78
Non-union…………………………………………………………………………
44
50
49
49
49
Average wage less than $15 per hour…………………………………………
35
40
39
38
37
Average wage $15 per hour or higher…………………………………………
61
71
72
71
70
Goods-producing industries……………………………………………………
57
69
70
70
68
Service-providing industries……………………………………………………
42
48
48
47
47
Establishments with 1-99 workers………………………………………………
36
43
43
43
42
Establishments with 100 or more workers……………………………………
55
64
65
63
62
-
-
75
74
73
40
46
46
46
46
47
53
54
53
-
-
-
-
-
62
47
3
Take-up rate (all workers) ………………………………………………………
Dental
Percentage of workers with access
All workers…………………………………………………………………………
White-collar occupations 2 ………………………………………………………
Management, professional, and related …………………………………
Sales and office………………………………………………………………
Blue-collar occupations 2………………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………………………
-
-
-
47
47
46
-
-
-
-
-
43
Production, transportation, and material moving…………………………
-
-
-
-
49
Service occupations……………………………………………………………
22
25
25
27
28
Full-time…………………………………………………………………………
49
56
56
55
56
Part-time…………………………………………………………………………
9
13
14
15
16
Union………………………………………………………………………………
57
73
73
69
68
Non-union…………………………………………………………………………
38
43
43
43
44
Average wage less than $15 per hour…………………………………………
30
34
34
34
34
Average wage $15 per hour or higher…………………………………………
55
63
62
62
61
Goods-producing industries……………………………………………………
48
56
56
56
54
Service-providing industries……………………………………………………
37
43
43
43
44
Establishments with 1-99 workers………………………………………………
27
31
31
31
30
Establishments with 100 or more workers……………………………………
55
64
65
64
64
See footnotes at end of table.
100
40
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
35. Continued—National Compensation Survey: Health insurance benefits in
private industry by access, particpation, and selected series, 2003-2007
Year
Series
2003
2004
2005
2007 1
2006
Percentage of workers participating
All workers……………………………………………………………………………
32
37
36
36
White-collar occupations 2 ………………………………………………………
37
43
42
41
-
Management, professional, and related ……………………………………
-
-
-
-
51
33
Sales and office…………………………………………………………………
Blue-collar occupations 2…………………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…………………………
36
-
-
-
-
33
40
39
38
-
-
-
-
-
36
Production, transportation, and material moving……………………………
-
-
-
-
38
Service occupations………………………………………………………………
15
16
17
18
20
Full-time……………………………………………………………………………
40
46
45
44
44
Part-time……………………………………………………………………………
6
8
9
10
9
Union………………………………………………………………………………
51
68
67
63
62
Non-union…………………………………………………………………………
30
33
33
33
33
Average wage less than $15 per hour…………………………………………
22
26
24
23
23
Average wage $15 per hour or higher…………………………………………
47
53
52
52
51
Goods-producing industries………………………………………………………
42
49
49
49
45
Service-providing industries………………………………………………………
29
33
33
32
33
Establishments with 1-99 workers………………………………………………
21
24
24
24
24
Establishments with 100 or more workers………………………………………
44
52
51
50
49
Take-up rate (all workers) 3…………………………………………………………
-
-
78
78
77
Percentage of workers with access………………………………………………
25
29
29
29
29
Percentage of workers participating………………………………………………
19
22
22
22
22
Percentage of workers with access………………………………………………
-
-
64
67
68
Percentage of workers participating………………………………………………
-
-
48
49
49
Percent of estalishments offering healthcare benefits …………………......…
58
61
63
62
60
Vision care
Outpatient Prescription drug coverage
Percentage of medical premium paid by
Employer and Employee
Single coverage
Employer share……………………………………………………………………
82
82
82
82
81
Employee share…………………………………………………………………
18
18
18
18
19
Family coverage
Employer share……………………………………………………………………
70
69
71
70
71
Employee share…………………………………………………………………
30
31
29
30
29
1
The 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) replaced the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
System. Estimates for goods-producing and service-providing (formerly service-producing) industries are considered comparable.
Also introduced was the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) to replace the 1990 Census of Population system.
Only service occupations are considered comparable.
2
The white-collar and blue-collar occupation series were discontinued effective 2007.
3
The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan.
Note: Where applicable, dashes indicate no employees in this category or data do not meet publication criteria.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
101
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
36. National Compensation Survey: Percent of workers in private industry
with access to selected benefits, 2003-2007
Year
Benefit
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Life insurance……………………………………………………
50
51
52
52
58
Short-term disabilty insurance…………………………………
39
39
40
39
39
Long-term disability insurance…………………………………
30
30
30
30
31
Long-term care insurance………………………………………
11
11
11
12
12
Flexible work place………………………………………………
4
4
4
4
5
Flexible benefits………………………………………………
-
-
17
17
17
Dependent care reimbursement account…………..………
-
-
29
30
31
33
Section 125 cafeteria benefits
Healthcare reimbursement account……………………...…
-
-
31
32
Health Savings Account………………………………...………
-
-
5
6
8
Employee assistance program……………………….…………
-
-
40
40
42
Paid leave
Holidays…………………………………………...……………
79
77
77
76
77
Vacations……………………………………………..………
79
77
77
77
77
Sick leave………………………………………..……………
-
59
58
57
57
Personal leave…………………………………………..……
-
-
36
37
38
Family leave
Paid family leave…………………………………………….…
-
-
7
8
8
Unpaid family leave………………………………………..…
-
-
81
82
83
Employer assistance for child care…………………….………
18
14
14
15
15
Nonproduction bonuses………………………...………………
49
47
47
46
47
Note: Where applicable, dashes indicate no employees in this category or data do not
meet publication criteria.
37. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more
Annual average
Measure
2008
Number of stoppages:
Beginning in period.............................
In effect during period…......................
2009
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.p
15
16
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
1
1
0
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Workers involved:
Beginning in period (in thousands)…..
In effect during period (in thousands)…
72.2
136.8
12.5
16.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.5
2.5
1.5
4.0
1.9
1.9
0.0
1.9
0.0
0.0
6.6
6.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.5
1.5
Days idle:
Number (in thousands)…....................
1954.1
124.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
30.0
43.5
5.7
15.2
0.0
29.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.5
0.01
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Percent of estimated working time …
1
Agricultural and government employees are included in the total employed
and total working time; private household, forestry, and fishery employees are
excluded. An explanation of the measurement of idleness as a percentage of the
total time
102
2010
2009
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
worked is found in "Total economy measures of strike idleness," Monthly Labor Review,
October 1968, pp. 54–56.
NOTE:
p = preliminary.
38. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers:
U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
[1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS
All items...........................................................................
All items (1967 = 100)......................................................
Food and beverages......................................................
Food..................….........................................................
Food at home…...........................................................
Cereals and bakery products….................................
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs…................................
2010
2009
Annual average
Series
2008
2009
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
215.303
644.951
214.225
214.106
214.125
244.853
204.653
214.537
642.658
218.249
217.955
215.124
252.567
203.805
212.709
637.182
218.794
218.600
217.110
253.698
206.348
213.240
638.771
218.364
218.162
215.783
252.709
205.699
213.856
640.616
218.076
217.826
215.088
252.714
203.789
215.693
646.121
218.030
217.740
214.824
253.008
204.031
215.351
645.096
217.608
217.257
213.815
253.391
201.743
215.834
646.544
217.701
217.350
213.722
252.382
202.911
215.969
646.948
217.617
217.218
213.227
251.231
201.755
216.177
647.570
217.957
217.526
213.605
251.421
200.597
216.330
648.028
217.733
217.265
212.816
250.600
201.202
215.949
646.887
218.049
217.637
213.359
251.019
201.003
216.687
649.098
219.223
218.874
215.404
250.725
201.870
216.741
649.259
219.140
218.778
215.118
251.361
202.343
217.631
651.925
219.378
219.032
215.623
250.930
202.812
1
Dairy and related products ……….………………………… 210.396 197.013 199.687 197.124 196.055 194.197 193.118 192.381 193.353 195.360 193.914 194.792 198.949 198.800 198.814
Fruits and vegetables…............................................. 278.932 272.945 274.759 274.297 274.006 272.608 270.940 267.309 267.609 269.467 269.832 273.189 279.119 274.963 280.431
Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage
materials….............................................................. 160.045
Other foods at home…............................................... 184.166
Sugar and sweets…................................................. 186.577
Fats and oils…......................................................... 196.751
Other foods…........................................................... 198.103
1,2
Other miscellaneous foods ……….………………… 119.924
1
Food away from home ……….………………………………… 215.769
1,2
Other food away from home ……….…………………… 150.640
Alcoholic beverages….................................................. 214.484
Housing.......................................................................... 216.264
Shelter...............…....................................................... 246.666
Rent of primary residence…...................................... 243.271
163.034
191.220
196.933
201.224
205.497
165.656
192.234
197.137
204.776
206.367
162.889
191.352
197.301
200.464
205.734
162.803
191.144
196.403
200.679
205.587
162.571
191.328
197.009
201.127
205.654
162.069
190.967
195.126
201.031
205.544
162.953
191.317
195.430
200.578
206.064
162.911
190.571
196.998
200.009
204.728
162.885
191.266
196.747
199.916
205.814
161.358
189.640
198.227
196.473
203.671
161.216
189.921
198.712
197.391
203.832
163.684
190.994
199.777
200.220
204.719
162.775
191.572
201.942
200.919
205.008
162.666
190.991
199.917
198.567
204.952
122.393 122.402 122.883 122.838 122.224 121.990 121.892 122.099 122.112 121.263 122.422 121.564 121.172 122.318
223.272
155.852
220.751
217.057
249.354
248.812
222.216
154.414
219.999
217.374
249.597
248.639
222.905
155.099
219.671
217.126
249.855
248.899
223.023
155.099
220.005
216.971
249.779
249.069
223.163
155.841
220.477
218.071
250.243
249.092
223.345
156.570
220.850
218.085
250.310
248.994
223.675
156.697
220.946
217.827
250.248
249.029
224.003
157.302
221.474
217.178
249.501
248.965
224.224
157.056
222.232
216.612
249.474
248.888
224.633
157.027
222.485
215.808
248.211
248.886
224.789
156.990
222.082
215.523
247.863
248.999
224.916
157.517
222.401
215.925
247.950
249.144
225.081
158.569
222.496
215.841
248.001
249.017
224.991
158.657
222.521
216.023
248.052
249.089
Lodging away from home………………………………143.664 134.243 137.715 137.700 135.680 138.318 139.424 137.454 133.706 133.485 125.426 122.638 125.778 128.991 133.075
3
Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence ………. 252.426 256.610 256.321 256.622 256.875 256.981 256.872 257.155 256.865 256.890 256.731 256.727 256.591 256.483 256.272
1,2
Tenants' and household insurance ……….…………… 118.843
Fuels and utilities…................................................... 220.018
Fuels...............…...................................................... 200.808
Fuel oil and other fuels…....................................... 334.405
Gas (piped) and electricity….................................. 202.212
Household furnishings and operations…................... 127.800
Apparel .......................................................................... 118.907
Men's and boys' apparel…......................................... 113.032
Women's and girls' apparel….................................... 107.460
121.487
210.696
188.113
239.778
193.563
128.701
120.078
113.628
108.091
120.737
210.501
188.736
230.837
194.752
129.669
122.545
117.748
111.079
120.675
207.175
184.903
228.107
190.686
129.654
123.208
117.195
111.871
120.728
206.358
183.783
225.164
189.619
129.644
121.751
117.146
109.460
121.083
212.677
190.647
232.638
196.754
129.623
118.799
112.849
106.455
121.298
212.961
190.534
230.192
196.767
129.267
115.620
109.744
101.688
121.830
212.661
189.735
237.521
195.475
128.304
117.130
110.835
103.991
122.170
211.618
188.509
236.616
194.176
128.201
122.476
112.933
112.535
122.184
207.937
184.146
243.936
188.963
127.740
123.998
114.818
113.838
122.243
208.955
185.165
260.250
189.166
127.265
122.465
113.636
111.460
123.812
208.760
184.886
262.649
188.724
127.119
119.357
110.633
108.304
124.360
211.381
187.330
280.850
190.439
127.209
116.678
109.762
103.353
124.439
210.819
186.345
277.284
189.549
126.945
118.869
111.351
106.818
124.416
212.295
187.864
276.027
191.280
126.750
122.073
113.104
111.730
114.489
126.854
179.252
174.762
115.548
126.707
169.647
165.023
117.084
128.057
171.987
167.516
114.142
127.519
175.997
171.757
113.915
125.515
183.735
179.649
111.022
124.405
182.798
178.330
113.673
125.292
184.386
179.987
116.309
128.670
183.932
179.466
117.300
130.333
185.362
180.896
116.312
130.594
188.587
184.099
112.695
128.492
188.318
183.766
113.248
127.205
190.512
186.308
114.318
127.737
189.577
185.274
115.920
128.525
192.130
187.796
2
New and used motor vehicles ……….…………………… 93.291 93.486
New vehicles…........................................................ 134.194 135.623
1
Used cars and trucks ……….……………………………… 133.951 126.973
Motor fuel…............................................................... 279.652 201.978
Gasoline (all types)…............................................... 277.457 201.555
Motor vehicle parts and equipment…........................ 128.747 134.050
Motor vehicle maintenance and repair…................... 233.859 243.337
Public transportation...............….................................. 250.549 236.348
Medical care................................................................... 364.065 375.613
Medical care commodities...............…......................... 296.045 305.108
Medical care services...............…................................ 384.943 397.299
Professional services…............................................. 310.968 319.372
Hospital and related services…................................. 533.953 567.879
2
Recreation ……….………………………………………….……… 113.254 114.272
1,2
Video and audio ……….……………………………………… 102.632 101.276
2
Education and communication ……….……………………… 123.631 127.393
92.109
134.611
121.061
168.404
167.826
134.484
242.118
230.735
373.189
302.908
394.837
317.460
560.995
114.625
102.000
126.187
92.381
134.863
121.213
177.272
176.704
134.640
242.649
229.827
374.170
303.979
395.753
317.661
564.785
114.261
102.300
126.273
92.701
135.162
122.650
193.609
193.727
134.347
242.488
228.878
375.026
304.697
396.648
319.333
564.112
114.264
101.947
126.467
93.020
135.719
124.323
225.021
225.526
134.270
242.683
232.540
375.093
304.683
396.750
319.652
564.406
114.643
101.871
126.519
93.413
136.055
125.061
217.860
217.945
133.729
243.031
238.932
375.739
304.229
397.868
320.076
568.315
114.619
101.614
126.914
93.126
134.080
128.028
225.089
225.179
133.531
243.494
238.997
376.537
305.797
398.303
320.252
570.150
114.755
101.474
128.128
93.440
134.576
129.369
220.690
220.542
133.406
244.493
239.855
377.727
307.671
399.160
320.756
572.991
114.629
100.801
129.035
95.131
137.268
132.689
219.015
218.683
133.650
245.393
241.060
378.552
308.379
400.015
321.381
575.540
114.157
100.178
129.128
96.039
138.831
134.173
228.050
227.665
134.234
245.511
244.226
379.575
308.546
401.392
321.473
581.603
113.820
100.199
128.845
96.421
138.857
137.406
224.730
224.260
134.781
245.417
245.203
379.516
308.221
401.452
321.827
581.968
113.212
99.873
128.883
96.660
138.743
139.174
234.106
233.727
135.277
245.567
241.058
382.688
310.494
404.937
324.397
588.631
113.310
99.940
129.072
97.020
138.851
140.218
227.674
227.198
135.649
245.969
241.967
385.907
312.864
408.447
325.969
598.549
113.345
99.532
129.105
97.032
138.600
140.797
237.671
237.356
135.523
246.624
244.766
387.142
314.023
409.687
326.206
603.850
113.339
99.915
129.236
1
Infants' and toddlers' apparel ……….………………………113.762
Footwear…................................................................ 124.157
Transportation................................................................ 195.549
Private transportation...............…................................ 191.039
2
Education ……….………………………………………….………181.277 190.857 187.298 187.416 187.853 188.179 189.184 193.161 195.595 195.849 195.649 195.672 195.850 196.137 196.470
Educational books and supplies…........................... 450.187 482.072 472.185 472.507 472.588 476.974 481.768 490.102 493.636 494.435 495.660 496.580 500.551 502.812 502.273
Tuition, other school fees, and child care…............. 522.098 548.971 538.813 539.149 540.498 541.119 543.810 555.402 562.635 563.352 562.623 562.610 562.841 563.544 564.613
1,2
Communication ……….……………………………………… 84.185 84.954 84.922 84.985 85.049 84.975 85.056 84.913 85.044 85.055 84.768 84.809 84.974 84.905 84.940
1,2
Information and information processing ……….…… 81.352 81.944 82.022 82.090 82.038 81.909 81.991 81.835 81.969 81.978 81.688 81.728 81.817 81.743 81.776
1,2
Telephone services ……….…………………………… 100.451 102.392 101.991 102.072 102.267 102.182 102.643 102.674 102.968 102.891 102.528 102.707 102.729 102.288 102.298
Information and information processing
1,4
other than telephone services ……….…………… 10.061
9.672
9.872
9.881
9.775
9.731
9.604
9.499
9.467
9.501
9.467
9.423
9.457
9.540
9.552
Personal computers and peripheral
1,2
equipment ……….…………………………………… 94.944 82.304 86.213 85.714 84.366 83.476 80.838 78.576 77.997 78.213 78.077 77.960 78.323 77.961 78.385
Other goods and services.............................................. 345.381 368.586 361.156 370.606 369.901 370.595 372.894 372.699 374.219 375.444 376.702 377.330 377.652 377.992 378.808
Tobacco and smoking products...............…................ 588.682 730.316 679.078 742.443 740.311 746.283 762.907 763.634 771.089 773.758 781.538 783.794 786.857 785.714 787.268
1
Personal care ……….………………………………………….…201.279 204.587 204.117 204.896 204.578 204.503 204.571 204.352 204.751 205.406 205.575 205.823 205.789 206.137 206.594
1
Personal care products ……….…………………………… 159.290 162.578 162.696 163.777 163.051 162.301 162.887 162.476 162.372 162.257 161.753 162.275 161.627 162.029 162.367
1
Personal care services ……….…………………………… 223.669 227.588 227.982 227.913 227.607 227.572 227.325 227.580 228.286 228.465 228.358 228.343 228.629 228.107 228.429
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
103
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
38. Continued—Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers
U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
[1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
Annual average
2008
2009
Mar.
Series
Apr.
May
June
2009
July Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
2010
Feb.
Mar.
Miscellaneous personal services...............….... 338.921 344.469 341.570 342.641 343.051 344.232 344.367 345.137 345.515 347.834 348.792 348.697 349.605 350.780 352.028
Commodity and service group:
Commodities...........…............................................ 174.764 169.698 166.645 167.816 169.060 171.593 170.483 171.081 171.559 172.252 173.061 172.572 173.646 173.419 174.798
Food and beverages….........................................
Commodities less food and beverages….............
Nondurables less food and beverages…............
Apparel ….........................................................
214.225
153.034
196.192
118.907
218.249
144.395
178.959
120.078
218.794
139.962
170.200
122.545
218.364
141.753
173.855
123.208
218.076
143.587
177.480
121.751
218.030
147.099
184.581
118.799
217.608
145.742
181.755
115.620
217.701
146.528
184.366
117.130
217.617
147.222
185.544
122.476
217.957
148.037
185.759
123.998
217.733
149.245
187.776
122.465
218.049
148.441
185.689
119.357
219.223
149.439
187.484
116.678
219.140
149.162
186.882
118.869
219.378
150.953
190.674
122.073
Non durables less food, beverages,
and apparel…................................................. 248.809 219.592 203.557 209.177 216.090 229.692 227.038 230.396 228.954 228.344 232.649 231.169 235.821 233.447 237.683
Durables….......................................................... 110.877 109.859 109.264 109.404 109.650 109.983 109.924 109.129 109.387 110.684 111.159 111.477 111.731 111.753 111.694
Services….............................................................. 255.498 259.154 258.597 258.466 258.433 259.544 259.992 260.355 260.136 259.844 259.323 259.055 259.459 259.792 260.196
3
Rent of shelter ……….…………………………………… 257.152 259.924 260.197 260.469 260.388 260.869 260.935 260.858 260.064 260.035 258.704 258.303 258.382 258.435 258.489
Transportation services….................................... 244.074 251.031 247.912 248.696 248.628 249.194 251.184 252.234 253.001 254.449 255.935 256.014 255.216 256.365 257.337
Other services….................................................. 295.780 303.992 302.024 301.668 302.132 303.000 303.761 305.890 307.161 307.011 306.740 306.436 306.916 307.171 307.451
Special indexes:
All items less food…............................................ 215.528 214.008 211.775 212.464 213.236 215.389 215.069 215.617 215.795 215.986 216.207 215.703 216.362 216.440 217.430
All items less shelter…........................................
All items less medical care…...............................
Commodities less food….....................................
Nondurables less food….....................................
Nondurables less food and apparel….................
Nondurables….....................................................
3
Services less rent of shelter ……….…………………
Services less medical care services…................
Energy…..............................................................
All items less energy…........................................
All items less food and energy….......................
Commodities less food and energy…..............
Energy commodities......................................
Services less energy…....................................
205.453
207.777
155.310
197.297
244.443
205.901
203.301
206.555
147.071
181.453
218.687
198.548
200.626
204.766
142.728
173.167
204.159
194.105
201.271
205.275
144.464
176.587
209.195
195.864
202.171
205.876
146.261
180.017
215.459
197.673
204.578
207.764
149.697
186.726
227.768
201.461
204.069
207.388
148.386
184.090
225.410
199.746
204.776
207.855
149.155
186.552
228.446
201.191
205.263
207.949
149.846
187.691
227.195
201.783
205.567
208.131
150.663
187.939
226.717
202.058
206.286
208.250
151.847
189.852
230.622
203.035
205.888
207.860
151.052
187.864
229.250
202.064
206.892
208.499
152.035
189.578
233.498
203.588
206.948
208.432
151.767
189.015
231.353
203.219
208.181
209.301
153.516
192.601
235.198
205.409
273.000
244.987
236.666
214.751
215.572
140.246
284.352
261.017
278.064
248.122
193.126
218.433
219.235
142.041
205.281
265.875
276.407
247.675
177.454
218.033
218.639
141.662
172.787
265.147
275.752
247.490
179.704
218.388
219.143
142.489
181.102
265.399
275.777
247.406
186.909
218.323
219.128
142.360
196.528
265.466
277.777
248.557
205.408
218.440
219.283
141.990
226.881
265.993
278.747
248.963
201.938
218.421
219.350
141.463
219.922
266.484
279.697
249.316
204.971
218.642
219.596
141.310
227.204
267.008
280.194
249.043
202.243
219.076
220.137
142.729
222.961
266.894
279.545
248.692
199.198
219.624
220.731
143.857
221.749
267.081
280.014
248.075
204.026
219.291
220.384
143.871
231.226
266.488
279.896
247.793
202.301
219.048
220.025
143.383
228.186
266.237
280.730
248.023
208.026
219.287
220.086
143.125
238.069
266.519
281.432
248.178
204.455
219.708
220.602
143.711
231.735
266.967
282.297
248.531
209.999
220.133
221.059
144.399
241.239
267.248
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN
WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS
All items.................................................................... 211.053 209.630 207.218 207.925 208.774 210.972 210.526 211.156 211.322 211.549 212.003 211.703 212.568 212.544 213.525
All items (1967 = 100)............................................... 628.661 624.423
Food and beverages................................................ 213.546 217.480
Food..................….................................................. 213.376 217.118
Food at home….................................................... 213.017 213.908
Cereals and bakery products….......................... 245.472 253.214
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs…......................... 204.255 203.394
617.239
218.119
217.855
215.922
254.395
206.094
619.344
217.653
217.376
214.654
253.556
205.527
621.875
217.308
216.975
213.876
253.430
203.409
628.422
217.258
216.890
213.657
253.701
203.503
627.093
216.805
216.384
212.628
253.969
201.261
628.970
216.957
216.539
212.623
252.932
202.483
629.462
216.734
216.313
212.010
251.754
201.087
630.140
217.123
216.654
212.396
252.049
200.210
631.491
216.853
216.305
211.488
251.376
200.709
630.600
217.186
216.679
212.041
251.570
200.623
633.176
218.354
217.900
214.049
251.195
201.411
633.105
218.299
217.837
213.839
251.757
202.139
636.025
218.502
218.066
214.291
251.493
202.540
1
Dairy and related products ……….…………………… 209.773 195.679 198.048 195.714 194.694 192.898 191.783 191.048 192.048 194.120 192.695 193.546 197.663 197.583 197.370
Fruits and vegetables…...................................... 276.759 270.562 271.727 271.771 271.530 270.653 269.316 265.730 265.810 267.084 267.049 270.279 276.025 271.974 277.347
Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage
materials…....................................................... 159.324
Other foods at home….......................................
183.637
Sugar and sweets…......................................... 185.494
Fats and oils….................................................. 197.512
Other foods…................................................... 198.303
1,2
Other miscellaneous foods ……….…………… 120.348
162.598 165.437 162.464 162.468 162.167 161.650 162.433 162.396 162.456 160.619 160.745 163.439 162.524 162.499
190.519
195.702
202.003
205.573
122.753
191.594
196.015
205.693
206.468
122.837
190.650
195.858
201.474
205.820
123.112
190.401
194.928
201.470
205.641
123.126
190.657
195.773
202.004
205.759
122.537
190.235
194.005
201.666
205.549
122.119
190.704
194.511
201.199
206.210
122.217
189.892
196.027
200.621
204.823
122.496
190.630
195.752
200.759
205.929
122.676
188.868
197.031
197.400
203.664
121.647
189.197
197.258
198.165
203.972
122.796
190.354
198.694
200.741
204.957
122.051
190.831
200.880
201.356
205.117
121.482
190.232
198.720
198.808
205.081
122.543
1
Food away from home ……….…………………………… 215.613 223.383 222.336 222.957 223.082 223.186 223.408 223.789 224.102 224.382 224.815 224.940 225.015 225.168 225.072
1,2
Other food away from home ……….……………… 149.731 155.607 154.054 154.414 154.409 155.091 156.904 156.769 157.132 156.909 156.853 156.830 157.670 158.826 159.023
Alcoholic beverages…........................................... 214.579 221.325 220.500 220.243 220.729 221.179 221.517 221.618 221.454 222.555 223.445 223.168 223.565 223.621 223.452
Housing.................................................................... 211.839 213.144 213.213 212.885 212.881 214.034 214.029 213.824 213.391 212.734 212.327 212.142 212.529 212.401 212.604
Shelter...............…................................................ 239.128 242.637 242.605 242.857 242.941 243.238 243.248 243.279 242.816 242.804 242.159 241.991 242.019 242.002 242.019
Rent of primary residence…............................... 242.196 247.401 247.285 247.517 247.710 247.691 247.573 247.601 247.500 247.422 247.361 247.465 247.574 247.448 247.555
2
Lodging away from home ……….…………………… 143.164
3
Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence … 228.758
1,2
Tenants' and household insurance ……….…… 119.136
Fuels and utilities…...........................................
217.883
Fuels...............….............................................. 197.537
Fuel oil and other fuels…................................ 331.784
Gas (piped) and electricity….......................... 200.265
Household furnishings and operations…............ 123.635
Apparel ................................................................... 118.735
Men's and boys' apparel…................................. 113.490
Women's and girls' apparel…............................. 107.489
135.163 138.008 138.008 136.113 139.246 140.873 138.543 134.803 134.586 127.061 124.222 127.150 130.571 134.632
232.499 232.235 232.503 232.739 232.837 232.723 232.977 232.731 232.761 232.635 232.603 232.463 232.354 232.179
121.935 121.099 121.084 121.160 121.529 121.765 122.254 122.644 122.761 122.830 124.415 125.299 125.367 125.374
209.595
186.229
243.003
191.981
124.632
119.847
114.340
107.602
209.400
186.809
236.237
192.922
125.337
122.162
118.735
110.380
205.840
182.795
232.068
188.735
125.458
122.709
117.834
110.990
205.270
181.977
229.019
187.982
125.589
121.364
117.687
108.637
211.929
189.108
235.869
195.445
125.526
118.547
113.416
105.676
212.276
189.082
233.018
195.547
125.160
115.516
110.558
101.289
211.808
188.125
239.435
194.211
124.219
117.095
111.629
103.727
210.796
186.967
238.006
193.013
124.351
122.176
113.682
112.086
206.732
182.227
246.153
187.473
123.995
123.642
115.381
113.290
207.530
182.994
262.340
187.572
123.448
122.228
114.091
111.039
207.329
182.701
265.130
187.125
123.187
118.984
110.856
107.819
209.691
184.843
284.061
188.607
123.339
116.310
109.893
102.860
209.171
183.918
281.157
187.730
123.097
118.607
111.575
106.496
210.775
185.557
279.384
189.595
122.859
121.347
113.032
110.885
1
Infants' and toddlers' apparel ……….……………… 116.266 117.202 117.944 119.873 116.912 116.645 113.744 116.482 119.075 119.949 119.272 115.754 117.028 117.789 119.644
Footwear…......................................................... 124.102 127.183 126.858 128.312 127.802 126.150 125.046 125.880 128.988 130.596 130.682 128.637 127.267 127.843 128.172
Transportation.......................................................... 195.692 176.729 165.978 168.539 173.055 181.730 180.419 182.541 182.024 183.506 186.928 186.839 189.544 188.406 191.294
Private transportation...............…......................... 192.492 173.491 162.659 165.299 169.957 178.734 177.197 179.368 178.801 180.271 183.680 183.565 186.457 185.268 188.146
2
New and used motor vehicles ……….……………… 92.146
See footnotes at end of table.
104
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
91.308
89.418
89.620
90.039
90.588
90.973
91.129
91.599
93.414
94.338
95.072
95.464
95.819
95.900
38. Continued—Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city
average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
[1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
Annual average
Series
2008
2009
2010
2009
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
New vehicles…............................................ 135.338 136.711 135.744 135.911 136.113 136.800 137.082 135.130 135.672 138.422 139.952 139.962 139.857 139.905 139.653
1
Used cars and trucks ……….…………………… 134.731
Motor fuel…................................................... 280.817
Gasoline (all types)….................................. 278.728
Motor vehicle parts and equipment…............ 128.776
Motor vehicle maintenance and repair…....... 236.353
Public transportation...............…..................... 247.865
Medical care.......................................................
Medical care commodities...............…............
Medical care services...............…...................
Professional services….................................
Hospital and related services….....................
364.208
287.970
386.317
313.446
530.193
127.687
202.695
202.375
134.133
245.795
234.661
121.669
169.060
168.574
134.485
244.650
229.034
121.850
177.982
177.510
134.614
245.180
228.525
123.339
194.339
194.569
134.439
245.036
227.522
125.056
225.876
226.515
134.273
245.129
230.926
125.817
218.560
218.757
133.787
245.421
236.963
128.781
225.797
226.007
133.587
245.871
237.029
130.122
221.241
221.197
133.504
246.850
238.225
133.458
219.733
219.509
133.764
247.811
239.729
134.977
228.871
228.598
134.346
247.972
242.698
138.242
225.584
225.223
134.892
247.812
243.453
140.023
235.083
234.825
135.383
247.975
239.739
141.079
228.569
228.207
135.694
248.479
240.418
141.657
238.769
238.583
135.573
249.127
242.942
376.064
296.724
399.165
322.127
565.029
373.541
294.728
396.489
320.231
557.167
374.599
295.699
397.553
320.407
561.516
375.420
296.431
398.387
322.043
560.906
375.479
296.369
398.497
322.346
561.337
376.161
295.871
399.677
322.759
565.448
377.007
297.379
400.204
322.964
567.545
378.263
299.098
401.217
323.577
570.697
379.072
299.742
402.075
324.284
573.069
380.295
299.972
403.695
324.382
580.048
380.302
299.777
403.791
324.763
580.567
383.443
301.890
407.286
327.439
587.101
386.919
304.320
411.114
329.020
598.149
388.330
305.532
412.568
329.294
604.070
2
Recreation ……….……………………………………… 110.143 111.015 111.436 111.182 111.152 111.471 111.416 111.453 111.205 110.724 110.401 109.851 109.964 110.076 110.073
1,2
Video and audio ……….……………………………102.654 101.602 102.153 102.516 102.214 102.193 101.982 101.867 101.228 100.639 100.681 100.400 100.473 100.084 100.547
2
Education and communication ……….…………… 119.827 123.017 122.087 122.152 122.293 122.333 122.699 123.579 124.322 124.362 124.100 124.156 124.293 124.334 124.455
2
Education ……….………………………………………178.892 188.143 184.824 184.892 185.291 185.626 186.596 190.222 192.552 192.774 192.776 192.760 193.049 193.641 193.965
Educational books and supplies….............. 452.880 485.025 474.880 474.950 475.213 480.024 485.218 493.615 496.691 497.534 498.627 499.478 503.416 505.356 505.642
Tuition, other school fees, and child care… 504.163 529.316 520.146 520.348 521.550 522.076 524.523 534.825 541.688 542.284 542.174 542.036 542.531 544.155 545.120
1,2
87.662 87.615 87.671 87.712 87.652 87.780 87.667 87.810 87.786 87.468 87.541 87.617 87.501 87.548
……….…………………………… 86.807
Communication
Information and information processing
1,2
… 84.828
85.571
85.595
85.655
85.624
85.524
85.653
85.532
85.676
85.651
85.331
85.404
85.433
85.314
85.362
1,2
Telephone services ……….………………… 100.502 102.341 101.977 102.048 102.231 102.153 102.587 102.613 102.896 102.818 102.413 102.585 102.504 102.038 102.048
Information and information processing
other than telephone services
1,4
……….… 10.567
10.178
10.378
10.385
10.271
10.238
10.113
10.012
9.975
9.995
9.969
9.935
9.978
10.077
10.099
Personal computers and peripheral
1,2
equipment ……….……………………… 94.863 82.104 86.004 85.406 84.017 83.278 80.736 78.480 77.835 77.939 77.926 77.821 78.278 77.939 78.474
Other goods and services.................................. 357.906 391.628 380.208 394.902 394.061 395.052 398.448 398.228 400.245 401.390 403.178 403.970 404.632 404.722 405.641
Tobacco and smoking products...............….... 591.100 735.056 682.115 747.906 746.009 752.078 768.005 768.483 776.198 778.650 786.541 789.173 791.959 790.710 792.452
1
Personal care ……….………………………………… 199.170 202.490 202.099 203.010 202.631 202.406 202.490 202.221 202.576 203.115 203.245 203.454 203.575 203.824 204.294
1
Personal care products ……….………………… 159.410 162.557 162.516 163.911 163.119 162.165 162.767 162.415 162.312 162.242 161.784 162.231 161.689 162.073 162.417
1
Personal care services ……….………………… 223.978 227.804 228.201 228.119 227.829 227.800 227.512 227.751 228.480 228.683 228.614 228.614 228.793 228.169 228.500
Miscellaneous personal services...............… 340.533 346.500 344.021 345.016 345.326 346.411 346.525 347.402 347.658 349.283 350.046 349.851 351.329 352.366 353.667
Commodity and service group:
Commodities...........….......................................
Food and beverages…....................................
Commodities less food and beverages…........
Nondurables less food and beverages…......
Apparel …...................................................
177.618
213.546
157.481
205.279
118.735
171.452
217.480
147.327
185.579
119.847
167.514
218.119
141.615
174.838
122.162
169.005
217.653
143.871
179.415
122.709
170.532
217.308
146.125
183.813
121.364
173.662
217.258
150.477
192.478
118.547
172.493
216.805
149.046
189.436
115.516
173.379
216.957
150.209
192.365
117.095
173.777
216.734
150.851
193.225
122.176
174.550
217.123
151.760
193.394
123.642
175.563
216.853
153.273
195.926
122.228
175.127
217.186
152.532
193.667
118.984
176.413
218.354
153.834
195.981
116.310
176.118
218.299
153.444
195.059
118.607
177.591
218.502
155.417
199.133
121.347
Nondurables less food, beverages,
and apparel…............................................ 263.756 230.503 211.287 218.502 226.621 242.726 239.626 243.461 241.657 241.005 246.085 244.413 249.801 246.914 251.912
Durables….................................................... 111.217 109.610 108.413 108.596 108.933 109.430 109.432 109.039 109.470 110.988 111.575 112.165 112.511 112.618 112.618
Services…......................................................... 250.272 254.267 253.591 253.403 253.482 254.624 255.003 255.342 255.244 254.847 254.663 254.519 254.918 255.199 255.634
3
Rent of shelter ……….……………………………… 230.555 233.917 233.903 234.148 234.229 234.511 234.515 234.537 234.079 234.064 233.436 233.241 233.252 233.234 233.250
Transporatation services…............................ 242.563 250.960 247.862 248.809 248.795 249.312 250.811 251.880 252.805 254.408 255.871 256.007 255.577 256.809 257.728
Other services…............................................. 284.319 291.572 290.043 289.738 290.116 290.845 291.573 293.266 294.190 293.938 293.624 293.470 293.972 294.230 294.564
Special indexes:
All items less food….......................................
All items less shelter…...................................
All items less medical care….........................
Commodities less food…...............................
Nondurables less food…................................
Nondurables less food and apparel…............
Nondurables…...............................................
3
Services less rent of shelter ……….……………
Services less medical care services…...........
Energy…........................................................
All items less energy…...................................
All items less food and energy…..................
Commodities less food and energy…........
Energy commodities.................................
Services less energy…...............................
1
2
3
Not seasonally adjusted.
Indexes on a December 1997 = 100 base.
Indexes on a December 1982 = 100 base.
210.452
203.102
204.626
159.538
206.047
258.423
210.333
208.128
199.860
202.810
149.780
187.718
228.679
201.628
205.167
196.551
200.421
144.172
177.487
211.094
196.174
206.081
197.432
201.112
146.371
181.815
217.649
198.408
207.148
198.571
201.955
148.589
186.012
225.091
200.601
209.744
201.488
204.200
152.856
194.254
239.808
205.219
209.308
200.871
203.723
151.466
191.387
237.011
203.377
210.021
201.726
204.341
152.606
194.170
240.515
205.017
210.255
202.123
204.472
153.229
194.978
238.857
205.374
210.462
202.441
204.680
154.147
195.196
238.355
205.647
211.055
203.301
205.106
155.650
197.644
243.061
206.876
210.639
202.951
204.800
154.918
195.487
241.513
205.823
211.440
204.128
205.589
156.200
197.701
246.455
207.611
211.423
204.101
205.461
155.820
196.831
243.829
207.092
212.535
205.441
206.420
157.742
200.682
248.369
209.370
241.567
240.275
237.414
208.719
208.147
141.084
284.270
255.598
245.814
243.796
192.594
212.652
212.126
143.099
205.325
261.022
244.413
243.223
175.947
211.989
211.178
142.077
172.563
260.158
243.718
242.980
178.485
212.472
211.857
143.237
181.021
260.439
243.784
243.022
186.321
212.462
211.926
143.170
196.706
260.615
245.833
244.196
205.662
212.552
212.051
142.943
227.444
261.014
246.622
244.531
201.967
212.505
212.097
142.526
220.264
261.425
247.308
244.857
205.144
212.823
212.449
142.634
227.506
261.960
247.664
244.707
202.287
213.363
213.144
144.148
223.048
261.990
246.851
244.258
199.223
213.998
213.840
145.439
221.910
262.196
247.237
243.991
204.196
213.895
213.787
145.595
231.371
261.979
247.174
243.838
202.398
213.780
213.572
145.253
228.303
261.871
247.985
244.090
208.222
214.048
213.647
145.065
238.217
262.146
248.586
244.205
204.494
214.472
214.172
145.722
231.808
262.559
249.464
244.586
210.425
214.857
214.589
146.319
241.599
262.830
4
Indexes on a December 1988 = 100 base.
NOTE: Index applied to a month as a whole, not to any specific date.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
105
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
39. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items
[1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
Pricing
All Urban Consumers
2009
schedule
U.S. city average……………………………………………
1
Oct.
Nov.
Urban Wage Earners
2010
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
2009
Mar.
Oct.
Nov.
2010
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
M
216.177 216.330 215.949 216.687 216.741 217.631 211.549 212.003 211.703 212.568 212.544 213.525
Northeast urban ……….………………………………………….………
M
231.304 231.708 231.462 232.294 232.382 233.188 228.193 229.048 228.794 229.744 229.874 230.622
Size A—More than 1,500,000...........................................
M
233.415 233.785 233.475 234.109 234.183 235.060 228.720 229.541 229.180 229.919 230.099 230.819
M
137.348 137.646 137.597 138.416 138.491 138.871 137.959 138.527 138.522 139.364 139.379 139.869
M
205.706 206.247 205.613 206.564 206.563 207.359 200.781 201.553 200.999 202.180 202.044 202.966
M
206.625 207.277 206.399 207.325 207.329 207.975 200.730 201.626 200.820 201.957 201.758 202.639
Region and area size2
3
Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….…………………………
4
Midwest urban ……….………………………………………….………
Size A—More than 1,500,000...........................................
3
M
131.724 131.952 131.742 132.417 132.451 133.096 131.420 131.823 131.639 132.502 132.507 133.140
M
202.499 203.047 202.738 203.490 203.274 204.204 200.053 200.748 200.471 201.414 201.118 202.072
South urban…….…..............................................................
M
209.292 209.738 209.476 210.056 210.020 211.216 206.121 206.859 206.716 207.405 207.325 208.621
Size A—More than 1,500,000...........................................
M
211.152 211.424 210.971 211.762 211.503 212.692 208.577 209.161 208.788 209.619 209.288 210.613
Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….…………………………
Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)………….....
3
M
133.035 133.342 133.252 133.517 133.575 134.363 131.621 132.129 132.136 132.508 132.528 133.388
M
212.423 213.372 213.159 213.873 214.007 215.026 212.368 213.396 213.184 213.984 214.172 215.205
West urban…….…...............................................................
M
220.447 219.728 219.307 219.989 220.179 220.809 214.718 214.228 213.919 214.664 214.710 215.457
Size A—More than 1,500,000...........................................
M
224.372 223.489 223.058 223.852 223.989 224.636 217.002 216.286 215.988 216.905 216.850 217.700
M
133.618 133.335 133.132 133.366 133.513 133.863 133.244 133.149 132.983 133.238 133.325 133.675
M
197.670 197.697 197.246 197.948 197.949 198.695 195.895 196.187 195.779 196.606 196.516 197.377
M
M
133.489 133.663 133.535 133.954 134.028 134.639 132.764 133.139 133.072 133.589 133.619 134.274
209.139 209.567 209.192 209.984 210.098 211.011 207.120 207.739 207.417 208.297 208.368 209.326
Chicago–Gary–Kenosha, IL–IN–WI…………………………..
Los Angeles–Riverside–Orange County, CA……….…………
M
M
211.708 212.206 211.185 212.104 212.456 212.952 204.511 205.136 204.196 205.529 205.627 206.381
225.264 224.317 223.643 224.610 224.620 225.483 217.474 216.618 216.233 217.290 217.090 218.157
New York, NY–Northern NJ–Long Island, NY–NJ–CT–PA…
M
238.380 238.777 238.427 238.970 238.862 240.101 233.084 233.893 233.448 234.067 234.153 235.240
Boston–Brockton–Nashua, MA–NH–ME–CT……….…………
1
– 236.589
– 237.266
– 237.986
– 236.859
– 237.999
– 238.388
Cleveland–Akron, OH……………………………………………
1
– 201.471
– 203.037
– 203.577
– 192.871
– 194.529
– 194.852
Dallas–Ft Worth, TX…….………………………………………
1
– 201.958
– 202.106
– 201.982
– 205.297
– 205.456
– 205.351
Washington–Baltimore, DC–MD–VA–WV ……….……………
Atlanta, GA……………………..…………………………………
1
– 140.718
– 141.124
– 141.741
– 140.608
– 141.155
– 141.782
2
201.068
– 200.456
– 202.646
– 199.736
– 199.331
– 201.407
–
Detroit–Ann Arbor–Flint, MI……………………………………
2
205.079
– 203.880
– 203.380
– 200.324
– 199.614
– 198.913
–
Houston–Galveston–Brazoria, TX………………………………
2
191.608
– 190.932
– 192.412
– 189.304
– 188.842
– 190.351
–
Miami–Ft. Lauderdale, FL……………...………………………
2
222.416
– 222.943
– 222.505
– 220.358
– 221.067
– 221.074
–
Philadelphia–Wilmington–Atlantic City, PA–NJ–DE–MD……
2
224.787
– 224.800
– 226.529
– 224.573
– 224.732
– 226.539
–
San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose, CA…….…………………
2
226.051
– 224.239
– 226.145
– 221.708
– 220.121
– 222.049
–
Seattle–Tacoma–Bremerton, WA………………...……………
2
226.277
– 225.596
– 226.085
– 221.339
– 220.905
– 221.215
–
Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….…………………………
Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)………….....
3
Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….…………………………
Size classes:
5
A
3
B/C ……………………….….………………………………………….…
D…………….…………......................................................
Selected local areas 6
7
1
Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas; most other
goods and services priced as indicated:
M—Every month.
1—January, March, May, July, September, and November.
2—February, April, June, August, October, and December.
2 Regions defined as the four Census regions.
3 Indexes on a December 1996 = 100 base.
4 The "North Central" region has been renamed the "Midwest" region by the Census
Bureau. It is composed of the same geographic entities.
5 Indexes on a December 1986 = 100 base.
6 In addition, the following metropolitan areas are published semiannually and appear
in tables 34 and 39 of the January and July issues of the CPI Detailed
106
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
Report: Anchorage, AK; Cincinnatti, OH–KY–IN; Kansas City, MO–KS; Milwaukee–Racine,
WI; Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN–WI; Pittsburgh, PA; Port-land–Salem, OR–WA; St Louis,
MO–IL; San Diego, CA; Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, FL.
7 Indexes on a November 1996 = 100 base.
NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI program. Each local
index has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more sampling
and other measurement error. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than
the national index, although their long-term trends are similar. Therefore, the Bureau of
Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use
in their escalator clauses. Index applies to a month as a whole, not to any specific date.
Dash indicates data not available.
40. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups
[1982–84 = 100]
Series
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers:
All items:
Index..................……...............................................
Percent change............................……………………
Food and beverages:
Index................…….................................................
Percent change............................……………………
Housing:
Index....………………...............................................
Percent change............................……………………
Apparel:
Index........................…….........................................
Percent change............................……………………
Transportation:
Index........................………......................................
Percent change............................……………………
Medical care:
Index................…….................................................
Percent change............................……………………
Other goods and services:
Index............…….....................................................
Percent change............................……………………
Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners
and Clerical Workers:
All items:
Index....................……………...................................
Percent change............................……………………
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
166.6
2.2
172.2
3.4
177.1
2.8
179.9
1.6
184.0
2.3
188.9
2.7
195.3
3.4
201.6
3.2
207.342
2.8
215.303
3.8
214.537
-0.4
164.6
2.2
168.4
2.3
173.6
3.1
176.8
1.8
180.5
2.1
186.6
3.3
191.2
2.5
195.7
2.4
203.300
3.9
214.225
5.4
218.249
1.9
163.9
2.2
169.6
3.5
176.4
4.0
180.3
2.2
184.8
2.5
189.5
2.5
195.7
3.3
203.2
3.8
209.586
3.1
216.264
3.2
217.057
0.4
131.3
–1.3
129.6
–1.3
127.3
–1.8
124.0
–2.6
120.9
–2.5
120.4
–.4
119.5
–.7
119.5
.0
118.998
-0.4
118.907
-0.1
120.078
1.0
144.4
2.0
153.3
6.2
154.3
0.7
152.9
–.9
157.6
3.1
163.1
3.5
173.9
6.6
180.9
4.0
184.682
2.1
195.549
5.9
179.252
-8.3
250.6
3.5
260.8
4.1
272.8
4.6
285.6
4.7
297.1
4.0
310.1
4.4
323.2
4.2
336.2
4.0
351.054
4.4
364.065
3.7
375.613
3.2
258.3
8.7
271.1
5.0
282.6
4.2
293.2
3.8
298.7
1.9
304.7
2.0
313.4
2.9
321.7
2.6
333.328
3.6
345.381
3.6
368.586
6.7
163.2
2.2
168.9
3.5
173.5
2.7
175.9
1.4
179.8
2.2
184.5
5.1
191.0
1.1
197.1
3.2
202.767
2.9
211.053
4.1
209.630
-0.7
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
107
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
41. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
[1982 = 100]
Annual average
Grouping
Finished goods....……………………………
Finished consumer goods.........................
Finished consumer foods........................
2008
2009
2010
2009
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
p
Dec.
p
Jan.
Feb.p Mar.p
177.1
186.3
178.3
172.5
179.1
175.5
169.1
174.2
173.8
170.3
176.0
175.9
171.1
177.3
174.0
174.3
181.7
176.1
172.4
179.2
173.5
174.2
181.6
173.9
173.2
180.4
173.9
173.8
180.8
175.6
175.7
183.3
176.9
176.0
183.8
179.8
178.3
187.0
180.4
177.3
185.6
181.0
179.2
188.4
185.6
excluding foods.....................................
Nondurable goods less food.................
Durable goods......................................
Capital equipment...................................
189.1
210.5
141.2
153.8
179.4
194.1
144.3
156.7
173.5
185.2
144.1
156.9
175.2
187.7
144.4
156.8
177.5
191.2
144.2
156.3
182.7
198.7
144.7
156.6
180.2
195.7
143.3
155.9
183.3
200.1
143.8
156.4
181.6
198.1
142.9
155.9
181.6
197.1
144.8
157.0
184.6
201.2
145.4
157.5
184.2
200.9
144.9
157.1
188.2
206.6
145.4
157.6
186.1
203.6
145.4
157.4
188.3
207.0
145.0
157.2
Intermediate materials,
supplies, and components........…………
188.3
172.5
168.0
168.6
170.2
172.7
172.3
174.8
174.7
174.5
176.0
176.6
179.3
179.2
181.0
177.2
180.4
214.3
203.3
140.3
162.7
165.1
191.6
168.9
141.0
159.5
163.2
182.3
165.8
141.3
158.9
164.2
182.6
163.2
140.8
160.1
166.2
187.4
162.1
140.8
160.9
166.0
190.1
162.7
140.7
161.6
163.7
192.0
164.5
140.7
163.8
164.1
196.6
168.9
140.8
164.9
164.3
197.1
173.2
140.9
165.2
164.0
196.7
174.6
141.1
166.1
165.7
199.8
174.6
141.1
167.5
168.5
202.9
176.5
141.0
169.1
168.7
206.6
178.8
141.2
170.8
169.8
211.0
180.4
141.4
172.5
170.4
214.7
183.1
141.7
for construction.........................................
Processed fuels and lubricants...................
Containers..................................................
Supplies......................................................
205.4
206.2
191.8
173.8
202.9
161.9
195.8
172.2
204.2
146.5
198.4
171.9
203.2
151.4
197.6
172.0
202.8
156.5
196.1
172.3
202.0
167.0
195.4
172.8
201.9
164.1
194.3
172.2
201.5
172.2
193.5
171.9
202.0
169.0
193.7
172.0
201.9
167.9
193.3
171.7
201.7
172.6
193.2
172.0
202.0
171.4
193.2
172.5
202.0
180.8
193.4
172.9
203.5
175.1
197.3
173.0
204.8
179.3
198.3
173.4
Crude materials for further
processing.......................…………………
Foodstuffs and feedstuffs...........................
Crude nonfood materials............................
251.8
163.4
313.9
175.2
134.5
197.5
160.1
131.0
172.6
163.9
136.5
174.6
171.5
140.5
184.7
179.8
141.0
199.8
172.9
133.2
194.5
178.4
130.2
207.5
173.5
127.6
201.0
184.0
132.0
216.2
192.1
134.0
229.4
195.5
138.9
231.2
213.1
142.9
260.2
206.6
142.3
248.7
213.6
147.4
256.7
Special groupings:
Finished goods, excluding foods................
Finished energy goods...............................
Finished goods less energy........................
Finished consumer goods less energy.......
Finished goods less food and energy.........
176.6
178.7
169.8
176.9
167.2
171.1
146.9
172.3
179.2
171.5
167.2
133.2
171.9
178.5
171.4
168.3
137.2
172.4
179.2
171.4
169.7
142.9
171.7
178.5
171.1
173.1
154.4
172.4
179.4
171.4
171.3
149.6
171.4
178.2
170.8
173.4
156.1
171.8
178.6
171.2
172.2
152.8
171.5
178.4
170.8
172.6
151.2
172.8
179.7
172.0
174.7
156.8
173.5
180.6
172.6
174.3
156.0
174.0
181.6
172.4
177.0
163.9
174.6
182.3
173.0
175.6
158.9
174.8
182.7
173.0
176.9
163.7
175.8
184.3
172.9
176.4
181.6
181.4
181.5
181.3
181.7
181.1
181.5
181.2
182.3
183.1
183.0
183.7
184.0
184.0
206.8
214.3
214.0
213.8
213.7
213.9
214.4
214.5
214.9
215.1
215.9
216.4
217.4
218.0
218.5
188.7
181.6
208.1
180.9
173.0
166.0
162.5
172.8
168.4
163.5
144.1
171.9
168.9
164.5
149.5
171.2
170.4
167.3
157.2
171.3
172.9
169.3
167.8
171.8
172.7
166.5
165.3
171.9
175.5
166.1
174.5
172.7
175.4
165.8
171.0
173.5
175.3
164.5
169.8
173.6
176.8
165.7
175.2
174.0
177.2
168.0
173.8
175.0
180.1
168.5
183.7
175.9
180.0
168.4
177.6
177.4
182.1
167.8
182.3
178.5
and energy................................................
180.9
173.4
172.6
171.8
171.6
171.9
172.3
173.3
174.2
174.4
174.8
175.7
176.6
178.2
179.5
Crude energy materials..............................
Crude materials less energy.......................
Crude nonfood materials less energy.........
309.4
205.4
324.4
176.8
164.8
248.4
153.3
156.4
222.9
155.0
161.2
224.4
164.2
166.9
234.9
181.2
168.9
242.6
173.0
163.4
247.1
184.1
164.5
263.6
173.5
163.3
267.9
193.1
167.6
270.9
211.0
169.2
270.9
208.6
176.3
285.3
241.1
183.8
304.4
226.1
183.1
303.4
229.4
191.4
322.2
Finished consumer goods
Materials and components
for manufacturing......................................
Materials for food manufacturing..............
Materials for nondurable manufacturing...
Materials for durable manufacturing.........
Components for manufacturing................
Materials and components
Finished consumer goods less food
and energy................................................
Consumer nondurable goods less food
and energy..............................................
Intermediate materials less foods
and feeds..................................................
Intermediate foods and feeds.....................
Intermediate energy goods.........................
Intermediate goods less energy..................
Intermediate materials less foods
p = preliminary.
108
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
42. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups
[December 2003 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
NAICS
2010
2009
Industry
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
p
p
Jan.
Feb.p Mar. p
Total mining industries (December 1984=100).............................
Oil and gas extraction (December 1985=100) .............................
Mining, except oil and gas……………………………………………
Mining support activities………………………………………………
159.1
154.1
186.1
109.4
160.5
157.0
187.9
105.6
166.0
168.6
185.0
101.3
180.2
192.2
185.9
100.0
173.0
179.9
186.2
101.2
182.8
194.8
189.3
100.4
177.2
186.6
188.6
98.7
192.3
210.8
189.7
99.1
206.7
233.5
191.6
99.1
208.4
235.5
194.2
99.1
234.4
277.3
196.0
99.1
224.3
261.6
193.4
100.3
223.4
258.2
196.8
100.6
Total manufacturing industries (December 1984=100)................
Food manufacturing (December 1984=100)…………………………
Beverage and tobacco manufacturing...........................................
Textile mills....................................................................................
Apparel manufacturing………………………………...………………
Leather and allied product manufacturing (December 1984=100)
Wood products manufacturing………………………………………
Paper manufacturing.....................................................................
Printing and related support activities...........................................
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
162.9
167.6
120.3
112.3
103.5
154.7
103.2
125.5
109.6
168.0
164.2
168.6
119.6
112.1
103.5
153.9
102.8
124.5
109.4
186.2
165.8
170.5
119.2
111.8
103.3
153.9
102.4
123.1
109.2
206.5
168.4
171.4
119.4
112.1
103.3
153.6
102.3
122.5
109.0
238.1
167.1
169.7
119.4
111.9
103.2
153.2
103.2
121.8
109.0
225.9
169.4
169.7
119.5
111.8
103.3
154.0
103.2
121.7
108.8
251.6
168.6
169.5
119.9
112.0
103.5
154.0
103.7
121.7
109.0
241.5
168.9
168.3
120.6
112.1
103.7
153.3
102.7
121.7
109.2
240.8
170.7
169.1
121.3
112.4
103.6
152.9
103.0
122.0
109.3
258.4
170.8
171.2
121.3
112.4
103.6
152.8
103.5
122.0
109.4
254.3
173.0
171.8
121.9
112.3
103.6
153.0
103.5
121.7
109.2
275.6
172.1
172.3
121.9
112.9
103.5
153.5
105.4
122.7
109.4
260.7
173.9
172.5
122.4
114.4
103.4
154.1
107.0
124.3
109.3
278.1
325
326
Chemical manufacturing (December 1984=100)…………………… 224.6
161.2
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing
223.6
160.9
222.8
160.6
222.4
160.3
224.1
160.3
224.0
160.4
225.1
161.3
225.0
161.5
225.4
161.9
227.3
162.0
229.6
161.7
231.7
162.9
232.3
164.5
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
Primary metal manufacturing (December 1984=100)………………
Fabricated metal product manufacturing (December 1984=100)…
Machinery manufacturing………………………..……………………
Computer and electronic products manufacturing…………………
Electrical equipment, appliance, and components manufacturing
Transportation equipment manufacturing……………………………
Furniture and related product manufacturing
169.5
177.0
120.4
92.4
127.3
109.4
176.8
164.7
175.5
120.3
92.3
127.9
109.3
176.7
162.8
175.0
120.2
92.3
128.5
108.9
176.9
163.8
174.4
120.2
92.1
128.3
109.5
176.8
165.4
173.9
120.3
92.2
128.5
108.5
177.0
172.5
173.8
120.2
92.2
129.2
109.1
176.2
177.8
174.0
120.3
91.9
129.4
108.5
176.6
180.7
174.1
120.1
91.9
129.7
110.2
176.7
179.9
174.1
120.2
91.8
130.1
110.6
176.4
182.2
174.2
120.3
91.7
130.5
110.2
176.4
185.3
174.2
120.3
91.8
130.9
110.8
176.3
187.4
175.3
120.4
91.4
130.8
110.8
175.9
190.6
175.3
120.3
91.7
131.2
110.4
176.2
339
Miscellaneous manufacturing………………………………………… 111.6
111.7
111.3
111.4
111.2
111.3
111.4
111.6
111.8
112.0
112.0
112.2
112.5
118.0
120.8
105.4
136.3
63.1
156.1
119.0
121.4
104.9
138.7
59.7
148.0
118.1
123.0
104.2
138.1
59.4
142.2
118.4
122.6
104.8
137.2
69.5
143.6
118.8
121.5
105.7
138.6
75.9
152.4
122.9
120.5
106.6
137.1
63.5
145.5
123.0
121.6
103.7
139.0
68.3
147.6
122.1
121.8
106.0
138.7
61.9
144.1
122.4
121.5
109.0
140.0
77.8
143.4
121.5
121.1
92.3
139.0
82.9
145.0
121.4
121.6
109.6
138.2
71.9
143.7
120.7
120.6
101.7
141.7
74.1
154.2
124.7
120.8
95.6
142.2
64.9
142.7
Air transportation (December 1992=100)…………………………… 187.6
Water transportation…………………………………………………… 117.7
Postal service (June 1989=100)……………………………………… 181.6
187.2
115.2
181.6
179.5
111.3
186.8
182.2
111.9
186.8
185.5
113.3
186.8
189.6
114.0
186.8
184.5
115.7
186.8
188.5
116.8
186.8
193.3
118.3
186.8
194.7
118.3
186.8
199.9
118.3
187.7
195.1
121.1
187.7
200.7
120.3
187.7
128.1
128.0
129.0
130.9
131.8
130.0
128.8
128.9
129.4
130.9
133.4
131.7
125.9
108.9
127.7
167.0
122.3
120.5
125.9
108.8
127.7
166.9
122.6
121.4
126.3
108.6
127.7
167.2
122.6
122.3
126.5
108.4
127.5
167.3
122.7
122.4
126.8
108.4
127.9
167.5
123.8
122.3
126.8
108.4
128.2
168.4
124.3
122.8
126.8
108.4
128.4
168.3
123.8
125.4
127.4
108.3
128.8
171.2
123.8
125.6
127.5
108.0
128.8
171.3
124.1
125.6
127.6
108.0
128.8
171.5
124.4
127.1
128.4
108.4
129.1
171.8
125.3
124.8
128.5
107.6
129.4
172.5
125.3
124.9
128.4
107.7
129.3
173.0
125.6
124.9
111.6
107.5
101.1
100.9
109.2
109.5
101.6
109.9
133.1
166.0
115.3
111.7
105.5
100.8
100.9
109.1
108.8
101.9
109.2
135.1
166.2
115.3
111.7
107.4
101.1
101.0
109.2
108.8
102.1
109.7
134.0
166.3
115.3
111.8
106.4
101.1
101.0
108.8
108.8
102.2
107.3
137.6
166.3
114.3
111.4
102.5
101.2
101.0
111.3
109.4
102.0
107.6
141.1
166.4
114.5
111.7
102.1
101.7
100.9
112.0
109.1
102.0
108.2
142.0
166.5
114.6
111.1
103.6
101.3
100.9
112.6
109.7
102.0
108.2
140.5
166.6
115.1
111.4
103.5
101.1
101.0
116.4
109.5
102.0
107.4
135.8
166.6
114.7
109.8
104.9
100.8
100.6
116.0
109.3
102.0
107.3
132.3
166.6
115.4
109.7
104.6
100.9
100.6
116.5
109.9
101.9
109.3
129.8
166.8
114.0
110.1
104.4
100.5
100.7
118.0
109.2
101.9
107.9
130.5
168.3
113.0
110.1
103.8
100.4
100.7
116.7
109.8
102.0
107.5
134.7
168.7
114.3
110.2
105.1
100.5
100.7
116.9
109.2
100.8
107.1
131.9
169.6
113.5
142.8
105.3
123.6
102.2
109.8
114.9
141.3
143.0
105.3
123.9
100.2
109.7
115.0
141.5
143.0
105.4
123.5
100.2
109.7
115.6
141.0
143.0
105.4
123.6
98.6
109.7
114.9
143.7
143.0
105.4
123.7
98.9
110.1
116.3
146.0
142.9
104.9
123.6
98.5
110.1
116.7
144.9
142.9
104.7
123.3
98.5
110.5
117.0
140.9
142.8
104.6
123.2
98.5
110.3
116.9
141.8
142.8
104.7
122.8
98.1
110.5
117.1
139.8
143.0
104.7
122.8
98.1
110.5
116.1
137.2
143.0
104.7
123.4
98.5
110.6
116.0
136.9
143.2
104.7
124.2
100.7
110.5
115.4
138.2
143.8
104.7
123.8
100.6
110.3
117.3
137.0
211
212
213
311
312
313
315
316
321
322
323
324
(December 1984=100)………………………………….…………
(December 1984=100)………….…………………………………
(December 1984=100)………………………………………………
Retail trade
441
442
443
446
447
454
Motor vehicle and parts dealers………………………………………
Furniture and home furnishings stores………………………………
Electronics and appliance stores……………………………………
Health and personal care stores………………………………………
Gasoline stations (June 2001=100)…………………………………
Nonstore retailers………………………………………………………
Transportation and warehousing
481
483
491
Utilities
221
Utilities…………………………………………………………………… 130.4
Health care and social assistance
6211
6215
6216
622
6231
62321
Office of physicians (December 1996=100)…………………………
Medical and diagnostic laboratories…………………………………
Home health care services (December 1996=100)…………………
Hospitals (December 1992=100)……………………………………
Nursing care facilities…………………………………………………
Residential mental retardation facilities………………………………
Other services industries
511
515
517
5182
523
53112
5312
5313
5321
5411
541211
5413
Publishing industries, except Internet ………………………………
Broadcasting, except Internet…………………………………………
Telecommunications……………………………………………………
Data processing and related services………………………………
Security, commodity contracts, and like activity……………………
Lessors or nonresidental buildings (except miniwarehouse)………
Offices of real estate agents and brokers……………………………
Real estate support activities…………………………………………
Automotive equipment rental and leasing (June 2001=100)………
Legal services (December 1996=100)………………………………
Offices of certified public accountants………………………………
Architectural, engineering, and related services
(December 1996=100)………………………………………………
54181
Advertising agencies……………………………………………………
5613
Employment services (December 1996=100)………………………
56151
Travel agencies…………………………………………………………
56172
Janitorial services………………………………………………………
5621
Waste collection…………………………………………………………
721
Accommodation (December 1996=100)……………………………
p = preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
109
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
43. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
[1982 = 100]
Index
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Finished goods
Total...............................................................................
Foods............................…………………………….……
Energy............……………………………………….….…
Other…...............................………………………….……
133.0
135.1
78.8
146.1
138.0
137.2
94.1
148.0
140.7
141.3
96.7
150.0
138.9
140.1
88.8
150.2
143.3
145.9
102.0
150.5
148.5
152.7
113.0
152.7
155.7
155.7
132.6
156.4
160.4
156.7
145.9
158.7
166.6
167.0
156.3
161.7
177.1
178.3
178.7
167.2
172.6
175.5
147.2
171.5
123.2
120.8
84.3
133.1
129.2
119.2
101.7
136.6
129.7
124.3
104.1
136.4
127.8
123.2
95.9
135.8
133.7
134.4
111.9
138.5
142.6
145.0
123.2
146.5
154.0
146.0
149.2
154.6
164.0
146.2
162.8
163.8
170.7
161.4
174.6
168.4
188.3
180.4
208.1
180.9
172.6
165.1
162.8
173.4
98.2
98.7
78.5
91.1
120.6
100.2
122.1
118.0
121.0
106.1
122.3
101.5
108.1
99.5
102.0
101.0
135.3
113.5
147.2
116.9
159.0
127.0
174.6
149.2
182.2
122.7
234.0
176.7
184.8
119.3
226.9
210.0
207.1
146.7
232.8
238.7
251.8
163.4
309.4
308.5
175.0
134.4
176.3
211.0
Intermediate materials, supplies, and
components
Total...............................................................................
Foods............……………………………………….….…
Energy…...............................………………………….…
Other.................…………...………..........………….……
Crude materials for further processing
Total...............................................................................
Foods............................…………………………….……
Energy............……………………………………….….…
Other…...............................………………………….……
44. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category
[2000 = 100]
2009
Category
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
2010
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
ALL COMMODITIES……………....................................
115.5
116.1
116.6
117.8
117.4
118.1
117.9
117.9
118.9
119.7
120.7
120.3
121.2
Foods, feeds, and beverages……………...……………
Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages….............
Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products……
156.7
158.3
144.4
162.8
165.0
145.3
167.3
170.3
141.4
174.8
178.6
141.5
164.9
167.6
142.2
164.5
167.3
140.8
158.2
160.7
137.3
156.5
159.0
135.0
162.0
164.6
139.9
165.1
167.9
140.9
167.6
170.6
140.9
161.0
163.1
144.8
163.5
165.8
145.8
Industrial supplies and materials……………...………… 136.5
136.9
137.7
140.4
140.6
143.6
143.9
144.9
147.5
150.1
152.8
152.4
155.1
Agricultural industrial supplies and materials…........
122.9
123.6
130.2
131.0
134.9
138.0
142.2
143.9
151.8
152.5
152.1
150.4
155.9
Fuels and lubricants…...............................…………
146.9
156.9
160.2
175.2
166.0
181.6
171.9
175.5
184.6
189.6
200.0
190.4
196.3
Nonagricultural supplies and materials,
excluding fuel and building materials…………...…
Selected building materials…...............................…
138.2
114.0
137.1
113.5
137.3
112.5
138.5
113.0
139.8
112.8
141.1
113.7
142.7
114.0
143.3
112.5
144.8
113.0
147.3
113.5
148.9
114.8
150.3
115.9
152.3
116.0
Capital goods……………...…………………………….… 102.3
Electric and electrical generating equipment…........ 106.8
Nonelectrical machinery…...............................……… 93.8
102.8
106.8
94.3
103.0
107.0
94.4
103.1
107.2
94.4
103.2
107.0
94.5
103.4
107.3
94.7
103.5
107.4
94.9
103.2
107.9
94.4
103.3
108.9
94.6
103.3
109.3
94.5
103.6
109.9
94.5
103.6
110.0
94.6
104.0
109.8
94.9
108.2
108.1
108.1
108.0
107.9
107.9
108.0
108.1
108.2
108.2
108.5
108.7
108.6
Consumer goods, excluding automotive……………... 108.5
Nondurables, manufactured…...............................… 107.1
Durables, manufactured…………...………..........…… 109.9
107.5
107.2
107.6
107.9
107.8
107.9
108.4
108.5
108.1
108.9
108.7
109.5
109.1
109.0
109.6
109.2
109.4
109.5
109.3
109.3
109.6
109.4
109.8
109.4
109.4
110.0
109.2
109.5
110.9
107.8
110.0
111.9
107.5
110.1
111.9
107.4
Agricultural commodities……………...…………………
Nonagricultural commodities……………...……………
157.2
113.1
162.8
113.4
169.7
114.1
161.3
114.2
161.6
115.0
156.9
115.1
155.8
115.2
161.8
115.8
164.7
116.5
166.8
117.3
160.3
117.4
163.4
118.2
Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines……………...
110
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
151.6
112.9
45. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category
[2000 = 100]
2009
Category
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
2010
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
ALL COMMODITIES……………....................................
113.6
114.8
116.8
120.0
119.3
121.1
121.3
122.3
124.1
124.4
125.9
125.8
126.4
Foods, feeds, and beverages……………...……………
Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages….............
Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products……
137.0
151.3
104.8
138.9
154.3
104.1
139.2
155.0
103.6
139.8
155.5
104.4
138.2
153.2
104.2
140.0
155.7
104.5
140.6
156.8
104.1
141.2
157.3
104.9
142.6
159.5
104.5
143.7
160.8
104.9
145.6
163.9
104.2
145.2
163.1
104.7
147.4
165.8
105.6
Industrial supplies and materials……………...………… 149.3
154.3
163.0
177.3
174.4
182.4
183.0
187.2
195.0
196.2
202.7
202.7
205.2
Fuels and lubricants…...............................…………
Petroleum and petroleum products…………...……
162.3
168.5
174.4
185.5
191.5
206.1
222.1
241.5
216.3
235.8
231.4
253.7
228.5
252.2
235.3
258.3
250.1
272.2
249.7
269.3
260.6
279.6
258.8
277.4
263.1
285.0
Paper and paper base stocks…...............................
106.6
104.6
103.3
101.8
99.1
98.4
99.1
100.5
102.4
103.1
104.3
106.4
107.5
Materials associated with nondurable
supplies and materials…...............................………
Selected building materials…...............................…
Unfinished metals associated with durable goods…
Nonmetals associated with durable goods…...........
136.7
116.2
171.6
105.2
135.3
115.2
171.1
104.3
139.2
114.5
172.8
103.4
137.5
116.0
178.3
103.0
132.3
118.0
184.8
102.8
133.3
119.2
190.6
103.5
134.8
118.9
204.0
104.3
137.7
118.6
208.0
104.8
139.4
118.5
212.9
105.2
140.6
120.9
221.5
105.4
142.6
122.5
227.8
106.0
142.9
124.6
233.7
106.7
143.9
127.3
233.4
107.1
Capital goods……………...…………………………….… 91.8
Electric and electrical generating equipment…........
109.4
Nonelectrical machinery…...............................……… 86.6
91.9
109.1
86.8
91.9
109.8
86.7
91.9
110.0
86.5
91.9
110.2
86.5
91.9
110.3
86.5
91.9
110.3
86.5
91.9
110.8
86.4
91.9
111.0
86.4
91.9
111.3
86.4
91.9
111.7
86.2
91.7
111.8
86.1
91.4
111.1
85.9
Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines……………...
107.7
107.7
107.9
108.0
108.2
108.4
108.6
108.8
108.9
108.8
108.4
108.4
108.2
Consumer goods, excluding automotive……………...
103.9
Nondurables, manufactured…...............................… 108.4
Durables, manufactured…………...………..........…… 99.8
Nonmanufactured consumer goods…………...……… 101.2
104.1
108.3
100.0
102.7
104.2
108.1
100.5
101.3
104.3
108.1
100.6
101.4
104.1
107.8
100.6
101.3
104.1
107.8
100.6
100.8
104.1
107.8
100.7
101.2
104.3
107.8
100.9
101.6
104.3
107.9
100.9
101.1
104.3
107.9
100.8
102.1
104.4
108.5
100.5
102.1
104.3
108.4
100.3
102.4
104.5
109.0
100.2
102.5
46. U.S. international price Indexes for selected categories of services
[2000 = 100, unless indicated otherwise]
2008
Category
Mar.
June
2009
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
2010
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
Import air freight……………...........................................
Export air freight……………...……………………………
144.4
132.0
158.7
140.8
157.1
144.3
138.5
135.0
132.9
124.1
132.8
117.4
134.8
121.6
163.9
122.9
156.6
124.3
Import air passenger fares (Dec. 2006 = 100)……………
Export air passenger fares (Dec. 2006 = 100)…............
131.3
156.4
171.6
171.4
161.3
171.9
157.3
164.6
134.9
141.7
147.3
138.2
137.9
141.3
152.3
156.1
149.8
160.1
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
111
Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data
47. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted
[1992 = 100]
2007
Item
I
II
2008
III
IV
I
II
2009
III
IV
I
II
2010
III
IV
I
Business
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
139.0
175.2
122.8
126.0
136.7
130.0
140.0
176.3
122.1
125.9
139.4
130.9
142.0
177.7
122.4
125.1
141.9
131.4
142.8
179.9
122.5
126.0
141.9
131.9
142.8
180.3
121.3
126.3
141.7
132.1
143.8
181.0
120.2
125.8
143.8
132.5
144.3
183.6
120.1
127.2
145.3
134.0
145.0
185.4
124.3
127.8
143.4
133.6
145.3
183.5
123.6
126.2
148.0
134.3
148.0
186.8
125.4
126.2
147.7
134.2
150.9
186.8
124.2
123.8
151.9
134.3
153.4
187.0
123.5
121.9
155.3
134.4
154.5
187.8
123.6
121.6
156.6
134.6
138.3
174.3
122.2
126.0
138.2
130.5
139.0
174.9
121.2
125.8
141.0
131.4
141.0
176.2
121.4
125.0
143.3
131.7
142.0
178.8
121.7
125.9
142.9
132.2
141.8
179.3
120.6
126.4
142.5
132.3
142.8
179.7
119.4
125.9
144.9
132.9
143.2
182.4
119.3
127.4
146.5
134.4
144.0
184.4
123.6
128.1
145.1
134.3
144.3
182.5
123.0
126.4
150.3
135.2
147.0
185.9
124.7
126.4
150.0
135.1
149.8
185.7
123.5
124.0
154.6
135.2
152.1
185.9
122.8
122.2
157.5
135.2
153.4
186.7
122.9
121.7
158.9
135.4
143.6
164.3
115.2
116.8
114.4
123.1
171.2
136.2
121.8
144.3
165.0
114.3
117.2
114.4
124.9
171.8
137.7
122.2
144.0
166.1
114.4
118.6
115.3
127.4
155.6
135.1
122.0
146.2
168.6
114.8
118.7
115.3
127.9
149.9
133.9
121.6
145.0
168.7
113.5
119.8
116.3
129.1
133.0
130.2
121.0
147.3
169.7
112.7
118.9
115.1
129.2
134.7
130.7
120.4
149.1
172.4
112.8
119.4
115.6
129.8
145.3
134.0
121.8
149.2
175.0
117.3
121.8
117.3
134.1
129.5
132.8
122.5
146.6
173.2
116.7
123.8
118.1
139.1
127.5
135.9
124.1
149.9
175.4
117.7
122.7
117.1
138.0
133.8
136.8
123.7
151.3
175.9
116.9
121.5
116.3
135.7
140.0
136.8
123.2
154.3
176.0
116.2
119.5
114.1
134.5
149.1
138.5
122.2
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
176.6
172.7
121.1
97.8
177.6
172.2
119.4
97.0
180.2
172.9
119.1
95.9
182.5
176.3
120.0
96.6
182.9
175.6
118.1
96.0
181.1
176.1
117.0
97.3
181.0
179.2
117.3
99.1
179.7
185.4
124.2
103.1
178.4
185.0
124.7
103.7
181.3
187.8
126.0
103.6
187.6
187.4
124.6
99.9
190.6
187.2
123.7
98.2
191.8
186.7
122.8
97.3
Nonfarm business
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
Nonfinancial corporations
Output per hour of all employees...................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Total unit costs…...............................……………………
Unit labor costs.............................................................
Unit nonlabor costs......................................................
Unit profits......................................................................
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
Manufacturing
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
112
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
48. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years
[2000 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
Item
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Private business
Productivity:
90.0
Output per hour of all persons......……………..............
Output per unit of capital services……………………… 105.3
Multifactor productivity……………………………………
95.3
Output…...............................………………………….……
82.8
91.7
105.3
96.2
87.2
94.3
103.8
97.4
91.5
97.2
102.3
98.8
96.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.8
96.0
100.4
100.5
107.1
94.7
102.5
102.0
111.2
95.5
105.4
105.2
114.5
97.2
108.2
109.7
116.6
98.1
109.7
113.6
117.6
98.4
110.3
117.1
119.5
97.7
110.7
119.5
122.7
95.6
112.0
120.4
90.8
78.7
86.9
85.5
94.4
82.9
90.7
87.1
96.5
88.2
93.9
90.9
98.8
94.1
97.4
95.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.2
104.6
100.0
107.0
96.2
107.7
99.5
113.1
95.8
110.2
99.9
116.5
96.9
112.9
101.4
117.8
98.8
115.8
103.6
118.9
101.2
119.1
106.2
119.6
102.3
122.3
108.0
122.3
100.3
125.9
107.6
128.3
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons........……………………… 90.5
Output per unit of capital services……………………… 106.1
Multifactor productivity……………………………………
95.8
Output…...............................………………………….……
82.8
92.0
105.8
96.5
87.2
94.5
104.2
97.7
91.5
97.3
102.6
99.0
96.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.7
96.0
100.4
100.5
107.1
94.5
102.5
102.1
111.1
95.2
105.2
105.2
114.2
96.9
108.0
109.6
116.1
97.7
109.3
113.5
117.2
97.9
109.9
117.1
118.9
97.0
110.1
119.4
122.3
95.1
111.4
120.4
90.4
78.1
86.5
85.3
94.0
82.4
90.4
86.9
96.3
87.8
93.7
90.7
98.8
93.9
97.3
94.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.4
104.7
100.2
107.0
96.4
107.9
99.6
113.2
96.0
110.5
100.0
116.7
97.1
113.1
101.5
117.8
99.1
116.1
103.8
118.9
101.6
119.6
106.6
119.7
102.8
123.1
108.4
122.6
100.9
126.7
108.1
128.8
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons...…………………………
Output per unit of capital services………………………
Multifactor productivity……………………………………
Output…...............................………………………….……
82.7
97.9
91.2
83.0
87.2
100.5
93.8
89.2
91.9
100.7
95.9
93.8
96.1
100.4
96.6
97.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.6
93.5
98.7
94.9
108.6
92.4
102.4
94.3
115.4
93.3
105.3
95.3
118.0
95.5
108.1
97.0
123.6
98.9
108.1
100.4
124.6
100.0
110.8
102.0
128.8
101.1
116.0
103.6
–
–
–
–
Inputs:
Hours of all persons.....................................................
Capital services…………...………..........………….……
Energy……………….……….........................................
Nonenergy materials....................................................
Purchased business services.......................................
Combined units of all factor inputs…………...………...
100.4
84.8
110.4
85.9
88.4
91.1
102.3
88.7
108.2
92.8
92.0
95.1
102.0
93.2
105.4
97.7
95.0
97.8
101.3
97.0
105.5
102.6
100.0
100.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
93.5
101.5
90.6
93.3
100.7
96.2
86.8
102.1
89.3
88.4
98.3
92.1
82.6
102.1
84.4
87.7
99.1
90.5
82.2
101.6
84.0
87.3
97.0
89.7
81.3
101.5
92.5
92.7
105.2
92.9
81.9
102.0
86.3
90.4
103.9
92.0
80.4
102.5
84.0
83.1
103.5
89.3
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Inputs:
Labor input...................................................................
Capital services…………...………..........………….……
Combined units of labor and capital input………………
Capital per hour of all persons.......................……………
Private nonfarm business
Inputs:
Labor input...................................................................
Capital services…………...………..........………….……
Combined units of labor and capital input………………
Capital per hour of all persons......…………………………
Manufacturing [1996 = 100]
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
113
Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data
49. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years
[1992 = 100]
Item
1964
1974
1984
1994
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Business
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
57.0
16.2
68.4
28.5
27.2
28.0
72.5
31.8
84.1
43.8
39.7
42.3
85.5
68.9
90.5
80.6
80.4
80.5
101.4
103.8
99.2
102.3
106.1
103.7
120.7
140.9
114.0
116.7
111.0
114.6
126.2
145.3
115.6
115.1
116.1
115.5
131.0
152.3
118.6
116.2
118.7
117.1
134.9
157.6
119.5
116.9
125.8
120.2
137.2
163.8
120.2
119.5
131.9
124.1
138.5
170.1
120.8
122.8
135.9
127.7
141.0
177.3
122.4
125.7
140.0
131.0
144.0
182.5
121.4
126.8
143.6
133.0
149.4
186.0
124.2
124.5
150.8
134.3
59.8
16.6
70.0
27.8
27.1
27.5
74.5
31.9
84.6
42.9
37.9
41.0
86.4
69.2
90.9
80.1
79.5
79.9
101.6
103.8
99.2
102.2
106.6
103.8
120.2
140.1
113.3
116.5
112.6
115.1
125.7
144.5
115.0
115.0
118.1
116.1
130.3
151.4
117.9
116.2
120.1
117.6
134.0
156.6
118.7
116.8
126.7
120.4
136.2
162.8
119.4
119.5
133.6
124.7
137.5
169.0
120.0
122.9
138.0
128.5
140.1
176.1
121.6
125.7
141.4
131.5
142.9
181.4
120.7
126.9
144.7
133.5
148.3
185.0
123.5
124.7
153.2
135.2
62.6
18.2
76.9
27.7
29.2
23.9
58.6
33.3
30.6
73.0
34.0
90.0
45.1
46.5
41.3
47.5
42.9
45.3
87.4
71.6
94.0
81.8
82.0
81.4
106.4
88.2
84.1
102.3
103.6
99.0
100.9
101.3
99.6
134.0
109.0
103.9
123.5
137.3
111.0
111.5
111.2
112.3
84.0
104.6
109.0
127.9
140.9
112.2
110.9
110.2
112.9
96.6
108.5
109.6
133.0
147.3
114.7
111.3
110.8
112.7
107.3
111.2
110.9
137.5
150.9
114.4
110.1
109.7
111.3
142.7
119.8
113.1
141.0
155.7
114.2
111.8
110.4
115.4
161.1
127.8
116.3
143.1
160.2
113.8
113.8
112.0
118.9
179.9
135.5
119.9
144.5
166.0
114.6
117.8
114.9
125.8
162.1
135.7
121.9
147.6
171.4
114.0
120.0
116.1
130.5
135.7
131.9
121.4
150.5
175.1
116.9
121.9
116.4
136.8
137.6
137.0
123.3
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
106.2
104.8
100.1
98.7
102.8
101.5
141.4
137.5
111.2
97.3
102.2
100.6
151.1
145.1
115.5
96.0
101.2
99.5
160.6
156.7
122.0
97.6
103.4
101.5
164.3
157.9
119.7
96.1
111.3
106.3
172.0
163.2
119.7
94.9
122.6
113.5
173.4
166.4
118.2
96.0
128.1
117.6
179.2
173.5
119.9
96.8
130.8
119.7
181.2
179.0
119.0
98.8
–
–
184.4
186.9
124.8
101.3
–
–
Nonfarm business
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
Nonfinancial corporations
Output per hour of all employees...................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Total unit costs…...............................……………………
Unit labor costs.............................................................
Unit nonlabor costs......................................................
Unit profits......................................................................
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
Manufacturing
Output per hour of all persons........................................
Compensation per hour…………………………….………
Real compensation per hour………………………………
Unit labor costs…...............................……………………
Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........………
Implicit price deflator………………………………………
Dash indicates data not available.
114
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
50. Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries
[2002=100]
NAICS
Industry
1987
1992
1997
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Mining
21
211
2111
212
2121
2122
2123
213
2131
Mining………………………………………………….
Oil and gas extraction…………………………………
Oil and gas extraction…………………………………
Mining, except oil and gas……………………………
Coal mining…………………………………………….
Metal ore mining…………………………………………
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying…………
Support activities for mining……………………………
Support activities for mining……………………………
2211
2212
Power generation and supply…………………………
Natural gas distribution…………………………………
311
3111
3112
3113
3114
75.1
64.7
64.7
62.6
51.7
51.4
85.0
76.7
76.7
83.7
65.9
65.9
78.4
67.2
66.0
93.1
87.6
87.6
88.1
80.8
80.8
90.3
89.5
72.4
96.5
96.6
96.6
97.8
96.5
96.5
96.0
103.7
87.9
92.8
97.5
97.5
96.1
98.2
98.2
98.5
102.3
95.7
95.9
106.7
106.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.2
105.1
105.1
102.8
101.5
102.9
104.5
131.7
131.7
94.1
90.2
90.2
104.9
101.5
99.2
110.4
164.5
164.5
84.6
87.1
87.1
103.1
96.5
94.0
114.3
140.1
140.1
76.9
81.0
81.0
100.3
89.3
89.1
115.8
142.1
142.1
71.9
78.3
78.3
95.0
90.4
75.4
106.0
151.5
151.5
-
63.7
58.7
72.4
66.0
97.2
86.6
103.9
98.1
103.4
95.3
100.0
100.0
102.1
98.9
104.4
102.5
111.1
105.8
112.1
103.2
110.1
103.7
-
Food………………………………………………….
Animal food………………………………………………
Grain and oilseed milling………………………………
Sugar and confectionery products……………………
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty………
80.9
58.6
66.0
80.4
73.1
85.0
63.6
74.2
81.9
72.3
86.9
70.4
81.4
92.5
78.7
93.5
77.0
92.3
102.3
88.7
95.4
92.0
97.6
100.3
95.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.6
117.7
100.7
100.4
97.2
101.0
104.6
105.1
107.3
99.5
106.2
119.5
106.6
120.4
103.3
104.1
108.2
102.3
113.5
98.0
101.4
109.4
104.1
103.4
104.5
-
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
Dairy products……………………………………………
Animal slaughtering and processing…………………
Seafood product preparation and packaging……….
Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing……………………
Other food products……………………………………
77.4
90.1
72.5
85.5
86.8
89.1
94.4
69.4
86.2
86.9
94.6
93.0
58.9
87.5
89.1
89.6
95.7
82.7
96.6
100.4
92.1
96.0
89.8
98.4
94.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.2
99.9
101.8
97.9
105.0
102.0
100.4
96.5
100.1
106.1
101.9
109.7
110.5
104.3
102.6
100.7
109.4
122.0
103.8
102.6
99.4
105.8
109.2
101.3
94.7
-
312
3121
3122
313
3131
Beverages and tobacco products……………………
94.9
Beverages………………………………………………
77.8
Tobacco and tobacco products……………………… 107.2
Textile mills……………………………………………… 59.8
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills…………………………… 50.0
111.0
95.7
116.0
66.6
60.2
121.4
100.8
149.3
81.3
75.2
107.3
91.6
143.0
86.3
75.6
108.3
93.2
146.6
89.4
82.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
111.4
110.8
116.7
111.1
112.1
114.6
115.4
121.5
113.0
116.7
120.8
120.9
136.5
122.9
108.8
113.0
112.6
138.1
122.2
105.5
109.5
112.7
137.3
124.1
115.7
-
3132
3133
314
3141
3149
Fabric mills………………………………………………
Textile and fabric finishing mills………………………
Textile product mills……………………………………
Textile furnishings mills…………………………………
Other textile product mills………………………………
56.0
76.5
82.2
86.1
78.7
67.2
69.9
82.0
87.4
79.1
82.5
83.6
91.4
94.4
93.1
90.2
87.2
101.3
100.5
105.9
91.4
91.0
97.8
98.0
99.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
114.0
104.1
102.8
105.6
98.0
115.3
104.5
115.0
115.1
116.4
133.0
113.3
121.1
118.8
128.3
140.7
102.4
110.9
107.7
120.9
141.5
98.5
98.5
99.9
103.2
-
315
3151
3152
3159
316
Apparel………………………………………………….
73.1
Apparel knitting mills……………………………………
71.3
Cut and sew apparel……………………………………
70.4
Accessories and other apparel………………………
129.9
Leather and allied products……………………………
84.7
77.8
86.9
73.1
129.8
95.2
100.3
92.8
99.6
132.2
121.1
116.9
100.4
119.2
129.8
133.4
117.2
97.3
119.7
137.4
138.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.7
93.2
109.7
105.8
105.7
94.2
83.7
96.4
95.8
130.3
94.4
97.8
91.9
109.8
130.6
86.0
97.7
82.4
96.3
135.8
60.4
65.6
58.2
71.6
128.4
-
3161
3162
3169
321
3211
Leather and hide tanning and finishing……………… 138.4
Footwear…………………………………………………
78.5
Other leather products………………………………… 117.2
Wood products…………………………………………
83.1
Sawmills and wood preservation……………………… 67.3
131.6
86.0
127.9
86.8
74.1
153.7
102.5
135.3
87.5
86.9
136.7
122.2
143.2
90.2
90.9
140.1
131.5
140.8
91.7
90.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.1
107.7
109.7
101.6
108.3
135.7
112.6
165.5
102.2
103.9
142.2
118.6
160.7
107.6
108.3
127.8
126.7
183.1
110.9
113.4
166.5
101.6
178.6
111.2
107.7
-
3212
3219
322
3221
3222
Plywood and engineered wood products……………
Other wood products……………………………………
Paper and paper products……………………………
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills……………………
Converted paper products……………………………
90.3
89.9
75.4
61.7
84.4
103.4
87.8
79.7
66.4
89.2
90.4
87.3
87.7
75.4
94.8
89.6
90.4
93.5
88.0
96.0
95.1
90.9
93.8
90.4
95.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.7
100.7
104.3
106.0
104.0
92.3
106.5
108.0
110.3
107.5
99.6
111.5
108.6
110.2
108.7
105.5
113.2
109.8
110.8
110.3
109.4
115.4
113.8
114.0
115.4
-
323
3231
324
3241
325
Printing and related support activities…………………
Printing and related support activities…………………
Petroleum and coal products…………………………
Petroleum and coal products…………………………
Chemicals………………………………………………
87.7
87.7
60.8
60.8
75.0
91.1
91.1
67.0
67.0
75.9
88.9
88.9
85.6
85.6
87.3
95.0
95.0
96.8
96.8
92.9
95.1
95.1
94.9
94.9
92.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.4
100.4
102.0
102.0
101.2
103.8
103.8
105.9
105.9
105.3
109.2
109.2
106.2
106.2
109.4
111.8
111.8
104.3
104.3
109.1
115.4
115.4
105.8
105.8
116.7
-
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
Basic chemicals…………………………………………
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers……………………
Agricultural chemicals…………………………………
Pharmaceuticals and medicines………………………
Paints, coatings, and adhesives………………………
76.1
62.9
80.8
89.6
81.6
72.4
65.4
82.5
89.9
81.6
80.2
81.2
100.6
102.7
91.4
94.6
89.0
92.8
98.2
90.5
87.6
86.3
89.9
102.2
97.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
108.5
97.7
110.4
102.8
106.1
121.8
97.3
121.0
103.7
109.7
129.6
103.4
139.2
107.3
111.2
134.1
105.5
134.7
107.6
106.7
154.9
108.6
142.8
105.1
104.4
-
3256
3259
326
3261
3262
Soap, cleaning compounds, and toiletries……………
Other chemical products and preparations…………
Plastics and rubber products…………………………
Plastics products………………………………………
Rubber products…………………………………………
67.8
62.3
67.3
67.3
71.3
68.5
70.7
73.8
73.2
79.3
80.0
82.6
82.7
80.8
93.2
82.3
98.1
91.1
90.7
94.8
84.6
90.9
92.8
92.4
95.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
92.7
98.6
103.8
103.9
103.5
102.6
96.2
105.9
105.8
106.4
109.7
96.0
108.7
108.5
109.4
111.3
91.5
108.6
106.8
114.2
134.3
105.7
108.1
105.1
119.5
-
327
3271
Nonmetallic mineral products…………………………
Clay products and refractories…………………………
83.6
90.6
86.4
92.7
95.1
102.7
98.6
108.5
95.6
99.1
100.0
100.0
107.1
109.5
105.3
116.0
111.6
122.0
110.7
122.2
111.5
115.2
-
Utilities
Manufacturing
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
115
Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data
50. Continued - Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries
[2002=100]
NAICS
Industry
1987
1992
1997
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
3272
3273
3274
3279
331
Glass and glass products………………………………
Cement and concrete products………………………
Lime and gypsum products……………………………
Other nonmetallic mineral products…………………
Primary metals…………………………………………
75.6
90.5
89.3
79.4
70.4
77.6
93.3
90.3
85.6
76.7
91.1
97.0
101.2
94.9
86.9
100.2
99.3
99.8
90.3
88.0
94.1
95.5
103.1
95.2
87.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.7
106.3
109.3
105.7
103.4
105.7
101.0
107.2
106.8
116.7
111.8
104.6
121.9
118.5
119.8
119.2
101.6
119.3
112.8
119.7
118.6
105.4
113.9
109.7
129.3
-
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production………
Steel products from purchased steel…………………
Alumina and aluminum production……………………
Other nonferrous metal production……………………
Foundries…………………………………………………
51.9
81.9
72.7
90.8
69.4
59.9
92.5
76.9
93.3
73.7
80.1
102.9
80.3
93.7
85.5
84.6
99.1
77.5
96.2
88.7
83.6
101.3
77.2
93.4
91.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.1
91.8
101.8
109.6
100.4
136.5
82.6
110.4
110.3
106.8
134.2
77.7
125.3
106.1
111.4
138.1
70.0
123.1
95.2
114.1
142.3
68.6
132.0
115.7
115.3
-
332
3321
3322
3323
3324
Fabricated metal products……………………………
Forging and stamping…………………………………
Cutlery and handtools…………………………………
Architectural and structural metals……………………
Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers………………
78.3
68.8
76.1
83.5
86.7
82.3
74.2
76.8
87.3
96.2
90.1
80.4
88.1
94.0
100.6
94.7
97.8
93.4
95.6
95.2
94.5
97.3
97.3
95.5
95.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.4
107.3
99.2
103.7
103.7
102.9
113.8
90.9
99.2
96.0
106.5
118.5
95.4
104.3
99.4
109.2
121.4
97.2
107.6
101.1
111.1
128.4
109.1
107.2
104.4
-
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
Hardware…………………………………………………
Spring and wire products………………………………
Machine shops and threaded products………………
Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals………
Other fabricated metal products………………………
77.0
65.4
65.2
64.1
85.5
75.8
72.2
73.4
73.8
84.9
86.8
79.6
87.2
85.7
93.9
99.4
89.7
94.9
89.4
93.9
98.4
89.0
95.3
92.5
90.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.7
106.0
100.5
100.3
104.5
104.5
104.3
101.7
106.1
104.8
106.8
110.9
101.0
118.0
106.6
107.2
110.5
102.1
115.6
111.1
91.6
108.4
104.5
118.6
111.8
-
333
3331
3332
3333
3334
Machinery………………………………………………
Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery……
Industrial machinery……………………………………
Commercial and service industry machinery…………
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment……
70.0
69.1
63.4
88.9
70.6
74.0
74.7
67.3
102.5
76.8
85.8
96.1
84.8
102.1
84.1
95.7
96.1
109.9
102.9
90.8
93.7
95.3
89.6
97.1
93.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
108.1
112.3
98.9
107.5
109.6
109.4
120.8
107.3
109.6
112.1
115.9
124.0
105.3
118.4
116.1
119.5
125.1
116.3
127.4
113.0
119.7
120.9
119.0
114.6
108.8
-
3335
3336
3339
334
3341
Metalworking machinery………………………………
Turbine and power transmission equipment…………
Other general purpose machinery……………………
Computer and electronic products……………………
Computer and peripheral equipment…………………
75.8
61.5
70.5
15.1
3.7
79.8
61.9
72.0
23.0
7.2
89.6
76.6
84.7
53.0
33.5
96.2
88.1
96.1
96.2
78.4
94.2
97.3
93.5
96.3
84.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.9
110.3
108.1
114.2
121.5
102.9
96.4
107.4
127.9
133.9
110.9
100.6
117.4
134.9
172.7
111.7
96.4
121.8
146.2
233.1
117.3
96.1
124.4
157.9
285.0
-
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
Communications equipment……………………………
Audio and video equipment……………………………
Semiconductors and electronic components…………
Electronic instruments…………………………………
Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction……
31.2
41.6
6.4
59.3
77.0
47.5
63.1
11.3
72.7
81.3
78.2
67.0
37.8
84.4
89.7
128.4
84.9
87.5
98.4
93.3
120.1
86.7
87.1
100.4
88.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
113.4
112.6
121.0
106.1
114.5
122.0
155.8
133.8
122.4
128.8
118.5
149.2
140.7
124.4
129.7
146.3
147.1
137.7
128.8
124.9
139.5
106.9
159.2
138.2
128.2
-
335
3351
3352
3353
3359
Electrical equipment and appliances…………………
Electric lighting equipment……………………………
Household appliances…………………………………
Electrical equipment……………………………………
Other electrical equipment and components…………
66.0
80.6
53.5
67.3
68.7
72.5
83.4
62.4
77.5
71.8
88.1
88.6
76.0
98.1
87.3
98.3
90.2
89.3
97.5
104.7
98.2
94.3
94.9
98.9
99.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.5
98.5
111.6
102.1
102.0
109.2
108.1
121.2
110.7
101.8
114.3
112.7
124.6
117.9
106.3
114.7
121.6
129.7
119.7
101.5
117.6
122.7
125.9
126.3
105.9
-
336
3361
3362
3363
3364
Transportation equipment………………………………
Motor vehicles……………………………………………
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers………………………
Motor vehicle parts………………………………………
Aerospace products and parts…………………………
65.5
60.4
81.0
60.3
73.5
70.5
72.4
83.0
63.1
81.3
78.7
79.5
95.2
76.9
84.2
85.7
87.1
93.7
86.1
86.9
89.2
87.3
84.2
88.1
97.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
109.0
112.0
103.8
104.8
99.2
108.3
113.2
104.8
105.5
93.9
113.8
118.5
107.8
109.8
102.6
114.8
130.6
103.3
108.4
97.3
122.1
136.8
110.5
111.9
109.0
-
3365
3366
3369
337
3371
Railroad rolling stock……………………………………
Ship and boat building…………………………………
Other transportation equipment………………………
Furniture and related products…………………………
Household and institutional furniture…………………
38.0
73.3
48.7
75.9
77.3
55.9
76.1
59.3
78.4
81.4
68.5
76.6
65.5
88.7
89.3
81.1
94.4
83.3
91.3
92.7
86.3
93.3
83.4
92.0
94.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.1
103.7
110.0
102.0
101.1
87.2
106.8
110.4
103.3
100.8
88.4
102.4
112.8
107.5
105.9
95.2
97.8
122.9
109.2
109.7
94.4
99.5
148.8
106.2
105.7
-
3372
3379
339
3391
3399
Office furniture and fixtures……………………………
Other furniture related products………………………
Miscellaneous manufacturing…………………………
Medical equipment and supplies………………………
Other miscellaneous manufacturing…………………
74.0
77.4
64.5
57.7
71.8
74.0
78.0
71.1
68.5
74.5
86.3
89.6
79.3
76.6
83.1
86.9
90.2
92.6
90.3
96.0
84.7
94.8
94.0
93.8
94.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.3
99.4
106.9
107.6
105.8
110.4
109.4
106.4
108.6
104.6
112.4
115.5
114.8
116.2
113.0
107.2
120.5
118.4
117.8
117.8
104.3
119.5
114.4
113.7
113.5
-
42
423
4231
4232
4233
4234
Wholesale trade…………………………………………
Durable goods…………………………………………
Motor vehicles and parts………………………………
Furniture and furnishings………………………………
Lumber and construction supplies……………………
Commercial equipment…………………………………
59.5
44.5
55.9
69.5
88.0
10.6
70.3
53.9
63.1
82.4
89.1
17.8
81.2
71.5
75.0
86.3
80.7
37.8
94.5
89.2
87.5
97.0
86.9
68.7
95.5
92.0
90.0
95.5
94.1
82.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.5
104.6
103.2
106.9
107.4
112.9
109.0
115.1
107.6
112.2
112.4
133.2
109.4
118.9
110.0
109.6
113.0
151.1
110.9
122.9
119.5
113.0
108.9
167.1
110.8
121.9
114.1
105.2
103.4
180.4
110.5
122.3
105.3
88.4
102.2
197.0
4235
4236
4237
4238
Metals and minerals…………………………………… 105.6
Electric goods…………………………………………… 26.8
Hardware and plumbing………………………………
80.2
Machinery and supplies………………………………
74.0
112.3
35.1
91.9
80.5
103.9
62.7
97.6
99.8
97.5
95.8
101.1
105.2
98.0
92.5
98.0
102.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.2
103.9
101.3
103.1
110.4
121.7
104.5
112.0
107.5
127.3
101.0
117.0
103.0
137.3
101.4
119.8
95.1
144.2
96.5
115.5
87.1
148.0
89.5
123.0
Wholesale trade
116
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
50. Continued - Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries
[2002=100]
NAICS
Industry
1987
1992
1997
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
4239
424
4241
4242
4243
Miscellaneous durable goods…………………………
Nondurable goods………………………………………
Paper and paper products……………………………
Druggists' goods…………………………………………
Apparel and piece goods………………………………
72.0
86.1
73.5
78.8
70.3
87.0
96.3
82.8
98.7
78.3
80.2
94.6
85.9
111.5
81.5
91.7
99.4
86.6
95.7
88.7
93.8
99.3
89.7
94.6
93.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.0
104.4
102.7
111.6
102.6
107.7
107.4
112.2
117.9
106.7
107.0
107.7
121.5
124.8
114.8
96.7
105.8
117.2
121.7
115.0
93.8
105.0
124.4
113.3
113.5
96.5
104.5
113.8
121.2
118.8
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
Grocery and related products…………………………
89.3
Farm product raw materials……………………………
83.1
Chemicals……………………………………………… 101.5
Petroleum………………………………………………
54.9
Alcoholic beverages……………………………………
92.9
106.1
84.8
118.1
73.9
97.5
101.5
101.8
112.3
65.1
93.6
103.9
107.2
98.7
89.9
101.5
103.3
104.1
95.8
91.5
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.4
100.1
103.5
98.4
101.1
105.6
111.3
102.4
106.2
96.6
104.7
113.4
97.5
98.6
97.4
104.5
120.4
93.0
95.8
100.7
107.3
119.9
92.6
92.0
100.8
103.5
122.0
93.4
93.5
96.6
4249
425
4251
Miscellaneous nondurable goods……………………
Electronic markets and agents and brokers…………
Electronic markets and agents and brokers…………
104.9
58.6
58.6
92.5
77.0
77.0
94.3
91.1
91.1
108.1
109.4
109.4
105.3
100.9
100.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.5
95.3
95.3
113.5
89.4
89.4
116.4
79.6
79.6
113.4
84.2
84.2
109.0
91.4
91.4
101.5
89.0
89.0
44-45
441
4411
4412
4413
Retail trade………………………………………………
Motor vehicle and parts dealers………………………
Automobile dealers……………………………………
Other motor vehicle dealers……………………………
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores………………
63.1
65.4
67.6
55.4
66.7
67.9
73.4
76.4
63.5
76.9
79.6
83.4
85.3
74.8
92.9
92.5
95.3
97.0
86.2
100.7
95.6
96.7
98.5
93.2
94.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.8
103.6
101.9
100.1
106.9
109.8
106.2
106.4
107.2
102.3
112.5
105.6
105.4
100.8
107.3
116.8
107.5
106.9
106.9
108.2
120.0
109.0
109.2
108.3
105.6
117.9
99.3
99.1
110.1
101.4
442
4421
4422
443
4431
Furniture and home furnishings stores………………
Furniture stores…………………………………………
Home furnishings stores………………………………
Electronics and appliance stores………………………
Electronics and appliance stores………………………
58.1
61.8
53.0
16.3
16.3
66.8
72.8
59.0
24.1
24.1
77.4
79.9
74.1
42.8
42.8
89.7
89.5
89.7
74.4
74.4
94.7
95.6
93.5
84.2
84.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.1
102.9
105.7
125.3
125.3
113.5
111.2
116.3
143.1
143.1
116.4
113.7
119.5
158.1
158.1
121.1
119.8
123.0
177.3
177.3
128.1
123.2
133.9
201.1
201.1
128.5
121.6
136.5
232.9
232.9
444
4441
4442
445
4451
Building material and garden supply stores…………
Building material and supplies dealers………………
Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores…
Food and beverage stores……………………………
Grocery stores…………………………………………
62.8
64.0
56.5
105.9
106.1
67.5
68.3
63.5
101.8
102.1
82.8
82.5
84.6
95.5
95.5
93.7
94.9
87.2
96.5
96.5
96.7
96.2
100.1
99.1
98.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.2
105.0
106.3
102.3
101.9
111.3
110.4
118.4
107.8
107.1
111.4
111.3
111.8
112.6
111.5
113.9
113.5
116.7
115.2
112.9
116.8
114.5
136.1
118.2
115.1
117.8
112.1
164.4
116.0
113.5
4452
4453
446
4461
447
Specialty food stores…………………………………… 131.5
Beer, wine, and liquor stores…………………………
85.0
Health and personal care stores………………………
68.4
Health and personal care stores………………………
68.4
Gasoline stations………………………………………
67.1
106.1
85.8
73.1
73.1
70.2
95.0
90.8
81.3
81.3
79.9
93.6
96.0
91.3
91.3
86.1
102.8
97.2
94.5
94.5
90.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.5
106.3
105.3
105.3
95.8
114.3
116.0
109.2
109.2
97.7
118.8
127.0
108.8
108.8
99.4
131.2
132.5
113.0
113.0
98.9
140.1
141.1
112.1
112.1
101.4
128.7
134.1
112.5
112.5
100.8
4471
448
4481
4482
4483
Gasoline stations………………………………………
Clothing and clothing accessories stores……………
Clothing stores…………………………………………
Shoe stores………………………………………………
Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores…………
67.1
50.5
49.4
52.2
54.4
70.2
57.6
58.0
59.9
53.2
79.9
76.2
73.6
79.9
84.3
86.1
94.1
91.9
87.9
110.0
90.2
96.3
95.8
89.0
104.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
95.8
105.8
104.3
105.8
111.9
97.7
106.0
103.6
99.7
121.6
99.4
112.4
112.4
105.5
117.0
98.9
122.8
123.4
116.2
124.2
101.4
132.4
135.0
113.7
134.2
100.8
136.7
144.3
112.3
122.0
451
4511
4512
452
4521
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores……
Sporting goods and musical instrument stores………
Book, periodical, and music stores……………………
General merchandise stores…………………………
Department stores………………………………………
58.7
53.8
70.7
56.9
85.7
67.7
63.4
77.5
64.3
89.6
78.4
73.5
89.6
77.5
97.9
94.9
95.1
94.7
93.1
103.8
99.6
98.9
101.2
96.7
101.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.1
103.7
101.8
106.0
104.3
118.4
122.0
110.7
109.0
107.5
128.2
132.0
120.1
112.4
108.9
133.3
140.1
118.5
116.1
111.3
131.2
137.0
118.7
116.7
104.2
135.4
141.7
121.7
115.8
97.3
4529
453
4531
4532
4533
Other general merchandise stores……………………
Miscellaneous store retailers…………………………
Florists………………………………………………….
Office supplies, stationery and gift stores……………
Used merchandise stores………………………………
30.5
54.7
68.2
43.4
45.4
38.9
61.9
73.6
52.6
57.6
55.8
84.0
87.9
70.7
70.4
82.4
95.8
101.3
89.9
82.0
92.2
94.6
90.3
93.5
85.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.8
105.9
95.7
108.8
105.4
107.1
109.8
90.9
122.1
107.4
110.7
116.7
108.5
128.9
110.4
113.9
128.4
125.5
143.1
117.6
120.3
133.8
118.2
151.8
131.9
123.2
136.8
140.6
147.4
148.6
4539
454
4541
4542
4543
Other miscellaneous store retailers…………………… 72.4
Nonstore retailers………………………………………
27.9
18.5
Electronic shopping and mail-order houses…………
Vending machine operators…………………………… 104.6
Direct selling establishments…………………………
52.4
75.5
33.5
23.6
101.6
58.4
106.0
54.9
47.0
109.6
74.0
110.6
83.6
75.3
121.7
90.7
102.7
89.9
84.4
104.9
94.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.8
107.4
114.5
112.1
94.1
102.7
118.4
128.3
121.1
96.5
107.4
121.3
136.4
125.7
88.9
119.0
140.4
160.6
139.7
95.8
123.1
152.4
176.6
142.3
99.9
121.3
154.8
170.5
160.9
99.4
481
482111
48412
48421
491
4911
Air transportation………………………………………
76.7
Line-haul railroads……………………………………… 44.7
80.1
General freight trucking, long-distance………………
Used household and office goods moving…………… 130.9
U.S. Postal service……………………………………… 85.4
U.S. Postal service……………………………………… 85.4
80.0
62.3
91.4
137.9
89.4
89.4
98.3
75.8
93.5
122.6
93.9
93.9
96.0
86.6
95.3
116.2
99.1
99.1
91.0
92.4
96.4
102.9
99.8
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
110.2
105.0
103.5
105.7
101.3
101.3
124.2
107.2
103.4
108.6
103.4
103.4
133.6
103.3
105.9
108.5
104.5
104.5
140.5
109.3
105.9
109.0
104.5
104.5
143.0
104.4
107.8
114.3
105.3
105.3
-
492
493
4931
49311
49312
Couriers and messengers……………………………… 103.6
Warehousing and storage………………………………
Warehousing and storage………………………………
General warehousing and storage……………………
Refrigerated warehousing and storage………………
-
108.8
62.4
62.4
44.9
106.7
69.8
81.9
81.9
73.5
114.7
90.0
89.5
89.5
85.1
109.4
92.6
94.4
94.4
92.8
98.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.2
102.2
102.2
102.1
105.8
96.7
100.3
100.3
96.2
114.0
95.3
101.1
101.1
97.0
101.8
98.0
97.8
97.8
95.6
92.2
92.5
94.5
94.5
91.3
97.7
-
Retail trade
Transportation and warehousing
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
117
Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data
50. Continued - Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries
[2002=100]
NAICS
Industry
1987
1992
1997
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Information
511
5111
5112
51213
515
Publishing industries, except internet………………… 54.7
Newspaper, book, and directory publishers………… 100.3
Software publishers……………………………………
8.3
Motion picture and video exhibition…………………… 90.9
Broadcasting, except internet…………………………
95.7
62.5
91.7
35.3
104.2
99.0
85.3
95.6
81.9
100.2
96.2
99.9
102.9
97.7
106.7
99.6
99.5
101.0
96.2
101.8
95.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
107.8
104.7
113.1
100.6
103.8
111.6
101.9
131.5
103.8
108.2
116.6
103.1
142.1
102.5
111.7
123.1
107.2
146.3
107.5
118.4
128.1
109.1
151.2
110.8
127.7
-
5151
5152
5171*
5172
Radio and television broadcasting…………………… 103.2
Cable and other subscription programming…………
81.3
Wired telecommunications carriers…………………… 45.8
Wireless telecommunications carriers………………
34.7
109.7
74.2
58.1
34.1
105.2
77.0
80.6
45.9
96.9
108.7
98.8
70.1
94.2
98.7
94.1
88.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.5
112.5
105.1
111.3
101.6
122.3
106.3
134.2
104.1
126.1
111.4
175.2
112.4
129.5
114.7
198.0
116.6
148.3
114.6
209.5
-
52211
Commercial banking……………………………………
68.8
78.5
93.6
98.0
95.8
100.0
104.5
110.2
111.6
114.8
115.8
-
Finance and insurance
Real estate and rental and leasing
532111
53212
53223
Passenger car rental……………………………………
Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing……………
Video tape and disc rental……………………………
80.9
52.9
59.1
91.4
58.7
78.5
87.3
87.7
76.7
98.0
106.8
103.5
97.0
99.6
102.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.7
102.0
113.9
103.2
120.8
118.5
95.8
129.0
110.6
97.2
148.2
135.2
113.6
152.4
171.1
-
541213
54131
54133
54181
541921
Tax preparation services………………………………
74.4
Architectural services…………………………………… 83.7
Engineering services…………………………………… 89.8
Advertising agencies…………………………………… 84.8
Photography studios, portrait………………………… 100.5
78.5
93.5
96.8
99.7
98.7
89.8
92.9
99.5
88.5
102.4
90.6
100.0
101.5
95.1
111.6
84.8
103.2
99.6
94.5
104.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.7
104.6
100.0
107.1
106.7
89.7
109.9
107.3
118.0
95.4
93.1
111.3
111.8
117.6
95.9
92.7
110.5
112.5
118.6
101.2
105.4
115.7
109.5
123.0
107.0
-
561311
56151
56172
Employment placement agencies……………………
Travel agencies…………………………………………
Janitorial services………………………………………
70.0
71.1
72.4
87.2
85.6
78.4
94.7
76.9
93.6
95.7
85.2
90.3
96.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.7
115.4
112.5
102.5
131.0
110.4
99.3
140.5
114.3
106.0
143.8
110.0
113.7
149.4
115.9
-
6215
621511
621512
Medical and diagnostic laboratories…………………
Medical laboratories……………………………………
Diagnostic imaging centers……………………………
-
-
72.7
81.2
61.2
95.9
103.5
85.7
98.3
103.7
90.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.3
104.5
98.0
102.3
106.2
94.0
100.1
102.2
94.4
101.5
103.4
96.0
98.9
105.6
85.1
-
71311
71395
Amusement and theme parks…………………………
Bowling centers…………………………………………
105.1
110.0
89.9
108.5
93.9
103.8
99.5
96.9
87.3
97.9
100.0
100.0
106.3
106.3
95.2
112.0
103.2
110.5
91.7
106.4
96.9
127.4
-
72
721
7211
722
7221
7222
7223
7224
Accommodation and food services…………………… 88.1
Accommodation…………………………………………
76.7
Traveler accommodation………………………………
75.6
Food services and drinking places……………………
91.9
Full-service restaurants………………………………… 88.3
Limited-service eating places…………………………
94.0
Special food services…………………………………… 78.2
Drinking places, alcoholic beverages………………… 132.8
93.2
81.0
80.4
96.9
93.5
100.2
87.7
115.8
94.6
89.3
89.2
95.8
95.8
97.4
87.0
97.2
100.1
98.5
99.2
99.1
98.7
99.4
100.1
97.8
99.1
96.4
96.6
99.4
99.2
99.8
100.3
94.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.5
101.0
100.9
101.8
99.9
102.6
102.3
115.3
103.2
106.4
106.5
102.5
100.4
104.1
102.7
109.1
102.8
102.1
102.5
103.3
100.8
104.6
103.7
117.2
102.9
99.0
98.9
104.5
101.1
106.3
102.6
130.4
102.1
97.3
97.1
104.1
99.7
106.4
104.0
133.7
103.3
100.2
103.1
106.0
139.2
8111
81142
81211
81221
8123
81292
Automotive repair and maintenance…………………
82.8
Reupholstery and furniture repair……………………
103.3
Hair, nail, and skin care services……………………… 75.7
Funeral homes and funeral services………………… 109.7
Drycleaning and laundry services……………………
86.3
Photofinishing…………………………………………… 95.3
86.9
105.3
78.4
112.2
85.1
111.2
96.4
98.0
90.6
105.8
88.9
99.5
105.5
103.4
98.0
100.3
95.7
73.4
105.0
102.9
103.8
97.1
98.6
80.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.4
95.3
108.4
101.2
92.3
99.9
107.9
97.8
113.3
98.3
98.4
101.5
108.1
99.4
117.7
98.4
107.6
111.8
107.4
98.0
117.6
105.2
106.5
110.7
106.4
103.7
121.9
102.6
101.9
109.6
-
Professional and technical services
Administrative and waste services
Health care and social assistance
Arts, entertainment, and recreation
Accommodation and food services
Other services
NOTE: Indexes for Wired telecommunications carriers are on a NAICS 2002 basis. Dash indicates data are not available.
51. Unemployment rates adjusted to U.S. concepts, 10 countries, seasonally adjusted
[Percent]
2007
Country
2007
2008
I
II
2008
III
IV
II
2009
III
IV
I
II
United States………
4.6
5.8
4.5
4.5
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.4
6.0
6.9
8.1
9.2
Canada………………
5.3
5.3
5.4
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.3
5.3
5.6
6.7
7.5
Australia……………
4.4
4.2
4.5
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.0
4.2
4.2
4.5
5.3
5.7
Japan…………………
3.9
4.0
4.0
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.9
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.5
5.3
France………………
8.1
7.5
8.6
8.2
8.1
7.7
7.2
7.4
7.5
8.0
8.7
9.3
Germany……………
8.7
7.5
9.2
8.8
8.6
8.2
7.8
7.6
7.4
7.4
7.7
8.0
Italy…………………
6.2
6.8
6.2
6.1
6.3
6.4
6.6
6.8
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.4
Netherlands…………
3.2
2.8
3.6
3.2
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.6
2.8
3.1
3.3
Sweden………………
6.2
6.2
6.3
6.1
5.8
5.8
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.5
7.4
8.2
United Kingdom……
5.4
5.7
5.5
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.9
6.3
7.0
7.8
Quarterly figures for France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands are calculated
by applying annual adjustment factors to current published data and therefore
should be viewed as less precise indicators of unemployment under U.S.
concepts than the annual figures. For further qualifications and historical annual
data, see the BLS report International Comparisons of Annual Labor Force
Statistics, Adjusted to U.S. Concepts, 10 Countries (on the internet at
http://www.bls.gov/ilc/flscomparelf.htm).
118
I
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
For monthly unemployment rates, as well as the quarterly and annual rates
published in this table, see the BLS report International Unemployment Rates
and Employment Indexes, Seasonally Adjusted (on the Internet at
http://www.bls.gov/ilc/intl_unemployment_rates_monthly.htm).
Unemployment rates may differ between the two reports mentioned, because the
former is updated annually, whereas the latter is updated monthly and reflects the
most recent revisions in source data.
52. Annual data: employment status of the working-age population, adjusted to U.S. concepts, 10 countries
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status and country
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
139,368
15,403
9,414
67,090
25,705
39,375
23,176
7,881
4,429
28,786
142,583
15,637
9,590
66,990
25,951
39,302
23,361
8,052
4,490
28,962
143,734
15,891
9,746
66,860
26,217
39,459
23,524
8,199
4,530
29,092
144,863
16,366
9,901
66,240
26,448
39,413
23,728
8,345
4,545
29,343
146,510
16,733
10,085
66,010
26,624
39,276
24,020
8,379
4,565
29,565
147,401
16,955
10,213
65,770
26,758
39,711
24,084
8,439
4,579
29,802
149,320
17,108
10,529
65,850
26,926
40,760
24,179
8,459
4,700
30,137
151,428
17,351
10,771
65,960
27,169
41,250
24,395
8,541
4,752
30,598
153,124
17,696
11,021
66,080
27,305
41,416
24,459
8,686
4,827
30,778
154,287
17,987
11,254
65,900
27,541
41,623
24,829
8,780
4,887
31,125
67.1
65.4
64.3
62.8
55.6
57.7
47.7
61.8
62.8
62.4
67.1
65.9
64.0
62.4
56.2
56.9
47.9
62.5
62.7
62.8
67.1
66.0
64.4
62.0
56.3
56.7
48.1
63.4
63.7
62.8
66.8
66.1
64.4
61.6
56.4
56.7
48.3
64.0
63.7
62.7
66.6
67.1
64.3
60.8
56.4
56.4
48.5
64.7
63.9
62.9
66.2
67.7
64.6
60.3
56.3
56.0
49.1
64.6
63.9
62.9
66.0
67.7
64.6
60.0
56.2
56.4
49.1
64.8
63.6
63.0
66.0
67.4
65.4
60.0
56.1
57.6
48.7
64.7
64.9
63.1
66.2
67.4
65.8
60.0
56.3
58.2
48.9
65.1
65.0
63.5
66.0
67.7
66.2
60.0
56.2
58.4
48.6
65.9
65.4
63.4
66.0
67.9
66.6
59.8
56.3
58.6
49.0
66.3
65.2
63.6
Employed
United States……………………………………………… 131,463
13,973
Canada……………………………………………………
Australia……………………………………………………
8,618
64,450
Japan………………………………………………………
France……………………………………………………… 22,597
Germany…………………………………………………… 36,059
20,370
Italy…………………………………………………………
7,408
Netherlands………………………………………………
4,036
Sweden……………………………………………………
United Kingdom…………………………………………… 26,684
133,488
14,331
8,762
63,920
23,080
36,042
20,617
7,605
4,116
27,058
136,891
14,681
8,989
63,790
23,689
36,236
20,973
7,813
4,230
27,375
136,933
14,866
9,088
63,460
24,146
36,350
21,359
8,014
4,303
27,604
136,485
15,223
9,271
62,650
24,316
36,018
21,666
8,114
4,311
27,815
137,736
15,586
9,485
62,510
24,325
35,615
21,972
8,069
4,301
28,077
139,252
15,861
9,662
62,640
24,346
35,604
22,124
8,052
4,279
28,380
141,730
16,080
9,998
62,910
24,497
36,185
22,290
8,056
4,334
28,674
144,427
16,393
10,255
63,210
24,737
36,978
22,721
8,205
4,416
28,928
146,047
16,767
10,539
63,510
25,088
37,815
22,953
8,408
4,530
29,127
145,362
17,025
10,777
63,250
25,474
38,480
23,137
8,537
4,582
29,343
Civilian labor force
United States……………………………………………… 137,673
15,135
Canada……………………………………………………
Australia……………………………………………………
9,339
67,240
Japan………………………………………………………
France……………………………………………………… 25,277
Germany…………………………………………………… 39,752
23,004
Italy…………………………………………………………
7,744
Netherlands………………………………………………
4,403
Sweden……………………………………………………
United Kingdom…………………………………………… 28,474
Participation rate1
United States………………………………………………
Canada……………………………………………………
Australia……………………………………………………
Japan………………………………………………………
France………………………………………………………
Germany……………………………………………………
Italy…………………………………………………………
Netherlands………………………………………………
Sweden……………………………………………………
United Kingdom……………………………………………
Employment-population ratio 2
United States………………………………………………
Canada……………………………………………………
Australia……………………………………………………
Japan………………………………………………………
France………………………………………………………
Germany……………………………………………………
I l
Italy…………………………………………………………
Netherlands………………………………………………
Sweden……………………………………………………
United Kingdom……………………………………………
64.1
60.4
59.3
60.2
49.7
52.3
42 2
42.2
59.1
57.6
58.5
64.3
61.3
59.6
59.4
50.4
52.1
42.6
42 6
60.3
58.3
59.0
64.4
62.0
60.3
59.0
51.4
52.2
43.2
43 2
61.5
60.1
59.4
63.7
61.9
60.0
58.4
51.9
52.2
43.8
43 8
62.6
60.5
59.5
62.7
62.4
60.2
57.5
51.8
51.5
44.3
44 3
62.9
60.6
59.6
62.3
63.1
60.8
57.1
51.5
50.8
44.9
44 9
62.2
60.2
59.8
62.3
63.3
61.1
57.1
51.1
50.6
45.1
45 1
61.8
59.5
60.0
62.7
63.4
62.1
57.3
51.1
51.2
44.9
44 9
61.6
59.9
60.0
63.1
63.6
62.6
57.5
51.2
52.2
45.5
45 5
62.5
60.4
60.1
63.0
64.2
63.3
57.6
51.6
53.3
45.6
45 6
63.7
61.3
60.0
62.2
64.2
63.8
57.4
52.1
54.2
45.6
45 6
64.5
61.1
59.9
Unemployed
United States………………………………………………
Canada……………………………………………………
Australia……………………………………………………
Japan………………………………………………………
France………………………………………………………
Germany……………………………………………………
Italy…………………………………………………………
Netherlands………………………………………………
Sweden……………………………………………………
United Kingdom……………………………………………
6,210
1,162
721
2,790
2,680
3,693
2,634
337
368
1,791
5,880
1,072
652
3,170
2,625
3,333
2,559
277
313
1,728
5,692
956
602
3,200
2,262
3,065
2,388
239
260
1,587
6,801
1,026
658
3,400
2,071
3,110
2,164
186
227
1,489
8,378
1,143
630
3,590
2,132
3,396
2,062
231
234
1,528
8,774
1,147
599
3,500
2,299
3,661
2,048
310
264
1,488
8,149
1,093
551
3,130
2,412
4,107
1,960
387
300
1,423
7,591
1,028
531
2,940
2,429
4,575
1,889
402
367
1,463
7,001
958
516
2,750
2,432
4,272
1,673
336
336
1,670
7,078
929
482
2,570
2,217
3,601
1,506
278
298
1,652
8,924
962
477
2,650
2,067
3,140
1,692
243
305
1,783
4.5
7.7
7.7
4.1
10.6
9.3
11.5
4.4
8.4
6.3
4.2
7.0
6.9
4.7
10.2
8.5
11.0
3.5
7.1
6.0
4.0
6.1
6.3
4.8
8.7
7.8
10.2
3.0
5.8
5.5
4.7
6.5
6.8
5.1
7.9
7.9
9.2
2.3
5.0
5.1
5.8
7.0
6.4
5.4
8.1
8.6
8.7
2.8
5.1
5.2
6.0
6.9
5.9
5.3
8.6
9.3
8.5
3.7
5.8
5.0
5.5
6.4
5.4
4.8
9.0
10.3
8.1
4.6
6.6
4.8
5.1
6.0
5.0
4.5
9.0
11.2
7.8
4.8
7.8
4.9
4.6
5.5
4.8
4.2
9.0
10.4
6.9
3.9
7.1
5.5
4.6
5.3
4.4
3.9
8.1
8.7
6.2
3.2
6.2
5.4
5.8
5.3
4.2
4.0
7.5
7.5
6.8
2.8
6.2
5.7
Unemployment rate3
United States………………………………………………
Canada……………………………………………………
Australia……………………………………………………
Japan………………………………………………………
France………………………………………………………
Germany……………………………………………………
Italy…………………………………………………………
Netherlands………………………………………………
Sweden……………………………………………………
United Kingdom……………………………………………
report International Comparisons of Annual Labor Force Statistics, Adjusted to U.S.
Concepts, 10 Countries (on the internet at http://www.bls.gov/ilc/flscomparelf.htm).
Unemployment rates may differ from those in the BLS report International Unemployment
Rates and Employment Indexes, Seasonally Adjusted (on the Internet at
NOTE: There are breaks in series for the United States (1999, 2000, 2003, 2004), Australia http://www.bls.gov/ilc/intl_unemployment_rates_monthly.htm), because the former is
(2001), France (2003), Germany (1999, 2005), the Netherlands (2000, 2003), and Sweden updated annually, whereas the latter is updated monthly and reflects the most recent
revisions in source data.
(2005). For further qualifications and historical annual data, see the BLS
1
2
3
Labor force as a percent of the working-age population.
Employment as a percent of the working-age population.
Unemployment as a percent of the labor force.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
119
Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons
53. Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 17 economies
[2002 = 100]
Measure and economy
1980
1990
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Output per hour
United States………………………
Canada………………………….……
Australia…………………….………
Japan…………………………………
Korea, Rep. of………………………
Singapore……………………………
Taiwan………………………………
Belgium…………………………...…
Denmark……………………………
France………………………………
Germany………………………...……
Italy……………………………...……
Netherlands…………………...……
Norway………………………………
Spain………………………………..
Sweden……………………………..
United Kingdom……………….……
41.6
55.2
59.0
47.9
–
–
29.3
49.9
66.1
42.9
54.5
56.8
48.0
70.1
57.9
41.3
46.3
56.9
70.7
74.1
70.9
34.6
51.0
53.6
73.9
79.3
63.6
69.8
78.1
68.3
87.8
80.0
50.9
72.8
65.8
82.4
80.0
78.2
49.4
66.9
62.8
82.3
90.8
72.4
79.3
89.8
79.0
89.2
90.2
62.7
83.5
68.3
83.3
79.0
83.4
54.3
71.3
67.4
86.0
90.8
75.2
80.6
94.2
82.1
88.1
93.3
66.6
82.1
71.0
83.0
81.3
87.2
59.7
74.7
72.5
87.3
87.8
75.5
82.9
94.6
83.9
90.8
92.2
68.8
81.4
74.0
86.7
83.0
90.3
67.3
77.1
75.5
92.7
94.8
79.9
87.7
96.5
84.1
91.0
93.1
75.1
82.9
79.1
90.9
87.0
91.2
75.0
83.1
79.1
93.9
94.3
84.1
88.1
95.2
86.6
88.7
94.7
79.6
83.7
83.1
94.8
88.3
93.6
83.5
91.5
84.0
93.3
95.8
87.8
90.2
95.9
90.1
91.7
96.4
86.9
87.8
89.5
100.5
93.6
98.5
90.6
97.7
88.3
96.8
99.2
94.0
96.5
100.9
96.6
94.6
97.4
92.8
93.7
90.4
98.4
95.9
96.5
90.1
91.8
92.2
97.0
99.4
95.9
99.0
101.2
97.1
97.2
99.6
90.1
97.0
106.4
100.4
101.8
106.8
106.8
103.7
102.6
102.9
104.2
104.5
103.6
97.9
102.1
108.7
102.5
108.1
104.2
112.9
101.6
103.1
114.3
117.8
110.0
107.1
108.1
110.2
107.3
107.5
99.3
109.0
115.1
104.4
119.7
110.8
115.1
105.0
103.8
121.7
130.8
112.0
114.8
111.0
113.7
112.3
113.5
100.8
113.9
119.1
106.4
127.1
115.5
120.5
107.3
104.8
122.9
146.8
114.7
122.5
115.1
119.0
114.9
123.1
102.6
118.2
116.7
108.5
139.0
119.8
126.2
110.2
106.8
127.2
157.9
110.3
133.5
120.2
119.4
116.3
129.3
103.1
121.4
116.4
111.1
139.7
123.8
127.8
107.3
105.9
127.0
159.9
103.1
132.8
120.8
114.1
115.4
129.2
99.6
119.7
117.2
110.1
134.6
124.2
Output
United States…………………..……
Canada………………………………
Australia………………………………
Japan…………………………………
Korea, Rep. of………………………
Singapore……………………………
Taiwan………………………………
Belgium………………………………
Denmark……………………………
France………………………………
Germany……………………………
Italy……………………………………
49.6
55.2
70.3
61.9
13.4
–
30.2
67.5
77.3
69.5
81.3
71.1
66.2
68.7
81.5
98.9
41.3
51.2
60.5
87.2
85.5
81.5
94.5
88.2
75.7
73.1
85.4
97.5
54.9
68.5
71.1
87.5
90.3
80.9
90.9
91.4
79.1
76.5
84.9
101.7
61.3
75.4
75.0
89.9
94.7
83.8
90.1
95.7
82.1
77.5
87.6
105.6
65.3
77.4
78.9
90.2
90.3
83.6
88.2
95.2
87.1
82.3
89.6
108.2
68.4
80.8
83.5
94.5
97.7
87.5
92.0
96.6
92.9
86.5
92.1
102.5
63.0
80.2
86.1
96.1
98.5
91.7
93.1
97.5
96.9
93.7
91.9
102.1
76.8
90.6
92.4
96.4
99.4
94.8
94.0
97.3
103.0
103.2
96.3
107.4
89.8
104.4
99.2
100.7
102.9
99.1
100.4
101.4
97.3
99.2
95.4
101.6
92.0
92.2
91.8
100.8
103.0
100.1
102.1
101.1
101.1
99.4
101.7
105.3
105.4
102.9
105.3
98.6
97.2
101.9
100.7
97.3
106.8
101.4
101.8
111.4
115.9
117.2
115.6
102.2
98.8
102.8
104.3
98.0
107.7
103.0
101.4
117.2
123.1
128.3
123.6
102.0
99.3
105.2
107.8
97.8
113.6
102.6
100.5
121.3
133.0
143.6
132.5
104.9
103.4
104.9
115.6
101.1
116.9
101.6
103.7
125.7
142.5
152.2
146.3
107.6
107.2
105.7
122.7
103.1
113.7
95.9
105.4
121.4
146.9
145.9
144.7
107.1
105.2
103.2
123.5
98.4
Netherlands………………………… 59.3
Norway……………………………… 95.1
Spain……………………………….. 58.8
Sweden……………………………… 46.8
United Kingdom…………………… 78.5
Total hours
United States……………………… 119.4
Canada……………………………… 100.0
Australia……………………………… 119.1
Japan………………………………… 129.3
–
Korea, Rep. of………………………
Singapore…………………………… –
Taiwan……………………………… 102.9
Belgium……………………………… 135.3
Denmark…………………………… 117.0
France……………………………… 161.9
Germany…………………………… 149.3
Italy…………………………………… 125.1
Netherlands………………………… 123.6
77.0
91.4
73.7
56.1
94.9
82.0
94.1
73.2
59.7
95.6
85.1
94.6
76.0
67.5
97.1
86.3
98.4
77.9
69.7
97.9
87.5
102.7
82.9
75.1
99.6
90.5
101.9
87.9
81.3
100.3
93.8
101.8
92.9
89.0
101.3
100.1
101.3
97.0
96.3
103.6
99.9
100.5
100.1
94.1
102.2
98.9
103.3
101.2
104.9
99.7
102.3
109.2
101.9
114.5
101.9
104.3
114.1
103.1
119.8
101.7
107.9
117.5
105.0
129.2
103.4
111.3
123.6
106.0
132.2
104.0
110.6
127.3
103.8
127.6
101.0
116.5
97.2
110.0
139.6
119.2
100.5
113.0
117.9
107.8
128.2
135.3
113.0
112.7
115.1
88.8
106.7
124.7
111.1
102.4
113.3
106.3
99.5
111.8
114.5
101.8
103.9
115.9
91.8
107.4
122.0
113.0
105.7
111.2
104.5
104.3
111.3
111.7
101.6
103.7
115.7
93.4
107.7
121.0
109.3
103.7
108.9
103.4
102.9
110.7
106.4
100.7
102.9
117.7
94.9
108.0
119.9
101.7
104.8
110.6
101.9
103.1
109.4
104.9
100.1
104.0
117.4
95.2
105.9
112.5
84.0
96.5
108.8
102.3
104.5
109.0
105.8
102.5
104.5
116.6
98.9
104.1
109.1
92.0
99.0
110.1
103.4
103.7
108.0
104.2
101.5
104.1
115.1
102.7
102.9
109.0
99.1
106.8
112.4
104.0
103.7
105.4
104.0
100.5
103.6
107.6
100.8
99.5
105.3
102.0
100.5
99.6
104.0
103.7
104.4
103.1
99.9
103.0
95.1
99.0
99.9
98.6
98.7
99.3
102.7
95.8
93.3
97.5
97.3
99.4
96.8
94.6
99.8
98.7
97.5
98.3
106.5
107.9
94.5
89.6
95.8
97.1
98.7
93.9
93.6
98.1
97.7
96.3
94.1
114.6
107.7
91.9
87.3
93.7
95.0
97.0
91.6
94.3
95.6
95.9
98.6
90.6
125.2
108.2
91.1
86.9
91.3
93.9
98.6
91.3
92.6
92.2
97.1
98.8
90.2
137.9
109.6
89.5
89.8
90.8
94.9
100.0
91.7
89.0
89.3
99.6
95.7
91.9
141.5
109.0
88.6
92.2
89.4
95.6
98.9
92.4
104.1
92.1
110.2
130.4
105.5
81.1
95.1
114.5
107.3
81.4
101.3
118.2
108.4
84.5
101.3
120.3
112.8
89.0
100.1
120.1
115.0
92.8
102.2
119.8
111.0
96.4
102.4
115.4
107.1
99.7
103.8
110.6
103.4
100.5
104.3
105.4
95.1
98.8
97.0
95.7
94.9
97.6
95.7
92.0
95.8
96.8
94.2
88.1
100.7
96.8
93.0
86.3
106.2
95.4
94.6
84.0
108.6
94.3
94.8
81.3
62.1
68.3
61.7
77.4
23.7
56.2
58.6
69.0
68.6
64.2
59.7
61.3
61.9
58.5
59.0
59.9
60.6
72.2
79.8
69.8
89.4
46.5
77.5
76.4
80.9
77.7
77.6
77.1
78.0
75.0
66.2
83.8
68.0
70.9
73.4
81.7
74.1
92.4
56.4
81.0
82.7
83.2
79.3
79.9
81.2
82.5
77.0
69.2
87.4
71.7
72.1
74.6
82.9
77.5
93.2
65.7
87.0
88.2
84.7
82.5
81.4
85.1
87.0
78.4
72.1
89.5
77.3
71.9
76.5
84.9
79.6
96.4
71.4
90.9
90.8
87.9
85.4
83.8
86.7
91.1
80.5
75.3
91.6
81.4
75.1
81.2
89.3
82.9
98.8
77.7
96.1
94.2
89.2
87.6
84.4
88.0
89.4
83.9
79.7
92.3
84.6
80.7
84.8
91.2
86.2
98.6
78.2
87.9
95.9
90.4
89.8
87.1
90.0
91.7
86.7
84.2
92.1
87.2
85.4
91.3
94.2
90.0
98.0
85.2
90.2
97.6
92.0
91.6
91.8
94.7
94.1
90.9
89.0
93.5
90.6
90.6
94.8
96.8
95.7
99.3
89.0
97.3
103.7
95.9
95.9
94.2
97.6
97.2
94.8
94.4
97.2
94.9
94.7
108.0
104.0
103.9
97.8
105.5
100.6
101.0
103.4
106.8
102.3
102.2
103.8
104.0
104.1
105.0
104.5
104.9
108.9
107.7
109.4
98.8
120.6
97.9
102.1
106.2
110.9
105.5
102.8
107.4
108.4
107.5
108.7
107.3
109.6
112.5
112.4
116.3
99.6
139.7
96.8
105.7
109.4
117.2
109.4
104.1
110.8
110.0
112.6
113.9
111.0
115.9
114.7
115.8
124.2
98.5
153.9
95.0
108.9
113.3
122.9
113.7
108.4
113.0
113.1
119.5
118.9
114.2
121.7
119.6
119.9
130.7
98.3
163.8
94.3
112.4
119.3
126.1
116.8
110.3
115.5
116.7
125.2
124.8
119.7
125.7
123.2
122.5
134.2
100.1
167.1
94.7
113.8
122.8
130.5
120.3
113.0
118.5
120.5
132.2
130.8
123.3
128.8
Norway……………………………… 135.6
Spain……………………………….. 101.6
Sweden……………………………… 113.2
United Kingdom…………………… 169.8
Hourly compensation
(national currency basis)
United States……………………… 38.2
Canada……………………………… 36.3
Australia……………………………… –
Japan………………………………… 50.4
–
Korea, Rep. of………………………
Singapore…………………………… –
Taiwan……………………………… 20.4
Belgium……………………………… 40.2
Denmark…………………………… 32.6
France……………………………… 28.2
Germany…………………………… 35.8
Italy…………………………………… 19.6
Netherlands………………………… 41.1
Norway……………………………… 24.7
Spain……………………………….. 20.7
Sweden……………………………… 25.4
United Kingdom…………………… 24.5
See notes at end of table.
120
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
augTab54a
53. Continued– Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 17 economies
Measure and economy
1980
1990
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Unit labor costs
(national currency basis)
United States……………………… 92.0
Canada……………………………… 65.8
Australia……………………………… –
Japan………………………………… 105.4
Korea, Rep. of……………………… 37.0
Singapore…………………………… –
Taiwan……………………………… 69.5
Belgium……………………………… 80.6
Denmark…………………………… 49.4
France……………………………… 65.6
Germany…………………………… 65.7
Italy…………………………………… 34.5
Netherlands………………………… 85.6
Norway……………………………… 35.3
Spain……………………………….. 35.7
Sweden……………………………… 61.6
United Kingdom…………………… 52.9
109.3
96.7
83.2
109.2
68.5
110.3
109.3
93.3
86.4
101.0
85.5
78.6
90.5
66.6
73.7
117.7
83.3
109.8
96.8
87.2
114.3
94.1
115.9
121.6
98.2
85.6
107.1
97.2
86.8
95.0
74.2
92.8
108.4
84.9
107.5
98.0
93.7
110.8
104.0
113.6
122.7
96.7
87.3
106.1
100.8
87.7
93.8
78.5
93.6
107.6
87.9
105.2
100.0
95.3
106.9
110.0
116.5
121.6
97.1
94.0
107.8
102.7
92.0
93.5
79.4
97.0
112.3
88.3
103.4
97.9
96.0
106.8
106.1
117.9
120.4
94.8
90.0
104.8
98.9
94.4
95.7
82.7
98.4
108.4
90.5
102.6
98.3
95.3
108.3
103.6
115.7
119.1
95.0
92.9
100.4
99.9
94.0
96.9
89.9
97.4
106.3
96.4
102.0
96.2
97.6
105.4
93.7
96.0
114.2
97.0
93.7
99.3
99.7
95.6
96.2
91.8
95.6
100.4
97.3
102.1
93.7
96.2
99.5
94.1
92.3
110.5
95.1
92.3
97.6
98.1
93.2
94.1
94.1
96.0
97.6
96.7
104.8
98.4
99.8
102.9
98.8
106.0
112.4
98.9
96.5
98.3
98.6
96.1
97.7
97.0
97.6
105.3
97.6
101.5
103.6
102.1
91.6
98.8
97.1
98.5
100.5
102.5
97.9
98.7
106.0
101.8
95.8
102.5
96.7
100.7
96.4
106.1
106.0
86.4
102.3
88.9
95.3
98.2
100.6
98.3
95.7
108.1
99.5
93.4
104.1
89.7
98.9
97.7
107.0
112.1
81.8
106.8
86.5
92.0
98.6
103.0
97.4
91.7
110.0
96.6
94.5
107.0
87.3
100.4
95.1
108.0
118.5
80.1
104.8
82.8
88.9
98.5
103.3
98.9
88.0
110.2
95.7
102.4
109.5
82.2
101.6
94.8
108.9
122.3
77.3
103.7
85.5
84.2
99.3
105.6
100.4
85.3
112.1
96.2
107.5
112.3
85.6
101.5
96.4
114.1
126.7
78.8
104.5
91.9
85.7
101.7
114.4
104.3
87.5
119.0
100.7
112.8
118.8
91.6
103.7
Unit labor costs
(U.S. dollar basis)
United States……………………… 92.0
Canada……………………………… 88.4
Australia……………………………… –
Japan………………………………… 58.2
Korea, Rep. of……………………… 76.2
Singapore…………………………… –
Taiwan……………………………… 66.6
Belgium……………………………… 117.6
Denmark…………………………… 69.1
France……………………………… 107.8
Germany…………………………… 74.7
Italy…………………………………… 82.6
Netherlands………………………… 100.4
Norway……………………………… 57.0
Spain……………………………….. 87.6
Sweden……………………………… 141.5
United Kingdom…………………… 81.9
109.3
130.1
119.5
94.3
120.5
109.0
140.3
119.2
110.1
128.7
109.4
134.3
115.9
85.0
127.3
193.1
98.9
109.8
111.3
117.3
140.1
145.7
135.9
158.7
125.4
106.2
134.1
124.0
110.4
121.7
83.9
122.1
136.7
86.5
107.5
112.1
127.7
147.7
168.2
143.5
159.9
140.1
123.0
147.7
145.6
110.2
136.3
98.9
132.2
146.5
92.3
105.2
115.1
137.2
123.0
170.9
147.9
152.9
133.8
127.8
146.2
141.2
122.1
129.3
98.1
134.8
162.8
91.8
103.4
111.1
131.3
110.4
139.9
142.1
144.5
112.9
107.4
124.5
117.9
113.5
114.2
93.2
118.1
137.9
98.6
102.6
104.0
110.2
103.6
92.5
123.9
122.6
111.6
109.3
118.0
117.4
110.8
113.8
95.0
114.8
130.0
106.4
102.0
101.7
115.9
116.1
98.4
101.5
122.1
109.3
105.8
111.9
112.4
107.7
108.4
93.9
107.7
117.9
104.7
102.1
99.1
102.9
115.6
104.0
95.9
122.1
92.8
89.9
95.3
95.8
91.0
91.9
85.2
93.8
103.5
97.6
104.8
99.8
94.9
106.0
95.6
105.9
114.8
93.7
91.4
93.1
93.3
91.0
92.5
86.1
92.4
99.0
93.5
101.5
116.1
122.5
98.9
103.6
99.7
98.9
120.3
122.9
117.2
118.2
126.9
121.9
108.0
122.7
116.3
109.5
96.4
128.0
143.6
100.1
111.7
94.2
98.6
129.2
132.5
129.4
125.9
142.2
130.8
110.6
136.9
118.7
120.6
97.7
138.7
157.2
93.0
130.4
93.1
98.9
129.8
135.5
128.3
120.8
144.8
127.2
117.2
140.9
113.7
121.6
95.1
149.5
164.2
86.3
137.3
93.4
94.4
130.8
137.1
131.5
117.0
146.5
127.2
127.6
145.6
108.4
124.6
94.8
159.3
188.8
82.2
139.6
101.6
88.5
144.0
153.1
145.6
123.7
162.5
139.5
146.6
162.9
123.3
135.2
96.4
168.1
199.0
95.5
119.0
116.4
93.9
158.4
177.3
162.4
136.3
185.4
156.8
159.8
185.1
135.2
128.0
NOTE: Data for Germany for years before 1993 are for the former West Germany. Data for 1993 onward are for unified Germany. Dash indicates data not available.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
121
Current Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness Data
1
54. Occupational injury and illness rates by industry, United States
Industry and type of case
Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers
2
1989
1
1990
1991
1992
1993
4
1994
4
1995
4
1996
4
1997
4
3
1998
4
1999
4
2000
4
2001
4
5
PRIVATE SECTOR
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
8.6
4.0
78.7
8.8
4.1
84.0
8.4
3.9
86.5
8.9
3.9
93.8
8.5
3.8
–
8.4
3.8
–
8.1
3.6
–
7.4
3.4
–
7.1
3.3
–
6.7
3.1
–
6.3
3.0
–
6.1
3.0
–
5.7
2.8
–
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
10.9
5.7
100.9
11.6
5.9
112.2
10.8
5.4
108.3
11.6
5.4
126.9
11.2
5.0
–
10.0
4.7
–
9.7
4.3
–
8.7
3.9
–
8.4
4.1
–
7.9
3.9
–
7.3
3.4
–
7.1
3.6
–
7.3
3.6
–
Mining
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
8.5
4.8
137.2
8.3
5.0
119.5
7.4
4.5
129.6
7.3
4.1
204.7
6.8
3.9
–
6.3
3.9
–
6.2
3.9
–
5.4
3.2
–
5.9
3.7
–
4.9
2.9
–
4.4
2.7
–
4.7
3.0
–
4.0
2.4
–
Construction
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
14.3
6.8
143.3
14.2
6.7
147.9
13.0
6.1
148.1
13.1
5.8
161.9
12.2
5.5
–
11.8
5.5
–
10.6
4.9
–
9.9
4.5
–
9.5
4.4
–
8.8
4.0
–
8.6
4.2
–
8.3
4.1
–
7.9
4.0
–
General building contractors:
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
13.9
6.5
137.3
13.4
6.4
137.6
12.0
5.5
132.0
12.2
5.4
142.7
11.5
5.1
–
10.9
5.1
–
9.8
4.4
–
9.0
4.0
–
8.5
3.7
–
8.4
3.9
–
8.0
3.7
–
7.8
3.9
–
6.9
3.5
–
Heavy construction, except building:
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
13.8
6.5
147.1
13.8
6.3
144.6
12.8
6.0
160.1
12.1
5.4
165.8
11.1
5.1
–
10.2
5.0
–
9.9
4.8
–
9.0
4.3
–
8.7
4.3
–
8.2
4.1
–
7.8
3.8
–
7.6
3.7
–
7.8
4.0
–
Special trades contractors:
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
14.6
6.9
144.9
14.7
6.9
153.1
13.5
6.3
151.3
13.8
6.1
168.3
12.8
5.8
–
12.5
5.8
–
11.1
5.0
–
10.4
4.8
–
10.0
4.7
–
9.1
4.1
–
8.9
4.4
–
8.6
4.3
–
8.2
4.1
–
Manufacturing
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
13.1
5.8
13.2
5.8
12.7
5.6
12.5
5.4
12.1
5.3
12.2
5.5
11.6
5.3
10.6
4.9
10.3
4.8
9.7
4.7
9.2
4.6
9.0
4.5
8.1
4.1
Lost workdays........………...........................................
113.0
120.7
121.5
124.6
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Total cases ............................………………………….
Lost workday cases.....................................................
Lost workdays........………...........................................
14.1
6.0
116.5
14.2
6.0
123.3
13.6
5.7
122.9
13.4
5.5
126.7
13.1
5.4
–
13.5
5.7
–
12.8
5.6
–
11.6
5.1
–
11.3
5.1
–
10.7
5.0
–
10.1
4.8
–
–
–
–
8.8
4.3
–
Lumber and wood products:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
18.4
9.4
177.5
18.1
8.8
172.5
16.8
8.3
172.0
16.3
7.6
165.8
15.9
7.6
–
15.7
7.7
–
14.9
7.0
–
14.2
6.8
–
13.5
6.5
–
13.2
6.8
–
13.0
6.7
–
12.1
6.1
–
10.6
5.5
–
Furniture and fixtures:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
16.1
7.2
–
16.9
7.8
–
15.9
7.2
–
14.8
6.6
128.4
14.6
6.5
–
15.0
7.0
–
13.9
6.4
–
12.2
5.4
–
12.0
5.8
–
11.4
5.7
–
11.5
5.9
–
11.2
5.9
–
11.0
5.7
–
Stone, clay, and glass products:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
15.5
7.4
149.8
15.4
7.3
160.5
14.8
6.8
156.0
13.6
6.1
152.2
13.8
6.3
–
13.2
6.5
–
12.3
5.7
–
12.4
6.0
–
11.8
5.7
–
11.8
6.0
–
10.7
5.4
–
10.4
5.5
–
10.1
5.1
–
Primary metal industries:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
18.7
8.1
168.3
19.0
8.1
180.2
17.7
7.4
169.1
17.5
7.1
175.5
17.0
7.3
–
16.8
7.2
–
16.5
7.2
–
15.0
6.8
–
15.0
7.2
–
14.0
7.0
–
12.9
6.3
–
12.6
6.3
–
10.7
5.3
11.1
Fabricated metal products:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
18.5
7.9
147.6
18.7
7.9
155.7
17.4
7.1
146.6
16.8
6.6
144.0
16.2
6.7
–
16.4
6.7
–
15.8
6.9
–
14.4
6.2
–
14.2
6.4
–
13.9
6.5
–
12.6
6.0
–
11.9
5.5
–
11.1
5.3
–
Industrial machinery and equipment:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
12.1
4.8
86.8
12.0
4.7
88.9
11.2
4.4
86.6
11.1
4.2
87.7
11.1
4.2
–
11.6
4.4
–
11.2
4.4
–
9.9
4.0
–
10.0
4.1
–
9.5
4.0
–
8.5
3.7
–
8.2
3.6
–
11.0
6.0
–
Electronic and other electrical equipment:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
9.1
3.9
77.5
9.1
3.8
79.4
8.6
3.7
83.0
8.4
3.6
81.2
8.3
3.5
–
8.3
3.6
–
7.6
3.3
–
6.8
3.1
–
6.6
3.1
–
5.9
2.8
–
5.7
2.8
–
5.7
2.9
–
5.0
2.5
–
Transportation equipment:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
17.7
6.8
138.6
17.8
6.9
153.7
18.3
7.0
166.1
18.7
7.1
186.6
18.5
7.1
–
19.6
7.8
–
18.6
7.9
–
16.3
7.0
–
15.4
6.6
–
14.6
6.6
–
13.7
6.4
–
13.7
6.3
–
12.6
6.0
–
Instruments and related products:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
5.6
2.5
55.4
5.9
2.7
57.8
6.0
2.7
64.4
5.9
2.7
65.3
5.6
2.5
–
5.9
2.7
–
5.3
2.4
–
5.1
2.3
–
4.8
2.3
–
4.0
1.9
–
4.0
1.8
–
4.5
2.2
–
4.0
2.0
–
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries:
Total cases ............................…………………………
Lost workday cases..................................................
Lost workdays........………........................................
11.1
5.1
97.6
11.3
5.1
113.1
11.3
5.1
104.0
10.7
5.0
108.2
10.0
4.6
–
9.9
4.5
–
9.1
4.3
–
9.5
4.4
–
8.9
4.2
–
8.1
3.9
–
8.4
4.0
–
7.2
3.6
–
6.4
3.2
–
5
Durable goods:
See footnotes at end of table.
122
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
54. Continued—Occupational injury and illness rates by industry,1 United States
Industry and type of case2
Incidence rates per 100 workers 3
1989
1
1990
1991
1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4 1998 4 1999 4 2000 4 2001 4
1992
Nondurable goods:
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
11.6
5.5
107.8
11.7
5.6
116.9
11.5
5.5
119.7
11.3
5.3
121.8
10.7
5.0
–
10.5
5.1
–
9.9
4.9
–
9.2
4.6
–
8.8
4.4
–
8.2
4.3
Food and kindred products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
18.5
9.3
174.7
20.0
9.9
202.6
19.5
9.9
207.2
18.8
9.5
211.9
17.6
8.9
–
17.1
9.2
–
16.3
8.7
–
15.0
8.0
–
14.5
8.0
–
13.6
7.5
Tobacco products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
8.7
3.4
64.2
7.7
3.2
62.3
6.4
2.8
52.0
6.0
2.4
42.9
5.8
2.3
–
5.3
2.4
–
5.6
2.6
–
6.7
2.8
–
5.9
2.7
–
6.4
3.4
Textile mill products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
10.3
4.2
81.4
9.6
4.0
85.1
10.1
4.4
88.3
9.9
4.2
87.1
9.7
4.1
–
8.7
4.0
–
8.2
4.1
–
7.8
3.6
–
6.7
3.1
–
Apparel and other textile products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
8.6
3.8
80.5
8.8
3.9
92.1
9.2
4.2
99.9
9.5
4.0
104.6
9.0
3.8
–
8.9
3.9
–
8.2
3.6
–
7.4
3.3
–
Paper and allied products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
12.7
5.8
132.9
12.1
5.5
124.8
11.2
5.0
122.7
11.0
5.0
125.9
9.9
4.6
–
9.6
4.5
–
8.5
4.2
–
Printing and publishing:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
6.9
3.3
63.8
6.9
3.3
69.8
6.7
3.2
74.5
7.3
3.2
74.8
6.9
3.1
–
6.7
3.0
–
Chemicals and allied products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
7.0
3.2
63.4
6.5
3.1
61.6
6.4
3.1
62.4
6.0
2.8
64.2
5.9
2.7
–
Petroleum and coal products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
6.6
3.3
68.1
6.6
3.1
77.3
6.2
2.9
68.2
5.9
2.8
71.2
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
16.2
8.0
147.2
16.2
7.8
151.3
15.1
7.2
150.9
Leather and leather products:
Total cases ............................…………………………..
Lost workday cases......................................................
Lost workdays........………............................................
13.6
6.5
130.4
12.1
5.9
152.3
Transportation and public utilities
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
9.2
5.3
121.5
Wholesale and retail trade
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
7.8
4.2
–
7.8
4.2
–
6.8
3.8
–
12.7
7.3
–
12.4
7.3
–
10.9
6.3
–
-
5.5
2.2
–
6.2
3.1
–
6.7
4.2
–
7.4
3.4
–
6.4
3.2
–
6.0
3.2
–
5.2
2.7
–
7.0
3.1
–
6.2
2.6
-
5.8
2.8
–
6.1
3.0
–
5.0
2.4
–
7.9
3.8
–
7.3
3.7
–
7.1
3.7
–
7.0
3.7
–
6.5
3.4
–
6.0
3.2
–
6.4
3.0
–
6.0
2.8
–
5.7
2.7
–
5.4
2.8
–
5.0
2.6
–
5.1
2.6
–
4.6
2.4
–
5.7
2.8
–
5.5
2.7
–
4.8
2.4
–
4.8
2.3
–
4.2
2.1
–
4.4
2.3
–
4.2
2.2
–
4.0
2.1
–
5.2
2.5
–
4.7
2.3
–
4.8
2.4
–
4.6
2.5
–
4.3
2.2
–
3.9
1.8
–
4.1
1.8
–
3.7
1.9
–
2.9
1.4
–
14.5
6.8
153.3
13.9
6.5
–
14.0
6.7
–
12.9
6.5
–
12.3
6.3
–
11.9
5.8
–
11.2
5.8
–
10.1
5.5
–
10.7
5.8
–
8.7
4.8
–
12.5
5.9
140.8
12.1
5.4
128.5
12.1
5.5
–
12.0
5.3
–
11.4
4.8
–
10.7
4.5
–
10.6
4.3
–
9.8
4.5
–
10.3
5.0
–
9.0
4.3
–
8.7
4.4
–
9.6
5.5
134.1
9.3
5.4
140.0
9.1
5.1
144.0
9.5
5.4
–
9.3
5.5
–
9.1
5.2
–
8.7
5.1
–
8.2
4.8
–
7.3
4.3
–
7.3
4.4
–
6.9
4.3
–
6.9
4.3
–
8.0
3.6
63.5
7.9
3.5
65.6
7.6
3.4
72.0
8.4
3.5
80.1
8.1
3.4
–
7.9
3.4
–
7.5
3.2
–
6.8
2.9
–
6.7
3.0
–
6.5
2.8
–
6.1
2.7
–
5.9
2.7
–
6.6
2.5
–
Wholesale trade:
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
7.7
4.0
71.9
7.4
3.7
71.5
7.2
3.7
79.2
7.6
3.6
82.4
7.8
3.7
–
7.7
3.8
–
7.5
3.6
–
6.6
3.4
–
6.5
3.2
–
6.5
3.3
–
6.3
3.3
–
5.8
3.1
–
5.3
2.8
–
Retail trade:
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
8.1
3.4
60.0
8.1
3.4
63.2
7.7
3.3
69.1
8.7
3.4
79.2
8.2
3.3
–
7.9
3.3
–
7.5
3.0
–
6.9
2.8
–
6.8
2.9
–
6.5
2.7
–
6.1
2.5
–
5.9
2.5
–
5.7
2.4
–
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
2.0
.9
17.6
2.4
1.1
27.3
2.4
1.1
24.1
2.9
1.2
32.9
2.9
1.2
–
2.7
1.1
–
2.6
1.0
–
2.4
.9
–
2.2
.9
–
.7
.5
–
1.8
.8
–
1.9
.8
–
1.8
.7
–
Services
Total cases ............................…………………………..…
Lost workday cases.........................................................
Lost workdays........………...............................................
5.5
2.7
51.2
6.0
2.8
56.4
6.2
2.8
60.0
7.1
3.0
68.6
6.7
2.8
–
6.5
2.8
–
6.4
2.8
–
6.0
2.6
–
5.6
2.5
–
5.2
2.4
–
4.9
2.2
–
4.9
2.2
–
4.6
2.2
–
-
-
1
Data for 1989 and subsequent years are based on the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 Edition. For this reason, they are not strictly comparable with data
for the years 1985–88, which were based on the Standard Industrial Classification
Manual, 1972 Edition, 1977 Supplement.
N = number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays;
EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year; and
200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks
per year).
2
Beginning with the 1992 survey, the annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and
illnesses, while past surveys covered both fatal and nonfatal incidents. To better address
fatalities, a basic element of workplace safety, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal
Occupational Injuries.
4
Beginning with the 1993 survey, lost workday estimates will not be generated. As of 1992,
BLS began generating percent distributions and the median number of days away from work
by industry and for groups of workers sustaining similar work disabilities.
5
Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees since 1976.
3
The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per
100 full-time workers and were calculated as (N/EH) X 200,000, where:
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
123
Current Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness Data
55. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure, 1996-2005
20053
1996-2000
(average)
2001-2005
(average)2
All events ...............................................................
6,094
5,704
5,734
100
Transportation incidents ................................................
Highway ........................................................................
Collision between vehicles, mobile equipment .........
Moving in same direction ......................................
Moving in opposite directions, oncoming ..............
Moving in intersection ...........................................
Vehicle struck stationary object or equipment on
side of road .............................................................
Noncollision ...............................................................
Jack-knifed or overturned--no collision .................
Nonhighway (farm, industrial premises) ........................
Noncollision accident ................................................
Overturned ............................................................
Worker struck by vehicle, mobile equipment ................
Worker struck by vehicle, mobile equipment in
roadway ..................................................................
Worker struck by vehicle, mobile equipment in
parking lot or non-road area ....................................
Water vehicle ................................................................
Aircraft ...........................................................................
2,608
1,408
685
117
247
151
2,451
1,394
686
151
254
137
2,493
1,437
718
175
265
134
43
25
13
3
5
2
264
372
298
378
321
212
376
310
335
274
335
277
175
369
345
318
273
340
281
182
391
6
6
5
6
5
3
7
129
136
140
2
171
105
263
166
82
206
176
88
149
3
2
3
Assaults and violent acts ...............................................
Homicides .....................................................................
Shooting ....................................................................
Suicide, self-inflicted injury ............................................
1,015
766
617
216
850
602
465
207
792
567
441
180
14
10
8
3
Contact with objects and equipment ............................
Struck by object ............................................................
Struck by falling object ..............................................
Struck by rolling, sliding objects on floor or ground
level .........................................................................
Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects .......
Caught in running equipment or machinery ..............
Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials ................
1,005
567
364
952
560
345
1,005
607
385
18
11
7
77
293
157
128
89
256
128
118
94
278
121
109
2
5
2
2
Falls ..................................................................................
Fall to lower level ..........................................................
Fall from ladder .........................................................
Fall from roof .............................................................
Fall to lower level, n.e.c. ...........................................
714
636
106
153
117
763
669
125
154
123
770
664
129
160
117
13
12
2
3
2
Exposure to harmful substances or environments .....
Contact with electric current ..........................................
Contact with overhead power lines ...........................
Exposure to caustic, noxious, or allergenic substances
Oxygen deficiency .........................................................
535
290
132
112
92
498
265
118
114
74
501
251
112
136
59
9
4
2
2
1
Fires and explosions ......................................................
Fires--unintended or uncontrolled .................................
Explosion ......................................................................
196
103
92
174
95
78
159
93
65
3
2
1
Event or exposure1
Number
Percent
1 Based on the 1992 BLS Occupational Injury and Illness Classification Manual.
2 Excludes fatalities from the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
3 The BLS news release of August 10, 2006, reported a total of 5,702 fatal work injuries for calendar year
2005. Since then, an additional 32 job-related fatalities were identified, bringing the total job-related fatality
count for 2005 to 5,734.
NOTE: Totals for all years are revised and final. Totals for major categories may include subcategories not
shown separately. Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. N.e.c. means
"not elsewhere classified."
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in cooperation with State, New York City,
District of Columbia, and Federal agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
124
Monthly Labor Review • May 2010
COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
How Does Your 401(k) Match Up?
by Hilery Z. Simpson
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Originally Posted: May 26, 2010
The National Compensation Survey (NCS) provides a rich source of data on retirement benefits. This article presents an
overview of NCS terms for typical savings and thrift plans in language that is easy to understand.
How can you determine the quality of your employer-provided 401(k) plan? The most common way is to compare your
plans provisions--the terms of the plan--with plans provided by other employers. Is the amount that your employer is willing
to match generous? Do you have a long or short waiting period before you can enroll and begin accruing benefits? Are you
allowed to invest in a variety of asset classes, or are you limited to just a few choices? Estimates from the National
Compensation Survey can help you determine whether the plan offered by your employer is better--or worse--than the
average private employer defined contribution plan1 offered in the United States.2 In order to make comparisons, youll need
your Summary Plan Description or some other document that fully explains the details of your current plan. With this
information, youll be able to start your investigation.3
There are several reasons why you might want to know how your 401(k) plan compares with plans provided by other
employers. Plans with a less generous employer contribution will require greater employee contributions to yield the same
amount at retirement, all else equal. If you are in an occupation with a high turnover rate, you need to know about the vesting
requirements of your plan to ensure that you are entitled to the monies contributed by your current employer when you leave
to find work with another employer. If you are starting a new job, you will also want to know about any waiting period before
you may start contributing to the plan. If you are a younger employee, you need to consider future tax implications when
deciding upon retirement plan investments. A better understanding of your defined contribution plan allows you to make
better decisions and can possibly help you achieve your financial retirement goals.
If your employer offers a defined contribution plan--of which 401(k) plans are one type--you are among the 61 percent4 of
private industry employees who have access5 to such plans. Certain characteristics of your job affect your chances of being
offered a defined contribution retirement plan. For example, 83 percent of workers in management, business, and financial
occupations6 have access to these plans, while 41 percent of workers in service occupations have such access. Full-time
employees are more likely than part-time employees to have access (70 percent and 34 percent, respectively) as are the
highest wage earners (81 percent) compared with the lowest wage earners (33 percent).
Those private industry employees who are offered a defined contribution plan, however, do not always choose to enroll in the
plan. If you did enroll, you are among the 43 percent of the private industry workforce who participate7 in a defined
contribution plan. Various factors influence whether a person participates in contributory retirement plans. For example,
workers in the top 10 percent of the earnings range are more likely to participate than most workers earning less. Similarly,
full-time employees are more likely to participate than part-time workers. Other factors, such as occupation, industry, or the
size of the establishment, can also play a role. As these data show, if you have access to a defined contribution plan--and
participate--you are among a select group.
The term “401(k),” which comes from the Internal Revenue Code,8 is commonly used in the media when discussing defined
contribution plans that have an employee contribution and an employer match. They have become the cornerstone of
employer provided retirement benefits.9 NCS uses a broader concept to more accurately define this type of benefit: Savings
and thrift plans. These plans have certain characteristics:
• Employees may contribute a predetermined portion of earnings--all or part of which the employer matches--to an
individual account.
Page 1
COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
• Employers may match a fixed percentage of employee contributions or a percentage that varies by length of service,
the amount of the employee contribution, or other factors.
• Contributions are invested as directed by the employee or employer.
• Although usually designed as a long-term savings vehicle, savings and thrift plans may allow withdrawals for exigent,
or emergency, circumstances.
• Similarly, these plans may allow employees to obtain loans before retirement.
All of the NCS estimates that follow in this article are based on data from the 2005 NCS10 collected from private industry
establishments regarding savings and thrift plans.
Automatic enrollment.11 Were you automatically enrolled (and allowed to participate) in your savings and thrift plan when
hired? If so, you are among the few in a plan with an automatic enrollment provision. Nationally, 6 percent of workers are in
such plans.12 In goods-producing industries, 10 percent of workers are offered plans with automatic enrollment, compared
with 5 percent in service-producing industries. With this provision, if you do not opt out of the plan, you are automatically
enrolled and the employer sets your minimum contribution. The average minimum contribution across all sampled plans is
2.6 percent of earnings.13
Eligibility requirements. For those who arent automatically enrolled, the plan may impose an age or service requirement
before being allowed to enroll. How long does the average employee have to wait? The majority of workers (78 percent) were
in establishments that set certain minimum eligibility requirements. Most common is an age requirement that limits
participation to those 21 years of age or older; 37 percent of workers have this requirement. Nearly as common, at 32
percent, is a set service requirement that does not allow employees to participate until they have worked at the establishment
for a period of time, most commonly, 1 year. The average service requirement in plans offered by private industry
establishments is 9.3 months.
Vesting.14 How long do you have to stay with your employer before you are able to leave with your employers plan
contributions? Twenty-two percent of workers have immediate full vesting, which means they can leave at any time and take
the full amount in their savings and thrift plan with them. Most plans require a certain period before employees are entitled to
the money contributed by their employer. Forty-seven percent of employees are in plans with graded vesting. These plans
increase an employees rights to benefits, as length of service increases, until they are fully, or 100 percent, vested. Twentytwo percent of employees are in plans which have cliff vesting. In these plans employees are fully vested once certain
requirements are satisfied, most commonly, a specific length of service, 5 years, for example.
Transfer and rollover provisions.15 Does your plan allow rollover contributions from other retirement plans, such as from a
former employers plan? If so, you are among the majority; 80 percent of all workers are allowed to contribute funds from
other qualified retirement accounts.
Employee investment choices. Are you allowed to choose how the money in your plan is invested? If you can choose how
both your contributions and those of your employer are invested, you are in the majority: 91 percent of workers are allowed to
choose investments for their own contributions, while 76 percent are allowed to choose investments for employer
contributions. While having control over how your money is invested might allow you to tailor your investments to match your
goals and risk tolerance, it also requires greater ongoing knowledge and effort.
Are you allowed, using your own contributions, to pick your investments from a broad set of mutual funds, or are you limited
to just a few choices that might include buying your employers stock? Forty-six percent of participants have the option of
investing in fixed-interest securities, which include bonds or other non-Federal securities that pay fixed interest rates over
time. Another 46 percent are allowed to invest in diversified investments, which are defined as professionally managed funds
that are invested in more than one type of equity or debt instrument. Furthermore, 25 percent have the option to invest in
company stock, while 43 percent can invest in other common stock funds. Thirteen percent of participants can place their
funds in other investments such as U.S. government securities, life insurance, annuities, real estate, mortgages, and deposits
in credit unions or savings accounts. One percent of workers have no choice of investment, even with their own funds. (Since
some workers are allowed to exercise more than one investment choice, the sum of the totals can exceed 100 percent.)
Page 2
COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Maximum employee contributions. One of the key factors influencing the amount of money you will have at retirement is
the amount of money you contribute over the course of your career. About half of the workers are in plans that set a
maximum employee contribution, commonly based on a percentage of employee earnings. Fifteen percent of all workers are
in savings and thrift plans that limit their contributions to 15 percent of earnings. Thirteen percent are in plans that limit
employee contributions to 25 percent of earnings. Everyone, however, is subject to the Internal Revenue Code limit, which is
set at $16,500 for 2010.16 For example, a companys retirement plan allows an employee to contribute up to 25 percent of
earnings. An employee earning $100,000 at this company in 2010 could invest only up to $16,500, effectively capping the
employees contributions at 16.5 percent of earnings.
Employer matching.17 Another key factor influencing the size of your retirement fund is your employers matching
contributions. There are two key questions. The first question is, Up to what percent of your earnings will your employer make
matching contributions? For example, if your employer matches up to 6 percent, that means that for every dollar you
contribute to the plan up to 6 percent of your earnings, the employer will contribute to the plan as well. Forty-one percent of
workers are in savings and thrift plans that employers match employee contributions up to 6 percent of earnings, and 10
percent of workers are in plans that employers match at a level greater than 6 percent.
The second question is, At what rate will your employer match those contributions? For each dollar you contribute, how much
does your employer put into the plan? If your employer matches each dollar you contribute at a rate of $0.50 or less, you are
among the majority. Fifty-three percent of employees are in such plans. Less common are the 9 percent of workers in plans
for which the employer contributes $0.51 to $0.99 cents for each dollar the employee contributes, up to a given percent of
earnings. The most generous employers match at 100 percent of employee contributions, up to a given percent of earnings.
Thirty-six percent of savings and thrift plan participants are in these “Cadillac” plans.
Taking the example of the employee earning $100,000 per year a step further, the employer matches up to 6 percent of the
employees earnings, and matches the employees contributions at 50 percent. Six percent of the employees earning
equals $6,000; the employers match of 50 percent of contribution on this $6,000 equals $3,000. In 2010, the employee
would legally be able to invest $16,500 and would receive a contribution match of $3,000, depositing a total of $19,500 into
the retirement plan.
Pre- and post-tax contributions. The term “pretax contributions to a 401(k) plan” means that income taxes are not withheld
or due on the amount invested in the plan until the money is accessed, usually in retirement. Post-tax contributions mean that
taxes are paid when the money is invested, but grows tax free until it is tapped in retirement. Do you have an option of
making either pre- or post-tax contributions to your plan? Forty-two percent of workers in savings and thrift plans can decide
whether their contributions are pre- or post-tax, while 56 percent can make only pre-tax contributions. One percent of
employees can decide on a pre- or post-tax contribution, but only up to a specified amount. The introduction of Roth 401(k)s
is expected to lead to more plans allowing post-tax contributions.18
This article was written for the purpose of giving you a better understanding of 401(k) plans--a very important employee
benefit. How did your plan stack up against other savings and thrift plans? Is the employer match high enough to meet your
retirement goals? Are you pleased with your investment options? The following table provides a useful worksheet for the
assessment of your 401(k) plan.
Exhibit. Worksheet For Comparing Plans
Provision
Common plan data
Automatic enrollment: Were you
automatically enrolled in the plan when Only 6 percent of workers have automatic enrollment.
hired?
Page 3
Your plan's
information
COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Service requirement: How long did you
have to wait before you started
contributing to your plan?
The average plan requires that employees wait 9.3 months
and be at least 21 years of age.
Vesting: How long do you have to wait
before you can leave with your
employer matching contributions?
Twenty-two percent of employees can leave with their
employers contribution at any time, while 69 percent must
wait a period of time, such as one year.
Rollovers: Can you move money from
Eighty percent of all private industry workers are allowed to
other retirement plans into your current
contribute funds from other qualified retirement accounts.
employers plan?
Investment choices: Can you invest
your contributions and your
employers matching contributions?
Ninety-one percent of workers are allowed to select
investments for employee contributions, while 76 percent are
allowed to choose investments for employer contributions.
The majority of plans offer multiple investment options
Investment choices: How many and
including bonds, stock mutual funds, and other financial
what type of investments are offered by
instruments. One percent of workers have no choice of
your plan?
investments using their own contributions.
Maximum employee contributions: Is
the amount you contribute to the plan
limited by the employer?
Fifty-three percent of employees have employer-based limits
on their contributions, while 45 percent are only limited by the
Internal Revenue Code.
Forty-one percent of workers get a matching contribution on
Employer matching contributions: Up to
the first six percent of their earnings contributed to the plan.
what percent of your earnings will your
Ten percent are matched at an amount exceeding 6 percent of
employer make matching
their earnings, while the remaining workers are matched on an
contributions?
amount less than 6 percent.
Employer matching contributions: For
each dollar you contribute, how much
does your employer put into the plan?
Thirty-nine percent of workers are in plans with a 50-percent
employer match, 14 percent are in plans with less than a 50percent match, and 36 percent are in plans with a 100-percent
employer match.
Pre- and post-tax contributions: Do you Forty-two percent of workers in savings and thrift plans can
have an option of making either pre- or decide whether their contributions are pre- or post-tax, while
post-tax contributions to your plan?
56 percent can only make pre-tax contributions.
Hilery Z. Simpson
Chief, Division of Compensations Data Analysis and Planning, Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
Telephone: (202) 691-5184; E-mail: Simpson.Hilery@bls.gov.
Notes
1 Defined contribution plans are retirement plans that specify the level of employer contributions and place those contributions into individual
employee accounts.
2 The National Compensation Survey (NCS) provides comprehensive measures of occupational earnings, compensation cost trends, as well
as incidence and detailed provisions of employee benefit plans. The NCS presents estimates of the incidence and key provisions of selected
employee benefit plans. Estimates presented are on benefits for civilian workers--workers in private industry and in State and local
government--by various employee and employer characteristics. For the purposes of the NCS, Federal government, agricultural, and
household workers, as well as the self-employed, are excluded.
Questions regarding these data and recent and historical NCS benefits data can be addressed by calling the information line at (202) 691-6199
Page 4
COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
or by e-mailing NCSInfo@bls.gov. Information is available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request, telephone: (202) 691-5200; Federal
Relay Service: (800) 877-8339. Data requests may also be sent by mail to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Compensation Data
Analysis and Planning, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE., Room 4175, Washington, DC 20212. The NCS page of the BLS Web site is located at
http://www.bls.gov/ncs/.
3 For more information, see “What You Should Know About Your Retirement Plan,” on the Department of Labor, Employee Benefits Security
Administration Web site at http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/publications/wyskapr.html. Your employers retirement savings plan is an essential part of
your future financial security. It is important to understand how your plan works and what benefits you will receive. Just as you would keep
track of money that you put in a bank or other financial institution, it is in your best interest to keep track of your retirement benefits.
4 This figure is based on the results of the March 2009 National Compensation Survey. For more information, see National Compensation
Survey: Employee Benefits in the United States, March 2009, Bulletin 2731 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2009), on the Internet at
http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/benefits/2009/ebbl0044.pdf.
5 Employees are considered to have access to a plan if it is available for their use. Access is expressed in terms of percent of all workers.
6 For information on the Standardized Occupational Classification (SOC) system, see the SOC page of the BLS Web site at http://
www.bls.gov/soc/home.htm.
7 Participation in defined contribution plans is measured as the percent of employees who actually enroll in a plan. A plan may require
employees to contribute to its cost in order to participate, or it may be a noncontributory plan where the employer pays 100 percent of the cost
of the benefit.
8 For more information on 401(k) plans, see the Internal Revenue Service Web site, “Topic 424 - 401(k) Plans,” on the Internet at http://
www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc424.html.
9 Data show that the percent of workers covered by defined benefit plans has declined in recent decades, while the percent of workers
covered by defined contribution plans has increased. For example, in 1985, data from the Employee Benefits Survey--a predecessor to the
NCS--showed that 80 percent of full-time employees in medium and large private establishments participated in defined benefit plans, and 41
percent participated in defined contribution plans. March 2009 estimates from the NCS showed that 24 percent of full time, private employees
(across all establishment size classes) participated in defined benefit plans and 51 percent participated in defined contribution plans. For more
information, see Ann C. Foster, “Defined Contribution Retirement Plans Become More Prevalent,” Compensation and Working Conditions, on
the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/archive/summer1996brief2.pdf.
10 For more information on these data, see National Compensation Survey: Employee Benefits in Private Industry in the United States, 2005,
Bulletin 2589 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2007), on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/sp/ebbl0022.pdf. The next survey of defined
contribution plan provisions--which will update the data presented in this article--is scheduled to be released in the summer of 2010. Plan
“provisions” are the terms of the plan agreement.
11 As soon as eligibility requirements are met, employees become automatically covered under a plan but have the right to decline coverage
at any time. A minimum default employee contribution is usually set, but employees may choose to contribute a different percentage.
12 These estimates are from the National Compensation Survey: Employee Benefits in Private Industry in the United States, 2005, table 64, p.
74. The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), as amended, defines and sets certain standards for employee benefit
plans, including 401(k) plans. In September 2009, the Department of the Treasury announced Internal Revenue Service actions designed to
further promote automatic enrollment and the use of automatic escalation policies. For more information, see “401 (K) Plans: Several Factors
Can Diminish Retirement Savings, but Automatic Enrollment Shows Promise for Increasing Participation and Savings,” Report GAO-10-153T
(Government Accountability Office, October 28, 2009), on the Internet at http://www.gao.gov/htext/d10153t.html.
13 These estimates are from National Compensation Survey: Employee Benefits in Private Industry in the United States, 2005, Table 74, page
83.
14 Vesting refers to the amount of time a participant must work before earning a non-forfeitable right to a retirement benefit. Once vested, the
worker retains the accrued benefit even if he or she leaves the employer before reaching retirement age. Under ERISA, defined contribution
plans are subject to the same vesting rules as defined benefit plans, but vesting schedules vary. Vesting schedules apply only to employer
contributions; employee contributions (including pretax contributions) are always 100-percent vested. See “How soon do you have a right to
your accumulated benefits?” at http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/publications/wyskapr.html.
15 A rollover, as it applies to defined contribution plans, is a direct payment of plan benefits from a defined contribution plan into an IRA or
another employers plan. In a direct rollover, the employee is not taxed on the payment until it is later withdrawn or distributed.
16 For more information on contribution limits on traditional 401(k) and other retirement plans, see “IRC 401(k) Plans - Operating a 401(k)
Plan,” on the Internal Revenue Service Web site at http://www.irs.gov/retirement/article/0,,id=119625,00.html.
17 Employer matching is common in savings and thrift plans. The employer matches a specified percentage of employee contributions. The
matching percentage can vary by length of service, amount of employee contribution, and other factors. These estimates are from the National
Compensation Survey: Employee Benefits in Private Industry in the United States, 2005, table 70, p. 79.
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18 See John E. Buckley, “Another Retirement Savings Option: Roth 401(k) Plan,” Compensation and Working Conditions Online (February 22,
2006), on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cm20060221ar01p1.htm.
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