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M©NTHt^bAB©^-RB/l EW
TbS. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
May 1984
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In this issue:
Prices in 1983, workers’ purchasing power
and social security and pensions
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary
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Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
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Washington
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
MAY 1984
VOLUME 107, NUMBER 5
Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief
Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor
Craig Howell and others
3
Inflation remained low in 1983 in face of strong recovery
Consumer prices rose less than 4 percent, about the same as in recession year
of 1982; producer prices of finished goods inched up by less than 1 percent
Richard Schumann
10
Workers’ purchasing power rises even as wage and salary gains lag
There is no clear relationship between real wages and salaries and the business cycle;
buying power appears to depend more on price changes and was positive'in 1982-83
Donald Bell, Diane Hill
15
How social security payments affect private pensions
Coordinating the two sources of retirement income tends to lower employer costs and
results in benefits that replace a larger share of the earnings of higher paid workers
Sigurd R. Nilsen
21
Recessionary impacts on the unemployment of men and women
Both sexes had higher levels of unemployment in 1982 than in 1975, but the difference
was far greater for men, reflecting, in part, cyclical joblessness in certain industries
Henry P. Guzda
26
Industrial democracy: made in the U.S.A.
Labor-management cooperation to improve the quality of products, worklife,
and the effectiveness of companies can be traced to the early 19th century
IRRA PAPERS
Jack Stieber
34
Most U.S. workers still may be fired under employment-at-will
Ruth H. Fedrau
38
Easing the worker’s transition from job loss to employment
Peter Cappelli
40
What do unions get in return for concessions?
REPORTS
S.G. Allen and others
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42
A comparison of pension benefit increases and inflation, 1973-79
DEPARTMENTS
2
34
42
48
51
52
54
57
61
Labor month in review
Conference papers
Research summaries
Research notes
Technical note
Major agreements expiring next month
Developments in industrial relations
Book reviews
Current labor statistics
Labor Month
In Review
EXAMINING WORK. What is the
nature of work, the origin of the work
ethic, the role of leisure? The Council of
Scholars of the Library of Congress con
sidered these and related questions at a
Washington, D.C., symposium April 26
and 27. Some excerpts from the discus
sion.
Robert L. Heilbroner, New School for
Social Research: Is a world without
work imaginable? Would it be en
durable? A world of laziness or in
dolence, a world without challenge, or a
world in which protracted efforts, in
dividual or collective, did not exist
would be a “ lifeless life.” But that is not
what we mean by a world without work.
What is at question is the possibility of a
world in which human activity was not
subject to the direction and will of
others—a world not without effort, but
without submissive effort.
Could our existing industrial civiliza
tion allow its processes of production to
proceed unregulated, unsupervised,
without direction from above—be that
direction imposed by a central planning
board, a market mechanism, or some
combination of both. To ask that ques
tion is to answer it. Industrial civiliza
tion is too interdependent and too
dangerous to allow itself to be run by
free activity, without discipline and
direction, which means without work.
Work is essential to maintain civiliza
tion—not merely to sustain its life, but
to sustain its order.
But what kind of order? What kind of
life? That is, of course, the ultimate
question. In the past, the directing,
order-bestowing force within work has
been that of domination—the largely
unchallengable hegemony of some small
group whose objectives and values chan
neled the efforts of the enormous mass
of humanity into patterns that satisfied
their superiors. Thus the civilizations
built by the work of the ancient Chinese
and Aztecs and Egyptians and Euro
peans. Thus the civilization built in
America today. Can that essential
2
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guiding force become the expression of
all members of society, not just of its
privileged rulers? Can work become the
submission of all to their own in
telligence and purpose, gathered and ex
pressed through the institutions of a pro
foundly democratic rule? Who can
presume to answer such questions? But
who, looking into the deepest meaning
of the act of work, can fail to ask them?
Theodore Caplow, University of
Virginia: Today’s blue-collar workers
have more free time than their remote
predecessors, but most of the improve
ment occurred before 1950. Today’s
white-collar workers do not have more
free time. And in the higher white-collar
occupations, they probably have less.
But leisure is not subjectively or objec
tively equivalent to free time. Few peo
ple regard the free time they experience
in jail or in a hospital as leisure.
Homeless men on skid row have much
free time but little leisure. Elected of
ficials and independent professionals,
with the longest workweeks in the labor
force, are conspicuously active in leisure
pursuits. The conversion of free time in
to leisure calls for substantial
resources—money, information, equip
ment, and social networks.
Any stratification of a population by
wealth, power, or prestige may be ex
pected to have two distinct effects on
leisure activities. First, high status per
sons will engage in more leisure activities
than low status persons whether or not
they have more free time. Second, par
ticular leisure activities have traditional
ly been identified with particular status
levels.
Leisure activities are both literally and
metaphorically capital-intensive. They
require a good deal of economic capital,
the amount increasing steeply as par
ticipation becomes more intense. They
require social capital as well—the
relatives, friends, and associates who
provide companionship and backing.
The distribution of access to both kinds
of capital (roughly measured by income
and occupation) is as unequal as ever but
the influence of that inequality on
leisure activities is steadily diminishing.
Ruth Schwartz Cowan, State University
of New York, Stony Brook: We have
discovered in the years since the end of
World War II that, for the first time in
our history, married women and
mothers can manage full-time employ
ment without either forsaking or even
threatening the standard of living. But
the price women continue to pay for
their devotion to, or at least involvement
in, housework (in addition to their ex
haustion) is the price of the unequal and
segregated labor force.
H ousehold technologies have
developed in a pattern very different
from m arket technologies, and
housew ork has, co n seq u en tly ,
developed a labor process which is very
different from market work. Women
have been assigned principal respon
sibility for this labor process since the
earliest stages of industrialization, and
consequently they have been socialized
very differently from men. Had
housework been industrialized in exactly
the same manner as market work, then
housewives would not be trained to an
ticipate work that was essentially
feudalistic—without paychecks and time
clocks, without supervisors and job
descriptions, without specialization and
managerial control.
Thus the fact that housework and
household technologies developed in the
unique way that they did becomes the
single most salient fact in explaining, not
only why unequal pay and sexual
segregation persist in the labor force,
but also why women continue to have so
much difficulty defining themselves as
workers in the same sense as men.
The Council of Scholars, made up of
27 scholars from various fields and
specialties, advise the Library of Con
gress on its collections and deliberates
on issues such as creativity and work and
prepares an inventory of knowledge of
those issues.
□
Inflation remained low in 1983
in face of strong recovery
Consumer prices rose by less than 4 percent ,
about the same as in the recession year o f 1982;
producer prices o f finished goods inched up
by less than 1 percent, registering
the lowest increase in nearly 20 years
C raig Howell , A ndrew C lem , and Roger B urns
Inflation in both retail and primary markets was unusually
low in 1983, particularly in light of the sharp price increases
recorded in most other recent years.
The 3.8-percent increase in the Consumer Price Index for
A11 Urban Consumers (cpi- u ) for 1983 compares with a 3.9percent rise in 1982 and was the smallest December-toDecember increase since the 3.4-percent rise in 1972, when
price controls were in effect. Although the overall increase
in 1983 was virtually the same as in 1982, the major com
ponents behaved somewhat differently as the economy re
covered from the 1981-82 recession.1Larger, although still
moderate, advances in the transportation and the apparel
and upkeep categories offset smaller increases in all major
categories of consumer spending. (See table 1.)
In 1983, the Producer Price Index (ppi) for Finished Goods
moved up 0.6 percent, after climbing 3.7 percent the year
before and 7.1 percent in 1981. The 1983 rise was the
smallest for any year since the 0.5-percent increase between
December 1963 and December 1964. The consumer foods
index increased 2.2 percent in 1983, virtually the same as
in the preceding year. The finished energy goods index
dropped 9.0 percent over the year, after showing almost no
change in 1982. After advancing 5.3 percent in 1982, prices
for finished consumer goods other than foods and energy
moved up 1.8 percent in 1983. Capital equipment prices
rose 2.0 percent, about half as much as in 1982.
The intermediate goods index rose 1.8 percent, following
Craig Howell, Andrew Clem, and Roger Bums are economists in the Office
o f Prices and Living Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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a nominal increase the preceding year, and crude material
prices advanced 4.8 percent, far more than the 0.4 percent
rise in 1982. Within both the intermediate and the crude
goods categories in 1983, prices for foodstuffs climbed briskly,
indexes for energy goods declined, and prices of other ma
terials generally rebounded with the improvement in overall
economic conditions. (See table 2.)
Strong economic recovery
The low rate of inflation experienced during 1983 ac
companied a vigorous economic resurgence from a period
that saw virtually no net growth from late 1979 through late
1982. The upturn was paced by expanded consumer spend
ing, facilitated by increased personal income. Encouraged
by this release of pent-up consumer demand, business firms
stopped liquidating their inventories during 1983 and tried
to rebuild them, further stimulating the recovery. Residen
tial housing construction registered its best year since 1978,
even though the persistence of unusually high interest rates
prevented a runaway boom. Spending for capital equipment
lagged, as frequently happens during the early stages of a
recovery; by the end of the year, however, business demand
for some types of investment goods, notably computers and
motor vehicles, was quite strong. Improved productivity and
moderate wage increases helped to retard the growth of unit
labor costs and thus contributed to keeping inflation low.
One continued relative weakness lay in foreign demand
for American agricultural commodities and manufactured
products. Although the value of American exports was
somewhat larger at the end of 1983 than the unusually low
3
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Inflation Remained Low in 1983
level at the end of 1982, the volume of imports into this
country surged during 1983. This situation reflected the
sluggish state of the recovery in many industrialized and
Third World countries, as well as the impact of the high
level of the dollar that made some American products too
expensive to compete well in foreign markets. The other
side of the coin was the attractive low pricing of foreignmade goods in American markets. Prices for all goods im
ported by the United States averaged 2.4 percent lower in
the fourth quarter of 1983 than in the corresponding quarter
of the preceding year. This frequently secured a greater
market share for imports and thereby exercised a powerful
restraint on the ability of domestic producers to raise prices
to take advantage of improved demand.
We will next examine price changes during 1983 for all
major expenditure categories within the Consumer Price
Index. Then we will focus on price changes for those com
ponents of the Producer Price Index which do not overlap
with categories of the c p i . (Price movements for consumer
energy goods— gasoline, home heating fuel, and natural
gas— are discussed at both the retail and the primary market
levels because of important distinctions between what affects
the cpi and what affects the ppi for those items.)
Consumer prices: food and housing
Food and beverages. The food and beverage component
of the Consumer Price Index rose 2.7 percent in 1983, the
third consecutive small annual increase. The slowdown in
food prices, which began in early 1981, predates the de
celeration in the overall cpi. Those factors— meats, poultry,
and fresh produce— which had contributed the most to the
rapid runup of food prices prior to 1981 were largely re
sponsible for the subsequent moderation. This moderate
pattern continued through the first half of 1983.
The summer drought, however, had a differential impact
on prices for meats, poultry, fresh fruits, and fresh vege
tables. Supply shortages led to sharp increases in poultry,
eggs, and fresh vegetable prices. Higher feed costs, how
ever, induced owners to market their livestock sooner and
resulted in further price reductions for pork and beef
throughout 1983. The effect on fresh fruits was temporary
as midyear price increases were followed by declines in the
fall.
Other major food groups—cereal and bakery products,
Table 1. Percent changes In selected consumer price indexes (cpi-u), 1982-83
Percent change
Index
Relative
importance
Dec. 1983
Compound annual rate, seasonally adjusted except as
noted, for 3 months ended—
Contribution
Dec. 1981
to
Dec. 1982
Dec. 1982
to
Dec. 1983
Dec. 1981
to
Dec. 1982
Dec. 1982
to
Dec. 1983
1983
March
June
Sept.
Dec.
All Items ............................................................
F o o d ............................................................
Commodities less food and energy . . . .
Energy .......................................................
Services less energy ...............................
100.0
18.7
26.5
11.9
42.9
3.9
3.1
5.8
1.3
3.4
3.8
2.6
5.0
- .5
4.8
100.0
13.4
48.8
3.7
34.1
100.0
12.9
34.4
- 1 .5
54.2
1.2
3.2
5.7
- 2 3 .3
4.3
5.4
1.7
3.2
19.1
4.8
4.5
1.1
6.8
3.4
5.2
4.0
4.3
4.6
- 1 .7
5.3
All Items ............................................................
Services .....................................................
Commodities .............................................
100.0
47.5
52.4
3.9
4.3
3.6
3.8
4.8
2.9
100.0
47.5
52.5
100.0
59.2
40.8
1.2
4.4
- 1 .6
5.4
4.8
5.8
4.5
5.1
4.4
4.0
4.9
3.3
All Items ............................................................
Food and beverages .....................................
Food at h o m e .............................................
Food away from h o m e .............................
Alcoholic beverages..................................
100.0
19.8
12.6
6.1
1.1
3.9
3.2
2.2
5.0
4.0
3.8
2.7
1.9
4.1
3.4
100.0
14.4
6.6
6.8
1.0
100.0
13.9
6.3
6.6
1.0
1.2
3.3
3.6
2.6
4.4
5.4
1.9
.6
4.0
3.6
4.5
1.1
- .4
4.5
3.7
4.0
4.3
3.7
5.4
1.8
Housing ..........................................................
Shelter .......................................................
Renters’ c o s ts .......................................
Rent, residential1 .............................
Homeowners’ costs1 ..........................
Homeownership.....................................
Fuel and other utilities .............................
Household furnishings and operation . . .
37.6
21.5
7.0
6.0
13.9
3.6
2.4
3.5
4.7
5.1
4.9
4.5
43.5
19.7
34.8
26.6
9.3
7.6
16.6
3.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
3.9
3.9
4.4
4.6
5.4
4.8
4.0
5.3
1.3
5.0
1.9
4.3
5.6
6.8
6.2
5.2
—
1.8
3.6
4.5
4.9
3.6
3.6
- 2 .6
1.4
4.0
1.5
1.0
3.4
—
6.6
—
—
8.7
—
8.2
7.9
1.4
9.7
3.5
1.8
2.0
9.3
17.3
6.5
Apparel and upkeep .....................................
Apparel c o m m o d itie s ...............................
Apparel services .......................................
5.1
4.4
.8
1.6
.9
6.2
2.9
2.5
5.0
2.0
.9
1.1
4.0
2.9
1.0
2.9
2.9
3.4
4.4
4.0
6.2
3.9
3.7
5.3
.6
- .4
5.1
T ranspo rtation...............................................
Private tran sportation...............................
Public transportation1 .............................
21.8
20.3
1.5
1.7
1.4
6.5
3.9
3.9
3.8
8.6
6.4
2.2
22.4
20 9
1.5
- 6 .6
- 7 .1
-1 .2
10.9
11.2
7.8
7.6
7.7
6.1
4.4
4.5
2.6
Medical care ..................................................
Medical care com m odities........................
Medical care se rvice s ................................
6.1
1.0
5.1
11.0
9.6
11.2
6.4
7.6
6.1
13.8
2.0
11.8
10.1
1.9
8.1
8.9
8.3
9.1
5.8
7.3
5.5
6.0
6.8
5.7
4.8
7.8
4.4
Entertainment
...............................................
4.2
5.6
3.9
5.2
4.3
4.7
2.0
4.3
4.6
Other goods and services.............................
5.2
12.1
8.0
12.6
10.5
9.8
6.7
7.4
7.9
1Not seasonally adjusted.
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—
—
Table 2.
Percent changes in selected producer price indexes by stage of processing, 1982-83
C o m p o u n d a nn ual rate, s e a s o n a lly a d ju ste d e xc e p t a s noted , fo r 3
m on th s e n d e d —
Percent change
Index
Finished g o o d s .....................................................
Finished consumer fo o d s ...............................
Finished energy goods ..................................
Finished consumer goods excluding foods and
energy ..........................................................
Capital equipment ..........................................
Intermediate materials, supplies, and
components .....................................................
Intermediate foods and feeds ........................
Intermediate energy g o o d s .............................
Intermediate materials excluding foods and
energy ..........................................................
Crude materials for further processing.............
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs.....................
Crude energy materials’ ...............................
Crude nonfood materials excluding energy .
Relative
importance
Dec. 1983
Dec. 1981
to
Dec. 1982
Dec. 1982
to
Dec. 1983
March
1983
Ju n e
1983
Sept.
1983
D ec.
1983
100.0
23.9
11.9
3.7
2.1
-.1
0.6
2.2
- 9 .0
- 3 .2
2.3
- 3 2 .3
2.6
-.9
12.9
2.0
1.0
2.5
- 1 .3
5.4
- 9 .5
41.8
22.2
5.3
3.9
1.8
2.0
1.0
2.1
2.2
1.7
2.7
2.1
1.2
2.1
100.0
5.2
15.4
.2
0
- .7
1.8
9.1
-4 .4
-2 .8
7.7
-2 7 .1
2.9
4.2
6.0
5.2
35.0
5.6
2.3
- 5 .7
2.4
79.3
.6
2.8
1.5
2.8
3.6
3.3
100.0
52.8
31.3
15.9
.4
1.5
2.6
- 7 .6
4.8
8.1
-4 .6
15.8
3.2
13.3
- 9 .2
- 1 .5
1.1
- 5 .8
- 5 .1
49.1
9.9
15.6
- 1 .7
16.6
6.2
12.4
- 2 .1
3.4
1Not seasonally adjusted.
N o te :
Data reflect revisions In not seasonally adjusted indexes through September 1983, as well as the recalculation of seasonally adjusted data from January 1979 through December
1983, effective with the release of January 1984 indexes.
dairy products, processed fruits and vegetables, and other
foods at home— registered very moderate increases, similar
to those in 1982. The other two components of the food
and beverages indexes— restaurant meals and alcoholic bev
erages— rose 4.1 and 3.4 percent, somewhat less than in
1982.
Housing. The housing index rose 3.5 percent in 1983,
slightly less than in 1982. Despite the similarity, the com
position of the change was notably different between 1982
and 1983. Shelter costs were up 4.7 percent, following a
2.4-percent increase in 1982. The fuels and utilities and the
household furnishings and operations groups, however, both
registered smaller increases in 1983. Household fuel prices
went up only 0.7 percent, compared with a 10.5-percent
increase in 1982. Lighter energy demand and abundant sup
plies were reflected in all components of household fuels.
Fuel oil prices continued their downward movement, drop
ping 10.9 percent, compared with a decline of 0.7 percent
in 1982. Natural gas prices increased 5.2 percent, after
spurting 25.4 percent the year before, as the long-term takeor-pay contracts which had ballooned prices in 1982 were
allowed to lapse early in 1983. With abundant and relatively
cheap supplies of energy to lower the fuel costs of generating
electricity, electric bills rose 3.2 percent, half the increase
in 1982.
Telephone services increased 3.6 percent—down from
7.3 percent in 1982— as only moderate rate changes were
made prior to the January 1, 1984, restructuring of the
telephone industry. Water and sewerage maintenance charges
increased 8.5 percent, compared with 9.2 percent in 1982
and 14.8 percent in 1981. Prices for household furnishings
and operations went up 2.0 percent, compared with 3.5
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percent in 1982. Textile housefumishings increased 3.7 per
cent, while prices for television and sound equipment dropped
2.2 percent.
Transportation and apparel
Transportation. The 3.9-percent rise in the transportation
component in 1983 followed a 1.7-percent increase in 1982
and compared with a 10.9-percent average annual increase
in the years following the first energy crisis in 1973 through
1981. A smaller decline in gasoline prices and larger in
creases in automobile prices were primarily responsible for
the greater, but still moderate, rise in transportation costs
in 1983.
After 3 years of declines, sales of new cars rose sharply
in 1983. Retail prices for new vehicles rose 3.3 percent,
compared with 1.5 percent in the preceding year. Prices for
used cars continued to increase sharply, advancing 14.4
percent, following a 10.9-percent rise in 1982. The indexes
for tires and auto finance charges registered declines in each
of the past 2 years. However, auto insurance, registration,
license, and inspection fees increased, as did charges for
automobile maintenance and repairs.
Motor fuel prices declined an additional 1.7 percent in
1983, after dropping 6.5 percent in 1982. The 1983 decline
occurred in spite of a 5-cent-a-gallon increase in the Federal
excise tax imposed in April. Following 6 months of in
creases, declining demand for gasoline together with ample
supplies led to a resumption in the fourth quarter of the
pattern of dropping prices. From their peak level of March
1981, gasoline prices declined 11.0 percent. Prices for pub
lic transportation continued to decelerate for the third con
secutive year and registered a modest 3.8-percent rise in
1983. Intercity bus fares were the only major exception,
5
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Inflation Remained Low in 1983
advancing 7.4 percent after posting a 3.4-percent increase
in 1982.
Apparel and upkeep. The index for apparel and upkeep
advanced 2.9 percent in 1983, compared with a 1.6-percent
rise in 1982. A turnaround in women’s apparel prices—
particularly dresses— was largely responsible for the modest
acceleration. Negotiated wage increases in the women’s
apparel industry, which had been postponed, took effect in
late 1982, followed by wage increases scheduled for 1983.
In addition, an expanding economy and the recent trend for
retailers to carry lower inventories meant that sales were
less widespread. However, prices of apparel for men, boys,
girls, and infants and toddlers decelerated over the year.
Price increases of sewing materials and notions continued
to ease. After registering their smallest rise in 30 years in
1982 (up 0.1 percent), footwear prices rose a modest 1.0
percent in 1983. Apparel services registered a 5.0-percent
rise, following increases of 6.2 and 9.4 percent in 1982 and
1981. Increased prices for precious metals helped to induce
a turnaround in the category for jewelry and luggage.
Health care and other expenses
Medical care. The 6.4-percent advance in the cost of med
ical care in 1983 followed increases of 10 percent or more
in each of the preceding 4 years. The smaller increase last
year reflected a slowdown in prices for both medical care
services and medical care commodities, indexes for both
prescription drugs and for over-the-counter drugs and med
ical supplies rose at a slower rate than in 1982. Hospital
and medical care services other than professional services
advanced 10.4 percent, compared with 12.6 percent in 1982.
Charges for professional services, which had risen more
slowly in 1982 than in any of the previous 9 years, moved
up 7.6 percent, accelerating slightly.
Entertainment. Prices for entertainment, which have been
decelerating yearly since 1980, rose 3.9 percent in 1983.
Most of the abatement came from the slowdown of price
increases for reading materials and toys, hobbies, and other
entertainment goods. Within the reading material index,
steep price declines for paperback books can be attributed
to increased competition as more publishers entered the
expanding market. The index for toys, hobbies, and other
entertainment rose 1.5 percent, compared with 3.6 percent
in 1982. Uncharacteristic price decreases for music equip
ment and photographic equipment were caused by growing
competition in each market and lower prices for silver, a
major raw material in film. Increases in charges for most
entertainment services decelerated slightly in 1983.
Other goods and services. The index for other consumer
goods, while posting a smaller increase in 1983 (up 8.0
percent) than in 1982 (up 12.1 percent), still registered a
larger advance than any other major category. Cigarette
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
prices increased 10.4 percent, after rising 21.5 percent in
1982. Legislation passed in the summer of 1982, effective
January 1, 1983, doubled the Federal excise tax on ciga
rettes, from 8 to 16 cents per pack. Sharp monthly increases
were recorded from September 1982 through January 1983,
as manufacturers began phasing in the effect of the tax
increase immediately, apparently to avoid the impact of a
large one-time increase. Further advances were reflected in
1983 as a number of States raised taxes on cigarettes, and
three wholesale price increases were passed through directly
to retail. The index for personal and educational expenses
decelerated in 1983, but still increased at nearly a double
digit level, as increases in tuition fees moderated slightly.
Producer prices: energy trends
Prices received for domestic production of energy showed
widespread and substantial decreases during 1983. After
relatively little net change over the course of 1982, the
Producer Price Indexes for finished, intermediate, and crude
energy all moved down during most of 1983. Prices for
most refined petroleum products fell at double-digit rates,
as the economic recovery failed to absorb enough of the
worldwide surplus of oil. (Prices for major refined petroleum
products and natural gas are lagged 1 month in the Producer
Price Index.)
The index for finished energy goods dropped 9.0 percent
between December 1982 and December 1983. Producer prices
for gasoline declined 10.0 percent over the year, reflecting
lower prices for both domestic and imported crude petro
leum. Demand for gasoline edged up slightly from 1982
levels, and inventories remained ample. Gasoline prices fell
sharply early in the year and then rebounded somewhat
during the spring, as increased consumer confidence led to
more leisure driving.
In a similar fashion, the index for home heating oil de
clined 15.8 percent, with nearly all of the decrease occurring
in the first few months of 1983. Generally warm weather
and conservation efforts by consumers were responsible for
the weak level of demand during the year. Total demand
for distillate fuel oils in 1983 was nearly identical to yearearlier levels; because commercial demand for diesel and
other fuels improved with the recovery, it is evident that a
reduction occurred in demand for home heating oil.
Producer prices for natural gas moved down 4.3 percent
over the year, th i first annual decrease in 20 years. Ex
panded drilling activity in recent years led to high inventory
levels, as demand remained flat. Prices for natural gas im
ported from Canada fell particularly sharply, in reflection
of the strength of the U.S. dollar in exchange markets.
The Producer Price Index for intermediate energy goods
fell 4.4 percent in 1983. Prices for gasoline, kerosene, and
diesel fuel plummeted in the early months of the year but
turned up in most succeeding months. Jet fuel prices fol
lowed the traditional pattern of more gradual change (jet
fuel prices are largely set in advance by contract); decreases
persisted through most months of the year.
Residual fuel oil prices also declined early in the year but
then turned up to end the year 3.6 percent above the yearearlier level. This reflected long-term structural changes in
the petroleum refining industry, which have led to the pro
duction of a smaller share of residual fuel relative to gasoline
and other fuels. In particular, the cessation of the Federal
entitlements program in 1981 caused the shutdown of many
smaller, obsolescent refineries, which were geared to pro
duce a relatively high proportion of residual fuel.
The index for electric power rose 1.9 percent over the
year, the smallest annual increase since 1972. This largely
resulted from moderation in the costs of coal, natural gas,
and residual fuel oil. Weak demand led to a 6.1-percent
downturn in prices for liquefied petroleum gas.
The ppi for crude energy fell 4.6 percent in 1983, after
a small increase in 1982 and steep advances in each of the
3 preceding years. Prices for domestic crude petroleum fell
for the second consecutive year. With the global crude oil
market remaining in surplus during 1983, the Organization
of Petroleum Exporting Countries (opec) experienced some
difficulty in maintaining discipline early in the year. At the
March meeting of opec , the benchmark price for crude oil
was reduced to $28 per barrel, after which prices stabilized.
Prices for coal edged up marginally during the year, the
first time since 1976 that an increase of less than 1 percent
had been registered. Although electric utility demand for
coal continued to be firm, the strength of the U.S. dollar
contributed to a sharp drop in export sales.
Capital equipment
Prices received by producers of capital equipment moved
up 2.0 percent over the year, following an advance of 3.9
percent in 1982. This slowdown was broad-based; few types
of capital equipment climbed more than in 1982, and even
fewer rose more than 5 percent. The real level of expen
ditures on new plant and equipment was about 3.5 percent
less in 1983 than the year before, which in turn was 5.5
percent below the 1981 level. Demand for new structures
and machinery needed to expand capacity had generally not
turned up strongly by the end of the year. Firms were usually
able to meet improved demand out of existing facilities.
High-technology devices for making the current level of
output more efficiently were generally preferred over ma
chinery that could be used to boost the level of production.
Prices for equipment related to energy exploration and
development were particularly weak during 1983, reflecting
the continued sluggishness in price movements for crude
oil, as well as the downturn in natural gas prices. The
deceleration in price increases for agricultural equipment
(from 5.9 percent in 1982 to 2.8 percent in 1983) was in
part due to the impact of Government farm programs, which
induced many farmers to plant considerably less than in
most other recent years. Intensified competition from im
ports, which accounted for more than one-third of all sales,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
was a major influence in restraining price increases for ma
chine tools, as domestic production almost sank to Depres
sion levels. Construction machinery prices moved up 1.6
percent, only one-third as much as in 1982; foreign demand
was poor, the recovery in residential construction activity
leveled off by midyear, and demand for commercial struc
tures was weak in the wake of a serious overexpansion in
office building construction during the last several years in
some urban areas. Prices for office and store machines and
for motor vehicles also rose considerably less than in 1982,
even though demand for these items was quite strong.
Intermediate goods less foods and energy
In 1983, producer prices for intermediate goods other than
foods and energy moved up 2.8 percent, compared with the
slight 0.6-percent rise in the previous year. Although the
economic upturn did spur price boosts for a number of
products, in general those increases which did occur were
moderated by persistent overcapacity in most industries. The
relatively mild acceleration in 1983 was concentrated in the
manufacturing materials categories, in which prices for many
items rebounded after falling in the 1981-82 recession.
Manufacturing materials. The durable manufacturing ma
terials index rose 4.3 percent in 1983, compared with a 1.5percent drop in the preceding 12 months. These movements
were virtually mirrored by those of the steel mill products
index. The steel industry began an uncertain recovery during
the year in the wake of capacity utilization rates below 40
percent, lower than at any time since the Depression. Among
various types of steel mill products, there were disparities
in market demand, and, consequently, in price movements.
Net total 1983 shipments of steel sheet and strip jumped
24.6 percent over 1982 levels, mainly because of increased
demand from automobile manufacturers. This enabled pro
ducer prices for hot rolled and cold rolled sheet and strip
to rise 7.1, and 10.1 percent, respectively, over the year.
Because of the generally stagnant state of the capital equip
ment and commercial construction sectors, 1983 shipments
of hot rolled bars, plates, and structural shapes changed
little from the low level of 1982, and prices moved up only
3.5 percent. At the same time, the slump in the oil explo
ration and drilling industry was responsible for the 35.5percent drop in shipments of steel pipes and tubing, with
prices for the overall category of steel pipes and tubing
falling 3.3 percent.
Movements in nonferrous metals prices were mixed in
1983. Primary aluminum, lead, and zinc prices rebounded
at double-digit rates after falling substantially the year be
fore. Improved conditions in the transportation equipment,
construction, and consumer durables sectors resulted in greater
demand for aluminum. However, the markets for copper
and tin were burdened with continued excess worldwide
inventories as the major Third World mining countries pushed
their exports to repay debts. Copper prices fell for the fourth
7
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Inflation Remained Low in 1983
consecutive year, partly because of a long-term shift toward
alternative materials, such as optical fibers in telecommun
ications and plastics in construction. Tin prices recovered
only part of the losses experienced in 1982, as the U.S.
Government liquidated a portion of its tin stockpiles. Pre
cious metals prices moved down sharply as the strength of
the U.S. dollar, high interest rates, and an improved infla
tionary outlook tarnished the speculative and investment
appeal of gold and silver.
After three years of weakness, prices for hardwood lum
ber climbed 15.0 percent as consumer demand for furniture
strengthened in line with the recovery in residential housing
sales. However, flat glass prices rose only 2.1 percent, the
least in 10 years, mainly because of reduced costs for natural
gas, a critical input.
The index for nondurable manufacturing materials moved
up 2.4 percent, after falling 3.7 percent in 1982. Although
the industrial recovery stimulated demand for many mate
rials, price increases were held in check by continued de
clines in world crude oil prices. The index for industrial
chemicals inched up slightly after falling in 1982. Likewise,
prices for plastic resins and materials turned up 5.1 percent
after declining through most of 1982. Improved demand
from the housing, automotive, and export markets boosted
prices for certain resins considerably.
Unprocessed synthetic fiber prices edged down for the
second consecutive year, largely because of reduced exports
to China and flat petrochemical costs. Steady increases in
raw cotton prices, however, along with higher prices for
processed synthetic yarns, led to upturns in the indexes for
processed yarns, gray fabrics, and finished fabrics. The
economic recovery also contributed to modest price upturns
for woodpulp, paper, and paperboard. Reduced oilseed har
vests were responsible for sharp increases for inedible fats
and oils and thus for paint materials.
Construction materials. Producer prices for construction
materials and components moved up 3.4 percent in 1983,
compared with a 1.2-percent rise in 1982. The pace of
residential building activity soared early in the year and then
fluctuated in the later months in response to changing pros
pects for the availability of mortgage credit. However, com
mercial construction suffered a substantial decline, partly
because of an emerging surplus of office space in many
cities. The number of new private housing units started in
1983 reached 1.7 million, 62 percent higher than a year
before. At the same time, total real nonresidential fixed
investment in structures fell 7 percent.
The surge in housing construction caused prices for soft
wood lumber to rise rapidly during the first half of the year.
Having kept their inventories at low levels during the reces
sion, American lumber mills responded by quickly expand
ing production. However, the market outlook clouded
somewhat as mortgage interest rates turned up at midyear.
Supplies began to exceed demand during the summer, lead
8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ing to declining prices during the second half. Still, prices
for softwood lumber in December 1983 were 11.8 percent
higher than a year earlier, the first significant increase in 5
years. Similarly, prices for plywood moved up after falling
in 1981 and 1982, and millwork prices rose more than in
the previous 2 years combined.
The most dramatic price increase in the construction area
was for gypsum products, prices of which surged 26.6 per
cent, the sharpest rise since 1978. Strong residential demand
for wallboard surpassed the modest growth in output which
occurred, and by autumn shortages were reported in North
east and Southern States. The largest four firms in the gyp
sum industry produce nearly 80 percent of total output, and
their predominance in the market enabled them to make up
for previous weak profits by instituting unusually steep price
increases throughout 1983.
Strong demand also led to substantial price increases for
plastic construction products and structural clay products.
However, declining energy prices and weak demand from
the commerical construction industry were responsible for
the slight price advances for concrete products and fabri
cated structural metal products. Similarly, reduced petro
leum prices were the main reason for the 4.1-percent drop
in the index for asphalt roofing.
Other intermediate goods Among other areas of the in
termediate goods index, price increases in the range of 4 to
6 percent were recorded for several industrial products ben
efiting from the recovery. These included electric motors
and generators, rubber hose, photographic supplies, and
electronic components. In the last grouping, particularly
large advances took place for tubes, relays, and certain
integrated circuits which were suddenly in short supply after
a long period of weak demand because of a slump in com
puter sales.
However, demand in agriculture-related industries weak
ened in 1983, as farmers cut back their crop planting under
the Government’s Payment-in-Kind (pik) program. Prices
for both mixed fertilizers and pesticides showed small de
creases over the year.
Grains and feedstuffs
The most significant determinants of 1983 price move
ments for grains and feedstuffs were the pik program and
the unusually hot and dry summer. These two influences
overshadowed the decline in exports which continued as in
other recent years. The pik program, designed to reduce
grain surpluses, had an unexpectedly high participation rate
from farmers. As a result, planted acreage was well below
the planned Government targets. This restricted the amount
of harvested grain available for market to a greater extent
than anticipated, creating large price increases early in the
year. In addition, the summer drought, described as the
worst in 50 years, reduced yields for most grains and feed
stuff's. Only the winter wheat crop, most of which had been
harvested before the onset of the heat wave, escaped vir
tually unscathed.
Planted acreage for com was down 29 percent from the
previous year, the reduction triggered by the p i k program.
Yields for com were off 29 percent because of the drought.
As a result, prices for com climbed 38 percent over the
year, the largest annual increase since 1973. Hard hit by
the summer heat wave, soybean prices jumped 37 percent.
(Soybeans were not directly affected by p i k as they were
not included in that program.) Fourth-quarter prices fell
when farmers, prompted by high September prices, released
more of their stocks to the market. At the same time, export
demand declined because of the strong dollar and a change
in U.S. credit policy towards foreign purchasers, and be
cause demand for soybean oil, an important derivative,
dropped in the face of competition from Malaysian palm
oil. Prices for hay soared a record 52.6 percent over the
year. Hay stocks, already drawn down by a poor 1982 crop,
were in high demand as animal feed during the snowy first
quarter of 1983. The summer drought and the early winter
storms of December had an even stronger upward impact
on hay prices later in 1983.
Wheat prices rose in the first quarter because of the p i k
program announcement but fell in the second quarter, with
the abundant harvests for winter wheat. Because wheat can
partly substitute for most other grains and feedstuffs, wheat
prices were drawn up by prices for com and soybeans in
the third quarter and fell with soybean prices in October
and November. Wheat prices increased again with the rising
demand for animal feed in storm-plagued December, leav
ing the year-end price level almost unchanged from the year
before.
Price-sensitive industrial materials
The Producer Price Index for crude materials other than
food and energy, which measures changes in prices of raw
industrial commodities usually responsive to cyclical shifts
in general economic conditions, advanced 15.8 percent from
December 1982 to December 1983. This upturn followed
declines of 11.4 percent in 1981 and 7.6 percent in 1982.
Prices for ferrous and aluminum base scrap soared during
1983. Demand from steel mills and aluminum mills ad
vanced considerably, while stocks remained low as scrap
generating industrial production picked up slowly. Iron and
steel scrap prices climbed 52 percent, following declines in
each of the preceding 2 years. Demand for scrap is tied to
manufacturers’ orders for steel products, whereas supplies
of scrap are determined in part by the current level of pro
duction of finished steel products, which generates scrap.
Thus, during a recovery, when production is struggling to
meet manufacturers’ needs, scrap supplies typically lag be
hind demand, which may spur large price increases. Ex
panded production of automobiles towards the end of 1983
increased ferrous scrap supplies, moderating price increases.
Prices for aluminum base scrap surged a record 117.6
percent. The extended period of stagnation from late 1979
to late 1982 had brought aluminum scrap prices down to
extraordinarily low levels. But by the end of 1983, the
recovery had returned prices to their December 1979 levels.
In addition to improved domestic demand, aluminum scrap
prices were supported by substantial purchases from Japan.
Copper base scrap prices advanced strongly in the first
half of 1983 but fell back in the second half, ending the
year unchanged following 3 years of declines. The midyear
rally was largely due to speculation that the recovery would
soon manifest itself in higher demand for copper products.
These expectations, given some support by purchases from
China, ultimately proved premature, causing prices to fall
at year’s end.
Prices for cattle hides, raw cotton, and crude natural
rubber climbed as demand returned strongly with the re
covery. Cattle hide prices, after falling in each of the pre
ceding 3 years, were up despite increased supplies from
higher slaughter rates. Prices were pulled up by demand
from the apparel industry, which also boosted prices for
raw cotton. Foreign and domestic demand for U.S. cotton
was also bolstered by some crop damage here and abroad.
Following 2 years of decline, natural rubber prices climbed
nearly one-third, the largest annual advance since 1973.
Demand rose with the world recovery, while production
capacity declined in exporting countries.
Prices for construction sand and gravel advanced with
higher demand from the construction industry. With con
struction demand down during the recession, sand and gravel
price increases had become smaller each year from 1980
through 1982 in accord with the dwindling rate of inflation.
But price increases accelerated in the latter half of 1983 as
the 1982 highway construction legislation took effect and
residential construction increased.
Falling prices for leaf tobacco at year’s end were partly
due to high inventories and a 5-percent drop in cigarette
consumption. Potash prices fell in midyear following the
reduced fertilizer needs of the smaller crop plantings in the
spring. Prices rebounded in the fourth quarter in anticipation
of larger plantings in 1984, pushing price levels higher than
the year before.
Q
■FOOTNOTE
1Data for 1983 are not strictly comparable with previous years, however,
because o f a technical change in the treatment of homeownership. Through
December 1982, the c p i - u used an asset approach to measure shelter costs
o f homeowners. A flow-of-services approach for that component called
“ rental equivalence” was introduced in January 1983. This change not
only affected the manner in which homeowners’ costs were measured, but
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
also affected the relative weighting structure. See Robert F. Gillingham
and Walter Lane, “ Changing the treatment of homeownership in the c p i , ”
M onthly L a b o r R e v ie w , June 1983, and “ Changing the homeowner
ship component of the Consumer Price Index to rental equivalence,”
cpi D e ta ile d R eport, January 1983.
9
Workers’ purchasing power rises
despite slowdown in wage and salary gains
There is no clear relationship between changes
in the purchasing power o f wages and salaries and
the business cycle; changes in purchasing power reflect
the greater volatility o f price, rather than wage, changes
Richard Schumann
Changes in the purchasing power of wages and salaries, as
measured by the constant-dollar Employment Cost Index
(eci), show a dramatic reversal during the last 4 years (198083) from the trend of the preceding 4 years (1976-79). The
rate of change declined steadily from 1976 through March
1980, but since then has generally been rising. During the
last 2 years, purchasing power has actually increased. (See
chart 1.) This improvement occurred despite a sharp drop
in the rate of increase in wages and salaries, as measured
by the current-dollar eci. The explanation for this apparent
anomaly is that although the rate of wage and salary increase
has been dropping, the rate of price increase has declined
even faster.
This article examines fluctuations in the purchasing power
of wages and salaries for private industry workers, as well
as for major industry and occupation categories, over the
1976-83 period. The critical determinant of purchasing power
changes has been the rate of increase in consumer prices.
There appears to be no clear relationship between the stage
of the business cycle and changes in purchasing power but,
consistently, the eci adjusted for price changes (constantdollar eci) rose most when prices rose least, and vice versa.
Fluctuations in purchasing power reflect the greater vola
tility of price increases, compared with wage and salary
gains, over the past 8 years: pay increases trail price changes
during periods of rapid price rises, and exceed price in
creases when the rate of price change is low.
Over the 8-year period studied, purchasing power de
creased for most workers. However, changes were not uni-
form across the economy. Some groups lost more purchasing
power than others, and a few groups even experienced an
increase. None of the occupational or industry groups stud
ied gained purchasing power during the 1979-80 period of
high price inflation, no matter the size of their wage and
salary increases.
How change in purchasing power is measured
The measure of purchasing power used for the analysis
in this article was the constant-dollar e c i for wages and
salaries. The constant-dollar e c i was calculated by first con
verting both the e c i and the Consumer Price Index for All
Urban Consumers ( c p i - u ) to a common base of September
1975=100. The converted e c i was then divided by the
converted c p i - u for the same period. The result is an index
which measures the amount of goods and services which
could be purchased with the wages and salaries paid for an
hour of labor in the current period, compared with what
could have been purchased in the base period.
For example, a constant-dollar index of 105.0 indicates
that current wages could purchase 5 percent more goods
and services than wages in the base period, even though
wages unadjusted for price changes may have increased by
more or less than 5 percent (or may have even decreased).1
The e c i is used in this analysis because it measures changes
in wage and salary rates, not changes in earnings, which
are affected by hours worked as well as shifts in the com
position of the work force. The appendix provides an ex
planation of how the e c i differs from earnings series.
Cyclical behavior of purchasing power
Richard Schumann is an economist in the Office of Wages and Industrial
Relations, Bureau o f Labor Statistics.
10
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The relationship between price increases and rates of wage
and salary change over the 1976-83 period is shown in
chart 1. When the current-dollar curve for the e c i is above
that for the c p i , purchasing power is increasing; when it is
below the c p i curve, purchasing power is declining. Pur
chasing power increased in the early (1976-77) and latter
(1982-83) parts of the period studied.
The critical determinant of changes in purchasing power
in recent years has been the rate of price inflation. The
following tabulation shows annualized percent changes in
wages and salaries in private industry and in the Consumer
Price Index over the 1975-83 period, by stage of the busi
ness cycle. The months chosen for comparison are those
closest to the officially designated turning points and con
sistent with the e c i ’ s reference months. The latest expansion
is incomplete, not yet having reached its peak.
C u r r e n t-
C on su m er
C o n s ta n t-
d o l l a r ECI
P r ic e In d e x
d o lla r ECI
Expansion:
September 1975December 1979 ..
7.6
8.3
- .6
Contraction:
December 1979June 1980 ..........
9.4
16.0
-5 .9
Expansion:
June 1980June 1981 ..........
9.3
9.6
- .3
Contraction:
June 1981December 1982 ..
6.8
5.1
1.5
Expansion:
December 1982December 1983 ..
5.0
3.8
1.1
There is no clear relationship between the stage of the
business cycle and changes in purchasing power, but there
is a pattern in that the largest price increases are associated
with decreases in constant-dollar wages and salaries, and
the smallest price increases are found with constant-dollar
pay increases.
The relationship between the c p i and constant-dollar e c i
resulted, in part, from the nature of the price changes and
conditions in the labor market. This conclusion is supported
by a review of wage and price developments over the history
of the e c i series.
The early part of the 1975-80 expansion saw increases
in real wages and salaries as inflation moderated from the
high levels of 1973-74, and wage and salary rates rose
about 7 percent in both 1976 and 1977. (See table 1.) A
strong labor market, as reflected in the decline in the un
employment rate from a high of 9.2 percent in May 1975
to 6.4 percent in December 1977, contributed to the steady
increase in wages and salaries. During 1978 and 1979, prices
rose dramatically, largely in response to increases in the
cost of oil, while wage gains were slower.2
The brief 1980 recession did not have a dampening effect
on wages. They continued to rise at an annualized rate of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9.4 percent even though unemployment increased from 5.9
to 7.8 percent during the period. The short duration of the
recession limited its impact on employers, particularly those
with labor contracts which did not expire during the period.
During this recessionary period, prices rose at an annualized
rate of more than 16 percent. These increases generated
large wage gains for workers covered by automatic cost-ofliving escalator clauses, further offsetting the wage damp
ening effects of the recession.
During the 1980-81 expansion, wage and salary increases
peaked at 9.3 percent and essentially remained at that rate,
while unemployment moderated to 7.0 percent. Price in
creases slowed to 9.6 percent, a sharp drop from the rate
of the previous 2 years, but still a historically high level.
The 1981-82 recession saw wage and salary increases
decline sharply, from 9.3 percent for the year ended June
1981 to 6.3 percent for the year ended December 1982.
Over the same period, the labor market deteriorated as un
employment rose from 7.0 percent in July 1981 to 10.8
percent in November 1982. The rate of price increase dropped
dramatically, from 8.9 percent for the year ended June 1981
to 3.9 percent for the year ended December 1982.
The most recent economic expansion, which began in
December 1982, is following a trend similar to that of the
early period of the 1975-80 expansion. Purchasing power
increased 1.1 percent during the first year of the current
expansion, as the decline in the rate of wage increase was
more than offset by the continued drop in the rate of price
increase. The labor market tightened somewhat as unem
ployment declined during the period, dropping from 10.8
percent in December 1982 to 8.2 percent in December 1983.
The cyclical pattern of wage movements for most oc
cupation and industry groups was similar to that for all
private industry workers.
Recent shifts in the pattern of wage changes
The contraction that began in mid-1981 marked a turning
point in the relative rates of pay increase for white-collar
workers compared with blue-collar, and for manufacturing
workers compared with those in nonmanufacturing indus
tries. The following tabulation shows annualized percent
increases in private industry wage and salary rates, and in
the c p i - u .
All private industry .......
September 1975- June 1981June 1981
December 1983
8.1
6.0
White collar .............
Blue collar.................
Service workers ........
7.7
8.5
8.2
6.6
5.3
6.3
Manufacturing ..........
Nonmanufacturing__
8.4
7.9
5.6
6.3
Union .......................
Nonunion..................
8.8
7.7
6.4
5.8
Consumer Price Index ...
9.2
4.6
11
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Workers’ Purchasing Power Rises
Chart 1. Changes in current- and constant-dollar wage and salary component of the
Employment Cost Index and in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers,
1976-83
Percent
Change over 12-month periods ended March, June, September, and December
Percent
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
—2
-4
-6
During the September 1975-June 1981 period, blue-col
lar workers and workers in manufacturing industries re
ceived larger wage and salary increases than white-collar
workers and workers in nonmanufacturing industries. This
relationship held even during the brief 1980 recession. How
ever, this pattern reversed during the 1981-82 recession.
There was a dramatic slowdown in the rates of wage and
salary increase for all worker groups, but the declines for
blue-collar workers and those in manufacturing were un
usually sharp. During 1983, the first year of the most recent
expansion, a reversal of the usual pattern also occurred when
nonunion wage increases exceeded those of union workers.
Blue-collar occupations, and workers in manufacturing
industries were affected more than other workers by the
12
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economic conditions of 1981-82. Unemployment among
blue-collar workers was 16.1 percent in the fourth quarter
of 1983, up from 9.8 percent in the second quarter of 1981,
greatly exceeding the 5.4-percent and 3.9-percent rates for
white-collar workers. Similarly, unemployment in manu
facturing peaked at 14.2 percent in the fourth quarter of
1982, up from 7.6 percent in the second quarter of 1981.
Union workers, who are heavily concentrated in bluecollar jobs and in manufacturing industries, were affected
by the deteriorating labor market. They continued to receive
larger wage increases than nonunion workers during the
1981-82 recessionary period, but for the year ended in
December 1983, wage increases for nonunion workers (5.2
percent) exceeded those for union workers (4.6 percent).
Table 1. Percent changes in the wage and salary
component of the ECI and in the CPI-U for the 12 months
ended in December
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
7.2
2.3
7.0
0.2
7.7
- 1 .2
8.7
- 4 .1
9.0
- 3 .0
8.8
- 0 .2
6.3
2.3
5.0
1.1
Occupational group
White collar:
Current dollar . . .
Constant dollar . .
6.6
1.9
6.5
- 0 .4
7.2
-1 .6
8.6
- 4 .0
8.7
- 3 .3
9.1
0.1
6.4
2.5
6.0
2.1
Blue collar:
Current dollar . . .
Constant dollar . .
8.0
3.2
7.7
0.8
8.2
- 0 .8
9.0
- 3 .8
9.6
- 2 .5
8.6
- 0 .4
5.6
1.7
3.8
0.0
Service workers:
Current dollar . . .
Constant dollar . .
7.9
3.1
6.4
- 0 .5
8.7
-0 .2
7.2
- 5 .5
8.1
- 3 .8
8.3
-0 .6
8.5
4.5
4.6
0.7
Industry division
Manufacturing:
Current dollar . . .
Constant dollar . .
7.5
2.6
7.8
1.0
8.3
- 0 .7
8.6
- 4 .2
9.4
-2 .7
8.7
-0 .3
5.6
1.8
4.3
0.4
Nonmanufacturing:
Current dollar . . .
Constant dollar . .
7.1
2.3
6.5
-0 .5
7.4
-1 .3
8.8
- 4 .1
8.8
- 3 .1
9.0
0.0
6.5
2.5
5.4
1.6
Bargaining status
Union:
Current dollar . . .
Constant dollar . .
8.1
3.3
7.6
0.7
8.0
- 1 .0
9.0
- 3 .9
10.9
- 1 .2
9.6
0.5
6.5
2.5
4.6
0.8
Nonunion:
Current dollar . . .
Constant dollar . .
6.8
2.0
6.6
-0 .4
7.6
-1 .3
8.5
-4 .2
8.0
-3 .9
8.5
-0 .4
6.1
2.2
5.2
1.4
Consumer Price
Index ........................
4.8
6.8
9.0
13.3
12.4
8.9
3.9
3.8
C h aracteristic
1976
Private industry
Current dollar . . .
Constant dollar . .
Summary
Clearly, relative rates of wage and salary changes among
various subgroups shifted during the June 1981-December
1983 period. The rate of increase dropped for all subgroups,
but the decline was greatest for those who had posted the
highest rates of increase in the earlier period. This shift
reflects factors such as competition from imports, deregu
lation, and the growth of nonunion establishments as well
as recessionary effects. In the last 3 years, wage cuts or
freezes have been frequent in such heavily unionized in
dustries as automobiles, steel, construction, airlines, and
trucking as unemployment was especially high in these areas.
Changes in purchasing power, 1975-83
From September 1975, when data for the eci were first
collected, through December 1983, purchasing power for
private industry workers declined 2.5 percent, as wage in
creases of 80.9 percent were offset by price increases of
85.5 percent. (See table 2.) Workers in virtually all occu
pational and industry groups experienced a decline in pur
chasing power. Purchasing power rose only for groups with
consistently above-average annual wage increases during
the entire 8-year period and for those with unusually large
wage gains during the latter half (1979-81), when prices
rose rapidly.
Among the groups with a rise in purchasing power were
workers in transportation, communications, and public util
ities, whose wage and salary increases exceeded the average
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for all workers in 6 of the 8 years studied; union workers,
whose wage and salary increases were below the average
for all workers only in 1983; and professional and technical
workers, whose salary gains were substantially above the
average during 1979-81, after trailing those of most other
groups during 1975-78.
Declines in purchasing power were the greatest for man
agers and administrators, salesworkers, and workers in con
struction and wholesale and retail trade industries. Increases
for managers and administrators exceeded the average for
all workers only in 1983. The salesworkers and construction
series do not include data for some quarters before March
1977, a period during which purchasing power was rising,
but both series have lagged the average for all workers over
the last several years. Wholesale and retail trade is strongly
affected by changes in the salesworker category.
The period studied (1975-83) begins shortly after the
trough of a severe recession. Constant-dollar wages were
increasing early in the period as the moderate rate of wage
increase was higher than the increase in consumer prices.
The period ends shortly after the trough of another severe
recession. Constant-dollar wages are again increasing as the
moderate rate of wage increase is higher than the increase
in consumer prices. Between the two troughs, there was a
period of severe wage and price acceleration, followed by
Table 2. Percent change in the wage and salary
component of the ECI, current- and constant-dollar,
September 1 9 75 -December 1983
Current
dollar
Constant
dollar
...............................................
80.9
-2 .5
Occupational group:
White-collar workers .......................................................
Professional and technical ..........................................
Managers and administrators ....................................
Salesworkers1 ...............................................................
Clerical w o rk e rs ............................................................
79.8
86.7
71.2
58.9
83.7
- 3 .1
0.3
-7 .7
-6 .7
- 1 .0
Blue-collar workers .........................................................
C raftw orkers.................................................................
Operatives, except tra n s p o rt.......................................
Transport equipment operatives..................................
Nonfarm la b o re rs ..........................................................
Service workers ...............................................................
82.2
82.0
85.0
76.3
80.8
83.5
-1 .8
- 1 .9
-0 .3
-5 .0
-2 .5
- 1 .1
Industry division:
Manufacturing....................................................................
Durable goods2 ............................................................
Nondurable goods2 .......................................................
82.0
71.5
66.1
-1 .9
-2 .5
-5 .5
80.3
68.5
-2 .8
-7 .0
94.7
73.3
80.9
5.0
-6 .6
- 2 .5
89.5
76.7
2.2
- 4 .7
Characteristic
All private industry workers
Nonm anufacturing............................................................
Contract construction3 ..................................................
Transportation, communication, and
public u tilitie s ............................................................
Wholesale and retail trade ..........................................
S e rvices.........................................................................
Bargaining status:
Union .................................................................................
N onunion............................................................................
1Change from March 1977 to December 1983.
2Change from September 1976 to December 1983.
3Change from March 1976 to December 1983.
13
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Workers’ Purchasing Power Rises
a period of sharp wage and price deceleration. During this
middle period, prices rose more than wages, so constantdollar wages declined.
The decline in constant-dollar wages that occurred during
the period of high wage and price inflation was greater than
the increase in constant-dollar wages that resulted during
the period of moderate wage and price inflation. Conse
quently, over the entire period constant-dollar wages de
clined. In December 1983, constant-dollar wages were 2.5
percent below the level of September 1975.3
1The measure o f purchasing power used in this article is an index of
the quantity o f goods and services that could be purchased with an hour’s
wages. In fact, though, movements in purchases may not correspond to
movements in wage rates. Individuals may increase purchases more than
the increase in their wage rate by drawing on savings or receiving transfer
payments, or may purchase less by saving or paying taxes. Because the
c p i is an expenditure-based index, income taxes are excluded. For research
purposes, Robert Gillingham and John Greenlees have defined and esti
mated a price index which incorporates income taxes. For a brief descrip
tion o f their research, see P roblem s in M easuring C onsum er P rices, Report
697 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1983), p. 3.
2 Voluntary wage and price guidelines, administered by the Council on
Wage and Price Stability, were in effect from the 4th quarter 1978 to the
4th quarter 1980. It is uncertain what impact those guidelines had on wage
and price changes during the period.
b eg in n in g with the index for January 1983, the method o f pricing
owner-occupied housing in the official c p i - u was changed from the “ asset
price” approach to a rental equivalence approach. Prior to that time, an
experimental c p i measure using the rental equivalence approach was avail
able; that index did not rise as rapidly as the c p i - u over the 1976-82 period.
For a discussion o f methods for pricing housing, see P roblem s in M easuring
C onsum er P ric e s, Appendix B.
APPENDIX: How eci wage rate change is calculated
The e c i eliminates the impact of employment shifts by
collecting wage rates for specific occupations and using
fixed occupation and industry weights in the calculation of
indexes. Consider the case of an employer with two types
of workers, electricians and janitors. In March 1982, he
employs 10 electricians at $10 per hour and 10 janitors at
$5 per hour. The average wage (and average earnings) is
$7.50.
N u m ber
W age
Electricians ........ .......
Janitors ............... .......
A g g r e g a te w a g e
10
$10
10
5
20
Average wage (earnings); $150 + 20 = $7.50
$100
50
150
In March 1983, both groups are given a 10-percent wage
increase, but now only 5 janitors are employed. Average
earnings increase to $9.17.
N u m ber
Electricians .................
Janitors .......................
W age
A g g r e g a te w a g e
10
$11.00
$110.00
_5
5.50
27,50
15
137.50
Average earnings: $137.50 h- 15 = $9.17
Earnings change: $9.17 h- $7.50 = 1.22 (or a 22-percent in
crease)
14
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But when fixed employment weights are used (that is, the
number of janitors remains fixed at 10), the average change
in wage rates is calculated, not the change in average hourly
earnings.
N um ber
W age
A g g r e g a te w a g e
Electricians .................
Janitors ........................
10
$11.00
$110.00
10
5.50
55.00
20
165.00
Average wage rate: $165 -e 20 = $8.25
Wage rate change: $8.25 -h $7.50 = 1.10 (or a 10-percent
increase)
In this case, the increase is 10 percent, the size of the wage
rate increase which was granted to both occupations. If
consumer prices had also increased 10 percent, then the
purchasing power of wage rates would have been unchanged
for both electricians and janitors separately as well as for
the two combined. The change in the purchasing power of
earnings, calculated by dividing the relative increase in av
erage earnings by the change in the price index, would give
different results: purchasing power would have remained
unchanged for the two occupations separately but would
have increased 11 percent for the two combined.
How social security payments
affect private pensions
Coordinating the two sources o f retirement
income tends to lower employer costs
fo r private pension plans, and results
in private pensions which replace a larger percentage
o f preretirement earnings fo r higher paid workers
D onald B ell and D iane Hill
Many workers look forward to receiving benefits from pri
vate pension plans as well as from social security. Half of
all full-time wage and salary workers in private industry in
May 1979 were covered by pension plans;1 nearly all of
them were also under the social security system. This dual
retirement income has fostered interest in coordinating pub
lic and private plans. Often, social security payments are
considered when setting the terms of private pension plans.
There are two types of private pensions plans: defined
contribution plans, which require an employer to contribute
a specified amount of money into a pension fund; and de
fined benefit plans, which provide specified benefits ac
cording to a formula taking into account an employee’s years
of service, or earnings, or both. A defined contribution plan
does not promise a predetermined level of benefits— the
benefits paid at retirement depend on the amount credited
to an employee. In a defined benefit plan, pension benefits
are predetermined and the employer must make contribu
tions adequate to finance those benefits. Both types of plans
may reflect the existence of social security (Old-Age, Sur
vivors, and Disability Insurance) either implicitly, by in
formally providing lower annuities than would be the case
if social security benefits were not available; or explicitly,
by formally recognizing the existence of social security.2
Plans which explicitly acknowledge social security ben
efits are called integrated plans. Their formulas generally
recognize not only the level but also the underlying structure
of social security benefits. For example, social security ben
efits as a percent of preretirement earnings (replacement
rates) are greater for low-wage earners than for high-wage
earners. Some employers counter this difference by using a
Donald Bell and Diane Hill are labor economists in the Office of Wages
and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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benefit formula which results in greater replacement rates
under the private plan for high-wage earners. Internal Rev
enue Service regulations, discussed later, govern the extent
to which this is permissible.
Proponents of integrated private plans maintain that co
ordinating private pensions and social security benefits yields
equitable retirement income for all workers, regardless of
earnings, while keeping employer costs within reasonable
bounds. (Employers often contend that their payment of
social security taxes should be considered when determining
outlays for private benefits.1) On the other hand, critics
stress that integrated private plans may provide low bene
fits— or none at all— to low-wage earners.4
Information on integrated private pension plans was ob
tained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ annual survey
on the incidence and characteristics of employee benefit
plans in medium and large firms. 5 Of the 914 defined benefit
pension plans studied in 1981, 521, or nearly three-fifths,
were integrated. Most of the integrated plans (60 percent)
reduced private pensions by a portion of the social security
payment. The remainder (40 percent) were coordinated with
social security through percent-of-earnings benefit formulas
that applied different percentages to earnings above and
below specified dollar levels.
Defined benefit plans which integrate by deducting a por
tion of the social security payments are called offset plans.
Those which establish higher pension formulas for earnings
above a specified level than for those below are called excess
plans; the earnings level is related to the maximum wage
subject to social security taxation (the “ taxable wage base’’),
which was $29,700 in 1981. (Integrated defined contribution
plans, excluded from this study, follow the excess approach;
contribution rates, expressed as a percent of earnings, are
higher on earnings above a specified level than below.)
15
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Social Security Payments and Private Pensions
Offset plans
Sixty percent of all the integrated plans included in the
study were offset plans. The formula in an offset plan and
its effect on replacement rates (annuity as a percent of earn
ings in the final year of work) are illustrated in the following:
Two employees retired at the beginning of 1981 after 30
years of service; one earned $20,000 in 1980 and the other,
$30,000. Both employees were covered by a private pension
plan with a typical offset provision which provides pensions
equal to 1.5 percent of average earnings in the five highest
earnings years (“ high-five” average earnings) multiplied
by years of service, less 50 percent of primary social security
benefits (excluding benefits for spouses or other depen
dents). The workers’ earnings were not constant over the
years. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate their earnings
in each of the years affecting the private pension and social
security benefit calculations. The estimated “ high-five” av
erage earnings used here were calculated from assumed
earnings histories developed by the Social Security Admin
istration, which also provided the social security benefits.
Replacement rates were calculated by dividing each benefit
by the workers’ earnings in the last year of work.6
Glossary of pension terms
Analysis of pension plan provisions is complicated by
technical terms which permeate the pension literature.
The use of these terms cannot be avoided. However,
each of the technical terms used in this article is defined
below.
Career earnings formula. A formula which bases pen
sion benefits on average earnings in all years of credited
service.
Defined benefit plan. A pension plan which includes a
formula for calculating retirement benefits (such as a
specified percent of earnings or flat dollar amount per
year of service) and obligates the employer to provide
the benefits so determined. Therefore, employer contri
butions are not fixed, but are whatever is needed, together
with earnings of pension fund investments, to finance
the required benefits.
Defined contribution plan. A pension plan that obli
gates the employer to contribute money to a pension fund
according to a formula (such as a specified percent of
earnings). Benefits are not fixed, but depend on the amount
of employer contributions and the earnings of pension
fund investments.
Early retirement. Retirement before the normal retire
ment age. Early retirement pensions depend on earnings
and service, but are reduced for each year prior to the
normal retirement age.
Excess plan. An integrated pension plan which pro
vides relatively higher pensions on earnings above a spec
ified level than on earnings below that level. A pure
excess plan calculates pensions only on earnings above
the specified level, while a step-rate excess plan has
separate calculation formulas for earnings above and be
low the specified level.
Flat-benefit plan. An excess plan that expresses pen
sions as flat percentages of earnings, independent of length
of service.
16
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Integrated pension plan. A private pension plan that is
explicitly coordinated with social security, either through
the offset or excess approach. A common objective is to
recognize employer costs for social security in setting
private pension benefits. In addition, integrated private
pension plans often provide greater benefits relative to
preretirement earnings for the higher-paid workers.
Integration level (breakpoint). The level above and be
low which excess plans apply different percent-of-eamings formulas. The integration level may be the “ social
security taxable wage base’ ’ or a specified dollar amount,
usually the taxable wage base at the time the excess
formula was developed.
Normal retirement. Retirement at the earliest age spec
ified in a pension plan for retirement with all accrued
pension benefits by virtue of earnings and service, with
out reduction due to age.
Offset plan. An integrated pension plan that reduces
private benefits by a portion of an employee’s social
security benefit.
O ld-A ge, Survivors, and D isa b ility Insurance
( o as d i ). The old-age insurance program established by
the Social Security Act, referred to as “ social security”
in text.
Replacement rate. Retirement annuity as a percent of
earnings in the final year of work.
Taxable wage base. The maximum wage or salary sub
ject to payroll taxation for social security purposes. The
wage base was $29,700 in 1981, the year covered by
this study.
Terminal (final) earnings formula. A formula that bases
pension benefits on average earnings in the final years
of credited service— often the last 3 or 5 years.
Unit benefit plan. An excess plan that expresses pen
sions as percentages of earnings per year of service.
Earnings in last year of work........ ....
(1) “ High-five” average earnings
(2) Private pensions, before offset
(1) x .015 x 30 .............
Replacement ra te ..................
(3) Social security benefit ..........
Replacement rate ..................
(4) Private pension, after offset
(2) - V2 of (3) .................
Replacement rate ..................
(5) Offset pension plus social security
(4) + (3) .........................
Replacement rate ..................
$20,000 $30,000
17,119 25,683
7,704
38.5
7,884
39.4
11,557
38.5
8,124
27.1
3,762
18.8
7,495
25.0
11,646
58.2
15,619
52.1
Prior to calculation of the social security offset,, private
pensions replace 38.5 percent of preretirement earnings for
both the $20,000 and the $30,000 worker (2). However,
after deducting half the social security benefit paid to these
workers, the $30,000 worker receives a greater private pen
sion proportionate to preretirement earnings than does the
$20,000 worker (4). But the replacement rate for combined
social security and offset private benefits is higher for the
$20,000 worker; this stems from the social security benefit
formula, which yields a higher replacement rate for the
$20,000 worker, (3) and (5).
Offset plans use a variety of approaches to determine the
social security deduction. (See table 1.) One-fourth of the
offset plans in the 1981 study specified deductions inde
pendent of an employee’s length of service: they generally
Table 1. Incidence of social security integration in
defined benefit plans by type of formula, private pension
plans in medium and large firms, 1981
Pension benefits formula
Integration status
Defined benefit plans:
N u m b e r........................
Percent ..........................
All
plans
Terminal
earnings
Career
earnings
Other1
914
100
510
100
151
100
253
100
57
34
26
8
7
1
23
1
22
81
56
44
12
11
1
25
1
24
60
7
3
3
2
1
54
1
53
6
6
3
3
3
Percent with integrated formula2 .
Offset3 ................................
Based on service ................
Not based on service ..........
Flat p e r c e n t................
Dollar amount .....................
Excess ...........................
Pure excess4 ........................
Step-rate ................................
Integrated at social security
tax base breakpoint . . . .
Integrated at specified dollar
breakpoint ........................
12
15
20
10
9
33
Percent without integrated formula
43
19
40
—
94
'Primarily plans providing stipulated dollar benefits per year of service or dollar sched
ules of benefits varying by length of service.
2Plans with integrated formulas may contain either minimum or alternative formulas
which are not Integrated with social security benefits, or both. In plans with two integrated
formulas, the formula yielding the larger benefit was tabulated.
inclu des private pensions offset by railroad retirement benefits.
4AH "p u re " excess plans in this study integrated at a specified dollar breakpoint, rather
than the social security taxable wage base.
N o te : Because of rounding, sums of individual Items may not equal totals. Dashes
Indicate no plans in the category.
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called for flat percentage deductions, averaging 60 percent
of primary social security benefits. However, a majority of
the offset plans (three-fourths) specified a percentage de
duction which varied with length of service. These per
centage offsets ranged from 0.75 percent to 5 percent per
year of service, but the effect of this formula was usually
limited by either a ceiling on the size of the offset (usually
50 percent) or a curb on the years of service included in the
calculation (typically 25 to 40 years). In cases where de
ductions varied by length of service, offsets for retirements
after 30 years of service averaged 49 percent of the primary
social security benefit in capped plans; this was higher than
the 33-percent average found in plans without a ceiling on
the maximum offset.7 (It is possible that uncapped formulas
include lower percent-per-year offsets in recognition of their
potential impact on long-service employees retiring after 35
years or more on the job.) In all cases, the amount of the
offset is fixed at the time of retirement and subsequent
changes in social security benefits, either legislated or costof-living adjustments, do not affect private pension pay
ments.
Excess plans
Two-fifths of the integrated pension plans were excess
plans. These plans contained percent-of-earnings benefit
formulas which applied a higher percentage rate to earnings
above a specified level (the breakpoint or integration level)
than to those below. Excess plans achieve patterns of re
placement rates relative to preretirement earnings similar to
those under offset plans. This is illustrated in the following:
Two employees retired at the beginning of 1981 after 30
years of service, with earnings in 1980 of $20,000 and
$30,000. Their pension plan provided benefits per year of
service equal to l percent of career average annual earnings
up to $7,800, and 1.5 percent of earnings above this level.
(The estimates of social security benefits were provided by
the Social Security Administration; estimates of career av
erage earnings are based on the Social Security Adminis
tration’s assumed earnings histories.)
Earnings in last year of work ...
(1) Career average earnings.............
(2) Pension on earnings to $7,800
$7,800 x .01 x 30 .
(3) Pension on excess earnings
Earnings over
$7,800 x .015 x 30 .......
(4) Total private pension
(2) + (3) ..............................
Replacement rate ..................
(5) Social security benefit .............
Replacement rate ......................
(6) Pension plus social security
(4) + (5) ................................
Replacement rate .........................
$20,000 $30,000
9,340 14,011
2,340
2,340
693
2,795
3,033
15.2
7,884
39.4
5,135
17.1
8,124
27.1
10,917
54.6
13,259
44.2
17
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Social Security Payments and Private Pensions
Because the two workers had career average earnings ex
ceeding the breakpoint, each obtained the same pension
benefits at the 1-percent accrual rate (2). However, the $30,000
worker, with greater earnings above $7,800 received more
benefits from the 1.5-percent rate (3) and, as a result, a
higher overall private pension replacement rate (4). Never
theless, as in the offset plan example, the replacement rate
for combined social security and private benefits is higher
for the $20,000 worker than for the $30,000 worker (6).
Excess plan formulas differ considerably in such areas as
the integration level and the formula components. Some
plans specify the “ social security taxable wage base” as
the integration level; others specify a dollar amount, typi
cally the taxable wage base in effect at the time the pension
formula was adopted. Excess plans commonly calculate
benefits as a percentage of average annual earnings multi
plied by years of service (unit-benefit plans); some, follow
ing Internal Revenue Service guidelines, calculate benefits
as a flat percent of earnings of retirees with 15 years or
more of service (flat-benefit plans).
A limited number of excess plans— 1 percent of all the
pension plans studied—calculated pension benefits only on
earnings above specified dollar breakpoints (pure excess
plans). The remainder contained separate pension calcula
tion percentages for different earnings levels (step-rate plans).
Slightly more than half of the step-rate excess plans des
ignated the “ social security taxable wage base” as the in
tegration level. Accordingly, they adjust automatically to
changes in this base. Most of these plans specified either a
career average of social security tax bases (68 plans) or the
social security tax base in each year worked (28 plans). The
remainder used the average social security tax base during
the final 3 or 5 years of service. On average, step-rate excess
plans integrating at the social security tax base provided
benefits per year of service equal to 1.05 percent of earnings
up to the tax base, and 1.64 percent of higher earnings— a
spread of 0.59 percentage points.8
The remaining half of the step-rate excess plans integrated
at a specific dollar figure. For the most part, these plans did
not regularly adjust the integration level to match changes
in the social security tax base. For example, one plan spec
ified a $6,600 breakpoint; it provided benefits equal to 1
percent of the first $6,600 of career average annual earnings
and 2 percent of higher earnings, multiplied by years of
service. The breakpoint in this instance was the 1966 social
security taxable wage base ($6,600).
Among the step-rate excess plans citing dollar amounts
as breakpoints, the specified earnings level ranged from
$3,000 to $24,000 per year and averaged $7,282. Benefits
averaged 0.99 percent of earnings below the breakpoint and
1.65 percent above, a spread of 0.66 percentage points.
This was slightly more than the 0.59 points under plans
using a social security tax base integration level.9
18
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Alternative formulas and minimum benefits
Integrated pension formulas may result in nominal private
annuities for low-paid or short-service employees. Many of
the pension plans studied contained provisions to counter
this possibility. Two approaches were used. In the first, an
integrated plan specified a minimum level of private ben
efits; in the second, a pension plan with an integrated for
mula also contained an alternative formula which was not
integrated with social security. The retiree’s private annuity
is based on the formula which yields the higher benefit.
The following tabulation of the 521 integrated pension
plans in the 1981 survey indicates the relative importance
of plans with minimum benefit provisions and alternative,
nonintegrated formulas. (Sums of individual items may not
equal totals because some plans contained both minimum
benefits and alternative formulas.)
O ffs e t p la n s
N um ber ...........................................
Percent .............................................
W ith m inim um benefits
or alternative form ulas ..
M inim um benefits . . . .
A lternative form ulas . .
W ithout m inim um benefits
or alternative form ulas ..
E x c e s s p la n s
P u re
S te p - r a te
310
100.0
7
1 0 0 .0
204
1 0 0 .0
5 0 .0
6. 8
4 4 .5
5 7 .0
5 7 .0
4 0 .7
6. 4
3 5 .8
5 0 .0
4 3 .0
59. 3
—
Relation of formulas and integration
Table 1 shows the overall extent to which private pension
plans were integrated with social security. It also indicates
a strong relationship between the benefit formula of a private
pension plan and the incidence and form of integration. For
example, integration was largely confined to private pension
plans which calculated benefits as percentages of preretire
ment earnings. Integration provisions were found in threefifths of the plans calculating pensions as a percentage of
career earnings and in four-fifths of those using terminalearnings formulas which base pensions on earnings in the
last years of service.
Furthermore, terminal and career earnings plans use dif
ferent approaches to integration. Career earnings plans typ
ically used step-rate excess formulas, whereas the terminal
earnings plans applied the offset approach in a majority of
the cases.
The incidence of integration declined substantially among
plans without career or terminal earnings formulas. Benefits
were coordinated with social security in 6 percent of the
253 plans which did not have a percentage-of-eamings ben
efit formula; these plans mainly stipulated dollar benefits
per year of service or dollar schedules of benefits varying
by length of service.
Influence o f collective bargaining. Collectively bargained
pension plans tend to exclude integration provisions. Inte-
914
100
280
100
634
100
521
310
211
7
204
57
34
23
1
22
41
25
16
15
9
6
76
45
31
1
30
base than for lower earning individuals.
Internal Revenue Service rules take account of the vari
ations in pension plan integration. Under current rules, an
offset plan can reduce benefits up to 831/3 percent of primary
social security benefits payable at the time of retirement (the
amount of the retiree’s offset cannot be changed because of
subsequent social security benefit adjustments), i r s rules
with respect to step-rate excess plans prescribe maximum
spreads between percentages applicable to earnings above
and to those below the integration level.12
108
Integration formulas and replacement rates
Table 2. Incidence of social security integration in
defined benefit plans, by collective bargaining status,
private pension plans in medium and large firms, 1981
Integration status
All plans
Union-manage
ment plans
Nonunion plans
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Total defined benefit plans .
With integrated formula .
O ffs e t..........................
Excess ..........................
Pure ........................
Step-rate ................
Integrated at social
security tax base
breakpoint.. . .
Integrated at specified
dollar breakpoint.
Without integrated formula
16
6
480
285
195
7
188
12
8
3
100
16
96
10
8
3
88
14
393
43
239
85
154
24
—
___
N o te : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes
indicate no plans in the category.
grated formulas were found in 76 percent of the nonunion
plans in the 1981 study, compared with 15 percent of the
union-management plans. (See table 2.) This contrast helps
explain the patterns shown in table 1. Career and terminal
earnings formulas— which generally are integrated— typi
cally are found in nonunion plans. On the other hand, bar
gained p lans— which generally exclude integration
provisions— most commonly contain dollar amount for
mulas.
The proportion of union-management plans in 1981 with
integration formulas is markedly below that recorded in two
earlier b l s analyses.10 A study of 300 pension plans under
collective bargaining in late 1952 found offset provisions in
140 of the plans. A second study, of 300 bargained plans
in effect in the fall of 1959, found integration provisions in
120 of the plans— 79 integrated by the offset method and
43 by excess formulas (2 plans used both offset and excess
formulas). Although differences in survey scope and method
preclude precise comparison among the three studies, the
data clearly indicate that integration is less common in unionmanagement pension plans today than 30 years ago.
Integration provisions in early bargained plans— mainly
offset formulas— partly mirrored union efforts to encourage
employer support for expanded social security benefits.11
More recently, union-management plans have tended to drop
integration provisions as social security benefits improved.
Impact o f Internal Revenue Service rules. Income tax con
siderations greatly affect the way private pension plans in
tegrate with social security. Since passage of the Revenue
Act of 1942, Federal tax breaks have been denied to pension
plans which discriminate in favor of officers, shareholders,
supervisory, or other highly paid employees with respect to
coverage, benefits, or contributions. Integrated private plans
can qualify for tax advantages as long as combined pension
and social security replacement rates are no higher for em
ployees earning more than the social security taxable wage
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The wide variety of integration formulas in pension plans
makes it difficult to summarize their effects on retirement
income. A common approach focuses on a limited number
of hypothetical offset and excess plans drawn up to illustrate
typical integration formulas; pensions are calculated for
workers at different earnings levels retiring under each of
these plans.
An alternative approach is to calculate benefits for a rep
resentative sample of actual pension plans. This alternative
approach is possible here because of the availability of the
detailed provisions of individual pension plans. Subsamples
were taken of the integrated pension plans found in the 1981
b l s study of employee benefit plans— to obtain reasonable
balance, every fifth offset plan and every third step-rate
excess plan was selected. For each of these plans, pension
benefits were calculated for two workers retiring at the be
ginning of 1981 after 30 years of service, and with final
earnings of $20,000 and $30,000.
Considering the small samples (54 offset and 66 step-rate
excess plans), it is not possible to present useful information
on levels of pension benefits. However, the pattern of re
placement rates by earnings level is instructive. (See table
3.) Both under the offset and excess plans analyzed, the
higher paid employee, on average, received a greater private
T ab le 3. A verage replacem en t rates fo r em ployees
re tirin g in 1981 afte r 30 years of service under a
sample of integrated private pension plans in medium
and large firms
Benefit1
Offset plans:
Private pension benefit .......................................
Private pension plus social security ..........................
Excess plans, step rate:
Integrated at dollar breakpoint:
Private pension b e n e fit............................................
Private pension plus social security .....................
Integrated at social security tax base:
Private pension b e n e fit............................................
Private pension plus social security .....................
Earnings in 1980
$20,000
$30,000
25.9
65.3
30.0
57.0
24.5
63.9
26.3
53.4
27.2
66.5
28.3
55.3
’ Benefits resulting from integration were calculated for a random sample of one-fifth
of the offset plans found In the 1981 bls survey of employee benefit plans and one-third
of the step-rate excess plans. These ratios were selected to obtain a reasonable balance
between the two types of plans, considering the resources available for this analysis.
Social security benefits included in the calculations are those shown in the text table on
page 17.
19
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Social Security Payments and Private Pensions
pension as a percent of preretirement earnings. Neverthe
less, in all three cases in table 3, this result was more than
countered by the effects of the social security benefit for
mula. On average, combined replacement rates for $20,000
workers were 8 percentage points or more higher than for
$30,000 workers.13
Provisions for early retirement
Our analysis is primarily concerned with integration of
social security and private benefits for workers retiring at
their pension plans’ normal retirement age (most commonly,
age 65). However, nearly all (98 percent) of the participants
in the private pension plans covered by the 1981 survey
could retire early with reduced benefits (typically under age
62, the earliest age for receipt of social security pensions).14
One-fifth of the offset plans directly reduced the effect of
the offset for early retirees. A group of 33 plans delayed
imposition of the social security offset for early retirees until
age 62 or— occasionally— age 65. In effect, those plans
provided a supplemental pension until commencement of
social security benefits. An additional 30 plans did not delay
the offset for early retirees, but lessened its size perma
nently.
The remaining offset plans did not contain such provi
sions. Their benefits were calculated using the normal re
tirement formula, then were reduced by the prescribed offset
formula using a projected social security benefit for retire
ment at age 65, and then were reduced again for early receipt
of benefits.15
Q
■FOOTNOTES
1An additional 10 percent of the full-time workers in the private sector
were employed by firms with retirement plans, but were excluded from
participation primarily because they failed to meet age or service eligibility
requirements or both. See P attern s o f W orker C o vera g e by P riva te Pension
P lan s (U .S. Department of Labor, Labor-Management Services Admin
istration, Pension and Welfare Benefit Programs. 1980). pp. iii. v. This
report is based on data collected in the Current Population Survey, con
ducted by the Bureau of the Census.
integration level and a variety of pension calculation formulas— for ex
ample, percent of career average annual earnings, percent of earnings in
each year worked, and percent of annual earnings in the highest 3 or 5
earnings years. The percentage adopted in a given plan is likely to be
influenced by the type of benefit formula selected. A more intensive anal
ysis than is possible here would provide separate averages and spreads for
each type of pension formula. Furthermore, in calculating averages, flat
percent benefit formulas were prorated to obtain percent-per-year benefits.
2The concepts o f implicit and explicit coordination of private and public
benefits are developed in Dan M. McGill. Fundam entals o f P rivate P en
sions. 4th ed. (Homewood. III.. Richard D. Irwin. Inc.. 1979). p. 177.
4 Data in this article are influenced by the restriction of the Bureau’s
employee benefits plan survey to medium and large firms. It is likely that
a greater percentage of smaller plans are integrated than larger plans. In
particular, the limited incidence of pure excess plans indicated by table 1
may stem from the survey’s exclusion of small plans. On the other hand,
defined benefit plans are more frequently integrated than defined contri
bution plans, which were excluded from this analysis. For a review of
earlier studies of integration practices, see Schulz and Leavitt. Pension
Integration, pp. 2 4 -3 5 .
3 In 1981. both workers and employers paid a 6.65-percent levy (5.35
percent for social security and 1.3 percent for health insurance) on the first
$29,700 o f covered earnings (the taxable wage base). Some analysts con
tend that part of the employer payroll tax may be shifted back onto workers
in the form o f reduced wages. See Daniel S. Hamermesh. "New Estimates
of the Incidence of the Payroll Tax." Southern E conom ic Journal. April
1979. pp. 1208-19.
4 For an analysis o f these issues, together with a review of recent pro
posals for changes in regulations governing pension plan integration, see
James H. Schulz and Thomas D. Leavitt. Pension Integration: C oncepts.
Issues an d P ro p o sa ls (Washington. Employee Benefit Research Institute.
1983). pp. 3 7 -6 5 .
5These surveys are conducted in private sector establishments in the
United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii, employing at least 50. 100.
or 250 workers, depending on the industry. Industry coverage includes:
mining; construction; manufacturing; transportation, communications,
electric, gas, and sanitary services: wholesale trade: retail trade: finance,
insurance, and real estate: and selected services. The sample selected for
the 1981 survey included 1.505 establishments, designed to provide rep
resentative data for the 21.5 million employees in 43.325 establishments
within the scope of the study. Major findings of the 1981 survey are reported
in E m ployee Benefits in M edium a n d L arge Firm s. 1981, Bulletin 2140
(Bureau o f Labor Statistics. 1982). For additional information on the sur
vey, see Robert Frumkin and William Wiatrowski. "Bureau of Labor
Statistics takes a new look at employee benefits." M onthly L a b o r R eview .
August 1982. pp. 4 1 -4 5 .
hFor more detailed illustrations of the effects of offset formulas on
replacement rates, see Ray Schmitt. In tegrated Pension P lans: An A nalysis
o f E arnings R eplacem ent (Washington. Congressional Research Service.
The Library o f Congress. 1981).
7Typically, plans specified a percent-per-year-of-service offset, either
uncapped or with a maximum offset. Eight of the plans, however, contained
a flat percentage offset— commonly 50 percent— but reduced it for each
year o f service less than a specified number— often 30 years. The effect
was a capped offset varying with length of service.
8 When considering these averages, keep in mind that they were com
puted for a group of plans employing both different definitions of the
20
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10P ension P lans U nder C ollective B argaining. Bulletin 1147 (Bureau
of Labor Statistics. 1953). p. 20: Pension P lan s U nder C ollective B a r
gaining. Bulletin 1284 (Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1961). p. 7.
" S ee Harry Becker. "Labor's Approach to the Retirement Problem,"
in P roceed in g s o f Secon d Annual M eeting. N ew York C ity, D ecem ber 2 9 3 0 . 1949 (Champaign. 111.. Industrial Relations Research Association,
1950), pp. 124-25; and Burton A. Zorn. "Bargaining Over Pensions,”
in Emanuel Stein, ed.. P roceedin gs o f N ew York U niversity Third Annual
C onference on L ab o r (Albany. N .Y ., Matthew Bender & C o., 1950).
p. 104.
12For a detailed treatment of irs rules, see McGill, F undam entals o f
P riva te P ensions, pp. 177-200. The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility
Act of 1982 contained provisions affecting integration. For defined con
tribution plans, effective in 1984. the maximum spread between contri
bution rates above and below the taxable base may not exceed the social
security tax rate levied on employers. Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility
Act restrictions also apply to "top-heavy" plans— those providing more
than a specified percentage of total benefits to "key" employees; beginning
in 1984. these plans must provide minimum nonintegrated benefits or
contributions for nonkey employees. See Schulz and Leavitt. Pension
Integration, pp. 6 0 -6 1 .
13An interesting question concerns the extent to which designers of
integrated pension plans adopt the maximum percentage spreads and offsets
allowed by Internal Revenue Service rules. The complexity, both of the
rules and the pension formulas, prevented analysis of this point with the
resources available for this study.
14E m ployee B enefits in M edium a n d L arge Firm s, p. 33.
15 Nonintegrated pension plans may include supplementary benefits for
workers retiring early and not yet eligible for social security pensions. A
Bureau analysis of these supplementary benefits is currently in progress.
Recessionary impacts
on the unemployment of men and women
Both sexes had higher levels o f unemployment in 1982 than in 1975,
but the interyear difference was fa r greater fo r men;
changes in the industrial mix o f the labor force
tending to reduce unemployment
were overwhelmed by cyclical increases in unemployment
in specific industries and in the number o f new jobseekers
S igurd R. N ilsen
In 1982, the annual average unemployment rate for men
was 9.9 percent and the rate for women was 9.4 percent.1
(See table 1.) This was the first time since 1947 that the
men’s unemployment rate exceeded that for women. This
article seeks to explain this reversal by discussing the factors
behind the differing impacts of the 1973-75 and 1981-82
recessions, on men and women. The factors contributing to
the unemployment change are estimated and their magni
tudes compared to determine the source of the sex differ
ences. In addition, sex differences in unemployment change
between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas2 are com
pared because economic opportunities for women in non
metropolitan areas have historically differed from those of
their metropolitan counterparts. Several analyses have at
tributed these differences to slack labor demand for women
in other than metropolitan areas.3
The basic hypothesis is that changes in the industry com
position of the labor force and differences in the sectors
affected by the 1980-82 recessionary period as compared
with the 1973-75 recession have contributed to the signif
icant rise in the unemployment rate for men and the reversed
relative position of men’s and women’s unemployment rates.4
Changes in the industry-specific unemployment rates of
women relative to men, reflecting, among other things,
Sigurd R. Nilsen is an economist,
partment o f Agriculture.
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Economic Research Service, U.S. De
changes in the commitment of women to the labor force,
are also expected to have contributed to the reversal of the
rates.5 Finally, it is hypothesized that sex differences in the
sources of unemployment change will be similar for met
ropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, reflecting a continued
convergence in labor force characteristics of the two types
of areas.6
Unemployment changes of men and women
When comparing the year 1975 to 1982, we find that the
women’s labor force increased nearly 30 percent and that
of men grew by only 12 percent. (See table 2.) The period
1975 to 1982 saw a recovery from the 1973-75 recession
and entry into a sustained period of recession beginning in
1980 and ending in 1982. The number of unemployed women
in 1982 was 31 percent greater than the 1975 level. This
was commensurate with the increase in the women’s labor
force and resulted in an increase in the unemployment rate
for women of only 0.1 percentage point above the 1975
level. During the same period, the unemployment of men
increased by 41 percent, more than 3 times their rate of
labor force increase. As a result, their unemployment rate
in 1982 was a full 2 percentage points above the 1975 level
and 0.5 points above the 1982 rate for women.
The trends for women in metropolitan and nonmetropol
itan areas were similar; however, those for men were sig
nificantly different between the two types of areas. The
21
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Recessionary Impacts on Unemployment
2.6 points, 2.2 points less than the increase for men. This
not only closed the male-female gap in unemployment rates,
but pushed the male rate above the female rate for the first
time since 1947. Similar trends occurred in both metropol
itan and nonmetropolitan areas.
Table 1. Annual average unemployment rates by
residence and sex, 1973,1975,1979, and 1982
[In percent]
Residence and sex
1973
1975
1979
1982
United States, T o ta l................
Men .....................................
W o m e n ...............................
4.9
4.1
6.0
8.5
7.9
9.3
5.8
5.1
6.8
9.7
9.9
9.4
Metro areas, Total ................
Men .....................................
W o m e n ...............................
5.1
4.4
6.3
8.7
8.3
9.2
5.8
5.2
6.7
9.5
9.8
9.2
Nonmetro areas, T o t a l...........
Men .....................................
W o m e n ...............................
4.4
3.6
5.7
8.0
6.9
9.6
5.7
4.8
7.0
10.1
10.1
10.0
Decomposing the change in unemployment
The change in unemployment for men and women from
1975 to 1982 was decomposed into four components to
determine why male unemployment increased more than
female unemployment during 1980-82.7
Conceptually, the procedure used to determine the sources
of unemployment change begins by taking the 1975 em
ployment conditions and labor force characteristics as given.
These conditions include the size of the labor force, the
number of unemployed persons, and the industry distribu
tion of the labor force and of the unemployed. Then, one
at a time, in a sequential manner, the changes which have
occurred in the labor force are updated to the 1982 condi
tions. At each stage, the change in joblessness is estimated.
This procedure provides an estimate of the impact on the
number unemployed of each type of change in the labor
force.
Four sources of unemployment change are identified. They
are changes in: (1) the size of the labor force, (2) the in
dustry distribution of the labor force, (3) the sex-specific
industry unemployment rates, and (4) the number of un
employed new labor force entrants. The first factor is a
control for the change in the size of the labor force. The
second factor reflects the effect on the number unemployed
of structural changes in the industry composition of the labor
force. The third and fourth factors are intended to gauge
cyclical impacts on unemployment change. A change in one
factor estimates an independent effect when the remaining
factors are held constant at 1975 levels. By estimating these
effects separately by sex, it is possible to determine if men
and women have been affected differently by these changes
at the national level, then for metropolitan and nonmetro
politan areas.8
unemployment of nonmetro men increased by 64 percent
between 1975 and 1982, while in metro areas the increase
was a comparatively modest 32 percent. (See table 2.) Thus,
while the rate of growth in unemployment for metro men
was about 2-1/2 times the rate of their increase in the labor
force, the unemployment of nonmetro men rose at a rate 5
times their rate of labor force growth. The resultant increase
in the unemployment rate for men in nonmetropolitan areas
contributed to the closing of the gap between the rates of
unemployment for men and women. This gap had tradi
tionally been much greater in nonmetropolitan areas com
pared with metropolitan areas.
During 1973-75, the U.S. male unemployment rate in
creased by 3.8 percentage points from the 1973 prerecession
level. (See table l.) During the same period, the unem
ployment rate for women increased by 3.3 points. The fe
male rate peaked at 9.3 percent in 1975, 1.4 points above
the male rate. Because the prerecession unemployment rate
for women was about 2 points above the rate for men, the
greater recessionary effect for men reduced the male-female
gap by only 0.5 points.
During the 1980-82 recessionary period, the unemploy
ment rate for men increased by 4.8 percentage points above
the 1979 level. For women, the unemployment rate rose by
Table 2.
Labor force and unemployment by residence and sex, 1975 and 1982
[In thousands]
Labor force
Residence and sex
1975
1982
Unemployment
Change
Number
Percent
1975
1982
Change
Number
Percent
United States, Total .........................................................
Men ..............................................................................
Women .........................................................................
92,613
55,615
36,997
110,204
62,450
47,754
17,591
6,835
10,757
19.0
12.3
29.1
7,830
4,385
3,445
10,678
6,180
4,498
2,848
1,795
1,053
36.4
40.9
30.6
Metro, T o t a l.......................................................................
Men ..............................................................................
Women .........................................................................
64,227
38,212
26,014
76,465
42,995
33,469
12,238
4,783
7,455
19.1
12.5
28.7
5,570
3,180
2,390
7,273
4,208
3,065
1,703
1,028
675
30.6
32.3
28.2
Nonmetro, Total .................................. ............................
Men ...............................................................................
Women .........................................................................
28,386
17,403
10,983
33,740
19,455
14,285
5,354
2,053
3,302
18.9
11.8
30.1
2,260
1,205
1,055
3,405
1,972
1,433
1,145
767
378
50.7
63.7
35.8
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Sources of unemployment change
Almost 1.8 million more men and 1 million more women
were unemployed in 1982 than in 1975. If no structural
change had occurred in the labor force between the 2 years,
and the impact of the 1980-82 period was similar to that
of 1973-75, (that is, industries were affected by the down
turn to the same degree) then the only change to occur in
the labor force would have been the increase in its size, and
the increase in unemployment would have been approxi
mately 1.5 million persons. This describes the factor 1 effect
presented in table 3— the difference in unemployment re
sulting from a change in the size of the labor force. For
men, the rise in unemployment because of factor 1 is 539,000,
barely 30 percent of the total increase in male unemploy
ment. For women, the unemployment increase is more than
1 million, which is 95 percent of their total increase in
unemployment. What this means is that more than 70 per
cent of the total increase in the unemployment of men in
1982 above 1975 is because of other factors— changes in:
the distribution of the labor force among industries, industry
unemployment rates, and the ability of new labor force
entrants to obtain work. For women, these factors contribute
only 5 percent to the total increase in unemployment in 1982
above the 1975 level.
The increase in unemployment caused by factor 1 was
greater for women than for men for two reasons. First, the
women’s labor force growth was both proportionately and
absolutely greater than men’s (an increase of 10.6 million
for women compared with 6.8 million for men). Second,
the unemployment rates used in step 1 are the 1975 rates.
In that year, the rate for women was 9.3 percent, 1.4 points
greater than that for men. Use of these rates in the calcu
lations results in a much greater increase in the number of
unemployed women.
The distribution of the labor force among industries changed
as a result of developments in the economy as a whole, in
the structure of the demand for goods and services, and in
the competitive position of domestically produced goods
relative to foreign goods. The manufacturing sector expe
rienced a substantial loss in its share of the labor force, and
was characterized by high unemployment rates, particularly
during recessions. The “ other services” industries have
been the largest gainers in their share of the labor force and
tend to have low unemployment rates, even during reces
sions.9
Thus, factor 2, changes in unemployment resulting from
changes in the industry composition of the labor force, had
a net negative effect on unemployment over the period. That
is, its effect was to reduce joblessness as the structure of
the economy continued to shift from manufacturing to a
services orientation.
For men, the decrease in unemployment attributable to
factor 2 is 13,000, compared with 42,000 for women. (See
table 3.) While women accounted for only 43 percent of
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Table 3.
Unemployment change by source, 1975-82
[In thousands]
Factor
Total
United States
Women
Men
Women
Men
1,794
1,054
1,028
675
767
378
539
1,002
398
685
142
317
Men
T o t a l................................
1— Change in size of
labor force ..........................
2— Change in industry
distribution ..........................
3— Change in industry
unemployment rates ..........
4— Change in unemployed
new e n tra n ts ........................
Nonmetro
Metro
Women
-1 3
-4 2
-3
-3 3
-9
1,119
44
548
-6
572
64
149
50
85
62
22
29
-2 5
the labor force in 1982, their reduction in unemployment
because of shifts in the industry composition of the labor
force was three times that for men. The disproportionately
large decrease for women did not result from a greater shift
away from the manufacturing sector for women than for
men. (See table 4.) Rather, it was due to the much greater
difference in female unemployment rates between the man
ufacturing sector and the “ other services” industries as
compared with the difference in male unemployment rates.
In 1975, the unemployment rate for women in manufac
turing was 15.2 percent, while the corresponding rate in
other services was only 7.4 percent. Therefore, a net re
duction in the unemployment rate of 7.8 points resulted
from the shift. For men, the reduction was only 2.2 points
because their rate of unemployment in manufacturing was
only 9.1 percent, compared with 6.9 percent in other ser
vices.
Changes in industry unemployment rates between 1975
and 1982 reflect differences in the industries affected by the
recessions. The differences by sex reflect differences in the
distribution of the industry effects between men and women.
This effect is measured by factor 3. For men, these changes
meant more than 1.1 million additional unemployed, the
largest single contribution to the increase in the unemploy
ment of men. For women, barely 44,000 were added to the
unemployed because of changes in industry unemployment
rates. (See table 3.)
The difference in the magnitude of the factor 3 effect
between men and women demonstrates an important pe
culiarity of the 1980-82 recessionary period. While un
employment rates increased from the 1979 prerecessionary
levels for both sexes, the increases for women above the
1975 recession levels were relatively small, while those for
men were substantial. The data in table 5 indicate that the
unemployment rates for women in industries which account
for significant portions of the female labor force are still
greater than the unemployment rates for men in these in
dustries.10 However, the differences between the unem
ployment rates for men and women were much smaller in
1982 than in 1975. Thus, while the effect of the 1980-82
downturns on women was only slightly more severe than
that of 1973-75, the effect on men was significantly greater.
23
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Recessionary Impacts on Unemployment
Why this occurred is a topic for speculation. While the
data used here do not permit causal analysis, several hy
potheses are consistent with the findings. Data on the in
creases in labor force participation rates for women indicate
that they no longer leave the labor market as they once did
during childbearing and child rearing years." Labor force
participation rates for women who are married with their
spouses present have risen faster than such rates for any
other group of workers. Therefore, women are less likely
to lose job seniority by interrupting their careers. In some
heavily unionized industries, such as manufacturing, this
could be particularly significant. Thus, while women still
have higher unemployment rates in most industries, the
male-female differential has declined.
Factor 4, the change in the number of unemployed new
labor force entrants, brought about increases in unemploy
ment of 149,000 for men and 50.000 for women. (See table
3.) This is an indication that the 1980-82 recessionary pe
riod was more severe than that of 1973-75 for both sexes.
If conditions had been the same in 1982 as in 1975. the
number of unemployed new labor force entrants would have
increased in proportion to the growth of the labor force, the
factor 1 effect. But, because the factor 4 effect is positive,
the number of unemployed new labor force entrants must
have risen as a proportion of the labor force. The higher
level for men of this factor is partially a function of the
larger size of their labor force and the very high unem
ployment rates in some traditionally male-dominated in
dustries such as construction, mining, and durable goods
manufacturing.
Metro-nonmetro comparison
The patterns for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas
followed patterns of sex differences in the sources of un
employment change similar to those of the nation as a whole.
(See table 3.) For women, the trends and relative magnitudes
Table 4. Percentage point difference in the distribution of
the labor force by industry and sex for metro and
nonmetro areas, 1982 compared with 1975
Industry
A g ric u ltu re ..................................
M in in g ..........................................
C o nstruction................................
M anufacturing.............................
Durable ..................................
N o ndurable.............................
Transportation.............................
Wholesale and retail trade . . . .
Finance, insurance, and
and real e s ta te ........................
Private household .....................
Other services.............................
Government ................................
Total
United States
Metro
Nonmetro
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
.1
.4
.2
-2.7
-1.9
-.8
0
.8
.1
.2
.3
-1.7
-.3
-1.4
.2
.2
.1
.3
.2
-2.4
-1.8
-.7
-.3
.7
.1
.3
.3
-1.3
-1.3
.3
-.2
.3
.7
.0
-3.5
-2.3
-1.3
.7
.9
.1
.1
.3
-2.5
-.8
-1.8
.2
0
2.7
-1.6
1.1
-1.2
3.0
-2.2
.3
.0
3.0
-1.8
1.2
-1.0
3.0
-2.5
.0
.1
2.0
-1.0
1.1
-1.8
3.1
-1.3
.0
.0
1.1
Note: A positive number indicates that a sector had a greater share of the labor force
in 1982 than in 1975.
Industry groups of Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Other services, and
Government, combined, accounted for 83 percent of the female labor force in 1982. Of
these, no single industry group represented less than 15 percent of the total female labor
force.
24
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Table 5. Percentage point differences in rates and areas
of unemployment between men and women by industry,
1975 and 1982
Industry
T o t a l.....................................
Wage and salary ..........
A g riculture..................
Mining ........................
Construction .............
Manufacturing ..........
Durable ..................
N ondurable.............
Transportation ...........
Wholesale and retail
t r a d e ........................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate .............
Private household . . .
Other services ..........
G overnm ent................
Total
United States
Metro
Nonmetro
1975
1982
1975
1982
1975
1982
1.4
.7
2.1
-.6
-10.3
6.1
6.7
6.6
.1
2.7
-.5
-1.2
4.2
-9.7
-6.7
2.7
2.0
4.6
-1.8
1.6
.9
.3
-.1
-3.0
-11.2
5.2
5.2
5.7
-.3
2.2
-.6
-1.2
1.9
-8.5
-6.2
2.3
1.2
4.5
-2.2
1.1
2.7
1.8
2.9
.7
-8.5
8.2
10.0
8.1
1.6
4.1
-.1
-1.1
6.3
-7.1
-7.7
3.3
3.9
4.9
0.0
2.9
1.4
-1.8
.5
.9
.5
-1.9
-1.1
.4
1.3
-2.3
.3
1.1
.4
2.3
-1.0
.4
1.7
-1.5
2.4
1.0
.8
-.5
-1.4
.2
Note : A positive number indicates that the rate for women exceeds the rate for men,
a negative number means that the rate for men exceeds that for women.
of each of the sources of unemployment change were nearly
identical for metro and nonmetro areas. In contrast, for men,
although the trends were similar, the relative effect of the
cyclical factors was much greater for nonmetro areas.
Joblessness among metro men increased by about 1 mil
lion, of which 635,000 resulted from the combined effect
of the two cyclical factors, changes in industry unemploy
ment rates and the change in the number of unemployed
new labor force entrants. In nonmetro areas, of the 767,000
additional jobless men, 634,000 resulted from the effect of
the two cyclical factors. This greater relative cyclical impact
indicates that nonmetro men were more adversely affected
by the 1980-82 recessionary period than were metro men.
In addition, the recessionary effect was significantly greater
for nonmetro men during the 1980-82 period than it was
during the 1973-75 recession.
Summary and implications
Both sexes had higher levels of unemployment in 1982
than in 1975, but the difference between the 2 years was
much greater for men than for women. This article has
presented a procedure for decomposing the change in the
number unemployed between the two dates into its com
ponent parts, so that structural and cyclical factors could be
separated from effects of changes in the size of the labor
force. By comparing the differences in the importance of
the various factors by sex, it was possible to determine why
unemployment for men was much more adversely affected
than that for women during the 1980-82 downturns.
Once the increase in unemployment due to growth in the
labor force was controlled for, about 1.25 million more men
were jobless in 1982 than in 1975, compared with only
52,000 more women. The year-to-year difference for men
was largely because of an increase in industry-specific un
employment rates. For women, the 1980-82 recessionary
period was only slightly more severe than the earlier period.
However, comparison of the numbers of unemployed new
labor force entrants suggests that the 1980-82 recessionary
period was more severe than the earlier one for workers of
both sexes.
Going one step further and looking at the distribution of
the effects of the 1980-82 recessionary period between metro
and nonmetro areas provides an indication of whether the
effects were equally distributed geographically. It was shown
that nonmetropolitan areas experienced a disproportionately
large share of the unemployment increase. Of the net in
crease in the unemployment of men, nonmetro areas ac
counted for 50 percent more than their representative share.
For women, although the increase in unemployment was
relatively small, it was confined to nonmetro areas. Met
ropolitan women showed a slight decrease in unemployment.
The structural factor, reflecting the effect of the changes
in the industry structure of the labor force, acted to reduce
joblessness in 1982. However, the cyclical effects— changes
in industry unemployment rates and the change in the num
ber of unemployed new entrants— contributed to significant
increases in the unemployment of both sexes. The high
unemployment of men in 1982 relative to 1975 results from
two factors. First, the industries where men predominate
were hit particularly hard during the 1980-82 recessionary
period, and second, the distribution of effects between men
and women was more evenly spread during 1980-82 than
in 1973-75. However, in most industry groups, women’s
unemployment rates still exceed those of men.
When comparing the recessionary periods, one finds that
the effects of the most recent downturns were more evenly
distributed between men and women. However, this more
equal distribution of effects meant that men were much more
severely affected by the 1980-82 episodes than by the earlier
recession.
[J
1Annual average data obtained from the Current Population Survey are
used throughout this analysis. Annual averages are used because no sea
sonally adjusted data series exists with a metropolitan, nonmetropolitan
breakdown.
7The years 1975 and 1982 were selected for comparison because they
represent similar points on an economic cycle. Both years contain the
official trough of a recession. The 1975 trough occurred in March following
the peak of November 1973. The 1982 trough occurred in November. The
beginning of that cycle was in July 1981: however, another cycle imme
diately preceded it. The earlier cycle began in January 1980 and hit bottom
in July 1980. These two cycles have been combined and are referred to
as the 1980-82 recessionary period because no recovery from the first
recession was evident, particularly in employment, before the latter cycle
began.
2Metropolitan counties are Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas ( s m s a ’ s)
as designated by the Office of Management and Budget in 1973, after the
1970 census data had become available. Except in New England, an sm sa
is a county or group of contiguous counties that contains at least one city
o f 50,000 inhabitants or more, or twin cities with a combined population
o f at least 50,000. In addition, contiguous counties are included in an sm sa
if, according to certain criteria, they are socially and economically inte
grated with the central city. The population living outside of s m s a ’ s con
stitutes the nonmetro population.
3David L. Brown and Jeanne M. O ’Leary, L a b o r F orce A ctivity o f
W omen in M e tro p o lita n a n d N onm etropolitan A m erica, Rural Develop
ment Research Report 15 (Washington, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
September 1979); Lillian Chenoweth and Elizabeth Maret-Havens, "W om
en’s labor force participation— a look at some residential patterns,” Monthly
L a b o r R eview , March 1978, pp. 3 8 -4 1 .
4Norman Bowers, “ Have employment patterns in recessions changed?”
M on th ly L a b o r R eview , February 1981, pp. 15-28, suggests that changes
in the industry mix o f the labor force has moderated recessionary impacts
in the post World War II period.
5Karl E. Taeuber, "Demographic Trends Affecting the Future Labor
Force,” D em o g ra p h ic T rends a n d Full E m ploym ent, Special Report 12
(National Commission for Manpower Policy, December 1976), discusses
some o f the changes in women’s labor force behavior and the impact on
employment trends. Also Valerie Kincade Oppenheimer, Work an d the
F am ily: A S tudy in S o cia l D em ography (New York, Academic Press,
1982), concludes that women’s employment patterns are becoming more
continuous, rather than a stable pattern of intermittent labor force partic
ipation.
6James D. Schaub, The N onm etro L a b o r F orce in the Seventies, Rural
Development Research Report 33 (Washington, U.S. Department of Ag
riculture, November 1981).
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8The sum of the four factors will equal the total change in unemploy
ment.
9 "Other services” industries includes business and repair services, per
sonal services, entertainment and recreation services, and professional and
related services.
Michael A. Urquhart, "The service industry: is it recession proof?”
M onthly L abor R eview , October 1981, pp. 12-18, discusses why the
services are less affected by recessions and; Michael A. Urquhart and
Marillyn A. Hewson, "Unemployment continued to rise in 1982 as reces
sion deepened,” M onthly L a bor R eview , February 1983, pp. 3 -1 2 , pre
sents a new view of the effect of the 1980-82 period on the manufacturing
sector.
l()The other services sector is the only industry with a significant pro
portion of the female labor force where the unemployment rate for women
was less than the rate for men in 1982.
"Howard N Fullerton, "How accurate were projections of the 1980
labor force?” M onthly L abor R eview , July 1982, pp. 15-21, Allyson
Sherman Grossman, "More than half of all children have working mothers,”
M onthly L a b o r R eview , February 1982, pp. 41-43; and Taeuber, "D e
mographic Trends,” present findings on different aspects of the changed
behavior of women in the labor market and the implications o f these
changes for the rate of increase of the women’s labor force.
In addition, it should be noted that although the rate of increase in the
labor force participation rate for women has slowed, the rate is still in
creasing, while the labor force participation rate for men is continuing a
decline which began around 1950.
25
Industrial democracy:
made in the U.S.A.
Labor-management cooperation to improve
the quality o f products, worklife,
and the effectiveness o f companies
can be traced to the early 19th century
H enry P. G
uzda
According to industrial relations expert Milton Derber, par
ticipatory management programs, shop committee plans,
works councils, and similar employer-employee cooperative
efforts can be classified as “ industrial democracy.“ 1 There
was a proliferation of such programs in the 1970’s, spawning
a plethora of books, articles, and pamphlets which dissected
the concepts and drew philosophical guidelines for their
implementation and expected results. Some publications cite
these experiments as unique or novel, but, as Sanford Jacoby
of the University of California at Los Angeles management
school noted, the common presumption that these are new
solutions to lagging productivity is wrong.2 “ The hand of
the past,” said historian Richard B. Morris, “ is still writ
large in . . . the labor relations of this country, and the early
concepts and procedures often forecast the shape of things
to come.” 3
Assuming that quality-of-worklife programs have two
common threads, the quality of employees’ work experi
ences and the improvement of organizational effectiveness,
one finds the roots of industrial democracy in the United
States, not in Germany or Japan, with certain appendages
of the idea grafted from Great Britain.4
‘Mutual dependency’
The British mercantile system restricted manufacturing
in the American colonies but that did not completely suf
focate industrial experiences In two early 18th century man-
Henry P. Guzda is a historian at the U.S. Department of Labor.
26
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ufacturing enterprises run by the Moravian religious order
at Wachovia, N.C., and Bethlehem, Pa., groups of jour
neymen often cooperated with master craftsmen, suggesting
improvements in product quality and proposing methods for
increased output. These efforts, stated historian Carl Bridenbaugh, “ were conducted on a wage earning economy;
they were not communistic.” It may have been the first
American experiment in participatory management.5
But the true antecedents of our modem system of labor
relations were formed in the 19th century, coinciding with
rapid industrial growth. At one time, class distinctions be
tween employers and journeymen were vague and illdefined— most masters graduated from working ranks—
until rapidly expanding economies of scale soon drew de
finable, if not bold, lines. An early report of the Department
of the Interior claimed that by 1832 a distinction had arisen
between “ work-people” and employers.6 John Commons,
the dean of labor historians, focused on 1837 as the begin
ning of adversarial labor-management relations but noted
that more than 200 strikes had occurred between 1820 and
1837.
Paradoxically, the period between 1820 and 1840 was
marked by the “ ascendancy of the common man,” in the
words of the French writer Alexis de Tocqueville. Devel
oping political institutions tried to gain working-class sup
port by emphasizing that workers and employers had a mutual
dependency. The philosophical forebears of both the Re
publican and Democratic parties agreed on the concept of
mutual dependency but disagreed on the means to achieve
it.
Philosophical mutual dependency developed because of
declining economic conditions. Cheaper, inferior goods im
ported from Europe captured portions of the American mar
ket, adversely affecting both w orkers and dom estic
manufacturers. This, at times, created a common bond be
tween highly skilled workers and their employers.
Among the woodworking trades, this mutual dependency
led to the creation of the first labor-management committees.
In 1828, a joint committee of employers and journeymen
cabinet and chairmakers in Philadelphia published a list of
prices so that each group “ may become thoroughly ac
qu ain ted w ith the principles upon which work is
founded. . . .” The price book prescribed standards for quality
work and furnished diagrams of the finished product. The
joint committee concluded, “ Two classes of men are each,
in their several capacities, essential requisite to the well
being of the other.” 7
Although not common, such cooperative efforts were not
unique. A committee of seven journeymen and seven em
ployers in the Cincinnati chairmaking industry also worked
out price and standards lists. A similar price list “ to promote
uniform justice between carpenters and employers” was in
effect in Washington, D.C., during the late 1820’s. Other
Washington area building trades unions compiled price lists
in advance and submitted them to employers in an early
collective bargaining procedure.8
In 1837, the Nation experienced one of the first economic
depressions of its young history, temporarily derailing the
progress of labor-management cooperation. The union
movement had grown despite developing employer resis
tance, but the depression virtually destroyed it. As historians
note, the growth of the factory system, although originally
idyllic in Lowell and Waltham, Mass., evolved into a system
of severe competition intent on reducing costs and increasing
profits. This nurtured the ills of child and female labor
exploitation, paternalism, company stores, hazards in the
workplace, and labor-management conflict.9
ventures such as insurance companies, foundries, factories,
and so forth. The objectives of this experiment were
to: (1) manufacture articles the society deemed necessary
to provide employment to members; (2) provide quality
products for distribution in growing markets; and (3) promote
a philosophy that working people were not inferior.10
Production cooperation spread throughout Great Britain.
By 1865, Parliament had legalized “ industrial partnerships”
among workers and cooperative enterprises had sprouted in
Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. Guild Socialists adopted the
concept and promoted it well into the 1940’s .11
Some workers in the United States established manufac
turing cooperatives well before the Rochdale experiment.
(New York Cordwainers had one as early as 1835 and sev
eral cooperative foundries were established in the early
1840’s.) One of the most significant American labor leaders
to embrace the tenets of the British experiment was William
Sylvis, president of the Iron Molders Union and founder of
the National Labor Union (1866-1868). Sylvis advocated
the creation of industrial cooperatives so that workers could
control the means of production for their own profit.12
The cooperative experiments in factory ownership almost
exclusively resulted from input by organized labor. The
Knights of Labor, for example, established more than 200
cooperatives during the 1880’s. Most of these cooperative
experiments began out of necessity. For example, when a
particular garment manufacturer in Indianapolis relocated
his operation in the South to escape unions and be closer
to the textile mills of the Southeastern Piedmont region, the
Knights purchased the factory. The Martha Washington Co
operative Association, formed by the women members of
the local union, elected a managerial staff for the factory
and planned to cooperate in the production of high quality
goods. However, this experiment apparently failed during
the recession of 1893; as historian Mary Beard said, “ most
of these cooperative enterprises failed for one reason or
another.” 13
Production cooperation
Shop councils emerge
Between 1840 and 1860, the philosophies of employers
and employees polarized. Many mill, mine, and factory
owners extended social and economic distances by appear
ing to treat working people as chattel, paying the lowest
wages possible, and blaming working class miseries on a
lack of initiative. Among the alternatives to such a philos
ophy was worker control over the means of production,
referred to as the cooperative movement or production co
operation.
Although it had converts in the United States, the co
operative movement developed on a broader scale in En
gland. One of the most celebrated experiences, and the one
most cited by historians, was in the town of Rochdale. In
the so-called Rochdale Experiment, working class share
holders in jointly owned enterprises received fixed dividends
on invested capital. Excess profits were reinvested in new
Following the Civil War, an ever-widening rift between
capital and labor alarmed moderates from labor, business,
and the public. Violent railroad labor disputes in 1877 de
stroyed portions of Chicago, Pittsburgh, and several other
cities. In 1886, the Chicago Haymarket Square riot outside
the struck International Harvester Company intensified that
fear. The 1894 Pullman Strike, led by socialist Eugene V.
Debs, raised the possibility of class revolution. The Central
Labor Union had informed a joint session of Congress as
early as 1883 that unless capital-labor relations improved
there would be “ bloody revolution.” 14 To compound mat
ters, some employers believed that workers had little cause
for complaint, as exemplified by this testament: “ American
laborers should be contented and manly in the sphere wherein
God has placed them.” 15
There was never a scarcity of reformist ideas to solve
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27
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Industrial Democracy
capital-labor problems, but some struck familiar chords. In
1885, the well-known reformer, Washington Gladden, wrote
that the future of such relations would be marked by “ the
principle of cooperation.” 16 In 1889, economist Richard
Ely called for the creation of “ worker councils.” 17 But, in
1886, J. C. Bayles, editor of Iron Age magazine, had de
vised a highly publicized plan calling for a return to the
cooperation that had existed between masters and journey
men in the early years of the Republic.18 He developed a
model for electing shop workers’ representatives to an in
dustry- or plant-wide problem-solving body of managers
and employees. Calling the representatives “ shop coun
cils,” Bayles clearly specified that these entities were not
to be new forms of arbitration or collective bargaining, but
a means of real labor-management cooperation.
The first practical application of Bayles’ “ shop council”
concept to improve product quality and output was in the
industrial heartland of Pennsylvania. In 1904, the Nemst
Lamp Co. of Pittsburgh established a representative shop
council of workers and managers. The company, with a
poor quality product, had been threatened by bankruptcy
until implementation of shop council suggestions improved
marketing techniques and product quality, resulting in an
800-percent sales increase in only 18 months.19
The success of the Pittsburgh company spawned a similar
experiment in Philadelphia. The Nelson Valve Co. estab
lished a plan of shop committee representation with an in
dustrial congress composed of a senate for managers and a
house for workers. Each body debated issues to improve
product quality and working conditions separately before
presenting them at joint sessions, with all results forwarded
to the plant superintendent. Although the employees and
foremen at both Pennsylvania plants liked the concept, changes
in ownership eventually terminated the programs.20
Holbrook J. Porter, an industrial relations manager, was
the architect of both Pennsylvania plans. As superintendent
of the physical plant at Columbia University in the 1880’s,
Porter had instituted weekly meetings with his janitors and
maintenance men to get their opinions and suggestions on
improving operations. When the owners of the two Penn
sylvania companies asked Porter to help them overcome
financial difficulties, he adapted Bayles’ theories to his own
to set up the respective representation plans.21
The success of Porter’s theories fostered a proliferation
of employee representation plans. In 1911, the progressive
garment manufacturer, Hart, Schaffner, and Marx, estab
lished probably the best known (and sometimes cited er
roneously as the first) industrial democracy program. Two
years later, the Packard Piano Co. implemented a “ works
plan of industrial representation.” The Printz-Biederman
Co. and the White Motor Co., both in Cleveland, introduced
“ departmental shop committee representation plans” in 1914.
Between 1911 and 1917, more than 100 companies intro
duced employee representation plans.22
“ Capital cannot move a wheel without labor, nor can
28
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labor advance beyond a more primitive existence without
capital,” said John D. Rockefeller, while inaugurating one
of the most controversial industrial democracy programs in
U.S. history. In 1914, an intense strike had crippled op
erations at Rockefeller’s Colorado Fuel and Iron Co. mines.
The strike degenerated into open industrial violence result
ing in the deaths of two women and several children, and
touching off a national outrage.
Rockefeller, described by historians as a dedicated “ wel
fare capitalist,” wanted to make amends and restore peace.
He blamed “ outside agitators” from the United Mine Work
ers for all problems and, in 1915, implemented an employee
representation plan to give workers a voice in operations
without having to deal with organized labor. The Colorado
Fuel & Iron plan permeated every facet of life in the com
pany town, including social and recreational concerns. Or
ganized labor complained that this was not industrial
democracy but “ paternalism” and “ company unionism.”
Many employers, however, praised Rockefeller for setting
a progressive precedent in labor-management relations. The
controversy over this kind of plan had even greater impact
following World War I.23
Government steps in
Following the U.S. entry into World War I, President
Woodrow Wilson’s administration sought to prevent work
stoppages in vital war production and related industries.
Among the many ideas proposed was one calling for the
creation of plant-level advisory committees of employees
and managers to study and suggest ways of improving pro
duction outlays while maintaining industrial peace. Secre
tary of Labor William B. Wilson ardently promoted the
plan, believing that the spirit of cooperation between labor
and management would transcend the war and continue into
peacetime. Largely through his efforts, governmentsponsored labor adjustment agencies such as the Fuel Ad
justment Agency, Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board,
and National War Labor Board created employee represen
tation plans for their jurisdictions.24
The benchmark for all war agencies was the labor board.
A tripartite, quasi-judicial body of labor, management, and
public representatives, the board, with jurisdiction over the
majority of plants and factories involved in war production,
promoted industrial equity to prevent strikes and increase
productivity. It experimented with many progressive ideas,
including maintaining “ living wage standards,” mandating
overtime compensation, maintaining safety and health stan
dards, and prohibiting discrimination in pay and employ
ment because of race, creed, sex, or union affiliation.25
The War Labor Board also ordered industrialists to create
“ shop council” plans for their factories. The first were at
the General Electric plant in Pittsfield, Mass., and the Beth
lehem Steel works in Pennsylvania. The board issued ad
ministrative guidelines for the implementation of “ shop
councils” and ordered their creation in 88 major plants.
This gave workers, most for the first time, a definite voice
in management. Following this example, the shipbuilding
board ordered the creation of 31 councils and by the end of
the war, Government boards had created more than 225
shop councils. Private firms sometimes voluntarily created
employee representation plans, and one Labor Department
official remarked, “ There was a deluge of works coun
cils.” 26
Whether called the “ Bridgeport Plan,” “ General Electric
Plan,” or “ Proctor & Gamble Employees Conference Plan,”
all works councils, shop committees, and employee rep
resentation plans were basically the same. Commissioner
of Labor Statistics, Royal Meeker, commented that there
was a “ monotonous sameness” about these plans. They
consisted of a representative body of employees, chosen
from a variety of work stations (departments, floors, shops,
and so forth), who met separately before meeting with man
agers or sat in joint session with them. These industrial
congresses discussed and debated a wide range of topics,
particularly: labor turnover and productivity; living and
working conditions; terms of employment; and social and
recreational needs of employees.27
In most cases, the employee representation plans set up
by Government order were used to full advantage by or
ganized labor. Although officially operating under the “ open
shop” principle, these plans soon became avenues for or
ganized labor to meet with employers on an equitable level.
When the Federal Government seized the railway lines in
1917, the Director General of the U.S. Railroad Adminis
tration, William Gibbs McAdoo, faced a maze of problems
including low productivity and manpower shortages. In 1918,
he issued two general orders directing the managers on all
lines to establish committees of employers and employees
to discuss and try to solve problems. W.S. Carter, former
president of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and
McAdoo’s labor director, stated that these orders gave rail
road union labor an aspect of equal participation with rail
road officials and, consequently, a strategic position more
advanced than any ever before enjoyed by organized work
ers. However, many railroad officials did not like sharing
managerial decisions, and, once the Government returned
the railroads to private ownership in 1920, management
either abolished the employee representation plans or con
verted them into company unions.28
The end of the war affected other labor programs. Em
ployers, generally, wanted a return to prewar normalcy. In
many industries, especially those in which Government boards
had ordered the creation of worker-manager councils, em
ployers unilaterally disbanded the cooperative plans. Com
pany officials at Bethlehem Steel’s main plant abolished the
shop council program and refused to honor the collective
bargaining agreement negotiated with organized labor less
than 1 month after the armistice. Another employer admitted
that “ we would not have started the employees’ committee
had we not been forced to do so.” 29
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A determined Wilson administration tried to reverse the
trend back toward prewar conditions. The National War
Labor Board ruled that employees and employers had to
continue to comply with the wartime orders because the
emergency period existed even after the armistice. President
Wilson supported the board’s orders in a proclamation of
December 2, 1918. Board Cochairmen William H. Taft and
Basil Manley wrote to Bethlehem Steel President Eugene
G race,4‘This is a question of the good faith of your company
. . . if the award of the board should now be repudiated,
your workmen would have every right to feel they had been
deceived and grossly imposed upon by your company.” 30
Yet Bethlehem Steel, General Electric, and a host of other
industrial giants rejected such pleas, and the postwar years
witnessed the highest incidence of strikes in U.S. history
until the years following World War II.
Secretary of Labor Wilson firmly believed in labormanagement cooperation. In regard to works councils and
similar experiments, he felt that “ there were no precon
ceived ideas and fixed prejudices about the relationships that
should exist between employer and employee.” Wilson per
suaded the President to arrange for two national industrial
conferences in 1919, with representatives from labor, man
agement, and the public attending. Intended to promote
cooperation, the first conference fell apart when employers
totally alienated the labor representatives. The second con
ference accomplished little more than to illustrate that some
employers had found use for employee representation plans. 31
The 1920’s, called the “ open shop era,” were years when
employers sought to reduce the power and influence that
organized labor had attained during the war. Many em
ployers enthusiastically adopted employee representation plans
based on the paternalistic model of Rockefeller’s Colorado
Fuel & Iron Company. A union partisian, commenting on
the plan set up by the Pennsylvania Railroad, said, “ What
sort of industrial democracy is that which supervises every
action of the men, does not allow them to have department
meetings as a rule, and initiates every step taken by them?” 32
Experiments abroad
While the United States struggled with postwar labor
relations, Great Britain scored better, especially in regard
to industrial democracy. Prior to and during the war, strikes
continuously plagued the country, particularly in the crucial
munitions, shipyard, and railway industries. This forced
Parliament to look for remedies. A subcommittee of the
British Cabinet Reconstruction Committee, under the deputy
speaker of the House of Commons, John H. Whitley, sub
mitted five separate reports on industrial problems, basically
advocating worker representation in the decision-making
process of industry. The committee recommended the es
tablishment of joint industrial councils (Whitley Councils)
at three levels: factory, district, and total industry. The final
report emphasized that workers should have equal standing
with employers at all levels.33
29
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Industrial Democracy
The relationship between Whitley Committee findings
and U.S. industrial democracy programs is not clear. Com
mittee members knew about the U.S. programs and con
sidered them in the process of study. Officials from the
Bureau of Labor Statistics visited England before U.S. entry
into the war (1915-16) to study that country’s labor prob
lems, and to exchange ideas with labor ministry officials.
In 1919, Secretary Wilson sent a delegation of U.S. em
ployers to monitor the Whitley Councils. Britain, however,
had had employee representation plans in effect long before
the war, plus the experience of “ Rochdale” type cooper
atives. Apparently, both nations borrowed from each other.34
Whitley Councils continued through the 1940’s, but suf
fered resentment. One British employer commented, “ Whi
tley Councils are a most expensive luxury with any advantage
on one side only, that of labour.” 35 The more militant trade
unions, dedicated to abolishing all private ownership of
industry, also opposed labor-management cooperation, al
though most unions approved and supported the concept.
Some of the militants, particularly the railroad engineers,
eventually dropped opposition to the councils and estab
lished joint committees with employer federations.36
Other nations, excited by the promises of democratic selfdetermination in Woodrow Wilson’s peace plans, adopted
works council programs. The Austrian government passed
“ works councils” legislation in 1919, and the new German
government followed a year later. The grand duke of Lux
emburg decreed the establishment of works councils in Oc
tober 1920. In the same year, Sweden enacted a law stating,
“ works councils shall be instituted in industries with a view
of giving workers a greater insight into production. . . . ”
Even Japan, emerging as a world power after World War
I, copied the “ works council” concept from the West; its
plans, however, were more paternalistic than democratic.
In October 1919, the first International Labor Conference
of the League of Nations, held in Washington, D.C., and
chaired by Secretary Wilson, encouraged the expansion of
worker councils in all new democratic nations.37
A need for efficiency
Only a few industrial democracy programs remained in
existence in the United States between 1920 and 1930, mostly
in the hosiery, textile, railroad, and garment industries.
However, many new representation plans appeared to be
attempts to circumvent unionism by adopting the format of
the Colorado Fuel & Iron plan.
One of the exceptions to the paternalistic plans, and prob
ably the best plan introduced during the period, was at the
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. In 1923, industrial relations
manager Otto Beyer and Machinists’ Union President Wil
liam Johnston coauthored a shop committee plan of repre
sentation acceptable to b&o President Danial Willard, who
used it at the Glenwood Maintenance Plant in the Pittsburgh
district— a particularly troublesome site with high labor un
rest and low productivity. The committee representatives
30
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
did not discuss issues traditionally reserved for collective
bargaining, instead limiting themselves to methods to im
prove work and product quality. Otto Beyer commented,
“ The men became very active in observing opportunities
for improvements, working out practical suggestions and
presenting them at their local union meetings . . . for sub
mission to shop management.” By 1927, the b & o plan was
working so well that management accepted 83 percent of
all suggestions.38
In the 1920’s, the quest for efficiency made two strange
bedfellows: the American Federation of Labor (afl) and
the disciples of Frederick Taylor’s scientific method of man
agement. Work-rule changes based on Taylor’s time and
motion studies had sparked strikes during the war, and or
ganized labor generally held them as anathema. Yet Taylor,
before his death in 1915, began to actively solicit the co
operation of labor in the stewardship of efficient production
techniques in industry. Taylor’s disciples continued to pro
mote cooperation and afl President Samuel Gompers and
his successor, William Green, appeared often as guest speakers
before the Taylor Society. In 1927, Green said, “ If given
the opportunity we will earnestly and sincerely in all efforts
promote efficiency in management with the high standard
of American workmanship.” 39
Both American workers and employers needed to promote
efficiency as the Nation slumped into the Great Depression
of the 1930’s. Poor economic conditions forced labor and
management to experiment with new ideas. For example,
by the late 1930’s, when many small steel mills verged on
bankruptcy, employers began to cooperate with the Steel
Workers’ Organizing Committee of the new Congress of
Industrial Organizations (cio) to solve problems. Two pi
oneers in this drive were Clinton Golden, Pittsburgh area
director of the committee, and Joseph Scanlon, open hearth
furnace operator, local union president, and father of the
Scanlon joint-stock ownership plan. These men had ap
proached several area steel plant superintendents and pro
posed to im prove production, stabilize em ploym ent
fluctuations, and participate in productivity research through
union participation in the managerial process. Several plants
in the upper Ohio Valley improved efficiency and attained
solvency as a result of adopting the recommendations of
labor-management committees.40
cio President Philip Murray fully endorsed the concept.
He coauthored a book on the Golden-Scanlon model with
Morris Cooke (Frederick Taylor’s prize student), setting
standards for codetermination of production procedures and
administrative policies to increase distribution and output
of goods and services.41 Known as the Murray plan, their
concept called for cooperation at both the shop and factory
level, and eventually at the “ intra and inter industry levels. ”
Murray and Cooke called their representative bodies “ In
dustry Councils” and they would cause considerable con
troversy during World War II.42
The U.S. entry into the war, as in the previous conflict,
necessitated cooperation from management and labor. Only
weeks after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President
Franklin D. Roosevelt created a War Production Board to
coordinate industrial output. The director of the board, Don
ald Nelson, adapted parts of the Murray plan to stimulate
production; yet he never fully embraced it.
Nelson inherited basic strategies for his task from two
predecessor agencies: the Defense Advisory Committee and
Office of Production Management. Sidney Hillman, labor
director of both of those agencies between 1940 and 1942,
former president of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers,
and contributor to the Hart, Schaffner, and Marx plan, ad
vocated the Murray idea for industry. Actually, Hillman
favored the “ Reuther Corollary” to the Murray plan, which
was based on the results of a 1942 study conducted for
Murray by Walter Reuther of the United Auto Workers.
The “ Corollary” called for small groups of autoworkers to
devise methods that would efficiently upgrade and retool
auto assembly lines to produce airplanes. “ If accepted,”
as one student of industrial democracy noted, “ these in
dustry councils proposed by Reuther and Murray guaranteed
that management would cooperate with labor in making
industrial decisions. ” 43
Donald Nelson, however, knew that employers would
not accept such an idea, and called for the creation of vol
untary labor-management committees at plant levels as a
compromise. Murray and Clinton Golden, vice chairman of
the War Production Board, accepted this to prevent em
ployers from abandoning the cooperative production pro
gram.
Thus, labor-management committees were formed, but
workers did not participate in the decision-making process
to any considerable degree, and there were no industrywide
councils as proposed by Murray. Internal memoranda of the
War Production Board emphasized that “ the whole drive
may succeed or fail depending on our ability to promote a
give and take spirit between labor and management,” but
employers would not “ give” in the area of labor encroach
ment on managerial prerogatives. Murray, nonetheless, sup
ported the committees, and actually confused matters by
claiming that they “ were directly in line with our industry
council proposals.” This alarmed overcautious employers
who accused Donald Nelson of “ sabotaging” and “ sovietizing” industry. Charles Wilson, President of General Mo
tors, candidly stated, “ There will be none of this equal
voice bunk at g m . ” 44
The refusal by many giant industries to fully cooperate
set the tone for the overall program. When Theodore Quinn,
director of the War Production Board’s production drive,
pleaded with some industry leaders to cooperate and involve
labor in their decision-making process, the Ford Motor Co.
responded: “ We have not been able to find any examples
where labor has run manufacturing plants as well as man
agement.” 45
Yet, there were some success stories in the War Produc
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
tion Board’s production drive. The Westinghouse Electric
Co. in Springfield, Mass., established a quality improve
ment plan committee in 1942 to reduce rates of waste and
scrap which had run as high as 15 percent. The Quality
Improvement Committee of three representatives each from
labor and management met with committees of foremen and
employees from various shops, which submitted suggestions
made by small work area subcommittees. Waste levels were
reduced by more than 50 percent throughout the plant. Ex
periments such as this one, however, were rare.46
In 1945, the War Production Board estimated that more
than 5,000 labor-management committees had been formed.
About 2,000 of them existed only on paper, and only onethird of the actual committees had representation plans to
solicit suggestions from employees. Only about 500 com
mittees took active roles in production-related issues such
as “ work quality, material conservation, plant lighting and
layout, tool and equipment care, and production. . . ,” 47
Other countries grasp the concept
The post-World War II period mirrored the first postwar
period. Employers wanted to return to “ normalcy,” while
workers, beneficiaries of government-induced industrial
freedoms during the war, wanted to retain their advanced
status. President Harry S. Truman, like Woodrow Wilson,
tried to reduce tensions and promote industrial cooperation
by calling a National Labor-Management Conference. Many
employers at this 1945 meeting concurred with the opinion:
“ Management members cannot agree to joint management
of enterprise. [It] has functions that must not and cannot be
compromised.” 48 In the wake of this failed conference, the
United States witnessed the most intensive wave of strikes
in its history. Although some forms of labor-management
cooperation continued, most employee representation pro
grams fell by the wayside.
Philip Murray did not forget. He warned as late as 1951
that “ in the future, unless some comprehensive plan is un
dertaken within industry . . . we may find [foreign nations
outproducing us and unemployed Americans walking the
street].” His comments focused on European and Asian
nations which had grasped the American concept of indus
trial democracy.49
On April 10, 1946, Germany, with a history of prewar
codetermination, reintroduced the works council in industry
under law No. 22, issued by the American Allied Control
Commission. German employers resisted the réintroduction
of worker participation into the managerial process, but the
Allied command insisted that they cooperate with trade unions
on works councils.50
The most surprising implementation of industrial democ
racy was in Japan. Except for a few isolated experiments
after World War I, democracy had not been practiced in
Japanese industry. Three million unskilled workers lived
and toiled under a feudalistic “ padrone system.” After World
War II, General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Com31
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Industrial Democracy
mander of Allies in the Pacific, imposed industrial democ
racy on Japan. He stripped the huge industrial trust combine
(the Zaibatsu) of power for a time, and abrogated all an
tilabor and anti-civil rights laws by his directive of October
4, 1945.51
The United States, according to several scholars, took
pride in Japanese achievement and developed a sense of
responsibility for its direction. Japanese growth, they claimed,
stemmed from the U.S. policy and Japan’s adoption of
newly introduced techniques and methods of production.
Several U.S. management experts, most notably William
E. Deming, lectured and worked with Japanese public and
private leaders on quality control methods— from which
came the quality circle program. As one expert noted, “ Even
Japanese critics of the former political and economic activ
ities of Westerners . . . are keenly alive to and anxious to
share in the benefits of Western technology and Western
methods of economic organizations.” Japan’s postwar eco
nomic recovery and new production techniques (for ex
ample, labor-management cooperation) were products of
American social, economic, and military influences.52
In a recent nbc News White Paper, “ if japan can . why
can ’t we ?” it was suggested that copying Japan’s methods
might not work for U.S. industry. That may or may not be
true because of cultural or other differences between the
nations, but it does not explain why American ideologies
lay dormant here while flourishing abroad. There are many
theories, including those stating that economically ravaged
and defeated nations were ripe for experimentation, espe
cially when it was forced upon them.
The United States survived the war in relatively good
shape, and industrial production soared after 1946. Trade
unions, assisted by favorable New Deal legislation, grew
in power to the point that Congress restrained them under
the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 and the Landrum-Griffin Act
of 1959. Under these conditions and given the historical
relationship between capital and labor, an adversarial, not
cooperative, spirit has pervaded U.S. labor relations. And,
during recent years, as inexpensive, high-quality manufac
tured products labeled “ made in Japan” captured markets
previously the domain of American firms, we looked over
seas for answers to our problems of lagging productivity
instead of within.
Today, as U.S. firms once again experiment with indus
trial democracy in the form of quality of worklife programs
and similar efforts, our own past warrants a second look.
Although most earlier attempts at labor-management co
operation did not endure, they were not necessarily under
taken in vain. One historian has described presidential labormanagement committees as “ productive failures,” 53 per
haps a fitting definition for the majority of participatory
management committees in the past. They produced favor
able results when they were needed most and only failed
when social, economic, or political conditions changed.
Industrial democracy does have a place in the American
system of labor relations, for it was bom here.
A c k n o w l e d g m e n t : The author thanks Steve Donahue o f the LaborManagement Services Administration. William Bradley of the Employment
Standards Administration, and William Move o f the Bureau o f Labor
Statistics for their assistance in the preparation of this article.
R eform er an d W orkingm an's A dvocate, Aug. 29. 1835. p. 2: R eport o f
S pecia l A gent C arro ll W right on the F actory System in the U .S . (Bureau
of the Census. 1884). pp. 16-20; H.C. Carey. E ssay on the R ate o f W ages
'Milton Derber. The A m erican Idea o f Industrial D em ocracy: 1 8 6 5 1965 (Urbana. University of Illinois Press. 1970). pp. 4 -6 .
-Sanford Jacoby. “ Union Management Cooperation: Past. Present, and
Future.” Working Paper No. 44 (Los Angeles, u c l a Institute of Industrial
Relations, July 1982). p. I: and Thomas Kochan. Daniel J. B. Mitchell,
and Lee Dryer, eds.. Industrial R elations R esearch in the 1970s: R eview
& A p p ra isa l (Madison. W is.. Industrial Relations Research Association,
1982).
’ Richard B. Morris. G overnm ent and L a b o r in E arly A m erica (New
York, Columbia University Press. 1946). p. viii.
4 Robert Chisolm, “ Quality of Working Life: Critical Issues for the 8 0 s.”
P ub lic P ro d u ctivity R eview , March 1983. pp. 101-12: and Robert Irving,
“ Is America Turning It Around in Quality?” Iron A ge. July 22. 1983.
pp. 4 0 -4 1 .
sCarl Bridenbaugh. The C olon ial Craftsm an (Chicago. University of
Chicago Press. 1950), pp. 2 7 -2 8 , 118.
(Philadelphia, Carey, Lea & Blanchard. 1835). pp. 88-90; and W.
Scoresby. A m erican F actories & Their F em ale O peratives (London. Long
man. Brown. Green & Longman, 1845).
10Arthur Acland and Benjamin Jones. W orkingm en C o -o p e r a to rs
(Manchester. U .K .. The Cooperative Union Ltd.. 1884). pp. 19-20; and
George D. Cole. A C entury o f C ooperation (Manchester. U .K ., The Co
operative Union Ltd.. 1944). pp. 5 7-75.
11 Acland and Jones. W orkingmen C o -operators, pp. 28-30; and Cole.
C entury o f C ooperation , pp. 5 7 -7 5 .
l2Jonathan Grossman. William S ylvis (New York, Columbia University
Press. 1945), pp. 190-91: and Iron M olders Journal. March 1868, p. 217.
11B y L aw s an d C h arter o f the m . w .c .a .. 1887, in the Terrence V. Powderly Papers, Reel No. 91. Series E. The Catholic University of America.
I4U .S. Senate. Committee on Education and Labor. R eport on the R e
lations betw een C a p ita l an d L abor, 48th Cong.. 1885, p. 861.
i;iHenry Sage, "Address on the Labor Problem in the U .S .” (U.S.
Department of Labor Library, 1886.)
6R ep o rt o f S p ecia l A gent C a rro ll Wright on the F actory System in the
U .S . (Bureau of the Census, 1884). pp. 16-20.
lhWashington Gladden, W orking P eople a n d Their E m ployers (New
York, Funk & Wagnalls, 1885), pp. 30, 4 2 -4 4 .
7 The P hiladelph ia C abinet & C h air M akers Union Book o f P rices:
E sta b lish ed b y a C om m ittee o f E m ployers & Journeym en (Philadelphia,
17Richard Ely, Introduction to P o litica l E conom y (New York, Eaton &
Mains. 1889). pp. 2 36-37.
William Stavely, 1828), p. la.
ISJ.C. Bayles. The Shop C ouncil (New York, David Williams Pub.,
1886). pp. 7 -2 7 .
KThe B ill o f P rices o f the C hairm akers o f Cincinnati: A g reed to by the
Journeym en a n d E m ployers in Joint C om m ittee, S eptem ber 6, 1831; W.Q.
Force, The B uilders G uide (Washington, Peter Force, 1842), p. i-iv .
9 John R. Commons and Associates, H istory o f L abour in the U nited
S tates (New York, The Macmillan C o., 1918), pp. 381-423; R adical
32
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I9H.F.J. Porter, “ The Higher Law in the Industrial W orld,” E ngi
neering M agazin e, August 1905. pp. 641-46; Katherine Glover, “ One
Shop Steps Toward Industrial Democracy,” O utlook, Mar. 13, 1909,
reprint; National Industrial Conference Board. “ Works Councils in the
U .S .,” Research Report No. 21, October 1919, pp. 4 - 7 .
20Glover, “ Industrial Democracy” ; and National Industrial Conference
Board, “ Works Councils in the U .S .,” pp. 4 - 7 .
21K.H. Condit, “ Solving the Labor Problem,” The A m erican M achinist,
Aug. 14, 1919, pp. 301-03; and National Industrial Conference Board,
“ Works Councils in the U .S .,” pp. 4 -7 .
22National Industrial Conference Board, “ Works Councils in the U .S .,”
pp. 4 - 7 .
23J.D. Rockefeller, “ The Colorado Industrial Plan,” Address to the
Employees o f the Colorado Fuel & Iron C o., 1916; 2 2 n d Annual R eport
o f the C o lo ra d o F uel & Iron C o ., 1916, pp. 4 -5 ; and E.S. Cordick, “ Some
Results o f Cooperation between Management and M en,” Industrial M an
agem en t, July 1921, pp. 3 2 -3 3 .
24U .S. Department of Labor, Working Conditions Service, “ Address
by William Leiserson on Employment Management, Employee Represen
tation, and Industrial Democracy,” May 23, 1919.
25 “ The National War Labor Board,” in Sp ecia l P ublication o f the War
L a b o r P o lic ie s B o a rd (U.S. Department of Labor, 1918), pp. 5 -8 .
26U .S. National War Labor Board, P erm anent D ocket, n o .’s 19 & 22,
in historical collection, U.S. Department of Labor Library; National War
Labor Board, P ro ced u res f o r the Election o f Shop C ouncils, Oct. 4, 1918;
and “ Works Councils in the United States.” Industrial M anagem ent, De
cember 1919, p. 491.
27Royal Meeker, “ Employee Representation in the Management of In
dustry,” unpublished, in U.S. Department of Labor Library Vertical File.
28 “ Results of Cooperation of Workers and Managers in the Railroad
Industry,” M onthly L ab o r R eview , July 1927, pp. 29-31; Unedited report
on The Efficiency o f R a ilro a d s U nder F ed era l C ontrol, pp. 5 0 -7 5 , in
William G. McAdoo Papers, subject file: Director General, Box 557,
Library of Congress Manuscript Division.
29Paul Douglas, “ Shop Committees: Substitute for, or Supplement to.
Trade Unions,” Jou rn al o f P o litica l E conom y, February 1921, pp. 10607; and “ Works Councils in the United States,” Industrial M anagem ent,
p. 491.
30Letter from William H. Taft and Basil Manley to Eugene Grace, Dec.
6, 1918, file 129/3-C, Records of the Secretaries of Labor, National Ar
chives Record Group 174.
31 William B. Wilson to the War Labor Conference Board, Feb. 25,
1918, in Permanent Docket of n w l b : Woodrow Wilson to William B.
Wilson, Nov. 19, 1919; and William B. Wilson to Woodrow Wilson, Nov.
20, 1919, file 13/178. National Archives Record Group 174.
pp. 667-79; The K anegafuci Spinning C o. L td: Its C onstruction an d H ow
it C a res f o r Its E m ployees (Osaka, Sanseisha Ltd., 1919); and R eport on
the 1st International L a bor C onference o f the L eague o f N ations, October
29 through November 29, 1919, file 167/125, National Archives Record
Group 174.
38Otto S. Beyer, “ B & o Engine # 1 0 0 3 ,” The Survey, Jan. 1924, pp.
311-17; and “ Results of Cooperation of Workers and Management in the
Railroad Industry,” M onthly L ab o r R eview , July 1927, pp. 2 9 -3 1 .
39William Green, “ Address before the Conference on the Elimination
of Waste in Industry,” Philadelphia, April 1927, reprint; and Bulletin o f
T aylor S ociety, June 1927, pp. 407 -1 0 .
'“ Theodore Quinn, The O rigin al M anual f o r L abor M anagem ent C om
m ittees (New York, T.K. Quinn C o., 1945), pp. 5 -7 ; and Sanford Jacoby,
“ Union Management Cooperation,” pp. 2 2-27.
41 See Philip Murray and Morris Cooke, O rganized L abor an d P rodu c
tion (New York, Harper Brothers, 1940). This monograph traced the or
igins of labor-management cooperation to the early years of the United
States and followed it up to the 1940’s specifically citing the contributions
made by Whitleyism and Taylorism.
42Jacoby, “ Union Management Cooperation,” pp. 22-27; and Philip
Murray and Morris Cooke, O rganized L abor and Production, pp. 216.
220 -2 1 .
43Sidney Hillman to Donald Nelson. Feb. 16. 1942, file 245. lc; “ Labor
Policies of the n d a c & o p m . ” May 1940—April 1942, file 240.3 R. w p b
Records, National Archives Record Group 179; and Jacoby. “ Union Man
agement Cooperation," pp. 22-27
44 U nited A utom obile W orker, Packard Local # 1 9 0 Edition. April 1942.
p. 2a; Archibald MacLeish. Director w p b . Office of Facts & Figures, to
Donald Nelson, Feb. 6, 1942, file 245.12 c Donald Nelson, Radio Address
of Mar. 2, 1942. file 245.132 B: Phillip Murray and Michael Straus to
Donald Nelson. Feb. 6, 1942, file 245.14 c w p b Records, National Ar
chives Record Group 179; Interview by Dorothea Deschweinitz with w p b
Information Director Bruce Catton. July 27, 1945. cited in DeSchweinitz,
Unpublished History of War Production Board. 1946. p. 27.
45 Phillips Garman to W.E. Chalmers, Office o f Production Management.
“ Controversial Situations in the w p b ' s Production Drive," July 1943, file
245.13; C.E. Wilson to John P. Lewis. Managing Editor. PM M agazine,
and others, “ Protests against Newspaper Publishers,” October-November
1942, file 024-61 c; Anthony Luchek to Phillips Garman. "Labor Relations
at Ford,” July 1943, file 245 c; Henry Ford II to J.A. Krug. June 27.
1945. file 631.10431. National Archives Record Group 179.
32Fannia Cohn, “ Company Unions and Worker Education,” L ab o r A ge,
O cto b er 1 9 2 6 , reprint; and D o u g la s. “ Shop C o m m itte e s ,”
pp. 106-08.
4hWar Production Board, War Production Drive Division. The LaborM anagem ent P roduction C om m ittee o f the W estinghouse E lectric a n d M an
ufacturing C o. an d the U nited E lectrical, R adio, an d M achine W orkers,
cio, L ocal N o. 202, July 1944, pp. 2 2-25.
33 Great Britain, Interim R eport o f the R econstruction C om m ittee on Joint
Standing In du strial C ouncils; and Joint Industrial C ouncils in G reat B rit
ain, Bulletin 225 (Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1919), pp. 12-15, 229-37.
47Frank McElroy and Alexander Moros, “ Joint Production Commit
tees,” M onthly L a bor R eview , August 1948. pp. 123-26.
34Alexander Bing, “ Work of the Wage Adjustment Boards,” Journal
o f P o litic a l E conom y, June 1919, pp. 429-31; and R ep o rt o f the E m ployers
In d u stria l C om m ission, Apr. 1, 1919, file 162/16, National Archives Re
cord Group 174.
(Washington, Government Printing Office, 1946), pp. 5 6-57.
35 A.E. Smith (General Secretary, National Union of Vehicle Builders)
to Jean Flexner, Dec. 13, 1922; (similar documents in Great Britain, Trade
Union Documents and Constitutions Relating to Joint Industrial Councils,
1919-1925). U.S. Department of Labor Library.
36G en era l L ette r to C om m unists, T rade-U nionists, a n d C o -O perators,
from B. Dubowski, Secretary, Guild of Clothiers, 1922; M em orandum
A greem en t b etw een Engineering a n d N ation al E m ployers F ederation and
A m a lg a m a ted E ngineering U nions (London), 1922, p. 3; Great Britain,
Sum m ary o f Interd ep a rtm en ta l C o m m ittee's R eport: A pplication o f W hitley
R e p o rt to G overn m en t Industrial E stablishm ents (confidential) H Q 16/7;
and Helen Marot, “ Reconstruction at Work,” The D ia l, Oct. 19, 1918,
pp. 3 0 2 -0 3 .
37International Labor Office ( i l o ), Austria, A ct & O rder: W orks C oun
cils, Legislative Series 1919, Austria 9, 10, 19, 20; ILO, Germany, A ct:
W orks C ou n cils, Legislative Series 1920, Germany 9, 10; ILO, Luxemburg,
D e c re e : W orks C ouncils, Legislative Series 1920, Lux-1; ilo, Norway,
A ct: W orks C ouncil, Legislative Series 1920, Nor-1; Ernst Wigforss, “ In
dustrial Democracy in Sweden,” In ternational L abour R eview , May 1924,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
48U .S. Department of Labor, Division of Labor Standards. R eport o f
the P resid en t's N ation al L abor-M anagem ent Conference, Bulletin 77
49P roceed in g s o f the 13th C onstitutional Convention. CIO. New York,
Nov. 5 - 9 , 1951, pp. 253-54.
-,0 U.S. Zone of Military Government in Germany, Manpower Division,
L a bor R elation s in W estern G erm any: Visiting E xpert, R eport N o. 2,
October 1948; and Oscar Weigert, “ Labor Relations in the U.S. Zone of
Germany,” M onthly L a bor R eview , April 1948, pp. 380-85.
51 Chester Hepler, “ The Labor Boss System in Japan," M onthly L abor
R eview , January 1949, pp. 47-48; Supreme Commander for Allied Powers
and Far Eastern Command, S elected D a ta on the O ccupation o f Japan
(undated), p. 71; and Lawrence Rosinger, “ The Occupation o f Japan,”
F oreign P o licy R eports, May 15, 1947, p. 50.
52William Sebald and C. Nelson Spinks, Japan: P rospects, P otions,
O pportu n ities (Washington, American Enterprise Institute, 1967), pp. 2 6 39; George Munchus, “ Employer-Employee Based Quality Circles in Ja
pan: Human Resource Policy Implications for American Firms,” A cadem y
o f M an agem ent R eview , February 1983, p. 225; andG.C. Allen, “ Western
Enterprise in the Far East,” In ternational Affairs, July 1954, p. 294.
53 William T. Moye, “ Presidential Labor-Management Committees: Pro
ductive Failures,” Industrial & L ab o r R elation s R eview , October 1980,
p. 50.
33
Conference Papers
The following excerpts are adapted from papers presented
at the Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Industrial Rela
tions Research Association, December 1983, in San Fran
cisco.
The full text of all papers appears in the copyrighted i r r a
publication, Proceedings o f the Thirty-Sixth Annual Meet
ings, available from i r r a , University of Wisconsin, Social
Science Building, Madison, Wis. 53706.
Most U.S. workers still may be fired
under the employment-at-will doctrine
Ja c k S t ie b e r
Each year, American employers in the private sector fire
about three million employees for noneconomic reasons.1
Such terminations are called “ discharge for cause.” While
there are no reliable comparative figures, it is clear from
the literature and discussions with scholars and practitioners
in other countries that discharge for cause occurs much more
frequently in the United States than in other industrialized
nations.2
The reasons for this are not entirely clear, although there
is little doubt that among the contributing factors are the
greater concern with job security in other countries, the
generally higher unemployment rate in the United States
which makes it easier for employers to replace discharged
workers, a strong dedication to individualism and property
rights in the United States, and the existence of laws pro
hibiting unjust discharge in other countries.
There is no such general statutory prohibition in the United
States. Protection against unjust discharge is provided to a
minority of all employees through collective bargaining,3
Jack Stieber is professor of economics and director, School of Labor and
Industrial Relations, Michigan State University. This is excerpted from
his presidential address to the association, “ Employment-at-Will: An Issue
for the 1980s.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
antidiscrimination laws, civil service, and teacher tenure
laws.4
All other employees are subject to the employment-atwill doctrine. This common-law doctrine holds that an em
ployment having no specific term may be terminated by
either party with or without notice or cause. As one court
put it 100 years ago: employment relationships of an in
definite duration may be terminated at any time without
notice “ for good cause, for no cause, or even for cause
morally wrong . . . . ” 5
In recent years, however, an increasing number of State
court decisions have found exceptions to the employmentat-will doctrine.6 What are these exceptions that have aroused
so much concern among employers and encouraged false
hopes of winning large jury awards among discharged em
ployees?
The three theories most commonly advanced in support
of wrongful discharge suits have been based on claims of
violation of public policy, the existence of an implied con
tract, and the covenant of good faith and fair dealing.
The public policy exception
The most widely accepted common-law limitation to the
employment-at-will doctrine has been the public policy ex
ception, which argues that an employer may not fire an
employee for reasons that contravene fundamental principles
of public policy. Some 20 States have recognized this ex
ception in cases in which an employee was fired for refusing
to commit an unlawful act, for performing an important
public obligation, or for exercising a statutory right or priv
ilege.7 Typical cases involved firing an employee for re
fusing to give false testimony at a trial or administrative
hearing, serving on a jury, reporting illegal conduct by an
employer, that is, “ whistle-blowing,” refusing to violate a
professional code of ethics, filing a worker’s compensation
claim, or refusing to take a polygraph test.
Here are a few examples of such cases:
In one of the earliest cases, the California Court of Ap
peals ruled in 1959 that it was against public policy for the
Teamsters’ Union to discharge a business agent for refusing
to give false testimony before a legislative committee. Such
action rendered the union liable for damages to the business
agent.8
in 1978, the Michigan Appeals Court held that an em
ployee stated a valid cause for relief when he alleged that
he was discharged for refusing to manipulate and adjust
sampling results in pollution control reports which were
required by law.9
In a 1981 Illinois case, the employee alleged that he was
fired for offering information to the police about possible
criminal behavior on the job by another employee and for
agreeing to assist in the investigation. The court held that
there is a clear public policy favoring investigation and
prosecution of criminal offenses.10
The implied contract exception
The implied contract exception, which is recognized in
13 States, has found an implied promise of job tenure for
employees with records of satisfactory performance, in em
ployee handbooks, personnel manuals, or oral statements
made during employment interviews.11 Examples of such
cases include:
The Michigan Supreme court held in 1980 that an em
ployer who has a written policy or has made an oral state
ment that an employee would not be discharged without just
cause must adhere to such policy.12
The California Court of Appeals, in a 1981 decision,
found that evidence supported the claim that an implied
promise was made to the employee based on the 32-year
duration of his employment, his promotions and commen
dations, assurances he received, and the employer’s per
sonnel policies. The employee claimed that he was discharged
for refusing to participate in negotiations with a union be
cause of a purported “ sweetheart agreement” which ena
bled the company to pay women lower wages than male
employees.13
In another 1981 case, originating in New York, the em
ployee signed an application stating that employment would
be subject to the company’s employee handbook, which
said that dismissal would occur only for just and sufficient
cause. He also received oral assurances of job security. The
New York Court of Appeals held that there was sufficient
evidence of a contract and a breach of contract to sustain a
cause for action.14
The good faith and fair dealing exception
This exception, which has been clearly recognized in only
three States, California, Massachusetts, and Montana, holds
that no matter what an employer says or does to make it
clear that employment is at-will and that an employee may
be dismissed without cause, he must deal with the employee
fairly and in good faith.
In 1977, the Massachusetts Appellate Court ignored an
explicit written contract that reserved to the employer the
right to fire an employee for any reason. The employee, a
61-year-old salesman with 40 years of service, claimed that
he was fired to avoid paying him sales commissions on a
multimillion dollar order. The court held it was for a jury
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to decide if the employer’s motive in firing him was suspect.
If it so found, then the discharge was wrongful because the
law imposed a covenant of good faith and fair dealing on
every contract.15
In a 1980 California case, the court found that an em
ployee could sue for wrongful discharge in both contract
and tort, in the case of an employee with 18 years of sat
isfactory service with an employer which had violated its
own specific procedures for adjudicating employee disputes.
The court further held that, if a jury found that the employer
had acted in bad faith, the company could be held respon
sible for pain and suffering and be assessed punitive dam
ages.16
In 1983, the Montana Supreme Court approved a jury
award of $50,000 to a cashier who alleged that she was
discharged without warning and was forced to sign a letter
of resignation. The employer claimed she was fired for
carelessness, incompetency, and insubordination. The court
said that there was sufficient evidence for the jury to find
fraud, oppression, or malice and held that an employer’s
breach of good faith and fair dealing is a tort for which
punitive damages may be imposed.17
Courts take narrow view
The principles and decisions just discussed may not ap
pear surprising or unreasonable to nonlawyers. They merely
support what most people would regard as fair and decent
behavior on the part of employers towards employees: that
employers should not penalize employees for refusing to
commit unlawful acts, for exercising their lawful rights, or
for behaving as good citizens; that employers should not
take advantage of employees by virtue of the power they
have over their economic welfare; and that they should treat
employees fairly. It may, therefore, come as a surprise to
learn that most courts do not look at it this way; that they
interpret the public policy exception so narrowly as to give
it only very limited application; that they do not regard
written or oral policy statements as binding on employers;
and that they do not hold that employers must behave fairly
and in good faith towards their employees.
Consider, for example, the following court rulings:
The District of Columbia Court of Appeals in 1981 re
jected a public policy exception in a case in which an em
ployee claimed that his employer had required that he testify
in an administrative proceeding, and then fired him in re
taliation for testifying truthfully against the employer’s in
terests.18
In another 1981 case, the Indiana Appeals Court held that
an employee, who reported alleged misconduct by his su
periors and questioned the safety of drugs marketed by the
company, failed to state a claim for wrongful discharge
because he was not exercising a statutory right or complying
with a statutory duty.19
In 1980, a New York court ruled that a bank employee,
who alleged that he had been discharged because he had
35
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Conference Papers
uncovered evidence of illegal foreign currency manipula
tion, was terminable at-will because he had no written em
ployment contract.20
Even under the most liberal interpretation of the em
ployment-at-will doctrine, the recognized exceptions apply
to only a minute proportion of the three million employees
who are discharged each year. The overwhelming majority
of discharged employees are fired for such everyday oc
currences as: excessive absenteeism or tardiness, sleeping
on the job, fighting in the workplace, horseplay, insubor
dination, using abusive or profane language, falsifying com
pany records or application forms, dishonesty, theft, disloyalty
to their employer, negligence, incompetence, refusal to ac
cept a job assignment, refusal to work overtime, and pos
session or use of intoxicants or drugs.21 In more than half
of the discharges for the above reasons, arbitrators selected
under union-management agreements have found insuffi
cient evidence to support the discharge penalty and have
reinstated the employee with full, partial, or no backpay
depending on the circumstances in each case.22 Yet none
of these discharges would qualify as an exception to the
employment-at-will doctrine if they occurred in a nonunionized company.
An exclusive remedy
Another limitation to the applicability of the public policy
and implied contract exceptions to the employment-at-will
doctrine is that they are used almost exclusively by exec
utives, managerial, and higher-level employees, who con
stitute only a small minority of all employees. One study
of 92 wrongful discharge cases found only eight which
involved so-called "secondary market" employees.23 Typ
ical job titles of plaintiffs in wrongful discharge cases are:
company vice presidents, sales managers, marketing direc
tors, foremen, physicians, sales representatives, pharma
cists, and department managers.
The rarity of hourly and lower level salaried employees
among wrongful discharge plaintiffs is due to several fac
tors. Such employees are less likely to consult attorneys
than higher level employees. Even when they do consult
attorneys, they are less likely to pursue their claims because
they and their lawyers have lower expectations concerning
their rights in general and their rights to job security in
particular. The contingent fee system, under which most
wrongful discharge suits are taken, discourages attorneys
from representing low-income employees because they can
expect smaller returns from such cases.
A second explanation for underrepresentation of lowincome employees in court cases is the inherent bias in the
nature of the public policy and implied contract exceptions.
The likelihood of low-income employees being fired for
refusing to commit unlawful acts, such as testifying falsely
at a hearing or trial or falsifying company records, is small
because these employees do not usually have access to in
formation relevant to such acts. Similarly, discharge for
36
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
performing an important public obligation or ‘‘blowing the
whistle” on illegal conduct by an employer is more likely
to occur among upper level, technical, or professional em
ployees because they are in a better position to detect dan
gerous or illegal practices. There is also a greater willingness
by such employees to question decisions of their employers.
The implied contract exception has little relevance to
lower level employees because they are rarely in a position
to inquire about future job security when they apply for a
job. Nor are they likely to read carefully an employee hand
book which may give rise to an implied contract obligation.
Even if they were aware of such a handbook provision, most
employees would not realize that it could be used to bring
a court suit for wrongful discharge.
The only category of exception which might be consid
ered equally applicable to both lower and upper level em
ployees is that based on a statutory right or privilege, such
as being fired for filing a worker’s compensation claim.24
Unionization as a solution
In principle there is widespread agreement that the employment-at-will doctrine has no economic or moral justi
fication in a modem industrialized Nation. The idea that
there is equity in a rule under which the individual employee
and the employer have the same right to terminate an em
ployment relationship at will is obviously fictional in a so
ciety in which most workers are dependent upon employers
for their livelihood. Recognizing the problem is, however,
more difficult than finding an acceptable solution.
The best protection against unjust discharge is afforded
by a collective bargaining agreement containing a grievance
and arbitration procedure. Put in its simplest form, one
answer to the employment-at-will problem is: Let those who
want protection against unjust discharge join a union.
But this is both an oversimplification and an illusory
solution. Many workers who join unions do not receive the
benefits of unionization because they represent a minority
of the bargaining unit in which they are employed. Thus,
under the National Labor Relations Act, if less than 50
percent of the employees vote to unionize, 100 percent
remain unprotected against unjust discharge. In 1981, unions
won only 43 percent of n l r b certification elections, the
lowest proportion in 25 years.25 This indicates that joining
a union does not guarantee protection against unjust dis
charge. In addition, protection of the right to organize does
not apply to several million supervisory employees under
the National Labor Relations Act.
The illusory nature of unionization as a solution to the
employment-at-will doctrine is even more evident from the
fact that the percentage of organized employees decreased
from 35 percent of the nonagricultural labor force in 1955
to 23 percent in 1980.26 Thus, the tide of unionization has
been receding rather than advancing, leaving an ever-in
creasing number of employees without protection against
unjust discharge. There is no evidence that this trend is
likely to be reversed in the foreseeable future.
The statutory approach
The voluntary approach
The above failings in the unionization, voluntary em
ployer action, and judiciary approaches to doing away with
the employer-at-will doctrine lead to a consideration of Fed
eral or State legislative action. As noted, legislative bodies
are much better equipped than the courts to deal with the
myriad problems that must be dealt with in devising a work
able solution to protect employees against unjust discharge.
I
recognize that some of the issues that must be dealt with
in legislation do not have perfect answers. But the failure
to find the ideal solution to every problem should not be
used as an excuse to do nothing. The injustice done by the
employment-at-will doctrine to thousands of discharged em
ployees is too great to allow it to continue for want of a
perfect substitute. The application of such a standard to other
laws would have resulted in no action to prohibit discrim
ination in employment on grounds of race, sex. or national
origin, to provide protection against occupational hazards
in the workplace, and to guarantee that employees receive
the benefits to which they are entitled in pension plans.
Most of us would agree that on balance these laws have
served a useful purpose despite many problems in their
implementation. I am confident that a law to protect em
ployees against unjust discharge would yield equally desir
able results.
Voluntary employer action to provide due process, in
cluding impartial arbitration, for discharged employees, has
been proposed by the American Arbitration Association and
is supported by progressive employer representatives as the
best way to deal with the employment-at-will issue.27 As
in other fields of human behavior, voluntarism is always
preferable to compulsion in labor-management relations.
Unfortunately, the record provides little basis for optimism
that voluntary employer action is the key to the problem.
Only a handful of employers— all of them very large— have
adopted voluntary arbitration for their nonunion employees.
Most nonunion employers, who have recognized that em
ployees should have an outlet for their grievances, have
instituted systems wherein some higher level of management
reviews and has the final word on employee discharges.
Voluntary systems, though laudable, do not begin to ap
proach the magnitude of the problem posed by employmentat-will. Few employers will voluntarily adopt impartial ar
bitration, and those most in need of outside review are least
likely to provide it. According to a Conference Board study,
nonunion complaint systems enjoy little credibility among
employees and terminations are rarely appealed through such
systems.28
The judicial remedy
A third solution, which finds support among many law
yers, would place its faith in the judiciary to circumvent the
anachronistic employment-at-will doctrine. Those who sup
port this approach point to court decisions over the last
decade as evidence that the courts can and will find a way
to protect employees generally against capricious and ar
bitrary discharge.
However, the courts themselves have begun to draw back
from some of their earlier decisions in wrongful discharge
cases in favor of the view that it is up to the legislature to
explicitly strike down the doctrine. Thus, the New York
Court of Appeals has allayed concerns among employers
resulting from its 1982 decision upholding the right of an
employee to sue his employer for wrongful discharge. In a
1983 case, the court barred a complaint of wrongful dis
charge by an employee of 23 years who claimed that he
was fired in reprisal for disclosing top management ac
counting improprieties. The court said:
If the rule of nonliability for termination of at-will employ
ment is to be tempered, it should be accomplished through a
principled statutory scheme, adopted after opportunity for
public ventilation, rather than in consequence of judicial res
olution of the partisan arguments of individual adversarial
litigants . . . In sum, under New York law as it now stands,
absent a constitutionally impermissible purpose, a statutory
proscription, or an express limitation in the individual contract
of employment, an employer’s right at any time to terminate
an employment at will remains unimpaired.29
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---------- FO O TN O T E S ---------'Derived from table B -l:-M o n th ly labor turnover rates (per 100 em
ployees) in manufacturing industries, by class of turnover, M onthly L abor
R e view , January 1954, p 86; J. Medoff, “ Layoffs and Alternatives Under
Trade Unions in U.S. Manufacturing, The A m erican E conom ic R e view ,
1979, pp. 380, 389; J. Stieber and R. Block, D isch arged W orkers an d the
L ab o r M arket (U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Ad
ministration, 1983).
2J. Stieber and J. Blackburn, eds., P rotectin g U norganized Em ploxees
Against Unjust D ischarge (East Lansing, Michigan State University, School
of Labor and Industrial Relations, 1980), pp. 4 6 -8 0 .
3The 22 million American workers covered by such agreements have
better protection against being disciplined or discharged without just cause
than workers in any other country. Thousands of discharge cases are ap
pealed to arbitration each year, of which about 50 percent result in rein
statement of the employee with full, partial, or no backpay because o f a
finding that the discharge was without just cause. G. Adams, G rievance
A rbitration o f D isch arge C ases 41 (1978); K. Jennings and R. Wolters,
“ Discharge Cases Reconsidered,” The Arbitration Journal, 1976, pp. 164—
80; F. Holly, “ The Arbitration of Discharge Cases: A Case Study,” 10
N ation al A cadem y o f A rtitra to rs P roceedin gs, pp. 1-16 (1957); D. Jones,
“ Ramifications of Back Pay Awards in Suspension and Discharge C ases,”
22 N ation al A cadem y o f A rbitra to rs P ro ceedin gs, 1957, pp. 163-74.
4Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , 42 U.S.C. par. 621 -6 3 4
(1976 Supp. II 1978 and Supp. Ill 1979); Employment Opportunities for
Handicapped Individuals Act, 29 U .S.C. par. 795—795j (Supp. II, 1979).
5P ayn e v. W estern <& A tlan tic R .R ., 81 Tenn. 507, 5 1 9 -2 0 (1884).
6 The E m ploym ent-A t-W ill Issu e, A
bna
Special Report (Washington,
Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. 1982).
7 See footnote 6.
8P eterm an v. International B roth erh ood o f T eam sters, L oca l 3 9 6 , 174 ,
C.A. 2d 184, 344 P. 2d 25, 1959.
9T rom betta v. D etro it, T oledo a n d Iro n to n R . C o ., 81 Mich. App. 489,
265 N.W . 2d 385, 1978.
l0P a lm etee r v. International H arv ester C o ., 85 111. 2d 124, 421 N.E.
37
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Conference Papers
2d 876, 1981.
11 The E m ploym ent-A t-W ill Issu e, footnote 6.
n T oussant v. Blue C ro ss a n d Blue S h ield o f M ichigan, 408 Mich. 579,
292 N.W . 2d 880, 1980.
13Pugh v. See C an dies In c ., 116 Cal. App. 3d 311, 171 Cal. Rptr. 917
1981.
14W einer v. M cG ra w -H ill, 83 A.D. 2d 810, 442 N .Y .S . 2d 11 (1st
Dept. 1981).
15F ortune v. N a tio n a l Cash R e g ister, 373 Mass. 96, 364 N.E. 2d 1251,
1977.
'6C le a ry v. A m erican A irlines In c., I l l Cal. App. 3d 443. 168 Cal.
Rptr. 722, 1980.
17G a tes v. Life o f M ontana Insurance C o ., Mont. Sup. Ct. No. 8 3 -
468, Aug. 5, 1983.
Ii!/vv v. A rm y Tim es Publishing C o ., 428 A. 2d 831 (D.C. 1981).
19C a m p b ell v. E li L illy & C o ., 413 N.E. 21 d 1054 (Ind. App. 1980),
affirmed 421 N.E. 2d 1099, 1981.
20E d w a rd s v. C itiban k, 100 Misc 2d 59, 418 N .Y .S. 269 (Supp. Ct.
N.N. Co. 1979), affirmed 74 A.D. 2d 553, 425 N .Y .S. 327 (1st dept,
appeal dismissed), 51 N.Y. 2d 875, 433 N .Y .S. 2d 1020, 1980.
21 F. Elkouri and E. Elkouri, H ow A rbitration W orks, 3d. ed.
6 5 2 -6 6 .
bna
(1973),
22 See footnote 3.
23 “ Protecting Employees-At-Will Against Wrongful Discharge: The Public
Policy Exception," H a rva rd L aw R eview . June 1983. p. 1941.
24Ibid., pp. 1942-47.
25Speech by K. Moffett. D a ily L a b o r R eport No. 12. Sept. 7. 1983.
2hBureau o f Labor Statistics News. Sept. 3. 1979; b ls E arnings and
O th er C h a ra cteristics o f O rg a n ized W orkers. May 1980 (1981).
:7Stieber and Blackburn. P rotectin g U norganized E m ployees A gainst
U njust D isc h a rg es, pp. 4-2 0 ; J. Schauer. discussion of “ Due Process for
Nonunionized Employees." irra P ro ceed in g s. 1979. pp. 180-2.
2sThe Conference Board. Nonunion C om plaint System s: A C orporate
A p p ra isa l. 1980; "Policies for Unorganized Employees." P P F S u r v e y N o.
125. b n a . April 1979.
29M urphy v. A m erican H om e P roducts C o r p .. N.Y. Ct. App. No. 35.
Mar. 29. 1983.
Easing the worker’s transition
from job loss to employment
R uth H. Fedrau
One of the most sensitive and difficult issues surrounding
work force reductions is that of when advance notice should
be given. It has been addressed through labor-management
contracts, through voluntary employer response, and in some
few cases, through State legislation. Ann Lawrence and Paul
Chown note, “ About 15 percent of all union contracts now
require advance notification of plant closures or union par
ticipation in the decision to close. Many more contain less
specific language which requires some notice of layoffs, for
whatever reason.’’1 Voluntary advance notification also oc
curs frequently.
Experience suggests that early notification can be useful
Ruth H. Fedrau is project director of the Business Consulting Service,
National Alliance o f Business, Washington, D.C. The title of her full i r r a
paper is "Coping With Long Term Unemployment— The Role of the
Private Sector.”
38
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to both the company and affected employees. It allows the
firm more time to plan the phase-out schedule and to prepare
its work force for the termination via placement assistance.
More important, it provides the affected workers with time
to plan for a new career or retraining for a new occupation.
Advance planning, therefore, on the part of the company
and employees, can assist to reduce the stress accompanying
such events. Moreover, in the majority of cases, advance
notification does not result in productivity loss. On the con
trary, workers are less likely to respond in a punitive manner
when they perceive that their employer recognizes that the
layoff and job transition process is a difficult one and the
employer is therefore attempting to buffer the impact.
Business trade associations have responded to this issue
by encouraging their members to provide as much notice
as possible. The threat of State plant closing legislation, in
particular, has stimulated State and national business groups
to issue voluntary guidelines and technical assistance man
uals for work force reduction planning. The California Man
ufacturers Association, for example, has issued guidelines
that contain the following language: “ At the heart of any
closure plan must be a logical notification program aimed
at informing employees, the community, and certain gov
ernmental agencies and/or elected officials . . . it is urged
that, whenever possible, the greatest amount of advance
notice of closure be given.” A specific period is not sug
gested. Similar statements have been issued by the Business
Roundtable, the National Association of Manufacturers, and
the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.
It is worth mentioning that the issue of advance notice
extends beyond plant closings, layoffs, and terminations. A
number of labor-management contracts now contain pro
visions governing advance notice of technological change.
This is a complicated issue given the fact that, legally, the
definition of “ technological change” has not been clarified.
We assume that, with the accelerating pace of technology
in manufacturing and other sectors, such agreements are
likely to become more common.
The role of the employer and union
The affected employer’s active participation in an early
response program creates good will among the employees
and the community, enhances the possibility of an orderly
closure of the facility, and reduces societal costs.
—
For example, such participation mitigates costs to both
the employer and the public sector by reducing the
time that unemployment insurance and other benefits
are paid to employees and helps return workers to their
role as taxpayers. It also reinforces worker’s security
by planning for continuity of employment through im
mediate job placement or early enrollment in appro
priate training programs.
If there is a union contract, local members typically serve
on a steering committee, encourage the membership to uti-
lize employee development center services, and work to
gain the support of other unions to assist in job development
and placement.
When the labor contract includes retraining or other ben
efits to be provided as a part of their termination, the project
can offer a coordinated approach to the delivery of those
benefits. In addition, it provides funds which can be matched
with State and local resources.
Participation by both groups, especially at the plant level,
is particularly crucial to the success of the project.
State funds under Title III of the Job Training Partnership
Act and community resources are matched more readily
when some funding or in-kind resources are provided by
the company and the union. Many vocational education
institutions, private industry councils, and social service
agencies provide financial or service-related resources, or
both, to company-sponsored projects. Strong company in
volvement acts as an incentive to gain the support of these
groups. In most States, the act requires some kind of match.
Worker assistance centers
The worker assistance center has consistently proven to
be the most cost-effective, efficient approach for laid-off
workers. It is now state-of-the-art. It allows for an intensive
reemployment effort to be mounted on behalf of the workers,
direct participation by the company and union, and effective
coordination of funds and resources. The center is estab
lished at the plant site or at a readily accessible community
location. It becomes the focus for all employee assistance
activities. These activities are intensive, targeted to the com
pany and worker needs, and in operation for a specific
period— before, during, and after the layoff period.
Services provided at the center can be flexible but focus
on the employment requirements of the work force. Program
components proven to be most useful are:
— A company/union steering committee, which directs
and oversees the entire project and staff.
— Surveys and assessment. Surveys to design the pro
gram which will satisfy employer and worker require
ments: (1) an employee survey to provide planners
with information about employee plans and needs; (2) a
labor market survey to indicate the industries, em
ployers or occupations targeted for job development
and retraining; and (3) an assessment of vocational
education institutions; capabilities to retrain workers
or develop the classes necessary for retraining.
— Self-help job search assistance, including job search
workshops.
— Testing and skills assessment, combined with voca
tional and career counseling.
— Personal counseling services, including psychological
and financial counseling.
— Occupational retraining programs, customized for in
dividual employers; basic education services, includ
ing general equivalency diploma instruction and other
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workshops, developed as needed by the participants.
When possible, short-term skills-related courses are
developed at the plant site, utilizing plant equipment.
— An aggressive program of job development (using
steering committee, community, and private center ex
pertise and effort) designed to identify appropriate job
openings, market workers to employers, and coordi
nate area job development and economic development
efforts to tap employment opportunities in a systematic
way.
— An ongoing social service and health referral system.
— When appropriate, relocation assistance for individuals
unable to find jobs in the commuting area.
The final point to be made concerning private sector plan
ning for work force reductions is the advantage of coop
erating with the public sector to develop placement programs
and comprehensive worker assistance centers. The State of
California pioneered efforts along this line, working with a
number of large corporations and smaller companies to de
velop plant-based and community-based employee assis
tance centers. The passage of the Title III Dislocated Workers
Program (as part of the Job Training Partnership Act) in
October 1982 has accelerated this trend; however, since the
act is still in its infancy, it is not yet possible to indicate if
companies will step forward to request State assistance or
how many States will organize their Title III programs to
encourage direct employer involvement.
—
Bureaucratic snares
The author works with a number of companies and unions
to design and effect work force reduction programs, often
in conjunction with States and private industry councils.
Our experience indicates, however, that State bureaucratic
practices could inhibit the growth of such partnership efforts.
Problems encountered include arbitrary and uncertain fis
cal periods— hence, the first 3 months of a 2-year center
must be submitted as a separate proposal; required affir
mative action planning when it is clear that the target pop
ulation is plant employees; requirements for detailed
descriptions of the company’s or union’s accounting sys
tems; administrative cost limitations more severe than the
already strict limits contained in the Job Training Partnership
Act; required descriptions of training curricula for courses
that should not be designed until worker skills assessment
and job development have taken place (so that training is
geared to matching worker skills with existing job open
ings); and long delays in funding decisions.
Under these conditions, setting up a “ pre-intervention”
program before layoffs occur is particularly difficult because
the pre-termination phase is not likely to include many of
the job placements, on-the-job training placements, or highly
specialized retraining programs that look so attractive in
funding proposals. The emphasis before termination is gen
erally on counseling, job search instruction, skills assess
ment, and job development so that intensive retraining and
39
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Conference Papers
job placement can begin immediately upon termination.
However, public administrators are attempting to adopt
their programs to the private sector’s requirements. State
Job Training Coordinating Councils and Private Industry
Councils must play a key role in evolving Title III of the
Job Training Partnership Act from a makeshift program
based on past bureaucratic practice to a successful govemment-company-union-community initiative. One of the con
tributions business can make is to actively participate on
both types of councils to help make the public-private system
work.
---------- FO O TN O T E ---------'Ann Lawrence and Paul Chown, P lan t C losin gs a n d Technological
C hange: A G u ide f o r Union N eg o tia to rs (Berkeley, University of Cali
fornia, Institute o f Industrial Relations, 1983).
What do unions get
in return for concessions?
Peter Cappelli
Unions have been making labor cost concessions in order
to lower labor costs and improve employment security. Sim
ilarly, management may agree to improve other aspects of
employment relations as a means of securing union approval
of concession deals, particularly when the firm needs such
concessions to stay in business. Just how badly management
needs these labor cost concessions will determine how much
it is willing to give the unions in order to secure those
concessions.
An interesting question concerns the characteristics of the
improvements that unions are getting in return for labor cost
concessions. The range of potential improvements is con
strained by economic pressures that are outside the firm;
improvements in current wages, benefits, and work rules,
for example, would all raise current labor costs, thereby
reducing employment security for union members, leaving
them worse off and defeating the purpose of negotiating the
concessions in the first place. The improvements that unions
gain, therefore, are likely to be in areas other than those
which raise current labor costs, such as:
Symbolic improvements. These include management ac
tions which essentially leave the union no better off but
demonstrate that it still has bargaining power. Perhaps the
best examples are equality of sacrifice provisions in the auto
industry which force management to suffer the same em
ployment and wage cuts that the unions accept. For example,
Peter Cappelli is an assistant professor, University of Illinois. The title of
his full i r r a paper is “ Union Gains Under Concession Bargaining.”
40
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the United Auto Workers forced General Motors to rescind
an improved bonus plan for management instituted just after
the union agreed to new concessions. Similar actions oc
curred at International Harvester. Equality of sacrifice pro
visions may also give unions power over unorganized, whitecollar workers. After these provisions were introduced at
General Motors, white-collar workers there invited the United
Auto Workers to discuss with them the advantages of or
ganizing.1 Other examples include management “ pledges”
to consider union interests in future actions. These symbolic
gestures serve a political function for the unions by dem
onstrating to their members that the union is not being pushed
around by management and that the crisis is a genuine one,
the burden of which is being shared with management.
Job security. Some improvements attempt to improve job
security directly. For example, at Xerox, the company ex
changed employment security and no-layoff clauses at one
plant in return for union concessions over work rules. United
Airlines made a similar trade with its pilots. In the auto
industry, selected plants are experimenting with lifetime
employment guarantees for senior workers in return for
concessions. The most common of these cases, however,
are those where employers agree not to go ahead with a
planned closing or layoff in return for concessions.
Implicit job security. These changes indirectly improve
job security by influencing business decisions that affect
employment. Promises to limit “ outsourcing” at Ford and
Caterpillar, for example, and to guarantee plant investment
at certain rubber plants create circumstances that will im
prove job security. One could also argue that improved
supplemental unemployment benefits plans, the guaranteed
income stream arrangements in the auto industry, improved
severance payments, and so forth, all increase the fixed costs
of labor (given the same level of costs) and make layoffs
less likely.2
Contingent compensation. Arrangments of this sort prom
ise improvements in future compensation in return for cur
rent labor cost concessions. They include not only
stockownership plans and profit sharing, particularly com
mon in air transport, but also arrangements that tie future
wages to improvements in the firm’s economic performance.
At American Motors and the Quality Aluminum Co., for
example, wage concessions are to be paid back based on
improved company performance.
Say in company decisions. Formal arrangements to in
volve the unions in company business decisions have been
the most publicized, although perhaps least common, form
of improvements. They range from putting union leaders
on company boards in return for concessions (as at Pan
American, Chrysler, and McCreary Tire) to shopfloor par
ticipation plans, such as the job committees in the auto
industry. These arrangement are often limited to particular
issues at a given time, such as decisions about equipment
purchases and subsequent manning levels.
Union bargaining gains. These improvements cover a range
of issues, all of which help to meet the unions’ particular
needs with respect to its bargaining relationship with the
employer. They include union recognition arrangements (such
as the one between the United Rubber Workers and Good
rich), prohibitions on “ double-breasted” operations, that
is, companies operating both union and nonunion entities
(such as that secured by the Teamsters Master Freight
Agreement), and continuous information about company
performance and future plans (which meatpacking compa
nies are providing at the plant level to the United Food and
Commercial Workers union).
The distribution of these improvements is weighted to
ward gainsharing and job security items. One would expect
the improvement secured by unions to reflect not only their
needs in specific situations but also the needs and interests
of management. It has been argued that the most pressing
concern for unions in this recent period has been job se
curity.3 It is, therefore, not surprising to find improvements
concentrated in areas concerned with improving job secu
rity. Strong opposition from management seems to explain
why there are not even more explicit job guarantees.
The widespread acceptance of gainsharing and contingent
compensation arrangments reflects not only acceptance by
management but also similar interest from the unions. For
the unions, the “ givebacks” associated with concession
bargaining cause political problems with the members, and
it is important for the union not just to get back something
in return for concessions but to get back something that
looks a lot like that which was given up. Contingent com
pensation fills that role. It also places an ostensible limit on
the duration of the concessions (for example, until business
picks up), making them seem temporary and less permanent.
For management, these contingent arrangements buy time
now and cost money only if conditions improve— an ad
vantageous trade for firms currently facing a crisis.
few years; the question remains as to how they will change
existing union-management relations. The contingent com
pensation arrangements provide obvious changes first be
cause they shift some aspects of business risks from the
firm to the workers. For the workers, pay levels will no
longer be stable and predictable across circumstances. The
experience with profit sharing indicates that whether these
arrangements work depends largely on how objective the
factors are to which pay is tied and how closely they are
tied to current worker performance.4 Another consequence
of contingent pay arrangements is that they are likely to
focus the union’s interests more clearly on business deci
sions of the firm— to the extent that these decisions influence
performance and pay. For example, in air transport, pilots
at certain carriers have tried to influence the market strategy
of firms. Their motivation, in part, is that concession deals
have shifted a significant share of their earnings into stock,
and they are concerned with the long-run value of that stock.
Stockownership arrangements give unions a clear mecha
nism for exerting influence on these business decisions. The
United Steelworkers, for example, has recently been called
to advise its stockholding members on proxy votes by em
ployers.5
More explicit arrangements for participation, such as board
appointments, provide another vehicle through which the
unions can pursue their interest in business decisions. The
most obvious and likely channel of influence, however,
would be collective bargaining in which many of these issues
have already been raised. Certainly if pay is being tied to
performance along certain dimensions, the union will seek
to influence those dimensions in bargaining.
---------- FO O TN O TE S ---------' “ Executive Givebacks,” D u n ’s Business M on th , July 1982, p. 33.
2Peter Cappelli and Barry Nalebuff, “ Supplemental Unemployment Plans
and Firm Responses (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, January
1983); and Peter Cappelli, “ Auto industry experiments with Guaranteed
Income Stream,” M onthly L a b o r R eview , forthcoming.
3William M. Davis, “ Collective bargaining in 1983: a crowded agenda,”
Will ‘givebacks’ change bargaining?
M onthly L a b o r R e view , January 1983, pp. 3 -1 6 .
The fact that improvements of this sort are being written
into contracts suggests that they will continue at least for a
4Bill Aussieker, “ Creative Collective Bargaining Revised: The Kaiser
Long-Range Sharing Plan,” irra P ro ceedin gs, Winter 1982.
5“ Executive Givebacks.”
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41
Research
Summaries
A comparison of pension benefit
increases and inflation, 1973-79
Steven G. A llen, Robert L. C lark ,
D aniel A. S umner
and
It has been suggested that after retirement, pension benefits
remain relatively constant in nominal terms. If there were
no postretirement benefit adjustments, the real value of pen
sion benefits would decline in the presence of inflation. The
objective of this study has been to examine the actual benefit
increase experience of a sample of pension plans to provide
the first comprehensive assessment of the change in real
benefits in relation to inflation. Our study shows that from
1973 to 1979, most retirees in the sample of plans used
received at least one increase in benefits and many received
substantial nominal benefit increases. However, real ben
efits did decline. Postretirement increases amounted to ap
proximately two-fifths of the rise in the Consumer Price
Index from 1973 to 1979. Benefit increases tended to be
larger for plans with a large number of beneficiaries, for
collectively bargained plans, and for individuals who had
been retired for a longer period of time.
Method used
The data used in this study came from the Pension Benefit
Master File created by the U.S. Department of Labor's
Office of Pension and Welfare Benefit Programs. The sources
of data in the file are the Arthur Young and Company Survey
of Private Pension Benefit Amounts conducted in 1980 for
the Labor Department, and social security information from
the Summary Earnings Record and a standard summariza
tion of the Master Beneficiary Record, known as the Survey
Benefit Summary Record.
The Private Pension Plan Benefit Amounts Survey is a
random sample of private pension plans for which the 1975
series 5500 forms1were filed with the Department of Labor.
Steven G. Allen is associate professor. Robert L. Clark is professor, and
Daniel A. Sumner is associate professor. Department of Economics and
Business, North Carolina State University. This report is adapted from the
authors’ full study, Inflation a n d Pension Benefits, Final R eport, U.S.
Department o f Labor, Labor Management Services Administration, August
1983.
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a
pam
a
a
o
The Arthur Young survey collected information regarding
actual benefit amounts paid to beneficiaries on Dec. 31,
1978, for 671,000 retirees under 446 plans of 371 sponsors.
(Sponsors are employers or the joint board of trustees that
establish and maintain the plan.) The survey also obtained
detailed descriptions of actual changes in benefits between
Jan. 1, 1973, and Jan. 1, 1979, for the responding firms.
The master file information reported by employers dealt
with individuals receiving benefits in December 1978 and
included data on age, year of retirement, years of credited
service, sex, race, marital status, social security reported
earnings, and the current pension benefit received. In ad
dition, plan characteristics such as union status, type of plan,
plan size, and industrial category were also reported. Spe
cific questions were asked concerning any postretirement
increases in benefits that were awarded between Jan. 1, 1973
and Jan. 1, 1979. Plan sponsors were asked to indicate the
size and method of all increases, the date of the increase,
and what type of beneficiaries were eligible for the increases.
Only defined benefit plans are included in the present anal
ysis.
To augment these data, the individuals were matched with
social security information on the earnings histories of the
beneficiaries. By using the social security number and the
first six letters of the last name of the recipient/participant,
the data in the Arthur Young survey were matched with the
Summary Earnings Record and the Survey Benefit Summary
Record. Due to limitations in the number of records the
Social Security Administration was able to process, only a
50-percent sample of the five largest plans was taken. How
ever, the weights for individuals in these plans were doubled
to make up for this. A total of 389,309 records for 426
plans was matched.
Table 1. Percent of persons retired before 1973 awarded
postretirement increases in benefits, by plan size, 1973-78
Number of recipients in plan in 1979
Year
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
....
____
____
....
....
____
All
plans
1-99
100-499
500-999
1,0004,999
5,0009,999
10,000
and
over
37.4
48.6
51.7
39.6
53.3
44.7
4.7
8.1
10.4
9.6
9.1
9.6
5.2
17.3
17.4
9.9
26.5
28.4
9.5
42.6
20.5
11.1
49.8
14.3
2.7
16.4
3.7
31.4
13.3
11.0
7.8
47.8
56.2
27.9
27.9
72.6
77.0
74.3
83.7
65.8
89.2
57.9
Table 2. Average pension benefits for persons retired
before 19731 and benefit changes as a percent of the
Consumer Price Index, 1973-79
Year
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Change,
1973-79. .
Percent
change
in cpi3
Benefit change
as a percent
of cpi change
Mean
benefit
Percent
of 1973
benefit
Percent
(annual
increase)2
$2,128
2,205
2,296
2,384
2,452
2,563
2,638
100.0
103.6
107.9
112.0
115.2
120.4
124.0
_
_
_
3.6
4.1
3.8
2.9
4.5
2.9
11.0
9.1
5.8
6.5
7.7
11.3
32.7
45.1
65.5
44.6
58.4
25.7
510
24.0
24.0
63.3
37.9
1The sample comprised 139,316 persons who retired in 1972 or earlier. The obser
vations are weighted by plan weights representing the incidence of similar plans in the
pension universe.
2The percent increase represents the percentage change in nominal benefits from the
preceding year.
3The percent change in the Consumer Price Index is the percentage change in the
average annual cpi from the preceding year.
Using the detailed description of pension plans obtained
from the Arthur Young survey, we estimated annual retire
ment benefits for individuals from the responding firms for
the years 1973 to 1978. As we were primarily concerned
with the effect of inflation on initial benefit amounts and on
postretirement pension adjustments for this period, we in
cluded in our sample only those retirees for whom annual
retirement benefits could be constructed. We eliminated from
our sample nonretirees and persons who received a lump
sum benefit during the period. Benefit amounts for many
recipients could not be calculated because the data were
missing or there were severe reporting errors in key variables
such as years of service, years of retirement, and age at
retirement. Sample averages were substituted for the re
ported value when only one or two variables were missing
or implausible. This produced a working sample of 292
plans and 327,173 recipients.
The analysis of postretirement increases in this study is
based on a sample of defined benefit plans with positive
sample weights. This sample of 267 plans and 287,547
recipients was divided into two groups, with most plans
represented in both groups. The first group (254 plans and
133,698 recipients) consisted of those who retired between
1973 and 1978.2 The second group (189 plans and 150,868
recipients) consisted of those who retired before 1973.3 This
second group is the only sample referred to hereafter in this
report.
A further adjustment in the second group was necessary.
Three plans in our sample showed an average percent in
crease in nominal benefits of more than 190 percent. This
unusually large increase is probably attributable to incom
plete or inaccurate information about how benefit increases
between 1973 and 1979 were calculated. Our deletion of
these plans from the second group left 186 plans and 139,316
recipients. This sample was used to construct averages for
the estimated benefits from 1973 to 1979.
In constructing annual pension benefits for 1973-79, we
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had to examine individuals in each plan carefully to deter
mine if they were eligible to receive an increase. Then using
the increase formula in the specific plan, the magnitude of
the increase for each individual was calculated. The benefit
data for each individual were constructed by assuming that
the benefit received on Dec. 31, 1978, was the benefit the
individual would receive for all of 1979. The 1978 benefit
was equal to the 1979 benefit unless a benefit increase was
awarded during 1978. If there was a 1978 increase, then
the 1978 benefit was considered equal to the 1979 benefit
minus the 1978 increase. This is equivalent to assuming
that all benefit increases awarded during a year become
effective at the beginning of the following year. Basing the
annual increases on data from the Pension Benefit Master
File survey, benefits for 1973 to 1979 could be constructed.
This procedure understates the benefit increases by delaying
all increases until the end of the year. In addition, it results
in a sample period of 1973-79. If we had assumed that the
Dec. 31, 1978, benefit was the benefit for all of 1978 and
increases became effective at the beginning of each year,
then the sample period would have been 1972-78. This
would have made a substantial difference when comparing
benefit changes to changes in the Consumer Price Index
because the 1979 increase in consumer prices exceeded the
1972 increase.
Finally, all observations were weighted by plan weights
provided by the U.S. Department of Labor. These weights
are used to make the master file data representative of the
defined benefit pension system.
Postretirement increases
Our investigation shows that during the mid-1970's, the
beneficiaries in our sample who had retired before 1973
received sizable postretirement increases. These adjust
ments raised nominal benefits but were not large enough to
prevent declines in the real value of benefits in the presence
of the relatively high rates of inflation prevailing at that
time. We examined the trend in average benefits by using
a sample of persons who retired prior to 1973. Thus, these
retirees received benefits in each year for which benefits
could be calculated from the survey data. By focusing only
on those persons already receiving benefits in 1973, we
eliminated the effects of new retirees entering beneficiary
Table 3. Average real benefit for persons who retired
before 19731
Year
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
.....................................................................
. , ...............................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
Average
real benefit
in 1973
dollars
$2,128
1,987
1,897
1,861
1,798
1,746
1,614
Percent
of 1973
benefit
Average
annual
change
100.0
93.4
89.1
87.4
84.5
82.0
75.8
-6 .6
-4 .5
- 1 .9
-3 .4
- 2 .9
- 7 .6
_
’ Nominal values shown in table 2 deflated by the Consumer Price Index.
43
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Research Summaries
Table 4. Average pension benefit for persons retired
before 1973,1 and benefit changes as a percent of the
Consumer Price Index, 1972-78
Average
benefit
Year
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
Percent
of 1972
benefit
Percent
(annual
increase)2
Benefit change
Percent
as a percent
change
of the
in the cpi3
cpi change
....
....
____
....
....
____
....
$2,128
2,205
2,296
2,384
2,452
2,563
2,638
100.0
103.6
107.9
112.0
115.2
120.4
124.0
3.6
4.1
3.8
2.9
4.5
2.9
6.2
11.0
9.1
5.8
6.5
7.7
58.1
37.3
41.7
50.0
69.2
37.7
Change,
1972-78. .
510
24.0
24.0
55.9
42.9
1See footnote 1 in table 2.
2See footnote 2 in table 2.
3See footnote 3 in table 2.
status during the period. As a result, all benefit increases
represent changes in postretirement benefits and do not re
flect the effect of rising initial benefits.
Incidence o f increases. Approximately three-fourths of all
pre-1973 retirees received at least one postretirement in
crease in their pension benefits between 1973 and 1979.
Almost one-quarter of all sampled pre-1973 retirees received
an increase in every year during the mid-1970’s. The fol
lowing tabulation shows the distribution of retirees by the
number of increases received during the period:
N u m b e r o f in c r e a s e s
P e r c e n t o f r e c ip ie n ts
0 .................................... 25.4
1 ................................ 10.8
2 .................................... 16.9
3 ....................................
11.0
4 ....................................
6.8
5 ....................................
4.6
6 .......................................24.5
In any given year, one-third to one-half of all retirees in
our sample were receiving postretirement benefit increases.
Table 1 shows that the proportion of retirees receiving ben
efit increases varied considerably by plan size. In the small
est plans not more than 10 percent of the retirees received
increases in any given year, while more than 50 percent of
those in the largest plans were awarded benefit increases in
any given year. These data suggest there was a substantial
number of increases in pension benefits during the mid1970’s.
Despite this increase, the real value of pension benefits
as related to the c p i declined during the mid-1970’s. (See
table 3.) The c p i (1967 = 100) rose from 133.1 in 1973
to 217.4 in 1979, an increase of 63.3 percent. Thus, when
the average real benefit is calculated by deflating the values
shown in table 2, real benefits (reported in 1973 dollars)
declined throughout the period. The average real benefit in
1973 dollars is $2,128 in 1973 and drops to $1,614 in 1979,
a loss of 24.2 percent. If there had been no increases in
nominal benefits, the real benefit would have been only
$1,303 and the real value would have fallen by 38.8 percent.
Thus, despite regular increases in average nominal ben
efits of approximately 3.5 percent, the real value declined
in each year. The decade of the 1970’s was a period of
relatively high inflation, and the lowest annual increase in
the c p i during 1973-79 was 5.8 percent. Table 2 shows the
increase in pension benefits and the increase in consumer
prices. During this period, the average annual benefit in
crease represented between 25.7 and 65.5 percent of the
annual increase in the c p i .
The effect of the assumptions concerning the timing of
benefit increases can be shown by reproducing tables 2 and
3, but assuming benefit increases are effective at the begin
ning of the year they are awarded and the Dec. 31, 1978,
benefit is the benefit for all of 1978. This results in the same
nominal benefit values, except they cover 1972-78 instead
of 1973-79. Table 4 shows that using this alternative set
of assumptions raises the ratio of nominal benefit increases
to c p i increases from 37.9 in table 2 to 42.9 in table 5. This
table shows that under these assumptions the loss in real
benefits in 1972-78 is 20.5 percent. Tables 4 and 5 suggest
that benefit adjustments were slightly more generous than
shown by our primary assumptions. The basic finding is,
however, unaffected. Throughout the remainder of this anal
ysis, only numbers consistent with our primary assumptions
are reported.
Plan size and benefit increases
The magnitude of postretirement increases varies sub
stantially by plan size. These differences are reflected in the
trend of average benefits by plan size shown in tables 6
Table 5. Average real benefit1 for persons retired before
1973 as a percent of the 1972 benefit, 1972-78
Trend in average benefits
Average benefits from 1973 to 1979 for persons retired
before 1973 are shown in table 2. The average nominal
pension benefit for these individuals rose from $2,128 in
1973 to $2,638 in 1979, an increase of 24 percent. The
average annual increase during the 1970’s ranged from 2.9
percent to 4.5 percent. Thus pension benefits were far from
being constant in nominal terms.
44
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Year
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
Average
real benefit
in 1973
dollars
$2,260
2,205
2,070
1,968
1,914
1,879
1,797
Percent
of 1972
benefit
100.0
97.6
91.6
87.1
84.7
83.1
79.5
'Nominal values for benefits deflated by the Consumer Price Index.
Percent
annual
change
- 2 .4
- 6 .1
- 4 .9
- 2 .7
- 1 .8
- 4 .4
Table 6. Average benefits by plan size for persons retired
before 1 9 7 3 1 in dollars and index ( 1 9 7 3 = 1 0 0 ) , 2 1 9 7 3 - 7 9
[In dollars]
Number of recipients in plan in 1979
Year
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
10,000 and
over
1-99
100-499
500-999 1,000-4,999 5,000-9,999
$1,835
1,841
1,849
1,870
1,880
1,889
1,899
$2,073
2,097
2,157
2,203
2,222
2,324
2,381
$2,057
2,079
2,162
2,212
2,216
2,333
2,341
$2,256
2,259
2,318
2,322
2,421
2,448
2,472
$2,242
2,258
2,339
2,477
2,530
2,563
2,712
$2,149
2,305
2,434
2,553
2,659
2,841
2,927
100.0
101.2
104.1
106.3
107.2
112.1
114.9
100.0
101.1
105.1
107.5
107.7
113.4
113.8
100.0
100.1
102.7
102.9
107.3
108.5
109.6
100.0
100.7
104.3
110.5
112.8
114.3
121.0
100.0
107.3
113.3
118.3
123.7
132.2
136.2
[1973 = 100]
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
100.0
100.3
100.8
101.9
102.5
102.9
103.5
’ Observations are weighted by plan weights. (See table 2.)
ben efits in each year as a percent of benefits in 1973.
through 8. Nominal benefits in 1973 range from $1,835 for
the smallest plans to more than $2,200 for plans with more
than 1,000 recipients. The differences in average benefits
by plan size increase over time because the larger plans are
more likely to award increases in postretirement benefits.
Table 6 shows that the average benefit for persons in plans
with fewer than 100 recipients rose by only 3.5 percent
between 1973 and 1979, while plans with between 100 and
9,999 recipients raised benefits between 10 and 21 percent.
The largest plans with more than 10,000 recipients increased
benefits by 36.2 percent during the period.
As table 7 shows, these increases were not sufficient to
maintain the real value of benefits during retirement. The
Table
1973
7.
Average real benefit for persons retired before
in dollars’ and index ( 1 9 7 3 = 1 0 0 ) , 2 1 9 7 3 - 7 9
first part of table 7 illustrates the decline in real dollar values
by plan size while the lower half of the table shows the real
value of benefits in subsequent years as a percent of 1973
values. For persons in the smallest plans, the average benefit
declines by 36.6 percent; in plans with 100 to 9,999 recip
ients, the real value fell by approximately 30 percent; and
in the largest plans, by only 16.6 percent.
Incidence of benefit increases by plans
Although most retirees in this sample received a benefit
increase after retirement, only 21.6 percent of the plans
with at least one retiree in 1973 awarded any increase in
benefits between 1973 and 1979. These seemingly contra
dictory findings are reconciled by noting that most plans in
the sample have only a small number of beneficiaries and
these small plans tended to give no postretirement increases.
For example, only 17.0 percent of plans with fewer than
100 recipients in 1979 granted any increase, while all of
the plans with more than 10,000 recipients provided-at least
one increase and 23.3 percent of these large plans awarded
an increase each year. The relatively low proportion of all
plans awarding increases is largely caused by the dominance
of small plans. Table 8 indicates that 84.4 percent of all
plans represented by this survey had fewer than 100 recip
ients in 1979. The number of increases provided by the
large plans is generally consistent with that reported by
Francis King in his review of three surveys of benefit in
creases during the 1970's.4
Collective bargaining status
In addition to plan size, the number of benefit increases
and the amount of the increase are influenced by the col
lective bargaining status of the plan. The following data
show that 80 percent of beneficiaries in collectively bar
gained plans received at least one increase in retirement
benefits between 1973 and 1979, while almost 40 percent
received an increase every year. Beneficiaries in nonunion
plans had fewer total increases and also were more likely
[In dollars]
Number of recipients in pian in 1979
Year
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
[1 9 7 3
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
=
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1-99
100-499
500-999 1,000-4,999 5,000-9,999
$1,835
1,658
1,527
1,460
1,379
1,287
1,163
$2,073
1,890
1,781
1,720
1,629
1,582
1,457
$2,057
1,874
1,785
1,726
1,625
1,589
1,433
$2,256
2,035
1,914
1,813
1,776
1,668
1,513
$2,242
2,035
1,931
1,934
1,855
1,746
1,660
10,000 and
over
$2,149
2,078
2,010
1,992
1,950
1,935
1,792
100]
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
100.0
90.4
83.2
79.6
75.1
70.1
63.4
100.0
91.2
85.9
83.0
78.6
76.3
70.3
100.0
91.1
86.8
83.8
79.0
77.2
69.7
100.0
90.2
84.8
80.4
78.7
73.9
67.1
100.0
90.8
86.1
86.3
82.7
77.9
74.0
100.0
96.7
93.5
92.7
90.7
90.0
83.4
’ Nominal dollar values in table 6 deflated by the Consumer Price Index. Real benefits
are shown in 1973 dollars.
be n e fits in each year as a percent of benefits in 1973.
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Table 8. Percent of plans with persons who were retired
before 1973 that awarded benefit increases, by plan size,
1973-781
Number of recipients in 1979
Number of
increases
1-99
100-499 500-999
1,0004,999
5,0009,999
All
10,000 and plans
over
0.0
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
83.0
3.6
4.8
2.5
1.3
0.3
4.5
61.2
9.8
23.7
1.7
24.7
43.5
15.3
6.4
45.9
12.8
33.8
16.9
13.7
40.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
14.9
0.0
27.3
34.4
0.0
3.5
10.1
0.0
7.5
21.7
7.3
23.3
78.4
5.3
7.7
2.5
1.2
6.6
4.4
Percent of
all plans in
this category . . .
84.4
12.0
2.0
1.0
0.4
0.3
100.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
........
0.0
0.0
’ Percents are calculated from a weighted sample of plans.
45
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Research Summaries
to have received no increase during the sample period:
N um ber o f
in c r e a s e s
P e r c e n t o f r e c ip ie n ts
U n io n
N o n u n io n
20.2
7.5
15.6
5.6
5.1
7.0
38.9
32.3
16.5
19.5
20.0
9.5
0.8
1.5
Our analysis also shows that in any given year, 45 to 66
percent of union retirees received an increase. By contrast,
only 11 to 43 percent of nonunion retirees received an in
crease in a given year.
---------- F O O TN O TE S ---------1The 5500 forms are used for the annual reports required by
the financial status o f pension plans.
er is a
on
: Two subsamples were created from this sample for use in a regression
analysis that is available in the full study. One subsample consisting of
121.103 recipients for whom all values were present for the independent
variables— union status, number of beneficiaries in plan in 1979. years of
service, age at retirement, sex. race, industry code, year of retirement,
and salary average— was used to estimate initial benefits at retirement.
Another subsample consisting of 103.579 recipients who retired between
1973 and 1977 for whom all values were available for the same independent
variables was used in the regressions to estimate the percent changes in
benefits between the year of retirement and 1979.
or lower-priced school lunches, public or other subsidized
housing, medicaid, and medicare reduces the estimate to
between 22.9 million (10 percent) and 31.4 million people
(13.7 percent).
Measured by money income alone, the official number
of poor persons increased by 8.3 million, from 26.1 million
in 1979 to 34.4 million in 1982. When noncash benefits are
added to money income, the number of poor persons in
creased between 7.8 and 8.9 million (depending on how
noncash benefits were valued), up from 15.1 million in
1979.
The official poverty rate rose 28 percent, from 11.7 per
cent of the population to 15.0 percent over the 1979-82
period. By contrast, under the alternate estimate (which
includes noncash benefits), the poverty rate rose even faster,
between 37 and 47 percent depending on the valuation of
the noncash benefits. (This apparent anomaly is explained
by the difference between the poverty bases in 1979: the
alternative estimate (cash and noncash benefits) that year
was 15.1 million in contrast to the official estimate of 26.1
million persons.)
The Census Bureau study investigates three valuation ap
proaches and three combinations of benefits, yielding nine
different estimates of poverty. The three valuation ap
proaches used in the study were:
1Regression analysis for percent change in benefits for 1950-72 retirees
was based on a subsample of 137.038 observations from this group with
no missing values in the independent variables. This analysis is reported
in the full study and is further extended in Steven G. Allen. Robert L.
Clark, and Daniel A. Sumner. "Post-Retirement Adjustments of Pension
Benefits." Faculty Working Paper No. 44. January 1984. North Carolina
State University.
•
4Francis King in "Indexing Retirement Benefits." The G eron tologist.
December 1982. pp. 4 8 8 -9 2 . reports that 75 percent of the plans in the
1980 Bankers Trust Survey provided at least one increase between 1975—
79, 85 percent of the plans in the Flewitt Associates Survey awarded at
least one increase between 1975 and 1981. and 56 percent of the plans in
the Flay Associates Survey granted increases in 1981.
•
•
Poverty estimates lowered
by inclusion of noncash benefits
The number of persons estimated to be below the poverty
level would be significantly reduced if the value of noncash
benefits (food, housing, and medical care) were included in
the determination of such estimates, according to a study
by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Depending on which
noncash benefits are included and which method is used to
count them, the inclusion of noncash benefits as income
would lower the poverty rate between 9 and 33 percent in
1982.
In August 1982, 34.4 million persons, or 15 percent of
the population, were officially below the poverty level (cash
income only). But, including the value of food stamps, free
46
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The market value approach assigns a value to the non
cash benefit that is equal to the private market price of
the goods and services received by recipients. For ex
ample, the market value of food stamps is the face value
of the stamps.
The cash equivalent approach assigns a value equal to
the amount of cash that the recipient would accept in
lieu of the goods or services. For example, a person
might trade some of his food stamps for a lesser amount
of cash which could be spent on other services or com
modities.
The poverty' budget share approach does not attempt to
value the noncash benefit directly, but, instead measures
the amount by which the poverty threshold could be
reduced for the family receiving the benefit. This re
duction is equal to the average dollar amount of the
goods or services consumed by households with money
income approximately equal to the poverty level. Pov
erty budget share is a more limited valuation approach
than the other two because it is relevant only for the
purpose of determining poverty status.
Each of the valuation approaches was used to assign val
ues to three different combinations of food, housing, and
medical benefits. Because medical benefits represent such
a large proportion of the total noncash benefits and because
of various problems in valuing these benefits, one set of
estimates was derived based on food and housing benefits
alone. Furthermore, the question of whether to include or
exclude institutional health care benefits resulted in two
additional estimates based on food, housing, and medical
care.
The effect of noncash benefits on the estimated number
of poor varies for different subgroups of the population.
Noncash benefits have their largest effect on poverty esti
mates for the aged (persons 65 years old and over) if the
value of medical benefits, mainly in the form of medicare,
are included. The poverty rate for this group, 14.6 percent
in 1982, is reduced by as much as 76 percent, to a rate of
3.5 percent, when medical benefits are considered. Other
population subgroups are also greatly affected. For example,
the poverty rate for blacks, 35.6 percent, is reduced by as
much as 40 percent, while the poverty rate for whites is
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decreased by 31 percent, using the value of all food, hous
ing, and medical benefits. Furthermore, the poverty rate for
families maintained by women, with no husband present,
is reduced by as much as 39 percent.
Estimating the value of noncash benefits is considered
difficult and controversial by economists and social scien
tists. There are various strengths and weaknesses associated
with each valuation approach and with the data used in the
estimates. Details of these problems are discussed in the
comprehensive report, Estimates o f the Poverty Population
Including the Value o f Noncash Benefits: 1979-1982, Tech
nical Paper No. 51, which may be ordered from the Cus
tomer Services Branch (Publications), d u s d , Bureau of the
Census, Washington, D.C. 20233. The cost is $5.
D
A note on communications
The Monthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supplement,
challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be considered
for publication, communications should be factual and analytical, not po
lemical in tone. Communications should be addressed to the Editor-inChief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department
of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20212.
47
Research Notes
Social cost-of-living indexes estimated
The individual cost-of-living index measures the relation
ship between prices and the welfare of a consumer or house
hold. Calculation of the index may be based on econometric
estimates of utility function parameters derived from a com
plete system of corresponding consumer demand equations.
Such indexes can be used to compare the impact of price
changes on the welfare of different households. If the in
dexes are aggregated over a group of households, the result
is a group cost-of-living index that, at least implicitly, re
flects distributional judgments concerning the welfare of
different households. Because an explicit valuation of dis
tributional judgments requires some very strong assump
tions, this aspect of group cost-of-living indexes is usually
ignored in conventional applications.
In this context, a recent paper by Dale Jorgenson and
Daniel Slesnick, entitled "Individual and Social Cost of
Living Indexes,” has two distinguishing features. First, it
advances the econometric approach to cost-of-living mea
surement by presenting a model of consumer behavior that
incorporates recent developments in demand theory and em
ploys novel empirical methods. Although the model has
been described in earlier papers by the authors, this is its
first application to cost-of-living measurement. Second, the
paper presents a major, although somewhat controversial,
innovation in cost-of-living measurement: an empirical ap
plication of the theory of a social cost-of-living index, which
is a summary measure of the welfare effect of price changes
on society as a whole.
The foundation of the authors’ study is an econometric
model of aggregate consumer behavior. Such models often
ignore the important link between individual and aggregate
consumer behavior that arises from the fact that aggregate
demand functions are the sum of individual demand func
tions. The consequence is that the implications of the theory
of consumer behavior for aggregate demand functions are
obscured. Jorgenson and Slesnick rigorously forge this link
with a model that incorporates recent advances in the theory
of exact aggregation. Indeed, exact aggregation is the key-
“ Research Notes” are brief reports on selected research published else
where that is related to the work of the Bureau. They are prepared by the
authors, the MLR staff, or others.
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stone of their model. This theory provides the restrictions
on individual demand functions that are necessary if aggre
gate demand functions are to be expressed in terms of func
tions dependent upon individual expenditures and attributes,
such as demographic characteristics that give rise to differ
ences in preferences. A striking implication of this approach
is that systems of demand functions for individuals with
common demographic characteristics can be recovered
uniquely from the aggregate system of demand functions.
This permits the authors to take full advantage of all the
implications of the theory of the individual consumer in
specifying a model of aggregate consumer behavior. The
restrictions inherent in theories of exact aggregation and
utility maximization considerably simplify the specification
of individual and aggregate demand functions.
Individual consumer expenditures are functions of the
logarithm of income (total expenditures), a vector of de
mographic characteristics, and the logarithm of prices. Pa
rameters in these functions vary only among goods. Aggregate
consumer expenditure functions, obtained through exact ag
gregation across households, depend upon prices and two
statistics that summarize, respectively, the distribution of
expenditures over all consuming units and the joint distri
bution of expenditures and demographic characteristics. The
aggregate functions are estimated empirically by pooling
cross-sectional data on individual expenditure patterns from
the 1972 panel of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer
Expenditure Survey ( c e s ) with time-series data on aggregate
expenditure patterns from the 1958-74 National Income and
Product Accounts ( n i p a ) . The summary statistics that appear
in the aggregate expenditure function are constructed using
data from Current Population Survey reports. Consumption
categories in n i p a and the c e s are sufficiently similar that
the authors were able to relate the time-series data to the
cross-sectional data using interindustry transaction data. The
cross-sectional data are used to identify the total expenditure
and demographic parameters in the expenditure functions,
and the time-series data identify the price parameters.
The estimated econometric model serves as the apparatus
for constructing individual, group, and social cost-of-living
indexes. Conceptually, the three indexes are analogous in
that they represent the ratio of expenditure required to attain
a specified level of welfare at current-period prices to the
expenditure required for that same level of welfare at ref-
erence-period prices. Individual welfare is represented by a
translog indirect utility function that includes a set of de
mographic variables to capture differences in preferences
among consuming units. This function generates the indi
vidual expenditure functions. The authors conclude that,
under conditions of exact aggregation, the translog function
provides a cardinal measure of welfare.
Interpersonal comparability is achieved through the in
troduction of equivalence scales. Restrictions on the indi
vidual utility function required for the use of equivalence
scales lead to identification of all the parameters of the
function, a necessary condition for constructing a social
welfare function. Given the empirical forms for individual
welfare and expenditure functions, the cost-of-living index
is computed as described above. An important aspect of the
individual cost-of-living index is that the validity of the
modified translog function as a representation of the pref
erences of individual consumers is, in principle, empirically
verifiable.
Construction of a social (group) cost-of-living index re
quires a social welfare function that provides criteria for
balancing individual gains and losses. The authors metic
ulously derive such a function using results obtained in
recent research on social choice theory. The result is a
utilitarian social welfare function that is essentially an ag
gregate weighting of individual welfare functions in which
the weights are the household equivalence scales. Social
expenditure functions are derived from the welfare function,
and empirical forms for these functions are based on the
estimated econometric model; the social cost-of-living index
is then constructed as described above.
It must be emphasized that a critical difference exists
between the individual and social indexes. A social welfare
function generally will not be known, and any proposed
representation is not empirically verifiable. Consequently,
no presumption can be made regarding maximization of
society’s welfare. The implication is that statements con
cerning an increase or decrease in society’s welfare based
on changes in a social cost-of-living index will depend upon
an empirically untestable welfare function.
Jorgenson and Slesnick illustrate the behavior of each of
the three indexes over the 1958-78 period. The results re
veal a substantial diversity in individual cost-of-living in
dexes and rates of inflation between whites and nonwhites,
between rural and urban consumers, and among households
with different base levels of welfare. Group cost-of-living
indexes for 21 different types of households, classified by
demographic characteristics such as age of household head,
region, and race also show substantial diversity large esti
mated differences in cost-of-living indexes among individ
uals and groups suggest a need for further investigation of
population-specific indexes. For this purpose, an econo
metric approach such as that presented by Jorgenson and
Slesnick has considerable advantages over other analytical
techniques. Finally, the social cost-of-living index was found
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to have increased at an average annual rate of 3.94 percent
between 1959 and 1978, although it is difficult to judge this
result, for the reasons discussed above.
In summary, the Jorgenson and Slesnick paper makes an
ambitious and provocative contribution to the measurement
of the cost of living. Their model adheres rigorously to
consumer demand theory and is made operational with readily
available data. It offers one way to construct cost-of-living
indexes for various population groups and allows for com
munity substitution in response to price changes. Applica
tion of the model to social cost-of-living measurement also
represents a significant step beyond previous empirical re
search in this area. However, as in the case of any attempt
to construct a social cost-of-living index, the paper is almost
certain to inspire controversy.— James E. Duggan, Division of
Price and Index Number Research, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Job vacancies versus unemployment
A common idea often occurs to people after reading the
“ help wanted” ads in the newspapers. Because so many
jobs are available, there must be some problem in the way
openings and people are matched. If only the jobs could be
filled more quickly, unemployment would disappear.
In “ Structural/Frictional vs. Deficient Demand Unem
ployment: Some New Evidence,” Katherine G. Abraham
provides carefully researched facts and an analysis of this
issue. Using two techniques and a number of data sources,
Abraham consistently finds that the number of persons seek
ing jobs far exceeds the number of job openings. In the late
1970’s, there was an average of five unemployed persons
or more for every vacant job, the author estimates.
The first section of the article, which appeared in the
September 1983 issue of the American Economic Review,
presents information from programs that attempted to collect
vacancy data directly from establishments. The information
available is limited to selected cities, States, or particular
industrial sectors. A discussion of the most common statis
tical problems inherent in such data is provided, and the
data are adjusted accordingly. The author believes that, on
average, vacancies are underreported, and should be ad
justed upwards by about 1.3 to 2.2 times the original es
timates.
Unemployment data for the various geographic areas and
periods are then matched with the vacancy data. For all but
one of the programs studied, Abraham finds that vacancies
were fewer than the number of unemployed persons. Only
when the area unemployment rate fell below 3 percent were
vacancies greater. The relationship between unemployment
and vacancies, labeled the Beveridge curve by economists,
is found to be strongly negative: when unemployment is
high, vacancies are low.
The author then uses the results from the specialized
surveys to build estimates of vacancy rates for the Nation
as a whole. The national unemployment rate would have to
49
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Research Notes
fall below 4 percent before vacancies would exceed the
number unemployed.
In the second section of the paper, Abraham uses an
entirely different data source to corroborate the results of
the first part. Job tenure data from the Current Population
Survey supplements of January 1963, 1968, 1973, and 1978
are used to calculate a “ new hire” rate. With an estimate
of the average amount of time a job remains vacant, this
figure can be related to a theoretical vacancy rate. The
conclusions are very similar to those of the first section.
A concluding section relates the findings to macro-eco
nomic theory and policy. While training programs or job
openings may have positive aspects, they cannot be expected
to have much impact on the aggregate unemployment rate.
If every job opening were immediately filled with an un
employed person, three other persons would remain in the
jobless queue.— Francis Horvath, Office of Employment and Unem
ployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Employment attachment: Japan vs. U.S.
A long-term employment relationship often has been cited
as one of the key reasons for Japan’s high labor productivity.
However, recent discussions suggest that the United States
also enjoys strong employer-employee attachments. Can
economic theory shed light on the differences in the strength
of employment relationships between the two countries?
50
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In Employment Tenure and On-the-job Training: FirmSize Differences in Japan and the United States, Masanori
Hashimoto and John Raisian discuss two salient differences
between the Japanese and the U.S. labor markets—the strength
of employer-employee attachment (as measured by the du
rability of employment relationships) and the extent of onthe-job investments in human capital.
Although male workers in both countries exhibit long
employment tenure, duration generally is longer in Japan
than in the United States. One explanation for this difference
is the extent of on-the-job investment in firm-specific human
capital, which, in turn, determines employment tenure and
earnings. Japanese workers invest more in firm-specific hu
man capital than their American counterparts. Although one
rarely hears of employee stock plans in Japanese firms,
Japanese workers in effect have such plans in human, rather
than physical, capital.
In both countries, employment tenure is longer and em
ployees tend to invest more in on-the-job training in larger
firms, although this tendency is weaker in the United States.
Education is positively associated with investments in both
countries, regardless of firm size.
The authors also discuss several hypotheses about why
investments in firm-specific capital differ by firm size and
between the two countries. This paper was presented at a
Department of Labor Research Seminar on January 20, 1984.
—Anna Hill, m lr
Technical Note
to improve urban sample
in 1987 revision of the c p i
bls
The Bureau of Labor Statistics plans to improve the sample
of urban areas in which bls gathers prices for monthly
preparation of the Consumer Price Index, beginning in 1987.
In doing so, bls will publish a number of local indexes less
frequently in order to devote more resources to improving
the national index.
The selection of the new sample of urban areas is one of
the major early steps in the periodic revision of the cpi. The
cpi is updated and refined about once every decade to take
account of population shifts and changes in consumer buying
habits and to introduce technical improvements. Since World
War II, major revisions have been introduced in 1953, 1964,
and 1978. The revision program now in progress will result
in release of a revised cpi in 1987.
Janet L. Norwood, commissioner of labor statistics, said
the new sample will include the Nation's largest metropol
itan areas and other urban areas chosen by a probability
sampling method to represent scientifically all of the re
maining urban areas in the United States.
Population shifts noted
Norwood pointed out that the new city sample reflects
the population shifts of the past decade and. thus, will more
accurately measure consumer price movements in the years
ahead.
In addition to the national index for all cities, the Bureau
now publishes indexes for 28 urban areas. In 1987, it will
continue to publish indexes for all but one of these areas—
Northeast (Scranton-Wilkes-Barre) Pennsylvania. Price data
will continue to be gathered in that area, but on a smaller
scale than currently and publication of a separate index will
be discontinued. In this and 63 other urban areas where data
are to be collected, samples will be insufficient for calcu
lation of a local index.
The new publication plan for local area indexes, begin
ning with the index for January 1987, is summarized below.
• Monthly indexes will continue to be published for the
four largest metropolitan areas. (Because of sample de
sign considerations, the index for the Detroit area will no
longer be published monthly.) The four metropolitan areas:
Northeast: New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island,
n y - nj - c t ; Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton, p a - d e - nj - m d ;
North Central region: Chicago-Gary-Lake County, il- in - w i ;
West: Los Angeles-Anaheim-Riverside, c a .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
• Bimonthly indexes will be published, as in the past, for
the next 11 largest areas, including Detroit:
N o r th e a s t: Boston-Lawrence-Salem, m a - n h ; PittsburghBeaver Valley, p a ;
N o r th C e n tr a l re g io n : Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, o h ; Detroit-Ann Arbor, m i ; St. Louis-East St. Louis, m o - il ;
S o u th : Baltimore, m d ; Dallas-Fort Worth, t x ; Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, t x ; Miami-Fort Lauderdale, fl ; Washing
ton, d c - m d - v a ;
W e st: San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, c a .
• A semiannual average will be published for 12 areas now
published bimonthly:
N o r th e a s t: BufFalo-Niagara Falls, n y ;
N o r th C e n tr a l re g io n : Cincinnati-Hamilton, o h - k y - in ; Kan
sas City, m o , Kansas City, k s ; Milwaukee, wi; MinneapolisSt. Paul, m n - w i ;
S o u th : Atlanta, g a
W e st: Anchorage, a k ; Denver-Boulder, co; Honolulu, h i ;
Portland-Vancouver, o r - w a : San Diego, c a ; Seattle, Ta
coma, W A .
The changes in local area publication result from the
requirement to allocate the sample to reflect population shifts
in the 1980 Census in such a way as to provide the most
accurate national cpi possible with the funds available. As
a result, some areas will no longer have samples sufficient
to permit more frequent publication.
The Bureau also will continue to publish separate indexes
for four regions of the United States and for groups of cities
within these regions, classified by size. Minor adjustments
in the size groupings also are being planned, and separate
indexes for nonmetropolitan urban places in the Northeast
and West will be discontinued.
Selection of other samples
The city sample is one of several samples that must be
selected in the process of revising the cpi. The others in
clude:
• A sample of consumer units within each urban area for
a Consumer Expenditure Survey that shows how much
consumers spend for various goods and services.
• A sample of the outlets where consumers shop in each
urban area.
• A sample of unique items selected from the outlet sample
and representing the goods and services that consumers
purchase— the so-called marketbasket that is priced for
the monthly calculation of change in the cpi.
• A sample of housing units in each urban area, including
both owner-occupied and rental dwellings, used to cal
culate changes in the residential rent and owners’ equiv
alent rent components of the cpi.
51
Major Agreements
Expiring Next Month
This list of selected collective bargaining agreements expiring in June is based on contracts on file
in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering
1000 workers or more.
Employer and location
Industry
Labor organization1
Number of
workers
Allied Building Metal Indusries, Inc. (New York, N.Y.) .............................
Allied Underwear Association, Inc. (New York. N.Y.) ...............................
Associated Building Contractors of Northwestern Ohio, Inc., 2 agreements
(Ohio)
Associated Corset and Brassiere Manufacturers, Inc. (New York, N.Y.) . . .
Associated General Contractors of America, Inc.:
Alaska Chapter ............................................................................................
Detroit Chapter and 2 others (Michigan) ....................................................
Nevada Chapter and 2 others, 2 agreements...............................................
New Jersey Chapter......................................................................................
New York State Chapter .............................................................................
Rhode Island Chapter...................................................................................
Utah Chapter, 2 agreements ........................................................................
Association of Motion Picture and Television Producers, Inc. (Interstate) . .
Construction . .
Apparel...........
Construction . .
Iron Workers..................
Ladies' Garment Workers
Laborers; Carpenters . . .
3,000
2,500
Apparel...........
Ladies' Garment Workers
1,000
Construction . .
Construction . .
Construction . .
Construction . .
Construction . .
Construction . .
Construction . .
Motion Pictures
Carpenters................................
Laborers ..................................
Carpenters; Teamsters ...........
Operating Engineers................
Laborers ..................................
Carpenters................................
Operating Engineers; Carpenters
Directors Guild (Ind.).............
1.800
3.500
3.600
6,900
1,250
1.500
5,200
7,000
Building Trades Employers Association of the City of New York
(New York)
Construction
Lathers
1,200
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (Los Angeles, Calif.) ....................
Cerro Corp., Cerro Metal Products Division (Pennsylvania)
Construction Employers of the Hudson Valley, Inc. (New York)
Hospitals
Primary metals
Construction .
Service Employees
Auto Workers . . .
Laborers .............
2,000
Detroit Edison Co. (Michigan).............................................
Dry Cargo agreement, Atlantic and Gulf Coasts (Interstate)2
Dry Cargo Vessel Companies and Agents (Interstate)2
Dry Cargo Vessels, Pacific Coast (Interstate)2 ....................
Utilities..................
Water transportation
Water transportation
Water transportation
Utility Workers .............
Masters, Mates and Pilots
Maritime U nion..............
Marine Engineers...........
Elevator Manufacturers’ Association of New York, Inc. (New York, N.Y.)
Employing Metallic Furring and Lathing Contractors Association of New
York (New York)
Construction
Construction
Elevator Constructors
Lathers ....................
2.000
Greater Blouse, Skirt and Undergarment Association, Inc. (New York)
Lenkurt, Inc. (San Carlos, Calif.) ...........................................................
Apparel.............
Electrical products
Ladies’ Garment Workers
Electrical Workers ( ibew )
2,000
1,000
Hammermill Paper Co., Erie Division (Pennsylvania) ..................
Honeywell, Inc., Process Control Division (Fort Washington, Pa.)
Howmet Turbine Components Corp., Muskegon County Operations
(Michigan)
Huffy Corp., Ohio Bicycle Division (Celina, O h io )......................
Paper ...........................
Instruments ..................
Transportation equipment
Paperworkers................
Electronic Workers ( iue )
Auto Workers .............
1,250
Transportation equipment
Steelworkers ................
1,500
Illinois Power Co. (Illinois).................................................
Independent shops, cloth hats and caps (New York, N.Y.)2
Utilities
Apparel
Electrical Workers (ibew ) .........
Clothing and Textile Workers ..
1,250
1,800
John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co. (Interstate).........................
Insurance
Insurance Workers.........
6,000
gte
1,100
1,000
1,000
3,500
1,400
15.000
4.000
1,150
1,100
1,600
Kansas City Power and Light Co., Production Department (Missouri)
Utilities .
Electrical Workers (ibew )
1,000
Long Island Lighting Co., 2 agreements (New York)
Utilities
Electrical Workers ( ibew)
4,150
Mechanical Contractors Association (Interstate)...........
Metropolitan Lithographers Association, Inc. (Interstate)
Construction .............
Printing and publishing
Plumbers..................................
Amalgamated Lithographers of
America, Local One
8,000
Ohio Edison Co. (Akron, Ohio)
Utilities
Utility Workers
2,000
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5,200
Continued— Major Agreements Expiring Next Month
Employer and location
Labor organization1
Number of
workers
Plumbing and Air Conditioning Contractors of Arizona (Phoenix, Ariz.) . . . Construction .............................
Potlatch Corp., Northwest Paper Division (Minnesota)....................
Paper ........................................
Plumbers......................
Firemen and Oilers; Paperworkers
5,000
1,500
Respective Chicago Dealers’ Associations and Independents, Standard
Automotive Agreement—sales and service (Illinois)
Rockwell International Corp. (Interstate)....................................................
Retail trade ...............................
Machinists..................................
3,000
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors Association of New York
City, Inc. (New York)
South Central Employers, field construction (Interstate)2 .............................
Spokane Food agreement (Spokane, Wash.)2 ....................................
Standard Freightship agreement (Interstate)2 ....................................
Standard Tanker agreement (Interstate)2 .............................................
Tanker Companies; Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, Licensed Deck Officers
(Interstate)2
Tanker Vessels Companies, Unlicensed personnel (Interstate)2 ....................
Tanker Vessels agreement. Pacific Coast (Interstate)2 ....................................
Textron, Inc., Bell Helicopter Co. Division, 2 agreements (Texas).............
True Temper Corp. (Interstate)....................................................................
Industry
Transportation equipment .........
Auto Workers ...........................
11,000
Construction .............................
Sheet Metal Workers ................
3,200
Construction .............................
Retail trade ................................
Food and Commercial Workers
Water transportation..................
Water transportation..................
Water transportation..................
Transportation equipment .........
Union Painting Contractors Association and 1 other (Interstate) ..................
Union Carbide Corp., Nuclear Division (Oak Ridge. Tenn.).........................
Construction .............................
Chemicals ..................................
Zenith Radio Corp. (Chicago, 111.) ....................................................
Electrical products ....................
2,300
1.450
15.000
15.000
1.000
Maritime U nion.........................
Auto Workers .........................
Atomic Trades and Labor
Council; Machinists
Independent Radionic Workers
of America (Ind. )
6.000
6.500
5.300
1.200
1.500
4.250
1.450
'Affiliated with AFL-CIO except where noted as independent (Ind.).
industry area (group of companies signing same contract).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
53
Developments in
Industrial Relations
Auto manufacturers share profits with employees
The continuing high level of sales of domestic automo
biles was reflected in manufacturers’ profits, and in their
profit-sharing and bonus payments to employees. Despite
these auspicious circumstances, it appears that the coming
1984 bargaining between the Auto Workers and General
Motors Corp. and Ford Motor Co. will be very difficult.
One reason is that the large profits have whetted the em
ployees’ appetite for restoration of the compensation cuts
they accepted in their 1982 settlements. (See Monthly Labor
Review, April 1982, pp. 62-64, and May 1982, pp. 5960.) Another reason is that increased international compe
tition in the industry has forced the domestic auto manu
facturers to operate on a “ leaner” basis, which means that
their increase in output has been accomplished with a less
than proportionate recall of laid-off workers. As a result,
some laid-off workers may never be recalled. (At General
Motors, 75.000 workers were still on layoff in February
1984, compared with 165,000 a year earlier.) Concern about
employment was intensified by the inadvertent release of a
General Motors internal bargaining document indicating that
the company planned further employment cuts in coming
years, and that in the 1984 bargaining it will seek to tie
employee pay strictly to profit levels. This would replace
the historical practice of providing specified annual wage
increases and automatic cost-of-living adjustments, which
must be paid regardless of corporate operating results.
At General Motors, the 1983 profit was $3.73 billion,
exceeding the record $3.5 billion earned in 1978. Of the
total, $322 million was distributed to 531,000 hourly and
“ nonexecutive” salary employees. The payout averaged
$640 for employees who worked a “ normal” schedule in
1983 and was the first payout possible under the profitsharing plan negotiated in 1982 for the 350,000 hourly g m
employees represented by the union. Subsequently, g m ex
tended the same plan to 181,000 workers who are not rep
resented by a union. Union officials hailed the payout
announcement but noted that the distribution did not come
close to matching the approximate $4,500 to $6,200 in
“ Developments in Industrial Relations" is prepared by George Ruben of
the Division o f Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary sources.
54
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
wages and benefits each worker had given up over the term
of the 1982 agreement, u a w Vice President Donald Ephlin
said that in the 1984 talks, “ We will be discussing a sweet
ening of the formula,” citing “ the great disparity” between
bonuses paid to g m executives and the profit-sharing dis
tribution to the union-represented workers. The stock and
cash distribution to 5,800 g m executives averaged $31,000
each.
At Ford, where the 1983 profit was a record $1,867 bil
lion, the profit-sharing distribution averaged $440 for the
115,000 workers the u a w represents. This was less than at
g m despite the fact that the Ford formula is more generous.
The g m employees were willing to accept their less generous
formula because g m has historically been more profitable
than Ford.
After the Ford-GM announcements of profit-sharing dis
tributions, u a w delegates to a special convention set ad
ditional union objectives for the coming negotiations. The
goals included curbs on overtime work, reduced work time,
improved training and retraining provisions, specified wage
increases, and continuation of the provision for automatic
cost-of-living pay adjustments, u a w President Owen Bieber
said that the union will work with the companies to reduce
health care costs but would not agree to any provisions
which would require employees to begin paying the costs.
At Chrysler Corp., the 1983 profit was a record $700.9
million, exceeding the $422.6 million for 1976. Chrysler
workers did not share in the profit because in their December
1982 settlement they exchanged their profit-sharing plan for
immediate pay increases to reduce the wage disparity be
tween them and Ford-GM employees resulting from earlier
concessionary settlements. In 1983, Chrysler and the u a w
negotiated a contract running to October 1985, which will
bring pay and benefit levels up to those in the 1982-84
Ford and g m contracts. (See Monthly Labor Review, Oc
tober 1983, pp. 37-38, for terms of the Chrysler contract.)
American Motors Corp. reported a $258.3 million loss
for 1983, but it did earn a $7.5-million profit in the fourth
quarter, after 14 consecutive unprofitable quarters. The em
ployees are not covered by a profit-sharing plan. However,
under an Employee Investment Plan, they lent the company
$110 million to be repaid with interest, beginning in 1985.
Their contract, negotiated in 1982, expires in September
1985. (See Monthly Labor Review, July 1982, p. 54.)
Tire companies adopt 7-day work schedules
In recent months, the major domestic tire producers have
moved to meet increasing demand by negotiating changes
in work schedules to permit greater use of facilities. A major
change was conversion to a 7-day-a-week operation, with
employees working regular hours on weekends at straighttime rates. Previously, the workers generally received timeand-a-half pay for all Saturday work and double time pay
for all Sunday work.
One of the conversions was at General Tire & Rubber
C o.’s Charlotte, N.C., plant, where a 3-year settlement with
United Rubber Workers Local 850 ended a 4-month strike.
In addition to the schedule change, about half the workers
will get immediate wage increases which will widen the
skill differential between job grades. Other terms of the
contract included employee payment of a larger part of
hospital medical-surgical costs; an increase in pension rates
to $15 a month for each of the first 15 years of service,
$16.50 for each of the following 15 years, and $17 for each
year in excess of 30; and a profit-sharing plan.
The terms at the Charlotte plant were similar to those in
earlier settlements at General Tire plants in Waco, Tex.,
and Mayfield, Ky.
At Firestone Tire & Rubber C o., some plants were already
under 7-day-a-week schedules, as provided for under the 3year master agreement negotiated in 1982, while others were
being converted to such schedules under recently negotiated
supplements to the master agreement.
A Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. plant in Tyler, Tex.
shifted to 7-day-a-week operation. The change was part of
a settlement which included several changes designed to
reduce labor costs, in return for a $250 million company
investment to convert the plant from production of bias ply
tires to radial tires.
At a Goodyear plant in Gadsden, Ala., employees re
jected the 7-day-a-week operation because many “ did not
want to give up overtime opportunities or be inconvenienced
by weekend workdays,” according to the company. Good
year claims the proposed schedule change would have added
250 jobs to the 3,600 at the plant, which produces radial
tires.
Dockworkers resolve local issues
Prolonged bargaining between East and Gulf Coast stev
edoring companies and the International Longshoremen’s
Association ended when the parties agreed on the last of
the local supplements to the coastwide master contract. They
had agreed on the wage and benefit terms of the master
contract in April 1983, however, a legal dispute over cargo
containerization rules led the union to schedule a ratification
vote in which members were urged to reject that settlement.
This could have led to a strike but the union canceled the
ratification vote and negotiated a stopgap 106-day master
agreement, during which talks on local issues were expected
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
to be concluded, regardless of the outcome of the court
case. (See Monthly Labor Review, January 1984, p. 40.)
The master agreement, effective through September 30,
1986, contained the same terms for the 50,000 workers as
the 1983 settlements— wage increases of $1 an hour on
October 1 of 1983, 1984, and 1985, and a $1.25-an-hour
increase in employer payments to benefit funds. (See Monthly
Labor Review, October 1983, p. 40.)
The settlements on local issues, which were preceded by
strikes of up to 2 weeks in Baltimore, Philadelphia, Wil
mington, Del., and Boston, varied.
• At the port of New York City-New Jersey, the pension
was changed to $950 a month for employees retiring at
age 62 or later with 40 years of service, from $750 for
those retiring at age 62 or later after 35 years of service.
Eligibility requirements also were tightened for paid va
cations and for the guaranteed annual income plan, under
which employees who worked at least 700 hours in 1965
(the year before the plan was established) are assured of
2,080 hours of work or pay each year.
• At ports between Lake Charles, La., and Brownsville,
Tex., eligibility requirements for the guaranteed annual
income plan also were tightened.
• At Baltimore, the guaranteed annual income level was
maintained at 1,900 hours for those previously eligible,
and set at 1,100 hours for those hired before October 1,
1983, and not previously eligible. Workers hired after
that date are not covered.
• At ports from North Carolina to Florida, the guaranteed
annual income was raised to 1,725 hours a year, from
1,250 hours, but any holiday and vacation pay is now
deducted. The settlement also added a fifth week of paid
vacation for employees with 15 years of service and a
sixth week for those with 20 years of service.
• In Hampton Roads, Va., the guaranteed annual income
was reduced to 1,500 hours, from 1,800.
• In Philadelphia, the guaranteed annual income was re
duced to 1,500 hours, from 1,900.
• In Mobile, Ala., a paid holiday was added, bringing the
total to 16 a year.
The local agreements in some ports, such as New Orleans,
La., and Miami and Fort Lauderdale, Fla., did not provide
for any major changes in wages and benefits.
Unions act to regain share of construction jobs
In the Washington, D.C., area, building trades unions
entered an agreement with a contractors’ association de
signed to regain the increasing share of construction work
lost to nonunion firms in recent years. John O ’Connor,
acting head of the a f l - c i o ’ s Washington Building and Con
struction Trades Council, said that he considered the “ mar
ket recovery agreement” a “ turning point” and that the
concessions were necessary “ to get our people back to work.”
At the time of the settlement, union members reportedly
55
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Developments in Industrial Relations
were performing approximately 20 percent of the building
work in the area, compared with about 75 percent several
years earlier. An important factor in the nonunion firms’
ability to underbid the union contractors apparently is lower
employee compensation, which ranges from about $10 to
$12 an hour, compared with about $16 to $22 an hour for
union workers.
Under the new agreement, which culminated a year of
negotiations, 15 unions and the 34-member Construction
Contractors Council agreed to strive for improvements in
labor and management practices to cut costs, rather than
relying solely on wage cuts. Seven unions did not participate
in the plan because their trade was not threatened by non
union competition, or for other reasons.
The accord, based on a “ model” agreement developed
by the a f l - c i o ’ s Building and Construction Trades De
partment, called for the unions to reduce wage and benefit
costs by 20 percent. Five of the trades attained the goal by
reducing pay by 10 percent and accepting other changes,
including increased use of lower paid “ helpers,” and reg
ular pay instead of time-and-a-half for work performed on
Saturday to make up for work canceled because of bad
weather. The 10 other trades attained the entire 20-percent
reduction through changes in work rules and staffing re
quirements.
The contractors agreed to further reduce costs by eval
uating their operating procedures and making necessary
changes, and they agreed to employ only unionized sub
contractors. Finally, union and management agreed to a
“ no-strike/no-lockout” provision and to resolve all disputes
through a joint committee.
The agreement was signed in February, but the approach
had actually been applied several months earlier in individ
ual settlements between unions and builders. According to
a union official, the approach had contributed to the winning
of $300 million in project contracts by local union firms
since its inception.
Understanding ends nursing home dispute
A dispute between the Nation's largest nursing home
chain and the Food and Commercial Workers and Service
Employees unions ended when the parties signed a letter of
understanding that was expected to lead to a more amicable
relationship. The unions had initiated a “ corporate cam
paign” against Beverly Enterprises, Inc., early in 1983,
claiming that the firm was making improper efforts to thwart
56
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the unions’ joint organizing efforts and, in cases where the
unions were successful, was refusing to bargain in good
faith. The unions also claimed that Beverly was not pro
viding adequate patient care and employee working con
ditions. As part of the campaign, which was terminated
under the accord, the unions sought shareholder support for
resolutions on patient care, issued reports critical of Beverly,
and pressed the Securities and Exchange Commission to
require the chain to provide more financial information in
its required reports to the agency.
Not all aspects of the accord were divulged but the parties
said that it “ defines guidelines for an ongoing relationship,”
that “ resolution of disputes will be handled through a na
tional labor/management task force that will meet regu
larly,” and that all concerned parties were “ committed to
making this understanding work to the benefit of health care
in this country.”
The letter “ reaffirms the principles of employee freedom
of choice on union representation,” and Beverly agreed to
work toward a “ noncoercive” atmosphere during future
organizing efforts. However, a company representative said
that Beverly will not necessarily be neutral with regard to
unionization, that management still believes the best rela
tionship with their employees is a direct relationship.
Beverly is now committed to bargain with the unions
when they win a representation election or when the chain
acquires a nursing home where the unions already hold
bargaining rights. This is a reversal of the anti-union attitude
Beverly had previously demonstrated, according to William
Wynn, president of the Food and Commercial Workers union.
During their organizing campaign— which will be con
tinued— the unions won 28 of 41 representation elections
at company facilities. Beverly owns or operates 800 nursing
homes in 37 States.
The “ corporate campaign” was one of several that unions
have mounted in recent years. The most famous, involving
J.P. Stevens & Co. and the Clothing and Textile Workers,
ended with a settlement in October 1983. (See Monthly
Labor Review, January 1984, p. 41.) Another recent accord
that provided for a lessening of labor-management discord
was between Litton Industries, Inc., and the a f l - c i o ’ s In
dustrial Union Department. Currently, the Auto Workers
union has a campaign underway against General Dynamics
Corp., which it describes as “ the nation’s premier symbol
of the arrogance of corporate power.” About 1,400 u a w
members have been on strike against the company’s Electric
Boat Division in Groton, Conn., since June 9, 1983. □
Book Reviews
Key to improving performance?
Management Support Systems: A Pragmatic Approach.
By Harry Katzan, Jr. New York, Van Nostrand Rein
hold Co., 1984. 115 pp., bibliography.
The debate over, and suggestions for, the application of
electronic computing capabilities to the management func
tion has taken place since those “ early” days in which
computers served mostly as accounting and recordkeeping
machines. In fact, those functions probably still predomi
nate. But as the capability and efficiency of computers in
creased, more and more possibilities were apparent. Systems
were seen as providing information in forms useful for “ higher
level” management, for transforming offices through elec
tronic word processing, filing, and communications, and,
more recently, for supporting directly the decision process
including its more subjective and probabilistic aspects. For
all of the change, and for all of the substantial gains in
efficiency of data and information handling, though, the
search for the optimum use of computing capability in aid
of the management function continues. In Management Sup
port Systems, Harry Katzan has proposed an operational
framework in which most current computer-based infor
mation systems (database, management information, deci
sion-support, and office information/automation) would be
viewed and constructed in an integrated manner.
Katzan defines a “ management support system” as a
“ computer-based information system that supports execu
tive, management, and administrative activity through in
formational and computational resources. ” He contends that
management style and the overall organizational environ
ment are important in determining “ how a person views
information” and “ how effective a management support
system could be in (a particular) organizational setting.”
The author attributes many of the weaknesses of previous
computer-based information systems to the failure to ac
count adequately for these broader concerns.
Effective management support ranges from the concept
of a database and its development to modeling and other
simulation facilities. Apart from the technical characteristics
of this scheme (databases, relational software, prototyping,
and so on), Katzan proposes an “ information center” as a
distinct organizational entity which provides services such
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
as direct assistance, consulting, and education to the enduser of information. Katzan uses specific cases in an ex
planatory sense, and includes numerous diagrams of varying
degrees of usefulness, some of which will be heavy going
for the reader who does not have a computer systems back
ground.
The author is correct in his formal recognition of the
importance of perception, organization, and management
style in defining a “ system” to support management. As
he points out, it is true that in time “ buzzwords” of new
systems are removed from their original context (in which
they described a particular system approach or environment,
for example, “ management information system” , or “ m i s ” ;
“ decision support system” , or “ d s s ” ) to a marketing one.
However, Katzan’s criticism of this tendency may be a bit
overdone because it does not do justice to the intellectual
concept which first led to the terminology. After all, “ man
agement support system” could also become a buzzword.
It is quite possible, as many of the authors cited in Katzan’s
bibliography have done, to use the concept of “ decision
support system” as a useful framework for systems devel
opment in an intellectual, as opposed to a commercial or
bureaucratic, way.
The danger in Katzan’s approach is in expanding the
definition of a concept so that it includes every conceivable
thing that touches it. When a management support system
is defined to include the entire computer system and or
ganizational and psychological environments, many of the
specific suggestions and analyses become difficult to eval
uate outside a particular organizational or temporal setting.
That is, what Katzan is suggesting may or may not be
effective in any one place or time, depending on all these
factors.
In summary, the author’s general view, which extends
the consideration of information systems development be
yond the computer environment, and his general focus on
adaptability to the varying needs of the end-user of infor
mation, are good (if not original) steps. This book provides
some useful topics for consideration.
— C h a r l e s E. N a s h
Director, Management Information Staff
Bureau of Labor Statistics
57
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Book Reviews
Publications received
Agriculture and natural resources
Duncan, Marvin and Mark Drabenstott, “ Better Times Ahead for
Agriculture,” Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of
Kansas City, December 1983, pp. 22 -3 6 .
Farnsworth, Richard L. and Joe Moffitt, “ Farmers’ Perceptions
and Information Sources: A Quantitative Analysis,” Agri
cultural Economics Research, January 1984, pp. 8 -1 1 .
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, “ Aid
to Food and Agriculture: A Permanent Challenge,” The oecd
Observer, November 1983, pp. 12-16.
Paarlberg, Philip L., “ When Are Export Subsidies Rational?”
Agricultural Economics Research, January 1984, pp. 1-7.
Economic growth and development
Eichner, Alfred S., “ Budgeting for Peace and Growth,” Chal
lenge, January-February 1984. pp. 9 -2 0 .
Fellner, William, ed.. Essays in Contemporary Economic Prob
lems: Disinflation. Washington. American Enterprise Insti
tute for Public Policy Research, 1984. 324 pp.
Galbraith, John Kenneth. “ Keynes. Roosevelt, and the Comple
mentary Revolutions.” Challenge. January-February 1984.
pp. 4 -8 .
Economic and social statistics
Green. Gordon and John Coder. "Counting What You Keep."
American Demographics, February 1984. pp. 22-27.
Grossman. Sanford J. and Oliver D. Hart. Implicit Contracts Un
der Asymmetric Information. Reprinted from the Quarterlx
Journal of Economics, Vol. 98. Supplement 1983. pp. 123—
56. Cambridge. Mass.. National Bureau of Economic Re
search. Inc. ( nber Reprint. 430.) S I.50.
Jaeger. Riehard M.. Statistics: A Spectator Sport. Beverly Hills.
Calif.. Sage Publications. 1983. 350 pp. S27.95. cloth: $14.95.
paper.
Lazcr. William. "How Rising Affluenee Will Reshape Markets."
American Demographics. February 1984. pp. 16-21.
Robey. Bryant and Cheryl Russell. "Trends: All Americans."
American Demographics, February 1984. pp. 32-35.
Education
Blakemore. Arthur E. and Stuart A. Low. "Scholarship Policy
and Race-Sex Differences in the Demand for Higher Edu
cation." Economic Inquiry, October 1983. pp. 504-19.
“ Federal Involvement in Education: In Pursuit of Equity and Qual
ity." ikj Policy Notes, Institute for Research on Educational
Finance and Governance. Fall 1983. pp. 1-2.
Schocny, Donna Hager and Larry E. Decker, eds.. Community.
Educational, and Social Impact Perspectives. Lanham. Md..
University Press of America. Inc.. 1983. 227 pp. $22.50.
cloth; $10.75. paper.
Health and safety
Aaron. Henry J. and William B. Schwartz. The Painful Prescrip
tion: Rationing Hospital Care. Washington. The Brookings
Institution, 1984, 161 pp. $22.95. cloth: $8.95. paper.
Bcquele, Asscfa, “ The Cost and Benefits of Protecting and Saving
Lives at Work: Some Issues," International Labour Review,
January-February 1984, pp. 1-16.
58
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Hausman, Jerry A ., Bart D. Ostro, David A. Wise, Air Pollution
and Lost Work. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Eco
nomic Research, Inc., 1983, 34 pp. (nber Working Paper
Series, 1263.) $1.50.
International Labour Office, Accident Prevention: A Workers’ Ed
ucation Manual. Geneva, International Labour Office, 1983,
175 pp. Available in the United States from the Washington
branch o f il o .
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, A Report to
Congress on the Evaluation o f Health Manpower Shortage
Area Criteria, 1983. Rockville, Md., U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Health
Resources and Services Administration, 1983, 189 pp.
Industrial relations
Blumrosen, Alfred W. and James M. Culp, “ Reducing the Work
week to Expand Employment: A Survey of Industrial Re
sponse,” Employee Relations Law Journal, Winter 1983-84,
pp. 393-415.
Cook, Alice H., Val R. Lorwin, Arlene Kaplan Daniels, eds.,
Women and Trade Unions in Eleven Industrialized Countries.
Philadelphia, Pa., Temple University Press. 1984, 327 pp.
$34.95.
Ehrenberg, Ronald G ., Leif Danziger, Gee San. Cost-of-Living
Adjustment Clauses in Union Contracts: A Summary o f Re
sults. Reprinted from the Journal of Labor Economics, July
1983. pp. 2 15-45. Cambridge. Mass.. National Bureau of
Economic Research. Inc.. 1983. ( nber Reprint. 440.) $1.50.
Landau. C. E.. "Recent Legislation and Case Law in the EEC on
Sex Equality and Employment." International Labour Re
view, January-February 1984. pp. 53-70.
Industry and government organization
Badaracco. Joseph L.. Jr. and David B. Yoflfie. '"Industrial Pol
icy': It Can't Happen Here." Harvard Business Review, No
vember-December 1983. pp. 96-105.
Reich, Robert B ., The Next American Frontier. New York, Times
Book Co., Inc., 1983, 324 pp. $16.60.
International economics
Bernstein. Paul. "Swedish Wage-Earner Fund: The Eighth Epi
sode." World o f Work Report, February 1984. pp. 5 -6 .
Brada. Josef C. and Jose A. Mendez. "Regional Economic In
tegration and the Volume of Intra-Regionai Trade: A Com
parison of Developed and Developing Country Experience."
Kyklos, Vol. 36. 1983. Fasc. 4. pp. 589-603.
Brander. James and Paul Krugman. "A 'Reciprocal Dumping"
Model of International Trade." Journal o f International Eco
nomics, November 1983. pp. 313-21.
Clausen. A. W.. "Let's Not Panic About Third World Debts,"
Harvard Business Review, November-December 1983. pp
106-14.
Enders. Walter and Harvey E. Lapan. "On the Relationship Be
tween the Exchange Regime and the Portfolio Rules of Op
timizing A gents." Journal o f International Economics.
November 1983. pp. 199-224.
Feldstein, Martin. “ Why the Dollar is Strong." Challenge, Jan
uary-February 1984. pp. 37-41.
Goode, Richard, Government Finance in Developing Countries.
Washington. The Brookings Institution. 1984, 334 pp. $31.95,
cloth; $11.95, paper.
Hamilton. Bob and John Whalley. “ Optimal Tariff Calculations
in Alternative Trade Models and Some Possible Implications
for Current World Trade Arrangements,” J o u r n a l o f I n te r
n a tio n a l E c o n o m ic s , November 1983, pp. 323-48.
International Labour Organization, C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g : A R e
s p o n s e to th e R e c e s s io n in I n d u s tr ia liz e d M a r k e t E c o n o m y
Geneva, International Labour Office, 1984, 275
pp. Distributed in the United States by the Washington Branch
C o u n tr ie s .
of ILO.
------- W o r ld L a b o u r R e p o r t: V o l. I, E m p lo y m e n t, I n c o m e s , S o c ia l
Geneva, Interna
tional Labour Organization, 1984, 215 pp. $25.65. Available
in the United States from the Washington Branch of ilo.
Jones, Ronald W. and Fumio Dei, “ International Trade and For
eign Investment: A Simple Model,” E c o n o m ic In q u iry 1, Oc
tober 1983, pp. 449-64.
Koskela, Erkki and Matti Viren, “ National Debt Neutrality: Some
International Evidence,” K y k lo s , Vol. 36, 1983, Fasc. 4,
pp. 575-88.
Levin, Jay H., “ The J-Curve, Rational Expectations, and the
Stability of the Flexible Exchange Rate System,” J o u r n a l o f
I n te r n a tio n a l E c o n o m ic s , November 1983, pp. 239-51.
Yano, Makoto, “ Welfare Aspects of the Transfer Problem,” J o u r
n a l o f I n te r n a tio n a l E c o n o m ic s , November 1983, pp. 27789.
P r o te c tio n , N e w I n fo r m a tio n T e c h n o lo g y .
Johnson, Terry R., Katherine P. Dickinson, Richard W. West,
O l d e r W o r k e r s ' R e s p o n s e s to J o b D is p la c e m e n t a n d th e A s
Washington,
National Commission for Employment Policy, 1983, 31 pp.
(Research Report Series, 83-13).
Leontief, Wassily and Faye Duchin, T h e I m p a c ts o f A u to m a tio n
o n E m p lo y m e n t, ¡ 9 6 3 - 2 0 0 0 . New York, New York Univer
sity, Institute for Economic Analysis, 1983, 353 pp.
Levitan, Uri, “ Working and Aging in the Kibbutz: Some Rele
vances for the Larger Society,” A g in g a n d W o rk , Vol. 6,
No. 3, 1983, pp. 215-26.
Mayer, Jean, “ Regional Employment Development: The Evolu
tion of Theory and Practice,” I n te r n a tio n a l L a b o u r R e v ie w .
s is ta n c e P r o v i d e d b y th e E m p lo y m e n t S e r v ic e .
J a n u a ry-F eb ru a ry, 1984, p p . 1 7 -3 4 .
Osterman, Paul, ed., I n te r n a l L a b o r M a r k e ts . Cambridge, Mass.,
The mit Press, 1984, 296 pp. $30.
Reubens, Beatrice G ., ed.. Y ou th a t W o rk : A n I n te r n a tio n a l S u r
v e y . Totowa, N .J., Rowman & Allanheld. Publishers, 1983,
347 pp. $48.50.
Schwartz, Gail Garfield and William Ncikirk. T h e W o rk R e v o
lu tio n . New York, Rawson Associates. 1983. 255 pp.. bib
liography. $14.95.
Shapiro. David and Steven H. Sandell. A g e D is c r im in a tio n a n d
L a b o r M a r k e t P r o b le m s o f D i s p l a c e d O ld e r M a le W o r k e r s .
1 9 7 0 s . New York, New York University Press, 1984, 227
pp. $30.
Willenz, June A., W o m e n V e te r a n s : A m e r ic a 's F o r g o tte n H e r o
in e s . New York, Continuum Publishing Co.. 1983. 252
pp. $19.50.
Washington. National Commission for Employment Policy.
1983. 16 pp. (Research Report Scries. 8 3 -1 0 .)
van Ginneken, Woutcr. ''Employment and the Reduction of the
Work Week: A Comparison of Seven European Macro-Eco
nomic M odels.” I n te r n a tio n a l L a b o u r R e v ie w . January-Feb
ruary 1984, pp. 35-52.
White. Barbara Ann. "Optimal Strategics for Workers on Tem
porary Layoff.” E c o n o m ic I n q u ir y . October 1983. pp. 5 2044.
Labor force
Management and organization theory
Ahmad, Zubeida, “ Rural Women and Their Work: Dependence
and Alternatives for Change,” I n te r n a tio n a l L a b o u r R e v ie w .
January-February 1984, pp. 71-86.
Best, Fred J. and Sherry M. Bell, L a b o r D e m a n d F o r e c a s tin g f o r
L o s A n g e le s : C a n E x is tin g S y s te m s B e I m p r o v e d ? Los An
geles, Calif., Los Angeles Business Labor Council, 1983,
80 pp.
Brown, Charles, M ilita r y E n lis tm e n ts : W h a t C a n W e L e a r n f r o m
G e o g r a p h ic V a r ia tio n ? Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau
of Economic Research, Inc., 1984, 40 pp. ( nber Working
Paper Series, 1261.) $1.50.
Butler, Robert N., “Current Data Inconclusive About Aged’s Health
and Work,” A g in g a n d W o r k , Vol. 6, No. 3, 1983, pp. 187—
95.
Clark, Robert L., S o u r c e s o f L a b o r M a r k e t P r o b le m s o f O ld e r
Bledsoe. Ralph C. "Technology and Government Management.”
T h e B u r e a u c r a t. Winter 1983-84. pp. 29-34.
Budd, John F.>Jr.: Bruce C. Pennington, consulting ed.. C o r
Labor and economic history
Newman, Robert J.,
G r o w th in th e A m e r ic a n S o u th : C h a n g in g
R e g io n a l E m p lo y m e n t a n d W a g e P a tte r n s in th e 1 9 6 0 s a n d
P e r s o n s W h o A r e A ls o W o m e n , H a n d ic a p p e d , a n d /o r M e m
Washington, National Commission
for Employment Policy, 1983, 38 pp. (Research Report Se
ries, 83-05.)
Feldman, Jacob J., “ Work Ability of the Aged Under Conditions
of Improving Mortality,” A g in g a n d W o rk , Vol. 6, No. 3,
1983, pp. 197-213.
Hausman, Jerry and Paul Ruud, F a m ily L a b o r S u p p ly w ith T a x e s.
Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research,
Inc., 1984, 15 pp. ( nber Working Paper Series, 1271.) $1.50.
Hoop, Charles C. and Joseph N. Wolzansky, “ Matching WhiteCollar Skills to the Work,” H a r v a r d B u s in e s s R e v ie w , November-December 1983, beginning on p. 64.
b e r s o f M in o r ity G r o u p s .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
p o r a t e V id e o in F o c u s : A M a n a g e m e n t G u id e to P r iv a te T V .
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.. Prentice-Hall. Inc., 1983. 210 pp.
$10.95.
Cooper. Elizabeth A. and Gerald V. Barrett, "Equal Pay and
Gender: Implications of Court Cases for Personnel Prac
tices,” T h e A c a d e m y o f M a n a g e m e n t R e v ie w , January 1984,
pp. 8 4 -94.
Cummings, Larry L., "Compensation. Culture, and Motivation:
A Systems Perspective,” O r g a n iz a tio n a l D y n a m ic s , Winter
1984, pp. 33-44.
Howard, Ann, Keitaro Shudo, Miyo Umcshima, “ Motivation and
Values Among Japanese and American Managers, P e r s o n n e l
P s y c h o lo g y , Winter 1983, pp. 883-98.
Imberman, Woodruff, “ Who Strikes— and W hy,” H a r v a r d B u s i
n e s s R e v ie w , November-December 1983, beginning on p. 18.
Jackofsky, Ellen F., “ Turnover and Job Performance: An Inte
grated Process M odel,” T h e A c a d e m y o f M a n a g e m e n t R e
v ie w , January 1984, pp. 7 4 -83.
Leavitt, Roy L., ed., E m p lo y e e A s s is ta n c e a n d C o u n s e lin g P r o
g r a m s : H e lp f o r E m p lo y e e s . . . H ig h R e tu r n s f o r C o m p a n ie s
( P r o c e e d in g s o f a R e s e a r c h
U tiliz a tio n
W o rk sh o p on E m
New York, Community
Council of Greater New York, 1983, 71 pp.
Matzer, John, Jr., ed., C r e a tiv e P e r s o n n e l P r a c tic e s : N e w I d e a s
f o r L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t. Washington, International City Manp l o y e r S p o n s o r e d H u m a n S e r v ic e s ) .
59
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Book Reviews
agement Association, 1984, 247 pp. $19.50, paper.
Shrivastava, Paul and Ian I. Mitroff, “ Enhancing Organizational
Research Utilization: The Role of Decision Makers’ As
sumptions,” T h e A c a d e m y o f M a n a g e m e n t R e v ie w , January
1984, pp. 18-26.
Stonich, Paul J. “ The Performance Measurement and Reward
System: Critical to Strategic Management,” O r g a n iz a tio n a l
D y n a m ic s , Winter 1984, pp. 4 5 -5 7 .
Yankelovich, Daniel and John Immerwahr, “ Putting the Work
Ethic to Work,” S o c ie ty , January-February 1984, pp. 5 8 76.
Monetary and fiscal policy
Abrams, Richard K., Richard Froyen, Roger N. Waud, “ The State
of the Federal Budget and the State of the Economy.” E c o
n o m ic In q u ir y , October 1983. pp. 485-503.
Drabcnstott, Mark, Marvin Duncan. Anne O'Mara McDonley.
“ Fiscal Condition of Tenth District States.” E c o n o m ic R e
v ie w , Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, January 1984,
pp. 9 -2 6 .
Hansson. Ingcmar and Charles Stuart. "Taxation. Government
Spending, and Labor Supply: A Diagrammatic Exposition,”
E c o n o m ic I n q u ir y , October 1983. pp. 584-87.
Miller, Glenn H., Jr.. Karlyn Mitchell. Dan Hoxworth. "The U.S.
Economy and Monetary Policy in 1983.” E c o n o m ic R e v ie w ,
Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. December 1983. pp.
3-21.
Pardee. Scott E.. "Prospects for i.ijc Debt and the Dollar.” E c o
n o m ic R e v ie w , Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas Citv. January
1984. pp. 3 -8 .
Roley. V. Vance and Rick Troll. "The Impact of Discount Rate
Changes on Market Interest Rates." E c o n o m ic R e v ie w . Fed
eral Reserve Bank of Kansas City. January 1984. pp. 27-39.
Productivity and technological change
Leonard. Jonathan S.. A n ti- D is c r im in a tio n o r R e v e r s e D is c r im i
n a tio n : T h e I m p a c t o f C h a n g in g D e m o g r a p h ic s . T itle VII a n d
A ffir m a tiv e A c tio n on P r o d u c tiv ity . Cambridge. Mass.. Na
tional Bureau of Economic Research. Inc.. 1983. 40 pp.
( nber Working Paper Series. 1240.) $1.50.
MacDonald. Stuart. D. McL. Lamberton. Thomas Mandeville.
cds.. T h e T r o u b le w ith T e c h n o lo g y : E x p lo r a tio n s in th e P r o
c e s s o f T e c h n o lo g ic a l C h a n g e . New York. St. Martin's Press.
1983.' 224 pp.. $25.
Mohnen. Pierre A .. M. Ishaq Nadiri. Ingmar R. Prucha. R e s e a r c h
ity,” J o u r n a l o f P o s t K e y n e s ia n E c o n o m ic s , Winter 1983—
84, pp. 161-79.
Wages and compensation
Hamermesh, Daniel S ., N e w M e a s u r e s o f L a b o r C o s t: I m p lic a tio n s
f o r D e m a n d E la s tic itie s a n d N o m in a l W a g e G r o w th . Re
printed from T h e M e a s u r e m e n t o f L a b o r C o s t, Jack E. Tri
plett, ed. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic
Research, Inc., 1983. ( n b er Reprint, 439.) $1.50.
Reichenberg, Neil E., ed., “ Special Issue: Comparable Worth,”
P u b lic P e r s o n n e l M a n a g e m e n t, Winter 1983, pp. 323-466.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, I n d u s tr y W a g e S u r v e y : C o m p u te r
a n d D a t a P r o c e s s in g S e r v ic e s , O c to b e r 1 9 8 2 . Prepared by
Carl Barsky. Washington, 1983, 52 pp. (Bulletin 2184.) Stock
No. 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -0 2 7 9 1 -5 . $2, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington 20402.
Varadarajan, Poondi and Charles M. Futrell, “ Marketing Exec
utives’ Perceptions of the Determinants of Salary Increases:
A Factor Analytic Study,” A k r o n B u s in e s s a n d E c o n o m ic
R e v ie w , Winter 1983, pp. 6-1 3 .
Welfare programs and social insurance
Gunderson. Morley. E c o n o m ic s o f P o v e r ty a n d I n c o m e D i s t r i
b u tio n . Toronto. Ontario. Canada. Butterworth & Co., Ltd.,
1983. 171 pp. (Studies in Law and Economics.) $39.95,
Butterworth. Scarborough. Ontario.
Gustman. Alan L. and Thomas L. Steinmeier. A S tr u c tu r a l R e
tir e m e n t M o d e l . Cambridge. Mass.. National Bureau of Eco
nomic Research. Inc.. 1983. 53 pp. ( nber Working Paper
Series. 1237.) $1.50.
Mouly. Jean. "The Economic Productivity of Social Programs,”
I n te r n a tio n a l S o c ia l S e c u r i n R e v i e w , March 1983. pp. 3 27334.
Necheles-Jansyn. Ruth F.. "Retirement in Academe: Special Case
or Social Model?” A g in g a n d W o rk , Vol. 6. No. 3. 1983.
pp. 175-85.
Poats. Rutherford M.. "Towards More Effective Campaigns Against
Poverty.” T h e oecd O b s e r v e r , November 1983. pp. 5 -1 1 .
Rice. Dorothy P.. "Long-Term Care of the Elderly and Disabled.”
I n te r n a tio n a l S o c ia l S e c u rin ' R e v ie w , March 1983. pp. 299326.
Thompson. Lawrence H.. "The Social Security Reform Debate.”
J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic L ite r a tu r e , December 1983. pp. 1425—
67.
Worker training and development
a n d D e v e lo p m e n t E x p e n d itu r e (R&D), P r o d u c tio n S tr u c tu r e ,
Reesman. Cilla J.. Kalman Rupp. Richard E. Mantovani. C o o r
a n d P r o d u c tiv ity G r o w th in th e U . S . , J a p a n e s e , a n d G e r m a n
M a n u fa c tu r in g S e c to r s . Cambridge. Mass.. National Bureau
d in a tio n a n d C o o p e r a tio n B e tw e e n S e n io r C o m m u n ity S e r v ic e
of Economic Research. Inc.. 1984. 51 pp. ( nber Working
Paper Scries. 1264.) $1.50.
Pcitchinis. Stephen G.. C o m p u te r T e c h n o lo g y a n d E m p lo y m e n t:
R e tr o s p e c t a n d P r o s p e c t. New York. St. Martin's Press. 1983.
191 pp.. bibliography. $35.
Roscnbrock, H. H., "Robots and People.” W o rk a n d P e o p le , Vol.
9. No. 2. 1983, pp. 14-21.
Stollcry, Kenneth R., P r o d u c tiv ity T r e n d s a n d th e ir C a u s e s in th e
C a n a d ia n M in in g I n d u s tr y , 1 9 5 7 - 7 9 . Ottawa. Ontario. Eco
nomic Council of Canada, 1983. 86 pp.. bibliography. (Dis
cussion Paper 248.)
Sylos-Labini, Paolo, "Factors Affecting Changes in Productiv
60
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E m p lo y m e n t P r o g r a m ( scsep ) a n d C o m p r e h e n s iv e E m p lo y
m e n t a n d T r a in in g A c t ( ceta ). Washington. National Com
mission for Employment Policy. 1983. 13 pp. (Research Report
Series. 83-03).
Rupp, Kalman and others. E lig ib ility a n d P a r tic ip a tio n R a te s o f
O ld e r A m e r ic a n s in E m p lo y m e n t a n d T r a in in g P r o g r a m s .
—
Washington. National Commission for Employment Policy.
1983. 25 pp. (Research Report Series. 83-11).
Edward C. Bryant. Richard E. Mantovani. F a c to r s A ffe c tin g
th e P a r tic ip a tio n o f O ld e r A m e r ic a n s in E m p lo y m e n t a n d
Washington. National Commission for
Employment Policy. 1983, 23 pp. (Research Report Series,
83-04).
□
T r a in in g P r o g r a m s .
Current
Labor Statistics
Notes on Current Labor Statistics ..................................................................................................................................
62
Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series ...............................................................................
62
Employment data from household survey. Definitions and notes ...............................................................
63
63
64
65
66
66
67
67
67
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-83 ............................
Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex, seasonallyadjusted . . . .
Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted ................
Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted.......................................................................................................
Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted...................................................................................................
Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted .............................................................................................
Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted.......................................................................
Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted..............................................................................................................
Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-83 .........................................................................................................
Employment by State ........................................................................................................................................................
Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ...............................................
Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-83 ...............................................................................
Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ........................................
Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group .........................................................................
Hourly Earnings Index, by industry division ..................................................................................................................
Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group .........................................................................
Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased.....................................................................................
Unemployment insurance data. Definitions..............................................................................................................
18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations .......................................................................................
Price data. Definitions and notes
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Consumer Price Index, 1967-83 ......................................................................................................................................
Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, general summary and selected item s...........................................................
Consumer Price Index, cross-classification of region and population size c la ss.............................................................
Consumer Price Index, selected areas ..............................................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing ...............................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings ...........................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes, by special commodity groupings...............................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product .............................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries
........................................................................
Productivity data. Definitions and notes
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
.....................................................................................................................
Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures,selected years, 1948-82 ...........................................
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices,selected years, 1950-83 .....................
Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1972-83 .............................................
Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonallyadjusted ...........................
Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unitcosts, and prices.............
Wage and compensation data. Definitions and notes
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
.........................................................................................
Employment Cost Index, by occupation and industry group ...........................................................................................
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group .........................................................
Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and areasize ...................................
Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1978 to date................................................
Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more,1978 to date ....................
Work stoppage data. Definition ....................................
38.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date
68
69
69
70
71
72
73
73
74
74
75
75
76
77
77
83
84
85
86
88
88
89
90
91
91
92
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
98
99
99
NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
This section of the R e v ie w presents the principal statistical series
collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A brief
introduction to each group of tables provides definitions, notes on
the data, sources, and other material usually found in footnotes.
Readers who need additional information are invited to consult
the BLS regional offices listed on the inside front cover of this
issue of the R e v ie w . Some general notes applicable to several series
are given below.
quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer
Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published
for the U.S. average. All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent
changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some
data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These ad
justments are made by dividing current dollar values by the Consumer
Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying
by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current
price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed
in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The resulting values are
described as “ real,” “ constant,” or “ 1967” dollars.
Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to
eliminate the effect of such factors as climatic conditions, industry pro
duction schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods,
and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short-term movements
o f the statistical series. Tables containing these data are identified as “ sea
sonally adjusted.” Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past
experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions
may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years.
Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 3 - 8 were revised in the
February 1984 issue of the R eview , to reflect experience through 1983.
Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifications
in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the
data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure called X -11 /
ARIMA. which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the
standard X-l 1 method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in
The X - l I ARIMA S eason al A djustm ent M ethod by Estela Bee Dagum
(Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E. February 1980). The second
change is that seasonal factors are now being calculated for use during the
first 6 months of the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are
calculated at mid-year for the July-December period. Revisions of historical
data continue to be made only at the end of each calendar year.
Annual revision of the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables
11. 13. and 15 were made in July 1983 using the X-l 1 ARIMA seasonal
adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity data in
tables 29 and 30 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally
adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from
Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this section
are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety o f sources.
Press releases provide the latest statistical information published by the
Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule
given below. More information from household and establishment surveys
is provided in E m ploym ent an d E arnings, a monthly publication o f the
Bureau. Comparable household information is published in a two-volume
data book - L a b o r F orce S tatistics D e riv e d From the C urrent P opulation
Survey, Bulletin 2096. Comparable establishment information appears in
two data books-E m p lo y m e n t an d E arnings, U nited S tates, and E m ploy
m ent an d E arnings, States an d A reas, and their annual supplements. More
detailed information on wages and other aspects of collective bargaining
appears in the monthly periodical. C urrent W age D evelopm en ts. More
detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals, the
CPI D e ta ile d R eport and P rodu cer P rices an d P rice Indexes.
Symbols
p = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series, pre
liminary figures are issued based on representative but in
complete returns.
r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of
later data but may also reflect other adjustments,
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
Schedule of release dates for BLS statistical series
R e le a s e
P e r io d
R e le a s e
P e r io d
R e le a s e
P e r io d
M L R ta b le
d a te
co v e re d
d a te
c o v e re d
d a te
c o v e re d
num ber
S e r ie s
E m p l o y m e n t s it u a t io n
..................................................
P r o d u c e r P r ic e In d e x
4
A p ril
June
1
M ay
J u ly
6
June
1 -1 1
M a y 11
A p ril
J u n e 15
M ay
J u ly 13
June
2 3 -2 7
M ay
C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x ..................................................
M ay 22
A p ril
J u n e 22
M ay
J u ly 2 4
June
1 9 -2 2
R e a l e a r n i n g s .......................................................................
M ay 22
A p ril
J u n e 22
M ay
J u ly 24
June
1 2 -1 6
M ay 29
1 s t q u a r te r
P r o d u c t iv it y a n d c o s t s :
2 9 -3 2
2 9 -3 2
J u ly 2 7
J u ly 31
62
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 6 -3 7
2 n d q u a r te r
3 3 -3 5
EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
Employment data in this section are obtained from the Current
Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted
monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000 households selected
to represent the U.S population 16 years of age and older. House
holds are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of
the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months.
Definitions
Employed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any
time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who
worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and
(2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of
illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members of the
Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the em
ployed total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in
the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours.
Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey
week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had
looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look
for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within
the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The overall
unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of
the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The unemployment
1.
rate for all civilian workers represents the number unemployed as a percent
of the civilian labor force.
The labor force consists of all employed or unemployed civilians plus
members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not
in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed;
this group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own
housework, those not working while attending school, those unable to
work because of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work
because of personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily
idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of
age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sani
tariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members of the
Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The labor force participation
rate is the proportion of the noninstitutional population that is in the labor
force. The employment-population ratio is total employment (including
the resident Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional population.
Notes on the data
From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments
are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating
errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the compara
bility of historical data presented in table 1. A description of these ad
justments and their effect on the various data series appear in the Explanatory
Notes of Employment and Earnings.
Data in tables 2-8 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal ex
perience through December 1983.
Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-83
[ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ]
L a b o r fo rc e
E m p lo y e d
U n e m p lo y e d
N o n in s t i
Year
p o p u la tio n
N o t in
C iv ilia n
t u tio n a l
P erce n t of
R e s id e n t
N um ber
p o p u la t io n
P erce n t of
P erce n t of
T o ta l
N o n a g r i-
A rm e d
p o p u la tio n
F o rc e s
T o ta l
A g r ic u ltu re
N um ber
c u ltu ra l
la b o r fo rc e
la b o r
fo rc e
in d u s t r ie s
1950
.....................
1 0 6 ,1 6 4
6 3 ,3 7 7
5 9 .7
6 0 ,0 8 7
56 6
1 ,1 6 9
5 8 ,9 1 8
7 ,1 6 0
5 1 ,7 5 8
3 .2 8 8
5 .2
4 2 ,7 8 7
1955
.....................
1 1 1 ,7 4 7
6 7 ,0 8 7
60 0
6 4 ,2 3 4
5 7 .5
2 ,0 6 4
6 2 ,1 7 0
6 ,4 5 0
5 5 ,7 2 2
2 .8 5 2
4 .3
4 4 ,6 6 0
1960
.....................
1 1 9 ,1 0 6
7 1 ,4 8 9
6 0 .0
6 7 ,6 3 9
5 6 .8
1 ,8 6 1
6 5 ,7 7 8
5 ,4 5 8
6 0 ,3 1 8
3 .8 5 2
5 .4
4 6 ,6 1 7
1965
.....................
1 2 8 ,4 5 9
7 6 ,4 0 1
5 9 .5
7 3 ,0 3 4
56 9
1 ,9 4 6
7 1 ,0 8 8
4 ,3 6 1
6 6 ,7 2 6
3 ,3 6 6
4 .4
5 2 ,0 5 8
1966
.....................
1 3 0 ,1 8 0
7 7 ,8 9 2
59 8
3 .7
5 2 ,2 8 8
1967
.....................
1 3 2 ,0 9 2
7 9 ,5 6 5
60 2
7 6 ,5 9 0
5 8 .0
2 ,2 1 8
7 4 ,3 7 2
3 ,8 4 4
7 0 ,5 2 7
2 ,9 7 5
3 .7
5 2 ,5 2 7
60 3
7 8 ,1 7 3
5 8 .2
2 ,2 5 3
7 5 ,9 2 0
3 ,8 1 7
7 2 ,1 0 3
2 ,8 1 7
3 5
5 3 ,2 9 1
5 3 ,6 0 2
7 5 ,0 1 7
5 7 .6
2 ,1 2 2
7 2 ,8 9 5
3 .9 7 9
6 8 ,9 1 5
2 ,8 7 5
1968
.....................
1 3 4 ,2 8 1
8 0 ,9 9 0
1969
.....................
1 3 6 ,5 7 3
8 2 ,9 7 2
60 8
8 0 ,1 4 0
5 8 .7
2 ,2 3 8
7 7 ,9 0 2
3 ,6 0 6
7 4 ,2 9 6
2 ,8 3 2
3 .4
1970
.....................
1 3 9 ,2 0 3
8 4 ,8 8 9
6 1 .0
8 0 ,7 9 6
5 8 .0
2 ,1 1 8
7 8 ,6 7 8
3 ,4 6 3
7 5 ,2 1 5
4 ,0 9 3
4 .8
5 4 ,3 1 5
1971
.....................
1 4 2 ,1 8 9
8 6 ,3 5 5
6 0 .7
8 1 ,3 4 0
5 7 .2
1 ,9 7 3
7 9 ,3 6 7
3 ,3 9 4
7 5 ,9 7 2
5 ,0 1 6
5 .8
5 5 ,8 3 4
1972
.....................
1 4 5 ,9 3 9
8 8 ,8 4 7
60 9
8 3 ,9 6 6
5 7 .5
1 ,8 1 3
8 2 ,1 5 3
3 ,4 8 4
7 8 ,6 6 9
4 ,8 8 2
5 .5
5 7 ,0 9 1
1973
.....................
1 4 8 ,8 7 0
9 1 ,2 0 3
6 1 .3
8 6 ,8 3 8
5 8 .3
1 ,7 7 4
8 5 ,0 6 4
3 ,4 7 0
8 1 ,5 9 4
4 ,3 5 5
4 .8
5 7 ,6 6 7
1974
.....................
1 5 1 ,8 4 1
9 3 ,6 7 0
6 1 .7
8 8 ,5 1 5
5 8 .3
1 ,7 2 1
8 6 ,7 9 4
3 ,5 1 5
8 3 ,2 7 9
5 ,1 5 6
5 .5
5 8 ,1 7 1
1975
.....................
1 5 4 ,8 3 1
9 5 ,4 5 3
6 1 .6
8 7 ,5 2 4
5 6 .5
1 ,6 7 8
8 5 ,8 4 5
3 ,4 0 8
8 2 ,4 3 8
7 ,9 2 9
8 .3
1976
.....................
1 5 7 ,8 1 8
9 7 ,8 2 6
6 2 .0
9 0 ,4 2 0
5 7 .3
1 ,6 6 8
8 8 ,7 5 2
3 ,3 3 1
8 5 ,4 2 1
7 ,4 0 6
7 .6
5 9 ,9 9 1
9 2 ,0 1 7
3 ,2 8 3
8 8 ,7 3 4
6 ,9 9 1
6 .9
6 0 ,0 2 5
5 9 ,6 5 9
5 9 ,3 7 7
.....................
1 6 0 ,6 8 9
1 0 0 ,6 6 5
6 2 .6
9 3 ,6 7 3
5 8 .3
1 ,6 5 6
1978
.....................
1 5 3 ,5 4 1
1 0 3 ,8 8 2
6 3 .5
9 7 ,6 7 9
5 9 .7
1 ,6 3 1
9 6 ,0 4 8
3 ,3 8 7
9 2 ,6 6 1
6 ,2 0 2
6 .0
1979
.....................
1 6 6 ,4 6 0
1 0 6 ,5 5 9
6 4 .0
1 0 0 ,4 2 1
6 0 .3
1 ,5 9 7
9 8 ,8 2 4
3 ,3 4 7
9 5 ,4 7 7
6 ,1 3 7
5 .8
5 9 ,9 0 0
1980
...........................
1 6 9 ,3 4 9
1 0 8 ,5 4 4
6 4 .1
1 0 0 ,9 0 7
5 9 .6
1 ,6 0 4
9 9 ,3 0 3
3 ,3 6 4
9 5 ,9 3 8
7 ,6 3 7
7 .0
6 0 ,8 0 6
1981
...........................
1 7 1 ,7 7 5
1 1 0 ,3 1 5
6 5 .2
1 0 2 ,0 4 2
5 9 .4
1 ,6 4 5
1 0 0 ,3 9 7
3 ,3 6 8
9 7 ,0 3 0
8 ,2 7 3
7 .5
6 1 ,4 6 0
1982
...........................
1 7 3 ,9 3 9
1 1 1 ,8 7 2
6 4 .3
1 0 1 ,1 9 4
5 8 .2
1 ,6 6 8
9 9 ,5 2 6
3 ,4 0 1
9 6 ,1 2 5
1 0 ,5 7 8
9 .5
6 2 ,0 6 7
1983
...........................
1 7 5 ,8 9 1
1 1 3 ,2 2 6
6 4 .4
1 0 2 ,5 1 0
5 8 .3
1 ,6 7 6
1 0 0 ,8 3 4
3 ,3 8 3
9 7 ,4 5 0
1 0 ,7 1 7
9 .5
6 2 ,6 6 5
1977
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
63
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data
2.
Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers In thousands]
A n n u al av e ra g e
1983
1984
E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s a n d s e x
1982
1983
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
TOTAL
N o n in s t it u t lo n a l p o p u la t io n 1 ' 2
Labor fo rc e 2
.................................
1 7 3 ,9 3 9
1 7 5 ,8 9 1
1 7 5 ,3 2 0
1 7 5 ,4 6 5
1 7 5 ,6 2 2
1 7 5 ,7 9 3
1 7 5 ,9 7 0
1 7 6 ,1 2 2
1 7 6 ,2 9 7
1 7 6 ,4 7 4
1 7 6 ,6 3 6
1 7 6 ,8 0 9
1 7 7 ,2 1 9
1 7 7 ,3 6 3
1 7 7 ,5 1 0
..................................................................
1 1 1 ,8 7 2
1 1 3 ,2 2 6
1 1 2 ,3 9 9
1 1 2 ,6 4 6
1 1 2 ,6 1 9
1 1 3 ,5 7 3
1 1 3 ,4 8 9
1 1 3 ,7 9 9
1 1 3 ,9 2 4
1 1 3 ,5 6 1
1 1 3 ,7 2 0
1 1 3 ,8 2 4
1 1 3 ,9 0 1
1 1 4 ,3 7 7
1 1 4 ,5 9 8
P a r t ic ip a ti o n r a t e 3
.....................................
6 4 .3
6 4 .4
6 4 .1
6 4 .2
6 4 .1
64 6
6 4 .5
6 4 .6
6 4 .6
6 4 .3
6 4 .4
6 4 .4
6 4 .3
6 4 .5
6 4 .6
1 0 1 ,1 9 4
1 0 2 ,5 1 0
1 0 0 ,9 8 0
1 0 1 ,2 7 7
1 0 1 ,4 3 1
1 0 2 ,4 1 1
1 0 2 ,8 8 9
1 0 3 ,1 6 6
1 0 3 ,5 7 1
1 0 3 ,6 6 5
1 0 4 ,2 9 1
1 0 4 ,6 2 9
1 0 4 ,8 7 6
1 0 5 ,5 7 6
1 0 5 ,8 2 6
58 2
5 8 .3
5 7 .6
5 7 .7
5 7 .8
5 8 .3
5 8 .5
5 8 .6
5 8 .7
5 8 .7
5 9 .0
5 9 .2
5 9 .2
5 9 .5
5 9 .6
.............................
1 ,6 6 8
1 ,6 7 6
1 ,6 6 4
1 ,6 7 1
1 ,6 6 9
1 ,6 6 8
1 ,6 6 4
1 ,6 8 2
1 ,6 9 5
1 ,6 9 5
1 ,6 8 5
1 ,6 8 8
1 ,6 8 6
1 ,6 8 4
1 ,6 8 6
C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d ..............................................
9 9 ,5 2 6
1 0 0 ,8 3 4
9 9 ,3 1 6
9 9 ,6 0 6
9 9 ,7 6 2
1 0 0 ,7 4 3
1 0 1 ,2 2 5
1 0 1 ,4 8 4
1 0 1 ,8 7 6
1 0 1 ,9 7 0
1 0 2 ,6 0 6
1 0 2 ,9 4 1
1 0 3 ,1 9 0
1 0 3 ,8 9 2
1 0 4 ,1 4 0
T o ta l e m p lo y e d 2
E m p l o y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a te 4
R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s 1
A g r i c u lt u r e
. . . .
......................................................
3 ,4 0 1
3 ,3 8 3
3 ,3 8 6
3 ,3 9 2
3 ,3 7 4
3 ,4 7 9
3 ,4 9 9
3 ,4 4 9
3 ,3 0 8
3 ,2 4 0
3 ,2 5 7
3 ,3 5 6
3 ,2 7 1
3 ,3 9 5
3 ,2 8 1
N o n a g r i c u lt u r a l i n d u s t r i e s .....................
9 6 ,1 2 5
9 7 ,4 5 0
9 5 ,9 3 0
9 6 ,2 1 4
9 6 ,3 8 8
9 7 ,2 6 4
9 7 ,7 2 6
9 8 ,0 3 5
9 8 ,5 6 8
9 8 ,7 3 0
9 9 ,3 4 9
9 9 ,5 8 5
9 9 ,9 1 8
1 0 0 ,4 9 6
1 0 0 ,8 5 9
U n e m p l o y e d ..............................................................
1 0 ,6 7 8
1 0 ,7 1 7
1 1 ,4 1 9
1 1 ,3 6 9
1 1 ,1 8 8
1 1 ,1 6 2
1 0 ,6 0 0
1 0 ,6 3 3
1 0 ,3 5 3
9 ,8 9 6
9 ,4 2 9
9 ,1 9 5
9 ,0 2 6
8 ,8 0 1
7 .7
6 2 ,9 1 2
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te 5 .................................
9 .5
9 .5
10 2
1 0 .1
9 .9
9 .8
9 .3
9 .3
9 .1
8 .7
8 .3
8 .1
7 .9
7 .7
6 2 ,0 6 7
6 2 ,6 6 5
6 2 ,9 2 1
6 2 ,8 1 9
6 3 ,0 0 3
6 2 ,2 2 0
6 2 ,4 8 1
6 2 ,3 2 3
6 2 ,3 7 3
6 2 ,9 1 3
6 2 ,9 1 6
6 2 ,9 8 5
6 3 ,3 1 8
6 2 ,9 8 6
.................................
8 3 .0 5 2
8 4 ,0 6 4
8 3 ,7 8 9
8 3 ,8 5 6
8 3 ,9 3 1
8 4 ,0 1 4
8 4 ,0 9 9
8 4 ,1 7 3
8 4 ,2 6 1
8 4 ,3 4 4
8 4 ,4 2 3
8 4 ,5 0 6
8 4 ,7 4 5
8 4 ,8 1 1
8 4 ,8 8 0
..................................................................
6 3 ,9 7 9
6 4 ,5 8 0
6 4 ,0 9 6
6 4 ,3 1 1
6 4 .3 4 8
6 4 ,7 7 8
6 4 ,8 4 0
6 4 ,8 0 7
6 4 ,8 7 7
6 4 ,7 0 9
6 4 ,8 4 6
6 4 ,8 3 8
6 4 ,9 3 0
6 5 ,0 9 3
6 5 ,1 5 6
.....................................
7 7 .0
7 6 .8
7 6 .5
7 6 .7
7 6 .7
7 7 .1
7 7 .1
7 7 .0
7 7 .0
7 6 .7
76 8
7 6 .7
7 6 .6
7 6 .8
7 6 .8
......................................................
5 7 ,8 0 0
5 8 ,3 2 0
5 7 .4 2 3
5 7 .5 8 9
5 7 ,7 4 4
5 8 ,3 6 9
5 8 ,5 9 2
5 8 ,6 0 7
5 8 ,8 2 8
5 8 ,9 5 0
5 9 ,3 8 9
5 9 ,5 8 0
5 9 ,7 8 1
6 0 ,1 4 7
6 0 ,2 9 0
6 9 .6
6 9 .4
6 8 .5
6 8 .7
6 8 .8
6 9 .5
6 9 .7
6 9 .6
6 9 .8
69 9
7 0 .3
N o t in la b o r fo r c e
......................................................
M e n , 16 ye a rs and over
N o n in s t it u t lo n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1 ' 2
La b o r fo rc e 2
P a r t ic ip a ti o n r a te 3
T o ta l e m p lo y e d 2
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a te 4
. . .
7 0 .5
7 0 .5
7 0 .9
7 1 .0
.............................
1 ,5 2 7
1 .5 3 3
1 ,5 2 8
1 .5 3 0
1 ,5 2 8
1 ,5 2 5
1 ,5 2 1
1 ,5 3 8
1 ,5 4 9
1 ,5 4 3
1 ,5 3 4
1 ,5 3 7
1 ,5 4 2
1 ,5 4 0
1 ,5 4 2
C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d ..............................................
5 6 ,2 7 1
5 6 .7 8 7
5 5 .8 9 5
5 6 ,0 5 9
5 6 ,2 1 6
5 6 .8 4 4
5 7 ,0 7 1
5 7 ,0 6 9
5 7 ,2 7 9
5 7 ,4 0 7
5 7 ,8 5 5
5 8 ,0 4 3
5 8 ,2 3 9
5 8 ,6 0 7
5 8 ,7 4 8
U n e m p l o y e d ..............................................................
6 ,1 7 9
6 .2 6 0
6 ,6 7 3
6 ,7 2 2
6 .6 0 4
6 ,4 0 9
6 ,2 4 8
6 .2 0 0
6 ,0 4 9
5 ,7 5 9
5 ,4 5 7
5 ,2 5 8
5 ,1 4 9
4 ,9 4 6
4 ,8 6 7
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e 5 .................................
9 .7
9 .7
1 0 .4
1 0 .5
1 0 .3
9 .9
9 .6
9 .6
9 .3
8 .9
8 .4
8 .1
7 .9
7 .6
7 .5
.................................
9 0 .8 8 7
9 1 .8 2 7
9 1 .5 3 2
9 1 .6 0 9
9 1 .6 9 1
9 1 .7 7 9
9 1 .8 7 1
9 1 .9 4 9
9 2 ,0 3 6
9 2 ,1 2 9
9 2 ,2 1 4
9 2 .3 0 2
9 2 ,4 7 4
9 2 ,5 5 2
9 2 ,6 3 0
..................................................................
4 7 .8 9 4
4 8 ,6 4 6
4 8 .3 0 3
4 8 .3 3 5
4 8 .2 7 1
4 8 .7 9 5
4 8 ,6 4 9
4 8 .9 9 2
4 9 ,0 4 7
4 8 .8 5 2
4 8 ,8 7 4
4 8 ,9 8 6
4 8 ,9 7 1
4 9 ,2 8 3
4 9 ,4 4 2
R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s 1
W o m e n . 1 6 y e a rs an d o ver
N o n in s t it u t lo n a l p o p u la t io n 1
La b o r fo rc e 2
P a r t ic ip a ti o n r a te 3
T o ta l e m p lo y e d 2
2
.....................................
5 2 .7
5 3 .0
52 8
52 8
52 6
5 3 .2
5 3 .0
53 3
5 3 .3
53 0
53 0
5 3 .1
5 3 .0
5 3 .2
5 3 .4
......................................................
4 3 .3 9 5
4 4 .1 9 0
4 3 .5 5 7
4 3 .6 8 8
4 3 .6 8 7
4 4 .0 4 2
4 4 .2 9 7
4 4 ,5 5 9
4 4 ,7 4 3
4 4 .7 1 5
4 4 .9 0 2
4 5 .0 4 9
4 5 ,0 9 4
4 5 ,4 2 9
4 5 ,5 3 6
4 7 .7
4 8 .1
47 6
47 7
4 7 .6
4 8 .0
4 8 .2
4 8 .5
4 8 .6
4 8 .5
4 8 .7
4 8 .8
4 8 .8
4 9 .1
4 9 .2
E m p l o y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a te 4
. . . .
R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s 1
139
143
136
141
141
143
143
144
146
152
151
151
144
144
144
C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d ..............................................
4 3 .2 5 6
4 4 .0 4 7
4 3 .4 2 1
4 3 .5 4 7
4 3 .5 4 6
4 3 .8 9 9
4 4 .1 5 4
4 4 .4 1 5
4 4 ,5 9 7
4 4 .5 6 3
4 4 ,7 5 1
4 4 .8 9 8
4 4 ,9 5 0
4 5 ,2 8 5
4 5 ,3 9 2
U n e m p l o y e d ..............................................................
4 .4 9 9
4 .4 5 7
4 .7 4 6
4 .6 4 7
4 ,5 8 4
4 .7 5 3
4 .3 5 2
4 .4 3 3
4 .3 0 4
4 .1 3 7
3 .9 7 2
3 .9 3 7
3 ,8 7 6
3 ,8 5 5
3 .9 0 5
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e 5 .................................
9 .4
9 .2
9 .8
9 .6
9 .5
9 .7
8 .9
9 .0
8 .8
8 .5
8 .1
8 .0
7 .9
7 .8
7 .9
1 T h e p o p u la t io n a n d A r m e d F o rc e s fig u r e s a r e n o t a d ju s te d f o r s e a s o n a l v a r ia tio n .
4 T o t a l e m p lo y e d a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e n o n i n s t i t u t lo n a l p o p u la tio n .
2 In c lu d e s m e m b e r s o f th e A r m e d F o rc e s s t a tio n e d in th e U n ite d S ta te s .
U n e m p l o y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f th e la b o r fo r c e ( in c l u d in g th e r e s id e n t A r m e d F o rc e s )
3 L a b o r fo r c e a s a p e r c e n t o f th e n o n m s t l t u t io n a l p o p u la tio n .
64
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3.
Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
A n n u al av e ra g e
1983
1984
E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s
1982
1983
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
TO TAL
C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1
.....................
1 7 2 ,2 7 1
1 7 4 ,2 1 5
1 7 3 ,6 5 6
1 7 3 ,7 9 4
1 7 3 ,9 5 3
1 7 4 ,1 2 5
1 7 4 ,3 0 6
1 7 4 ,4 4 0
1 7 4 ,6 0 2
1 7 4 ,7 7 9
1 7 4 ,9 5 1
1 7 5 ,1 2 1
1 7 5 ,5 3 3
1 7 5 ,6 7 9
1 7 5 ,8 2 4
C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ......................................................
1 1 0 ,2 0 4
1 1 1 ,5 5 0
1 1 0 ,7 3 5
1 1 0 ,9 7 5
1 1 0 ,9 5 0
1 1 1 ,9 0 5
1 1 1 ,8 2 5
1 1 2 ,1 1 7
1 1 2 ,2 2 9
1 1 1 ,8 6 6
1 1 2 ,0 3 5
1 1 2 ,1 3 6
1 1 2 ,2 1 5
1 1 2 ,6 9 3
1 1 2 ,9 1 2
P a r t ic ip a t i o n r a t e ..........................................
E m p lo y e d
...................................................................
6 4 .0
6 4 .0
6 3 .8
6 3 .9
6 3 .8
6 4 .3
6 4 .2
6 4 .3
6 4 .3
6 4 .0
6 4 .0
6 4 .0
6 3 .9
6 4 .1
6 4 .2
9 9 ,5 2 6
1 0 0 ,8 3 4
9 9 ,3 1 6
9 9 ,6 0 6
9 9 ,7 6 2
1 0 0 ,7 4 3
1 0 1 ,2 2 5
1 0 1 ,4 8 4
1 0 1 ,8 7 6
1 0 1 ,9 7 0
1 0 2 ,6 0 6
1 0 2 ,9 4 1
1 0 3 ,1 9 0
1 0 3 ,8 9 2
1 0 4 ,1 4 0
5 7 .8
5 7 .9
5 7 .2
5 7 .3
5 7 .3
5 7 .9
5 8 .1
5 8 .2
5 8 .3
5 8 .3
58 6
5 8 .8
5 8 .8
5 9 .1
59 2
1 0 ,6 7 8
1 0 ,7 1 7
1 1 ,4 1 9
1 1 ,3 6 9
1 1 ,1 8 8
1 1 ,1 6 2
1 0 ,6 0 0
1 0 ,6 3 3
1 0 ,3 5 3
9 ,8 9 6
9 ,4 2 9
9 ,1 9 5
9 ,0 2 6
8 ,8 0 1
8 ,7 7 2
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . . . .
U n e m p l o y e d ...............................................................
.................................
9 .7
9 6
10 3
1 0 .2
1 0 .1
10 0
9 .5
9 .5
9 .2
8 .8
8 4
8 .2
8 .0
7 .8
7 .8
......................................................
6 2 ,0 6 7
6 2 ,6 6 5
6 2 ,9 2 1
6 2 ,8 1 9
6 3 ,0 0 3
6 2 ,2 2 0
6 2 ,4 8 1
6 2 ,3 2 3
6 2 ,3 7 3
6 2 ,9 1 3
6 2 ,9 1 6
6 2 ,9 8 5
6 3 ,3 1 8
6 2 ,9 8 6
6 2 ,9 1 2
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te
N o t in la b o r f o r c e
M e n , 2 0 ye a rs an d over
.....................
7 3 ,6 4 4
7 4 ,8 7 2
7 4 ,5 2 8
7 4 ,6 1 1
7 4 ,7 1 2
7 4 ,8 1 4
7 4 ,9 2 7
7 5 ,0 1 2
7 5 ,1 1 5
7 5 ,2 1 6
7 5 ,3 2 7
7 5 ,4 3 3
7 5 ,6 9 2
7 5 ,7 8 6
7 5 ,8 8 0
C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ......................................................
5 7 ,9 8 0
5 8 ,7 4 4
5 8 ,2 6 8
5 8 ,5 1 2
5 8 ,5 4 6
5 8 ,8 4 4
5 8 ,9 8 2
5 8 ,9 5 4
5 9 ,0 1 2
5 8 ,9 4 9
5 9 ,0 5 3
5 9 ,0 5 0
5 9 ,2 9 9
5 9 ,3 9 4
5 9 ,3 8 8
P a r t ic ip a ti o n r a t e ..........................................
78 7
78 5
7 8 .2
78 4
7 8 .4
7 8 .7
7 8 .7
7 8 .6
78 6
78 4
7 8 .4
7 8 .3
7 8 .3
7 8 .4
7 8 .3
5 2 ,8 9 1
5 3 ,4 8 9 7
5 2 ,6 7 3
5 2 ,8 3 0
5 2 ,9 6 3
5 3 ,4 9 2
5 3 ,7 6 5
5 3 .8 0 4
5 3 .9 4 7
5 4 ,1 4 0
5 4 .4 5 7
5 4 ,6 5 8
5 4 ,9 9 9
5 5 ,2 6 6
5 5 .3 6 8
7 1 .8
7 1 .4
7 0 .7
C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u la t io n 1
E m p lo y e d
...................................................................
E m p l o y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . . . .
A g r i c u l t u r e ...............................................................
70 8
70 9
7 1 .5
7 1 .8
7 1 .7
7 1 .8
7 2 .0
7 2 .3
7 2 .7
7 2 .5
7 2 .9
7 3 .0
2 ,4 2 2
2 ,4 2 9
2 ,4 2 5
2 ,4 2 1
2 ,4 4 0
2 .4 9 7
2 ,5 2 1
2 .4 7 5
2 ,4 3 1
2 .3 7 6
2 ,3 3 6
2 ,3 7 4
2 ,3 5 6
2 ,4 0 9
2 ,3 6 4
.........................
5 0 ,4 6 9
5 1 ,0 5 8
5 0 ,2 4 8
5 0 ,4 0 9
5 0 .5 2 3
5 0 ,9 9 5
5 1 .2 4 4
5 1 .3 2 9
5 1 ,5 1 6
5 1 .7 6 4
5 2 ,1 2 1
5 2 ,2 8 4
5 2 ,6 4 3
5 2 ,8 5 7
5 3 ,0 0 4
U n e m p l o y e d ...............................................................
5 ,0 8 9
5 ,2 5 7
5 ,5 9 5
5 ,6 8 2
5 ,5 8 3
5 .3 5 2
5 .2 1 7
5 .1 5 0
5 ,0 6 5
4 .8 0 9
4 .5 9 6
4 ,3 9 2
4 ,3 0 0
4 ,1 2 8
4 ,0 2 0
.................................
8 .8
8 .9
9 .6
9 .7
9 .5
9 .1
8 .8
8 .7
8 .6
8 .2
7 .8
7 .4
7 .3
7 .0
6 .8
N o n a g r i c u lt u r a l in d u s t r ie s
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te
W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs and over
.....................
8 2 ,8 6 4
8 4 ,0 6 9
8 3 ,6 9 9
8 3 ,7 9 4
8 3 .8 9 9
8 4 .0 0 8
8 4 .1 2 2
8 4 ,2 2 4
8 4 .3 3 3
8 4 .4 4 3
8 4 .5 5 3
8 4 .6 6 6
8 4 ,8 6 0
8 4 .9 6 2
8 5 .0 6 4
C iv ilia n la b o r t o r c e ......................................................
4 3 ,6 9 9
4 4 ,6 3 6
4 4 ,2 5 9
4 4 .3 1 1
4 4 .3 3 1
4 4 .6 8 4
4 4 .6 4 7
4 4 .8 9 6
4 5 .0 6 2
4 4 .9 3 6
4 4 ,9 5 3
4 5 ,0 2 4
4 4 ,9 8 1
4 5 ,2 5 8
4 5 ,4 5 9
5 2 .7
5 3 .1
5 2 .9
5 2 .9
5 2 .8
5 3 .2
5 3 .1
53 3
53 4
5 3 .2
53 2
5 3 .2
5 3 .0
53 3
53 4
4 0 ,0 8 6
4 1 ,0 0 4
4 0 ,3 6 8
4 0 .5 3 1
4 0 ,5 8 3
4 0 .8 4 7
4 1 .1 2 3
4 1 .2 9 8
4 1 ,5 5 0
4 1 .5 7 0
4 1 ,7 3 8
4 1 ,8 4 3
4 1 ,7 9 8
4 2 ,1 3 8
4 2 ,3 1 5
C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u la t io n 1
P a r t ic ip a t i o n ra te
E m p lo y e d
...................................................................
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . . . .
4 8 .4
4 8 .8
48 2
4 8 .4
4 8 .4
4 8 .9
4 8 .6
4 9 .0
4 9 .3
49 2
4 9 .4
4 9 .4
4 9 .3
4 9 .6
4 9 .7
601
620
632
621
605
634
613
627
581
597
638
653
625
640
574
.........................
3 9 ,4 8 5
4 0 ,3 8 4
3 9 ,7 3 6
3 9 ,9 1 0
3 9 .9 7 8
4 0 .2 1 3
4 0 .5 1 0
4 0 .6 7 1
4 0 ,9 6 9
4 0 .9 7 3
4 1 ,1 0 0
4 1 .1 9 0
4 1 ,1 7 4
4 1 .4 9 8
4 1 ,7 4 1
U n e m p l o y e d ...............................................................
3 .6 1 3
3 ,6 3 2
3 ,8 9 1
3 ,7 8 0
3 ,7 4 8
3 .8 3 7
3 ,5 2 4
3 .5 9 8
3 ,5 1 2
3 .3 6 6
3 .2 1 5
3 .1 8 1
3 ,1 8 2
3 .1 2 0
3 .1 4 4
8 .3
8 .1
8 .8
8 .5
8 .5
8 .6
7 9
8 .0
7 .8
7 .5
7 .2
7 .1
7 .1
6 .9
6 .9
A g r i c u l t u r e ...............................................................
N o n a g r i c u lt u r a l in d u s t r ie s
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te
.................................
B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s
.....................
1 5 .7 6 3
1 5 ,2 7 4
1 5 ,4 2 9
1 5 .3 8 9
1 5 .3 4 2
1 5 .3 0 3
1 5 .2 5 7
1 5 .2 0 4
1 5 .1 5 4
1 5 .1 2 0
1 5 .0 7 2
1 5 ,0 2 2
1 4 .9 8 1
1 4 .9 3 1
1 4 ,8 8 0
C iv ilia n l a b o r f o r c e ......................................................
8 ,5 2 6
8 ,1 7 1
8 ,2 0 8
8 .1 5 2
8 ,0 7 3
8 .3 7 7
8 .1 9 6
8 .2 6 7
8 .1 5 5
7 .9 8 1
8 ,0 2 9
8 ,0 6 2
7 ,9 3 5
8 ,0 4 1
8 ,0 6 5
P a r t ic ip a t i o n r a t e ..........................................
5 4 .1
5 3 .5
5 3 .2
5 3 .0
5 2 .6
5 4 .7
5 3 .7
5 4 .4
5 3 .8
52 8
53 3
53 7
5 3 .0
5 3 .9
5 4 .2
6 ,5 4 9
6 ,3 4 2
6 ,2 7 5
6 ,2 4 5
6 ,2 1 6
6 .4 0 4
6 .3 3 7
6 .3 8 2
6 .3 7 9
6 .2 6 0
6 .4 1 1
6 .4 4 0
6 ,3 9 2
6 ,4 8 8
6 .4 5 7
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 2 .0
4 2 .1
4 1 .4
4 2 .5
42 9
4 2 .7
4 3 .5
4 3 .4
378
334
329
350
329
348
365
347
296
267
283
329
290
346
343
.........................
6 ,1 7 1
6 ,0 0 8
5 ,9 4 6
5 ,8 9 5
5 ,8 8 7
6 .0 5 6
5 .9 7 2
6 .0 3 5
6 .0 8 3
5 .9 9 3
6 .1 2 8
6 ,1 1 1
6 .1 0 2
6 ,1 4 2
6 ,1 1 4
U n e m p l o y e d ...............................................................
1 ,9 7 7
1 ,8 2 9
1 ,9 3 3
1 .9 0 7
1 .8 5 7
1 .9 7 3
1 .8 5 9
1 .8 8 5
1 ,7 7 6
1 ,7 2 1
1 .6 1 8
1 ,6 2 2
1 .5 4 3
1 ,5 5 3
1 ,6 0 8
2 3 .2
2 2 .4
23 6
23 4
2 3 .0
2 3 .6
2 2 .7
22 8
2 1 .8
2 1 .6
20 2
2 0 .1
1 9 .4
1 9 .3
19 9
.....................
1 4 9 .4 4 1
1 5 0 ,8 0 5
1 5 0 ,3 8 2
1 5 0 ,5 1 8
1 5 0 ,6 7 1
1 5 0 .8 1 0
1 5 0 .9 5 9
1 5 1 ,0 0 3
1 5 1 .0 2 1
1 5 1 ,1 7 5
1 5 1 ,3 2 4
1 5 1 ,4 8 4
1 5 1 ,9 3 9
1 5 2 ,0 7 9
1 5 2 ,2 8 5
C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ......................................................
9 6 ,1 4 3
9 7 ,0 2 1
9 6 ,2 6 5
9 6 .4 5 0
9 6 .4 7 2
9 7 ,2 3 5
9 7 .2 5 5
9 7 .4 9 8
9 7 ,5 0 7
9 7 ,3 3 9
9 7 ,5 5 9
9 7 ,7 2 4
9 7 ,8 1 3
9 8 ,1 6 7
9 8 ,4 2 4
C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1
E m p lo y e d
...................................................................
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . . .
A g r i c u l t u r e ...............................................................
N o n a g r i c u lt u r a l in d u s t r ie s
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te
.................................
W h it e
C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u la t io n 1
6 4 .3
6 4 .3
6 4 .0
6 4 .1
6 4 .0
6 4 .5
6 4 .4
64 6
6 4 .6
6 4 .4
64 5
6 4 .5
6 4 .4
64 6
6 4 .6
8 7 ,9 0 3
8 8 ,8 9 3
8 7 ,5 3 0
8 7 ,8 5 4
8 8 ,0 0 4
3 8 .8 3 6
8 9 .2 6 0
8 9 ,5 0 3
8 9 ,6 9 3
8 9 .8 5 1
9 0 ,4 3 0
9 0 ,7 7 9
9 1 ,0 4 4
9 1 ,5 4 4
9 1 .8 4 5
58 8
5 8 .9
58 2
5 8 .4
5 8 .4
5 8 .9
5 9 .1
5 9 .3
5 9 .4
5 9 .4
59 8
59 9
5 9 .9
60 2
6 0 .3
8 ,2 4 1
8 ,1 2 8
8 ,7 3 5
8 .5 9 6
8 ,4 6 8
8 .3 9 9
7 ,9 9 5
7 .9 9 5
7 .8 1 4
7 .4 8 8
7 .1 2 9
6 ,9 4 5
6 ,7 6 8
6 ,6 2 3
6 ,5 8 0
8 .6
8 .4
9 .1
8 .9
8 .8
8 .6
8 .2
8 .2
8 .0
7 .7
7 .3
7 .1
6 .9
6 .7
6 .7
P a r t ic ip a t i o n r a t e ..........................................
E m p lo y e d
...................................................................
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 .
U n e m p l o y e d ...............................................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te
.................................
B la c k
.....................
1 8 ,5 8 4
1 8 ,9 2 5
1 8 ,8 2 3
1 8 ,8 5 1
1 8 ,8 8 0
1 8 ,9 1 1
1 8 ,9 4 2
1 8 ,9 6 6
1 8 .9 9 4
1 9 .0 2 6
1 9 ,0 5 7
1 9 ,0 8 6
1 9 ,1 9 6
1 9 ,2 2 2
1 9 ,2 4 8
C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ......................................................
1 1 ,3 3 1
1 1 ,6 4 7
1 1 ,5 7 3
1 1 ,6 5 1
1 1 .6 4 5
1 1 ,7 1 8
1 1 ,7 4 1
1 1 ,7 2 4
1 1 ,7 2 0
1 1 ,5 6 5
1 1 ,6 2 3
1 1 ,5 5 0
1 1 ,6 6 0
1 1 ,8 8 1
1 1 .8 6 7
P a r t ic ip a ti o n r a t e ..........................................
6 1 .0
6 1 .5
6 1 .5
6 1 .8
6 1 .7
6 2 .0
6 2 .0
6 1 .8
6 1 .7
6 0 .8
6 1 .0
6 1 .0
6 0 .7
6 ) S
6 1 .7
9 ,1 8 9
9 ,3 7 5
9 ,2 4 9
9 ,2 4 5
9 ,2 7 7
9 ,3 3 9
9 ,4 4 3
9 ,4 0 8
9 ,5 0 4
9 ,4 4 9
9 ,5 6 3
9 ,5 8 2
9 ,7 0 7
9 ,9 5 8
9 ,8 9 6
49 4
4 9 .5
4 9 .1
4 9 .0
4 9 .1
4 9 .4
49 9
4 9 .6
5 0 .0
4 9 .7
50 2
5 0 .2
5 0 .6
5 1 .8
5 1 .4
2 ,1 4 2
2 ,2 7 2
2 ,3 2 4
2 ,4 0 6
2 ,3 6 8
2 ,3 7 9
2 ,2 9 8
2 ,3 1 6
2 ,2 1 6
2 ,1 1 6
2 ,0 6 0
2 ,0 6 8
1 ,9 5 3
1 ,9 2 3
1 ,9 7 2
1 8 .9
1 9 .5
2 0 .1
2 0 .7
2 0 .3
2 0 .3
1 9 .6
19 8
1 8 .9
18 3
1 7 .7
1 7 .8
1 6 .7
1 6 .2
1 6 .6
1 0 ,0 8 0
C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u la t io n 1
E m p lo y e d
...................................................................
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2
.
U n e m p l o y e d ...............................................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te
.................................
H is p a n ic o r ig in
.....................
9 ,4 0 0
1 2 ,7 7 1
9 ,5 5 1
9 ,6 6 5
9 ,7 4 7
9 ,7 3 8
9 ,6 4 0
9 ,6 9 0
9 ,7 0 0
9 ,7 4 5
9 ,6 7 7
9 ,7 3 5
9 .7 7 8
9 ,9 0 6
C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ......................................................
5 ,9 8 3
8 ,1 1 9
6 ,0 7 0
6 ,1 6 1
6 ,1 3 9
6 ,2 0 2
6 ,0 9 0
6 ,1 4 5
6 ,2 0 2
6 ,1 6 5
6 ,2 3 2
6 ,2 6 7
6 ,3 3 6
6 ,2 9 2
P a r t ic ip a t i o n r a t e ..........................................
6 3 .6
6 3 .6
6 3 .6
6 3 .7
6 3 .0
6 3 .7
6 3 .2
6 3 .4
63 9
6 3 .3
6 4 .4
6 4 .4
64 8
6 3 .5
6 4 .3
5 ,1 5 8
6 ,9 9 5
5 ,1 1 4
5 ,2 5 9
5 ,2 8 4
5 ,3 3 6
5 ,3 3 9
5 ,3 5 0
5 ,3 9 2
5 ,3 9 8
5 ,4 6 3
5 ,5 4 0
5 ,6 2 7
5 ,6 5 2
5 ,7 5 1
54 9
5 4 .8
5 3 .5
5 4 .4
5 4 .2
5 4 .8
55 4
5 5 .2
5 5 .6
5 5 .4
5 6 .5
5 6 .9
5 7 .6
5 7 .1
5 7 .1
825
1 ,1 2 4
956
902
855
866
751
795
810
767
769
727
708
639
733
13 8
1 3 .8
1 5 .7
1 4 .6
1 3 .9
1 4 .0
1 2 .3
12 9
1 3 .1
1 2 .4
1 2 .3
1 1 .6
1 1 .2
1 0 .2
1 1 .3
C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1
E m p lo y e d
...................................................................
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . . . .
U n e m p l o y e d ...............................................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te
.................................
1 T h e p o p u la t io n f ig u r e s a r e n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d .
.
.
.
. . . . . . . .
.
.....
.
...
• = C iv ,ia n e m p lo y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f th e c iv il ia n n o m n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u la tio n .
K •7
v
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N O TE:
th e
6 ,4 8 4
D e ta il f o r th e a b o v e ra c e a n d H is p a n i c - o r ig in g r o u p s w ill n o t s u m t o to t a l s b e c a u s e d a ta f o r
" o t h e r r a c e s " g r o u p s a r e n o t p r e s e n te d a n d H ís p a n le s a r e in c lu d e d
in
b o th th e w h i t e a n d b la c k
p o p u la tio n g r o u p s .
65
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data
4. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
A n n u al a v e ra g e
1983
19S4
S e le c t e d c a te g o r ie s
1982
1983
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
1 0 1 ,8 7 6
1 0 1 ,9 7 0
1 0 2 ,6 0 6
1 0 2 ,9 4 1
1 0 3 ,1 9 0
1 0 3 ,8 9 2
1 0 4 ,1 4 0
C H A R A C T E R IS T IC
C iv ilia n e m p lo y e d , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r
.............................
9 9 ,5 2 6
1 0 0 ,8 3 4
9 9 ,3 1 6
9 9 ,6 0 6
9 9 ,7 6 2
1 0 0 ,7 4 3
1 0 1 ,2 2 5
1 0 1 ,4 8 4
M e n ................................................................................................
5 6 ,2 7 1
5 6 ,7 8 7
5 5 ,8 9 5
5 6 ,0 5 9
5 6 ,2 1 6
5 6 ,8 4 4
5 7 ,0 7 1
5 7 ,0 6 9
5 7 ,2 7 9
5 7 ,4 0 7
5 7 ,8 5 5
5 8 ,0 4 3
5 8 ,2 3 9
5 8 ,6 0 7
5 8 ,7 4 8
W o m e n .......................................................................................
4 3 ,2 5 6
4 4 ,0 4 7
4 3 ,4 2 1
4 3 ,5 4 7
4 3 ,5 4 6
4 3 ,8 9 9
4 4 ,1 5 4
4 4 ,4 1 5
4 4 ,5 9 7
4 4 ,5 6 3
4 4 ,7 5 1
4 4 ,8 9 8
4 4 ,9 5 0
4 5 ,2 8 5
4 5 ,3 9 2
M a r r ie d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t .....................................
3 8 ,0 7 4
3 7 ,9 6 7
3 7 ,5 4 5
3 7 ,6 0 2
3 7 ,6 1 6
3 7 ,9 1 1
3 8 ,2 5 4
3 8 ,2 8 1
3 8 ,2 3 2
3 8 ,2 4 0
3 8 ,3 8 8
3 8 ,4 9 4
3 8 ,6 8 2
3 8 ,9 1 1
3 8 ,9 2 7
M a r r i e d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t .............................
2 4 ,0 5 3
2 4 ,6 0 3
2 4 ,2 2 0
2 4 ,3 6 1
2 4 ,3 0 4
2 4 ,4 1 6
2 4 ,6 1 8
2 4 ,9 0 5
2 4 ,9 2 1
2 4 ,9 5 3
2 5 ,0 5 7
2 5 ,1 4 0
2 4 ,9 4 7
2 5 ,2 1 2
2 5 ,2 3 9
5 ,0 9 9
5 ,0 9 1
5 ,0 9 3
4 ,9 6 9
4 ,9 9 1
5 ,0 2 9
5 ,0 7 1
5 ,0 9 6
5 ,1 2 4
5 ,1 7 2
5 ,2 3 6
5 ,2 5 4
5 ,2 9 3
5 ,3 4 6
5 ,4 4 4
W o m e n w h o m a in ta in fa m i lie s
.................................
M A J O R IN D U S T R Y A N D C L A S S O F W O R K E R
A g r i c u lt u r e :
W a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s
..............................................
1 ,5 0 5
1 ,5 7 9
1 ,5 5 8
1 ,5 7 8
1 ,5 8 8
1 ,6 2 4
1 ,6 3 1
1 ,6 2 8
1 ,5 7 2
1 ,5 0 5
1 ,4 8 1
1 ,5 1 2
1 ,4 4 3
1 ,5 6 0
1 ,5 1 5
..................................................
1 ,6 3 6
1 ,5 6 5
1 ,5 8 4
1 ,5 9 5
1 ,5 5 8
1 ,5 9 1
1 ,5 7 3
1 ,5 6 4
1 ,5 1 5
1 ,5 2 7
1 ,5 5 6
1 ,5 7 2
1 ,6 1 3
1 ,6 0 9
1 ,5 8 0
U n p a id f a m i ly w o r k e r s ......................................................
261
240
265
219
233
252
251
240
236
227
224
265
233
232
198
8 8 ,4 6 2
8 9 ,5 0 0
8 8 ,0 7 8
8 8 ,3 9 0
8 8 ,5 8 4
8 9 ,3 4 5
S e lf- e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s
N o n a g r i c u lt u r a l i n d u s tr ie s :
W a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s ..............................................
8 9 ,6 8 7
9 0 ,0 3 2
9 0 ,7 4 3
9 0 ,6 1 7
9 1 ,0 9 4
9 1 ,4 2 2
9 1 ,6 4 1
9 2 ,3 7 9
G o v e r n m e n t ...................................................................
1 5 ,5 6 2
1 5 ,5 3 7
1 5 ,4 7 9
1 5 ,5 2 4
1 5 ,5 3 0
1 5 ,5 1 4
1 5 ,5 9 3
1 5 ,6 7 1
1 5 ,5 6 0
1 5 ,5 7 8
1 5 ,5 8 5
1 5 ,4 8 1
1 5 ,5 3 5
1 5 ,8 2 2
1 5 ,8 1 3
P r iv a te i n d u s t r i e s ......................................................
7 2 ,9 4 5
7 3 ,9 6 3
7 2 ,5 9 9
7 2 ,8 6 6
7 3 ,0 5 4
7 3 ,8 3 1
7 4 ,0 9 4
7 4 ,3 6 1
7 5 ,1 8 3
7 5 ,0 3 9
7 5 ,5 0 9
7 5 ,9 4 1
7 6 ,1 0 6
7 6 ,5 5 7
7 7 ,0 0 6
.....................................
1 ,2 0 7
1 ,2 4 7
1 ,2 3 4
1 ,2 2 1
1 ,2 3 8
1 ,2 9 5
1 ,2 7 6
1 ,2 7 0
1 ,2 7 9
1 ,2 7 8
1 ,2 1 6
1 ,2 4 1
1 ,1 9 7
1 ,2 1 9
1 ,1 5 5
O th e r .......................................................................
P r iv a te h o u s e h o ld s
9 2 ,8 1 9
7 1 ,7 3 8
7 2 ,7 1 6
7 1 ,3 6 5
7 1 ,6 4 5
7 1 ,8 1 6
7 2 ,5 3 6
7 2 ,8 1 8
7 3 ,0 9 1
7 3 ,9 0 4
7 3 ,7 6 1
7 4 ,2 9 3
7 4 ,7 0 0
7 4 ,9 0 9
7 5 ,3 3 9
7 5 ,8 5 1
..................................................
7 ,2 6 2
7 ,5 7 5
7 ,4 5 6
7 ,5 0 4
7 ,4 4 8
7 ,5 1 0
7 ,5 9 5
7 ,6 4 1
7 ,6 5 6
7 ,6 9 5
7 ,8 0 0
7 ,7 3 4
7 ,9 3 6
7 ,8 4 9
7 ,7 5 5
U n p a id f a m i ly w o r k e r s ......................................................
40 1
376
344
354
345
352
322
375
380
405
474
450
364
330
326
S e lf- e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s
PERSONS AT W O RK1
N o n a g r i c u lt u r a l i n d u s t r i e s ..........................................................
9 0 ,5 5 2
9 2 ,0 3 8
9 0 ,4 5 0
9 2 ,2 3 3
9 1 ,0 7 0
9 0 ,9 1 3
9 2 ,1 2 6
9 1 ,9 5 3
9 3 ,3 2 2
9 3 ,2 7 3
9 3 ,8 3 4
9 4 ,1 7 3
9 4 ,7 0 7
9 5 ,0 6 7
9 4 ,9 8 2
..........................................................
7 2 ,2 4 5
7 3 ,6 2 4
7 2 ,0 3 5
7 3 ,5 6 7
7 2 ,9 4 9
7 3 ,0 7 1
7 3 ,8 4 4
7 3 ,4 9 9
7 4 ,6 6 6
7 5 ,0 4 7
7 5 ,3 9 8
7 5 ,8 0 2
7 6 ,2 3 7
7 6 ,7 1 5
7 7 ,0 0 4
P a rt tim e f o r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s .................................
5 ,8 5 2
5 ,9 9 7
6 ,1 6 9
6 ,0 7 7
5 ,9 6 5
5 ,8 8 6
5 ,7 0 0
5 ,8 6 6
6 ,0 2 7
5 ,7 2 4
5 ,8 4 8
5 ,7 1 2
5 ,9 4 3
5 ,8 0 8
5 ,4 6 3
1 ,7 1 9
1 ,6 7 2
1 ,7 7 1
1 ,6 1 1
F u l l- t im e s c h e d u le s
..........................................
2 ,1 6 9
1 826
1 ,9 3 4
1 ,8 8 8
1 ,7 4 8
1 ,7 7 7
1 ,7 8 1
1 ,7 4 2
1 ,7 7 1
1 ,6 1 7
U s u a lly w o r k p a r t t i m e .........................................
U s u a lly w o r k f u l l tim e
3 ,6 8 3
4 ,1 7 1
4 ,2 3 5
4 ,1 8 9
4 ,2 1 7
4 ,1 0 9
3 ,9 1 9
4 ,1 2 4
4 ,2 5 6
4 ,1 0 7
4 ,1 2 9
4 ,0 4 0
4 ,1 7 2
4 ,1 9 7
3 ,9 9 1
P a rt t im e f o r n o n e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s .........................
1 2 ,4 5 5
1 2 ,4 1 7
1 2 ,2 4 6
1 2 ,5 8 9
1 2 ,1 5 6
1 1 ,9 5 6
1 2 ,5 8 2
1 2 ,5 8 8
1 2 ,6 2 9
1 2 ,5 0 2
1 2 ,5 8 8
1 2 ,6 5 9
1 2 ,5 2 7
1 2 ,5 4 5
1 2 ,5 1 5
D ec.
Jan.
1 ,4 7 2
1 E x c lu d e s p e r s o n s " w i t h a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k " d u r in g th e s u r v e y p e r io d f o r s u c h r e a s o n s a s
v a c a tio n , illn e s s , o r in d u s t r ia l d is p u te s .
5.
Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
[U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te s ]
1983
A n n u al av e ra g e
1984
S e le c t e d c a te g o r ie s
1982
1983
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
T o t a l, a ll c iv il ia n w o r k e r s ..........................................................
9 .7
9 .6
1 0 .3
1 0 .2
1 0 .1
1 0 .0
9 .5
9 .5
9 .2
8 .8
8 .4
8 .2
8 .0
7 .8
7 .8
B o th s e x e s . 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s .........................................
23 2
2 2 .4
2 3 .6
2 3 .4
2 3 .0
2 3 .6
2 2 .7
2 2 .8
2 1 .8
2 1 .6
2 0 .2
2 0 .1
1 9 .4
1 9 .3
1 9 .9
M e n . 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..................................................
8 8
8 .9
9 .6
9 .7
9 .5
9 .1
8 .8
8 .7
8 .6
8 .2
7 .8
7 .4
7 .3
7 .0
6 .8
W o m e n . 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..........................................
8 .3
8.1
8 .8
8 .5
8 .5
8 .6
7 .9
8 .0
7 .8
7 .5
7 .2
7 .1
7 .1
6 .9
6 .9
Feb.
M a r.
C H A R A C T E R IS T IC
W h ite , t o t a l ...............................................................................
8 .6
8 .4
9 .1
8 .9
8 .8
8 .6
8 .2
8 .2
8 .0
7 .7
7 .3
7 .1
.............................
20 4
1 9 .3
2 1 .1
2 0 .3
1 9 .9
2 0 ,1
1 9 .4
1 9 .5
1 8 .2
1 8 .5
1 7 .2
1 7 .0
.................................
B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s
.
6 .9
6 .7
6 .7
1 6 .2
1 6 .5
1 7 .1
21 7
2 0 .2
22 6
2 1 .4
2 0 .4
2 0 .4
2 0 .3
2 0 .7
1 8 .9
1 9 .8
1 7 .6
1 7 .5
1 7 .8
1 6 .4
1 7 .3
.........................
1 9 .0
18 3
1 9 .6
1 9 .1
1 9 .4
1 9 .7
1 8 .4
1 8 .2
1 7 .4
1 6 .9
1 6 .6
1 6 .5
1 4 .5
1 6 .7
1 6 .8
M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .....................................
7 8
7 .9
8 .5
8 .5
8 .4
7 .9
7 .7
7 .7
7 .7
7 .3
6 .9
6 .7
6 .3
6 .1
5 .8
W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs an d o v e r
.............................
7 .3
6 .9
7 .5
7 .3
7 .2
7 .4
6 .8
6 .7
6 .6
6 .3
6 .0
5 .9
6 .0
5 .8
5 .9
B la c k , t o t a l ...............................................................................
1 8 .9
1 9 .5
2 0 .1
2 0 .7
2 0 .3
2 0 .3
1 9 .6
1 9 .8
1 8 .9
1 8 .3
1 7 ,7
1 7 .8
1 6 .7
1 6 .2
1 6 .6
.............................
48 0
4 8 .5
4 5 .1
4 9 .1
4 8 .4
4 9 .8
4 8 .4
5 1 .4
5 1 .1
4 8 .7
4 7 .3
4 9 .0
4 7 .9
4 3 .5
4 6 .7
4 8 .9
4 8 .8
4 6 .5
48 6
5 2 .1
5 0 .7
4 8 .3
5 3 .7
5 2 .7
4 5 .6
44 9
46 4
47 1
46 7
44 4
4 9 .6
4 4 .1
4 8 .7
4 8 .4
4 8 .8
4 9 .2
5 2 .2
5 0 .0
M e n . 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s
W o m e n . 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s
B o th s e x e s . 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s
.........................
4 7 .1
4 8 .2
43 5
5 1 .9
4 8 .8
3 9 .9
4 9 .6
M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .....................................
1 7 .8
1 8 .1
1 9 .1
2 0 .0
1 9 .5
1 8 .9
1 8 .6
1 8 .2
1 6 .9
1 6 .3
1 5 .6
1 5 .1
1 4 .8
1 4 .1
1 5 .4
W o m e n , 2 0 ye a rs a n d o v e r
W o m e n . 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s
.............................
1 5 .4
1 6 .5
1 7 .4
1 6 .9
1 7 .0
1 6 .9
1 6 .2
1 6 .4
1 6 .1
1 5 .9
1 5 .6
1 5 .9
1 4 .3
1 4 .4
1 3 .5
H is p a n ic o r ig in , t o t a l ..........................................................
1 3 .8
1 3 .8
1 5 .7
1 4 .6
1 3 .9
1 4 .0
1 2 .3
1 2 .9
1 3 .1
1 2 .4
1 2 .3
1 1 .6
1 1 .2
1 0 .2
1 1 .3
4 .7
M a r r i e d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t .....................................
7 .1
7 .1
7 .0
6 .7
6 .2
6 .3
6 .1
5 .7
5 .0
4 .9
7 .0
7 .5
7 .4
7 .4
7 .6
7 .0
6 .9
6 .8
6 .3
6 .0
6 .1
6 .0
5 .9
5 .8
12 2
1 3 .3
1 3 .0
1 2 .7
1 2 .5
1 1 .8
1 1 .8
1 2 .0
1 1 .4
1 0 .5
1 0 .9
1 0 .7
1 1 .0
1 1 .0
5 .5
5 .2
9 .6
9 .5
1 0 .2
1 0 .2
1 0 .0
9 .7
9 .4
9 .3
9 .1
8 .7
8 .2
8 .0
7 .8
7 .5
7 .5
1 0 .5
1 0 .4
1 0 .6
1 0 .5
10 9
1 1 .8
1 0 .2
1 0 .2
1 0 .1
1 0 .0
9 .8
9 .8
9 .2
9 .3
9 .2
.............................
3 .2
3 .8
4 .1
4 .0
4 .1
4 .0
3 .9
3 .6
3 .5
3 .3
3 .1
3 .0
2 .9
2 .6
2 .5
......................................................
1 1 .0
1 0 .9
1 1 .7
1 1 .5
1 1 .5
1 1 ,1
1 0 .7
1 0 .7
1 0 .5
1 0 .0
9 .7
9 .4
9 .2
8 .9
8 .8
..............................................................
U n e m p lo y e d 1 5 w e e k s a n d o v e r
L a b o r fo r c e t im e l o s t 1
6 .5
7 .4
117
F u l l- t im e w o r k e r s ..................................................................
P a r t - t im e w o r k e r s
6 .5
.............................
.................................
M a rrie d w o m e n , s p o u s e p re s e n t
W o m e n w h o m a in ta in fa m i lie s
IN D U S T R Y
N o n a g r i c u lt u r a l p r iv a te w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s
M in i n g
. .
.......................................................................................
M a n u f a c t u r in g
......................................................................
D u r a b le g o o d s
..........................................................
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s
..................................................
9 .9
1 0 .7
1 0 .5
1 0 .4
1 0 .1
9 .7
9 .8
9 .4
9 .0
8 .6
8 .3
7 .9
7 .8
7 .6
1 7 .0
1 9 .2
2 0 .3
2 0 .8
1 7 .9
1 6 .6
1 4 .9
1 6 .9
1 2 .1
1 2 .8
1 2 .4
10 9
1 2 .2
1 1 .2
1 8 .4
20 2
2 0 .0
2 0 .0
1 8 .4
1 8 .0
1 7 .9
1 8 .1
1 5 .8
1 5 .6
16 3
15 0
15 1
13 3
12 3
1 1 .2
1 2 .8
1 2 .5
12 3
1 1 .6
1 0 .7
1 1 .2
1 0 .2
9 .6
8 .9
8 .3
7 .5
7 .5
1 3 .3
1 2 .1
1 4 .3
1 3 .7
1 3 .5
1 2 .5
1 1 .4
1 1 .7
1 0 .9
1 0 .2
9 .0
8 .3
8 .0
7 .3
7 .8
1 0 .8
1 0 .0
1 0 .8
1 0 .8
1 0 .6
1 0 .2
9 .7
1 0 .5
9 .3
8 .7
8 .7
8 .2
8 .9
7 .8
7 .2
8 .4
6 .8
7 .4
7 .6
7 .7
7 .3
7 .8
7 .3
7 .7
7 .4
7 .2
6 .7
6 .5
5 .1
5 .9
5 .0
1 0 .0
1 0 .0
1 0 .9
1 0 .4
1 0 .2
1 0 .2
9 .8
9 .8
9 .5
9 .8
9 .1
8 .8
8 .4
8 .3
8 .3
.................................
6 .9
7 .2
7 .3
7 .3
7 .5
7 .2
7 .3
7 .2
7 .0
6 .9
6 .7
6 .6
6 .3
6 .3
..................................................................
4 .9
5 .3
5 .7
5 .8
5 .6
5 .1
5 .4
5 .1
5 .0
5 .1
4 .9
5 .0
5 .0
4 .5
4 .4
1 4 .7
1 6 .0
1 5 .9
1 6 .8
1 6 .8
1 6 .5
1 5 .0
1 5 .1
1 6 .5
1 6 .2
1 5 .7
1 5 .6
1 5 .5
1 4 .0
1 4 .6
T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b l ic u t i l i t i e s .............................
F in a n c e a n d s e r v ic e in d u s t r ie s
G o v e rn m e n t w o rk e rs
1 0 .1
1 3 .4
2 0 .0
A g r i c u lt u r a l w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s
.............................
1 A g g r e g a t e h o u r s lo s t b y th e u n e m p lo y e d a n d p e r s o n s o n p a r t t im e f o r e c o n o m ic re a s o n s a s a p e r c e n t o f
p o t e n t i a ll y a v a ila b le la b o r fo r c e h o u r s .
66
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6 .4
6.
Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
[C iv ilia n w o r k e r s ]
1983
A n n u al a v e ra g e
1984
S ex and age
1982
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
...........................................................
9 .7
9 .6
1 0 .3
1 0 .2
1 0 .1
1 0 .0
9 .5
9 .5
9 .2
8 .8
8 .4
8 .2
...........................................................................
1 7 .8
1 7 .2
1 8 .2
1 8 .1
18 0
1 7 .6
1 6 .8
1 7 .2
1 6 .5
1 6 .3
1 5 .4
1 4 .9
1 4 .8
14 2
1 4 .4
1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s .......................................................................
2 3 .2
2 2 .4
2 3 .6
23 4
2 3 .0
2 3 .6
2 2 .7
2 2 .8
2 1 .8
2 1 .6
2 0 .2
2 0 .1
1 9 .4
1 9 .3
1 9 .9
2 1 .9
2 2 .1
2 3 .1
T o t a l, 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r
1 6 to 2 4 y e a rs
8 .0
7 .8
7 .8
1 6 t o 1 7 y e a r s ...................................................................
2 4 .9
2 4 .5
2 5 .4
2 5 .8
2 5 .6
2 5 .6
2 5 .1
2 4 .8
24 0
2 4 .0
2 2 .9
2 1 .9
1 8 t o 1 9 y e a r s ...................................................................
2 2 .1
2 1 .1
2 2 .6
2 1 .9
2 1 .3
2 2 .3
2 0 .8
2 1 .6
2 0 .5
2 0 .3
1 9 .3
1 8 .8
1 7 .6
1 7 .5
1 8 .1
2 0 t o 2 4 y e a r s .......................................................................
1 4 .9
1 4 .5
1 5 .4
1 5 .4
1 5 .5
1 4 .5
1 3 .9
1 4 .4
1 3 .8
1 3 .6
1 3 .0
1 2 .2
1 2 .5
1 1 .6
1 1 .6
...................................................................
7 .4
7 .5
8 .1
8 .0
7 .9
7 .9
7 .4
7 .3
7 .2
6 .8
6 .5
6 .4
6 .2
6 .1
5 .9
2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s ...................................................................
7 .9
8 .0
8 .7
8 .5
8 .5
8 .3
7 .9
7 .8
7 .7
7 .2
6 .9
6 .8
6 .5
6 .4
6 .3
5 5 y e a rs an d o v e r
4 .3
2 5 y e a rs an d o v e r
...........................................................
5 .0
5 .3
5 .4
5 .5
5 .3
5 .5
5 .3
5 .1
5 .2
5 .0
4 .9
4 .9
4 .7
4 .3
M e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..................................................
9 .9
9 .9
1 0 .7
1 0 .7
1 0 .5
1 0 .1
9 .9
9 .8
9 .6
9 .1
8 .6
8 .3
8 .1
7 .8
7 .7
1 6 to 2 4 y e a r s ...................................................................
1 9 .1
1 8 .4
1 9 .4
1 9 .5
1 9 .5
1 8 .6
1 8 .4
1 8 .6
1 7 .6
1 7 .3
1 5 .9
1 5 .6
1 5 .6
1 4 .6
1 4 .6
2 4 .3
..........................................................
2 4 .4
2 3 .3
2 5 .1
2 4 .4
2 3 .9
2 4 .0
2 3 .8
2 2 .5
2 0 .2
2 0 .4
2 0 .8
1 9 .7
2 0 .0
1 6 t o 1 7 y e a r s ......................................................
2 6 .4
2 5 .2
2 6 .3
2 6 .9
2 6 .7
26 0
2 7 .3
2 6 .0
2 3 .9
2 4 .3
2 2 .0
23 3
2 1 .6
2 1 .6
2 3 .0
1 8 t o 1 9 y e a r s ......................................................
2 3 .1
2 2 .2
24 4
2 2 .9
2 2 .3
22 8
2 1 .2
2 3 .2
2 2 .2
2 1 .6
1 9 .6
1 8 .9
1 9 .6
1 8 .1
1 8 .2
...........................................................
1 6 .4
15 9
1 6 .6
1 7 .0
1 7 .3
1 5 .9
1 5 .8
1 5 .7
1 5 .0
1 4 .7
1 3 .8
1 3 .3
1 3 .1
1 2 .1
1 1 .9
5 .9
1 6 to 1 9 y e a rs
2 0 to 2 4 y e a rs
2 2 .8
...........................................................
7 .5
7 .8
8 .4
8 .4
8 .2
7 .9
7 .6
7 .5
7 .5
7 .0
6 .8
6 .5
6 .2
6 .1
2 5 t o 5 4 y e a r s ......................................................
8 .0
8 .2
9 .0
8 .9
8 .8
8 .4
8 .1
8 .0
8 .0
7 .4
7 .1
6 .7
6 .6
6 .4
6 .1
5 5 ye a rs a n d o v e r
5 .1
5 .6
5 .8
6 .1
5 .8
5 .5
5 .5
5 .4
5 .6
5 .4
5 .4
5 .4
4 .8
4 .5
4 .6
2 5 ye a rs an d o v e r
..............................................
W o m e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..........................................
9 .4
9 .2
9 .9
9 .6
9 .5
9 .8
9 .0
9 .1
8 .8
8 .5
8 .2
8 .1
7 .9
7 .8
7 .9
1 6 .2
1 5 .8
1 6 .8
1 6 .6
1 6 .3
1 6 .4
1 5 .0
1 5 .7
1 5 .2
1 5 .1
1 4 .7
1 4 .0
1 3 .9
1 3 .7
1 4 .2
2 1 .9
2 1 .3
2 1 .9
2 2 .3
2 2 .0
2 3 .1
2 1 .5
2 1 .1
2 0 .6
2 0 .5
2 0 .1
1 9 .8
1 8 .0
1 8 .9
1 9 .8
1 6 t o 1 7 y e a r s ......................................................
2 3 .2
2 3 .4
2 4 .0
23 6
2 1 .8
2 2 .5
2 2 .2
2 2 .6
2 3 .1
1 8 t o 1 9 y e a r s ......................................................
1 6 t o 2 4 y e a r s ...................................................................
1 6 to 19 y e a rs
2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s
2 5 y e a rs an d o v e r
...........................................................
2 3 .7
2 4 .4
2 4 .7
2 4 .4
2 5 .2
2 2 .6
2 1 .0
1 9 .9
2 0 .6
2 0 .7
2 0 .2
2 1 .7
2 0 .5
1 9 .9
1 8 .5
1 8 .8
1 9 .0
1 8 .7
1 5 .4
1 6 .9
1 8 .1
...........................................................
1 3 .2
1 2 .9
1 4 .1
1 3 .6
1 3 .4
1 2 .9
1 1 .7
1 2 .8
1 2 .5
1 2 .3
1 2 .0
1 1 .0
1 1 .7
1 1 .0
1 1 .3
...........................................................
7 .3
7 .2
7 .7
7 .5
7 .5
7 .8
7.1
7 .0
6 .9
6 .5
6 .2
6 .3
6 .2
6 .1
6 .0
......................................................
7 .7
7 .7
8 .3
8 .0
8.1
8.1
7 .6
7 .5
7 .3
7 .0
6 .6
6 .8
6 .5
6 .5
6 .5
4 .8
4 .7
4 .8
4 .6
4 .7
5 .5
5 .1
4 .7
4 .5
4 .4
4 .1
4 .3
4 .5
4 .0
3 .9
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
Dec
Jan.
Feb.
4 ,8 2 5
4 ,7 3 7
2 5 to 5 4 y e a rs
5 5 y e a rs a n d o v e r
7.
1983
..............................................
Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ]
1984
1983
A n n u al av e ra g e
R e a s o n f o r u n e m p lo y m e n t
1982
J o b lo s e r s
............................................................................................
O n l a y o ff
....................................................................................
O th e r jo b lo s e r s
...................................................................
J o b l e a v e r s ............................................................................................
N e w e n t r a n t s ........................................................................................
1983
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
6 ,7 6 7
6 ,7 5 3
6 ,5 2 5
6 ,2 3 5
6 ,1 3 3
5 ,9 3 8
5 ,6 0 1
5 ,2 2 6
5 ,0 1 7
M a r.
4 ,6 1 4
6 ,2 5 8
6 ,8 4 8
2 ,1 2 7
1 ,7 8 0
2 ,0 0 5
1 ,9 7 9
1 ,9 5 8
1 ,8 4 1
1 ,7 3 5
1 .6 6 0
1 ,5 6 2
1 ,3 9 2
1 ,3 2 1
1 .2 8 3
1 ,2 3 8
1 ,2 7 2
1 ,2 5 4
4 ,1 4 1
4 ,4 7 8
4 ,8 4 3
4 ,7 8 8
4 ,7 9 5
4 ,6 8 4
4 ,5 0 0
4 ,4 7 3
4 ,3 7 6
4 .2 0 9
3 ,9 0 5
3 .7 3 4
3 ,5 8 8
3 ,4 6 5
3 ,3 6 0
6 ,2 5 8
840
830
888
816
808
799
752
799
858
866
868
855
809
772
756
2 ,3 8 4
2 ,4 1 2
2 ,4 6 0
2 ,4 9 1
2 ,4 0 4
2 ,4 3 6
2 ,4 1 5
2 ,4 7 9
2 ,3 6 2
2 ,3 2 2
2 ,2 5 0
2 ,2 4 6
2 ,1 9 2
2 ,1 5 3
2 ,2 0 8
1 ,4 1 2
1 ,2 2 9
1 ,2 1 4
1 ,2 3 4
1 ,1 2 7
1 ,1 5 4
1 ,1 5 0
1 ,1 7 5
1 ,0 9 2
1 ,2 1 3
1 0 0 .0
1 ,1 8 5
1 ,2 1 6
1 ,1 8 2
1 ,2 5 1
1 ,2 4 6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
5 8 .7
5 8 .4
6 0 .2
5 9 .8
6 0 .2
5 8 .4
5 8 .6
5 7 .7
5 7 .1
5 6 .5
5 5 .0
5 4 .1
53 6
5 4 .1
1 9 .9
1 6 .6
1 7 .6
1 7 .5
1 7 .5
1 6 .5
1 6 .3
1 5 .6
1 5 .0
1 4 .0
1 3 .9
1 3 .8
1 3 .7
1 4 .5
1 4 .3
4 2 .1
4 2 .1
4 2 .4
4 1 .1
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
39 6
3 8 .2
P E R C E N T D IS T R IB U T IO N
T o t a l u n e m p l o y e d ...........................................................................
J o b lo s e r s
On
............................................................................................
a y o ff
....................................................................................
5 2 .5
...................................................................
3 8 .8
4 1 .8
4 2 .6
4 2 .3
4 2 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .3
J o b l e a v e r s ............................................................................................
7 .9
7 .7
7 .8
7 .2
7 .2
7 ,2
7 .1
7 .5
8 .3
8 .7
9 .1
9 .2
9 .0
8 .8
8 .6
R e e n t r a n t s ............................................................................................
2 2 .3
2 2 .5
2 1 .6
2 2 .0
2 1 .4
2 1 .8
2 2 .7
2 3 .3
2 2 .7
2 3 .4
2 3 .7
2 4 .2
2 4 .4
2 4 .6
2 5 .1
N e w e n t r a n t s ........................................................................................
1 1 .1
1 1 .3
1 0 .4
1 1 .0
1 1 .1
1 2 .6
1 1 .6
1 1 .4
1 1 .9
1 1 .4
1 2 .1
1 2 .4
1 3 .1
1 2 .5
1 3 .8
............................................................................................
5 .7
5 .6
6 .2
6 .1
6 .1
5 .8
5 .6
5 .5
5 .3
5 .0
4 .7
4 .5
4 .3
4 .2
4 .1
J o b l e a v e r s ............................................................................................
.8
.7
.8
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.8
8
.8
.8
.7
.7
.7
2 .2
2 .2
2 .2
2 .2
2 .2
2 .2
2 .2
2 .2
2 .1
2 .1
2 .0
2 .0
2 .0
1 .9
2 .0
1 .3
1.1
1 .1
1.1
1 .0
1 .0
1 .0
1 .0
1 .0
1.1
O th e r jo b lo s e r s
PERCENT OF
C IV IL IA N L A B O R F O R C E
J o b lo s e r s
N e w e n t r a n t s ........................................................................................
8.
1.1
1 .1
1.1
1.1
1 .1
Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ]
1984
1983
A n n u al av e ra g e
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t
1982
1983
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
L e s s t h a n 5 w e e k s ...........................................................................
3 ,8 8 3
3 ,5 7 0
3 ,5 3 5
3 ,5 9 5
3 ,5 6 8
3 ,6 3 0
3 ,5 2 9
3 ,6 3 3
3 ,7 4 0
3 ,5 0 4
3 ,3 2 8
3 ,3 8 2
3 ,2 3 3
3 ,3 5 9
3 ,3 8 6
5 t o 1 4 w e e k s ....................................................................................
3 ,3 1 1
2 ,9 3 7
3 ,1 7 3
3 ,1 3 9
3 ,0 1 2
2 ,9 5 0
2 ,8 4 1
2 ,9 5 1
2 ,7 8 4
2 ,7 2 5
2 ,6 1 6
2 ,5 0 4
2 ,5 5 6
2 ,4 8 4
2 ,5 3 9
2 ,8 7 3
15 w eeks and over
.......................................................................
3 ,4 8 5
4 ,2 1 0
4 ,5 8 7
4 ,3 9 6
4 ,5 1 0
4 ,4 8 6
4 ,3 9 8
4 ,0 7 8
3 ,8 8 9
3 ,6 5 5
3 ,5 2 7
3 ,3 6 9
3 ,2 0 1
2 ,9 8 4
1 ,3 8 3
1 ,3 7 2
1 ,3 3 7
1 ,2 8 4
1 ,1 6 6
1 ,1 7 3
1 ,1 1 4
1 5 t o 2 6 w e e k s .......................................................................
1 ,7 0 8
1 ,6 5 2
1 ,8 6 1
1 ,6 9 1
1 ,7 7 4
1 ,5 9 3
1 ,7 9 4
1 ,5 9 7
2 7 w e e k s a n d o v e r ..............................................................
1 ,7 7 6
2 ,5 5 9
2 ,7 2 6
2 ,7 0 5
2 ,7 3 6
2 ,8 9 3
2 ,6 0 4
2 ,4 8 1
2 ,5 0 6
2 ,2 8 3
2 ,1 9 0
2 ,0 8 5
2 ,0 3 5
1 ,8 1 0
1 ,7 5 9
M e a n d u r a t i o n in w e e k s ...............................................................
1 5 .6
2 0 .0
1 9 .2
1 9 .2
2 0 .2
2 1 .4
2 1 .3
1 9 .9
2 0 .2
2 0 .1
2 0 .2
1 9 .6
2 0 .5
1 8 .8
1 8 .8
9 .2
8 .3
8 .3
M e d ia n d u r a t i o n in w e e k s ..........................................................
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8 .7
1 0 .1
1 0 .4
1 0 .8
1 1 .9
1 0 .8
1 0 .1
9 .4
9 .4
9 .5
9 .4
9 .0
67
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS
E mployment , hours , a nd earnings data in this section are com
piled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis
to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies
by 189,000 establishments representing all industries except ag
riculture. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based
on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are
therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a
firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or warehouse.) Selfemployed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are
outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from
establishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in
employment figures between the household and establishment sur
veys.
Definitions
Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday
and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th of the
month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons
in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them.
Production workers
in manufacturing include blue-collar worker su
pervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with produc
tion operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-16 include production
workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construc
tion; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; in
wholesale and retail trade; in finance, insurance, and real estate: and in
services industries. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total
employment on private nonagricultural payrolls.
Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers re
ceive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or
late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments.
Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in
consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer
Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). The
Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from average hourly earnings data
adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated
to underlying wage-rate developments; fluctuations in overtime premiums
68
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in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available)
and the effects of changes and seasonal factors in the proportion of workers
in high-wage and low-wage industries.
Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsuper
visory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard
or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion o f gross average
weekly hours which were in excess of
trs and for which overtime
premiums were paid
The Diffusion Index, introduced in table 17 of the May 1983 issue,
represents the percent of 186 nonagricultural industries in which employ
ment was rising over the indicated period. One-half of the industries with
unchanged employment are counted as rising. In line with Bureau practice,
data for the 3-, 6-, and 9-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while that
for the 12-month span is unadjusted. The diffusion index is useful for
measuring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and is also an eco
nomic indicator.
Notes on the data
Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are pe
riodically adjusted to com prehensive counts o f em ploym ent (called
■'benchmarks” ). The latest complete adjustment was made with the release
of May 1983 data, published in the July 1983 issue of the R eview . Con
sequently, data published in the R eview prior to that issue are not necessarily
comparable to current data. Unadjusted data have been revised back to
April 1981: seasonally adjusted data have been revised back to January
1978. Unadjusted data from April 1982 forward, and seasonally adjusted
data from January 1979 forward are subject to revision in future bench
marks. Earlier comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are
published in a Supplem ent to E m ploym ent an d E arnings (unadjusted data
from April 1977 through February 1983 and seasonally adjusted data from
January 1974 through February 1983) and in E m ploym ent an d E arn ings,
U n ited S tates. 1 9 0 9 -7 8 . BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods).
A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and
establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “ Com
paring employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” M onthly
L a bor R eview . December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . See also BLS H andbook o f
M ethods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982).
9. Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-83
[Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands]
G o o d t-p ro d u d n g
S e r v ic e - p r o d u c in g
T ra n s p o r-
P rlv A t*
T u r
T o ta l
W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il tra d e
s e c to r
T o ta l
M a n u fa c
t io n
tu rin g
M in in g
T o ta l
in s u r a n c e ,
W h o le
and
R e t a il
T o ta l
p u b lic
s a le
tra d e
tra d e
u tilitie s
S e r v ic e s
and real
S ta te an d
T o ta l
F e d e ra l
lo c a l
e s ta te
1950
...........................................................
2 6 ,6 9 1
4 ,0 3 4
9 ,3 8 6
2 ,6 3 5
6 ,7 5 1
1 ,8 8 8
5 ,3 5 7
6 ,0 2 6
1 ,9 2 8
4 ,0 9 8
1955
...........................................................
5 0 ,6 4 1
4 3 ,7 2 7
2 0 ,5 1 3
792
2 ,8 3 9
1 6 ,8 8 2
3 0 ,1 2 8
4 ,1 4 1
1 0 ,5 3 5
2 ,9 2 6
7 ,6 1 0
2 ,2 9 8
6 ,2 4 0
6 ,9 1 4
2 ,1 8 7
4 ,7 2 7
......................................................
5 4 ,1 8 9
4 5 ,8 3 6
2 0 ,4 3 4
712
2 ,9 2 6
1 6 ,7 9 6
3 3 ,7 5 5
4 ,0 0 4
1 1 ,3 9 1
3 ,1 4 3
8 ,2 4 8
2 ,6 2 9
7 ,3 7 8
8 ,3 5 3
2 ,2 7 0
6 ,0 8 3
7 ,2 4 8
I9 6 0 ’
4 5 ,1 9 7
1 8 ,5 0 6
3 9 ,1 7 0
901
2 ,3 6 4
1 5 ,2 4 1
G o v e rn m e n t
F in a n c e ,
ta tio n
C o n s tru c
1964
...........................................................
5 8 ,2 8 3
4 8 ,6 8 6
2 1 ,0 0 5
634
3 ,0 9 7
1 7 ,2 7 4
3 7 ,2 7 8
3 ,9 5 1
1 2 ,1 6 0
3 ,3 3 7
8 ,8 2 3
2 ,9 1 1
8 ,6 6 0
9 ,5 9 6
2 ,3 4 8
1965
...........................................................
6 0 ,7 6 5
5 0 ,5 8 9
2 1 ,9 2 6
632
3 ,2 3 2
1 8 ,0 6 2
3 8 ,8 3 9
4 ,0 3 6
1 2 ,7 1 6
3 ,4 6 6
9 ,2 5 0
2 ,9 7 7
9 ,0 3 6
1 0 ,0 7 4
2 ,3 7 8
7 ,6 9 6
1966
...........................................................
6 3 ,9 0 1
5 3 ,1 1 6
2 3 ,1 5 8
627
3 ,3 1 7
1 9 ,2 1 4
4 0 ,7 4 3
4 ,1 5 8
1 3 ,2 4 5
3 ,5 9 7
9 ,6 4 8
3 ,0 5 8
9 ,4 9 8
1 0 ,7 8 4
2 ,5 6 4
8 ,2 2 0
1967
...........................................................
6 5 ,8 0 3
5 4 ,4 1 3
2 3 ,3 0 8
613
3 ,2 4 8
1 9 ,4 4 7
4 2 ,4 9 5
4 ,2 6 8
1 3 ,6 0 6
3 ,6 8 9
9 ,9 1 7
3 ,1 8 5
1 0 ,0 4 5
1 1 ,3 9 1
2 ,7 1 9
1968
...........................................................
6 7 ,8 9 7
5 6 ,0 5 8
2 3 ,7 3 7
606
3 ,3 5 0
1 9 ,7 8 1
4 4 ,1 6 0
4 ,3 1 8
1 4 ,0 9 9
3 ,7 7 9
1 0 ,3 2 0
3 ,3 3 7
1 0 ,5 6 7
1 1 ,8 3 9
2 ,7 3 7
9 ,1 0 2
1969
...........................................................
7 0 ,3 8 4
5 8 ,1 8 9
2 4 ,3 6 1
619
3 ,5 7 5
2 0 ,1 6 7
4 6 ,0 2 3
4 ,4 4 2
1 4 ,7 0 6
3 ,9 0 7
1 0 ,7 9 8
3 ,5 1 2
1 1 ,1 6 9
1 2 ,1 9 5
2 ,7 5 8
9 ,4 3 7
1970
...........................................................
7 0 ,8 8 0
5 8 ,3 2 5
2 3 ,5 7 8
623
3 ,5 8 8
1 9 ,3 6 7
4 7 ,3 0 2
4 ,5 1 5
1 5 ,0 4 0
3 ,9 9 3
1 1 ,0 4 7
3 ,6 4 5
1 1 ,5 4 8
1 2 ,5 5 4
2 ,7 3 1
9 ,8 2 3
609
3 ,7 0 4
4 ,4 7 6
1 5 ,3 5 2
5 8 ,3 3 1
2 2 ,9 3 5
1 8 ,6 2 3
4 8 ,2 7 8
4 ,0 0 1
1 1 ,3 5 1
3 ,7 7 2
1 1 ,7 9 7
1 2 ,8 8 1
2 ,6 9 6
1 0 ,1 8 5
1972
...........................................................
7 3 ,6 7 5
6 0 ,3 4 1
2 3 ,6 6 8
628
3 ,8 8 9
1 9 ,1 5 1
5 0 ,0 0 7
4 ,5 4 1
1 5 ,9 4 9
4 ,1 1 3
1 1 ,8 3 6
3 ,9 0 8
1 2 ,2 7 6
1 3 ,3 3 4
2 ,6 8 4
1 0 ,6 4 9
1973
...........................................................
7 6 ,7 9 0
6 3 ,0 5 8
2 4 ,8 9 3
642
4 ,0 9 7
2 0 ,1 5 4
5 1 ,8 9 7
4 ,6 5 6
1 6 ,6 0 7
4 ,2 7 7
1 2 ,3 2 9
4 ,0 4 5
1 2 ,8 5 7
1 3 ,7 3 2
2 ,6 6 3
1 1 ,0 6 8
1 9 7 1 ...........................................................
7 1 ,2 1 4
8 ,6 7 2
1974
...........................................................
7 8 ,2 6 5
6 4 ,0 9 5
2 4 ,7 9 4
697
4 ,0 2 0
2 0 ,0 7 7
5 3 ,4 7 1
4 ,7 2 5
1 6 ,9 8 7
4 ,4 3 3
1 2 ,5 5 4
4 ,1 4 8
1 3 ,4 4 1
1 4 ,1 7 0
2 ,7 2 4
1 1 ,4 4 6
1975
...............................................
7 6 ,9 4 5
6 2 ,2 5 9
2 2 ,6 0 0
752
3 ,5 2 5
1 8 ,3 2 3
5 4 ,3 4 5
4 ,5 4 2
1 7 ,0 6 0
4 ,4 1 5
1 2 ,6 4 5
4 ,1 6 5
1 3 ,8 9 2
1 4 ,6 8 6
2 ,7 4 8
1 1 ,9 3 7
1976
...............................................
7 9 ,3 8 2
6 4 ,5 1 1
2 3 ,3 5 2
779
3 ,5 7 6
1 8 ,9 9 7
5 6 ,0 3 0
4 ,5 8 2
1 7 ,7 5 5
4 ,5 4 6
1 3 ,2 0 9
4 ,2 7 1
1 4 ,5 5 1
1 4 ,8 7 1
2 ,7 3 3
1 2 ,1 3 8
1977
...............................................
8 2 ,4 7 1
6 7 ,3 4 4
2 4 ,3 4 6
813
3 ,8 5 1
1 9 ,5 8 2
5 8 ,1 2 5
4 ,7 1 3
1 8 ,5 1 6
4 ,7 0 8
1 3 ,8 0 8
4 ,4 6 7
1 5 ,3 0 3
1 5 ,1 2 7
2 ,7 2 7
1 2 ,3 9 9
1978
..............................................
8 6 ,6 9 7
7 1 ,0 2 6
2 5 ,5 8 5
851
4 .2 2 9
2 0 ,5 0 5
6 1 ,1 1 3
4 ,9 2 3
1 9 ,5 4 2
4 ,9 6 9
1 4 ,5 7 3
4 ,7 2 4
1 6 ,2 5 2
1 5 ,6 7 2
2 ,7 5 3
1 2 ,9 1 9
1979
..............................................
8 9 ,8 2 3
7 3 ,8 7 6
2 6 ,4 6 1
958
4 ,4 6 3
2 1 ,0 4 0
6 3 ,3 6 3
5 ,1 3 6
2 0 ,1 9 2
5 ,2 0 4
1 4 ,9 8 9
4 ,9 7 5
1 7 ,1 1 2
1 5 ,9 4 7
2 ,7 7 3
1 3 ,1 4 7
1980
..............................................
9 0 ,4 0 6
7 4 ,1 6 6
2 5 ,6 5 8
1 ,0 2 7
4 ,3 4 6
2 0 ,2 8 5
6 4 ,7 4 8
5 ,1 4 6
2 0 ,3 1 0
5 ,2 7 5
1 5 ,0 3 5
5 ,1 8 0
1 7 ,8 9 0
1 6 ,2 4 1
2 ,8 6 6
1 3 ,3 7 5
1 9 8 1 ..............................................
9 1 ,1 5 6
7 5 ,1 2 6
2 5 ,4 9 7
1 ,1 3 9
4 ,1 8 8
2 0 ,1 7 0
6 5 ,6 5 9
5 ,1 6 5
5 ,3 5 8
1 5 ,1 8 9
1982
..............................................
8 9 ,5 9 6
7 3 ,7 9 3
2 3 ,9 0 7
1 ,1 4 3
3 ,9 1 1
1 8 ,8 5 3
6 5 ,6 8 9
5 ,0 8 1
2 0 ,4 0 1
5 ,2 8 0
1 5 ,1 2 2
5 ,3 4 0
1 9 ,0 6 4
1 5 ,8 0 3
2 ,7 3 9
1 3 ,0 6 4
1983
...............................................
8 9 ,9 7 8
7 4 ,2 3 4
2 3 ,6 4 6
1 ,0 2 1
3 ,9 4 7
1 8 ,6 7 8
6 6 ,3 3 2
4 ,9 4 1
2 0 ,5 1 3
5 ,2 3 2
1 5 ,2 8 1
5 ,4 5 4
1 9 ,6 8 0
1 5 ,7 4 4
2 ,7 5 2
1 2 ,9 9 2
2 0 ,5 4 7
5 ,2 9 8
1 8 ,6 1 9
1 6 ,0 3 1
2 ,7 7 2
1 3 ,2 5 9
'D a t a in c lu d e A la s k a a n d H a w a ii b e g i n n in g in 1 9 5 9 .
1 0 .
E m
p lo y m
e n t
b y
S ta te
[ N o n a g r ic u l t u r a l p a y r o ll d a ta , in t h o u s a n d s ]
S t a te
Feb. 1983
J a n .1 9 84
F e b . 1984P
A l a b a m a ................................................................................
1 ,2 8 5 .6
1 ,3 2 4 .4
1 ,3 2 9 .7
A l a s k a ....................................................................................
1 9 2 .9
1 9 9 .5
2 0 2 .2
A r iz o n a
...............................................................................
1 ,0 4 0 .0
1 ,1 0 1 .6
1 ,1 1 7 .5
S t a le
Feb. 1983
Jan . 1984
Feb . 1984P
M o n t a n a ...............................................................................
2 6 3 .2
2 6 6 .1
266 1
N e b ra s k a
5 9 1 .4
6 0 4 .6
607 1
N evada
...........................................................................
...............................................................................
3 8 5 .6
4 1 2 .3
4 1 4 .5
A rk a n s a s
...........................................................................
7 1 1 .8
7 4 9 .4
7 5 8 .5
N e w H a m p s h i r e ...............................................................
3 8 5 .4
4 1 2 .1
4 1 3 .9
C a l if o r n ia
...........................................................................
9 ,7 0 9 .7
1 0 ,0 7 8 .7
1 0 ,1 0 8 .9
N e w J e r s e y .......................................................................
3 ,0 3 0 .5
3 ,1 6 8 .8
3 ,1 6 9 1
C o lo ra d o
............................................................................
1 ,2 9 3 .7
1 ,3 2 9 .7
1 ,3 3 5 .6
N e w M e x i c o .......................................................................
4 6 5 .1
4 7 9 .4
4 8 3 .1
C o n n e c t i c u t .......................................................................
1 ,3 9 9 .0
1 ,4 4 6 .7
1 .4 4 7 .4
N e w Y o r k ...........................................................................
7 ,1 1 2 .6
7 ,2 6 8 .7
7 ,2 9 6 4
O e la w a re
...........................................................................
2 5 4 .8
2 6 4 .4
2 6 4 .0
N o r th C a r o lin a
..............................................................
2 ,3 2 9 2
2 ,4 3 6 .7
2 ,4 4 9 2
..................................................
5 8 2 .7
5 8 9 .7
5 8 9 .6
N o r th D a k o t a ...................................................................
2 4 0 .5
2 4 4 .9
244 3
F l o r i d a ....................................................................................
3 ,8 1 6 .1
4 ,0 5 9 .0
4 ,0 8 4 .0
O h i o .......................................................................................
3 ,9 6 2 .7
4 ,0 8 3 .3
4 ,0 9 1 .8
G e o r g ia
2 ,1 9 7 .0
2 ,3 0 6 .1
2 ,3 2 0 .3
D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b ia
................................................................................
O k l a h o m a ...........................................................................
1 , 1 6 1 .1
1 ,1 6 5 .7
404 3
4 0 1 .9
4 0 5 .7
O re g o n
Id a h o
..........................................................................................................
3 0 4 .0
3 1 7 .1
3 1 7 .9
P e n n s y lv a n ia
I l l i n o i s ...........................................................................................................
4 ,4 3 2 8
4 ,4 6 8 .0
In d ia n a
.....................................................................................................
1 ,9 5 5 .4
I o w a ................................................................................................................
1 ,0 0 1 .2
.....................................................................................................
893 6
K e n tu c k y
................................................................................................
1 ,1 2 3 .7
1 ,1 5 8 .9
1 ,1 5 5 .8
L o u is ia n a
...........................................................................
1 ,5 4 6 .1
1 , 5 5 6 .1
1 ,5 6 3 .2
U t a h .......................................................................................
5 4 9 .5
5 7 7 .7
579 2
M a i n e ....................................................................................
4 0 0 .8
4 0 8 .8
4 1 1 .6
V e r m o n t ...............................................................................
2 0 1 .1
2 0 3 .6
205 9
Kansas
...............................................................................
1 ,1 5 7 .2
H a w a i i ....................................................................................
9 3 1 .9
965 8
9 7 0 .0
...................................................................
4 ,3 8 9 .3
4 ,4 9 7 .4
4 ,5 0 6 0
4 ,4 7 4 .2
R h o d e I s l a n d ...................................................................
3 7 9 .9
394 1
396 2
2 ,0 0 0 .5
2 ,0 1 0 .2
S o u t h C a r o lin a
..............................................................
1 ,1 4 5 .7
1 ,1 9 5 .2
1 ,2 0 2 .3
1 ,0 1 3 .5
1 ,0 1 5 .5
S o u t h D a k o t a ...................................................................
2 2 3 .4
229 7
230 2
9 1 3 .9
9 2 3 .9
...........................................................................
1 ,6 6 2 .2
1 ,7 4 5 .5
1 ,7 5 9 4
...................................................................................
6 ,1 0 7 .7
6 ,2 2 4 .9
6 ,2 5 7 .5
Tennessee
Texas
...............................................................................
2 ,1 1 5 .9
2 ,2 1 6 .4
2 ,2 2 2 .5
...............................................................
2 ,5 8 8 .7
2 ,6 5 1 .2
2 ,6 6 6 .8
W a s h i n g t o n .......................................................................
1 ,5 2 8 .6
1 ,5 7 8 .8
1 ,5 8 5 6
...............................................................................................
3 ,1 1 3 .5
3 ,2 2 1 .8
3 ,2 4 2 .1
W e s t V i r g i n i a ...................................................................
5 6 2 .0
5 8 0 .7
5 8 2 .4
M i n n e s o t a ...............................................................................................
1 ,6 5 0 .7
1 ,7 1 5 .6
1 ,7 2 4 .0
W i s c o n s i n ...........................................................................
1 ,8 0 1 .5
1 ,8 4 3 .6
1 ,8 5 0 2
...........................................................................
198 0
1 9 8 .0
1 9 7 .5
V i r g in I s l a n d s ...................................................................
3 6 .0
3 4 .9
3 5 .6
M a r y la n d
...........................................................................
M a s s a c h u s e tts
M ic h ig a n
1 ,6 4 6 .8
1 ,6 8 7 .5
1 ,7 0 0 .9
..........................................................................................
7 6 8 .7
7 9 3 .0
7 9 5 .4
M i s s o u r i .....................................................................................................
1 ,8 7 1 .4
1 ,9 0 3 .2
1 ,9 0 9 .2
M is s is s ip p i
p
=
V i r g in i a
W y o m in g
p r e lim in a ry .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
69
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
11.
Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted
[ N o n a g r l c u l t u r a l p a y r o l l d a t a , In t h o u s a n d s ]
A n n u al a v e ra g e
1983
1984
In d u s try d iv is io n a n d g ro u p
TOTAL
P R IV A T E S E C T O R
G 0 0 0 S -P R 0 0 U C IN G
1982
1983
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
F e b .A
M a r. A
8 9 ,5 9 6
8 9 ,9 7 8
8 8 ,8 1 4
8 9 ,1 0 1
8 9 ,4 2 1
8 9 ,8 4 4
9 0 ,1 5 2
8 9 ,7 3 5
9 0 ,8 5 1
9 1 ,0 8 7
9 1 ,3 5 5
9 1 ,5 9 9
9 1 ,9 3 0
9 2 ,3 4 7
9 2 ,4 9 0
7 3 ,7 9 3
7 4 ,2 3 4
7 3 ,0 9 0
7 3 ,3 7 7
7 3 ,6 7 7
7 4 ,1 2 3
7 4 ,4 7 2
7 4 ,0 7 4
7 4 ,9 9 0
7 5 ,3 1 2
7 5 ,5 7 9
7 5 ,8 2 9
7 6 ,1 8 8
7 6 ,5 7 1
7 6 ,7 2 8
2 3 ,9 0 7
2 3 ,6 4 6
2 3 ,0 3 0
2 3 ,1 5 9
2 3 ,3 4 7
2 3 ,5 1 8
2 3 ,7 2 4
2 3 ,8 3 0
2 3 ,9 3 5
2 4 ,1 6 8
2 4 ,3 1 1
2 4 ,4 1 5
2 4 ,6 1 7
2 4 ,7 7 2
2 4 ,7 8 2
M in in g
1 ,1 4 3
1 ,0 2 1
1 ,0 0 6
997
994
1 ,0 0 3
1 ,0 1 7
1 ,0 2 3
1 ,0 2 6
1 ,0 4 4
1 ,0 4 5
1 ,0 4 7
1 ,0 5 1
1 ,0 5 3
1 ,0 5 3
C o n s tr u c tio n
3 ,9 1 1
3 ,9 4 7
3 ,7 5 7
3 ,7 8 6
3 ,8 6 0
3 ,9 3 3
3 ,9 7 4
4 ,0 1 4
4 ,0 3 8
4 ,0 6 0
4 ,0 9 4
4 ,0 8 8
4 ,1 7 7
4 ,2 2 8
4 ,1 7 8
1 8 ,8 5 3
1 8 ,6 7 8
1 8 ,2 6 7
1 8 ,3 7 6
1 8 ,4 9 3
1 8 ,5 8 2
1 8 ,7 3 3
1 8 ,7 9 3
1 8 ,8 7 1
1 9 ,0 6 4
1 9 ,1 7 2
1 9 ,2 8 0
1 9 ,3 8 9
1 9 ,4 9 1
1 9 ,5 5 1
1 2 ,7 9 0
1 2 ,6 9 6
1 2 ,3 2 3
1 2 ,4 3 5
1 2 ,5 3 1
1 2 ,6 1 5
1 2 ,7 5 6
1 2 ,8 0 3
1 2 ,8 5 9
1 3 ,0 4 3
1 3 ,1 4 7
1 3 ,2 3 0
1 3 ,3 2 2
1 3 ,4 0 5
1 3 ,4 5 5
1 1 ,1 0 0
1 0 ,9 3 2
1 0 ,6 1 7
1 0 ,6 8 9
1 0 ,7 8 8
1 0 ,8 4 4
1 0 ,9 6 1
1 1 ,0 2 2
1 1 ,0 8 1
1 1 ,2 3 5
1 1 ,3 2 0
1 1 ,4 0 6
1 1 ,4 7 7
1 1 ,5 6 7
1 1 ,6 1 3
7 ,3 5 0
7 ,2 4 6
6 ,9 6 1
7 ,0 3 5
7 ,1 1 5
7 ,1 6 9
7 ,2 7 8
7 ,3 2 9
7 ,3 7 8
7 ,5 2 2
7 ,6 0 1
7 ,6 6 5
7 ,7 2 5
7 ,8 0 3
7 ,8 3 4
..........................................
603
677
638
651
662
679
688
699
703
712
714
715
717
719
724
F u r n i tu r e a n d f i x t u r e s ..........................................................
433
451
433
440
446
450
459
457
459
465
470
473
477
482
485
S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s
578
575
559
565
570
573
577
582
585
590
590
589
593
602
604
M a n u f a c t u r in g
P r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s
..........................................................
D u r a b le g o o d s
P r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s
..........................................................
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s t r ie s
.................................
..................................................
922
839
816
820
828
830
839
840
849
867
871
881
872
878
876
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ..................................................
1 .4 3 5
1 .3 9 6
1 .3 6 2
1 ,3 6 9
1 ,3 7 9
1 ,3 8 4
1 ,3 9 1
1 ,4 1 0
1 ,4 1 1
1 ,4 3 0
1 ,4 3 8
1 ,4 4 9
1 ,4 5 8
1 ,4 6 1
1 ,4 6 9
M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l
2 ,2 6 7
2 .0 8 8
2 .0 3 0
2 .0 3 1
2 ,0 6 4
2 ,0 6 6
2 ,0 9 4
2 ,1 0 9
2 ,1 1 5
2 ,1 3 1
2 ,1 5 8
2 ,1 7 2
2 ,1 8 7
2 ,2 0 2
2 ,2 1 4
.............................
2 ,0 1 6
2 .0 4 5
1 .9 8 8
1 ,9 9 9
2 ,0 1 0
2 ,0 3 0
2 ,0 4 7
2 ,0 4 3
2 ,0 8 2
2 ,1 0 7
2 ,1 2 8
2 ,1 4 6
2 ,1 6 5
2 ,1 8 9
2 ,2 0 9
T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t ..................................................
..........................................
1 .7 4 4
1 .7 8 5
1 .7 2 3
1 .7 4 3
1 ,7 5 7
1 ,7 6 2
1 ,7 9 4
1 ,8 0 7
1 ,8 0 1
1 ,8 4 8
1 ,8 6 2
1 ,8 8 7
1 ,9 0 9
1 ,9 3 0
1 ,9 2 3
.............................
716
694
69 1
690
689
687
687
692
696
699
70 1
701
706
707
712
M is c e l la n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g .........................................
386
382
377
381
383
383
385
383
380
386
388
393
393
397
397
E le c tr ic a n d e l e c t r o n ic e q u i p m e n t
In s t r u m e n t s a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s
7 ,7 5 3
7 .7 4 7
7 .6 8 7
7 ,7 0 5
7 .7 3 8
7 .7 7 2
7 ,7 7 1
7 .7 9 0
7 ,8 2 9
7 ,8 5 2
7 ,8 7 4
7 ,9 1 2
7 ,9 1 2
7 ,9 2 4
7 ,9 3 8
P r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s ..........................................................
5 .4 4 0
5 .4 5 0
5 .3 6 2
5 .4 0 0
5 .4 1 6
5 .4 4 6
5 .4 7 8
5 ,4 7 4
5 ,4 8 1
5 ,5 2 1
5 ,5 4 6
5 ,5 6 5
5 ,5 9 7
5 ,6 0 2
5 ,6 2 1
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ..............................................
1 .6 3 8
1 .6 3 0
1 .6 1 9
1 .6 3 3
1 .6 3 2
1 .6 4 3
1 .6 3 8
1 .6 2 7
1 ,6 3 0
1 ,6 2 8
1 ,6 3 3
1 ,6 3 2
1 ,6 4 2
1 ,6 3 9
1 ,6 3 8
68
65
67
66
66
65
65
62
63
64
61
62
61
61
63
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s
......................................................
T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s ..............................................................
750
744
730
733
736
745
746
752
753
759
758
759
766
763
766
A p p a re l a n d o t h e r te x t ile p r o d u c t s .............................
1 .1 6 4
1 .1 6 9
1 .1 4 3
1 .1 4 9
1 .1 5 3
1 .1 5 9
1 .1 8 0
1 .1 7 5
1 .1 7 7
1 .1 9 1
1 ,1 9 9
1 ,2 0 6
1 .2 1 0
1 ,2 1 4
1 ,2 1 5
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..................................................
662
659
652
654
656
657
658
659
662
665
666
670
671
674
672
P r in tin g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ......................................................
1 .2 6 9
1 .2 8 3
1 .2 6 9
1 .2 7 4
1 .2 7 6
1 .2 8 1
1 .2 8 4
1 .2 8 9
1 .2 9 0
1 .2 9 7
1 ,3 0 1
1 ,3 0 3
1 .3 1 0
1 .3 1 3
1 ,3 1 7
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s
.....................................
1 .0 7 9
1 .0 5 9
1 .0 5 6
1 .0 5 8
1 .0 5 8
1 .0 5 6
1 .0 5 9
1 .0 5 6
1 .0 6 0
1 .0 6 1
1 .0 6 1
1 ,0 6 4
1 .0 6 5
1 .0 6 5
1 ,0 6 6
P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s .........................................
201
196
199
199
198
198
197
195
195
193
193
192
192
191
192
701
727
699
707
716
72 1
732
739
742
753
762
769
777
786
793
221
216
216
214
214
213
213
217
218
218
218
217
218
218
216
6 5 .6 8 9
6 6 .3 3 2
6 5 .7 8 4
6 5 .9 4 2
6 6 .0 7 4
6 6 .3 2 6
6 6 .4 2 8
6 5 .9 0 5
6 6 .9 1 6
6 6 .9 1 9
6 7 .0 4 4
6 7 .1 8 4
6 7 .3 1 3
6 7 ,5 7 5
6 7 ,7 0 8
5 .0 8 1
4 ,9 4 1
4 .9 6 3
4 .9 8 8
4 .9 9 3
4 .9 9 2
4 .9 8 4
4 .3 4 1
5 .0 3 1
5 .0 1 9
5 .0 1 9
5 .0 1 5
5 .0 5 7
5 .0 6 7
5 ,0 6 9
2 0 .4 0 1
2 0 .5 1 3
2 0 .3 5 0
2 0 .3 2 9
2 0 .3 5 6
2 0 .4 9 4
2 0 .5 2 9
2 0 .5 8 0
2 0 .6 1 2
2 0 .6 6 6
2 0 .7 1 8
2 0 .7 8 1
2 0 .8 6 0
2 0 ,9 2 5
2 0 ,9 4 1
5 .2 8 0
5 .2 3 2
5 .1 7 6
5 .1 8 0
5 .1 9 7
5 .2 2 2
5 .2 2 9
5 .2 4 9
5 .2 7 4
5 .2 8 7
5 ,2 9 1
5 .3 1 3
5 ,3 4 3
5 .3 6 1
5 ,3 7 5
1 5 .1 2 2
1 5 .2 8 1
1 5 .1 7 4
1 5 .1 4 9
1 5 .1 5 9
1 5 .2 7 2
1 5 .3 0 0
1 5 .3 3 1
1 5 .3 3 8
1 5 .3 7 9
1 5 .4 2 7
1 5 .4 6 8
1 5 .5 1 7
1 5 ,5 6 4
1 5 ,5 6 6
5 .3 4 0
5 .4 5 4
5 .3 9 1
5 .4 2 3
5 .4 3 5
5 .4 5 1
5 .4 6 5
5 .4 8 8
5 .4 9 9
5 .5 0 3
5 .5 1 5
5 ,5 2 5
5 .5 5 3
5 .5 6 6
5 ,5 7 1
R u b b e r a n d m is c e l la n e o u s p l a s tic s p r o d u c t s
. .
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c t s .........................................
S E R V IC E - P R O D U C IN G
T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic u t ilitie s
W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il tra d e
W h o le s a le tra d e
R e t a il tra d e
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s ta te
S e r v ic e s
1 9 .0 6 4
1 9 .6 8 0
1 9 .3 5 6
1 9 .4 7 8
1 9 .5 4 6
1 9 .6 6 8
1 9 .7 7 0
1 9 .8 3 5
1 9 .9 1 3
1 9 .9 5 6
2 0 .0 1 6
2 0 .0 9 3
2 0 .1 0 1
2 0 ,2 4 1
2 0 ,3 6 5
G o v e rn m e n t
1 5 .8 0 3
1 5 .7 4 4
1 5 .7 2 4
1 5 .7 2 4
1 5 .7 4 4
1 5 .7 2 1
1 5 .6 8 0
1 5 .6 6 1
1 5 .8 6 1
1 5 .7 7 5
1 5 .7 7 6
1 5 .7 7 0
1 5 .7 4 2
1 5 ,7 7 6
1 5 ,7 6 2
...........................................................................................
2 .7 3 9
2 .7 5 2
2 .7 4 2
2 .7 4 9
2 .7 5 6
2 .7 4 2
2 ,7 3 8
2 .7 3 3
2 .7 7 3
2 .7 6 4
2 .7 6 3
2 ,7 6 8
2 .7 6 2
2 ,7 6 0
2 ,7 6 1
S ta te a n d l o c a l ...........................................................................
1 3 .0 6 4
1 2 .9 9 2
1 2 .9 8 2
1 2 .9 7 5
1 2 .9 8 8
1 2 .9 7 9
1 2 .9 4 2
1 2 .9 2 8
1 3 .0 8 3
1 3 .0 1 1
1 3 .0 1 3
1 3 .0 0 2
1 2 .9 8 0
1 3 ,0 1 6
1 3 ,0 0 1
F e d e ra l
p
p r e lim in a r y .
70
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NOTE: See
" N o te s o n th e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is i o n .
12. Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-83
[Gross averages,
p r o d u c t io n o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s o n n o n a g r ic u lt u r a l p a y r o lls ]
Year
A v e ra g e
A v e ra g e
A v e ra g e
A v erag e
A v e ra g e
A v erag e
A v erag e
A v erag e
A v erag e
A v erag e
A v erag e
w e e k ly
w e e k ly
h o u r ly
w e e k ly
w e e k ly
h o u r ly
w e e k ly
w e e k ly
h o u r ly
w e e k ly
w e e k ly
h o u r ly
e a r a le g s
h o u rs
e a m ln g s
e a r n in g s
h o u rs
e a rn in g s
e a r n in g s
h o u rs
e a r n in g s
e a rn in g s
h o u rs
e a rn in g s
P riv a te s e c to r
M in in g
C o n s tr u c tio n
A v e ra g e
M a n u f a c t u r in g
1950
..............................
$ 5 3 .1 3
3 9 .8
$ 1 .3 4
$ 6 7 .1 6
3 7 .9
$ 1 .7 7
$6 9 68
1955
..............................
6 7 .7 2
3 9 .6
1 .7 1
8 9 .5 4
4 0 .7
2 .2 0
90 90
3 7 .1
2 .4 5
7 5 .3 0
4 0 .7
1 .8 5
.........................
8 0 .6 7
3 8 .6
2 .0 9
1 0 5 .0 4
4 0 .4
2 .6 0
1 1 2 .5 7
3 6 .7
3 .0 7
89 72
39 7
2 .2 6
I9 6 0 1
3 7 .4
$ 1 .8 6
$ 5 8 .3 2
4 0 .5
$ 1 .4 4
1964
.............................
9 1 .3 3
3 8 .7
2 .3 6
1 1 7 .7 4
4 1 .9
2 .8 1
132 06
3 7 .2
3 .5 5
1 0 2 .9 7
4 0 .7
2 .5 3
1965
..............................
9 5 .4 5
3 8 .8
2 .4 6
1 2 3 .5 2
4 2 .3
2 .9 2
138 38
37 4
3 .7 0
1 0 7 .5 3
4 1 .2
2 .6 1
1966
..............................
1967
..............................
1968
9 8 .8 2
3 8 .6
2 .5 6
1 3 0 .2 4
4 2 .7
146 26
3 7 .6
3 .8 9
1 1 2 .1 9
4 1 .4
2 .7 1
1 0 1 .8 4
3 8 .0
2 .6 8
1 3 5 .8 9
4 2 .6
3 .1 9
154 95
3 7 .7
4 .1 1
114 49
40 6
2 .8 2
1 0 7 .7 3
3 7 .8
2 .8 5
1 4 2 .7 1
4 2 .6
3 .3 5
3 .0 5
164 49
3 7 .3
4 .4 1
1 2 2 .5 1
4 0 .7
3 .0 1
1969
.............................
1 1 4 .6 1
3 7 .7
3 .0 4
154 80
4 3 .0
3 60
1 8 1 .5 4
3 7 .9
4 79
1 2 9 .5 1
4 0 .6
3 .1 9
1970
..............................
1 1 9 .8 3
3 7 .1
3 .2 3
1 6 4 .4 0
4 2 .7
3 .8 5
1 9 5 .4 5
3 7 .3
5 .2 4
1 3 3 .3 3
3 9 .8
3 .3 5
1 9 7 1 ..............................
1 2 7 .3 1
3 6 .9
3 .4 5
1 7 2 .1 4
4 2 .4
4 .0 6
2 1 1 .6 7
1972
..............................
1 3 6 .9 0
3 7 .0
3 .7 0
1 8 9 .1 4
42 6
4 .4 4
221
19
3 6 .5
6 06
1 5 4 .7 1
4 0 .5
3 .8 2
1973
..............................
145 39
3 6 .9
3 .9 4
2 0 1 .4 0
4 2 .4
4 .7 5
2 3 5 .8 9
3 6 .8
6 .4 1
1 6 6 .4 6
4 0 .7
4 .0 9
3 7 .2
5 69
1 4 2 .4 4
3 9 .9
3 .5 7
1974
..............................
1 5 4 .7 6
3 6 .5
4 .2 4
2 1 9 .1 4
4 1 .9
5 .2 3
2 4 9 .2 5
3 6 .6
6 .8 1
1 7 6 .8 0
4 0 .0
4 .4 2
1975
..............................
1 6 3 .5 3
3 6 .1
4 .5 3
2 4 9 .3 1
4 1 .9
5 .9 5
2 6 6 .0 8
3 6 .4
7 .3 1
1 9 0 .7 9
3 9 .5
4 83
1976
..............................
1 7 5 .4 5
3 6 .1
4 .8 6
2 7 3 .9 0
4 2 .4
6 .4 6
2 8 3 .7 3
3 6 .8
7 .7 1
209 32
4 0 .1
5 .2 2
1977
..............................
1 8 9 .0 0
3 6 .0
5 .2 5
3 0 1 .2 0
4 3 .4
6 94
2 9 5 .6 5
3 6 .5
8 .1 0
2 2 8 .9 0
4 0 .3
5 .6 8
1978
..............................
2 0 3 .7 0
35 8
5 .6 9
3 3 2 .8 8
43 4
7 .6 7
31 8 69
3 6 .8
8 .6 6
2 4 9 .2 7
4 0 .4
6 .1 7
1979
..............................
2 1 9 .9 1
3 5 .7
6 .1 6
3 6 5 .0 7
4 3 .0
8 .4 9
342 99
3 7 .0
9 .2 7
2 6 9 .3 4
4 0 .2
6 .7 0
1980
.............................
2 3 5 .1 0
3 5 .3
6 .6 6
3 9 7 .0 6
4 3 .3
9 .1 7
3 6 7 78
3 7 .0
9 .9 4
2 8 8 .6 2
3 9 .7
7 27
1 9 8 1 ..............................
2 5 5 .2 0
3 5 .2
7 .2 5
4 3 9 .7 5
4 3 .7
1 0 .0 4
299 26
3 6 .9
1 0 .8 2
3 1 8 .0 0
39 8
7 .9 9
1982
.............................
2 6 6 .9 2
3 4 .8
7 .6 7
4 5 9 .2 3
4 2 .6
1 0 .7 8
4 2 6 .4 5
3 6 .7
1 1 .6 2
330 65
38 9
8 50
1983
.............................
2 8 0 .3 5
3 5 .0
8 .0 1
4 8 0 25
4 2 .5
1 1 .3 0
4 4 1 .8 6
3 7 .1
1 1 .9 1
3 5 4 .4 8
4 0 .1
8 84
T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d
W h o le s a le a n d r e t a il tra d e
u tilitie s
S e r v ic e s
r e a l e s ta te
1950
..............................
$ 4 4 .5 5
4 0 .5
$ 1 .1 0
$5 0 52
1955
..............................
5 5 .1 6
39 4
1 40
63 92
37 6
1 .7 0
.........................
6 6 .0 1
3 8 .6
1 .7 1
7 5 .1 4
37 2
2 02
I9 6 0 1
37 7
$ 1 .3 4
1964
..............................
$ 1 1 8 .7 8
4 1 .1
$ 2 89
7 4 .6 6
3 7 .9
1 .9 7
8 5 79
3 7 .3
2 30
$ 7 0 .0 3
3 6 .1
1965
.............................
1 2 5 .1 4
4 1 .3
3 .0 3
7 6 .9 1
3 7 .7
2 .0 4
8 8 91
3 7 .2
2 .3 9
7 3 .6 0
35 9
2 .0 5
1966
..............................
1 2 8 .1 3
4 1 .2
3 .1 1
79 39
3 7 .1
2 .1 4
9 2 13
3 7 .3
2 .4 7
7 7 .0 4
3 5 .5
2 .1 7
1967
.............................
1 3 0 .8 2
4 0 .5
3 .2 3
8 2 .3 5
3 6 .6
2 .2 5
9 5 72
3 7 .1
2 .5 8
8 0 .3 8
3 5 .1
2 .2 9
1968
.............................
1 3 8 .8 5
4 0 .6
3 .4 2
87 00
3 6 .1
2 .4 1
1 0 1 .7 5
3 7 .0
2 .7 5
8 3 .9 7
3 4 .7
1969
.............................
1 4 7 .7 4
4 0 .7
3 .6 3
91 3 9
3 5 .7
2 .5 6
1 0 8 .7 0
3 7 .1
2 93
9 0 57
3 4 .7
2 .6 1
1970
..............................
1 5 5 .9 3
4 0 .5
3 .8 5
9 6 .0 2
3 5 .3
2 .7 2
11 2 67
3 6 .7
3 .0 7
9 6 66
3 4 .4
2 .8 1
$ 1 .9 4
2 .4 2
1 9 7 1 ..............................
1 6 8 .8 2
4 0 .1
4 21
101 0 9
35 1
2 .8 8
1 1 7 .8 5
3 6 .6
3 .2 2
1 0 3 .0 6
33 9
3 04
1972
..............................
1 8 7 .8 6
40 4
4 .6 5
1 0 6 .4 5
34 9
3 .0 5
1 2 2 .9 8
3 6 .6
3 .3 6
1 1 0 .8 5
33 9
3 .2 7
1973
.............................
2 0 3 31
40 5
5 .0 2
1 1 1 .7 6
34 6
3 23
12 9 20
36 6
3 53
1 1 7 29
33 8
3 .4 7
1974
.............................
21 7 48
4 0 .2
5 .4 1
119 02
3 4 .2
3 .4 8
1 3 7 .6 1
36 5
3 77
1 2 6 .0 0
33 6
3 .7 5
1975
.............................
2 3 3 .4 4
3 9 .7
5 .8 8
126 45
33 9
3 .7 3
1 4 8 .1 9
3 6 .5
4 06
1 3 4 .6 7
33 5
4 02
1976
.............................
2 5 6 .7 1
3 9 .8
6 .4 5
1 3 3 .7 9
3 3 .7
3 .9 7
1 5 5 .4 3
3 6 .4
4 .2 7
1 4 3 .5 2
3 3 .3
4 .3 1
1977
.............................
2 7 8 .9 0
3 9 .9
6 .9 9
1 4 2 .5 2
3 3 .3
4 .2 8
1 6 5 .2 6
36 4
4 .5 4
1 5 3 .4 5
33 0
1978
.............................
302 80
40 0
7 .5 7
1 5 3 .6 4
3 2 .9
4 .6 7
1 7 8 .0 0
3 6 .4
4 .8 9
1 6 3 .6 7
32 8
4 .9 9
1979
..............................
3 2 5 .5 8
3 9 .9
8 .1 6
1 6 4 .9 6
3 2 .6
5 06
19 0 77
36 2
5 .2 7
1 7 5 .2 7
3 2 .7
5 36
1980
5 .8 5
4 .6 5
.............................
3 5 1 .2 5
3 9 .6
8 87
176 46
3 2 .2
5 48
2 0 9 .6 0
3 6 .2
5 .7 9
1 9 0 .7 1
32 6
1 9 8 1 .............................
3 8 2 .1 8
39 4
9 .7 0
1 9 0 .6 2
3 2 .2
5 .9 2
229 05
36 3
6 .3 1
2 0 8 97
32 6
6 .4 1
1982
.............................
4 0 1 .7 0
3 9 .0
1 0 .3 0
19 8 10
3 1 .9
6 .2 1
2 4 5 .4 4
3 6 .2
6 78
2 2 4 .9 4
3 2 .6
6 90
1983
.............................
4 2 1 .5 9
3 9 .0
1 0 .8 1
2 0 7 .0 3
3 1 .9
6 .4 9
2 6 4 .2 6
3 6 .2
7 .3 0
237 40
3 2 .7
7 26
1 D a ta in c lu d e A la s k a a n d H a w a ii b e g i n n in g in 1 9 5 9 .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
71
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
13.
Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted
[ G r o s s a v e r a g e s , p r o d u c t io n o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s o n p r iv a te n o n a g r ic u lt u r a l p a y r o lls ]
1983
A n n u al a v e ra g e
1984
In d u s t r y d iv is io n a n d g r o u p
1982
P R IV A T E S E C T O R
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
O v e r t im e h o u r s ..........................................................
1983
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
F e b .P
M a r .P
3 4 .8
3 5 .0
3 4 .8
3 4 .9
3 5 .1
3 5 .1
3 5 .0
3 5 .0
3 5 .2
3 5 .3
3 5 .2
3 5 .3
3 5 .5
3 5 .4
3 5 .2
3 8 .9
4 0 .1
3 9 .5
4 0 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .5
2 .3
3 .0
2 .6
2 .9
2 .7
2 .9
3 .0
3 .1
3 .3
3 .3
3 .4
3 .4
3 .5
3 .6
3 .4
4 1 .1
39 3
40 7
3 9 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
O v e r t im e h o u r s ..........................................................
2 .2
3 .0
2 .5
2 .8
2 .6
2 .8
3 .0
3 .1
3 .4
3 .4
3 .5
3 .5
3 .7
3 .7
3 .6
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ..........................................
38 0
4 0 .0
3 9 .5
4 0 .0
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
3 9 .6
F u r n i tu r e a n d f ix t u r e s
3 7 .2
3 9 .4
38 3
39 3
3 9 .2
4 0 .1
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
4 1 .4
4 0 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 2 .3
4 2 .6
4 1 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
4 1 .5
D u r a b le g o o d s
......................................................
S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s
.............................
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .1
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
3 8 .9
P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s ..................................................
3 8 .6
4 0 .5
3 9 .4
39 9
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ..............................................
3 9 .2
4 0 .6
3 9 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .2
39 7
4 0 .5
3 9 .7
4 2 .0
4 1 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
E l e c tr ic a n d e l e c t r o n ic e q u i p m e n t .............................
39 3
4 0 .5
3 9 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t ..............................................
4 0 .5
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 2 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 3 .5
4 2 .5
4 2 .5
4 1 .9
4 3 .4
4 3 .2
42 8
I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s .............................
3 9 .8
40 4
4 0 .0
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .4
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
40 6
4 0 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
3 8 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .0
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .6
39 5
3 9 .5
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
2 .5
3 .0
2 .7
3 .0
2 .9
3 .0
3 .0
3 .1
3 .1
3 .1
3 .1
3 .2
3 .2
3 .3
3 .2
3 9 .4
M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ..........................................
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s
O v e r t im e h o u r s ..........................................................
4 0 .8
..........................................
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
3 9 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s ..........................................................
3 7 .5
4 0 .4
3 9 .6
40 6
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
40 9
4 1 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r te x t ile p r o d u c t s
.........................
3 4 .7
3 6 .2
3 5 .6
36 2
3 6 .1
3 6 .1
3 5 .8
3 6 .2
3 6 .8
3 6 .5
3 6 .4
3 6 .5
3 7 .3
3 7 .1
3 6 .6
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..............................................
4 1 .8
4 2 .6
4 2 .1
4 2 .4
4 2 .7
4 2 .8
4 2 .9
4 2 .9
4 3 .3
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 3 .0
4 3 .2
4 3 .3
4 2 .7
3 7 .7
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s
3 7 .1
3 7 .6
3 7 .4
3 7 .7
3 7 .4
3 7 .6
3 7 .7
3 7 .5
3 7 .8
3 8 .0
3 7 .9
3 7 .6
3 7 .9
3 7 .9
C h e m i c a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s .....................................
4 0 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 2 .2
4 1 .9
P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ......................................
4 3 .9
4 3 .9
4 4 .9
4 3 .5
4 3 .6
4 3 .8
4 3 .7
4 3 .5
43 2
4 3 .5
4 3 .6
4 4 .5
4 5 .1
4 4 .6
45 0
3 5 .6
3 6 .8
3 6 .0
3 7 .0
3 6 .8
3 6 .8
3 7 .4
3 7 .2
3 7 .7
3 7 .5
3 7 .2
3 7 .0
3 7 .3
3 7 .3
3 6 .6
3 9 .0
39 0
3 8 .8
3 8 .8
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 9 .3
39 4
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .3
3 9 .2
3 1 .9
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c t s
.....................................
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S
W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E
3 1 .9
3 1 .9
3 1 .7
3 1 .7
3 1 .9
3 2 .0
3 1 .9
3 1 .8
3 1 .8
3 2 .1
3 2 .0
3 2 .4
3 2 .2
3 2 .1
W HO LESALE TRADE
3 8 .4
38 6
3 8 .4
3 8 .5
3 8 .6
3 8 .7
38 6
3 8 .5
3 8 .7
3 8 .7
3 8 .7
3 8 .7
38 8
3 8 .7
3 8 .5
29 6
29 9
29 9
29 8
2 9 .7
29 7
3 0 .0
3 0 .0
3 0 .4
3 0 .1
3 0 .0
2 9 .9
3 2 .7
32 9
3 2 .7
3 2 .6
3 2 .7
3 2 .8
32 9
3 2 .7
3 2 .6
3 2 .8
3 2 .7
3 2 .7
R E T A IL T R A D E
29 9
2 9 .8
2 9 .7
S E R V IC E S
3 2 .6
3 2 .7
3 2 .7
p =
p r e lim in a r y .
72
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NOTE: See
N o te s o n th e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n .
14.
Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group
[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls]
1983
A n n u al a v e ra g e
1984
In d u s try d iv is io n s n d g r o u p
P R IV A T E S E C T O R
1982
1983
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
F e b .p
M a r .P
$ 7 .6 7
$ 8 .0 1
$ 7 .9 0
$ 7 .9 4
$ 7 .9 7
$ 7 .9 7
$ 8 .0 0
$ 7 .9 4
$ 8 .1 1
$ 8 .1 5
$ 8 .1 6
$ 8 .1 6
$ 8 .2 6
$ 8 .2 4
$ 8 .2 4
7 .9 1
7 .9 5
7 .9 7
8 00
8 .0 3
7 .9 8
8 .0 8
8 .1 3
8 .1 3
8 .1 6
8 .2 3
8 .2 3
8 .2 5
S e a s o n a lly a d j u s t e d ..................................................
<1 )
<1 >
M IN IN G
1 0 .7 8
1 1 .3 0
1 1 .1 9
1 1 .2 8
1 1 .2 0
1 1 .2 5
1 1 .2 9
1 1 .2 8
1 1 .3 5
1 1 .3 5
1 1 .4 3
1 1 .4 4
1 1 .5 6
1 1 .4 8
1 1 .5 6
C O N S T R U C T IO N
1 1 .6 2
1 1 .9 1
1 1 .9 5
1 1 .9 0
1 1 .8 0
1 1 .7 4
1 1 .7 8
1 1 .8 4
1 2 .0 3
1 2 .0 4
1 1 .8 9
1 2 .0 1
1 2 .0 7
1 1 .9 8
1 1 .9 6
8 .5 0
8 .8 4
8 .7 4
8 .7 7
8 .7 8
8 .8 1
8 .8 6
8 .7 9
8 .9 0
8 .9 2
899
9 .0 6
9 .0 9
9 .0 8
9 .1 1
D u r a b l e g o o d s ..........................................................................................
9 .0 6
9 .4 0
9 .2 9
9 .3 1
9 .3 4
9 .3 7
9 .4 0
9 34
9 .4 8
9 .4 9
9 .5 6
9 63
9 .6 6
9 .6 6
9 .6 8
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s .............................
7 .4 6
7 .7 9
7 .6 8
7 .7 4
7 .7 8
7 85
7 82
7 .8 3
7 88
7 .8 7
7 80
7 80
7 .8 8
7 .8 8
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
7 .8 3
F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s ..............................................
6 .3 1
6 .6 2
6 .5 1
6 .5 1
6 .5 2
6 60
6 .6 5
6 .6 7
6 .7 3
6 .7 1
6 .7 2
6 .7 7
6 .7 6
6 .7 6
6 .7 8
S t o n e , c la y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s .....................
8 86
9 .2 8
9 .1 3
9 .1 6
9 .2 0
9 28
9 .3 4
9 .3 1
9 .4 3
9 .3 9
9 .4 1
9 .4 1
943
9 40
9 .4 0
1 1 .4 7
P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s ......................................
1 1 .3 3
1 1 .3 3
1 1 .2 4
1 1 .2 5
1 1 .2 8
1 1 .2 3
1 1 .3 7
1 1 .2 8
1 1 .3 3
1 1 .2 8
1 1 .3 1
1 1 .3 5
1 1 .3 7
1 1 .4 6
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s .................................
8 .7 8
9 .1 4
9 .0 5
9 .0 7
9 .0 8
9 .1 1
9 .1 0
9 .1 2
9 .2 1
9 .2 2
9 .2 7
9 .3 8
9 .3 4
9 34
9 .3 4
M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l .............................
9 .2 9
9 .6 3
9 .4 6
9 .4 8
9 .5 9
9 .6 3
9 .6 5
9 .6 1
9 .7 1
9 .7 4
9 .8 1
9 .9 1
9 92
9 94
9 95
8 .2 1
8 .6 7
8 .6 0
8 .6 0
8 .6 0
8 .6 3
8 .6 9
8 .6 4
8 .7 5
8 .7 3
8 78
8 .8 6
8 89
8 86
8 87
.................................
1 1 .1 2
1 1 .6 8
1 1 .4 9
1 1 .5 3
1 1 .5 2
1 1 .6 3
1 1 .6 2
1 1 .5 3
1 1 .8 0
1 1 .8 8
12 02
12 06
1 2 .0 8
1 2 .0 5
1 2 .1 8
In s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s .................
8 .1 0
8 .5 4
8 47
8 46
8 48
8 .4 8
8 .5 7
8 .5 3
8 .6 1
8 60
8 62
8 .7 0
8 .7 4
8 .7 1
8 .7 5
M is c e l la n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r in g
6 .4 3
6 82
6 .7 5
6 76
6 82
6 .8 1
6 .8 2
6 .8 1
6 85
6 .8 5
6 .8 6
6 97
7 .0 3
6 99
6 .9 9
8 .0 5
E l e c tr ic a n d e l e c t r o n ic e q u i p m e n t .................
T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t
.........................
8 .1 1
8 .1 1
7 89
8 .1 7
8 .1 6
8 .2 0
8 .1 8
8 .1 7
8 .1 7
8 .1 2
8 .1 4
8 .1 3
8 .2 3
8 .3 3
8 .3 8
8 35
9 78
1 0 .3 2
1 0 .4 3
1 0 .6 1
1 0 .7 4
1 0 .9 1
10 84
1 0 .2 4
9 90
9 .6 7
1 0 .7 4
1 0 .1 8
1 0 .7 4
1 1 .1 0
1 1 .2 8
6 .4 2
7 .7 3
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s
8 .0 7
8 04
.............................
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ..........................................
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s
8 .0 0
8 .0 3
8 .0 3
8 11
8 .1 8
8 .2 4
8 .2 7
8 24
8 .2 7
8 .3 7 ’
T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s ..............................................
5 .8 3
6 .1 8
6 .1 1
6 .1 4
6 .1 4
6 .1 6
6 .1 7
6 .1 9
6 .2 3
6 .2 4
6 26
6 .3 1
6 .4 0
6 .4 2
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t ile p r o d u c t s .................
5 .2 0
5 .3 7
5 .3 3
5 .3 5
5 .3 3
5 .3 6
5 .3 5
5 35
5 39
5 .4 3
5 .4 5
5 46
5 .5 1
5 .4 6
5 .5 0
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s
.................................
9 .3 2
9 .9 3
9 .6 7
9 .7 2
9 .8 1
991
10 06
1 0 .0 2
1 0 .1 1
1 0 .1 0
1 0 .1 9
1 0 .2 3
1 0 .2 2
1 0 .2 1
1 0 .2 5
P r in t in g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ..........................................
8 .7 5
9 .1 2
9 .0 3
9 .0 3
9 05
9 06
9 .1 0
9 .1 4
9 .2 5
9 .2 4
9 .2 7
9 .3 1
9 .2 8
9 .3 0
9 .3 0
C h e m i c a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s .........................
9 .9 6
1 0 .5 9
1 0 .3 9
1 0 .4 3
10 50
1 0 .5 2
1 0 .5 8
1 0 .6 1
1 0 .6 9
1 0 .7 8
1 0 .8 6
1 0 .8 9
1 0 .9 0
1 0 .8 9
1 0 .8 9
.........................
1 2 .4 6
1 3 .2 8
1 3 .2 8
1 3 .2 7
1 3 .1 7
1 3 .1 7
1 3 .2 0
1 3 .1 6
1 3 .3 6
1 3 .3 6
1 3 .4 4
1 3 .5 7
1 3 .4 7
1 3 .4 3
1 3 .5 6
p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s ..................................................
7 .6 5
8 .0 2
7 .9 2
7 .9 5
7 .9 7
7 .9 6
8 .0 6
8 03
8 .0 8
8 .1 2
8 .1 0
8 .1 8
8 .2 0
8 .1 9
8 .1 9
5 .3 2
5 53
5 .5 2
5 .5 2
5 .5 1
5 .4 9
5 .5 2
5 50
5 56
5 55
5 56
5 60
5 .6 7
5 67
5 67
1 0 .3 0
1 0 .8 1
1 0 .6 8
1 0 .7 2
1 0 .7 4
1 0 .7 3
10 86
10 68
10 90
10 93
1 1 .0 1
10 98
1 1 .0 5
1 1 .0 1
1 1 .0 0
P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s
R u b b e r a n d m is c e l la n e o u s
L e a t h e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c t s
.........................
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S
W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E
6 .2 1
649
6 .4 3
6 .4 5
6 .4 6
6 46
6 .4 8
6 47
6 54
6 57
6 58
6 .5 5
6 70
6 .7 0
6 .6 9
W HO LESALE TRADE
8 .0 2
8 .4 1
8 .2 7
8 .3 4
8 .3 6
8 .3 5
8 .4 2
8 ,4 1
8 .4 8
8 54
8 54
8 60
8 .6 9
8 .6 5
8 .6 4
R E T A IL T R A D E
5 .4 7
5 .7 3
5 68
5 .6 9
5 .7 1
5 71
5 .7 2
5 .7 1
5 .7 7
5 .7 8
5 .8 1
5 .7 7
5 .8 9
5 89
5 .8 9
F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E
6 .7 8
7 30
7 .1 9
7 .2 3
7 .3 1
7 26
7 .3 0
7 .2 5
7 .3 3
7 .4 5
7 .3 9
7 .4 3
7 .5 5
7 .5 3
7 .5 2
S E R V IC E S
6 90
7 26
7 .1 7
7 .2 0
7 .2 3
7 .2 0
7 .1 8
7 .1 8
7 .3 1
7 .3 9
7 .4 1
7 .4 4
7 .5 4
7 52
7 .5 1
1 N o t a v a ila b le .
p = p r e lim in a r y .
15.
N O T E : S e e " N o t e s o n th e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n .
Hourly Earnings Index, for production workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, by industry
[1977 = 100]
S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d
N o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d
P e rc e n t
P e rc e n t
change
In d u s t r y
P R IV A T E S E C T O R ( in c u rr e n t d o lla r s )
M i n i n g ................................................................................
change
M a r.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
fro m :
M a r.
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
fro m :
1983
1984
1984P
1984P
M ar. 1983
1983
1983
1983
1984
1984P
1984P
Feb. 1984
to
to
M a r. 19 84
M a r. 19 84
153 3
158 9
1 5 8 .6
1 5 8 .6
3 .4
1 6 4 .0
1 7 1 .4
1 7 0 .6
1 7 0 .9
4 .2
1 5 3 .4
(1)
1 5 6 .9
( 1)
1 5 7 .6
( 1)
1 5 8 .3
(1)
158 2
( 1)
1 5 8 .7
( 1)
0 .3
( 1)
C o n s t r u c t i o n ...................................................................
1 4 4 .2
146 3
1 4 5 .2
1 4 5 .1
.6
1 4 5 .5
1 4 4 .6
1 4 5 .2
1 4 6 .2
1 4 6 .1
146 4
.2
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ...............................................................
1 5 6 .9
1 6 1 .1
1 6 1 .1
1 6 1 .5
2 .9
1 5 7 .1
1 5 9 .7
1 6 0 .1
1 6 0 .7
1 6 1 .1
1 6 1 .7
.4
1 5 5 .9
1 5 8 .7
158 9
1 6 0 .0
1 5 9 .6
1 6 0 .9
.8
1 4 9 .6
1 5 4 .1
1 5 4 .8
1 5 5 .2
1 5 5 .1
1 5 5 .3
.................
1 5 5 .0
1 6 0 .7
1 6 0 .2
1 6 0 .0
3 .2
.................................
149 9
1 5 5 .7
1 5 5 .6
1 5 5 .5
3 .8
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s t a t e .................
1 5 6 .7
1 6 4 .5
1 6 4 .0
1 6 4 .0
4 .7
S e rv ic e s
1 5 3 .2
1 6 1 .1
1 6 0 .4
1 6 0 .4
95 0
9 5 .3
9 4 .9
T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b l ic u t ilit ie s
W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il t r a d e
...........................................................................
P R IV A T E S E C T O R ( In c o n s ta n t d o lla r s )
(2 )
1 T h i s s e r ie s is n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d b e c a u s e th e s e a s o n a l c o m p o n e n t is s m a ll r e la tiv e t o th e t r e n d -
(1)
4 .7
(2)
p =
( 1)
( 1)
<1 )
( 1)
1 5 2 .6
1 5 8 .1
1 5 9 .2
1 5 9 .8
1 5 9 .3
9 4 .9
9 4 .3
9 4 .7
9 4 .7
9 4 .6
( 1)
1 5 9 .7
(2 )
.1
<1 )
.3
(2 >
p r e lim in a r y ,
c y c le , i r r e g u la r c o m p o n e n t s , o r b o t h , a n d c o n s e q u e n t ly c a n n o t b e s e p a r a te d w it h s u f f ic ie n t p r e c is io n .
2 N o t a v a ila b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N O T E : S e e " N o t e s o n th e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n .
73
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
16.
Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group
[ G r o s s a v e r a g e s , p r o d u c t io n o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s o n p r iv a te n o n a g r ic u lt u r a l p a y r o lls ]
1983
A n n u al av e ra g e
1984
In d u s t r y d iv is io n a n d g r o u p
1982
1983
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
F e b .P
M a r .P
$ 2 6 6 .9 2
$ 2 8 0 .3 5
$ 2 7 4 .1 3
$ 2 7 5 .5 2
$ 2 7 8 .1 5
$ 2 8 0 54
$ 2 8 3 .2 0
$ 2 8 1 .0 8
$ 2 8 6 .2 8
$ 2 8 7 .7 0
$ 2 8 6 .4 2
$ 2 8 9 68
$ 2 8 9 .1 0
$ 2 8 9 .2 2
$2 88 40
2 7 5 .2 7
2 7 7 .4 6
2 7 9 .7 5
28 0 80
2 8 1 .0 5
2 7 9 .3 0
2 8 4 .4 2
2 8 6 .9 9
2 8 6 .1 8
2 8 8 .0 5
2 9 2 .1 7
2 9 1 .3 4
2 9 0 .4 0
1 7 1 .1 5
1 6 9 .8 5
1 6 9 .5 5
1 7 0 .3 3
1 7 1 .3 7
1 7 2 .3 7
1 7 0 .3 5
1 7 2 .7 7
1 7 3 .3 1
1 7 2 .4 4
1 7 4 .4 0
1 7 3 .3 2
1 7 3 .0 8
4 6 9 .2 5
4 7 2 .6 4
4 7 8 .1 3
4 7 5 .3 1
4 8 1 .6 6
4 8 9 .1 9
4 9 0 .3 2
49 0 35
4 9 7 .6 4
5 0 1 .7 0
4 9 5 .9 4
$ 4 9 3 .6 1
4 4 1 .3 2
4 4 4 .9 5
4 5 0 .0 0
44 9 92
4 5 5 .9 4
4 4 9 .0 9
4 3 1 .6 1
4 4 1 .9 7
4 3 8 .1 4
4 4 3 .2 6
4 3 7 .7 4
3 6 9 .8 7
P R IV A T E S E C T O R
C u r r e n t d o l l a r s .......................................................................
S e a s o n a lly a d j u s t e d ......................................................
( 1)
( 1)
1 6 7 .8 7
C o n s ta n t ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s ..................................................
M IN IN G
4 5 9 .2 3
4 8 0 .2 5
4 6 7 .7 4
C O N S T R U C T IO N
4 2 6 .4 5
4 4 1 .8 6
4 3 4 .9 8
4 3 6 .7 3
(1)
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
C u r r e n t d o l l a r s .......................................................................
330 65
3 5 4 .4 8
3 4 6 .1 0
3 4 9 .0 5
3 5 0 .3 2
3 5 5 .0 4
3 5 4 .4 0
3 5 3 .3 6
3 6 3 .1 2
3 6 3 .0 4
3 6 6 .7 9
3 7 3 .2 7
3 6 9 .0 5
3 6 9 .5 6
C o n s ta n t ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s ..................................................
2 0 7 .9 6
2 1 6 .4 1
2 1 4 .4 4
2 1 4 .8 0
2 1 4 .5 3
2 1 6 .8 8
2 1 5 .7 0
2 1 4 .1 6
2 1 9 .1 4
2 1 8 .7 0
2 2 0 .8 2
2 2 4 .7 3
2 2 1 .2 5
2 2 1 .1 6
3 8 2 .3 0
3 7 9 .7 6
3 8 0 .1 4
3 9 2 .4 7
3 9 1 .9 4
3 9 6 .7 4
4 0 4 .4 6
<1 )
3 5 6 .0 6
3 8 2 .5 8
3 7 2 .5 3
3 7 5 .1 9
3 7 7 .3 4
3 9 8 .9 6
3 9 9 .9 2
$ 3 9 9 .7 8
.........................................
2 8 3 .4 8
3 1 1 .6 0
3 0 2 .5 9
3 0 8 .0 5
3 1 2 .7 6
3 2 0 .2 8
3 1 3 .5 8
3 1 9 .4 6
3 2 0 .7 2
3 1 8 .7 4
3 0 8 .8 8
3 1 0 .4 4
31 0 47
3 1 2 .8 4
3 0 9 .2 9
F u r n i tu r e a n d f i x t u r e s ..........................................................
2 3 4 .7 3
2 6 0 .8 3
2 5 1 .2 9
2 5 3 .8 9
2 5 4 .2 8
2 6 3 .3 4
2 5 8 .6 9
267 47
2 7 1 .2 2
2 7 1 .0 8
2 6 9 .4 7
2 7 7 .5 7
2 6 3 .6 4
264 32
2 6 5 .7 8
.................................
3 5 4 .4 0
3 8 4 .1 9
36 8 85
3 7 4 .6 4
3 8 0 .8 8
390 69
3 9 1 .3 5
3 9 1 .9 5
3 9 9 .8 3
3 9 5 .3 2
3 9 5 .2 2
3 9 4 .2 8
3 8 5 .6 9
3 9 0 .1 0
3 8 9 .1 6
D u r a b le g o o d s
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts
S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s
..................................................
3 4 4 .1 8
4 5 8 .8 7
4 5 6 .2 3
4 5 1 .1 3
4 5 2 .3 3
4 5 4 .8 2
4 6 0 .4 9
4 5 7 .9 7
4 6 9 .0 6
4 6 4 .7 4
4 7 0 .5 0
4 7 8 .9 7
4 7 6 .4 0
4 8 1 .3 2
479 45
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ..................................................
3 4 4 .1 8
3 7 1 .0 8
3 6 1 .1 0
3 6 4 .6 1
3 6 6 .8 3
3 7 1 .6 9
3 6 5 .8 2
3 7 2 .1 0
3 8 1 .2 9
3 8 0 .7 9
385 63
3 9 6 .7 7
3 8 6 .6 8
3 8 7 .6 1
3 8 6 .6 8
M a c h in e r y e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ..............................................
3 6 8 .8 1
390 02
3 7 7 .4 0
3 7 9 .2 0
3 8 2 .6 4
3 8 8 .0 9
3 8 6 .9 7
3 8 7 .2 8
3 9 9 .0 8
4 0 0 .3 1
4 0 8 .1 0
4 2 2 .1 7
4 1 4 .6 6
4 1 7 .4 8
4 1 6 .9 1
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s t r ie s
.............................
3 2 2 .6 5
3 5 1 .1 4
3 4 4 .0 0
3 4 4 .8 6
3 4 5 .7 2
3 5 0 .3 8
3 5 0 .2 1
34 9 92
3 5 8 .7 5
3 5 8 .8 0
3 6 3 .4 9
3 7 0 .3 5
3 6 6 .2 7
3 6 4 .1 5
T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t ..................................................
4 5 0 .3 6
4 9 1 .7 3
4 8 0 .2 8
4 8 4 .2 6
4 8 2 .6 9
4 9 1 .9 5
4 8 4 .5 5
4 7 5 .0 4
5 0 5 .0 4
5 0 6 .0 9
5 1 5 .6 6
5 2 2 .2 0
5 1 8 .2 3
5 1 6 .9 5
5 2 2 .5 2
.............................
3 2 2 .3 8
3 4 5 .0 2
3 4 0 .4 9
3 3 9 .2 5
3 4 1 .7 4
3 4 0 .9 0
3 4 4 .5 1
3 4 3 .7 6
3 5 3 .0 1
3 5 0 .0 2
3 5 3 .4 2
3 6 0 .1 8
3 5 9 .2 1
3 5 7 .9 8
3 5 8 .7 5
2 7 4 .7 1
E le c tr ic a n d e l e c t r o n ic e q u i p m e n t
In s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts
3 6 4 .5 6
2 4 7 .5 6
2 6 6 .6 6
2 6 3 .2 5
2 6 3 .6 4
2 6 4 .6 2
2 6 4 .9 1
2 6 4 .6 2
2 6 6 .2 7
2 7 0 .5 8
2 7 2 .6 3
2 7 3 .7 1
2 7 9 .5 0
2 7 3 .4 7
2 7 6 .8 0
2 9 6 .8 3
3 1 7 .9 6
3 1 1 .2 0
3 1 3 .9 7
3 1 5 .5 8
3 1 9 .1 9
3 1 9 .5 3
3 1 9 .5 9
3 2 5 .2 1
3 2 3 .5 9
3 2 7 .2 0
c33 0 42
3 2 6 .6 7
3 2 6 .3 0
3 2 7 .4 9
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ..............................................
3 1 0 .8 7
3 2 2 .7 2
3 1 6 .6 1
3 1 8 .9 8
3 2 1 .4 7
3 2 5 .1 7
3 2 2 .7 2
3 2 4 .8 0
3 2 8 .8 6
3 2 3 .5 7
3 2 7 .5 5
c 3 3 2 .3 7
3 3 0 .1 7
3 2 7 .3 2
3 2 8 .9 4
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s
4 0 1 .8 2
4 2 1 .8 7
M is c e l la n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..........................................
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s
......................................................
3 6 9 .6 8
3 8 5 .9 7
3 7 8 .6 1
3 9 5 .7 5
4 0 1 .6 8
4 2 0 .0 4
3 9 8 .9 1
3 8 6 .0 5
3 8 0 .1 6
3 7 0 .3 6
4 3 1 .7 5
3 8 4 .8 0
4 0 9 .1 9
T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s ..............................................................
2 1 8 .6 3
2 4 9 .6 7
2 4 2 .5 7
2 4 6 .8 3
2 4 8 .6 7
2 5 3 .1 8
2 4 8 .0 3
2 5 4 .4 1
2 5 7 .9 2
2 5 6 .4 6
2 5 6 .6 6
2 5 8 .7 1
2 5 7 .9 2
2 6 0 .6 5
2 5 9 .3 7
A p p a re l a n d o t h e r t e x tile p r o d u c t s .............................
1 8 0 .4 4
1 9 4 .3 9
1 9 0 .2 8
192 07
1 9 2 .4 1
1 9 6 .1 8
1 9 3 .1 4
1 9 5 .8 1
1 9 8 .3 5
1 9 9 .8 2
2 0 0 .0 2
1 9 9 .6 5
1 9 8 .9 1
2 0 0 .3 8
2 0 1 .8 5
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..................................................
3 8 9 .5 8
4 2 3 .0 2
4 0 6 .1 4
4 1 0 .1 8
4 1 5 .9 4
4 2 5 .1 4
4 2 9 .5 6
4 2 8 .8 6
4 3 9 .7 9
4 3 6 .3 2
4 4 0 .2 1
4 4 8 .0 7
4 4 0 .4 8
4 3 8 .0 1
4 3 6 .6 5
P r in tin g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ......................................................
3 2 4 .6 3
3 4 2 .9 1
338 63
3 3 7 .7 2
3 3 7 .5 7
3 3 8 .8 4
3 4 1 .2 5
3 4 4 .5 8
3 5 1 .5 0
3 5 1 .1 2
3 5 3 .1 9
3 5 7 .5 0
3 4 8 .0 0
3 4 9 .6 8
3 5 2 .4 7
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s
.....................................
4 0 7 .3 6
4 4 0 .5 4
4 2 8 .0 7
4 3 2 .8 5
4 3 5 .7 5
4 4 0 .7 9
4 4 0 .1 3
4 3 9 .2 5
4 4 7 .9 1
4 4 9 .5 3
4 5 7 .2 1
4 6 1 .7 4
4 5 7 .8 0
4 5 7 .3 8
4 5 6 .2 9
P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s .........................................
5 4 6 .9 9
5 8 2 .9 9
5 8 4 .3 2
5 8 1 .2 3
5 7 5 .7 3
5 7 9 .4 8
5 8 4 .7 6
5 7 2 .4 6
5 9 1 .8 5
5 8 5 .1 7
5 9 0 .0 2
c6 0 2 9 9
5 9 4 .0 3
5 8 4 .2 1
5 9 9 .3 5
p l a s tic s p r o d u c t s ..............................................................
3 0 2 .9 4
3 3 0 .4 2
3 2 1 .5 5
3 2 6 .7 5
3 2 7 .5 7
3 2 8 .7 5
3 2 9 .6 5
3 3 0 .8 4
3 3 8 .5 5
34 0 23
3 4 0 .2 0
3 4 7 .6 5
3 4 4 .4 0
3 4 4 .8 0
3 4 1 .5 2
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c t s ..........................................
1 8 9 .3 9
2 0 3 .5 0
1 9 7 .0 6
2 0 1 .4 8
2 0 4 .4 2
2 0 7 .5 2
2 0 7 .0 0
2 0 6 .2 5
2 0 8 .5 0
2 0 6 .4 6
2 0 7 .3 9
2 0 8 .8 8
2 0 8 .0 9
2 0 9 .7 9
2 0 5 .8 2
4 1 9 .5 4
4 2 5 .7 1
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S
4 0 1 .7 0
4 2 1 .5 9
413 32
4 1 3 .7 9
4 1 5 .6 4
4 2 1 .8 6
4 2 9 .4 6
4 3 0 .6 4
4 3 2 .6 9
4 3 5 .9 1
4 3 2 .0 6
43 0 49
4 3 0 .1 0
W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E
1 9 8 .1 0
2 0 7 .0 3
2 0 1 .9 0
2 0 3 .1 8
205 43
2 0 7 .3 7
2 1 0 .6 0
2 0 9 .6 3
2 0 9 .2 8
2 1 0 .2 4
209 90
2 1 4 .1 9
2 1 1 .7 2
2 1 1 .0 5
2 1 1 .4 0
W HO LESA LE TRADE
3 0 7 .9 7
3 2 4 .6 3
3 1 6 .7 4
3 1 9 .4 2
3 2 1 .8 6
3 2 3 .1 5
3 2 6 .7 0
3 2 5 .4 7
3 2 8 .1 8
3 3 1 .3 5
3 3 1 .3 5
3 3 5 .4 0
335 43
3 3 2 .1 6
3 3 1 .7 8
R E T A IL T R A D E
1 6 3 .5 5
1 7 0 .7 5
1 6 6 .4 2
1 6 7 .2 9
1 6 9 .5 9
1 7 1 .8 7
1 7 5 .0 3
1 7 4 .1 6
1 7 2 .5 2
1 7 2 .8 2
1 7 3 .1 4
1 7 7 .7 2
1 7 3 .1 7
1 7 3 .1 7
1 7 3 .7 6
F IN A N C E . IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E
2 4 5 .4 4
2 6 4 .2 6
2 5 8 .8 4
2 6 1 .0 0
2 6 5 .3 5
2 6 2 .0 9
2 6 4 .9 9
2 6 1 .7 3
2 6 3 .8 8
2 7 0 .4 4
2 6 6 .7 8
268 97
276 33
2 7 3 .3 4
2 7 2 .2 2
S E R V IC E S
2 2 4 .9 4
2 3 7 .4 0
2 3 3 .7 4
2 3 4 .7 2
2 3 6 .4 2
2 3 6 .8 8
2 3 7 .6 6
2 3 7 .6 6
2 3 9 .0 4
2 4 2 .3 9
2 4 1 .5 7
2 4 2 .5 4
2 4 5 .8 0
2 4 5 .1 5
2 4 4 .8 3
1 N o t a v a ila b le .
c =
p
NOTE:
p r e lim in a r y .
17.
[In
c o r r e c te d
S e e ' N o te s o n th e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is i o n .
Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased
p e r c e n t]
T im e
Jan.
Year
Feb.
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
D ec.
span
1982
1 -m o n th
1983
span
1984
O ver
1982
3 -m o n th
1983
2 8 .5
4 5 .4
3 6 .0
3 9 .0
4 7 .6
32 8
3 8 .4
3 7 .1
3 4 .1
2 9 .3
32 0
4 2 .2
5 6 .5
4 5 .7
62 4
6 9 .1
7 1 .0
6 4 .5
6 8 .5
6 8 .0
6 0 .8
7 0 .7
6 4 .5
6 4 .0
. .
66 9
P 6 9 .4
P 6 5 .1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
.
2 5 .3
2 8 .8
3 2 .0
3 4 .1
3 2 .5
3 3 .6
2 7 .2
2 7 .2
2 6 .1
2 5 .5
2 4 .7
4 0 .6
P 7 9 .3
P 7 9 .3
6 5 .6
75 8
7 6 .1
7 7 .2
7 3 .9
7 9 .6
79 6
7 4 .2
7 2 .0
7 5 .0
. . . .
.
spa n
O ver
1982
2 0 .2
2 3 .7
2 5 .3
2 9 .8
2 6 .1
2 6 .1
2 3 .4
1 9 .1
2 1 .2
2 6 .1
26 6
3 5 .8
6 -m o n th
1983
5 0 .5
6 3 .2
73 4
76 3
7 9 .3
83 6
8 2 .5
8 0 .4
8 2 .0
8 4 .1
P 8 2 .8
P 8 2 .3
3 1 .5
3 7 .6
4 4 .1
spa n
O ver
1982
1 2 -m o n th
1983
. . .
2 2 .0
2 0 .7
18 0
1 9 .4
1 8 .3
2 0 .7
2 0 .7
2 2 .8
2 4 .2
4 8 .9
5 8 .3
62 6
7 3 .4
7 6 .1
8 1 .2
8 4 .4
P 8 7 .9
P 8 6 .0
span
p
=
p r e lim in a r y .
NOTE:
F ig u r e s a r e th e p e r c e n t o f in d u s tr ie s w it h e m p lo y m e n t r is in g . ( H a lf o f th e u n c h a n g e d c o m p o n e n t s
74
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
a re c o u n t e d a s r i s i n g . ) D a ta a re c e n te re d w i t h i n th e s p a n s
See " N o te s
S e e th e
" D e f in it io n s ” in t h is s e c t io n .
o n th e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n .
UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA
are compiled monthly
by the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. De
partment of Labor from monthly reports of unemployment insur
ance activity prepared by State agencies. Railroad unemployment
insurance data are prepared by the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.
N
a
t
i o
n
a
l
u
n
e
m
p
l o
y
m
e
n
t
in
s
u
r
a
n
c
e
d
a
persons in unemployment insurance programs to indicate they are out of
work and wish to begin receiving compensation. A claimant who continued
to be unemployed a full week is then counted in the insured unemployment
figure. The rate of insured unemployment expresses the number of in
sured unemployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a
12-month period.
t a
Definitions
Average weekly seasonally adjusted insured unemployment data are
computed by BLS’ Weekly Seasonal Adjustment program. This procedure
incorporated the X -l 1 Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjust
ment program.
Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured un
employment under State programs, Unemployment Compensation for ExServicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees,
and the Railroad Insurance Act.
An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is
required for subsequent periods in the same year. Number of payments
are payments made in 14-day registration periods. The average amount
of benefit payment is an average for all compensable periods, not adjusted
for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments. However,
total benefits paid have been adjusted.
Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs for
civilian em ployees, insured workers must report the completion of at least
1 week o f unemployment before they are defined as unemployed. Persons
not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10 percent of the labor
force) and those who have exhausted or not yet earned benefit rights are
excluded from the scope of the survey. Initial claims are notices filed by
18.
Unemployment insurance and employment service operations
[ A l l I t e m s e x c e p t a v e r a g e b e n e f i t s a m o u n t s a r e in t h o u s a n d s ]
1983
1984
I te m
Feb.
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
J u ly
June
Aug.
S e p t.
N ov.
O c t.
D ec.
Jan.
F e b .P
A ll p r o g r a m s :
5 ,4 3 7
I n s u r e d u n e m p l o y m e n t ......................................
In it ia l c la i m s 2
5 ,1 3 4
3 ,9 4 7
4 ,6 4 2
3 ,4 8 1
2 ,9 1 7
3 ,2 7 5
2 ,5 8 0
2 ,4 7 8
2 ,6 2 0
2 ,9 1 5
3 ,3 7 4
3 ,1 7 4
3 ,1 7 4
S t a te u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e p r o g r a m : 1
...........................................................
2 ,0 6 5
2 ,0 7 5
1 ,8 7 4
1 ,6 6 6
1 ,7 4 0
1 ,8 0 4
1 ,6 6 8
1 ,3 8 1
1 ,5 2 2
1 ,7 5 7
2 ,1 0 5
2 ,3 5 6
1 ,5 6 0
4 ,7 5 9
4 ,4 0 1
3 ,9 0 6
3 ,3 6 1
3 ,0 6 3
3 ,0 4 9
2 ,7 6 6
2 ,4 4 9
2 ,3 5 8
2 ,5 0 8
2 ,8 0 5
3 ,2 4 9
3 ,0 5 6
I n s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e
w e e k ly v o l u m e ) ...................................................
R a te o f in s u r e d u n e m p l o y m e n t .....................
5 5
5 .0
4 .5
3 .9
3 .5
3 .5
3 .2
2 .8
2 .7
2 .9
3 .3
3 .8
3 .6
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d . . .
r 16 ,8 9 3
1 9 ,5 2 9
1 4 ,9 8 6
1 3 ,1 3 3
1 2 ,8 1 9
1 0 ,9 5 9
1 1 ,3 0 5
9 ,3 8 3
8 ,4 1 7
9 ,3 0 1
1 0 ,1 6 8
1 2 ,1 2 4
1 1 ,9 7 4
A v e r a g e w e e k ly b e n e fit a m o u n t
.............................
r $ 1 2 4 .5 1
$ 1 2 5 .4 7
$ 1 2 4 .8 5
$ 1 2 4 .4 9
$ 1 2 3 .4 4
$ 1 2 1 .5 9
$ 1 2 1 .4 2
$ 1 2 1 .3 6
$ 1 2 3 .0 0
$ 1 2 2 .1 9
$ 1 2 2 .6 1
$ 1 2 3 .3 0
1 2 5 .3 6
..............................................
$ 2 ,0 5 2 ,8 9 9
$ 2 ,3 6 7 ,7 5 2
$ 1 ,8 1 6 ,5 3 9
$ 1 ,5 8 7 ,8 8 8
$ 1 ,5 4 9 ,7 5 8
$ 1 ,2 9 8 ,1 8 9
$ 1 ,3 3 7 ,4 4 2
$ 1 ,1 0 4 ,3 6 2
$ 1 ,0 0 2 ,1 4 1
$ 1 ,0 9 9 ,8 6 2
$ 1 ,2 0 3 ,6 0 5
$ 1 ,4 4 2 ,1 4 4
1 ,4 5 5 ,5 9 8
f o r t o t a l u n e m p lo y m e n t
T o t a l b e n e fit s p a id
S t a te u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e p r o g r a m : 1
( S e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d d a ta )
2 ,1 3 8
2 ,1 4 8
1 ,9 5 2
1 ,9 9 3
1 ,8 3 6
1 ,7 2 3
1 ,8 4 1
1 ,6 6 4
1 ,6 5 6
1 ,7 1 7
1 ,6 2 0
1 ,6 0 6
1 ,6 0 0
w e e k ly v o l u m e ) ..................................................
3 ,9 7 9
3 ,8 8 4
3 ,7 7 4
3 ,5 3 8
3 ,3 0 1
3 ,3 0 3
3 ,0 2 6
3 ,0 8 8
2 ,6 1 7
2 ,6 7 7
2 ,7 2 1
2 ,4 8 6
2 ,4 1 6
R a te o f i n s u r e d u n e m p l o y m e n t .....................
4 .6
4 .5
4 .3
4 .1
3 .8
3 .8
3 .5
3 6
3 .1
3 .1
3 .2
2 .9
2 .8
In it ia l c la i m s 2
...........................................................
I n s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e ra g e
U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r e x s e r v ic e m e n : 3
In it ia l c l a i m s 1
...........................................................
16
18
15
14
16
16
19
17
16
15
14
15
13
37
34
30
26
25
25
26
27
28
28
27
27
24
I n s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e ra g e
w e e k ly v o l u m e ) ..................................................
143
156
117
104
107
94
108
106
107
116
113
112
99
r$ 1 8 ,0 5 2
$ 1 9 ,5 8 8
$ 1 4 ,7 7 6
$ 1 3 ,1 1 1
$ 1 3 ,5 8 8
$ 1 2 ,1 1 8
$ 1 3 ,8 5 5
$ 1 3 ,5 1 9
$ 1 4 ,0 7 4
$ 1 5 ,1 2 1
$ 1 4 ,8 1 5
$ 1 4 ,5 5 3
1 2 ,9 6 7
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d . ..
T o t a l b e n e fit s p a id
..............................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r
F e d e ra l c iv il ia n e m p lo y e e s : 4
In it ia l c l a i m s ...............................................................
10
11
10
9
13
12
11
11
15
13
13
16
10
33
31
26
22
21
23
22
22
25
27
29
32
31
In s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e ra g e
w e e k ly v o l u m e ) ...................................................
13 1
146
109
93
90
85
94
83
88
110
119
133
129
rS 15 ,0 7 6
$ 1 6 ,8 7 1
$ 1 2 ,4 2 2
$ 1 0 ,6 0 3
$ 1 0 ,2 7 2
$ 9 ,6 4 0
$ 1 0 ,7 6 0
$ 9 ,5 2 2
$ 1 0 ,1 4 4
$ 1 2 ,4 1 5
$ 1 3 ,8 8 8
$ 1 5 ,5 6 5
1 5 ,0 3 6
7
8
94
4
30
55
14
9
7
8
8
10
4
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d .
T o t a l b e n e f it s p a id
..............................................
R a i lr o a d u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e :
A p p l i c a t i o n s ...............................................................
I n s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e ra g e
w e e k ly v o l u m e ) ...................................................
72
65
79
90
49
49
46
41
48
40
43
51
49
158
169
172
183
123
92
107
103
92
92
95
12 1
104
A v e r a g e a m o u n t o f b e n e fit p a y m e n t
$ 2 1 4 .5 4
$ 2 1 3 .4 4
$ 2 0 3 .8 7
$ 2 1 5 .1 5
$ 2 0 3 .5 4
$ 1 9 9 .8 7
$ 2 1 4 .2 1
$ 2 1 4 .7 7
$ 2 1 1 .4 1
$ 2 1 2 .3 6
$ 2 1 3 .7 1
$ 2 1 0 .7 3
$ 2 0 9 .5 6
T o t a l b e n e fit s p a id
$ 3 3 ,1 0 0
$ 3 6 ,2 4 3
$ 2 7 ,7 8 3
$ 2 9 ,4 1 1
$ 1 4 ,9 8 4
$ 1 7 ,5 5 1
$ 2 1 ,7 8 9
$ 2 0 ,2 3 9
$ 1 9 ,5 3 1
$ 1 9 ,5 3 6
$ 1 9 ,8 7 0
$ 2 3 ,8 6 6
$ 2 3 ,2 2 8
N u m b e r o f p a y m e n t s ..........................................
..............................................
E m p l o y m e n t s e r v ic e : 5
N e w a p p l ic a t io n s a n d r e n e w a l s .....................
8 ,3 8 1
1 1 ,9 8 7
1 5 ,5 9 5
P 3 .7 7 5
N o n f a r m p la c e m e n t s
1 ,1 8 4
1 ,9 2 1
3 ,0 1 2
P 677
1 1 n itia l c la im s a n d
..........................................
S t a te in s u r e d
u n e m p lo y m e n t In c lu d e d a ta u n d e r th e p r o g r a m
s u g a rc a n e w o rk e rs .
f o r P u e r to
R ic a n
C u m u l a t i v e to t a l f o r fis c a l y e a r ( O c to b e r 1 - S e p t e m b e r 3 0 ) . D a ta c o m p u t e d q u a r t e r l y .
N OTE:
D a ta f o r P u e r to R ic o a n d th e V i r g in Is la n d s in c lu d e d . D a s h e s In d ic a te d a ta n o t a v a ila b le ,
2 E x c lu d e s t r a n s i t i o n c la im s u n d e r S ta te p r o g r a m s .
3 E x c l u d e s d a ta o n c la im s a n d p a y m e n ts m a d e j o i n t l y w it h o t h e r p r o g r a m s .
4 E x c lu d e s d a ta o r c la im s a n d p a y m e n ts m a d e j o i n t l y w it h S t a te p r o g r a m s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
p = p r e lim in a r y .
r=
r e v is e d .
75
PRICE DATA
are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from
retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are
given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100, unless otherwise
noted).
P
r
ic
e
d
a
t a
Definitions
The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the average
change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and services. Effective
with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Statistics began pub
lishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. It introduced a CPI for All
Urban Consumers, covering 80 percent of the total noninstitutional pop
ulation, and revised the CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers,
covering about half the new index population. The All Urban Consumers
index covers in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional,
managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers,
the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force.
The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs,
transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists' fees, and other goods and ser
vices that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of
these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that
only price changes will be measured. Data are collected from more than
24,000 retail establishments and 24.000 tenants in 85 urban areas across
the country. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of
items are included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the ex
penditures o f two population groups in 1972-73. they may not accurately
reflect the experience of individual families and single persons with dif
ferent buying habits.
Though the CPI is often called the "Cost-of-Living Index.” it measures
only price change, which is just one of several important factors affecting
living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the level of prices
among cities. They only measure the average change in prices for each
area since the base period.
Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received in
primary markets o f the United States by producers of commodities in all
stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes contains
about 2,800 commodities and about 10.000 quotations per month selected
to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced in the
manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity,
and public utilities sectors. The universe includes all commodities produced
or imported for sale in commercial transactions in primary markets in the
United States.
Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or by
commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products by degree
of fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or semifinished goods,
and crude materials). The commodity structure organizes products by sim
ilarity of end-use or material composition.
76
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes
apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States,
from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally
collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob
tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential
basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing
the 13th day of the month.
In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the various
commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights repre
senting their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities
as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage
of processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability of product
groupings, and a number of special composite groupings.
Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av
erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries, as
defined in the S tan dard In du strial C lassification M anual 1972 (Washing
ton, U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These indexes are
derived from several price series, combined to match the economic activity
of the specified industry and weighted by the value of shipments in the
industry. They use data from comprehensive industrial censuses conducted
by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Notes on the data
Regional CPI’s cross classified by population size were introduced in
the May 1978 R eview . These indexes enable users in local areas for which
an index is not published to get a better approximation of the CPI for their
area by using the appropriate population size class measure for their region.
The cross-classified indexes are published bimonthly. (See table 20.)
For details concerning the 1978 revision of the CPI, see The C onsum er
P rice Index: C on cepts an d C ontent O ver the Years, Report 517, revised
edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics. May 1978).
As of January 1976. the Producer Price Index incorporated a revised
weighting structure reflecting 1972 values of shipments.
Additional data and analyses of price changes are provided in the CPI
D e ta ile d R eport and P rod u cer P rices an d P rice Indexes, both monthly
publications of the Bureau.
For a discussion of the general method of computing producer, and
industry price indexes, see BLS H andbook o f M ethods, Bulletin 2134-1
(Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1982), chapter 7. For consumer prices, see
BLS H andbook o f M ethods f o r Surveys an d Studies (1976), chapter 13.
See also John F. Early, “ Improving the measurement of producer price
change,” M onthly L a bor R eview , April 1978. For industry prices, see also
Bennett R. Moss, “ Industry and Sector Price Indexes,” M onthly L abor
R eview , August 1965.
19.
Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, annual averages and changes, 1967-83
[1967 = 100]
O th e r g o o d s
A p p a re l an d
Food and
T r a n s p o rta tio n
H o u s in g
A ll It e m s
M e d ic a l c a re
E n t e r ta in m e n t
a n d s e rv ic e s
upkeep
b e v e ra g e s
Year
In d e x
.........................
1 0 0 .0
1968
.........................
1 0 4 .2
1 0 0 .0
change
change
3 .6
1 0 5 .4
4 .0
1 0 4 .0
5 .4
3 .2
1 0 6 .1
P e rc e n t
In d e x
change
1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .2
P erce n t
P erce n t
In d e x
change
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .6
4 .2
P erce n t
In d e x
In d e x
In d e x
change
change
1967
P e rc e n t
P e rc e n t
P e rc e n t
P e rc e n t
In d e x
In d e x
change
change
100 0
6 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .7
5 .7
1 0 5 .2
5 .2
4 .9
.........................
1 0 9 .8
5 .4
1 0 8 .8
5 .0
1 1 0 .4
6 .2
1 1 1 .5
5 .8
1 0 7 .2
3 .9
1 1 3 .4
6 .9
1 1 1 .0
5 .0
1 1 0 .4
1970
.........................
1 1 6 .3
5 .9
1 1 4 .7
5 .4
1 1 8 .2
7 .1
1 1 6 .1
4 .1
1 1 2 .7
5 .1
1 2 0 .6
6 .3
1 1 6 .7
5 .1
1 1 5 .8
5 .8
1 1 8 .3
5 .2
1 2 8 .4
6 .5
122 9
5 .3
1 2 2 .4
4 .8
1969
1971
.........................
1 2 1 .3
4 .3
3 .1
1 2 3 .4
4 .4
119 8
3 .3
1 1 8 .6
1972
.........................
1 2 5 .3
3 .3
1 2 3 .2
4 .1
1 2 8 .1
3 .8
122 3
2 .1
119 9
1 .1
1 3 2 .5
3 .2
1 2 6 .5
2 .9
1 2 7 .5
4 .2
1973
.........................
1 3 3 .1
6 .2
1 3 9 .5
1 3 .2
1 3 3 .7
4 .4
1 2 6 .8
3 .7
123 8
3 .3
1 3 7 .7
3 .9
1 3 0 .0
2 .8
1 3 2 .5
3 .9
1974
.........................
147 7
1 1 .0
1 5 8 .7
1 3 .8
148 8
1 1 .3
1 3 6 .2
7 .4
1 3 7 .7
1 1 .2
1 5 0 .5
9 .3
1 3 9 .8
7 .5
1 4 2 .0
7 .2
1975
..........................
1 6 1 .2
9 .1
1 7 2 .1
8 .4
1 6 4 .5
1 0 .6
1 4 2 .3
4 .5
1 5 0 .6
9 .4
168 6
1 2 .0
152 2
8 .9
1 5 3 .9
8 .4
1976
..........................
1 7 0 .5
5 .8
1 7 7 .4
3 .1
174 6
6 .1
147 6
3 .7
1 6 5 .5
9 .9
1 8 4 .7
9 .5
159 8
5 .0
162 7
5 .7
1977
..........................
1 8 1 .5
6 .5
188 0
8 .0
186 5
6 .8
1 5 4 .2
4 .5
1 7 7 .2
7 .1
2 0 2 .4
9 .6
1 6 7 .7
4 .9
1 7 2 .2
5 .8
1978
..........................
1 9 5 .3
7 .6
2 0 6 .2
9 .7
202 6
8 .6
1 5 9 .5
3 .4
1 8 5 .8
4 .9
2 1 9 .4
1 7 6 .2
5 .1
1 8 3 .2
6 .4
1979
.........................
2 1 7 .7
1 1 .5
2 2 8 .7
1 0 .9
227 5
1 2 .3
1 6 6 .4
4 .3
212 8
1 4 .5
240 1
9 .4
1 8 7 .6
6 .5
1 9 6 .3
7 .2
1980
.........................
2 4 7 .0
1 3 .5
2 4 8 .7
8 .7
263 2
1 5 .7
1 7 7 .4
6 .6
2 5 0 .5
1 7 .7
2 8 7 .2
1 1 .3
203 7
8 .5
2 1 3 .6
8 .8
1981
.........................
2 7 2 .3
1 0 .2
2 6 7 .8
7 .7
293 2
1 1 .4
186 6
5 .2
2 8 1 .3
12 3
295 1
1 0 .4
2 1 9 .0
7 .5
2 3 3 .3
1982
.....................
2 8 8 .6
6 .0
2 7 8 .5
4 .0
3 1 4 .7
7 .3
190 9
2 .3
293 1
4 .2
3 2 6 .9
1 0 .8
2 3 2 .4
6 .1
2 5 7 .0
1 0 .2
1983
.........................
297 4
3 .0
284 7
2 .2
322 0
2 .3
1 9 5 .6
2 .5
3 0 0 .0
2 .4
3 5 5 .1
8 .6
2 4 2 .4
4 .3
286 3
1 1 .4
8 .4
9 .2
20. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers and revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers,
U.S. city average— general summary and groups, subgroups, and selected items
[1 9 6 7 -
1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c if ie d ]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs
Feb.
1984
1983
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
Dec
Jan.
Feb.
3 0 3 .3
2 9 3 .2
301 8
302 6
303 1
3 0 3 .5
3 0 5 .2
306 6
2 9 2 .3
3 0 0 .8
3 0 1 .3
3 0 1 .4
3 0 1 .5
3 0 2 .7
.............................................................................................................................
2 8 1 .6
285 3
285 7
2 8 5 .3
286 5
291 6
294 2
282 1
2 8 5 .6
2 8 5 .9
2 8 5 .6
2 8 6 .8
2 9 1 .9
2 9 4 .4
......................................................................................................................................................
3 1 8 .5
3 2 6 .4
3 2 6 .8
3 2 7 .0
3 2 7 .4
329 2
3 3 1 .0
317 6
325 3
3 2 5 .2
3 2 4 .5
3 2 4 .2
3 2 4 .7
3 2 4 .2
A ll it e m s
F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s
H o u s in g
U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s
1984
1983
G e n e ra l s u m m a ry
A p p a r e l a n d u p k e e p .............................................................................................................................
192 0
200 4
2 0 0 .7
2 0 0 .7
1 9 9 .3
1 9 6 .4
1 9 6 .2
1 9 1 .0
1 9 9 .3
1 9 9 .8
1 9 9 .7
1 9 8 .1
1 9 5 .3
1 9 5 .4
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ..........................................................................................................................................
289 9
3 0 3 .7
3 0 5 .0
3 0 6 .3
306 3
3 0 6 .0
3 0 5 .8
2 9 1 .1
3 0 5 .5
3 0 6 .9
3 0 8 .2
3 0 8 .2
307 9
3 0 7 .7
M e d ic a l c a r e ..............................................................................................................................................
3 5 1 .3
3 6 1 .2
362 9
3 6 4 .9
3 6 6 .2
369 5
3 7 3 .2
3 4 8 .9
3 5 9 .2
360 9
3 6 2 .9
3 6 4 .3
3 6 7 .5
3 7 1 .3
2 4 7 .7
..........................................................................................................................................
2 4 3 .1
247 5
2 4 9 .1
2 4 9 .5
249 5
2 4 9 .9
251 5
2 3 9 .5
2 4 4 .1
2 4 5 .4
2 4 5 .7
2 4 5 .8
246 2
O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s ................................................................................................................
2 8 1 .6
294 4
296 8
298 1
298 6
3 0 0 .5
3 0 1 .5
279 6
2 9 2 .0
2 9 4 .1
2 9 5 .5
295 9
2 9 8 .1
2 9 9 .2
C o m m o d i t i e s ..............................................................................................................................................
2 6 6 .7
2 7 4 .5
2 7 5 .0
2 7 5 .2
2 7 5 .5
2 7 6 .8
278 3
2 6 7 .8
2 7 5 .9
2 7 6 .1
2 7 6 .2
276 3
2 7 7 .3
2 7 8 .0
C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s .......................................................................
2 5 5 .2
2 6 5 .1
2 6 5 .8
2 6 6 .3
2 6 7 .2
2 6 7 .3
2 6 7 .5
2 6 7 .1
2 6 6 .4
2 6 6 .2
E n t e r t a in m e n t
266 0
265 2
266 0
257 1
N o n d u r a b l e s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ..................................................................
2 6 5 .2
275 8
275 2
2 7 4 .5
2 7 3 .5
2 7 2 .3
2 7 4 .0
266 9
2 7 7 .9
2 7 7 .4
2 7 6 .6
2 7 5 .4
2 7 4 .2
2 7 6 .0
D u r a b l e s .....................................................................................................................................
2 4 7 .1
2 5 6 .4
2 5 8 .7
2 6 1 .0
261 8
261 4
260 9
2 4 7 .8
2 5 7 .0
2 5 7 .7
2 5 8 .7
2 5 8 .9
2 5 8 .4
2 5 6 .9
3 3 8 .9
S e r v ic e s
3 4 9 .0
350 2
3 5 1 .0
3 5 1 .6
3 5 3 .9
3 5 5 .3
3 3 7 .8
3 4 6 .9
3 4 8 .1
3 4 8 .2
3 4 8 .4
349 8
3 5 0 .1
2 3 3 .1
2 3 9 .5
2 4 0 .4
241 3
242 0
2 4 2 .9
2 4 3 .6
2 3 2 .5
238 9
2 3 9 .8
2 4 0 .7
2 4 1 .3
242 3
242 9
.................................
1 0 1 .0
1 0 5 .1
104 8
1 0 4 .2
1 0 4 .1
1 0 5 .1
105 7
........................................................................................................
2 9 9 .9
3 0 1 .4
303 9
......................................................................................................................................................
R e n t, r e s id e n tia l
.........................................................................................................................
H o u s e h o ld s e r v ic e s le s s r e n t o f s h e lte r ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 )
3 0 5 .4
3 0 7 .8
3 1 4 .1
314 4
296 9
3 0 6 .0
306 9
310 3
3 1 0 .6
............................................................................................................
3 8 1 .5
3 9 1 .0
392 9
3 9 5 .0
396 3
400 2
4 0 4 .4
3 7 8 .2
3 8 8 .3
3 9 0 .2
3 9 2 .3
3 9 3 .8
3 9 7 .5
4 0 1 .8
.............................................................................................................................
2 7 2 .6
2 8 2 .5
2 8 5 .2
2 8 6 .5
2 8 7 .2
2 8 8 .0
289 1
2 7 0 .2
2 7 9 .6
2 8 2 .2
283 6
2 8 4 .3
2 8 5 .0
2 8 6 .1
A ll ite m s le s s f o o d .................................................................................................................................
2 9 2 .6
3 0 2 .3
303 2
3 0 3 .9
304 0
3 0 4 .8
3 0 5 .9
2 9 1 .9
3 0 1 .5
3 0 2 .1
3 0 2 .3
302 1
3 0 2 .3
3 0 2 .4
A ll it e m s le s s h o m e o w n e r s ’ c o s t s
1 0 0 .2
1 0 3 .2
1 0 3 .5
1 0 3 .6
1 0 3 .7
1 0 4 .3
1 0 4 .8
T r a n s p o r t a t io n s e r v ic e s
M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v ic e s
O th e r s e r v ic e s
3 1 0 .1
310 8
S p e c ia l in d e x e s :
............................................................................................
2 7 9 .0
A ll ite m s le s s m o r t g a g e in t e r e s t c o s t s ...................................................................................
2 8 7 .5
2 8 8 .1
2 8 8 .3
2 8 8 .5
290 0
2 9 0 .9
C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d
.....................................................................................................................
2 5 3 .2
262 9
2 6 3 .6
264 1
263 8
2 6 3 .0
263 8
2 5 5 .0
2 6 4 .9
2 6 5 .1
2 6 4 .9
2 6 4 .9
2 6 4 .2
2 6 4 .1
N o n d u r a b l e s le s s f o o d
.....................................................................................................................
2 6 0 .5
2 7 0 .6
2 7 0 .2
2 6 9 .5
2 6 8 .5
267 4
2 6 9 .1
2 6 2 .2
2 7 2 .8
2 7 2 .3
2 7 1 .5
2 7 0 .4
2 6 9 .4
2 7 1 .1
N o n d u r a b l e s le s s f o o d a n d a p p a r e l ............................................................................................
2 9 9 .9
3 1 1 .0
3 1 0 .2
309 3
3 0 8 .6
3 0 8 .6
3 1 1 .2
3 0 1 .1
3 1 2 .8
3 1 1 .9
3 1 0 .9
3 1 0 .1
310 0
3 1 2 .4
N o n d u r a b l e s ..............................................................................................................................................
2 7 4 .6
281 8
2 8 1 .7
2 8 1 .1
2 8 1 .2
283 2
2 8 5 .3
2 7 5 .6
282 8
2 8 2 .7
2 8 2 .1
282 2
2 8 4 .1
2 8 6 .3
1 0 4 .8
1 0 5 .7
1 0 6 .3
1 0 4 .5
1 0 4 .7
............................................................................................................
3 3 2 .2
3 4 2 .2
3 4 3 .3
3 4 4 .1
3 4 4 .5
3 4 6 .6
3 4 7 .8
3 3 1 .2
3 4 0 .2
3 4 1 .3
3 4 1 .3
3 4 1 .3
3 4 2 .6
342 4
D o m e s t ic a l ly p r o d u c e d f a r m f o o d s ............................................................................................
2 6 6 .6
2 6 9 .2
2 6 8 .5
2 6 7 .7
2 6 9 .7
2 7 7 .2
280 7
2 6 6 .0
2 6 8 .1
2 6 7 .4
2 6 6 .7
2 6 8 .7
2 7 6 .0
2 7 9 .4
S e rv ic e s le s s r e n t o f s h e lt e r ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 )
S e rv ic e s le s s m e d ic a l c a r e
.......................................................................
1 0 1 .0
1 0 4 .2
2 8 0 .8
2 7 3 .5
2 6 8 .9
2 6 6 .7
...............................................................................................................................................................................................
4 0 6 .7
4 2 9 .3
4 2 5 .1
4 1 9 .9
4 1 8 .0
4 1 6 .7
4 2 0 .2
4 0 6 .9
4 3 0 .2
4 2 5 .8
420 8
4 1 8 .7
4 1 7 .0
4 2 0 .2
E n e r g y c o m m o d i t i e s 1 .....................................................................................................................
4 0 1 .6
4 2 2 .1
4 1 8 .2
4 1 4 .4
4 1 1 .8
4 0 9 .9
4 1 4 .5
4 0 1 .9
4 2 3 .4
4 1 9 .6
4 1 5 .8
4 1 2 .9
4 1 0 .7
4 1 4 .7
S e le c te d b e e f c u t s .................................................................................................................................
E n e rg y 1
2 7 2 .0
2 6 7 .5
265 6
2 6 5 .3
2 7 4 .6
283 0
290 3
2 7 5 .8
293 5
2 8 2 .1
2 8 4 .7
2 9 2 .1
2 9 1 .3
2 9 1 .8
2 9 2 .1
2 8 2 .0
290 2
2 9 1 .8
2 9 3 .2
2 9 3 .6
2 9 4 .6
2 9 5 .5
2 8 0 .2
288 3
2 8 9 .5
2 9 0 .3
2 9 0 .3
2 9 0 .7
2 9 0 .4
2 4 8 .9
2 4 9 .0
248 3
2 4 8 .5
2 3 7 .9
2 4 6 .4
2 4 7 .1
2 4 7 .8
2 4 7 .7
2 4 7 .2
246 6
2 9 5 .0
2 9 8 .2
2 6 6 .6
.........................................................................................................................
2 9 3 .4
2 9 7 .0
266 4
A ll it e m s le s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y ................................................................................................
A ll ite m s le s s e n e r g y
2 9 4 .4
2 6 5 .5
2 9 3 .8
C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y ...............................................................................
2 3 7 .9
2 4 6 .2
247 6
S e rv ic e s le s s e n e r g y ................................................................................................................
3 3 2 .9
3 4 1 .6
3 4 3 .3
3 4 4 .9
3 4 5 .5
3 4 8 .1
3 4 9 .5
331 4
339 0
3 4 0 .8
3 4 1 .6
3 4 1 .8
3 4 3 .4
3 4 3 .6
$ 0 ,3 4 1
$ 0 ,3 3 1
$ 0 ,3 3 0
$ 0 ,3 3 0
$ 0 ,3 2 9
$ 0 ,3 2 8
$ 0 ,3 2 6
$ 0 ,3 4 2
$ 0 ,3 3 2
$ 0 ,3 3 2
$ 0 ,3 3 2
$ 0 ,3 3 2
$ 0 ,3 3 0
$ 0 ,3 3 0
P u r c h a s in g p o w e r o f t h e c o n s u m e r d o ll a r , 1 9 6 7 = $1
..............................................
S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
77
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
20.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1 9 6 7 =
1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c ifie d ]
U rban W a |e Earners and C le rica l W o r te n
A ll U rb a n C o n s u m e ra
1983
G e n e ra l s u m m a ry
FOOD AN D BEVERAGES
1984
1983
1M 4
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dm
Jaa.
Fab.
2 8 1 .6
2 8 5 .3
2 8 5 .7
2 8 5 .3
2 8 6 .5
2 9 1 .6
2 9 4 .2
2 8 2 .1
2 8 5 .6
2 8 5 .9
2 8 5 .6
2 8 6 .8
2 9 1 .9
2 9 4 .4
2 9 4 .0
2 9 9 .4
3 0 2 .1
F o o d ........................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 8 9 .0
2 9 2 .6
2 9 2 .9
292 5
2 9 3 .9
2 9 9 .4
3 0 2 .1
2 8 9 .3
2 9 2 .6
2 9 2 .9
2 9 2 .6
Food at ho m e
280 3
2 8 2 .5
2 8 2 .3
2 8 1 .4
2 8 3 .0
2 9 0 .2
2 9 3 .6
2 7 9 .7
.........................................................................................................................................
C e re a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s
2 8 1 .5
2 8 1 .3
2 8 0 .5
2 8 2 .1
2 8 9 .1
2 9 2 .4
2 8 8 .7
2 9 3 .7
2 9 4 .0
2 9 5 .7
2 9 7 .1
2 9 9 .8
3 0 0 .3
2 8 7 .4
2 9 2 .3
2 9 2 .6
2 9 4 .3
2 9 5 .7
2 9 8 .3
2 9 8 .9
..............................................
1 5 4 .0
1 5 8 .5
1 5 8 .1
1 5 7 .9
1 5 8 .2
1 5 9 .3
1 6 0 .3
1 5 4 .7
1 5 9 .3
1 5 8 .8
1 5 8 .6
1 5 8 .9
1 6 0 .0
1 6 1 .0
1 0 0 ) .............................
1 3 9 .8
1 4 2 .9
1 4 1 .4
140 8
1 4 0 .1
1 4 3 .0
1 4 3 .4
1 4 0 .1
1 4 3 .4
1 4 1 .9
1 4 1 .3
1 4 0 .4
1 4 3 .á
1 4 3 .8
...................................................................................
1 6 9 .2
1 7 7 .5
1 7 7 .6
1 7 7 .3
1 7 8 .0
1 7 8 .6
1 8 0 .4
1 7 1 .4
1 7 9 .7
1 7 9 .8
1 7 9 .4
1 8 0 .1
1 8 0 .8
1 8 2 .5
145 3
1 4 6 .0
1 4 5 .5
1 4 6 .1
1 4 6 .8
1 4 6 .7
1 4 7 .2
1 4 6 .3
1 4 7 .1
1 4 6 .6
1 4 7 .2
1 4 8 .0
1 4 7 .9
1 4 8 .4
............................................................................................
C e re a ls a n d c e re a l p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
F lo u r a n d p r e p a re d f l o u r m ix e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
C e re a l ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
R ic e , p a s ta , a n d c o r n m e a l ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
=
100)
.....................................
1 0 0 ) ...........................................................................
1 5 2 .4
1 5 4 .4
1 5 4 .8
156 0
1 5 6 .9
1 5 8 .4
1 5 8 .5
1 5 1 .2
1 5 3 .1
1 5 3 .5
1 5 4 .8
1 5 5 .7
1 5 7 .1
1 5 7 .2
W h ite b r e a d ............................................................................................................
2 4 9 .8
2 5 2 .9
2 5 4 .4
257 0
2 5 7 .4
2 5 9 .1
2 5 7 .3
245 7
2 4 8 .5
2 5 0 .0
2 5 2 .7
2 5 3 .2
2 5 4 .8
2 5 3 .0
O th e r b r e a d s ( 1 2 / 7 7
1 4 8 .7
1 4 9 .8
1 5 3 .9
B a k e ry p ro d u c ts (1 2 /7 7
=
=
1 4 9 .8
1 5 1 .9
1 5 2 .0
1 5 3 .7
1 5 0 .6
1 5 1 .9
1 5 4 .1
1 5 4 .1
.....................
1 5 3 .7
1 5 2 .6
1 5 4 .4
155 7
1 5 7 .8
1 5 7 .9
1 5 8 .7
1 4 9 .1
1 4 8 .7
1 5 0 .6
1 5 1 .7
1 5 3 .7
1 5 3 .9
1 5 4 .7
.....................................
154 0
1 5 5 .2
1 5 6 .2
157 9
1 5 9 .7
1 6 1 .5
1 6 0 .4
1 5 2 .2
1 5 3 .5
1 5 4 .5
1 5 6 .2
1 5 7 .9
1 5 9 .5
1 5 8 .6
...............................................................................
153 7
1 5 6 .0
1 0 0 ) ......................................................................
F re s h b is c u it s , r o ll s , a n d m u ff in s ( 1 2 / 7 7
F re s h c a k e s a n d c u p c a k e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
C o o k ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
=
=
100)
100)
=
C ra c k e r s , b r e a d , a n d c r a c k e r p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7
100)
F re s h s w e e t r o ll s , c o ffe e c a k e , a n d d o n u ts ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
1 5 1 .8
1 5 5 .8
1 5 6 .0
1 5 7 .6
1 5 9 .2
1 5 4 .6
1 5 8 .6
1 5 6 .8
1 5 8 .4
1 6 1 .9
1 6 3 .4
. . .
1 4 6 .5
1 4 8 .3
1 4 7 .7
1 4 7 .8
1 4 8 .1
1 5 1 .2
1 5 2 .3
147 9
1 4 9 .5
1 4 9 .1
1 4 9 .2
1 4 9 .6
1 5 2 .6
1 5 3 .6
. .
1 5 4 .2
1 5 5 .9
1 5 5 .8
1 5 6 .8
1 5 7 .7
1 5 9 .7
1 6 0 .4
156 8
1 5 8 .6
1 5 8 .5
1 5 9 .6
1 6 0 .4
1 6 2 .4
1 6 3 .2
1 5 7 .6
1 6 1 .1
1 6 2 .6
1 5 9 .9
F ro z e n a n d r e fr ig e r a t e d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s a n d
1 0 0 ) .....................
1 5 5 .7
1 6 1 .3
1 6 1 .9
1 6 0 .6
1 6 1 .5
1 6 3 .3
1 6 3 .9
1 4 9 .0
1 5 4 .3
154 9
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .9
1 5 6 .5
1 5 7 .1
.......................................................................................
2 6 4 .0
2 5 8 .7
2 5 7 .1
2 5 6 .6
2 5 9 .3
2 6 8 .9
2 7 3 .0
2 6 3 .9
2 5 8 .4
256 6
2 5 6 .1
2 5 8 .6
2 6 8 .3
2 7 2 .4
M e a ts , p o u l t r y , a n d f i s h ...........................................................................................
2 7 1 .7
2 6 4 .2
261 9
2 6 0 .8
261 8
269 8
2 7 3 .9
2 7 1 .4
2 6 3 .8
2 6 1 .4
2 6 0 .2
2 6 1 .0
2 6 9 .1
2 7 3 .2
2 7 3 .2
2 6 2 .6
2 6 0 .4
2 5 8 .6
2 5 8 .3
2 6 6 .4
2 7 0 .0
2 7 2 .9
2 6 2 .2
2 6 0 .0
2 5 8 .1
2 5 7 .7
2 6 5 .8
f r e s h p ie s , t a r t s , a n d t u r n o v e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7
M e a ts , p o u l t r y , f i s h , a n d e g g s
M e a ts
=
........................................................................................................................
2 6 9 .4
B e e f a n d v e a l ...................................................................................................
2 7 2 .2
2 6 8 .0
2 6 6 .2
2 6 5 .7
2 6 6 .0
2 7 4 .9
2 8 0 .9
2 7 2 .9
2 6 8 .7
266 7
2 6 6 .1
2 6 6 .4
2 7 5 .4
2 8 1 .6
G r o u n d b e e f o t h e r th a n c a n n e d ......................................................
2 6 1 .8
2 5 4 .3
2 5 0 .9
2 5 1 .6
2 5 1 .3
2 5 6 .9
2 6 1 ,1
2 6 3 .0
2 5 5 .9
2 5 2 .1
2 5 2 .5
2 5 1 .7
2 5 7 .7
2 6 1 .9
C h u cx ro a s t
................................................................................................
2 8 6 .9
2 7 7 .4
2 7 3 .1
2 7 4 .0
2 7 5 .2
2 9 1 .6
3 0 2 .0
230 3
2 3 4 .4
2 3 5 .3
2 3 1 .3
2 4 6 .2
2 5 3 .5
2 4 5 .3
2 3 2 .8
237 2
2 3 8 .1
2 3 3 .9
2 5 0 .0
2 5 7 .3
2 4 7 .4
251 5
250 0
249 9
256 2
2 6 4 .5
2 5 8 .0
2 4 5 .7
2 5 0 .9
248 6
2 4 8 .0
2 5 3 .0
2 6 4 .0
S i r lo in s t e a k ...............................................................................................
2 6 0 .3
277 3
2 6 8 .4
2 6 5 .3
2 6 2 .7
2 6 5 .7
2 7 4 .6
2 6 1 .7
2 8 0 .1
2 7 0 .1
2 6 6 .9
2 6 4 .1
2 6 6 .0
2 7 6 .5
O th e r b e e f a n d v e a l ( 1 2 / 7 7
1 6 3 .5
1 6 4 .8
1 6 4 .0
1 6 3 .2
1 6 4 .7
1 6 9 .7
1 7 2 .3
1 6 2 .1
1 6 3 .7
1 6 2 .6
1 6 1 .8
1 6 3 .5
1 6 8 .5
1 7 0 .8
2 5 0 .1
100)
..........................................
P o r k ........................................................................................................................
2 6 5 .8
2 6 6 .9
2 8 2 .8
242 6
2 5 9 .8
=
2 6 9 .5
2 6 6 .2
R o u n d r o a s t ...............................................................................................
R o u n d s t e a k ...............................................................................................
2 9 3 .1
2 9 5 .9
2 7 3 .6
2 5 0 .2
2 4 6 .4
2 4 1 .1
2 4 0 .3
2 5 0 .8
2 5 0 .6
2 7 2 .9
2 4 9 .7
2 4 6 .0
2 4 0 .7
2 3 9 .8
2 5 0 .1
Bacon
............................................................................................................
2 9 4 .5
269 5
2 6 2 .5
253 7
2 5 3 .0
259 0
2 6 7 .9
2 9 9 .5
2 7 3 .6
2 6 6 .4
2 5 6 .8
2 5 6 .4
2 6 2 .4
2 7 1 .6
C hops
............................................................................................................
2 2 8 .7
2 5 2 .1
229 6
2 2 7 .2
2 2 2 .3
2 1 9 .0
2 3 6 .5
2 3 0 .7
2 5 0 .3
2 2 7 .9
2 2 5 .6
2 2 0 .3
2 1 7 .5
2 3 4 .5
1 0 0 ) .................................
1 2 5 .0
1 1 1 .0
1 1 1 .6
1 0 9 .1
1 1 1 .8
1 1 3 .0
1 0 9 .8
1 2 1 .7
1 0 8 .1
1 0 8 .8
1 0 6 .4
1 0 8 .8
1 1 0 .0
1 0 7 .0
........................................................................................................
333 9
3 1 1 .3
3 0 7 .4
3 0 5 .0
3 0 3 .4
3 1 1 .0
320 0
3 3 4 .8
3 1 2 .2
308 4
3 0 5 .9
3 0 4 .2
3 1 2 .2
3 2 1 .1
C a n n e d h a m ...............................................................................................
2 7 6 .2
2 5 2 .8
2 5 1 .9
2 4 8 .0
2 4 6 .5
2 5 2 .4
2 5 1 .1
2 8 0 .6
2 5 8 .8
2 5 7 .7
2 5 4 .3
2 5 2 .0
2 5 7 .5
2 5 5 .7
H a m o th e r th a n c a n n e d (1 2 /7 7
S ausage
O th e r p o r k ( 1 2 / 7 7
O th e r m e a ts
F r a n k f u r te r s
=
100)
=
..............................................................
1 5 0 .4
1 3 1 .5
1 2 9 .9
1 3 9 .7
1 3 9 .3
1 4 9 .5
1 3 8 .2
133 9
1 3 1 .1
1 2 9 .3
138 9
1 3 8 .7
....................................................................................................
269 2
2 6 2 .6
262 2
262 6
2 6 1 .3
2 6 2 .5
2 6 5 .0
2 6 9 .0
2 6 2 .4
2 6 2 .0
2 6 2 .4
2 6 0 .7
2 6 2 .0
2 6 4 .4
................................................................................................
2 6 9 .4
2 5 9 .8
2 6 0 .8
2 5 9 .7
2 5 9 .0
2 6 0 .0
2 6 3 .5
2 6 8 .6
258 6
259 7
2 5 8 .8
2 5 7 .5
2 5 8 .9
2 6 2 .0
1 5 4 .5
1 5 3 .0
1 5 2 .8
1 5 2 .8
150 4
1 5 0 .6
1 5 2 .4
1 5 4 .5
1 5 2 .9
1 5 2 .8
1 5 2 .8
1 5 0 .2
1 5 0 .4
1 5 2 .3
1 3 9 .7
1 3 6 .1
1 3 5 .2
1 3 5 .8
1 3 4 .7
1 3 5 .2
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .8
134 2
1 3 3 .3
1 3 3 .9
1 3 2 .8
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .2
B o lo g n a , l iv e r w u r s t , a n d s a la m i ( 1 2 7 7
O th e r lu n c h m e a t s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
L a m b a n d o r g a n m e a ts ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
. . . .
..............................................
=
100)
1 3 9 .0
1 3 4 ,4
.................................
1 3 7 .2
1 3 4 .6
1 3 6 .1
1 3 7 .6
1 3 8 .2
1 4 0 .1
1 3 6 .8
1 3 7 .8
P o u t r y ........................................................................................................................
1 9 4 .0
2 0 4 .4
1 9 9 .6
2 0 1 .7
2 0 9 .8
2 1 7 .5
2 2 5 .5
1 9 1 .9
2 0 2 .6
1 9 7 .6
1 9 9 .7
2 0 7 .8
2 1 5 .4
2 2 3 .5
F re s h w h o le c h i c k e n ...............................................................................
1 9 0 .6
209 6
1 9 9 .1
2 0 7 .6
2 1 9 .4
2 2 8 .7
2 3 5 .9
1 8 8 .4
2 0 7 .2
1 9 6 .7
2 0 5 .1
2 1 6 .7
2 2 6 .1
2 3 3 .4
1 5 0 .2
F re s h a n d fr o z e n c h ic k e n p a r ts ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) .................
1 2 6 .2
1 3 5 .9
1 3 3 .7
1 3 2 .2
1 3 4 .1
1 3 9 .4
1 4 4 .7
1 5 2 .2
1 2 4 .6
136 9
1 3 4 .2
1 4 1 .6
1 3 7 .2
1 4 2 .5
1 2 7 .7
122 9
1 2 6 .0
1 2 0 .6
1 2 2 .3
1 2 5 .4
1 2 8 .5
1 2 7 .1
1 2 2 .7
1 2 5 .5
1 2 0 .3
1 2 2 .1
1 2 4 .9
1 2 7 .9
379 2
3 7 2 .6
3 7 4 .1
3 7 4 .9
3 7 6 .4
3 8 3 .4
3 8 6 .2
377 5
3 7 0 .7
3 7 2 .0
3 7 3 .4
3 7 4 .9
3 8 2 .4
3 8 4 .6
..................................................................
1 3 9 .1
133 9
1 3 3 .5
1 3 2 .6
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .1
132 9
1 3 8 .5
1 3 3 .4
1 3 2 .9
1 3 2 .1
132 0
1 3 2 .6
1 3 2 .4
1 4 7 .6
1 4 6 .7
1 4 7 .8
1 4 8 .8
1 4 9 .9
1 5 3 .7
1 5 5 .5
1 4 7 .1
1 4 6 .0
1 4 7 .1
148 5
1 4 9 .5
1 5 3 .7
1 5 5 .2
C a n n e d fis h a n d s e a fo o d
F re s h a n d fr o z e n f is h a n d s e a fo o d ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
. . .
1 3 2 .1
1 4 0 .9
1 0 0 ) ..........................................................
=
1 3 0 .5
1 3 9 .3
...............................................................................................
O th e r p o u l t r y ( 1 2 / 7 7
F is h a n d s e a fo o d
133 9
E g g s .........................................................................................................................................
1 6 9 .3
1 9 3 .3
2 0 0 .1
2 0 8 .2
2 3 4 .0
2 6 6 .5
2 7 0 .3
1 7 0 .0
1 9 4 .3
2 0 1 .0
2 0 9 .3
2 3 5 .3
2 6 8 .1
2 7 1 .8
D a iry p r o d u c t s .............................................................................................................................
2 4 9 .7
2 5 0 .2
250 1
2 5 0 .2
2 4 9 .9
2 5 0 .8
250 9
2 4 9 .1
2 4 9 .4
2 4 9 .2
2 4 9 .3
249 0
2 4 9 .8
2 5 0 .1
F re s h m ilk a n d c r e a m ( 1 2 / 7 7
F re s h w h o le m ilk
1 0 0 ) ..............................................................
1 3 6 .7
1 3 6 .1
1 3 5 .9
1 3 5 .9
1 3 5 .9
1 3 6 .4
1 3 6 .6
1 3 6 .2
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .2
1 3 5 .3
135 3
1 3 5 .8
1 3 6 .0
...............................................................................................
=
223 4
222 6
221 9
2 2 2 .1
2 2 2 .3
2 2 2 .7
2 2 3 .3
2 2 2 .6
2 2 1 .7
2 2 0 .9
2 2 1 .2
2 2 1 .4
2 2 1 .7
2 2 2 .3
1 3 7 .3
1 3 6 .4
136 6
1 3 6 .4
136 2
1 3 7 .3
1 3 7 .0
1 3 6 .8
1 3 5 .8
136 0
1 3 5 .8
1 3 5 .6
1 3 6 .7
1 3 6 .4
O th e r f r e s h m ilk a n d c r e a m ( 1 2 / 7 7
P r o c e s s e d d a ir y p r o d u c t s
B u tte '
=
1 0 0 ) .....................................
.......................................................................................
1 4 7 .4
1 4 9 .0
1 4 9 .2
1 4 9 .3
1 4 8 .8
1 4 9 .3
1 4 9 .3
1 4 7 .7
1 4 9 .3
1 4 9 .4
149 5
1 4 9 .0
1 4 9 .6
1 4 9 .5
........................................................................................................................
253 6
253 9
256 2
254 8
2 5 4 .1
2 5 4 .7
2 5 3 .4
2 5 6 .2
2 5 6 .4
258 7
2 5 7 .4
2 5 6 .6
2 5 7 .1
2 5 5 .9
1 4 5 .5
1 4 6 .8
1 4 6 .4
1 4 5 .8
1 4 7 .1
1 4 6 .7
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .1
C he ese ( 1 2 /7 7
=
1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................
Ic e c r e a m a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7
O th e r d a ir y p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7
F r u its a n d v e g e t a b le s
=
1 4 6 .8
1 4 6 .7
1 4 7 .0
146 8
1 4 7 .1
1 4 7 .0
1 0 0 ) .............................
1 5 3 .1
1 5 4 .4
1 5 4 .9
1 5 5 .3
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .8
155 6
1 5 2 .2
1 5 3 .5
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .2
1 5 3 .0
1 5 3 .8
1 5 4 .4
..................................................
1 4 1 .6
146 0
1 4 5 .2
1 4 5 .7
1 4 6 .0
1 4 6 .1
146 2
1 4 2 .3
1 4 6 .5
1 4 5 .8
1 4 6 .1
1 4 6 .5
1 4 6 .7
1 4 6 .7
=
100)
............................................................................................................
2 9 6 .7
2 7 8 .1
2 9 7 .6
2 9 2 .6
3 1 1 .0
3 2 1 .0
2 7 4 .5
2 9 3 .3
2 9 2 .7
2 8 5 .1
2 8 9 .3
3 0 7 .3
3 1 7 .2
...................................................................................
2 7 2 .0
306 6
3 0 4 .9
2 8 8 .7
2 9 4 .2
3 2 7 .8
3 4 2 .8
2 6 7 .1
3 0 0 .3
2 9 8 .9
283 4
2 8 9 .8
3 2 2 .5
3 3 7 .4
F re s h f r u i t s
............................................................................................................
270 5
3 1 6 .7
304 4
2 7 9 .5
2 7 0 .4
2 8 9 .6
2 9 6 .0
2 6 1 .0
3 0 5 .9
293 4
2 6 9 .3
2 6 1 .1
2 7 9 .5
2 8 6 .2
A p p le s
............................................................................................................
2 8 7 .9
2 4 3 .9
3 2 1 .3
2 7 3 .8
2 6 7 .3
2 7 0 .8
2 7 7 .6
2 8 9 .3
F re s h f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b le s
2 8 8 .9
2 4 4 .0
3 2 0 .2
2 7 1 .8
2 6 5 .9
270 0
2 7 7 .0
Bananas
........................................................................................................
2 5 4 .0
278 6
2 7 2 .8
2 3 3 .1
2 3 0 .0
244 3
2 6 3 .2
2 5 0 .9
2 7 6 .5
2 7 0 .3
2 3 0 .7
2 2 7 .8
2 4 2 .4
2 6 0 .7
O ra n g e s
........................................................................................................
286 3
3 3 7 .0
2 9 9 .0
3 0 7 .8
283 4
301 3
3 0 3 .0
2 6 3 .1
3 0 7 .1
2 7 1 .3
2 7 9 .3
2 5 7 .5
2 7 5 .1
2 7 6 .2
1 4 5 .1
1 6 4 .1
1 7 1 .1
1 4 8 .5
1 4 3 .0
1 5 6 .9
1 5 8 .2
1 3 9 .8
1 5 7 .7
1 6 4 .7
1 4 2 .9
1 3 7 .8
1 5 1 .1
1 5 2 .6
2 7 3 .4
2 9 7 .2
3 0 5 .5
297 4
3 1 6 .6
363 6
3 8 6 .6
2 7 2 .7
2 9 5 .4
3 0 3 .9
2 9 6 .2
3 1 5 .7
3 6 1 .4
3 8 3 .8
O th e r fr e s h f r u i t s ( 1 2 / 7 7
F re s h v e g e t a b le s
P o ta to e s
=
1 0 0 ) ..................................................
...........................................................................................
........................................................................................................
2 4 0 .6
3 3 6 .1
316 9
3 0 5 .0
3 1 7 .6
3 4 2 .3
3 5 9 .6
2 3 6 .5
3 3 0 .9
3 1 1 .7
3 0 0 .1
3 1 4 .3
3 3 7 .5
3 5 3 .2
L e t t u c e ............................................................................................................
249 0
3 3 7 .0
3 6 0 .4
3 2 9 .8
3 7 1 .8
3 2 8 .3
2 7 8 .5
2 5 0 .0
3 3 8 .2
3 6 0 .9
3 3 0 .0
3 7 5 .0
3 2 9 .8
2 8 0 .2
T o m a to e s
2 6 5 .0
212 2
241 9
243 0
2 2 2 .2
2 8 5 .6
3 3 2 .8
2 6 9 .0
2 1 6 .2
246 8
2 4 6 .9
2 2 4 .7
2 9 0 .4
3 3 7 .6
....................................................................................................
1 0 0 ) .....................................
1 6 5 .6
1 5 8 .0
1 6 3 .0
1 6 3 .0
1 7 7 .2
2 2 6 .1
2 5 2 .1
1 6 5 .2
1 5 6 .3
1 6 1 .7
1 6 2 .3
1 7 6 .1
2 2 4 .0
2 4 9 .7
P r o c e s s e d f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s ...........................................................................
O th e r fr e s h v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7
2 8 7 .4
2 9 0 .2
2 9 0 .3
2 9 1 .6
2 9 3 .3
2 9 5 .1
2 9 9 .9
2 8 5 .1
2 8 8 .0
2 8 8 .2
289 5
2 9 1 .2
2 9 2 .9
2 9 7 .4
1 5 0 .8
1 5 1 .0
1 5 0 .6
1 5 1 .2
1 5 2 .0
1 5 2 .3
1 5 6 .8
1 5 0 .5
1 5 0 .6
1 5 0 .3
1 5 0 .8
1 5 1 .6
1 5 1 .9
1 5 6 .3
1 5 4 .0
P ro c e s s e d fr u its (1 2 /7 7
=
=
1 0 0 ) ..............................................................
F ro z e n f r u i t a n d f r u i t ju ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
C a n n e d a n d d r ie d f r u i t s ( 1 2 / 7 7
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le
78
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
=
1 0 0 ) .........................
1 4 4 .6
1 4 2 .2
1 4 2 .1
143 3
1 4 3 .6
1 4 4 .7
1 5 4 .9
1 4 3 .7
1 4 1 .4
1 4 1 .3
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .9
1 4 3 .9
.....................
1 5 5 .3
1 5 5 .2
1 5 5 .1
1 5 5 .5
1 5 5 .7
1 5 5 .7
1 5 8 .4
154 4
1 5 4 .2
154 0
1 5 4 .6
1 5 4 .8
1 5 4 .7
1 5 7 .3
1 0 0 ) .................................
1 5 1 .0
153 8
152 9
1 5 3 .2
1 5 5 .0
1 5 5 .0
1 5 6 .8
1 5 1 .7
1 5 4 .3
1 5 3 .4
1 5 3 .5
1 5 5 .1
1 5 5 .3
1 5 7 .1
F r u it ju ic e s o t h e r t h a n f r o z e n ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
20.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs
G e n e ra l s u m m a ry
Feb.
Food a t hom e—
U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s
1983
S e p t.
O c t.
1984
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
1 4 2 .8
1 4 4 .2
1983
Feb.
Feb.
S e p t.
1984
O c t.
Nov.
Dec
Jan.
Feb.
C o n tin u e d
F r u it s a n d v e g e t a b le s —
C o n tin u e d
P r o c e s s e d v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) ..................................................
F ro z e n v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
..............................................
C u t c o m a n d c a n n e d b e a n s e x c e p t lim a ( 1 2 / 7 7
O th e r c a n n e d a n d d r ie d v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
=
100)
100)
. . . .
O th e r f o o d s a t h o m e ................................................................................................................
S u g a r a n d s w e e ts
........................................................................................................
F a ts a n d o i ls ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
=
1 4 1 .8
1 3 6 .9
1 3 9 .4
1 4 0 .0
1 4 0 .7
1 4 1 .6
1 4 3 .0
1 4 3 .3
1 5 2 .4
1 5 0 .6
1 5 1 .8
1 5 1 .5
1 5 3 .3
1 5 4 .2
1 5 2 .7
1 5 3 .9
1 5 2 .0
1 5 3 .4
1 5 3 .2
1 5 4 .9
1 5 5 .8
1 4 1 .8
1 4 2 .4
143 2
1 4 5 .8
1 4 5 .9
1 4 6 .2
1 3 6 .2
1 3 8 .1
1 4 0 .6
1 4 4 .6
1 3 9 .3
1 4 0 .0
1 4 0 .8
1 4 3 .2
1 4 3 .3
1 4 3 .7
1 3 1 .1
1 3 4 .0
1 3 5 .7
1 3 6 .0
1 3 6 .8
1 3 8 .7
1 3 8 .8
129 8
1 3 2 .6
1 3 4 .2
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .3
1 3 7 .1
1 3 7 .1
3 3 8 .2
340 7
3 4 2 .7
3 4 3 .4
3 4 3 .6
3 4 6 .6
3 4 8 .4
339 1
3 4 1 .5
3 4 3 .5
3 4 4 .2
3 4 4 .4
3 4 7 .4
3 4 9 .1
3 7 0 .7
3 7 6 .4
3 7 5 .5
3 7 6 .0
3 7 7 .7
3 8 0 .0
381 2
370 6
3 7 6 .2
3 7 5 .3
3 7 5 .7
3 7 7 .6
3 7 9 .7
3 8 0 .7
149 6
1 5 1 .9
1 5 1 .8
1 5 2 .0
1 5 2 .8
1 5 4 .0
154 5
149 6
1 5 1 .6
1 5 1 .6
1 5 1 .8
1 5 2 .7
1 5 3 .9
1 5 4 .3
1 0 0 ) .............................
1 6 5 .9
1 7 0 .3
169 3
170 4
1 7 1 .1
1 7 0 .9
1 7 1 .8
1 6 7 .1
1 7 1 .6
1 7 0 .8
1 7 1 .7
1 7 2 .4
1 7 2 .0
1 7 3 .0
1 0 0 ) .......................................................................
1 5 2 .3
1 5 2 .7
1 5 2 .2
1 5 1 .7
152 3
1 5 3 .9
1 5 4 .0
150 2
1 5 0 .5
1 5 0 .1
1 4 9 .5
1 5 0 .0
1 5 1 .8
1 5 1 .7
2 7 1 .2
2 7 5 .5
2 7 8 .2
2 7 9 .5
2 8 0 .9
2 6 2 .6
2 6 7 .1
2 7 8 .8
C a n d y a n d c h e w in g g u m ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) ..........................................
S u g a r a n d a r t i f ic ia l s w e e te n e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7
O th e r s w e e ts ( 1 2 / 7 7
1 4 1 .1
1 5 1 .2
1 3 8 .5
100)
=
...............................................................................
258 0
2 6 4 .8
2 7 1 .1
2 7 5 .4
278 2
2 7 9 .7
2 8 1 .1
258 1
2 6 4 .7
M a r g a r i n e ................................................................................................................
2 5 5 .9
2 5 9 .3
2 6 4 .6
2 6 8 .9
2 7 3 .7
2 7 8 .2
2 8 0 .5
2 5 5 .3
257 3
2 7 1 .7
2 7 6 .4
. . .
1 5 1 .8
1 4 8 .9
1 5 1 .6
1 5 1 .8
1 5 1 .4
1 5 2 .2
1 5 3 .9
1 5 0 .1
1 4 7 .2
1 4 9 .8
1 5 0 .1
1 4 9 .6
1 5 0 .4
1 5 1 .9
1 0 0 ) .................
1 2 9 .8
136 9
1 4 0 .7
1 4 3 .8
1 4 5 .4
1 4 5 .4
1 4 5 .5
1 3 0 .3
1 3 7 .5
1 4 1 .5
1 4 4 .5
1 4 6 .1
1 4 5 .9
1 4 6 .1
...........................................................................................
4 3 2 .2
4 3 1 .2
4 3 6 .4
4 3 5 .2
4 3 3 .7
4 3 9 .1
4 4 1 .8
4 3 3 .9
4 3 3 .1
4 3 8 .4
4 3 7 .3
4 3 5 .7
4 4 1 .1
4 4 3 .5
3 1 2 .5
3 1 2 .7
3 1 7 .2
3 1 5 .7
3 1 4 .3
3 1 9 .9
3 1 8 .3
3 1 0 .0
3 1 0 .2
3 1 4 .7
3 1 3 .2
3 1 1 .6
3 1 7 .2
1 4 7 .4
1 4 7 .6
150 8
1 4 9 .4
1 4 8 .8
1 4 9 .1
152 6
144 9
1 4 5 .3
1 4 8 .7
1 4 7 .5
1 4 6 .9
1 4 7 .0
1 5 0 .3
R o a s te d c o f f e e ........................................................................................................
3 6 5 .9
3 5 3 .7
3 5 2 .8
3 5 5 .4
3 5 4 .2
3 5 9 .2
364 3
3 6 0 .5
348 4
3 4 7 .6
3 5 0 .2
3 4 9 .0
3 5 3 .9
3 5 8 .9
F re e z e d r ie d a n d i n s ta n t c o f f e e ..................................................................
3 4 9 .3
3 4 8 .3
3 5 0 .2
3 5 2 .4
3 5 1 .2
3 5 3 .7
3 5 3 .1
3 5 6 .5
N o n d a ir y s u b s t it u t e s a n d p e a n u t b u t t e r ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
O th e r f a t s , o i ls , a n d s a la d d r e s s in g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
N o n a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s
C o la d r i n k s , e x c l u d in g d i e t c o la
100)
..............................................................
C a r b o n a te d d r in k s , in c lu d in g d i e t c o la ( 1 2 / 7 7
O th e r n o n c a r b o n a te d d r in k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
. . . .
3 5 7 .2
3 4 9 .0
3 4 7 .5
3 4 9 .3
3 5 1 .6
3 5 0 .5
3 1 5 .8
.................................
1 4 0 .6
1 4 1 .0
1 4 1 .9
1 4 1 .8
1 4 1 .8
1 4 3 .8
1 4 4 .5
140 8
1 4 1 .3
1 4 2 .2
1 4 2 .1
1 4 2 .2
1 4 4 .2
1 4 4 .8
O th e r p r e p a re d f o o d s ....................................................................................................
2 7 5 .1
2 7 7 .8
2 7 6 .8
277 9
278 2
2 7 9 .9
2 8 1 .4
2 7 6 .8
2 7 9 .4
2 7 8 .2
279 4
2 7 9 .7
2 8 1 .5
2 8 3 .0
1 0 0 ) .....................................
1 3 9 .0
1 4 1 .4
1 4 1 .3
1 4 2 .0
1 4 2 .8
1 4 2 .6
143 2
1 4 1 .1
1 4 3 .3
1 4 3 .2
143 9
1 4 4 .6
1 4 4 .4
1 4 5 .2
..............................................
1 5 2 .0
1 5 7 .2
1 5 6 .5
1 5 6 .1
C a n n e d a n d p a c k a g e d s o u p (1 2 /7 7 =
F ro z e n p r e p a re d f o o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7
S n a c k s (1 2 /7 7
=
=
100)
=
100)
156 4
1 5 5 .5
1 5 7 .6
159 9
1 5 9 .0
1 5 8 .6
158 9
1 5 9 .5
162 8
1 5 9 .6
1 6 2 .0
1 6 0 .8
1 6 0 .7
1 6 1 .0
1 6 1 .6
. . .
1 6 1 .1
1 5 8 .9
159 6
1 6 0 .7
1 6 0 .6
1 6 1 .6
1 6 2 .3
1 6 0 .1
1 5 8 .1
1 5 8 .7
1 5 9 .9
1 5 9 .5
1 6 0 .5
1 6 1 .4
1 0 0 ) ..........................................................
1 5 4 .9
1 5 6 .3
156 0
1 5 5 .4
1 5 5 .5
1 5 6 .6
1 5 6 .6
1 5 6 .8
1 5 8 .2
157 9
1 5 7 .2
1 5 7 .4
1 5 8 .4
1 5 8 .4
1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................
S e a s o n in g s , o l iv e s , p i c k le s , a n d r e lis h ( 1 2 / 7 7
O th e r c o n d i m e n t s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
M is c e l la n e o u s p r e p a re d f o o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
=
100)
.............................
hom e
1 5 4 .7
1 5 6 .8
1 5 1 .3
1 5 4 .9
1 5 3 .7
1 5 5 .7
1 5 4 .5
1 6 4 .9
1 5 1 .5
1 5 2 .2
1 5 1 .8
1 5 2 .8
1 5 3 .3
154 3
1 5 4 .6
1 5 1 .7
1 5 2 .5
1 5 2 .0
1 5 3 .0
1 5 3 .5
1 5 4 .5
1 5 4 .8
100) .
1 4 6 .4
1 4 7 .2
1 4 6 .2
1 4 7 .0
1 4 8 .0
1 4 9 .1
1 4 9 .7
1 4 7 .7
1 4 8 .4
1 4 7 .4
1 4 8 .2
1 4 9 .2
1 5 0 .4
1 5 0 .9
....................................................................................................................
324 8
3 1 8 .4
3 3 1 .7
O th e r c a n n e d a n d p a c k a g e d p r e p a re d f o o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7
F oo d a w a y fr o m
1 5 5 .7
=
315 2
3 2 2 .2
3 2 3 .9
3 2 5 .5
3 2 7 .2
3 2 8 .5
3 2 5 .4
3 2 7 .2
3 2 8 .0
3 2 8 .7
3 3 0 .4
L u n c h (1 2 /7 7
=
1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................................
1 5 3 .3
155 9
1 5 6 .7
1 5 7 .1
1 5 7 .5
158 0
1 5 8 .5
1 5 5 .0
1 5 7 .5
1 5 8 .3
1 5 8 .7
1 5 9 .0
1 5 9 .5
D in n e r ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................................
1 5 1 .7
1 5 4 .9
1 5 5 .5
1 5 6 .2
1 5 6 .5
1 5 7 .6
1 5 8 .1
1 5 3 .4
1 5 6 .6
1 5 7 .2
157 9
1 5 8 .3
1 5 9 .3
159 9
1 5 4 .5
1 5 9 .4
1 6 0 .7
1 6 0 .8
1 6 1 .0
1 6 2 .0
1 6 2 .9
1 5 5 .1
1 5 9 .9
1 6 1 .2
1 6 1 .2
1 6 1 .4
1 6 2 .5
1 6 3 .4
2 2 3 .0
O th e r m e a ls a n d s n a c k s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) ...................................................................
=
100)
A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s
2 1 3 .3
218 4
2 1 8 .9
218 6
2 1 8 .1
2 1 9 .0
219 9
2 1 5 .6
2 2 1 .3
221 8
2 2 1 .5
221 2
2 2 2 .0
...................................................................
1 3 7 .7
1 4 1 .2
1 4 1 .4
140 9
1 4 0 .4
1 4 0 .8
1 4 1 .5
1 3 9 .2
1 4 3 .2
1 4 3 .4
1 4 3 .0
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .8
1 4 3 .6
.................................................................................................................................
217 4
2 2 5 .4
2 2 6 .1
2 2 5 .9
2 2 5 .5
2 2 5 .7
2 2 7 .7
2 1 6 .4
2 2 4 .8
2 2 5 .3
2 2 5 .2
2 2 4 .8
2 2 4 .9
2 2 6 .8
A l c o h o li c b e v e r a g e s a t h o m e ( 1 2 / 7 7
B e e r a n d a le
1 6 0 .1
W h i s k e y ..............................................................................................................................................
1 5 0 .9
1 5 3 .7
1 5 3 .5
1 5 2 .9
1 5 2 .4
1 5 3 .5
1 5 3 .2
1 5 1 .6
1 5 4 .2
1 5 4 .0
1 5 3 .4
1 5 2 .9
1 5 3 .7
1 5 3 .5
W in e
234 7
2 3 5 .7
2 3 7 .1
2 3 4 .8
2 3 2 .1
2 3 3 .2
2 3 2 .4
2 4 1 .8
2 4 3 .7
2 4 5 .5
2 4 2 .3
239 9
2 4 1 .0
2 3 9 .8
1 2 0 .7
122 5
1 2 2 .3
1 2 1 .5
1 2 1 .4
1 2 1 .7
122 8
1 2 0 .5
1 2 2 .3
122 2
1 2 1 .5
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .6
1 2 2 .6
..................................................................................................................................................
O th e r a l c o h o li c b e v e r a g e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................
1 4 5 .4
1 4 8 .4
1 4 8 .7
149 9
1 5 0 .4
1 5 1 .6
1 5 2 .0
1 4 6 .6
1 4 9 .6
1 4 9 .8
1 5 0 .9
1 5 1 .5
1 5 3 .0
1 5 3 .2
H O U S IN G
318 5
326 4
3 2 6 .8
3 2 7 .0
327 4
329 2
331 0
3 1 7 .6
3 2 5 .3
3 2 5 .2
3 2 4 .5
324 2
3 2 4 .7
3 2 4 .2
S h e lte r (C P I-U )
339 2
3 4 8 .5
349 8
3 5 1 .1
351 8
353 2
354 0
A l c o h o li c b e v e r a g e s a w a y f r o m
h o m e ( 1 2 /7 7
=
100)
..............................................
R e n te r s ' c o s t s ..........................................................................................................................................
R e n t, r e s id e n tia l
.........................................................................................................................
O th e r r e n t e r s ’ c o s t s
104 4
1 0 4 .8
1 0 5 .0
1 0 5 .1
1 0 5 .7
1 0 6 .0
2 3 9 .5
240 4
2 4 1 .3
242 0
242 9
243 6
3 4 0 .8
3 6 1 .3
362 5
362 0
359 8
3 5 6 .1
3 6 1 .7
.........................................................................................................................
1 0 0 .9
1 0 3 .5
1 0 3 .9
104 3
1 0 4 .5
1 0 4 .9
1 0 5 .1
O w n e r s ' e q u i v a le n t r e n t ........................................................................................................
1 0 0 .9
1 0 3 .5
1 0 3 .8
1 0 4 .2
1 0 4 .5
104 8
1 0 5 .1
H o m e o w n e rs ' c o s ts 2
.................................................................................................................
1 0 1 .2
233 1
H o u s e h o ld i n s u r a n c e ................................................................................................................
1 0 4 .0
105 5
1 0 6 .1
1 0 6 .6
3 3 9 .4
3 4 6 .6
3 5 1 .1
3 5 3 .4
3 5 4 .7
3 5 6 .7
3 5 3 .5
...................................................................................
3 7 3 .6
387 6
397 2
3 9 8 .5
4 0 0 .8
402 4
4 0 0 .9
M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir c o m m o d i t i e s ...........................................................................
2 5 9 .3
2 5 9 .9
2 5 9 .5
2 6 2 .3
262 6
2 6 4 .6
260 4
M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s
................................................................................................................
M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s e r v ic e s
100 9
1 0 6 .1
1 0 7 .1
S h e lte r (C P I-W )
338 8
3 4 7 .5
347 6
3 4 7 .1
3 4 6 .6
3 4 6 .1
3 4 3 .7
R e n t, r e s i d e n t i a l .....................................................................................................................................
2 3 2 .5
2 3 8 .9
239 8
2 4 0 .7
2 4 1 .3
242 3
242 9
O th e r r e n t e r s ' c o s t s .............................................................................................................................
339 0
3 5 8 .6
3 5 9 .3
3 5 7 .3
3 5 9 .1
3 6 0 .9
L o d g in g w h i le o u t o f t o w n ....................................................................................................
353 6
3 7 4 .8
3 7 4 .2
3 7 0 .9
3 6 3 .9
3 7 4 .0
3 7 7 .9
T e n a n t s ' In s u r a n c e ( 1 2 / 7 7
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................
1 5 1 .5
1 5 6 .2
1 5 8 .6
1 5 9 .4
c 1 5 9 .4
c 1 6 0 .4
1 6 1 .1
H o m e o w n e r s h i p .....................................................................................................................................
3 7 6 .9
3 8 6 .1
3 8 5 .9
3 8 4 .9
3 8 4 .1
3 8 2 .9
3 7 9 .4
.........................................................................................................................
2 9 3 .7
303 4
3 0 1 .3
300 0
2 9 8 .9
2 9 8 .0
2 9 4 .4
F in a n c in g , t a x e s , a n d i n s u r a n c e .......................................................................................
4 9 1 .3
5 0 0 .0
5 0 0 .6
4 9 9 .2
4 9 7 .6
4 9 4 .8
4 9 0 .5
H o m e p u rc h a s e
=
352 9
P r o p e r t y i n s u r a n c e ........................................................................................................
4 1 7 .9
4 3 4 .9
4 3 7 .4
4 3 8 .0
4 3 7 .2
4 3 8 .3
439 3
P r o p e r t y ta x e s
................................................................................................................
2 3 1 .4
2 3 8 .5
2 3 9 .1
2 3 9 .6
2 4 0 .7
2 4 2 .7
2 4 3 .2
C o n tr a c te d m o r t g a g e i n te r e s t c o s t s ...................................................................
6 2 5 .1
6 3 4 .2
6 3 4 .7
6 3 2 .2
6 2 9 .4
6 2 4 .1
6 1 7 .2
M o r tg a g e in t e r e s t r a t e s ...................................................................................
2 1 1 .1
2 0 7 .2
2 0 8 .8
2 0 8 .6
2 0 8 .7
2 0 7 .6
2 0 7 .7
M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a i r s ........................................................................................................
3 3 6 .2
3 4 3 .7
3 4 8 .1
3 4 9 .1
3 5 1 .0
3 5 3 .0
3 5 1 .9
M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s e r v i c e s ...........................................................................
3 7 4 .5
3 8 5 .5
3 9 2 .5
3 9 3 .3
3 9 5 .6
3 9 7 .6
3 9 6 .8
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
79
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
20.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs
G e n e ra l s u m m e ry
Feb.
H o m e o w n e r s h ip —
U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s
1983
S e p t.
O c t.
1984
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
1 9 t3
Feb.
1 M 4
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
Dec
Jan.
Feb.
2 5 4 .5
2 5 5 .2
2 5 4 .7
2 5 5 .9
2 5 7 .0
2 5 9 .0
2 5 7 .4
C o n tin u e d
M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir c o m m o d i t i e s ...........................................................................
P a in t a n d w a l lp a p e r , s u p p l ie s , t o o ls , a n d
e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7
=
1 0 0 ) ......................................................................
L u m b e r , a w n in g s , g l a s s , a n d m a s o n r y ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) .................
1 4 8 .0
1 4 5 .8
1 4 5 .7
1 4 7 .3
1 4 9 .1
1 5 0 .8
1 4 7 .6
1 2 2 .2
1 2 5 .3
1 2 4 .2
1 2 3 .8
1 2 3 .7
1 2 5 .2
1 2 5 .6
P l u m b in g , e l e c tr ic a l, h e a t in g , a n d c o o lin g
s u p p l ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
...............................................................................
M is c e l la n e o u s s u p p l ie s a n d e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) .................
F u e l a n d o th e r u tilitie s
3 6 4 .6
3 7 6 .4
3 7 4 .4
3 7 1 .3
3 7 0 .6
3 7 6 .0
3 8 3 .0
1 3 6 .6
1 4 0 .7
1 4 1 .3
1 3 9 .1
1 3 8 .4
1 3 9 .9
1 3 9 .4
142 2
1 4 2 .2
1 4 1 .9
1 4 4 .0
1 4 3 .7
1 4 3 .1
1 4 4 .3
3 6 5 .9
3 7 8 .1
3 7 5 .7
3 7 2 .8
3 7 2 .0
3 7 7 .3
3 8 4 .2
F u e l s ..............................................................................................................................................................
4 6 1 .5
4 7 8 .3
4 7 4 .4
4 6 8 .1
4 6 7 .4
4 7 0 .4
4 7 9 .6
4 6 1 .2
4 7 8 .3
4 7 4 .0
4 6 7 .8
4 6 7 .2
4 6 9 .9
4 7 9 .1
F u e l o i l, c o a l, a n d b o ttle d g a s ...........................................................................................
6 5 4 .0
6 2 3 .2
6 2 4 .7
6 2 3 .9
623 9
6 4 2 .8
6 8 8 .6
6 5 6 .0
6 2 5 .6
6 2 7 .2
6 2 6 .4
6 2 6 .4
6 4 5 .1
6 9 1 .4
Fuel o il
.................................................................................................................................
O th e r fu e ls ( 6 / 7 8
=
100)
6 6 9 .7
6 3 1 .2
6 3 2 .6
6 3 1 .5
6 3 1 .5
6 5 2 .7
7 0 5 .0
6 7 1 .3
6 3 3 .7
6 3 5 .1
6 3 3 .9
6 3 3 .9
6 5 4 .9
7 0 7 .6
.......................................................................................
1 8 7 .1
1 9 0 .2
1 9 1 .0
1 9 1 .4
1 9 1 .4
1 9 3 .6
1 9 7 .4
1 8 8 .1
1 9 1 .0
1 9 1 .9
1 9 2 .4
1 9 2 .3
1 9 4 .4
1 9 8 .1
G a s ( p ip e d ) a n d e l e c t r i c i t y ....................................................................................................
4 1 4 .5
4 4 0 .5
4 3 5 .6
4 2 8 .2
4 2 7 .5
4 2 7 .3
4 2 9 .0
4 1 3 .8
4 4 0 .0
4 3 4 .5
4 2 7 .5
4 2 6 .7
426 2
4 2 7 .9
E l e c t r i c i t y .............................................................................................................................
3 2 0 .1
3 4 2 .3
3 3 9 .2
3 3 1 .8
3 2 9 .8
3 3 2 .8
334 2
3 1 9 .4
3 4 2 .6
3 3 8 .8
3 3 0 .8
3 2 9 .0
3 3 1 .9
3 3 3 .3
U t ili t y ( p ip e d ) g a s
5 6 0 .1
5 9 0 .5
5 8 2 .4
5 7 6 .3
5 7 8 .2
5 7 1 .1
5 7 3 .6
5 5 7 .6
5 8 6 .4
5 7 8 .3
5 7 4 .0
5 7 5 .7
5 6 8 .1
5 7 0 .1
...........................................................................................
2 1 0 .9
2 1 5 .4
2 1 5 .8
2 1 7 .3
2 1 6 .5
2 2 4 .6
2 2 8 .0
2 1 1 .6
2 1 6 .4
216 9
2 1 8 .4
2 1 7 .4
2 2 5 .7
2 2 9 .2
T e le p h o n e s e r v i c e s ....................................................................................................................
1 7 1 .7
1 7 4 .4
1 7 4 .1
1 7 5 .4
1 7 4 .3
1 8 3 .3
1 8 6 .8
1 7 2 .1
1 7 5 .0
1 7 4 .7
1 7 6 .0
1 7 4 .7
1 8 3 .9
1 8 7 .5
139 9
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .2
143 8
1 4 2 .2
154 3
1 5 9 .0
1 4 0 .2
1 4 3 .1
1 4 2 .8
1 4 4 .4
1 4 2 .6
1 5 4 .8
1 5 9 .6
........................................................................................................
H O U S IN G
F u e l a n d o th e r u tilitie s
O th e r u t ilit ie s a n d p u b l ic s e r v ic e s
L o c a l c h a rg e s (1 2 /7 7
=
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................
1 2 1 .4
1 2 1 .4
I n te r s ta te t o l l c a l ls ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
..................................................................
I n tr a s ta te t o ll c a l ls ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
..................................................................
115 9
1 1 8 .6
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .8
1 1 9 .7
1 2 2 .1
1 2 2 .1
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .7
1 1 9 .1
1 1 9 .8
1 1 9 .8
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .1
W a te r a n d s e w e ra g e m a i n t e n a n c e ...................................................................................
343 9
3 5 6 .8
3 6 1 .7
363 6
3 6 4 .3
367 4
3 6 9 .0
3 4 7 .2
361 0
3 6 6 .2
3 6 7 .8
3 6 8 .5
3 7 1 .7
3 7 3 .2
H o u s e h o ld fu r n is h in g s a n d o p e ra tio n s
2 3 6 .7
238 9
239 4
239 9
2 4 0 .5
240 4
240 4
2 3 3 .4
2 3 5 .8
2 3 6 .2
2 3 6 .7
2 3 7 .3
2 3 7 .3
2 3 7 .4
H o u s e f u r n is h in g s
.................................................................................................................................
195 9
1 9 7 .6
1 9 8 .0
198 4
1 9 8 .8
1 9 7 .9
1 9 7 .6
1 9 3 .8
1 9 5 .6
1 9 6 .0
1 9 6 .4
196 9
1 9 6 .3
1 9 6 .0
T e x t ile h o u s e f u r n i s h i n g s ........................................................................................................
2 2 8 .2
2 3 1 .2
2 2 8 .8
229 6
230 3
227 6
232 0
2 3 2 .2
2 3 4 .6
2 3 2 .0
2 3 3 .0
2 3 3 .1
2 3 0 .9
2 3 5 .5
1 3 9 .0
1 3 8 .1
1 3 6 .0
1 3 5 .7
1 3 5 .6
1 3 3 .0
137 4
1 4 0 .7
139 0
1 3 7 .0
136 4
1 3 6 .2
1 3 4 .1
1 3 8 .5
H o u s e h o ld lin e n s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
......................................................................
1 2 1 .8
1 2 1 .9
1 2 1 .5
1 2 1 .5
122 4
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .3
1 2 1 .9
1 2 1 .9
1 2 1 .9
1 2 1 .9
1 2 2 .8
C u r ta in s , d r a p e s , s lip c o v e r s , a n d s e w in g
...................................................................................
1 4 5 .7
1 5 0 .5
1 4 9 .6
1 5 1 .1
1 5 2 .0
1 5 1 .3
1 5 2 .3
1 4 9 .5
154 8
1 5 3 .6
1 5 5 .6
1 5 6 .1
1 5 5 .5
1 5 6 .6
F u r n i tu r e a n d b e d d i n g ........................................................................................................................
m a te r i a ls ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
2 1 3 .8
2 1 7 .9
2 1 9 .8
2 2 0 .1
2 2 1 .3
2 1 9 .5
2 1 6 .7
210 2
2 1 5 .1
216 6
2 1 7 .1
2 1 8 .3
2 1 6 .7
2 1 3 .7
1 4 6 .6
1 5 2 .5
152 9
152 6
1 5 4 .9
1 5 4 .4
1 4 8 .7
1 4 2 .7
1 4 8 .9
1 4 9 .0
1 4 9 .5
1 5 1 .3
1 5 1 .1
1 4 5 .3
B e d ro o m fu r n itu r e ( 1 2 /7 7
S o fa s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
=
100)
..................................................................
1 1 6 .5
1 1 7 .6
1 1 8 .8
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .2
1 1 9 .4
1 1 8 .5
1 1 7 .1
1 1 8 .1
1 1 9 .2
1 2 0 .0
1 2 0 .3
1 1 9 .2
1 1 8 .3
1 0 0 ) ..........................................
1 2 1 .0
1 2 4 .2
1 2 5 .4
1 2 5 .6
1 2 4 .4
124 8
1 2 4 .5
1 2 1 .5
1 2 5 .2
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .6
1 2 5 .7
1 2 5 .9
1 2 5 .7
..........................................................................
1 3 9 .8
1 3 9 .4
1 4 1 .2
1 4 1 .4
1 4 2 .3
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .7
1 3 5 .1
135 8
1 3 7 .2
1 3 7 .1
...............................................................................................
L i v in g r o o m c h a ir s a n d ta b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7
O th e r f u r n i t u r e ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
=
A p p lia n c e s in c lu d in g T V a n d s o u n d e q u i p m e n t
T e le v is io n a n d s o u n d e q u i p m e n t
T e e v iS 'O n
1 3 5 .4
1 3 5 .9
1 5 1 .5
1 5 1 .0
1 5 1 .2
1 5 1 .0
1 5 0 .9
1 5 1 .0
1 5 1 .1
1 5 1 .3
1 5 1 .2
1 5 1 .7
1 5 1 .6
1 5 1 .7
1 5 1 .9
1 5 2 .2
1 0 7 .1
1 0 5 .1
1 0 4 .9
1 0 5 .0
1 0 4 .8
1 0 4 .9
1 0 4 .5
1 0 6 .1
1 0 4 .2
1 0 3 .9
1 0 4 .1
1 0 3 .9
1 0 4 .0
1 0 3 .5
................................................................................................................
9 8 .1
1 0 0 .5
98 3
..........................................................
1 1 2 .8
1 1 1 .1
1 1 1 .0
1 1 1 .6
1 1 1 ,0 '
1 1 1 .3
1 1 1 .2
1 1 1 .8
1 1 0 .2
1 1 0 .0
1 1 0 .7
1 1 0 .1
1 1 0 .5
1 1 0 .2
...............................................................................................
1 8 6 .3
1 8 9 .2
1 9 0 .3
1 8 9 .2
1 8 9 .4
1 8 9 .5
1 9 0 .7
1 8 6 .7
1 8 9 .1
1 9 0 .5
1 9 0 .1
1 9 0 .5
1 9 0 .7
1 9 2 .1
S o u n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s
1 3 8 .2
..................................................
......................................................................
=
100)
1 0 1 .9
9 9 .6
9 9 .1
98 8
9 9 .0
9 8 .8
9 7 .8
9 7 .4
9 7 .6
97 5
9 6 .7
R e fr ig e r a t o r s a n d h o m e f r e e z e r s ..............................................................
1 9 2 .2
192 4
1 9 4 .0
1 9 3 .0
1 9 5 .8
1 9 6 .5
1 9 6 .2
1 9 8 .1
1 9 8 .0
2 0 0 .0
1 9 8 .9
2 0 1 .7
2 0 2 .1
2 0 1 .9
L a u n d r y e q u i p m e n t ...........................................................................................
1 4 1 .8
1 4 2 .7
1 4 2 .7
1 4 4 .1
1 4 4 .4
1 4 5 .7
1 4 5 .9
1 4 2 .3
1 4 3 .6
1 4 4 .1
1 4 5 .2
1 4 5 .1
1 4 6 .6
1 4 7 .1
O th e r h o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
1 2 3 .6
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .0
125 9
1 2 5 .5
125 2
1 2 6 .4
1 2 1 .5
1 2 4 .2
125 2
1 2 4 .6
124 2
1 2 3 .6
1 2 5 .3
1 2 6 .4
=
1 0 0 ) .................................
S t o v e s , d i s h w a s h e r s , v a c u u m s , a n d s e w in g
m a c h in e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 2 2 .3
1 2 5 .4
1 2 5 .9
1 2 5 .8
1 2 4 .5
123 3
1 2 7 .2
1 2 0 .2
1 2 3 .6
1 2 4 .1
1 2 4 .6
123 5
1 2 2 .3
..................................................
1 2 5 .1
1 2 7 .3
128 3
126 2
1 2 6 .6
1 2 7 .2
1 2 6 .1
122 9
1 2 4 .9
1 2 6 .4
1 2 4 .6
1 2 4 .9
1 2 5 .2
1 2 4 .0
1 0 0 ) ..........................................................
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .0
1 4 1 .3
1 4 2 .1
1 4 2 .3
1 4 2 .1
1 4 1 .7
1 3 7 .9
1 3 8 .8
138 9
1 3 9 .7
1 4 0 .1
1 4 0 .0
1 3 9 .5
100)
. ...............................................................
O ffic e m a c h in e s , s m a ll e l e c tr ic a p p lia n c e s , a n d
a ir c o n d i t io n e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7
O th e r h o u s e h o ld e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
=
100)
F lo o r a n d w in d o w c o v e r in g s , in f a n t s ', la u n d r y ,
c le a n in g , a n d o u t d o o r e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7
1 0 0 ) .............................
1 4 3 .3
1 4 4 .2
1 4 6 .5
1 4 7 .3
1 4 6 .6
1 4 5 .5
1 4 5 .9
1 3 4 .9
1 3 6 .0
1 3 8 .2
1 3 8 .8
138 4
1 3 7 .5
1 3 7 .6
1 0 0 ) .....................................
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .9
1 3 4 .0
1 3 5 .5
1 3 4 .1
1 3 0 .9
132 0
1 2 7 .3
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .3
1 3 1 .0
1 2 9 .6
1 2 6 .6
1 2 8 .1
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................
1 4 4 .1
C lo c k s , la m p s , a n d d e c o r ite m s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
=
T a b le w a re , s e r v in g p ie c e s , a n d n o n e le c tr ic
k itc h e n w a r e ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 4 5 .7
1 4 7 .7
145 6
1 4 6 .2
1 4 7 .4
149 6
1 4 8 .2
1 4 1 .8
1 4 3 .6
1 4 1 .7
1 4 2 .4
1 4 3 .6
145 5
...................................................................................
135 4
1 3 4 .7
135 9
1 3 6 .6
1 3 7 .2
1 3 6 .9
1 3 6 .1
1 4 0 .6
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .2
1 4 1 .8
1 4 2 .4
1 4 2 .2
1 4 1 .0
....................................................................................................................
2 9 4 .8
2 9 5 .7
2 9 6 .6
2 9 7 .0
2 9 8 .6
2 9 9 .4
3 0 0 .0
2 9 1 .6
293 1
2 9 3 .6
2 9 3 .9
2 9 5 .3
2 9 6 .3
2 9 6 .9
2 9 0 .1
2 9 6 .1
2 9 5 .2
2 9 6 .7
2 9 5 .9
2 9 6 .3
2 9 6 .5
2 8 6 .1
292 0
2 9 1 .1
2 9 2 .7
2 9 1 .8
2 9 2 .2
2 9 2 .3
1 4 9 .1
1 5 2 .0
1 5 1 .6
1 5 1 .5
1 5 2 .7
1 5 3 .6
1 5 4 .5
1 4 7 .9
1 5 0 .9
1 5 0 .5
1 5 0 .2
1 5 1 .5
1 5 2 .3
1 5 3 .2
100)
1 5 0 .4
1 4 8 .0
1 4 7 .8
1 4 8 .2
1 4 8 .6
1 4 9 .2
1 4 8 .8
1 5 0 .5
1 4 8 .2
1 4 8 .0
1 4 8 .3
1 4 8 .6
1 4 9 .4
1 4 9 .0
1 4 4 .7
1 4 4 .8
1 4 5 .0
1 5 2 .8
L a w n e q u i p m e n t, p o w e r t o o ls , a n d o t h e r
h a rd w a re (1 2 /7 7
H o u s e k e e p in g s u p p l ie s
=
100)
S o a p s a n d d e t e r g e n t s ............................................................................................................
O th e r la u n d r y a n d c le a n in g p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
.....................................
C le a n s in g a n d t o ile t tis s u e , p a p e r t o w e ls a n d n a p k in s ( 1 2 / 7 7
S t a ti o n e r y , s ta tio n e r y s u p p l ie s , a n d g i f t w r a p ( 1 2 / 7 7
.................
1 3 8 .6
1 3 9 .5
1 3 9 .5
140 9
1 4 1 .7
1 4 1 .7
1 4 1 .9
1 4 1 .7
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .6
1 4 4 .0
.........................................
1 5 4 .3
1 5 4 .9
1 5 5 .9
155 5
1 5 6 .6
1 5 7 .4
1 5 8 .3
1 4 9 .1
1 4 9 .5
1 5 0 .4
1 5 0 .0
1 5 1 .1
152 0
1 0 0 ) ..............................................................
1 4 4 .4
1 4 0 .8
1 4 4 .1
1 4 3 .0
1 4 5 .4
145 0
1 4 5 .2
1 3 7 .4
1 3 4 .9
1 3 7 .2
1 3 6 .0
1 3 8 .3
1 3 8 .0
1 3 8 .3
....................................................................................................................
3 1 5 .9
3 2 0 .9
321 6
3 2 2 .3
3 2 2 .8
324 1
3 2 4 .8
3 1 5 .6
3 2 0 .8
3 2 1 .7
3 2 2 .3
322 9
324 4
3 2 5 .3
P o s t a g e .............................................................................................................................................
337 5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
337 5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
159 8
1 6 5 .9
1 6 7 .1
1 6 8 .1
1 6 8 .4
1 7 1 .0
1 7 1 .7
1 6 0 .0
166 0
1 6 7 .3
1 6 8 .2
1 6 8 .5
1 7 1 .1
1 7 1 .9
1 4 1 .2
1 4 5 .4
1 4 5 .8
1 4 6 .2
1 4 7 .1
1 4 7 .5
1 4 8 .3
1 3 9 .5
143 6
1 4 4 .0
1 4 4 .3
1 4 5 .2
1 4 5 .6
1 4 6 .5
1 9 2 .0
2 0 0 .4
2 0 0 .7
2 0 0 .7
1 9 9 .3
1 9 6 .4
1 9 6 .2
1 9 1 .0
1 9 9 .3
1 9 9 .8
1 9 9 .7
1 9 8 .1
1 9 5 .3
1 9 5 .4
M is c e l la n e o u s h o u s e h o ld p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7
L a w n a n d g a r d e n s u p p l ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7
H o u s e k e e p in g s e r v ic e s
=
=
100)
=
100)
=
M o v in g , s to r a g e , f r e i g h t , h o u s e h o ld la u n d r y , a n d
d r y c le a n in g s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) .......................................................................
A p p l ia n c e a n d f u r n i t u r e r e p a ir ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) ......................................................
APPAREL AND UPKEEP
A p p a re l c o m m o d itie s
A p p a re l c o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o t w e a r ...............................................................................
M e n 's a n d b o y s ' ........................................................................................................................
M e n 's ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
...............................................................................................
S u its , s p o r t c o a ts , a n d ja c k e ts ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
.........................
1 8 0 .2
1 8 8 .5
1 8 8 .7
1 8 8 .6
1 8 6 .9
1 8 3 .6
183 2
1 7 9 .7
1 8 8 .0
188 4
1 8 8 .2
1 8 6 .3
1 8 3 .1
1 8 3 .0
1 7 6 .0
1 8 5 .3
1 8 5 .4
1 8 5 .2
1 8 3 .4
1 7 9 .8
1 7 9 .3
1 7 5 .3
1 8 4 .6
1 8 5 .0
184 5
1 8 2 .5
1 7 8 .9
1 7 8 .9
184 4
190 8
1 9 2 .1
193 0
1 9 1 .8
1 8 9 .7
1 8 7 .9
1 8 4 .8
1 9 1 .1
1 9 2 .5
1 9 3 .4
1 9 2 .1
190 2
1 8 8 .7
1 1 6 .2
1 2 0 .1
1 2 0 .8
1 2 1 .6
1 2 0 .9
1 1 9 .3
1 1 8 ,1
1 1 6 .9
1 2 0 .7
1 2 1 .4
1 2 2 .2
1 2 1 .5
1 1 9 .8
1 1 8 .9
1 0 6 .7
1 1 2 .3
1 1 3 .7
1 1 4 .8
1 1 2 .9
110 8
1 0 7 .6
1 0 0 .2
1 0 5 .5
1 0 6 .9
1 0 7 .7
1 0 5 .8
1 0 4 .0
1 0 1 .2
C o a ts a n d j a c k e t s ...............................................................................................
9 8 .1
1 0 4 .4
1 0 5 .7
1 0 5 .5
1 0 4 .4
1 0 1 .7
9 8 .1
9 9 .9
1 0 7 .5
1 0 8 .9
108 8
1 0 7 .6
1 0 4 .3
1 0 1 .3
1 0 0 ) .........................
1 4 2 .6
1 4 5 .4
1 4 5 .7
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .8
1 4 5 .9
1 4 5 .2
1 3 9 .1
1 4 1 .6
1 4 1 .9
1 4 3 .6
1 4 4 .1
1 4 1 .9
1 4 1 .2
F u r n i s h in g s a n d s p e c ia l c lo t h i n g ( 1 2 / 7 7
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .
80
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
=
20.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs
G e n e ra l s u m m a ry
M e n 's —
U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s
1984
1983
1984
19S3
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
Dec
Jan.
Feb.
1 2 8 .8
C o n tin u e d
S h ir t s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 2 2 .0
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .1
1 2 5 .2
1 2 5 .7
1 2 5 .7
1 2 5 .7
1 2 5 .0
1 2 8 .6
1 2 7 .8
1 2 7 .8
1 2 8 .5
1 2 8 .9
.........................
1 1 0 .5
1 1 2 .4
1 1 3 .1
1 1 3 .9
1 1 2 .9
1 1 1 .4
1 1 2 .1
1 1 6 .1
1 1 8 .2
1 1 9 .1
1 2 0 .1
1 1 8 .8
1 1 7 .1
1 1 7 .8
................................................................................................
1 2 1 .7
1 0 0 ) .......................................................................................
D u n g a r e e s , je a n s , a n d t r o u s e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7
B o y s ' (1 2 /7 7
=
100)
=
100)
1 1 9 .3
1 2 4 .1
1 2 5 .4
1 2 5 .2
1 2 3 .9
1 2 4 .0
1 2 3 .1
1 1 7 .7
1 2 2 .4
1 2 3 .9
1 2 3 .8
1 2 2 .4
1 2 2 .7
1 0 0 ) .................
1 0 8 .1
1 1 9 .0
1 2 0 .9
1199
1 1 8 .8
1 1 8 .8
1 1 8 .4
1 0 9 .3
1 2 0 .5
1 2 2 .7
1 2 2 .1
1 2 0 .6
1 2 1 .1
1 2 0 .7
.......................................................................
1 3 2 .5
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .6
1 3 7 .0
1 3 6 .2
1362
1 2 8 .4
1 3 0 .7
1 3 1 .9
1 3 3 .3
1 3 2 .9
1 3 2 .1
1 3 1 .9
1 2 2 .9
1 2 3 .7
1 2 4 .7
C o a ts , ja c k e ts , s w e a te r s , a n d s h i r t s ( 1 2 / 7 7
F u r n i s h in g s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
=
S u it s , t r o u s e r s , s p o r t c o a ts , a n d ja c k e ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
W o m e n 's a n d g i r l s '
100)
. .
................................................................................................................
W o m e n 's ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
.......................................................................................
1 2 3 .3
1 2 1 .6
1 5 5 .7
1 6 8 .8
1 6 8 .6
1 6 7 .0
1 6 4 .9
1 5 8 .8
1 5 9 .0
1 5 7 .2
1 7 0 .2
1 7 0 .4
1 6 8 .6
166 0
1 6 0 .0
1 6 0 .7
1 0 3 .2
1 1 2 .8
1 1 2 .3
1 1 0 .9
1 2 4 .4
1 0 9 .5
1 2 2 .7
1 0 5 .4
1 0 5 .6
104 4
1 2 0 .2
1 1 4 .3
120 8
1 1 4 .0
1 2 1 .8
1 1 2 .4
1 1 0 .8
1 0 6 .8
1 0 7 .2
1 2 1 .6
1 2 0 .0
1 2 0 .6
1 1 9 .0
C o a ts a n d j a c k e t s ................................................................................................
160 9
1 7 6 .6
1 7 5 .9
1 7 3 .3
1 7 0 .3
1 6 2 .8
1 6 2 .9
1 6 5 .5
1 8 1 .6
1 8 1 .2
1 7 7 .4
1 7 4 .8
1 6 6 .9
1 6 6 .9
D re s s e s
1 5 4 .9
1 7 6 .7
1 7 3 .8
1 7 1 .9
1 7 2 .0
1 6 4 .1
1 6 6 .5
1 4 0 .6
1 6 2 .6
1 5 8 .9
1 5 8 .0
1 5 7 .1
1 5 0 .5
1 5 3 .7
9 4 .6
1 0 2 .5
1 0 3 .9
1 0 2 .0
9 8 .9
9 4 .5
9 3 .0
9 5 .3
1 0 2 .9
1 0 4 .2
1 0 2 .4
9 9 .4
9 4 .7
9 3 .3
135 5
1 2 9 .7
134 8
1 3 5 .3
1 3 5 .7
1 3 6 .2
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .2
....................................................................................................................
S e p a ra te s a n d s p o r t s w e a r ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
.....................................
.................
1 3 0 .0
1 3 5 .1
1 3 5 .6
1 3 6 .1
1 3 6 .5
1 3 4 .8
1 0 0 ) .......................................................................................
7 9 .7
9 4 .3
89 9
8 5 .7
8 1 .7
7 5 .2
7 5 .2
95 6
115 0
1 1 2 .6
1 0 5 .8
1 0 0 .2
9 3 .9
9 5 .0
1 0 0 ) ....................................................................................................
1 0 5 .1
1 0 4 .5
1 1 1 .4
1 1 1 .8
1 1 0 .2
106 6
1 0 6 .4
1 0 4 .9
1 0 8 .3
110 4
1 1 0 .8
1 0 8 .8
1 0 4 .8
1 0 5 .6
U n d e r w e a r , n i g h t w e a r , a n d h o s ie r y ( 1 2 / 7 7
S u it s ( 1 2 / 7 7
G ir ls ' ( 1 2 /7 7
=
=
C o a ts , ja c k e ts , d r e s s e s , a n d s u i t s ( 1 2 / 7 7
S e p a ra te s a n d s p o r t s w e a r ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
=
=
100)
100)
1 0 0 ) .....................
9 6 .5
1 0 1 .6
1 0 5 .8
1 0 6 .2
1 0 1 .8
9 8 .1
9 8 .9
9 5 .8
9 8 .5
1 0 3 .1
1 0 3 .3
9 8 .8
9 5 .1
9 6 .6
.....................................
1 0 1 .5
1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .8
1 0 7 .6
1 0 6 .7
1 0 2 .6
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .0
1 0 6 .8
1 0 7 .4
1 0 8 .3
1 0 6 .3
1 0 1 .4
1 0 2 .7
U n d e r w e a r , n i g h tw e a r , h o s ie r y , a n d
a c c e s s o r ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7
I n f a n t s ' a n d t o d d le r s '
=
1 2 8 .7
1 3 0 .5
1 2 4 .9
1 2 7 .0
1 2 7 .6
1 2 7 .5
1 2 6 .5
1 2 5 .2
278 8
2 8 7 .4
2 8 9 .0
2 8 8 .7
282 7
2 8 3 .6
286 2
289 5
297 9
299 9
2 9 8 .1
292 1
292 4
2 9 7 .0
2 1 3 .4
2 1 7 .4
2 1 5 .5
2 1 6 .6
2 1 5 .6
2 1 5 .5
2 1 6 .1
2 0 1 .7
205 9
204 0
2 0 5 .2
204 2
203 7
2 0 4 .4
..........................................
1 2 0 .5
1 2 1 .9
1 2 0 .4
1 1 8 .6
1 2 1 .4
119 8
1 2 2 .4
1 1 8 .5
1 2 0 .2
1 1 8 .5
1 1 6 .8
1 1 9 .3
1 1 7 .7
1 2 1 .1
..............................................................
1 4 5 .4
1 4 8 .5
1 4 7 .4
1 4 9 .2
1 4 7 .0
147 6
1 4 7 .0
1 3 5 .9
1 3 9 .0
1 3 8 .0
1 4 0 .0
1 3 7 .8
1 3 8 .1
1 3 7 .2
207 9
2 0 6 .7
206 4
2 0 5 .2
2 0 7 .6
2 0 8 .1
2 0 9 .1
2 0 8 .3
2 0 7 .3
2 0 7 .0
1 0 0 ) ..................................................................
............................................................................................................
O th e r a p p a r e l c o m m o d it ie s
................................................................................................
S e w in g m a te r i a ls a n d n o t io n s ( 1 2 / 7 7
J e w e lr y a n d lu g g a g e ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
=
100)
100)
F o o t w e a r ......................................................................................................................................................
M e n ’s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................................
B o y s ' a n d g ir ls ' (1 2 /7 7
W o m e n ’s ( 1 2 /7 7
=
=
1 0 0 ) .......................................................................................
100)
....................................................................................................
1 2 9 .1
2 0 8 .6
2 0 9 .1
1 3 2 .2
1 3 4 .8
1 3 5 .0
1 3 5 .8
1 3 4 .7
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .0
133 9
1 3 6 .7
1 3 6 .9
1 3 7 .6
1 3 6 .6
1 3 6 .4
1 3 6 .9
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .1
1 3 1 .8
1 3 2 .9
1 3 2 .6
1 3 1 .4
1 3 3 .4
132 9
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .0
1 3 5 .2
1 3 5 .0
1 3 3 .9
1 2 6 .8
1 2 7 .1
1 2 6 .7
1 2 5 .2
123 7
1 2 3 .5
120 4
122 3
122 6
122 9
1 2 1 .7
1 2 0 .3
120 3
2 9 4 .6
2 9 6 .2
2 9 7 .0
298 3
2 9 9 .7
283 6
2 9 1 .5
2 9 2 .6
2 9 4 .3
2 9 5 .0
296 1
2 9 7 .6
.................
1 7 0 .3
174 4
1 7 6 .0
1 7 7 .0
1 7 7 .7
1 7 9 .0
180 2
168 8
1 7 3 .3
1 7 4 .3
1 7 5 .4
1 7 6 .0
1 7 7 .3
1 7 8 .5
1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................
1 4 9 .1
1 5 3 .7
153 8
1 5 4 .5
1 5 4 .5
154 2
1 5 4 .4
150 3
154 8
1 5 4 .9
1 5 5 .6
1 5 5 .6
1 5 5 .4
1 5 5 .5
289 9
3 0 3 .7
3 0 5 .7
306 3
3 0 6 .3
3 0 6 .0
3 0 5 .8
2 9 1 .1
3 0 5 .5
3 0 6 .9
3 0 8 .2
3 0 8 .2
307 9
3 0 7 .7
299 2
300 4
3 0 1 .7
301 8
300 9
300 8
2 8 7 .6
302 2
3 0 3 .6
3 0 4 .9
3 0 5 .0
3 0 4 .1
303 9
=
100)
2 8 5 .2
P riv a te
2 0 2 .7
2 0 4 .3
2 0 6 .2
2 0 7 .0
2 0 7 .2
207 2
2 0 5 .7
2 0 6 .5
2 0 6 .7
206 7
..................................................................................................................................................
309 1
3 4 3 .9
3 5 0 .4
3 5 6 .1
3 5 7 .6
3 5 7 .3
357 2
3 0 9 .1
343 9
3 5 0 .4
356 1
3 5 7 .6
3 5 7 .3
3 5 7 .2
.......................................................................................................................................................
3 5 9 .4
387 1
382 4
3 7 8 .1
3 7 5 .2
370 3
3 6 8 .8
3 6 1 .2
388 8
3 8 4 .3
3 8 0 .1
3 7 7 .0
3 7 2 .1
3 7 0 .7
........................................................................................
3 2 5 .9
3 3 2 .3
333 5
3 3 5 .2
3 3 5 .4
3 3 6 .1
3 3 7 .4
3 2 6 .6
3 3 3 .0
3 3 4 .1
3 3 5 .6
335 9
3 3 6 .6
3 3 8 .1
................................................................................................
1 6 2 .7
1 6 7 .7
169 0
1 6 9 .5
1 6 9 .6
1 7 0 .2
1 7 0 .3
1 6 1 .5
1 6 6 .5
1 6 7 .8
1 6 8 .2
1 6 8 .3
1 6 8 .9
1 6 9 .0
1 6 3 .6
1 6 3 .8
164 4
1 6 0 .1
1 6 4 .5
1 6 5 .7
167 2
1 6 7 .4
1 6 7 .6
1 6 8 .4
N e w c a r s .......................................................................................................................................................
G a s o lin e
1 2 6 .3
2 9 3 .4
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N
U sed c a rs
1 2 8 .0
1 3 1 .2
2 0 5 .6
2 0 8 .0
1 2 9 .0
1 2 4 .6
L a u n d r y a n d d r y c le a n in g o t h e r t h a n c o in o p e r a te d ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
128 4
2 8 5 .4
A p p a r e l s e r v ic e s
O th e r a p p a r e l s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
1 2 5 .8
A u t o m o b il e m a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir
B o d y w o rk (1 2 /7 7
=
100)
2 0 1 .3
201 0
202 3
2 0 3 .8
A u t o m o b il e d r iv e t r a i n , b r a k e , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s
m e c h a n ic a l r e p a ir ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
...........................................................................
1 5 6 .1
1 6 0 .7
1 6 1 .9
1 6 3 .4
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................
1 5 1 .1
1 5 2 .6
1 5 2 .5
1 5 2 .7
1 5 2 .8
1 5 2 .9
153 5
1 5 0 .5
1 5 1 .9
1 5 1 .7
1 5 1 .9
1 5 2 .0
1 5 2 .0
1 5 2 .8
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................
1 5 5 .4
1 5 8 .4
1 5 9 .1
1 6 0 .2
1 6 0 .1
1 6 0 .9
1 6 1 .8
1 5 4 .8
157 8
1 5 8 .5
1 5 9 .5
1 5 9 .5
1 6 0 .4
1 6 1 .2
100)
M a in te n a n c e a n d s e r v ic i n g ( 1 2 / 7 7
P o w e r p l a n t r e p a ir ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
=
259 7
260 8
2 6 3 .3
2 6 5 .6
266 8
2 6 7 .6
2 6 7 .7
2 6 1 .1
261 8
2 6 4 .4
266 6
2 6 7 .9
268 4
2 6 8 .5
2 1 5 .0
208 3
2 0 8 .1
209 2
2 0 8 .4
2 0 3 .3
2 0 2 .8
2 1 7 .4
210 9
2 1 0 .7
2 1 1 .7
2 1 1 .4
2 0 5 .6
205 2
.....................
154 8
1 5 4 .2
1 5 2 .7
1 5 2 .9
1 5 3 .3
1 5 3 .3
1 5 3 .8
1 5 3 .8
1 5 3 .2
1 5 2 .2
1 5 1 .7
152 3
152 2
1 5 2 .7
.................................
1 3 6 .7
1 3 1 .9
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .7
1 3 2 .4
1 2 8 .3
1 2 7 .8
1 3 8 .5
1 3 3 .8
1 3 3 .8
134 6
1 3 4 .3
1 3 0 .0
1 2 9 .6
1 7 4 .2
1 9 4 .1
1 8 5 .4
185 4
1 8 7 .0
186 5
1 7 8 .5
O th e r p r iv a te t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ............................................................................................................
O th e r p r iv a te t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o m m o d it ie s
...............................................................
M o t o r o i l , c o o la n t , a n d o t h e r p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7
A u t o m o b il e p a r ts a n d e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
=
100)
100)
T i r e s .............................................................................................................................
A u t o m o b il e in s u r a n c e
1 8 1 .7
1 8 1 .7
1 8 3 .1
1 8 2 .7
1 7 5 .7
1 7 7 .9
133 7
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .0
1 3 2 .9
1 3 2 .1
1 3 2 .0
1 3 3 .6
1 3 2 .8
1 3 2 .8
1 3 2 .9
1 3 2 .7
1 3 1 .9
1 3 1 .8
2 7 7 .3
2 8 0 .5
283 1
284 8
2 8 7 .2
2 8 7 .5
2 7 5 .2
2 7 7 .8
2 8 1 .1
2 8 3 .7
285 4
2 8 7 .6
2 8 7 .7
................................................................................................
2 9 5 .6
3 0 3 .8
3 0 9 .4
3 1 2 .8
315 0
318 8
3 1 9 .8
2 9 4 .9
303 4
308 8
3 1 2 .1
314 3
318 0
318 9
..............................................
1 6 5 .0
1 5 6 .4
1 5 7 .2
1 5 9 .1
160 0
1 6 0 .1
159 3
1 6 4 .0
1 5 5 .8
1 5 6 .8
1 5 8 .7
159 7
1 5 9 .6
158 7
1 4 0 .1
1 4 6 .9
1 4 7 .1
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .5
1 4 8 .9
1 4 9 .1
1 4 0 .8
1 4 7 .9
1 4 8 .2
1 4 8 .3
1 4 8 .6
1 4 9 .8
1 5 0 .1
=
1 0 0 ) .....................................
A u t o m o b il e fin a n c e c h a r g e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
A u t o m o b il e r e n ta l, r e g is t r a t i o n , a n d o t h e r fe e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
S t a te r e g is t r a t i o n
190 6
2 7 4 .1
O th e r p a r t s a n d e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7
O th e r p r iv a te t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s ...........................................................................
100) . .
184 9
1 9 5 .3
1 9 5 .4
1 9 5 .4
195 6
1 9 5 .1
1 9 5 .1
1 8 4 .3
1 9 5 .2
1 9 5 .2
1 9 5 .2
1 9 5 .4
195 0
1 9 5 .0
1 0 0 ) ..............................................................
1 3 3 .5
1 5 3 .0
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .5
154 5
1 5 8 .0
1 5 8 .0
1 3 3 .7
1 5 3 .4
1 5 4 .4
154 8
1 5 4 .8
158 3
158 3
1 0 0 ) ..........................................................
1 2 8 .6
1 3 9 .8
1 3 9 .8
139 8
1 3 9 .8
1 3 9 .2
139 2
129 9
140 5
140 5
1 4 0 .5
1 4 0 .5
139 9
1 3 9 .9
1 5 6 .2
1 6 0 .5
1 6 0 .2
160 5
1 6 0 .7
1 6 3 .5
163 9
1 6 4 .1
1 6 7 .8
1 6 7 .6
1 6 7 .7
1 6 7 .9
1 7 0 .4
1 7 1 .1
3 5 5 .2
3 6 6 .6
3 6 8 .2
3 7 0 .3
369 0
3 7 8 .2
377 4
3 4 7 .7
357 2
358 5
359 9
3 5 9 .0
3 7 1 .1
3 7 0 .1
................................................................................................
D r i v e r s ' lic e n s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
V e h ic le in s p e c tio n ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
O th e r v e h ic le - r e la t e d fe e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) ..........................................
P u b lic
A i r li n e f a r e ..................................................................................................................................................
4 0 5 .5
4 2 3 .3
4 2 6 .6
4 3 1 .6
4 2 8 .5
4 3 0 .3
4 2 9 .5
401 5
4 1 9 .5
4 2 2 .5
4 2 7 .2
424 4
4 2 6 .4
4 2 5 .5
In t e r c it y b u s fa r e
.................................................................................................................................
383 8
4 1 5 .1
4 1 7 .7
4 1 6 .0
4 0 5 .5
4 2 5 .3
4 2 8 .2
3 8 5 .4
4 1 5 .3
4 1 7 .6
4 1 6 .9
402 6
4 2 3 .9
4 2 7 .1
In t r a c it y m a s s t r a n s i t .........................................................................................................................
3 1 9 .4
3 2 4 .6
3 2 4 .8
3 2 4 .3
3 2 4 .5
3 4 2 .8
3 4 1 .4
3 1 8 .3
3 2 2 .5
3 2 3 .0
3 2 2 .5
3 2 2 .7
342 8
3 4 1 .3
T a x i fa re
......................................................................................................................................................
3 0 1 .2
3 0 3 .5
3 0 3 .1
3 0 4 .7
3 0 7 .6
308 2
3 0 8 .3
3 1 0 .8
3 1 2 .7
3 1 2 .2
3 1 3 .5
316 7
317 2
3 1 7 .5
In t e r c it y t r a i n f a r e .................................................................................................................................
3 5 1 .8
3 6 4 .8
3 6 5 .4
3 6 4 .8
3 7 0 .7
3 7 3 .7
373 5
3 5 2 .2
3 6 5 .4
366 1
3 6 5 .6
3 7 1 .3
374 0
3 7 3 .8
M E D IC A L C A R E
3 5 1 .3
3 6 1 .2
362 9
3 6 4 .9
3 6 6 .2
3 6 9 .5
3 7 3 .2
348 9
3 5 9 .2
3 6 0 .9
3 6 2 .9
3 6 4 .3
3 6 7 .5
3 7 1 .3
M e d ic a l c a r e c o m m o d itie s
2 1 6 .7
2 2 6 .3
2 2 7 .5
2 2 8 .9
2 2 9 .9
2 3 1 .2
2 3 2 .9
2 1 7 .2
2 2 6 .7
2 2 7 .8
2 2 9 .1
2 3 0 .1
2 3 1 .5
2 3 3 .2
P r e s c n p t io n d r u g s .................................................................................................................................
2 0 5 .9
2 1 6 .7
2 1 8 .6
220 8
2 2 2 .3
2 2 3 .7
2 2 6 .4
2 0 7 .1
2 1 8 .0
2 1 9 .9
2 2 2 .1
2 2 3 .1
2 2 5 .0
2 2 7 .9
1 5 3 .3
1 5 8 .1
1 5 8 .6
1 5 9 .1
1 6 1 .2
1 6 1 .4
1 6 3 .4
1 5 5 .5
1 6 0 .3
160 8
1 6 1 .5
163 5
1 6 4 .2
1 6 5 .8
1 6 8 .2
1 7 9 .9
1 8 2 .8
1 8 6 .9
1 8 8 .4
1 9 0 .1
1 9 3 .0
1 6 7 .9
1 7 9 .7
1 8 2 .6
1 8 6 .7
1 8 8 .3
1 9 0 .0
1 9 2 .9
1 4 7 .2
1 5 5 .7
1 5 7 .9
1 5 9 .7
1 6 0 .3
1 6 1 .1
1 6 4 .4
1 9 0 .8
2 0 1 .9
2 0 4 .0
2 0 6 .1
2 0 7 .1
2 0 7 .9
2 0 9 .4
A n t i- m f e c t iv e d r u g s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................
T r a n q u i liz e r s a n d s e d a t iv e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
C i r c u la t o r ie s a n d d i u r e t ic s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
=
100)
..........................................................
1 0 0 ) ..............................................................
1 4 7 .2
1 5 5 .8
1 5 8 .1
159 9
1 6 0 .6
1 6 1 .5
1 6 4 .7
1 8 9 .0
2 0 0 .0
2 0 1 .9
2 0 4 .0
2 0 5 .0
2 0 5 .8
2 0 7 .2
H o r m o n e s , d ia b e ti c d r u g s , b i o lo g i c a ls , a n d
p r e s c r i p t io n m e d ic a l s u p p l ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) ..................................................
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
81
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
20.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
Urban W a«e Earners and C le rica l W a tte rs
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs
1983
G e n e ra l s u m m a ry
P a in a n d s y m p t o m c o n t r o l d r u g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
1 0 0 ) ..........................................
1984
1983
Oct.
1M 4
Nov.
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
1 6 8 .6
1 7 7 .5
1 7 8 .7
1 8 0 .5
1 8 1 .1
1 8 2 .1
1 8 3 .8
1 7 0 .3
1 7 9 .4
1 8 0 .6
1 8 2 .4
1 5 6 .4
1 6 3 .8
1 6 4 .2
1 6 4 .7
1 6 5 .7
1 6 7 .1
1 6 9 .8
1 5 6 .7
1 6 4 .1
1 6 4 .5
1 6 5 .1
1 5 1 .6
1 5 7 .3
Feb.
Feb.
S e p t.
Dec
Jaa.
Feb.
1 8 3 .0
1 8 4 .2
1 8 5 .9
1 6 6 .2
1 6 7 .4
1 7 0 .4
S u p p le m e n ts , c o u g h a n d c o l d p r e p a r a tio n s , a n d
r e s p ir a t o r y a g e n t s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
1 0 0 ) ...........................................................................
N o n p r e s c r ip t io n d r u g s a n d m e d ic a l s u p p l ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
E y e g la s s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
1 0 0 ) .................................
...................................................................................
I n te r n a l a n d r e s p ir a t o r y o v e r - t h e - c o u n t e r d r u g s ..................................................
N o n p r e s c r ip t io n m e d ic a l e q u i p m e n t a n d s u p p l ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7
M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v ic e s
P r o f e s s io n a l s e r v ic e s
=
100)
. . .
....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................
1 5 7 .5
1 5 7 .9
1 5 8 .3
1 5 9 .2
1 5 9 .6
1 5 2 .4
1 5 9 .1
1 5 8 .3
1 5 8 .8
1 5 9 .1
1 6 0 .1
1 6 0 .6
1 3 4 .6
1 3 7 .7
1 3 7 .3
1 3 7 .8
1 3 7 .7
1 3 7 .9
1 3 8 .0
1 3 3 .4
1 3 6 .7
1 3 6 .2
1 3 6 .6
1 3 6 .5
1 3 6 .8
1 3 7 .0
2 4 5 .1
2 5 5 .6
2 5 6 .1
2 5 6 .4
2 5 7 .5
2 5 9 .4
2 6 0 .1
2 4 6 .4
2 5 6 .9
2 5 7 .4
2 5 7 .7
2 5 8 .8
2 6 0 .6
2 6 1 .4
1 5 4 .1
1 5 4 .0
1 5 5 .0
1 5 5 .7
1 4 6 .1
1 5 1 .2
1 5 1 .8
1 5 2 .7
1 5 2 .6
1 5 3 .4
1 5 4 .6
1 4 7 .4
1 5 2 .3
1 5 3 .0
3 8 1 .5
3 9 1 .0
3 9 2 .9
3 9 5 .0
3 9 6 .3
4 0 0 .0
4 0 4 .4
3 7 8 .2
3 8 8 .3
3 9 0 .2
3 9 2 .3
3 9 3 .8
3 9 7 .5
4 0 1 .8
3 1 5 .4
3 2 7 .6
3 2 9 .7
3 3 1 .7
3 3 2 .9
3 3 5 .9
3 3 9 .8
3 1 5 .7
328 0
3 3 0 .1
3 3 2 .0
3 3 3 .3
3 3 6 .3
3 4 0 .3
P h y s ic ia n s ' s e r v i c e s ........................................................................................................
3 4 4 .8
3 5 6 .5
3 5 8 .5
3 6 0 .5
3 6 2 .0
3 6 6 .0
3 7 0 .4
3 4 8 .2
3 6 0 .5
362 3
3 6 4 .3
3 6 5 .9
3 6 9 .9
3 7 4 .4
D e n ta l s e r v i c e s ...........................................................................................
2 9 4 .0
3 0 8 .3
3 1 0 .7
3 1 2 .9
3 1 4 .0
3 1 6 .0
3 1 9 .8
2 9 1 .8
3 0 6 .1
3 0 8 .5
3 1 0 .7
3 1 1 .8
3 1 3 .9
317 8
O th e r p r o fe s s i o n a l s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
150 5
154 3
1 5 5 .4
155 9
1 5 6 .2
1 5 7 .4
1 5 8 .7
1 4 7 .2
1 5 0 .8
1 5 1 .8
1 5 2 .5
1 5 2 .7
1 5 3 .8
1 5 5 .0
=
100)
.....................................
O th e r m e d ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ............................................................................................................
H o s p ita l a n d o t h e r m e d ic a l s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) ..........................................
4 6 1 .3
467 8
4 6 9 .3
4 7 1 .5
4 7 3 .0
4 7 7 .9
4 8 2 .5
457 0
4 6 3 .9
4 6 5 .6
4 6 7 .9
4 6 9 .5
4 7 4 .1
4 7 9 .0
1 8 8 .6
1 9 7 .8
199 4
2 0 1 .0
2 0 2 .2
2 0 4 .3
2 0 6 .4
1 8 7 .0
1 9 5 .7
1 9 7 .3
1 9 9 .0
2 0 0 .1
2 0 2 .1
2 0 4 .4
6 0 4 .1
6 3 3 .8
6 3 8 .0
6 4 1 .9
6 4 3 .5
6 5 0 .2
6 5 7 .9
5 9 6 .7
6 2 6 .1
6 3 0 .2
6 3 3 .9
6 3 5 .9
6 4 1 .9
6 5 0 .4
1 8 4 .5
1 9 3 .3
1 9 5 .1
1 9 7 .1
1 9 8 .8
2 0 0 .9
2 0 2 .7
1 8 3 .3
1 9 1 .4
1 9 3 .3
195 4
1 9 7 .0
1 9 9 .1
2 0 1 .0
E N T E R T A IN M E N T
2 4 3 .1
2 4 7 .5
2 4 9 .1
249 5
2 4 9 .5
249 9
2 5 1 .5
2 3 9 .5
2 4 4 .1
2 4 5 .4
2 4 5 .7
2 4 5 .8
2 4 6 .2
2 4 7 .7
E n t e r ta in m e n t c o m m o d itie s
2 4 4 .5
2 4 8 .0
2 4 9 .3
2 4 9 .0
248 7
2 4 8 .9
2 5 0 .7
2 3 8 .8
2 4 2 .6
2 4 3 .7
2 4 3 .4
2 4 3 .1
2 4 3 .6
2 4 5 .3
H o s p ita l r o o m ............................................................................................................
O th e r h o s p i ta l a n d m e d ic a l c a re s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
R e a d in g m a te r i a ls ( 1 2 / 7 7
N e w s p a p e rs
=
100)
=
......................................................................
...............................................................................
M a g a z in e s , p e r io d ic a ls , a n d b o o k s ( 1 2 / 7 7
S p o r t in g g o o d s a n d e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7
S p o r t v e h ic le s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
=
=
1 0 0 ) .............................
1 0 0 ) .........................................
.............................
In d o o r a n d w a r m w e a th e r s p o r t e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7
B ic y c le s
.....................
100)
=
100) . .
................................................................................................
O th e r s p o r t in g g o o d s a n d e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7
T o y s , h o b b ie s , a n d o t h e r e n t e r t a in m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
=
1 0 0 ) .............................
100)
T o y s , h o b b ie s , a n d m u s ic e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
P h o t o g r a p h ic s u p p l ie s a n d e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
P e t s u p p l ie s a n d e x p e n s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
.................
1 0 0 ) .....................................
100)
.....................
1 0 0 ) ..............................................................
E n t e r ta in m e n t s e rv ic e s
F e e s f o r p a r t ic ip a n t s p o r t s ( 1 2 / 7 7
A d m i s s io n s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
=
1 0 0 ) .......................................................................
1 0 0 ) ..................................................................
1 5 6 .1
1 6 1 .2
1 6 3 .4
1 6 2 .9
1 6 2 .3
1 6 0 .7
1 6 4 .1
1 5 5 .5
1 6 0 .5
162 8
1 6 2 .3
1 6 1 .8
1 6 0 .3
1 6 3 .4
2 9 6 .5
3 0 4 .0
306 9
3 0 7 .7
3 0 8 .2
3 0 8 .6
3 1 0 .2
2 9 6 .4
3 0 3 .9
3 0 7 .0
3 0 7 .8
3 0 8 .3
3 0 8 .6
3 1 0 .4
1 6 2 .2
1 6 8 .6
1 7 1 .7
170 2
1 6 8 .6
165 0
1 7 1 .2
1 6 2 .1
1 6 8 .8
1 7 2 .0
1 7 0 .4
1 6 8 .7
1 6 4 .9
1 7 1 .3
133 4
1 3 4 .6
1 3 4 .5
1 3 4 .7
1 3 5 .0
1 3 6 .1
135 9
1 2 7 .0
1 2 8 .9
1 2 8 .6
1 2 8 .7
1 3 6 .1
1 3 7 .4
1 3 7 .3
1 3 7 .8
1 3 8 .5
1 3 9 .8
1 3 9 .5
1 2 6 .0
1 2 8 .5
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .2
1 3 0 .5
1 3 0 .7
1 2 0 .5
118 6
1 1 8 .6
1 1 8 .1
1 1 7 .4
1 1 7 .8
1 1 7 .4
1 1 7 .9
1 1 6 .3
1 1 6 .4
1 1 6 .0
1 1 5 .3
1 1 5 .8
1 1 5 .3
1 2 9 .1
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .3
1 9 6 .7
2 0 0 .1
199 9
1 9 8 .6
198 2
2 0 0 .1
2 0 1 .5
1 9 7 .7
200 9
2 0 0 .7
1 9 9 .3
199 0
2 0 0 .9
2 0 2 .4
1 3 2 .1
1 3 4 .6
1 3 4 .0
1 3 4 .5
1 3 4 .8
1 3 5 .2
1 3 4 .6
1 3 1 .9
1 3 4 .5
1 3 3 .8
1 3 4 .4
1 3 4 .7
1 3 4 .6
1 3 4 .2
1 3 8 .0
138 8
1 3 9 .3
1 3 7 .7
1 3 8 .1
1 3 8 .2
1 3 8 .7
1 3 9 .1
1 3 8 .8
139 3
1 3 9 .8
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .8
1 3 7 .6
136 9
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .3
1 3 6 .7
1 3 6 .6
1 3 7 .0
1 3 7 .3
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .5
1 3 2 .8
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .4
1 3 1 .2
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .9
1 3 1 .7
1 3 0 .2
1 3 0 .1
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .0
1 3 2 .7
1 3 1 .2
1 3 1 .2
1 3 3 .0
1 4 4 .9
1 4 8 .5
1 4 8 .5
1 4 8 .8
148 9
1 5 0 .1
149 9
1 4 5 .9
1 4 9 .6
1 4 9 .6
1 4 9 .9
1 5 0 .1
1 5 1 .1
1 5 0 .9
2 4 1 .6
2 4 7 .2
2 4 9 .2
2 5 0 .5
2 5 1 .1
2 5 1 .8
2 5 3 .1
2 4 1 .8
2 4 7 .8
2 4 9 .7
2 5 1 .0
2 5 1 .7
2 5 2 .1
2 5 3 .2
1 5 0 .6
1 5 4 .4
1 5 5 .6
1 5 6 .4
1 5 6 .9
1 5 7 .8
158 6
1 5 1 .7
1 5 5 .5
156 9
1 5 7 .7
1 5 8 .1
1 5 8 .8
1 5 9 .2
1 3 3 .8
1 4 0 .9
1 4 5 .2
1 4 5 .8
146 6
1 4 7 ,2
1 4 7 .3
1 4 8 .3
1 3 9 .8
1 4 4 .2
1 4 4 .8
1 4 5 .6
1 4 6 .3
1 4 6 .2
1 4 7 .2
1 3 0 .3
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .6
133 3
1 3 3 .0
132 9
1 3 3 .4
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .3
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .4
1 3 4 .0
1 3 3 .9
1 3 4 .4
O T H E R G O O D S A N D S E R V IC E S
281 6
294 4
2 9 6 .8
2 9 8 .1
2 9 8 .6
3 0 0 .5
3 0 1 .5
2 7 9 .6
2 9 2 .0
2 9 4 .1
2 9 5 .5
2 9 5 .9
2 9 8 .1
2 9 9 .2
T o b a c c o p ro d u c ts
282 8
2 9 8 .0
299 0
2 9 9 .9
299 9
3 0 4 .3
3 0 5 .4
2 8 2 .2
2 9 7 .8
298 8
2 9 9 .7
2 9 9 .6
3 0 4 .0
3 0 5 .1
C ig a r e tt e s
290 0
3 0 6 .4
3 0 7 .4
308 2
3 0 8 .0
312 8
313 8
2 8 8 .8
3 0 5 .5
3 0 6 .5
3 0 7 .3
3 0 7 .0
3 1 1 .8
3 1 2 .7
1 4 7 .8
1 5 1 .2
1 5 1 .4
152 7
1 5 3 .9
1 5 4 .9
1 5 6 .1
1 4 7 .7
1 5 1 .2
151 4
1 5 2 .7
1 5 3 .9
1 5 4 .9
1 5 6 .0
257 8
2 6 3 .0
2 6 3 .3
2 6 5 .6
266 3
2 6 6 .9
2 6 7 .9
2 5 5 .5
2 6 0 .9
2 6 1 .5
2 6 3 .7
2 6 4 .4
2 6 5 .0
2 6 6 .1
2 5 6 .0
262 4
2 6 3 .0
2 6 5 .7
266 3
2 6 6 .8
2 6 7 .9
2 5 6 .8
2 6 3 .0
2 6 3 .9
2 6 6 .6
2 6 7 .1
2 6 7 .5
2 6 8 .7
1 4 8 .1
1 5 3 .0
1 5 2 .7
1 5 4 .5
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .3
1 5 4 .7
1 4 7 .4
1 5 2 .0
1 5 1 .9
1 5 3 .6
1 5 3 .1
1 5 3 .2
1 5 3 .8
159 3
1 6 0 .8
1 6 3 .1
1 6 6 .7
1 6 7 .3
1 6 7 .8
1 6 8 .1
1 5 7 .8
1 5 9 .1
1 6 1 .2
1 6 5 .1
1 6 5 .6
1 6 6 .0
1 6 6 .3
1 4 5 .6
1 4 8 .3
1 4 7 .7
1 4 8 .9
149 8
1 5 0 .0
1 5 0 .6
1 4 6 .4
1 4 8 .9
1 4 8 .9
1 5 0 .1
1 5 1 .1
1 5 1 .1
1 5 1 .7
1 4 4 .1
1 4 9 .9
1 5 0 .5
150 5
1 5 0 .7
1 5 1 .0
1 5 2 .4
1 4 7 .6
153 4
1 5 4 .1
1 5 4 .1
1 5 4 .4
1 5 4 .8
1 5 6 .2
260 4
2 6 4 .6
2 6 4 .6
266 6
267 4
268 1
269 0
2 5 4 .7
259 3
259 6
261 4
2 6 2 .1
263 0
2 6 4 .0
264 4
268 1
2 6 7 .5
269 8
2 7 0 .7
2 7 1 .2
2 7 2 .3
2 5 6 .8
2 6 1 .1
2 6 0 .7
2 6 2 .9
2 0 3 .7
2 6 4 .5
2 6 5 .7
1 4 3 .1
1 4 6 .0
1 4 6 .8
1 4 7 .5
1 4 7 .8
1 4 8 .4
1 4 8 .7
1 4 1 .9
1 4 4 .8
1 4 5 .6
1 4 6 .3
1 4 6 .7
1 4 7 .2
1 4 7 .5
P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a tio n a l e x p e n s e s
3 2 3 .9
3 4 4 .6
3 5 0 .9
351 3
3 5 2 .1
3 5 3 .5
3 5 4 .4
3 2 5 .0
3 4 5 .6
3 5 2 .4
3 5 2 .9
3 5 3 .7
3 5 5 .4
3 5 6 .4
S c h o o lb o o k s a n d s u p p l ie s
2 9 2 .0
3 0 6 .6
3 0 8 .5
3 0 8 .8
3 0 8 .9
3 1 4 .4
3 1 7 .2
2 9 6 .0
3 1 0 .8
312 9
3 1 3 .0
3 1 3 .0
3 1 8 .8
3 2 1 .7
331 0
3 5 3 .5
361 9
3 6 2 .7
363 3
3 3 2 .5
3 5 4 .3
3 6 2 .0
3 6 5 .2
O th e r e n t e r t a in m e n t s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
. . .
...............................................................................
O th e r to b a c c o p r o d u c t s a n d s m o k in g a c c e s s o r ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) .................
P e rs o n a l c a re
T o i le t g o o d s a n d p e r s o n a l c a r e a p p l i a n c e s ..........................................................
P r o d u c t s f o r th e h a ir , h a ir p ie c e s , a n d w ig s ( 1 2 / 7 7
D e n ta l a n d s h a v in g p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
=
100)
.....................
.....................................
C o s m e t ic s , b a th a n d n a il p r e p a r a tio n s , m a n ic u r e a n d
e y e m a k e u p Im p l e m e n ts ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) ......................................................
O th e r to ile t g o o d s a n d s m a ll p e rso n a l ca re a p p lia n ce s (1 2 /7 7 =
P e rs o n a l c a r e s e r v ic e s
100)
. . .
...........................................................................................
B e a u ty p a r lo r s e r v ic e s f o r w o m e n
.....................................
H a i r c u ts a n d o t h e r b a r b e r s h o p s e r v ic e s f o r m e n ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
100)
. . .
..................................................................
P e rs o n a l a n d e d u c a tio n a l s e r v ic e s
...................................................................................
T u i t io n a n d o t h e r s c h o o l f e e s ..........................................................
C o lle g e t u it io n ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
1 0 0 ) ..................................................................
E le m e n ta r y a n d h i g h s c h o o l t u it io n ( 1 2 / 7 7
P e rs o n a l e x p e n s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
=
100)
.............................
1 0 0 ) ......................................................................
3 6 0 .6
3 6 1 .0
3 5 2 .9
3 6 3 .6
3 6 4 .5
1 6 7 .4
1 7 8 .6
1 8 2 .9
1 8 2 .9
182 9
183 0
1 8 3 .2
1 6 7 .9
1 7 8 .4
1 8 3 .3
1 8 3 .3
1 8 3 .3
1 8 3 .4
167 0
1 8 0 .7
1 8 2 .7
1 8 2 .7
182 8
1 8 2 .9
1 8 3 .0
1 6 7 .1
1 8 0 .5
1 8 2 .6
1 8 2 .6
1 8 2 .7
1 8 2 .7
1 8 2 .9
168 8
1 7 0 .9
1 8 3 .9
1 8 3 .9
1 8 3 .9
1 8 3 .9
183 9
1 6 9 .8
1 7 2 .7
1 8 4 .9
1 8 4 .9
184 9
1 8 4 .9
1 8 4 .9
1 7 9 .6
1 9 2 .6
1 9 3 .4
1 9 4 .6
1 9 6 .8
1 9 8 .6
1 9 9 .6
1 7 9 .5
1 9 3 .0
1 9 3 .9
1 9 5 .2
1 9 7 .3
1 9 9 .1
2 0 0 .2
1 8 3 .5
S p e c ia l In d e x e s :
G a s o lin e , m o t o r o i l, c o o la n t , a n d o t h e r p r o d u c t s ..............................................
3 5 5 .8
3 8 2 .3
377 8
3 7 3 .7
370 9
3 6 6 .3
3 6 5 .1
3 5 7 .3
4 1 1 .6
4 1 8 .2
4 1 9 .7
4 1 9 .8
4 1 9 .4
4 1 8 .4
4 1 5 .7
U tili tie s a n d p u b l ic t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ...........................................................................
3 2 9 .4
3 4 4 .7
3 4 3 .0
3 4 0 .7
339 8
3 4 4 .6
3 4 6 .6
3 2 8 .5
343 8
3 4 1 .8
3 3 9 .4
3 3 8 .5
3 4 3 .6
3 4 5 .5
H o u s e k e e p in g a n d h o m e m a in te n a n c e s e r v i c e s ..........................................................
3 5 5 .1
3 6 1 .6
3 6 3 .4
3 6 4 .2
364 9
3 6 6 .4
3 6 6 .9
3 5 6 .5
3 6 5 .2
3 6 9 .7
3 7 0 .4
3 7 2 .0
3 7 3 .9
3 7 3 .8
In s u r a n c e a n d f i n a n c e ...................................................................................
'E x c l u d e s m o t o r o i l, c o o la n t , a n d o t h e r p r o d u c t s a s o f J a n u a r y 1 9 8 3
82
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
c =
c o r r e c te d .
383 9
3 7 9 .5
3 7 5 .5
3 7 2 .5
3 6 7 .9
3 6 6 .0
21. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Cross classification of region and population size class by expenditure
category and commodity and service group
[December 1977 = 100]
S iz e c la s s A
S iz e c la s s B
S iz e c la s s C
S iz e c la s s D
( 1 . 2 5 m illio n o r m o r e )
( 3 8 5 , 0 0 0 - 1 , 2 5 0 m illio n )
( 7 5 ,0 0 0 -3 8 5 ,0 0 0 )
( 7 5 , 0 0 0 o r le s s )
C a te g o ry a e d g ro u p
|
1984
D ec.
Feb.
1 6 3 .7
1 6 5 .9
1 6 7 .1
1 6 8 .3
1 7 0 .5
1 6 1 .6
1 6 2 .3
1 4 7 .3
1 4 6 .7
1 5 1 .8
1 5 0 .7
1 5 1 .9
1 5 5 .0
1 4 6 .6
1 4 7 .6
1 5 2 .4
1 5 6 .5
1 5 7 .2
1 5 9 .5
1 4 8 .2
148 8
1 5 2 .4
|
D ec.
O c t.
1 6 3 .1
O c t.
|
Feb.
Feb.
Feb.
O c t.
1983
1984
1983
D ec.
D ec.
|
1984
1983
1984
1983
O c t.
E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y
A l l it e m s
.............................................................................................................................
F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s
.......................................................................................
1 6 4 .9
H o u s i n g .....................................................................................................................
1 6 0 .5
1 6 1 .7
1 6 4 .3
1 7 1 .4
1 7 2 .6
1 7 6 .9
1 7 8 .4
1 7 9 .5
1 8 3 .7
1 6 6 .3
1 6 6 .4
1 7 0 .1
A p p a re l a n d u p k e e p
.......................................................................................
1 2 5 .5
1 2 2 .7
1 2 1 .1
1 3 0 .0
129 5
1 2 4 .0
1 3 2 .3
1 3 3 .0
1 2 8 .7
1 3 1 .9
1 3 4 .1
1 3 2 .6
....................................................................................................
1 6 5 .8
1 6 6 .5
1 6 8 .4
173 4
1 7 4 .2
1 7 2 .6
1 7 2 .0
1 7 2 .9
1 7 3 .2
1 7 1 .9
1 7 2 .5
1 7 2 .2
........................................................................................................
1 6 6 .5
1 6 8 .3
1 7 1 .8
1 6 7 .3
1 7 0 .7
1 7 5 .1
1 7 1 .4
1 7 4 .2
1 7 6 .5
1 7 2 .6
1 7 7 .5
1 8 1 .1
T r a n s p o r t a t io n
M e d ic a l c a r e
E n t e r t a i n m e n t ........................................................................................................
1 4 5 .8
1 4 5 .9
1 4 6 .6
1 4 2 .8
1 4 0 .3
1 4 0 .3
146 2
1 4 9 .0
1 4 9 .9
1 5 3 .0
1 5 2 .3
152 4
O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s
1 6 6 .9
1 6 7 .9
1 6 9 .1
1 6 7 .1
1 6 7 .7
1 6 8 .7
1 7 0 .5
1 7 2 .3
1 7 3 .5
1 7 1 .3
1 7 1 .8
173 6
1 5 9 .1
...........................................................................
C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P
C o m m o d i t i e s ....................................................................................................................
C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s
.............................................
S e r v i c e s .............................................................................................................................
1 5 3 .6
1 5 7 .4
1 5 7 .1
1 5 9 .3
1 5 6 .4
1 5 4 .7
1 5 5 .5
1 5 3 .0
1 5 2 .9
1 5 4 .0
1 6 2 .1
1 6 2 .0
1 6 2 .5
1 5 8 .9
1 5 9 .2
1 6 0 .7
1 5 8 .3
1 5 9 .0
1 6 1 .1
1 6 3 .2
1 6 4 .4
1 6 6 .9
1 7 1 .8
1 7 3 .6
175 8
1 8 4 .2
186 3
1 8 8 .6
1 7 1 .9
1 7 2 .7
1 7 4 .4
1 5 1 .2
1 5 1 .4
1 5 7 .0
1 5 8 .6
N o r th C e n tra l R e g io n
E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y
A l l ite m s
.........................................................................................................................
F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s
...................................................................................
1 6 7 .3
1 6 7 .6
1 6 8 .7
1 6 2 .6
163 6
1 6 5 .2
1 6 1 .1
1 6 1 .6
1 6 2 .5
1 6 2 .1
1 6 2 .8
1 6 3 .7
1 4 4 .6
1 4 5 .2
1 4 9 .4
1 4 2 .8
1 4 3 .8
1 4 8 .0
1 4 4 .8
1 4 4 .7
1 4 8 .6
1 5 3 .2
1 5 2 .9
1 5 5 .9
1 6 7 .8
1 6 9 .0
1 6 9 .9
1 6 5 .9
1 6 7 .0
1 6 7 .0
H o u s i n g .................................................................................................................
1 8 5 .6
1 8 5 .8
1 8 6 .2
1 7 0 .3
1 7 1 .5
1 7 3 .4
A p p a re l a n d u p k e e p
...................................................................................
1 2 2 .3
120 3
1 1 6 .7
1 3 1 .8
1 3 1 .2
126 6
1 3 1 .6
1 3 2 .3
129 0
129 2
1 2 7 .5
1 2 3 .0
................................................................................................
1 6 8 .8
1 6 8 .9
1 6 8 .6
1 7 0 .1
1 7 1 .6
1 7 0 .9
1 7 1 .8
1 7 2 .1
1 7 1 .1
1 6 9 .4
1 7 0 .8
170 0
....................................................................................................
1 6 9 .8
1 7 2 .4
1 7 6 .2
1 7 3 .1
1 7 3 .9
1 7 6 .9
1 6 7 .6
1 6 8 .0
1 7 0 .2
1 7 5 .5
1 7 7 .6
1 8 3 .2
1 4 9 .9
1 4 8 .4
1 4 8 .3
138 9
1 3 9 .1
1 4 4 .2
1 6 1 .1
1 6 1 .7
1 6 3 .0
1 7 2 .4
1 7 2 .3
1 7 5 .0
T r a n s p o r t a t io n
M e d ic a l c a r e
E n t e r t a i n m e n t ....................................................................................................
1 4 4 .3
1 4 4 .2
1 4 4 .6
1 3 4 .7
1 3 3 .6
1 3 5 .7
O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s
1 6 2 .9
1 6 3 .8
165 9
1 7 5 .8
1 7 7 .4
1 7 7 .4
.......................................................................
C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P
155 6
1 5 5 .6
156 8
1 5 3 .7
154 2
1 5 5 .7
1 5 2 .7
1 5 2 .6
153 6
1 5 3 .0
1 5 2 .9
1 5 3 .8
.........................................
1 6 1 .2
1 6 0 .9
1 6 0 .0
1 5 8 .4
1 5 8 .7
1 5 8 .6
1 5 6 .5
1 5 6 .3
1 5 5 .7
1 5 3 .0
1 5 3 .0
1 5 2 .7
S e r v i c e s ..............................................................................................................................
1 8 4 .6
1 8 5 .2
1 8 6 .3
1 7 6 .9
1 7 8 .6
1 8 0 .4
1 7 4 .7
1 7 6 .2
1 7 6 .8
1 7 6 .5
1 7 8 .3
1 7 9 .3
C o m m o d i t i e s .................................................................................................................
C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s
S o u th
E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y
1 6 3 .3
1 6 3 .5
1 6 5 .7
1 6 4 .9
1 6 4 .9
1 6 6 .9
1 6 3 .5
1 6 3 .7
1 6 5 .3
1 6 5 .1
1 6 5 .7
1 6 6 .6
...................................................................................
1 5 1 .4
1 5 1 .9
1 5 6 .3
1 5 0 .5
1 4 9 .8
1 5 4 .8
1 4 8 .3
1 4 8 .5
1 5 3 .2
1 5 1 .4
1 5 2 .3
1 5 7 .5
H o u s i n g .................................................................................................................
1 6 9 .6
1 6 9 .3
1 7 2 .4
1 7 1 .0
1 7 0 .9
1 7 2 .0
1 6 9 .6
1 6 9 .4
1 7 0 .7
1 7 3 .9
1 7 4 .6
1 7 4 .2
A p p a re l a n d u p k e e p
...................................................................................
1 3 0 .7
1 3 0 .5
1 2 9 .9
1 2 9 .0
1 2 8 .7
129 6
126 5
1 2 6 .7
1 2 4 .8
1 1 6 .3
1 1 6 .0
1 1 0 .9
................................................................................................
1 7 1 .1
1 7 1 .5
1 7 1 .0
1 7 4 .2
1 7 4 .4
1 7 4 .1
1 7 2 .4
1 7 2 .5
1 7 1 .8
1 7 0 .4
1 7 0 .2
1 7 0 .2
187 8
1 8 9 .9
1 9 3 .3
A ll it e m s
.........................................................................................................................
F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s
T r a n s p o r t a t io n
....................................................................................................
1 7 1 .7
1 7 3 .6
1 7 6 .2
1 7 2 .4
1 7 4 .0
1 7 7 .0
1 8 2 .3
182 7
1 8 6 .7
E n t e r t a i n m e n t ....................................................................................................
1 4 3 .4
1 4 2 .9
142 9
1 5 3 .7
1 5 4 .6
1 5 7 .7
1 4 8 .1
1 5 0 .0
1 5 1 .4
1 4 8 .6
1 4 7 .5
1 4 8 .5
O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s
1 6 6 .2
1 6 6 .6
1 6 9 .6
1 6 8 .5
1 6 9 .1
1 7 1 .5
1 6 6 .2
167 5
1 6 9 .5
1 6 4 .0
1 6 7 .3
1 6 7 .9
159 9
M e d ic a l c a r e
.......................................................................
C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P
1 5 5 .5
1 5 5 .9
1 5 7 .9
1 5 7 .2
1 5 6 .9
159 2
1 5 4 .8
1 5 4 .8
156 5
1 5 5 .4
1 5 5 .6
..........................................
1 5 7 .3
1 5 7 .7
1 5 8 .1
1 6 0 .1
1 6 0 .1
1 6 0 .7
1 5 7 .9
1 5 7 .8
1 5 7 .7
1 5 7 .1
1 5 7 .1
1 5 6 .1
S e r v i c e s .............................................................................................................................
1 7 4 .1
1 7 4 .0
1 7 6 .5
1 7 6 .6
1 7 6 .9
1 7 8 .4
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .5
1 7 8 .4
1 7 9 .6
1 8 0 .8
1 8 1 .2
C o m m o d i t i e s .................................................................................................................
C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s
W est
E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y
1 6 3 .5
1 6 4 .0
1 6 5 .7
1 6 3 .8
1 6 4 .0
165 3
1 5 5 .9
1 5 6 .3
1 5 7 .6
1 6 3 .9
1 6 4 .0
164 8
...................................................................................
1 5 1 .9
1 5 2 .7
1 5 5 .8
1 5 3 .6
1 5 4 .4
1 5 8 .4
1 4 9 .4
150 2
1 5 3 .7
1 5 4 .9
1 5 6 .0
1 6 0 .3
H o u s i n g .................................................................................................................
1 7 0 .0
1 6 9 .4
1 7 1 .7
1 6 8 .1
1 6 7 .2
1 6 8 .4
1 5 4 .2
1 5 3 .9
1 5 4 .6
164 9
1 6 4 .4
1 2 4 .9
1 2 5 .0
1 2 3 .4
1 2 3 .8
1 4 6 .2
1 4 4 .4
1 4 1 .2
1 7 5 .0
1 6 9 .9
1 7 1 .1
1 7 0 .5
1 6 9 .8
1 7 1 .1
1 6 8 .6
1 8 0 .6
1 8 3 .8
A ll it e m s
.........................................................................................................................
F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s
...................................................................................
1 2 2 .8
1 2 2 .7
1 2 3 .8
1 2 7 .6
1 2 7 .9
................................................................................................
1 7 2 .0
1 7 4 .2
1 7 2 .9
1 7 4 .3
1 7 5 .3
1 8 1 .2
1 7 5 .6
A p p a re l a n d u p k e e p
T r a n s p o r t a t io n
1 6 5 .2
....................................................................................................
1 7 7 .4
1 7 8 .0
1 8 0 .9
1 8 4 .5
1 7 9 .0
178 9
E n t e r t a i n m e n t ....................................................................................................
1 4 1 .3
142 6
1 4 4 .3
1 4 6 .8
1 4 7 .5
1 4 8 .1
1 4 7 .4
148 8
1 5 1 .8
1 6 0 .6
1 6 1 .2
1 6 1 ,4
1 6 8 .0
1 6 8 .8
1 7 1 .1
1 6 8 .4
170 0
1 7 1 .3
1 6 4 .6
166 2
166 8
1 7 5 .3
174 5
1 7 5 .3
154 6
M e d ic a l c a r e
O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s
.......................................................................
1 7 6 .5
1 7 8 .2
C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P
1 5 2 .4
1 5 3 .5
1 5 4 .1
1 5 5 .7
1 5 6 .3
1 5 7 .3
1 5 3 .4
1 5 4 .3
1 5 5 .3
1 5 3 .8
154 3
..........................................
1 5 2 .7
153 9
152 9
1 5 6 .8
1 5 7 .2
1 5 6 .2
1 5 5 .0
1 5 6 .0
1 5 5 .3
1 5 3 .4
153 6
1 5 1 .5
S e r v i c e s .............................................................................................................................
1 7 7 .8
1 7 7 .8
1 8 0 .6
1 7 4 .9
1 7 4 .7
1 7 6 .2
1 5 9 .1
1 5 8 .8
1 6 0 .4
1 7 8 .6
1 7 8 .3
1 7 9 .9
C o m m o d i t i e s .................................................................................................................
C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
83
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
22.
Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average, and selected areas
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs
U .S . c ity a v e ra g e 2
....................................................................................................
A n c h o r a g e , A la s k a ( 1 0 / 6 7
=
100)
U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s
1984
1983
A re a 1
1984
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
Dec
Jan.
Fob.
2 9 3 .2
3 0 1 .8
3 0 2 .6
3 0 3 .1
3 0 3 .5
3 0 5 .2
3 0 6 .6
2 9 2 .3
3 0 0 .8
3 0 1 .3
3 0 1 .4
3 0 1 .5
3 0 2 .7
3 0 3 .3
3 0 9 .3
2 9 7 .0
2 6 7 .9
..............................................................
A t la n ta . G a ..........................................................................................................................
1983
Feb.
2 7 0 .4
3 0 4 .4
2 9 5 .1
2 7 1 .5
3 0 7 .3
2 6 0 .8
2 6 4 .0
M d ..................................................................................................................
3 0 2 .9
3 0 4 .7
3 0 7 .6
2 9 9 .5
3 0 2 .4
B o s t o n . M a s s ...................................................................................................................
2 9 0 .6
2 9 4 .0
2 9 6 .6
2 8 8 .6
2 9 2 .5
B a it- m o r e
B u ffa lo , N Y .......................................................................................................................
C h ic a g o , I I I . - N o r t h w e s t e r n I n d .............................................................................
2 8 0 .3
2 9 3 .7
C le v e la n d , O h i o ............................................................................................................
3 1 8 .8
D a lla s - F t. W o r t h , T e x ..................................................................................................
3 0 4 .5
H o n o lu lu , H a w a i i ........................................................................................................
3 0 2 .3
2 9 2 .3
3 0 3 .9
3 1 7 .6
2 9 9 .9
2 9 0 .5
2 7 6 .5
3 0 5 .0
2 9 1 .4
3 3 1 .1
3 1 3 .5
3 2 2 .7
2 9 8 .1
318 4
3 3 9 .8
2 9 8 .2
3 0 5 .2
3 3 0 .7
3 1 8 .5
2 9 9 .2
3 0 3 .9
3 1 6 .8
3 3 2 .5
3 3 9 .4
D e n v e r - B o u ld e r , C o l o .................................................................................................
D e t r o 't . M i c h .....................................................................................................................
3 0 3 .0
3 1 4 .6
C in c in n a ti , O h io - K y - I n d ...........................................................................................
2 8 8 .2
2 8 8 .5
3 4 3 .0
3 0 0 .1
3 0 1 .3
2 8 6 .8
2 9 9 .1
2 9 4 .5
3 1 1 .2
2 8 7 .1
2 9 5 .7
2 9 4 .2
3 1 6 .0
2 9 8 .3
3 1 8 .2
3 1 7 .7
3 1 3 .5
3 0 1 .8
3 3 6 .0
3 0 1 .3
3 0 7 .9
270 4
2 7 6 .4
2 7 8 .4
2 8 0 .7
2 7 4 .8
2 8 5 .9
2 8 8 .2
2 8 4 .3
3 2 4 .3
3 2 0 .7
3 2 3 .6
3 1 7 .4
322 4
3 1 7 .9
3 2 3 .5
2 9 2 .3
303 3
3 0 3 .0
306 4
2 8 9 .0
303 9
3 0 0 .0
3 0 0 .2
2 9 0 .1
2 9 6 .4
2 9 7 .0
2 9 6 .5
2 9 7 .7
2 9 9 .1
2 9 6 .7
2 9 9 .0
2 9 7 .8
299 9
2 9 6 .6
297 9
...............................................................................
1 6 2 .9
1 6 4 .0
1 6 5 .0
164 3
1 6 4 .9
165 9
M ilw a u k e e , W i s ...............................................................................................................
313 9
3 1 2 .5
3 1 4 .0
3 2 9 .1
328 9
3 2 7 .5
=
100)
M in n e a p o lis - S t . P a u l, M i n n . - W i s ........................................................................
3 0 5 .8
N e w Y o r k , N Y . - N o r t h e a s t e r n N . J .....................................................................
283 2
3 1 6 .8
292 1
2 9 2 .9
2 9 7 .2
N o r th e a s t, P a . ( S c r a n t o n ) ...................................................................................
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a . - N . J ..................................................................................................
2 8 2 .0
P i t t s b u r g h . P a ..................................................................................................................
3 0 4 .8
2 9 1 .4
3 1 7 .5
2 9 3 .9
294 3
2 9 1 .2
2 9 1 .7
3 1 3 .7
2 9 7 .3
3 1 9 .6
3 0 9 .0
299 0
2 7 9 .6
2 9 1 .0
2 8 8 .5
2 9 1 .8
2 9 4 .4
3 1 4 .3
293 9
3 1 2 .7
2 8 8 .1
288 7
2 9 6 .4
2 8 3 .3
3 1 5 .5
2 9 6 .6
2 9 4 .2
2 9 4 .2
2 9 4 .8
3 0 4 .7
2 8 8 .2
2 9 5 .1
3 1 2 .5
2 8 7 .3
2 8 8 .2
2 9 0 .9
2 9 0 .0
3 1 8 .6
2 9 0 .2
2 9 4 .3
2 9 6 .7
3 0 2 .6
2 8 9 .6
3 0 2 .0
2 9 9 .6
3 0 0 .9
2 9 9 .1
299 3
2 9 6 .8
S a n D ie g o , C a l if ..............................................................................................................
3 4 0 .4
3 4 2 .3
3 4 6 .6
3 2 3 .9
3 2 3 .7
3 2 9 .6
3 1 1 .7
3 0 7 .3
2 9 3 .9
3 0 1 .4
3 0 8 .7
3 0 6 .1
S e a t tle - E v e 'e tt. W a s h .................................................................................................
3 0 8 .8
3 0 9 .5
3 1 1 .1
2 9 7 .7
2 9 9 .0
2 9 9 .4
W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . - M d . - V a .......................................................................................
2 9 7 .0
2 9 8 .6
3 0 3 .4
3 0 0 .9
3 0 2 .7
3 0 8 .1
1 T h e a r e a s lis t e d
in c lu d e
n o t o n ly th e c e n tr a l c it y b u t th e e n tir e
p o r tio n
o f th e S t a n d a rd
M e tr o p o l ita n
S t a ti s tic a l A r e a , a s d e fin e d f o r th e 1 9 7 0 C e n s u s o f P o p u la tio n , e x c e p t th a t th e S t a n d a rd C o n s o lid a te d A r e a is
84
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
u s e d f o r N e w Y o r k a n d C h ic a g o .
^ A v e r a g e o f 8 5 c itie s .
2 9 8 .5
2 9 9 .6
S t. L o u i s , M o - I I I ...........................................................................................................
3 0 5 .7
290 5
2 8 9 .5
2 9 3 .3
2 9 7 .3
2 9 9 .0
2 9 3 .2
P o r t la n d , O r e g . - W a s h .................................................................................................
S a n F r a n c is c o - O a k la n d . C a l if .................................................................................
3 0 4 .7
3 1 7 .3
2 8 6 .8
M ia m i, F la . ( 1 1 / 7 7
2 9 6 .9
3 1 3 .4
3 3 8 .4
2 9 8 .9
2 8 5 .9
3 1 4 .9
3 1 4 .7
3 0 4 .6
3 0 9 .6
303 8 .
2 9 4 .4
2 8 5 .6
3 1 7 .6
3 3 7 .3
3 0 3 .1
2 6 4 .0
3 0 9 .7
3 0 6 .3
23.
Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
(1967 = 100]
A nnual
C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g
1983
1984
av e ra g e
1983
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N o v .1
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
2 9 1 .7
F IN IS H E D G O O D S
F in is h e d g o o d s .............................................................................................................
F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s
2 8 5 .2
2 8 3 .4
2 8 3 .1
2 8 4 .2
2 8 5 .0
2 8 5 .7
2 8 6 .1
2 8 5 .1
2 8 7 .6
2 8 6 .8
2 8 7 .1
2 8 9 .4
2 9 0 .6
.......................................................................
2 8 4 .6
2 8 2 .7
2 8 2 .3
2 8 3 .6
2 8 4 .6
2 8 5 .2
2 8 5 .7
2 8 5 .1
2 8 7 .0
'2 8 5 . 9
286 1
2 8 8 .8
2 9 0 .1
2 9 1 .4
...................................................................
2 6 1 .8
2 6 1 .1
2 6 2 .9
2 6 2 .6
2 6 1 .2
2 6 0 .7
2 6 0 .7
2 6 3 .0
2 6 3 .7
r 2 6 1 .9
264 0
2 7 2 .2
2 7 4 .7
2 7 7 .0
3 3 2 .5
F in is h e d c o n s u m e r f o o d s
C ru d e
............................................................................................................
2 5 9 .5
247 9
2 6 5 .8
2 6 7 .2
2 5 1 .2
2 4 7 .1
2 5 9 .9
2 6 7 .4
287 3
'2 7 0 . 4
2 6 9 .1
3 0 9 .2
315 9
................................................................................................
2 5 9 .9
2 6 0 .1
2 6 0 .5
2 6 0 .1
2 6 0 .0
2 5 9 .8
2 5 8 .7
2 6 0 .5
259 5
'2 5 9 0
261 5
2 6 6 .7
2 6 8 .9
N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s le s s f o o d s ..........................................................
3 3 5 .3
3 3 2 .0
3 2 8 .7
3 3 2 .0
3 3 5 .7
3 3 7 .7
3 3 8 .6
3 3 8 .6
338 1
'3 3 6 . 8
3 3 5 .3
3 3 5 .0
3 3 5 .9
3 3 7 .0
D u r a b le g o o d s
2 3 3 .1
2 3 1 .9
2 3 2 .2
2 3 2 .9
2 3 3 .1
2 3 3 .4
2 3 3 .8
2 2 9 .2
2 3 5 .3
'2 3 5 . 4
2 3 5 .7
2 3 5 .9
236 2
236 6
P ro c e s s e d
............................................................................................
C o n s u m e r n o n d u r a b le g o o d s le s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y
2 6 9 .8
. . .
2 3 1 .4
2 2 9 .4
2 3 0 .1
2 3 0 .3
2 3 0 .7
2 3 2 .0
2 3 2 .7
2 3 3 .0
2 3 3 .6
'2 3 4 1
2 3 3 .7
2 3 5 .8
2 3 6 .1
2 3 7 .2
C a p ita l e q u i p m e n t ............................................................................................
2 8 7 .3
2 8 5 .6
2 8 6 .2
2 8 6 .5
2 8 6 .7
2 8 7 .2
2 8 7 .7
2 8 5 .1
2 8 9 .9
'2 9 0 0
2 9 0 .5
2 9 1 .5
2 9 2 .5
2 9 2 .7
IN T E R M E D IA T E M A T E R IA L S
I n t e r m e d ia t e m a t e r i a ls , s u p p l ie s , a n d c o m p o n e n t s .............................
3 1 2 .4
3 0 9 .5
3 0 8 .7
3 0 9 .7
3 1 1 .3
3 1 2 .8
3 1 4 .0
3 1 5 .5
3 1 5 .6
'3 1 5 . 5
3 1 5 .8
3 1 6 .6
3 1 7 .4
3 1 9 .5
M a t e r i a ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g .............................
2 9 3 .3
2 9 0 .2
2 9 1 .0
2 9 1 .9
2 9 2 .4
2 9 4 .1
2 9 4 .7
296 7
296 4
'2 9 6 5
2 9 7 .0
2 9 8 .6
2 9 9 .5
3 0 1 .7
M a t e r i a ls f o r f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..................................................
258 4
2 5 2 .8
2 5 5 .1
2 5 7 .0
2 5 7 .0
2 6 8 .3
2 6 7 .9
2 5 7 .4
2 6 0 .5
2 6 9 .4
2 6 3 .5
r2 6 0 .0
2 6 2 .5
269 2
.................................
2 7 9 .9
2 7 6 .6
2 7 7 .3
2 7 7 .7
2 7 7 .7
279 7
2 8 1 .1
282 7
283 3
r2 8 4 6
2 8 4 .7
287 0
286 9
2 9 0 .2
..........................................
3 1 9 .3
3 1 5 .7
3 1 6 .6
3 1 8 .4
3 1 9 .0
320 9
3 2 0 .9
323 1
3 2 2 .3
r 3 2 1 .6
3 2 2 .6
3 2 2 .9
3 2 5 .2
3 2 8 .3
C o m p o n e n t s f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ......................................................
2 8 0 .3
2 7 8 .3
2 7 8 .9
2 7 9 .4
2 8 0 .3
2 8 1 .6
2 8 1 .5
281 8
2 8 2 .6
'2 8 3 0
2 8 3 .1
2 8 4 .0
284 9
2 8 5 .2
M a t e r i a ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n .................................
3 0 1 .7
2 9 9 .6
3 0 0 .9
3 0 1 .2
3 0 2 .4
3 0 2 .9
3 0 3 .7
303 1
3 0 3 .6
'3 0 3 . 9
3 0 4 .6
3 0 5 .4
3 0 7 .5
3 0 9 .2 .
P r o c e s s e d fu e ls a n d l u b r i c a n t s ..............................................................
5 6 6 .8
5 6 4 .2
5 4 3 .3
5 4 7 .8
5 6 2 .0
5 6 7 .9
5 7 2 .0
573 4
5 7 4 .2
r5 6 8 . 1
5 6 8 .5
5 6 2 .4
561 7
5 6 8 .4
M a n u f a c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s .......................................................................
4 8 1 .9
4 8 0 .6
4 6 0 .4
4 6 2 .9
4 7 5 .9
4 8 0 .9
4 8 5 .1
4 8 7 .2
490 5
'4 8 4 . 9
4 8 8 .8
4 8 2 .8
4 7 8 .3
484 2
N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s
..........................................................
6 4 1 .1
6 3 7 .2
6 1 5 .9
6 2 2 .2
6 3 7 .5
6 4 4 .1
6 4 8 .0
6 4 8 .8
6 4 7 .2
r6 4 0 .6
6 3 7 .6
6 3 1 .5
6 3 4 .5
641 8
M a t e r i a ls f o r n o n d u r a b le m a n u f a c t u r in g
M a t e r i a ls f o r d u r a b le m a n u f a c t u r in g
C o n t a i n e r s .............................................................................................................
2 8 6 .6
2 8 5 .2
2 8 4 .8
285 8
2 8 5 .9
2 8 6 .1
2 8 6 .3
2 8 7 .1
2 8 8 .1
289 3
289 5
291 5
293 2
2 9 5 .5
S u p p l i e s .................................................................................................................
2 7 7 .0
2 7 3 .9
2 7 5 .5
2 7 5 .6
2 7 5 .6
2 7 6 .2
2 7 7 .9
280 2
280 6
r281 6
2 8 1 .0
2 8 2 .5
2 8 2 .2
283 1
M a n u f a c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s .......................................................................
2 6 9 .9
2 6 8 .1
268 6
268 9
269 8
2 7 0 .1
2 7 0 .5
2 7 0 .8
2 7 1 .8
r2 7 2 2
2 7 2 .6
2 7 4 .0
2 7 5 .9
276 2
N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g i n d u s t r ie s
280 9
2 7 7 .1
2 7 9 .3
2 7 9 .3
2 7 8 .8
279 6
2 8 2 .0
2 8 5 .3
285 3
r2 8 6 . 7
2 8 5 .6
2 8 7 .1
2 8 5 .7
286 9
Feeds
..........................................................
.............................................................................................................
2 2 5 .5
207 7
219 8
2 1 8 .1
2 1 3 .4
2 1 6 .2
2 3 0 .7
2 4 9 .6
2 4 6 .7
'2 5 1 . 0
2 4 4 .0
2 4 4 .5
2 2 7 .8
2 3 2 .3
O th e r s u p p l i e s ........................................................................................
2 9 2 .7
2 9 1 .6
291 9
292 2
2 9 2 .5
2 9 1 .9
2 9 3 .0
2 9 3 .4
294 0
'2 9 4 . 8
294 8
2 9 6 .5
2 9 8 .0
298 6
3 2 3 .6
3 2 1 .6
325 8
3 2 5 .8
3 2 3 .3
320 6
3 2 7 .1
328 5
324 8
r3 2 4 0
3 2 7 .8
3 3 3 .7
3 3 2 .8
339 4
C R U D E M A T E R IA L S
C r u d e m a t e r i a ls f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e s s in g
......................................................
F o o d s t u ff s a n d f e e d s t u f f s ............................................................................
2 5 2 .3
249 1
2 5 6 .8
2 5 6 .5
252 1
2 4 8 .4
2 5 6 .4
2 5 7 .2
2 5 3 .7
r251 8
2 5 6 .2
264 2
260 7
2 7 0 .7
N o n fo o d m a t e r i a l s ............................................................................................
4 7 7 .2
4 7 7 .7
4 7 4 .6
4 7 5 .4
4 7 6 .8
476 2
4 7 9 .6
482 5
478 2
r4 7 9 4
482 1
4 8 3 .6
488 2
487 9
370 5
3 7 1 .6
3 7 5 .6
N o n f o o d m a te r i a ls e x c e p t f u e l ...........................................................
M a n u f a c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s
3 7 2 .0
3 6 6 .8
3 6 7 .0
369 0
3 7 8 .1
3 7 7 .1
r3 7 7 .7
379 6
380 3
3 8 5 .5
388 1
...............................................................
3 8 1 .6
3 7 5 .9
3 7 6 .1
3 7 8 .3
379 9
3 8 1 .6
3 8 5 .7
3 8 8 .3
3 8 7 .4
'3 8 7 . 9
3 8 9 .7
390 5
395 5
3 9 9 .1
C o n s t r u c t i o n ............................................................................................
2 7 1 .1
2 6 9 .3
2 7 0 .0
270 3
271 3
2 7 0 .9
2 7 1 .0
2 7 2 .5
270 5
r2 7 2 1
274 6
273 9
280 2
2 7 6 .8
C r u d e f u e l .........................................................................................................
9 3 1 .5
9 6 1 .8
941 6
9 3 5 .9
9 3 6 .7
927 8
9 2 6 .9
9 3 1 .0
9 1 0 .9
r9 1 5 .3
9 2 1 .4
9 2 7 .0
9 2 7 .4
9 1 1 .5
...............................................................
1 ,0 9 4 8
1 ,1 3 4 .3
1 ,1 0 7 .6
1 ,1 0 0 .9
1 ,1 0 2 .3
1 ,0 9 0 .4
1 ,0 8 8 .9
1 ,0 9 3 .9
1 , 0 6 7 .1
r 1 ,0 7 1 . 8
1 ,0 7 9 .9
1 .0 8 7 .7
1 ,0 8 7 .5
1 , 0 6 6 .1
N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s ......................................................
8 1 6 .2
839 2
824 0
8 1 9 .1
8 1 9 .4
813 0
812 5
8 1 6 .1
8 0 1 .1
'8 0 5 3
810 0
8 1 3 .7
814 6
8 0 3 .2
M a n u f a c t u r in g i n d u s t r ie s
S P E C IA L G R O U P IN G S
F in is h e d g o o d s e x c l u d in g f o o d s .......................................................................
2 8 7 .7
290 8
2 9 1 .8
292 5
290 3
293 4
2 9 3 .0
292 6
2 9 2 .9
2 9 3 .6
294 3
2 9 1 .3
2 8 8 .9
2 8 7 .3
289 4
2 9 1 .6
2 9 2 .6
2 9 3 .5
2 9 1 .4
293 9
'2 9 3 . 2
2 9 2 .5
292 5
293 1
293 9
249 9
248 6
2 4 9 .5
2 4 9 .7
2 4 9 .4
249 9
2 5 0 .2
249 7
252 1
'2 5 1 . 7
2 5 2 .4
2 5 6 .0
2 5 7 .1
258 4
3 1 7 .2
3 1 4 .8
3 1 3 .6
3 1 4 .6
316 4
3 1 8 .0
318 7
3 1 9 .5
3 2 0 .0
'3 1 9 . 9
3 2 0 .3
3 2 0 .9
3 2 2 .1
324 2
I n t e r m e d ia t e m a t e r i a ls le s s f o o d s a n d fe e d s
..........................................
I n t e r m e d ia t e m a te r i a ls le s s e n e r g y ......................................................
In t e r m e d ia t e f o o d s a n d fe e d s
...........................................................................
2 8 9 .3
2 9 5 .1
2 9 2 .1
2 9 3 .2
293 9
2 9 4 .4
2 9 5 .6
2 9 6 .5
2 9 8 .1
298 2
'2 9 8 . 5
298 8
3 0 0 .3
3 0 1 .2
303 0
2 4 7 .8
238 0
2 4 3 .6
2 4 4 .4
242 8
2 4 4 .0
250 9
2 6 3 .2
258 2
'2 5 7 . 4
2 5 6 .6
260 7
254 9
2 5 7 .3
..............................................
5 3 8 .4
5 3 9 .7
5 3 6 .1
5 3 6 .2
5 3 7 .5
5 3 6 .8
540 0
542 9
5 3 8 .8
'5 4 0 3
5 4 3 .8
546 6
552 1
550 4
...................................................................
2 4 6 .5
2 4 2 .7
2 4 8 .6
249 0
2 4 6 .2
2 4 3 .9
2 5 1 .2
2 5 2 .5
249 6
'2 4 8 . 3
2 5 2 .3
2 5 8 .5
2 5 7 .4
2 6 5 .8
C r u d e m a t e r i a ls le s s a g r ic u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s
C ru d e m a t e r i a ls le s s e n e r g y
2 9 0 .9
2 8 8 .7
.................................
F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s le s s e n e r g y ..............................................
F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s e x c l u d in g f o o d s
'D a t a t o r N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e fl e c t th e a v a ila b i lity o f la te r e p o r ts a n d c o r r e c ti o n s
b y r e s p o n d e n t s . A l l d a ta a r e s u b je c t t o r e v is i o n 4 m o n t h s a f t e r o r ig in a l p u b l ic a t io n .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r =
r e v is e d .
85
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
24.
Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
1983
A ll c o m m o d itie s
.........................................................................................................................................
A ll c o m m o d itie s ( 1 9 5 7 - 5 9
F a rm
=
1984
1983
A nnual
a v e ra g e
C o m m o d ity g r o u p a n d s u b g ro u p
Code
100)
p r o d u c ts a n d p ro c e s s e d fo o d s a n d fe e d s
In d u s t r ia l c o m m o d itie s
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N o v .1
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
3 0 3 .1
3 0 0 .6
3 0 0 .6
3 0 1 .5
3 0 2 .4
3 0 3 .2
3 0 4 .7
3 0 5 .3
3 0 6 .0
'3 0 5 . 5
3 0 6 .0
3 0 8 .1
3 0 8 .8
3 1 1 .1
3 2 1 .6
3 1 8 .9
3 1 8 .9
3 1 9 .9
3 2 0 .8
3 2 1 .7
3 2 3 .3
323 9
3 2 4 .7
'3 2 4 . 1
3 2 4 .7
3 2 6 .9
3 2 7 .6
3 3 0 .1
2 5 3 .9
2 5 0 .6
2 5 4 .7
2 5 4 .7
2 5 2 .5
2 5 1 .5
2 5 5 .5
2 5 9 .1
2 5 7 .5
'2 5 6 .0
2 5 7 .8
2 6 4 .4
2 6 3 .5
2 6 8 .3
3 1 5 .8
3 1 3 .5
3 1 2 .4
3 1 3 .6
3 1 5 .3
3 1 6 .5
3 1 7 .3
3 1 7 .1
3 1 8 .5
r 3 1 8 .3
3 1 8 .4
3 1 9 .2
3 2 0 .4
3 2 1 .9
FA R M PR O D U C TS A N D PRO CESSED FOODS
A N D FEEDS
F a rm p r o d u c t s ....................................................................................................................
248 2
2 4 1 .5
2 5 0 .5
2 5 0 .4
2 4 7 .4
2 4 4 .3
2 5 3 .5
2 5 6 .4
2 5 5 .2
2 5 1 .0
2 5 4 .0
2 6 3 .3
2 6 1 .5
2 6 7 .4
0 1 -1
F re s h a n d d r ie d f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s ..........................................................
2 6 1 .7
2 3 4 .9
2 6 6 .6
2 6 0 .1
2 6 4 .4
2 5 8 .2
2 7 0 .4
2 7 6 .0
;3 0 8 .1
'2 7 5 . 2
2 7 3 .0
2 9 0 .4
3 1 1 .5
3 0 7 .0
236 7
2 4 3 .6
2 4 5 .5
2 3 5 .3
2 5 0 .9
01
0 1 -2
G r a i n s .................................................................................................................................
2 4 0 .4
2 2 7 .4
2 4 3 .8
2 4 2 .2
2 4 1 .5
2 5 3 .7
2 5 7 .5
0 1 -3
L i v e s to c k
........................................................................................................................
2 4 3 .1
2 5 1 .4
260 6
2 5 8 .0
2 5 1 .7
2 4 0 .7
2 4 2 .2
2 3 1 .5
2 2 9 .4
2 2 0 .5
2 3 8 .2
2 5 0 .7
2 5 1 .9
0 1 -4
L iv e p o u t r y ....................................................................................................................
2 0 6 .5
1 7 7 .8
1 7 0 .8
1 8 6 .9
1 9 9 .3
2 1 4 .5
2 2 1 .4
2 4 2 .2
2 0 8 .5
2 3 8 .5
2 4 1 .2
2 5 2 .6
2 5 1 .3
2 5 8 .4
0 1 -5
P la n t a n d a n im a l fib e r s
2 2 7 .0
2 1 7 .0
2 1 3 .6
2 2 3 .8
2 2 9 .7
2 3 0 .4
2 4 0 .7
2 3 8 .7
2 3 4 .5
2 4 3 .6
2 4 4 .1
229 3
2 3 2 .7
2 5 0 .3
0 1 -6
F lu id m i l k ........................................................................................................................
2 8 2 .0
2 8 2 .9
2 8 0 .8
2 7 9 .8
2 7 8 .6
2 8 4 .1
2 8 3 .2
2 7 9 .1
2 7 5 .7
.......................................................................................
2 5 8 .0
2 8 1 .7
2 8 4 .4
0 1 -7
E g g s .....................................................................................................................................
1 7 0 .0
1 7 0 .0
1 8 5 .1
169 3
1 7 7 .2
1 8 9 .5
2 0 0 .1
2 8 2 .4
2 8 0 .7
2 3 5 .8
F la y, h a y s e e d s , a n d o ils e e d s
...........................................................................
2 4 6 .8
2 1 7 .8
2 2 6 .3
227 3
2 1 3 .3
2 2 7 .3
2 6 2 .8
2 9 7 .8
2 8 8 .8
2 8 7 .6
2 8 2 .2
2 8 7 .3
2 6 5 .4
2 8 1 .4
0 1 -9
O th e r f a r m p r o d u c t s ................................................................................................
2 8 2 .1
2 8 0 .3
2 7 9 .2
2 8 1 .0
2 8 4 .4
2 8 2 .5
2 8 5 .7
2 8 7 .3
2 8 3 .7
2 8 3 .5
2 7 6 .9
2 8 0 .2
2 7 8 .9
2 7 8 .6
256 0
(2 )
2 7 4 .2
256 0
2 5 4 .5
2 5 9 .6
2 5 7 .8
2 5 7 .6
258 8
2 6 3 .9
0 2 -1
C e re a l a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s ...............................................................................
2 6 0 .9
2 5 6 .9
2 5 8 .8
2 5 9 .1
2 6 0 .3
2 6 1 .4
2 6 2 .8
2 6 3 .6
2 6 4 .6
'2 6 5 . 2
2 6 4 .9
2 6 6 .1
2 6 7 .0
2 6 7 .9
M e a ts , p o u l t r y , a n d f i s h .......................................................................................
2 4 9 .4
2 6 0 .7
2 5 9 .1
2 5 7 .8
2 5 0 .2
2 4 7 .3
2 4 3 .2
2 4 2 .9
2 3 7 .0
r 2 3 4 .7
2 4 2 .1
2 5 6 .9
2 5 5 .6
2 6 7 .7
2 5 0 .6
2 5 0 .7
P r o c e s s e d f o o d s a n d f e e d s .......................................................................................
0 2 -3
D a iry p r o d u c t s
............................................................................................................
2 5 1 .0
2 5 6 .1
2 5 0 .9
2 5 4 .3
2 5 0 .4
2 5 0 .4
2 5 5 .5
(2 )
0 2 -2
02
2 5 4 .4
(2)
2 8 1 .4
2 6 0 .8
0 1 -8
<2 )
2 7 8 .7
2 5 1 .8
2 5 0 .4
2 5 0 .6
2 5 1 .3
r 2 5 1 .4
2 4 9 .2
2 4 8 .5
2 6 3 .5
2 4 8 .6
2 6 7 .8
2 4 9 .0
0 2 -4
P r o c e s s e d f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s .......................................................................
2 7 7 .1
2 7 4 .9
2 7 3 .7
2 7 5 .3
2 7 7 .1
2 7 7 .1
2 7 8 .3
2 7 8 .6
2 8 1 .1
'2 8 0 . 9
2 8 1 .5
2 8 5 .3
2 9 1 .8
2 9 3 .2
2 9 2 .8
2 8 3 .7
2 8 7 .4
•2 8 9 .9
2 9 6 .0
2 9 6 .4
2 9 8 .9
3 0 0 .2
2 9 8 .0
r2 9 7 7
2 9 7 .4
2 9 9 .0
3 0 0 .6
2 9 9 .3
..............................................................
2 6 3 .6
262 0
2 6 3 .0
2 6 3 .6
2 6 3 .0
2 6 3 .7
2 6 3 .9
2 6 4 .3
2 6 5 .2
'2 6 6 . 3
2 6 6 .5
2 6 8 .4
2 7 0 .0
2 7 0 .2
................................................................................................................
2 3 9 .6
2 0 6 .0
2 1 4 .6
220 0
2 1 9 .3
2 2 2 .2
2 4 5 .6
3 0 3 .5
2 8 1 .7
'2 7 4 . 5
2 7 1 .7
2 7 8 .7
2 6 9 .1
2 8 2 .5
0 2 -5
S u g a r a n d c o n f e c t i o n e r y .......................................................................................
0 2 -6
B e v e r a g e s a n d b e v e r a g e m a te r i a ls
0 2 -7
F a ts a n d o i ls
0 2 -8
M is c e lla n e o u s p r o c e s s e d f o o d s ......................................................................
2 5 4 .4
2 4 8 .5
2 4 9 .9
2 4 9 .9
2 5 1 .5
2 5 5 .0
2 5 2 .7
2 5 8 .4
2 6 2 .1
r2 6 4 .8
2 6 5 .8
2 6 6 .7
2 7 5 .3
2 7 4 .7
0 2 -9
P re p a r e d a n im a l f e e d s ...........................................................................................
2 2 8 .5
2 1 2 .4
2 2 2 .8
2 2 1 .3
2 1 7 .1
2 2 0 .0
2 3 3 .0
2 4 9 .3
2 4 8 .6
r252 1
2 4 5 .7
2 4 6 .0
2 3 1 .1
2 3 5 .3
2 0 4 .9
203 4
2 0 3 .5
2 0 4 .3
2 0 4 .7
2 0 5 .3
2 0 6 .0
2 0 6 .2
2 0 7 .0
r207 7
2 0 7 .2
2 0 8 .0
2 0 9 .3
2 0 9 .9
1 5 6 .8
1 5 3 .9
1 5 3 .8
1 5 5 .6
1 5 5 .9
1 5 8 .3
1 5 7 .5
1 5 8 .0
1 6 0 .5
r 1 5 9 .3
1 5 8 .2
1 5 9 .2
1 6 1 .5
1 6 1 .2
.....................................
1 3 8 .3
1 3 5 .8
1 3 6 .0
1 3 7 .4
1 3 7 .6
1 3 8 .5
1 4 0 .2
1 4 0 .3
1 4 1 .3
r 1 4 1 .7
1 4 2 .4
1 4 2 .3
1 4 4 .0
1 4 3 .8
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................
1 4 6 .9
1 4 5 .1
1 4 5 .8
1 4 6 .2
1 4 5 .8
1 4 6 .1
1 4 6 .7
1 4 7 .3
1 4 9 .4
r 1 5 1 .4
1 5 1 .7
1 5 2 .8
1 5 2 .8
1 5 2 .9
1 2 3 .1
1 2 2 .4
1 2 3 .1
1 2 2 .8
1 2 2 .5
1 2 2 .4
1 2 3 .6
1 2 3 .4
1 2 3 .8
r 1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .3
1 2 5 .0
126 3
1 2 7 .1
IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S
T e x t ile p r o d u c t s a n d a p p a r e l ...................................................................................
03
0 3 -1
0 3 -2
P r o c e s s e d y a r n s a n d th r e a d s ( 1 2 / 7 5
0 3 -3
G r a y fa b r ic s ( 1 2 / 7 5
0 3 -4
F in is h e d fa b r ic s ( 1 2 / 7 5
0 3 -8 1
A p p a re
.............................................................................................................................
1 9 7 .1
1 9 6 .1
1 9 5 .8
1 9 6 .5
1 9 7 .9
1 9 8 .4
1 9 8 .7
1 9 8 .7
1 9 8 .8
r 19 9 .4
1 9 8 .4
1 9 8 .7
1 9 9 .8
2 0 0 .7
0 3 -8 2
T e x t ile h o u s e f u r m s h i n g s .......................................................................................
2 3 5 .6
2 3 4 .2
2 3 4 .2
2 3 7 .6
2 3 5 .2
2 3 4 .8
2 3 4 .5
2 3 5 .3
2 3 4 .5
'2 3 4 . 4
2 3 4 .7
2 3 6 .6
2 3 6 .2
2 3 7 .1
04
=
=
=
100)
1 0 0 ) ......................................................................
H id e s , s k in s , le a th e r , a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ..................................................
0 4 -2
L e a th e r
.............................................................................................................................
0 4 -3
F o o tw e a r
0 4 -4
O th e r le a th e r a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s
05
........................................................................................................................
..............................................................
F u e ls a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s a n d p o w e r ..............................................................
2 7 1 .4
2 6 4 .9
2 6 7 .4
2 6 9 .4
2 7 1 .2
2 7 2 .3
2 7 4 ,7
2 7 4 .4
2 7 3 .7
r 2 7 7 .0
2 7 8 .3
2 8 0 .1
2 8 3 .2
2 8 7 .0
3 3 0 .8
3 1 6 .2
3 2 0 .5
3 2 6 .6
3 3 5 .9
3 3 7 .9
3 4 3 .4
3 3 9 .4
3 3 6 .6
'3 4 0 . 5
3 4 2 .6
3 4 6 .4
3 6 1 .3
3 7 2 .6
2 5 0 .1
2 4 8 .1
2 5 0 .0
2 4 8 .7
2 4 9 .9
2 4 9 .9
2 5 0 .9
2 5 1 .6
2 5 1 .3
'2 5 7 . 3
2 5 1 .3
2 5 1 .7
2 5 1 .6
2 5 3 .3
2 5 3 .7
2 5 0 .9
2 5 1 .0
2 5 1 .7
2 5 1 .7
2 5 3 .5
2 5 3 .7
2 5 3 .5
2 5 3 .5
'2 5 5 . 8
2 5 8 .1
2 5 8 .9
2 5 9 .1
260 9
6 5 1 .9
6 6 5 .5
6 6 9 .5
'6 6 3 . 7
6 6 5 .9
6 5 8 .0
6 4 4 .8
6 6 8 .7
6 7 1 .7
6 7 2 .3
6 6 2 .1
6 5 5 .8
6 5 6 .7
6 5 9 .6
0 5 -1
C o a l .....................................................................................................................................
5 3 6 .8
5 3 8 .6
5 3 8 .0
5 3 5 .2
5 3 4 .1
5 3 4 .8
5 3 6 .6
5 3 7 .9
5 3 8 .2
'5 4 2 . 3
5 4 2 .4
5 4 1 .0
5 4 3 .4
5 4 6 .0
0 5 -2
C o k e .....................................................................................................................................
4 4 7 .8
4 4 7 .3
4 4 7 .3
4 3 8 .4
4 3 8 .4
4 3 1 .6
4 5 3 .9
4 5 3 .9
4 5 3 .1
'4 5 3 . 8
4 5 3 .5
4 1 8 .3
4 1 8 .3
4 2 9 .5
0 5 -3
G a s f u e ls 3
1 .1 4 7 .9
1 .1 2 8 .4
1 .1 2 2 .0
1 .1 2 5 .6
1 ,1 2 6 .8
0 5 -4
E le c tr ic p o w e r
0 5 -6 1
C ru d e p e t r o l e u m 4
0 5 -7
P e tr o le u m p r o d u c t s , r e f i n e d 5
....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
...........................................................................
1 .1 8 0 .0
1 . 1 5 6 .1
1 .1 5 6 .7
1 . 1 5 5 .1
1 .1 4 8 .9
1 .1 4 5 .9
1 ,1 4 7 .0
1 ,1 2 3 .8
1 .0 9 6 .4
4 1 8 .0
4 1 1 .4
4 0 9 .2
4 1 2 .2
4 1 9 .4
4 2 6 .4
4 2 7 .2
4 2 7 .9
4 2 3 .6
'4 1 8 . 7
4 1 7 .6
4 2 0 .9
4 2 4 .4
4 2 7 .1
6 8 1 .5
6 7 8 .0
6 7 8 .0
6 7 8 .0
6 7 7 .9
6 7 5 .7
6 7 5 .1
6 7 5 .7
6 7 5 .7
'6 7 5 . 8
6 7 4 .8
6 7 6 .0
6 7 6 .0
6 7 6 .0
6 8 6 .4
6 6 6 .6
6 4 5 .9
6 5 9 .3
6 8 4 .2
6 8 8 .7
6 9 4 .9
6 9 5 .3
6 9 5 .3
'6 8 8 . 2
6 8 4 .8
6 6 9 .7
6 7 0 .1
6 8 0 .7
3 0 0 .5
2 9 2 .9
2 8 9 .8
2 9 1 .3
2 9 1 .1
2 9 0 .8
2 9 3 .7
2 9 4 .4
2 9 5 .9
2 9 5 .5
2 9 6 .4
296 6
2 9 8 .5
2 9 6 .7
0 6 -1
In d u s t r ia l c h e m ic a l s 6 ...............................................................................................
3 4 2 .9
3 3 8 .8
3 3 8 .7
3 3 8 .8
3 3 8 .5
3 4 7 .0
3 4 7 .6
3 4 5 .6
3 4 4 .9
'3 4 6 . 2
3 4 5 .1
3 4 7 .7
3 3 8 .0
3 4 6 .0
0 6 -2 1
P re p a r e d p a in t
2 6 4 ,7
2 6 4 .7
2 6 4 .7
2 6 4 .7
2 6 4 .7
2 6 5 .2
2 6 5 .4
2 6 4 .5
2 6 4 .2
'2 6 4 . 5
2 6 4 .9
2 6 5 .7
2 6 6 .9
2 6 7 .6
06
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ...............................................................................
0 6 -2 2
P a in t m a t e r i a l s ............................................................................................................
305 6
2 9 9 .8
3 0 0 .2
2 9 9 .5
3 0 0 .5
3 0 5 .7
3 1 6 .2
3 1 6 .9
'3 1 6 . 5
3 1 5 .5
3 1 6 .3
3 1 3 .9
3 1 7 .3
0 6 -3
D r u g s a n d p h a r m a c e u ti c a ls
...............................................................................
226 2
2 2 2 .9
2 2 5 .1
225 2
225 2
2 2 7 .6
2 2 7 .3
2 2 7 .4
2 2 9 .3
'2 3 1 . 0
2 3 1 .4
2 3 3 .3
2 3 4 .4
2 3 7 .5
0 6 -4
F a ts a n d o i l s , i n e d i b l e ...........................................................................................
2 8 3 .7
2 6 2 .2
2 7 8 .3
2 8 7 .1
2 7 6 .9
2 6 0 .9
2 7 8 .1
3 2 9 .0
3 1 8 .6
'3 2 1 . 6
3 1 9 .0
3 3 4 .4
348 9
3 6 2 .4
0 6 -5
A g r i c u lt u r a l c h e m ic a l s a n d c h e m ic a l p r o d u c t s .....................................
2 8 0 .7
2 8 4 .2
2 8 2 .8
2 8 2 .4
2 8 0 .6
2 7 8 .1
2 7 7 .1
2 7 6 .0
2 7 6 .4
'2 8 0 . 4
2 8 2 .5
2 7 9 .2
2 8 7 .1
2 8 9 .6
0 6 -6
P la s tic r e s in s a n d m a t e r i a l s ...............................................................................
2 9 0 .2
2 8 2 .1
2 8 5 .4
2 8 8 .0
2 8 9 .1
2 9 1 .3
2 9 3 .7
3 0 2 .6
2 9 9 .1
'2 9 7 . 9
2 9 8 .3
3 0 4 .2
3 0 5 .0
3 0 6 .6
O th e r c h e m ic a l s a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s
..........................................................
2 7 3 .7
2 7 2 .0
2 7 4 .7
2 7 2 .0
2 7 2 .4
2 7 4 .2
2 7 4 .2
2 7 4 .3
2 7 4 .4
'2 7 3 . 8
2 7 4 .5
2 7 5 .9
2 7 3 .7
2 7 5 .7
...........................................................................................
2 4 3 .4
2 4 1 .8
2 4 3 .0
2 4 3 .2
2 4 3 .1
2 4 3 .4
2 4 3 .7
2 4 3 .2
2 4 4 .4
'2 4 3 . 6
2 4 4 .1
2 4 4 .1
2 4 5 .4
2 4 6 .1
2 6 7 .0
2 6 7 .0
2 6 5 .6
265 2
2 6 5 .1
263 9
2 6 4 .8
'2 6 4 . 3
2 6 5 .1
265 6
2 6 6 .6
2 8 4 .3
'2 8 2 . 7
2 8 2 .4
0 6 -7
R u b b e r p l a s ti c p r o d u c t s
07
2 9 8 .4
0 7 -1
R u b b e r a n d r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ...............................................................................
266 6
2 6 7 .1
0 7 -1 1
C ru d e r u b b e r
................................................................................................................
280 9
2 8 1 .2
2 8 1 .3
2 8 0 .6
2 8 0 .2
2 8 3 .2
2 8 4 .6
2 8 4 .4
282 9
2 8 2 .8
2 8 2 .0
0 7 -1 2
T ir e s a n d t u b e s ............................................................................................................
2 4 5 .4
246 6
2 4 6 .5
2 4 6 .3
2 4 3 .7
2 4 2 .4
2 4 2 .8
242 5
2 4 2 .6
'2 4 2 . 4
2 4 3 .0
2 4 2 .9
2 4 3 .0
242 3
0 7 -1 3
M is c e l la n e o u s r u b b e r p r o d u c t s
.......................................................................
2 8 6 .0
2 8 5 .8
2 8 5 .7
2 8 6 .0
2 8 5 .9
285 7
2 8 4 .5
2 8 1 .6
2 8 3 .8
'2 8 3 . 5
2 8 4 .8
2 8 6 .2
2 8 8 .7
2 8 7 .9
0 7 -2
P l a s ti c p r o d u c t s ( 6 /7 8
......................................................................
1 3 5 .3
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .6
1 3 4 .8
1 3 5 .5
1 3 6 .0
1 3 6 .4
1 3 6 .6
1 3 7 .4
'1 3 6 . 7
1 3 6 .9
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .6
1 3 8 .8
3 0 7 .3
3 0 5 .8
3 0 7 .2
308 0
3 1 4 .8
3 1 4 .6
3 1 3 .9
3 0 5 .6
3 0 5 .6
'3 0 4 . 9
308 8
309 2
315 6
316 0
3 4 9 .3
3 5 4 .2
3 7 3 .1
=
100)
08
2 6 5 .9
L u m b e r .............................................................................................................................
3 5 3 .1
3 5 8 .6
3 7 2 .8
3 6 6 .6
3 4 6 .6
3 4 4 .7
'3 4 2 . 8
3 5 1 .5
353 2
3 6 5 .4
3 6 9 .2
0 8 -2
M i l l w o r k .............................................................................................................................
3 0 2 .3
3 0 4 .0
3 0 2 .8
299 0
2 9 4 .9
296 3
3 0 6 .6
3 0 5 .9
3 0 7 .4
'3 0 7 . 9
3 0 8 .5
3 0 8 .5
3 0 8 .5
3 0 9 .7
0 8 -3
P l y w o o d .............................................................................................................................
2 4 4 .1
2 3 8 .9
2 3 9 .4
2 4 1 .1
2 5 5 .5
2 5 2 .5
2 4 6 .2
2 4 2 .2
246 6
'2 4 4 . 6
2 4 7 .1
2 4 8 .3
2 4 9 .5
2 4 8 .7
0 8 -4
O th e r w o o d p r o d u c t s ...............................................................................................
230 6
231 6
230 8
2 3 1 .1
2 2 9 .6
2 2 9 .7
2 2 9 .3
2 2 9 .4
2 2 9 .6
'2 2 9 . 8
2 3 0 .4
2 2 9 .8
2 3 0 .7
2 3 2 .0
0 8 -1
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .
86
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
24.
Continued— Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
A nnual
C o m m o d it y g r o u p a n d s u b g ro u p
1983
1984
a v e ra g e
1983
M ir .
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N o v .1
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
IN D U S T R I A L C O M M O D IT IE S — C o o tlo u e tf
09
P u lp , p a p e r , a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ...........................................................................
2 9 7 .7
0 9 -1
P u lp , p a p e r ,a n d p r o d u c t s , e x c lu d in g b u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a r d
271 0
2 6 8 .7
2 6 8 .5
2 6 8 .7
2 6 9 .2
2 7 0 .2
2 7 1 .1
2 7 3 .1
2 7 5 .2
'2 7 7 . 0
2 7 6 .8
2 8 0 .0
2 8 3 .3
2 8 6 .4
0 9 -1 1
W o o d p u l p ................................................................................................................
3 4 6 .6
3 4 3 .0
3 4 2 .5
3 4 3 .2
3 4 4 .9
3 4 5 .8
3 4 6 .4
3 4 5 .4
3 4 7 .4
r3 5 6 .7
3 5 1 .3
3 6 4 .4
3 7 1 .5
3 7 6 .0
0 9 -1 2
W a s t e p a p e r ................................................................................................
0 9 -1 3
Paper
0 9 -1 4
P a p e rb o a r d
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
(2 )
2 9 4 .8
2 9 5 .4
(2)
<2 )
2 9 6 .0
2 9 7 .0
297 8
1 8 3 .3
2 9 8 .8
2 9 9 .9
1 9 4 .4
3 0 2 .2
2 1 6 .2
'3 0 3 . 6
3 0 2 .7
3 0 7 .6
3 1 0 .5
3 1 2 .7
r2 1 5 .0
2 1 1 .5
2 1 1 .5
2 2 9 .3
2 4 2 .9
2 8 1 .9
2 7 8 .4
2 7 8 .5
279 0
2 7 9 .5
2 7 9 .2
280 9
2 8 6 .0
2 8 7 .2
r 2 8 8 .5
2 8 8 .9
2 9 4 .3
2 9 6 .6
2 9 9 .2
2 5 0 .5
2 4 6 .3
2 4 8 .1
2 4 8 .7
2 4 9 .4
2 4 9 .7
2 5 0 .1
2 5 4 .0
2 5 7 .3
'2 5 9 . 4
2 5 9 .5
2 6 9 .3
2 7 3 .6
<2 )
<2 )
<2 )
2 6 2 .2
0 9 -1 5
C o n v e r te d p a p e r a n d p a p e r b o a r d p r o d u c t s ..............................................
2 6 5 .4
2 6 5 .1
2 6 4 .2
2 6 4 .1
2 6 4 .5
2 6 4 .1
2 6 4 .7
2 6 5 .0
2 6 6 .5
'2 6 7 . 9
2 6 8 .0
2 6 9 .4
2 7 1 .6
2 7 4 .1
0 9 -2
B u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a r d
2 5 0 .0
2 4 4 .2
2 4 7 .0
2 4 9 .3
2 5 5 .7
2 5 6 .2
2 5 2 .1
2 5 2 .8
2 5 4 .7
2 5 4 .7
2 5 0 .5
2 5 1 .9
2 5 3 .9
2 5 8 .9
10
...............................................................................
M e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c t s .......................................................................................
3 0 7 .1
3 0 4 .4
3 0 4 .6
3 0 6 .1
3 0 6 .3
3 0 7 .3
3 0 8 .2
3 1 0 .7
3 1 0 .9
r 3 1 0 .9
3 1 1 .4
3 1 2 .7
3 1 4 .6
3 1 6 .6
1 0 -1
I r o n a n d s t e e l ...............................................................................
3 4 3 .3
3 4 1 .6
3 4 1 .5
3 4 0 .9
3 4 1 .3
3 4 2 .1
3 4 3 .2
3 4 8 .1
3 4 8 .5
'3 4 9 . 5
3 5 0 .6
3 5 4 .1
3 5 6 .3
3 5 6 .1
1 0 -1 7
S te e l m ill p r o d u c t s ....................................................................................................
352 6
3 5 0 .1
3 5 0 .8
3 5 8 .7
'3 5 9 . 5
1 0 -2
N o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s ................................................................................................
2 7 6 .0
270 6
2 7 1 .8
2 7 7 .7
2 7 5 .7
2 7 8 .4
2 7 9 .8
2 8 2 .0
2 7 9 .3
'2 7 6 . 6
2 7 8 .0
2 7 6 .1
2 7 9 .5
2 8 6 .1
1 0 -3
M e ta l c o n ta in e r s
3 3 5 .2
3 3 1 .4
3 3 1 .9
3 3 7 .1
3 3 7 .4
3 3 6 .5
3 3 6 .6
3 3 8 .5
3 3 8 .3
3 3 8 .2
3 3 8 .2
3 4 4 .5
3 4 4 .9
3 4 5 .6
1 0 -4
H a r d w a r e ..........................................................
2 9 0 .0
2 8 8 .2
288 6
2 8 8 .5
2 9 1 .5
2 9 2 .1
2 9 2 .2
292 5
2 9 2 .7
'2 9 3 . 1
2 9 1 .9
2 9 2 .5
292 9
2 9 3 .2
2 9 2 .4
2 9 2 .7
'2 9 4 . 1
2 9 3 .6
2 9 3 .9
2 9 6 .9
2 9 9 .9
.......................................................................................
3 4 9 .8
3 4 9 .7
3 4 9 .8
3 5 1 .7
3 5 8 .1
3 5 9 .5
3 6 2 .8
3 6 3 .5
3 6 3 .6
1 0 -5
P l u m b in g fix t u r e s a n d b r a s s f i t t i n g s
2 8 9 .1
2 8 5 .6
2 8 7 .7
2 8 9 .1
290 8
2 9 0 .4
2 9 0 .2
1 0 -6
H e a tin g e q u i p m e n t ....................................................................................................
2 4 3 .4
2 4 1 .1
2 4 2 .3
2 4 2 .7
2 4 3 .0
2 4 4 .9
2 4 5 .1
2 4 6 .6
2 4 5 .3
'2 4 5 . 5
2 4 5 .6
2 4 7 .3
2 4 8 .4
2 4 8 .8
1 0 -7
F a b ric a te d s t r u c t u r a l m e ta l p r o d u c t s
3 0 3 .3
3 0 3 .7
3 0 2 .5
3 0 2 .1
3 0 2 .0
3 0 2 .2
3 0 3 .0
3 0 4 .3
3 0 4 .2
'3 0 5 . 3
3 0 4 .9
3 0 6 .5
3 0 6 .9
3 0 8 .5
1 0 -8
M is c e l la n e o u s m e ta l p r o d u c t s ..........................................................
283 8
2 8 0 .4
2 8 0 .7
2 8 0 .8
2 8 3 .4
2 8 3 .7
2 8 4 .0
2 8 4 .3
2 8 9 .0
'2 8 9 . 5
2 8 9 .3
2 8 9 .9
2 9 0 .7
2 9 1 .7
2 8 6 .4
2 8 4 .7
285 4
2 8 6 .0
2 8 6 .2
2 8 7 .4
2 8 7 .4
2 8 7 .9
2 8 7 .6
'2 8 8 . 0
2 8 9 .6
290 4
3 2 6 .3
323 5
3 2 3 .9
3 2 6 .4
3 2 6 .4
3 2 7 .1
3 2 7 .3
3 2 8 .5
3 2 8 .0
'3 2 8 . 6
3 2 9 .8
3 3 0 .9
3 3 1 .1
3 3 2 .7
3 5 1 .9
3 4 9 .6
350 9
3 5 2 .3
3 5 2 .5
3 5 2 .8
3 5 2 .9
3 5 3 .5
3 5 3 .6
'3 5 3 . 9
3 5 3 .7
3 5 4 .3
3 5 5 .9
3 5 5 .8
11
M a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t
..................................................
..........................................................
..................................................................
1 1 -1
A g r i c u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t
1 1 -2
C o n s t r u c t i o n m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ......................................................
..................................................
1 1 -3
M e t a lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t
11
G e n e ra l p u r p o s e m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t
.........................................
2 8 8 .8
2 9 1 .2
3 2 6 .2
3 2 5 .5
3 2 6 .2
3 2 6 .7
3 2 7 .0
3 2 6 .6
..........................................
3 6 8 .2
3 0 7 .5
3 0 8 .2
3 0 8 .4
3 0 8 .4
3 0 8 .5
3 0 7 .9
3 0 8 .1
3 0 7 .8
'3 0 8 . 6
309 3
3 1 0 .3
3 1 0 .7
3 1 1 .7
1 1 -6
S p e c ia l i n d u s t r y m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ..............................................
3 3 7 .1
3 3 3 .6
3 3 4 .5
3 3 5 .8
3 3 6 .7
3 3 8 .0
3 3 9 .0
339 8
3 4 0 .6
'3 4 1 . 0
3 4 1 .7
3 4 1 .0
343 3
3 4 5 .0
1 1 -7
E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ..........................................................
2 4 0 .0
2 3 7 .5
2 3 8 .4
2 3 8 .5
2 3 8 .8
2 4 1 .7
2 4 1 .7
2 4 2 .9
2 4 2 .6
'2 4 2 . 8
2 4 3 .7
2 4 4 .6
245 5
2 4 6 .5
1 1 -9
M is c e l la n e o u s m a c h in e r y
2 7 4 .5
2 7 3 .7
2 7 4 .2
2 7 5 .3
2 7 5 .0
275 2
2 7 5 .3
2 7 4 .5
2 7 3 .3
'2 7 3 . 7
2 7 5 .2
276 3
2 7 5 .5
2 7 6 .0
4
12
...............................................................................
F u r n i tu r e a n d h o u s e h o ld d u r a b l e s ......................................................................
1 2 -1
H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e
1 2 -2
C o m m e r c ia l f u r n i t u r e .......................................................................................
...............................................................................
213 9
2 1 2 .3
2 1 2 .8
3 2 6 .5
3 2 6 .6
327 0
'3 2 7 . 3
3 2 7 .7
3 2 8 .3
3 3 0 .4
3 3 0 .2
2 1 3 .6
2 1 4 .0
2 1 4 .8
2 1 4 .9
2 1 5 .4
2 1 5 .3
'2 1 5 . 7
2 1 5 .3
2 1 6 .3
2 1 6 .9
2 1 7 .4
2 3 4 .7
2 3 1 .1
2 3 1 .8
2 3 4 .4
2 3 5 .0
235 4
2 3 6 .3
2 3 6 .6
2 3 6 .9
'2 3 7 . 4
2 3 7 .3
2 3 8 .2
239 2
2 4 0 .0
2 8 6 .5
2 8 5 .1
2 8 6 .2
2 8 5 .9
2 8 6 .9
2 8 7 .5
2 8 6 .5
2 8 7 .3
2 9 0 .5
2 9 0 .8
2 9 3 .9
2 9 6 .4
2 8 7 .4
'2 8 9 . 9
1 2 -3
F lo o r c o v e r i n g s ........................................................................................................
1 8 5 .0
1 8 2 .0
1 8 2 .2
1 8 2 .1
1 8 1 .4
1 8 6 .6
1 8 8 .9
1 8 9 .5
1 8 9 .5
'1 8 9 . 3
1 8 7 .8
1 8 9 .0
1 8 7 .7
1 8 7 .5
1 2 -4
H o u s e h o ld a p p l ia n c e s
2 0 6 .8
2 0 5 .0
2 0 6 .3
2 0 7 .5
2 0 7 .5
2 0 7 .8
2 0 7 .7
2 0 8 .0
2 0 7 .6
'2 0 8 . 0
2 0 8 .1
2 0 9 .4
2 1 0 .6
210 8
1 2 -5
H o m e e l e c t r o n ic e q u i p m e n t ...............................................................................
8 6 .2
8 7 .0
86 6
8 6 .4
8 6 .5
8 5 .9
8 5 .5
8 5 .8
8 5 .8
'8 5 . 1
8 4 .6
8 4 .3
8 4 .4
8 4 .3
1 2 -6
O th e r h o u s e h o ld d u r a b le g o o d s .......................................................................
3 1 2 .5
3 1 2 .9
3 1 2 .0
3 1 2 .7
3 1 4 .3
3 1 4 .8
3 1 3 .9
3 1 4 .5
3 1 4 .0
'3 1 5 . 1
3 1 3 .1
3 1 5 .9
3 1 5 .2
3 1 5 .0
13
.......................................................................
N o n m e t a llic m in e r a l p r o d u c t s
...............................................................................
322 0
3 2 4 .1
3 2 4 .5
3 2 5 .1
3 2 6 .3
3 2 7 .2
3 2 8 .0
3 2 8 .9
329 2
3 2 8 .8
3 3 2 .3
3 3 3 .6
1 3 -1 1
F ia t g l a s s .........................................................................................................................
2 2 9 .7
2 2 9 .7
2 2 9 .7
2 2 9 .7
2 2 9 .7
2 2 9 .8
2 2 9 .7
2 2 9 .5
2 2 9 .6
2 3 0 .1
230 0
2 2 9 .5
2 3 0 .0
2 2 9 .7
1 3 -2
C o n c re te i n g r e d i e n t s ................................................................................................
3 1 4 .0
3 0 8 .5
3 1 2 .8
3 1 3 .7
3 1 4 .2
3 1 4 .0
3 1 6 .4
3 1 7 .2
3 1 6 .7
'3 1 4 . 8
317 0
3 1 2 .9
3 2 1 .3
3 2 5 .8
1 3 -3
C o n c re te p r o d u c t s
3 0 1 .8
3 0 0 .4
3 0 1 .0
3 0 1 .1
3 0 1 .6
302 3
3 0 2 .7
3 0 3 .5
3 0 3 .3
'3 0 4 . 1
3 0 3 .7
3 0 5 .6
3 0 6 .4
3 0 6 .3
1 3 -4
S t r u c t u r a l c la y p r o d u c t s , e x c l u d in g r e fr a c t o r ie s
2 7 7 .6
2 7 0 .7
2 7 5 .7
2 7 7 .6
2 8 1 .5
2 8 2 .4
2 8 2 .4
2 8 2 .4
2 8 3 .5
'2 8 4 . 1
2 8 3 .5
2 8 3 .7
2 8 3 .0
2 8 3 .6
3 3 6 .8
3 3 8 .2
3 3 9 .4
3 4 0 .2
3 4 4 .7
'3 5 3 . 3
3 5 4 .3
3 5 5 .0
3 5 7 .0
3 6 2 .1
....................................................................................................
.................................
3 2 5 .3
3 2 4 .1
1 3 -5
R e f r a c t o r i e s .......................................................................................
3 4 1 .6
3 3 7 .7
3 3 8 .2
3 3 8 .2
1 3 -6
A s p h a lt r o o f i n g ............................................................................................................
3 8 3 .0
3 7 4 .7
3 8 4 .0
3 8 0 .0
1 3 -7
G y p s u m p ro d u c ts
1 3 -8
G la s s c o n t a in e r s
1 3 -9
O th e r n o n m e t a l lic m in e r a ls
14
3 7 9 .6
3 8 5 .3
3 8 3 .4
3 8 7 .2
3 8 7 .9
'3 8 7 . 8
3 8 0 .6
3 8 1 .4
3 9 0 .4
3 8 3 .7
....................................................................................................
284 9
265 9
2 7 1 .9
2 7 5 .7
2 7 3 .8
2 7 6 .0
2 8 9 .3
2 9 7 .8
312 8
'3 1 5 . 1
321 4
328 5
3 3 9 .4
3 3 9 .5
........................................................................................................
3 5 2 .6
354 1
3 5 3 .5
3 5 1 .8
3 5 1 .8
3 5 1 .6
3 5 1 .3
3 5 1 .1
3 5 0 .2
'3 5 0 . 4
3 5 1 .0
3 5 1 .0
3 5 0 .9
3 5 1 .7
4 8 0 .1
4 7 6 .4
4 7 8 .7
4 7 8 .5
4 7 9 .5
4 7 9 .7
4 8 1 .9
4 8 2 .5
4 8 3 .2
'4 8 7 . 4
4 8 7 .4
4 8 5 .4
4 8 6 .8
2 5 6 .7
2 5 5 .2
2 5 5 .6
2 5 5 .8
2 5 6 .1
2 5 6 .2
2 5 6 .8
2 5 0 .4
260 6
'2 6 0 . 5
2 6 0 .7
2 6 1 .7
2 6 2 .3
...........................................................................
T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 6 8
=
1 0 0 ) ......................................................
4 9 0 .3
2 6 2 .4
1 4 -1
M o t o r v e h ic le s a n d e q u i p m e n t ...........................................................................
2 5 6 .8
2 5 5 .4
2 5 5 .9
256 2
2 5 6 .7
2 5 6 .6
2 5 6 .8
2 4 9 .1
260 6
'2 6 0 . 5
2 6 0 .4
2 6 1 .0
2 6 1 .2
2 6 1 .3
1 4 -4
R a ilro a d e q u i p m e n t ....................................................................................................
3 5 2 .5
3 5 0 .3
3 5 0 .0
3 5 0 .4
3 5 0 .1
3 5 1 .3
3 5 1 .0
3 5 0 .7
348 6
'3 4 8 . 6
3 5 7 .3
3 5 9 .2
3 5 9 .2
3 5 9 .7
2 8 7 .4
2 8 7 .1
2 9 1 .5
2 9 5 .0
15
M is c e l la n e o u s p r o d u c t s ................................................................................................
2 8 9 .5
287 4
2 8 8 .0
2 9 2 .0
2 9 1 .4
2 9 1 .7
'2 9 1 . 7
292 5
295 3
2 9 5 .0
1 5 -1
T o y s , s p o r t in g g o o d s , s m a ll a r m s , a m m u n i t i o n .................................
2 2 5 .2
2 2 5 .7
2 2 6 .3
2 2 6 .0
2 2 5 .9
2 2 4 .3
2 2 4 .5
2 2 4 .8
2 2 5 .9
'2 2 5 . 2
2 2 5 .8
2 2 8 .0
2 2 8 .4
2 2 8 .2
1 5 -2
T o b a c c o p ro d u c ts
3 6 5 .3
3 5 3 .8
3 5 4 .1
353 8
3 5 2 .1
3 7 3 .4
3 7 6 .7
3 7 6 .9
3 7 6 .8
'3 7 7 . 0
3 7 7 .0
3 8 9 .4
3 9 0 .3
3 9 0 .3
1 5 -3
N o t i o n s ............................................................................................
2 8 0 .1
280 6
280 3
280 3
2 8 0 .3
2 8 0 .3
2 7 9 .7
2 7 9 .7
2 7 9 .7
2 7 9 .6
2 8 0 .1
2 8 1 .4
2 8 2 .2
282 2
......................................................
2 1 5 .8
2 1 6 .6
2 1 6 .6
2 1 6 .6
2 1 6 .5
2 1 6 .5
216 6
2 1 6 .6
2 1 6 .8
'2 1 6 . 8
2 1 7 .1
(2)
2 1 8 .2
213 3
1 0 0 ) ...........................................................................
1 6 3 .2
1 6 2 .9
1 6 2 .3
1 6 2 .4
1 6 3 .1
1 6 3 .5
1 6 3 .7
1 6 4 .3
1 6 4 .8
'1 6 5 . 0
1 6 4 .7
1 6 2 .4
1 6 2 .8
1 6 2 .7
3 5 1 .5
3 5 0 .5
3 5 0 .3
3 4 9 .2
3 5 3 .4
3 5 3 .7
3 5 2 .9
3 4 9 .6
3 4 9 .2
'3 4 9 . 3
3 5 2 .3
3 5 0 .2
3 5 0 .2
3 5 4 .0
....................................................................................................
1 5 -4
P h o t o g r a p h ic e q u i p m e n t a n d s u p p l ie s
1 5 -5
M o b ile h o m e s ( 1 2 / 7 4
1 5 -9
O th e r m is c e l la n e o u s p r o d u c t s ..............................................................
=
1 D a ta f o r N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e f l e c t th e a v a ila b i lity o f la te r e p o r t s a n d c o r r e c t i o n s
b y r e s p o n d e n t s . A ll d a ta a r e s u b je c t t o r e v is i o n 4 m o n t h s a f t e r o r ig in a l p u b l ic a t io n .
4 I n c lu d e s o n ly d o m e s t i c p r o d u c t io n ,
5 M o s t p r ic e s f o r r e fin e d p e tr o l e u m p r o d u c t s a r e la g g e d 1 m o n t h .
2 N o t a v a ila b le .
® S o m e p r ic e s f o r in d u s t r ia l c h e m ic a ls a r e la g g e d 1 m o n th .
3 P r ic e s f o r n a tu r a l g a s a re la g g e d 1 m o n t h .
r = r e v is e d .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
87
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
25.
Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
1983
A nnual
1M 4
a v e ra g e
C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g
1983
M ar.
A p r.
3 0 4 .5
3 0 3 .8
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Dec.
3 0 9 .1
3 0 9 .4
Jan.
Feb.
3 1 0 .8
M ar.
p r o d u c t s ....................................................................
3 0 6 .7
3 0 7 .1
3 0 8 .0
3 0 8 .3
3 1 1 .8
3 1 3 .7
A ll fo o d s
2 5 7 .5
255 8
2 5 8 .2
2 5 8 .2
2 5 6 .6
2 5 6 .2
2 5 7 .1
2 6 0 .7
2 6 0 .5
2 5 8 .0
2 6 0 .0
2 6 8 .3
2 7 0 .3
2 7 3 .5
P r o c e s s e d f o o d s ....................................................................................................................................
258 8
2 5 8 .9
2 5 9 .5
2 5 9 .6
2 5 7 .9
2 5 7 .7
2 5 7 .6
2 6 0 .9
2 5 8 .6
'2 5 8 . 0
2 6 0 .1
2 6 6 .2
2 6 7 .1
2 7 1 .9
In d u s t r ia l c o m m o d it ie s le s s f u e l s ...................................................................
2 7 9 .2
2 7 6 .9
2 7 7 .6
2 7 8 .2
2 7 8 .7
2 7 9 .8
2 8 0 .4
2 8 0 .0
2 8 1 .8
'2 8 2 . 2
2 8 2 .5
2 8 4 .0
2 8 5 .2
2 8 6 .6
S e le c te d te x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s ( D e c . 1 9 7 5
1 3 8 .1
1 3 7 .2
1 3 7 .4
1 3 7 .7
1 3 7 .4
1 4 3 .0
1 3 9 .0
1 3 9 .1
1 3 9 .4
'1 3 9 .8
1 3 9 .5
1 4 0 .3
1 4 1 .1
A ll c o m m o d itie s — l e u
H o s ie r y
fa rm
=
1 0 0 ) .............................
.............................................................................................................................
U n d e r w e a r a n d n i g h tw e a r
...................................................................................
3 0 4 .8
3 0 6 .0
3 0 9 .2
N ov.1
1 4 1 .5
1 4 4 .7
1 4 4 .5
1 4 4 .5
1 4 4 .5
1 4 4 .5
1 4 4 .5
145 6
1 4 5 .6
1456
1 4 5 .6
1 4 5 .6
1 4 5 .8
1 4 7 .2
1 4 7 .4
2 2 3 .7
2 2 3 .8
2 2 3 .4
2 2 3 .5
2 2 2 .7
2 2 3 .3
2 2 3 .5
2 2 4 .5
2 2 4 .7
'2 2 4 . 6
2 2 4 .8
2 2 7 .0
2 2 9 .8
2 2 9 .5
¿ 8 9 .9
C h e m i c a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s , in c lu d in g s y n t h e t ic r u b b e r
a n d f ib e r s a n d y a r n s ...........................................................................................
2 8 3 .5
2 8 0 .7
2 8 1 .8
2 8 1 .6
2 8 1 .5
2 8 4 .6
2 8 5 .0
2 8 5 .6
2 8 5 .6
2 8 6 .3
2 8 6 .4
2 8 8 .0
2 8 6 .4
P h a r m a c e u tic a l p r e p a r a t i o n s ...............................................................................
2 2 4 .8
2 2 0 .3
2 2 3 .3
2 2 3 .5
2 2 3 .6
2 2 6 .3
2 2 6 .0
2 2 7 .1
2 2 9 .4
'2 3 1 . 3
2 3 1 .8
2 3 4 .1
2 3 5 .8
2 3 8 .7
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s , e x c l u d in g m i l l w o r k .................................
3 2 1 .6
3 1 7 .2
320 8
324 3
3 3 8 .8
3 3 8 .1
3 3 1 .5
3 1 6 .5
3 1 6 .7
'3 1 4 . 7
3 2 1 .5
3 2 3 .0
3 3 1 .7
3 3 4 .0
S te e l m ill p r o d u c t s , in c lu d in g f a b r ic a te d w ir e p r o d u c t s
.................
3 5 1 .0
348 4
348 4
3 4 8 .5
3 4 8 .7
3 4 9 .3
3 5 0 .1
3 5 5 .9
3 5 6 .4
'3 5 7 . 4
3 5 7 .4
3 6 0 .4
3 6 1 .0
3 6 1 .2
....................................................................................................................
3 5 1 .4
348 3
3 4 8 .4
3 4 8 .5
3 4 8 .8
3 4 9 .4
3 5 0 .3
3 5 7 .1
3 5 7 .8
'3 5 8 . 6
3 5 8 .7
3 6 2 .1
3 6 3 .1
3 6 3 .2
3 4 9 .7
347 0
3 4 7 .0
3 4 7 .1
3 4 7 .4
3 4 7 .9
3 4 8 .7
3 5 4 .8
3 5 5 .4
'3 5 6 . 4
3 5 6 .4
3 5 9 .5
3 6 0 .4
3 6 0 .6
..............................................................
2 9 2 .5
2 9 0 .3
2 9 0 .7
2 9 1 .7
2 9 2 .0
2 9 2 .6
2 9 3 .5
2 9 1 .5
2 9 6 .4
'2 9 6 .3
2 9 6 .6
2 9 7 .7
2 9 8 .8
3 0 0 .1
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ...................................................................................
2 9 4 .2
2 9 2 .3
2 9 2 .2
2 9 2 .6
294 0
294 2
294 7
2 9 5 .5
2 9 7 .2
'2 9 7 9
2 9 7 .6
2 9 9 .1
2 9 9 .7
3 0 0 .9
1 9 8 .9
2 0 0 .9
2 0 6 .7
190 7
'1 8 2 . 6
F in is h e d s te e l m ill p r o d u c t s , e x c l u d in g fa b r ic a te d w ir e
p ro d u c ts
F in is h e d s te e l m ill p r o d u c t s , in c lu d in g f a b r ic a te d w ir e
p ro d u c ts
....................................................................................................................
S p e c ia l m e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c t s
2 0 1 .2
198 2
1 8 4 .9
1 9 6 .6
1 8 5 .2
1 9 4 .0
2 7 9 .8
2 7 8 .1
278 7
2 7 9 .2
2 7 9 .4
280 1
2 8 0 .4
2 7 7 .7
2 8 2 .2
'2 8 2 . 4
2 8 3 .0
2 8 3 .9
2 8 4 .6
2 8 5 .1
M a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t, e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l
3 1 3 .6
312 2
3 1 2 .9
3 1 3 .8
3 1 3 .9
3 1 4 .2
3 1 4 .2
3 1 4 .3
3 1 4 .1
'3 1 4 . 6
3 1 5 .3
3 1 6 .1
3 1 6 .8
3 1 7 .5
338 2
3 4 2 .7
.........................................
3 4 1 .5
3 3 7 .8
3 4 2 .8
3 4 4 .0
3 4 7 .1
3 4 9 .2
M e t a lw o r k in g m a c h i n e r y .......................................................................................
3 5 7 .1
3 5 5 .6
3 5 6 .3
358 0
3 5 7 .8
3 5 7 .8
3 5 7 .5
3 5 7 .1
3 5 7 .6
'3 5 8 . 2
3 6 0 .0
3 5 9 .8
3 6 2 .6
362 0
369 9
365 7
366 1
3 7 0 .5
370 6
370 7
3 7 0 .0
3 7 2 .5
3 7 2 .6
'3 7 3 1
373 8
3 7 4 .0
3 7 4 .5
3 7 6 .1
A g r i c u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t le s s p a r t s .................................
3 3 0 .0
3 2 6 .8
3 2 7 .1
330 1
330 2
3 3 1 .0
3 3 1 .2
3 3 2 .6
3 3 1 .8
'3 3 2 . 2
3 3 3 .8
3 3 4 .8
3 3 5 .2
3 3 7 .2
3 5 0 .6
3 5 0 .7
3 5 2 .2
3 5 2 .9
3 5 5 .2
..............................................
3 4 1 .8
1 8 2 .1
T o ta l t r a c t o r s ................................................................................................................
A g r i c u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y , in c lu d in g tr a c t o r s
3 4 1 .7
2 0 1 .3
2 0 1 .6
C o p p e r a n d c o p p e r p r o d u c t s ...............................................................................
3 4 6 .0
3 4 6 .7
3 4 2 .2
342 2
348 8
348 8
'3 5 0 . 9
3 5 1 .9
.....................
3 3 6 .9
3 3 4 .5
3 3 5 .2
3 3 6 .2
3 3 6 .4
338 0
3 3 9 .2
3 3 8 .9
3 3 8 .2
'3 3 8 . 7
3 4 1 .4
3 4 2 .5
3 4 2 .7
344 6
2 9 7 .7
2 9 5 .0
296 1
2 9 6 .8
298 6
3 1 0 .6
299 8
2 9 9 .9
300 4
'3 0 0 . 4
3 0 1 .4
3 0 2 .3
3 0 4 .8
3 0 6 .4
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N o v .1
D ec.
Jan.
..........................................................
3 4 7 .5
3 4 7 .5
'3 4 4 . 0
C o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s ...........................................................................................
F a r m a n d g a r d e n t r a c t o r s le s s p a r ts
A g r i c u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y , e x c l u d in g tr a c t o r s le s s p a r ts
3 4 8 .8
3 4 3 .6
'D a t a f o r N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e fl e c t th e a v a ila b ility o f la te r e p o r ts a n d c o r r e c ti o n s
b y r e s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a ta a r e s u b je c t t o r e v is i o n 4 m o n t h s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b l ic a t io n .
26.
r =
r e v is e d .
Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product
[1 9 6 7 =
100]
1983
A nnual
C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g
M a r.
A p r.
2 8 6 .7
2 8 4 .6
285 3
286 0
286 7
2 8 7 .4
287 8
286 8
2 8 9 .2
'2 8 9 . 3
2 8 9 .9
2 9 0 .7
2 9 2 .2
2 9 3 .2
3 1 5 .8
313 0
312 4
3 1 3 .5
3 1 4 .5
3 1 5 .4
317 8
319 7
3 1 9 .1
'3 1 8 . 1
3 1 8 .5
3 2 1 .6
3 2 1 .7
3 2 5 .0
3 0 1 .0
3 0 2 .7
1983
T o t a l d u r a b le g o o d s
...............................................................................................
T o t a l n o n d u r a b le g o o d s
.......................................................................................
T o t a l m a n u f a c t u r e s ....................................................................................................
D u r a b le
................................................................................................................
N o n d u ra b le
........................................................................................................
T o t a l r a w o r s lig h t ly p r o c e s s e d g o o d s
D u r a b le
......................................................
................................................................................................................
N o n d u ra b le
........................................................................................................
M ay
June
293 7
295 0
2 9 6 .1
2 9 7 .2
298 5
'2 9 8 4
2 8 5 .3
2 8 6 .0
2 8 6 .7
2 8 7 .3
288 0
288 3
2 8 7 .2
289 6
'2 8 9 . 8
290 3
2 9 1 .1
2 9 2 .4
2 9 3 .3
301 4
2 9 9 .7
3 0 1 ,0
3 0 3 .1
304 5
3 0 5 .9
3 0 7 .8
3 0 7 .7
'3 0 7 4
3 0 7 .5
309 4
3 1 0 .0
3 1 2 .5
3 3 9 .9
337 3
340 4
3 4 0 .9
339 0
338 3
3 4 3 .8
3 4 5 .9
3 4 2 .5
3 4 8 .9
3 4 8 .2
3 5 3 .7
293 2
292 7
300 0
3 4 3 .6
'3 4 0 . 6
249 6
243 3
2 4 4 .1
246 1
249 4
2 4 9 .9
2 5 6 .8
2 6 0 .7
2 5 9 .8
'2 5 8 5
2 6 4 .1
2 6 7 .7
2 7 5 .4
2 7 9 .2
3 4 5 .5
3 4 3 .2
3 4 6 .5
3 4 6 .8
3 4 4 .6
3 4 3 .7
3 4 9 .1
3 5 1 .0
3 4 8 .6
'3 4 5 . 6
3 4 7 .1
3 5 3 .8
3 5 2 .4
358 0
'D a t a f o r N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e fle c t th e a v a ila b ility o f la te r e p o r ts a n d c o r r e c ti o n s
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 9 8 .7
M a r.
2 8 7 .3
295 7
296 9
Feb.
3 0 4 .4
b y r e s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a ta a re s u b je c t t o r e v is i o n 4 m o n t h s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b l ic a t io n .
88
1984
av e ra g e
r = r e v is e d .
27.
Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
1 *7 1
A nnual
S IC
In d u s t r y d e s c r ip t io n
1983
1984
a v e ra g e
c a fe
1983
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N o v .1
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
M IN IN G
1011
Iro n o re s (1 2 /7 5
=
1 0 0 ) ..............................................................
1092
M e rc u ry o re s (1 2 /7 5
=
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
2 6 9 .7
2 8 5 .4
2 7 2 .9
2 6 8 .7
2 5 4 .1
2 3 7 .5
2 3 1 .2
2 4 3 .3
2 8 3 .3
2 8 7 .5
2 7 7 .0
2 7 5 .8
2 4 5 .4
2 5 0 .0
..........................................
9 2 1 .7
9 3 4 .4
922 1
9 2 1 .8
9 2 4 .2
9 1 6 .6
9 1 5 .8
9 2 0 .0
907 2
'9 0 9 . 4
9 1 0 .2
9 1 5 .1
9 1 3 .8
9 0 3 .5
1 0 0 ) ..........................................
1 6 4 .3
1 5 8 .4
1 6 4 .3
1 6 4 .3
1 6 4 .3
1 6 4 .3
1 3 6 4 .3
1 6 4 .3
1 7 1 .7
1 7 2 .9
1 7 2 .9
1 7 2 .9
1 7 2 .9
1 7 4 .1
2 7 5 .6
2 7 5 .6
2 7 5 .6
2 7 5 .6
100)
..................................................
1311
C ru d e p e t r o l e u m a n d n a tu r a l g a s
1455
K a o lin a n d b a ll c la y ( 6 / 7 6
=
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
2021
C r e a m e r y b u t t e r ...................................................................................
2 7 5 .8
2 7 5 .6
2044
R ic e m il l i n g
............................................................................................
1 9 3 .4
1 8 3 .0
1 8 8 .9
1 9 1 .3
1 9 4 .5
1 9 3 .7
1 9 8 .1
2 0 1 .1
1 9 6 .7
199 6
1 9 9 .6
1 9 9 .6
1 9 8 .1
1 9 8 .1
2067
C h e w in g g u m .......................................................................................
3 2 6 .8
3 2 6 .1
3 2 6 .1
3 2 6 .1
3 2 7 .2
3 2 7 .2
3 2 7 .3
3 2 7 .3
3 2 7 .3
'3 2 7 . 5
3 2 7 .5
3 2 7 .9
3 2 8 .1
3 2 8 .3
2 7 6 .1
2 7 8 .4
2 7 8 .1
'2 7 8 . 1
2 6 9 .5
2 6 7 .3
2 6 7 .6
2 6 8 .4
2074
C o tt o n s e e d o i l m i l l s ...........................................................................
2 0 4 .5
1 6 7 .1
1 8 6 .8
1 8 6 .2
1 7 9 .2
1 9 2 .4
2 2 0 .6
2 6 2 .9
2 5 3 .5
r2 3 3 .1
2 2 3 .3
2 2 9 .2
2 0 1 .2
2 1 2 .2
2083
M a lt
2 3 4 .1
2 3 2 .6
2 3 2 .6
2 3 2 .6
2 3 2 .6
2 3 2 .6
2 3 2 .6
2 3 2 .6
2 3 2 .6
241 6
2 4 1 .6
2 4 1 .6
2 4 1 .6
2 4 1 .6
2091
C a n n e d a n d c u r e d s e a fo o d s ( 1 2 / 7 3
.................
1 7 4 .0
1 7 7 .9
1 7 7 .7
1 7 5 .7
1 7 3 .4
1 7 3 .7
1 6 9 .4
1 6 9 .8
1 7 0 .2
1 6 9 .2
1 6 9 .6
1 6 9 .0
1 6 8 .8
168 5
2098
M a c a r o n i a n d s p a g h e t t i ..................................................................
2 5 6 .8
2 5 5 .5
2 5 5 .5
2 5 5 .5
2 5 5 .5
2 5 5 .5
2 5 5 .5
2 5 5 .5
2 5 8 .6
2 6 1 .9
2 6 1 .9
2 6 1 .9
2 6 1 .9
2 6 1 .9
1 2 2 .5
1 2 2 .6
1 2 2 .7
1 2 2 .7
1 2 2 .7
1 2 2 .7
1 2 2 .9
1 2 2 .9
122 9
'1 2 2 . 9
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .2
1 2 3 .2
1 3 5 .3
1 3 6 .1
139 8
1 3 8 .0
1 3 2 .9
1 3 2 .8
133 8
1 3 3 .5
1 3 2 .8
r 13 8 .4
1 3 7 .1
1 3 8 .5
1 4 1 .2
1 4 5 .2
.
1 2 6 .6
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .2
1 2 6 .9
1 2 5 .9
1 2 5 .1
1 2 7 .2
125 8
1 2 7 .2
r 1 2 7 .4
1 2 7 .4
1 2 8 .8
1 2 9 .7
1 2 9 .9
1 0 0 ) ..........................................................
1 6 4 .9
1 6 5 .6
1 6 5 .7
1 6 5 .7
1 6 5 .7
1 6 5 .7
165 7
1 6 6 .1
1 6 6 .1
1 6 6 .1
1 6 6 .1
1 6 6 .1
166 2
1 6 6 .2
1 3 9 .3
1 4 2 .8
1 3 7 .6
137 6
1 3 7 .6
1 3 7 .6
1 3 7 .6
1 3 9 .0
1 3 9 .0
r 138 9
1 3 9 .0
1 3 9 .1
139 3
1 3 9 .3
1 1 6 .6
1 1 5 .5
1 1 5 .5
1 1 5 .5
1 1 7 .0
1 1 7 .0
117 0
1 1 7 .0
1 1 7 .0
1 1 7 .0
1 1 7 .0
1 1 8 .2
117 8
1 1 7 .8
2 9 3 .3
2 8 8 .8
2 9 1 .0
2 9 1 .7
2 9 1 .7
2 9 6 .3
2 9 6 .3
2 9 6 .3
2 9 6 .3
2 9 6 .3
2 9 7 .6
2 9 5 .2
2 9 9 .1
3 0 2 .3
............................................................................................................
=
100)
2251
W o m e n ’ s h o s ie r y , e x c e p t s o c k s ( 1 2 / 7 5
2261
F in is h i n g p l a n ts , c o t t o n ( 6 / 7 6
2262
F in is h i n g p l a n t s , s y n t h e t ic s , s ilk ( 6 / 7 6
=
=
=
100)
2284
T h r e a d m ills ( 6 / 7 6
2298
C o r d a g e a n d t w in e ( 1 2 / 7 7
2361
C h i ld r e n 's d r e s s e s a n d b lo u s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
2381
F a b ric d r e s s a n d w o r k g lo v e s
2394
C a n v a s a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7
=
=
100)
100)
. . .
.............................
100)
. . .
.....................................
100) . . . .
..................................................
=
=
1 0 0 ) .................
1 4 7 .2
1 4 6 .2
1 4 6 .2
1 4 6 .2
1 4 6 .2
1 4 6 .2
146 2
1 4 6 .2
1 4 7 .8
r 147 8
1 4 8 .5
1 5 1 .3
1 5 1 .2
1 5 1 .2
2448
W o o d p a lle ts a n d s k id s ( 1 2 / 7 5
1 0 0 ) .............................
1 4 9 .2
1 4 5 .7
1 4 6 .9
1 4 8 .5
149 5
1 5 0 .9
1 5 1 .3
1 5 1 .0
1 5 1 .5
1 5 1 .9
1 5 3 .6
1 5 4 .0
155 9
1 5 7 .8
2521
W o o d o f fic e f u r n i t u r e .......................................................................
2 8 1 .6
2 7 9 .6
2 8 2 .5
2 8 2 .5
2 8 2 .5
2 8 3 .5
283 6
2 8 3 .6
2 8 3 .6
r2 8 3 .6
2 8 4 .7
2 8 6 .3
2 9 0 .3
2 9 0 .3
2654
S a n i ta r y f o o d c o n ta in e r s
..............................................................
2 6 6 .6
2 6 5 .1
2 6 5 .2
2 6 5 .2
2 6 5 .2
2 6 7 .1
2 6 7 .1
2 6 7 .8
2 6 9 .0
r2 6 9 .0
270 6
2 7 0 .6
2 7 4 .9
280 0
2655
f ib e r c a n s , d r u m s , a n d s im ila r p ro d u c ts (1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 )
1 8 6 .5
1 8 3 .8
1 8 5 .6
1 8 5 .6
185 9
1 8 7 .7
187 7
1 8 7 .7
187 8
189 5
1 8 9 .5
1 8 9 .6
1 8 9 .7
1 9 1 .4
2911
P e tr o le u m r e fi n in g ( 6 / 7 6
..........................................
2 5 4 .1
250 4
2 4 0 .6
2 4 6 .0
2 5 4 .0
2 5 5 .4
257 2
2 5 6 .8
2 5 7 .1
'2 5 3 . 5
2 5 1 .0
2 4 5 .5
246 9
2 5 0 .1
2952
A s p h a lt f e lt s a n d c o a tin g ( 1 2 / 7 5
1 0 0 ) .........................
1 6 6 .5
1 6 3 .2
1 6 6 .9
1 6 5 .1
1 6 4 .9
1 6 7 .4
1 6 6 .4
1 6 8 .0
1 6 8 .4
'1 6 8 6
1 6 5 .5
1 6 5 .9
1 6 9 .9
1 6 6 .9
3251
B r ic k a n d s t r u c t u r a l c la y t i l e ......................................................
3 3 2 .6
3 2 8 .3
3 3 2 .2
3 3 3 .8
3 3 4 .6
3 3 6 .4
3 3 6 .4
3 3 6 .4
3 3 8 .4
'3 3 9 7
3 4 1 .0
3 4 1 .3
3 4 1 .0
3 4 2 .2
3253
C e r a m ic w a l l a n d f l o o r t il e ( 1 2 / 7 5 =
.....................
1 4 5 .1
140 7
1 4 0 .7
1 4 2 .4
1 4 9 .6
149 6
149 6
1 4 9 .6
149 6
r 14 9 .6
1 4 6 .8
1 4 6 .8
1 4 6 .8
146 8
3255
C la y r e f r a c t o r i e s ...................................................................................
3 5 6 .1
3 5 1 .2
3 5 2 .2
3 5 2 .2
3 4 9 .4
352 1
354 4
3 5 5 .9
364 3
'3 6 6 . 6
368 6
369 3
3 6 9 .7
3 7 1 .4
3259
S t r u c t u r a l c la y p r o d u c t s , n . e . c .....................................................
230 4
2 1 5 .7
2 3 2 .7
2 3 4 .7
2 3 4 .7
234 8
234 9
234 9
2 3 5 .1
'2 3 5 . 0
2 3 5 .7
2 3 5 .6
2 3 2 .6
2 3 2 .9
3261
V i t r e o u s p l u m b i n g f i x t u r e s ..........................................................
278 1
2 7 5 .1
2 7 5 .3
2 7 6 .1
2 7 6 .9
2 7 7 .0
277 0
2 8 1 .3
2 8 3 .7
284 5
2 8 5 .4
2 8 5 .6
2 8 7 .0
290 1
3263
F in e e a r th e n w a r e f o o d u t e n s i l s ..................................................
3 6 5 .7
3 6 5 .9
3 6 6 .5
3 6 6 .5
3 6 6 .5
3 6 6 .5
3 6 6 .5
r3 6 8 5
3 6 6 .2
3 7 5 .9
381 4
3 7 3 .3
3269
P o tte ry p ro d u c ts , n .e .c . (1 2 /7 5
3274
L im e ( 1 2 /7 5
=
100)
=
100)
=
100)
365 8
3 6 5 .7
.........................
1 8 6 .2
1 8 6 .6
186 6
186 6
1 8 6 .6
186 6
186 6
1 8 6 .6
1 8 6 .6
r 1 8 9 .9
1 8 7 .0
1 8 8 .7
189 3
1 8 9 .1
.......................................................................
1 8 5 .8
1 8 5 .1
1 8 7 .8
1 8 5 .2
1 8 6 .2
1 8 7 .1
1 8 7 .6
1 8 6 .3
1 8 5 .9
r 1 8 2 .4
182 9
1 8 3 .0
1 8 4 .6
1 8 4 .2
2 0 5 .3
2 0 3 .6
2 0 3 .8
2 0 3 .6
2 0 3 .6
2 0 3 .7
2 0 3 .8
203 9
r 2 1 2 .8
2 1 2 .9
2 1 5 .4
2 2 0 .6
=
=
3297
N o n c la y r e f r a c t o r ie s ( 1 2 / 7 4
3482
S m a ll a r m s a m m u n it io n ( 1 2 / 7 5
3623
W e ld in g a p p a r a tu s , e l e c t r ic ( 1 2 / 7 2
100)
1 0 0 ) .....................................
=
3648
L ig h t in g e q u i p m e n t , n . e . c . ( 1 2 / 7 5
3671
E le c tr o n t u b e s , r e c e iv in g t y p e
3942
D o l ls ( 1 2 / 7 5
2 0 3 .8
2 1 3 .1
1 0 0 ) .............................
1 8 2 .5
1 8 1 .6
1 8 1 .6
1 8 1 .6
1 8 1 .6
1 8 1 .6
1 8 1 .6
1 8 1 .6
1 8 1 .6
'1 8 1 . 6
1 8 7 .6
196 6
196 6
196 6
=
2 4 1 .9
2 4 3 .4
2 4 3 .3
2 4 3 .1
2 4 2 .3
2 4 3 .5
2 4 3 .5
2 4 3 .6
243 9
'2 4 3 . 9
2 3 9 .7
241 0
2 4 1 .7
2 4 2 .2
1 0 0 ) .....................
1 0 0 ) .....................
1 7 2 .8
1 7 1 .6
1 7 2 .6
1 7 2 .6
1 7 3 .1
173 4
1 7 3 .4
1 7 3 .5
173 7
1 7 3 .9
1 7 2 .6
1 7 3 .5
1 7 3 .5
184 8
..................................................
435 4
4 3 1 .9
432 1
432 1
432 2
4 3 2 .5
432 5
4 3 2 .8
432 9
'4 3 2 9
469 8
490 4
4 9 0 .7
4 9 0 .9
1 0 0 ) .......................................................................
1 3 7 .4
1 3 6 .8
1 3 7 .7
1 3 7 .7
1 3 7 .7
1 3 7 .7
1 3 7 .7
1 3 7 .7
1 3 7 .7
'1 3 7 . 7
1 3 7 .3
1 3 7 .2
1 3 7 .4
1 3 7 .4
3944
G a m e s , t o y s , a n d c h i ld r e n 's v e h i c l e s .................................
2 3 7 .3
2 4 1 .8
2 4 2 .2
2 4 2 .2
2 4 2 .2
2 3 6 .1
2 3 6 .2
=
=
3955
C a r b o n p a p e r a n d in k e d r ib b o n s ( 1 2 / 7 5
3995
B u r ia l c a s k e ts ( 6 / 7 6
3996
H a r d s u r fa c e f l o o r c o v e r in g s ( 1 2 / 7 5
=
=
100)
. . .
1 0 0 ) ......................................................
=
1 0 0 ) .................
236 3
2 3 6 .4
'2 3 6 2
2 3 2 .0
2 3 5 .4
2 3 6 .5
235 9
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .2
139 2
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .3
1 3 9 .3
1 3 9 .3
1 4 4 .3
149 0
1 4 9 .1
1 5 3 .5
1 5 2 .1
1 5 2 .1
1 5 2 .1
1 5 2 .1
1 5 5 .4
1 5 5 .4
155 4
1 5 6 .0
156 0
1 5 6 .0
1 5 6 .0
1 5 7 .2
1 5 7 .3
1 6 1 .3
1 5 9 .2
1 5 9 .7
1 5 9 .6
1 5 9 .6
1 6 2 .2
163 4
1 6 3 .5
1 6 5 .5
163 5
1 6 3 .5
1 6 5 .2
165 2
165 2
'D a t a f o r N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e f l e c t th e a v a ila b i lity o f la te r e p o r ts a n d c o r r e c ti o n s
b y r e s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a ta a re s u b je c t t o r e v is i o n 4 m o n t h s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b l ic a t io n .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r = r e v is e d .
89
PRODUCTIVITY DATA
P r o d u c t iv it y d a t a are compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
from establishment data and from measures of compensation and
output supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the
Federal Reserve Board.
Definitions
Output is the constant dollar gross product produced by the particular
sector. Output per hour of all persons (labor productivity) measures the
value o f goods and services in constant prices produced per hour of labor.
Output per unit of capital services (capital productivity) measures the
value o f goods and services in constant dollars per unit of capital services
input.
Multifactor productivity measures the output per unit of combined
labor and capital input. The traditional measure of output per hour reflects
changes in capital per hour and a combination of other factors— such as,
changes in technology, shifts in the composition of the labor force, changes
in capacity utilization, research and development, skill and efforts of the
work force, management, and so forth. The multifactor productivity meas
ure differs from the familiar bls measure of output per hour of all persons
in that it excludes the effects of the substitution of capital for labor.
Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of employees plus
employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans.
The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplementary
payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in
which there are no self-employed. Real compensation per hour is com
pensation per hour adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban
Consumers.
Unit labor costs measure the labor compensation costs required to
produce a unit o f output and is derived by dividing compensation by output.
Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest, and in
direct taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting com
pensation of all persons from current dollar gross product and dividing by
output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor
payments except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits and
the value of inventory adjustments per unit of output.
The implicit price deflator is the price index for the gross product of
the sector reported. It is derived by dividing the current dollar gross product
by the constant dollar figures.
Hours of all persons measures the labor input of payroll workers, selfemployed persons, and unpaid family workers. Output per all employee
90
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
hour describes labor productivity in nonfinancial corporations where there
are no self-employed. The capital services input index used in the mul
tifactor productivity computation is developed by b l s from measures of
the net stock of physical assets—equipment, structures, land, and inven
tories— weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. Combined units
of labor and capital input are computed by combining changes in labor
and capital inputs with weights which represent each component’s share
of total output. The indexes for capital services and combined units of
labor and capital are based on changing weights which are averages of the
shares in the current and preceding year (the Tomquist index-number
formula).
Notes on the data
In the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the output meas
ure employed in the computation of output per hour is constructed from
Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product. Multifactor
productivity measures (table 28) for the p riv a te business and p riv a te non
farm business sectors differ from the business and nonfarm business sector
measures used in the traditional labor productivity indexes (tables 2 9 -3 2 )
in that they exclude the activities of government enterprises. There is no
difference in the sector definition for manufacturing.
Output measures for the business sectors are derived from data supplied
by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, and
the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes are
adjusted by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics to annual estimates o f output
(gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Com
pensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the
Bureau of Economic Analysis.
The productivity and associated cost measures in the tables describe the
relationship between output in real terms and the labor time and capital
services involved in its production. They show the changes from period
to period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit o f input.
Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they
do not measure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific
factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influences,
including changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; uti
lization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of production;
managerial skill; and the characteristics and efforts of the work force. For
a more complete description of the methodology underlying the multifactor
productivity measures, see Bulletin 2178, "Trends in Multifactor Produc
tivity. 1948-81" (September 1983).
28. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years, 1948-82
[1977 = 100]
1982
98 8
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .1
9 5 .5
9 5 .8
1974
1975
1976
1978
8 6 .1
9 4 .7
9 2 .4
9 4 .5
9 7 .6
1 0 0 .6
9 9 .3
9 8 .5
1 0 3 .0
9 6 .5
9 2 .0
9 6 .1
1 0 1 .8
1 0 0 .3
1 0 1 .0
9 9 .7
9 7 .7
9 9 .3
9 7 .5
1 0 5 .5
1 0 7 .9
1 0 6 .4
109 8
1 0 6 .6
1950
1960
1970
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ......................................
4 5 .3
4 9 .7
6 4 .8
O u t p u t p e r u n i t o f c a p ita l s e r v i c e s .............................
9 9 .0
9 8 .6
9 8 .5
1979
1981
1973
1948
R an
1980
P R IV A T E B U S IN E S S S E C T O R
P r o d u c t iv it y :
M u l t i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y ......................................................
6 0 .0
6 3 .6
7 5 .4
9 0 .2
9 7 .5
9 3 .8
9 3 .6
9 7 .1
O u t p u t ....................................................................................................
3 6 .8
3 9 .5
5 3 .3
7 8 .3
9 1 .8
8 9 .9
8 8 .0
9 3 .7
9 0 .9
9 0 .9
In p u t s :
H o u r s o f a ll p e r s o n s ..............................................................
C a p ita l s e r v ic e s
.......................................................................
C o m b i n e d u n it s o f la b o r a n d c a p ita l in p u t
C a p ita l p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
P R IV A T E N O N F A R M
. . . .
..........................................
7 9 .5
8 2 .2
9 5 .9
1 0 4 .9
1 0 8 .6
1 0 7 .7
1 0 8 .4
1 0 5 .4
3 7 .2
4 0 .1
5 4 .1
7 9 .4
8 9 .1
9 3 .1
9 5 .7
9 7 .5
1 0 3 .6
1 0 7 .5
1 1 1 .4
1 1 4 .6
1 1 7 .3
6 1 .3
6 2 .1
7 0 .7
8 6 .8
9 4 .1
95 8
9 4 .0
9 6 .5
1 0 4 .4
1 0 8 .2
108 9
1 1 0 .5
1 0 9 .4
4 5 .7
5 0 .4
65 8
8 7 .4
9 2 .0
9 5 .8
1 0 2 .8
1 0 1 .6
9 8 .8
99 0
1 0 3 .4
1 0 5 .7
1 1 1 .3
1 0 0 .2
8 1 .3
96 9
9 7 .2
9 3 .1
B U S IN E S S S E C T O R
P r o d u c t iv it y :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ......................................
5 1 .2
5 5 .6
6 7 .9
8 6 .8
9 5 .3
92 9
9 4 .7
9 7 .8
100 6
99 0
983
1 0 0 .2
O u t p u t p e r u n i t o f c a p ita l s e r v i c e s .............................
9 7 .9
9 8 .2
9 8 .4
9 8 .6
1 0 3 .2
9 6 .5
9 1 .7
9 6 .1
1 0 1 .9
1 0 0 .1
9 5 .2
9 5 .0
M u l t i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y ......................................................
6 4 .6
6 8 .1
7 7 .6
9 0 .6
9 7 .9
9 4 .1
93 6
9 7 .2
1 0 1 .1
9 9 .4
9 7 .3
9 8 .4
9 6 .6
7 7 .8
9 1 .7
8 9 .7
8 7 .6
93 6
1 0 5 .7
1 0 8 .0
1 0 6 .4
1 0 9 .3
106 2
O u t p u t ....................................................................................................
3 5 .6
3 8 .3
5 2 .3
9 0 .1
I n p u ts :
H o u r s o f a ll p e r s o n s ...............................................................
6 9 .6
6 9 .0
7 7 .0
8 9 .7
96 2
9 6 .6
9 2 .5
95 7
1 0 5 .1
1 0 9 .0
108 2
109 0
C a p ita l s e r v ic e s
3 6 .4
3 9 .0
5 3 .2
7 8 .9
88 8
9 3 .0
9 5 .6
9 7 .4
1 0 3 .7
1 0 7 .9
1 1 1 .7
1 1 5 .1
118 0
1 0 4 .6
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .4
1 1 1 .0
110 0
99 0
1 0 3 .2
1 0 5 .5
1 1 1 .2
.......................................................................
5 5 .2
5 6 .3
6 7 .4
8 5 .9
9 3 .6
9 5 .4
9 3 .6
9 6 .3
..........................................
5 2 .3
5 6 .6
69 0
8 8 .0
9 2 .3
9 6 .3
1 0 3 .4
1 0 1 .8
C o m b i n e d u n it s o f la b o r a n d c a p ita l in p u t
C a p ita l p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
. . . .
9 8 .7
1 0 6 .0
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
P r o d u c t iv it y :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ......................................
4 5 .1
4 9 .4
6 0 .0
7 9 .1
93 0
9 0 .8
9 3 .4
9 7 .5
1 0 0 .8
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .7
1 0 5 .3
106 5
O u t p u t p e r u n it o f c a p ita l s e r v i c e s .............................
9 3 .9
9 4 .5
8 8 .0
9 1 .8
108 2
9 9 .6
8 9 .4
9 6 .1
1 0 1 .5
9 9 .5
9 0 .7
90 2
8 2 .7
M u l t i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y ......................................................
5 6 .1
5 9 .9
6 7 .0
8 2 .3
9 6 .8
9 3 .0
92 2
9 7 .1
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .0
98 7
1 0 1 .2
99 9
O u t p u t .....................................................................................................
3 5 .8
3 8 .6
5 0 .7
7 7 .0
9 5 .9
9 1 .9
8 5 .4
93 6
1 0 5 .3
1 0 8 .2
1 0 3 .5
1 0 6 .5
9 9 .1
I n p u ts :
H o u r s o f a ll p e r s o n s ..............................................................
7 9 .4
7 8 .2
8 4 .4
9 7 .3
1 0 3 .2
1 0 1 .2
9 1 .4
9 5 .9
1 0 4 .5
1 0 6 .6
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .2
9 3 .0
C a p ita l s e r v ic e s
38 1
4 0 .9
5 7 .5
8 3 .9
8 8 .6
9 2 .2
95 5
9 7 .4
1 0 3 .8
1 0 8 .8
1 1 4 .1
1 1 8 .0
1 1 9 .9
6 3 .8
6 4 .6
7 5 .6
9 3 .6
9 9 .1
9 8 .8
9 2 .6
9 6 .4
1 0 4 .3
1 0 7 .2
1 0 4 .8
1 0 5 .2
99 2
4 8 .0
5 2 .3
6 8 .2
8 6 .2
85 9
9 1 .1
1 0 4 .4
1 0 1 .5
99 3
1 0 2 .1
1 1 2 .1
1 1 6 .7
1 2 8 .8
1981
1982
1983
103 8
.......................................................................
C o m b i n e d u n it s o f la b o r a n d c a p ita l in p u t
C a p ita l p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
29.
. . .
..........................................
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-83
[1 9 7 7 =
100]
Ite m
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1978
5 0 .4
5 8 .3
65 2
7 8 .3
86 2
9 4 .5
9 7 .6
1 0 0 .6
9 9 .4
98 9
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .2
2 0 .0
26 4
3 3 .9
4 1 ,7
5 8 .2
8 5 .5
9 2 .9
1 0 8 .6
1 1 8 .7
1 3 1 .2
1 4 3 .9
1 5 5 .1
5 0 .5
59 6
6 9 .5
8 0 .1
90 8
96 3
98 9
100 9
9 9 .1
96 5
9 5 .9
9 7 .4
9 9 .2
5 2 .1
53 3
6 7 .5
90 5
9 5 .1
1 0 8 .0
1 1 9 .5
132 7
1 4 2 .1
1 5 3 .3
1 5 7 .1
5 7 .6
63 2
9 0 .4
94 0
1 0 6 .7
1 1 2 .8
1 1 9 .0
1 3 6 .2
136 9
1 4 5 .8
1950
1979
1980
B u s in e s s s e c t o r :
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s .....................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ..........................................
1 6 3 .1
U n i t la b o r c o s t s .......................................................................
39 8
4 5 .2
U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ......................................................
4 3 .4
4 7 .6
50 6
I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r ...........................................................
4 1 .0
46 0
5 1 .6
5 4 .7
6 6 .0
9 0 .4
9 4 .7
1 0 7 .5
1 1 7 .2
1 2 8 .1
1 4 0 .1
1 4 7 .7
1 5 3 .3
5 6 .3
6 2 .7
6 8 .3
8 0 .5
8 6 .8
9 4 .7
9 7 .8
1 0 0 .6
9 9 .1
9 8 .4
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .2
103 4
8 6 .0
9 3 .0
N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c t o r :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ......................................
5 8 .7
1 0 8 .6
1 1 8 .4
1 3 0 .7
1 4 3 .5
1 5 4 .7
163 4
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ......................................................
2 1 .8
28 3
3 5 .7
42 8
R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
5 5 .0
6 4 .0
73 0
82 2
9 1 .5
96 8
9 9 .0
1 0 0 .9
98 9
9 6 .1
95 6
9 7 .1
99 4
9 0 .8
9 5 .1
108 0
1 1 9 .5
1 3 2 .8
1 4 3 .0
1 5 4 .4
1 5 8 .1
88 5
9 3 .5
1 0 5 .3
1 1 0 ,4
1 1 8 .5
1 3 5 .0
1 3 7 .0
1 4 6 .2
..........................................
U n i t la b o r c o s t s .......................................................................
3 8 .8
4 5 .1
5 2 .3
53 2
6 7 .6
U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ......................................................
4 2 .7
4 7 .8
5 0 .4
5 8 .0
6 3 .8
I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r ...........................................................
4 0 .1
4 6 .0
5 1 .6
5 4 .8
66 3
9 0 .0
9 4 .6
1 0 7 .1
1 1 6 .5
1 2 8 .1
1 4 0 .4
1 4 8 .6
154 2
8 7 .4
9 5 .5
98 2
100 9
1 0 0 .7
9 9 .8
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .8
1 0 6 .1
162 3
N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a t i o n s :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ......................................
<1 )
( 1)
6 8 .0
8 1 .9
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ......................................................
<1 )
( 1>
3 7 .0
4 3 .9
5 9 .4
8 6 .1
9 2 .9
108 5
1 1 8 .7
1 3 0 .9
1 4 3 .6
154 8
R ea l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
..........................................
<1 )
( 1)
7 5 .8
8 4 .3
9 2 .7
96 9
98 9
1 0 0 .7
9 9 .1
9 6 .3
95 7
9 7 .2
9 8 .7
U n i t la b o r c o s t s .......................................................................
<1)
<1 )
5 4 .4
5 3 .5
6 8 .0
9 0 .2
9 4 .6
1 0 7 .5
1 1 7 .8
1 3 1 .2
1 4 0 .3
1 5 0 .6
1 5 3 .0
60 8
6 3 .1
90 8
9 5 .0
1 0 4 .2
1 0 6 .9
1 1 7 .4
1 3 4 .4
1 3 7 .6
1 4 8 .4
5 6 .1
6 6 .3
9 0 .4
9 4 .7
1 0 6 .4
1 1 4 .1
1 2 6 .4
1 3 6 .3
1 4 6 .1
1 5 1 .4
1 1 3 .4
U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ......................................................
(1>
<1 )
5 4 .6
I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r ..........................................................
(1)
(1)
54 5
M a n u f a c t u r in g :
5 6 .4
60 0
100 8
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .7
1 0 5 .3
106 5
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ......................................................
2 1 .5
2 8 .8
3 6 .7
4 2 .8
5 7 .6
8 5 .4
9 2 .3
108 3
118 8
1 3 2 .7
1 4 5 .8
1 5 8 .2
1 6 7 .1
R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
..........................................
5 4 .0
6 5 .1
7 5 .1
82 3
8 9 .8
9 6 .2
9 8 .3
1 0 0 .6
9 9 .2
9 7 .6
9 7 .2
9 9 .3
1 0 1 .6
U n i t l a b o r c o s t s .......................................................................
4 3 .4
5 1 .0
6 1 .1
5 7 .5
7 2 .7
9 1 .5
9 4 .6
1 0 7 ,4
1 1 7 .0
1 3 0 .5
1 3 8 .5
148 5
1 4 7 .3
U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ......................................................
5 4 .3
5 8 .5
6 1 .1
6 9 .3
6 5 .0
8 7 .3
9 3 .7
1 0 2 .5
99 9
9 7 .7
1 1 0 .2
1 0 9 .2
P (1 )
I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r ..........................................................
4 6 .6
5 3 .2
6 1 .1
6 1 .0
7 0 .5
9 0 .3
9 4 .4
1 0 6 .0
1 1 2 .0
1 2 0 .9
1 3 0 .2
1 3 7 .0
P (1 )
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ......................................
1 N o t a v a ila b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4 9 .4
7 4 .5
7 9 .1
9 3 .4
9 7 .5
r = r e v is e d .
p = p r e lim in a r y .
91
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity
30.
Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1972-83
Annual r a il
Year
o f c h a n t«
I te m
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1 9 S O -8 3
1 9 7 2 -1 3
B u s in e s s s e c t o r :
.....................
2 .6
-2 .4
2 .2
3 .3
2 .4
0 .6
-1 .2
- 0 .5
2 .4
2 .6
2 .2
1 .1
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .....................................
8 .0
9 .4
9 .6
8 .6
7 .7
8 .6
9 .4
1 0 .5
9 .7
7 .7
5 .2
6 .6
8 .6
R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
1 .6
-1 .4
0 .5
2 .6
1 .2
0 .9
-1 .7
- 2 .6
-0 .6
1 .5
1 .9
2 .1
0 .3
5 .3
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
U n i t la b o r c o s t s
.........................
......................................................
-0 .1
1 2 .1
7 .3
8 .0
1 0 .7
1 1 .1
7 .1
7 .9
2 .5
4 .3
7 .4
U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ......................................
5 .9
4 .4
1 5 .1
4 .0
6 .4
6 .7
5 .8
5 .5
1 4 .4
0 .5
6 .5
3 .7
r6 . 8
I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f la t o r
5 .5
9 .5
9 .8
4 .7
5 .6
7 .5
9 .0
9 .2
9 .4
5 .4
3 .8
4 .1
7 .2
-1 .5
-0 .7
..........................................
5 .1
5 .1
N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c t o r :
.....................
2 .4
- 2 .5
2 .0
3 .2
2 .2
0 .6
3 .1
1 .9
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ......................................
7 .6
9 .4
9 .6
8 .1
7 .5
8 .6
9 .0
1 0 .4
9 .8
7 .8
5 .6
6 .3
8 .6
R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
.........................
1 .3
-1 .4
0 .4
2 .2
1 .0
0 .9
-2 .0
- 2 .8
-0 .6
1 .6
2 .3
1 .8
r0 . 3
......................................................
5 .0
1 2 .2
1 0 .7
7 .9
2 .4
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
U n i t la b o r c o s t s
1 .9
- 0 .1
1 .0
7 .5
4 .8
5 .2
8 .0
1 1 .1
7 .7
4 .3
7 .5
U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s .....................................
1 .3
5 .9
1 6 .7
5 .7
6 .9
5 .3
4 .8
7 .4
1 3 .9
1 .4
6 .8
3 .8
6 .8
I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f la t o r
..........................................
3 .8
1 0 .2
1 0 .3
5 .1
5 .7
7 .1
8 .8
1 0 .0
9 .6
5 .8
3 .8
4 .2
7 .3
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p l o y e e s .................
2 .4
-3 .7
2 .9
2 .9
1 .8
0 .9
-0 .2
-0 .9
2 .5
0 .5
3 .2
( 1)
1 .1
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ......................................
7 .5
9 .4
9 .6
7 .9
7 .6
8 .5
9 .4
1 0 .3
9 .7
7 .8
4 .9
(1)
8 .4
R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
.........................
1 .2
-1 .5
0 .4
2 .0
1 .1
0 .7
-1 .7
- 2 .8
- 0 .6
1 .6
1 .6
N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a t i o n s :
( 1)
0 .2
......................................................
4 .9
1 3 .6
6 .5
4 .9
5 .7
7 .5
9 .6
1 1 .3
7 .0
7 .3
1 .6
( 1)
7 .2
U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s .....................................
1 .5
7 .1
2 0 .1
4 .6
5 .3
4 .2
2 .6
9 .8
1 4 .5
2 .4
7 .8
(1)
7 .1
I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f la t o r
3 .8
1 1 .4
1 0 .9
4 .8
5 .6
6 .4
7 .2
1 0 .8
9 .4
5 .7
r3 .6
<1 )
7 .2
U n i t la b o r c o s t s
..........................................
M a n u fa c tu r in g :
.....................
5 .4
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .....................................
7 .2
1 0 .6
0 .9
-0 .3
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
.........................
- 2 .4
r2 .9
4 .4
2 .5
0 .8
0 .7
0 .2
3 .5
1 .2
6 .5
2 .5
2 .3
1 1 .9
8 .0
8 .3
8 .3
9 .7
1 1 .7
9 .9
8 .5
5 .6
6 .4
9 .1
0 .6
-1 .4
-1 .6
-0 .4
0 .8
2 .5
2 .1
1 .8
2 .2
2 .3
1 .9
......................................................
1 .7
1 3 .3
8 .8
3 .4
5 .7
7 .4
1 1 .5
6 .1
7 .2
-0 .8
3 .8
U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s .....................................
-3 .3
-1 .8
2 5 .9
7 .4
6 .7
2 .5
-2 .6
-2 .2
1 2 .8
- 0 .9
<1 )
2 .2
4 .1
0 .3
9 .0
1 3 .1
4 ,6
6 .0
6 .0
5 .7
7 .9
7 ,7
5 .2
( 1)
3 .4
6 .5
U n i t la b o r c o s t s
I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f la t o r
..........................................
1 N o t a v a ila b le .
31.
r =
9 0
6 .6
r e v is e d .
Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted
[1 9 7 7 =
100]
Q u a r t e r ly in d e x e s
A nnual
av e ra g e
Ite m
1982
1981
1983
II
III
1982
IV
I
II
1983
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
B u s in e s s s e c t o r :
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
.................................
1 0 1 .2
1 0 3 .8
1 0 1 .1
102 3
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .1
1 0 0 .7
1 0 1 .1
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .5
103 9
1 0 4 .2
104 8
..................................................
1 5 5 .1
1 6 3 .1
1 4 2 .2
1 4 5 .5
1 4 8 .2
1 5 1 .6
153 9
156 5
1 5 8 .7
1 6 0 .7
1 6 2 .1
1 6 3 .6
1 6 6 .3
R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r .........................................
97 4
9 6 .0
9 5 .6
9 5 .8
9 7 .1
97 3
9 7 .2
9 8 .1
99 4
99 2
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
99 2
9 9 .0
99 6
U n it la b o r c o s t s .......................................................................
153 3
1 5 7 .1
1 4 0 .7
142 3
1 4 6 .4
1 4 9 .9
152 9
1 5 4 .7
155 6
1 5 6 .9
1 5 6 .0
1 5 6 .9
158 7
U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n ts
..................................................
136 9
145 8
133 4
1 3 9 .9
1 4 0 .2
137 0
137 0
136 3
1 3 7 .4
1 4 0 .8
1 4 5 .7
1 4 7 .6
148 6
I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r ..........................................................
1 4 7 .7
1 5 3 .3
138 2
1 4 1 .5
1 4 4 .3
1 4 5 .5
1 4 7 .5
1 4 8 .5
1 4 9 .4
1 5 1 .5
1 5 2 .5
153 8
1 5 5 .3
.................................
100 2
1 0 3 .4
1 0 0 .1
1 0 1 .1
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .0
99 9
1 0 0 .4
100 8
1 0 1 .7
103 5
1 0 4 .0
1 0 4 .3
..................................................
1 5 4 .7
1 6 3 .4
1 4 1 .8
1 4 5 .1
1 4 7 .7
1 5 1 .3
153 5
1 5 6 .1
1 5 8 .3
1 6 1 .0
1 6 2 .7
1 6 4 .2
1 6 6 .0
R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ..........................................
9 7 .1
9 9 .4
95 7
9 5 .3
N o n fa r m b u s in e s s s e c t o r :
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
9 5 .5
9 6 .9
9 7 .0
9 7 .0
97 9
99 5
99 5
99 4
9 9 .4
U n i t la b o r c o s t s .......................................................................
1 5 4 .4
1 5 8 .1
1 4 1 .6
1 4 3 .5
1 4 7 .8
1 5 1 .3
153 6
155 4
1 5 7 .1
1 5 8 .3
1 5 7 .2
1 5 7 .8
1 5 9 .2
U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n ts
..................................................
1 3 7 .0
1 4 6 .2
1 3 2 .2
1 3 8 .3
1 3 9 .5
1 3 6 .4
137 7
1 3 6 .5
1 3 7 .2
1 4 0 .7
1 4 5 .7
148 3
1 4 9 .9
I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r ..........................................................
1 5 6 .1
1 4 8 .6
1 5 4 .2
1 3 8 .4
1 4 1 ,8
1 4 5 .0
1 4 6 .4
1 4 8 .3
1 4 9 .1
1 5 0 .5
1 5 2 .4
1 5 3 .4
1 5 4 .7
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p l o y e e s .............................
1 0 2 .8
1 0 6 .1
1 0 2 .1
1 0 3 .0
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .4
102 3
1 0 3 .2
1 0 3 .4
1 0 4 .3
1 0 5 .9
1 0 7 .0
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
..................................................
1 5 4 .8
1 6 2 .3
142 0
145 0
1 4 7 .8
1 5 1 .7
1 5 3 .7
1 5 6 .1
1 5 8 .1
160 4
1 6 1 .6
162 8
( ')
R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r .........................................
97 2
9 8 .7
95 8
9 5 .2
9 5 .5
9 7 .1
9 7 .1
9 6 .9
97 8
9 9 .2
98 8
98 6
( 1)
1 5 6 .7
N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a t i o n s :
( 1)
T o ta l u n it c o s t s ......................................................................
1 5 3 .5
1 5 5 .4
1 4 1 .1
1 5 5 .3
1 5 4 .5
U n i t la b o r c o s t s ..........................................................
150 6
153 0
1 3 9 .0
1 4 0 .7
1 4 4 .6
1 4 8 .1
1 5 0 .2
1 5 1 ,1
1 5 2 .9
1 5 3 .9
1 5 2 .5
1 5 2 .1
( 1)
U n i t n o n l a b o r c o s t s ..................................................
1 6 1 .8
162 3
1 4 7 .0
1 5 1 .9
156 6
1 5 8 .9
1 6 1 .2
1 6 1 .3
1 6 5 .9
1 6 4 .7
1 6 3 .1
1 6 1 .2
<1 )
...............................................................................
8 8 .9
1 2 0 .3
1 0 0 .3
1 0 8 .6
1 0 4 .2
90 8
9 0 .3
9 1 .2
8 3 .0
9 6 .1
1 1 5 .0
1 3 1 .5
(1 )
I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r ..........................................................
1 4 6 .1
1 5 1 .4
136 4
139 6
1 4 2 .7
1 4 4 .0
1 4 5 .9
1 4 6 .6
1 4 7 .9
1 4 9 .7
1 5 0 .7
1 5 1 .8
<1 )
1 1 7 .1
U n it p r o fits
143 6
1 4 7 .7
1 5 0 .9
1 5 3 .1
1 5 3 .8
1 5 6 .3
( 1)
M a n u fa c tu r in g :
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
.................................
1 0 6 .5
1 1 3 .4
105 4
1 0 6 .1
1 0 4 .4
1 0 5 .1
1 0 5 .3
107 8
1 0 8 .1
1 1 0 .2
1 1 2 .6
1 1 5 .9
..................................................
1 5 8 .2
1 6 7 .1
1 4 4 .3
1 4 7 .0
1 5 0 .5
1 5 5 .1
1 5 7 .1
1 5 9 .6
1 6 1 .4
1 6 5 .5
1 6 6 .4
1 6 7 .5
R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ..........................................
9 9 .3
1 0 1 .6
9 7 .4
9 6 .6
97 2
9 9 .4
99 3
9 9 .1
99 8
1 0 2 .3
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .3
U n i t la b o r c o s t s .......................................................................
1 4 8 .5
147 3
1 3 6 .9
1 3 8 .5
1 4 4 .1
1 4 7 .6
1 4 9 .1
1 4 8 .1
1 4 9 .3
1 5 0 .2
1 4 7 .8
144 5
1 4 4 .5
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r
1 N o t a v a ila b le .
92
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 6 9 .1
32. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices,
seasonally adjusted at annual rate
Q u a r te r ly p e r c e n t c h a n g e a t a n n u a l r a te
P e rc e n t c h a n g e tro m s a m e q u a rte r a y e a r a g o
I1 1982
III 1 9 8 2
IV 1 9 8 2
11983
I1 1 9 8 3
III 1 9 8 2
III 1 9 8 1
IV 1 9 8 1
11982
I1 19 82
III 1 9 8 2
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
III 1 9 8 2
IV 1 9 8 2
11983
I1 19 83
III 1 9 8 3
IV 1 9 8 3
III 1 9 8 2
IV 1 9 8 2
11983
111983
III 1 9 8 3
IV 1 9 8 3
IV 1 9 8 2
B u s in e s s s e c t o r :
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s .........................
1 .7
3 .3
2 .0
1 .2
2 .2
0 .7
1 .3
3 .2
3 .1
2 .8
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ..........................................
6 .7
5 .7
5 .4
3 .5
3 .6
7 .0
7 .5
7 .1
6 .1
5 .3
4 .5
4 .8
R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r .............................
0 .4
4 .1
5 .0
- 0 .8
0 .6
2 .4
1 .6
2 .5
2 .4
1 .9
1 .9
1 .5
U n i t la b o r c o s t s ..........................................................
5 .0
2 .3
3 .3
- 2 .2
2 .3
4 .7
8 .7
6 .3
4 .7
2 .1
1 .4
2 .0
U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n ts
5 .9
-1 .1
.....................................
-2 .0
3 .2
1 0 .5
1 4 .4
5 .4
2 .8
-2 .6
- 2 .0
2 .8
6 .3
8 .3
r8 .2
I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r ..............................................
2 .7
2 6
5 .5
2 .8
3 .3
4 .1
4 .9
3 .5
4 .1
3 .4
3 .6
r3 9
1 .3
3 .7
0 .8
N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c t o r :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s .........................
0 .9
-0 .6
1 .7
3 .6
3 .6
3 .5
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ..........................................
7 .2
5 .8
6 .8
4 .3
3 .8
4 .4
7 .6
7 .2
6 .4
6 .0
5 .2
4 .8
R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r .............................
- 0 .0
4 .1
6 .5
0 .0
- 0 .3
- 0 .0
1 .7
2 .6
2 .7
2 .6
2 .5
U n i t la b o r c o s t s ..........................................................
4 .7
4 .4
3 .0
- 2 .6
1 .5
3 .5
8 .3
6 .3
4 .6
2 .3
1 .5
1 .3
-3 .4
2 .0
10 6
1 5 .2
7 .3
4 .2
- 1 .3
-1 .6
3 .1
5 .9
8 .6
9 .2
3 .7
U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n ts
.....................................
2 .3
7 .1
2 .3
1 .5
2 .2
3 .7
5 .3
2 .7
3 .3
3 .7
5 .2
3 .7
4 .1
3 .4
3 .7
3 .8
0 .6
3 .4
6 .5
4 .2
(1)
0 .2
1 .2
1 .8
3 .6
3 .7
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ..........................................
6 .4
5 .4
6 .0
2 .9
<1)
7 .6
7 .0
5 .8
5 .2
4 .3
<1 )
R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r .............................
- 0 .8
3 .8
5 .6
- 1 .4
( 1)
1 .7
2 .4
2 .1
1 .8
1 .7
<1 )
I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r ..............................................
N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a t i o n s :
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p lo y e e s
.................
3 .0
-1 .1
(1)
......................................................
1 .8
6 .7
1 .0
-3 .5
-2 .1
<1 )
7 .1
5 .8
3 .8
1 .4
0 4
(1)
..................................................
2 .4
4 .8
2 .5
-3 .4
-1 .1
( 1)
7 .4
5 .7
3 .9
1 .5
0 .6
<1 )
..........................................
0 .1
1 1 .9
-2 .8
-3 .8
-4 .7
( 1>
6 .2
6 .0
3 .7
1 .2
...................................................................
3 .8
- 3 1 .4
7 9 .9
1 0 4 .7
7 1 .0
I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r ..............................................
1 .9
3 .6
5 .1
2 .5
3 .1
9 .6
1 .2
8 .0
9 .0
1 2 .2
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ..........................................
6 .5
4 .5
1 0 .7
2 .1
-2 .7
R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r .............................
- 0 .6
2 .9
1 0 .3
-2 .2
U n i t la b o r c o s t s ..........................................................
- 2 .8
3 .3
2 .5
-6 .4
T o t a l u n it s c o s t s
U n i t la b o r c o s t s
U n it n o n la b o r c o s ts
U n it p r o fits
-1 6 .1
-0 .1
(1)
- 2 0 .3
5 .8
2 7 .3
44 2
(1)
(1)
5 .0
3 .6
4 .0
3 .3
3 .6
<1 )
4 .2
1 .6
3 .5
4 .8
6 .9
7 .5
8 .3
4 .8
(1)
M a n u f a c t u r in g :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s .........................
1 N o t a v a ila b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 .4
-8 .4
r =
4 .0
8 .6
7 .3
6 .7
5 .9
4 .9
-0 .4
2 .6
2 .7
3 .0
2 .5
2 .3
1 .5
-0 .2
6 .9
- 3 .6
1 .8
-0 .9
-2 .4
-3 .2
r e v is e d .
93
WAGE AND COMPENSATION DATA
for the e m p l o y m e n t c o st in d e x are reported to the Bureau
of Labor Statistics by a sample of 2,000 private nonfarm estab
lishments and 750 State and local government units selected to
represent total employment in those sectors. On average, each
reporting unit provides wage and compensation information on
five well-specified occupations.
D ata
Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes are obtained from
contracts on file at the Bureau, direct contact with the parties, and
secondary sources.
Definitions
The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the average
change in the cost of employing labor. The rate of total compensation,
which comprises wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee ben
efits, is collected for workers performing specified tasks. Employment in
each occupation is held constant over time for all series produced in the
ECI, except those by region, bargaining status, and area. As a consequence,
only changes in compensation are measured. Industry and occupational
employment data from the 1970 Census of Population are used in deriving
constant weights for the ECI. While holding total industry and occupational
employment fixed, in the estimation of indexes by region, bargaining
status, and area, the employment in those measures is allowed to vary over
time in accord with changes in the sample. The rate of change (in percent)
is available for wages and salaries, as well as for total compensation. Data
are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey months
of March, June, September, and December. The statistics are neither an
nualized nor adjusted for seasonal influence.
Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, ex
cluding premium pay for overtime, work on weekends and holidays, and
shift differentials. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions,
and cost-of-living adjustments are included; nonproduction bonuses are
included with other supplemental pay items in the benefits category; and
payments-in-kind, free room and board, and tips are excluded. Benefits
include supplemental pay, insurance, retirement and savings plans, and
hours-related and legally required benefits.
Data on negotiated wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry
collective bargaining agreements covering 1.000 workers or more. Data
on compensation changes apply only to those agreements covering 5,000
workers or more. F irst-yea r wage or compensation changes refer to average
negotiated changes for workers covered by settlements reached in the period
94
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and implemented within the first 12 months after the effective date o f the
agreement. C h an ges o v e r the life o f the agreem en t refer to all adjustments
specified in the contract, expressed as an average annual rate. These meas
ures exclude wage changes that may occur under cost-of-living adjustment
clauses, that are triggered by movements in the Consumer Price Index.
W age-rate changes are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earn
ings; com pen sation changes are expressed as a percent of total wages and
benefits.
Effective wage adjustments reflect all negotiated changes implemented
in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. They include
changes from settlements reached during the period, changes deferred from
contracts negotiated in an earlier period, and cost-of-living adjustments.
The data also reflect contracts providing for no wage adjustment in the
period. Effective adjustments and each of their components are prorated
over all workers in bargaining units with at least 1,000 workers.
Notes on the data
The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quarter of
1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private
nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee benefits were in
cluded in 1980, to produce a measure of the percent change in employers’
cost for em ployees’ total compensation. State and local government units
were added to the ECI coverage in 1981, providing a measure of total
compensation change in the civilian nonfarm economy.
Data for the broad white-collar, blue-collar, and service worker groups,
and the manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and service industry groups are
presented in the ECI. Additional occupation and industry detail are pro
vided for the wages and salaries component of total compensation in the
private nonfarm sector. For State and local government units, additional
industry detail is shown for both total compensation and its wages and
salaries component.
Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates of changes
presented in the ECI are also available.
For a more detailed discussion of the ECI, see chapter 11, “ The Em
ployment Cost Index,’’ of the BLS H andbook o f M ethods (Bulletin 2134—
1), and the M onthly L ab o r R eview articles: “ Employment Cost Index: a
measure of change in the ‘price of labor,’ ” July 1975; “ How benefits will
be incorporated into the Employment Cost Index,” January 1978; and
“ The Employment Cost Index: recent trends and expansion,” May 1982.
Additional data for the ECI and other measures of wage and compen
sation changes appear in C urrent W age D evelopm en ts, a monthly publi
cation of the Bureau.
33.
Employment Cost Index, by occupation and industry group
(June 1981 = 100]
_______________________
P e rc e n t ch an g e
1981
S e r ie s
C M Ita a w e lt e r s 1
.........................................................................................................................................................
1982
1983
D ec.
M a r c ii
June
S e p t.
D ec.
M a rc h
June
S e p t.
D ec.
1 0 4 .5
1 0 6 .3
1 0 7 .5
1 1 0 .1
1 1 1 .4
1 1 3 .2
1 1 4 .5
1 1 6 .5
1 1 7 .8
3 m o n th s
1 2 m o n th s
ended
ended
D ecem ber 1983
1 .1
5 .7
W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o ll a r w o r k e r s ........................................................................................................
1 0 4 .9
1 0 6 .5
1 1 1 .9
1 1 3 .7
1 1 4 .9
1 1 7 .6
B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
........................................................................................................
1 0 4 .1
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .1
109 2
1 1 0 .5
1 1 2 .3
113 6
1 1 4 .8
1 1 5 .8
9
4 .8
................................................................................................................
104 2
1 0 7 .2
1 0 8 .3
1 1 0 .8
1 1 2 .4
1 1 4 .3
1 1 5 .1
1 1 6 .7
1 1 9 .1
2 .1
6 .0
1 0 6 .0
1 0 7 .2
1 1 2 .5
S e rv ic e w o r k e r s
1 0 7 .7
1 1 0 .7
1 1 8 .9
1.1
6 .3
W o r k e r s , b y in d u s t r y d i v is io n
M a n u f a c t u r in g
....................................................................................................................
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................................................
S e rv ic e s
.............................................................................................................................
P u b l ic a d m in i s t r a t i o n 2
...........................................................................................
1 0 9 .3
1 1 0 .4
115 0
1 1 6 .0
1 0 4 .8
1 0 6 .4
1 0 7 .7
1 1 0 .5
1 1 1 .8
1 1 3 .5
1 1 4 .9
1 1 7 .2
1 1 8 .6
1 .2
6 .1
1 0 7 .1
1 0 8 .2
1 0 9 .2
1 1 3 .5
1 1 5 .0
1 1 6 .6
1 1 7 .1
1 2 1 .1
1 2 2 .6
1 .2
6 .6
1 0 6 .0
1 0 8 .1
1 0 9 .1
1 1 2 .8
1 1 3 .6
1 1 6 .2
1 1 7 .0
1 1 9 .8
1 2 1 .4
1 .3
6 .9
104 0
1 1 3 .5
9
5 .1
1 0 4 .0
1 0 5 .8
1 0 7 .2
109 3
1 1 0 .7
1 1 2 .6
1 1 3 .9
1 1 5 .6
1 1 7 .0
1 .2
5 .7
................................................................................................
1 0 4 .0
1 0 5 .8
1 0 7 .2
1 0 9 .5
1 1 0 .8
1 1 2 .8
1 1 4 .2
1 1 6 .5
1 1 7 .9
1 .2
6 .4
....................................................................................................
1 0 4 .0
105 6
1 0 7 .0
109 0
1 1 0 .3
1 1 2 .1
1 1 3 .5
1 1 4 .6
1 1 5 .7
1 .0
4 .9
S e r v ic e w o r k e r s ............................................................................................................
1 0 3 .1
1 0 6 .7
107 9
109 6
1 1 1 .8
1 1 3 .8
1 1 4 .6
1 1 5 ,1
1 1 7 .9
2 .4
5 .5
M a n u f a c t u r i n g .................................................................................................................
1 0 4 .0
1 0 6 .0
1 0 7 .2
109 3
1 1 0 .4
1 1 2 .5
1 1 3 .5
1 1 5 .0
1 1 6 .0
.9
5 .1
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ........................................................................................................
1 0 3 .9
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .1
109 3
1 1 0 .8
1 1 2 .6
1 1 4 .2
1 1 6 .0
1 1 7 .5
1 .3
6 .0
1 0 7 .4
1 0 8 .8
1 0 9 .3
1 1 4 .3
1 1 5 .1
1 1 6 .5
1 1 7 .1
1 2 0 .8
122 0
1 .0
6 0
................................................................................................
1 0 7 .8
109 1
1 0 9 .5
1 1 4 .9
1 1 5 .8
1 1 7 .0
1 1 7 .5
1 2 1 .5
1 2 2 .6
9
5 .9
....................................................................................................
1 0 5 .9
1 0 8 .2
108 9
1 1 2 .7
1 1 3 .0
1 1 4 .9
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .0
1 1 9 .2
1 .0
5 .5
.............................................................................................................................
1 0 7 .9
1 0 9 .0
109 4
1 1 4 .9
1 1 5 .9
1 1 6 .8
1 1 7 .4
1 2 1 .7
1 2 2 .6
.7
5 .8
S c h o o l s .........................................................................................................................
1 0 7 .9
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .1
114 8
1 1 5 .8
1 1 6 .6
1 1 6 .9
1 2 1 .9
1 2 2 .6
6
5 .9
P riv a te In d u s try w o r te r s
W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o ll a r w o r k e r s
B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
W o r k e r s , b y in d u s t r y d i v is io n
S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o rk e rs
W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o ll a r w o r k e r s
B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
W o r k e r s , b y in d u s t r y d i v is io n
S e rv ic e s
.......................................................................
1 0 8 .3
109 3
109 5
1 1 5 .6
1 1 6 .6
1 1 7 .2
1 1 7 .4
1 2 3 .3
123 9
.5
6 .3
.......................................................................
1 0 7 .8
1 0 9 .5
1 1 0 .3
1 1 5 .3
1 1 6 .0
1 1 7 .5
1 1 8 .8
1 2 1 .1
1 2 2 .6
1 .2
5 .7
...........................................................................................
106 0
108 1
1 0 9 .1
1 1 2 .8
1 1 3 .6
1 1 6 .2
1 1 7 .0
1 1 9 .8
1 2 1 .4
1 .3
6 .9
E le m e n ta r y a n d s e c o n d a r y
H o s p ita ls a n d o t h e r s e r v ic e s 3
P u b l ic a d m in i s t r a t i o n 2
'E x c l u d e s f a r m , h o u s e h o ld , a n d F e d e ra l w o r k e r s ,
3 l n c lu d e s , f o r e x a m p le , lib r a r y , s o c i a l, a n d h e a lth s e r v ic e s ,
C o n s i s t s o f le g is l a ti v e , j u d ic i a l, a d m in i s t r a t iv e , a n d r e g u la to r y a c t iv iti e s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
95
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data
34.
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
{June 1981 = 100]
P W M lI c h M fe
C iv ilia n w o r k e r s 1
1982
1981
S e r ie s
........................................................................................................................................................
1983
3 m o n th «
1 2 m o n th s
D ec.
M a rc h
June
S e p t.
D ec.
M a rc h
June
S e p t.
D ec.
1 0 4 .4
1 0 6 .3
1 0 7 .3
1 0 9 .7
1 1 0 .9
1 1 2 .2
1 1 3 .4
1 1 5 .3
1 1 6 .5
1 .0
5 .0
1 1 0 .4
1 1 1 .4
D ecem ber 1983
W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o ll a r w o r k e r s ........................................................................................................
1 0 4 .7
1 0 6 .7
1 0 7 .6
1 1 3 .0
1 1 4 .2
1 1 6 .7
1 1 7 .9
1 .0
5 .B
B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
........................................................................................................
1 0 4 .0
1 0 5 .5
1 0 6 .7
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .8
1 1 0 .8
1 1 2 .0
1 1 3 .1
1 1 4 .0
.8
3 .8
................................................................................................................
1 0 3 .6
1 0 6 .8
1 0 7 .9
1 1 0 .1
1 1 1 .8
1 1 3 .2
1 1 3 .9
1 1 5 .1
1 1 7 .4
2 .0
5 .0
1 1 2 .0
1 1 3 .3
S e rv ic e w o r k e r s
W o r k e r s , b y In d u s t r y d i v is io n
1 0 4 .0
1 0 5 .9
107 0
1 0 8 .8
1 0 9 .8
........................................................................................................
1 0 4 .5
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .5
1 1 0 .1
1 1 1 .3
1 1 2 .7
1 1 4 .0
1 1 6 .1
1 1 7 .4
1 .1
5 .5
.............................................................................................................................
1 0 6 .6
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .5
1 1 3 .2
1 1 4 .4
1 1 5 .8
1 1 6 .3
1 2 0 .1
1 2 1 .3
1 .0
6 .0
M a n u f a c t u r in g
....................................................................................................................
N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g
S e rv ic e s
P u b l ic a d m in i s t r a t io n 2
...........................................................................................
P r i v a t e in d u s t r y w o r k e r s
1 1 1 .0
1 1 4 .5
1 .1
4 .3
1 0 5 .5
1 0 7 .5
1 0 8 .4
1 1 1 .9
1 1 2 .6
1 1 4 .6
1 1 5 .4
1 1 8 .2
1 1 9 .4
1 .0
6 .0
1 0 3 .8
1 0 5 .9
1 0 7 .1
1 0 9 .0
1 1 0 .3
1 1 1 .6
1 1 2 .9
1 1 4 .5
1 1 5 .8
1 .1
5 .0
W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p
117 2
1 1
P r o f e s s io n a l a n d t e c h n ic a l w o r k e r s ..........................................................
1 0 5 .5
1 0 8 .0
1 0 9 .4
1 1 1 .8
1 1 2 .9
1 1 4 .8
1 1 5 .9
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .4
.4
6 .6
M a n a g e r s a n d a d m in i s t r a t o r s
1 0 2 .8
1 0 5 .8
1 0 7 .2
1 0 8 .5
1 0 9 .3
1 1 2 .0
1 1 4 .0
1 1 4 .8
1 1 5 .7
.8
5 .9
S a l e s w o r k e r s ............................................................................................................
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .2
1 0 1 .8
1 0 4 .5
106 2
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .1
1 0 8 .4
1 1 1 .2
2 .6
4 .7
C le ric a l w o r k e r s ........................................................................................................
104 2
1 0 7 .0
1 0 8 .3
1 1 0 .3
1 1 1 .6
1 1 3 .4
1 1 4 .6
1 1 6 .7
1 1 8 .3
1 .4
6 .0
1 0 3 .9
.......................................................................
B l u e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ....................................................................................................
1 0 6 .2
1 0 7 .3
1 0 9 .4
1 1 0 .6
1 1 2 .2
1 1 0 .7
1 1 3 .6
1 1 5 .9
6 0
1 0 3 .9
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .6
1 0 8 .5
1 0 9 .7
1 1 3 .9
.9
3 .8
C ra ft a n d k in d r e d w o r k e r s ...............................................................................
1 0 4 .3
106 2
1 0 7 .6
1 0 9 .6
1 1 1 .2
1 1 2 .2
1 1 3 .4
1 1 4 .3
1 1 5 .4
1 .0
3 .8
O p e r a t iv e s , e x c e p t t r a n s p o r t ...........................................................................
1 0 4 .1
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .6
108 3
109 3
110 0
1 1 1 .1
1 1 2 .3
1 1 3 .6
1 .2
3 .9
T r a n s p o r t e q u i p m e n t o p e r a t i v e s ..................................................................
102 7
103 2
1 0 4 .1
1 0 6 .0
1 0 6 .9
1 0 8 .0
1 1 0 .3
1 1 0 .7
1 1 0 .2
1 1 1 .9
1 1 2 .9
-.5
3 .1
N o n fa r m l a b o r e r s ....................................................................................................
1 0 3 .3
1 0 4 .1
1 0 5 .1
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .8
109 0
109 8
1 1 0 .8
1 1 2 .1
1 .2
4 .0
S e rv ic e w o r k e r s ............................................................................................................
1 0 2 .7
106 7
1 0 7 .9
1 0 9 .3
1 1 1 .4
1 1 2 .9
1 1 3 .5
1 1 3 .7
1 1 6 .5
2 .5
4 .6
1 0 5 .9
1 0 7 .0
W o r k e r s , b y i n d u s t r y d i v is io n
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ................................................................................................................
1 1 2 .0
113 3
1 1 4 .5
1 .1
4 .3
D u r a b l e s ........................................................................................................................
1 0 4 .5
1 0 6 .3
1 0 7 .4
1 0 9 .0
1 1 0 .3
1 1 1 .1
1 1 1 .8
1 1 2 .9
1 1 4 .4
1 .3
3 .7
N o n d u ra b le s
1 0 3 .1
1 0 5 .3
i 0 6 .3
1 0 8 .5
1 0 9 .1
1 1 0 .9
1 1 2 .3
1 1 3 .9
1 1 4 .6
.6
5 .0
............................................................................................................
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ........................................................................................................
1 0 4 .0
109 8
1 1 1 .0
1 0 7 .1
1 0 9 .1
1 1 0 .5
1 1 2 .0
1 1 6 .5
1 .1
5 .4
............................................................................................................
1 0 4 .3
1 0 5 .9
107 3
1 0 9 .1
1 0 9 .7
1 1 0 .4
1 1 2 .1
1 1 2 .2
1 1 2 .9
.6
2 .9
T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b l ic u t i l i t i e s ..............................................................
1 0 3 .6
1 0 5 .7
106 9
1 0 9 .5
1 1 1 .1
1 1 2 .9
1 1 4 .7
1 1 5 .7
1 1 6 .8
1 .0
C o n s tr u c tio n
W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il t r a d e ...............................................................................
W h o le s a le t r a d e
...............................................................................................
1 0 3 .8
1 0 8 .8
1 0 5 .9
1 1 3 .4
1 1 5 .2
5 .1
1 0 2 .3
1 0 3 .9
1 0 5 .8
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .2
1 0 8 .5
1 1 0 .8
1 1 1 .5
1 1 2 .3
.7
4 .8
1 0 3 .4
1 0 6 .3
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .0
1 0 9 .8
1 1 1 ,8
1 1 4 .1
1 1 5 .7
1 1 6 .5
.7
6 .1
4 .2
109 4
1 0 9 .9
1 1 0 .6
.6
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s t a t e ..........................................................
1 0 2 .3
1 0 3 .7
1 0 2 .4
1 0 6 .1
1 0 9 .0
1 1 0 .6
1 1 1 .1
1 1 3 .5
1 1 6 .9
3 .0
7 .2
S e r v i c e s ........................................................................................................................
105 8
1 0 8 .8
1 1 0 .0
1 1 2 .5
1 1 4 .3
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .6
1 2 0 .4
1 2 1 .9
1 .2
6 .6
R e ta il t r a d e ............................................................................................................
1 0 1 .9
1 0 3 .0
104 5
1 0 5 .5
1 0 6 .1
1 0 7 .2
107 0
108 2
1 0 8 .7
1 1 3 .5
1 1 4 .0
1 1 5 .1
1 1 5 .7
119 2
1 2 0 .0
.7
5 .3
...............................................................................................
1 0 7 .5
108 5
1 0 8 .9
1 1 4 .2
1 1 4 .6
1 1 5 .6
1 1 6 .1
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .6
.7
5 .2
B l u e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ....................................................................................................
4 .4
S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s
W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o ll a r w o r k e r s
1 0 5 .5
1 0 7 .5
1 0 7 .9
1 1 1 .5
1 1 2 .0
1 1 3 .3
1 1 4 .3
1 1 6 .4
1 1 6 .9
.4
............................................................................................................................
1 0 7 .6
1 0 8 ,4
108 8
1 1 4 .2
1 1 4 .6
1 1 5 .5
1 1 5 .9
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .6
.7
5 .2
S c h o o l s ........................................................................................................................
1 0 7 .7
1 0 8 .3
1 0 8 .5
1 1 4 .2
1 1 4 .5
1 1 5 .2
1 1 5 .4
1 1 9 .9
120 6
.6
5 .3
1 0 7 .9
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .8
1 1 4 .9
1 1 5 .8
1 2 1 .1
1 2 1 .7
.5
5 .7
W o r k e r s , b y in d u s t r y d i v is io n
S e rv c e s
E l e m e n ta r y a n d s e c o n d a r y
P u b lic a d m in i s t r a t io n 2
......................................................................
1 1 5 .1
115 6
..........................................................................
1 0 7 .3
1 0 8 .8
109 5
1 1 4 .3
1 1 4 .9
1 1 6 .5
1 1 7 .7
1 1 9 .7
1 2 0 .6
.8
5 .0
...........................................................................................
1 0 5 .5
1 0 7 .5
1 0 8 .4
1 1 1 ,9
1 1 2 .6
1 1 4 .6
1 1 5 .4
1 1 8 .2
1 1 9 .4
1 .0
6 .0
H o s p ita ls a n d o t h e r s e r v ic e s 3
'E x c l u d e s f a r m , h o u s e h o ld , a n d F e d e ra l w o r k e r s .
2 C o n s is ts o f le g is l a ti v e , ju d ic i a l, a d m in i s t r a t iv e , a n d r e g u la to r y a c t iv iti e s .
96
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i n c l u d e s , f o r e x a m p le , lib r a r y , s o c ia l a n d h e a lth s e r v ic e s .
35.
Employment Cost Index, private industry workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size
[June 1981 = 100]
P e rc e n t ch an g e
S e r ie s
1981
D ec.
1982
M a rc h
June
1983
S e p t.
D ec.
M a rc h
June
S e p t.
D ec.
3 m o n th s
1 2 m o n th s
ended
en ded
D ecem ber 1983
C O M P E N S A T IO N
W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in i n g s t a t u s 1
U n io n
1 1 2 .3
1 1 4 .5
....................................................................................................................
104 6
106 3
108 0
110 3
1 1 1 .8
1 1 4 .0
1 1 4 .8
1 1 6 .3
1 1 7 .2
8
4 .8
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
1 0 5 .0
1 0 6 .8
1 0 8 .7
1 1 1 .0
1 1 2 .8
1 1 4 .9
1 1 7 .1
1 1 9 .2
1 2 0 .4
1 .0
6 .7
1 0 5 .3
106 5
1 0 8 .5
1 0 9 .7
M a n u f a c t u r in g
N o n u n io n
.....................................................................................................................................
1 0 4 .8
1 0 3 .5
1 0 6 .5
1 0 8 .4
1 1 0 .6
1 1 1 .5
1 1 6 .0
1 1 2 .8
1 1 7 .8
1 1 4 .4
1 1 8 .8
5 8
1 .3
5 .7
....................................................................................................................
103 5
1 0 5 .7
106 6
108 4
109 2
1 1 1 .2
1 1 2 .3
1 1 3 .8
114 9
1 .0
5 .2
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................................................
1 0 3 .5
1 0 5 .2
106 4
108 6
109 9
1 1 1 .6
1 1 3 .0
1 1 4 .7
1 1 6 .4
1 .5
5 .9
111 7
112 6
114 3
116 0
117 5
1 3
5 2
110 6
112 5
113 5
115 6
117 1
1 3
5 9
M a n u f a c t u r in g
1 1 5 .9
0 .8
W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1
W e s t .................................................................................................................................................
108 6
110 9
112 5
113 9
114 7
7
5 6
1 1 2 .9
1 1 5 .4
116 6
118 0
1 2 0 .0
1 .7
6 .3
W o r k e r s , b y a re a s iz e 1
M e tr o p o l it a n a r e a s
O th e r a r e a s
................................................................................................................
1 0 4 .1
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .2
1 0 9 .4
1 1 0 .9
1 1 2 .9
1 1 4 .2
1 1 6 .0
1 1 7 .4
1 .2
5 .9
.................................................................................................................................
103 2
106 2
107 0
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .1
1 1 0 .8
1 1 2 .3
1 1 3 .4
114 5
1 .0
4 9
4 .6
W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S
W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in i n g s t a t u s 1
U n io n
.............................................................................................................................................
105 0
1 0 6 .5
1 0 8 .1
1 1 0 .3
1 1 1 .8
1 1 2 .9
1 1 4 .2
1 1 6 .0
116 9
0 .8
....................................................................................................................
1 0 4 .7
105 9
1 0 7 .3
109 5
110 8
1 1 1 .4
1 1 2 .3
1 1 3 .7
1 1 4 .8
1 .0
3 .6
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................................................
1 0 5 .2
107 0
1 0 8 .8
1 1 1 .1
1 1 2 .7
1 1 4 .3
116 0
1 1 8 .3
118 9
5
5 .5
M a n u f a c t u r in g
N o n u n io n
.....................................................................................................................................
1 0 3 .2
1 0 5 .6
1 0 6 .5
108 3
109 5
1 1 0 .9
1 1 2 .2
1 1 3 .7
1 1 5 .2
1 .3
5 .2
....................................................................................................................
103 3
105 9
1 0 6 .7
1 0 8 .2
1 0 9 .1
1 1 0 .7
1 1 1 .8
113 0
114 2
1 .1
4 .7
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................................................
103 2
1 0 5 .5
1 0 6 .4
108 3
109 6
1 1 1 .0
1 1 2 .4
114 0
1 1 5 .6
1 .4
5 .5
4 .6
M a n u f a c t u r in g
W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1
N o r th e a s t
.....................................................................................................................................
1 0 4 .4
1 0 6 .1
1 0 6 .7
1 0 9 .7
1 1 1 .5
1 1 2 .0
1 1 3 .6
115 3
1 1 6 .6
1 .1
102 8
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .4
108 8
1 0 9 .8
1 1 1 .4
1 1 2 .5
114 3
1 1 5 .7
1 .2
............................................................................................................................
103 3
104 7
1 0 6 .1
107 6
108 6
1 1 0 .1
1 1 1 .5
112 8
1 1 3 .6
.7
4 6
W e s t ..................................................................................................................................................
1 0 5 .1
1 0 7 .9
1 0 8 .6
1 1 0 .7
1 1 2 .0
1 1 4 .1
1 1 4 .9
116 5
118 5
1 .7
5 .8
S o u th
.............................................................................................................................................
N o r th C e n tr a l
5 .4
W o r k e r s b y a re a s iz e 1
M e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s
O th e r a r e a s
................................................................................................................
1 0 4 .0
105 9
1 0 7 .1
1 0 9 .1
1 1 0 .5
1 1 1 .9
113 2
114 9
116 2
1.1
5 .2
.................................................................................................................................
1 0 3 .1
106 0
1 0 6 .8
108 3
1 0 8 .8
1 1 0 .1
1 1 1 .4
1 1 2 .3
1 1 3 .4
1 .0
4 2
1 T h e in d e x e s a r e c a lc u la te d d i f f e r e n t ly f r o m th o s e f o r th e o c c u p a tio n a n d in d u s t r y g r o u p s
For a
d e ta ile d d e s c r ip t io n o f th e in d e x c a l c u la tio n , s e e B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s , B u lle tin 1 9 1 0
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97
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data
36.
Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1979 to date
[In percent]
Q u a r t e r ly a v e r a g e
M e a s u re
1981
1982
1983
1979
1990
1981
.............................
9 .0
1 0 .4
1 0 .2
3 .2
3 .4
1 1 .0
1 .9
2 .6
6 .2
3 .3
-1 .6
4 .4
5 .0
4 .9
A n n u a l ra te o v e r lif e o f c o n t r a c t . . .
6 .6
7 .1
8 3
2 .8
3 .0
5 .8
1 .2
2 .1
4 .7
4 .8
1 .4
3 .6
4 .3
3 .1
.............................
7 .4
9 .5
9 8
3 .8
2 .6
9 .0
3 .0
3 .4
5 .4
3 .8
- 1 .2
2 .7
3 .7
4 .2
A n n u a l r a te o v e r lif e o f c o n t r a c t . . .
6 .0
7 .1
7 .9
3 .6
2 8
5 .7
2 .8
3 .2
4 .5
4 .8
2 .2
2 .8
3 .6
2 .8
-3 .4
1982
1983
IV
1
II
III
1
IV
II
III
IV
T o ta l c o m p e n s a ti o n c h a n g e s , c o v e r in g
5 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e , a ll
In d u s tr ie s :
F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t
W a g e ra te c h a n g e s c o v e r in g a t le a s t
1 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s , a ll in d u s tr ie s :
F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t
M a n u fa c tu r in g :
.............................
69
7 .4
7 .2
2 .8
0 .4
6 .6
2 .5
1 .8
5 .1
4 .1
A n n u a l ra te o v e r lif e o f c o n t r a c t . . .
F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t
5 .4
5 .4
6 .1
2 .6
2 .1
5 .4
2 .7
1 .7
3 .9
4 .5
.9
1 .3
3 .4
2 .9
1 .7
3 .5
3 .1
N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g ( e x c lu d i n g
c o n s t r u c t io n ) :
F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t
.............................
7 .6
9 5
9 .8
4 .3
5 .0
9 .6
2 .7
6 .6
5 .5
3 .6
3 .3
5 .9
5 .8
4 .8
A n n u a l r a te o v e r lif e o f c o n t r a c t , . .
6 .2
6 .6
7 .3
4 .1
3 .7
5 .6
2 .1
6 .1
4 .8
5 .2
5 .3
5 .2
4 .3
2 .7
C o n s tr u c tio n :
F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t
.............................
8 .8
1 3 .6
1 3 .5
6 .5
1 .5
1 1 .4
8 .6
6 .2
6 .3
3 .4
.7
1 .7
1 .5
1 .1
A n n u a l r a te o v e r lif e o f c o n t r a c t . . .
8 .3
1 1 .5
1 1 .3
6 3
2 .4
1 1 .7
8 .2
6 .3
5 .9
2 .9
2 .4
2 .1
2 .9
2 .6
37.
Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1979 to date
Year
Y e a r a n d q u a rte r
1981
M e a s u re
1979
1980
1981
1982
1982
1983
1983
IV
I
II
III
IV
H
I
III
IV
A v e ra g e p e r c e n t a d ju s t m e n t ( in c l u d in g n o c h a n g e ) :
A ll i n d u s t r i e s ....................................................................................................
M a n u f a c t u r in g
.......................................................................................
N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g
..............................................................
F r o m s e t tle m e n t s r e a c h e d in p e r io d
..............................................
9 .1
9 9
9 .5
6 .8
4 .0
1 .5
9 6
10 2
9 .4
5 .2
2 .7
1 .9
9
1 .0
1 .7
1 .5
8 .8
9 .7
9 .5
7 .9
4 .8
1 .1
1.1
2 .7
2 .9
1 .2
1 .0
2 .0
2 .4
1 .3
0 .3
-.5
.9
1 .3
1 .2
1.1
1 .1
1 .2
.9
1 .5
1 .2
1 .2
3 .0
3 .6
2 .5
1 .7
8
.4
.2
.4
.5
.6
D e fe r re d f r o m s e t tle m e n t s r e a c h e d in e a r lie r p e r io d . . . .
3.0
3.5
3.8
3.6
2.5
.4
6
1. 4
1. 3
.4
.4
1. 0
.8
.3
F r o m c o s t - o f - liv in g c l a u s e s ..............................................................
3 .1
2 .8
3 .2
1 .4
6
6
3
2
6
3
.1
.1
.2
.2
—
—
8 .6 4 8
7 ,8 5 2
6 .5 3 0
3 ,2 2 5
2 ,8 7 8
3 ,4 2 3
3 .7 6 0
3 ,4 4 1
2 ,8 7 5
3 ,0 6 1
3 ,0 2 5
2 ,8 8 7
—
—
2 .2 7 0
1 .9 0 7
2 .3 2 7
604
204
511
620
825
448
561
599
996
r e a c h e d in e a r lie r p e r i o d ..................................................................
—
—
6 ,2 6 7
4 ,8 4 6
3 .2 6 0
882
1 ,0 0 1
1 .5 9 4
2 ,4 0 0
860
812
1 ,4 0 5
1 ,3 1 7
669
F r o m c o s t - o f - liv in g c l a u s e s ..................................................................
—
—
4 ,5 9 3
3 ,8 3 0
2 .3 2 7
2 ,1 7 9
1 .9 2 0
1 .5 6 8
2 ,2 5 1
1 ,9 7 0
1 ,9 3 8
1 ,2 9 9
1 ,2 1 8
1 ,2 9 0
—
—
145
483
1 .1 8 7
5 ,5 6 8
5 ,4 5 7
4 ,9 1 2
4 ,5 7 5
4 ,8 9 5
4 ,8 4 2
4 ,6 5 6
4 ,6 9 3
4 ,8 3 0
-.2
.3
.2
6
T o ta l n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g w a g e c h a n g e
( in t h o u s a n d s ) 1 .......................................................................................
F r o m s e t t le m e n t s r e a c h e d
in p e r io d
...................................................................................
D e fe r re d f r o m s e t tle m e n t s
N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g n o a d ju s tm e n ts
( in t h o u s a n d s )
.......................................................................................
1 T h e t o ta l n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s w h o r e c e iv e d a d iu s tm e n ts d o e s n o t e q u a l th e s u m o f w o r k e r s t h a t r e c e iv e d
e a c h ty p e o f a d ju s t m e n t , b e c a u s e s o m e w o r k e r s r e c e iv e d m o r e t h a n o n e ty p e o f a d ju s tm e n t d u r in g th e
p e r io d
98
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WORK STOPPAGE DATA
include all known strikes or lockouts involving
1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Data are
based largely on newspaper accounts and cover all workers idle
one shift or more in establishments directly involved in a stoppage.
They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect on other
establishments whose employees are idle owing to material or
service shortages.
W
o
r
38.
k
s t o
p p a g
e s
Estimates of days idle as a percent of estimated working time
measure only the impact of larger strikes (1,000 workers or more).
Formerly, these estimates measured the impact of strikes involving
6 workers or more; that is, the impact of virtually a ll strikes. Due
to budget stringencies, collection of data on strikes involving fewer
than 1,000 workers was discontinued with the December 1981
data.
Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date
N u m b e r o l s to p p a g e s
M o n th a n d y e a r
W o r k e r s in v o lv e d
B e g i n n i n g in
B e g i n n i n g in
In e f le c t
m o n th o r y e a r
d u r in g m o n th
D a y s id le
In e f le c t
m o n th o r y e a r
d u r in g m o n th
( in th o u s a n d s )
(in th o u s a n d s )
N um ber
(in th o u s a n d s )
1 9 4 7 ....................................................................................................
270
1 629
2 5 ,7 2 0
1 9 4 8 .....................................................................................................................
245
1 435
2 6 ,1 2 7
1949
........................................................................................................
262
2 537
4 3 ,4 2 0
....................................................................................................
424
1 698
3 0 ,3 9 0
1 9 5 1 ............................................................................................................
415
1 462
1 5 ,0 7 0
1952
4 8 ,8 2 0
1950
................................................................................................
470
2 746
1 9 5 3 ................................................................................................................
437
1 623
1954
.................................................................................................................................
265
1 075
1 6 ,6 3 0
1955
.....................................................................................................................
363
? 055
2 1 ,1 8 0
1956
.............................................................................................................................
287
1 370
2 6 ,8 4 0
.............................................................................................................................
279
887
1 0 ,3 4 0
1958
................................................................................................
332
1 587
1 7 ,9 0 0
1959
............................................................................................................
245
1 381
6 0 ,8 5 0
1960
.............................................................................................................................
222
896
1 3 .2 6 0
1 9 6 1 .....................................................................................................................
195
1 031
1 0 .1 4 0
1 9 6 2 ............................................................................................
211
793
1963
................................................................................................................
181
512
10,020
1964
.............................................................................................................................
246
1 183
1 6 ,2 2 0
268
999
1 5 .1 4 0
1 1 .7 6 0
1 9 6 6 ............................................................................................................
321
1 300
1 6 ,0 0 0
1 9 6 7 .................................................................................................................................
381
? 19?
3 1 ,3 2 0
1968
392
1 855
3 5 ,5 6 7
.......................................................................................
1969
.........................................................................................................................
412
1 576
2 9 ,3 9 7
1970
.........................................................................................................................................
381
2 468
5 2 .7 6 1
1 9 7 1 .....................................................................................................................
298
2 516
3 5 ,5 3 8
1972
............................................................................................................
250
975
1 6 ,7 6 4
1973
.................................................................................................................................
317
1974
........................................................................................................
424
1 796
3 1 ,8 0 9
1975
.........................................................................................................................................
235
965
1 7 ,5 6 3
231
1 519
2 3 ,9 6 2
1 9 7 6 .....................................................................................................................................
1 9 7 7 .........................................................................................................................
1 6 .2 6 0
298
1 212
2 1 ,2 5 8
1 9 7 8 .........................................................................................................................................
219
1 006
2 3 ,7 7 4
1 9 7 9 .........................................................................................................................
235
1 021
2 0 ,4 0 9
1980
187
795
2 0 ,8 4 4
145
729
1 6 ,9 0 8
.........................................................................................................................................
1 9 8 1 .....................................................................................................................
1982
................................................................................................................
96
656
9 ,0 6 1
1983
.....................................................................................................................................
81
909
1 7 ,4 6 1
1983
J a n u a ry
.......................................................................................
1
3
1 .6
F e b ru a r y
...............................................................................
5
7
1 4 .0
50 4
8 4 4 .4
5
10
1 0 .5
54 9
1 .1 3 1 .5
r5
r 11
r27 8
r 4 1 .9
r5 0 6 .2
2
12
r8 .7
r 3 7 .2
r3 6 5 .5
2
9
3 .0
1 4 .6
284 2
M a r c h ...........................................................................
1984P
J a n u a ry
....................................................................................................
F e b ru a r y
...............................................................................................
M a r c h .......................................................................................
e s t im a t e d
1 8 ,1 3 0
1957
1 9 6 5 .........................................................................................................................................
P e rc e n t o f
w o r k in g t im e
3 8 .0
7 9 4 .8
p = p r e lim in a r y .
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99
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