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M©NTHt^bAB©^-RB/l EW TbS. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics May 1984 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In this issue: Prices in 1983, workers’ purchasing power and social security and pensions U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212. Phone: (202) 523-1327. Subscription price per year— $26 domestic; $32.50 foreign. Single copy $5, domestic; $6.25, foreign. Subscription prices and distribution policies for the Monthly Labor Review (ISSN 0098-1818) and other Government publications are set by the GovernVnent Printing Office, an agency of the U.S. Congress. Send correspondence on circulation and subscription matters (including address changes) to: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents. The Secretary of Labor has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this Department. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through April 30, 1987. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional mailing addresses. Regional Commissioners for Bureau of Labor Statistics R e gio n I— B o sto n : Anthony J. Ferrara 1603 JFK Federal Building, Government Center, Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: (617) 223-6761 Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont R e gio n II— N e w Y o rk : Samuel M. Ehrenhalt 1515 Broadway, Suite 3400, New York, N.Y. 10036 Phone: (212) 944-3121 New Jersey New York Puerto Rico Virgin Islands R e gio n III— P h iladelph ia: Alvin I. Margulis 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309, Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 Delaware District of Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia R e g io n IV — Atlanta: Donald M. Cruse 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E., Atlanta, Ga. 30367 Phone: (404) 881-4418 Alabama Florida Georgia Kentucky Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee R e gio n V — C h ic a g o : William E. Rice 9th Floor, Federal Office Building, 230 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Illinois Indiana Michigan Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin R e g io n V I — D allas: Bryan Richey Second Floor, 555 Griffin Square Building, Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: (214) 767-6971 Arkansas Louisiana New Mexico Oklahoma Texas May Cover: “ George Washington Bridge,” by Howard Norton Cook; photograph courtesy of National Museum of American Art, Washington, D.C. (lithograph gift of Barbara Latham). Cover design by Melvin B. Moxley. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis R e g io n s VII and VIII— K a n sa s C ity: Elliott A. Browar 911 Walnut Street, Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 VII Iowa Kansas Missouri Nebraska VIII Colorado Montana North Dakota South Dakota Utah Wyoming R e g io n s IX and X — San F ra n c is c o : Sam M. Hirabayashi 450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017, San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: (415) 556-4678 IX American Samoa Arizona California Guam Hawaii Nevada Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands X Alaska Idaho Oregon Washington MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW MAY 1984 VOLUME 107, NUMBER 5 Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor Craig Howell and others 3 Inflation remained low in 1983 in face of strong recovery Consumer prices rose less than 4 percent, about the same as in recession year of 1982; producer prices of finished goods inched up by less than 1 percent Richard Schumann 10 Workers’ purchasing power rises even as wage and salary gains lag There is no clear relationship between real wages and salaries and the business cycle; buying power appears to depend more on price changes and was positive'in 1982-83 Donald Bell, Diane Hill 15 How social security payments affect private pensions Coordinating the two sources of retirement income tends to lower employer costs and results in benefits that replace a larger share of the earnings of higher paid workers Sigurd R. Nilsen 21 Recessionary impacts on the unemployment of men and women Both sexes had higher levels of unemployment in 1982 than in 1975, but the difference was far greater for men, reflecting, in part, cyclical joblessness in certain industries Henry P. Guzda 26 Industrial democracy: made in the U.S.A. Labor-management cooperation to improve the quality of products, worklife, and the effectiveness of companies can be traced to the early 19th century IRRA PAPERS Jack Stieber 34 Most U.S. workers still may be fired under employment-at-will Ruth H. Fedrau 38 Easing the worker’s transition from job loss to employment Peter Cappelli 40 What do unions get in return for concessions? REPORTS S.G. Allen and others https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 42 A comparison of pension benefit increases and inflation, 1973-79 DEPARTMENTS 2 34 42 48 51 52 54 57 61 Labor month in review Conference papers Research summaries Research notes Technical note Major agreements expiring next month Developments in industrial relations Book reviews Current labor statistics Labor Month In Review EXAMINING WORK. What is the nature of work, the origin of the work ethic, the role of leisure? The Council of Scholars of the Library of Congress con sidered these and related questions at a Washington, D.C., symposium April 26 and 27. Some excerpts from the discus sion. Robert L. Heilbroner, New School for Social Research: Is a world without work imaginable? Would it be en durable? A world of laziness or in dolence, a world without challenge, or a world in which protracted efforts, in dividual or collective, did not exist would be a “ lifeless life.” But that is not what we mean by a world without work. What is at question is the possibility of a world in which human activity was not subject to the direction and will of others—a world not without effort, but without submissive effort. Could our existing industrial civiliza tion allow its processes of production to proceed unregulated, unsupervised, without direction from above—be that direction imposed by a central planning board, a market mechanism, or some combination of both. To ask that ques tion is to answer it. Industrial civiliza tion is too interdependent and too dangerous to allow itself to be run by free activity, without discipline and direction, which means without work. Work is essential to maintain civiliza tion—not merely to sustain its life, but to sustain its order. But what kind of order? What kind of life? That is, of course, the ultimate question. In the past, the directing, order-bestowing force within work has been that of domination—the largely unchallengable hegemony of some small group whose objectives and values chan neled the efforts of the enormous mass of humanity into patterns that satisfied their superiors. Thus the civilizations built by the work of the ancient Chinese and Aztecs and Egyptians and Euro peans. Thus the civilization built in America today. Can that essential 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis guiding force become the expression of all members of society, not just of its privileged rulers? Can work become the submission of all to their own in telligence and purpose, gathered and ex pressed through the institutions of a pro foundly democratic rule? Who can presume to answer such questions? But who, looking into the deepest meaning of the act of work, can fail to ask them? Theodore Caplow, University of Virginia: Today’s blue-collar workers have more free time than their remote predecessors, but most of the improve ment occurred before 1950. Today’s white-collar workers do not have more free time. And in the higher white-collar occupations, they probably have less. But leisure is not subjectively or objec tively equivalent to free time. Few peo ple regard the free time they experience in jail or in a hospital as leisure. Homeless men on skid row have much free time but little leisure. Elected of ficials and independent professionals, with the longest workweeks in the labor force, are conspicuously active in leisure pursuits. The conversion of free time in to leisure calls for substantial resources—money, information, equip ment, and social networks. Any stratification of a population by wealth, power, or prestige may be ex pected to have two distinct effects on leisure activities. First, high status per sons will engage in more leisure activities than low status persons whether or not they have more free time. Second, par ticular leisure activities have traditional ly been identified with particular status levels. Leisure activities are both literally and metaphorically capital-intensive. They require a good deal of economic capital, the amount increasing steeply as par ticipation becomes more intense. They require social capital as well—the relatives, friends, and associates who provide companionship and backing. The distribution of access to both kinds of capital (roughly measured by income and occupation) is as unequal as ever but the influence of that inequality on leisure activities is steadily diminishing. Ruth Schwartz Cowan, State University of New York, Stony Brook: We have discovered in the years since the end of World War II that, for the first time in our history, married women and mothers can manage full-time employ ment without either forsaking or even threatening the standard of living. But the price women continue to pay for their devotion to, or at least involvement in, housework (in addition to their ex haustion) is the price of the unequal and segregated labor force. H ousehold technologies have developed in a pattern very different from m arket technologies, and housew ork has, co n seq u en tly , developed a labor process which is very different from market work. Women have been assigned principal respon sibility for this labor process since the earliest stages of industrialization, and consequently they have been socialized very differently from men. Had housework been industrialized in exactly the same manner as market work, then housewives would not be trained to an ticipate work that was essentially feudalistic—without paychecks and time clocks, without supervisors and job descriptions, without specialization and managerial control. Thus the fact that housework and household technologies developed in the unique way that they did becomes the single most salient fact in explaining, not only why unequal pay and sexual segregation persist in the labor force, but also why women continue to have so much difficulty defining themselves as workers in the same sense as men. The Council of Scholars, made up of 27 scholars from various fields and specialties, advise the Library of Con gress on its collections and deliberates on issues such as creativity and work and prepares an inventory of knowledge of those issues. □ Inflation remained low in 1983 in face of strong recovery Consumer prices rose by less than 4 percent , about the same as in the recession year o f 1982; producer prices o f finished goods inched up by less than 1 percent, registering the lowest increase in nearly 20 years C raig Howell , A ndrew C lem , and Roger B urns Inflation in both retail and primary markets was unusually low in 1983, particularly in light of the sharp price increases recorded in most other recent years. The 3.8-percent increase in the Consumer Price Index for A11 Urban Consumers (cpi- u ) for 1983 compares with a 3.9percent rise in 1982 and was the smallest December-toDecember increase since the 3.4-percent rise in 1972, when price controls were in effect. Although the overall increase in 1983 was virtually the same as in 1982, the major com ponents behaved somewhat differently as the economy re covered from the 1981-82 recession.1Larger, although still moderate, advances in the transportation and the apparel and upkeep categories offset smaller increases in all major categories of consumer spending. (See table 1.) In 1983, the Producer Price Index (ppi) for Finished Goods moved up 0.6 percent, after climbing 3.7 percent the year before and 7.1 percent in 1981. The 1983 rise was the smallest for any year since the 0.5-percent increase between December 1963 and December 1964. The consumer foods index increased 2.2 percent in 1983, virtually the same as in the preceding year. The finished energy goods index dropped 9.0 percent over the year, after showing almost no change in 1982. After advancing 5.3 percent in 1982, prices for finished consumer goods other than foods and energy moved up 1.8 percent in 1983. Capital equipment prices rose 2.0 percent, about half as much as in 1982. The intermediate goods index rose 1.8 percent, following Craig Howell, Andrew Clem, and Roger Bums are economists in the Office o f Prices and Living Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a nominal increase the preceding year, and crude material prices advanced 4.8 percent, far more than the 0.4 percent rise in 1982. Within both the intermediate and the crude goods categories in 1983, prices for foodstuffs climbed briskly, indexes for energy goods declined, and prices of other ma terials generally rebounded with the improvement in overall economic conditions. (See table 2.) Strong economic recovery The low rate of inflation experienced during 1983 ac companied a vigorous economic resurgence from a period that saw virtually no net growth from late 1979 through late 1982. The upturn was paced by expanded consumer spend ing, facilitated by increased personal income. Encouraged by this release of pent-up consumer demand, business firms stopped liquidating their inventories during 1983 and tried to rebuild them, further stimulating the recovery. Residen tial housing construction registered its best year since 1978, even though the persistence of unusually high interest rates prevented a runaway boom. Spending for capital equipment lagged, as frequently happens during the early stages of a recovery; by the end of the year, however, business demand for some types of investment goods, notably computers and motor vehicles, was quite strong. Improved productivity and moderate wage increases helped to retard the growth of unit labor costs and thus contributed to keeping inflation low. One continued relative weakness lay in foreign demand for American agricultural commodities and manufactured products. Although the value of American exports was somewhat larger at the end of 1983 than the unusually low 3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Inflation Remained Low in 1983 level at the end of 1982, the volume of imports into this country surged during 1983. This situation reflected the sluggish state of the recovery in many industrialized and Third World countries, as well as the impact of the high level of the dollar that made some American products too expensive to compete well in foreign markets. The other side of the coin was the attractive low pricing of foreignmade goods in American markets. Prices for all goods im ported by the United States averaged 2.4 percent lower in the fourth quarter of 1983 than in the corresponding quarter of the preceding year. This frequently secured a greater market share for imports and thereby exercised a powerful restraint on the ability of domestic producers to raise prices to take advantage of improved demand. We will next examine price changes during 1983 for all major expenditure categories within the Consumer Price Index. Then we will focus on price changes for those com ponents of the Producer Price Index which do not overlap with categories of the c p i . (Price movements for consumer energy goods— gasoline, home heating fuel, and natural gas— are discussed at both the retail and the primary market levels because of important distinctions between what affects the cpi and what affects the ppi for those items.) Consumer prices: food and housing Food and beverages. The food and beverage component of the Consumer Price Index rose 2.7 percent in 1983, the third consecutive small annual increase. The slowdown in food prices, which began in early 1981, predates the de celeration in the overall cpi. Those factors— meats, poultry, and fresh produce— which had contributed the most to the rapid runup of food prices prior to 1981 were largely re sponsible for the subsequent moderation. This moderate pattern continued through the first half of 1983. The summer drought, however, had a differential impact on prices for meats, poultry, fresh fruits, and fresh vege tables. Supply shortages led to sharp increases in poultry, eggs, and fresh vegetable prices. Higher feed costs, how ever, induced owners to market their livestock sooner and resulted in further price reductions for pork and beef throughout 1983. The effect on fresh fruits was temporary as midyear price increases were followed by declines in the fall. Other major food groups—cereal and bakery products, Table 1. Percent changes In selected consumer price indexes (cpi-u), 1982-83 Percent change Index Relative importance Dec. 1983 Compound annual rate, seasonally adjusted except as noted, for 3 months ended— Contribution Dec. 1981 to Dec. 1982 Dec. 1982 to Dec. 1983 Dec. 1981 to Dec. 1982 Dec. 1982 to Dec. 1983 1983 March June Sept. Dec. All Items ............................................................ F o o d ............................................................ Commodities less food and energy . . . . Energy ....................................................... Services less energy ............................... 100.0 18.7 26.5 11.9 42.9 3.9 3.1 5.8 1.3 3.4 3.8 2.6 5.0 - .5 4.8 100.0 13.4 48.8 3.7 34.1 100.0 12.9 34.4 - 1 .5 54.2 1.2 3.2 5.7 - 2 3 .3 4.3 5.4 1.7 3.2 19.1 4.8 4.5 1.1 6.8 3.4 5.2 4.0 4.3 4.6 - 1 .7 5.3 All Items ............................................................ Services ..................................................... Commodities ............................................. 100.0 47.5 52.4 3.9 4.3 3.6 3.8 4.8 2.9 100.0 47.5 52.5 100.0 59.2 40.8 1.2 4.4 - 1 .6 5.4 4.8 5.8 4.5 5.1 4.4 4.0 4.9 3.3 All Items ............................................................ Food and beverages ..................................... Food at h o m e ............................................. Food away from h o m e ............................. Alcoholic beverages.................................. 100.0 19.8 12.6 6.1 1.1 3.9 3.2 2.2 5.0 4.0 3.8 2.7 1.9 4.1 3.4 100.0 14.4 6.6 6.8 1.0 100.0 13.9 6.3 6.6 1.0 1.2 3.3 3.6 2.6 4.4 5.4 1.9 .6 4.0 3.6 4.5 1.1 - .4 4.5 3.7 4.0 4.3 3.7 5.4 1.8 Housing .......................................................... Shelter ....................................................... Renters’ c o s ts ....................................... Rent, residential1 ............................. Homeowners’ costs1 .......................... Homeownership..................................... Fuel and other utilities ............................. Household furnishings and operation . . . 37.6 21.5 7.0 6.0 13.9 3.6 2.4 3.5 4.7 5.1 4.9 4.5 43.5 19.7 34.8 26.6 9.3 7.6 16.6 3.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 3.9 3.9 4.4 4.6 5.4 4.8 4.0 5.3 1.3 5.0 1.9 4.3 5.6 6.8 6.2 5.2 — 1.8 3.6 4.5 4.9 3.6 3.6 - 2 .6 1.4 4.0 1.5 1.0 3.4 — 6.6 — — 8.7 — 8.2 7.9 1.4 9.7 3.5 1.8 2.0 9.3 17.3 6.5 Apparel and upkeep ..................................... Apparel c o m m o d itie s ............................... Apparel services ....................................... 5.1 4.4 .8 1.6 .9 6.2 2.9 2.5 5.0 2.0 .9 1.1 4.0 2.9 1.0 2.9 2.9 3.4 4.4 4.0 6.2 3.9 3.7 5.3 .6 - .4 5.1 T ranspo rtation............................................... Private tran sportation............................... Public transportation1 ............................. 21.8 20.3 1.5 1.7 1.4 6.5 3.9 3.9 3.8 8.6 6.4 2.2 22.4 20 9 1.5 - 6 .6 - 7 .1 -1 .2 10.9 11.2 7.8 7.6 7.7 6.1 4.4 4.5 2.6 Medical care .................................................. Medical care com m odities........................ Medical care se rvice s ................................ 6.1 1.0 5.1 11.0 9.6 11.2 6.4 7.6 6.1 13.8 2.0 11.8 10.1 1.9 8.1 8.9 8.3 9.1 5.8 7.3 5.5 6.0 6.8 5.7 4.8 7.8 4.4 Entertainment ............................................... 4.2 5.6 3.9 5.2 4.3 4.7 2.0 4.3 4.6 Other goods and services............................. 5.2 12.1 8.0 12.6 10.5 9.8 6.7 7.4 7.9 1Not seasonally adjusted. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — — Table 2. Percent changes in selected producer price indexes by stage of processing, 1982-83 C o m p o u n d a nn ual rate, s e a s o n a lly a d ju ste d e xc e p t a s noted , fo r 3 m on th s e n d e d — Percent change Index Finished g o o d s ..................................................... Finished consumer fo o d s ............................... Finished energy goods .................................. Finished consumer goods excluding foods and energy .......................................................... Capital equipment .......................................... Intermediate materials, supplies, and components ..................................................... Intermediate foods and feeds ........................ Intermediate energy g o o d s ............................. Intermediate materials excluding foods and energy .......................................................... Crude materials for further processing............. Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs..................... Crude energy materials’ ............................... Crude nonfood materials excluding energy . Relative importance Dec. 1983 Dec. 1981 to Dec. 1982 Dec. 1982 to Dec. 1983 March 1983 Ju n e 1983 Sept. 1983 D ec. 1983 100.0 23.9 11.9 3.7 2.1 -.1 0.6 2.2 - 9 .0 - 3 .2 2.3 - 3 2 .3 2.6 -.9 12.9 2.0 1.0 2.5 - 1 .3 5.4 - 9 .5 41.8 22.2 5.3 3.9 1.8 2.0 1.0 2.1 2.2 1.7 2.7 2.1 1.2 2.1 100.0 5.2 15.4 .2 0 - .7 1.8 9.1 -4 .4 -2 .8 7.7 -2 7 .1 2.9 4.2 6.0 5.2 35.0 5.6 2.3 - 5 .7 2.4 79.3 .6 2.8 1.5 2.8 3.6 3.3 100.0 52.8 31.3 15.9 .4 1.5 2.6 - 7 .6 4.8 8.1 -4 .6 15.8 3.2 13.3 - 9 .2 - 1 .5 1.1 - 5 .8 - 5 .1 49.1 9.9 15.6 - 1 .7 16.6 6.2 12.4 - 2 .1 3.4 1Not seasonally adjusted. N o te : Data reflect revisions In not seasonally adjusted indexes through September 1983, as well as the recalculation of seasonally adjusted data from January 1979 through December 1983, effective with the release of January 1984 indexes. dairy products, processed fruits and vegetables, and other foods at home— registered very moderate increases, similar to those in 1982. The other two components of the food and beverages indexes— restaurant meals and alcoholic bev erages— rose 4.1 and 3.4 percent, somewhat less than in 1982. Housing. The housing index rose 3.5 percent in 1983, slightly less than in 1982. Despite the similarity, the com position of the change was notably different between 1982 and 1983. Shelter costs were up 4.7 percent, following a 2.4-percent increase in 1982. The fuels and utilities and the household furnishings and operations groups, however, both registered smaller increases in 1983. Household fuel prices went up only 0.7 percent, compared with a 10.5-percent increase in 1982. Lighter energy demand and abundant sup plies were reflected in all components of household fuels. Fuel oil prices continued their downward movement, drop ping 10.9 percent, compared with a decline of 0.7 percent in 1982. Natural gas prices increased 5.2 percent, after spurting 25.4 percent the year before, as the long-term takeor-pay contracts which had ballooned prices in 1982 were allowed to lapse early in 1983. With abundant and relatively cheap supplies of energy to lower the fuel costs of generating electricity, electric bills rose 3.2 percent, half the increase in 1982. Telephone services increased 3.6 percent—down from 7.3 percent in 1982— as only moderate rate changes were made prior to the January 1, 1984, restructuring of the telephone industry. Water and sewerage maintenance charges increased 8.5 percent, compared with 9.2 percent in 1982 and 14.8 percent in 1981. Prices for household furnishings and operations went up 2.0 percent, compared with 3.5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis percent in 1982. Textile housefumishings increased 3.7 per cent, while prices for television and sound equipment dropped 2.2 percent. Transportation and apparel Transportation. The 3.9-percent rise in the transportation component in 1983 followed a 1.7-percent increase in 1982 and compared with a 10.9-percent average annual increase in the years following the first energy crisis in 1973 through 1981. A smaller decline in gasoline prices and larger in creases in automobile prices were primarily responsible for the greater, but still moderate, rise in transportation costs in 1983. After 3 years of declines, sales of new cars rose sharply in 1983. Retail prices for new vehicles rose 3.3 percent, compared with 1.5 percent in the preceding year. Prices for used cars continued to increase sharply, advancing 14.4 percent, following a 10.9-percent rise in 1982. The indexes for tires and auto finance charges registered declines in each of the past 2 years. However, auto insurance, registration, license, and inspection fees increased, as did charges for automobile maintenance and repairs. Motor fuel prices declined an additional 1.7 percent in 1983, after dropping 6.5 percent in 1982. The 1983 decline occurred in spite of a 5-cent-a-gallon increase in the Federal excise tax imposed in April. Following 6 months of in creases, declining demand for gasoline together with ample supplies led to a resumption in the fourth quarter of the pattern of dropping prices. From their peak level of March 1981, gasoline prices declined 11.0 percent. Prices for pub lic transportation continued to decelerate for the third con secutive year and registered a modest 3.8-percent rise in 1983. Intercity bus fares were the only major exception, 5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Inflation Remained Low in 1983 advancing 7.4 percent after posting a 3.4-percent increase in 1982. Apparel and upkeep. The index for apparel and upkeep advanced 2.9 percent in 1983, compared with a 1.6-percent rise in 1982. A turnaround in women’s apparel prices— particularly dresses— was largely responsible for the modest acceleration. Negotiated wage increases in the women’s apparel industry, which had been postponed, took effect in late 1982, followed by wage increases scheduled for 1983. In addition, an expanding economy and the recent trend for retailers to carry lower inventories meant that sales were less widespread. However, prices of apparel for men, boys, girls, and infants and toddlers decelerated over the year. Price increases of sewing materials and notions continued to ease. After registering their smallest rise in 30 years in 1982 (up 0.1 percent), footwear prices rose a modest 1.0 percent in 1983. Apparel services registered a 5.0-percent rise, following increases of 6.2 and 9.4 percent in 1982 and 1981. Increased prices for precious metals helped to induce a turnaround in the category for jewelry and luggage. Health care and other expenses Medical care. The 6.4-percent advance in the cost of med ical care in 1983 followed increases of 10 percent or more in each of the preceding 4 years. The smaller increase last year reflected a slowdown in prices for both medical care services and medical care commodities, indexes for both prescription drugs and for over-the-counter drugs and med ical supplies rose at a slower rate than in 1982. Hospital and medical care services other than professional services advanced 10.4 percent, compared with 12.6 percent in 1982. Charges for professional services, which had risen more slowly in 1982 than in any of the previous 9 years, moved up 7.6 percent, accelerating slightly. Entertainment. Prices for entertainment, which have been decelerating yearly since 1980, rose 3.9 percent in 1983. Most of the abatement came from the slowdown of price increases for reading materials and toys, hobbies, and other entertainment goods. Within the reading material index, steep price declines for paperback books can be attributed to increased competition as more publishers entered the expanding market. The index for toys, hobbies, and other entertainment rose 1.5 percent, compared with 3.6 percent in 1982. Uncharacteristic price decreases for music equip ment and photographic equipment were caused by growing competition in each market and lower prices for silver, a major raw material in film. Increases in charges for most entertainment services decelerated slightly in 1983. Other goods and services. The index for other consumer goods, while posting a smaller increase in 1983 (up 8.0 percent) than in 1982 (up 12.1 percent), still registered a larger advance than any other major category. Cigarette 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis prices increased 10.4 percent, after rising 21.5 percent in 1982. Legislation passed in the summer of 1982, effective January 1, 1983, doubled the Federal excise tax on ciga rettes, from 8 to 16 cents per pack. Sharp monthly increases were recorded from September 1982 through January 1983, as manufacturers began phasing in the effect of the tax increase immediately, apparently to avoid the impact of a large one-time increase. Further advances were reflected in 1983 as a number of States raised taxes on cigarettes, and three wholesale price increases were passed through directly to retail. The index for personal and educational expenses decelerated in 1983, but still increased at nearly a double digit level, as increases in tuition fees moderated slightly. Producer prices: energy trends Prices received for domestic production of energy showed widespread and substantial decreases during 1983. After relatively little net change over the course of 1982, the Producer Price Indexes for finished, intermediate, and crude energy all moved down during most of 1983. Prices for most refined petroleum products fell at double-digit rates, as the economic recovery failed to absorb enough of the worldwide surplus of oil. (Prices for major refined petroleum products and natural gas are lagged 1 month in the Producer Price Index.) The index for finished energy goods dropped 9.0 percent between December 1982 and December 1983. Producer prices for gasoline declined 10.0 percent over the year, reflecting lower prices for both domestic and imported crude petro leum. Demand for gasoline edged up slightly from 1982 levels, and inventories remained ample. Gasoline prices fell sharply early in the year and then rebounded somewhat during the spring, as increased consumer confidence led to more leisure driving. In a similar fashion, the index for home heating oil de clined 15.8 percent, with nearly all of the decrease occurring in the first few months of 1983. Generally warm weather and conservation efforts by consumers were responsible for the weak level of demand during the year. Total demand for distillate fuel oils in 1983 was nearly identical to yearearlier levels; because commercial demand for diesel and other fuels improved with the recovery, it is evident that a reduction occurred in demand for home heating oil. Producer prices for natural gas moved down 4.3 percent over the year, th i first annual decrease in 20 years. Ex panded drilling activity in recent years led to high inventory levels, as demand remained flat. Prices for natural gas im ported from Canada fell particularly sharply, in reflection of the strength of the U.S. dollar in exchange markets. The Producer Price Index for intermediate energy goods fell 4.4 percent in 1983. Prices for gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel plummeted in the early months of the year but turned up in most succeeding months. Jet fuel prices fol lowed the traditional pattern of more gradual change (jet fuel prices are largely set in advance by contract); decreases persisted through most months of the year. Residual fuel oil prices also declined early in the year but then turned up to end the year 3.6 percent above the yearearlier level. This reflected long-term structural changes in the petroleum refining industry, which have led to the pro duction of a smaller share of residual fuel relative to gasoline and other fuels. In particular, the cessation of the Federal entitlements program in 1981 caused the shutdown of many smaller, obsolescent refineries, which were geared to pro duce a relatively high proportion of residual fuel. The index for electric power rose 1.9 percent over the year, the smallest annual increase since 1972. This largely resulted from moderation in the costs of coal, natural gas, and residual fuel oil. Weak demand led to a 6.1-percent downturn in prices for liquefied petroleum gas. The ppi for crude energy fell 4.6 percent in 1983, after a small increase in 1982 and steep advances in each of the 3 preceding years. Prices for domestic crude petroleum fell for the second consecutive year. With the global crude oil market remaining in surplus during 1983, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (opec) experienced some difficulty in maintaining discipline early in the year. At the March meeting of opec , the benchmark price for crude oil was reduced to $28 per barrel, after which prices stabilized. Prices for coal edged up marginally during the year, the first time since 1976 that an increase of less than 1 percent had been registered. Although electric utility demand for coal continued to be firm, the strength of the U.S. dollar contributed to a sharp drop in export sales. Capital equipment Prices received by producers of capital equipment moved up 2.0 percent over the year, following an advance of 3.9 percent in 1982. This slowdown was broad-based; few types of capital equipment climbed more than in 1982, and even fewer rose more than 5 percent. The real level of expen ditures on new plant and equipment was about 3.5 percent less in 1983 than the year before, which in turn was 5.5 percent below the 1981 level. Demand for new structures and machinery needed to expand capacity had generally not turned up strongly by the end of the year. Firms were usually able to meet improved demand out of existing facilities. High-technology devices for making the current level of output more efficiently were generally preferred over ma chinery that could be used to boost the level of production. Prices for equipment related to energy exploration and development were particularly weak during 1983, reflecting the continued sluggishness in price movements for crude oil, as well as the downturn in natural gas prices. The deceleration in price increases for agricultural equipment (from 5.9 percent in 1982 to 2.8 percent in 1983) was in part due to the impact of Government farm programs, which induced many farmers to plant considerably less than in most other recent years. Intensified competition from im ports, which accounted for more than one-third of all sales, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis was a major influence in restraining price increases for ma chine tools, as domestic production almost sank to Depres sion levels. Construction machinery prices moved up 1.6 percent, only one-third as much as in 1982; foreign demand was poor, the recovery in residential construction activity leveled off by midyear, and demand for commercial struc tures was weak in the wake of a serious overexpansion in office building construction during the last several years in some urban areas. Prices for office and store machines and for motor vehicles also rose considerably less than in 1982, even though demand for these items was quite strong. Intermediate goods less foods and energy In 1983, producer prices for intermediate goods other than foods and energy moved up 2.8 percent, compared with the slight 0.6-percent rise in the previous year. Although the economic upturn did spur price boosts for a number of products, in general those increases which did occur were moderated by persistent overcapacity in most industries. The relatively mild acceleration in 1983 was concentrated in the manufacturing materials categories, in which prices for many items rebounded after falling in the 1981-82 recession. Manufacturing materials. The durable manufacturing ma terials index rose 4.3 percent in 1983, compared with a 1.5percent drop in the preceding 12 months. These movements were virtually mirrored by those of the steel mill products index. The steel industry began an uncertain recovery during the year in the wake of capacity utilization rates below 40 percent, lower than at any time since the Depression. Among various types of steel mill products, there were disparities in market demand, and, consequently, in price movements. Net total 1983 shipments of steel sheet and strip jumped 24.6 percent over 1982 levels, mainly because of increased demand from automobile manufacturers. This enabled pro ducer prices for hot rolled and cold rolled sheet and strip to rise 7.1, and 10.1 percent, respectively, over the year. Because of the generally stagnant state of the capital equip ment and commercial construction sectors, 1983 shipments of hot rolled bars, plates, and structural shapes changed little from the low level of 1982, and prices moved up only 3.5 percent. At the same time, the slump in the oil explo ration and drilling industry was responsible for the 35.5percent drop in shipments of steel pipes and tubing, with prices for the overall category of steel pipes and tubing falling 3.3 percent. Movements in nonferrous metals prices were mixed in 1983. Primary aluminum, lead, and zinc prices rebounded at double-digit rates after falling substantially the year be fore. Improved conditions in the transportation equipment, construction, and consumer durables sectors resulted in greater demand for aluminum. However, the markets for copper and tin were burdened with continued excess worldwide inventories as the major Third World mining countries pushed their exports to repay debts. Copper prices fell for the fourth 7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Inflation Remained Low in 1983 consecutive year, partly because of a long-term shift toward alternative materials, such as optical fibers in telecommun ications and plastics in construction. Tin prices recovered only part of the losses experienced in 1982, as the U.S. Government liquidated a portion of its tin stockpiles. Pre cious metals prices moved down sharply as the strength of the U.S. dollar, high interest rates, and an improved infla tionary outlook tarnished the speculative and investment appeal of gold and silver. After three years of weakness, prices for hardwood lum ber climbed 15.0 percent as consumer demand for furniture strengthened in line with the recovery in residential housing sales. However, flat glass prices rose only 2.1 percent, the least in 10 years, mainly because of reduced costs for natural gas, a critical input. The index for nondurable manufacturing materials moved up 2.4 percent, after falling 3.7 percent in 1982. Although the industrial recovery stimulated demand for many mate rials, price increases were held in check by continued de clines in world crude oil prices. The index for industrial chemicals inched up slightly after falling in 1982. Likewise, prices for plastic resins and materials turned up 5.1 percent after declining through most of 1982. Improved demand from the housing, automotive, and export markets boosted prices for certain resins considerably. Unprocessed synthetic fiber prices edged down for the second consecutive year, largely because of reduced exports to China and flat petrochemical costs. Steady increases in raw cotton prices, however, along with higher prices for processed synthetic yarns, led to upturns in the indexes for processed yarns, gray fabrics, and finished fabrics. The economic recovery also contributed to modest price upturns for woodpulp, paper, and paperboard. Reduced oilseed har vests were responsible for sharp increases for inedible fats and oils and thus for paint materials. Construction materials. Producer prices for construction materials and components moved up 3.4 percent in 1983, compared with a 1.2-percent rise in 1982. The pace of residential building activity soared early in the year and then fluctuated in the later months in response to changing pros pects for the availability of mortgage credit. However, com mercial construction suffered a substantial decline, partly because of an emerging surplus of office space in many cities. The number of new private housing units started in 1983 reached 1.7 million, 62 percent higher than a year before. At the same time, total real nonresidential fixed investment in structures fell 7 percent. The surge in housing construction caused prices for soft wood lumber to rise rapidly during the first half of the year. Having kept their inventories at low levels during the reces sion, American lumber mills responded by quickly expand ing production. However, the market outlook clouded somewhat as mortgage interest rates turned up at midyear. Supplies began to exceed demand during the summer, lead 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ing to declining prices during the second half. Still, prices for softwood lumber in December 1983 were 11.8 percent higher than a year earlier, the first significant increase in 5 years. Similarly, prices for plywood moved up after falling in 1981 and 1982, and millwork prices rose more than in the previous 2 years combined. The most dramatic price increase in the construction area was for gypsum products, prices of which surged 26.6 per cent, the sharpest rise since 1978. Strong residential demand for wallboard surpassed the modest growth in output which occurred, and by autumn shortages were reported in North east and Southern States. The largest four firms in the gyp sum industry produce nearly 80 percent of total output, and their predominance in the market enabled them to make up for previous weak profits by instituting unusually steep price increases throughout 1983. Strong demand also led to substantial price increases for plastic construction products and structural clay products. However, declining energy prices and weak demand from the commerical construction industry were responsible for the slight price advances for concrete products and fabri cated structural metal products. Similarly, reduced petro leum prices were the main reason for the 4.1-percent drop in the index for asphalt roofing. Other intermediate goods Among other areas of the in termediate goods index, price increases in the range of 4 to 6 percent were recorded for several industrial products ben efiting from the recovery. These included electric motors and generators, rubber hose, photographic supplies, and electronic components. In the last grouping, particularly large advances took place for tubes, relays, and certain integrated circuits which were suddenly in short supply after a long period of weak demand because of a slump in com puter sales. However, demand in agriculture-related industries weak ened in 1983, as farmers cut back their crop planting under the Government’s Payment-in-Kind (pik) program. Prices for both mixed fertilizers and pesticides showed small de creases over the year. Grains and feedstuffs The most significant determinants of 1983 price move ments for grains and feedstuffs were the pik program and the unusually hot and dry summer. These two influences overshadowed the decline in exports which continued as in other recent years. The pik program, designed to reduce grain surpluses, had an unexpectedly high participation rate from farmers. As a result, planted acreage was well below the planned Government targets. This restricted the amount of harvested grain available for market to a greater extent than anticipated, creating large price increases early in the year. In addition, the summer drought, described as the worst in 50 years, reduced yields for most grains and feed stuff's. Only the winter wheat crop, most of which had been harvested before the onset of the heat wave, escaped vir tually unscathed. Planted acreage for com was down 29 percent from the previous year, the reduction triggered by the p i k program. Yields for com were off 29 percent because of the drought. As a result, prices for com climbed 38 percent over the year, the largest annual increase since 1973. Hard hit by the summer heat wave, soybean prices jumped 37 percent. (Soybeans were not directly affected by p i k as they were not included in that program.) Fourth-quarter prices fell when farmers, prompted by high September prices, released more of their stocks to the market. At the same time, export demand declined because of the strong dollar and a change in U.S. credit policy towards foreign purchasers, and be cause demand for soybean oil, an important derivative, dropped in the face of competition from Malaysian palm oil. Prices for hay soared a record 52.6 percent over the year. Hay stocks, already drawn down by a poor 1982 crop, were in high demand as animal feed during the snowy first quarter of 1983. The summer drought and the early winter storms of December had an even stronger upward impact on hay prices later in 1983. Wheat prices rose in the first quarter because of the p i k program announcement but fell in the second quarter, with the abundant harvests for winter wheat. Because wheat can partly substitute for most other grains and feedstuffs, wheat prices were drawn up by prices for com and soybeans in the third quarter and fell with soybean prices in October and November. Wheat prices increased again with the rising demand for animal feed in storm-plagued December, leav ing the year-end price level almost unchanged from the year before. Price-sensitive industrial materials The Producer Price Index for crude materials other than food and energy, which measures changes in prices of raw industrial commodities usually responsive to cyclical shifts in general economic conditions, advanced 15.8 percent from December 1982 to December 1983. This upturn followed declines of 11.4 percent in 1981 and 7.6 percent in 1982. Prices for ferrous and aluminum base scrap soared during 1983. Demand from steel mills and aluminum mills ad vanced considerably, while stocks remained low as scrap generating industrial production picked up slowly. Iron and steel scrap prices climbed 52 percent, following declines in each of the preceding 2 years. Demand for scrap is tied to manufacturers’ orders for steel products, whereas supplies of scrap are determined in part by the current level of pro duction of finished steel products, which generates scrap. Thus, during a recovery, when production is struggling to meet manufacturers’ needs, scrap supplies typically lag be hind demand, which may spur large price increases. Ex panded production of automobiles towards the end of 1983 increased ferrous scrap supplies, moderating price increases. Prices for aluminum base scrap surged a record 117.6 percent. The extended period of stagnation from late 1979 to late 1982 had brought aluminum scrap prices down to extraordinarily low levels. But by the end of 1983, the recovery had returned prices to their December 1979 levels. In addition to improved domestic demand, aluminum scrap prices were supported by substantial purchases from Japan. Copper base scrap prices advanced strongly in the first half of 1983 but fell back in the second half, ending the year unchanged following 3 years of declines. The midyear rally was largely due to speculation that the recovery would soon manifest itself in higher demand for copper products. These expectations, given some support by purchases from China, ultimately proved premature, causing prices to fall at year’s end. Prices for cattle hides, raw cotton, and crude natural rubber climbed as demand returned strongly with the re covery. Cattle hide prices, after falling in each of the pre ceding 3 years, were up despite increased supplies from higher slaughter rates. Prices were pulled up by demand from the apparel industry, which also boosted prices for raw cotton. Foreign and domestic demand for U.S. cotton was also bolstered by some crop damage here and abroad. Following 2 years of decline, natural rubber prices climbed nearly one-third, the largest annual advance since 1973. Demand rose with the world recovery, while production capacity declined in exporting countries. Prices for construction sand and gravel advanced with higher demand from the construction industry. With con struction demand down during the recession, sand and gravel price increases had become smaller each year from 1980 through 1982 in accord with the dwindling rate of inflation. But price increases accelerated in the latter half of 1983 as the 1982 highway construction legislation took effect and residential construction increased. Falling prices for leaf tobacco at year’s end were partly due to high inventories and a 5-percent drop in cigarette consumption. Potash prices fell in midyear following the reduced fertilizer needs of the smaller crop plantings in the spring. Prices rebounded in the fourth quarter in anticipation of larger plantings in 1984, pushing price levels higher than the year before. Q ■FOOTNOTE 1Data for 1983 are not strictly comparable with previous years, however, because o f a technical change in the treatment of homeownership. Through December 1982, the c p i - u used an asset approach to measure shelter costs o f homeowners. A flow-of-services approach for that component called “ rental equivalence” was introduced in January 1983. This change not only affected the manner in which homeowners’ costs were measured, but https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis also affected the relative weighting structure. See Robert F. Gillingham and Walter Lane, “ Changing the treatment of homeownership in the c p i , ” M onthly L a b o r R e v ie w , June 1983, and “ Changing the homeowner ship component of the Consumer Price Index to rental equivalence,” cpi D e ta ile d R eport, January 1983. 9 Workers’ purchasing power rises despite slowdown in wage and salary gains There is no clear relationship between changes in the purchasing power o f wages and salaries and the business cycle; changes in purchasing power reflect the greater volatility o f price, rather than wage, changes Richard Schumann Changes in the purchasing power of wages and salaries, as measured by the constant-dollar Employment Cost Index (eci), show a dramatic reversal during the last 4 years (198083) from the trend of the preceding 4 years (1976-79). The rate of change declined steadily from 1976 through March 1980, but since then has generally been rising. During the last 2 years, purchasing power has actually increased. (See chart 1.) This improvement occurred despite a sharp drop in the rate of increase in wages and salaries, as measured by the current-dollar eci. The explanation for this apparent anomaly is that although the rate of wage and salary increase has been dropping, the rate of price increase has declined even faster. This article examines fluctuations in the purchasing power of wages and salaries for private industry workers, as well as for major industry and occupation categories, over the 1976-83 period. The critical determinant of purchasing power changes has been the rate of increase in consumer prices. There appears to be no clear relationship between the stage of the business cycle and changes in purchasing power but, consistently, the eci adjusted for price changes (constantdollar eci) rose most when prices rose least, and vice versa. Fluctuations in purchasing power reflect the greater vola tility of price increases, compared with wage and salary gains, over the past 8 years: pay increases trail price changes during periods of rapid price rises, and exceed price in creases when the rate of price change is low. Over the 8-year period studied, purchasing power de creased for most workers. However, changes were not uni- form across the economy. Some groups lost more purchasing power than others, and a few groups even experienced an increase. None of the occupational or industry groups stud ied gained purchasing power during the 1979-80 period of high price inflation, no matter the size of their wage and salary increases. How change in purchasing power is measured The measure of purchasing power used for the analysis in this article was the constant-dollar e c i for wages and salaries. The constant-dollar e c i was calculated by first con verting both the e c i and the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers ( c p i - u ) to a common base of September 1975=100. The converted e c i was then divided by the converted c p i - u for the same period. The result is an index which measures the amount of goods and services which could be purchased with the wages and salaries paid for an hour of labor in the current period, compared with what could have been purchased in the base period. For example, a constant-dollar index of 105.0 indicates that current wages could purchase 5 percent more goods and services than wages in the base period, even though wages unadjusted for price changes may have increased by more or less than 5 percent (or may have even decreased).1 The e c i is used in this analysis because it measures changes in wage and salary rates, not changes in earnings, which are affected by hours worked as well as shifts in the com position of the work force. The appendix provides an ex planation of how the e c i differs from earnings series. Cyclical behavior of purchasing power Richard Schumann is an economist in the Office of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. 10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The relationship between price increases and rates of wage and salary change over the 1976-83 period is shown in chart 1. When the current-dollar curve for the e c i is above that for the c p i , purchasing power is increasing; when it is below the c p i curve, purchasing power is declining. Pur chasing power increased in the early (1976-77) and latter (1982-83) parts of the period studied. The critical determinant of changes in purchasing power in recent years has been the rate of price inflation. The following tabulation shows annualized percent changes in wages and salaries in private industry and in the Consumer Price Index over the 1975-83 period, by stage of the busi ness cycle. The months chosen for comparison are those closest to the officially designated turning points and con sistent with the e c i ’ s reference months. The latest expansion is incomplete, not yet having reached its peak. C u r r e n t- C on su m er C o n s ta n t- d o l l a r ECI P r ic e In d e x d o lla r ECI Expansion: September 1975December 1979 .. 7.6 8.3 - .6 Contraction: December 1979June 1980 .......... 9.4 16.0 -5 .9 Expansion: June 1980June 1981 .......... 9.3 9.6 - .3 Contraction: June 1981December 1982 .. 6.8 5.1 1.5 Expansion: December 1982December 1983 .. 5.0 3.8 1.1 There is no clear relationship between the stage of the business cycle and changes in purchasing power, but there is a pattern in that the largest price increases are associated with decreases in constant-dollar wages and salaries, and the smallest price increases are found with constant-dollar pay increases. The relationship between the c p i and constant-dollar e c i resulted, in part, from the nature of the price changes and conditions in the labor market. This conclusion is supported by a review of wage and price developments over the history of the e c i series. The early part of the 1975-80 expansion saw increases in real wages and salaries as inflation moderated from the high levels of 1973-74, and wage and salary rates rose about 7 percent in both 1976 and 1977. (See table 1.) A strong labor market, as reflected in the decline in the un employment rate from a high of 9.2 percent in May 1975 to 6.4 percent in December 1977, contributed to the steady increase in wages and salaries. During 1978 and 1979, prices rose dramatically, largely in response to increases in the cost of oil, while wage gains were slower.2 The brief 1980 recession did not have a dampening effect on wages. They continued to rise at an annualized rate of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9.4 percent even though unemployment increased from 5.9 to 7.8 percent during the period. The short duration of the recession limited its impact on employers, particularly those with labor contracts which did not expire during the period. During this recessionary period, prices rose at an annualized rate of more than 16 percent. These increases generated large wage gains for workers covered by automatic cost-ofliving escalator clauses, further offsetting the wage damp ening effects of the recession. During the 1980-81 expansion, wage and salary increases peaked at 9.3 percent and essentially remained at that rate, while unemployment moderated to 7.0 percent. Price in creases slowed to 9.6 percent, a sharp drop from the rate of the previous 2 years, but still a historically high level. The 1981-82 recession saw wage and salary increases decline sharply, from 9.3 percent for the year ended June 1981 to 6.3 percent for the year ended December 1982. Over the same period, the labor market deteriorated as un employment rose from 7.0 percent in July 1981 to 10.8 percent in November 1982. The rate of price increase dropped dramatically, from 8.9 percent for the year ended June 1981 to 3.9 percent for the year ended December 1982. The most recent economic expansion, which began in December 1982, is following a trend similar to that of the early period of the 1975-80 expansion. Purchasing power increased 1.1 percent during the first year of the current expansion, as the decline in the rate of wage increase was more than offset by the continued drop in the rate of price increase. The labor market tightened somewhat as unem ployment declined during the period, dropping from 10.8 percent in December 1982 to 8.2 percent in December 1983. The cyclical pattern of wage movements for most oc cupation and industry groups was similar to that for all private industry workers. Recent shifts in the pattern of wage changes The contraction that began in mid-1981 marked a turning point in the relative rates of pay increase for white-collar workers compared with blue-collar, and for manufacturing workers compared with those in nonmanufacturing indus tries. The following tabulation shows annualized percent increases in private industry wage and salary rates, and in the c p i - u . All private industry ....... September 1975- June 1981June 1981 December 1983 8.1 6.0 White collar ............. Blue collar................. Service workers ........ 7.7 8.5 8.2 6.6 5.3 6.3 Manufacturing .......... Nonmanufacturing__ 8.4 7.9 5.6 6.3 Union ....................... Nonunion.................. 8.8 7.7 6.4 5.8 Consumer Price Index ... 9.2 4.6 11 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Workers’ Purchasing Power Rises Chart 1. Changes in current- and constant-dollar wage and salary component of the Employment Cost Index and in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, 1976-83 Percent Change over 12-month periods ended March, June, September, and December Percent 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 —2 -4 -6 During the September 1975-June 1981 period, blue-col lar workers and workers in manufacturing industries re ceived larger wage and salary increases than white-collar workers and workers in nonmanufacturing industries. This relationship held even during the brief 1980 recession. How ever, this pattern reversed during the 1981-82 recession. There was a dramatic slowdown in the rates of wage and salary increase for all worker groups, but the declines for blue-collar workers and those in manufacturing were un usually sharp. During 1983, the first year of the most recent expansion, a reversal of the usual pattern also occurred when nonunion wage increases exceeded those of union workers. Blue-collar occupations, and workers in manufacturing industries were affected more than other workers by the 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis economic conditions of 1981-82. Unemployment among blue-collar workers was 16.1 percent in the fourth quarter of 1983, up from 9.8 percent in the second quarter of 1981, greatly exceeding the 5.4-percent and 3.9-percent rates for white-collar workers. Similarly, unemployment in manu facturing peaked at 14.2 percent in the fourth quarter of 1982, up from 7.6 percent in the second quarter of 1981. Union workers, who are heavily concentrated in bluecollar jobs and in manufacturing industries, were affected by the deteriorating labor market. They continued to receive larger wage increases than nonunion workers during the 1981-82 recessionary period, but for the year ended in December 1983, wage increases for nonunion workers (5.2 percent) exceeded those for union workers (4.6 percent). Table 1. Percent changes in the wage and salary component of the ECI and in the CPI-U for the 12 months ended in December 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 7.2 2.3 7.0 0.2 7.7 - 1 .2 8.7 - 4 .1 9.0 - 3 .0 8.8 - 0 .2 6.3 2.3 5.0 1.1 Occupational group White collar: Current dollar . . . Constant dollar . . 6.6 1.9 6.5 - 0 .4 7.2 -1 .6 8.6 - 4 .0 8.7 - 3 .3 9.1 0.1 6.4 2.5 6.0 2.1 Blue collar: Current dollar . . . Constant dollar . . 8.0 3.2 7.7 0.8 8.2 - 0 .8 9.0 - 3 .8 9.6 - 2 .5 8.6 - 0 .4 5.6 1.7 3.8 0.0 Service workers: Current dollar . . . Constant dollar . . 7.9 3.1 6.4 - 0 .5 8.7 -0 .2 7.2 - 5 .5 8.1 - 3 .8 8.3 -0 .6 8.5 4.5 4.6 0.7 Industry division Manufacturing: Current dollar . . . Constant dollar . . 7.5 2.6 7.8 1.0 8.3 - 0 .7 8.6 - 4 .2 9.4 -2 .7 8.7 -0 .3 5.6 1.8 4.3 0.4 Nonmanufacturing: Current dollar . . . Constant dollar . . 7.1 2.3 6.5 -0 .5 7.4 -1 .3 8.8 - 4 .1 8.8 - 3 .1 9.0 0.0 6.5 2.5 5.4 1.6 Bargaining status Union: Current dollar . . . Constant dollar . . 8.1 3.3 7.6 0.7 8.0 - 1 .0 9.0 - 3 .9 10.9 - 1 .2 9.6 0.5 6.5 2.5 4.6 0.8 Nonunion: Current dollar . . . Constant dollar . . 6.8 2.0 6.6 -0 .4 7.6 -1 .3 8.5 -4 .2 8.0 -3 .9 8.5 -0 .4 6.1 2.2 5.2 1.4 Consumer Price Index ........................ 4.8 6.8 9.0 13.3 12.4 8.9 3.9 3.8 C h aracteristic 1976 Private industry Current dollar . . . Constant dollar . . Summary Clearly, relative rates of wage and salary changes among various subgroups shifted during the June 1981-December 1983 period. The rate of increase dropped for all subgroups, but the decline was greatest for those who had posted the highest rates of increase in the earlier period. This shift reflects factors such as competition from imports, deregu lation, and the growth of nonunion establishments as well as recessionary effects. In the last 3 years, wage cuts or freezes have been frequent in such heavily unionized in dustries as automobiles, steel, construction, airlines, and trucking as unemployment was especially high in these areas. Changes in purchasing power, 1975-83 From September 1975, when data for the eci were first collected, through December 1983, purchasing power for private industry workers declined 2.5 percent, as wage in creases of 80.9 percent were offset by price increases of 85.5 percent. (See table 2.) Workers in virtually all occu pational and industry groups experienced a decline in pur chasing power. Purchasing power rose only for groups with consistently above-average annual wage increases during the entire 8-year period and for those with unusually large wage gains during the latter half (1979-81), when prices rose rapidly. Among the groups with a rise in purchasing power were workers in transportation, communications, and public util ities, whose wage and salary increases exceeded the average https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis for all workers in 6 of the 8 years studied; union workers, whose wage and salary increases were below the average for all workers only in 1983; and professional and technical workers, whose salary gains were substantially above the average during 1979-81, after trailing those of most other groups during 1975-78. Declines in purchasing power were the greatest for man agers and administrators, salesworkers, and workers in con struction and wholesale and retail trade industries. Increases for managers and administrators exceeded the average for all workers only in 1983. The salesworkers and construction series do not include data for some quarters before March 1977, a period during which purchasing power was rising, but both series have lagged the average for all workers over the last several years. Wholesale and retail trade is strongly affected by changes in the salesworker category. The period studied (1975-83) begins shortly after the trough of a severe recession. Constant-dollar wages were increasing early in the period as the moderate rate of wage increase was higher than the increase in consumer prices. The period ends shortly after the trough of another severe recession. Constant-dollar wages are again increasing as the moderate rate of wage increase is higher than the increase in consumer prices. Between the two troughs, there was a period of severe wage and price acceleration, followed by Table 2. Percent change in the wage and salary component of the ECI, current- and constant-dollar, September 1 9 75 -December 1983 Current dollar Constant dollar ............................................... 80.9 -2 .5 Occupational group: White-collar workers ....................................................... Professional and technical .......................................... Managers and administrators .................................... Salesworkers1 ............................................................... Clerical w o rk e rs ............................................................ 79.8 86.7 71.2 58.9 83.7 - 3 .1 0.3 -7 .7 -6 .7 - 1 .0 Blue-collar workers ......................................................... C raftw orkers................................................................. Operatives, except tra n s p o rt....................................... Transport equipment operatives.................................. Nonfarm la b o re rs .......................................................... Service workers ............................................................... 82.2 82.0 85.0 76.3 80.8 83.5 -1 .8 - 1 .9 -0 .3 -5 .0 -2 .5 - 1 .1 Industry division: Manufacturing.................................................................... Durable goods2 ............................................................ Nondurable goods2 ....................................................... 82.0 71.5 66.1 -1 .9 -2 .5 -5 .5 80.3 68.5 -2 .8 -7 .0 94.7 73.3 80.9 5.0 -6 .6 - 2 .5 89.5 76.7 2.2 - 4 .7 Characteristic All private industry workers Nonm anufacturing............................................................ Contract construction3 .................................................. Transportation, communication, and public u tilitie s ............................................................ Wholesale and retail trade .......................................... S e rvices......................................................................... Bargaining status: Union ................................................................................. N onunion............................................................................ 1Change from March 1977 to December 1983. 2Change from September 1976 to December 1983. 3Change from March 1976 to December 1983. 13 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Workers’ Purchasing Power Rises a period of sharp wage and price deceleration. During this middle period, prices rose more than wages, so constantdollar wages declined. The decline in constant-dollar wages that occurred during the period of high wage and price inflation was greater than the increase in constant-dollar wages that resulted during the period of moderate wage and price inflation. Conse quently, over the entire period constant-dollar wages de clined. In December 1983, constant-dollar wages were 2.5 percent below the level of September 1975.3 1The measure o f purchasing power used in this article is an index of the quantity o f goods and services that could be purchased with an hour’s wages. In fact, though, movements in purchases may not correspond to movements in wage rates. Individuals may increase purchases more than the increase in their wage rate by drawing on savings or receiving transfer payments, or may purchase less by saving or paying taxes. Because the c p i is an expenditure-based index, income taxes are excluded. For research purposes, Robert Gillingham and John Greenlees have defined and esti mated a price index which incorporates income taxes. For a brief descrip tion o f their research, see P roblem s in M easuring C onsum er P rices, Report 697 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1983), p. 3. 2 Voluntary wage and price guidelines, administered by the Council on Wage and Price Stability, were in effect from the 4th quarter 1978 to the 4th quarter 1980. It is uncertain what impact those guidelines had on wage and price changes during the period. b eg in n in g with the index for January 1983, the method o f pricing owner-occupied housing in the official c p i - u was changed from the “ asset price” approach to a rental equivalence approach. Prior to that time, an experimental c p i measure using the rental equivalence approach was avail able; that index did not rise as rapidly as the c p i - u over the 1976-82 period. For a discussion o f methods for pricing housing, see P roblem s in M easuring C onsum er P ric e s, Appendix B. APPENDIX: How eci wage rate change is calculated The e c i eliminates the impact of employment shifts by collecting wage rates for specific occupations and using fixed occupation and industry weights in the calculation of indexes. Consider the case of an employer with two types of workers, electricians and janitors. In March 1982, he employs 10 electricians at $10 per hour and 10 janitors at $5 per hour. The average wage (and average earnings) is $7.50. N u m ber W age Electricians ........ ....... Janitors ............... ....... A g g r e g a te w a g e 10 $10 10 5 20 Average wage (earnings); $150 + 20 = $7.50 $100 50 150 In March 1983, both groups are given a 10-percent wage increase, but now only 5 janitors are employed. Average earnings increase to $9.17. N u m ber Electricians ................. Janitors ....................... W age A g g r e g a te w a g e 10 $11.00 $110.00 _5 5.50 27,50 15 137.50 Average earnings: $137.50 h- 15 = $9.17 Earnings change: $9.17 h- $7.50 = 1.22 (or a 22-percent in crease) 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis But when fixed employment weights are used (that is, the number of janitors remains fixed at 10), the average change in wage rates is calculated, not the change in average hourly earnings. N um ber W age A g g r e g a te w a g e Electricians ................. Janitors ........................ 10 $11.00 $110.00 10 5.50 55.00 20 165.00 Average wage rate: $165 -e 20 = $8.25 Wage rate change: $8.25 -h $7.50 = 1.10 (or a 10-percent increase) In this case, the increase is 10 percent, the size of the wage rate increase which was granted to both occupations. If consumer prices had also increased 10 percent, then the purchasing power of wage rates would have been unchanged for both electricians and janitors separately as well as for the two combined. The change in the purchasing power of earnings, calculated by dividing the relative increase in av erage earnings by the change in the price index, would give different results: purchasing power would have remained unchanged for the two occupations separately but would have increased 11 percent for the two combined. How social security payments affect private pensions Coordinating the two sources o f retirement income tends to lower employer costs fo r private pension plans, and results in private pensions which replace a larger percentage o f preretirement earnings fo r higher paid workers D onald B ell and D iane Hill Many workers look forward to receiving benefits from pri vate pension plans as well as from social security. Half of all full-time wage and salary workers in private industry in May 1979 were covered by pension plans;1 nearly all of them were also under the social security system. This dual retirement income has fostered interest in coordinating pub lic and private plans. Often, social security payments are considered when setting the terms of private pension plans. There are two types of private pensions plans: defined contribution plans, which require an employer to contribute a specified amount of money into a pension fund; and de fined benefit plans, which provide specified benefits ac cording to a formula taking into account an employee’s years of service, or earnings, or both. A defined contribution plan does not promise a predetermined level of benefits— the benefits paid at retirement depend on the amount credited to an employee. In a defined benefit plan, pension benefits are predetermined and the employer must make contribu tions adequate to finance those benefits. Both types of plans may reflect the existence of social security (Old-Age, Sur vivors, and Disability Insurance) either implicitly, by in formally providing lower annuities than would be the case if social security benefits were not available; or explicitly, by formally recognizing the existence of social security.2 Plans which explicitly acknowledge social security ben efits are called integrated plans. Their formulas generally recognize not only the level but also the underlying structure of social security benefits. For example, social security ben efits as a percent of preretirement earnings (replacement rates) are greater for low-wage earners than for high-wage earners. Some employers counter this difference by using a Donald Bell and Diane Hill are labor economists in the Office of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis benefit formula which results in greater replacement rates under the private plan for high-wage earners. Internal Rev enue Service regulations, discussed later, govern the extent to which this is permissible. Proponents of integrated private plans maintain that co ordinating private pensions and social security benefits yields equitable retirement income for all workers, regardless of earnings, while keeping employer costs within reasonable bounds. (Employers often contend that their payment of social security taxes should be considered when determining outlays for private benefits.1) On the other hand, critics stress that integrated private plans may provide low bene fits— or none at all— to low-wage earners.4 Information on integrated private pension plans was ob tained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ annual survey on the incidence and characteristics of employee benefit plans in medium and large firms. 5 Of the 914 defined benefit pension plans studied in 1981, 521, or nearly three-fifths, were integrated. Most of the integrated plans (60 percent) reduced private pensions by a portion of the social security payment. The remainder (40 percent) were coordinated with social security through percent-of-earnings benefit formulas that applied different percentages to earnings above and below specified dollar levels. Defined benefit plans which integrate by deducting a por tion of the social security payments are called offset plans. Those which establish higher pension formulas for earnings above a specified level than for those below are called excess plans; the earnings level is related to the maximum wage subject to social security taxation (the “ taxable wage base’’), which was $29,700 in 1981. (Integrated defined contribution plans, excluded from this study, follow the excess approach; contribution rates, expressed as a percent of earnings, are higher on earnings above a specified level than below.) 15 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Social Security Payments and Private Pensions Offset plans Sixty percent of all the integrated plans included in the study were offset plans. The formula in an offset plan and its effect on replacement rates (annuity as a percent of earn ings in the final year of work) are illustrated in the following: Two employees retired at the beginning of 1981 after 30 years of service; one earned $20,000 in 1980 and the other, $30,000. Both employees were covered by a private pension plan with a typical offset provision which provides pensions equal to 1.5 percent of average earnings in the five highest earnings years (“ high-five” average earnings) multiplied by years of service, less 50 percent of primary social security benefits (excluding benefits for spouses or other depen dents). The workers’ earnings were not constant over the years. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate their earnings in each of the years affecting the private pension and social security benefit calculations. The estimated “ high-five” av erage earnings used here were calculated from assumed earnings histories developed by the Social Security Admin istration, which also provided the social security benefits. Replacement rates were calculated by dividing each benefit by the workers’ earnings in the last year of work.6 Glossary of pension terms Analysis of pension plan provisions is complicated by technical terms which permeate the pension literature. The use of these terms cannot be avoided. However, each of the technical terms used in this article is defined below. Career earnings formula. A formula which bases pen sion benefits on average earnings in all years of credited service. Defined benefit plan. A pension plan which includes a formula for calculating retirement benefits (such as a specified percent of earnings or flat dollar amount per year of service) and obligates the employer to provide the benefits so determined. Therefore, employer contri butions are not fixed, but are whatever is needed, together with earnings of pension fund investments, to finance the required benefits. Defined contribution plan. A pension plan that obli gates the employer to contribute money to a pension fund according to a formula (such as a specified percent of earnings). Benefits are not fixed, but depend on the amount of employer contributions and the earnings of pension fund investments. Early retirement. Retirement before the normal retire ment age. Early retirement pensions depend on earnings and service, but are reduced for each year prior to the normal retirement age. Excess plan. An integrated pension plan which pro vides relatively higher pensions on earnings above a spec ified level than on earnings below that level. A pure excess plan calculates pensions only on earnings above the specified level, while a step-rate excess plan has separate calculation formulas for earnings above and be low the specified level. Flat-benefit plan. An excess plan that expresses pen sions as flat percentages of earnings, independent of length of service. 16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Integrated pension plan. A private pension plan that is explicitly coordinated with social security, either through the offset or excess approach. A common objective is to recognize employer costs for social security in setting private pension benefits. In addition, integrated private pension plans often provide greater benefits relative to preretirement earnings for the higher-paid workers. Integration level (breakpoint). The level above and be low which excess plans apply different percent-of-eamings formulas. The integration level may be the “ social security taxable wage base’ ’ or a specified dollar amount, usually the taxable wage base at the time the excess formula was developed. Normal retirement. Retirement at the earliest age spec ified in a pension plan for retirement with all accrued pension benefits by virtue of earnings and service, with out reduction due to age. Offset plan. An integrated pension plan that reduces private benefits by a portion of an employee’s social security benefit. O ld-A ge, Survivors, and D isa b ility Insurance ( o as d i ). The old-age insurance program established by the Social Security Act, referred to as “ social security” in text. Replacement rate. Retirement annuity as a percent of earnings in the final year of work. Taxable wage base. The maximum wage or salary sub ject to payroll taxation for social security purposes. The wage base was $29,700 in 1981, the year covered by this study. Terminal (final) earnings formula. A formula that bases pension benefits on average earnings in the final years of credited service— often the last 3 or 5 years. Unit benefit plan. An excess plan that expresses pen sions as percentages of earnings per year of service. Earnings in last year of work........ .... (1) “ High-five” average earnings (2) Private pensions, before offset (1) x .015 x 30 ............. Replacement ra te .................. (3) Social security benefit .......... Replacement rate .................. (4) Private pension, after offset (2) - V2 of (3) ................. Replacement rate .................. (5) Offset pension plus social security (4) + (3) ......................... Replacement rate .................. $20,000 $30,000 17,119 25,683 7,704 38.5 7,884 39.4 11,557 38.5 8,124 27.1 3,762 18.8 7,495 25.0 11,646 58.2 15,619 52.1 Prior to calculation of the social security offset,, private pensions replace 38.5 percent of preretirement earnings for both the $20,000 and the $30,000 worker (2). However, after deducting half the social security benefit paid to these workers, the $30,000 worker receives a greater private pen sion proportionate to preretirement earnings than does the $20,000 worker (4). But the replacement rate for combined social security and offset private benefits is higher for the $20,000 worker; this stems from the social security benefit formula, which yields a higher replacement rate for the $20,000 worker, (3) and (5). Offset plans use a variety of approaches to determine the social security deduction. (See table 1.) One-fourth of the offset plans in the 1981 study specified deductions inde pendent of an employee’s length of service: they generally Table 1. Incidence of social security integration in defined benefit plans by type of formula, private pension plans in medium and large firms, 1981 Pension benefits formula Integration status Defined benefit plans: N u m b e r........................ Percent .......................... All plans Terminal earnings Career earnings Other1 914 100 510 100 151 100 253 100 57 34 26 8 7 1 23 1 22 81 56 44 12 11 1 25 1 24 60 7 3 3 2 1 54 1 53 6 6 3 3 3 Percent with integrated formula2 . Offset3 ................................ Based on service ................ Not based on service .......... Flat p e r c e n t................ Dollar amount ..................... Excess ........................... Pure excess4 ........................ Step-rate ................................ Integrated at social security tax base breakpoint . . . . Integrated at specified dollar breakpoint ........................ 12 15 20 10 9 33 Percent without integrated formula 43 19 40 — 94 'Primarily plans providing stipulated dollar benefits per year of service or dollar sched ules of benefits varying by length of service. 2Plans with integrated formulas may contain either minimum or alternative formulas which are not Integrated with social security benefits, or both. In plans with two integrated formulas, the formula yielding the larger benefit was tabulated. inclu des private pensions offset by railroad retirement benefits. 4AH "p u re " excess plans in this study integrated at a specified dollar breakpoint, rather than the social security taxable wage base. N o te : Because of rounding, sums of individual Items may not equal totals. Dashes Indicate no plans in the category. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis called for flat percentage deductions, averaging 60 percent of primary social security benefits. However, a majority of the offset plans (three-fourths) specified a percentage de duction which varied with length of service. These per centage offsets ranged from 0.75 percent to 5 percent per year of service, but the effect of this formula was usually limited by either a ceiling on the size of the offset (usually 50 percent) or a curb on the years of service included in the calculation (typically 25 to 40 years). In cases where de ductions varied by length of service, offsets for retirements after 30 years of service averaged 49 percent of the primary social security benefit in capped plans; this was higher than the 33-percent average found in plans without a ceiling on the maximum offset.7 (It is possible that uncapped formulas include lower percent-per-year offsets in recognition of their potential impact on long-service employees retiring after 35 years or more on the job.) In all cases, the amount of the offset is fixed at the time of retirement and subsequent changes in social security benefits, either legislated or costof-living adjustments, do not affect private pension pay ments. Excess plans Two-fifths of the integrated pension plans were excess plans. These plans contained percent-of-earnings benefit formulas which applied a higher percentage rate to earnings above a specified level (the breakpoint or integration level) than to those below. Excess plans achieve patterns of re placement rates relative to preretirement earnings similar to those under offset plans. This is illustrated in the following: Two employees retired at the beginning of 1981 after 30 years of service, with earnings in 1980 of $20,000 and $30,000. Their pension plan provided benefits per year of service equal to l percent of career average annual earnings up to $7,800, and 1.5 percent of earnings above this level. (The estimates of social security benefits were provided by the Social Security Administration; estimates of career av erage earnings are based on the Social Security Adminis tration’s assumed earnings histories.) Earnings in last year of work ... (1) Career average earnings............. (2) Pension on earnings to $7,800 $7,800 x .01 x 30 . (3) Pension on excess earnings Earnings over $7,800 x .015 x 30 ....... (4) Total private pension (2) + (3) .............................. Replacement rate .................. (5) Social security benefit ............. Replacement rate ...................... (6) Pension plus social security (4) + (5) ................................ Replacement rate ......................... $20,000 $30,000 9,340 14,011 2,340 2,340 693 2,795 3,033 15.2 7,884 39.4 5,135 17.1 8,124 27.1 10,917 54.6 13,259 44.2 17 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Social Security Payments and Private Pensions Because the two workers had career average earnings ex ceeding the breakpoint, each obtained the same pension benefits at the 1-percent accrual rate (2). However, the $30,000 worker, with greater earnings above $7,800 received more benefits from the 1.5-percent rate (3) and, as a result, a higher overall private pension replacement rate (4). Never theless, as in the offset plan example, the replacement rate for combined social security and private benefits is higher for the $20,000 worker than for the $30,000 worker (6). Excess plan formulas differ considerably in such areas as the integration level and the formula components. Some plans specify the “ social security taxable wage base” as the integration level; others specify a dollar amount, typi cally the taxable wage base in effect at the time the pension formula was adopted. Excess plans commonly calculate benefits as a percentage of average annual earnings multi plied by years of service (unit-benefit plans); some, follow ing Internal Revenue Service guidelines, calculate benefits as a flat percent of earnings of retirees with 15 years or more of service (flat-benefit plans). A limited number of excess plans— 1 percent of all the pension plans studied—calculated pension benefits only on earnings above specified dollar breakpoints (pure excess plans). The remainder contained separate pension calcula tion percentages for different earnings levels (step-rate plans). Slightly more than half of the step-rate excess plans des ignated the “ social security taxable wage base” as the in tegration level. Accordingly, they adjust automatically to changes in this base. Most of these plans specified either a career average of social security tax bases (68 plans) or the social security tax base in each year worked (28 plans). The remainder used the average social security tax base during the final 3 or 5 years of service. On average, step-rate excess plans integrating at the social security tax base provided benefits per year of service equal to 1.05 percent of earnings up to the tax base, and 1.64 percent of higher earnings— a spread of 0.59 percentage points.8 The remaining half of the step-rate excess plans integrated at a specific dollar figure. For the most part, these plans did not regularly adjust the integration level to match changes in the social security tax base. For example, one plan spec ified a $6,600 breakpoint; it provided benefits equal to 1 percent of the first $6,600 of career average annual earnings and 2 percent of higher earnings, multiplied by years of service. The breakpoint in this instance was the 1966 social security taxable wage base ($6,600). Among the step-rate excess plans citing dollar amounts as breakpoints, the specified earnings level ranged from $3,000 to $24,000 per year and averaged $7,282. Benefits averaged 0.99 percent of earnings below the breakpoint and 1.65 percent above, a spread of 0.66 percentage points. This was slightly more than the 0.59 points under plans using a social security tax base integration level.9 18 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Alternative formulas and minimum benefits Integrated pension formulas may result in nominal private annuities for low-paid or short-service employees. Many of the pension plans studied contained provisions to counter this possibility. Two approaches were used. In the first, an integrated plan specified a minimum level of private ben efits; in the second, a pension plan with an integrated for mula also contained an alternative formula which was not integrated with social security. The retiree’s private annuity is based on the formula which yields the higher benefit. The following tabulation of the 521 integrated pension plans in the 1981 survey indicates the relative importance of plans with minimum benefit provisions and alternative, nonintegrated formulas. (Sums of individual items may not equal totals because some plans contained both minimum benefits and alternative formulas.) O ffs e t p la n s N um ber ........................................... Percent ............................................. W ith m inim um benefits or alternative form ulas .. M inim um benefits . . . . A lternative form ulas . . W ithout m inim um benefits or alternative form ulas .. E x c e s s p la n s P u re S te p - r a te 310 100.0 7 1 0 0 .0 204 1 0 0 .0 5 0 .0 6. 8 4 4 .5 5 7 .0 5 7 .0 4 0 .7 6. 4 3 5 .8 5 0 .0 4 3 .0 59. 3 — Relation of formulas and integration Table 1 shows the overall extent to which private pension plans were integrated with social security. It also indicates a strong relationship between the benefit formula of a private pension plan and the incidence and form of integration. For example, integration was largely confined to private pension plans which calculated benefits as percentages of preretire ment earnings. Integration provisions were found in threefifths of the plans calculating pensions as a percentage of career earnings and in four-fifths of those using terminalearnings formulas which base pensions on earnings in the last years of service. Furthermore, terminal and career earnings plans use dif ferent approaches to integration. Career earnings plans typ ically used step-rate excess formulas, whereas the terminal earnings plans applied the offset approach in a majority of the cases. The incidence of integration declined substantially among plans without career or terminal earnings formulas. Benefits were coordinated with social security in 6 percent of the 253 plans which did not have a percentage-of-eamings ben efit formula; these plans mainly stipulated dollar benefits per year of service or dollar schedules of benefits varying by length of service. Influence o f collective bargaining. Collectively bargained pension plans tend to exclude integration provisions. Inte- 914 100 280 100 634 100 521 310 211 7 204 57 34 23 1 22 41 25 16 15 9 6 76 45 31 1 30 base than for lower earning individuals. Internal Revenue Service rules take account of the vari ations in pension plan integration. Under current rules, an offset plan can reduce benefits up to 831/3 percent of primary social security benefits payable at the time of retirement (the amount of the retiree’s offset cannot be changed because of subsequent social security benefit adjustments), i r s rules with respect to step-rate excess plans prescribe maximum spreads between percentages applicable to earnings above and to those below the integration level.12 108 Integration formulas and replacement rates Table 2. Incidence of social security integration in defined benefit plans, by collective bargaining status, private pension plans in medium and large firms, 1981 Integration status All plans Union-manage ment plans Nonunion plans Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total defined benefit plans . With integrated formula . O ffs e t.......................... Excess .......................... Pure ........................ Step-rate ................ Integrated at social security tax base breakpoint.. . . Integrated at specified dollar breakpoint. Without integrated formula 16 6 480 285 195 7 188 12 8 3 100 16 96 10 8 3 88 14 393 43 239 85 154 24 — ___ N o te : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate no plans in the category. grated formulas were found in 76 percent of the nonunion plans in the 1981 study, compared with 15 percent of the union-management plans. (See table 2.) This contrast helps explain the patterns shown in table 1. Career and terminal earnings formulas— which generally are integrated— typi cally are found in nonunion plans. On the other hand, bar gained p lans— which generally exclude integration provisions— most commonly contain dollar amount for mulas. The proportion of union-management plans in 1981 with integration formulas is markedly below that recorded in two earlier b l s analyses.10 A study of 300 pension plans under collective bargaining in late 1952 found offset provisions in 140 of the plans. A second study, of 300 bargained plans in effect in the fall of 1959, found integration provisions in 120 of the plans— 79 integrated by the offset method and 43 by excess formulas (2 plans used both offset and excess formulas). Although differences in survey scope and method preclude precise comparison among the three studies, the data clearly indicate that integration is less common in unionmanagement pension plans today than 30 years ago. Integration provisions in early bargained plans— mainly offset formulas— partly mirrored union efforts to encourage employer support for expanded social security benefits.11 More recently, union-management plans have tended to drop integration provisions as social security benefits improved. Impact o f Internal Revenue Service rules. Income tax con siderations greatly affect the way private pension plans in tegrate with social security. Since passage of the Revenue Act of 1942, Federal tax breaks have been denied to pension plans which discriminate in favor of officers, shareholders, supervisory, or other highly paid employees with respect to coverage, benefits, or contributions. Integrated private plans can qualify for tax advantages as long as combined pension and social security replacement rates are no higher for em ployees earning more than the social security taxable wage https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The wide variety of integration formulas in pension plans makes it difficult to summarize their effects on retirement income. A common approach focuses on a limited number of hypothetical offset and excess plans drawn up to illustrate typical integration formulas; pensions are calculated for workers at different earnings levels retiring under each of these plans. An alternative approach is to calculate benefits for a rep resentative sample of actual pension plans. This alternative approach is possible here because of the availability of the detailed provisions of individual pension plans. Subsamples were taken of the integrated pension plans found in the 1981 b l s study of employee benefit plans— to obtain reasonable balance, every fifth offset plan and every third step-rate excess plan was selected. For each of these plans, pension benefits were calculated for two workers retiring at the be ginning of 1981 after 30 years of service, and with final earnings of $20,000 and $30,000. Considering the small samples (54 offset and 66 step-rate excess plans), it is not possible to present useful information on levels of pension benefits. However, the pattern of re placement rates by earnings level is instructive. (See table 3.) Both under the offset and excess plans analyzed, the higher paid employee, on average, received a greater private T ab le 3. A verage replacem en t rates fo r em ployees re tirin g in 1981 afte r 30 years of service under a sample of integrated private pension plans in medium and large firms Benefit1 Offset plans: Private pension benefit ....................................... Private pension plus social security .......................... Excess plans, step rate: Integrated at dollar breakpoint: Private pension b e n e fit............................................ Private pension plus social security ..................... Integrated at social security tax base: Private pension b e n e fit............................................ Private pension plus social security ..................... Earnings in 1980 $20,000 $30,000 25.9 65.3 30.0 57.0 24.5 63.9 26.3 53.4 27.2 66.5 28.3 55.3 ’ Benefits resulting from integration were calculated for a random sample of one-fifth of the offset plans found In the 1981 bls survey of employee benefit plans and one-third of the step-rate excess plans. These ratios were selected to obtain a reasonable balance between the two types of plans, considering the resources available for this analysis. Social security benefits included in the calculations are those shown in the text table on page 17. 19 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Social Security Payments and Private Pensions pension as a percent of preretirement earnings. Neverthe less, in all three cases in table 3, this result was more than countered by the effects of the social security benefit for mula. On average, combined replacement rates for $20,000 workers were 8 percentage points or more higher than for $30,000 workers.13 Provisions for early retirement Our analysis is primarily concerned with integration of social security and private benefits for workers retiring at their pension plans’ normal retirement age (most commonly, age 65). However, nearly all (98 percent) of the participants in the private pension plans covered by the 1981 survey could retire early with reduced benefits (typically under age 62, the earliest age for receipt of social security pensions).14 One-fifth of the offset plans directly reduced the effect of the offset for early retirees. A group of 33 plans delayed imposition of the social security offset for early retirees until age 62 or— occasionally— age 65. In effect, those plans provided a supplemental pension until commencement of social security benefits. An additional 30 plans did not delay the offset for early retirees, but lessened its size perma nently. The remaining offset plans did not contain such provi sions. Their benefits were calculated using the normal re tirement formula, then were reduced by the prescribed offset formula using a projected social security benefit for retire ment at age 65, and then were reduced again for early receipt of benefits.15 Q ■FOOTNOTES 1An additional 10 percent of the full-time workers in the private sector were employed by firms with retirement plans, but were excluded from participation primarily because they failed to meet age or service eligibility requirements or both. See P attern s o f W orker C o vera g e by P riva te Pension P lan s (U .S. Department of Labor, Labor-Management Services Admin istration, Pension and Welfare Benefit Programs. 1980). pp. iii. v. This report is based on data collected in the Current Population Survey, con ducted by the Bureau of the Census. integration level and a variety of pension calculation formulas— for ex ample, percent of career average annual earnings, percent of earnings in each year worked, and percent of annual earnings in the highest 3 or 5 earnings years. The percentage adopted in a given plan is likely to be influenced by the type of benefit formula selected. A more intensive anal ysis than is possible here would provide separate averages and spreads for each type of pension formula. Furthermore, in calculating averages, flat percent benefit formulas were prorated to obtain percent-per-year benefits. 2The concepts o f implicit and explicit coordination of private and public benefits are developed in Dan M. McGill. Fundam entals o f P rivate P en sions. 4th ed. (Homewood. III.. Richard D. Irwin. Inc.. 1979). p. 177. 4 Data in this article are influenced by the restriction of the Bureau’s employee benefits plan survey to medium and large firms. It is likely that a greater percentage of smaller plans are integrated than larger plans. In particular, the limited incidence of pure excess plans indicated by table 1 may stem from the survey’s exclusion of small plans. On the other hand, defined benefit plans are more frequently integrated than defined contri bution plans, which were excluded from this analysis. For a review of earlier studies of integration practices, see Schulz and Leavitt. Pension Integration, pp. 2 4 -3 5 . 3 In 1981. both workers and employers paid a 6.65-percent levy (5.35 percent for social security and 1.3 percent for health insurance) on the first $29,700 o f covered earnings (the taxable wage base). Some analysts con tend that part of the employer payroll tax may be shifted back onto workers in the form o f reduced wages. See Daniel S. Hamermesh. "New Estimates of the Incidence of the Payroll Tax." Southern E conom ic Journal. April 1979. pp. 1208-19. 4 For an analysis o f these issues, together with a review of recent pro posals for changes in regulations governing pension plan integration, see James H. Schulz and Thomas D. Leavitt. Pension Integration: C oncepts. Issues an d P ro p o sa ls (Washington. Employee Benefit Research Institute. 1983). pp. 3 7 -6 5 . 5These surveys are conducted in private sector establishments in the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii, employing at least 50. 100. or 250 workers, depending on the industry. Industry coverage includes: mining; construction; manufacturing; transportation, communications, electric, gas, and sanitary services: wholesale trade: retail trade: finance, insurance, and real estate: and selected services. The sample selected for the 1981 survey included 1.505 establishments, designed to provide rep resentative data for the 21.5 million employees in 43.325 establishments within the scope of the study. Major findings of the 1981 survey are reported in E m ployee Benefits in M edium a n d L arge Firm s. 1981, Bulletin 2140 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics. 1982). For additional information on the sur vey, see Robert Frumkin and William Wiatrowski. "Bureau of Labor Statistics takes a new look at employee benefits." M onthly L a b o r R eview . August 1982. pp. 4 1 -4 5 . hFor more detailed illustrations of the effects of offset formulas on replacement rates, see Ray Schmitt. In tegrated Pension P lans: An A nalysis o f E arnings R eplacem ent (Washington. Congressional Research Service. The Library o f Congress. 1981). 7Typically, plans specified a percent-per-year-of-service offset, either uncapped or with a maximum offset. Eight of the plans, however, contained a flat percentage offset— commonly 50 percent— but reduced it for each year o f service less than a specified number— often 30 years. The effect was a capped offset varying with length of service. 8 When considering these averages, keep in mind that they were com puted for a group of plans employing both different definitions of the 20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 10P ension P lans U nder C ollective B argaining. Bulletin 1147 (Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1953). p. 20: Pension P lan s U nder C ollective B a r gaining. Bulletin 1284 (Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1961). p. 7. " S ee Harry Becker. "Labor's Approach to the Retirement Problem," in P roceed in g s o f Secon d Annual M eeting. N ew York C ity, D ecem ber 2 9 3 0 . 1949 (Champaign. 111.. Industrial Relations Research Association, 1950), pp. 124-25; and Burton A. Zorn. "Bargaining Over Pensions,” in Emanuel Stein, ed.. P roceedin gs o f N ew York U niversity Third Annual C onference on L ab o r (Albany. N .Y ., Matthew Bender & C o., 1950). p. 104. 12For a detailed treatment of irs rules, see McGill, F undam entals o f P riva te P ensions, pp. 177-200. The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 contained provisions affecting integration. For defined con tribution plans, effective in 1984. the maximum spread between contri bution rates above and below the taxable base may not exceed the social security tax rate levied on employers. Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act restrictions also apply to "top-heavy" plans— those providing more than a specified percentage of total benefits to "key" employees; beginning in 1984. these plans must provide minimum nonintegrated benefits or contributions for nonkey employees. See Schulz and Leavitt. Pension Integration, pp. 6 0 -6 1 . 13An interesting question concerns the extent to which designers of integrated pension plans adopt the maximum percentage spreads and offsets allowed by Internal Revenue Service rules. The complexity, both of the rules and the pension formulas, prevented analysis of this point with the resources available for this study. 14E m ployee B enefits in M edium a n d L arge Firm s, p. 33. 15 Nonintegrated pension plans may include supplementary benefits for workers retiring early and not yet eligible for social security pensions. A Bureau analysis of these supplementary benefits is currently in progress. Recessionary impacts on the unemployment of men and women Both sexes had higher levels o f unemployment in 1982 than in 1975, but the interyear difference was fa r greater fo r men; changes in the industrial mix o f the labor force tending to reduce unemployment were overwhelmed by cyclical increases in unemployment in specific industries and in the number o f new jobseekers S igurd R. N ilsen In 1982, the annual average unemployment rate for men was 9.9 percent and the rate for women was 9.4 percent.1 (See table 1.) This was the first time since 1947 that the men’s unemployment rate exceeded that for women. This article seeks to explain this reversal by discussing the factors behind the differing impacts of the 1973-75 and 1981-82 recessions, on men and women. The factors contributing to the unemployment change are estimated and their magni tudes compared to determine the source of the sex differ ences. In addition, sex differences in unemployment change between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas2 are com pared because economic opportunities for women in non metropolitan areas have historically differed from those of their metropolitan counterparts. Several analyses have at tributed these differences to slack labor demand for women in other than metropolitan areas.3 The basic hypothesis is that changes in the industry com position of the labor force and differences in the sectors affected by the 1980-82 recessionary period as compared with the 1973-75 recession have contributed to the signif icant rise in the unemployment rate for men and the reversed relative position of men’s and women’s unemployment rates.4 Changes in the industry-specific unemployment rates of women relative to men, reflecting, among other things, Sigurd R. Nilsen is an economist, partment o f Agriculture. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Research Service, U.S. De changes in the commitment of women to the labor force, are also expected to have contributed to the reversal of the rates.5 Finally, it is hypothesized that sex differences in the sources of unemployment change will be similar for met ropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, reflecting a continued convergence in labor force characteristics of the two types of areas.6 Unemployment changes of men and women When comparing the year 1975 to 1982, we find that the women’s labor force increased nearly 30 percent and that of men grew by only 12 percent. (See table 2.) The period 1975 to 1982 saw a recovery from the 1973-75 recession and entry into a sustained period of recession beginning in 1980 and ending in 1982. The number of unemployed women in 1982 was 31 percent greater than the 1975 level. This was commensurate with the increase in the women’s labor force and resulted in an increase in the unemployment rate for women of only 0.1 percentage point above the 1975 level. During the same period, the unemployment of men increased by 41 percent, more than 3 times their rate of labor force increase. As a result, their unemployment rate in 1982 was a full 2 percentage points above the 1975 level and 0.5 points above the 1982 rate for women. The trends for women in metropolitan and nonmetropol itan areas were similar; however, those for men were sig nificantly different between the two types of areas. The 21 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Recessionary Impacts on Unemployment 2.6 points, 2.2 points less than the increase for men. This not only closed the male-female gap in unemployment rates, but pushed the male rate above the female rate for the first time since 1947. Similar trends occurred in both metropol itan and nonmetropolitan areas. Table 1. Annual average unemployment rates by residence and sex, 1973,1975,1979, and 1982 [In percent] Residence and sex 1973 1975 1979 1982 United States, T o ta l................ Men ..................................... W o m e n ............................... 4.9 4.1 6.0 8.5 7.9 9.3 5.8 5.1 6.8 9.7 9.9 9.4 Metro areas, Total ................ Men ..................................... W o m e n ............................... 5.1 4.4 6.3 8.7 8.3 9.2 5.8 5.2 6.7 9.5 9.8 9.2 Nonmetro areas, T o t a l........... Men ..................................... W o m e n ............................... 4.4 3.6 5.7 8.0 6.9 9.6 5.7 4.8 7.0 10.1 10.1 10.0 Decomposing the change in unemployment The change in unemployment for men and women from 1975 to 1982 was decomposed into four components to determine why male unemployment increased more than female unemployment during 1980-82.7 Conceptually, the procedure used to determine the sources of unemployment change begins by taking the 1975 em ployment conditions and labor force characteristics as given. These conditions include the size of the labor force, the number of unemployed persons, and the industry distribu tion of the labor force and of the unemployed. Then, one at a time, in a sequential manner, the changes which have occurred in the labor force are updated to the 1982 condi tions. At each stage, the change in joblessness is estimated. This procedure provides an estimate of the impact on the number unemployed of each type of change in the labor force. Four sources of unemployment change are identified. They are changes in: (1) the size of the labor force, (2) the in dustry distribution of the labor force, (3) the sex-specific industry unemployment rates, and (4) the number of un employed new labor force entrants. The first factor is a control for the change in the size of the labor force. The second factor reflects the effect on the number unemployed of structural changes in the industry composition of the labor force. The third and fourth factors are intended to gauge cyclical impacts on unemployment change. A change in one factor estimates an independent effect when the remaining factors are held constant at 1975 levels. By estimating these effects separately by sex, it is possible to determine if men and women have been affected differently by these changes at the national level, then for metropolitan and nonmetro politan areas.8 unemployment of nonmetro men increased by 64 percent between 1975 and 1982, while in metro areas the increase was a comparatively modest 32 percent. (See table 2.) Thus, while the rate of growth in unemployment for metro men was about 2-1/2 times the rate of their increase in the labor force, the unemployment of nonmetro men rose at a rate 5 times their rate of labor force growth. The resultant increase in the unemployment rate for men in nonmetropolitan areas contributed to the closing of the gap between the rates of unemployment for men and women. This gap had tradi tionally been much greater in nonmetropolitan areas com pared with metropolitan areas. During 1973-75, the U.S. male unemployment rate in creased by 3.8 percentage points from the 1973 prerecession level. (See table l.) During the same period, the unem ployment rate for women increased by 3.3 points. The fe male rate peaked at 9.3 percent in 1975, 1.4 points above the male rate. Because the prerecession unemployment rate for women was about 2 points above the rate for men, the greater recessionary effect for men reduced the male-female gap by only 0.5 points. During the 1980-82 recessionary period, the unemploy ment rate for men increased by 4.8 percentage points above the 1979 level. For women, the unemployment rate rose by Table 2. Labor force and unemployment by residence and sex, 1975 and 1982 [In thousands] Labor force Residence and sex 1975 1982 Unemployment Change Number Percent 1975 1982 Change Number Percent United States, Total ......................................................... Men .............................................................................. Women ......................................................................... 92,613 55,615 36,997 110,204 62,450 47,754 17,591 6,835 10,757 19.0 12.3 29.1 7,830 4,385 3,445 10,678 6,180 4,498 2,848 1,795 1,053 36.4 40.9 30.6 Metro, T o t a l....................................................................... Men .............................................................................. Women ......................................................................... 64,227 38,212 26,014 76,465 42,995 33,469 12,238 4,783 7,455 19.1 12.5 28.7 5,570 3,180 2,390 7,273 4,208 3,065 1,703 1,028 675 30.6 32.3 28.2 Nonmetro, Total .................................. ............................ Men ............................................................................... Women ......................................................................... 28,386 17,403 10,983 33,740 19,455 14,285 5,354 2,053 3,302 18.9 11.8 30.1 2,260 1,205 1,055 3,405 1,972 1,433 1,145 767 378 50.7 63.7 35.8 22 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Sources of unemployment change Almost 1.8 million more men and 1 million more women were unemployed in 1982 than in 1975. If no structural change had occurred in the labor force between the 2 years, and the impact of the 1980-82 period was similar to that of 1973-75, (that is, industries were affected by the down turn to the same degree) then the only change to occur in the labor force would have been the increase in its size, and the increase in unemployment would have been approxi mately 1.5 million persons. This describes the factor 1 effect presented in table 3— the difference in unemployment re sulting from a change in the size of the labor force. For men, the rise in unemployment because of factor 1 is 539,000, barely 30 percent of the total increase in male unemploy ment. For women, the unemployment increase is more than 1 million, which is 95 percent of their total increase in unemployment. What this means is that more than 70 per cent of the total increase in the unemployment of men in 1982 above 1975 is because of other factors— changes in: the distribution of the labor force among industries, industry unemployment rates, and the ability of new labor force entrants to obtain work. For women, these factors contribute only 5 percent to the total increase in unemployment in 1982 above the 1975 level. The increase in unemployment caused by factor 1 was greater for women than for men for two reasons. First, the women’s labor force growth was both proportionately and absolutely greater than men’s (an increase of 10.6 million for women compared with 6.8 million for men). Second, the unemployment rates used in step 1 are the 1975 rates. In that year, the rate for women was 9.3 percent, 1.4 points greater than that for men. Use of these rates in the calcu lations results in a much greater increase in the number of unemployed women. The distribution of the labor force among industries changed as a result of developments in the economy as a whole, in the structure of the demand for goods and services, and in the competitive position of domestically produced goods relative to foreign goods. The manufacturing sector expe rienced a substantial loss in its share of the labor force, and was characterized by high unemployment rates, particularly during recessions. The “ other services” industries have been the largest gainers in their share of the labor force and tend to have low unemployment rates, even during reces sions.9 Thus, factor 2, changes in unemployment resulting from changes in the industry composition of the labor force, had a net negative effect on unemployment over the period. That is, its effect was to reduce joblessness as the structure of the economy continued to shift from manufacturing to a services orientation. For men, the decrease in unemployment attributable to factor 2 is 13,000, compared with 42,000 for women. (See table 3.) While women accounted for only 43 percent of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 3. Unemployment change by source, 1975-82 [In thousands] Factor Total United States Women Men Women Men 1,794 1,054 1,028 675 767 378 539 1,002 398 685 142 317 Men T o t a l................................ 1— Change in size of labor force .......................... 2— Change in industry distribution .......................... 3— Change in industry unemployment rates .......... 4— Change in unemployed new e n tra n ts ........................ Nonmetro Metro Women -1 3 -4 2 -3 -3 3 -9 1,119 44 548 -6 572 64 149 50 85 62 22 29 -2 5 the labor force in 1982, their reduction in unemployment because of shifts in the industry composition of the labor force was three times that for men. The disproportionately large decrease for women did not result from a greater shift away from the manufacturing sector for women than for men. (See table 4.) Rather, it was due to the much greater difference in female unemployment rates between the man ufacturing sector and the “ other services” industries as compared with the difference in male unemployment rates. In 1975, the unemployment rate for women in manufac turing was 15.2 percent, while the corresponding rate in other services was only 7.4 percent. Therefore, a net re duction in the unemployment rate of 7.8 points resulted from the shift. For men, the reduction was only 2.2 points because their rate of unemployment in manufacturing was only 9.1 percent, compared with 6.9 percent in other ser vices. Changes in industry unemployment rates between 1975 and 1982 reflect differences in the industries affected by the recessions. The differences by sex reflect differences in the distribution of the industry effects between men and women. This effect is measured by factor 3. For men, these changes meant more than 1.1 million additional unemployed, the largest single contribution to the increase in the unemploy ment of men. For women, barely 44,000 were added to the unemployed because of changes in industry unemployment rates. (See table 3.) The difference in the magnitude of the factor 3 effect between men and women demonstrates an important pe culiarity of the 1980-82 recessionary period. While un employment rates increased from the 1979 prerecessionary levels for both sexes, the increases for women above the 1975 recession levels were relatively small, while those for men were substantial. The data in table 5 indicate that the unemployment rates for women in industries which account for significant portions of the female labor force are still greater than the unemployment rates for men in these in dustries.10 However, the differences between the unem ployment rates for men and women were much smaller in 1982 than in 1975. Thus, while the effect of the 1980-82 downturns on women was only slightly more severe than that of 1973-75, the effect on men was significantly greater. 23 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Recessionary Impacts on Unemployment Why this occurred is a topic for speculation. While the data used here do not permit causal analysis, several hy potheses are consistent with the findings. Data on the in creases in labor force participation rates for women indicate that they no longer leave the labor market as they once did during childbearing and child rearing years." Labor force participation rates for women who are married with their spouses present have risen faster than such rates for any other group of workers. Therefore, women are less likely to lose job seniority by interrupting their careers. In some heavily unionized industries, such as manufacturing, this could be particularly significant. Thus, while women still have higher unemployment rates in most industries, the male-female differential has declined. Factor 4, the change in the number of unemployed new labor force entrants, brought about increases in unemploy ment of 149,000 for men and 50.000 for women. (See table 3.) This is an indication that the 1980-82 recessionary pe riod was more severe than that of 1973-75 for both sexes. If conditions had been the same in 1982 as in 1975. the number of unemployed new labor force entrants would have increased in proportion to the growth of the labor force, the factor 1 effect. But, because the factor 4 effect is positive, the number of unemployed new labor force entrants must have risen as a proportion of the labor force. The higher level for men of this factor is partially a function of the larger size of their labor force and the very high unem ployment rates in some traditionally male-dominated in dustries such as construction, mining, and durable goods manufacturing. Metro-nonmetro comparison The patterns for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas followed patterns of sex differences in the sources of un employment change similar to those of the nation as a whole. (See table 3.) For women, the trends and relative magnitudes Table 4. Percentage point difference in the distribution of the labor force by industry and sex for metro and nonmetro areas, 1982 compared with 1975 Industry A g ric u ltu re .................................. M in in g .......................................... C o nstruction................................ M anufacturing............................. Durable .................................. N o ndurable............................. Transportation............................. Wholesale and retail trade . . . . Finance, insurance, and and real e s ta te ........................ Private household ..................... Other services............................. Government ................................ Total United States Metro Nonmetro Men Women Men Women Men Women .1 .4 .2 -2.7 -1.9 -.8 0 .8 .1 .2 .3 -1.7 -.3 -1.4 .2 .2 .1 .3 .2 -2.4 -1.8 -.7 -.3 .7 .1 .3 .3 -1.3 -1.3 .3 -.2 .3 .7 .0 -3.5 -2.3 -1.3 .7 .9 .1 .1 .3 -2.5 -.8 -1.8 .2 0 2.7 -1.6 1.1 -1.2 3.0 -2.2 .3 .0 3.0 -1.8 1.2 -1.0 3.0 -2.5 .0 .1 2.0 -1.0 1.1 -1.8 3.1 -1.3 .0 .0 1.1 Note: A positive number indicates that a sector had a greater share of the labor force in 1982 than in 1975. Industry groups of Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Other services, and Government, combined, accounted for 83 percent of the female labor force in 1982. Of these, no single industry group represented less than 15 percent of the total female labor force. 24 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 5. Percentage point differences in rates and areas of unemployment between men and women by industry, 1975 and 1982 Industry T o t a l..................................... Wage and salary .......... A g riculture.................. Mining ........................ Construction ............. Manufacturing .......... Durable .................. N ondurable............. Transportation ........... Wholesale and retail t r a d e ........................ Finance, insurance, and real estate ............. Private household . . . Other services .......... G overnm ent................ Total United States Metro Nonmetro 1975 1982 1975 1982 1975 1982 1.4 .7 2.1 -.6 -10.3 6.1 6.7 6.6 .1 2.7 -.5 -1.2 4.2 -9.7 -6.7 2.7 2.0 4.6 -1.8 1.6 .9 .3 -.1 -3.0 -11.2 5.2 5.2 5.7 -.3 2.2 -.6 -1.2 1.9 -8.5 -6.2 2.3 1.2 4.5 -2.2 1.1 2.7 1.8 2.9 .7 -8.5 8.2 10.0 8.1 1.6 4.1 -.1 -1.1 6.3 -7.1 -7.7 3.3 3.9 4.9 0.0 2.9 1.4 -1.8 .5 .9 .5 -1.9 -1.1 .4 1.3 -2.3 .3 1.1 .4 2.3 -1.0 .4 1.7 -1.5 2.4 1.0 .8 -.5 -1.4 .2 Note : A positive number indicates that the rate for women exceeds the rate for men, a negative number means that the rate for men exceeds that for women. of each of the sources of unemployment change were nearly identical for metro and nonmetro areas. In contrast, for men, although the trends were similar, the relative effect of the cyclical factors was much greater for nonmetro areas. Joblessness among metro men increased by about 1 mil lion, of which 635,000 resulted from the combined effect of the two cyclical factors, changes in industry unemploy ment rates and the change in the number of unemployed new labor force entrants. In nonmetro areas, of the 767,000 additional jobless men, 634,000 resulted from the effect of the two cyclical factors. This greater relative cyclical impact indicates that nonmetro men were more adversely affected by the 1980-82 recessionary period than were metro men. In addition, the recessionary effect was significantly greater for nonmetro men during the 1980-82 period than it was during the 1973-75 recession. Summary and implications Both sexes had higher levels of unemployment in 1982 than in 1975, but the difference between the 2 years was much greater for men than for women. This article has presented a procedure for decomposing the change in the number unemployed between the two dates into its com ponent parts, so that structural and cyclical factors could be separated from effects of changes in the size of the labor force. By comparing the differences in the importance of the various factors by sex, it was possible to determine why unemployment for men was much more adversely affected than that for women during the 1980-82 downturns. Once the increase in unemployment due to growth in the labor force was controlled for, about 1.25 million more men were jobless in 1982 than in 1975, compared with only 52,000 more women. The year-to-year difference for men was largely because of an increase in industry-specific un employment rates. For women, the 1980-82 recessionary period was only slightly more severe than the earlier period. However, comparison of the numbers of unemployed new labor force entrants suggests that the 1980-82 recessionary period was more severe than the earlier one for workers of both sexes. Going one step further and looking at the distribution of the effects of the 1980-82 recessionary period between metro and nonmetro areas provides an indication of whether the effects were equally distributed geographically. It was shown that nonmetropolitan areas experienced a disproportionately large share of the unemployment increase. Of the net in crease in the unemployment of men, nonmetro areas ac counted for 50 percent more than their representative share. For women, although the increase in unemployment was relatively small, it was confined to nonmetro areas. Met ropolitan women showed a slight decrease in unemployment. The structural factor, reflecting the effect of the changes in the industry structure of the labor force, acted to reduce joblessness in 1982. However, the cyclical effects— changes in industry unemployment rates and the change in the num ber of unemployed new entrants— contributed to significant increases in the unemployment of both sexes. The high unemployment of men in 1982 relative to 1975 results from two factors. First, the industries where men predominate were hit particularly hard during the 1980-82 recessionary period, and second, the distribution of effects between men and women was more evenly spread during 1980-82 than in 1973-75. However, in most industry groups, women’s unemployment rates still exceed those of men. When comparing the recessionary periods, one finds that the effects of the most recent downturns were more evenly distributed between men and women. However, this more equal distribution of effects meant that men were much more severely affected by the 1980-82 episodes than by the earlier recession. [J 1Annual average data obtained from the Current Population Survey are used throughout this analysis. Annual averages are used because no sea sonally adjusted data series exists with a metropolitan, nonmetropolitan breakdown. 7The years 1975 and 1982 were selected for comparison because they represent similar points on an economic cycle. Both years contain the official trough of a recession. The 1975 trough occurred in March following the peak of November 1973. The 1982 trough occurred in November. The beginning of that cycle was in July 1981: however, another cycle imme diately preceded it. The earlier cycle began in January 1980 and hit bottom in July 1980. These two cycles have been combined and are referred to as the 1980-82 recessionary period because no recovery from the first recession was evident, particularly in employment, before the latter cycle began. 2Metropolitan counties are Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas ( s m s a ’ s) as designated by the Office of Management and Budget in 1973, after the 1970 census data had become available. Except in New England, an sm sa is a county or group of contiguous counties that contains at least one city o f 50,000 inhabitants or more, or twin cities with a combined population o f at least 50,000. In addition, contiguous counties are included in an sm sa if, according to certain criteria, they are socially and economically inte grated with the central city. The population living outside of s m s a ’ s con stitutes the nonmetro population. 3David L. Brown and Jeanne M. O ’Leary, L a b o r F orce A ctivity o f W omen in M e tro p o lita n a n d N onm etropolitan A m erica, Rural Develop ment Research Report 15 (Washington, U.S. Department of Agriculture. September 1979); Lillian Chenoweth and Elizabeth Maret-Havens, "W om en’s labor force participation— a look at some residential patterns,” Monthly L a b o r R eview , March 1978, pp. 3 8 -4 1 . 4Norman Bowers, “ Have employment patterns in recessions changed?” M on th ly L a b o r R eview , February 1981, pp. 15-28, suggests that changes in the industry mix o f the labor force has moderated recessionary impacts in the post World War II period. 5Karl E. Taeuber, "Demographic Trends Affecting the Future Labor Force,” D em o g ra p h ic T rends a n d Full E m ploym ent, Special Report 12 (National Commission for Manpower Policy, December 1976), discusses some o f the changes in women’s labor force behavior and the impact on employment trends. Also Valerie Kincade Oppenheimer, Work an d the F am ily: A S tudy in S o cia l D em ography (New York, Academic Press, 1982), concludes that women’s employment patterns are becoming more continuous, rather than a stable pattern of intermittent labor force partic ipation. 6James D. Schaub, The N onm etro L a b o r F orce in the Seventies, Rural Development Research Report 33 (Washington, U.S. Department of Ag riculture, November 1981). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8The sum of the four factors will equal the total change in unemploy ment. 9 "Other services” industries includes business and repair services, per sonal services, entertainment and recreation services, and professional and related services. Michael A. Urquhart, "The service industry: is it recession proof?” M onthly L abor R eview , October 1981, pp. 12-18, discusses why the services are less affected by recessions and; Michael A. Urquhart and Marillyn A. Hewson, "Unemployment continued to rise in 1982 as reces sion deepened,” M onthly L a bor R eview , February 1983, pp. 3 -1 2 , pre sents a new view of the effect of the 1980-82 period on the manufacturing sector. l()The other services sector is the only industry with a significant pro portion of the female labor force where the unemployment rate for women was less than the rate for men in 1982. "Howard N Fullerton, "How accurate were projections of the 1980 labor force?” M onthly L abor R eview , July 1982, pp. 15-21, Allyson Sherman Grossman, "More than half of all children have working mothers,” M onthly L a b o r R eview , February 1982, pp. 41-43; and Taeuber, "D e mographic Trends,” present findings on different aspects of the changed behavior of women in the labor market and the implications o f these changes for the rate of increase of the women’s labor force. In addition, it should be noted that although the rate of increase in the labor force participation rate for women has slowed, the rate is still in creasing, while the labor force participation rate for men is continuing a decline which began around 1950. 25 Industrial democracy: made in the U.S.A. Labor-management cooperation to improve the quality o f products, worklife, and the effectiveness o f companies can be traced to the early 19th century H enry P. G uzda According to industrial relations expert Milton Derber, par ticipatory management programs, shop committee plans, works councils, and similar employer-employee cooperative efforts can be classified as “ industrial democracy.“ 1 There was a proliferation of such programs in the 1970’s, spawning a plethora of books, articles, and pamphlets which dissected the concepts and drew philosophical guidelines for their implementation and expected results. Some publications cite these experiments as unique or novel, but, as Sanford Jacoby of the University of California at Los Angeles management school noted, the common presumption that these are new solutions to lagging productivity is wrong.2 “ The hand of the past,” said historian Richard B. Morris, “ is still writ large in . . . the labor relations of this country, and the early concepts and procedures often forecast the shape of things to come.” 3 Assuming that quality-of-worklife programs have two common threads, the quality of employees’ work experi ences and the improvement of organizational effectiveness, one finds the roots of industrial democracy in the United States, not in Germany or Japan, with certain appendages of the idea grafted from Great Britain.4 ‘Mutual dependency’ The British mercantile system restricted manufacturing in the American colonies but that did not completely suf focate industrial experiences In two early 18th century man- Henry P. Guzda is a historian at the U.S. Department of Labor. 26 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ufacturing enterprises run by the Moravian religious order at Wachovia, N.C., and Bethlehem, Pa., groups of jour neymen often cooperated with master craftsmen, suggesting improvements in product quality and proposing methods for increased output. These efforts, stated historian Carl Bridenbaugh, “ were conducted on a wage earning economy; they were not communistic.” It may have been the first American experiment in participatory management.5 But the true antecedents of our modem system of labor relations were formed in the 19th century, coinciding with rapid industrial growth. At one time, class distinctions be tween employers and journeymen were vague and illdefined— most masters graduated from working ranks— until rapidly expanding economies of scale soon drew de finable, if not bold, lines. An early report of the Department of the Interior claimed that by 1832 a distinction had arisen between “ work-people” and employers.6 John Commons, the dean of labor historians, focused on 1837 as the begin ning of adversarial labor-management relations but noted that more than 200 strikes had occurred between 1820 and 1837. Paradoxically, the period between 1820 and 1840 was marked by the “ ascendancy of the common man,” in the words of the French writer Alexis de Tocqueville. Devel oping political institutions tried to gain working-class sup port by emphasizing that workers and employers had a mutual dependency. The philosophical forebears of both the Re publican and Democratic parties agreed on the concept of mutual dependency but disagreed on the means to achieve it. Philosophical mutual dependency developed because of declining economic conditions. Cheaper, inferior goods im ported from Europe captured portions of the American mar ket, adversely affecting both w orkers and dom estic manufacturers. This, at times, created a common bond be tween highly skilled workers and their employers. Among the woodworking trades, this mutual dependency led to the creation of the first labor-management committees. In 1828, a joint committee of employers and journeymen cabinet and chairmakers in Philadelphia published a list of prices so that each group “ may become thoroughly ac qu ain ted w ith the principles upon which work is founded. . . .” The price book prescribed standards for quality work and furnished diagrams of the finished product. The joint committee concluded, “ Two classes of men are each, in their several capacities, essential requisite to the well being of the other.” 7 Although not common, such cooperative efforts were not unique. A committee of seven journeymen and seven em ployers in the Cincinnati chairmaking industry also worked out price and standards lists. A similar price list “ to promote uniform justice between carpenters and employers” was in effect in Washington, D.C., during the late 1820’s. Other Washington area building trades unions compiled price lists in advance and submitted them to employers in an early collective bargaining procedure.8 In 1837, the Nation experienced one of the first economic depressions of its young history, temporarily derailing the progress of labor-management cooperation. The union movement had grown despite developing employer resis tance, but the depression virtually destroyed it. As historians note, the growth of the factory system, although originally idyllic in Lowell and Waltham, Mass., evolved into a system of severe competition intent on reducing costs and increasing profits. This nurtured the ills of child and female labor exploitation, paternalism, company stores, hazards in the workplace, and labor-management conflict.9 ventures such as insurance companies, foundries, factories, and so forth. The objectives of this experiment were to: (1) manufacture articles the society deemed necessary to provide employment to members; (2) provide quality products for distribution in growing markets; and (3) promote a philosophy that working people were not inferior.10 Production cooperation spread throughout Great Britain. By 1865, Parliament had legalized “ industrial partnerships” among workers and cooperative enterprises had sprouted in Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. Guild Socialists adopted the concept and promoted it well into the 1940’s .11 Some workers in the United States established manufac turing cooperatives well before the Rochdale experiment. (New York Cordwainers had one as early as 1835 and sev eral cooperative foundries were established in the early 1840’s.) One of the most significant American labor leaders to embrace the tenets of the British experiment was William Sylvis, president of the Iron Molders Union and founder of the National Labor Union (1866-1868). Sylvis advocated the creation of industrial cooperatives so that workers could control the means of production for their own profit.12 The cooperative experiments in factory ownership almost exclusively resulted from input by organized labor. The Knights of Labor, for example, established more than 200 cooperatives during the 1880’s. Most of these cooperative experiments began out of necessity. For example, when a particular garment manufacturer in Indianapolis relocated his operation in the South to escape unions and be closer to the textile mills of the Southeastern Piedmont region, the Knights purchased the factory. The Martha Washington Co operative Association, formed by the women members of the local union, elected a managerial staff for the factory and planned to cooperate in the production of high quality goods. However, this experiment apparently failed during the recession of 1893; as historian Mary Beard said, “ most of these cooperative enterprises failed for one reason or another.” 13 Production cooperation Shop councils emerge Between 1840 and 1860, the philosophies of employers and employees polarized. Many mill, mine, and factory owners extended social and economic distances by appear ing to treat working people as chattel, paying the lowest wages possible, and blaming working class miseries on a lack of initiative. Among the alternatives to such a philos ophy was worker control over the means of production, referred to as the cooperative movement or production co operation. Although it had converts in the United States, the co operative movement developed on a broader scale in En gland. One of the most celebrated experiences, and the one most cited by historians, was in the town of Rochdale. In the so-called Rochdale Experiment, working class share holders in jointly owned enterprises received fixed dividends on invested capital. Excess profits were reinvested in new Following the Civil War, an ever-widening rift between capital and labor alarmed moderates from labor, business, and the public. Violent railroad labor disputes in 1877 de stroyed portions of Chicago, Pittsburgh, and several other cities. In 1886, the Chicago Haymarket Square riot outside the struck International Harvester Company intensified that fear. The 1894 Pullman Strike, led by socialist Eugene V. Debs, raised the possibility of class revolution. The Central Labor Union had informed a joint session of Congress as early as 1883 that unless capital-labor relations improved there would be “ bloody revolution.” 14 To compound mat ters, some employers believed that workers had little cause for complaint, as exemplified by this testament: “ American laborers should be contented and manly in the sphere wherein God has placed them.” 15 There was never a scarcity of reformist ideas to solve https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 27 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Industrial Democracy capital-labor problems, but some struck familiar chords. In 1885, the well-known reformer, Washington Gladden, wrote that the future of such relations would be marked by “ the principle of cooperation.” 16 In 1889, economist Richard Ely called for the creation of “ worker councils.” 17 But, in 1886, J. C. Bayles, editor of Iron Age magazine, had de vised a highly publicized plan calling for a return to the cooperation that had existed between masters and journey men in the early years of the Republic.18 He developed a model for electing shop workers’ representatives to an in dustry- or plant-wide problem-solving body of managers and employees. Calling the representatives “ shop coun cils,” Bayles clearly specified that these entities were not to be new forms of arbitration or collective bargaining, but a means of real labor-management cooperation. The first practical application of Bayles’ “ shop council” concept to improve product quality and output was in the industrial heartland of Pennsylvania. In 1904, the Nemst Lamp Co. of Pittsburgh established a representative shop council of workers and managers. The company, with a poor quality product, had been threatened by bankruptcy until implementation of shop council suggestions improved marketing techniques and product quality, resulting in an 800-percent sales increase in only 18 months.19 The success of the Pittsburgh company spawned a similar experiment in Philadelphia. The Nelson Valve Co. estab lished a plan of shop committee representation with an in dustrial congress composed of a senate for managers and a house for workers. Each body debated issues to improve product quality and working conditions separately before presenting them at joint sessions, with all results forwarded to the plant superintendent. Although the employees and foremen at both Pennsylvania plants liked the concept, changes in ownership eventually terminated the programs.20 Holbrook J. Porter, an industrial relations manager, was the architect of both Pennsylvania plans. As superintendent of the physical plant at Columbia University in the 1880’s, Porter had instituted weekly meetings with his janitors and maintenance men to get their opinions and suggestions on improving operations. When the owners of the two Penn sylvania companies asked Porter to help them overcome financial difficulties, he adapted Bayles’ theories to his own to set up the respective representation plans.21 The success of Porter’s theories fostered a proliferation of employee representation plans. In 1911, the progressive garment manufacturer, Hart, Schaffner, and Marx, estab lished probably the best known (and sometimes cited er roneously as the first) industrial democracy program. Two years later, the Packard Piano Co. implemented a “ works plan of industrial representation.” The Printz-Biederman Co. and the White Motor Co., both in Cleveland, introduced “ departmental shop committee representation plans” in 1914. Between 1911 and 1917, more than 100 companies intro duced employee representation plans.22 “ Capital cannot move a wheel without labor, nor can 28 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis labor advance beyond a more primitive existence without capital,” said John D. Rockefeller, while inaugurating one of the most controversial industrial democracy programs in U.S. history. In 1914, an intense strike had crippled op erations at Rockefeller’s Colorado Fuel and Iron Co. mines. The strike degenerated into open industrial violence result ing in the deaths of two women and several children, and touching off a national outrage. Rockefeller, described by historians as a dedicated “ wel fare capitalist,” wanted to make amends and restore peace. He blamed “ outside agitators” from the United Mine Work ers for all problems and, in 1915, implemented an employee representation plan to give workers a voice in operations without having to deal with organized labor. The Colorado Fuel & Iron plan permeated every facet of life in the com pany town, including social and recreational concerns. Or ganized labor complained that this was not industrial democracy but “ paternalism” and “ company unionism.” Many employers, however, praised Rockefeller for setting a progressive precedent in labor-management relations. The controversy over this kind of plan had even greater impact following World War I.23 Government steps in Following the U.S. entry into World War I, President Woodrow Wilson’s administration sought to prevent work stoppages in vital war production and related industries. Among the many ideas proposed was one calling for the creation of plant-level advisory committees of employees and managers to study and suggest ways of improving pro duction outlays while maintaining industrial peace. Secre tary of Labor William B. Wilson ardently promoted the plan, believing that the spirit of cooperation between labor and management would transcend the war and continue into peacetime. Largely through his efforts, governmentsponsored labor adjustment agencies such as the Fuel Ad justment Agency, Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board, and National War Labor Board created employee represen tation plans for their jurisdictions.24 The benchmark for all war agencies was the labor board. A tripartite, quasi-judicial body of labor, management, and public representatives, the board, with jurisdiction over the majority of plants and factories involved in war production, promoted industrial equity to prevent strikes and increase productivity. It experimented with many progressive ideas, including maintaining “ living wage standards,” mandating overtime compensation, maintaining safety and health stan dards, and prohibiting discrimination in pay and employ ment because of race, creed, sex, or union affiliation.25 The War Labor Board also ordered industrialists to create “ shop council” plans for their factories. The first were at the General Electric plant in Pittsfield, Mass., and the Beth lehem Steel works in Pennsylvania. The board issued ad ministrative guidelines for the implementation of “ shop councils” and ordered their creation in 88 major plants. This gave workers, most for the first time, a definite voice in management. Following this example, the shipbuilding board ordered the creation of 31 councils and by the end of the war, Government boards had created more than 225 shop councils. Private firms sometimes voluntarily created employee representation plans, and one Labor Department official remarked, “ There was a deluge of works coun cils.” 26 Whether called the “ Bridgeport Plan,” “ General Electric Plan,” or “ Proctor & Gamble Employees Conference Plan,” all works councils, shop committees, and employee rep resentation plans were basically the same. Commissioner of Labor Statistics, Royal Meeker, commented that there was a “ monotonous sameness” about these plans. They consisted of a representative body of employees, chosen from a variety of work stations (departments, floors, shops, and so forth), who met separately before meeting with man agers or sat in joint session with them. These industrial congresses discussed and debated a wide range of topics, particularly: labor turnover and productivity; living and working conditions; terms of employment; and social and recreational needs of employees.27 In most cases, the employee representation plans set up by Government order were used to full advantage by or ganized labor. Although officially operating under the “ open shop” principle, these plans soon became avenues for or ganized labor to meet with employers on an equitable level. When the Federal Government seized the railway lines in 1917, the Director General of the U.S. Railroad Adminis tration, William Gibbs McAdoo, faced a maze of problems including low productivity and manpower shortages. In 1918, he issued two general orders directing the managers on all lines to establish committees of employers and employees to discuss and try to solve problems. W.S. Carter, former president of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and McAdoo’s labor director, stated that these orders gave rail road union labor an aspect of equal participation with rail road officials and, consequently, a strategic position more advanced than any ever before enjoyed by organized work ers. However, many railroad officials did not like sharing managerial decisions, and, once the Government returned the railroads to private ownership in 1920, management either abolished the employee representation plans or con verted them into company unions.28 The end of the war affected other labor programs. Em ployers, generally, wanted a return to prewar normalcy. In many industries, especially those in which Government boards had ordered the creation of worker-manager councils, em ployers unilaterally disbanded the cooperative plans. Com pany officials at Bethlehem Steel’s main plant abolished the shop council program and refused to honor the collective bargaining agreement negotiated with organized labor less than 1 month after the armistice. Another employer admitted that “ we would not have started the employees’ committee had we not been forced to do so.” 29 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A determined Wilson administration tried to reverse the trend back toward prewar conditions. The National War Labor Board ruled that employees and employers had to continue to comply with the wartime orders because the emergency period existed even after the armistice. President Wilson supported the board’s orders in a proclamation of December 2, 1918. Board Cochairmen William H. Taft and Basil Manley wrote to Bethlehem Steel President Eugene G race,4‘This is a question of the good faith of your company . . . if the award of the board should now be repudiated, your workmen would have every right to feel they had been deceived and grossly imposed upon by your company.” 30 Yet Bethlehem Steel, General Electric, and a host of other industrial giants rejected such pleas, and the postwar years witnessed the highest incidence of strikes in U.S. history until the years following World War II. Secretary of Labor Wilson firmly believed in labormanagement cooperation. In regard to works councils and similar experiments, he felt that “ there were no precon ceived ideas and fixed prejudices about the relationships that should exist between employer and employee.” Wilson per suaded the President to arrange for two national industrial conferences in 1919, with representatives from labor, man agement, and the public attending. Intended to promote cooperation, the first conference fell apart when employers totally alienated the labor representatives. The second con ference accomplished little more than to illustrate that some employers had found use for employee representation plans. 31 The 1920’s, called the “ open shop era,” were years when employers sought to reduce the power and influence that organized labor had attained during the war. Many em ployers enthusiastically adopted employee representation plans based on the paternalistic model of Rockefeller’s Colorado Fuel & Iron Company. A union partisian, commenting on the plan set up by the Pennsylvania Railroad, said, “ What sort of industrial democracy is that which supervises every action of the men, does not allow them to have department meetings as a rule, and initiates every step taken by them?” 32 Experiments abroad While the United States struggled with postwar labor relations, Great Britain scored better, especially in regard to industrial democracy. Prior to and during the war, strikes continuously plagued the country, particularly in the crucial munitions, shipyard, and railway industries. This forced Parliament to look for remedies. A subcommittee of the British Cabinet Reconstruction Committee, under the deputy speaker of the House of Commons, John H. Whitley, sub mitted five separate reports on industrial problems, basically advocating worker representation in the decision-making process of industry. The committee recommended the es tablishment of joint industrial councils (Whitley Councils) at three levels: factory, district, and total industry. The final report emphasized that workers should have equal standing with employers at all levels.33 29 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Industrial Democracy The relationship between Whitley Committee findings and U.S. industrial democracy programs is not clear. Com mittee members knew about the U.S. programs and con sidered them in the process of study. Officials from the Bureau of Labor Statistics visited England before U.S. entry into the war (1915-16) to study that country’s labor prob lems, and to exchange ideas with labor ministry officials. In 1919, Secretary Wilson sent a delegation of U.S. em ployers to monitor the Whitley Councils. Britain, however, had had employee representation plans in effect long before the war, plus the experience of “ Rochdale” type cooper atives. Apparently, both nations borrowed from each other.34 Whitley Councils continued through the 1940’s, but suf fered resentment. One British employer commented, “ Whi tley Councils are a most expensive luxury with any advantage on one side only, that of labour.” 35 The more militant trade unions, dedicated to abolishing all private ownership of industry, also opposed labor-management cooperation, al though most unions approved and supported the concept. Some of the militants, particularly the railroad engineers, eventually dropped opposition to the councils and estab lished joint committees with employer federations.36 Other nations, excited by the promises of democratic selfdetermination in Woodrow Wilson’s peace plans, adopted works council programs. The Austrian government passed “ works councils” legislation in 1919, and the new German government followed a year later. The grand duke of Lux emburg decreed the establishment of works councils in Oc tober 1920. In the same year, Sweden enacted a law stating, “ works councils shall be instituted in industries with a view of giving workers a greater insight into production. . . . ” Even Japan, emerging as a world power after World War I, copied the “ works council” concept from the West; its plans, however, were more paternalistic than democratic. In October 1919, the first International Labor Conference of the League of Nations, held in Washington, D.C., and chaired by Secretary Wilson, encouraged the expansion of worker councils in all new democratic nations.37 A need for efficiency Only a few industrial democracy programs remained in existence in the United States between 1920 and 1930, mostly in the hosiery, textile, railroad, and garment industries. However, many new representation plans appeared to be attempts to circumvent unionism by adopting the format of the Colorado Fuel & Iron plan. One of the exceptions to the paternalistic plans, and prob ably the best plan introduced during the period, was at the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. In 1923, industrial relations manager Otto Beyer and Machinists’ Union President Wil liam Johnston coauthored a shop committee plan of repre sentation acceptable to b&o President Danial Willard, who used it at the Glenwood Maintenance Plant in the Pittsburgh district— a particularly troublesome site with high labor un rest and low productivity. The committee representatives 30 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis did not discuss issues traditionally reserved for collective bargaining, instead limiting themselves to methods to im prove work and product quality. Otto Beyer commented, “ The men became very active in observing opportunities for improvements, working out practical suggestions and presenting them at their local union meetings . . . for sub mission to shop management.” By 1927, the b & o plan was working so well that management accepted 83 percent of all suggestions.38 In the 1920’s, the quest for efficiency made two strange bedfellows: the American Federation of Labor (afl) and the disciples of Frederick Taylor’s scientific method of man agement. Work-rule changes based on Taylor’s time and motion studies had sparked strikes during the war, and or ganized labor generally held them as anathema. Yet Taylor, before his death in 1915, began to actively solicit the co operation of labor in the stewardship of efficient production techniques in industry. Taylor’s disciples continued to pro mote cooperation and afl President Samuel Gompers and his successor, William Green, appeared often as guest speakers before the Taylor Society. In 1927, Green said, “ If given the opportunity we will earnestly and sincerely in all efforts promote efficiency in management with the high standard of American workmanship.” 39 Both American workers and employers needed to promote efficiency as the Nation slumped into the Great Depression of the 1930’s. Poor economic conditions forced labor and management to experiment with new ideas. For example, by the late 1930’s, when many small steel mills verged on bankruptcy, employers began to cooperate with the Steel Workers’ Organizing Committee of the new Congress of Industrial Organizations (cio) to solve problems. Two pi oneers in this drive were Clinton Golden, Pittsburgh area director of the committee, and Joseph Scanlon, open hearth furnace operator, local union president, and father of the Scanlon joint-stock ownership plan. These men had ap proached several area steel plant superintendents and pro posed to im prove production, stabilize em ploym ent fluctuations, and participate in productivity research through union participation in the managerial process. Several plants in the upper Ohio Valley improved efficiency and attained solvency as a result of adopting the recommendations of labor-management committees.40 cio President Philip Murray fully endorsed the concept. He coauthored a book on the Golden-Scanlon model with Morris Cooke (Frederick Taylor’s prize student), setting standards for codetermination of production procedures and administrative policies to increase distribution and output of goods and services.41 Known as the Murray plan, their concept called for cooperation at both the shop and factory level, and eventually at the “ intra and inter industry levels. ” Murray and Cooke called their representative bodies “ In dustry Councils” and they would cause considerable con troversy during World War II.42 The U.S. entry into the war, as in the previous conflict, necessitated cooperation from management and labor. Only weeks after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt created a War Production Board to coordinate industrial output. The director of the board, Don ald Nelson, adapted parts of the Murray plan to stimulate production; yet he never fully embraced it. Nelson inherited basic strategies for his task from two predecessor agencies: the Defense Advisory Committee and Office of Production Management. Sidney Hillman, labor director of both of those agencies between 1940 and 1942, former president of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, and contributor to the Hart, Schaffner, and Marx plan, ad vocated the Murray idea for industry. Actually, Hillman favored the “ Reuther Corollary” to the Murray plan, which was based on the results of a 1942 study conducted for Murray by Walter Reuther of the United Auto Workers. The “ Corollary” called for small groups of autoworkers to devise methods that would efficiently upgrade and retool auto assembly lines to produce airplanes. “ If accepted,” as one student of industrial democracy noted, “ these in dustry councils proposed by Reuther and Murray guaranteed that management would cooperate with labor in making industrial decisions. ” 43 Donald Nelson, however, knew that employers would not accept such an idea, and called for the creation of vol untary labor-management committees at plant levels as a compromise. Murray and Clinton Golden, vice chairman of the War Production Board, accepted this to prevent em ployers from abandoning the cooperative production pro gram. Thus, labor-management committees were formed, but workers did not participate in the decision-making process to any considerable degree, and there were no industrywide councils as proposed by Murray. Internal memoranda of the War Production Board emphasized that “ the whole drive may succeed or fail depending on our ability to promote a give and take spirit between labor and management,” but employers would not “ give” in the area of labor encroach ment on managerial prerogatives. Murray, nonetheless, sup ported the committees, and actually confused matters by claiming that they “ were directly in line with our industry council proposals.” This alarmed overcautious employers who accused Donald Nelson of “ sabotaging” and “ sovietizing” industry. Charles Wilson, President of General Mo tors, candidly stated, “ There will be none of this equal voice bunk at g m . ” 44 The refusal by many giant industries to fully cooperate set the tone for the overall program. When Theodore Quinn, director of the War Production Board’s production drive, pleaded with some industry leaders to cooperate and involve labor in their decision-making process, the Ford Motor Co. responded: “ We have not been able to find any examples where labor has run manufacturing plants as well as man agement.” 45 Yet, there were some success stories in the War Produc https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tion Board’s production drive. The Westinghouse Electric Co. in Springfield, Mass., established a quality improve ment plan committee in 1942 to reduce rates of waste and scrap which had run as high as 15 percent. The Quality Improvement Committee of three representatives each from labor and management met with committees of foremen and employees from various shops, which submitted suggestions made by small work area subcommittees. Waste levels were reduced by more than 50 percent throughout the plant. Ex periments such as this one, however, were rare.46 In 1945, the War Production Board estimated that more than 5,000 labor-management committees had been formed. About 2,000 of them existed only on paper, and only onethird of the actual committees had representation plans to solicit suggestions from employees. Only about 500 com mittees took active roles in production-related issues such as “ work quality, material conservation, plant lighting and layout, tool and equipment care, and production. . . ,” 47 Other countries grasp the concept The post-World War II period mirrored the first postwar period. Employers wanted to return to “ normalcy,” while workers, beneficiaries of government-induced industrial freedoms during the war, wanted to retain their advanced status. President Harry S. Truman, like Woodrow Wilson, tried to reduce tensions and promote industrial cooperation by calling a National Labor-Management Conference. Many employers at this 1945 meeting concurred with the opinion: “ Management members cannot agree to joint management of enterprise. [It] has functions that must not and cannot be compromised.” 48 In the wake of this failed conference, the United States witnessed the most intensive wave of strikes in its history. Although some forms of labor-management cooperation continued, most employee representation pro grams fell by the wayside. Philip Murray did not forget. He warned as late as 1951 that “ in the future, unless some comprehensive plan is un dertaken within industry . . . we may find [foreign nations outproducing us and unemployed Americans walking the street].” His comments focused on European and Asian nations which had grasped the American concept of indus trial democracy.49 On April 10, 1946, Germany, with a history of prewar codetermination, reintroduced the works council in industry under law No. 22, issued by the American Allied Control Commission. German employers resisted the réintroduction of worker participation into the managerial process, but the Allied command insisted that they cooperate with trade unions on works councils.50 The most surprising implementation of industrial democ racy was in Japan. Except for a few isolated experiments after World War I, democracy had not been practiced in Japanese industry. Three million unskilled workers lived and toiled under a feudalistic “ padrone system.” After World War II, General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Com31 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Industrial Democracy mander of Allies in the Pacific, imposed industrial democ racy on Japan. He stripped the huge industrial trust combine (the Zaibatsu) of power for a time, and abrogated all an tilabor and anti-civil rights laws by his directive of October 4, 1945.51 The United States, according to several scholars, took pride in Japanese achievement and developed a sense of responsibility for its direction. Japanese growth, they claimed, stemmed from the U.S. policy and Japan’s adoption of newly introduced techniques and methods of production. Several U.S. management experts, most notably William E. Deming, lectured and worked with Japanese public and private leaders on quality control methods— from which came the quality circle program. As one expert noted, “ Even Japanese critics of the former political and economic activ ities of Westerners . . . are keenly alive to and anxious to share in the benefits of Western technology and Western methods of economic organizations.” Japan’s postwar eco nomic recovery and new production techniques (for ex ample, labor-management cooperation) were products of American social, economic, and military influences.52 In a recent nbc News White Paper, “ if japan can . why can ’t we ?” it was suggested that copying Japan’s methods might not work for U.S. industry. That may or may not be true because of cultural or other differences between the nations, but it does not explain why American ideologies lay dormant here while flourishing abroad. There are many theories, including those stating that economically ravaged and defeated nations were ripe for experimentation, espe cially when it was forced upon them. The United States survived the war in relatively good shape, and industrial production soared after 1946. Trade unions, assisted by favorable New Deal legislation, grew in power to the point that Congress restrained them under the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 and the Landrum-Griffin Act of 1959. Under these conditions and given the historical relationship between capital and labor, an adversarial, not cooperative, spirit has pervaded U.S. labor relations. And, during recent years, as inexpensive, high-quality manufac tured products labeled “ made in Japan” captured markets previously the domain of American firms, we looked over seas for answers to our problems of lagging productivity instead of within. Today, as U.S. firms once again experiment with indus trial democracy in the form of quality of worklife programs and similar efforts, our own past warrants a second look. Although most earlier attempts at labor-management co operation did not endure, they were not necessarily under taken in vain. One historian has described presidential labormanagement committees as “ productive failures,” 53 per haps a fitting definition for the majority of participatory management committees in the past. They produced favor able results when they were needed most and only failed when social, economic, or political conditions changed. Industrial democracy does have a place in the American system of labor relations, for it was bom here. A c k n o w l e d g m e n t : The author thanks Steve Donahue o f the LaborManagement Services Administration. William Bradley of the Employment Standards Administration, and William Move o f the Bureau o f Labor Statistics for their assistance in the preparation of this article. R eform er an d W orkingm an's A dvocate, Aug. 29. 1835. p. 2: R eport o f S pecia l A gent C arro ll W right on the F actory System in the U .S . (Bureau of the Census. 1884). pp. 16-20; H.C. Carey. E ssay on the R ate o f W ages 'Milton Derber. The A m erican Idea o f Industrial D em ocracy: 1 8 6 5 1965 (Urbana. University of Illinois Press. 1970). pp. 4 -6 . -Sanford Jacoby. “ Union Management Cooperation: Past. Present, and Future.” Working Paper No. 44 (Los Angeles, u c l a Institute of Industrial Relations, July 1982). p. I: and Thomas Kochan. Daniel J. B. Mitchell, and Lee Dryer, eds.. Industrial R elations R esearch in the 1970s: R eview & A p p ra isa l (Madison. W is.. Industrial Relations Research Association, 1982). ’ Richard B. Morris. G overnm ent and L a b o r in E arly A m erica (New York, Columbia University Press. 1946). p. viii. 4 Robert Chisolm, “ Quality of Working Life: Critical Issues for the 8 0 s.” P ub lic P ro d u ctivity R eview , March 1983. pp. 101-12: and Robert Irving, “ Is America Turning It Around in Quality?” Iron A ge. July 22. 1983. pp. 4 0 -4 1 . sCarl Bridenbaugh. The C olon ial Craftsm an (Chicago. University of Chicago Press. 1950), pp. 2 7 -2 8 , 118. (Philadelphia, Carey, Lea & Blanchard. 1835). pp. 88-90; and W. Scoresby. A m erican F actories & Their F em ale O peratives (London. Long man. Brown. Green & Longman, 1845). 10Arthur Acland and Benjamin Jones. W orkingm en C o -o p e r a to rs (Manchester. U .K .. The Cooperative Union Ltd.. 1884). pp. 19-20; and George D. Cole. A C entury o f C ooperation (Manchester. U .K ., The Co operative Union Ltd.. 1944). pp. 5 7-75. 11 Acland and Jones. W orkingmen C o -operators, pp. 28-30; and Cole. C entury o f C ooperation , pp. 5 7 -7 5 . l2Jonathan Grossman. William S ylvis (New York, Columbia University Press. 1945), pp. 190-91: and Iron M olders Journal. March 1868, p. 217. 11B y L aw s an d C h arter o f the m . w .c .a .. 1887, in the Terrence V. Powderly Papers, Reel No. 91. Series E. The Catholic University of America. I4U .S. Senate. Committee on Education and Labor. R eport on the R e lations betw een C a p ita l an d L abor, 48th Cong.. 1885, p. 861. i;iHenry Sage, "Address on the Labor Problem in the U .S .” (U.S. Department of Labor Library, 1886.) 6R ep o rt o f S p ecia l A gent C a rro ll Wright on the F actory System in the U .S . (Bureau of the Census, 1884). pp. 16-20. lhWashington Gladden, W orking P eople a n d Their E m ployers (New York, Funk & Wagnalls, 1885), pp. 30, 4 2 -4 4 . 7 The P hiladelph ia C abinet & C h air M akers Union Book o f P rices: E sta b lish ed b y a C om m ittee o f E m ployers & Journeym en (Philadelphia, 17Richard Ely, Introduction to P o litica l E conom y (New York, Eaton & Mains. 1889). pp. 2 36-37. William Stavely, 1828), p. la. ISJ.C. Bayles. The Shop C ouncil (New York, David Williams Pub., 1886). pp. 7 -2 7 . KThe B ill o f P rices o f the C hairm akers o f Cincinnati: A g reed to by the Journeym en a n d E m ployers in Joint C om m ittee, S eptem ber 6, 1831; W.Q. Force, The B uilders G uide (Washington, Peter Force, 1842), p. i-iv . 9 John R. Commons and Associates, H istory o f L abour in the U nited S tates (New York, The Macmillan C o., 1918), pp. 381-423; R adical 32 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis I9H.F.J. Porter, “ The Higher Law in the Industrial W orld,” E ngi neering M agazin e, August 1905. pp. 641-46; Katherine Glover, “ One Shop Steps Toward Industrial Democracy,” O utlook, Mar. 13, 1909, reprint; National Industrial Conference Board. “ Works Councils in the U .S .,” Research Report No. 21, October 1919, pp. 4 - 7 . 20Glover, “ Industrial Democracy” ; and National Industrial Conference Board, “ Works Councils in the U .S .,” pp. 4 - 7 . 21K.H. Condit, “ Solving the Labor Problem,” The A m erican M achinist, Aug. 14, 1919, pp. 301-03; and National Industrial Conference Board, “ Works Councils in the U .S .,” pp. 4 -7 . 22National Industrial Conference Board, “ Works Councils in the U .S .,” pp. 4 - 7 . 23J.D. Rockefeller, “ The Colorado Industrial Plan,” Address to the Employees o f the Colorado Fuel & Iron C o., 1916; 2 2 n d Annual R eport o f the C o lo ra d o F uel & Iron C o ., 1916, pp. 4 -5 ; and E.S. Cordick, “ Some Results o f Cooperation between Management and M en,” Industrial M an agem en t, July 1921, pp. 3 2 -3 3 . 24U .S. Department of Labor, Working Conditions Service, “ Address by William Leiserson on Employment Management, Employee Represen tation, and Industrial Democracy,” May 23, 1919. 25 “ The National War Labor Board,” in Sp ecia l P ublication o f the War L a b o r P o lic ie s B o a rd (U.S. Department of Labor, 1918), pp. 5 -8 . 26U .S. National War Labor Board, P erm anent D ocket, n o .’s 19 & 22, in historical collection, U.S. Department of Labor Library; National War Labor Board, P ro ced u res f o r the Election o f Shop C ouncils, Oct. 4, 1918; and “ Works Councils in the United States.” Industrial M anagem ent, De cember 1919, p. 491. 27Royal Meeker, “ Employee Representation in the Management of In dustry,” unpublished, in U.S. Department of Labor Library Vertical File. 28 “ Results of Cooperation of Workers and Managers in the Railroad Industry,” M onthly L ab o r R eview , July 1927, pp. 29-31; Unedited report on The Efficiency o f R a ilro a d s U nder F ed era l C ontrol, pp. 5 0 -7 5 , in William G. McAdoo Papers, subject file: Director General, Box 557, Library of Congress Manuscript Division. 29Paul Douglas, “ Shop Committees: Substitute for, or Supplement to. Trade Unions,” Jou rn al o f P o litica l E conom y, February 1921, pp. 10607; and “ Works Councils in the United States,” Industrial M anagem ent, p. 491. 30Letter from William H. Taft and Basil Manley to Eugene Grace, Dec. 6, 1918, file 129/3-C, Records of the Secretaries of Labor, National Ar chives Record Group 174. 31 William B. Wilson to the War Labor Conference Board, Feb. 25, 1918, in Permanent Docket of n w l b : Woodrow Wilson to William B. Wilson, Nov. 19, 1919; and William B. Wilson to Woodrow Wilson, Nov. 20, 1919, file 13/178. National Archives Record Group 174. pp. 667-79; The K anegafuci Spinning C o. L td: Its C onstruction an d H ow it C a res f o r Its E m ployees (Osaka, Sanseisha Ltd., 1919); and R eport on the 1st International L a bor C onference o f the L eague o f N ations, October 29 through November 29, 1919, file 167/125, National Archives Record Group 174. 38Otto S. Beyer, “ B & o Engine # 1 0 0 3 ,” The Survey, Jan. 1924, pp. 311-17; and “ Results of Cooperation of Workers and Management in the Railroad Industry,” M onthly L ab o r R eview , July 1927, pp. 2 9 -3 1 . 39William Green, “ Address before the Conference on the Elimination of Waste in Industry,” Philadelphia, April 1927, reprint; and Bulletin o f T aylor S ociety, June 1927, pp. 407 -1 0 . '“ Theodore Quinn, The O rigin al M anual f o r L abor M anagem ent C om m ittees (New York, T.K. Quinn C o., 1945), pp. 5 -7 ; and Sanford Jacoby, “ Union Management Cooperation,” pp. 2 2-27. 41 See Philip Murray and Morris Cooke, O rganized L abor an d P rodu c tion (New York, Harper Brothers, 1940). This monograph traced the or igins of labor-management cooperation to the early years of the United States and followed it up to the 1940’s specifically citing the contributions made by Whitleyism and Taylorism. 42Jacoby, “ Union Management Cooperation,” pp. 22-27; and Philip Murray and Morris Cooke, O rganized L abor and Production, pp. 216. 220 -2 1 . 43Sidney Hillman to Donald Nelson. Feb. 16. 1942, file 245. lc; “ Labor Policies of the n d a c & o p m . ” May 1940—April 1942, file 240.3 R. w p b Records, National Archives Record Group 179; and Jacoby. “ Union Man agement Cooperation," pp. 22-27 44 U nited A utom obile W orker, Packard Local # 1 9 0 Edition. April 1942. p. 2a; Archibald MacLeish. Director w p b . Office of Facts & Figures, to Donald Nelson, Feb. 6, 1942, file 245.12 c Donald Nelson, Radio Address of Mar. 2, 1942. file 245.132 B: Phillip Murray and Michael Straus to Donald Nelson. Feb. 6, 1942, file 245.14 c w p b Records, National Ar chives Record Group 179; Interview by Dorothea Deschweinitz with w p b Information Director Bruce Catton. July 27, 1945. cited in DeSchweinitz, Unpublished History of War Production Board. 1946. p. 27. 45 Phillips Garman to W.E. Chalmers, Office o f Production Management. “ Controversial Situations in the w p b ' s Production Drive," July 1943, file 245.13; C.E. Wilson to John P. Lewis. Managing Editor. PM M agazine, and others, “ Protests against Newspaper Publishers,” October-November 1942, file 024-61 c; Anthony Luchek to Phillips Garman. "Labor Relations at Ford,” July 1943, file 245 c; Henry Ford II to J.A. Krug. June 27. 1945. file 631.10431. National Archives Record Group 179. 32Fannia Cohn, “ Company Unions and Worker Education,” L ab o r A ge, O cto b er 1 9 2 6 , reprint; and D o u g la s. “ Shop C o m m itte e s ,” pp. 106-08. 4hWar Production Board, War Production Drive Division. The LaborM anagem ent P roduction C om m ittee o f the W estinghouse E lectric a n d M an ufacturing C o. an d the U nited E lectrical, R adio, an d M achine W orkers, cio, L ocal N o. 202, July 1944, pp. 2 2-25. 33 Great Britain, Interim R eport o f the R econstruction C om m ittee on Joint Standing In du strial C ouncils; and Joint Industrial C ouncils in G reat B rit ain, Bulletin 225 (Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1919), pp. 12-15, 229-37. 47Frank McElroy and Alexander Moros, “ Joint Production Commit tees,” M onthly L a bor R eview , August 1948. pp. 123-26. 34Alexander Bing, “ Work of the Wage Adjustment Boards,” Journal o f P o litic a l E conom y, June 1919, pp. 429-31; and R ep o rt o f the E m ployers In d u stria l C om m ission, Apr. 1, 1919, file 162/16, National Archives Re cord Group 174. (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1946), pp. 5 6-57. 35 A.E. Smith (General Secretary, National Union of Vehicle Builders) to Jean Flexner, Dec. 13, 1922; (similar documents in Great Britain, Trade Union Documents and Constitutions Relating to Joint Industrial Councils, 1919-1925). U.S. Department of Labor Library. 36G en era l L ette r to C om m unists, T rade-U nionists, a n d C o -O perators, from B. Dubowski, Secretary, Guild of Clothiers, 1922; M em orandum A greem en t b etw een Engineering a n d N ation al E m ployers F ederation and A m a lg a m a ted E ngineering U nions (London), 1922, p. 3; Great Britain, Sum m ary o f Interd ep a rtm en ta l C o m m ittee's R eport: A pplication o f W hitley R e p o rt to G overn m en t Industrial E stablishm ents (confidential) H Q 16/7; and Helen Marot, “ Reconstruction at Work,” The D ia l, Oct. 19, 1918, pp. 3 0 2 -0 3 . 37International Labor Office ( i l o ), Austria, A ct & O rder: W orks C oun cils, Legislative Series 1919, Austria 9, 10, 19, 20; ILO, Germany, A ct: W orks C ou n cils, Legislative Series 1920, Germany 9, 10; ILO, Luxemburg, D e c re e : W orks C ouncils, Legislative Series 1920, Lux-1; ilo, Norway, A ct: W orks C ouncil, Legislative Series 1920, Nor-1; Ernst Wigforss, “ In dustrial Democracy in Sweden,” In ternational L abour R eview , May 1924, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 48U .S. Department of Labor, Division of Labor Standards. R eport o f the P resid en t's N ation al L abor-M anagem ent Conference, Bulletin 77 49P roceed in g s o f the 13th C onstitutional Convention. CIO. New York, Nov. 5 - 9 , 1951, pp. 253-54. -,0 U.S. Zone of Military Government in Germany, Manpower Division, L a bor R elation s in W estern G erm any: Visiting E xpert, R eport N o. 2, October 1948; and Oscar Weigert, “ Labor Relations in the U.S. Zone of Germany,” M onthly L a bor R eview , April 1948, pp. 380-85. 51 Chester Hepler, “ The Labor Boss System in Japan," M onthly L abor R eview , January 1949, pp. 47-48; Supreme Commander for Allied Powers and Far Eastern Command, S elected D a ta on the O ccupation o f Japan (undated), p. 71; and Lawrence Rosinger, “ The Occupation o f Japan,” F oreign P o licy R eports, May 15, 1947, p. 50. 52William Sebald and C. Nelson Spinks, Japan: P rospects, P otions, O pportu n ities (Washington, American Enterprise Institute, 1967), pp. 2 6 39; George Munchus, “ Employer-Employee Based Quality Circles in Ja pan: Human Resource Policy Implications for American Firms,” A cadem y o f M an agem ent R eview , February 1983, p. 225; andG.C. Allen, “ Western Enterprise in the Far East,” In ternational Affairs, July 1954, p. 294. 53 William T. Moye, “ Presidential Labor-Management Committees: Pro ductive Failures,” Industrial & L ab o r R elation s R eview , October 1980, p. 50. 33 Conference Papers The following excerpts are adapted from papers presented at the Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Industrial Rela tions Research Association, December 1983, in San Fran cisco. The full text of all papers appears in the copyrighted i r r a publication, Proceedings o f the Thirty-Sixth Annual Meet ings, available from i r r a , University of Wisconsin, Social Science Building, Madison, Wis. 53706. Most U.S. workers still may be fired under the employment-at-will doctrine Ja c k S t ie b e r Each year, American employers in the private sector fire about three million employees for noneconomic reasons.1 Such terminations are called “ discharge for cause.” While there are no reliable comparative figures, it is clear from the literature and discussions with scholars and practitioners in other countries that discharge for cause occurs much more frequently in the United States than in other industrialized nations.2 The reasons for this are not entirely clear, although there is little doubt that among the contributing factors are the greater concern with job security in other countries, the generally higher unemployment rate in the United States which makes it easier for employers to replace discharged workers, a strong dedication to individualism and property rights in the United States, and the existence of laws pro hibiting unjust discharge in other countries. There is no such general statutory prohibition in the United States. Protection against unjust discharge is provided to a minority of all employees through collective bargaining,3 Jack Stieber is professor of economics and director, School of Labor and Industrial Relations, Michigan State University. This is excerpted from his presidential address to the association, “ Employment-at-Will: An Issue for the 1980s.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis antidiscrimination laws, civil service, and teacher tenure laws.4 All other employees are subject to the employment-atwill doctrine. This common-law doctrine holds that an em ployment having no specific term may be terminated by either party with or without notice or cause. As one court put it 100 years ago: employment relationships of an in definite duration may be terminated at any time without notice “ for good cause, for no cause, or even for cause morally wrong . . . . ” 5 In recent years, however, an increasing number of State court decisions have found exceptions to the employmentat-will doctrine.6 What are these exceptions that have aroused so much concern among employers and encouraged false hopes of winning large jury awards among discharged em ployees? The three theories most commonly advanced in support of wrongful discharge suits have been based on claims of violation of public policy, the existence of an implied con tract, and the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The public policy exception The most widely accepted common-law limitation to the employment-at-will doctrine has been the public policy ex ception, which argues that an employer may not fire an employee for reasons that contravene fundamental principles of public policy. Some 20 States have recognized this ex ception in cases in which an employee was fired for refusing to commit an unlawful act, for performing an important public obligation, or for exercising a statutory right or priv ilege.7 Typical cases involved firing an employee for re fusing to give false testimony at a trial or administrative hearing, serving on a jury, reporting illegal conduct by an employer, that is, “ whistle-blowing,” refusing to violate a professional code of ethics, filing a worker’s compensation claim, or refusing to take a polygraph test. Here are a few examples of such cases: In one of the earliest cases, the California Court of Ap peals ruled in 1959 that it was against public policy for the Teamsters’ Union to discharge a business agent for refusing to give false testimony before a legislative committee. Such action rendered the union liable for damages to the business agent.8 in 1978, the Michigan Appeals Court held that an em ployee stated a valid cause for relief when he alleged that he was discharged for refusing to manipulate and adjust sampling results in pollution control reports which were required by law.9 In a 1981 Illinois case, the employee alleged that he was fired for offering information to the police about possible criminal behavior on the job by another employee and for agreeing to assist in the investigation. The court held that there is a clear public policy favoring investigation and prosecution of criminal offenses.10 The implied contract exception The implied contract exception, which is recognized in 13 States, has found an implied promise of job tenure for employees with records of satisfactory performance, in em ployee handbooks, personnel manuals, or oral statements made during employment interviews.11 Examples of such cases include: The Michigan Supreme court held in 1980 that an em ployer who has a written policy or has made an oral state ment that an employee would not be discharged without just cause must adhere to such policy.12 The California Court of Appeals, in a 1981 decision, found that evidence supported the claim that an implied promise was made to the employee based on the 32-year duration of his employment, his promotions and commen dations, assurances he received, and the employer’s per sonnel policies. The employee claimed that he was discharged for refusing to participate in negotiations with a union be cause of a purported “ sweetheart agreement” which ena bled the company to pay women lower wages than male employees.13 In another 1981 case, originating in New York, the em ployee signed an application stating that employment would be subject to the company’s employee handbook, which said that dismissal would occur only for just and sufficient cause. He also received oral assurances of job security. The New York Court of Appeals held that there was sufficient evidence of a contract and a breach of contract to sustain a cause for action.14 The good faith and fair dealing exception This exception, which has been clearly recognized in only three States, California, Massachusetts, and Montana, holds that no matter what an employer says or does to make it clear that employment is at-will and that an employee may be dismissed without cause, he must deal with the employee fairly and in good faith. In 1977, the Massachusetts Appellate Court ignored an explicit written contract that reserved to the employer the right to fire an employee for any reason. The employee, a 61-year-old salesman with 40 years of service, claimed that he was fired to avoid paying him sales commissions on a multimillion dollar order. The court held it was for a jury https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to decide if the employer’s motive in firing him was suspect. If it so found, then the discharge was wrongful because the law imposed a covenant of good faith and fair dealing on every contract.15 In a 1980 California case, the court found that an em ployee could sue for wrongful discharge in both contract and tort, in the case of an employee with 18 years of sat isfactory service with an employer which had violated its own specific procedures for adjudicating employee disputes. The court further held that, if a jury found that the employer had acted in bad faith, the company could be held respon sible for pain and suffering and be assessed punitive dam ages.16 In 1983, the Montana Supreme Court approved a jury award of $50,000 to a cashier who alleged that she was discharged without warning and was forced to sign a letter of resignation. The employer claimed she was fired for carelessness, incompetency, and insubordination. The court said that there was sufficient evidence for the jury to find fraud, oppression, or malice and held that an employer’s breach of good faith and fair dealing is a tort for which punitive damages may be imposed.17 Courts take narrow view The principles and decisions just discussed may not ap pear surprising or unreasonable to nonlawyers. They merely support what most people would regard as fair and decent behavior on the part of employers towards employees: that employers should not penalize employees for refusing to commit unlawful acts, for exercising their lawful rights, or for behaving as good citizens; that employers should not take advantage of employees by virtue of the power they have over their economic welfare; and that they should treat employees fairly. It may, therefore, come as a surprise to learn that most courts do not look at it this way; that they interpret the public policy exception so narrowly as to give it only very limited application; that they do not regard written or oral policy statements as binding on employers; and that they do not hold that employers must behave fairly and in good faith towards their employees. Consider, for example, the following court rulings: The District of Columbia Court of Appeals in 1981 re jected a public policy exception in a case in which an em ployee claimed that his employer had required that he testify in an administrative proceeding, and then fired him in re taliation for testifying truthfully against the employer’s in terests.18 In another 1981 case, the Indiana Appeals Court held that an employee, who reported alleged misconduct by his su periors and questioned the safety of drugs marketed by the company, failed to state a claim for wrongful discharge because he was not exercising a statutory right or complying with a statutory duty.19 In 1980, a New York court ruled that a bank employee, who alleged that he had been discharged because he had 35 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Conference Papers uncovered evidence of illegal foreign currency manipula tion, was terminable at-will because he had no written em ployment contract.20 Even under the most liberal interpretation of the em ployment-at-will doctrine, the recognized exceptions apply to only a minute proportion of the three million employees who are discharged each year. The overwhelming majority of discharged employees are fired for such everyday oc currences as: excessive absenteeism or tardiness, sleeping on the job, fighting in the workplace, horseplay, insubor dination, using abusive or profane language, falsifying com pany records or application forms, dishonesty, theft, disloyalty to their employer, negligence, incompetence, refusal to ac cept a job assignment, refusal to work overtime, and pos session or use of intoxicants or drugs.21 In more than half of the discharges for the above reasons, arbitrators selected under union-management agreements have found insuffi cient evidence to support the discharge penalty and have reinstated the employee with full, partial, or no backpay depending on the circumstances in each case.22 Yet none of these discharges would qualify as an exception to the employment-at-will doctrine if they occurred in a nonunionized company. An exclusive remedy Another limitation to the applicability of the public policy and implied contract exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine is that they are used almost exclusively by exec utives, managerial, and higher-level employees, who con stitute only a small minority of all employees. One study of 92 wrongful discharge cases found only eight which involved so-called "secondary market" employees.23 Typ ical job titles of plaintiffs in wrongful discharge cases are: company vice presidents, sales managers, marketing direc tors, foremen, physicians, sales representatives, pharma cists, and department managers. The rarity of hourly and lower level salaried employees among wrongful discharge plaintiffs is due to several fac tors. Such employees are less likely to consult attorneys than higher level employees. Even when they do consult attorneys, they are less likely to pursue their claims because they and their lawyers have lower expectations concerning their rights in general and their rights to job security in particular. The contingent fee system, under which most wrongful discharge suits are taken, discourages attorneys from representing low-income employees because they can expect smaller returns from such cases. A second explanation for underrepresentation of lowincome employees in court cases is the inherent bias in the nature of the public policy and implied contract exceptions. The likelihood of low-income employees being fired for refusing to commit unlawful acts, such as testifying falsely at a hearing or trial or falsifying company records, is small because these employees do not usually have access to in formation relevant to such acts. Similarly, discharge for 36 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis performing an important public obligation or ‘‘blowing the whistle” on illegal conduct by an employer is more likely to occur among upper level, technical, or professional em ployees because they are in a better position to detect dan gerous or illegal practices. There is also a greater willingness by such employees to question decisions of their employers. The implied contract exception has little relevance to lower level employees because they are rarely in a position to inquire about future job security when they apply for a job. Nor are they likely to read carefully an employee hand book which may give rise to an implied contract obligation. Even if they were aware of such a handbook provision, most employees would not realize that it could be used to bring a court suit for wrongful discharge. The only category of exception which might be consid ered equally applicable to both lower and upper level em ployees is that based on a statutory right or privilege, such as being fired for filing a worker’s compensation claim.24 Unionization as a solution In principle there is widespread agreement that the employment-at-will doctrine has no economic or moral justi fication in a modem industrialized Nation. The idea that there is equity in a rule under which the individual employee and the employer have the same right to terminate an em ployment relationship at will is obviously fictional in a so ciety in which most workers are dependent upon employers for their livelihood. Recognizing the problem is, however, more difficult than finding an acceptable solution. The best protection against unjust discharge is afforded by a collective bargaining agreement containing a grievance and arbitration procedure. Put in its simplest form, one answer to the employment-at-will problem is: Let those who want protection against unjust discharge join a union. But this is both an oversimplification and an illusory solution. Many workers who join unions do not receive the benefits of unionization because they represent a minority of the bargaining unit in which they are employed. Thus, under the National Labor Relations Act, if less than 50 percent of the employees vote to unionize, 100 percent remain unprotected against unjust discharge. In 1981, unions won only 43 percent of n l r b certification elections, the lowest proportion in 25 years.25 This indicates that joining a union does not guarantee protection against unjust dis charge. In addition, protection of the right to organize does not apply to several million supervisory employees under the National Labor Relations Act. The illusory nature of unionization as a solution to the employment-at-will doctrine is even more evident from the fact that the percentage of organized employees decreased from 35 percent of the nonagricultural labor force in 1955 to 23 percent in 1980.26 Thus, the tide of unionization has been receding rather than advancing, leaving an ever-in creasing number of employees without protection against unjust discharge. There is no evidence that this trend is likely to be reversed in the foreseeable future. The statutory approach The voluntary approach The above failings in the unionization, voluntary em ployer action, and judiciary approaches to doing away with the employer-at-will doctrine lead to a consideration of Fed eral or State legislative action. As noted, legislative bodies are much better equipped than the courts to deal with the myriad problems that must be dealt with in devising a work able solution to protect employees against unjust discharge. I recognize that some of the issues that must be dealt with in legislation do not have perfect answers. But the failure to find the ideal solution to every problem should not be used as an excuse to do nothing. The injustice done by the employment-at-will doctrine to thousands of discharged em ployees is too great to allow it to continue for want of a perfect substitute. The application of such a standard to other laws would have resulted in no action to prohibit discrim ination in employment on grounds of race, sex. or national origin, to provide protection against occupational hazards in the workplace, and to guarantee that employees receive the benefits to which they are entitled in pension plans. Most of us would agree that on balance these laws have served a useful purpose despite many problems in their implementation. I am confident that a law to protect em ployees against unjust discharge would yield equally desir able results. Voluntary employer action to provide due process, in cluding impartial arbitration, for discharged employees, has been proposed by the American Arbitration Association and is supported by progressive employer representatives as the best way to deal with the employment-at-will issue.27 As in other fields of human behavior, voluntarism is always preferable to compulsion in labor-management relations. Unfortunately, the record provides little basis for optimism that voluntary employer action is the key to the problem. Only a handful of employers— all of them very large— have adopted voluntary arbitration for their nonunion employees. Most nonunion employers, who have recognized that em ployees should have an outlet for their grievances, have instituted systems wherein some higher level of management reviews and has the final word on employee discharges. Voluntary systems, though laudable, do not begin to ap proach the magnitude of the problem posed by employmentat-will. Few employers will voluntarily adopt impartial ar bitration, and those most in need of outside review are least likely to provide it. According to a Conference Board study, nonunion complaint systems enjoy little credibility among employees and terminations are rarely appealed through such systems.28 The judicial remedy A third solution, which finds support among many law yers, would place its faith in the judiciary to circumvent the anachronistic employment-at-will doctrine. Those who sup port this approach point to court decisions over the last decade as evidence that the courts can and will find a way to protect employees generally against capricious and ar bitrary discharge. However, the courts themselves have begun to draw back from some of their earlier decisions in wrongful discharge cases in favor of the view that it is up to the legislature to explicitly strike down the doctrine. Thus, the New York Court of Appeals has allayed concerns among employers resulting from its 1982 decision upholding the right of an employee to sue his employer for wrongful discharge. In a 1983 case, the court barred a complaint of wrongful dis charge by an employee of 23 years who claimed that he was fired in reprisal for disclosing top management ac counting improprieties. The court said: If the rule of nonliability for termination of at-will employ ment is to be tempered, it should be accomplished through a principled statutory scheme, adopted after opportunity for public ventilation, rather than in consequence of judicial res olution of the partisan arguments of individual adversarial litigants . . . In sum, under New York law as it now stands, absent a constitutionally impermissible purpose, a statutory proscription, or an express limitation in the individual contract of employment, an employer’s right at any time to terminate an employment at will remains unimpaired.29 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ---------- FO O TN O T E S ---------'Derived from table B -l:-M o n th ly labor turnover rates (per 100 em ployees) in manufacturing industries, by class of turnover, M onthly L abor R e view , January 1954, p 86; J. Medoff, “ Layoffs and Alternatives Under Trade Unions in U.S. Manufacturing, The A m erican E conom ic R e view , 1979, pp. 380, 389; J. Stieber and R. Block, D isch arged W orkers an d the L ab o r M arket (U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Ad ministration, 1983). 2J. Stieber and J. Blackburn, eds., P rotectin g U norganized Em ploxees Against Unjust D ischarge (East Lansing, Michigan State University, School of Labor and Industrial Relations, 1980), pp. 4 6 -8 0 . 3The 22 million American workers covered by such agreements have better protection against being disciplined or discharged without just cause than workers in any other country. Thousands of discharge cases are ap pealed to arbitration each year, of which about 50 percent result in rein statement of the employee with full, partial, or no backpay because o f a finding that the discharge was without just cause. G. Adams, G rievance A rbitration o f D isch arge C ases 41 (1978); K. Jennings and R. Wolters, “ Discharge Cases Reconsidered,” The Arbitration Journal, 1976, pp. 164— 80; F. Holly, “ The Arbitration of Discharge Cases: A Case Study,” 10 N ation al A cadem y o f A rtitra to rs P roceedin gs, pp. 1-16 (1957); D. Jones, “ Ramifications of Back Pay Awards in Suspension and Discharge C ases,” 22 N ation al A cadem y o f A rbitra to rs P ro ceedin gs, 1957, pp. 163-74. 4Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , 42 U.S.C. par. 621 -6 3 4 (1976 Supp. II 1978 and Supp. Ill 1979); Employment Opportunities for Handicapped Individuals Act, 29 U .S.C. par. 795—795j (Supp. II, 1979). 5P ayn e v. W estern <& A tlan tic R .R ., 81 Tenn. 507, 5 1 9 -2 0 (1884). 6 The E m ploym ent-A t-W ill Issu e, A bna Special Report (Washington, Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. 1982). 7 See footnote 6. 8P eterm an v. International B roth erh ood o f T eam sters, L oca l 3 9 6 , 174 , C.A. 2d 184, 344 P. 2d 25, 1959. 9T rom betta v. D etro it, T oledo a n d Iro n to n R . C o ., 81 Mich. App. 489, 265 N.W . 2d 385, 1978. l0P a lm etee r v. International H arv ester C o ., 85 111. 2d 124, 421 N.E. 37 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Conference Papers 2d 876, 1981. 11 The E m ploym ent-A t-W ill Issu e, footnote 6. n T oussant v. Blue C ro ss a n d Blue S h ield o f M ichigan, 408 Mich. 579, 292 N.W . 2d 880, 1980. 13Pugh v. See C an dies In c ., 116 Cal. App. 3d 311, 171 Cal. Rptr. 917 1981. 14W einer v. M cG ra w -H ill, 83 A.D. 2d 810, 442 N .Y .S . 2d 11 (1st Dept. 1981). 15F ortune v. N a tio n a l Cash R e g ister, 373 Mass. 96, 364 N.E. 2d 1251, 1977. '6C le a ry v. A m erican A irlines In c., I l l Cal. App. 3d 443. 168 Cal. Rptr. 722, 1980. 17G a tes v. Life o f M ontana Insurance C o ., Mont. Sup. Ct. No. 8 3 - 468, Aug. 5, 1983. Ii!/vv v. A rm y Tim es Publishing C o ., 428 A. 2d 831 (D.C. 1981). 19C a m p b ell v. E li L illy & C o ., 413 N.E. 21 d 1054 (Ind. App. 1980), affirmed 421 N.E. 2d 1099, 1981. 20E d w a rd s v. C itiban k, 100 Misc 2d 59, 418 N .Y .S. 269 (Supp. Ct. N.N. Co. 1979), affirmed 74 A.D. 2d 553, 425 N .Y .S. 327 (1st dept, appeal dismissed), 51 N.Y. 2d 875, 433 N .Y .S. 2d 1020, 1980. 21 F. Elkouri and E. Elkouri, H ow A rbitration W orks, 3d. ed. 6 5 2 -6 6 . bna (1973), 22 See footnote 3. 23 “ Protecting Employees-At-Will Against Wrongful Discharge: The Public Policy Exception," H a rva rd L aw R eview . June 1983. p. 1941. 24Ibid., pp. 1942-47. 25Speech by K. Moffett. D a ily L a b o r R eport No. 12. Sept. 7. 1983. 2hBureau o f Labor Statistics News. Sept. 3. 1979; b ls E arnings and O th er C h a ra cteristics o f O rg a n ized W orkers. May 1980 (1981). :7Stieber and Blackburn. P rotectin g U norganized E m ployees A gainst U njust D isc h a rg es, pp. 4-2 0 ; J. Schauer. discussion of “ Due Process for Nonunionized Employees." irra P ro ceed in g s. 1979. pp. 180-2. 2sThe Conference Board. Nonunion C om plaint System s: A C orporate A p p ra isa l. 1980; "Policies for Unorganized Employees." P P F S u r v e y N o. 125. b n a . April 1979. 29M urphy v. A m erican H om e P roducts C o r p .. N.Y. Ct. App. No. 35. Mar. 29. 1983. Easing the worker’s transition from job loss to employment R uth H. Fedrau One of the most sensitive and difficult issues surrounding work force reductions is that of when advance notice should be given. It has been addressed through labor-management contracts, through voluntary employer response, and in some few cases, through State legislation. Ann Lawrence and Paul Chown note, “ About 15 percent of all union contracts now require advance notification of plant closures or union par ticipation in the decision to close. Many more contain less specific language which requires some notice of layoffs, for whatever reason.’’1 Voluntary advance notification also oc curs frequently. Experience suggests that early notification can be useful Ruth H. Fedrau is project director of the Business Consulting Service, National Alliance o f Business, Washington, D.C. The title of her full i r r a paper is "Coping With Long Term Unemployment— The Role of the Private Sector.” 38 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to both the company and affected employees. It allows the firm more time to plan the phase-out schedule and to prepare its work force for the termination via placement assistance. More important, it provides the affected workers with time to plan for a new career or retraining for a new occupation. Advance planning, therefore, on the part of the company and employees, can assist to reduce the stress accompanying such events. Moreover, in the majority of cases, advance notification does not result in productivity loss. On the con trary, workers are less likely to respond in a punitive manner when they perceive that their employer recognizes that the layoff and job transition process is a difficult one and the employer is therefore attempting to buffer the impact. Business trade associations have responded to this issue by encouraging their members to provide as much notice as possible. The threat of State plant closing legislation, in particular, has stimulated State and national business groups to issue voluntary guidelines and technical assistance man uals for work force reduction planning. The California Man ufacturers Association, for example, has issued guidelines that contain the following language: “ At the heart of any closure plan must be a logical notification program aimed at informing employees, the community, and certain gov ernmental agencies and/or elected officials . . . it is urged that, whenever possible, the greatest amount of advance notice of closure be given.” A specific period is not sug gested. Similar statements have been issued by the Business Roundtable, the National Association of Manufacturers, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. It is worth mentioning that the issue of advance notice extends beyond plant closings, layoffs, and terminations. A number of labor-management contracts now contain pro visions governing advance notice of technological change. This is a complicated issue given the fact that, legally, the definition of “ technological change” has not been clarified. We assume that, with the accelerating pace of technology in manufacturing and other sectors, such agreements are likely to become more common. The role of the employer and union The affected employer’s active participation in an early response program creates good will among the employees and the community, enhances the possibility of an orderly closure of the facility, and reduces societal costs. — For example, such participation mitigates costs to both the employer and the public sector by reducing the time that unemployment insurance and other benefits are paid to employees and helps return workers to their role as taxpayers. It also reinforces worker’s security by planning for continuity of employment through im mediate job placement or early enrollment in appro priate training programs. If there is a union contract, local members typically serve on a steering committee, encourage the membership to uti- lize employee development center services, and work to gain the support of other unions to assist in job development and placement. When the labor contract includes retraining or other ben efits to be provided as a part of their termination, the project can offer a coordinated approach to the delivery of those benefits. In addition, it provides funds which can be matched with State and local resources. Participation by both groups, especially at the plant level, is particularly crucial to the success of the project. State funds under Title III of the Job Training Partnership Act and community resources are matched more readily when some funding or in-kind resources are provided by the company and the union. Many vocational education institutions, private industry councils, and social service agencies provide financial or service-related resources, or both, to company-sponsored projects. Strong company in volvement acts as an incentive to gain the support of these groups. In most States, the act requires some kind of match. Worker assistance centers The worker assistance center has consistently proven to be the most cost-effective, efficient approach for laid-off workers. It is now state-of-the-art. It allows for an intensive reemployment effort to be mounted on behalf of the workers, direct participation by the company and union, and effective coordination of funds and resources. The center is estab lished at the plant site or at a readily accessible community location. It becomes the focus for all employee assistance activities. These activities are intensive, targeted to the com pany and worker needs, and in operation for a specific period— before, during, and after the layoff period. Services provided at the center can be flexible but focus on the employment requirements of the work force. Program components proven to be most useful are: — A company/union steering committee, which directs and oversees the entire project and staff. — Surveys and assessment. Surveys to design the pro gram which will satisfy employer and worker require ments: (1) an employee survey to provide planners with information about employee plans and needs; (2) a labor market survey to indicate the industries, em ployers or occupations targeted for job development and retraining; and (3) an assessment of vocational education institutions; capabilities to retrain workers or develop the classes necessary for retraining. — Self-help job search assistance, including job search workshops. — Testing and skills assessment, combined with voca tional and career counseling. — Personal counseling services, including psychological and financial counseling. — Occupational retraining programs, customized for in dividual employers; basic education services, includ ing general equivalency diploma instruction and other https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis workshops, developed as needed by the participants. When possible, short-term skills-related courses are developed at the plant site, utilizing plant equipment. — An aggressive program of job development (using steering committee, community, and private center ex pertise and effort) designed to identify appropriate job openings, market workers to employers, and coordi nate area job development and economic development efforts to tap employment opportunities in a systematic way. — An ongoing social service and health referral system. — When appropriate, relocation assistance for individuals unable to find jobs in the commuting area. The final point to be made concerning private sector plan ning for work force reductions is the advantage of coop erating with the public sector to develop placement programs and comprehensive worker assistance centers. The State of California pioneered efforts along this line, working with a number of large corporations and smaller companies to de velop plant-based and community-based employee assis tance centers. The passage of the Title III Dislocated Workers Program (as part of the Job Training Partnership Act) in October 1982 has accelerated this trend; however, since the act is still in its infancy, it is not yet possible to indicate if companies will step forward to request State assistance or how many States will organize their Title III programs to encourage direct employer involvement. — Bureaucratic snares The author works with a number of companies and unions to design and effect work force reduction programs, often in conjunction with States and private industry councils. Our experience indicates, however, that State bureaucratic practices could inhibit the growth of such partnership efforts. Problems encountered include arbitrary and uncertain fis cal periods— hence, the first 3 months of a 2-year center must be submitted as a separate proposal; required affir mative action planning when it is clear that the target pop ulation is plant employees; requirements for detailed descriptions of the company’s or union’s accounting sys tems; administrative cost limitations more severe than the already strict limits contained in the Job Training Partnership Act; required descriptions of training curricula for courses that should not be designed until worker skills assessment and job development have taken place (so that training is geared to matching worker skills with existing job open ings); and long delays in funding decisions. Under these conditions, setting up a “ pre-intervention” program before layoffs occur is particularly difficult because the pre-termination phase is not likely to include many of the job placements, on-the-job training placements, or highly specialized retraining programs that look so attractive in funding proposals. The emphasis before termination is gen erally on counseling, job search instruction, skills assess ment, and job development so that intensive retraining and 39 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Conference Papers job placement can begin immediately upon termination. However, public administrators are attempting to adopt their programs to the private sector’s requirements. State Job Training Coordinating Councils and Private Industry Councils must play a key role in evolving Title III of the Job Training Partnership Act from a makeshift program based on past bureaucratic practice to a successful govemment-company-union-community initiative. One of the con tributions business can make is to actively participate on both types of councils to help make the public-private system work. ---------- FO O TN O T E ---------'Ann Lawrence and Paul Chown, P lan t C losin gs a n d Technological C hange: A G u ide f o r Union N eg o tia to rs (Berkeley, University of Cali fornia, Institute o f Industrial Relations, 1983). What do unions get in return for concessions? Peter Cappelli Unions have been making labor cost concessions in order to lower labor costs and improve employment security. Sim ilarly, management may agree to improve other aspects of employment relations as a means of securing union approval of concession deals, particularly when the firm needs such concessions to stay in business. Just how badly management needs these labor cost concessions will determine how much it is willing to give the unions in order to secure those concessions. An interesting question concerns the characteristics of the improvements that unions are getting in return for labor cost concessions. The range of potential improvements is con strained by economic pressures that are outside the firm; improvements in current wages, benefits, and work rules, for example, would all raise current labor costs, thereby reducing employment security for union members, leaving them worse off and defeating the purpose of negotiating the concessions in the first place. The improvements that unions gain, therefore, are likely to be in areas other than those which raise current labor costs, such as: Symbolic improvements. These include management ac tions which essentially leave the union no better off but demonstrate that it still has bargaining power. Perhaps the best examples are equality of sacrifice provisions in the auto industry which force management to suffer the same em ployment and wage cuts that the unions accept. For example, Peter Cappelli is an assistant professor, University of Illinois. The title of his full i r r a paper is “ Union Gains Under Concession Bargaining.” 40 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the United Auto Workers forced General Motors to rescind an improved bonus plan for management instituted just after the union agreed to new concessions. Similar actions oc curred at International Harvester. Equality of sacrifice pro visions may also give unions power over unorganized, whitecollar workers. After these provisions were introduced at General Motors, white-collar workers there invited the United Auto Workers to discuss with them the advantages of or ganizing.1 Other examples include management “ pledges” to consider union interests in future actions. These symbolic gestures serve a political function for the unions by dem onstrating to their members that the union is not being pushed around by management and that the crisis is a genuine one, the burden of which is being shared with management. Job security. Some improvements attempt to improve job security directly. For example, at Xerox, the company ex changed employment security and no-layoff clauses at one plant in return for union concessions over work rules. United Airlines made a similar trade with its pilots. In the auto industry, selected plants are experimenting with lifetime employment guarantees for senior workers in return for concessions. The most common of these cases, however, are those where employers agree not to go ahead with a planned closing or layoff in return for concessions. Implicit job security. These changes indirectly improve job security by influencing business decisions that affect employment. Promises to limit “ outsourcing” at Ford and Caterpillar, for example, and to guarantee plant investment at certain rubber plants create circumstances that will im prove job security. One could also argue that improved supplemental unemployment benefits plans, the guaranteed income stream arrangements in the auto industry, improved severance payments, and so forth, all increase the fixed costs of labor (given the same level of costs) and make layoffs less likely.2 Contingent compensation. Arrangments of this sort prom ise improvements in future compensation in return for cur rent labor cost concessions. They include not only stockownership plans and profit sharing, particularly com mon in air transport, but also arrangements that tie future wages to improvements in the firm’s economic performance. At American Motors and the Quality Aluminum Co., for example, wage concessions are to be paid back based on improved company performance. Say in company decisions. Formal arrangements to in volve the unions in company business decisions have been the most publicized, although perhaps least common, form of improvements. They range from putting union leaders on company boards in return for concessions (as at Pan American, Chrysler, and McCreary Tire) to shopfloor par ticipation plans, such as the job committees in the auto industry. These arrangement are often limited to particular issues at a given time, such as decisions about equipment purchases and subsequent manning levels. Union bargaining gains. These improvements cover a range of issues, all of which help to meet the unions’ particular needs with respect to its bargaining relationship with the employer. They include union recognition arrangements (such as the one between the United Rubber Workers and Good rich), prohibitions on “ double-breasted” operations, that is, companies operating both union and nonunion entities (such as that secured by the Teamsters Master Freight Agreement), and continuous information about company performance and future plans (which meatpacking compa nies are providing at the plant level to the United Food and Commercial Workers union). The distribution of these improvements is weighted to ward gainsharing and job security items. One would expect the improvement secured by unions to reflect not only their needs in specific situations but also the needs and interests of management. It has been argued that the most pressing concern for unions in this recent period has been job se curity.3 It is, therefore, not surprising to find improvements concentrated in areas concerned with improving job secu rity. Strong opposition from management seems to explain why there are not even more explicit job guarantees. The widespread acceptance of gainsharing and contingent compensation arrangments reflects not only acceptance by management but also similar interest from the unions. For the unions, the “ givebacks” associated with concession bargaining cause political problems with the members, and it is important for the union not just to get back something in return for concessions but to get back something that looks a lot like that which was given up. Contingent com pensation fills that role. It also places an ostensible limit on the duration of the concessions (for example, until business picks up), making them seem temporary and less permanent. For management, these contingent arrangements buy time now and cost money only if conditions improve— an ad vantageous trade for firms currently facing a crisis. few years; the question remains as to how they will change existing union-management relations. The contingent com pensation arrangements provide obvious changes first be cause they shift some aspects of business risks from the firm to the workers. For the workers, pay levels will no longer be stable and predictable across circumstances. The experience with profit sharing indicates that whether these arrangements work depends largely on how objective the factors are to which pay is tied and how closely they are tied to current worker performance.4 Another consequence of contingent pay arrangements is that they are likely to focus the union’s interests more clearly on business deci sions of the firm— to the extent that these decisions influence performance and pay. For example, in air transport, pilots at certain carriers have tried to influence the market strategy of firms. Their motivation, in part, is that concession deals have shifted a significant share of their earnings into stock, and they are concerned with the long-run value of that stock. Stockownership arrangements give unions a clear mecha nism for exerting influence on these business decisions. The United Steelworkers, for example, has recently been called to advise its stockholding members on proxy votes by em ployers.5 More explicit arrangements for participation, such as board appointments, provide another vehicle through which the unions can pursue their interest in business decisions. The most obvious and likely channel of influence, however, would be collective bargaining in which many of these issues have already been raised. Certainly if pay is being tied to performance along certain dimensions, the union will seek to influence those dimensions in bargaining. ---------- FO O TN O TE S ---------' “ Executive Givebacks,” D u n ’s Business M on th , July 1982, p. 33. 2Peter Cappelli and Barry Nalebuff, “ Supplemental Unemployment Plans and Firm Responses (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, January 1983); and Peter Cappelli, “ Auto industry experiments with Guaranteed Income Stream,” M onthly L a b o r R eview , forthcoming. 3William M. Davis, “ Collective bargaining in 1983: a crowded agenda,” Will ‘givebacks’ change bargaining? M onthly L a b o r R e view , January 1983, pp. 3 -1 6 . The fact that improvements of this sort are being written into contracts suggests that they will continue at least for a 4Bill Aussieker, “ Creative Collective Bargaining Revised: The Kaiser Long-Range Sharing Plan,” irra P ro ceedin gs, Winter 1982. 5“ Executive Givebacks.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 41 Research Summaries A comparison of pension benefit increases and inflation, 1973-79 Steven G. A llen, Robert L. C lark , D aniel A. S umner and It has been suggested that after retirement, pension benefits remain relatively constant in nominal terms. If there were no postretirement benefit adjustments, the real value of pen sion benefits would decline in the presence of inflation. The objective of this study has been to examine the actual benefit increase experience of a sample of pension plans to provide the first comprehensive assessment of the change in real benefits in relation to inflation. Our study shows that from 1973 to 1979, most retirees in the sample of plans used received at least one increase in benefits and many received substantial nominal benefit increases. However, real ben efits did decline. Postretirement increases amounted to ap proximately two-fifths of the rise in the Consumer Price Index from 1973 to 1979. Benefit increases tended to be larger for plans with a large number of beneficiaries, for collectively bargained plans, and for individuals who had been retired for a longer period of time. Method used The data used in this study came from the Pension Benefit Master File created by the U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Pension and Welfare Benefit Programs. The sources of data in the file are the Arthur Young and Company Survey of Private Pension Benefit Amounts conducted in 1980 for the Labor Department, and social security information from the Summary Earnings Record and a standard summariza tion of the Master Beneficiary Record, known as the Survey Benefit Summary Record. The Private Pension Plan Benefit Amounts Survey is a random sample of private pension plans for which the 1975 series 5500 forms1were filed with the Department of Labor. Steven G. Allen is associate professor. Robert L. Clark is professor, and Daniel A. Sumner is associate professor. Department of Economics and Business, North Carolina State University. This report is adapted from the authors’ full study, Inflation a n d Pension Benefits, Final R eport, U.S. Department o f Labor, Labor Management Services Administration, August 1983. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a pam a a o The Arthur Young survey collected information regarding actual benefit amounts paid to beneficiaries on Dec. 31, 1978, for 671,000 retirees under 446 plans of 371 sponsors. (Sponsors are employers or the joint board of trustees that establish and maintain the plan.) The survey also obtained detailed descriptions of actual changes in benefits between Jan. 1, 1973, and Jan. 1, 1979, for the responding firms. The master file information reported by employers dealt with individuals receiving benefits in December 1978 and included data on age, year of retirement, years of credited service, sex, race, marital status, social security reported earnings, and the current pension benefit received. In ad dition, plan characteristics such as union status, type of plan, plan size, and industrial category were also reported. Spe cific questions were asked concerning any postretirement increases in benefits that were awarded between Jan. 1, 1973 and Jan. 1, 1979. Plan sponsors were asked to indicate the size and method of all increases, the date of the increase, and what type of beneficiaries were eligible for the increases. Only defined benefit plans are included in the present anal ysis. To augment these data, the individuals were matched with social security information on the earnings histories of the beneficiaries. By using the social security number and the first six letters of the last name of the recipient/participant, the data in the Arthur Young survey were matched with the Summary Earnings Record and the Survey Benefit Summary Record. Due to limitations in the number of records the Social Security Administration was able to process, only a 50-percent sample of the five largest plans was taken. How ever, the weights for individuals in these plans were doubled to make up for this. A total of 389,309 records for 426 plans was matched. Table 1. Percent of persons retired before 1973 awarded postretirement increases in benefits, by plan size, 1973-78 Number of recipients in plan in 1979 Year 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 .... ____ ____ .... .... ____ All plans 1-99 100-499 500-999 1,0004,999 5,0009,999 10,000 and over 37.4 48.6 51.7 39.6 53.3 44.7 4.7 8.1 10.4 9.6 9.1 9.6 5.2 17.3 17.4 9.9 26.5 28.4 9.5 42.6 20.5 11.1 49.8 14.3 2.7 16.4 3.7 31.4 13.3 11.0 7.8 47.8 56.2 27.9 27.9 72.6 77.0 74.3 83.7 65.8 89.2 57.9 Table 2. Average pension benefits for persons retired before 19731 and benefit changes as a percent of the Consumer Price Index, 1973-79 Year 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 .... .... .... .... .... .... .... Change, 1973-79. . Percent change in cpi3 Benefit change as a percent of cpi change Mean benefit Percent of 1973 benefit Percent (annual increase)2 $2,128 2,205 2,296 2,384 2,452 2,563 2,638 100.0 103.6 107.9 112.0 115.2 120.4 124.0 _ _ _ 3.6 4.1 3.8 2.9 4.5 2.9 11.0 9.1 5.8 6.5 7.7 11.3 32.7 45.1 65.5 44.6 58.4 25.7 510 24.0 24.0 63.3 37.9 1The sample comprised 139,316 persons who retired in 1972 or earlier. The obser vations are weighted by plan weights representing the incidence of similar plans in the pension universe. 2The percent increase represents the percentage change in nominal benefits from the preceding year. 3The percent change in the Consumer Price Index is the percentage change in the average annual cpi from the preceding year. Using the detailed description of pension plans obtained from the Arthur Young survey, we estimated annual retire ment benefits for individuals from the responding firms for the years 1973 to 1978. As we were primarily concerned with the effect of inflation on initial benefit amounts and on postretirement pension adjustments for this period, we in cluded in our sample only those retirees for whom annual retirement benefits could be constructed. We eliminated from our sample nonretirees and persons who received a lump sum benefit during the period. Benefit amounts for many recipients could not be calculated because the data were missing or there were severe reporting errors in key variables such as years of service, years of retirement, and age at retirement. Sample averages were substituted for the re ported value when only one or two variables were missing or implausible. This produced a working sample of 292 plans and 327,173 recipients. The analysis of postretirement increases in this study is based on a sample of defined benefit plans with positive sample weights. This sample of 267 plans and 287,547 recipients was divided into two groups, with most plans represented in both groups. The first group (254 plans and 133,698 recipients) consisted of those who retired between 1973 and 1978.2 The second group (189 plans and 150,868 recipients) consisted of those who retired before 1973.3 This second group is the only sample referred to hereafter in this report. A further adjustment in the second group was necessary. Three plans in our sample showed an average percent in crease in nominal benefits of more than 190 percent. This unusually large increase is probably attributable to incom plete or inaccurate information about how benefit increases between 1973 and 1979 were calculated. Our deletion of these plans from the second group left 186 plans and 139,316 recipients. This sample was used to construct averages for the estimated benefits from 1973 to 1979. In constructing annual pension benefits for 1973-79, we https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis had to examine individuals in each plan carefully to deter mine if they were eligible to receive an increase. Then using the increase formula in the specific plan, the magnitude of the increase for each individual was calculated. The benefit data for each individual were constructed by assuming that the benefit received on Dec. 31, 1978, was the benefit the individual would receive for all of 1979. The 1978 benefit was equal to the 1979 benefit unless a benefit increase was awarded during 1978. If there was a 1978 increase, then the 1978 benefit was considered equal to the 1979 benefit minus the 1978 increase. This is equivalent to assuming that all benefit increases awarded during a year become effective at the beginning of the following year. Basing the annual increases on data from the Pension Benefit Master File survey, benefits for 1973 to 1979 could be constructed. This procedure understates the benefit increases by delaying all increases until the end of the year. In addition, it results in a sample period of 1973-79. If we had assumed that the Dec. 31, 1978, benefit was the benefit for all of 1978 and increases became effective at the beginning of each year, then the sample period would have been 1972-78. This would have made a substantial difference when comparing benefit changes to changes in the Consumer Price Index because the 1979 increase in consumer prices exceeded the 1972 increase. Finally, all observations were weighted by plan weights provided by the U.S. Department of Labor. These weights are used to make the master file data representative of the defined benefit pension system. Postretirement increases Our investigation shows that during the mid-1970's, the beneficiaries in our sample who had retired before 1973 received sizable postretirement increases. These adjust ments raised nominal benefits but were not large enough to prevent declines in the real value of benefits in the presence of the relatively high rates of inflation prevailing at that time. We examined the trend in average benefits by using a sample of persons who retired prior to 1973. Thus, these retirees received benefits in each year for which benefits could be calculated from the survey data. By focusing only on those persons already receiving benefits in 1973, we eliminated the effects of new retirees entering beneficiary Table 3. Average real benefit for persons who retired before 19731 Year 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 ..................................................................... . , ............................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... .................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... Average real benefit in 1973 dollars $2,128 1,987 1,897 1,861 1,798 1,746 1,614 Percent of 1973 benefit Average annual change 100.0 93.4 89.1 87.4 84.5 82.0 75.8 -6 .6 -4 .5 - 1 .9 -3 .4 - 2 .9 - 7 .6 _ ’ Nominal values shown in table 2 deflated by the Consumer Price Index. 43 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Research Summaries Table 4. Average pension benefit for persons retired before 1973,1 and benefit changes as a percent of the Consumer Price Index, 1972-78 Average benefit Year 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Percent of 1972 benefit Percent (annual increase)2 Benefit change Percent as a percent change of the in the cpi3 cpi change .... .... ____ .... .... ____ .... $2,128 2,205 2,296 2,384 2,452 2,563 2,638 100.0 103.6 107.9 112.0 115.2 120.4 124.0 3.6 4.1 3.8 2.9 4.5 2.9 6.2 11.0 9.1 5.8 6.5 7.7 58.1 37.3 41.7 50.0 69.2 37.7 Change, 1972-78. . 510 24.0 24.0 55.9 42.9 1See footnote 1 in table 2. 2See footnote 2 in table 2. 3See footnote 3 in table 2. status during the period. As a result, all benefit increases represent changes in postretirement benefits and do not re flect the effect of rising initial benefits. Incidence o f increases. Approximately three-fourths of all pre-1973 retirees received at least one postretirement in crease in their pension benefits between 1973 and 1979. Almost one-quarter of all sampled pre-1973 retirees received an increase in every year during the mid-1970’s. The fol lowing tabulation shows the distribution of retirees by the number of increases received during the period: N u m b e r o f in c r e a s e s P e r c e n t o f r e c ip ie n ts 0 .................................... 25.4 1 ................................ 10.8 2 .................................... 16.9 3 .................................... 11.0 4 .................................... 6.8 5 .................................... 4.6 6 .......................................24.5 In any given year, one-third to one-half of all retirees in our sample were receiving postretirement benefit increases. Table 1 shows that the proportion of retirees receiving ben efit increases varied considerably by plan size. In the small est plans not more than 10 percent of the retirees received increases in any given year, while more than 50 percent of those in the largest plans were awarded benefit increases in any given year. These data suggest there was a substantial number of increases in pension benefits during the mid1970’s. Despite this increase, the real value of pension benefits as related to the c p i declined during the mid-1970’s. (See table 3.) The c p i (1967 = 100) rose from 133.1 in 1973 to 217.4 in 1979, an increase of 63.3 percent. Thus, when the average real benefit is calculated by deflating the values shown in table 2, real benefits (reported in 1973 dollars) declined throughout the period. The average real benefit in 1973 dollars is $2,128 in 1973 and drops to $1,614 in 1979, a loss of 24.2 percent. If there had been no increases in nominal benefits, the real benefit would have been only $1,303 and the real value would have fallen by 38.8 percent. Thus, despite regular increases in average nominal ben efits of approximately 3.5 percent, the real value declined in each year. The decade of the 1970’s was a period of relatively high inflation, and the lowest annual increase in the c p i during 1973-79 was 5.8 percent. Table 2 shows the increase in pension benefits and the increase in consumer prices. During this period, the average annual benefit in crease represented between 25.7 and 65.5 percent of the annual increase in the c p i . The effect of the assumptions concerning the timing of benefit increases can be shown by reproducing tables 2 and 3, but assuming benefit increases are effective at the begin ning of the year they are awarded and the Dec. 31, 1978, benefit is the benefit for all of 1978. This results in the same nominal benefit values, except they cover 1972-78 instead of 1973-79. Table 4 shows that using this alternative set of assumptions raises the ratio of nominal benefit increases to c p i increases from 37.9 in table 2 to 42.9 in table 5. This table shows that under these assumptions the loss in real benefits in 1972-78 is 20.5 percent. Tables 4 and 5 suggest that benefit adjustments were slightly more generous than shown by our primary assumptions. The basic finding is, however, unaffected. Throughout the remainder of this anal ysis, only numbers consistent with our primary assumptions are reported. Plan size and benefit increases The magnitude of postretirement increases varies sub stantially by plan size. These differences are reflected in the trend of average benefits by plan size shown in tables 6 Table 5. Average real benefit1 for persons retired before 1973 as a percent of the 1972 benefit, 1972-78 Trend in average benefits Average benefits from 1973 to 1979 for persons retired before 1973 are shown in table 2. The average nominal pension benefit for these individuals rose from $2,128 in 1973 to $2,638 in 1979, an increase of 24 percent. The average annual increase during the 1970’s ranged from 2.9 percent to 4.5 percent. Thus pension benefits were far from being constant in nominal terms. 44 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Year 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... Average real benefit in 1973 dollars $2,260 2,205 2,070 1,968 1,914 1,879 1,797 Percent of 1972 benefit 100.0 97.6 91.6 87.1 84.7 83.1 79.5 'Nominal values for benefits deflated by the Consumer Price Index. Percent annual change - 2 .4 - 6 .1 - 4 .9 - 2 .7 - 1 .8 - 4 .4 Table 6. Average benefits by plan size for persons retired before 1 9 7 3 1 in dollars and index ( 1 9 7 3 = 1 0 0 ) , 2 1 9 7 3 - 7 9 [In dollars] Number of recipients in plan in 1979 Year 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,000 and over 1-99 100-499 500-999 1,000-4,999 5,000-9,999 $1,835 1,841 1,849 1,870 1,880 1,889 1,899 $2,073 2,097 2,157 2,203 2,222 2,324 2,381 $2,057 2,079 2,162 2,212 2,216 2,333 2,341 $2,256 2,259 2,318 2,322 2,421 2,448 2,472 $2,242 2,258 2,339 2,477 2,530 2,563 2,712 $2,149 2,305 2,434 2,553 2,659 2,841 2,927 100.0 101.2 104.1 106.3 107.2 112.1 114.9 100.0 101.1 105.1 107.5 107.7 113.4 113.8 100.0 100.1 102.7 102.9 107.3 108.5 109.6 100.0 100.7 104.3 110.5 112.8 114.3 121.0 100.0 107.3 113.3 118.3 123.7 132.2 136.2 [1973 = 100] 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.3 100.8 101.9 102.5 102.9 103.5 ’ Observations are weighted by plan weights. (See table 2.) ben efits in each year as a percent of benefits in 1973. through 8. Nominal benefits in 1973 range from $1,835 for the smallest plans to more than $2,200 for plans with more than 1,000 recipients. The differences in average benefits by plan size increase over time because the larger plans are more likely to award increases in postretirement benefits. Table 6 shows that the average benefit for persons in plans with fewer than 100 recipients rose by only 3.5 percent between 1973 and 1979, while plans with between 100 and 9,999 recipients raised benefits between 10 and 21 percent. The largest plans with more than 10,000 recipients increased benefits by 36.2 percent during the period. As table 7 shows, these increases were not sufficient to maintain the real value of benefits during retirement. The Table 1973 7. Average real benefit for persons retired before in dollars’ and index ( 1 9 7 3 = 1 0 0 ) , 2 1 9 7 3 - 7 9 first part of table 7 illustrates the decline in real dollar values by plan size while the lower half of the table shows the real value of benefits in subsequent years as a percent of 1973 values. For persons in the smallest plans, the average benefit declines by 36.6 percent; in plans with 100 to 9,999 recip ients, the real value fell by approximately 30 percent; and in the largest plans, by only 16.6 percent. Incidence of benefit increases by plans Although most retirees in this sample received a benefit increase after retirement, only 21.6 percent of the plans with at least one retiree in 1973 awarded any increase in benefits between 1973 and 1979. These seemingly contra dictory findings are reconciled by noting that most plans in the sample have only a small number of beneficiaries and these small plans tended to give no postretirement increases. For example, only 17.0 percent of plans with fewer than 100 recipients in 1979 granted any increase, while all of the plans with more than 10,000 recipients provided-at least one increase and 23.3 percent of these large plans awarded an increase each year. The relatively low proportion of all plans awarding increases is largely caused by the dominance of small plans. Table 8 indicates that 84.4 percent of all plans represented by this survey had fewer than 100 recip ients in 1979. The number of increases provided by the large plans is generally consistent with that reported by Francis King in his review of three surveys of benefit in creases during the 1970's.4 Collective bargaining status In addition to plan size, the number of benefit increases and the amount of the increase are influenced by the col lective bargaining status of the plan. The following data show that 80 percent of beneficiaries in collectively bar gained plans received at least one increase in retirement benefits between 1973 and 1979, while almost 40 percent received an increase every year. Beneficiaries in nonunion plans had fewer total increases and also were more likely [In dollars] Number of recipients in pian in 1979 Year 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 [1 9 7 3 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 . . . . . . . = . . . . . . . 1-99 100-499 500-999 1,000-4,999 5,000-9,999 $1,835 1,658 1,527 1,460 1,379 1,287 1,163 $2,073 1,890 1,781 1,720 1,629 1,582 1,457 $2,057 1,874 1,785 1,726 1,625 1,589 1,433 $2,256 2,035 1,914 1,813 1,776 1,668 1,513 $2,242 2,035 1,931 1,934 1,855 1,746 1,660 10,000 and over $2,149 2,078 2,010 1,992 1,950 1,935 1,792 100] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 90.4 83.2 79.6 75.1 70.1 63.4 100.0 91.2 85.9 83.0 78.6 76.3 70.3 100.0 91.1 86.8 83.8 79.0 77.2 69.7 100.0 90.2 84.8 80.4 78.7 73.9 67.1 100.0 90.8 86.1 86.3 82.7 77.9 74.0 100.0 96.7 93.5 92.7 90.7 90.0 83.4 ’ Nominal dollar values in table 6 deflated by the Consumer Price Index. Real benefits are shown in 1973 dollars. be n e fits in each year as a percent of benefits in 1973. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 8. Percent of plans with persons who were retired before 1973 that awarded benefit increases, by plan size, 1973-781 Number of recipients in 1979 Number of increases 1-99 100-499 500-999 1,0004,999 5,0009,999 All 10,000 and plans over 0.0 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 83.0 3.6 4.8 2.5 1.3 0.3 4.5 61.2 9.8 23.7 1.7 24.7 43.5 15.3 6.4 45.9 12.8 33.8 16.9 13.7 40.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.9 0.0 27.3 34.4 0.0 3.5 10.1 0.0 7.5 21.7 7.3 23.3 78.4 5.3 7.7 2.5 1.2 6.6 4.4 Percent of all plans in this category . . . 84.4 12.0 2.0 1.0 0.4 0.3 100.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ........ 0.0 0.0 ’ Percents are calculated from a weighted sample of plans. 45 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Research Summaries to have received no increase during the sample period: N um ber o f in c r e a s e s P e r c e n t o f r e c ip ie n ts U n io n N o n u n io n 20.2 7.5 15.6 5.6 5.1 7.0 38.9 32.3 16.5 19.5 20.0 9.5 0.8 1.5 Our analysis also shows that in any given year, 45 to 66 percent of union retirees received an increase. By contrast, only 11 to 43 percent of nonunion retirees received an in crease in a given year. ---------- F O O TN O TE S ---------1The 5500 forms are used for the annual reports required by the financial status o f pension plans. er is a on : Two subsamples were created from this sample for use in a regression analysis that is available in the full study. One subsample consisting of 121.103 recipients for whom all values were present for the independent variables— union status, number of beneficiaries in plan in 1979. years of service, age at retirement, sex. race, industry code, year of retirement, and salary average— was used to estimate initial benefits at retirement. Another subsample consisting of 103.579 recipients who retired between 1973 and 1977 for whom all values were available for the same independent variables was used in the regressions to estimate the percent changes in benefits between the year of retirement and 1979. or lower-priced school lunches, public or other subsidized housing, medicaid, and medicare reduces the estimate to between 22.9 million (10 percent) and 31.4 million people (13.7 percent). Measured by money income alone, the official number of poor persons increased by 8.3 million, from 26.1 million in 1979 to 34.4 million in 1982. When noncash benefits are added to money income, the number of poor persons in creased between 7.8 and 8.9 million (depending on how noncash benefits were valued), up from 15.1 million in 1979. The official poverty rate rose 28 percent, from 11.7 per cent of the population to 15.0 percent over the 1979-82 period. By contrast, under the alternate estimate (which includes noncash benefits), the poverty rate rose even faster, between 37 and 47 percent depending on the valuation of the noncash benefits. (This apparent anomaly is explained by the difference between the poverty bases in 1979: the alternative estimate (cash and noncash benefits) that year was 15.1 million in contrast to the official estimate of 26.1 million persons.) The Census Bureau study investigates three valuation ap proaches and three combinations of benefits, yielding nine different estimates of poverty. The three valuation ap proaches used in the study were: 1Regression analysis for percent change in benefits for 1950-72 retirees was based on a subsample of 137.038 observations from this group with no missing values in the independent variables. This analysis is reported in the full study and is further extended in Steven G. Allen. Robert L. Clark, and Daniel A. Sumner. "Post-Retirement Adjustments of Pension Benefits." Faculty Working Paper No. 44. January 1984. North Carolina State University. • 4Francis King in "Indexing Retirement Benefits." The G eron tologist. December 1982. pp. 4 8 8 -9 2 . reports that 75 percent of the plans in the 1980 Bankers Trust Survey provided at least one increase between 1975— 79, 85 percent of the plans in the Flewitt Associates Survey awarded at least one increase between 1975 and 1981. and 56 percent of the plans in the Flay Associates Survey granted increases in 1981. • • Poverty estimates lowered by inclusion of noncash benefits The number of persons estimated to be below the poverty level would be significantly reduced if the value of noncash benefits (food, housing, and medical care) were included in the determination of such estimates, according to a study by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Depending on which noncash benefits are included and which method is used to count them, the inclusion of noncash benefits as income would lower the poverty rate between 9 and 33 percent in 1982. In August 1982, 34.4 million persons, or 15 percent of the population, were officially below the poverty level (cash income only). But, including the value of food stamps, free 46 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The market value approach assigns a value to the non cash benefit that is equal to the private market price of the goods and services received by recipients. For ex ample, the market value of food stamps is the face value of the stamps. The cash equivalent approach assigns a value equal to the amount of cash that the recipient would accept in lieu of the goods or services. For example, a person might trade some of his food stamps for a lesser amount of cash which could be spent on other services or com modities. The poverty' budget share approach does not attempt to value the noncash benefit directly, but, instead measures the amount by which the poverty threshold could be reduced for the family receiving the benefit. This re duction is equal to the average dollar amount of the goods or services consumed by households with money income approximately equal to the poverty level. Pov erty budget share is a more limited valuation approach than the other two because it is relevant only for the purpose of determining poverty status. Each of the valuation approaches was used to assign val ues to three different combinations of food, housing, and medical benefits. Because medical benefits represent such a large proportion of the total noncash benefits and because of various problems in valuing these benefits, one set of estimates was derived based on food and housing benefits alone. Furthermore, the question of whether to include or exclude institutional health care benefits resulted in two additional estimates based on food, housing, and medical care. The effect of noncash benefits on the estimated number of poor varies for different subgroups of the population. Noncash benefits have their largest effect on poverty esti mates for the aged (persons 65 years old and over) if the value of medical benefits, mainly in the form of medicare, are included. The poverty rate for this group, 14.6 percent in 1982, is reduced by as much as 76 percent, to a rate of 3.5 percent, when medical benefits are considered. Other population subgroups are also greatly affected. For example, the poverty rate for blacks, 35.6 percent, is reduced by as much as 40 percent, while the poverty rate for whites is https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis decreased by 31 percent, using the value of all food, hous ing, and medical benefits. Furthermore, the poverty rate for families maintained by women, with no husband present, is reduced by as much as 39 percent. Estimating the value of noncash benefits is considered difficult and controversial by economists and social scien tists. There are various strengths and weaknesses associated with each valuation approach and with the data used in the estimates. Details of these problems are discussed in the comprehensive report, Estimates o f the Poverty Population Including the Value o f Noncash Benefits: 1979-1982, Tech nical Paper No. 51, which may be ordered from the Cus tomer Services Branch (Publications), d u s d , Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C. 20233. The cost is $5. D A note on communications The Monthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supplement, challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be considered for publication, communications should be factual and analytical, not po lemical in tone. Communications should be addressed to the Editor-inChief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20212. 47 Research Notes Social cost-of-living indexes estimated The individual cost-of-living index measures the relation ship between prices and the welfare of a consumer or house hold. Calculation of the index may be based on econometric estimates of utility function parameters derived from a com plete system of corresponding consumer demand equations. Such indexes can be used to compare the impact of price changes on the welfare of different households. If the in dexes are aggregated over a group of households, the result is a group cost-of-living index that, at least implicitly, re flects distributional judgments concerning the welfare of different households. Because an explicit valuation of dis tributional judgments requires some very strong assump tions, this aspect of group cost-of-living indexes is usually ignored in conventional applications. In this context, a recent paper by Dale Jorgenson and Daniel Slesnick, entitled "Individual and Social Cost of Living Indexes,” has two distinguishing features. First, it advances the econometric approach to cost-of-living mea surement by presenting a model of consumer behavior that incorporates recent developments in demand theory and em ploys novel empirical methods. Although the model has been described in earlier papers by the authors, this is its first application to cost-of-living measurement. Second, the paper presents a major, although somewhat controversial, innovation in cost-of-living measurement: an empirical ap plication of the theory of a social cost-of-living index, which is a summary measure of the welfare effect of price changes on society as a whole. The foundation of the authors’ study is an econometric model of aggregate consumer behavior. Such models often ignore the important link between individual and aggregate consumer behavior that arises from the fact that aggregate demand functions are the sum of individual demand func tions. The consequence is that the implications of the theory of consumer behavior for aggregate demand functions are obscured. Jorgenson and Slesnick rigorously forge this link with a model that incorporates recent advances in the theory of exact aggregation. Indeed, exact aggregation is the key- “ Research Notes” are brief reports on selected research published else where that is related to the work of the Bureau. They are prepared by the authors, the MLR staff, or others. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis stone of their model. This theory provides the restrictions on individual demand functions that are necessary if aggre gate demand functions are to be expressed in terms of func tions dependent upon individual expenditures and attributes, such as demographic characteristics that give rise to differ ences in preferences. A striking implication of this approach is that systems of demand functions for individuals with common demographic characteristics can be recovered uniquely from the aggregate system of demand functions. This permits the authors to take full advantage of all the implications of the theory of the individual consumer in specifying a model of aggregate consumer behavior. The restrictions inherent in theories of exact aggregation and utility maximization considerably simplify the specification of individual and aggregate demand functions. Individual consumer expenditures are functions of the logarithm of income (total expenditures), a vector of de mographic characteristics, and the logarithm of prices. Pa rameters in these functions vary only among goods. Aggregate consumer expenditure functions, obtained through exact ag gregation across households, depend upon prices and two statistics that summarize, respectively, the distribution of expenditures over all consuming units and the joint distri bution of expenditures and demographic characteristics. The aggregate functions are estimated empirically by pooling cross-sectional data on individual expenditure patterns from the 1972 panel of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Expenditure Survey ( c e s ) with time-series data on aggregate expenditure patterns from the 1958-74 National Income and Product Accounts ( n i p a ) . The summary statistics that appear in the aggregate expenditure function are constructed using data from Current Population Survey reports. Consumption categories in n i p a and the c e s are sufficiently similar that the authors were able to relate the time-series data to the cross-sectional data using interindustry transaction data. The cross-sectional data are used to identify the total expenditure and demographic parameters in the expenditure functions, and the time-series data identify the price parameters. The estimated econometric model serves as the apparatus for constructing individual, group, and social cost-of-living indexes. Conceptually, the three indexes are analogous in that they represent the ratio of expenditure required to attain a specified level of welfare at current-period prices to the expenditure required for that same level of welfare at ref- erence-period prices. Individual welfare is represented by a translog indirect utility function that includes a set of de mographic variables to capture differences in preferences among consuming units. This function generates the indi vidual expenditure functions. The authors conclude that, under conditions of exact aggregation, the translog function provides a cardinal measure of welfare. Interpersonal comparability is achieved through the in troduction of equivalence scales. Restrictions on the indi vidual utility function required for the use of equivalence scales lead to identification of all the parameters of the function, a necessary condition for constructing a social welfare function. Given the empirical forms for individual welfare and expenditure functions, the cost-of-living index is computed as described above. An important aspect of the individual cost-of-living index is that the validity of the modified translog function as a representation of the pref erences of individual consumers is, in principle, empirically verifiable. Construction of a social (group) cost-of-living index re quires a social welfare function that provides criteria for balancing individual gains and losses. The authors metic ulously derive such a function using results obtained in recent research on social choice theory. The result is a utilitarian social welfare function that is essentially an ag gregate weighting of individual welfare functions in which the weights are the household equivalence scales. Social expenditure functions are derived from the welfare function, and empirical forms for these functions are based on the estimated econometric model; the social cost-of-living index is then constructed as described above. It must be emphasized that a critical difference exists between the individual and social indexes. A social welfare function generally will not be known, and any proposed representation is not empirically verifiable. Consequently, no presumption can be made regarding maximization of society’s welfare. The implication is that statements con cerning an increase or decrease in society’s welfare based on changes in a social cost-of-living index will depend upon an empirically untestable welfare function. Jorgenson and Slesnick illustrate the behavior of each of the three indexes over the 1958-78 period. The results re veal a substantial diversity in individual cost-of-living in dexes and rates of inflation between whites and nonwhites, between rural and urban consumers, and among households with different base levels of welfare. Group cost-of-living indexes for 21 different types of households, classified by demographic characteristics such as age of household head, region, and race also show substantial diversity large esti mated differences in cost-of-living indexes among individ uals and groups suggest a need for further investigation of population-specific indexes. For this purpose, an econo metric approach such as that presented by Jorgenson and Slesnick has considerable advantages over other analytical techniques. Finally, the social cost-of-living index was found https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to have increased at an average annual rate of 3.94 percent between 1959 and 1978, although it is difficult to judge this result, for the reasons discussed above. In summary, the Jorgenson and Slesnick paper makes an ambitious and provocative contribution to the measurement of the cost of living. Their model adheres rigorously to consumer demand theory and is made operational with readily available data. It offers one way to construct cost-of-living indexes for various population groups and allows for com munity substitution in response to price changes. Applica tion of the model to social cost-of-living measurement also represents a significant step beyond previous empirical re search in this area. However, as in the case of any attempt to construct a social cost-of-living index, the paper is almost certain to inspire controversy.— James E. Duggan, Division of Price and Index Number Research, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Job vacancies versus unemployment A common idea often occurs to people after reading the “ help wanted” ads in the newspapers. Because so many jobs are available, there must be some problem in the way openings and people are matched. If only the jobs could be filled more quickly, unemployment would disappear. In “ Structural/Frictional vs. Deficient Demand Unem ployment: Some New Evidence,” Katherine G. Abraham provides carefully researched facts and an analysis of this issue. Using two techniques and a number of data sources, Abraham consistently finds that the number of persons seek ing jobs far exceeds the number of job openings. In the late 1970’s, there was an average of five unemployed persons or more for every vacant job, the author estimates. The first section of the article, which appeared in the September 1983 issue of the American Economic Review, presents information from programs that attempted to collect vacancy data directly from establishments. The information available is limited to selected cities, States, or particular industrial sectors. A discussion of the most common statis tical problems inherent in such data is provided, and the data are adjusted accordingly. The author believes that, on average, vacancies are underreported, and should be ad justed upwards by about 1.3 to 2.2 times the original es timates. Unemployment data for the various geographic areas and periods are then matched with the vacancy data. For all but one of the programs studied, Abraham finds that vacancies were fewer than the number of unemployed persons. Only when the area unemployment rate fell below 3 percent were vacancies greater. The relationship between unemployment and vacancies, labeled the Beveridge curve by economists, is found to be strongly negative: when unemployment is high, vacancies are low. The author then uses the results from the specialized surveys to build estimates of vacancy rates for the Nation as a whole. The national unemployment rate would have to 49 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Research Notes fall below 4 percent before vacancies would exceed the number unemployed. In the second section of the paper, Abraham uses an entirely different data source to corroborate the results of the first part. Job tenure data from the Current Population Survey supplements of January 1963, 1968, 1973, and 1978 are used to calculate a “ new hire” rate. With an estimate of the average amount of time a job remains vacant, this figure can be related to a theoretical vacancy rate. The conclusions are very similar to those of the first section. A concluding section relates the findings to macro-eco nomic theory and policy. While training programs or job openings may have positive aspects, they cannot be expected to have much impact on the aggregate unemployment rate. If every job opening were immediately filled with an un employed person, three other persons would remain in the jobless queue.— Francis Horvath, Office of Employment and Unem ployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment attachment: Japan vs. U.S. A long-term employment relationship often has been cited as one of the key reasons for Japan’s high labor productivity. However, recent discussions suggest that the United States also enjoys strong employer-employee attachments. Can economic theory shed light on the differences in the strength of employment relationships between the two countries? 50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In Employment Tenure and On-the-job Training: FirmSize Differences in Japan and the United States, Masanori Hashimoto and John Raisian discuss two salient differences between the Japanese and the U.S. labor markets—the strength of employer-employee attachment (as measured by the du rability of employment relationships) and the extent of onthe-job investments in human capital. Although male workers in both countries exhibit long employment tenure, duration generally is longer in Japan than in the United States. One explanation for this difference is the extent of on-the-job investment in firm-specific human capital, which, in turn, determines employment tenure and earnings. Japanese workers invest more in firm-specific hu man capital than their American counterparts. Although one rarely hears of employee stock plans in Japanese firms, Japanese workers in effect have such plans in human, rather than physical, capital. In both countries, employment tenure is longer and em ployees tend to invest more in on-the-job training in larger firms, although this tendency is weaker in the United States. Education is positively associated with investments in both countries, regardless of firm size. The authors also discuss several hypotheses about why investments in firm-specific capital differ by firm size and between the two countries. This paper was presented at a Department of Labor Research Seminar on January 20, 1984. —Anna Hill, m lr Technical Note to improve urban sample in 1987 revision of the c p i bls The Bureau of Labor Statistics plans to improve the sample of urban areas in which bls gathers prices for monthly preparation of the Consumer Price Index, beginning in 1987. In doing so, bls will publish a number of local indexes less frequently in order to devote more resources to improving the national index. The selection of the new sample of urban areas is one of the major early steps in the periodic revision of the cpi. The cpi is updated and refined about once every decade to take account of population shifts and changes in consumer buying habits and to introduce technical improvements. Since World War II, major revisions have been introduced in 1953, 1964, and 1978. The revision program now in progress will result in release of a revised cpi in 1987. Janet L. Norwood, commissioner of labor statistics, said the new sample will include the Nation's largest metropol itan areas and other urban areas chosen by a probability sampling method to represent scientifically all of the re maining urban areas in the United States. Population shifts noted Norwood pointed out that the new city sample reflects the population shifts of the past decade and. thus, will more accurately measure consumer price movements in the years ahead. In addition to the national index for all cities, the Bureau now publishes indexes for 28 urban areas. In 1987, it will continue to publish indexes for all but one of these areas— Northeast (Scranton-Wilkes-Barre) Pennsylvania. Price data will continue to be gathered in that area, but on a smaller scale than currently and publication of a separate index will be discontinued. In this and 63 other urban areas where data are to be collected, samples will be insufficient for calcu lation of a local index. The new publication plan for local area indexes, begin ning with the index for January 1987, is summarized below. • Monthly indexes will continue to be published for the four largest metropolitan areas. (Because of sample de sign considerations, the index for the Detroit area will no longer be published monthly.) The four metropolitan areas: Northeast: New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, n y - nj - c t ; Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton, p a - d e - nj - m d ; North Central region: Chicago-Gary-Lake County, il- in - w i ; West: Los Angeles-Anaheim-Riverside, c a . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • Bimonthly indexes will be published, as in the past, for the next 11 largest areas, including Detroit: N o r th e a s t: Boston-Lawrence-Salem, m a - n h ; PittsburghBeaver Valley, p a ; N o r th C e n tr a l re g io n : Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, o h ; Detroit-Ann Arbor, m i ; St. Louis-East St. Louis, m o - il ; S o u th : Baltimore, m d ; Dallas-Fort Worth, t x ; Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, t x ; Miami-Fort Lauderdale, fl ; Washing ton, d c - m d - v a ; W e st: San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, c a . • A semiannual average will be published for 12 areas now published bimonthly: N o r th e a s t: BufFalo-Niagara Falls, n y ; N o r th C e n tr a l re g io n : Cincinnati-Hamilton, o h - k y - in ; Kan sas City, m o , Kansas City, k s ; Milwaukee, wi; MinneapolisSt. Paul, m n - w i ; S o u th : Atlanta, g a W e st: Anchorage, a k ; Denver-Boulder, co; Honolulu, h i ; Portland-Vancouver, o r - w a : San Diego, c a ; Seattle, Ta coma, W A . The changes in local area publication result from the requirement to allocate the sample to reflect population shifts in the 1980 Census in such a way as to provide the most accurate national cpi possible with the funds available. As a result, some areas will no longer have samples sufficient to permit more frequent publication. The Bureau also will continue to publish separate indexes for four regions of the United States and for groups of cities within these regions, classified by size. Minor adjustments in the size groupings also are being planned, and separate indexes for nonmetropolitan urban places in the Northeast and West will be discontinued. Selection of other samples The city sample is one of several samples that must be selected in the process of revising the cpi. The others in clude: • A sample of consumer units within each urban area for a Consumer Expenditure Survey that shows how much consumers spend for various goods and services. • A sample of the outlets where consumers shop in each urban area. • A sample of unique items selected from the outlet sample and representing the goods and services that consumers purchase— the so-called marketbasket that is priced for the monthly calculation of change in the cpi. • A sample of housing units in each urban area, including both owner-occupied and rental dwellings, used to cal culate changes in the residential rent and owners’ equiv alent rent components of the cpi. 51 Major Agreements Expiring Next Month This list of selected collective bargaining agreements expiring in June is based on contracts on file in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering 1000 workers or more. Employer and location Industry Labor organization1 Number of workers Allied Building Metal Indusries, Inc. (New York, N.Y.) ............................. Allied Underwear Association, Inc. (New York. N.Y.) ............................... Associated Building Contractors of Northwestern Ohio, Inc., 2 agreements (Ohio) Associated Corset and Brassiere Manufacturers, Inc. (New York, N.Y.) . . . Associated General Contractors of America, Inc.: Alaska Chapter ............................................................................................ Detroit Chapter and 2 others (Michigan) .................................................... Nevada Chapter and 2 others, 2 agreements............................................... New Jersey Chapter...................................................................................... New York State Chapter ............................................................................. Rhode Island Chapter................................................................................... Utah Chapter, 2 agreements ........................................................................ Association of Motion Picture and Television Producers, Inc. (Interstate) . . Construction . . Apparel........... Construction . . Iron Workers.................. Ladies' Garment Workers Laborers; Carpenters . . . 3,000 2,500 Apparel........... Ladies' Garment Workers 1,000 Construction . . Construction . . Construction . . Construction . . Construction . . Construction . . Construction . . Motion Pictures Carpenters................................ Laborers .................................. Carpenters; Teamsters ........... Operating Engineers................ Laborers .................................. Carpenters................................ Operating Engineers; Carpenters Directors Guild (Ind.)............. 1.800 3.500 3.600 6,900 1,250 1.500 5,200 7,000 Building Trades Employers Association of the City of New York (New York) Construction Lathers 1,200 Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (Los Angeles, Calif.) .................... Cerro Corp., Cerro Metal Products Division (Pennsylvania) Construction Employers of the Hudson Valley, Inc. (New York) Hospitals Primary metals Construction . Service Employees Auto Workers . . . Laborers ............. 2,000 Detroit Edison Co. (Michigan)............................................. Dry Cargo agreement, Atlantic and Gulf Coasts (Interstate)2 Dry Cargo Vessel Companies and Agents (Interstate)2 Dry Cargo Vessels, Pacific Coast (Interstate)2 .................... Utilities.................. Water transportation Water transportation Water transportation Utility Workers ............. Masters, Mates and Pilots Maritime U nion.............. Marine Engineers........... Elevator Manufacturers’ Association of New York, Inc. (New York, N.Y.) Employing Metallic Furring and Lathing Contractors Association of New York (New York) Construction Construction Elevator Constructors Lathers .................... 2.000 Greater Blouse, Skirt and Undergarment Association, Inc. (New York) Lenkurt, Inc. (San Carlos, Calif.) ........................................................... Apparel............. Electrical products Ladies’ Garment Workers Electrical Workers ( ibew ) 2,000 1,000 Hammermill Paper Co., Erie Division (Pennsylvania) .................. Honeywell, Inc., Process Control Division (Fort Washington, Pa.) Howmet Turbine Components Corp., Muskegon County Operations (Michigan) Huffy Corp., Ohio Bicycle Division (Celina, O h io )...................... Paper ........................... Instruments .................. Transportation equipment Paperworkers................ Electronic Workers ( iue ) Auto Workers ............. 1,250 Transportation equipment Steelworkers ................ 1,500 Illinois Power Co. (Illinois)................................................. Independent shops, cloth hats and caps (New York, N.Y.)2 Utilities Apparel Electrical Workers (ibew ) ......... Clothing and Textile Workers .. 1,250 1,800 John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co. (Interstate)......................... Insurance Insurance Workers......... 6,000 gte 1,100 1,000 1,000 3,500 1,400 15.000 4.000 1,150 1,100 1,600 Kansas City Power and Light Co., Production Department (Missouri) Utilities . Electrical Workers (ibew ) 1,000 Long Island Lighting Co., 2 agreements (New York) Utilities Electrical Workers ( ibew) 4,150 Mechanical Contractors Association (Interstate)........... Metropolitan Lithographers Association, Inc. (Interstate) Construction ............. Printing and publishing Plumbers.................................. Amalgamated Lithographers of America, Local One 8,000 Ohio Edison Co. (Akron, Ohio) Utilities Utility Workers 2,000 See footnotes at end of table. 52 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5,200 Continued— Major Agreements Expiring Next Month Employer and location Labor organization1 Number of workers Plumbing and Air Conditioning Contractors of Arizona (Phoenix, Ariz.) . . . Construction ............................. Potlatch Corp., Northwest Paper Division (Minnesota).................... Paper ........................................ Plumbers...................... Firemen and Oilers; Paperworkers 5,000 1,500 Respective Chicago Dealers’ Associations and Independents, Standard Automotive Agreement—sales and service (Illinois) Rockwell International Corp. (Interstate).................................................... Retail trade ............................... Machinists.................................. 3,000 Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors Association of New York City, Inc. (New York) South Central Employers, field construction (Interstate)2 ............................. Spokane Food agreement (Spokane, Wash.)2 .................................... Standard Freightship agreement (Interstate)2 .................................... Standard Tanker agreement (Interstate)2 ............................................. Tanker Companies; Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, Licensed Deck Officers (Interstate)2 Tanker Vessels Companies, Unlicensed personnel (Interstate)2 .................... Tanker Vessels agreement. Pacific Coast (Interstate)2 .................................... Textron, Inc., Bell Helicopter Co. Division, 2 agreements (Texas)............. True Temper Corp. (Interstate).................................................................... Industry Transportation equipment ......... Auto Workers ........................... 11,000 Construction ............................. Sheet Metal Workers ................ 3,200 Construction ............................. Retail trade ................................ Food and Commercial Workers Water transportation.................. Water transportation.................. Water transportation.................. Transportation equipment ......... Union Painting Contractors Association and 1 other (Interstate) .................. Union Carbide Corp., Nuclear Division (Oak Ridge. Tenn.)......................... Construction ............................. Chemicals .................................. Zenith Radio Corp. (Chicago, 111.) .................................................... Electrical products .................... 2,300 1.450 15.000 15.000 1.000 Maritime U nion......................... Auto Workers ......................... Atomic Trades and Labor Council; Machinists Independent Radionic Workers of America (Ind. ) 6.000 6.500 5.300 1.200 1.500 4.250 1.450 'Affiliated with AFL-CIO except where noted as independent (Ind.). industry area (group of companies signing same contract). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 53 Developments in Industrial Relations Auto manufacturers share profits with employees The continuing high level of sales of domestic automo biles was reflected in manufacturers’ profits, and in their profit-sharing and bonus payments to employees. Despite these auspicious circumstances, it appears that the coming 1984 bargaining between the Auto Workers and General Motors Corp. and Ford Motor Co. will be very difficult. One reason is that the large profits have whetted the em ployees’ appetite for restoration of the compensation cuts they accepted in their 1982 settlements. (See Monthly Labor Review, April 1982, pp. 62-64, and May 1982, pp. 5960.) Another reason is that increased international compe tition in the industry has forced the domestic auto manu facturers to operate on a “ leaner” basis, which means that their increase in output has been accomplished with a less than proportionate recall of laid-off workers. As a result, some laid-off workers may never be recalled. (At General Motors, 75.000 workers were still on layoff in February 1984, compared with 165,000 a year earlier.) Concern about employment was intensified by the inadvertent release of a General Motors internal bargaining document indicating that the company planned further employment cuts in coming years, and that in the 1984 bargaining it will seek to tie employee pay strictly to profit levels. This would replace the historical practice of providing specified annual wage increases and automatic cost-of-living adjustments, which must be paid regardless of corporate operating results. At General Motors, the 1983 profit was $3.73 billion, exceeding the record $3.5 billion earned in 1978. Of the total, $322 million was distributed to 531,000 hourly and “ nonexecutive” salary employees. The payout averaged $640 for employees who worked a “ normal” schedule in 1983 and was the first payout possible under the profitsharing plan negotiated in 1982 for the 350,000 hourly g m employees represented by the union. Subsequently, g m ex tended the same plan to 181,000 workers who are not rep resented by a union. Union officials hailed the payout announcement but noted that the distribution did not come close to matching the approximate $4,500 to $6,200 in “ Developments in Industrial Relations" is prepared by George Ruben of the Division o f Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary sources. 54 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis wages and benefits each worker had given up over the term of the 1982 agreement, u a w Vice President Donald Ephlin said that in the 1984 talks, “ We will be discussing a sweet ening of the formula,” citing “ the great disparity” between bonuses paid to g m executives and the profit-sharing dis tribution to the union-represented workers. The stock and cash distribution to 5,800 g m executives averaged $31,000 each. At Ford, where the 1983 profit was a record $1,867 bil lion, the profit-sharing distribution averaged $440 for the 115,000 workers the u a w represents. This was less than at g m despite the fact that the Ford formula is more generous. The g m employees were willing to accept their less generous formula because g m has historically been more profitable than Ford. After the Ford-GM announcements of profit-sharing dis tributions, u a w delegates to a special convention set ad ditional union objectives for the coming negotiations. The goals included curbs on overtime work, reduced work time, improved training and retraining provisions, specified wage increases, and continuation of the provision for automatic cost-of-living pay adjustments, u a w President Owen Bieber said that the union will work with the companies to reduce health care costs but would not agree to any provisions which would require employees to begin paying the costs. At Chrysler Corp., the 1983 profit was a record $700.9 million, exceeding the $422.6 million for 1976. Chrysler workers did not share in the profit because in their December 1982 settlement they exchanged their profit-sharing plan for immediate pay increases to reduce the wage disparity be tween them and Ford-GM employees resulting from earlier concessionary settlements. In 1983, Chrysler and the u a w negotiated a contract running to October 1985, which will bring pay and benefit levels up to those in the 1982-84 Ford and g m contracts. (See Monthly Labor Review, Oc tober 1983, pp. 37-38, for terms of the Chrysler contract.) American Motors Corp. reported a $258.3 million loss for 1983, but it did earn a $7.5-million profit in the fourth quarter, after 14 consecutive unprofitable quarters. The em ployees are not covered by a profit-sharing plan. However, under an Employee Investment Plan, they lent the company $110 million to be repaid with interest, beginning in 1985. Their contract, negotiated in 1982, expires in September 1985. (See Monthly Labor Review, July 1982, p. 54.) Tire companies adopt 7-day work schedules In recent months, the major domestic tire producers have moved to meet increasing demand by negotiating changes in work schedules to permit greater use of facilities. A major change was conversion to a 7-day-a-week operation, with employees working regular hours on weekends at straighttime rates. Previously, the workers generally received timeand-a-half pay for all Saturday work and double time pay for all Sunday work. One of the conversions was at General Tire & Rubber C o.’s Charlotte, N.C., plant, where a 3-year settlement with United Rubber Workers Local 850 ended a 4-month strike. In addition to the schedule change, about half the workers will get immediate wage increases which will widen the skill differential between job grades. Other terms of the contract included employee payment of a larger part of hospital medical-surgical costs; an increase in pension rates to $15 a month for each of the first 15 years of service, $16.50 for each of the following 15 years, and $17 for each year in excess of 30; and a profit-sharing plan. The terms at the Charlotte plant were similar to those in earlier settlements at General Tire plants in Waco, Tex., and Mayfield, Ky. At Firestone Tire & Rubber C o., some plants were already under 7-day-a-week schedules, as provided for under the 3year master agreement negotiated in 1982, while others were being converted to such schedules under recently negotiated supplements to the master agreement. A Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. plant in Tyler, Tex. shifted to 7-day-a-week operation. The change was part of a settlement which included several changes designed to reduce labor costs, in return for a $250 million company investment to convert the plant from production of bias ply tires to radial tires. At a Goodyear plant in Gadsden, Ala., employees re jected the 7-day-a-week operation because many “ did not want to give up overtime opportunities or be inconvenienced by weekend workdays,” according to the company. Good year claims the proposed schedule change would have added 250 jobs to the 3,600 at the plant, which produces radial tires. Dockworkers resolve local issues Prolonged bargaining between East and Gulf Coast stev edoring companies and the International Longshoremen’s Association ended when the parties agreed on the last of the local supplements to the coastwide master contract. They had agreed on the wage and benefit terms of the master contract in April 1983, however, a legal dispute over cargo containerization rules led the union to schedule a ratification vote in which members were urged to reject that settlement. This could have led to a strike but the union canceled the ratification vote and negotiated a stopgap 106-day master agreement, during which talks on local issues were expected https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to be concluded, regardless of the outcome of the court case. (See Monthly Labor Review, January 1984, p. 40.) The master agreement, effective through September 30, 1986, contained the same terms for the 50,000 workers as the 1983 settlements— wage increases of $1 an hour on October 1 of 1983, 1984, and 1985, and a $1.25-an-hour increase in employer payments to benefit funds. (See Monthly Labor Review, October 1983, p. 40.) The settlements on local issues, which were preceded by strikes of up to 2 weeks in Baltimore, Philadelphia, Wil mington, Del., and Boston, varied. • At the port of New York City-New Jersey, the pension was changed to $950 a month for employees retiring at age 62 or later with 40 years of service, from $750 for those retiring at age 62 or later after 35 years of service. Eligibility requirements also were tightened for paid va cations and for the guaranteed annual income plan, under which employees who worked at least 700 hours in 1965 (the year before the plan was established) are assured of 2,080 hours of work or pay each year. • At ports between Lake Charles, La., and Brownsville, Tex., eligibility requirements for the guaranteed annual income plan also were tightened. • At Baltimore, the guaranteed annual income level was maintained at 1,900 hours for those previously eligible, and set at 1,100 hours for those hired before October 1, 1983, and not previously eligible. Workers hired after that date are not covered. • At ports from North Carolina to Florida, the guaranteed annual income was raised to 1,725 hours a year, from 1,250 hours, but any holiday and vacation pay is now deducted. The settlement also added a fifth week of paid vacation for employees with 15 years of service and a sixth week for those with 20 years of service. • In Hampton Roads, Va., the guaranteed annual income was reduced to 1,500 hours, from 1,800. • In Philadelphia, the guaranteed annual income was re duced to 1,500 hours, from 1,900. • In Mobile, Ala., a paid holiday was added, bringing the total to 16 a year. The local agreements in some ports, such as New Orleans, La., and Miami and Fort Lauderdale, Fla., did not provide for any major changes in wages and benefits. Unions act to regain share of construction jobs In the Washington, D.C., area, building trades unions entered an agreement with a contractors’ association de signed to regain the increasing share of construction work lost to nonunion firms in recent years. John O ’Connor, acting head of the a f l - c i o ’ s Washington Building and Con struction Trades Council, said that he considered the “ mar ket recovery agreement” a “ turning point” and that the concessions were necessary “ to get our people back to work.” At the time of the settlement, union members reportedly 55 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Developments in Industrial Relations were performing approximately 20 percent of the building work in the area, compared with about 75 percent several years earlier. An important factor in the nonunion firms’ ability to underbid the union contractors apparently is lower employee compensation, which ranges from about $10 to $12 an hour, compared with about $16 to $22 an hour for union workers. Under the new agreement, which culminated a year of negotiations, 15 unions and the 34-member Construction Contractors Council agreed to strive for improvements in labor and management practices to cut costs, rather than relying solely on wage cuts. Seven unions did not participate in the plan because their trade was not threatened by non union competition, or for other reasons. The accord, based on a “ model” agreement developed by the a f l - c i o ’ s Building and Construction Trades De partment, called for the unions to reduce wage and benefit costs by 20 percent. Five of the trades attained the goal by reducing pay by 10 percent and accepting other changes, including increased use of lower paid “ helpers,” and reg ular pay instead of time-and-a-half for work performed on Saturday to make up for work canceled because of bad weather. The 10 other trades attained the entire 20-percent reduction through changes in work rules and staffing re quirements. The contractors agreed to further reduce costs by eval uating their operating procedures and making necessary changes, and they agreed to employ only unionized sub contractors. Finally, union and management agreed to a “ no-strike/no-lockout” provision and to resolve all disputes through a joint committee. The agreement was signed in February, but the approach had actually been applied several months earlier in individ ual settlements between unions and builders. According to a union official, the approach had contributed to the winning of $300 million in project contracts by local union firms since its inception. Understanding ends nursing home dispute A dispute between the Nation's largest nursing home chain and the Food and Commercial Workers and Service Employees unions ended when the parties signed a letter of understanding that was expected to lead to a more amicable relationship. The unions had initiated a “ corporate cam paign” against Beverly Enterprises, Inc., early in 1983, claiming that the firm was making improper efforts to thwart 56 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the unions’ joint organizing efforts and, in cases where the unions were successful, was refusing to bargain in good faith. The unions also claimed that Beverly was not pro viding adequate patient care and employee working con ditions. As part of the campaign, which was terminated under the accord, the unions sought shareholder support for resolutions on patient care, issued reports critical of Beverly, and pressed the Securities and Exchange Commission to require the chain to provide more financial information in its required reports to the agency. Not all aspects of the accord were divulged but the parties said that it “ defines guidelines for an ongoing relationship,” that “ resolution of disputes will be handled through a na tional labor/management task force that will meet regu larly,” and that all concerned parties were “ committed to making this understanding work to the benefit of health care in this country.” The letter “ reaffirms the principles of employee freedom of choice on union representation,” and Beverly agreed to work toward a “ noncoercive” atmosphere during future organizing efforts. However, a company representative said that Beverly will not necessarily be neutral with regard to unionization, that management still believes the best rela tionship with their employees is a direct relationship. Beverly is now committed to bargain with the unions when they win a representation election or when the chain acquires a nursing home where the unions already hold bargaining rights. This is a reversal of the anti-union attitude Beverly had previously demonstrated, according to William Wynn, president of the Food and Commercial Workers union. During their organizing campaign— which will be con tinued— the unions won 28 of 41 representation elections at company facilities. Beverly owns or operates 800 nursing homes in 37 States. The “ corporate campaign” was one of several that unions have mounted in recent years. The most famous, involving J.P. Stevens & Co. and the Clothing and Textile Workers, ended with a settlement in October 1983. (See Monthly Labor Review, January 1984, p. 41.) Another recent accord that provided for a lessening of labor-management discord was between Litton Industries, Inc., and the a f l - c i o ’ s In dustrial Union Department. Currently, the Auto Workers union has a campaign underway against General Dynamics Corp., which it describes as “ the nation’s premier symbol of the arrogance of corporate power.” About 1,400 u a w members have been on strike against the company’s Electric Boat Division in Groton, Conn., since June 9, 1983. □ Book Reviews Key to improving performance? Management Support Systems: A Pragmatic Approach. By Harry Katzan, Jr. New York, Van Nostrand Rein hold Co., 1984. 115 pp., bibliography. The debate over, and suggestions for, the application of electronic computing capabilities to the management func tion has taken place since those “ early” days in which computers served mostly as accounting and recordkeeping machines. In fact, those functions probably still predomi nate. But as the capability and efficiency of computers in creased, more and more possibilities were apparent. Systems were seen as providing information in forms useful for “ higher level” management, for transforming offices through elec tronic word processing, filing, and communications, and, more recently, for supporting directly the decision process including its more subjective and probabilistic aspects. For all of the change, and for all of the substantial gains in efficiency of data and information handling, though, the search for the optimum use of computing capability in aid of the management function continues. In Management Sup port Systems, Harry Katzan has proposed an operational framework in which most current computer-based infor mation systems (database, management information, deci sion-support, and office information/automation) would be viewed and constructed in an integrated manner. Katzan defines a “ management support system” as a “ computer-based information system that supports execu tive, management, and administrative activity through in formational and computational resources. ” He contends that management style and the overall organizational environ ment are important in determining “ how a person views information” and “ how effective a management support system could be in (a particular) organizational setting.” The author attributes many of the weaknesses of previous computer-based information systems to the failure to ac count adequately for these broader concerns. Effective management support ranges from the concept of a database and its development to modeling and other simulation facilities. Apart from the technical characteristics of this scheme (databases, relational software, prototyping, and so on), Katzan proposes an “ information center” as a distinct organizational entity which provides services such https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis as direct assistance, consulting, and education to the enduser of information. Katzan uses specific cases in an ex planatory sense, and includes numerous diagrams of varying degrees of usefulness, some of which will be heavy going for the reader who does not have a computer systems back ground. The author is correct in his formal recognition of the importance of perception, organization, and management style in defining a “ system” to support management. As he points out, it is true that in time “ buzzwords” of new systems are removed from their original context (in which they described a particular system approach or environment, for example, “ management information system” , or “ m i s ” ; “ decision support system” , or “ d s s ” ) to a marketing one. However, Katzan’s criticism of this tendency may be a bit overdone because it does not do justice to the intellectual concept which first led to the terminology. After all, “ man agement support system” could also become a buzzword. It is quite possible, as many of the authors cited in Katzan’s bibliography have done, to use the concept of “ decision support system” as a useful framework for systems devel opment in an intellectual, as opposed to a commercial or bureaucratic, way. The danger in Katzan’s approach is in expanding the definition of a concept so that it includes every conceivable thing that touches it. When a management support system is defined to include the entire computer system and or ganizational and psychological environments, many of the specific suggestions and analyses become difficult to eval uate outside a particular organizational or temporal setting. That is, what Katzan is suggesting may or may not be effective in any one place or time, depending on all these factors. In summary, the author’s general view, which extends the consideration of information systems development be yond the computer environment, and his general focus on adaptability to the varying needs of the end-user of infor mation, are good (if not original) steps. This book provides some useful topics for consideration. — C h a r l e s E. N a s h Director, Management Information Staff Bureau of Labor Statistics 57 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Book Reviews Publications received Agriculture and natural resources Duncan, Marvin and Mark Drabenstott, “ Better Times Ahead for Agriculture,” Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, December 1983, pp. 22 -3 6 . Farnsworth, Richard L. and Joe Moffitt, “ Farmers’ Perceptions and Information Sources: A Quantitative Analysis,” Agri cultural Economics Research, January 1984, pp. 8 -1 1 . Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, “ Aid to Food and Agriculture: A Permanent Challenge,” The oecd Observer, November 1983, pp. 12-16. Paarlberg, Philip L., “ When Are Export Subsidies Rational?” Agricultural Economics Research, January 1984, pp. 1-7. Economic growth and development Eichner, Alfred S., “ Budgeting for Peace and Growth,” Chal lenge, January-February 1984. pp. 9 -2 0 . Fellner, William, ed.. Essays in Contemporary Economic Prob lems: Disinflation. Washington. American Enterprise Insti tute for Public Policy Research, 1984. 324 pp. Galbraith, John Kenneth. “ Keynes. Roosevelt, and the Comple mentary Revolutions.” Challenge. January-February 1984. pp. 4 -8 . Economic and social statistics Green. Gordon and John Coder. "Counting What You Keep." American Demographics, February 1984. pp. 22-27. Grossman. Sanford J. and Oliver D. Hart. Implicit Contracts Un der Asymmetric Information. Reprinted from the Quarterlx Journal of Economics, Vol. 98. Supplement 1983. pp. 123— 56. Cambridge. Mass.. National Bureau of Economic Re search. Inc. ( nber Reprint. 430.) S I.50. Jaeger. Riehard M.. Statistics: A Spectator Sport. Beverly Hills. Calif.. Sage Publications. 1983. 350 pp. S27.95. cloth: $14.95. paper. Lazcr. William. "How Rising Affluenee Will Reshape Markets." American Demographics. February 1984. pp. 16-21. Robey. Bryant and Cheryl Russell. "Trends: All Americans." American Demographics, February 1984. pp. 32-35. Education Blakemore. Arthur E. and Stuart A. Low. "Scholarship Policy and Race-Sex Differences in the Demand for Higher Edu cation." Economic Inquiry, October 1983. pp. 504-19. “ Federal Involvement in Education: In Pursuit of Equity and Qual ity." ikj Policy Notes, Institute for Research on Educational Finance and Governance. Fall 1983. pp. 1-2. Schocny, Donna Hager and Larry E. Decker, eds.. Community. Educational, and Social Impact Perspectives. Lanham. Md.. University Press of America. Inc.. 1983. 227 pp. $22.50. cloth; $10.75. paper. Health and safety Aaron. Henry J. and William B. Schwartz. The Painful Prescrip tion: Rationing Hospital Care. Washington. The Brookings Institution, 1984, 161 pp. $22.95. cloth: $8.95. paper. Bcquele, Asscfa, “ The Cost and Benefits of Protecting and Saving Lives at Work: Some Issues," International Labour Review, January-February 1984, pp. 1-16. 58 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Hausman, Jerry A ., Bart D. Ostro, David A. Wise, Air Pollution and Lost Work. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Eco nomic Research, Inc., 1983, 34 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 1263.) $1.50. International Labour Office, Accident Prevention: A Workers’ Ed ucation Manual. Geneva, International Labour Office, 1983, 175 pp. Available in the United States from the Washington branch o f il o . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, A Report to Congress on the Evaluation o f Health Manpower Shortage Area Criteria, 1983. Rockville, Md., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Health Resources and Services Administration, 1983, 189 pp. Industrial relations Blumrosen, Alfred W. and James M. Culp, “ Reducing the Work week to Expand Employment: A Survey of Industrial Re sponse,” Employee Relations Law Journal, Winter 1983-84, pp. 393-415. Cook, Alice H., Val R. Lorwin, Arlene Kaplan Daniels, eds., Women and Trade Unions in Eleven Industrialized Countries. Philadelphia, Pa., Temple University Press. 1984, 327 pp. $34.95. Ehrenberg, Ronald G ., Leif Danziger, Gee San. Cost-of-Living Adjustment Clauses in Union Contracts: A Summary o f Re sults. Reprinted from the Journal of Labor Economics, July 1983. pp. 2 15-45. Cambridge. Mass.. National Bureau of Economic Research. Inc.. 1983. ( nber Reprint. 440.) $1.50. Landau. C. E.. "Recent Legislation and Case Law in the EEC on Sex Equality and Employment." International Labour Re view, January-February 1984. pp. 53-70. Industry and government organization Badaracco. Joseph L.. Jr. and David B. Yoflfie. '"Industrial Pol icy': It Can't Happen Here." Harvard Business Review, No vember-December 1983. pp. 96-105. Reich, Robert B ., The Next American Frontier. New York, Times Book Co., Inc., 1983, 324 pp. $16.60. International economics Bernstein. Paul. "Swedish Wage-Earner Fund: The Eighth Epi sode." World o f Work Report, February 1984. pp. 5 -6 . Brada. Josef C. and Jose A. Mendez. "Regional Economic In tegration and the Volume of Intra-Regionai Trade: A Com parison of Developed and Developing Country Experience." Kyklos, Vol. 36. 1983. Fasc. 4. pp. 589-603. Brander. James and Paul Krugman. "A 'Reciprocal Dumping" Model of International Trade." Journal o f International Eco nomics, November 1983. pp. 313-21. Clausen. A. W.. "Let's Not Panic About Third World Debts," Harvard Business Review, November-December 1983. pp 106-14. Enders. Walter and Harvey E. Lapan. "On the Relationship Be tween the Exchange Regime and the Portfolio Rules of Op timizing A gents." Journal o f International Economics. November 1983. pp. 199-224. Feldstein, Martin. “ Why the Dollar is Strong." Challenge, Jan uary-February 1984. pp. 37-41. Goode, Richard, Government Finance in Developing Countries. Washington. The Brookings Institution. 1984, 334 pp. $31.95, cloth; $11.95, paper. Hamilton. Bob and John Whalley. “ Optimal Tariff Calculations in Alternative Trade Models and Some Possible Implications for Current World Trade Arrangements,” J o u r n a l o f I n te r n a tio n a l E c o n o m ic s , November 1983, pp. 323-48. International Labour Organization, C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g : A R e s p o n s e to th e R e c e s s io n in I n d u s tr ia liz e d M a r k e t E c o n o m y Geneva, International Labour Office, 1984, 275 pp. Distributed in the United States by the Washington Branch C o u n tr ie s . of ILO. ------- W o r ld L a b o u r R e p o r t: V o l. I, E m p lo y m e n t, I n c o m e s , S o c ia l Geneva, Interna tional Labour Organization, 1984, 215 pp. $25.65. Available in the United States from the Washington Branch of ilo. Jones, Ronald W. and Fumio Dei, “ International Trade and For eign Investment: A Simple Model,” E c o n o m ic In q u iry 1, Oc tober 1983, pp. 449-64. Koskela, Erkki and Matti Viren, “ National Debt Neutrality: Some International Evidence,” K y k lo s , Vol. 36, 1983, Fasc. 4, pp. 575-88. Levin, Jay H., “ The J-Curve, Rational Expectations, and the Stability of the Flexible Exchange Rate System,” J o u r n a l o f I n te r n a tio n a l E c o n o m ic s , November 1983, pp. 239-51. Yano, Makoto, “ Welfare Aspects of the Transfer Problem,” J o u r n a l o f I n te r n a tio n a l E c o n o m ic s , November 1983, pp. 27789. P r o te c tio n , N e w I n fo r m a tio n T e c h n o lo g y . Johnson, Terry R., Katherine P. Dickinson, Richard W. West, O l d e r W o r k e r s ' R e s p o n s e s to J o b D is p la c e m e n t a n d th e A s Washington, National Commission for Employment Policy, 1983, 31 pp. (Research Report Series, 83-13). Leontief, Wassily and Faye Duchin, T h e I m p a c ts o f A u to m a tio n o n E m p lo y m e n t, ¡ 9 6 3 - 2 0 0 0 . New York, New York Univer sity, Institute for Economic Analysis, 1983, 353 pp. Levitan, Uri, “ Working and Aging in the Kibbutz: Some Rele vances for the Larger Society,” A g in g a n d W o rk , Vol. 6, No. 3, 1983, pp. 215-26. Mayer, Jean, “ Regional Employment Development: The Evolu tion of Theory and Practice,” I n te r n a tio n a l L a b o u r R e v ie w . s is ta n c e P r o v i d e d b y th e E m p lo y m e n t S e r v ic e . J a n u a ry-F eb ru a ry, 1984, p p . 1 7 -3 4 . Osterman, Paul, ed., I n te r n a l L a b o r M a r k e ts . Cambridge, Mass., The mit Press, 1984, 296 pp. $30. Reubens, Beatrice G ., ed.. Y ou th a t W o rk : A n I n te r n a tio n a l S u r v e y . Totowa, N .J., Rowman & Allanheld. Publishers, 1983, 347 pp. $48.50. Schwartz, Gail Garfield and William Ncikirk. T h e W o rk R e v o lu tio n . New York, Rawson Associates. 1983. 255 pp.. bib liography. $14.95. Shapiro. David and Steven H. Sandell. A g e D is c r im in a tio n a n d L a b o r M a r k e t P r o b le m s o f D i s p l a c e d O ld e r M a le W o r k e r s . 1 9 7 0 s . New York, New York University Press, 1984, 227 pp. $30. Willenz, June A., W o m e n V e te r a n s : A m e r ic a 's F o r g o tte n H e r o in e s . New York, Continuum Publishing Co.. 1983. 252 pp. $19.50. Washington. National Commission for Employment Policy. 1983. 16 pp. (Research Report Scries. 8 3 -1 0 .) van Ginneken, Woutcr. ''Employment and the Reduction of the Work Week: A Comparison of Seven European Macro-Eco nomic M odels.” I n te r n a tio n a l L a b o u r R e v ie w . January-Feb ruary 1984, pp. 35-52. White. Barbara Ann. "Optimal Strategics for Workers on Tem porary Layoff.” E c o n o m ic I n q u ir y . October 1983. pp. 5 2044. Labor force Management and organization theory Ahmad, Zubeida, “ Rural Women and Their Work: Dependence and Alternatives for Change,” I n te r n a tio n a l L a b o u r R e v ie w . January-February 1984, pp. 71-86. Best, Fred J. and Sherry M. Bell, L a b o r D e m a n d F o r e c a s tin g f o r L o s A n g e le s : C a n E x is tin g S y s te m s B e I m p r o v e d ? Los An geles, Calif., Los Angeles Business Labor Council, 1983, 80 pp. Brown, Charles, M ilita r y E n lis tm e n ts : W h a t C a n W e L e a r n f r o m G e o g r a p h ic V a r ia tio n ? Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1984, 40 pp. ( nber Working Paper Series, 1261.) $1.50. Butler, Robert N., “Current Data Inconclusive About Aged’s Health and Work,” A g in g a n d W o r k , Vol. 6, No. 3, 1983, pp. 187— 95. Clark, Robert L., S o u r c e s o f L a b o r M a r k e t P r o b le m s o f O ld e r Bledsoe. Ralph C. "Technology and Government Management.” T h e B u r e a u c r a t. Winter 1983-84. pp. 29-34. Budd, John F.>Jr.: Bruce C. Pennington, consulting ed.. C o r Labor and economic history Newman, Robert J., G r o w th in th e A m e r ic a n S o u th : C h a n g in g R e g io n a l E m p lo y m e n t a n d W a g e P a tte r n s in th e 1 9 6 0 s a n d P e r s o n s W h o A r e A ls o W o m e n , H a n d ic a p p e d , a n d /o r M e m Washington, National Commission for Employment Policy, 1983, 38 pp. (Research Report Se ries, 83-05.) Feldman, Jacob J., “ Work Ability of the Aged Under Conditions of Improving Mortality,” A g in g a n d W o rk , Vol. 6, No. 3, 1983, pp. 197-213. Hausman, Jerry and Paul Ruud, F a m ily L a b o r S u p p ly w ith T a x e s. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1984, 15 pp. ( nber Working Paper Series, 1271.) $1.50. Hoop, Charles C. and Joseph N. Wolzansky, “ Matching WhiteCollar Skills to the Work,” H a r v a r d B u s in e s s R e v ie w , November-December 1983, beginning on p. 64. b e r s o f M in o r ity G r o u p s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis p o r a t e V id e o in F o c u s : A M a n a g e m e n t G u id e to P r iv a te T V . Englewood Cliffs, N.J.. Prentice-Hall. Inc., 1983. 210 pp. $10.95. Cooper. Elizabeth A. and Gerald V. Barrett, "Equal Pay and Gender: Implications of Court Cases for Personnel Prac tices,” T h e A c a d e m y o f M a n a g e m e n t R e v ie w , January 1984, pp. 8 4 -94. Cummings, Larry L., "Compensation. Culture, and Motivation: A Systems Perspective,” O r g a n iz a tio n a l D y n a m ic s , Winter 1984, pp. 33-44. Howard, Ann, Keitaro Shudo, Miyo Umcshima, “ Motivation and Values Among Japanese and American Managers, P e r s o n n e l P s y c h o lo g y , Winter 1983, pp. 883-98. Imberman, Woodruff, “ Who Strikes— and W hy,” H a r v a r d B u s i n e s s R e v ie w , November-December 1983, beginning on p. 18. Jackofsky, Ellen F., “ Turnover and Job Performance: An Inte grated Process M odel,” T h e A c a d e m y o f M a n a g e m e n t R e v ie w , January 1984, pp. 7 4 -83. Leavitt, Roy L., ed., E m p lo y e e A s s is ta n c e a n d C o u n s e lin g P r o g r a m s : H e lp f o r E m p lo y e e s . . . H ig h R e tu r n s f o r C o m p a n ie s ( P r o c e e d in g s o f a R e s e a r c h U tiliz a tio n W o rk sh o p on E m New York, Community Council of Greater New York, 1983, 71 pp. Matzer, John, Jr., ed., C r e a tiv e P e r s o n n e l P r a c tic e s : N e w I d e a s f o r L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t. Washington, International City Manp l o y e r S p o n s o r e d H u m a n S e r v ic e s ) . 59 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Book Reviews agement Association, 1984, 247 pp. $19.50, paper. Shrivastava, Paul and Ian I. Mitroff, “ Enhancing Organizational Research Utilization: The Role of Decision Makers’ As sumptions,” T h e A c a d e m y o f M a n a g e m e n t R e v ie w , January 1984, pp. 18-26. Stonich, Paul J. “ The Performance Measurement and Reward System: Critical to Strategic Management,” O r g a n iz a tio n a l D y n a m ic s , Winter 1984, pp. 4 5 -5 7 . Yankelovich, Daniel and John Immerwahr, “ Putting the Work Ethic to Work,” S o c ie ty , January-February 1984, pp. 5 8 76. Monetary and fiscal policy Abrams, Richard K., Richard Froyen, Roger N. Waud, “ The State of the Federal Budget and the State of the Economy.” E c o n o m ic In q u ir y , October 1983. pp. 485-503. Drabcnstott, Mark, Marvin Duncan. Anne O'Mara McDonley. “ Fiscal Condition of Tenth District States.” E c o n o m ic R e v ie w , Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, January 1984, pp. 9 -2 6 . Hansson. Ingcmar and Charles Stuart. "Taxation. Government Spending, and Labor Supply: A Diagrammatic Exposition,” E c o n o m ic I n q u ir y , October 1983. pp. 584-87. Miller, Glenn H., Jr.. Karlyn Mitchell. Dan Hoxworth. "The U.S. Economy and Monetary Policy in 1983.” E c o n o m ic R e v ie w , Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. December 1983. pp. 3-21. Pardee. Scott E.. "Prospects for i.ijc Debt and the Dollar.” E c o n o m ic R e v ie w , Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas Citv. January 1984. pp. 3 -8 . Roley. V. Vance and Rick Troll. "The Impact of Discount Rate Changes on Market Interest Rates." E c o n o m ic R e v ie w . Fed eral Reserve Bank of Kansas City. January 1984. pp. 27-39. Productivity and technological change Leonard. Jonathan S.. A n ti- D is c r im in a tio n o r R e v e r s e D is c r im i n a tio n : T h e I m p a c t o f C h a n g in g D e m o g r a p h ic s . T itle VII a n d A ffir m a tiv e A c tio n on P r o d u c tiv ity . Cambridge. Mass.. Na tional Bureau of Economic Research. Inc.. 1983. 40 pp. ( nber Working Paper Series. 1240.) $1.50. MacDonald. Stuart. D. McL. Lamberton. Thomas Mandeville. cds.. T h e T r o u b le w ith T e c h n o lo g y : E x p lo r a tio n s in th e P r o c e s s o f T e c h n o lo g ic a l C h a n g e . New York. St. Martin's Press. 1983.' 224 pp.. $25. Mohnen. Pierre A .. M. Ishaq Nadiri. Ingmar R. Prucha. R e s e a r c h ity,” J o u r n a l o f P o s t K e y n e s ia n E c o n o m ic s , Winter 1983— 84, pp. 161-79. Wages and compensation Hamermesh, Daniel S ., N e w M e a s u r e s o f L a b o r C o s t: I m p lic a tio n s f o r D e m a n d E la s tic itie s a n d N o m in a l W a g e G r o w th . Re printed from T h e M e a s u r e m e n t o f L a b o r C o s t, Jack E. Tri plett, ed. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1983. ( n b er Reprint, 439.) $1.50. Reichenberg, Neil E., ed., “ Special Issue: Comparable Worth,” P u b lic P e r s o n n e l M a n a g e m e n t, Winter 1983, pp. 323-466. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, I n d u s tr y W a g e S u r v e y : C o m p u te r a n d D a t a P r o c e s s in g S e r v ic e s , O c to b e r 1 9 8 2 . Prepared by Carl Barsky. Washington, 1983, 52 pp. (Bulletin 2184.) Stock No. 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -0 2 7 9 1 -5 . $2, Superintendent of Documents, Washington 20402. Varadarajan, Poondi and Charles M. Futrell, “ Marketing Exec utives’ Perceptions of the Determinants of Salary Increases: A Factor Analytic Study,” A k r o n B u s in e s s a n d E c o n o m ic R e v ie w , Winter 1983, pp. 6-1 3 . Welfare programs and social insurance Gunderson. Morley. E c o n o m ic s o f P o v e r ty a n d I n c o m e D i s t r i b u tio n . Toronto. Ontario. Canada. Butterworth & Co., Ltd., 1983. 171 pp. (Studies in Law and Economics.) $39.95, Butterworth. Scarborough. Ontario. Gustman. Alan L. and Thomas L. Steinmeier. A S tr u c tu r a l R e tir e m e n t M o d e l . Cambridge. Mass.. National Bureau of Eco nomic Research. Inc.. 1983. 53 pp. ( nber Working Paper Series. 1237.) $1.50. Mouly. Jean. "The Economic Productivity of Social Programs,” I n te r n a tio n a l S o c ia l S e c u r i n R e v i e w , March 1983. pp. 3 27334. Necheles-Jansyn. Ruth F.. "Retirement in Academe: Special Case or Social Model?” A g in g a n d W o rk , Vol. 6. No. 3. 1983. pp. 175-85. Poats. Rutherford M.. "Towards More Effective Campaigns Against Poverty.” T h e oecd O b s e r v e r , November 1983. pp. 5 -1 1 . Rice. Dorothy P.. "Long-Term Care of the Elderly and Disabled.” I n te r n a tio n a l S o c ia l S e c u rin ' R e v ie w , March 1983. pp. 299326. Thompson. Lawrence H.. "The Social Security Reform Debate.” J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic L ite r a tu r e , December 1983. pp. 1425— 67. Worker training and development a n d D e v e lo p m e n t E x p e n d itu r e (R&D), P r o d u c tio n S tr u c tu r e , Reesman. Cilla J.. Kalman Rupp. Richard E. Mantovani. C o o r a n d P r o d u c tiv ity G r o w th in th e U . S . , J a p a n e s e , a n d G e r m a n M a n u fa c tu r in g S e c to r s . Cambridge. Mass.. National Bureau d in a tio n a n d C o o p e r a tio n B e tw e e n S e n io r C o m m u n ity S e r v ic e of Economic Research. Inc.. 1984. 51 pp. ( nber Working Paper Scries. 1264.) $1.50. Pcitchinis. Stephen G.. C o m p u te r T e c h n o lo g y a n d E m p lo y m e n t: R e tr o s p e c t a n d P r o s p e c t. New York. St. Martin's Press. 1983. 191 pp.. bibliography. $35. Roscnbrock, H. H., "Robots and People.” W o rk a n d P e o p le , Vol. 9. No. 2. 1983, pp. 14-21. Stollcry, Kenneth R., P r o d u c tiv ity T r e n d s a n d th e ir C a u s e s in th e C a n a d ia n M in in g I n d u s tr y , 1 9 5 7 - 7 9 . Ottawa. Ontario. Eco nomic Council of Canada, 1983. 86 pp.. bibliography. (Dis cussion Paper 248.) Sylos-Labini, Paolo, "Factors Affecting Changes in Productiv 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis E m p lo y m e n t P r o g r a m ( scsep ) a n d C o m p r e h e n s iv e E m p lo y m e n t a n d T r a in in g A c t ( ceta ). Washington. National Com mission for Employment Policy. 1983. 13 pp. (Research Report Series. 83-03). Rupp, Kalman and others. E lig ib ility a n d P a r tic ip a tio n R a te s o f O ld e r A m e r ic a n s in E m p lo y m e n t a n d T r a in in g P r o g r a m s . — Washington. National Commission for Employment Policy. 1983. 25 pp. (Research Report Series. 83-11). Edward C. Bryant. Richard E. Mantovani. F a c to r s A ffe c tin g th e P a r tic ip a tio n o f O ld e r A m e r ic a n s in E m p lo y m e n t a n d Washington. National Commission for Employment Policy. 1983, 23 pp. (Research Report Series, 83-04). □ T r a in in g P r o g r a m s . Current Labor Statistics Notes on Current Labor Statistics .................................................................................................................................. 62 Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series ............................................................................... 62 Employment data from household survey. Definitions and notes ............................................................... 63 63 64 65 66 66 67 67 67 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-83 ............................ Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex, seasonallyadjusted . . . . Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted ................ Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted....................................................................................................... Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted................................................................................................... Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted ............................................................................................. Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted....................................................................... Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted.............................................................................................................. Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-83 ......................................................................................................... Employment by State ........................................................................................................................................................ Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ............................................... Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-83 ............................................................................... Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ........................................ Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ......................................................................... Hourly Earnings Index, by industry division .................................................................................................................. Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ......................................................................... Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased..................................................................................... Unemployment insurance data. Definitions.............................................................................................................. 18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations ....................................................................................... Price data. Definitions and notes 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Consumer Price Index, 1967-83 ...................................................................................................................................... Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, general summary and selected item s........................................................... Consumer Price Index, cross-classification of region and population size c la ss............................................................. Consumer Price Index, selected areas .............................................................................................................................. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing ............................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings ........................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by special commodity groupings............................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ............................................................................................................. Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries ........................................................................ Productivity data. Definitions and notes 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. ..................................................................................................................... Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures,selected years, 1948-82 ........................................... Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices,selected years, 1950-83 ..................... Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1972-83 ............................................. Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonallyadjusted ........................... Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unitcosts, and prices............. Wage and compensation data. Definitions and notes 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. ......................................................................................... Employment Cost Index, by occupation and industry group ........................................................................................... Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group ......................................................... Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and areasize ................................... Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1978 to date................................................ Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more,1978 to date .................... Work stoppage data. Definition .................................... 38. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date 68 69 69 70 71 72 73 73 74 74 75 75 76 77 77 83 84 85 86 88 88 89 90 91 91 92 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 98 99 99 NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS This section of the R e v ie w presents the principal statistical series collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A brief introduction to each group of tables provides definitions, notes on the data, sources, and other material usually found in footnotes. Readers who need additional information are invited to consult the BLS regional offices listed on the inside front cover of this issue of the R e v ie w . Some general notes applicable to several series are given below. quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average. All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These ad justments are made by dividing current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The resulting values are described as “ real,” “ constant,” or “ 1967” dollars. Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of such factors as climatic conditions, industry pro duction schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short-term movements o f the statistical series. Tables containing these data are identified as “ sea sonally adjusted.” Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 3 - 8 were revised in the February 1984 issue of the R eview , to reflect experience through 1983. Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifications in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure called X -11 / ARIMA. which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X-l 1 method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in The X - l I ARIMA S eason al A djustm ent M ethod by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E. February 1980). The second change is that seasonal factors are now being calculated for use during the first 6 months of the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are calculated at mid-year for the July-December period. Revisions of historical data continue to be made only at the end of each calendar year. Annual revision of the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables 11. 13. and 15 were made in July 1983 using the X-l 1 ARIMA seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity data in tables 29 and 30 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety o f sources. Press releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule given below. More information from household and establishment surveys is provided in E m ploym ent an d E arnings, a monthly publication o f the Bureau. Comparable household information is published in a two-volume data book - L a b o r F orce S tatistics D e riv e d From the C urrent P opulation Survey, Bulletin 2096. Comparable establishment information appears in two data books-E m p lo y m e n t an d E arnings, U nited S tates, and E m ploy m ent an d E arnings, States an d A reas, and their annual supplements. More detailed information on wages and other aspects of collective bargaining appears in the monthly periodical. C urrent W age D evelopm en ts. More detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals, the CPI D e ta ile d R eport and P rodu cer P rices an d P rice Indexes. Symbols p = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series, pre liminary figures are issued based on representative but in complete returns. r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of later data but may also reflect other adjustments, n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. Schedule of release dates for BLS statistical series R e le a s e P e r io d R e le a s e P e r io d R e le a s e P e r io d M L R ta b le d a te co v e re d d a te c o v e re d d a te c o v e re d num ber S e r ie s E m p l o y m e n t s it u a t io n .................................................. P r o d u c e r P r ic e In d e x 4 A p ril June 1 M ay J u ly 6 June 1 -1 1 M a y 11 A p ril J u n e 15 M ay J u ly 13 June 2 3 -2 7 M ay C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x .................................................. M ay 22 A p ril J u n e 22 M ay J u ly 2 4 June 1 9 -2 2 R e a l e a r n i n g s ....................................................................... M ay 22 A p ril J u n e 22 M ay J u ly 24 June 1 2 -1 6 M ay 29 1 s t q u a r te r P r o d u c t iv it y a n d c o s t s : 2 9 -3 2 2 9 -3 2 J u ly 2 7 J u ly 31 62 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 6 -3 7 2 n d q u a r te r 3 3 -3 5 EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY Employment data in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000 households selected to represent the U.S population 16 years of age and older. House holds are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. Definitions Employed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the em ployed total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The overall unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The unemployment 1. rate for all civilian workers represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The labor force consists of all employed or unemployed civilians plus members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own housework, those not working while attending school, those unable to work because of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sani tariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The labor force participation rate is the proportion of the noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is total employment (including the resident Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional population. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the compara bility of historical data presented in table 1. A description of these ad justments and their effect on the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of Employment and Earnings. Data in tables 2-8 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal ex perience through December 1983. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-83 [ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ] L a b o r fo rc e E m p lo y e d U n e m p lo y e d N o n in s t i Year p o p u la tio n N o t in C iv ilia n t u tio n a l P erce n t of R e s id e n t N um ber p o p u la t io n P erce n t of P erce n t of T o ta l N o n a g r i- A rm e d p o p u la tio n F o rc e s T o ta l A g r ic u ltu re N um ber c u ltu ra l la b o r fo rc e la b o r fo rc e in d u s t r ie s 1950 ..................... 1 0 6 ,1 6 4 6 3 ,3 7 7 5 9 .7 6 0 ,0 8 7 56 6 1 ,1 6 9 5 8 ,9 1 8 7 ,1 6 0 5 1 ,7 5 8 3 .2 8 8 5 .2 4 2 ,7 8 7 1955 ..................... 1 1 1 ,7 4 7 6 7 ,0 8 7 60 0 6 4 ,2 3 4 5 7 .5 2 ,0 6 4 6 2 ,1 7 0 6 ,4 5 0 5 5 ,7 2 2 2 .8 5 2 4 .3 4 4 ,6 6 0 1960 ..................... 1 1 9 ,1 0 6 7 1 ,4 8 9 6 0 .0 6 7 ,6 3 9 5 6 .8 1 ,8 6 1 6 5 ,7 7 8 5 ,4 5 8 6 0 ,3 1 8 3 .8 5 2 5 .4 4 6 ,6 1 7 1965 ..................... 1 2 8 ,4 5 9 7 6 ,4 0 1 5 9 .5 7 3 ,0 3 4 56 9 1 ,9 4 6 7 1 ,0 8 8 4 ,3 6 1 6 6 ,7 2 6 3 ,3 6 6 4 .4 5 2 ,0 5 8 1966 ..................... 1 3 0 ,1 8 0 7 7 ,8 9 2 59 8 3 .7 5 2 ,2 8 8 1967 ..................... 1 3 2 ,0 9 2 7 9 ,5 6 5 60 2 7 6 ,5 9 0 5 8 .0 2 ,2 1 8 7 4 ,3 7 2 3 ,8 4 4 7 0 ,5 2 7 2 ,9 7 5 3 .7 5 2 ,5 2 7 60 3 7 8 ,1 7 3 5 8 .2 2 ,2 5 3 7 5 ,9 2 0 3 ,8 1 7 7 2 ,1 0 3 2 ,8 1 7 3 5 5 3 ,2 9 1 5 3 ,6 0 2 7 5 ,0 1 7 5 7 .6 2 ,1 2 2 7 2 ,8 9 5 3 .9 7 9 6 8 ,9 1 5 2 ,8 7 5 1968 ..................... 1 3 4 ,2 8 1 8 0 ,9 9 0 1969 ..................... 1 3 6 ,5 7 3 8 2 ,9 7 2 60 8 8 0 ,1 4 0 5 8 .7 2 ,2 3 8 7 7 ,9 0 2 3 ,6 0 6 7 4 ,2 9 6 2 ,8 3 2 3 .4 1970 ..................... 1 3 9 ,2 0 3 8 4 ,8 8 9 6 1 .0 8 0 ,7 9 6 5 8 .0 2 ,1 1 8 7 8 ,6 7 8 3 ,4 6 3 7 5 ,2 1 5 4 ,0 9 3 4 .8 5 4 ,3 1 5 1971 ..................... 1 4 2 ,1 8 9 8 6 ,3 5 5 6 0 .7 8 1 ,3 4 0 5 7 .2 1 ,9 7 3 7 9 ,3 6 7 3 ,3 9 4 7 5 ,9 7 2 5 ,0 1 6 5 .8 5 5 ,8 3 4 1972 ..................... 1 4 5 ,9 3 9 8 8 ,8 4 7 60 9 8 3 ,9 6 6 5 7 .5 1 ,8 1 3 8 2 ,1 5 3 3 ,4 8 4 7 8 ,6 6 9 4 ,8 8 2 5 .5 5 7 ,0 9 1 1973 ..................... 1 4 8 ,8 7 0 9 1 ,2 0 3 6 1 .3 8 6 ,8 3 8 5 8 .3 1 ,7 7 4 8 5 ,0 6 4 3 ,4 7 0 8 1 ,5 9 4 4 ,3 5 5 4 .8 5 7 ,6 6 7 1974 ..................... 1 5 1 ,8 4 1 9 3 ,6 7 0 6 1 .7 8 8 ,5 1 5 5 8 .3 1 ,7 2 1 8 6 ,7 9 4 3 ,5 1 5 8 3 ,2 7 9 5 ,1 5 6 5 .5 5 8 ,1 7 1 1975 ..................... 1 5 4 ,8 3 1 9 5 ,4 5 3 6 1 .6 8 7 ,5 2 4 5 6 .5 1 ,6 7 8 8 5 ,8 4 5 3 ,4 0 8 8 2 ,4 3 8 7 ,9 2 9 8 .3 1976 ..................... 1 5 7 ,8 1 8 9 7 ,8 2 6 6 2 .0 9 0 ,4 2 0 5 7 .3 1 ,6 6 8 8 8 ,7 5 2 3 ,3 3 1 8 5 ,4 2 1 7 ,4 0 6 7 .6 5 9 ,9 9 1 9 2 ,0 1 7 3 ,2 8 3 8 8 ,7 3 4 6 ,9 9 1 6 .9 6 0 ,0 2 5 5 9 ,6 5 9 5 9 ,3 7 7 ..................... 1 6 0 ,6 8 9 1 0 0 ,6 6 5 6 2 .6 9 3 ,6 7 3 5 8 .3 1 ,6 5 6 1978 ..................... 1 5 3 ,5 4 1 1 0 3 ,8 8 2 6 3 .5 9 7 ,6 7 9 5 9 .7 1 ,6 3 1 9 6 ,0 4 8 3 ,3 8 7 9 2 ,6 6 1 6 ,2 0 2 6 .0 1979 ..................... 1 6 6 ,4 6 0 1 0 6 ,5 5 9 6 4 .0 1 0 0 ,4 2 1 6 0 .3 1 ,5 9 7 9 8 ,8 2 4 3 ,3 4 7 9 5 ,4 7 7 6 ,1 3 7 5 .8 5 9 ,9 0 0 1980 ........................... 1 6 9 ,3 4 9 1 0 8 ,5 4 4 6 4 .1 1 0 0 ,9 0 7 5 9 .6 1 ,6 0 4 9 9 ,3 0 3 3 ,3 6 4 9 5 ,9 3 8 7 ,6 3 7 7 .0 6 0 ,8 0 6 1981 ........................... 1 7 1 ,7 7 5 1 1 0 ,3 1 5 6 5 .2 1 0 2 ,0 4 2 5 9 .4 1 ,6 4 5 1 0 0 ,3 9 7 3 ,3 6 8 9 7 ,0 3 0 8 ,2 7 3 7 .5 6 1 ,4 6 0 1982 ........................... 1 7 3 ,9 3 9 1 1 1 ,8 7 2 6 4 .3 1 0 1 ,1 9 4 5 8 .2 1 ,6 6 8 9 9 ,5 2 6 3 ,4 0 1 9 6 ,1 2 5 1 0 ,5 7 8 9 .5 6 2 ,0 6 7 1983 ........................... 1 7 5 ,8 9 1 1 1 3 ,2 2 6 6 4 .4 1 0 2 ,5 1 0 5 8 .3 1 ,6 7 6 1 0 0 ,8 3 4 3 ,3 8 3 9 7 ,4 5 0 1 0 ,7 1 7 9 .5 6 2 ,6 6 5 1977 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 63 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 2. Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted [Numbers In thousands] A n n u al av e ra g e 1983 1984 E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s a n d s e x 1982 1983 M ar. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M ar. TOTAL N o n in s t it u t lo n a l p o p u la t io n 1 ' 2 Labor fo rc e 2 ................................. 1 7 3 ,9 3 9 1 7 5 ,8 9 1 1 7 5 ,3 2 0 1 7 5 ,4 6 5 1 7 5 ,6 2 2 1 7 5 ,7 9 3 1 7 5 ,9 7 0 1 7 6 ,1 2 2 1 7 6 ,2 9 7 1 7 6 ,4 7 4 1 7 6 ,6 3 6 1 7 6 ,8 0 9 1 7 7 ,2 1 9 1 7 7 ,3 6 3 1 7 7 ,5 1 0 .................................................................. 1 1 1 ,8 7 2 1 1 3 ,2 2 6 1 1 2 ,3 9 9 1 1 2 ,6 4 6 1 1 2 ,6 1 9 1 1 3 ,5 7 3 1 1 3 ,4 8 9 1 1 3 ,7 9 9 1 1 3 ,9 2 4 1 1 3 ,5 6 1 1 1 3 ,7 2 0 1 1 3 ,8 2 4 1 1 3 ,9 0 1 1 1 4 ,3 7 7 1 1 4 ,5 9 8 P a r t ic ip a ti o n r a t e 3 ..................................... 6 4 .3 6 4 .4 6 4 .1 6 4 .2 6 4 .1 64 6 6 4 .5 6 4 .6 6 4 .6 6 4 .3 6 4 .4 6 4 .4 6 4 .3 6 4 .5 6 4 .6 1 0 1 ,1 9 4 1 0 2 ,5 1 0 1 0 0 ,9 8 0 1 0 1 ,2 7 7 1 0 1 ,4 3 1 1 0 2 ,4 1 1 1 0 2 ,8 8 9 1 0 3 ,1 6 6 1 0 3 ,5 7 1 1 0 3 ,6 6 5 1 0 4 ,2 9 1 1 0 4 ,6 2 9 1 0 4 ,8 7 6 1 0 5 ,5 7 6 1 0 5 ,8 2 6 58 2 5 8 .3 5 7 .6 5 7 .7 5 7 .8 5 8 .3 5 8 .5 5 8 .6 5 8 .7 5 8 .7 5 9 .0 5 9 .2 5 9 .2 5 9 .5 5 9 .6 ............................. 1 ,6 6 8 1 ,6 7 6 1 ,6 6 4 1 ,6 7 1 1 ,6 6 9 1 ,6 6 8 1 ,6 6 4 1 ,6 8 2 1 ,6 9 5 1 ,6 9 5 1 ,6 8 5 1 ,6 8 8 1 ,6 8 6 1 ,6 8 4 1 ,6 8 6 C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d .............................................. 9 9 ,5 2 6 1 0 0 ,8 3 4 9 9 ,3 1 6 9 9 ,6 0 6 9 9 ,7 6 2 1 0 0 ,7 4 3 1 0 1 ,2 2 5 1 0 1 ,4 8 4 1 0 1 ,8 7 6 1 0 1 ,9 7 0 1 0 2 ,6 0 6 1 0 2 ,9 4 1 1 0 3 ,1 9 0 1 0 3 ,8 9 2 1 0 4 ,1 4 0 T o ta l e m p lo y e d 2 E m p l o y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a te 4 R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s 1 A g r i c u lt u r e . . . . ...................................................... 3 ,4 0 1 3 ,3 8 3 3 ,3 8 6 3 ,3 9 2 3 ,3 7 4 3 ,4 7 9 3 ,4 9 9 3 ,4 4 9 3 ,3 0 8 3 ,2 4 0 3 ,2 5 7 3 ,3 5 6 3 ,2 7 1 3 ,3 9 5 3 ,2 8 1 N o n a g r i c u lt u r a l i n d u s t r i e s ..................... 9 6 ,1 2 5 9 7 ,4 5 0 9 5 ,9 3 0 9 6 ,2 1 4 9 6 ,3 8 8 9 7 ,2 6 4 9 7 ,7 2 6 9 8 ,0 3 5 9 8 ,5 6 8 9 8 ,7 3 0 9 9 ,3 4 9 9 9 ,5 8 5 9 9 ,9 1 8 1 0 0 ,4 9 6 1 0 0 ,8 5 9 U n e m p l o y e d .............................................................. 1 0 ,6 7 8 1 0 ,7 1 7 1 1 ,4 1 9 1 1 ,3 6 9 1 1 ,1 8 8 1 1 ,1 6 2 1 0 ,6 0 0 1 0 ,6 3 3 1 0 ,3 5 3 9 ,8 9 6 9 ,4 2 9 9 ,1 9 5 9 ,0 2 6 8 ,8 0 1 7 .7 6 2 ,9 1 2 U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te 5 ................................. 9 .5 9 .5 10 2 1 0 .1 9 .9 9 .8 9 .3 9 .3 9 .1 8 .7 8 .3 8 .1 7 .9 7 .7 6 2 ,0 6 7 6 2 ,6 6 5 6 2 ,9 2 1 6 2 ,8 1 9 6 3 ,0 0 3 6 2 ,2 2 0 6 2 ,4 8 1 6 2 ,3 2 3 6 2 ,3 7 3 6 2 ,9 1 3 6 2 ,9 1 6 6 2 ,9 8 5 6 3 ,3 1 8 6 2 ,9 8 6 ................................. 8 3 .0 5 2 8 4 ,0 6 4 8 3 ,7 8 9 8 3 ,8 5 6 8 3 ,9 3 1 8 4 ,0 1 4 8 4 ,0 9 9 8 4 ,1 7 3 8 4 ,2 6 1 8 4 ,3 4 4 8 4 ,4 2 3 8 4 ,5 0 6 8 4 ,7 4 5 8 4 ,8 1 1 8 4 ,8 8 0 .................................................................. 6 3 ,9 7 9 6 4 ,5 8 0 6 4 ,0 9 6 6 4 ,3 1 1 6 4 .3 4 8 6 4 ,7 7 8 6 4 ,8 4 0 6 4 ,8 0 7 6 4 ,8 7 7 6 4 ,7 0 9 6 4 ,8 4 6 6 4 ,8 3 8 6 4 ,9 3 0 6 5 ,0 9 3 6 5 ,1 5 6 ..................................... 7 7 .0 7 6 .8 7 6 .5 7 6 .7 7 6 .7 7 7 .1 7 7 .1 7 7 .0 7 7 .0 7 6 .7 76 8 7 6 .7 7 6 .6 7 6 .8 7 6 .8 ...................................................... 5 7 ,8 0 0 5 8 ,3 2 0 5 7 .4 2 3 5 7 .5 8 9 5 7 ,7 4 4 5 8 ,3 6 9 5 8 ,5 9 2 5 8 ,6 0 7 5 8 ,8 2 8 5 8 ,9 5 0 5 9 ,3 8 9 5 9 ,5 8 0 5 9 ,7 8 1 6 0 ,1 4 7 6 0 ,2 9 0 6 9 .6 6 9 .4 6 8 .5 6 8 .7 6 8 .8 6 9 .5 6 9 .7 6 9 .6 6 9 .8 69 9 7 0 .3 N o t in la b o r fo r c e ...................................................... M e n , 16 ye a rs and over N o n in s t it u t lo n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1 ' 2 La b o r fo rc e 2 P a r t ic ip a ti o n r a te 3 T o ta l e m p lo y e d 2 E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a te 4 . . . 7 0 .5 7 0 .5 7 0 .9 7 1 .0 ............................. 1 ,5 2 7 1 .5 3 3 1 ,5 2 8 1 .5 3 0 1 ,5 2 8 1 ,5 2 5 1 ,5 2 1 1 ,5 3 8 1 ,5 4 9 1 ,5 4 3 1 ,5 3 4 1 ,5 3 7 1 ,5 4 2 1 ,5 4 0 1 ,5 4 2 C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d .............................................. 5 6 ,2 7 1 5 6 .7 8 7 5 5 .8 9 5 5 6 ,0 5 9 5 6 ,2 1 6 5 6 .8 4 4 5 7 ,0 7 1 5 7 ,0 6 9 5 7 ,2 7 9 5 7 ,4 0 7 5 7 ,8 5 5 5 8 ,0 4 3 5 8 ,2 3 9 5 8 ,6 0 7 5 8 ,7 4 8 U n e m p l o y e d .............................................................. 6 ,1 7 9 6 .2 6 0 6 ,6 7 3 6 ,7 2 2 6 .6 0 4 6 ,4 0 9 6 ,2 4 8 6 .2 0 0 6 ,0 4 9 5 ,7 5 9 5 ,4 5 7 5 ,2 5 8 5 ,1 4 9 4 ,9 4 6 4 ,8 6 7 U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e 5 ................................. 9 .7 9 .7 1 0 .4 1 0 .5 1 0 .3 9 .9 9 .6 9 .6 9 .3 8 .9 8 .4 8 .1 7 .9 7 .6 7 .5 ................................. 9 0 .8 8 7 9 1 .8 2 7 9 1 .5 3 2 9 1 .6 0 9 9 1 .6 9 1 9 1 .7 7 9 9 1 .8 7 1 9 1 .9 4 9 9 2 ,0 3 6 9 2 ,1 2 9 9 2 ,2 1 4 9 2 .3 0 2 9 2 ,4 7 4 9 2 ,5 5 2 9 2 ,6 3 0 .................................................................. 4 7 .8 9 4 4 8 ,6 4 6 4 8 .3 0 3 4 8 .3 3 5 4 8 .2 7 1 4 8 .7 9 5 4 8 ,6 4 9 4 8 .9 9 2 4 9 ,0 4 7 4 8 .8 5 2 4 8 ,8 7 4 4 8 ,9 8 6 4 8 ,9 7 1 4 9 ,2 8 3 4 9 ,4 4 2 R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s 1 W o m e n . 1 6 y e a rs an d o ver N o n in s t it u t lo n a l p o p u la t io n 1 La b o r fo rc e 2 P a r t ic ip a ti o n r a te 3 T o ta l e m p lo y e d 2 2 ..................................... 5 2 .7 5 3 .0 52 8 52 8 52 6 5 3 .2 5 3 .0 53 3 5 3 .3 53 0 53 0 5 3 .1 5 3 .0 5 3 .2 5 3 .4 ...................................................... 4 3 .3 9 5 4 4 .1 9 0 4 3 .5 5 7 4 3 .6 8 8 4 3 .6 8 7 4 4 .0 4 2 4 4 .2 9 7 4 4 ,5 5 9 4 4 ,7 4 3 4 4 .7 1 5 4 4 .9 0 2 4 5 .0 4 9 4 5 ,0 9 4 4 5 ,4 2 9 4 5 ,5 3 6 4 7 .7 4 8 .1 47 6 47 7 4 7 .6 4 8 .0 4 8 .2 4 8 .5 4 8 .6 4 8 .5 4 8 .7 4 8 .8 4 8 .8 4 9 .1 4 9 .2 E m p l o y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a te 4 . . . . R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s 1 139 143 136 141 141 143 143 144 146 152 151 151 144 144 144 C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d .............................................. 4 3 .2 5 6 4 4 .0 4 7 4 3 .4 2 1 4 3 .5 4 7 4 3 .5 4 6 4 3 .8 9 9 4 4 .1 5 4 4 4 .4 1 5 4 4 ,5 9 7 4 4 .5 6 3 4 4 ,7 5 1 4 4 .8 9 8 4 4 ,9 5 0 4 5 ,2 8 5 4 5 ,3 9 2 U n e m p l o y e d .............................................................. 4 .4 9 9 4 .4 5 7 4 .7 4 6 4 .6 4 7 4 ,5 8 4 4 .7 5 3 4 .3 5 2 4 .4 3 3 4 .3 0 4 4 .1 3 7 3 .9 7 2 3 .9 3 7 3 ,8 7 6 3 ,8 5 5 3 .9 0 5 U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e 5 ................................. 9 .4 9 .2 9 .8 9 .6 9 .5 9 .7 8 .9 9 .0 8 .8 8 .5 8 .1 8 .0 7 .9 7 .8 7 .9 1 T h e p o p u la t io n a n d A r m e d F o rc e s fig u r e s a r e n o t a d ju s te d f o r s e a s o n a l v a r ia tio n . 4 T o t a l e m p lo y e d a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e n o n i n s t i t u t lo n a l p o p u la tio n . 2 In c lu d e s m e m b e r s o f th e A r m e d F o rc e s s t a tio n e d in th e U n ite d S ta te s . U n e m p l o y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f th e la b o r fo r c e ( in c l u d in g th e r e s id e n t A r m e d F o rc e s ) 3 L a b o r fo r c e a s a p e r c e n t o f th e n o n m s t l t u t io n a l p o p u la tio n . 64 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] A n n u al av e ra g e 1983 1984 E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s 1982 1983 M ar. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. TO TAL C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1 ..................... 1 7 2 ,2 7 1 1 7 4 ,2 1 5 1 7 3 ,6 5 6 1 7 3 ,7 9 4 1 7 3 ,9 5 3 1 7 4 ,1 2 5 1 7 4 ,3 0 6 1 7 4 ,4 4 0 1 7 4 ,6 0 2 1 7 4 ,7 7 9 1 7 4 ,9 5 1 1 7 5 ,1 2 1 1 7 5 ,5 3 3 1 7 5 ,6 7 9 1 7 5 ,8 2 4 C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ...................................................... 1 1 0 ,2 0 4 1 1 1 ,5 5 0 1 1 0 ,7 3 5 1 1 0 ,9 7 5 1 1 0 ,9 5 0 1 1 1 ,9 0 5 1 1 1 ,8 2 5 1 1 2 ,1 1 7 1 1 2 ,2 2 9 1 1 1 ,8 6 6 1 1 2 ,0 3 5 1 1 2 ,1 3 6 1 1 2 ,2 1 5 1 1 2 ,6 9 3 1 1 2 ,9 1 2 P a r t ic ip a t i o n r a t e .......................................... E m p lo y e d ................................................................... 6 4 .0 6 4 .0 6 3 .8 6 3 .9 6 3 .8 6 4 .3 6 4 .2 6 4 .3 6 4 .3 6 4 .0 6 4 .0 6 4 .0 6 3 .9 6 4 .1 6 4 .2 9 9 ,5 2 6 1 0 0 ,8 3 4 9 9 ,3 1 6 9 9 ,6 0 6 9 9 ,7 6 2 1 0 0 ,7 4 3 1 0 1 ,2 2 5 1 0 1 ,4 8 4 1 0 1 ,8 7 6 1 0 1 ,9 7 0 1 0 2 ,6 0 6 1 0 2 ,9 4 1 1 0 3 ,1 9 0 1 0 3 ,8 9 2 1 0 4 ,1 4 0 5 7 .8 5 7 .9 5 7 .2 5 7 .3 5 7 .3 5 7 .9 5 8 .1 5 8 .2 5 8 .3 5 8 .3 58 6 5 8 .8 5 8 .8 5 9 .1 59 2 1 0 ,6 7 8 1 0 ,7 1 7 1 1 ,4 1 9 1 1 ,3 6 9 1 1 ,1 8 8 1 1 ,1 6 2 1 0 ,6 0 0 1 0 ,6 3 3 1 0 ,3 5 3 9 ,8 9 6 9 ,4 2 9 9 ,1 9 5 9 ,0 2 6 8 ,8 0 1 8 ,7 7 2 E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . . . . U n e m p l o y e d ............................................................... ................................. 9 .7 9 6 10 3 1 0 .2 1 0 .1 10 0 9 .5 9 .5 9 .2 8 .8 8 4 8 .2 8 .0 7 .8 7 .8 ...................................................... 6 2 ,0 6 7 6 2 ,6 6 5 6 2 ,9 2 1 6 2 ,8 1 9 6 3 ,0 0 3 6 2 ,2 2 0 6 2 ,4 8 1 6 2 ,3 2 3 6 2 ,3 7 3 6 2 ,9 1 3 6 2 ,9 1 6 6 2 ,9 8 5 6 3 ,3 1 8 6 2 ,9 8 6 6 2 ,9 1 2 U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te N o t in la b o r f o r c e M e n , 2 0 ye a rs an d over ..................... 7 3 ,6 4 4 7 4 ,8 7 2 7 4 ,5 2 8 7 4 ,6 1 1 7 4 ,7 1 2 7 4 ,8 1 4 7 4 ,9 2 7 7 5 ,0 1 2 7 5 ,1 1 5 7 5 ,2 1 6 7 5 ,3 2 7 7 5 ,4 3 3 7 5 ,6 9 2 7 5 ,7 8 6 7 5 ,8 8 0 C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ...................................................... 5 7 ,9 8 0 5 8 ,7 4 4 5 8 ,2 6 8 5 8 ,5 1 2 5 8 ,5 4 6 5 8 ,8 4 4 5 8 ,9 8 2 5 8 ,9 5 4 5 9 ,0 1 2 5 8 ,9 4 9 5 9 ,0 5 3 5 9 ,0 5 0 5 9 ,2 9 9 5 9 ,3 9 4 5 9 ,3 8 8 P a r t ic ip a ti o n r a t e .......................................... 78 7 78 5 7 8 .2 78 4 7 8 .4 7 8 .7 7 8 .7 7 8 .6 78 6 78 4 7 8 .4 7 8 .3 7 8 .3 7 8 .4 7 8 .3 5 2 ,8 9 1 5 3 ,4 8 9 7 5 2 ,6 7 3 5 2 ,8 3 0 5 2 ,9 6 3 5 3 ,4 9 2 5 3 ,7 6 5 5 3 .8 0 4 5 3 .9 4 7 5 4 ,1 4 0 5 4 .4 5 7 5 4 ,6 5 8 5 4 ,9 9 9 5 5 ,2 6 6 5 5 .3 6 8 7 1 .8 7 1 .4 7 0 .7 C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u la t io n 1 E m p lo y e d ................................................................... E m p l o y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . . . . A g r i c u l t u r e ............................................................... 70 8 70 9 7 1 .5 7 1 .8 7 1 .7 7 1 .8 7 2 .0 7 2 .3 7 2 .7 7 2 .5 7 2 .9 7 3 .0 2 ,4 2 2 2 ,4 2 9 2 ,4 2 5 2 ,4 2 1 2 ,4 4 0 2 .4 9 7 2 ,5 2 1 2 .4 7 5 2 ,4 3 1 2 .3 7 6 2 ,3 3 6 2 ,3 7 4 2 ,3 5 6 2 ,4 0 9 2 ,3 6 4 ......................... 5 0 ,4 6 9 5 1 ,0 5 8 5 0 ,2 4 8 5 0 ,4 0 9 5 0 .5 2 3 5 0 ,9 9 5 5 1 .2 4 4 5 1 .3 2 9 5 1 ,5 1 6 5 1 .7 6 4 5 2 ,1 2 1 5 2 ,2 8 4 5 2 ,6 4 3 5 2 ,8 5 7 5 3 ,0 0 4 U n e m p l o y e d ............................................................... 5 ,0 8 9 5 ,2 5 7 5 ,5 9 5 5 ,6 8 2 5 ,5 8 3 5 .3 5 2 5 .2 1 7 5 .1 5 0 5 ,0 6 5 4 .8 0 9 4 .5 9 6 4 ,3 9 2 4 ,3 0 0 4 ,1 2 8 4 ,0 2 0 ................................. 8 .8 8 .9 9 .6 9 .7 9 .5 9 .1 8 .8 8 .7 8 .6 8 .2 7 .8 7 .4 7 .3 7 .0 6 .8 N o n a g r i c u lt u r a l in d u s t r ie s U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs and over ..................... 8 2 ,8 6 4 8 4 ,0 6 9 8 3 ,6 9 9 8 3 ,7 9 4 8 3 .8 9 9 8 4 .0 0 8 8 4 .1 2 2 8 4 ,2 2 4 8 4 .3 3 3 8 4 .4 4 3 8 4 .5 5 3 8 4 .6 6 6 8 4 ,8 6 0 8 4 .9 6 2 8 5 .0 6 4 C iv ilia n la b o r t o r c e ...................................................... 4 3 ,6 9 9 4 4 ,6 3 6 4 4 ,2 5 9 4 4 .3 1 1 4 4 .3 3 1 4 4 .6 8 4 4 4 .6 4 7 4 4 .8 9 6 4 5 .0 6 2 4 4 .9 3 6 4 4 ,9 5 3 4 5 ,0 2 4 4 4 ,9 8 1 4 5 ,2 5 8 4 5 ,4 5 9 5 2 .7 5 3 .1 5 2 .9 5 2 .9 5 2 .8 5 3 .2 5 3 .1 53 3 53 4 5 3 .2 53 2 5 3 .2 5 3 .0 53 3 53 4 4 0 ,0 8 6 4 1 ,0 0 4 4 0 ,3 6 8 4 0 .5 3 1 4 0 ,5 8 3 4 0 .8 4 7 4 1 .1 2 3 4 1 .2 9 8 4 1 ,5 5 0 4 1 .5 7 0 4 1 ,7 3 8 4 1 ,8 4 3 4 1 ,7 9 8 4 2 ,1 3 8 4 2 ,3 1 5 C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u la t io n 1 P a r t ic ip a t i o n ra te E m p lo y e d ................................................................... E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . . . . 4 8 .4 4 8 .8 48 2 4 8 .4 4 8 .4 4 8 .9 4 8 .6 4 9 .0 4 9 .3 49 2 4 9 .4 4 9 .4 4 9 .3 4 9 .6 4 9 .7 601 620 632 621 605 634 613 627 581 597 638 653 625 640 574 ......................... 3 9 ,4 8 5 4 0 ,3 8 4 3 9 ,7 3 6 3 9 ,9 1 0 3 9 .9 7 8 4 0 .2 1 3 4 0 .5 1 0 4 0 .6 7 1 4 0 ,9 6 9 4 0 .9 7 3 4 1 ,1 0 0 4 1 .1 9 0 4 1 ,1 7 4 4 1 .4 9 8 4 1 ,7 4 1 U n e m p l o y e d ............................................................... 3 .6 1 3 3 ,6 3 2 3 ,8 9 1 3 ,7 8 0 3 ,7 4 8 3 .8 3 7 3 ,5 2 4 3 .5 9 8 3 ,5 1 2 3 .3 6 6 3 .2 1 5 3 .1 8 1 3 ,1 8 2 3 .1 2 0 3 .1 4 4 8 .3 8 .1 8 .8 8 .5 8 .5 8 .6 7 9 8 .0 7 .8 7 .5 7 .2 7 .1 7 .1 6 .9 6 .9 A g r i c u l t u r e ............................................................... N o n a g r i c u lt u r a l in d u s t r ie s U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ................................. B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s ..................... 1 5 .7 6 3 1 5 ,2 7 4 1 5 ,4 2 9 1 5 .3 8 9 1 5 .3 4 2 1 5 .3 0 3 1 5 .2 5 7 1 5 .2 0 4 1 5 .1 5 4 1 5 .1 2 0 1 5 .0 7 2 1 5 ,0 2 2 1 4 .9 8 1 1 4 .9 3 1 1 4 ,8 8 0 C iv ilia n l a b o r f o r c e ...................................................... 8 ,5 2 6 8 ,1 7 1 8 ,2 0 8 8 .1 5 2 8 ,0 7 3 8 .3 7 7 8 .1 9 6 8 .2 6 7 8 .1 5 5 7 .9 8 1 8 ,0 2 9 8 ,0 6 2 7 ,9 3 5 8 ,0 4 1 8 ,0 6 5 P a r t ic ip a t i o n r a t e .......................................... 5 4 .1 5 3 .5 5 3 .2 5 3 .0 5 2 .6 5 4 .7 5 3 .7 5 4 .4 5 3 .8 52 8 53 3 53 7 5 3 .0 5 3 .9 5 4 .2 6 ,5 4 9 6 ,3 4 2 6 ,2 7 5 6 ,2 4 5 6 ,2 1 6 6 .4 0 4 6 .3 3 7 6 .3 8 2 6 .3 7 9 6 .2 6 0 6 .4 1 1 6 .4 4 0 6 ,3 9 2 6 ,4 8 8 6 .4 5 7 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 4 0 .7 4 0 .6 4 0 .5 4 1 .8 4 1 .5 4 2 .0 4 2 .1 4 1 .4 4 2 .5 42 9 4 2 .7 4 3 .5 4 3 .4 378 334 329 350 329 348 365 347 296 267 283 329 290 346 343 ......................... 6 ,1 7 1 6 ,0 0 8 5 ,9 4 6 5 ,8 9 5 5 ,8 8 7 6 .0 5 6 5 .9 7 2 6 .0 3 5 6 .0 8 3 5 .9 9 3 6 .1 2 8 6 ,1 1 1 6 .1 0 2 6 ,1 4 2 6 ,1 1 4 U n e m p l o y e d ............................................................... 1 ,9 7 7 1 ,8 2 9 1 ,9 3 3 1 .9 0 7 1 .8 5 7 1 .9 7 3 1 .8 5 9 1 .8 8 5 1 ,7 7 6 1 ,7 2 1 1 .6 1 8 1 ,6 2 2 1 .5 4 3 1 ,5 5 3 1 ,6 0 8 2 3 .2 2 2 .4 23 6 23 4 2 3 .0 2 3 .6 2 2 .7 22 8 2 1 .8 2 1 .6 20 2 2 0 .1 1 9 .4 1 9 .3 19 9 ..................... 1 4 9 .4 4 1 1 5 0 ,8 0 5 1 5 0 ,3 8 2 1 5 0 ,5 1 8 1 5 0 ,6 7 1 1 5 0 .8 1 0 1 5 0 .9 5 9 1 5 1 ,0 0 3 1 5 1 .0 2 1 1 5 1 ,1 7 5 1 5 1 ,3 2 4 1 5 1 ,4 8 4 1 5 1 ,9 3 9 1 5 2 ,0 7 9 1 5 2 ,2 8 5 C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ...................................................... 9 6 ,1 4 3 9 7 ,0 2 1 9 6 ,2 6 5 9 6 .4 5 0 9 6 .4 7 2 9 7 ,2 3 5 9 7 .2 5 5 9 7 .4 9 8 9 7 ,5 0 7 9 7 ,3 3 9 9 7 ,5 5 9 9 7 ,7 2 4 9 7 ,8 1 3 9 8 ,1 6 7 9 8 ,4 2 4 C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1 E m p lo y e d ................................................................... E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . . . A g r i c u l t u r e ............................................................... N o n a g r i c u lt u r a l in d u s t r ie s U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ................................. W h it e C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u la t io n 1 6 4 .3 6 4 .3 6 4 .0 6 4 .1 6 4 .0 6 4 .5 6 4 .4 64 6 6 4 .6 6 4 .4 64 5 6 4 .5 6 4 .4 64 6 6 4 .6 8 7 ,9 0 3 8 8 ,8 9 3 8 7 ,5 3 0 8 7 ,8 5 4 8 8 ,0 0 4 3 8 .8 3 6 8 9 .2 6 0 8 9 ,5 0 3 8 9 ,6 9 3 8 9 .8 5 1 9 0 ,4 3 0 9 0 ,7 7 9 9 1 ,0 4 4 9 1 ,5 4 4 9 1 .8 4 5 58 8 5 8 .9 58 2 5 8 .4 5 8 .4 5 8 .9 5 9 .1 5 9 .3 5 9 .4 5 9 .4 59 8 59 9 5 9 .9 60 2 6 0 .3 8 ,2 4 1 8 ,1 2 8 8 ,7 3 5 8 .5 9 6 8 ,4 6 8 8 .3 9 9 7 ,9 9 5 7 .9 9 5 7 .8 1 4 7 .4 8 8 7 .1 2 9 6 ,9 4 5 6 ,7 6 8 6 ,6 2 3 6 ,5 8 0 8 .6 8 .4 9 .1 8 .9 8 .8 8 .6 8 .2 8 .2 8 .0 7 .7 7 .3 7 .1 6 .9 6 .7 6 .7 P a r t ic ip a t i o n r a t e .......................................... E m p lo y e d ................................................................... E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . U n e m p l o y e d ............................................................... U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ................................. B la c k ..................... 1 8 ,5 8 4 1 8 ,9 2 5 1 8 ,8 2 3 1 8 ,8 5 1 1 8 ,8 8 0 1 8 ,9 1 1 1 8 ,9 4 2 1 8 ,9 6 6 1 8 .9 9 4 1 9 .0 2 6 1 9 ,0 5 7 1 9 ,0 8 6 1 9 ,1 9 6 1 9 ,2 2 2 1 9 ,2 4 8 C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ...................................................... 1 1 ,3 3 1 1 1 ,6 4 7 1 1 ,5 7 3 1 1 ,6 5 1 1 1 .6 4 5 1 1 ,7 1 8 1 1 ,7 4 1 1 1 ,7 2 4 1 1 ,7 2 0 1 1 ,5 6 5 1 1 ,6 2 3 1 1 ,5 5 0 1 1 ,6 6 0 1 1 ,8 8 1 1 1 .8 6 7 P a r t ic ip a ti o n r a t e .......................................... 6 1 .0 6 1 .5 6 1 .5 6 1 .8 6 1 .7 6 2 .0 6 2 .0 6 1 .8 6 1 .7 6 0 .8 6 1 .0 6 1 .0 6 0 .7 6 ) S 6 1 .7 9 ,1 8 9 9 ,3 7 5 9 ,2 4 9 9 ,2 4 5 9 ,2 7 7 9 ,3 3 9 9 ,4 4 3 9 ,4 0 8 9 ,5 0 4 9 ,4 4 9 9 ,5 6 3 9 ,5 8 2 9 ,7 0 7 9 ,9 5 8 9 ,8 9 6 49 4 4 9 .5 4 9 .1 4 9 .0 4 9 .1 4 9 .4 49 9 4 9 .6 5 0 .0 4 9 .7 50 2 5 0 .2 5 0 .6 5 1 .8 5 1 .4 2 ,1 4 2 2 ,2 7 2 2 ,3 2 4 2 ,4 0 6 2 ,3 6 8 2 ,3 7 9 2 ,2 9 8 2 ,3 1 6 2 ,2 1 6 2 ,1 1 6 2 ,0 6 0 2 ,0 6 8 1 ,9 5 3 1 ,9 2 3 1 ,9 7 2 1 8 .9 1 9 .5 2 0 .1 2 0 .7 2 0 .3 2 0 .3 1 9 .6 19 8 1 8 .9 18 3 1 7 .7 1 7 .8 1 6 .7 1 6 .2 1 6 .6 1 0 ,0 8 0 C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u la t io n 1 E m p lo y e d ................................................................... E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . U n e m p l o y e d ............................................................... U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ................................. H is p a n ic o r ig in ..................... 9 ,4 0 0 1 2 ,7 7 1 9 ,5 5 1 9 ,6 6 5 9 ,7 4 7 9 ,7 3 8 9 ,6 4 0 9 ,6 9 0 9 ,7 0 0 9 ,7 4 5 9 ,6 7 7 9 ,7 3 5 9 .7 7 8 9 ,9 0 6 C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ...................................................... 5 ,9 8 3 8 ,1 1 9 6 ,0 7 0 6 ,1 6 1 6 ,1 3 9 6 ,2 0 2 6 ,0 9 0 6 ,1 4 5 6 ,2 0 2 6 ,1 6 5 6 ,2 3 2 6 ,2 6 7 6 ,3 3 6 6 ,2 9 2 P a r t ic ip a t i o n r a t e .......................................... 6 3 .6 6 3 .6 6 3 .6 6 3 .7 6 3 .0 6 3 .7 6 3 .2 6 3 .4 63 9 6 3 .3 6 4 .4 6 4 .4 64 8 6 3 .5 6 4 .3 5 ,1 5 8 6 ,9 9 5 5 ,1 1 4 5 ,2 5 9 5 ,2 8 4 5 ,3 3 6 5 ,3 3 9 5 ,3 5 0 5 ,3 9 2 5 ,3 9 8 5 ,4 6 3 5 ,5 4 0 5 ,6 2 7 5 ,6 5 2 5 ,7 5 1 54 9 5 4 .8 5 3 .5 5 4 .4 5 4 .2 5 4 .8 55 4 5 5 .2 5 5 .6 5 5 .4 5 6 .5 5 6 .9 5 7 .6 5 7 .1 5 7 .1 825 1 ,1 2 4 956 902 855 866 751 795 810 767 769 727 708 639 733 13 8 1 3 .8 1 5 .7 1 4 .6 1 3 .9 1 4 .0 1 2 .3 12 9 1 3 .1 1 2 .4 1 2 .3 1 1 .6 1 1 .2 1 0 .2 1 1 .3 C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1 E m p lo y e d ................................................................... E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 2 . . . . U n e m p l o y e d ............................................................... U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ................................. 1 T h e p o p u la t io n f ig u r e s a r e n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . ... • = C iv ,ia n e m p lo y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f th e c iv il ia n n o m n s t i t u t io n a l p o p u la tio n . K •7 v https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N O TE: th e 6 ,4 8 4 D e ta il f o r th e a b o v e ra c e a n d H is p a n i c - o r ig in g r o u p s w ill n o t s u m t o to t a l s b e c a u s e d a ta f o r " o t h e r r a c e s " g r o u p s a r e n o t p r e s e n te d a n d H ís p a n le s a r e in c lu d e d in b o th th e w h i t e a n d b la c k p o p u la tio n g r o u p s . 65 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 4. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted [In thousands] A n n u al a v e ra g e 1983 19S4 S e le c t e d c a te g o r ie s 1982 1983 M ar. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M ar. 1 0 1 ,8 7 6 1 0 1 ,9 7 0 1 0 2 ,6 0 6 1 0 2 ,9 4 1 1 0 3 ,1 9 0 1 0 3 ,8 9 2 1 0 4 ,1 4 0 C H A R A C T E R IS T IC C iv ilia n e m p lo y e d , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................. 9 9 ,5 2 6 1 0 0 ,8 3 4 9 9 ,3 1 6 9 9 ,6 0 6 9 9 ,7 6 2 1 0 0 ,7 4 3 1 0 1 ,2 2 5 1 0 1 ,4 8 4 M e n ................................................................................................ 5 6 ,2 7 1 5 6 ,7 8 7 5 5 ,8 9 5 5 6 ,0 5 9 5 6 ,2 1 6 5 6 ,8 4 4 5 7 ,0 7 1 5 7 ,0 6 9 5 7 ,2 7 9 5 7 ,4 0 7 5 7 ,8 5 5 5 8 ,0 4 3 5 8 ,2 3 9 5 8 ,6 0 7 5 8 ,7 4 8 W o m e n ....................................................................................... 4 3 ,2 5 6 4 4 ,0 4 7 4 3 ,4 2 1 4 3 ,5 4 7 4 3 ,5 4 6 4 3 ,8 9 9 4 4 ,1 5 4 4 4 ,4 1 5 4 4 ,5 9 7 4 4 ,5 6 3 4 4 ,7 5 1 4 4 ,8 9 8 4 4 ,9 5 0 4 5 ,2 8 5 4 5 ,3 9 2 M a r r ie d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ..................................... 3 8 ,0 7 4 3 7 ,9 6 7 3 7 ,5 4 5 3 7 ,6 0 2 3 7 ,6 1 6 3 7 ,9 1 1 3 8 ,2 5 4 3 8 ,2 8 1 3 8 ,2 3 2 3 8 ,2 4 0 3 8 ,3 8 8 3 8 ,4 9 4 3 8 ,6 8 2 3 8 ,9 1 1 3 8 ,9 2 7 M a r r i e d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ............................. 2 4 ,0 5 3 2 4 ,6 0 3 2 4 ,2 2 0 2 4 ,3 6 1 2 4 ,3 0 4 2 4 ,4 1 6 2 4 ,6 1 8 2 4 ,9 0 5 2 4 ,9 2 1 2 4 ,9 5 3 2 5 ,0 5 7 2 5 ,1 4 0 2 4 ,9 4 7 2 5 ,2 1 2 2 5 ,2 3 9 5 ,0 9 9 5 ,0 9 1 5 ,0 9 3 4 ,9 6 9 4 ,9 9 1 5 ,0 2 9 5 ,0 7 1 5 ,0 9 6 5 ,1 2 4 5 ,1 7 2 5 ,2 3 6 5 ,2 5 4 5 ,2 9 3 5 ,3 4 6 5 ,4 4 4 W o m e n w h o m a in ta in fa m i lie s ................................. M A J O R IN D U S T R Y A N D C L A S S O F W O R K E R A g r i c u lt u r e : W a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s .............................................. 1 ,5 0 5 1 ,5 7 9 1 ,5 5 8 1 ,5 7 8 1 ,5 8 8 1 ,6 2 4 1 ,6 3 1 1 ,6 2 8 1 ,5 7 2 1 ,5 0 5 1 ,4 8 1 1 ,5 1 2 1 ,4 4 3 1 ,5 6 0 1 ,5 1 5 .................................................. 1 ,6 3 6 1 ,5 6 5 1 ,5 8 4 1 ,5 9 5 1 ,5 5 8 1 ,5 9 1 1 ,5 7 3 1 ,5 6 4 1 ,5 1 5 1 ,5 2 7 1 ,5 5 6 1 ,5 7 2 1 ,6 1 3 1 ,6 0 9 1 ,5 8 0 U n p a id f a m i ly w o r k e r s ...................................................... 261 240 265 219 233 252 251 240 236 227 224 265 233 232 198 8 8 ,4 6 2 8 9 ,5 0 0 8 8 ,0 7 8 8 8 ,3 9 0 8 8 ,5 8 4 8 9 ,3 4 5 S e lf- e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s N o n a g r i c u lt u r a l i n d u s tr ie s : W a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s .............................................. 8 9 ,6 8 7 9 0 ,0 3 2 9 0 ,7 4 3 9 0 ,6 1 7 9 1 ,0 9 4 9 1 ,4 2 2 9 1 ,6 4 1 9 2 ,3 7 9 G o v e r n m e n t ................................................................... 1 5 ,5 6 2 1 5 ,5 3 7 1 5 ,4 7 9 1 5 ,5 2 4 1 5 ,5 3 0 1 5 ,5 1 4 1 5 ,5 9 3 1 5 ,6 7 1 1 5 ,5 6 0 1 5 ,5 7 8 1 5 ,5 8 5 1 5 ,4 8 1 1 5 ,5 3 5 1 5 ,8 2 2 1 5 ,8 1 3 P r iv a te i n d u s t r i e s ...................................................... 7 2 ,9 4 5 7 3 ,9 6 3 7 2 ,5 9 9 7 2 ,8 6 6 7 3 ,0 5 4 7 3 ,8 3 1 7 4 ,0 9 4 7 4 ,3 6 1 7 5 ,1 8 3 7 5 ,0 3 9 7 5 ,5 0 9 7 5 ,9 4 1 7 6 ,1 0 6 7 6 ,5 5 7 7 7 ,0 0 6 ..................................... 1 ,2 0 7 1 ,2 4 7 1 ,2 3 4 1 ,2 2 1 1 ,2 3 8 1 ,2 9 5 1 ,2 7 6 1 ,2 7 0 1 ,2 7 9 1 ,2 7 8 1 ,2 1 6 1 ,2 4 1 1 ,1 9 7 1 ,2 1 9 1 ,1 5 5 O th e r ....................................................................... P r iv a te h o u s e h o ld s 9 2 ,8 1 9 7 1 ,7 3 8 7 2 ,7 1 6 7 1 ,3 6 5 7 1 ,6 4 5 7 1 ,8 1 6 7 2 ,5 3 6 7 2 ,8 1 8 7 3 ,0 9 1 7 3 ,9 0 4 7 3 ,7 6 1 7 4 ,2 9 3 7 4 ,7 0 0 7 4 ,9 0 9 7 5 ,3 3 9 7 5 ,8 5 1 .................................................. 7 ,2 6 2 7 ,5 7 5 7 ,4 5 6 7 ,5 0 4 7 ,4 4 8 7 ,5 1 0 7 ,5 9 5 7 ,6 4 1 7 ,6 5 6 7 ,6 9 5 7 ,8 0 0 7 ,7 3 4 7 ,9 3 6 7 ,8 4 9 7 ,7 5 5 U n p a id f a m i ly w o r k e r s ...................................................... 40 1 376 344 354 345 352 322 375 380 405 474 450 364 330 326 S e lf- e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s PERSONS AT W O RK1 N o n a g r i c u lt u r a l i n d u s t r i e s .......................................................... 9 0 ,5 5 2 9 2 ,0 3 8 9 0 ,4 5 0 9 2 ,2 3 3 9 1 ,0 7 0 9 0 ,9 1 3 9 2 ,1 2 6 9 1 ,9 5 3 9 3 ,3 2 2 9 3 ,2 7 3 9 3 ,8 3 4 9 4 ,1 7 3 9 4 ,7 0 7 9 5 ,0 6 7 9 4 ,9 8 2 .......................................................... 7 2 ,2 4 5 7 3 ,6 2 4 7 2 ,0 3 5 7 3 ,5 6 7 7 2 ,9 4 9 7 3 ,0 7 1 7 3 ,8 4 4 7 3 ,4 9 9 7 4 ,6 6 6 7 5 ,0 4 7 7 5 ,3 9 8 7 5 ,8 0 2 7 6 ,2 3 7 7 6 ,7 1 5 7 7 ,0 0 4 P a rt tim e f o r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s ................................. 5 ,8 5 2 5 ,9 9 7 6 ,1 6 9 6 ,0 7 7 5 ,9 6 5 5 ,8 8 6 5 ,7 0 0 5 ,8 6 6 6 ,0 2 7 5 ,7 2 4 5 ,8 4 8 5 ,7 1 2 5 ,9 4 3 5 ,8 0 8 5 ,4 6 3 1 ,7 1 9 1 ,6 7 2 1 ,7 7 1 1 ,6 1 1 F u l l- t im e s c h e d u le s .......................................... 2 ,1 6 9 1 826 1 ,9 3 4 1 ,8 8 8 1 ,7 4 8 1 ,7 7 7 1 ,7 8 1 1 ,7 4 2 1 ,7 7 1 1 ,6 1 7 U s u a lly w o r k p a r t t i m e ......................................... U s u a lly w o r k f u l l tim e 3 ,6 8 3 4 ,1 7 1 4 ,2 3 5 4 ,1 8 9 4 ,2 1 7 4 ,1 0 9 3 ,9 1 9 4 ,1 2 4 4 ,2 5 6 4 ,1 0 7 4 ,1 2 9 4 ,0 4 0 4 ,1 7 2 4 ,1 9 7 3 ,9 9 1 P a rt t im e f o r n o n e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s ......................... 1 2 ,4 5 5 1 2 ,4 1 7 1 2 ,2 4 6 1 2 ,5 8 9 1 2 ,1 5 6 1 1 ,9 5 6 1 2 ,5 8 2 1 2 ,5 8 8 1 2 ,6 2 9 1 2 ,5 0 2 1 2 ,5 8 8 1 2 ,6 5 9 1 2 ,5 2 7 1 2 ,5 4 5 1 2 ,5 1 5 D ec. Jan. 1 ,4 7 2 1 E x c lu d e s p e r s o n s " w i t h a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k " d u r in g th e s u r v e y p e r io d f o r s u c h r e a s o n s a s v a c a tio n , illn e s s , o r in d u s t r ia l d is p u te s . 5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted [U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te s ] 1983 A n n u al av e ra g e 1984 S e le c t e d c a te g o r ie s 1982 1983 M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. T o t a l, a ll c iv il ia n w o r k e r s .......................................................... 9 .7 9 .6 1 0 .3 1 0 .2 1 0 .1 1 0 .0 9 .5 9 .5 9 .2 8 .8 8 .4 8 .2 8 .0 7 .8 7 .8 B o th s e x e s . 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s ......................................... 23 2 2 2 .4 2 3 .6 2 3 .4 2 3 .0 2 3 .6 2 2 .7 2 2 .8 2 1 .8 2 1 .6 2 0 .2 2 0 .1 1 9 .4 1 9 .3 1 9 .9 M e n . 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .................................................. 8 8 8 .9 9 .6 9 .7 9 .5 9 .1 8 .8 8 .7 8 .6 8 .2 7 .8 7 .4 7 .3 7 .0 6 .8 W o m e n . 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .......................................... 8 .3 8.1 8 .8 8 .5 8 .5 8 .6 7 .9 8 .0 7 .8 7 .5 7 .2 7 .1 7 .1 6 .9 6 .9 Feb. M a r. C H A R A C T E R IS T IC W h ite , t o t a l ............................................................................... 8 .6 8 .4 9 .1 8 .9 8 .8 8 .6 8 .2 8 .2 8 .0 7 .7 7 .3 7 .1 ............................. 20 4 1 9 .3 2 1 .1 2 0 .3 1 9 .9 2 0 ,1 1 9 .4 1 9 .5 1 8 .2 1 8 .5 1 7 .2 1 7 .0 ................................. B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s . 6 .9 6 .7 6 .7 1 6 .2 1 6 .5 1 7 .1 21 7 2 0 .2 22 6 2 1 .4 2 0 .4 2 0 .4 2 0 .3 2 0 .7 1 8 .9 1 9 .8 1 7 .6 1 7 .5 1 7 .8 1 6 .4 1 7 .3 ......................... 1 9 .0 18 3 1 9 .6 1 9 .1 1 9 .4 1 9 .7 1 8 .4 1 8 .2 1 7 .4 1 6 .9 1 6 .6 1 6 .5 1 4 .5 1 6 .7 1 6 .8 M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..................................... 7 8 7 .9 8 .5 8 .5 8 .4 7 .9 7 .7 7 .7 7 .7 7 .3 6 .9 6 .7 6 .3 6 .1 5 .8 W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs an d o v e r ............................. 7 .3 6 .9 7 .5 7 .3 7 .2 7 .4 6 .8 6 .7 6 .6 6 .3 6 .0 5 .9 6 .0 5 .8 5 .9 B la c k , t o t a l ............................................................................... 1 8 .9 1 9 .5 2 0 .1 2 0 .7 2 0 .3 2 0 .3 1 9 .6 1 9 .8 1 8 .9 1 8 .3 1 7 ,7 1 7 .8 1 6 .7 1 6 .2 1 6 .6 ............................. 48 0 4 8 .5 4 5 .1 4 9 .1 4 8 .4 4 9 .8 4 8 .4 5 1 .4 5 1 .1 4 8 .7 4 7 .3 4 9 .0 4 7 .9 4 3 .5 4 6 .7 4 8 .9 4 8 .8 4 6 .5 48 6 5 2 .1 5 0 .7 4 8 .3 5 3 .7 5 2 .7 4 5 .6 44 9 46 4 47 1 46 7 44 4 4 9 .6 4 4 .1 4 8 .7 4 8 .4 4 8 .8 4 9 .2 5 2 .2 5 0 .0 M e n . 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s W o m e n . 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s B o th s e x e s . 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s ......................... 4 7 .1 4 8 .2 43 5 5 1 .9 4 8 .8 3 9 .9 4 9 .6 M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..................................... 1 7 .8 1 8 .1 1 9 .1 2 0 .0 1 9 .5 1 8 .9 1 8 .6 1 8 .2 1 6 .9 1 6 .3 1 5 .6 1 5 .1 1 4 .8 1 4 .1 1 5 .4 W o m e n , 2 0 ye a rs a n d o v e r W o m e n . 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s ............................. 1 5 .4 1 6 .5 1 7 .4 1 6 .9 1 7 .0 1 6 .9 1 6 .2 1 6 .4 1 6 .1 1 5 .9 1 5 .6 1 5 .9 1 4 .3 1 4 .4 1 3 .5 H is p a n ic o r ig in , t o t a l .......................................................... 1 3 .8 1 3 .8 1 5 .7 1 4 .6 1 3 .9 1 4 .0 1 2 .3 1 2 .9 1 3 .1 1 2 .4 1 2 .3 1 1 .6 1 1 .2 1 0 .2 1 1 .3 4 .7 M a r r i e d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ..................................... 7 .1 7 .1 7 .0 6 .7 6 .2 6 .3 6 .1 5 .7 5 .0 4 .9 7 .0 7 .5 7 .4 7 .4 7 .6 7 .0 6 .9 6 .8 6 .3 6 .0 6 .1 6 .0 5 .9 5 .8 12 2 1 3 .3 1 3 .0 1 2 .7 1 2 .5 1 1 .8 1 1 .8 1 2 .0 1 1 .4 1 0 .5 1 0 .9 1 0 .7 1 1 .0 1 1 .0 5 .5 5 .2 9 .6 9 .5 1 0 .2 1 0 .2 1 0 .0 9 .7 9 .4 9 .3 9 .1 8 .7 8 .2 8 .0 7 .8 7 .5 7 .5 1 0 .5 1 0 .4 1 0 .6 1 0 .5 10 9 1 1 .8 1 0 .2 1 0 .2 1 0 .1 1 0 .0 9 .8 9 .8 9 .2 9 .3 9 .2 ............................. 3 .2 3 .8 4 .1 4 .0 4 .1 4 .0 3 .9 3 .6 3 .5 3 .3 3 .1 3 .0 2 .9 2 .6 2 .5 ...................................................... 1 1 .0 1 0 .9 1 1 .7 1 1 .5 1 1 .5 1 1 ,1 1 0 .7 1 0 .7 1 0 .5 1 0 .0 9 .7 9 .4 9 .2 8 .9 8 .8 .............................................................. U n e m p lo y e d 1 5 w e e k s a n d o v e r L a b o r fo r c e t im e l o s t 1 6 .5 7 .4 117 F u l l- t im e w o r k e r s .................................................................. P a r t - t im e w o r k e r s 6 .5 ............................. ................................. M a rrie d w o m e n , s p o u s e p re s e n t W o m e n w h o m a in ta in fa m i lie s IN D U S T R Y N o n a g r i c u lt u r a l p r iv a te w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s M in i n g . . ....................................................................................... M a n u f a c t u r in g ...................................................................... D u r a b le g o o d s .......................................................... N o n d u r a b le g o o d s .................................................. 9 .9 1 0 .7 1 0 .5 1 0 .4 1 0 .1 9 .7 9 .8 9 .4 9 .0 8 .6 8 .3 7 .9 7 .8 7 .6 1 7 .0 1 9 .2 2 0 .3 2 0 .8 1 7 .9 1 6 .6 1 4 .9 1 6 .9 1 2 .1 1 2 .8 1 2 .4 10 9 1 2 .2 1 1 .2 1 8 .4 20 2 2 0 .0 2 0 .0 1 8 .4 1 8 .0 1 7 .9 1 8 .1 1 5 .8 1 5 .6 16 3 15 0 15 1 13 3 12 3 1 1 .2 1 2 .8 1 2 .5 12 3 1 1 .6 1 0 .7 1 1 .2 1 0 .2 9 .6 8 .9 8 .3 7 .5 7 .5 1 3 .3 1 2 .1 1 4 .3 1 3 .7 1 3 .5 1 2 .5 1 1 .4 1 1 .7 1 0 .9 1 0 .2 9 .0 8 .3 8 .0 7 .3 7 .8 1 0 .8 1 0 .0 1 0 .8 1 0 .8 1 0 .6 1 0 .2 9 .7 1 0 .5 9 .3 8 .7 8 .7 8 .2 8 .9 7 .8 7 .2 8 .4 6 .8 7 .4 7 .6 7 .7 7 .3 7 .8 7 .3 7 .7 7 .4 7 .2 6 .7 6 .5 5 .1 5 .9 5 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .9 1 0 .4 1 0 .2 1 0 .2 9 .8 9 .8 9 .5 9 .8 9 .1 8 .8 8 .4 8 .3 8 .3 ................................. 6 .9 7 .2 7 .3 7 .3 7 .5 7 .2 7 .3 7 .2 7 .0 6 .9 6 .7 6 .6 6 .3 6 .3 .................................................................. 4 .9 5 .3 5 .7 5 .8 5 .6 5 .1 5 .4 5 .1 5 .0 5 .1 4 .9 5 .0 5 .0 4 .5 4 .4 1 4 .7 1 6 .0 1 5 .9 1 6 .8 1 6 .8 1 6 .5 1 5 .0 1 5 .1 1 6 .5 1 6 .2 1 5 .7 1 5 .6 1 5 .5 1 4 .0 1 4 .6 T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b l ic u t i l i t i e s ............................. F in a n c e a n d s e r v ic e in d u s t r ie s G o v e rn m e n t w o rk e rs 1 0 .1 1 3 .4 2 0 .0 A g r i c u lt u r a l w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s ............................. 1 A g g r e g a t e h o u r s lo s t b y th e u n e m p lo y e d a n d p e r s o n s o n p a r t t im e f o r e c o n o m ic re a s o n s a s a p e r c e n t o f p o t e n t i a ll y a v a ila b le la b o r fo r c e h o u r s . 66 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6 .4 6. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted [C iv ilia n w o r k e r s ] 1983 A n n u al a v e ra g e 1984 S ex and age 1982 M ar. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. ........................................................... 9 .7 9 .6 1 0 .3 1 0 .2 1 0 .1 1 0 .0 9 .5 9 .5 9 .2 8 .8 8 .4 8 .2 ........................................................................... 1 7 .8 1 7 .2 1 8 .2 1 8 .1 18 0 1 7 .6 1 6 .8 1 7 .2 1 6 .5 1 6 .3 1 5 .4 1 4 .9 1 4 .8 14 2 1 4 .4 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ....................................................................... 2 3 .2 2 2 .4 2 3 .6 23 4 2 3 .0 2 3 .6 2 2 .7 2 2 .8 2 1 .8 2 1 .6 2 0 .2 2 0 .1 1 9 .4 1 9 .3 1 9 .9 2 1 .9 2 2 .1 2 3 .1 T o t a l, 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r 1 6 to 2 4 y e a rs 8 .0 7 .8 7 .8 1 6 t o 1 7 y e a r s ................................................................... 2 4 .9 2 4 .5 2 5 .4 2 5 .8 2 5 .6 2 5 .6 2 5 .1 2 4 .8 24 0 2 4 .0 2 2 .9 2 1 .9 1 8 t o 1 9 y e a r s ................................................................... 2 2 .1 2 1 .1 2 2 .6 2 1 .9 2 1 .3 2 2 .3 2 0 .8 2 1 .6 2 0 .5 2 0 .3 1 9 .3 1 8 .8 1 7 .6 1 7 .5 1 8 .1 2 0 t o 2 4 y e a r s ....................................................................... 1 4 .9 1 4 .5 1 5 .4 1 5 .4 1 5 .5 1 4 .5 1 3 .9 1 4 .4 1 3 .8 1 3 .6 1 3 .0 1 2 .2 1 2 .5 1 1 .6 1 1 .6 ................................................................... 7 .4 7 .5 8 .1 8 .0 7 .9 7 .9 7 .4 7 .3 7 .2 6 .8 6 .5 6 .4 6 .2 6 .1 5 .9 2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s ................................................................... 7 .9 8 .0 8 .7 8 .5 8 .5 8 .3 7 .9 7 .8 7 .7 7 .2 6 .9 6 .8 6 .5 6 .4 6 .3 5 5 y e a rs an d o v e r 4 .3 2 5 y e a rs an d o v e r ........................................................... 5 .0 5 .3 5 .4 5 .5 5 .3 5 .5 5 .3 5 .1 5 .2 5 .0 4 .9 4 .9 4 .7 4 .3 M e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r .................................................. 9 .9 9 .9 1 0 .7 1 0 .7 1 0 .5 1 0 .1 9 .9 9 .8 9 .6 9 .1 8 .6 8 .3 8 .1 7 .8 7 .7 1 6 to 2 4 y e a r s ................................................................... 1 9 .1 1 8 .4 1 9 .4 1 9 .5 1 9 .5 1 8 .6 1 8 .4 1 8 .6 1 7 .6 1 7 .3 1 5 .9 1 5 .6 1 5 .6 1 4 .6 1 4 .6 2 4 .3 .......................................................... 2 4 .4 2 3 .3 2 5 .1 2 4 .4 2 3 .9 2 4 .0 2 3 .8 2 2 .5 2 0 .2 2 0 .4 2 0 .8 1 9 .7 2 0 .0 1 6 t o 1 7 y e a r s ...................................................... 2 6 .4 2 5 .2 2 6 .3 2 6 .9 2 6 .7 26 0 2 7 .3 2 6 .0 2 3 .9 2 4 .3 2 2 .0 23 3 2 1 .6 2 1 .6 2 3 .0 1 8 t o 1 9 y e a r s ...................................................... 2 3 .1 2 2 .2 24 4 2 2 .9 2 2 .3 22 8 2 1 .2 2 3 .2 2 2 .2 2 1 .6 1 9 .6 1 8 .9 1 9 .6 1 8 .1 1 8 .2 ........................................................... 1 6 .4 15 9 1 6 .6 1 7 .0 1 7 .3 1 5 .9 1 5 .8 1 5 .7 1 5 .0 1 4 .7 1 3 .8 1 3 .3 1 3 .1 1 2 .1 1 1 .9 5 .9 1 6 to 1 9 y e a rs 2 0 to 2 4 y e a rs 2 2 .8 ........................................................... 7 .5 7 .8 8 .4 8 .4 8 .2 7 .9 7 .6 7 .5 7 .5 7 .0 6 .8 6 .5 6 .2 6 .1 2 5 t o 5 4 y e a r s ...................................................... 8 .0 8 .2 9 .0 8 .9 8 .8 8 .4 8 .1 8 .0 8 .0 7 .4 7 .1 6 .7 6 .6 6 .4 6 .1 5 5 ye a rs a n d o v e r 5 .1 5 .6 5 .8 6 .1 5 .8 5 .5 5 .5 5 .4 5 .6 5 .4 5 .4 5 .4 4 .8 4 .5 4 .6 2 5 ye a rs an d o v e r .............................................. W o m e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r .......................................... 9 .4 9 .2 9 .9 9 .6 9 .5 9 .8 9 .0 9 .1 8 .8 8 .5 8 .2 8 .1 7 .9 7 .8 7 .9 1 6 .2 1 5 .8 1 6 .8 1 6 .6 1 6 .3 1 6 .4 1 5 .0 1 5 .7 1 5 .2 1 5 .1 1 4 .7 1 4 .0 1 3 .9 1 3 .7 1 4 .2 2 1 .9 2 1 .3 2 1 .9 2 2 .3 2 2 .0 2 3 .1 2 1 .5 2 1 .1 2 0 .6 2 0 .5 2 0 .1 1 9 .8 1 8 .0 1 8 .9 1 9 .8 1 6 t o 1 7 y e a r s ...................................................... 2 3 .2 2 3 .4 2 4 .0 23 6 2 1 .8 2 2 .5 2 2 .2 2 2 .6 2 3 .1 1 8 t o 1 9 y e a r s ...................................................... 1 6 t o 2 4 y e a r s ................................................................... 1 6 to 19 y e a rs 2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s 2 5 y e a rs an d o v e r ........................................................... 2 3 .7 2 4 .4 2 4 .7 2 4 .4 2 5 .2 2 2 .6 2 1 .0 1 9 .9 2 0 .6 2 0 .7 2 0 .2 2 1 .7 2 0 .5 1 9 .9 1 8 .5 1 8 .8 1 9 .0 1 8 .7 1 5 .4 1 6 .9 1 8 .1 ........................................................... 1 3 .2 1 2 .9 1 4 .1 1 3 .6 1 3 .4 1 2 .9 1 1 .7 1 2 .8 1 2 .5 1 2 .3 1 2 .0 1 1 .0 1 1 .7 1 1 .0 1 1 .3 ........................................................... 7 .3 7 .2 7 .7 7 .5 7 .5 7 .8 7.1 7 .0 6 .9 6 .5 6 .2 6 .3 6 .2 6 .1 6 .0 ...................................................... 7 .7 7 .7 8 .3 8 .0 8.1 8.1 7 .6 7 .5 7 .3 7 .0 6 .6 6 .8 6 .5 6 .5 6 .5 4 .8 4 .7 4 .8 4 .6 4 .7 5 .5 5 .1 4 .7 4 .5 4 .4 4 .1 4 .3 4 .5 4 .0 3 .9 Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. 4 ,8 2 5 4 ,7 3 7 2 5 to 5 4 y e a rs 5 5 y e a rs a n d o v e r 7. 1983 .............................................. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted [ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ] 1984 1983 A n n u al av e ra g e R e a s o n f o r u n e m p lo y m e n t 1982 J o b lo s e r s ............................................................................................ O n l a y o ff .................................................................................... O th e r jo b lo s e r s ................................................................... J o b l e a v e r s ............................................................................................ N e w e n t r a n t s ........................................................................................ 1983 M ar. A p r. M ay June J u ly 6 ,7 6 7 6 ,7 5 3 6 ,5 2 5 6 ,2 3 5 6 ,1 3 3 5 ,9 3 8 5 ,6 0 1 5 ,2 2 6 5 ,0 1 7 M a r. 4 ,6 1 4 6 ,2 5 8 6 ,8 4 8 2 ,1 2 7 1 ,7 8 0 2 ,0 0 5 1 ,9 7 9 1 ,9 5 8 1 ,8 4 1 1 ,7 3 5 1 .6 6 0 1 ,5 6 2 1 ,3 9 2 1 ,3 2 1 1 .2 8 3 1 ,2 3 8 1 ,2 7 2 1 ,2 5 4 4 ,1 4 1 4 ,4 7 8 4 ,8 4 3 4 ,7 8 8 4 ,7 9 5 4 ,6 8 4 4 ,5 0 0 4 ,4 7 3 4 ,3 7 6 4 .2 0 9 3 ,9 0 5 3 .7 3 4 3 ,5 8 8 3 ,4 6 5 3 ,3 6 0 6 ,2 5 8 840 830 888 816 808 799 752 799 858 866 868 855 809 772 756 2 ,3 8 4 2 ,4 1 2 2 ,4 6 0 2 ,4 9 1 2 ,4 0 4 2 ,4 3 6 2 ,4 1 5 2 ,4 7 9 2 ,3 6 2 2 ,3 2 2 2 ,2 5 0 2 ,2 4 6 2 ,1 9 2 2 ,1 5 3 2 ,2 0 8 1 ,4 1 2 1 ,2 2 9 1 ,2 1 4 1 ,2 3 4 1 ,1 2 7 1 ,1 5 4 1 ,1 5 0 1 ,1 7 5 1 ,0 9 2 1 ,2 1 3 1 0 0 .0 1 ,1 8 5 1 ,2 1 6 1 ,1 8 2 1 ,2 5 1 1 ,2 4 6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 5 8 .7 5 8 .4 6 0 .2 5 9 .8 6 0 .2 5 8 .4 5 8 .6 5 7 .7 5 7 .1 5 6 .5 5 5 .0 5 4 .1 53 6 5 4 .1 1 9 .9 1 6 .6 1 7 .6 1 7 .5 1 7 .5 1 6 .5 1 6 .3 1 5 .6 1 5 .0 1 4 .0 1 3 .9 1 3 .8 1 3 .7 1 4 .5 1 4 .3 4 2 .1 4 2 .1 4 2 .4 4 1 .1 4 0 .3 3 9 .9 39 6 3 8 .2 P E R C E N T D IS T R IB U T IO N T o t a l u n e m p l o y e d ........................................................................... J o b lo s e r s On ............................................................................................ a y o ff .................................................................................... 5 2 .5 ................................................................... 3 8 .8 4 1 .8 4 2 .6 4 2 .3 4 2 .8 4 1 .9 4 2 .3 J o b l e a v e r s ............................................................................................ 7 .9 7 .7 7 .8 7 .2 7 .2 7 ,2 7 .1 7 .5 8 .3 8 .7 9 .1 9 .2 9 .0 8 .8 8 .6 R e e n t r a n t s ............................................................................................ 2 2 .3 2 2 .5 2 1 .6 2 2 .0 2 1 .4 2 1 .8 2 2 .7 2 3 .3 2 2 .7 2 3 .4 2 3 .7 2 4 .2 2 4 .4 2 4 .6 2 5 .1 N e w e n t r a n t s ........................................................................................ 1 1 .1 1 1 .3 1 0 .4 1 1 .0 1 1 .1 1 2 .6 1 1 .6 1 1 .4 1 1 .9 1 1 .4 1 2 .1 1 2 .4 1 3 .1 1 2 .5 1 3 .8 ............................................................................................ 5 .7 5 .6 6 .2 6 .1 6 .1 5 .8 5 .6 5 .5 5 .3 5 .0 4 .7 4 .5 4 .3 4 .2 4 .1 J o b l e a v e r s ............................................................................................ .8 .7 .8 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .8 8 .8 .8 .7 .7 .7 2 .2 2 .2 2 .2 2 .2 2 .2 2 .2 2 .2 2 .2 2 .1 2 .1 2 .0 2 .0 2 .0 1 .9 2 .0 1 .3 1.1 1 .1 1.1 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1.1 O th e r jo b lo s e r s PERCENT OF C IV IL IA N L A B O R F O R C E J o b lo s e r s N e w e n t r a n t s ........................................................................................ 8. 1.1 1 .1 1.1 1.1 1 .1 Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted [ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ] 1984 1983 A n n u al av e ra g e W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t 1982 1983 M ar. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. L e s s t h a n 5 w e e k s ........................................................................... 3 ,8 8 3 3 ,5 7 0 3 ,5 3 5 3 ,5 9 5 3 ,5 6 8 3 ,6 3 0 3 ,5 2 9 3 ,6 3 3 3 ,7 4 0 3 ,5 0 4 3 ,3 2 8 3 ,3 8 2 3 ,2 3 3 3 ,3 5 9 3 ,3 8 6 5 t o 1 4 w e e k s .................................................................................... 3 ,3 1 1 2 ,9 3 7 3 ,1 7 3 3 ,1 3 9 3 ,0 1 2 2 ,9 5 0 2 ,8 4 1 2 ,9 5 1 2 ,7 8 4 2 ,7 2 5 2 ,6 1 6 2 ,5 0 4 2 ,5 5 6 2 ,4 8 4 2 ,5 3 9 2 ,8 7 3 15 w eeks and over ....................................................................... 3 ,4 8 5 4 ,2 1 0 4 ,5 8 7 4 ,3 9 6 4 ,5 1 0 4 ,4 8 6 4 ,3 9 8 4 ,0 7 8 3 ,8 8 9 3 ,6 5 5 3 ,5 2 7 3 ,3 6 9 3 ,2 0 1 2 ,9 8 4 1 ,3 8 3 1 ,3 7 2 1 ,3 3 7 1 ,2 8 4 1 ,1 6 6 1 ,1 7 3 1 ,1 1 4 1 5 t o 2 6 w e e k s ....................................................................... 1 ,7 0 8 1 ,6 5 2 1 ,8 6 1 1 ,6 9 1 1 ,7 7 4 1 ,5 9 3 1 ,7 9 4 1 ,5 9 7 2 7 w e e k s a n d o v e r .............................................................. 1 ,7 7 6 2 ,5 5 9 2 ,7 2 6 2 ,7 0 5 2 ,7 3 6 2 ,8 9 3 2 ,6 0 4 2 ,4 8 1 2 ,5 0 6 2 ,2 8 3 2 ,1 9 0 2 ,0 8 5 2 ,0 3 5 1 ,8 1 0 1 ,7 5 9 M e a n d u r a t i o n in w e e k s ............................................................... 1 5 .6 2 0 .0 1 9 .2 1 9 .2 2 0 .2 2 1 .4 2 1 .3 1 9 .9 2 0 .2 2 0 .1 2 0 .2 1 9 .6 2 0 .5 1 8 .8 1 8 .8 9 .2 8 .3 8 .3 M e d ia n d u r a t i o n in w e e k s .......................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8 .7 1 0 .1 1 0 .4 1 0 .8 1 1 .9 1 0 .8 1 0 .1 9 .4 9 .4 9 .5 9 .4 9 .0 67 EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS E mployment , hours , a nd earnings data in this section are com piled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by 189,000 establishments representing all industries except ag riculture. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or warehouse.) Selfemployed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from establishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures between the household and establishment sur veys. Definitions Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. Production workers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker su pervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with produc tion operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-16 include production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construc tion; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; in wholesale and retail trade; in finance, insurance, and real estate: and in services industries. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers re ceive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). The Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from average hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments; fluctuations in overtime premiums 68 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes and seasonal factors in the proportion of workers in high-wage and low-wage industries. Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsuper visory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion o f gross average weekly hours which were in excess of trs and for which overtime premiums were paid The Diffusion Index, introduced in table 17 of the May 1983 issue, represents the percent of 186 nonagricultural industries in which employ ment was rising over the indicated period. One-half of the industries with unchanged employment are counted as rising. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 3-, 6-, and 9-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while that for the 12-month span is unadjusted. The diffusion index is useful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and is also an eco nomic indicator. Notes on the data Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are pe riodically adjusted to com prehensive counts o f em ploym ent (called ■'benchmarks” ). The latest complete adjustment was made with the release of May 1983 data, published in the July 1983 issue of the R eview . Con sequently, data published in the R eview prior to that issue are not necessarily comparable to current data. Unadjusted data have been revised back to April 1981: seasonally adjusted data have been revised back to January 1978. Unadjusted data from April 1982 forward, and seasonally adjusted data from January 1979 forward are subject to revision in future bench marks. Earlier comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in a Supplem ent to E m ploym ent an d E arnings (unadjusted data from April 1977 through February 1983 and seasonally adjusted data from January 1974 through February 1983) and in E m ploym ent an d E arn ings, U n ited S tates. 1 9 0 9 -7 8 . BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods). A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “ Com paring employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” M onthly L a bor R eview . December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . See also BLS H andbook o f M ethods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982). 9. Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-83 [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] G o o d t-p ro d u d n g S e r v ic e - p r o d u c in g T ra n s p o r- P rlv A t* T u r T o ta l W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il tra d e s e c to r T o ta l M a n u fa c t io n tu rin g M in in g T o ta l in s u r a n c e , W h o le and R e t a il T o ta l p u b lic s a le tra d e tra d e u tilitie s S e r v ic e s and real S ta te an d T o ta l F e d e ra l lo c a l e s ta te 1950 ........................................................... 2 6 ,6 9 1 4 ,0 3 4 9 ,3 8 6 2 ,6 3 5 6 ,7 5 1 1 ,8 8 8 5 ,3 5 7 6 ,0 2 6 1 ,9 2 8 4 ,0 9 8 1955 ........................................................... 5 0 ,6 4 1 4 3 ,7 2 7 2 0 ,5 1 3 792 2 ,8 3 9 1 6 ,8 8 2 3 0 ,1 2 8 4 ,1 4 1 1 0 ,5 3 5 2 ,9 2 6 7 ,6 1 0 2 ,2 9 8 6 ,2 4 0 6 ,9 1 4 2 ,1 8 7 4 ,7 2 7 ...................................................... 5 4 ,1 8 9 4 5 ,8 3 6 2 0 ,4 3 4 712 2 ,9 2 6 1 6 ,7 9 6 3 3 ,7 5 5 4 ,0 0 4 1 1 ,3 9 1 3 ,1 4 3 8 ,2 4 8 2 ,6 2 9 7 ,3 7 8 8 ,3 5 3 2 ,2 7 0 6 ,0 8 3 7 ,2 4 8 I9 6 0 ’ 4 5 ,1 9 7 1 8 ,5 0 6 3 9 ,1 7 0 901 2 ,3 6 4 1 5 ,2 4 1 G o v e rn m e n t F in a n c e , ta tio n C o n s tru c 1964 ........................................................... 5 8 ,2 8 3 4 8 ,6 8 6 2 1 ,0 0 5 634 3 ,0 9 7 1 7 ,2 7 4 3 7 ,2 7 8 3 ,9 5 1 1 2 ,1 6 0 3 ,3 3 7 8 ,8 2 3 2 ,9 1 1 8 ,6 6 0 9 ,5 9 6 2 ,3 4 8 1965 ........................................................... 6 0 ,7 6 5 5 0 ,5 8 9 2 1 ,9 2 6 632 3 ,2 3 2 1 8 ,0 6 2 3 8 ,8 3 9 4 ,0 3 6 1 2 ,7 1 6 3 ,4 6 6 9 ,2 5 0 2 ,9 7 7 9 ,0 3 6 1 0 ,0 7 4 2 ,3 7 8 7 ,6 9 6 1966 ........................................................... 6 3 ,9 0 1 5 3 ,1 1 6 2 3 ,1 5 8 627 3 ,3 1 7 1 9 ,2 1 4 4 0 ,7 4 3 4 ,1 5 8 1 3 ,2 4 5 3 ,5 9 7 9 ,6 4 8 3 ,0 5 8 9 ,4 9 8 1 0 ,7 8 4 2 ,5 6 4 8 ,2 2 0 1967 ........................................................... 6 5 ,8 0 3 5 4 ,4 1 3 2 3 ,3 0 8 613 3 ,2 4 8 1 9 ,4 4 7 4 2 ,4 9 5 4 ,2 6 8 1 3 ,6 0 6 3 ,6 8 9 9 ,9 1 7 3 ,1 8 5 1 0 ,0 4 5 1 1 ,3 9 1 2 ,7 1 9 1968 ........................................................... 6 7 ,8 9 7 5 6 ,0 5 8 2 3 ,7 3 7 606 3 ,3 5 0 1 9 ,7 8 1 4 4 ,1 6 0 4 ,3 1 8 1 4 ,0 9 9 3 ,7 7 9 1 0 ,3 2 0 3 ,3 3 7 1 0 ,5 6 7 1 1 ,8 3 9 2 ,7 3 7 9 ,1 0 2 1969 ........................................................... 7 0 ,3 8 4 5 8 ,1 8 9 2 4 ,3 6 1 619 3 ,5 7 5 2 0 ,1 6 7 4 6 ,0 2 3 4 ,4 4 2 1 4 ,7 0 6 3 ,9 0 7 1 0 ,7 9 8 3 ,5 1 2 1 1 ,1 6 9 1 2 ,1 9 5 2 ,7 5 8 9 ,4 3 7 1970 ........................................................... 7 0 ,8 8 0 5 8 ,3 2 5 2 3 ,5 7 8 623 3 ,5 8 8 1 9 ,3 6 7 4 7 ,3 0 2 4 ,5 1 5 1 5 ,0 4 0 3 ,9 9 3 1 1 ,0 4 7 3 ,6 4 5 1 1 ,5 4 8 1 2 ,5 5 4 2 ,7 3 1 9 ,8 2 3 609 3 ,7 0 4 4 ,4 7 6 1 5 ,3 5 2 5 8 ,3 3 1 2 2 ,9 3 5 1 8 ,6 2 3 4 8 ,2 7 8 4 ,0 0 1 1 1 ,3 5 1 3 ,7 7 2 1 1 ,7 9 7 1 2 ,8 8 1 2 ,6 9 6 1 0 ,1 8 5 1972 ........................................................... 7 3 ,6 7 5 6 0 ,3 4 1 2 3 ,6 6 8 628 3 ,8 8 9 1 9 ,1 5 1 5 0 ,0 0 7 4 ,5 4 1 1 5 ,9 4 9 4 ,1 1 3 1 1 ,8 3 6 3 ,9 0 8 1 2 ,2 7 6 1 3 ,3 3 4 2 ,6 8 4 1 0 ,6 4 9 1973 ........................................................... 7 6 ,7 9 0 6 3 ,0 5 8 2 4 ,8 9 3 642 4 ,0 9 7 2 0 ,1 5 4 5 1 ,8 9 7 4 ,6 5 6 1 6 ,6 0 7 4 ,2 7 7 1 2 ,3 2 9 4 ,0 4 5 1 2 ,8 5 7 1 3 ,7 3 2 2 ,6 6 3 1 1 ,0 6 8 1 9 7 1 ........................................................... 7 1 ,2 1 4 8 ,6 7 2 1974 ........................................................... 7 8 ,2 6 5 6 4 ,0 9 5 2 4 ,7 9 4 697 4 ,0 2 0 2 0 ,0 7 7 5 3 ,4 7 1 4 ,7 2 5 1 6 ,9 8 7 4 ,4 3 3 1 2 ,5 5 4 4 ,1 4 8 1 3 ,4 4 1 1 4 ,1 7 0 2 ,7 2 4 1 1 ,4 4 6 1975 ............................................... 7 6 ,9 4 5 6 2 ,2 5 9 2 2 ,6 0 0 752 3 ,5 2 5 1 8 ,3 2 3 5 4 ,3 4 5 4 ,5 4 2 1 7 ,0 6 0 4 ,4 1 5 1 2 ,6 4 5 4 ,1 6 5 1 3 ,8 9 2 1 4 ,6 8 6 2 ,7 4 8 1 1 ,9 3 7 1976 ............................................... 7 9 ,3 8 2 6 4 ,5 1 1 2 3 ,3 5 2 779 3 ,5 7 6 1 8 ,9 9 7 5 6 ,0 3 0 4 ,5 8 2 1 7 ,7 5 5 4 ,5 4 6 1 3 ,2 0 9 4 ,2 7 1 1 4 ,5 5 1 1 4 ,8 7 1 2 ,7 3 3 1 2 ,1 3 8 1977 ............................................... 8 2 ,4 7 1 6 7 ,3 4 4 2 4 ,3 4 6 813 3 ,8 5 1 1 9 ,5 8 2 5 8 ,1 2 5 4 ,7 1 3 1 8 ,5 1 6 4 ,7 0 8 1 3 ,8 0 8 4 ,4 6 7 1 5 ,3 0 3 1 5 ,1 2 7 2 ,7 2 7 1 2 ,3 9 9 1978 .............................................. 8 6 ,6 9 7 7 1 ,0 2 6 2 5 ,5 8 5 851 4 .2 2 9 2 0 ,5 0 5 6 1 ,1 1 3 4 ,9 2 3 1 9 ,5 4 2 4 ,9 6 9 1 4 ,5 7 3 4 ,7 2 4 1 6 ,2 5 2 1 5 ,6 7 2 2 ,7 5 3 1 2 ,9 1 9 1979 .............................................. 8 9 ,8 2 3 7 3 ,8 7 6 2 6 ,4 6 1 958 4 ,4 6 3 2 1 ,0 4 0 6 3 ,3 6 3 5 ,1 3 6 2 0 ,1 9 2 5 ,2 0 4 1 4 ,9 8 9 4 ,9 7 5 1 7 ,1 1 2 1 5 ,9 4 7 2 ,7 7 3 1 3 ,1 4 7 1980 .............................................. 9 0 ,4 0 6 7 4 ,1 6 6 2 5 ,6 5 8 1 ,0 2 7 4 ,3 4 6 2 0 ,2 8 5 6 4 ,7 4 8 5 ,1 4 6 2 0 ,3 1 0 5 ,2 7 5 1 5 ,0 3 5 5 ,1 8 0 1 7 ,8 9 0 1 6 ,2 4 1 2 ,8 6 6 1 3 ,3 7 5 1 9 8 1 .............................................. 9 1 ,1 5 6 7 5 ,1 2 6 2 5 ,4 9 7 1 ,1 3 9 4 ,1 8 8 2 0 ,1 7 0 6 5 ,6 5 9 5 ,1 6 5 5 ,3 5 8 1 5 ,1 8 9 1982 .............................................. 8 9 ,5 9 6 7 3 ,7 9 3 2 3 ,9 0 7 1 ,1 4 3 3 ,9 1 1 1 8 ,8 5 3 6 5 ,6 8 9 5 ,0 8 1 2 0 ,4 0 1 5 ,2 8 0 1 5 ,1 2 2 5 ,3 4 0 1 9 ,0 6 4 1 5 ,8 0 3 2 ,7 3 9 1 3 ,0 6 4 1983 ............................................... 8 9 ,9 7 8 7 4 ,2 3 4 2 3 ,6 4 6 1 ,0 2 1 3 ,9 4 7 1 8 ,6 7 8 6 6 ,3 3 2 4 ,9 4 1 2 0 ,5 1 3 5 ,2 3 2 1 5 ,2 8 1 5 ,4 5 4 1 9 ,6 8 0 1 5 ,7 4 4 2 ,7 5 2 1 2 ,9 9 2 2 0 ,5 4 7 5 ,2 9 8 1 8 ,6 1 9 1 6 ,0 3 1 2 ,7 7 2 1 3 ,2 5 9 'D a t a in c lu d e A la s k a a n d H a w a ii b e g i n n in g in 1 9 5 9 . 1 0 . E m p lo y m e n t b y S ta te [ N o n a g r ic u l t u r a l p a y r o ll d a ta , in t h o u s a n d s ] S t a te Feb. 1983 J a n .1 9 84 F e b . 1984P A l a b a m a ................................................................................ 1 ,2 8 5 .6 1 ,3 2 4 .4 1 ,3 2 9 .7 A l a s k a .................................................................................... 1 9 2 .9 1 9 9 .5 2 0 2 .2 A r iz o n a ............................................................................... 1 ,0 4 0 .0 1 ,1 0 1 .6 1 ,1 1 7 .5 S t a le Feb. 1983 Jan . 1984 Feb . 1984P M o n t a n a ............................................................................... 2 6 3 .2 2 6 6 .1 266 1 N e b ra s k a 5 9 1 .4 6 0 4 .6 607 1 N evada ........................................................................... ............................................................................... 3 8 5 .6 4 1 2 .3 4 1 4 .5 A rk a n s a s ........................................................................... 7 1 1 .8 7 4 9 .4 7 5 8 .5 N e w H a m p s h i r e ............................................................... 3 8 5 .4 4 1 2 .1 4 1 3 .9 C a l if o r n ia ........................................................................... 9 ,7 0 9 .7 1 0 ,0 7 8 .7 1 0 ,1 0 8 .9 N e w J e r s e y ....................................................................... 3 ,0 3 0 .5 3 ,1 6 8 .8 3 ,1 6 9 1 C o lo ra d o ............................................................................ 1 ,2 9 3 .7 1 ,3 2 9 .7 1 ,3 3 5 .6 N e w M e x i c o ....................................................................... 4 6 5 .1 4 7 9 .4 4 8 3 .1 C o n n e c t i c u t ....................................................................... 1 ,3 9 9 .0 1 ,4 4 6 .7 1 .4 4 7 .4 N e w Y o r k ........................................................................... 7 ,1 1 2 .6 7 ,2 6 8 .7 7 ,2 9 6 4 O e la w a re ........................................................................... 2 5 4 .8 2 6 4 .4 2 6 4 .0 N o r th C a r o lin a .............................................................. 2 ,3 2 9 2 2 ,4 3 6 .7 2 ,4 4 9 2 .................................................. 5 8 2 .7 5 8 9 .7 5 8 9 .6 N o r th D a k o t a ................................................................... 2 4 0 .5 2 4 4 .9 244 3 F l o r i d a .................................................................................... 3 ,8 1 6 .1 4 ,0 5 9 .0 4 ,0 8 4 .0 O h i o ....................................................................................... 3 ,9 6 2 .7 4 ,0 8 3 .3 4 ,0 9 1 .8 G e o r g ia 2 ,1 9 7 .0 2 ,3 0 6 .1 2 ,3 2 0 .3 D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b ia ................................................................................ O k l a h o m a ........................................................................... 1 , 1 6 1 .1 1 ,1 6 5 .7 404 3 4 0 1 .9 4 0 5 .7 O re g o n Id a h o .......................................................................................................... 3 0 4 .0 3 1 7 .1 3 1 7 .9 P e n n s y lv a n ia I l l i n o i s ........................................................................................................... 4 ,4 3 2 8 4 ,4 6 8 .0 In d ia n a ..................................................................................................... 1 ,9 5 5 .4 I o w a ................................................................................................................ 1 ,0 0 1 .2 ..................................................................................................... 893 6 K e n tu c k y ................................................................................................ 1 ,1 2 3 .7 1 ,1 5 8 .9 1 ,1 5 5 .8 L o u is ia n a ........................................................................... 1 ,5 4 6 .1 1 , 5 5 6 .1 1 ,5 6 3 .2 U t a h ....................................................................................... 5 4 9 .5 5 7 7 .7 579 2 M a i n e .................................................................................... 4 0 0 .8 4 0 8 .8 4 1 1 .6 V e r m o n t ............................................................................... 2 0 1 .1 2 0 3 .6 205 9 Kansas ............................................................................... 1 ,1 5 7 .2 H a w a i i .................................................................................... 9 3 1 .9 965 8 9 7 0 .0 ................................................................... 4 ,3 8 9 .3 4 ,4 9 7 .4 4 ,5 0 6 0 4 ,4 7 4 .2 R h o d e I s l a n d ................................................................... 3 7 9 .9 394 1 396 2 2 ,0 0 0 .5 2 ,0 1 0 .2 S o u t h C a r o lin a .............................................................. 1 ,1 4 5 .7 1 ,1 9 5 .2 1 ,2 0 2 .3 1 ,0 1 3 .5 1 ,0 1 5 .5 S o u t h D a k o t a ................................................................... 2 2 3 .4 229 7 230 2 9 1 3 .9 9 2 3 .9 ........................................................................... 1 ,6 6 2 .2 1 ,7 4 5 .5 1 ,7 5 9 4 ................................................................................... 6 ,1 0 7 .7 6 ,2 2 4 .9 6 ,2 5 7 .5 Tennessee Texas ............................................................................... 2 ,1 1 5 .9 2 ,2 1 6 .4 2 ,2 2 2 .5 ............................................................... 2 ,5 8 8 .7 2 ,6 5 1 .2 2 ,6 6 6 .8 W a s h i n g t o n ....................................................................... 1 ,5 2 8 .6 1 ,5 7 8 .8 1 ,5 8 5 6 ............................................................................................... 3 ,1 1 3 .5 3 ,2 2 1 .8 3 ,2 4 2 .1 W e s t V i r g i n i a ................................................................... 5 6 2 .0 5 8 0 .7 5 8 2 .4 M i n n e s o t a ............................................................................................... 1 ,6 5 0 .7 1 ,7 1 5 .6 1 ,7 2 4 .0 W i s c o n s i n ........................................................................... 1 ,8 0 1 .5 1 ,8 4 3 .6 1 ,8 5 0 2 ........................................................................... 198 0 1 9 8 .0 1 9 7 .5 V i r g in I s l a n d s ................................................................... 3 6 .0 3 4 .9 3 5 .6 M a r y la n d ........................................................................... M a s s a c h u s e tts M ic h ig a n 1 ,6 4 6 .8 1 ,6 8 7 .5 1 ,7 0 0 .9 .......................................................................................... 7 6 8 .7 7 9 3 .0 7 9 5 .4 M i s s o u r i ..................................................................................................... 1 ,8 7 1 .4 1 ,9 0 3 .2 1 ,9 0 9 .2 M is s is s ip p i p = V i r g in i a W y o m in g p r e lim in a ry . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 69 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 11. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [ N o n a g r l c u l t u r a l p a y r o l l d a t a , In t h o u s a n d s ] A n n u al a v e ra g e 1983 1984 In d u s try d iv is io n a n d g ro u p TOTAL P R IV A T E S E C T O R G 0 0 0 S -P R 0 0 U C IN G 1982 1983 M ar. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. F e b .A M a r. A 8 9 ,5 9 6 8 9 ,9 7 8 8 8 ,8 1 4 8 9 ,1 0 1 8 9 ,4 2 1 8 9 ,8 4 4 9 0 ,1 5 2 8 9 ,7 3 5 9 0 ,8 5 1 9 1 ,0 8 7 9 1 ,3 5 5 9 1 ,5 9 9 9 1 ,9 3 0 9 2 ,3 4 7 9 2 ,4 9 0 7 3 ,7 9 3 7 4 ,2 3 4 7 3 ,0 9 0 7 3 ,3 7 7 7 3 ,6 7 7 7 4 ,1 2 3 7 4 ,4 7 2 7 4 ,0 7 4 7 4 ,9 9 0 7 5 ,3 1 2 7 5 ,5 7 9 7 5 ,8 2 9 7 6 ,1 8 8 7 6 ,5 7 1 7 6 ,7 2 8 2 3 ,9 0 7 2 3 ,6 4 6 2 3 ,0 3 0 2 3 ,1 5 9 2 3 ,3 4 7 2 3 ,5 1 8 2 3 ,7 2 4 2 3 ,8 3 0 2 3 ,9 3 5 2 4 ,1 6 8 2 4 ,3 1 1 2 4 ,4 1 5 2 4 ,6 1 7 2 4 ,7 7 2 2 4 ,7 8 2 M in in g 1 ,1 4 3 1 ,0 2 1 1 ,0 0 6 997 994 1 ,0 0 3 1 ,0 1 7 1 ,0 2 3 1 ,0 2 6 1 ,0 4 4 1 ,0 4 5 1 ,0 4 7 1 ,0 5 1 1 ,0 5 3 1 ,0 5 3 C o n s tr u c tio n 3 ,9 1 1 3 ,9 4 7 3 ,7 5 7 3 ,7 8 6 3 ,8 6 0 3 ,9 3 3 3 ,9 7 4 4 ,0 1 4 4 ,0 3 8 4 ,0 6 0 4 ,0 9 4 4 ,0 8 8 4 ,1 7 7 4 ,2 2 8 4 ,1 7 8 1 8 ,8 5 3 1 8 ,6 7 8 1 8 ,2 6 7 1 8 ,3 7 6 1 8 ,4 9 3 1 8 ,5 8 2 1 8 ,7 3 3 1 8 ,7 9 3 1 8 ,8 7 1 1 9 ,0 6 4 1 9 ,1 7 2 1 9 ,2 8 0 1 9 ,3 8 9 1 9 ,4 9 1 1 9 ,5 5 1 1 2 ,7 9 0 1 2 ,6 9 6 1 2 ,3 2 3 1 2 ,4 3 5 1 2 ,5 3 1 1 2 ,6 1 5 1 2 ,7 5 6 1 2 ,8 0 3 1 2 ,8 5 9 1 3 ,0 4 3 1 3 ,1 4 7 1 3 ,2 3 0 1 3 ,3 2 2 1 3 ,4 0 5 1 3 ,4 5 5 1 1 ,1 0 0 1 0 ,9 3 2 1 0 ,6 1 7 1 0 ,6 8 9 1 0 ,7 8 8 1 0 ,8 4 4 1 0 ,9 6 1 1 1 ,0 2 2 1 1 ,0 8 1 1 1 ,2 3 5 1 1 ,3 2 0 1 1 ,4 0 6 1 1 ,4 7 7 1 1 ,5 6 7 1 1 ,6 1 3 7 ,3 5 0 7 ,2 4 6 6 ,9 6 1 7 ,0 3 5 7 ,1 1 5 7 ,1 6 9 7 ,2 7 8 7 ,3 2 9 7 ,3 7 8 7 ,5 2 2 7 ,6 0 1 7 ,6 6 5 7 ,7 2 5 7 ,8 0 3 7 ,8 3 4 .......................................... 603 677 638 651 662 679 688 699 703 712 714 715 717 719 724 F u r n i tu r e a n d f i x t u r e s .......................................................... 433 451 433 440 446 450 459 457 459 465 470 473 477 482 485 S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s 578 575 559 565 570 573 577 582 585 590 590 589 593 602 604 M a n u f a c t u r in g P r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s .......................................................... D u r a b le g o o d s P r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s .......................................................... L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s t r ie s ................................. .................................................. 922 839 816 820 828 830 839 840 849 867 871 881 872 878 876 F a b ric a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s .................................................. 1 .4 3 5 1 .3 9 6 1 .3 6 2 1 ,3 6 9 1 ,3 7 9 1 ,3 8 4 1 ,3 9 1 1 ,4 1 0 1 ,4 1 1 1 ,4 3 0 1 ,4 3 8 1 ,4 4 9 1 ,4 5 8 1 ,4 6 1 1 ,4 6 9 M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l 2 ,2 6 7 2 .0 8 8 2 .0 3 0 2 .0 3 1 2 ,0 6 4 2 ,0 6 6 2 ,0 9 4 2 ,1 0 9 2 ,1 1 5 2 ,1 3 1 2 ,1 5 8 2 ,1 7 2 2 ,1 8 7 2 ,2 0 2 2 ,2 1 4 ............................. 2 ,0 1 6 2 .0 4 5 1 .9 8 8 1 ,9 9 9 2 ,0 1 0 2 ,0 3 0 2 ,0 4 7 2 ,0 4 3 2 ,0 8 2 2 ,1 0 7 2 ,1 2 8 2 ,1 4 6 2 ,1 6 5 2 ,1 8 9 2 ,2 0 9 T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t .................................................. .......................................... 1 .7 4 4 1 .7 8 5 1 .7 2 3 1 .7 4 3 1 ,7 5 7 1 ,7 6 2 1 ,7 9 4 1 ,8 0 7 1 ,8 0 1 1 ,8 4 8 1 ,8 6 2 1 ,8 8 7 1 ,9 0 9 1 ,9 3 0 1 ,9 2 3 ............................. 716 694 69 1 690 689 687 687 692 696 699 70 1 701 706 707 712 M is c e l la n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g ......................................... 386 382 377 381 383 383 385 383 380 386 388 393 393 397 397 E le c tr ic a n d e l e c t r o n ic e q u i p m e n t In s t r u m e n t s a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s 7 ,7 5 3 7 .7 4 7 7 .6 8 7 7 ,7 0 5 7 .7 3 8 7 .7 7 2 7 ,7 7 1 7 .7 9 0 7 ,8 2 9 7 ,8 5 2 7 ,8 7 4 7 ,9 1 2 7 ,9 1 2 7 ,9 2 4 7 ,9 3 8 P r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s .......................................................... 5 .4 4 0 5 .4 5 0 5 .3 6 2 5 .4 0 0 5 .4 1 6 5 .4 4 6 5 .4 7 8 5 ,4 7 4 5 ,4 8 1 5 ,5 2 1 5 ,5 4 6 5 ,5 6 5 5 ,5 9 7 5 ,6 0 2 5 ,6 2 1 F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s .............................................. 1 .6 3 8 1 .6 3 0 1 .6 1 9 1 .6 3 3 1 .6 3 2 1 .6 4 3 1 .6 3 8 1 .6 2 7 1 ,6 3 0 1 ,6 2 8 1 ,6 3 3 1 ,6 3 2 1 ,6 4 2 1 ,6 3 9 1 ,6 3 8 68 65 67 66 66 65 65 62 63 64 61 62 61 61 63 N o n d u r a b le g o o d s T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s ...................................................... T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s .............................................................. 750 744 730 733 736 745 746 752 753 759 758 759 766 763 766 A p p a re l a n d o t h e r te x t ile p r o d u c t s ............................. 1 .1 6 4 1 .1 6 9 1 .1 4 3 1 .1 4 9 1 .1 5 3 1 .1 5 9 1 .1 8 0 1 .1 7 5 1 .1 7 7 1 .1 9 1 1 ,1 9 9 1 ,2 0 6 1 .2 1 0 1 ,2 1 4 1 ,2 1 5 P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s .................................................. 662 659 652 654 656 657 658 659 662 665 666 670 671 674 672 P r in tin g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ...................................................... 1 .2 6 9 1 .2 8 3 1 .2 6 9 1 .2 7 4 1 .2 7 6 1 .2 8 1 1 .2 8 4 1 .2 8 9 1 .2 9 0 1 .2 9 7 1 ,3 0 1 1 ,3 0 3 1 .3 1 0 1 .3 1 3 1 ,3 1 7 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..................................... 1 .0 7 9 1 .0 5 9 1 .0 5 6 1 .0 5 8 1 .0 5 8 1 .0 5 6 1 .0 5 9 1 .0 5 6 1 .0 6 0 1 .0 6 1 1 .0 6 1 1 ,0 6 4 1 .0 6 5 1 .0 6 5 1 ,0 6 6 P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ......................................... 201 196 199 199 198 198 197 195 195 193 193 192 192 191 192 701 727 699 707 716 72 1 732 739 742 753 762 769 777 786 793 221 216 216 214 214 213 213 217 218 218 218 217 218 218 216 6 5 .6 8 9 6 6 .3 3 2 6 5 .7 8 4 6 5 .9 4 2 6 6 .0 7 4 6 6 .3 2 6 6 6 .4 2 8 6 5 .9 0 5 6 6 .9 1 6 6 6 .9 1 9 6 7 .0 4 4 6 7 .1 8 4 6 7 .3 1 3 6 7 ,5 7 5 6 7 ,7 0 8 5 .0 8 1 4 ,9 4 1 4 .9 6 3 4 .9 8 8 4 .9 9 3 4 .9 9 2 4 .9 8 4 4 .3 4 1 5 .0 3 1 5 .0 1 9 5 .0 1 9 5 .0 1 5 5 .0 5 7 5 .0 6 7 5 ,0 6 9 2 0 .4 0 1 2 0 .5 1 3 2 0 .3 5 0 2 0 .3 2 9 2 0 .3 5 6 2 0 .4 9 4 2 0 .5 2 9 2 0 .5 8 0 2 0 .6 1 2 2 0 .6 6 6 2 0 .7 1 8 2 0 .7 8 1 2 0 .8 6 0 2 0 ,9 2 5 2 0 ,9 4 1 5 .2 8 0 5 .2 3 2 5 .1 7 6 5 .1 8 0 5 .1 9 7 5 .2 2 2 5 .2 2 9 5 .2 4 9 5 .2 7 4 5 .2 8 7 5 ,2 9 1 5 .3 1 3 5 ,3 4 3 5 .3 6 1 5 ,3 7 5 1 5 .1 2 2 1 5 .2 8 1 1 5 .1 7 4 1 5 .1 4 9 1 5 .1 5 9 1 5 .2 7 2 1 5 .3 0 0 1 5 .3 3 1 1 5 .3 3 8 1 5 .3 7 9 1 5 .4 2 7 1 5 .4 6 8 1 5 .5 1 7 1 5 ,5 6 4 1 5 ,5 6 6 5 .3 4 0 5 .4 5 4 5 .3 9 1 5 .4 2 3 5 .4 3 5 5 .4 5 1 5 .4 6 5 5 .4 8 8 5 .4 9 9 5 .5 0 3 5 .5 1 5 5 ,5 2 5 5 .5 5 3 5 .5 6 6 5 ,5 7 1 R u b b e r a n d m is c e l la n e o u s p l a s tic s p r o d u c t s . . L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c t s ......................................... S E R V IC E - P R O D U C IN G T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic u t ilitie s W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il tra d e W h o le s a le tra d e R e t a il tra d e F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s ta te S e r v ic e s 1 9 .0 6 4 1 9 .6 8 0 1 9 .3 5 6 1 9 .4 7 8 1 9 .5 4 6 1 9 .6 6 8 1 9 .7 7 0 1 9 .8 3 5 1 9 .9 1 3 1 9 .9 5 6 2 0 .0 1 6 2 0 .0 9 3 2 0 .1 0 1 2 0 ,2 4 1 2 0 ,3 6 5 G o v e rn m e n t 1 5 .8 0 3 1 5 .7 4 4 1 5 .7 2 4 1 5 .7 2 4 1 5 .7 4 4 1 5 .7 2 1 1 5 .6 8 0 1 5 .6 6 1 1 5 .8 6 1 1 5 .7 7 5 1 5 .7 7 6 1 5 .7 7 0 1 5 .7 4 2 1 5 ,7 7 6 1 5 ,7 6 2 ........................................................................................... 2 .7 3 9 2 .7 5 2 2 .7 4 2 2 .7 4 9 2 .7 5 6 2 .7 4 2 2 ,7 3 8 2 .7 3 3 2 .7 7 3 2 .7 6 4 2 .7 6 3 2 ,7 6 8 2 .7 6 2 2 ,7 6 0 2 ,7 6 1 S ta te a n d l o c a l ........................................................................... 1 3 .0 6 4 1 2 .9 9 2 1 2 .9 8 2 1 2 .9 7 5 1 2 .9 8 8 1 2 .9 7 9 1 2 .9 4 2 1 2 .9 2 8 1 3 .0 8 3 1 3 .0 1 1 1 3 .0 1 3 1 3 .0 0 2 1 2 .9 8 0 1 3 ,0 1 6 1 3 ,0 0 1 F e d e ra l p p r e lim in a r y . 70 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: See " N o te s o n th e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is i o n . 12. Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-83 [Gross averages, p r o d u c t io n o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s o n n o n a g r ic u lt u r a l p a y r o lls ] Year A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v erag e A v e ra g e A v erag e A v erag e A v erag e A v erag e A v erag e A v erag e w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly e a r a le g s h o u rs e a m ln g s e a r n in g s h o u rs e a rn in g s e a r n in g s h o u rs e a r n in g s e a rn in g s h o u rs e a rn in g s P riv a te s e c to r M in in g C o n s tr u c tio n A v e ra g e M a n u f a c t u r in g 1950 .............................. $ 5 3 .1 3 3 9 .8 $ 1 .3 4 $ 6 7 .1 6 3 7 .9 $ 1 .7 7 $6 9 68 1955 .............................. 6 7 .7 2 3 9 .6 1 .7 1 8 9 .5 4 4 0 .7 2 .2 0 90 90 3 7 .1 2 .4 5 7 5 .3 0 4 0 .7 1 .8 5 ......................... 8 0 .6 7 3 8 .6 2 .0 9 1 0 5 .0 4 4 0 .4 2 .6 0 1 1 2 .5 7 3 6 .7 3 .0 7 89 72 39 7 2 .2 6 I9 6 0 1 3 7 .4 $ 1 .8 6 $ 5 8 .3 2 4 0 .5 $ 1 .4 4 1964 ............................. 9 1 .3 3 3 8 .7 2 .3 6 1 1 7 .7 4 4 1 .9 2 .8 1 132 06 3 7 .2 3 .5 5 1 0 2 .9 7 4 0 .7 2 .5 3 1965 .............................. 9 5 .4 5 3 8 .8 2 .4 6 1 2 3 .5 2 4 2 .3 2 .9 2 138 38 37 4 3 .7 0 1 0 7 .5 3 4 1 .2 2 .6 1 1966 .............................. 1967 .............................. 1968 9 8 .8 2 3 8 .6 2 .5 6 1 3 0 .2 4 4 2 .7 146 26 3 7 .6 3 .8 9 1 1 2 .1 9 4 1 .4 2 .7 1 1 0 1 .8 4 3 8 .0 2 .6 8 1 3 5 .8 9 4 2 .6 3 .1 9 154 95 3 7 .7 4 .1 1 114 49 40 6 2 .8 2 1 0 7 .7 3 3 7 .8 2 .8 5 1 4 2 .7 1 4 2 .6 3 .3 5 3 .0 5 164 49 3 7 .3 4 .4 1 1 2 2 .5 1 4 0 .7 3 .0 1 1969 ............................. 1 1 4 .6 1 3 7 .7 3 .0 4 154 80 4 3 .0 3 60 1 8 1 .5 4 3 7 .9 4 79 1 2 9 .5 1 4 0 .6 3 .1 9 1970 .............................. 1 1 9 .8 3 3 7 .1 3 .2 3 1 6 4 .4 0 4 2 .7 3 .8 5 1 9 5 .4 5 3 7 .3 5 .2 4 1 3 3 .3 3 3 9 .8 3 .3 5 1 9 7 1 .............................. 1 2 7 .3 1 3 6 .9 3 .4 5 1 7 2 .1 4 4 2 .4 4 .0 6 2 1 1 .6 7 1972 .............................. 1 3 6 .9 0 3 7 .0 3 .7 0 1 8 9 .1 4 42 6 4 .4 4 221 19 3 6 .5 6 06 1 5 4 .7 1 4 0 .5 3 .8 2 1973 .............................. 145 39 3 6 .9 3 .9 4 2 0 1 .4 0 4 2 .4 4 .7 5 2 3 5 .8 9 3 6 .8 6 .4 1 1 6 6 .4 6 4 0 .7 4 .0 9 3 7 .2 5 69 1 4 2 .4 4 3 9 .9 3 .5 7 1974 .............................. 1 5 4 .7 6 3 6 .5 4 .2 4 2 1 9 .1 4 4 1 .9 5 .2 3 2 4 9 .2 5 3 6 .6 6 .8 1 1 7 6 .8 0 4 0 .0 4 .4 2 1975 .............................. 1 6 3 .5 3 3 6 .1 4 .5 3 2 4 9 .3 1 4 1 .9 5 .9 5 2 6 6 .0 8 3 6 .4 7 .3 1 1 9 0 .7 9 3 9 .5 4 83 1976 .............................. 1 7 5 .4 5 3 6 .1 4 .8 6 2 7 3 .9 0 4 2 .4 6 .4 6 2 8 3 .7 3 3 6 .8 7 .7 1 209 32 4 0 .1 5 .2 2 1977 .............................. 1 8 9 .0 0 3 6 .0 5 .2 5 3 0 1 .2 0 4 3 .4 6 94 2 9 5 .6 5 3 6 .5 8 .1 0 2 2 8 .9 0 4 0 .3 5 .6 8 1978 .............................. 2 0 3 .7 0 35 8 5 .6 9 3 3 2 .8 8 43 4 7 .6 7 31 8 69 3 6 .8 8 .6 6 2 4 9 .2 7 4 0 .4 6 .1 7 1979 .............................. 2 1 9 .9 1 3 5 .7 6 .1 6 3 6 5 .0 7 4 3 .0 8 .4 9 342 99 3 7 .0 9 .2 7 2 6 9 .3 4 4 0 .2 6 .7 0 1980 ............................. 2 3 5 .1 0 3 5 .3 6 .6 6 3 9 7 .0 6 4 3 .3 9 .1 7 3 6 7 78 3 7 .0 9 .9 4 2 8 8 .6 2 3 9 .7 7 27 1 9 8 1 .............................. 2 5 5 .2 0 3 5 .2 7 .2 5 4 3 9 .7 5 4 3 .7 1 0 .0 4 299 26 3 6 .9 1 0 .8 2 3 1 8 .0 0 39 8 7 .9 9 1982 ............................. 2 6 6 .9 2 3 4 .8 7 .6 7 4 5 9 .2 3 4 2 .6 1 0 .7 8 4 2 6 .4 5 3 6 .7 1 1 .6 2 330 65 38 9 8 50 1983 ............................. 2 8 0 .3 5 3 5 .0 8 .0 1 4 8 0 25 4 2 .5 1 1 .3 0 4 4 1 .8 6 3 7 .1 1 1 .9 1 3 5 4 .4 8 4 0 .1 8 84 T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d W h o le s a le a n d r e t a il tra d e u tilitie s S e r v ic e s r e a l e s ta te 1950 .............................. $ 4 4 .5 5 4 0 .5 $ 1 .1 0 $5 0 52 1955 .............................. 5 5 .1 6 39 4 1 40 63 92 37 6 1 .7 0 ......................... 6 6 .0 1 3 8 .6 1 .7 1 7 5 .1 4 37 2 2 02 I9 6 0 1 37 7 $ 1 .3 4 1964 .............................. $ 1 1 8 .7 8 4 1 .1 $ 2 89 7 4 .6 6 3 7 .9 1 .9 7 8 5 79 3 7 .3 2 30 $ 7 0 .0 3 3 6 .1 1965 ............................. 1 2 5 .1 4 4 1 .3 3 .0 3 7 6 .9 1 3 7 .7 2 .0 4 8 8 91 3 7 .2 2 .3 9 7 3 .6 0 35 9 2 .0 5 1966 .............................. 1 2 8 .1 3 4 1 .2 3 .1 1 79 39 3 7 .1 2 .1 4 9 2 13 3 7 .3 2 .4 7 7 7 .0 4 3 5 .5 2 .1 7 1967 ............................. 1 3 0 .8 2 4 0 .5 3 .2 3 8 2 .3 5 3 6 .6 2 .2 5 9 5 72 3 7 .1 2 .5 8 8 0 .3 8 3 5 .1 2 .2 9 1968 ............................. 1 3 8 .8 5 4 0 .6 3 .4 2 87 00 3 6 .1 2 .4 1 1 0 1 .7 5 3 7 .0 2 .7 5 8 3 .9 7 3 4 .7 1969 ............................. 1 4 7 .7 4 4 0 .7 3 .6 3 91 3 9 3 5 .7 2 .5 6 1 0 8 .7 0 3 7 .1 2 93 9 0 57 3 4 .7 2 .6 1 1970 .............................. 1 5 5 .9 3 4 0 .5 3 .8 5 9 6 .0 2 3 5 .3 2 .7 2 11 2 67 3 6 .7 3 .0 7 9 6 66 3 4 .4 2 .8 1 $ 1 .9 4 2 .4 2 1 9 7 1 .............................. 1 6 8 .8 2 4 0 .1 4 21 101 0 9 35 1 2 .8 8 1 1 7 .8 5 3 6 .6 3 .2 2 1 0 3 .0 6 33 9 3 04 1972 .............................. 1 8 7 .8 6 40 4 4 .6 5 1 0 6 .4 5 34 9 3 .0 5 1 2 2 .9 8 3 6 .6 3 .3 6 1 1 0 .8 5 33 9 3 .2 7 1973 ............................. 2 0 3 31 40 5 5 .0 2 1 1 1 .7 6 34 6 3 23 12 9 20 36 6 3 53 1 1 7 29 33 8 3 .4 7 1974 ............................. 21 7 48 4 0 .2 5 .4 1 119 02 3 4 .2 3 .4 8 1 3 7 .6 1 36 5 3 77 1 2 6 .0 0 33 6 3 .7 5 1975 ............................. 2 3 3 .4 4 3 9 .7 5 .8 8 126 45 33 9 3 .7 3 1 4 8 .1 9 3 6 .5 4 06 1 3 4 .6 7 33 5 4 02 1976 ............................. 2 5 6 .7 1 3 9 .8 6 .4 5 1 3 3 .7 9 3 3 .7 3 .9 7 1 5 5 .4 3 3 6 .4 4 .2 7 1 4 3 .5 2 3 3 .3 4 .3 1 1977 ............................. 2 7 8 .9 0 3 9 .9 6 .9 9 1 4 2 .5 2 3 3 .3 4 .2 8 1 6 5 .2 6 36 4 4 .5 4 1 5 3 .4 5 33 0 1978 ............................. 302 80 40 0 7 .5 7 1 5 3 .6 4 3 2 .9 4 .6 7 1 7 8 .0 0 3 6 .4 4 .8 9 1 6 3 .6 7 32 8 4 .9 9 1979 .............................. 3 2 5 .5 8 3 9 .9 8 .1 6 1 6 4 .9 6 3 2 .6 5 06 19 0 77 36 2 5 .2 7 1 7 5 .2 7 3 2 .7 5 36 1980 5 .8 5 4 .6 5 ............................. 3 5 1 .2 5 3 9 .6 8 87 176 46 3 2 .2 5 48 2 0 9 .6 0 3 6 .2 5 .7 9 1 9 0 .7 1 32 6 1 9 8 1 ............................. 3 8 2 .1 8 39 4 9 .7 0 1 9 0 .6 2 3 2 .2 5 .9 2 229 05 36 3 6 .3 1 2 0 8 97 32 6 6 .4 1 1982 ............................. 4 0 1 .7 0 3 9 .0 1 0 .3 0 19 8 10 3 1 .9 6 .2 1 2 4 5 .4 4 3 6 .2 6 78 2 2 4 .9 4 3 2 .6 6 90 1983 ............................. 4 2 1 .5 9 3 9 .0 1 0 .8 1 2 0 7 .0 3 3 1 .9 6 .4 9 2 6 4 .2 6 3 6 .2 7 .3 0 237 40 3 2 .7 7 26 1 D a ta in c lu d e A la s k a a n d H a w a ii b e g i n n in g in 1 9 5 9 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 71 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 13. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [ G r o s s a v e r a g e s , p r o d u c t io n o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s o n p r iv a te n o n a g r ic u lt u r a l p a y r o lls ] 1983 A n n u al a v e ra g e 1984 In d u s t r y d iv is io n a n d g r o u p 1982 P R IV A T E S E C T O R M A N U F A C T U R IN G O v e r t im e h o u r s .......................................................... 1983 M ar. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. F e b .P M a r .P 3 4 .8 3 5 .0 3 4 .8 3 4 .9 3 5 .1 3 5 .1 3 5 .0 3 5 .0 3 5 .2 3 5 .3 3 5 .2 3 5 .3 3 5 .5 3 5 .4 3 5 .2 3 8 .9 4 0 .1 3 9 .5 4 0 .1 4 0 .0 4 0 .1 4 0 .2 4 0 .3 4 0 .8 4 0 .6 4 0 .6 4 0 .5 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 0 .5 2 .3 3 .0 2 .6 2 .9 2 .7 2 .9 3 .0 3 .1 3 .3 3 .3 3 .4 3 .4 3 .5 3 .6 3 .4 4 1 .1 39 3 40 7 3 9 .9 4 0 .5 4 0 .4 4 0 .6 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 4 1 .5 4 1 .2 4 1 .2 4 1 .1 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 O v e r t im e h o u r s .......................................................... 2 .2 3 .0 2 .5 2 .8 2 .6 2 .8 3 .0 3 .1 3 .4 3 .4 3 .5 3 .5 3 .7 3 .7 3 .6 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s .......................................... 38 0 4 0 .0 3 9 .5 4 0 .0 3 9 .8 4 0 .0 3 9 .9 4 0 .2 4 0 .5 4 0 .3 3 9 .7 3 9 .7 4 0 .8 4 0 .4 3 9 .6 F u r n i tu r e a n d f ix t u r e s 3 7 .2 3 9 .4 38 3 39 3 3 9 .2 4 0 .1 3 9 .8 4 0 .0 4 1 .4 4 0 .6 4 1 .0 4 1 .2 4 1 .6 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 2 .1 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .6 4 2 .3 4 2 .6 4 1 .6 4 0 .8 4 0 .9 4 1 .2 4 1 .7 4 1 .6 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 4 2 .0 4 1 .5 D u r a b le g o o d s ...................................................... S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ............................. 3 9 .6 3 9 .7 3 9 .7 3 9 .7 4 0 .1 4 0 .2 3 9 .7 3 8 .9 P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s .................................................. 3 8 .6 4 0 .5 3 9 .4 39 9 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 F a b ric a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s .............................................. 3 9 .2 4 0 .6 3 9 .7 4 0 .5 4 0 .4 4 0 .5 4 0 .7 4 0 .9 4 1 .6 4 1 .2 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 4 1 .2 39 7 4 0 .5 3 9 .7 4 2 .0 4 1 .5 4 0 .2 4 0 .0 4 0 .4 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 4 1 .2 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 4 1 .4 4 1 .8 E l e c tr ic a n d e l e c t r o n ic e q u i p m e n t ............................. 39 3 4 0 .5 3 9 .8 4 0 .4 4 0 .3 4 0 .5 4 0 .8 4 0 .7 4 1 .1 4 1 .1 4 1 .1 4 0 .9 4 1 .4 4 1 .3 T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t .............................................. 4 0 .5 4 2 .1 4 1 .7 4 2 .3 4 1 .6 4 1 .9 4 2 .0 4 1 .8 4 3 .5 4 2 .5 4 2 .5 4 1 .9 4 3 .4 4 3 .2 42 8 I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ............................. 3 9 .8 40 4 4 0 .0 4 0 .5 4 0 .4 4 0 .1 4 0 .7 4 0 .4 4 1 .0 4 0 .7 40 6 4 0 .7 4 1 .4 4 1 .2 4 0 .8 3 8 .4 3 9 .4 3 9 .0 3 9 .5 3 9 .4 3 9 .6 39 5 3 9 .5 3 9 .9 3 9 .7 3 9 .7 3 9 .7 4 0 .0 4 0 .0 3 9 .6 2 .5 3 .0 2 .7 3 .0 2 .9 3 .0 3 .0 3 .1 3 .1 3 .1 3 .1 3 .2 3 .2 3 .3 3 .2 3 9 .4 M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l .......................................... N o n d u r a b le g o o d s O v e r t im e h o u r s .......................................................... 4 0 .8 .......................................... 3 9 .4 3 9 .5 3 9 .2 3 9 .6 3 9 .4 3 9 .8 3 9 .6 3 9 .9 3 9 .7 3 9 .5 3 9 .6 3 9 .6 3 9 .8 3 9 .7 T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s .......................................................... 3 7 .5 4 0 .4 3 9 .6 40 6 4 0 .4 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 40 9 4 1 .3 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 4 1 .1 4 0 .9 4 0 .3 A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r te x t ile p r o d u c t s ......................... 3 4 .7 3 6 .2 3 5 .6 36 2 3 6 .1 3 6 .1 3 5 .8 3 6 .2 3 6 .8 3 6 .5 3 6 .4 3 6 .5 3 7 .3 3 7 .1 3 6 .6 P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s .............................................. 4 1 .8 4 2 .6 4 2 .1 4 2 .4 4 2 .7 4 2 .8 4 2 .9 4 2 .9 4 3 .3 4 3 .2 4 3 .0 4 3 .0 4 3 .2 4 3 .3 4 2 .7 3 7 .7 F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s 3 7 .1 3 7 .6 3 7 .4 3 7 .7 3 7 .4 3 7 .6 3 7 .7 3 7 .5 3 7 .8 3 8 .0 3 7 .9 3 7 .6 3 7 .9 3 7 .9 C h e m i c a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..................................... 4 0 .9 4 1 .6 4 1 .2 4 1 .5 4 1 .6 4 1 .9 4 1 .8 4 1 .6 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 4 2 .2 4 2 .2 4 1 .9 P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ...................................... 4 3 .9 4 3 .9 4 4 .9 4 3 .5 4 3 .6 4 3 .8 4 3 .7 4 3 .5 43 2 4 3 .5 4 3 .6 4 4 .5 4 5 .1 4 4 .6 45 0 3 5 .6 3 6 .8 3 6 .0 3 7 .0 3 6 .8 3 6 .8 3 7 .4 3 7 .2 3 7 .7 3 7 .5 3 7 .2 3 7 .0 3 7 .3 3 7 .3 3 6 .6 3 9 .0 39 0 3 8 .8 3 8 .8 3 8 .9 3 8 .9 3 8 .9 3 9 .3 39 4 3 9 .4 3 9 .2 3 9 .4 3 9 .5 3 9 .3 3 9 .2 3 1 .9 L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c t s ..................................... T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E 3 1 .9 3 1 .9 3 1 .7 3 1 .7 3 1 .9 3 2 .0 3 1 .9 3 1 .8 3 1 .8 3 2 .1 3 2 .0 3 2 .4 3 2 .2 3 2 .1 W HO LESALE TRADE 3 8 .4 38 6 3 8 .4 3 8 .5 3 8 .6 3 8 .7 38 6 3 8 .5 3 8 .7 3 8 .7 3 8 .7 3 8 .7 38 8 3 8 .7 3 8 .5 29 6 29 9 29 9 29 8 2 9 .7 29 7 3 0 .0 3 0 .0 3 0 .4 3 0 .1 3 0 .0 2 9 .9 3 2 .7 32 9 3 2 .7 3 2 .6 3 2 .7 3 2 .8 32 9 3 2 .7 3 2 .6 3 2 .8 3 2 .7 3 2 .7 R E T A IL T R A D E 29 9 2 9 .8 2 9 .7 S E R V IC E S 3 2 .6 3 2 .7 3 2 .7 p = p r e lim in a r y . 72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: See N o te s o n th e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n . 14. Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] 1983 A n n u al a v e ra g e 1984 In d u s try d iv is io n s n d g r o u p P R IV A T E S E C T O R 1982 1983 M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Jan. F e b .p M a r .P $ 7 .6 7 $ 8 .0 1 $ 7 .9 0 $ 7 .9 4 $ 7 .9 7 $ 7 .9 7 $ 8 .0 0 $ 7 .9 4 $ 8 .1 1 $ 8 .1 5 $ 8 .1 6 $ 8 .1 6 $ 8 .2 6 $ 8 .2 4 $ 8 .2 4 7 .9 1 7 .9 5 7 .9 7 8 00 8 .0 3 7 .9 8 8 .0 8 8 .1 3 8 .1 3 8 .1 6 8 .2 3 8 .2 3 8 .2 5 S e a s o n a lly a d j u s t e d .................................................. <1 ) <1 > M IN IN G 1 0 .7 8 1 1 .3 0 1 1 .1 9 1 1 .2 8 1 1 .2 0 1 1 .2 5 1 1 .2 9 1 1 .2 8 1 1 .3 5 1 1 .3 5 1 1 .4 3 1 1 .4 4 1 1 .5 6 1 1 .4 8 1 1 .5 6 C O N S T R U C T IO N 1 1 .6 2 1 1 .9 1 1 1 .9 5 1 1 .9 0 1 1 .8 0 1 1 .7 4 1 1 .7 8 1 1 .8 4 1 2 .0 3 1 2 .0 4 1 1 .8 9 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .0 7 1 1 .9 8 1 1 .9 6 8 .5 0 8 .8 4 8 .7 4 8 .7 7 8 .7 8 8 .8 1 8 .8 6 8 .7 9 8 .9 0 8 .9 2 899 9 .0 6 9 .0 9 9 .0 8 9 .1 1 D u r a b l e g o o d s .......................................................................................... 9 .0 6 9 .4 0 9 .2 9 9 .3 1 9 .3 4 9 .3 7 9 .4 0 9 34 9 .4 8 9 .4 9 9 .5 6 9 63 9 .6 6 9 .6 6 9 .6 8 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ............................. 7 .4 6 7 .7 9 7 .6 8 7 .7 4 7 .7 8 7 85 7 82 7 .8 3 7 88 7 .8 7 7 80 7 80 7 .8 8 7 .8 8 M A N U F A C T U R IN G 7 .8 3 F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s .............................................. 6 .3 1 6 .6 2 6 .5 1 6 .5 1 6 .5 2 6 60 6 .6 5 6 .6 7 6 .7 3 6 .7 1 6 .7 2 6 .7 7 6 .7 6 6 .7 6 6 .7 8 S t o n e , c la y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ..................... 8 86 9 .2 8 9 .1 3 9 .1 6 9 .2 0 9 28 9 .3 4 9 .3 1 9 .4 3 9 .3 9 9 .4 1 9 .4 1 943 9 40 9 .4 0 1 1 .4 7 P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s ...................................... 1 1 .3 3 1 1 .3 3 1 1 .2 4 1 1 .2 5 1 1 .2 8 1 1 .2 3 1 1 .3 7 1 1 .2 8 1 1 .3 3 1 1 .2 8 1 1 .3 1 1 1 .3 5 1 1 .3 7 1 1 .4 6 F a b ric a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ................................. 8 .7 8 9 .1 4 9 .0 5 9 .0 7 9 .0 8 9 .1 1 9 .1 0 9 .1 2 9 .2 1 9 .2 2 9 .2 7 9 .3 8 9 .3 4 9 34 9 .3 4 M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ............................. 9 .2 9 9 .6 3 9 .4 6 9 .4 8 9 .5 9 9 .6 3 9 .6 5 9 .6 1 9 .7 1 9 .7 4 9 .8 1 9 .9 1 9 92 9 94 9 95 8 .2 1 8 .6 7 8 .6 0 8 .6 0 8 .6 0 8 .6 3 8 .6 9 8 .6 4 8 .7 5 8 .7 3 8 78 8 .8 6 8 89 8 86 8 87 ................................. 1 1 .1 2 1 1 .6 8 1 1 .4 9 1 1 .5 3 1 1 .5 2 1 1 .6 3 1 1 .6 2 1 1 .5 3 1 1 .8 0 1 1 .8 8 12 02 12 06 1 2 .0 8 1 2 .0 5 1 2 .1 8 In s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ................. 8 .1 0 8 .5 4 8 47 8 46 8 48 8 .4 8 8 .5 7 8 .5 3 8 .6 1 8 60 8 62 8 .7 0 8 .7 4 8 .7 1 8 .7 5 M is c e l la n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r in g 6 .4 3 6 82 6 .7 5 6 76 6 82 6 .8 1 6 .8 2 6 .8 1 6 85 6 .8 5 6 .8 6 6 97 7 .0 3 6 99 6 .9 9 8 .0 5 E l e c tr ic a n d e l e c t r o n ic e q u i p m e n t ................. T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t ......................... 8 .1 1 8 .1 1 7 89 8 .1 7 8 .1 6 8 .2 0 8 .1 8 8 .1 7 8 .1 7 8 .1 2 8 .1 4 8 .1 3 8 .2 3 8 .3 3 8 .3 8 8 35 9 78 1 0 .3 2 1 0 .4 3 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .7 4 1 0 .9 1 10 84 1 0 .2 4 9 90 9 .6 7 1 0 .7 4 1 0 .1 8 1 0 .7 4 1 1 .1 0 1 1 .2 8 6 .4 2 7 .7 3 F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s 8 .0 7 8 04 ............................. T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s .......................................... N o n d u r a b le g o o d s 8 .0 0 8 .0 3 8 .0 3 8 11 8 .1 8 8 .2 4 8 .2 7 8 24 8 .2 7 8 .3 7 ’ T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s .............................................. 5 .8 3 6 .1 8 6 .1 1 6 .1 4 6 .1 4 6 .1 6 6 .1 7 6 .1 9 6 .2 3 6 .2 4 6 26 6 .3 1 6 .4 0 6 .4 2 A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t ile p r o d u c t s ................. 5 .2 0 5 .3 7 5 .3 3 5 .3 5 5 .3 3 5 .3 6 5 .3 5 5 35 5 39 5 .4 3 5 .4 5 5 46 5 .5 1 5 .4 6 5 .5 0 P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................. 9 .3 2 9 .9 3 9 .6 7 9 .7 2 9 .8 1 991 10 06 1 0 .0 2 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .1 0 1 0 .1 9 1 0 .2 3 1 0 .2 2 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .2 5 P r in t in g a n d p u b l i s h i n g .......................................... 8 .7 5 9 .1 2 9 .0 3 9 .0 3 9 05 9 06 9 .1 0 9 .1 4 9 .2 5 9 .2 4 9 .2 7 9 .3 1 9 .2 8 9 .3 0 9 .3 0 C h e m i c a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ......................... 9 .9 6 1 0 .5 9 1 0 .3 9 1 0 .4 3 10 50 1 0 .5 2 1 0 .5 8 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .6 9 1 0 .7 8 1 0 .8 6 1 0 .8 9 1 0 .9 0 1 0 .8 9 1 0 .8 9 ......................... 1 2 .4 6 1 3 .2 8 1 3 .2 8 1 3 .2 7 1 3 .1 7 1 3 .1 7 1 3 .2 0 1 3 .1 6 1 3 .3 6 1 3 .3 6 1 3 .4 4 1 3 .5 7 1 3 .4 7 1 3 .4 3 1 3 .5 6 p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s .................................................. 7 .6 5 8 .0 2 7 .9 2 7 .9 5 7 .9 7 7 .9 6 8 .0 6 8 03 8 .0 8 8 .1 2 8 .1 0 8 .1 8 8 .2 0 8 .1 9 8 .1 9 5 .3 2 5 53 5 .5 2 5 .5 2 5 .5 1 5 .4 9 5 .5 2 5 50 5 56 5 55 5 56 5 60 5 .6 7 5 67 5 67 1 0 .3 0 1 0 .8 1 1 0 .6 8 1 0 .7 2 1 0 .7 4 1 0 .7 3 10 86 10 68 10 90 10 93 1 1 .0 1 10 98 1 1 .0 5 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .0 0 P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s R u b b e r a n d m is c e l la n e o u s L e a t h e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c t s ......................... T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E 6 .2 1 649 6 .4 3 6 .4 5 6 .4 6 6 46 6 .4 8 6 47 6 54 6 57 6 58 6 .5 5 6 70 6 .7 0 6 .6 9 W HO LESALE TRADE 8 .0 2 8 .4 1 8 .2 7 8 .3 4 8 .3 6 8 .3 5 8 .4 2 8 ,4 1 8 .4 8 8 54 8 54 8 60 8 .6 9 8 .6 5 8 .6 4 R E T A IL T R A D E 5 .4 7 5 .7 3 5 68 5 .6 9 5 .7 1 5 71 5 .7 2 5 .7 1 5 .7 7 5 .7 8 5 .8 1 5 .7 7 5 .8 9 5 89 5 .8 9 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E 6 .7 8 7 30 7 .1 9 7 .2 3 7 .3 1 7 26 7 .3 0 7 .2 5 7 .3 3 7 .4 5 7 .3 9 7 .4 3 7 .5 5 7 .5 3 7 .5 2 S E R V IC E S 6 90 7 26 7 .1 7 7 .2 0 7 .2 3 7 .2 0 7 .1 8 7 .1 8 7 .3 1 7 .3 9 7 .4 1 7 .4 4 7 .5 4 7 52 7 .5 1 1 N o t a v a ila b le . p = p r e lim in a r y . 15. N O T E : S e e " N o t e s o n th e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n . Hourly Earnings Index, for production workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, by industry [1977 = 100] S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d N o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d P e rc e n t P e rc e n t change In d u s t r y P R IV A T E S E C T O R ( in c u rr e n t d o lla r s ) M i n i n g ................................................................................ change M a r. Jan. Feb. M a r. fro m : M a r. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. fro m : 1983 1984 1984P 1984P M ar. 1983 1983 1983 1983 1984 1984P 1984P Feb. 1984 to to M a r. 19 84 M a r. 19 84 153 3 158 9 1 5 8 .6 1 5 8 .6 3 .4 1 6 4 .0 1 7 1 .4 1 7 0 .6 1 7 0 .9 4 .2 1 5 3 .4 (1) 1 5 6 .9 ( 1) 1 5 7 .6 ( 1) 1 5 8 .3 (1) 158 2 ( 1) 1 5 8 .7 ( 1) 0 .3 ( 1) C o n s t r u c t i o n ................................................................... 1 4 4 .2 146 3 1 4 5 .2 1 4 5 .1 .6 1 4 5 .5 1 4 4 .6 1 4 5 .2 1 4 6 .2 1 4 6 .1 146 4 .2 M a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................... 1 5 6 .9 1 6 1 .1 1 6 1 .1 1 6 1 .5 2 .9 1 5 7 .1 1 5 9 .7 1 6 0 .1 1 6 0 .7 1 6 1 .1 1 6 1 .7 .4 1 5 5 .9 1 5 8 .7 158 9 1 6 0 .0 1 5 9 .6 1 6 0 .9 .8 1 4 9 .6 1 5 4 .1 1 5 4 .8 1 5 5 .2 1 5 5 .1 1 5 5 .3 ................. 1 5 5 .0 1 6 0 .7 1 6 0 .2 1 6 0 .0 3 .2 ................................. 149 9 1 5 5 .7 1 5 5 .6 1 5 5 .5 3 .8 F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s t a t e ................. 1 5 6 .7 1 6 4 .5 1 6 4 .0 1 6 4 .0 4 .7 S e rv ic e s 1 5 3 .2 1 6 1 .1 1 6 0 .4 1 6 0 .4 95 0 9 5 .3 9 4 .9 T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b l ic u t ilit ie s W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il t r a d e ........................................................................... P R IV A T E S E C T O R ( In c o n s ta n t d o lla r s ) (2 ) 1 T h i s s e r ie s is n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d b e c a u s e th e s e a s o n a l c o m p o n e n t is s m a ll r e la tiv e t o th e t r e n d - (1) 4 .7 (2) p = ( 1) ( 1) <1 ) ( 1) 1 5 2 .6 1 5 8 .1 1 5 9 .2 1 5 9 .8 1 5 9 .3 9 4 .9 9 4 .3 9 4 .7 9 4 .7 9 4 .6 ( 1) 1 5 9 .7 (2 ) .1 <1 ) .3 (2 > p r e lim in a r y , c y c le , i r r e g u la r c o m p o n e n t s , o r b o t h , a n d c o n s e q u e n t ly c a n n o t b e s e p a r a te d w it h s u f f ic ie n t p r e c is io n . 2 N o t a v a ila b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N O T E : S e e " N o t e s o n th e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n . 73 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 16. Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [ G r o s s a v e r a g e s , p r o d u c t io n o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s o n p r iv a te n o n a g r ic u lt u r a l p a y r o lls ] 1983 A n n u al av e ra g e 1984 In d u s t r y d iv is io n a n d g r o u p 1982 1983 M ar. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. F e b .P M a r .P $ 2 6 6 .9 2 $ 2 8 0 .3 5 $ 2 7 4 .1 3 $ 2 7 5 .5 2 $ 2 7 8 .1 5 $ 2 8 0 54 $ 2 8 3 .2 0 $ 2 8 1 .0 8 $ 2 8 6 .2 8 $ 2 8 7 .7 0 $ 2 8 6 .4 2 $ 2 8 9 68 $ 2 8 9 .1 0 $ 2 8 9 .2 2 $2 88 40 2 7 5 .2 7 2 7 7 .4 6 2 7 9 .7 5 28 0 80 2 8 1 .0 5 2 7 9 .3 0 2 8 4 .4 2 2 8 6 .9 9 2 8 6 .1 8 2 8 8 .0 5 2 9 2 .1 7 2 9 1 .3 4 2 9 0 .4 0 1 7 1 .1 5 1 6 9 .8 5 1 6 9 .5 5 1 7 0 .3 3 1 7 1 .3 7 1 7 2 .3 7 1 7 0 .3 5 1 7 2 .7 7 1 7 3 .3 1 1 7 2 .4 4 1 7 4 .4 0 1 7 3 .3 2 1 7 3 .0 8 4 6 9 .2 5 4 7 2 .6 4 4 7 8 .1 3 4 7 5 .3 1 4 8 1 .6 6 4 8 9 .1 9 4 9 0 .3 2 49 0 35 4 9 7 .6 4 5 0 1 .7 0 4 9 5 .9 4 $ 4 9 3 .6 1 4 4 1 .3 2 4 4 4 .9 5 4 5 0 .0 0 44 9 92 4 5 5 .9 4 4 4 9 .0 9 4 3 1 .6 1 4 4 1 .9 7 4 3 8 .1 4 4 4 3 .2 6 4 3 7 .7 4 3 6 9 .8 7 P R IV A T E S E C T O R C u r r e n t d o l l a r s ....................................................................... S e a s o n a lly a d j u s t e d ...................................................... ( 1) ( 1) 1 6 7 .8 7 C o n s ta n t ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s .................................................. M IN IN G 4 5 9 .2 3 4 8 0 .2 5 4 6 7 .7 4 C O N S T R U C T IO N 4 2 6 .4 5 4 4 1 .8 6 4 3 4 .9 8 4 3 6 .7 3 (1) M A N U F A C T U R IN G C u r r e n t d o l l a r s ....................................................................... 330 65 3 5 4 .4 8 3 4 6 .1 0 3 4 9 .0 5 3 5 0 .3 2 3 5 5 .0 4 3 5 4 .4 0 3 5 3 .3 6 3 6 3 .1 2 3 6 3 .0 4 3 6 6 .7 9 3 7 3 .2 7 3 6 9 .0 5 3 6 9 .5 6 C o n s ta n t ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s .................................................. 2 0 7 .9 6 2 1 6 .4 1 2 1 4 .4 4 2 1 4 .8 0 2 1 4 .5 3 2 1 6 .8 8 2 1 5 .7 0 2 1 4 .1 6 2 1 9 .1 4 2 1 8 .7 0 2 2 0 .8 2 2 2 4 .7 3 2 2 1 .2 5 2 2 1 .1 6 3 8 2 .3 0 3 7 9 .7 6 3 8 0 .1 4 3 9 2 .4 7 3 9 1 .9 4 3 9 6 .7 4 4 0 4 .4 6 <1 ) 3 5 6 .0 6 3 8 2 .5 8 3 7 2 .5 3 3 7 5 .1 9 3 7 7 .3 4 3 9 8 .9 6 3 9 9 .9 2 $ 3 9 9 .7 8 ......................................... 2 8 3 .4 8 3 1 1 .6 0 3 0 2 .5 9 3 0 8 .0 5 3 1 2 .7 6 3 2 0 .2 8 3 1 3 .5 8 3 1 9 .4 6 3 2 0 .7 2 3 1 8 .7 4 3 0 8 .8 8 3 1 0 .4 4 31 0 47 3 1 2 .8 4 3 0 9 .2 9 F u r n i tu r e a n d f i x t u r e s .......................................................... 2 3 4 .7 3 2 6 0 .8 3 2 5 1 .2 9 2 5 3 .8 9 2 5 4 .2 8 2 6 3 .3 4 2 5 8 .6 9 267 47 2 7 1 .2 2 2 7 1 .0 8 2 6 9 .4 7 2 7 7 .5 7 2 6 3 .6 4 264 32 2 6 5 .7 8 ................................. 3 5 4 .4 0 3 8 4 .1 9 36 8 85 3 7 4 .6 4 3 8 0 .8 8 390 69 3 9 1 .3 5 3 9 1 .9 5 3 9 9 .8 3 3 9 5 .3 2 3 9 5 .2 2 3 9 4 .2 8 3 8 5 .6 9 3 9 0 .1 0 3 8 9 .1 6 D u r a b le g o o d s L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s .................................................. 3 4 4 .1 8 4 5 8 .8 7 4 5 6 .2 3 4 5 1 .1 3 4 5 2 .3 3 4 5 4 .8 2 4 6 0 .4 9 4 5 7 .9 7 4 6 9 .0 6 4 6 4 .7 4 4 7 0 .5 0 4 7 8 .9 7 4 7 6 .4 0 4 8 1 .3 2 479 45 F a b ric a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s .................................................. 3 4 4 .1 8 3 7 1 .0 8 3 6 1 .1 0 3 6 4 .6 1 3 6 6 .8 3 3 7 1 .6 9 3 6 5 .8 2 3 7 2 .1 0 3 8 1 .2 9 3 8 0 .7 9 385 63 3 9 6 .7 7 3 8 6 .6 8 3 8 7 .6 1 3 8 6 .6 8 M a c h in e r y e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l .............................................. 3 6 8 .8 1 390 02 3 7 7 .4 0 3 7 9 .2 0 3 8 2 .6 4 3 8 8 .0 9 3 8 6 .9 7 3 8 7 .2 8 3 9 9 .0 8 4 0 0 .3 1 4 0 8 .1 0 4 2 2 .1 7 4 1 4 .6 6 4 1 7 .4 8 4 1 6 .9 1 P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s t r ie s ............................. 3 2 2 .6 5 3 5 1 .1 4 3 4 4 .0 0 3 4 4 .8 6 3 4 5 .7 2 3 5 0 .3 8 3 5 0 .2 1 34 9 92 3 5 8 .7 5 3 5 8 .8 0 3 6 3 .4 9 3 7 0 .3 5 3 6 6 .2 7 3 6 4 .1 5 T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t .................................................. 4 5 0 .3 6 4 9 1 .7 3 4 8 0 .2 8 4 8 4 .2 6 4 8 2 .6 9 4 9 1 .9 5 4 8 4 .5 5 4 7 5 .0 4 5 0 5 .0 4 5 0 6 .0 9 5 1 5 .6 6 5 2 2 .2 0 5 1 8 .2 3 5 1 6 .9 5 5 2 2 .5 2 ............................. 3 2 2 .3 8 3 4 5 .0 2 3 4 0 .4 9 3 3 9 .2 5 3 4 1 .7 4 3 4 0 .9 0 3 4 4 .5 1 3 4 3 .7 6 3 5 3 .0 1 3 5 0 .0 2 3 5 3 .4 2 3 6 0 .1 8 3 5 9 .2 1 3 5 7 .9 8 3 5 8 .7 5 2 7 4 .7 1 E le c tr ic a n d e l e c t r o n ic e q u i p m e n t In s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts 3 6 4 .5 6 2 4 7 .5 6 2 6 6 .6 6 2 6 3 .2 5 2 6 3 .6 4 2 6 4 .6 2 2 6 4 .9 1 2 6 4 .6 2 2 6 6 .2 7 2 7 0 .5 8 2 7 2 .6 3 2 7 3 .7 1 2 7 9 .5 0 2 7 3 .4 7 2 7 6 .8 0 2 9 6 .8 3 3 1 7 .9 6 3 1 1 .2 0 3 1 3 .9 7 3 1 5 .5 8 3 1 9 .1 9 3 1 9 .5 3 3 1 9 .5 9 3 2 5 .2 1 3 2 3 .5 9 3 2 7 .2 0 c33 0 42 3 2 6 .6 7 3 2 6 .3 0 3 2 7 .4 9 F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s .............................................. 3 1 0 .8 7 3 2 2 .7 2 3 1 6 .6 1 3 1 8 .9 8 3 2 1 .4 7 3 2 5 .1 7 3 2 2 .7 2 3 2 4 .8 0 3 2 8 .8 6 3 2 3 .5 7 3 2 7 .5 5 c 3 3 2 .3 7 3 3 0 .1 7 3 2 7 .3 2 3 2 8 .9 4 T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s 4 0 1 .8 2 4 2 1 .8 7 M is c e l la n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g .......................................... N o n d u r a b le g o o d s ...................................................... 3 6 9 .6 8 3 8 5 .9 7 3 7 8 .6 1 3 9 5 .7 5 4 0 1 .6 8 4 2 0 .0 4 3 9 8 .9 1 3 8 6 .0 5 3 8 0 .1 6 3 7 0 .3 6 4 3 1 .7 5 3 8 4 .8 0 4 0 9 .1 9 T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s .............................................................. 2 1 8 .6 3 2 4 9 .6 7 2 4 2 .5 7 2 4 6 .8 3 2 4 8 .6 7 2 5 3 .1 8 2 4 8 .0 3 2 5 4 .4 1 2 5 7 .9 2 2 5 6 .4 6 2 5 6 .6 6 2 5 8 .7 1 2 5 7 .9 2 2 6 0 .6 5 2 5 9 .3 7 A p p a re l a n d o t h e r t e x tile p r o d u c t s ............................. 1 8 0 .4 4 1 9 4 .3 9 1 9 0 .2 8 192 07 1 9 2 .4 1 1 9 6 .1 8 1 9 3 .1 4 1 9 5 .8 1 1 9 8 .3 5 1 9 9 .8 2 2 0 0 .0 2 1 9 9 .6 5 1 9 8 .9 1 2 0 0 .3 8 2 0 1 .8 5 P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s .................................................. 3 8 9 .5 8 4 2 3 .0 2 4 0 6 .1 4 4 1 0 .1 8 4 1 5 .9 4 4 2 5 .1 4 4 2 9 .5 6 4 2 8 .8 6 4 3 9 .7 9 4 3 6 .3 2 4 4 0 .2 1 4 4 8 .0 7 4 4 0 .4 8 4 3 8 .0 1 4 3 6 .6 5 P r in tin g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ...................................................... 3 2 4 .6 3 3 4 2 .9 1 338 63 3 3 7 .7 2 3 3 7 .5 7 3 3 8 .8 4 3 4 1 .2 5 3 4 4 .5 8 3 5 1 .5 0 3 5 1 .1 2 3 5 3 .1 9 3 5 7 .5 0 3 4 8 .0 0 3 4 9 .6 8 3 5 2 .4 7 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..................................... 4 0 7 .3 6 4 4 0 .5 4 4 2 8 .0 7 4 3 2 .8 5 4 3 5 .7 5 4 4 0 .7 9 4 4 0 .1 3 4 3 9 .2 5 4 4 7 .9 1 4 4 9 .5 3 4 5 7 .2 1 4 6 1 .7 4 4 5 7 .8 0 4 5 7 .3 8 4 5 6 .2 9 P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ......................................... 5 4 6 .9 9 5 8 2 .9 9 5 8 4 .3 2 5 8 1 .2 3 5 7 5 .7 3 5 7 9 .4 8 5 8 4 .7 6 5 7 2 .4 6 5 9 1 .8 5 5 8 5 .1 7 5 9 0 .0 2 c6 0 2 9 9 5 9 4 .0 3 5 8 4 .2 1 5 9 9 .3 5 p l a s tic s p r o d u c t s .............................................................. 3 0 2 .9 4 3 3 0 .4 2 3 2 1 .5 5 3 2 6 .7 5 3 2 7 .5 7 3 2 8 .7 5 3 2 9 .6 5 3 3 0 .8 4 3 3 8 .5 5 34 0 23 3 4 0 .2 0 3 4 7 .6 5 3 4 4 .4 0 3 4 4 .8 0 3 4 1 .5 2 L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c t s .......................................... 1 8 9 .3 9 2 0 3 .5 0 1 9 7 .0 6 2 0 1 .4 8 2 0 4 .4 2 2 0 7 .5 2 2 0 7 .0 0 2 0 6 .2 5 2 0 8 .5 0 2 0 6 .4 6 2 0 7 .3 9 2 0 8 .8 8 2 0 8 .0 9 2 0 9 .7 9 2 0 5 .8 2 4 1 9 .5 4 4 2 5 .7 1 R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S 4 0 1 .7 0 4 2 1 .5 9 413 32 4 1 3 .7 9 4 1 5 .6 4 4 2 1 .8 6 4 2 9 .4 6 4 3 0 .6 4 4 3 2 .6 9 4 3 5 .9 1 4 3 2 .0 6 43 0 49 4 3 0 .1 0 W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E 1 9 8 .1 0 2 0 7 .0 3 2 0 1 .9 0 2 0 3 .1 8 205 43 2 0 7 .3 7 2 1 0 .6 0 2 0 9 .6 3 2 0 9 .2 8 2 1 0 .2 4 209 90 2 1 4 .1 9 2 1 1 .7 2 2 1 1 .0 5 2 1 1 .4 0 W HO LESA LE TRADE 3 0 7 .9 7 3 2 4 .6 3 3 1 6 .7 4 3 1 9 .4 2 3 2 1 .8 6 3 2 3 .1 5 3 2 6 .7 0 3 2 5 .4 7 3 2 8 .1 8 3 3 1 .3 5 3 3 1 .3 5 3 3 5 .4 0 335 43 3 3 2 .1 6 3 3 1 .7 8 R E T A IL T R A D E 1 6 3 .5 5 1 7 0 .7 5 1 6 6 .4 2 1 6 7 .2 9 1 6 9 .5 9 1 7 1 .8 7 1 7 5 .0 3 1 7 4 .1 6 1 7 2 .5 2 1 7 2 .8 2 1 7 3 .1 4 1 7 7 .7 2 1 7 3 .1 7 1 7 3 .1 7 1 7 3 .7 6 F IN A N C E . IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E 2 4 5 .4 4 2 6 4 .2 6 2 5 8 .8 4 2 6 1 .0 0 2 6 5 .3 5 2 6 2 .0 9 2 6 4 .9 9 2 6 1 .7 3 2 6 3 .8 8 2 7 0 .4 4 2 6 6 .7 8 268 97 276 33 2 7 3 .3 4 2 7 2 .2 2 S E R V IC E S 2 2 4 .9 4 2 3 7 .4 0 2 3 3 .7 4 2 3 4 .7 2 2 3 6 .4 2 2 3 6 .8 8 2 3 7 .6 6 2 3 7 .6 6 2 3 9 .0 4 2 4 2 .3 9 2 4 1 .5 7 2 4 2 .5 4 2 4 5 .8 0 2 4 5 .1 5 2 4 4 .8 3 1 N o t a v a ila b le . c = p NOTE: p r e lim in a r y . 17. [In c o r r e c te d S e e ' N o te s o n th e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is i o n . Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased p e r c e n t] T im e Jan. Year Feb. M ar. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. span 1982 1 -m o n th 1983 span 1984 O ver 1982 3 -m o n th 1983 2 8 .5 4 5 .4 3 6 .0 3 9 .0 4 7 .6 32 8 3 8 .4 3 7 .1 3 4 .1 2 9 .3 32 0 4 2 .2 5 6 .5 4 5 .7 62 4 6 9 .1 7 1 .0 6 4 .5 6 8 .5 6 8 .0 6 0 .8 7 0 .7 6 4 .5 6 4 .0 . . 66 9 P 6 9 .4 P 6 5 .1 — — — — — — — — — . 2 5 .3 2 8 .8 3 2 .0 3 4 .1 3 2 .5 3 3 .6 2 7 .2 2 7 .2 2 6 .1 2 5 .5 2 4 .7 4 0 .6 P 7 9 .3 P 7 9 .3 6 5 .6 75 8 7 6 .1 7 7 .2 7 3 .9 7 9 .6 79 6 7 4 .2 7 2 .0 7 5 .0 . . . . . spa n O ver 1982 2 0 .2 2 3 .7 2 5 .3 2 9 .8 2 6 .1 2 6 .1 2 3 .4 1 9 .1 2 1 .2 2 6 .1 26 6 3 5 .8 6 -m o n th 1983 5 0 .5 6 3 .2 73 4 76 3 7 9 .3 83 6 8 2 .5 8 0 .4 8 2 .0 8 4 .1 P 8 2 .8 P 8 2 .3 3 1 .5 3 7 .6 4 4 .1 spa n O ver 1982 1 2 -m o n th 1983 . . . 2 2 .0 2 0 .7 18 0 1 9 .4 1 8 .3 2 0 .7 2 0 .7 2 2 .8 2 4 .2 4 8 .9 5 8 .3 62 6 7 3 .4 7 6 .1 8 1 .2 8 4 .4 P 8 7 .9 P 8 6 .0 span p = p r e lim in a r y . NOTE: F ig u r e s a r e th e p e r c e n t o f in d u s tr ie s w it h e m p lo y m e n t r is in g . ( H a lf o f th e u n c h a n g e d c o m p o n e n t s 74 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a re c o u n t e d a s r i s i n g . ) D a ta a re c e n te re d w i t h i n th e s p a n s See " N o te s S e e th e " D e f in it io n s ” in t h is s e c t io n . o n th e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n . UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA are compiled monthly by the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. De partment of Labor from monthly reports of unemployment insur ance activity prepared by State agencies. Railroad unemployment insurance data are prepared by the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board. N a t i o n a l u n e m p l o y m e n t in s u r a n c e d a persons in unemployment insurance programs to indicate they are out of work and wish to begin receiving compensation. A claimant who continued to be unemployed a full week is then counted in the insured unemployment figure. The rate of insured unemployment expresses the number of in sured unemployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a 12-month period. t a Definitions Average weekly seasonally adjusted insured unemployment data are computed by BLS’ Weekly Seasonal Adjustment program. This procedure incorporated the X -l 1 Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjust ment program. Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured un employment under State programs, Unemployment Compensation for ExServicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees, and the Railroad Insurance Act. An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required for subsequent periods in the same year. Number of payments are payments made in 14-day registration periods. The average amount of benefit payment is an average for all compensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments. However, total benefits paid have been adjusted. Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs for civilian em ployees, insured workers must report the completion of at least 1 week o f unemployment before they are defined as unemployed. Persons not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10 percent of the labor force) and those who have exhausted or not yet earned benefit rights are excluded from the scope of the survey. Initial claims are notices filed by 18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations [ A l l I t e m s e x c e p t a v e r a g e b e n e f i t s a m o u n t s a r e in t h o u s a n d s ] 1983 1984 I te m Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay J u ly June Aug. S e p t. N ov. O c t. D ec. Jan. F e b .P A ll p r o g r a m s : 5 ,4 3 7 I n s u r e d u n e m p l o y m e n t ...................................... In it ia l c la i m s 2 5 ,1 3 4 3 ,9 4 7 4 ,6 4 2 3 ,4 8 1 2 ,9 1 7 3 ,2 7 5 2 ,5 8 0 2 ,4 7 8 2 ,6 2 0 2 ,9 1 5 3 ,3 7 4 3 ,1 7 4 3 ,1 7 4 S t a te u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e p r o g r a m : 1 ........................................................... 2 ,0 6 5 2 ,0 7 5 1 ,8 7 4 1 ,6 6 6 1 ,7 4 0 1 ,8 0 4 1 ,6 6 8 1 ,3 8 1 1 ,5 2 2 1 ,7 5 7 2 ,1 0 5 2 ,3 5 6 1 ,5 6 0 4 ,7 5 9 4 ,4 0 1 3 ,9 0 6 3 ,3 6 1 3 ,0 6 3 3 ,0 4 9 2 ,7 6 6 2 ,4 4 9 2 ,3 5 8 2 ,5 0 8 2 ,8 0 5 3 ,2 4 9 3 ,0 5 6 I n s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e w e e k ly v o l u m e ) ................................................... R a te o f in s u r e d u n e m p l o y m e n t ..................... 5 5 5 .0 4 .5 3 .9 3 .5 3 .5 3 .2 2 .8 2 .7 2 .9 3 .3 3 .8 3 .6 W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d . . . r 16 ,8 9 3 1 9 ,5 2 9 1 4 ,9 8 6 1 3 ,1 3 3 1 2 ,8 1 9 1 0 ,9 5 9 1 1 ,3 0 5 9 ,3 8 3 8 ,4 1 7 9 ,3 0 1 1 0 ,1 6 8 1 2 ,1 2 4 1 1 ,9 7 4 A v e r a g e w e e k ly b e n e fit a m o u n t ............................. r $ 1 2 4 .5 1 $ 1 2 5 .4 7 $ 1 2 4 .8 5 $ 1 2 4 .4 9 $ 1 2 3 .4 4 $ 1 2 1 .5 9 $ 1 2 1 .4 2 $ 1 2 1 .3 6 $ 1 2 3 .0 0 $ 1 2 2 .1 9 $ 1 2 2 .6 1 $ 1 2 3 .3 0 1 2 5 .3 6 .............................................. $ 2 ,0 5 2 ,8 9 9 $ 2 ,3 6 7 ,7 5 2 $ 1 ,8 1 6 ,5 3 9 $ 1 ,5 8 7 ,8 8 8 $ 1 ,5 4 9 ,7 5 8 $ 1 ,2 9 8 ,1 8 9 $ 1 ,3 3 7 ,4 4 2 $ 1 ,1 0 4 ,3 6 2 $ 1 ,0 0 2 ,1 4 1 $ 1 ,0 9 9 ,8 6 2 $ 1 ,2 0 3 ,6 0 5 $ 1 ,4 4 2 ,1 4 4 1 ,4 5 5 ,5 9 8 f o r t o t a l u n e m p lo y m e n t T o t a l b e n e fit s p a id S t a te u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e p r o g r a m : 1 ( S e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d d a ta ) 2 ,1 3 8 2 ,1 4 8 1 ,9 5 2 1 ,9 9 3 1 ,8 3 6 1 ,7 2 3 1 ,8 4 1 1 ,6 6 4 1 ,6 5 6 1 ,7 1 7 1 ,6 2 0 1 ,6 0 6 1 ,6 0 0 w e e k ly v o l u m e ) .................................................. 3 ,9 7 9 3 ,8 8 4 3 ,7 7 4 3 ,5 3 8 3 ,3 0 1 3 ,3 0 3 3 ,0 2 6 3 ,0 8 8 2 ,6 1 7 2 ,6 7 7 2 ,7 2 1 2 ,4 8 6 2 ,4 1 6 R a te o f i n s u r e d u n e m p l o y m e n t ..................... 4 .6 4 .5 4 .3 4 .1 3 .8 3 .8 3 .5 3 6 3 .1 3 .1 3 .2 2 .9 2 .8 In it ia l c la i m s 2 ........................................................... I n s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e ra g e U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r e x s e r v ic e m e n : 3 In it ia l c l a i m s 1 ........................................................... 16 18 15 14 16 16 19 17 16 15 14 15 13 37 34 30 26 25 25 26 27 28 28 27 27 24 I n s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e ra g e w e e k ly v o l u m e ) .................................................. 143 156 117 104 107 94 108 106 107 116 113 112 99 r$ 1 8 ,0 5 2 $ 1 9 ,5 8 8 $ 1 4 ,7 7 6 $ 1 3 ,1 1 1 $ 1 3 ,5 8 8 $ 1 2 ,1 1 8 $ 1 3 ,8 5 5 $ 1 3 ,5 1 9 $ 1 4 ,0 7 4 $ 1 5 ,1 2 1 $ 1 4 ,8 1 5 $ 1 4 ,5 5 3 1 2 ,9 6 7 W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d . .. T o t a l b e n e fit s p a id .............................................. U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r F e d e ra l c iv il ia n e m p lo y e e s : 4 In it ia l c l a i m s ............................................................... 10 11 10 9 13 12 11 11 15 13 13 16 10 33 31 26 22 21 23 22 22 25 27 29 32 31 In s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e ra g e w e e k ly v o l u m e ) ................................................... 13 1 146 109 93 90 85 94 83 88 110 119 133 129 rS 15 ,0 7 6 $ 1 6 ,8 7 1 $ 1 2 ,4 2 2 $ 1 0 ,6 0 3 $ 1 0 ,2 7 2 $ 9 ,6 4 0 $ 1 0 ,7 6 0 $ 9 ,5 2 2 $ 1 0 ,1 4 4 $ 1 2 ,4 1 5 $ 1 3 ,8 8 8 $ 1 5 ,5 6 5 1 5 ,0 3 6 7 8 94 4 30 55 14 9 7 8 8 10 4 W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d . T o t a l b e n e f it s p a id .............................................. R a i lr o a d u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e : A p p l i c a t i o n s ............................................................... I n s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e ra g e w e e k ly v o l u m e ) ................................................... 72 65 79 90 49 49 46 41 48 40 43 51 49 158 169 172 183 123 92 107 103 92 92 95 12 1 104 A v e r a g e a m o u n t o f b e n e fit p a y m e n t $ 2 1 4 .5 4 $ 2 1 3 .4 4 $ 2 0 3 .8 7 $ 2 1 5 .1 5 $ 2 0 3 .5 4 $ 1 9 9 .8 7 $ 2 1 4 .2 1 $ 2 1 4 .7 7 $ 2 1 1 .4 1 $ 2 1 2 .3 6 $ 2 1 3 .7 1 $ 2 1 0 .7 3 $ 2 0 9 .5 6 T o t a l b e n e fit s p a id $ 3 3 ,1 0 0 $ 3 6 ,2 4 3 $ 2 7 ,7 8 3 $ 2 9 ,4 1 1 $ 1 4 ,9 8 4 $ 1 7 ,5 5 1 $ 2 1 ,7 8 9 $ 2 0 ,2 3 9 $ 1 9 ,5 3 1 $ 1 9 ,5 3 6 $ 1 9 ,8 7 0 $ 2 3 ,8 6 6 $ 2 3 ,2 2 8 N u m b e r o f p a y m e n t s .......................................... .............................................. E m p l o y m e n t s e r v ic e : 5 N e w a p p l ic a t io n s a n d r e n e w a l s ..................... 8 ,3 8 1 1 1 ,9 8 7 1 5 ,5 9 5 P 3 .7 7 5 N o n f a r m p la c e m e n t s 1 ,1 8 4 1 ,9 2 1 3 ,0 1 2 P 677 1 1 n itia l c la im s a n d .......................................... S t a te in s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t In c lu d e d a ta u n d e r th e p r o g r a m s u g a rc a n e w o rk e rs . f o r P u e r to R ic a n C u m u l a t i v e to t a l f o r fis c a l y e a r ( O c to b e r 1 - S e p t e m b e r 3 0 ) . D a ta c o m p u t e d q u a r t e r l y . N OTE: D a ta f o r P u e r to R ic o a n d th e V i r g in Is la n d s in c lu d e d . D a s h e s In d ic a te d a ta n o t a v a ila b le , 2 E x c lu d e s t r a n s i t i o n c la im s u n d e r S ta te p r o g r a m s . 3 E x c l u d e s d a ta o n c la im s a n d p a y m e n ts m a d e j o i n t l y w it h o t h e r p r o g r a m s . 4 E x c lu d e s d a ta o r c la im s a n d p a y m e n ts m a d e j o i n t l y w it h S t a te p r o g r a m s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis p = p r e lim in a r y . r= r e v is e d . 75 PRICE DATA are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100, unless otherwise noted). P r ic e d a t a Definitions The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the average change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and services. Effective with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Statistics began pub lishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. It introduced a CPI for All Urban Consumers, covering 80 percent of the total noninstitutional pop ulation, and revised the CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, covering about half the new index population. The All Urban Consumers index covers in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists' fees, and other goods and ser vices that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. Data are collected from more than 24,000 retail establishments and 24.000 tenants in 85 urban areas across the country. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the ex penditures o f two population groups in 1972-73. they may not accurately reflect the experience of individual families and single persons with dif ferent buying habits. Though the CPI is often called the "Cost-of-Living Index.” it measures only price change, which is just one of several important factors affecting living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the level of prices among cities. They only measure the average change in prices for each area since the base period. Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received in primary markets o f the United States by producers of commodities in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes contains about 2,800 commodities and about 10.000 quotations per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The universe includes all commodities produced or imported for sale in commercial transactions in primary markets in the United States. Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or by commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products by degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or semifinished goods, and crude materials). The commodity structure organizes products by sim ilarity of end-use or material composition. 76 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States, from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the various commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights repre senting their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage of processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability of product groupings, and a number of special composite groupings. Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries, as defined in the S tan dard In du strial C lassification M anual 1972 (Washing ton, U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These indexes are derived from several price series, combined to match the economic activity of the specified industry and weighted by the value of shipments in the industry. They use data from comprehensive industrial censuses conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Notes on the data Regional CPI’s cross classified by population size were introduced in the May 1978 R eview . These indexes enable users in local areas for which an index is not published to get a better approximation of the CPI for their area by using the appropriate population size class measure for their region. The cross-classified indexes are published bimonthly. (See table 20.) For details concerning the 1978 revision of the CPI, see The C onsum er P rice Index: C on cepts an d C ontent O ver the Years, Report 517, revised edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics. May 1978). As of January 1976. the Producer Price Index incorporated a revised weighting structure reflecting 1972 values of shipments. Additional data and analyses of price changes are provided in the CPI D e ta ile d R eport and P rod u cer P rices an d P rice Indexes, both monthly publications of the Bureau. For a discussion of the general method of computing producer, and industry price indexes, see BLS H andbook o f M ethods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1982), chapter 7. For consumer prices, see BLS H andbook o f M ethods f o r Surveys an d Studies (1976), chapter 13. See also John F. Early, “ Improving the measurement of producer price change,” M onthly L a bor R eview , April 1978. For industry prices, see also Bennett R. Moss, “ Industry and Sector Price Indexes,” M onthly L abor R eview , August 1965. 19. Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, annual averages and changes, 1967-83 [1967 = 100] O th e r g o o d s A p p a re l an d Food and T r a n s p o rta tio n H o u s in g A ll It e m s M e d ic a l c a re E n t e r ta in m e n t a n d s e rv ic e s upkeep b e v e ra g e s Year In d e x ......................... 1 0 0 .0 1968 ......................... 1 0 4 .2 1 0 0 .0 change change 3 .6 1 0 5 .4 4 .0 1 0 4 .0 5 .4 3 .2 1 0 6 .1 P e rc e n t In d e x change 1 0 0 .0 1 0 3 .2 P erce n t P erce n t In d e x change 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 3 .6 4 .2 P erce n t In d e x In d e x In d e x change change 1967 P e rc e n t P e rc e n t P e rc e n t P e rc e n t In d e x In d e x change change 100 0 6 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 5 .7 5 .7 1 0 5 .2 5 .2 4 .9 ......................... 1 0 9 .8 5 .4 1 0 8 .8 5 .0 1 1 0 .4 6 .2 1 1 1 .5 5 .8 1 0 7 .2 3 .9 1 1 3 .4 6 .9 1 1 1 .0 5 .0 1 1 0 .4 1970 ......................... 1 1 6 .3 5 .9 1 1 4 .7 5 .4 1 1 8 .2 7 .1 1 1 6 .1 4 .1 1 1 2 .7 5 .1 1 2 0 .6 6 .3 1 1 6 .7 5 .1 1 1 5 .8 5 .8 1 1 8 .3 5 .2 1 2 8 .4 6 .5 122 9 5 .3 1 2 2 .4 4 .8 1969 1971 ......................... 1 2 1 .3 4 .3 3 .1 1 2 3 .4 4 .4 119 8 3 .3 1 1 8 .6 1972 ......................... 1 2 5 .3 3 .3 1 2 3 .2 4 .1 1 2 8 .1 3 .8 122 3 2 .1 119 9 1 .1 1 3 2 .5 3 .2 1 2 6 .5 2 .9 1 2 7 .5 4 .2 1973 ......................... 1 3 3 .1 6 .2 1 3 9 .5 1 3 .2 1 3 3 .7 4 .4 1 2 6 .8 3 .7 123 8 3 .3 1 3 7 .7 3 .9 1 3 0 .0 2 .8 1 3 2 .5 3 .9 1974 ......................... 147 7 1 1 .0 1 5 8 .7 1 3 .8 148 8 1 1 .3 1 3 6 .2 7 .4 1 3 7 .7 1 1 .2 1 5 0 .5 9 .3 1 3 9 .8 7 .5 1 4 2 .0 7 .2 1975 .......................... 1 6 1 .2 9 .1 1 7 2 .1 8 .4 1 6 4 .5 1 0 .6 1 4 2 .3 4 .5 1 5 0 .6 9 .4 168 6 1 2 .0 152 2 8 .9 1 5 3 .9 8 .4 1976 .......................... 1 7 0 .5 5 .8 1 7 7 .4 3 .1 174 6 6 .1 147 6 3 .7 1 6 5 .5 9 .9 1 8 4 .7 9 .5 159 8 5 .0 162 7 5 .7 1977 .......................... 1 8 1 .5 6 .5 188 0 8 .0 186 5 6 .8 1 5 4 .2 4 .5 1 7 7 .2 7 .1 2 0 2 .4 9 .6 1 6 7 .7 4 .9 1 7 2 .2 5 .8 1978 .......................... 1 9 5 .3 7 .6 2 0 6 .2 9 .7 202 6 8 .6 1 5 9 .5 3 .4 1 8 5 .8 4 .9 2 1 9 .4 1 7 6 .2 5 .1 1 8 3 .2 6 .4 1979 ......................... 2 1 7 .7 1 1 .5 2 2 8 .7 1 0 .9 227 5 1 2 .3 1 6 6 .4 4 .3 212 8 1 4 .5 240 1 9 .4 1 8 7 .6 6 .5 1 9 6 .3 7 .2 1980 ......................... 2 4 7 .0 1 3 .5 2 4 8 .7 8 .7 263 2 1 5 .7 1 7 7 .4 6 .6 2 5 0 .5 1 7 .7 2 8 7 .2 1 1 .3 203 7 8 .5 2 1 3 .6 8 .8 1981 ......................... 2 7 2 .3 1 0 .2 2 6 7 .8 7 .7 293 2 1 1 .4 186 6 5 .2 2 8 1 .3 12 3 295 1 1 0 .4 2 1 9 .0 7 .5 2 3 3 .3 1982 ..................... 2 8 8 .6 6 .0 2 7 8 .5 4 .0 3 1 4 .7 7 .3 190 9 2 .3 293 1 4 .2 3 2 6 .9 1 0 .8 2 3 2 .4 6 .1 2 5 7 .0 1 0 .2 1983 ......................... 297 4 3 .0 284 7 2 .2 322 0 2 .3 1 9 5 .6 2 .5 3 0 0 .0 2 .4 3 5 5 .1 8 .6 2 4 2 .4 4 .3 286 3 1 1 .4 8 .4 9 .2 20. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers and revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, U.S. city average— general summary and groups, subgroups, and selected items [1 9 6 7 - 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c if ie d ] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs Feb. 1984 1983 S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. Feb. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. 3 0 3 .3 2 9 3 .2 301 8 302 6 303 1 3 0 3 .5 3 0 5 .2 306 6 2 9 2 .3 3 0 0 .8 3 0 1 .3 3 0 1 .4 3 0 1 .5 3 0 2 .7 ............................................................................................................................. 2 8 1 .6 285 3 285 7 2 8 5 .3 286 5 291 6 294 2 282 1 2 8 5 .6 2 8 5 .9 2 8 5 .6 2 8 6 .8 2 9 1 .9 2 9 4 .4 ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 1 8 .5 3 2 6 .4 3 2 6 .8 3 2 7 .0 3 2 7 .4 329 2 3 3 1 .0 317 6 325 3 3 2 5 .2 3 2 4 .5 3 2 4 .2 3 2 4 .7 3 2 4 .2 A ll it e m s F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s H o u s in g U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 1983 G e n e ra l s u m m a ry A p p a r e l a n d u p k e e p ............................................................................................................................. 192 0 200 4 2 0 0 .7 2 0 0 .7 1 9 9 .3 1 9 6 .4 1 9 6 .2 1 9 1 .0 1 9 9 .3 1 9 9 .8 1 9 9 .7 1 9 8 .1 1 9 5 .3 1 9 5 .4 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .......................................................................................................................................... 289 9 3 0 3 .7 3 0 5 .0 3 0 6 .3 306 3 3 0 6 .0 3 0 5 .8 2 9 1 .1 3 0 5 .5 3 0 6 .9 3 0 8 .2 3 0 8 .2 307 9 3 0 7 .7 M e d ic a l c a r e .............................................................................................................................................. 3 5 1 .3 3 6 1 .2 362 9 3 6 4 .9 3 6 6 .2 369 5 3 7 3 .2 3 4 8 .9 3 5 9 .2 360 9 3 6 2 .9 3 6 4 .3 3 6 7 .5 3 7 1 .3 2 4 7 .7 .......................................................................................................................................... 2 4 3 .1 247 5 2 4 9 .1 2 4 9 .5 249 5 2 4 9 .9 251 5 2 3 9 .5 2 4 4 .1 2 4 5 .4 2 4 5 .7 2 4 5 .8 246 2 O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s ................................................................................................................ 2 8 1 .6 294 4 296 8 298 1 298 6 3 0 0 .5 3 0 1 .5 279 6 2 9 2 .0 2 9 4 .1 2 9 5 .5 295 9 2 9 8 .1 2 9 9 .2 C o m m o d i t i e s .............................................................................................................................................. 2 6 6 .7 2 7 4 .5 2 7 5 .0 2 7 5 .2 2 7 5 .5 2 7 6 .8 278 3 2 6 7 .8 2 7 5 .9 2 7 6 .1 2 7 6 .2 276 3 2 7 7 .3 2 7 8 .0 C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ....................................................................... 2 5 5 .2 2 6 5 .1 2 6 5 .8 2 6 6 .3 2 6 7 .2 2 6 7 .3 2 6 7 .5 2 6 7 .1 2 6 6 .4 2 6 6 .2 E n t e r t a in m e n t 266 0 265 2 266 0 257 1 N o n d u r a b l e s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s .................................................................. 2 6 5 .2 275 8 275 2 2 7 4 .5 2 7 3 .5 2 7 2 .3 2 7 4 .0 266 9 2 7 7 .9 2 7 7 .4 2 7 6 .6 2 7 5 .4 2 7 4 .2 2 7 6 .0 D u r a b l e s ..................................................................................................................................... 2 4 7 .1 2 5 6 .4 2 5 8 .7 2 6 1 .0 261 8 261 4 260 9 2 4 7 .8 2 5 7 .0 2 5 7 .7 2 5 8 .7 2 5 8 .9 2 5 8 .4 2 5 6 .9 3 3 8 .9 S e r v ic e s 3 4 9 .0 350 2 3 5 1 .0 3 5 1 .6 3 5 3 .9 3 5 5 .3 3 3 7 .8 3 4 6 .9 3 4 8 .1 3 4 8 .2 3 4 8 .4 349 8 3 5 0 .1 2 3 3 .1 2 3 9 .5 2 4 0 .4 241 3 242 0 2 4 2 .9 2 4 3 .6 2 3 2 .5 238 9 2 3 9 .8 2 4 0 .7 2 4 1 .3 242 3 242 9 ................................. 1 0 1 .0 1 0 5 .1 104 8 1 0 4 .2 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .1 105 7 ........................................................................................................ 2 9 9 .9 3 0 1 .4 303 9 ...................................................................................................................................................... R e n t, r e s id e n tia l ......................................................................................................................... H o u s e h o ld s e r v ic e s le s s r e n t o f s h e lte r ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) 3 0 5 .4 3 0 7 .8 3 1 4 .1 314 4 296 9 3 0 6 .0 306 9 310 3 3 1 0 .6 ............................................................................................................ 3 8 1 .5 3 9 1 .0 392 9 3 9 5 .0 396 3 400 2 4 0 4 .4 3 7 8 .2 3 8 8 .3 3 9 0 .2 3 9 2 .3 3 9 3 .8 3 9 7 .5 4 0 1 .8 ............................................................................................................................. 2 7 2 .6 2 8 2 .5 2 8 5 .2 2 8 6 .5 2 8 7 .2 2 8 8 .0 289 1 2 7 0 .2 2 7 9 .6 2 8 2 .2 283 6 2 8 4 .3 2 8 5 .0 2 8 6 .1 A ll ite m s le s s f o o d ................................................................................................................................. 2 9 2 .6 3 0 2 .3 303 2 3 0 3 .9 304 0 3 0 4 .8 3 0 5 .9 2 9 1 .9 3 0 1 .5 3 0 2 .1 3 0 2 .3 302 1 3 0 2 .3 3 0 2 .4 A ll it e m s le s s h o m e o w n e r s ’ c o s t s 1 0 0 .2 1 0 3 .2 1 0 3 .5 1 0 3 .6 1 0 3 .7 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .8 T r a n s p o r t a t io n s e r v ic e s M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v ic e s O th e r s e r v ic e s 3 1 0 .1 310 8 S p e c ia l in d e x e s : ............................................................................................ 2 7 9 .0 A ll ite m s le s s m o r t g a g e in t e r e s t c o s t s ................................................................................... 2 8 7 .5 2 8 8 .1 2 8 8 .3 2 8 8 .5 290 0 2 9 0 .9 C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d ..................................................................................................................... 2 5 3 .2 262 9 2 6 3 .6 264 1 263 8 2 6 3 .0 263 8 2 5 5 .0 2 6 4 .9 2 6 5 .1 2 6 4 .9 2 6 4 .9 2 6 4 .2 2 6 4 .1 N o n d u r a b l e s le s s f o o d ..................................................................................................................... 2 6 0 .5 2 7 0 .6 2 7 0 .2 2 6 9 .5 2 6 8 .5 267 4 2 6 9 .1 2 6 2 .2 2 7 2 .8 2 7 2 .3 2 7 1 .5 2 7 0 .4 2 6 9 .4 2 7 1 .1 N o n d u r a b l e s le s s f o o d a n d a p p a r e l ............................................................................................ 2 9 9 .9 3 1 1 .0 3 1 0 .2 309 3 3 0 8 .6 3 0 8 .6 3 1 1 .2 3 0 1 .1 3 1 2 .8 3 1 1 .9 3 1 0 .9 3 1 0 .1 310 0 3 1 2 .4 N o n d u r a b l e s .............................................................................................................................................. 2 7 4 .6 281 8 2 8 1 .7 2 8 1 .1 2 8 1 .2 283 2 2 8 5 .3 2 7 5 .6 282 8 2 8 2 .7 2 8 2 .1 282 2 2 8 4 .1 2 8 6 .3 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .7 1 0 6 .3 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .7 ............................................................................................................ 3 3 2 .2 3 4 2 .2 3 4 3 .3 3 4 4 .1 3 4 4 .5 3 4 6 .6 3 4 7 .8 3 3 1 .2 3 4 0 .2 3 4 1 .3 3 4 1 .3 3 4 1 .3 3 4 2 .6 342 4 D o m e s t ic a l ly p r o d u c e d f a r m f o o d s ............................................................................................ 2 6 6 .6 2 6 9 .2 2 6 8 .5 2 6 7 .7 2 6 9 .7 2 7 7 .2 280 7 2 6 6 .0 2 6 8 .1 2 6 7 .4 2 6 6 .7 2 6 8 .7 2 7 6 .0 2 7 9 .4 S e rv ic e s le s s r e n t o f s h e lt e r ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) S e rv ic e s le s s m e d ic a l c a r e ....................................................................... 1 0 1 .0 1 0 4 .2 2 8 0 .8 2 7 3 .5 2 6 8 .9 2 6 6 .7 ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 0 6 .7 4 2 9 .3 4 2 5 .1 4 1 9 .9 4 1 8 .0 4 1 6 .7 4 2 0 .2 4 0 6 .9 4 3 0 .2 4 2 5 .8 420 8 4 1 8 .7 4 1 7 .0 4 2 0 .2 E n e r g y c o m m o d i t i e s 1 ..................................................................................................................... 4 0 1 .6 4 2 2 .1 4 1 8 .2 4 1 4 .4 4 1 1 .8 4 0 9 .9 4 1 4 .5 4 0 1 .9 4 2 3 .4 4 1 9 .6 4 1 5 .8 4 1 2 .9 4 1 0 .7 4 1 4 .7 S e le c te d b e e f c u t s ................................................................................................................................. E n e rg y 1 2 7 2 .0 2 6 7 .5 265 6 2 6 5 .3 2 7 4 .6 283 0 290 3 2 7 5 .8 293 5 2 8 2 .1 2 8 4 .7 2 9 2 .1 2 9 1 .3 2 9 1 .8 2 9 2 .1 2 8 2 .0 290 2 2 9 1 .8 2 9 3 .2 2 9 3 .6 2 9 4 .6 2 9 5 .5 2 8 0 .2 288 3 2 8 9 .5 2 9 0 .3 2 9 0 .3 2 9 0 .7 2 9 0 .4 2 4 8 .9 2 4 9 .0 248 3 2 4 8 .5 2 3 7 .9 2 4 6 .4 2 4 7 .1 2 4 7 .8 2 4 7 .7 2 4 7 .2 246 6 2 9 5 .0 2 9 8 .2 2 6 6 .6 ......................................................................................................................... 2 9 3 .4 2 9 7 .0 266 4 A ll it e m s le s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y ................................................................................................ A ll ite m s le s s e n e r g y 2 9 4 .4 2 6 5 .5 2 9 3 .8 C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y ............................................................................... 2 3 7 .9 2 4 6 .2 247 6 S e rv ic e s le s s e n e r g y ................................................................................................................ 3 3 2 .9 3 4 1 .6 3 4 3 .3 3 4 4 .9 3 4 5 .5 3 4 8 .1 3 4 9 .5 331 4 339 0 3 4 0 .8 3 4 1 .6 3 4 1 .8 3 4 3 .4 3 4 3 .6 $ 0 ,3 4 1 $ 0 ,3 3 1 $ 0 ,3 3 0 $ 0 ,3 3 0 $ 0 ,3 2 9 $ 0 ,3 2 8 $ 0 ,3 2 6 $ 0 ,3 4 2 $ 0 ,3 3 2 $ 0 ,3 3 2 $ 0 ,3 3 2 $ 0 ,3 3 2 $ 0 ,3 3 0 $ 0 ,3 3 0 P u r c h a s in g p o w e r o f t h e c o n s u m e r d o ll a r , 1 9 6 7 = $1 .............................................. S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 77 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c ifie d ] U rban W a |e Earners and C le rica l W o r te n A ll U rb a n C o n s u m e ra 1983 G e n e ra l s u m m a ry FOOD AN D BEVERAGES 1984 1983 1M 4 Feb. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. Feb. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dm Jaa. Fab. 2 8 1 .6 2 8 5 .3 2 8 5 .7 2 8 5 .3 2 8 6 .5 2 9 1 .6 2 9 4 .2 2 8 2 .1 2 8 5 .6 2 8 5 .9 2 8 5 .6 2 8 6 .8 2 9 1 .9 2 9 4 .4 2 9 4 .0 2 9 9 .4 3 0 2 .1 F o o d ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2 8 9 .0 2 9 2 .6 2 9 2 .9 292 5 2 9 3 .9 2 9 9 .4 3 0 2 .1 2 8 9 .3 2 9 2 .6 2 9 2 .9 2 9 2 .6 Food at ho m e 280 3 2 8 2 .5 2 8 2 .3 2 8 1 .4 2 8 3 .0 2 9 0 .2 2 9 3 .6 2 7 9 .7 ......................................................................................................................................... C e re a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s 2 8 1 .5 2 8 1 .3 2 8 0 .5 2 8 2 .1 2 8 9 .1 2 9 2 .4 2 8 8 .7 2 9 3 .7 2 9 4 .0 2 9 5 .7 2 9 7 .1 2 9 9 .8 3 0 0 .3 2 8 7 .4 2 9 2 .3 2 9 2 .6 2 9 4 .3 2 9 5 .7 2 9 8 .3 2 9 8 .9 .............................................. 1 5 4 .0 1 5 8 .5 1 5 8 .1 1 5 7 .9 1 5 8 .2 1 5 9 .3 1 6 0 .3 1 5 4 .7 1 5 9 .3 1 5 8 .8 1 5 8 .6 1 5 8 .9 1 6 0 .0 1 6 1 .0 1 0 0 ) ............................. 1 3 9 .8 1 4 2 .9 1 4 1 .4 140 8 1 4 0 .1 1 4 3 .0 1 4 3 .4 1 4 0 .1 1 4 3 .4 1 4 1 .9 1 4 1 .3 1 4 0 .4 1 4 3 .á 1 4 3 .8 ................................................................................... 1 6 9 .2 1 7 7 .5 1 7 7 .6 1 7 7 .3 1 7 8 .0 1 7 8 .6 1 8 0 .4 1 7 1 .4 1 7 9 .7 1 7 9 .8 1 7 9 .4 1 8 0 .1 1 8 0 .8 1 8 2 .5 145 3 1 4 6 .0 1 4 5 .5 1 4 6 .1 1 4 6 .8 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .2 1 4 6 .3 1 4 7 .1 1 4 6 .6 1 4 7 .2 1 4 8 .0 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .4 ............................................................................................ C e re a ls a n d c e re a l p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) F lo u r a n d p r e p a re d f l o u r m ix e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 C e re a l ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) R ic e , p a s ta , a n d c o r n m e a l ( 1 2 / 7 7 = = 100) ..................................... 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................... 1 5 2 .4 1 5 4 .4 1 5 4 .8 156 0 1 5 6 .9 1 5 8 .4 1 5 8 .5 1 5 1 .2 1 5 3 .1 1 5 3 .5 1 5 4 .8 1 5 5 .7 1 5 7 .1 1 5 7 .2 W h ite b r e a d ............................................................................................................ 2 4 9 .8 2 5 2 .9 2 5 4 .4 257 0 2 5 7 .4 2 5 9 .1 2 5 7 .3 245 7 2 4 8 .5 2 5 0 .0 2 5 2 .7 2 5 3 .2 2 5 4 .8 2 5 3 .0 O th e r b r e a d s ( 1 2 / 7 7 1 4 8 .7 1 4 9 .8 1 5 3 .9 B a k e ry p ro d u c ts (1 2 /7 7 = = 1 4 9 .8 1 5 1 .9 1 5 2 .0 1 5 3 .7 1 5 0 .6 1 5 1 .9 1 5 4 .1 1 5 4 .1 ..................... 1 5 3 .7 1 5 2 .6 1 5 4 .4 155 7 1 5 7 .8 1 5 7 .9 1 5 8 .7 1 4 9 .1 1 4 8 .7 1 5 0 .6 1 5 1 .7 1 5 3 .7 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .7 ..................................... 154 0 1 5 5 .2 1 5 6 .2 157 9 1 5 9 .7 1 6 1 .5 1 6 0 .4 1 5 2 .2 1 5 3 .5 1 5 4 .5 1 5 6 .2 1 5 7 .9 1 5 9 .5 1 5 8 .6 ............................................................................... 153 7 1 5 6 .0 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................... F re s h b is c u it s , r o ll s , a n d m u ff in s ( 1 2 / 7 7 F re s h c a k e s a n d c u p c a k e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 C o o k ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) = = 100) 100) = C ra c k e r s , b r e a d , a n d c r a c k e r p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 100) F re s h s w e e t r o ll s , c o ffe e c a k e , a n d d o n u ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 1 5 1 .8 1 5 5 .8 1 5 6 .0 1 5 7 .6 1 5 9 .2 1 5 4 .6 1 5 8 .6 1 5 6 .8 1 5 8 .4 1 6 1 .9 1 6 3 .4 . . . 1 4 6 .5 1 4 8 .3 1 4 7 .7 1 4 7 .8 1 4 8 .1 1 5 1 .2 1 5 2 .3 147 9 1 4 9 .5 1 4 9 .1 1 4 9 .2 1 4 9 .6 1 5 2 .6 1 5 3 .6 . . 1 5 4 .2 1 5 5 .9 1 5 5 .8 1 5 6 .8 1 5 7 .7 1 5 9 .7 1 6 0 .4 156 8 1 5 8 .6 1 5 8 .5 1 5 9 .6 1 6 0 .4 1 6 2 .4 1 6 3 .2 1 5 7 .6 1 6 1 .1 1 6 2 .6 1 5 9 .9 F ro z e n a n d r e fr ig e r a t e d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s a n d 1 0 0 ) ..................... 1 5 5 .7 1 6 1 .3 1 6 1 .9 1 6 0 .6 1 6 1 .5 1 6 3 .3 1 6 3 .9 1 4 9 .0 1 5 4 .3 154 9 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .9 1 5 6 .5 1 5 7 .1 ....................................................................................... 2 6 4 .0 2 5 8 .7 2 5 7 .1 2 5 6 .6 2 5 9 .3 2 6 8 .9 2 7 3 .0 2 6 3 .9 2 5 8 .4 256 6 2 5 6 .1 2 5 8 .6 2 6 8 .3 2 7 2 .4 M e a ts , p o u l t r y , a n d f i s h ........................................................................................... 2 7 1 .7 2 6 4 .2 261 9 2 6 0 .8 261 8 269 8 2 7 3 .9 2 7 1 .4 2 6 3 .8 2 6 1 .4 2 6 0 .2 2 6 1 .0 2 6 9 .1 2 7 3 .2 2 7 3 .2 2 6 2 .6 2 6 0 .4 2 5 8 .6 2 5 8 .3 2 6 6 .4 2 7 0 .0 2 7 2 .9 2 6 2 .2 2 6 0 .0 2 5 8 .1 2 5 7 .7 2 6 5 .8 f r e s h p ie s , t a r t s , a n d t u r n o v e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 M e a ts , p o u l t r y , f i s h , a n d e g g s M e a ts = ........................................................................................................................ 2 6 9 .4 B e e f a n d v e a l ................................................................................................... 2 7 2 .2 2 6 8 .0 2 6 6 .2 2 6 5 .7 2 6 6 .0 2 7 4 .9 2 8 0 .9 2 7 2 .9 2 6 8 .7 266 7 2 6 6 .1 2 6 6 .4 2 7 5 .4 2 8 1 .6 G r o u n d b e e f o t h e r th a n c a n n e d ...................................................... 2 6 1 .8 2 5 4 .3 2 5 0 .9 2 5 1 .6 2 5 1 .3 2 5 6 .9 2 6 1 ,1 2 6 3 .0 2 5 5 .9 2 5 2 .1 2 5 2 .5 2 5 1 .7 2 5 7 .7 2 6 1 .9 C h u cx ro a s t ................................................................................................ 2 8 6 .9 2 7 7 .4 2 7 3 .1 2 7 4 .0 2 7 5 .2 2 9 1 .6 3 0 2 .0 230 3 2 3 4 .4 2 3 5 .3 2 3 1 .3 2 4 6 .2 2 5 3 .5 2 4 5 .3 2 3 2 .8 237 2 2 3 8 .1 2 3 3 .9 2 5 0 .0 2 5 7 .3 2 4 7 .4 251 5 250 0 249 9 256 2 2 6 4 .5 2 5 8 .0 2 4 5 .7 2 5 0 .9 248 6 2 4 8 .0 2 5 3 .0 2 6 4 .0 S i r lo in s t e a k ............................................................................................... 2 6 0 .3 277 3 2 6 8 .4 2 6 5 .3 2 6 2 .7 2 6 5 .7 2 7 4 .6 2 6 1 .7 2 8 0 .1 2 7 0 .1 2 6 6 .9 2 6 4 .1 2 6 6 .0 2 7 6 .5 O th e r b e e f a n d v e a l ( 1 2 / 7 7 1 6 3 .5 1 6 4 .8 1 6 4 .0 1 6 3 .2 1 6 4 .7 1 6 9 .7 1 7 2 .3 1 6 2 .1 1 6 3 .7 1 6 2 .6 1 6 1 .8 1 6 3 .5 1 6 8 .5 1 7 0 .8 2 5 0 .1 100) .......................................... P o r k ........................................................................................................................ 2 6 5 .8 2 6 6 .9 2 8 2 .8 242 6 2 5 9 .8 = 2 6 9 .5 2 6 6 .2 R o u n d r o a s t ............................................................................................... R o u n d s t e a k ............................................................................................... 2 9 3 .1 2 9 5 .9 2 7 3 .6 2 5 0 .2 2 4 6 .4 2 4 1 .1 2 4 0 .3 2 5 0 .8 2 5 0 .6 2 7 2 .9 2 4 9 .7 2 4 6 .0 2 4 0 .7 2 3 9 .8 2 5 0 .1 Bacon ............................................................................................................ 2 9 4 .5 269 5 2 6 2 .5 253 7 2 5 3 .0 259 0 2 6 7 .9 2 9 9 .5 2 7 3 .6 2 6 6 .4 2 5 6 .8 2 5 6 .4 2 6 2 .4 2 7 1 .6 C hops ............................................................................................................ 2 2 8 .7 2 5 2 .1 229 6 2 2 7 .2 2 2 2 .3 2 1 9 .0 2 3 6 .5 2 3 0 .7 2 5 0 .3 2 2 7 .9 2 2 5 .6 2 2 0 .3 2 1 7 .5 2 3 4 .5 1 0 0 ) ................................. 1 2 5 .0 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .6 1 0 9 .1 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .0 1 0 9 .8 1 2 1 .7 1 0 8 .1 1 0 8 .8 1 0 6 .4 1 0 8 .8 1 1 0 .0 1 0 7 .0 ........................................................................................................ 333 9 3 1 1 .3 3 0 7 .4 3 0 5 .0 3 0 3 .4 3 1 1 .0 320 0 3 3 4 .8 3 1 2 .2 308 4 3 0 5 .9 3 0 4 .2 3 1 2 .2 3 2 1 .1 C a n n e d h a m ............................................................................................... 2 7 6 .2 2 5 2 .8 2 5 1 .9 2 4 8 .0 2 4 6 .5 2 5 2 .4 2 5 1 .1 2 8 0 .6 2 5 8 .8 2 5 7 .7 2 5 4 .3 2 5 2 .0 2 5 7 .5 2 5 5 .7 H a m o th e r th a n c a n n e d (1 2 /7 7 S ausage O th e r p o r k ( 1 2 / 7 7 O th e r m e a ts F r a n k f u r te r s = 100) = .............................................................. 1 5 0 .4 1 3 1 .5 1 2 9 .9 1 3 9 .7 1 3 9 .3 1 4 9 .5 1 3 8 .2 133 9 1 3 1 .1 1 2 9 .3 138 9 1 3 8 .7 .................................................................................................... 269 2 2 6 2 .6 262 2 262 6 2 6 1 .3 2 6 2 .5 2 6 5 .0 2 6 9 .0 2 6 2 .4 2 6 2 .0 2 6 2 .4 2 6 0 .7 2 6 2 .0 2 6 4 .4 ................................................................................................ 2 6 9 .4 2 5 9 .8 2 6 0 .8 2 5 9 .7 2 5 9 .0 2 6 0 .0 2 6 3 .5 2 6 8 .6 258 6 259 7 2 5 8 .8 2 5 7 .5 2 5 8 .9 2 6 2 .0 1 5 4 .5 1 5 3 .0 1 5 2 .8 1 5 2 .8 150 4 1 5 0 .6 1 5 2 .4 1 5 4 .5 1 5 2 .9 1 5 2 .8 1 5 2 .8 1 5 0 .2 1 5 0 .4 1 5 2 .3 1 3 9 .7 1 3 6 .1 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .8 1 3 4 .7 1 3 5 .2 1 3 6 .2 1 3 7 .8 134 2 1 3 3 .3 1 3 3 .9 1 3 2 .8 1 3 3 .2 1 3 4 .2 B o lo g n a , l iv e r w u r s t , a n d s a la m i ( 1 2 7 7 O th e r lu n c h m e a t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) L a m b a n d o r g a n m e a ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) . . . . .............................................. = 100) 1 3 9 .0 1 3 4 ,4 ................................. 1 3 7 .2 1 3 4 .6 1 3 6 .1 1 3 7 .6 1 3 8 .2 1 4 0 .1 1 3 6 .8 1 3 7 .8 P o u t r y ........................................................................................................................ 1 9 4 .0 2 0 4 .4 1 9 9 .6 2 0 1 .7 2 0 9 .8 2 1 7 .5 2 2 5 .5 1 9 1 .9 2 0 2 .6 1 9 7 .6 1 9 9 .7 2 0 7 .8 2 1 5 .4 2 2 3 .5 F re s h w h o le c h i c k e n ............................................................................... 1 9 0 .6 209 6 1 9 9 .1 2 0 7 .6 2 1 9 .4 2 2 8 .7 2 3 5 .9 1 8 8 .4 2 0 7 .2 1 9 6 .7 2 0 5 .1 2 1 6 .7 2 2 6 .1 2 3 3 .4 1 5 0 .2 F re s h a n d fr o z e n c h ic k e n p a r ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................. 1 2 6 .2 1 3 5 .9 1 3 3 .7 1 3 2 .2 1 3 4 .1 1 3 9 .4 1 4 4 .7 1 5 2 .2 1 2 4 .6 136 9 1 3 4 .2 1 4 1 .6 1 3 7 .2 1 4 2 .5 1 2 7 .7 122 9 1 2 6 .0 1 2 0 .6 1 2 2 .3 1 2 5 .4 1 2 8 .5 1 2 7 .1 1 2 2 .7 1 2 5 .5 1 2 0 .3 1 2 2 .1 1 2 4 .9 1 2 7 .9 379 2 3 7 2 .6 3 7 4 .1 3 7 4 .9 3 7 6 .4 3 8 3 .4 3 8 6 .2 377 5 3 7 0 .7 3 7 2 .0 3 7 3 .4 3 7 4 .9 3 8 2 .4 3 8 4 .6 .................................................................. 1 3 9 .1 133 9 1 3 3 .5 1 3 2 .6 1 3 2 .5 1 3 3 .1 132 9 1 3 8 .5 1 3 3 .4 1 3 2 .9 1 3 2 .1 132 0 1 3 2 .6 1 3 2 .4 1 4 7 .6 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .8 1 4 8 .8 1 4 9 .9 1 5 3 .7 1 5 5 .5 1 4 7 .1 1 4 6 .0 1 4 7 .1 148 5 1 4 9 .5 1 5 3 .7 1 5 5 .2 C a n n e d fis h a n d s e a fo o d F re s h a n d fr o z e n f is h a n d s e a fo o d ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) . . . 1 3 2 .1 1 4 0 .9 1 0 0 ) .......................................................... = 1 3 0 .5 1 3 9 .3 ............................................................................................... O th e r p o u l t r y ( 1 2 / 7 7 F is h a n d s e a fo o d 133 9 E g g s ......................................................................................................................................... 1 6 9 .3 1 9 3 .3 2 0 0 .1 2 0 8 .2 2 3 4 .0 2 6 6 .5 2 7 0 .3 1 7 0 .0 1 9 4 .3 2 0 1 .0 2 0 9 .3 2 3 5 .3 2 6 8 .1 2 7 1 .8 D a iry p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................................................. 2 4 9 .7 2 5 0 .2 250 1 2 5 0 .2 2 4 9 .9 2 5 0 .8 250 9 2 4 9 .1 2 4 9 .4 2 4 9 .2 2 4 9 .3 249 0 2 4 9 .8 2 5 0 .1 F re s h m ilk a n d c r e a m ( 1 2 / 7 7 F re s h w h o le m ilk 1 0 0 ) .............................................................. 1 3 6 .7 1 3 6 .1 1 3 5 .9 1 3 5 .9 1 3 5 .9 1 3 6 .4 1 3 6 .6 1 3 6 .2 1 3 5 .5 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .3 135 3 1 3 5 .8 1 3 6 .0 ............................................................................................... = 223 4 222 6 221 9 2 2 2 .1 2 2 2 .3 2 2 2 .7 2 2 3 .3 2 2 2 .6 2 2 1 .7 2 2 0 .9 2 2 1 .2 2 2 1 .4 2 2 1 .7 2 2 2 .3 1 3 7 .3 1 3 6 .4 136 6 1 3 6 .4 136 2 1 3 7 .3 1 3 7 .0 1 3 6 .8 1 3 5 .8 136 0 1 3 5 .8 1 3 5 .6 1 3 6 .7 1 3 6 .4 O th e r f r e s h m ilk a n d c r e a m ( 1 2 / 7 7 P r o c e s s e d d a ir y p r o d u c t s B u tte ' = 1 0 0 ) ..................................... ....................................................................................... 1 4 7 .4 1 4 9 .0 1 4 9 .2 1 4 9 .3 1 4 8 .8 1 4 9 .3 1 4 9 .3 1 4 7 .7 1 4 9 .3 1 4 9 .4 149 5 1 4 9 .0 1 4 9 .6 1 4 9 .5 ........................................................................................................................ 253 6 253 9 256 2 254 8 2 5 4 .1 2 5 4 .7 2 5 3 .4 2 5 6 .2 2 5 6 .4 258 7 2 5 7 .4 2 5 6 .6 2 5 7 .1 2 5 5 .9 1 4 5 .5 1 4 6 .8 1 4 6 .4 1 4 5 .8 1 4 7 .1 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .3 1 4 7 .1 C he ese ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................... Ic e c r e a m a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 O th e r d a ir y p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 F r u its a n d v e g e t a b le s = 1 4 6 .8 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .0 146 8 1 4 7 .1 1 4 7 .0 1 0 0 ) ............................. 1 5 3 .1 1 5 4 .4 1 5 4 .9 1 5 5 .3 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .8 155 6 1 5 2 .2 1 5 3 .5 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .2 1 5 3 .0 1 5 3 .8 1 5 4 .4 .................................................. 1 4 1 .6 146 0 1 4 5 .2 1 4 5 .7 1 4 6 .0 1 4 6 .1 146 2 1 4 2 .3 1 4 6 .5 1 4 5 .8 1 4 6 .1 1 4 6 .5 1 4 6 .7 1 4 6 .7 = 100) ............................................................................................................ 2 9 6 .7 2 7 8 .1 2 9 7 .6 2 9 2 .6 3 1 1 .0 3 2 1 .0 2 7 4 .5 2 9 3 .3 2 9 2 .7 2 8 5 .1 2 8 9 .3 3 0 7 .3 3 1 7 .2 ................................................................................... 2 7 2 .0 306 6 3 0 4 .9 2 8 8 .7 2 9 4 .2 3 2 7 .8 3 4 2 .8 2 6 7 .1 3 0 0 .3 2 9 8 .9 283 4 2 8 9 .8 3 2 2 .5 3 3 7 .4 F re s h f r u i t s ............................................................................................................ 270 5 3 1 6 .7 304 4 2 7 9 .5 2 7 0 .4 2 8 9 .6 2 9 6 .0 2 6 1 .0 3 0 5 .9 293 4 2 6 9 .3 2 6 1 .1 2 7 9 .5 2 8 6 .2 A p p le s ............................................................................................................ 2 8 7 .9 2 4 3 .9 3 2 1 .3 2 7 3 .8 2 6 7 .3 2 7 0 .8 2 7 7 .6 2 8 9 .3 F re s h f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b le s 2 8 8 .9 2 4 4 .0 3 2 0 .2 2 7 1 .8 2 6 5 .9 270 0 2 7 7 .0 Bananas ........................................................................................................ 2 5 4 .0 278 6 2 7 2 .8 2 3 3 .1 2 3 0 .0 244 3 2 6 3 .2 2 5 0 .9 2 7 6 .5 2 7 0 .3 2 3 0 .7 2 2 7 .8 2 4 2 .4 2 6 0 .7 O ra n g e s ........................................................................................................ 286 3 3 3 7 .0 2 9 9 .0 3 0 7 .8 283 4 301 3 3 0 3 .0 2 6 3 .1 3 0 7 .1 2 7 1 .3 2 7 9 .3 2 5 7 .5 2 7 5 .1 2 7 6 .2 1 4 5 .1 1 6 4 .1 1 7 1 .1 1 4 8 .5 1 4 3 .0 1 5 6 .9 1 5 8 .2 1 3 9 .8 1 5 7 .7 1 6 4 .7 1 4 2 .9 1 3 7 .8 1 5 1 .1 1 5 2 .6 2 7 3 .4 2 9 7 .2 3 0 5 .5 297 4 3 1 6 .6 363 6 3 8 6 .6 2 7 2 .7 2 9 5 .4 3 0 3 .9 2 9 6 .2 3 1 5 .7 3 6 1 .4 3 8 3 .8 O th e r fr e s h f r u i t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 F re s h v e g e t a b le s P o ta to e s = 1 0 0 ) .................................................. ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................................ 2 4 0 .6 3 3 6 .1 316 9 3 0 5 .0 3 1 7 .6 3 4 2 .3 3 5 9 .6 2 3 6 .5 3 3 0 .9 3 1 1 .7 3 0 0 .1 3 1 4 .3 3 3 7 .5 3 5 3 .2 L e t t u c e ............................................................................................................ 249 0 3 3 7 .0 3 6 0 .4 3 2 9 .8 3 7 1 .8 3 2 8 .3 2 7 8 .5 2 5 0 .0 3 3 8 .2 3 6 0 .9 3 3 0 .0 3 7 5 .0 3 2 9 .8 2 8 0 .2 T o m a to e s 2 6 5 .0 212 2 241 9 243 0 2 2 2 .2 2 8 5 .6 3 3 2 .8 2 6 9 .0 2 1 6 .2 246 8 2 4 6 .9 2 2 4 .7 2 9 0 .4 3 3 7 .6 .................................................................................................... 1 0 0 ) ..................................... 1 6 5 .6 1 5 8 .0 1 6 3 .0 1 6 3 .0 1 7 7 .2 2 2 6 .1 2 5 2 .1 1 6 5 .2 1 5 6 .3 1 6 1 .7 1 6 2 .3 1 7 6 .1 2 2 4 .0 2 4 9 .7 P r o c e s s e d f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s ........................................................................... O th e r fr e s h v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 2 8 7 .4 2 9 0 .2 2 9 0 .3 2 9 1 .6 2 9 3 .3 2 9 5 .1 2 9 9 .9 2 8 5 .1 2 8 8 .0 2 8 8 .2 289 5 2 9 1 .2 2 9 2 .9 2 9 7 .4 1 5 0 .8 1 5 1 .0 1 5 0 .6 1 5 1 .2 1 5 2 .0 1 5 2 .3 1 5 6 .8 1 5 0 .5 1 5 0 .6 1 5 0 .3 1 5 0 .8 1 5 1 .6 1 5 1 .9 1 5 6 .3 1 5 4 .0 P ro c e s s e d fr u its (1 2 /7 7 = = 1 0 0 ) .............................................................. F ro z e n f r u i t a n d f r u i t ju ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = C a n n e d a n d d r ie d f r u i t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le 78 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis = 1 0 0 ) ......................... 1 4 4 .6 1 4 2 .2 1 4 2 .1 143 3 1 4 3 .6 1 4 4 .7 1 5 4 .9 1 4 3 .7 1 4 1 .4 1 4 1 .3 1 4 2 .6 1 4 2 .9 1 4 3 .9 ..................... 1 5 5 .3 1 5 5 .2 1 5 5 .1 1 5 5 .5 1 5 5 .7 1 5 5 .7 1 5 8 .4 154 4 1 5 4 .2 154 0 1 5 4 .6 1 5 4 .8 1 5 4 .7 1 5 7 .3 1 0 0 ) ................................. 1 5 1 .0 153 8 152 9 1 5 3 .2 1 5 5 .0 1 5 5 .0 1 5 6 .8 1 5 1 .7 1 5 4 .3 1 5 3 .4 1 5 3 .5 1 5 5 .1 1 5 5 .3 1 5 7 .1 F r u it ju ic e s o t h e r t h a n f r o z e n ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs G e n e ra l s u m m a ry Feb. Food a t hom e— U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1983 S e p t. O c t. 1984 Nov. D ec. Jan. 1 4 2 .8 1 4 4 .2 1983 Feb. Feb. S e p t. 1984 O c t. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. C o n tin u e d F r u it s a n d v e g e t a b le s — C o n tin u e d P r o c e s s e d v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................. F ro z e n v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) .............................................. C u t c o m a n d c a n n e d b e a n s e x c e p t lim a ( 1 2 / 7 7 O th e r c a n n e d a n d d r ie d v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = = 100) 100) . . . . O th e r f o o d s a t h o m e ................................................................................................................ S u g a r a n d s w e e ts ........................................................................................................ F a ts a n d o i ls ( 1 2 / 7 7 = = 1 4 1 .8 1 3 6 .9 1 3 9 .4 1 4 0 .0 1 4 0 .7 1 4 1 .6 1 4 3 .0 1 4 3 .3 1 5 2 .4 1 5 0 .6 1 5 1 .8 1 5 1 .5 1 5 3 .3 1 5 4 .2 1 5 2 .7 1 5 3 .9 1 5 2 .0 1 5 3 .4 1 5 3 .2 1 5 4 .9 1 5 5 .8 1 4 1 .8 1 4 2 .4 143 2 1 4 5 .8 1 4 5 .9 1 4 6 .2 1 3 6 .2 1 3 8 .1 1 4 0 .6 1 4 4 .6 1 3 9 .3 1 4 0 .0 1 4 0 .8 1 4 3 .2 1 4 3 .3 1 4 3 .7 1 3 1 .1 1 3 4 .0 1 3 5 .7 1 3 6 .0 1 3 6 .8 1 3 8 .7 1 3 8 .8 129 8 1 3 2 .6 1 3 4 .2 1 3 4 .5 1 3 5 .3 1 3 7 .1 1 3 7 .1 3 3 8 .2 340 7 3 4 2 .7 3 4 3 .4 3 4 3 .6 3 4 6 .6 3 4 8 .4 339 1 3 4 1 .5 3 4 3 .5 3 4 4 .2 3 4 4 .4 3 4 7 .4 3 4 9 .1 3 7 0 .7 3 7 6 .4 3 7 5 .5 3 7 6 .0 3 7 7 .7 3 8 0 .0 381 2 370 6 3 7 6 .2 3 7 5 .3 3 7 5 .7 3 7 7 .6 3 7 9 .7 3 8 0 .7 149 6 1 5 1 .9 1 5 1 .8 1 5 2 .0 1 5 2 .8 1 5 4 .0 154 5 149 6 1 5 1 .6 1 5 1 .6 1 5 1 .8 1 5 2 .7 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .3 1 0 0 ) ............................. 1 6 5 .9 1 7 0 .3 169 3 170 4 1 7 1 .1 1 7 0 .9 1 7 1 .8 1 6 7 .1 1 7 1 .6 1 7 0 .8 1 7 1 .7 1 7 2 .4 1 7 2 .0 1 7 3 .0 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................... 1 5 2 .3 1 5 2 .7 1 5 2 .2 1 5 1 .7 152 3 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .0 150 2 1 5 0 .5 1 5 0 .1 1 4 9 .5 1 5 0 .0 1 5 1 .8 1 5 1 .7 2 7 1 .2 2 7 5 .5 2 7 8 .2 2 7 9 .5 2 8 0 .9 2 6 2 .6 2 6 7 .1 2 7 8 .8 C a n d y a n d c h e w in g g u m ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................... S u g a r a n d a r t i f ic ia l s w e e te n e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 O th e r s w e e ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 1 4 1 .1 1 5 1 .2 1 3 8 .5 100) = ............................................................................... 258 0 2 6 4 .8 2 7 1 .1 2 7 5 .4 278 2 2 7 9 .7 2 8 1 .1 258 1 2 6 4 .7 M a r g a r i n e ................................................................................................................ 2 5 5 .9 2 5 9 .3 2 6 4 .6 2 6 8 .9 2 7 3 .7 2 7 8 .2 2 8 0 .5 2 5 5 .3 257 3 2 7 1 .7 2 7 6 .4 . . . 1 5 1 .8 1 4 8 .9 1 5 1 .6 1 5 1 .8 1 5 1 .4 1 5 2 .2 1 5 3 .9 1 5 0 .1 1 4 7 .2 1 4 9 .8 1 5 0 .1 1 4 9 .6 1 5 0 .4 1 5 1 .9 1 0 0 ) ................. 1 2 9 .8 136 9 1 4 0 .7 1 4 3 .8 1 4 5 .4 1 4 5 .4 1 4 5 .5 1 3 0 .3 1 3 7 .5 1 4 1 .5 1 4 4 .5 1 4 6 .1 1 4 5 .9 1 4 6 .1 ........................................................................................... 4 3 2 .2 4 3 1 .2 4 3 6 .4 4 3 5 .2 4 3 3 .7 4 3 9 .1 4 4 1 .8 4 3 3 .9 4 3 3 .1 4 3 8 .4 4 3 7 .3 4 3 5 .7 4 4 1 .1 4 4 3 .5 3 1 2 .5 3 1 2 .7 3 1 7 .2 3 1 5 .7 3 1 4 .3 3 1 9 .9 3 1 8 .3 3 1 0 .0 3 1 0 .2 3 1 4 .7 3 1 3 .2 3 1 1 .6 3 1 7 .2 1 4 7 .4 1 4 7 .6 150 8 1 4 9 .4 1 4 8 .8 1 4 9 .1 152 6 144 9 1 4 5 .3 1 4 8 .7 1 4 7 .5 1 4 6 .9 1 4 7 .0 1 5 0 .3 R o a s te d c o f f e e ........................................................................................................ 3 6 5 .9 3 5 3 .7 3 5 2 .8 3 5 5 .4 3 5 4 .2 3 5 9 .2 364 3 3 6 0 .5 348 4 3 4 7 .6 3 5 0 .2 3 4 9 .0 3 5 3 .9 3 5 8 .9 F re e z e d r ie d a n d i n s ta n t c o f f e e .................................................................. 3 4 9 .3 3 4 8 .3 3 5 0 .2 3 5 2 .4 3 5 1 .2 3 5 3 .7 3 5 3 .1 3 5 6 .5 N o n d a ir y s u b s t it u t e s a n d p e a n u t b u t t e r ( 1 2 / 7 7 = O th e r f a t s , o i ls , a n d s a la d d r e s s in g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = N o n a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s C o la d r i n k s , e x c l u d in g d i e t c o la 100) .............................................................. C a r b o n a te d d r in k s , in c lu d in g d i e t c o la ( 1 2 / 7 7 O th e r n o n c a r b o n a te d d r in k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) . . . . 3 5 7 .2 3 4 9 .0 3 4 7 .5 3 4 9 .3 3 5 1 .6 3 5 0 .5 3 1 5 .8 ................................. 1 4 0 .6 1 4 1 .0 1 4 1 .9 1 4 1 .8 1 4 1 .8 1 4 3 .8 1 4 4 .5 140 8 1 4 1 .3 1 4 2 .2 1 4 2 .1 1 4 2 .2 1 4 4 .2 1 4 4 .8 O th e r p r e p a re d f o o d s .................................................................................................... 2 7 5 .1 2 7 7 .8 2 7 6 .8 277 9 278 2 2 7 9 .9 2 8 1 .4 2 7 6 .8 2 7 9 .4 2 7 8 .2 279 4 2 7 9 .7 2 8 1 .5 2 8 3 .0 1 0 0 ) ..................................... 1 3 9 .0 1 4 1 .4 1 4 1 .3 1 4 2 .0 1 4 2 .8 1 4 2 .6 143 2 1 4 1 .1 1 4 3 .3 1 4 3 .2 143 9 1 4 4 .6 1 4 4 .4 1 4 5 .2 .............................................. 1 5 2 .0 1 5 7 .2 1 5 6 .5 1 5 6 .1 C a n n e d a n d p a c k a g e d s o u p (1 2 /7 7 = F ro z e n p r e p a re d f o o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7 S n a c k s (1 2 /7 7 = = 100) = 100) 156 4 1 5 5 .5 1 5 7 .6 159 9 1 5 9 .0 1 5 8 .6 158 9 1 5 9 .5 162 8 1 5 9 .6 1 6 2 .0 1 6 0 .8 1 6 0 .7 1 6 1 .0 1 6 1 .6 . . . 1 6 1 .1 1 5 8 .9 159 6 1 6 0 .7 1 6 0 .6 1 6 1 .6 1 6 2 .3 1 6 0 .1 1 5 8 .1 1 5 8 .7 1 5 9 .9 1 5 9 .5 1 6 0 .5 1 6 1 .4 1 0 0 ) .......................................................... 1 5 4 .9 1 5 6 .3 156 0 1 5 5 .4 1 5 5 .5 1 5 6 .6 1 5 6 .6 1 5 6 .8 1 5 8 .2 157 9 1 5 7 .2 1 5 7 .4 1 5 8 .4 1 5 8 .4 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................... S e a s o n in g s , o l iv e s , p i c k le s , a n d r e lis h ( 1 2 / 7 7 O th e r c o n d i m e n t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = M is c e l la n e o u s p r e p a re d f o o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) = 100) ............................. hom e 1 5 4 .7 1 5 6 .8 1 5 1 .3 1 5 4 .9 1 5 3 .7 1 5 5 .7 1 5 4 .5 1 6 4 .9 1 5 1 .5 1 5 2 .2 1 5 1 .8 1 5 2 .8 1 5 3 .3 154 3 1 5 4 .6 1 5 1 .7 1 5 2 .5 1 5 2 .0 1 5 3 .0 1 5 3 .5 1 5 4 .5 1 5 4 .8 100) . 1 4 6 .4 1 4 7 .2 1 4 6 .2 1 4 7 .0 1 4 8 .0 1 4 9 .1 1 4 9 .7 1 4 7 .7 1 4 8 .4 1 4 7 .4 1 4 8 .2 1 4 9 .2 1 5 0 .4 1 5 0 .9 .................................................................................................................... 324 8 3 1 8 .4 3 3 1 .7 O th e r c a n n e d a n d p a c k a g e d p r e p a re d f o o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7 F oo d a w a y fr o m 1 5 5 .7 = 315 2 3 2 2 .2 3 2 3 .9 3 2 5 .5 3 2 7 .2 3 2 8 .5 3 2 5 .4 3 2 7 .2 3 2 8 .0 3 2 8 .7 3 3 0 .4 L u n c h (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................................ 1 5 3 .3 155 9 1 5 6 .7 1 5 7 .1 1 5 7 .5 158 0 1 5 8 .5 1 5 5 .0 1 5 7 .5 1 5 8 .3 1 5 8 .7 1 5 9 .0 1 5 9 .5 D in n e r ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................................ 1 5 1 .7 1 5 4 .9 1 5 5 .5 1 5 6 .2 1 5 6 .5 1 5 7 .6 1 5 8 .1 1 5 3 .4 1 5 6 .6 1 5 7 .2 157 9 1 5 8 .3 1 5 9 .3 159 9 1 5 4 .5 1 5 9 .4 1 6 0 .7 1 6 0 .8 1 6 1 .0 1 6 2 .0 1 6 2 .9 1 5 5 .1 1 5 9 .9 1 6 1 .2 1 6 1 .2 1 6 1 .4 1 6 2 .5 1 6 3 .4 2 2 3 .0 O th e r m e a ls a n d s n a c k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... = 100) A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s 2 1 3 .3 218 4 2 1 8 .9 218 6 2 1 8 .1 2 1 9 .0 219 9 2 1 5 .6 2 2 1 .3 221 8 2 2 1 .5 221 2 2 2 2 .0 ................................................................... 1 3 7 .7 1 4 1 .2 1 4 1 .4 140 9 1 4 0 .4 1 4 0 .8 1 4 1 .5 1 3 9 .2 1 4 3 .2 1 4 3 .4 1 4 3 .0 1 4 2 .6 1 4 2 .8 1 4 3 .6 ................................................................................................................................. 217 4 2 2 5 .4 2 2 6 .1 2 2 5 .9 2 2 5 .5 2 2 5 .7 2 2 7 .7 2 1 6 .4 2 2 4 .8 2 2 5 .3 2 2 5 .2 2 2 4 .8 2 2 4 .9 2 2 6 .8 A l c o h o li c b e v e r a g e s a t h o m e ( 1 2 / 7 7 B e e r a n d a le 1 6 0 .1 W h i s k e y .............................................................................................................................................. 1 5 0 .9 1 5 3 .7 1 5 3 .5 1 5 2 .9 1 5 2 .4 1 5 3 .5 1 5 3 .2 1 5 1 .6 1 5 4 .2 1 5 4 .0 1 5 3 .4 1 5 2 .9 1 5 3 .7 1 5 3 .5 W in e 234 7 2 3 5 .7 2 3 7 .1 2 3 4 .8 2 3 2 .1 2 3 3 .2 2 3 2 .4 2 4 1 .8 2 4 3 .7 2 4 5 .5 2 4 2 .3 239 9 2 4 1 .0 2 3 9 .8 1 2 0 .7 122 5 1 2 2 .3 1 2 1 .5 1 2 1 .4 1 2 1 .7 122 8 1 2 0 .5 1 2 2 .3 122 2 1 2 1 .5 1 2 1 .3 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .6 .................................................................................................................................................. O th e r a l c o h o li c b e v e r a g e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................... 1 4 5 .4 1 4 8 .4 1 4 8 .7 149 9 1 5 0 .4 1 5 1 .6 1 5 2 .0 1 4 6 .6 1 4 9 .6 1 4 9 .8 1 5 0 .9 1 5 1 .5 1 5 3 .0 1 5 3 .2 H O U S IN G 318 5 326 4 3 2 6 .8 3 2 7 .0 327 4 329 2 331 0 3 1 7 .6 3 2 5 .3 3 2 5 .2 3 2 4 .5 324 2 3 2 4 .7 3 2 4 .2 S h e lte r (C P I-U ) 339 2 3 4 8 .5 349 8 3 5 1 .1 351 8 353 2 354 0 A l c o h o li c b e v e r a g e s a w a y f r o m h o m e ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) .............................................. R e n te r s ' c o s t s .......................................................................................................................................... R e n t, r e s id e n tia l ......................................................................................................................... O th e r r e n t e r s ’ c o s t s 104 4 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .0 1 0 5 .1 1 0 5 .7 1 0 6 .0 2 3 9 .5 240 4 2 4 1 .3 242 0 242 9 243 6 3 4 0 .8 3 6 1 .3 362 5 362 0 359 8 3 5 6 .1 3 6 1 .7 ......................................................................................................................... 1 0 0 .9 1 0 3 .5 1 0 3 .9 104 3 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .9 1 0 5 .1 O w n e r s ' e q u i v a le n t r e n t ........................................................................................................ 1 0 0 .9 1 0 3 .5 1 0 3 .8 1 0 4 .2 1 0 4 .5 104 8 1 0 5 .1 H o m e o w n e rs ' c o s ts 2 ................................................................................................................. 1 0 1 .2 233 1 H o u s e h o ld i n s u r a n c e ................................................................................................................ 1 0 4 .0 105 5 1 0 6 .1 1 0 6 .6 3 3 9 .4 3 4 6 .6 3 5 1 .1 3 5 3 .4 3 5 4 .7 3 5 6 .7 3 5 3 .5 ................................................................................... 3 7 3 .6 387 6 397 2 3 9 8 .5 4 0 0 .8 402 4 4 0 0 .9 M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir c o m m o d i t i e s ........................................................................... 2 5 9 .3 2 5 9 .9 2 5 9 .5 2 6 2 .3 262 6 2 6 4 .6 260 4 M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s ................................................................................................................ M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s e r v ic e s 100 9 1 0 6 .1 1 0 7 .1 S h e lte r (C P I-W ) 338 8 3 4 7 .5 347 6 3 4 7 .1 3 4 6 .6 3 4 6 .1 3 4 3 .7 R e n t, r e s i d e n t i a l ..................................................................................................................................... 2 3 2 .5 2 3 8 .9 239 8 2 4 0 .7 2 4 1 .3 242 3 242 9 O th e r r e n t e r s ' c o s t s ............................................................................................................................. 339 0 3 5 8 .6 3 5 9 .3 3 5 7 .3 3 5 9 .1 3 6 0 .9 L o d g in g w h i le o u t o f t o w n .................................................................................................... 353 6 3 7 4 .8 3 7 4 .2 3 7 0 .9 3 6 3 .9 3 7 4 .0 3 7 7 .9 T e n a n t s ' In s u r a n c e ( 1 2 / 7 7 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... 1 5 1 .5 1 5 6 .2 1 5 8 .6 1 5 9 .4 c 1 5 9 .4 c 1 6 0 .4 1 6 1 .1 H o m e o w n e r s h i p ..................................................................................................................................... 3 7 6 .9 3 8 6 .1 3 8 5 .9 3 8 4 .9 3 8 4 .1 3 8 2 .9 3 7 9 .4 ......................................................................................................................... 2 9 3 .7 303 4 3 0 1 .3 300 0 2 9 8 .9 2 9 8 .0 2 9 4 .4 F in a n c in g , t a x e s , a n d i n s u r a n c e ....................................................................................... 4 9 1 .3 5 0 0 .0 5 0 0 .6 4 9 9 .2 4 9 7 .6 4 9 4 .8 4 9 0 .5 H o m e p u rc h a s e = 352 9 P r o p e r t y i n s u r a n c e ........................................................................................................ 4 1 7 .9 4 3 4 .9 4 3 7 .4 4 3 8 .0 4 3 7 .2 4 3 8 .3 439 3 P r o p e r t y ta x e s ................................................................................................................ 2 3 1 .4 2 3 8 .5 2 3 9 .1 2 3 9 .6 2 4 0 .7 2 4 2 .7 2 4 3 .2 C o n tr a c te d m o r t g a g e i n te r e s t c o s t s ................................................................... 6 2 5 .1 6 3 4 .2 6 3 4 .7 6 3 2 .2 6 2 9 .4 6 2 4 .1 6 1 7 .2 M o r tg a g e in t e r e s t r a t e s ................................................................................... 2 1 1 .1 2 0 7 .2 2 0 8 .8 2 0 8 .6 2 0 8 .7 2 0 7 .6 2 0 7 .7 M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a i r s ........................................................................................................ 3 3 6 .2 3 4 3 .7 3 4 8 .1 3 4 9 .1 3 5 1 .0 3 5 3 .0 3 5 1 .9 M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s e r v i c e s ........................................................................... 3 7 4 .5 3 8 5 .5 3 9 2 .5 3 9 3 .3 3 9 5 .6 3 9 7 .6 3 9 6 .8 S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 79 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs G e n e ra l s u m m e ry Feb. H o m e o w n e r s h ip — U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1983 S e p t. O c t. 1984 Nov. D ec. Jan. 1 9 t3 Feb. 1 M 4 Feb. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. 2 5 4 .5 2 5 5 .2 2 5 4 .7 2 5 5 .9 2 5 7 .0 2 5 9 .0 2 5 7 .4 C o n tin u e d M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir c o m m o d i t i e s ........................................................................... P a in t a n d w a l lp a p e r , s u p p l ie s , t o o ls , a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................... L u m b e r , a w n in g s , g l a s s , a n d m a s o n r y ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................. 1 4 8 .0 1 4 5 .8 1 4 5 .7 1 4 7 .3 1 4 9 .1 1 5 0 .8 1 4 7 .6 1 2 2 .2 1 2 5 .3 1 2 4 .2 1 2 3 .8 1 2 3 .7 1 2 5 .2 1 2 5 .6 P l u m b in g , e l e c tr ic a l, h e a t in g , a n d c o o lin g s u p p l ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ............................................................................... M is c e l la n e o u s s u p p l ie s a n d e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................. F u e l a n d o th e r u tilitie s 3 6 4 .6 3 7 6 .4 3 7 4 .4 3 7 1 .3 3 7 0 .6 3 7 6 .0 3 8 3 .0 1 3 6 .6 1 4 0 .7 1 4 1 .3 1 3 9 .1 1 3 8 .4 1 3 9 .9 1 3 9 .4 142 2 1 4 2 .2 1 4 1 .9 1 4 4 .0 1 4 3 .7 1 4 3 .1 1 4 4 .3 3 6 5 .9 3 7 8 .1 3 7 5 .7 3 7 2 .8 3 7 2 .0 3 7 7 .3 3 8 4 .2 F u e l s .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 6 1 .5 4 7 8 .3 4 7 4 .4 4 6 8 .1 4 6 7 .4 4 7 0 .4 4 7 9 .6 4 6 1 .2 4 7 8 .3 4 7 4 .0 4 6 7 .8 4 6 7 .2 4 6 9 .9 4 7 9 .1 F u e l o i l, c o a l, a n d b o ttle d g a s ........................................................................................... 6 5 4 .0 6 2 3 .2 6 2 4 .7 6 2 3 .9 623 9 6 4 2 .8 6 8 8 .6 6 5 6 .0 6 2 5 .6 6 2 7 .2 6 2 6 .4 6 2 6 .4 6 4 5 .1 6 9 1 .4 Fuel o il ................................................................................................................................. O th e r fu e ls ( 6 / 7 8 = 100) 6 6 9 .7 6 3 1 .2 6 3 2 .6 6 3 1 .5 6 3 1 .5 6 5 2 .7 7 0 5 .0 6 7 1 .3 6 3 3 .7 6 3 5 .1 6 3 3 .9 6 3 3 .9 6 5 4 .9 7 0 7 .6 ....................................................................................... 1 8 7 .1 1 9 0 .2 1 9 1 .0 1 9 1 .4 1 9 1 .4 1 9 3 .6 1 9 7 .4 1 8 8 .1 1 9 1 .0 1 9 1 .9 1 9 2 .4 1 9 2 .3 1 9 4 .4 1 9 8 .1 G a s ( p ip e d ) a n d e l e c t r i c i t y .................................................................................................... 4 1 4 .5 4 4 0 .5 4 3 5 .6 4 2 8 .2 4 2 7 .5 4 2 7 .3 4 2 9 .0 4 1 3 .8 4 4 0 .0 4 3 4 .5 4 2 7 .5 4 2 6 .7 426 2 4 2 7 .9 E l e c t r i c i t y ............................................................................................................................. 3 2 0 .1 3 4 2 .3 3 3 9 .2 3 3 1 .8 3 2 9 .8 3 3 2 .8 334 2 3 1 9 .4 3 4 2 .6 3 3 8 .8 3 3 0 .8 3 2 9 .0 3 3 1 .9 3 3 3 .3 U t ili t y ( p ip e d ) g a s 5 6 0 .1 5 9 0 .5 5 8 2 .4 5 7 6 .3 5 7 8 .2 5 7 1 .1 5 7 3 .6 5 5 7 .6 5 8 6 .4 5 7 8 .3 5 7 4 .0 5 7 5 .7 5 6 8 .1 5 7 0 .1 ........................................................................................... 2 1 0 .9 2 1 5 .4 2 1 5 .8 2 1 7 .3 2 1 6 .5 2 2 4 .6 2 2 8 .0 2 1 1 .6 2 1 6 .4 216 9 2 1 8 .4 2 1 7 .4 2 2 5 .7 2 2 9 .2 T e le p h o n e s e r v i c e s .................................................................................................................... 1 7 1 .7 1 7 4 .4 1 7 4 .1 1 7 5 .4 1 7 4 .3 1 8 3 .3 1 8 6 .8 1 7 2 .1 1 7 5 .0 1 7 4 .7 1 7 6 .0 1 7 4 .7 1 8 3 .9 1 8 7 .5 139 9 1 4 2 .6 1 4 2 .2 143 8 1 4 2 .2 154 3 1 5 9 .0 1 4 0 .2 1 4 3 .1 1 4 2 .8 1 4 4 .4 1 4 2 .6 1 5 4 .8 1 5 9 .6 ........................................................................................................ H O U S IN G F u e l a n d o th e r u tilitie s O th e r u t ilit ie s a n d p u b l ic s e r v ic e s L o c a l c h a rg e s (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... 1 2 1 .4 1 2 1 .4 I n te r s ta te t o l l c a l ls ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) .................................................................. I n tr a s ta te t o ll c a l ls ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) .................................................................. 115 9 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .8 1 1 9 .7 1 2 2 .1 1 2 2 .1 1 1 5 .8 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .8 1 1 9 .8 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .1 W a te r a n d s e w e ra g e m a i n t e n a n c e ................................................................................... 343 9 3 5 6 .8 3 6 1 .7 363 6 3 6 4 .3 367 4 3 6 9 .0 3 4 7 .2 361 0 3 6 6 .2 3 6 7 .8 3 6 8 .5 3 7 1 .7 3 7 3 .2 H o u s e h o ld fu r n is h in g s a n d o p e ra tio n s 2 3 6 .7 238 9 239 4 239 9 2 4 0 .5 240 4 240 4 2 3 3 .4 2 3 5 .8 2 3 6 .2 2 3 6 .7 2 3 7 .3 2 3 7 .3 2 3 7 .4 H o u s e f u r n is h in g s ................................................................................................................................. 195 9 1 9 7 .6 1 9 8 .0 198 4 1 9 8 .8 1 9 7 .9 1 9 7 .6 1 9 3 .8 1 9 5 .6 1 9 6 .0 1 9 6 .4 196 9 1 9 6 .3 1 9 6 .0 T e x t ile h o u s e f u r n i s h i n g s ........................................................................................................ 2 2 8 .2 2 3 1 .2 2 2 8 .8 229 6 230 3 227 6 232 0 2 3 2 .2 2 3 4 .6 2 3 2 .0 2 3 3 .0 2 3 3 .1 2 3 0 .9 2 3 5 .5 1 3 9 .0 1 3 8 .1 1 3 6 .0 1 3 5 .7 1 3 5 .6 1 3 3 .0 137 4 1 4 0 .7 139 0 1 3 7 .0 136 4 1 3 6 .2 1 3 4 .1 1 3 8 .5 H o u s e h o ld lin e n s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ...................................................................... 1 2 1 .8 1 2 1 .9 1 2 1 .5 1 2 1 .5 122 4 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .3 1 2 1 .9 1 2 1 .9 1 2 1 .9 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .8 C u r ta in s , d r a p e s , s lip c o v e r s , a n d s e w in g ................................................................................... 1 4 5 .7 1 5 0 .5 1 4 9 .6 1 5 1 .1 1 5 2 .0 1 5 1 .3 1 5 2 .3 1 4 9 .5 154 8 1 5 3 .6 1 5 5 .6 1 5 6 .1 1 5 5 .5 1 5 6 .6 F u r n i tu r e a n d b e d d i n g ........................................................................................................................ m a te r i a ls ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 2 1 3 .8 2 1 7 .9 2 1 9 .8 2 2 0 .1 2 2 1 .3 2 1 9 .5 2 1 6 .7 210 2 2 1 5 .1 216 6 2 1 7 .1 2 1 8 .3 2 1 6 .7 2 1 3 .7 1 4 6 .6 1 5 2 .5 152 9 152 6 1 5 4 .9 1 5 4 .4 1 4 8 .7 1 4 2 .7 1 4 8 .9 1 4 9 .0 1 4 9 .5 1 5 1 .3 1 5 1 .1 1 4 5 .3 B e d ro o m fu r n itu r e ( 1 2 /7 7 S o fa s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) = 100) .................................................................. 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .6 1 1 8 .8 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .2 1 1 9 .4 1 1 8 .5 1 1 7 .1 1 1 8 .1 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .0 1 2 0 .3 1 1 9 .2 1 1 8 .3 1 0 0 ) .......................................... 1 2 1 .0 1 2 4 .2 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .6 1 2 4 .4 124 8 1 2 4 .5 1 2 1 .5 1 2 5 .2 1 2 6 .5 1 2 6 .6 1 2 5 .7 1 2 5 .9 1 2 5 .7 .......................................................................... 1 3 9 .8 1 3 9 .4 1 4 1 .2 1 4 1 .4 1 4 2 .3 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .7 1 3 5 .1 135 8 1 3 7 .2 1 3 7 .1 ............................................................................................... L i v in g r o o m c h a ir s a n d ta b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 O th e r f u r n i t u r e ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) = A p p lia n c e s in c lu d in g T V a n d s o u n d e q u i p m e n t T e le v is io n a n d s o u n d e q u i p m e n t T e e v iS 'O n 1 3 5 .4 1 3 5 .9 1 5 1 .5 1 5 1 .0 1 5 1 .2 1 5 1 .0 1 5 0 .9 1 5 1 .0 1 5 1 .1 1 5 1 .3 1 5 1 .2 1 5 1 .7 1 5 1 .6 1 5 1 .7 1 5 1 .9 1 5 2 .2 1 0 7 .1 1 0 5 .1 1 0 4 .9 1 0 5 .0 1 0 4 .8 1 0 4 .9 1 0 4 .5 1 0 6 .1 1 0 4 .2 1 0 3 .9 1 0 4 .1 1 0 3 .9 1 0 4 .0 1 0 3 .5 ................................................................................................................ 9 8 .1 1 0 0 .5 98 3 .......................................................... 1 1 2 .8 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 ,0 ' 1 1 1 .3 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .8 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .5 1 1 0 .2 ............................................................................................... 1 8 6 .3 1 8 9 .2 1 9 0 .3 1 8 9 .2 1 8 9 .4 1 8 9 .5 1 9 0 .7 1 8 6 .7 1 8 9 .1 1 9 0 .5 1 9 0 .1 1 9 0 .5 1 9 0 .7 1 9 2 .1 S o u n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s 1 3 8 .2 .................................................. ...................................................................... = 100) 1 0 1 .9 9 9 .6 9 9 .1 98 8 9 9 .0 9 8 .8 9 7 .8 9 7 .4 9 7 .6 97 5 9 6 .7 R e fr ig e r a t o r s a n d h o m e f r e e z e r s .............................................................. 1 9 2 .2 192 4 1 9 4 .0 1 9 3 .0 1 9 5 .8 1 9 6 .5 1 9 6 .2 1 9 8 .1 1 9 8 .0 2 0 0 .0 1 9 8 .9 2 0 1 .7 2 0 2 .1 2 0 1 .9 L a u n d r y e q u i p m e n t ........................................................................................... 1 4 1 .8 1 4 2 .7 1 4 2 .7 1 4 4 .1 1 4 4 .4 1 4 5 .7 1 4 5 .9 1 4 2 .3 1 4 3 .6 1 4 4 .1 1 4 5 .2 1 4 5 .1 1 4 6 .6 1 4 7 .1 O th e r h o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 1 2 3 .6 1 2 6 .2 1 2 7 .0 125 9 1 2 5 .5 125 2 1 2 6 .4 1 2 1 .5 1 2 4 .2 125 2 1 2 4 .6 124 2 1 2 3 .6 1 2 5 .3 1 2 6 .4 = 1 0 0 ) ................................. S t o v e s , d i s h w a s h e r s , v a c u u m s , a n d s e w in g m a c h in e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 2 2 .3 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .9 1 2 5 .8 1 2 4 .5 123 3 1 2 7 .2 1 2 0 .2 1 2 3 .6 1 2 4 .1 1 2 4 .6 123 5 1 2 2 .3 .................................................. 1 2 5 .1 1 2 7 .3 128 3 126 2 1 2 6 .6 1 2 7 .2 1 2 6 .1 122 9 1 2 4 .9 1 2 6 .4 1 2 4 .6 1 2 4 .9 1 2 5 .2 1 2 4 .0 1 0 0 ) .......................................................... 1 4 0 .2 1 4 1 .0 1 4 1 .3 1 4 2 .1 1 4 2 .3 1 4 2 .1 1 4 1 .7 1 3 7 .9 1 3 8 .8 138 9 1 3 9 .7 1 4 0 .1 1 4 0 .0 1 3 9 .5 100) . ............................................................... O ffic e m a c h in e s , s m a ll e l e c tr ic a p p lia n c e s , a n d a ir c o n d i t io n e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 O th e r h o u s e h o ld e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = = 100) F lo o r a n d w in d o w c o v e r in g s , in f a n t s ', la u n d r y , c le a n in g , a n d o u t d o o r e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 1 0 0 ) ............................. 1 4 3 .3 1 4 4 .2 1 4 6 .5 1 4 7 .3 1 4 6 .6 1 4 5 .5 1 4 5 .9 1 3 4 .9 1 3 6 .0 1 3 8 .2 1 3 8 .8 138 4 1 3 7 .5 1 3 7 .6 1 0 0 ) ..................................... 1 3 2 .3 1 3 2 .9 1 3 4 .0 1 3 5 .5 1 3 4 .1 1 3 0 .9 132 0 1 2 7 .3 1 2 8 .4 1 2 9 .3 1 3 1 .0 1 2 9 .6 1 2 6 .6 1 2 8 .1 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... 1 4 4 .1 C lo c k s , la m p s , a n d d e c o r ite m s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = = T a b le w a re , s e r v in g p ie c e s , a n d n o n e le c tr ic k itc h e n w a r e ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 4 5 .7 1 4 7 .7 145 6 1 4 6 .2 1 4 7 .4 149 6 1 4 8 .2 1 4 1 .8 1 4 3 .6 1 4 1 .7 1 4 2 .4 1 4 3 .6 145 5 ................................................................................... 135 4 1 3 4 .7 135 9 1 3 6 .6 1 3 7 .2 1 3 6 .9 1 3 6 .1 1 4 0 .6 1 4 0 .2 1 4 1 .2 1 4 1 .8 1 4 2 .4 1 4 2 .2 1 4 1 .0 .................................................................................................................... 2 9 4 .8 2 9 5 .7 2 9 6 .6 2 9 7 .0 2 9 8 .6 2 9 9 .4 3 0 0 .0 2 9 1 .6 293 1 2 9 3 .6 2 9 3 .9 2 9 5 .3 2 9 6 .3 2 9 6 .9 2 9 0 .1 2 9 6 .1 2 9 5 .2 2 9 6 .7 2 9 5 .9 2 9 6 .3 2 9 6 .5 2 8 6 .1 292 0 2 9 1 .1 2 9 2 .7 2 9 1 .8 2 9 2 .2 2 9 2 .3 1 4 9 .1 1 5 2 .0 1 5 1 .6 1 5 1 .5 1 5 2 .7 1 5 3 .6 1 5 4 .5 1 4 7 .9 1 5 0 .9 1 5 0 .5 1 5 0 .2 1 5 1 .5 1 5 2 .3 1 5 3 .2 100) 1 5 0 .4 1 4 8 .0 1 4 7 .8 1 4 8 .2 1 4 8 .6 1 4 9 .2 1 4 8 .8 1 5 0 .5 1 4 8 .2 1 4 8 .0 1 4 8 .3 1 4 8 .6 1 4 9 .4 1 4 9 .0 1 4 4 .7 1 4 4 .8 1 4 5 .0 1 5 2 .8 L a w n e q u i p m e n t, p o w e r t o o ls , a n d o t h e r h a rd w a re (1 2 /7 7 H o u s e k e e p in g s u p p l ie s = 100) S o a p s a n d d e t e r g e n t s ............................................................................................................ O th e r la u n d r y a n d c le a n in g p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ..................................... C le a n s in g a n d t o ile t tis s u e , p a p e r t o w e ls a n d n a p k in s ( 1 2 / 7 7 S t a ti o n e r y , s ta tio n e r y s u p p l ie s , a n d g i f t w r a p ( 1 2 / 7 7 ................. 1 3 8 .6 1 3 9 .5 1 3 9 .5 140 9 1 4 1 .7 1 4 1 .7 1 4 1 .9 1 4 1 .7 1 4 2 .6 1 4 2 .6 1 4 4 .0 ......................................... 1 5 4 .3 1 5 4 .9 1 5 5 .9 155 5 1 5 6 .6 1 5 7 .4 1 5 8 .3 1 4 9 .1 1 4 9 .5 1 5 0 .4 1 5 0 .0 1 5 1 .1 152 0 1 0 0 ) .............................................................. 1 4 4 .4 1 4 0 .8 1 4 4 .1 1 4 3 .0 1 4 5 .4 145 0 1 4 5 .2 1 3 7 .4 1 3 4 .9 1 3 7 .2 1 3 6 .0 1 3 8 .3 1 3 8 .0 1 3 8 .3 .................................................................................................................... 3 1 5 .9 3 2 0 .9 321 6 3 2 2 .3 3 2 2 .8 324 1 3 2 4 .8 3 1 5 .6 3 2 0 .8 3 2 1 .7 3 2 2 .3 322 9 324 4 3 2 5 .3 P o s t a g e ............................................................................................................................................. 337 5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 337 5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 3 3 7 .5 159 8 1 6 5 .9 1 6 7 .1 1 6 8 .1 1 6 8 .4 1 7 1 .0 1 7 1 .7 1 6 0 .0 166 0 1 6 7 .3 1 6 8 .2 1 6 8 .5 1 7 1 .1 1 7 1 .9 1 4 1 .2 1 4 5 .4 1 4 5 .8 1 4 6 .2 1 4 7 .1 1 4 7 .5 1 4 8 .3 1 3 9 .5 143 6 1 4 4 .0 1 4 4 .3 1 4 5 .2 1 4 5 .6 1 4 6 .5 1 9 2 .0 2 0 0 .4 2 0 0 .7 2 0 0 .7 1 9 9 .3 1 9 6 .4 1 9 6 .2 1 9 1 .0 1 9 9 .3 1 9 9 .8 1 9 9 .7 1 9 8 .1 1 9 5 .3 1 9 5 .4 M is c e l la n e o u s h o u s e h o ld p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 L a w n a n d g a r d e n s u p p l ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 H o u s e k e e p in g s e r v ic e s = = 100) = 100) = M o v in g , s to r a g e , f r e i g h t , h o u s e h o ld la u n d r y , a n d d r y c le a n in g s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................... A p p l ia n c e a n d f u r n i t u r e r e p a ir ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... APPAREL AND UPKEEP A p p a re l c o m m o d itie s A p p a re l c o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o t w e a r ............................................................................... M e n 's a n d b o y s ' ........................................................................................................................ M e n 's ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ............................................................................................... S u its , s p o r t c o a ts , a n d ja c k e ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ......................... 1 8 0 .2 1 8 8 .5 1 8 8 .7 1 8 8 .6 1 8 6 .9 1 8 3 .6 183 2 1 7 9 .7 1 8 8 .0 188 4 1 8 8 .2 1 8 6 .3 1 8 3 .1 1 8 3 .0 1 7 6 .0 1 8 5 .3 1 8 5 .4 1 8 5 .2 1 8 3 .4 1 7 9 .8 1 7 9 .3 1 7 5 .3 1 8 4 .6 1 8 5 .0 184 5 1 8 2 .5 1 7 8 .9 1 7 8 .9 184 4 190 8 1 9 2 .1 193 0 1 9 1 .8 1 8 9 .7 1 8 7 .9 1 8 4 .8 1 9 1 .1 1 9 2 .5 1 9 3 .4 1 9 2 .1 190 2 1 8 8 .7 1 1 6 .2 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .6 1 2 0 .9 1 1 9 .3 1 1 8 ,1 1 1 6 .9 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .4 1 2 2 .2 1 2 1 .5 1 1 9 .8 1 1 8 .9 1 0 6 .7 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .7 1 1 4 .8 1 1 2 .9 110 8 1 0 7 .6 1 0 0 .2 1 0 5 .5 1 0 6 .9 1 0 7 .7 1 0 5 .8 1 0 4 .0 1 0 1 .2 C o a ts a n d j a c k e t s ............................................................................................... 9 8 .1 1 0 4 .4 1 0 5 .7 1 0 5 .5 1 0 4 .4 1 0 1 .7 9 8 .1 9 9 .9 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .9 108 8 1 0 7 .6 1 0 4 .3 1 0 1 .3 1 0 0 ) ......................... 1 4 2 .6 1 4 5 .4 1 4 5 .7 1 4 7 .3 1 4 7 .8 1 4 5 .9 1 4 5 .2 1 3 9 .1 1 4 1 .6 1 4 1 .9 1 4 3 .6 1 4 4 .1 1 4 1 .9 1 4 1 .2 F u r n i s h in g s a n d s p e c ia l c lo t h i n g ( 1 2 / 7 7 S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le . 80 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis = 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs G e n e ra l s u m m a ry M e n 's — U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 1983 1984 19S3 Feb. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. Feb. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. 1 2 8 .8 C o n tin u e d S h ir t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 2 2 .0 1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .1 1 2 5 .2 1 2 5 .7 1 2 5 .7 1 2 5 .7 1 2 5 .0 1 2 8 .6 1 2 7 .8 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .5 1 2 8 .9 ......................... 1 1 0 .5 1 1 2 .4 1 1 3 .1 1 1 3 .9 1 1 2 .9 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .1 1 1 6 .1 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .1 1 2 0 .1 1 1 8 .8 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .8 ................................................................................................ 1 2 1 .7 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................................... D u n g a r e e s , je a n s , a n d t r o u s e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 B o y s ' (1 2 /7 7 = 100) = 100) 1 1 9 .3 1 2 4 .1 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .2 1 2 3 .9 1 2 4 .0 1 2 3 .1 1 1 7 .7 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .9 1 2 3 .8 1 2 2 .4 1 2 2 .7 1 0 0 ) ................. 1 0 8 .1 1 1 9 .0 1 2 0 .9 1199 1 1 8 .8 1 1 8 .8 1 1 8 .4 1 0 9 .3 1 2 0 .5 1 2 2 .7 1 2 2 .1 1 2 0 .6 1 2 1 .1 1 2 0 .7 ....................................................................... 1 3 2 .5 1 3 5 .1 1 3 6 .2 1 3 7 .6 1 3 7 .0 1 3 6 .2 1362 1 2 8 .4 1 3 0 .7 1 3 1 .9 1 3 3 .3 1 3 2 .9 1 3 2 .1 1 3 1 .9 1 2 2 .9 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .7 C o a ts , ja c k e ts , s w e a te r s , a n d s h i r t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 F u r n i s h in g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) = S u it s , t r o u s e r s , s p o r t c o a ts , a n d ja c k e ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = W o m e n 's a n d g i r l s ' 100) . . ................................................................................................................ W o m e n 's ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ....................................................................................... 1 2 3 .3 1 2 1 .6 1 5 5 .7 1 6 8 .8 1 6 8 .6 1 6 7 .0 1 6 4 .9 1 5 8 .8 1 5 9 .0 1 5 7 .2 1 7 0 .2 1 7 0 .4 1 6 8 .6 166 0 1 6 0 .0 1 6 0 .7 1 0 3 .2 1 1 2 .8 1 1 2 .3 1 1 0 .9 1 2 4 .4 1 0 9 .5 1 2 2 .7 1 0 5 .4 1 0 5 .6 104 4 1 2 0 .2 1 1 4 .3 120 8 1 1 4 .0 1 2 1 .8 1 1 2 .4 1 1 0 .8 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .2 1 2 1 .6 1 2 0 .0 1 2 0 .6 1 1 9 .0 C o a ts a n d j a c k e t s ................................................................................................ 160 9 1 7 6 .6 1 7 5 .9 1 7 3 .3 1 7 0 .3 1 6 2 .8 1 6 2 .9 1 6 5 .5 1 8 1 .6 1 8 1 .2 1 7 7 .4 1 7 4 .8 1 6 6 .9 1 6 6 .9 D re s s e s 1 5 4 .9 1 7 6 .7 1 7 3 .8 1 7 1 .9 1 7 2 .0 1 6 4 .1 1 6 6 .5 1 4 0 .6 1 6 2 .6 1 5 8 .9 1 5 8 .0 1 5 7 .1 1 5 0 .5 1 5 3 .7 9 4 .6 1 0 2 .5 1 0 3 .9 1 0 2 .0 9 8 .9 9 4 .5 9 3 .0 9 5 .3 1 0 2 .9 1 0 4 .2 1 0 2 .4 9 9 .4 9 4 .7 9 3 .3 135 5 1 2 9 .7 134 8 1 3 5 .3 1 3 5 .7 1 3 6 .2 1 3 4 .4 1 3 5 .2 .................................................................................................................... S e p a ra te s a n d s p o r t s w e a r ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ..................................... ................. 1 3 0 .0 1 3 5 .1 1 3 5 .6 1 3 6 .1 1 3 6 .5 1 3 4 .8 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................................... 7 9 .7 9 4 .3 89 9 8 5 .7 8 1 .7 7 5 .2 7 5 .2 95 6 115 0 1 1 2 .6 1 0 5 .8 1 0 0 .2 9 3 .9 9 5 .0 1 0 0 ) .................................................................................................... 1 0 5 .1 1 0 4 .5 1 1 1 .4 1 1 1 .8 1 1 0 .2 106 6 1 0 6 .4 1 0 4 .9 1 0 8 .3 110 4 1 1 0 .8 1 0 8 .8 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .6 U n d e r w e a r , n i g h t w e a r , a n d h o s ie r y ( 1 2 / 7 7 S u it s ( 1 2 / 7 7 G ir ls ' ( 1 2 /7 7 = = C o a ts , ja c k e ts , d r e s s e s , a n d s u i t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 S e p a ra te s a n d s p o r t s w e a r ( 1 2 / 7 7 = = = 100) 100) 1 0 0 ) ..................... 9 6 .5 1 0 1 .6 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .2 1 0 1 .8 9 8 .1 9 8 .9 9 5 .8 9 8 .5 1 0 3 .1 1 0 3 .3 9 8 .8 9 5 .1 9 6 .6 ..................................... 1 0 1 .5 1 0 6 .3 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .6 1 0 6 .7 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .0 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .4 1 0 8 .3 1 0 6 .3 1 0 1 .4 1 0 2 .7 U n d e r w e a r , n i g h tw e a r , h o s ie r y , a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 I n f a n t s ' a n d t o d d le r s ' = 1 2 8 .7 1 3 0 .5 1 2 4 .9 1 2 7 .0 1 2 7 .6 1 2 7 .5 1 2 6 .5 1 2 5 .2 278 8 2 8 7 .4 2 8 9 .0 2 8 8 .7 282 7 2 8 3 .6 286 2 289 5 297 9 299 9 2 9 8 .1 292 1 292 4 2 9 7 .0 2 1 3 .4 2 1 7 .4 2 1 5 .5 2 1 6 .6 2 1 5 .6 2 1 5 .5 2 1 6 .1 2 0 1 .7 205 9 204 0 2 0 5 .2 204 2 203 7 2 0 4 .4 .......................................... 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .9 1 2 0 .4 1 1 8 .6 1 2 1 .4 119 8 1 2 2 .4 1 1 8 .5 1 2 0 .2 1 1 8 .5 1 1 6 .8 1 1 9 .3 1 1 7 .7 1 2 1 .1 .............................................................. 1 4 5 .4 1 4 8 .5 1 4 7 .4 1 4 9 .2 1 4 7 .0 147 6 1 4 7 .0 1 3 5 .9 1 3 9 .0 1 3 8 .0 1 4 0 .0 1 3 7 .8 1 3 8 .1 1 3 7 .2 207 9 2 0 6 .7 206 4 2 0 5 .2 2 0 7 .6 2 0 8 .1 2 0 9 .1 2 0 8 .3 2 0 7 .3 2 0 7 .0 1 0 0 ) .................................................................. ............................................................................................................ O th e r a p p a r e l c o m m o d it ie s ................................................................................................ S e w in g m a te r i a ls a n d n o t io n s ( 1 2 / 7 7 J e w e lr y a n d lu g g a g e ( 1 2 / 7 7 = = 100) 100) F o o t w e a r ...................................................................................................................................................... M e n ’s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................................ B o y s ' a n d g ir ls ' (1 2 /7 7 W o m e n ’s ( 1 2 /7 7 = = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................................... 100) .................................................................................................... 1 2 9 .1 2 0 8 .6 2 0 9 .1 1 3 2 .2 1 3 4 .8 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .8 1 3 4 .7 1 3 4 .4 1 3 5 .0 133 9 1 3 6 .7 1 3 6 .9 1 3 7 .6 1 3 6 .6 1 3 6 .4 1 3 6 .9 1 3 0 .4 1 3 1 .1 1 3 1 .8 1 3 2 .9 1 3 2 .6 1 3 1 .4 1 3 3 .4 132 9 1 3 3 .2 1 3 4 .0 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .0 1 3 3 .9 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .1 1 2 6 .7 1 2 5 .2 123 7 1 2 3 .5 120 4 122 3 122 6 122 9 1 2 1 .7 1 2 0 .3 120 3 2 9 4 .6 2 9 6 .2 2 9 7 .0 298 3 2 9 9 .7 283 6 2 9 1 .5 2 9 2 .6 2 9 4 .3 2 9 5 .0 296 1 2 9 7 .6 ................. 1 7 0 .3 174 4 1 7 6 .0 1 7 7 .0 1 7 7 .7 1 7 9 .0 180 2 168 8 1 7 3 .3 1 7 4 .3 1 7 5 .4 1 7 6 .0 1 7 7 .3 1 7 8 .5 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................... 1 4 9 .1 1 5 3 .7 153 8 1 5 4 .5 1 5 4 .5 154 2 1 5 4 .4 150 3 154 8 1 5 4 .9 1 5 5 .6 1 5 5 .6 1 5 5 .4 1 5 5 .5 289 9 3 0 3 .7 3 0 5 .7 306 3 3 0 6 .3 3 0 6 .0 3 0 5 .8 2 9 1 .1 3 0 5 .5 3 0 6 .9 3 0 8 .2 3 0 8 .2 307 9 3 0 7 .7 299 2 300 4 3 0 1 .7 301 8 300 9 300 8 2 8 7 .6 302 2 3 0 3 .6 3 0 4 .9 3 0 5 .0 3 0 4 .1 303 9 = 100) 2 8 5 .2 P riv a te 2 0 2 .7 2 0 4 .3 2 0 6 .2 2 0 7 .0 2 0 7 .2 207 2 2 0 5 .7 2 0 6 .5 2 0 6 .7 206 7 .................................................................................................................................................. 309 1 3 4 3 .9 3 5 0 .4 3 5 6 .1 3 5 7 .6 3 5 7 .3 357 2 3 0 9 .1 343 9 3 5 0 .4 356 1 3 5 7 .6 3 5 7 .3 3 5 7 .2 ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 5 9 .4 387 1 382 4 3 7 8 .1 3 7 5 .2 370 3 3 6 8 .8 3 6 1 .2 388 8 3 8 4 .3 3 8 0 .1 3 7 7 .0 3 7 2 .1 3 7 0 .7 ........................................................................................ 3 2 5 .9 3 3 2 .3 333 5 3 3 5 .2 3 3 5 .4 3 3 6 .1 3 3 7 .4 3 2 6 .6 3 3 3 .0 3 3 4 .1 3 3 5 .6 335 9 3 3 6 .6 3 3 8 .1 ................................................................................................ 1 6 2 .7 1 6 7 .7 169 0 1 6 9 .5 1 6 9 .6 1 7 0 .2 1 7 0 .3 1 6 1 .5 1 6 6 .5 1 6 7 .8 1 6 8 .2 1 6 8 .3 1 6 8 .9 1 6 9 .0 1 6 3 .6 1 6 3 .8 164 4 1 6 0 .1 1 6 4 .5 1 6 5 .7 167 2 1 6 7 .4 1 6 7 .6 1 6 8 .4 N e w c a r s ....................................................................................................................................................... G a s o lin e 1 2 6 .3 2 9 3 .4 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N U sed c a rs 1 2 8 .0 1 3 1 .2 2 0 5 .6 2 0 8 .0 1 2 9 .0 1 2 4 .6 L a u n d r y a n d d r y c le a n in g o t h e r t h a n c o in o p e r a te d ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 128 4 2 8 5 .4 A p p a r e l s e r v ic e s O th e r a p p a r e l s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 1 2 5 .8 A u t o m o b il e m a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir B o d y w o rk (1 2 /7 7 = 100) 2 0 1 .3 201 0 202 3 2 0 3 .8 A u t o m o b il e d r iv e t r a i n , b r a k e , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s m e c h a n ic a l r e p a ir ( 1 2 / 7 7 = ........................................................................... 1 5 6 .1 1 6 0 .7 1 6 1 .9 1 6 3 .4 1 0 0 ) ............................................................... 1 5 1 .1 1 5 2 .6 1 5 2 .5 1 5 2 .7 1 5 2 .8 1 5 2 .9 153 5 1 5 0 .5 1 5 1 .9 1 5 1 .7 1 5 1 .9 1 5 2 .0 1 5 2 .0 1 5 2 .8 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... 1 5 5 .4 1 5 8 .4 1 5 9 .1 1 6 0 .2 1 6 0 .1 1 6 0 .9 1 6 1 .8 1 5 4 .8 157 8 1 5 8 .5 1 5 9 .5 1 5 9 .5 1 6 0 .4 1 6 1 .2 100) M a in te n a n c e a n d s e r v ic i n g ( 1 2 / 7 7 P o w e r p l a n t r e p a ir ( 1 2 / 7 7 = = 259 7 260 8 2 6 3 .3 2 6 5 .6 266 8 2 6 7 .6 2 6 7 .7 2 6 1 .1 261 8 2 6 4 .4 266 6 2 6 7 .9 268 4 2 6 8 .5 2 1 5 .0 208 3 2 0 8 .1 209 2 2 0 8 .4 2 0 3 .3 2 0 2 .8 2 1 7 .4 210 9 2 1 0 .7 2 1 1 .7 2 1 1 .4 2 0 5 .6 205 2 ..................... 154 8 1 5 4 .2 1 5 2 .7 1 5 2 .9 1 5 3 .3 1 5 3 .3 1 5 3 .8 1 5 3 .8 1 5 3 .2 1 5 2 .2 1 5 1 .7 152 3 152 2 1 5 2 .7 ................................. 1 3 6 .7 1 3 1 .9 1 3 1 .9 1 3 2 .7 1 3 2 .4 1 2 8 .3 1 2 7 .8 1 3 8 .5 1 3 3 .8 1 3 3 .8 134 6 1 3 4 .3 1 3 0 .0 1 2 9 .6 1 7 4 .2 1 9 4 .1 1 8 5 .4 185 4 1 8 7 .0 186 5 1 7 8 .5 O th e r p r iv a te t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ............................................................................................................ O th e r p r iv a te t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o m m o d it ie s ............................................................... M o t o r o i l , c o o la n t , a n d o t h e r p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 A u t o m o b il e p a r ts a n d e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = = 100) 100) T i r e s ............................................................................................................................. A u t o m o b il e in s u r a n c e 1 8 1 .7 1 8 1 .7 1 8 3 .1 1 8 2 .7 1 7 5 .7 1 7 7 .9 133 7 1 3 2 .9 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .0 1 3 2 .9 1 3 2 .1 1 3 2 .0 1 3 3 .6 1 3 2 .8 1 3 2 .8 1 3 2 .9 1 3 2 .7 1 3 1 .9 1 3 1 .8 2 7 7 .3 2 8 0 .5 283 1 284 8 2 8 7 .2 2 8 7 .5 2 7 5 .2 2 7 7 .8 2 8 1 .1 2 8 3 .7 285 4 2 8 7 .6 2 8 7 .7 ................................................................................................ 2 9 5 .6 3 0 3 .8 3 0 9 .4 3 1 2 .8 315 0 318 8 3 1 9 .8 2 9 4 .9 303 4 308 8 3 1 2 .1 314 3 318 0 318 9 .............................................. 1 6 5 .0 1 5 6 .4 1 5 7 .2 1 5 9 .1 160 0 1 6 0 .1 159 3 1 6 4 .0 1 5 5 .8 1 5 6 .8 1 5 8 .7 159 7 1 5 9 .6 158 7 1 4 0 .1 1 4 6 .9 1 4 7 .1 1 4 7 .3 1 4 7 .5 1 4 8 .9 1 4 9 .1 1 4 0 .8 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .2 1 4 8 .3 1 4 8 .6 1 4 9 .8 1 5 0 .1 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................... A u t o m o b il e fin a n c e c h a r g e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) A u t o m o b il e r e n ta l, r e g is t r a t i o n , a n d o t h e r fe e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = S t a te r e g is t r a t i o n 190 6 2 7 4 .1 O th e r p a r t s a n d e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 O th e r p r iv a te t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s ........................................................................... 100) . . 184 9 1 9 5 .3 1 9 5 .4 1 9 5 .4 195 6 1 9 5 .1 1 9 5 .1 1 8 4 .3 1 9 5 .2 1 9 5 .2 1 9 5 .2 1 9 5 .4 195 0 1 9 5 .0 1 0 0 ) .............................................................. 1 3 3 .5 1 5 3 .0 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .5 154 5 1 5 8 .0 1 5 8 .0 1 3 3 .7 1 5 3 .4 1 5 4 .4 154 8 1 5 4 .8 158 3 158 3 1 0 0 ) .......................................................... 1 2 8 .6 1 3 9 .8 1 3 9 .8 139 8 1 3 9 .8 1 3 9 .2 139 2 129 9 140 5 140 5 1 4 0 .5 1 4 0 .5 139 9 1 3 9 .9 1 5 6 .2 1 6 0 .5 1 6 0 .2 160 5 1 6 0 .7 1 6 3 .5 163 9 1 6 4 .1 1 6 7 .8 1 6 7 .6 1 6 7 .7 1 6 7 .9 1 7 0 .4 1 7 1 .1 3 5 5 .2 3 6 6 .6 3 6 8 .2 3 7 0 .3 369 0 3 7 8 .2 377 4 3 4 7 .7 357 2 358 5 359 9 3 5 9 .0 3 7 1 .1 3 7 0 .1 ................................................................................................ D r i v e r s ' lic e n s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = V e h ic le in s p e c tio n ( 1 2 / 7 7 = O th e r v e h ic le - r e la t e d fe e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................... P u b lic A i r li n e f a r e .................................................................................................................................................. 4 0 5 .5 4 2 3 .3 4 2 6 .6 4 3 1 .6 4 2 8 .5 4 3 0 .3 4 2 9 .5 401 5 4 1 9 .5 4 2 2 .5 4 2 7 .2 424 4 4 2 6 .4 4 2 5 .5 In t e r c it y b u s fa r e ................................................................................................................................. 383 8 4 1 5 .1 4 1 7 .7 4 1 6 .0 4 0 5 .5 4 2 5 .3 4 2 8 .2 3 8 5 .4 4 1 5 .3 4 1 7 .6 4 1 6 .9 402 6 4 2 3 .9 4 2 7 .1 In t r a c it y m a s s t r a n s i t ......................................................................................................................... 3 1 9 .4 3 2 4 .6 3 2 4 .8 3 2 4 .3 3 2 4 .5 3 4 2 .8 3 4 1 .4 3 1 8 .3 3 2 2 .5 3 2 3 .0 3 2 2 .5 3 2 2 .7 342 8 3 4 1 .3 T a x i fa re ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 0 1 .2 3 0 3 .5 3 0 3 .1 3 0 4 .7 3 0 7 .6 308 2 3 0 8 .3 3 1 0 .8 3 1 2 .7 3 1 2 .2 3 1 3 .5 316 7 317 2 3 1 7 .5 In t e r c it y t r a i n f a r e ................................................................................................................................. 3 5 1 .8 3 6 4 .8 3 6 5 .4 3 6 4 .8 3 7 0 .7 3 7 3 .7 373 5 3 5 2 .2 3 6 5 .4 366 1 3 6 5 .6 3 7 1 .3 374 0 3 7 3 .8 M E D IC A L C A R E 3 5 1 .3 3 6 1 .2 362 9 3 6 4 .9 3 6 6 .2 3 6 9 .5 3 7 3 .2 348 9 3 5 9 .2 3 6 0 .9 3 6 2 .9 3 6 4 .3 3 6 7 .5 3 7 1 .3 M e d ic a l c a r e c o m m o d itie s 2 1 6 .7 2 2 6 .3 2 2 7 .5 2 2 8 .9 2 2 9 .9 2 3 1 .2 2 3 2 .9 2 1 7 .2 2 2 6 .7 2 2 7 .8 2 2 9 .1 2 3 0 .1 2 3 1 .5 2 3 3 .2 P r e s c n p t io n d r u g s ................................................................................................................................. 2 0 5 .9 2 1 6 .7 2 1 8 .6 220 8 2 2 2 .3 2 2 3 .7 2 2 6 .4 2 0 7 .1 2 1 8 .0 2 1 9 .9 2 2 2 .1 2 2 3 .1 2 2 5 .0 2 2 7 .9 1 5 3 .3 1 5 8 .1 1 5 8 .6 1 5 9 .1 1 6 1 .2 1 6 1 .4 1 6 3 .4 1 5 5 .5 1 6 0 .3 160 8 1 6 1 .5 163 5 1 6 4 .2 1 6 5 .8 1 6 8 .2 1 7 9 .9 1 8 2 .8 1 8 6 .9 1 8 8 .4 1 9 0 .1 1 9 3 .0 1 6 7 .9 1 7 9 .7 1 8 2 .6 1 8 6 .7 1 8 8 .3 1 9 0 .0 1 9 2 .9 1 4 7 .2 1 5 5 .7 1 5 7 .9 1 5 9 .7 1 6 0 .3 1 6 1 .1 1 6 4 .4 1 9 0 .8 2 0 1 .9 2 0 4 .0 2 0 6 .1 2 0 7 .1 2 0 7 .9 2 0 9 .4 A n t i- m f e c t iv e d r u g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... T r a n q u i liz e r s a n d s e d a t iv e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 C i r c u la t o r ie s a n d d i u r e t ic s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = = 100) .......................................................... 1 0 0 ) .............................................................. 1 4 7 .2 1 5 5 .8 1 5 8 .1 159 9 1 6 0 .6 1 6 1 .5 1 6 4 .7 1 8 9 .0 2 0 0 .0 2 0 1 .9 2 0 4 .0 2 0 5 .0 2 0 5 .8 2 0 7 .2 H o r m o n e s , d ia b e ti c d r u g s , b i o lo g i c a ls , a n d p r e s c r i p t io n m e d ic a l s u p p l ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................. S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 81 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Urban W a«e Earners and C le rica l W a tte rs A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs 1983 G e n e ra l s u m m a ry P a in a n d s y m p t o m c o n t r o l d r u g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................... 1984 1983 Oct. 1M 4 Nov. Feb. S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. 1 6 8 .6 1 7 7 .5 1 7 8 .7 1 8 0 .5 1 8 1 .1 1 8 2 .1 1 8 3 .8 1 7 0 .3 1 7 9 .4 1 8 0 .6 1 8 2 .4 1 5 6 .4 1 6 3 .8 1 6 4 .2 1 6 4 .7 1 6 5 .7 1 6 7 .1 1 6 9 .8 1 5 6 .7 1 6 4 .1 1 6 4 .5 1 6 5 .1 1 5 1 .6 1 5 7 .3 Feb. Feb. S e p t. Dec Jaa. Feb. 1 8 3 .0 1 8 4 .2 1 8 5 .9 1 6 6 .2 1 6 7 .4 1 7 0 .4 S u p p le m e n ts , c o u g h a n d c o l d p r e p a r a tio n s , a n d r e s p ir a t o r y a g e n t s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................... N o n p r e s c r ip t io n d r u g s a n d m e d ic a l s u p p l ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = E y e g la s s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 1 0 0 ) ................................. ................................................................................... I n te r n a l a n d r e s p ir a t o r y o v e r - t h e - c o u n t e r d r u g s .................................................. N o n p r e s c r ip t io n m e d ic a l e q u i p m e n t a n d s u p p l ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v ic e s P r o f e s s io n a l s e r v ic e s = 100) . . . .................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................... 1 5 7 .5 1 5 7 .9 1 5 8 .3 1 5 9 .2 1 5 9 .6 1 5 2 .4 1 5 9 .1 1 5 8 .3 1 5 8 .8 1 5 9 .1 1 6 0 .1 1 6 0 .6 1 3 4 .6 1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .3 1 3 7 .8 1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .9 1 3 8 .0 1 3 3 .4 1 3 6 .7 1 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .6 1 3 6 .5 1 3 6 .8 1 3 7 .0 2 4 5 .1 2 5 5 .6 2 5 6 .1 2 5 6 .4 2 5 7 .5 2 5 9 .4 2 6 0 .1 2 4 6 .4 2 5 6 .9 2 5 7 .4 2 5 7 .7 2 5 8 .8 2 6 0 .6 2 6 1 .4 1 5 4 .1 1 5 4 .0 1 5 5 .0 1 5 5 .7 1 4 6 .1 1 5 1 .2 1 5 1 .8 1 5 2 .7 1 5 2 .6 1 5 3 .4 1 5 4 .6 1 4 7 .4 1 5 2 .3 1 5 3 .0 3 8 1 .5 3 9 1 .0 3 9 2 .9 3 9 5 .0 3 9 6 .3 4 0 0 .0 4 0 4 .4 3 7 8 .2 3 8 8 .3 3 9 0 .2 3 9 2 .3 3 9 3 .8 3 9 7 .5 4 0 1 .8 3 1 5 .4 3 2 7 .6 3 2 9 .7 3 3 1 .7 3 3 2 .9 3 3 5 .9 3 3 9 .8 3 1 5 .7 328 0 3 3 0 .1 3 3 2 .0 3 3 3 .3 3 3 6 .3 3 4 0 .3 P h y s ic ia n s ' s e r v i c e s ........................................................................................................ 3 4 4 .8 3 5 6 .5 3 5 8 .5 3 6 0 .5 3 6 2 .0 3 6 6 .0 3 7 0 .4 3 4 8 .2 3 6 0 .5 362 3 3 6 4 .3 3 6 5 .9 3 6 9 .9 3 7 4 .4 D e n ta l s e r v i c e s ........................................................................................... 2 9 4 .0 3 0 8 .3 3 1 0 .7 3 1 2 .9 3 1 4 .0 3 1 6 .0 3 1 9 .8 2 9 1 .8 3 0 6 .1 3 0 8 .5 3 1 0 .7 3 1 1 .8 3 1 3 .9 317 8 O th e r p r o fe s s i o n a l s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 150 5 154 3 1 5 5 .4 155 9 1 5 6 .2 1 5 7 .4 1 5 8 .7 1 4 7 .2 1 5 0 .8 1 5 1 .8 1 5 2 .5 1 5 2 .7 1 5 3 .8 1 5 5 .0 = 100) ..................................... O th e r m e d ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ............................................................................................................ H o s p ita l a n d o t h e r m e d ic a l s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................... 4 6 1 .3 467 8 4 6 9 .3 4 7 1 .5 4 7 3 .0 4 7 7 .9 4 8 2 .5 457 0 4 6 3 .9 4 6 5 .6 4 6 7 .9 4 6 9 .5 4 7 4 .1 4 7 9 .0 1 8 8 .6 1 9 7 .8 199 4 2 0 1 .0 2 0 2 .2 2 0 4 .3 2 0 6 .4 1 8 7 .0 1 9 5 .7 1 9 7 .3 1 9 9 .0 2 0 0 .1 2 0 2 .1 2 0 4 .4 6 0 4 .1 6 3 3 .8 6 3 8 .0 6 4 1 .9 6 4 3 .5 6 5 0 .2 6 5 7 .9 5 9 6 .7 6 2 6 .1 6 3 0 .2 6 3 3 .9 6 3 5 .9 6 4 1 .9 6 5 0 .4 1 8 4 .5 1 9 3 .3 1 9 5 .1 1 9 7 .1 1 9 8 .8 2 0 0 .9 2 0 2 .7 1 8 3 .3 1 9 1 .4 1 9 3 .3 195 4 1 9 7 .0 1 9 9 .1 2 0 1 .0 E N T E R T A IN M E N T 2 4 3 .1 2 4 7 .5 2 4 9 .1 249 5 2 4 9 .5 249 9 2 5 1 .5 2 3 9 .5 2 4 4 .1 2 4 5 .4 2 4 5 .7 2 4 5 .8 2 4 6 .2 2 4 7 .7 E n t e r ta in m e n t c o m m o d itie s 2 4 4 .5 2 4 8 .0 2 4 9 .3 2 4 9 .0 248 7 2 4 8 .9 2 5 0 .7 2 3 8 .8 2 4 2 .6 2 4 3 .7 2 4 3 .4 2 4 3 .1 2 4 3 .6 2 4 5 .3 H o s p ita l r o o m ............................................................................................................ O th e r h o s p i ta l a n d m e d ic a l c a re s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 R e a d in g m a te r i a ls ( 1 2 / 7 7 N e w s p a p e rs = 100) = ...................................................................... ............................................................................... M a g a z in e s , p e r io d ic a ls , a n d b o o k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 S p o r t in g g o o d s a n d e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 S p o r t v e h ic le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) = = 1 0 0 ) ............................. 1 0 0 ) ......................................... ............................. In d o o r a n d w a r m w e a th e r s p o r t e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 B ic y c le s ..................... 100) = 100) . . ................................................................................................ O th e r s p o r t in g g o o d s a n d e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 T o y s , h o b b ie s , a n d o t h e r e n t e r t a in m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = = 1 0 0 ) ............................. 100) T o y s , h o b b ie s , a n d m u s ic e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = P h o t o g r a p h ic s u p p l ie s a n d e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = P e t s u p p l ie s a n d e x p e n s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = ................. 1 0 0 ) ..................................... 100) ..................... 1 0 0 ) .............................................................. E n t e r ta in m e n t s e rv ic e s F e e s f o r p a r t ic ip a n t s p o r t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 A d m i s s io n s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................... 1 0 0 ) .................................................................. 1 5 6 .1 1 6 1 .2 1 6 3 .4 1 6 2 .9 1 6 2 .3 1 6 0 .7 1 6 4 .1 1 5 5 .5 1 6 0 .5 162 8 1 6 2 .3 1 6 1 .8 1 6 0 .3 1 6 3 .4 2 9 6 .5 3 0 4 .0 306 9 3 0 7 .7 3 0 8 .2 3 0 8 .6 3 1 0 .2 2 9 6 .4 3 0 3 .9 3 0 7 .0 3 0 7 .8 3 0 8 .3 3 0 8 .6 3 1 0 .4 1 6 2 .2 1 6 8 .6 1 7 1 .7 170 2 1 6 8 .6 165 0 1 7 1 .2 1 6 2 .1 1 6 8 .8 1 7 2 .0 1 7 0 .4 1 6 8 .7 1 6 4 .9 1 7 1 .3 133 4 1 3 4 .6 1 3 4 .5 1 3 4 .7 1 3 5 .0 1 3 6 .1 135 9 1 2 7 .0 1 2 8 .9 1 2 8 .6 1 2 8 .7 1 3 6 .1 1 3 7 .4 1 3 7 .3 1 3 7 .8 1 3 8 .5 1 3 9 .8 1 3 9 .5 1 2 6 .0 1 2 8 .5 1 2 8 .2 1 2 8 .5 1 2 9 .2 1 3 0 .5 1 3 0 .7 1 2 0 .5 118 6 1 1 8 .6 1 1 8 .1 1 1 7 .4 1 1 7 .8 1 1 7 .4 1 1 7 .9 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .0 1 1 5 .3 1 1 5 .8 1 1 5 .3 1 2 9 .1 1 3 0 .1 1 3 0 .3 1 9 6 .7 2 0 0 .1 199 9 1 9 8 .6 198 2 2 0 0 .1 2 0 1 .5 1 9 7 .7 200 9 2 0 0 .7 1 9 9 .3 199 0 2 0 0 .9 2 0 2 .4 1 3 2 .1 1 3 4 .6 1 3 4 .0 1 3 4 .5 1 3 4 .8 1 3 5 .2 1 3 4 .6 1 3 1 .9 1 3 4 .5 1 3 3 .8 1 3 4 .4 1 3 4 .7 1 3 4 .6 1 3 4 .2 1 3 8 .0 138 8 1 3 9 .3 1 3 7 .7 1 3 8 .1 1 3 8 .2 1 3 8 .7 1 3 9 .1 1 3 8 .8 139 3 1 3 9 .8 1 3 6 .7 1 3 7 .8 1 3 7 .6 136 9 1 3 6 .7 1 3 7 .3 1 3 6 .7 1 3 6 .6 1 3 7 .0 1 3 7 .3 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .5 1 3 2 .8 1 3 2 .9 1 3 3 .4 1 3 1 .2 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .9 1 3 1 .7 1 3 0 .2 1 3 0 .1 1 3 1 .9 1 3 2 .3 1 3 2 .1 1 3 3 .0 1 3 2 .7 1 3 1 .2 1 3 1 .2 1 3 3 .0 1 4 4 .9 1 4 8 .5 1 4 8 .5 1 4 8 .8 148 9 1 5 0 .1 149 9 1 4 5 .9 1 4 9 .6 1 4 9 .6 1 4 9 .9 1 5 0 .1 1 5 1 .1 1 5 0 .9 2 4 1 .6 2 4 7 .2 2 4 9 .2 2 5 0 .5 2 5 1 .1 2 5 1 .8 2 5 3 .1 2 4 1 .8 2 4 7 .8 2 4 9 .7 2 5 1 .0 2 5 1 .7 2 5 2 .1 2 5 3 .2 1 5 0 .6 1 5 4 .4 1 5 5 .6 1 5 6 .4 1 5 6 .9 1 5 7 .8 158 6 1 5 1 .7 1 5 5 .5 156 9 1 5 7 .7 1 5 8 .1 1 5 8 .8 1 5 9 .2 1 3 3 .8 1 4 0 .9 1 4 5 .2 1 4 5 .8 146 6 1 4 7 ,2 1 4 7 .3 1 4 8 .3 1 3 9 .8 1 4 4 .2 1 4 4 .8 1 4 5 .6 1 4 6 .3 1 4 6 .2 1 4 7 .2 1 3 0 .3 1 3 1 .0 1 3 2 .6 133 3 1 3 3 .0 132 9 1 3 3 .4 1 3 1 .2 1 3 2 .3 1 3 3 .6 1 3 4 .4 1 3 4 .0 1 3 3 .9 1 3 4 .4 O T H E R G O O D S A N D S E R V IC E S 281 6 294 4 2 9 6 .8 2 9 8 .1 2 9 8 .6 3 0 0 .5 3 0 1 .5 2 7 9 .6 2 9 2 .0 2 9 4 .1 2 9 5 .5 2 9 5 .9 2 9 8 .1 2 9 9 .2 T o b a c c o p ro d u c ts 282 8 2 9 8 .0 299 0 2 9 9 .9 299 9 3 0 4 .3 3 0 5 .4 2 8 2 .2 2 9 7 .8 298 8 2 9 9 .7 2 9 9 .6 3 0 4 .0 3 0 5 .1 C ig a r e tt e s 290 0 3 0 6 .4 3 0 7 .4 308 2 3 0 8 .0 312 8 313 8 2 8 8 .8 3 0 5 .5 3 0 6 .5 3 0 7 .3 3 0 7 .0 3 1 1 .8 3 1 2 .7 1 4 7 .8 1 5 1 .2 1 5 1 .4 152 7 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .9 1 5 6 .1 1 4 7 .7 1 5 1 .2 151 4 1 5 2 .7 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .9 1 5 6 .0 257 8 2 6 3 .0 2 6 3 .3 2 6 5 .6 266 3 2 6 6 .9 2 6 7 .9 2 5 5 .5 2 6 0 .9 2 6 1 .5 2 6 3 .7 2 6 4 .4 2 6 5 .0 2 6 6 .1 2 5 6 .0 262 4 2 6 3 .0 2 6 5 .7 266 3 2 6 6 .8 2 6 7 .9 2 5 6 .8 2 6 3 .0 2 6 3 .9 2 6 6 .6 2 6 7 .1 2 6 7 .5 2 6 8 .7 1 4 8 .1 1 5 3 .0 1 5 2 .7 1 5 4 .5 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .3 1 5 4 .7 1 4 7 .4 1 5 2 .0 1 5 1 .9 1 5 3 .6 1 5 3 .1 1 5 3 .2 1 5 3 .8 159 3 1 6 0 .8 1 6 3 .1 1 6 6 .7 1 6 7 .3 1 6 7 .8 1 6 8 .1 1 5 7 .8 1 5 9 .1 1 6 1 .2 1 6 5 .1 1 6 5 .6 1 6 6 .0 1 6 6 .3 1 4 5 .6 1 4 8 .3 1 4 7 .7 1 4 8 .9 149 8 1 5 0 .0 1 5 0 .6 1 4 6 .4 1 4 8 .9 1 4 8 .9 1 5 0 .1 1 5 1 .1 1 5 1 .1 1 5 1 .7 1 4 4 .1 1 4 9 .9 1 5 0 .5 150 5 1 5 0 .7 1 5 1 .0 1 5 2 .4 1 4 7 .6 153 4 1 5 4 .1 1 5 4 .1 1 5 4 .4 1 5 4 .8 1 5 6 .2 260 4 2 6 4 .6 2 6 4 .6 266 6 267 4 268 1 269 0 2 5 4 .7 259 3 259 6 261 4 2 6 2 .1 263 0 2 6 4 .0 264 4 268 1 2 6 7 .5 269 8 2 7 0 .7 2 7 1 .2 2 7 2 .3 2 5 6 .8 2 6 1 .1 2 6 0 .7 2 6 2 .9 2 0 3 .7 2 6 4 .5 2 6 5 .7 1 4 3 .1 1 4 6 .0 1 4 6 .8 1 4 7 .5 1 4 7 .8 1 4 8 .4 1 4 8 .7 1 4 1 .9 1 4 4 .8 1 4 5 .6 1 4 6 .3 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .2 1 4 7 .5 P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a tio n a l e x p e n s e s 3 2 3 .9 3 4 4 .6 3 5 0 .9 351 3 3 5 2 .1 3 5 3 .5 3 5 4 .4 3 2 5 .0 3 4 5 .6 3 5 2 .4 3 5 2 .9 3 5 3 .7 3 5 5 .4 3 5 6 .4 S c h o o lb o o k s a n d s u p p l ie s 2 9 2 .0 3 0 6 .6 3 0 8 .5 3 0 8 .8 3 0 8 .9 3 1 4 .4 3 1 7 .2 2 9 6 .0 3 1 0 .8 312 9 3 1 3 .0 3 1 3 .0 3 1 8 .8 3 2 1 .7 331 0 3 5 3 .5 361 9 3 6 2 .7 363 3 3 3 2 .5 3 5 4 .3 3 6 2 .0 3 6 5 .2 O th e r e n t e r t a in m e n t s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) . . . ............................................................................... O th e r to b a c c o p r o d u c t s a n d s m o k in g a c c e s s o r ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................. P e rs o n a l c a re T o i le t g o o d s a n d p e r s o n a l c a r e a p p l i a n c e s .......................................................... P r o d u c t s f o r th e h a ir , h a ir p ie c e s , a n d w ig s ( 1 2 / 7 7 D e n ta l a n d s h a v in g p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) = 100) ..................... ..................................... C o s m e t ic s , b a th a n d n a il p r e p a r a tio n s , m a n ic u r e a n d e y e m a k e u p Im p l e m e n ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... O th e r to ile t g o o d s a n d s m a ll p e rso n a l ca re a p p lia n ce s (1 2 /7 7 = P e rs o n a l c a r e s e r v ic e s 100) . . . ........................................................................................... B e a u ty p a r lo r s e r v ic e s f o r w o m e n ..................................... H a i r c u ts a n d o t h e r b a r b e r s h o p s e r v ic e s f o r m e n ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) . . . .................................................................. P e rs o n a l a n d e d u c a tio n a l s e r v ic e s ................................................................................... T u i t io n a n d o t h e r s c h o o l f e e s .......................................................... C o lle g e t u it io n ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................. E le m e n ta r y a n d h i g h s c h o o l t u it io n ( 1 2 / 7 7 P e rs o n a l e x p e n s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = = 100) ............................. 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................... 3 6 0 .6 3 6 1 .0 3 5 2 .9 3 6 3 .6 3 6 4 .5 1 6 7 .4 1 7 8 .6 1 8 2 .9 1 8 2 .9 182 9 183 0 1 8 3 .2 1 6 7 .9 1 7 8 .4 1 8 3 .3 1 8 3 .3 1 8 3 .3 1 8 3 .4 167 0 1 8 0 .7 1 8 2 .7 1 8 2 .7 182 8 1 8 2 .9 1 8 3 .0 1 6 7 .1 1 8 0 .5 1 8 2 .6 1 8 2 .6 1 8 2 .7 1 8 2 .7 1 8 2 .9 168 8 1 7 0 .9 1 8 3 .9 1 8 3 .9 1 8 3 .9 1 8 3 .9 183 9 1 6 9 .8 1 7 2 .7 1 8 4 .9 1 8 4 .9 184 9 1 8 4 .9 1 8 4 .9 1 7 9 .6 1 9 2 .6 1 9 3 .4 1 9 4 .6 1 9 6 .8 1 9 8 .6 1 9 9 .6 1 7 9 .5 1 9 3 .0 1 9 3 .9 1 9 5 .2 1 9 7 .3 1 9 9 .1 2 0 0 .2 1 8 3 .5 S p e c ia l In d e x e s : G a s o lin e , m o t o r o i l, c o o la n t , a n d o t h e r p r o d u c t s .............................................. 3 5 5 .8 3 8 2 .3 377 8 3 7 3 .7 370 9 3 6 6 .3 3 6 5 .1 3 5 7 .3 4 1 1 .6 4 1 8 .2 4 1 9 .7 4 1 9 .8 4 1 9 .4 4 1 8 .4 4 1 5 .7 U tili tie s a n d p u b l ic t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ........................................................................... 3 2 9 .4 3 4 4 .7 3 4 3 .0 3 4 0 .7 339 8 3 4 4 .6 3 4 6 .6 3 2 8 .5 343 8 3 4 1 .8 3 3 9 .4 3 3 8 .5 3 4 3 .6 3 4 5 .5 H o u s e k e e p in g a n d h o m e m a in te n a n c e s e r v i c e s .......................................................... 3 5 5 .1 3 6 1 .6 3 6 3 .4 3 6 4 .2 364 9 3 6 6 .4 3 6 6 .9 3 5 6 .5 3 6 5 .2 3 6 9 .7 3 7 0 .4 3 7 2 .0 3 7 3 .9 3 7 3 .8 In s u r a n c e a n d f i n a n c e ................................................................................... 'E x c l u d e s m o t o r o i l, c o o la n t , a n d o t h e r p r o d u c t s a s o f J a n u a r y 1 9 8 3 82 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis c = c o r r e c te d . 383 9 3 7 9 .5 3 7 5 .5 3 7 2 .5 3 6 7 .9 3 6 6 .0 21. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Cross classification of region and population size class by expenditure category and commodity and service group [December 1977 = 100] S iz e c la s s A S iz e c la s s B S iz e c la s s C S iz e c la s s D ( 1 . 2 5 m illio n o r m o r e ) ( 3 8 5 , 0 0 0 - 1 , 2 5 0 m illio n ) ( 7 5 ,0 0 0 -3 8 5 ,0 0 0 ) ( 7 5 , 0 0 0 o r le s s ) C a te g o ry a e d g ro u p | 1984 D ec. Feb. 1 6 3 .7 1 6 5 .9 1 6 7 .1 1 6 8 .3 1 7 0 .5 1 6 1 .6 1 6 2 .3 1 4 7 .3 1 4 6 .7 1 5 1 .8 1 5 0 .7 1 5 1 .9 1 5 5 .0 1 4 6 .6 1 4 7 .6 1 5 2 .4 1 5 6 .5 1 5 7 .2 1 5 9 .5 1 4 8 .2 148 8 1 5 2 .4 | D ec. O c t. 1 6 3 .1 O c t. | Feb. Feb. Feb. O c t. 1983 1984 1983 D ec. D ec. | 1984 1983 1984 1983 O c t. E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y A l l it e m s ............................................................................................................................. F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s ....................................................................................... 1 6 4 .9 H o u s i n g ..................................................................................................................... 1 6 0 .5 1 6 1 .7 1 6 4 .3 1 7 1 .4 1 7 2 .6 1 7 6 .9 1 7 8 .4 1 7 9 .5 1 8 3 .7 1 6 6 .3 1 6 6 .4 1 7 0 .1 A p p a re l a n d u p k e e p ....................................................................................... 1 2 5 .5 1 2 2 .7 1 2 1 .1 1 3 0 .0 129 5 1 2 4 .0 1 3 2 .3 1 3 3 .0 1 2 8 .7 1 3 1 .9 1 3 4 .1 1 3 2 .6 .................................................................................................... 1 6 5 .8 1 6 6 .5 1 6 8 .4 173 4 1 7 4 .2 1 7 2 .6 1 7 2 .0 1 7 2 .9 1 7 3 .2 1 7 1 .9 1 7 2 .5 1 7 2 .2 ........................................................................................................ 1 6 6 .5 1 6 8 .3 1 7 1 .8 1 6 7 .3 1 7 0 .7 1 7 5 .1 1 7 1 .4 1 7 4 .2 1 7 6 .5 1 7 2 .6 1 7 7 .5 1 8 1 .1 T r a n s p o r t a t io n M e d ic a l c a r e E n t e r t a i n m e n t ........................................................................................................ 1 4 5 .8 1 4 5 .9 1 4 6 .6 1 4 2 .8 1 4 0 .3 1 4 0 .3 146 2 1 4 9 .0 1 4 9 .9 1 5 3 .0 1 5 2 .3 152 4 O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s 1 6 6 .9 1 6 7 .9 1 6 9 .1 1 6 7 .1 1 6 7 .7 1 6 8 .7 1 7 0 .5 1 7 2 .3 1 7 3 .5 1 7 1 .3 1 7 1 .8 173 6 1 5 9 .1 ........................................................................... C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P C o m m o d i t i e s .................................................................................................................... C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ............................................. S e r v i c e s ............................................................................................................................. 1 5 3 .6 1 5 7 .4 1 5 7 .1 1 5 9 .3 1 5 6 .4 1 5 4 .7 1 5 5 .5 1 5 3 .0 1 5 2 .9 1 5 4 .0 1 6 2 .1 1 6 2 .0 1 6 2 .5 1 5 8 .9 1 5 9 .2 1 6 0 .7 1 5 8 .3 1 5 9 .0 1 6 1 .1 1 6 3 .2 1 6 4 .4 1 6 6 .9 1 7 1 .8 1 7 3 .6 175 8 1 8 4 .2 186 3 1 8 8 .6 1 7 1 .9 1 7 2 .7 1 7 4 .4 1 5 1 .2 1 5 1 .4 1 5 7 .0 1 5 8 .6 N o r th C e n tra l R e g io n E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y A l l ite m s ......................................................................................................................... F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s ................................................................................... 1 6 7 .3 1 6 7 .6 1 6 8 .7 1 6 2 .6 163 6 1 6 5 .2 1 6 1 .1 1 6 1 .6 1 6 2 .5 1 6 2 .1 1 6 2 .8 1 6 3 .7 1 4 4 .6 1 4 5 .2 1 4 9 .4 1 4 2 .8 1 4 3 .8 1 4 8 .0 1 4 4 .8 1 4 4 .7 1 4 8 .6 1 5 3 .2 1 5 2 .9 1 5 5 .9 1 6 7 .8 1 6 9 .0 1 6 9 .9 1 6 5 .9 1 6 7 .0 1 6 7 .0 H o u s i n g ................................................................................................................. 1 8 5 .6 1 8 5 .8 1 8 6 .2 1 7 0 .3 1 7 1 .5 1 7 3 .4 A p p a re l a n d u p k e e p ................................................................................... 1 2 2 .3 120 3 1 1 6 .7 1 3 1 .8 1 3 1 .2 126 6 1 3 1 .6 1 3 2 .3 129 0 129 2 1 2 7 .5 1 2 3 .0 ................................................................................................ 1 6 8 .8 1 6 8 .9 1 6 8 .6 1 7 0 .1 1 7 1 .6 1 7 0 .9 1 7 1 .8 1 7 2 .1 1 7 1 .1 1 6 9 .4 1 7 0 .8 170 0 .................................................................................................... 1 6 9 .8 1 7 2 .4 1 7 6 .2 1 7 3 .1 1 7 3 .9 1 7 6 .9 1 6 7 .6 1 6 8 .0 1 7 0 .2 1 7 5 .5 1 7 7 .6 1 8 3 .2 1 4 9 .9 1 4 8 .4 1 4 8 .3 138 9 1 3 9 .1 1 4 4 .2 1 6 1 .1 1 6 1 .7 1 6 3 .0 1 7 2 .4 1 7 2 .3 1 7 5 .0 T r a n s p o r t a t io n M e d ic a l c a r e E n t e r t a i n m e n t .................................................................................................... 1 4 4 .3 1 4 4 .2 1 4 4 .6 1 3 4 .7 1 3 3 .6 1 3 5 .7 O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s 1 6 2 .9 1 6 3 .8 165 9 1 7 5 .8 1 7 7 .4 1 7 7 .4 ....................................................................... C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P 155 6 1 5 5 .6 156 8 1 5 3 .7 154 2 1 5 5 .7 1 5 2 .7 1 5 2 .6 153 6 1 5 3 .0 1 5 2 .9 1 5 3 .8 ......................................... 1 6 1 .2 1 6 0 .9 1 6 0 .0 1 5 8 .4 1 5 8 .7 1 5 8 .6 1 5 6 .5 1 5 6 .3 1 5 5 .7 1 5 3 .0 1 5 3 .0 1 5 2 .7 S e r v i c e s .............................................................................................................................. 1 8 4 .6 1 8 5 .2 1 8 6 .3 1 7 6 .9 1 7 8 .6 1 8 0 .4 1 7 4 .7 1 7 6 .2 1 7 6 .8 1 7 6 .5 1 7 8 .3 1 7 9 .3 C o m m o d i t i e s ................................................................................................................. C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s S o u th E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y 1 6 3 .3 1 6 3 .5 1 6 5 .7 1 6 4 .9 1 6 4 .9 1 6 6 .9 1 6 3 .5 1 6 3 .7 1 6 5 .3 1 6 5 .1 1 6 5 .7 1 6 6 .6 ................................................................................... 1 5 1 .4 1 5 1 .9 1 5 6 .3 1 5 0 .5 1 4 9 .8 1 5 4 .8 1 4 8 .3 1 4 8 .5 1 5 3 .2 1 5 1 .4 1 5 2 .3 1 5 7 .5 H o u s i n g ................................................................................................................. 1 6 9 .6 1 6 9 .3 1 7 2 .4 1 7 1 .0 1 7 0 .9 1 7 2 .0 1 6 9 .6 1 6 9 .4 1 7 0 .7 1 7 3 .9 1 7 4 .6 1 7 4 .2 A p p a re l a n d u p k e e p ................................................................................... 1 3 0 .7 1 3 0 .5 1 2 9 .9 1 2 9 .0 1 2 8 .7 129 6 126 5 1 2 6 .7 1 2 4 .8 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .0 1 1 0 .9 ................................................................................................ 1 7 1 .1 1 7 1 .5 1 7 1 .0 1 7 4 .2 1 7 4 .4 1 7 4 .1 1 7 2 .4 1 7 2 .5 1 7 1 .8 1 7 0 .4 1 7 0 .2 1 7 0 .2 187 8 1 8 9 .9 1 9 3 .3 A ll it e m s ......................................................................................................................... F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s T r a n s p o r t a t io n .................................................................................................... 1 7 1 .7 1 7 3 .6 1 7 6 .2 1 7 2 .4 1 7 4 .0 1 7 7 .0 1 8 2 .3 182 7 1 8 6 .7 E n t e r t a i n m e n t .................................................................................................... 1 4 3 .4 1 4 2 .9 142 9 1 5 3 .7 1 5 4 .6 1 5 7 .7 1 4 8 .1 1 5 0 .0 1 5 1 .4 1 4 8 .6 1 4 7 .5 1 4 8 .5 O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s 1 6 6 .2 1 6 6 .6 1 6 9 .6 1 6 8 .5 1 6 9 .1 1 7 1 .5 1 6 6 .2 167 5 1 6 9 .5 1 6 4 .0 1 6 7 .3 1 6 7 .9 159 9 M e d ic a l c a r e ....................................................................... C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P 1 5 5 .5 1 5 5 .9 1 5 7 .9 1 5 7 .2 1 5 6 .9 159 2 1 5 4 .8 1 5 4 .8 156 5 1 5 5 .4 1 5 5 .6 .......................................... 1 5 7 .3 1 5 7 .7 1 5 8 .1 1 6 0 .1 1 6 0 .1 1 6 0 .7 1 5 7 .9 1 5 7 .8 1 5 7 .7 1 5 7 .1 1 5 7 .1 1 5 6 .1 S e r v i c e s ............................................................................................................................. 1 7 4 .1 1 7 4 .0 1 7 6 .5 1 7 6 .6 1 7 6 .9 1 7 8 .4 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .5 1 7 8 .4 1 7 9 .6 1 8 0 .8 1 8 1 .2 C o m m o d i t i e s ................................................................................................................. C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s W est E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y 1 6 3 .5 1 6 4 .0 1 6 5 .7 1 6 3 .8 1 6 4 .0 165 3 1 5 5 .9 1 5 6 .3 1 5 7 .6 1 6 3 .9 1 6 4 .0 164 8 ................................................................................... 1 5 1 .9 1 5 2 .7 1 5 5 .8 1 5 3 .6 1 5 4 .4 1 5 8 .4 1 4 9 .4 150 2 1 5 3 .7 1 5 4 .9 1 5 6 .0 1 6 0 .3 H o u s i n g ................................................................................................................. 1 7 0 .0 1 6 9 .4 1 7 1 .7 1 6 8 .1 1 6 7 .2 1 6 8 .4 1 5 4 .2 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .6 164 9 1 6 4 .4 1 2 4 .9 1 2 5 .0 1 2 3 .4 1 2 3 .8 1 4 6 .2 1 4 4 .4 1 4 1 .2 1 7 5 .0 1 6 9 .9 1 7 1 .1 1 7 0 .5 1 6 9 .8 1 7 1 .1 1 6 8 .6 1 8 0 .6 1 8 3 .8 A ll it e m s ......................................................................................................................... F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s ................................................................................... 1 2 2 .8 1 2 2 .7 1 2 3 .8 1 2 7 .6 1 2 7 .9 ................................................................................................ 1 7 2 .0 1 7 4 .2 1 7 2 .9 1 7 4 .3 1 7 5 .3 1 8 1 .2 1 7 5 .6 A p p a re l a n d u p k e e p T r a n s p o r t a t io n 1 6 5 .2 .................................................................................................... 1 7 7 .4 1 7 8 .0 1 8 0 .9 1 8 4 .5 1 7 9 .0 178 9 E n t e r t a i n m e n t .................................................................................................... 1 4 1 .3 142 6 1 4 4 .3 1 4 6 .8 1 4 7 .5 1 4 8 .1 1 4 7 .4 148 8 1 5 1 .8 1 6 0 .6 1 6 1 .2 1 6 1 ,4 1 6 8 .0 1 6 8 .8 1 7 1 .1 1 6 8 .4 170 0 1 7 1 .3 1 6 4 .6 166 2 166 8 1 7 5 .3 174 5 1 7 5 .3 154 6 M e d ic a l c a r e O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s ....................................................................... 1 7 6 .5 1 7 8 .2 C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P 1 5 2 .4 1 5 3 .5 1 5 4 .1 1 5 5 .7 1 5 6 .3 1 5 7 .3 1 5 3 .4 1 5 4 .3 1 5 5 .3 1 5 3 .8 154 3 .......................................... 1 5 2 .7 153 9 152 9 1 5 6 .8 1 5 7 .2 1 5 6 .2 1 5 5 .0 1 5 6 .0 1 5 5 .3 1 5 3 .4 153 6 1 5 1 .5 S e r v i c e s ............................................................................................................................. 1 7 7 .8 1 7 7 .8 1 8 0 .6 1 7 4 .9 1 7 4 .7 1 7 6 .2 1 5 9 .1 1 5 8 .8 1 6 0 .4 1 7 8 .6 1 7 8 .3 1 7 9 .9 C o m m o d i t i e s ................................................................................................................. C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 83 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 22. Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average, and selected areas [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e rs U .S . c ity a v e ra g e 2 .................................................................................................... A n c h o r a g e , A la s k a ( 1 0 / 6 7 = 100) U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 1983 A re a 1 1984 S e p t. O c t. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. Feb. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec Jan. Fob. 2 9 3 .2 3 0 1 .8 3 0 2 .6 3 0 3 .1 3 0 3 .5 3 0 5 .2 3 0 6 .6 2 9 2 .3 3 0 0 .8 3 0 1 .3 3 0 1 .4 3 0 1 .5 3 0 2 .7 3 0 3 .3 3 0 9 .3 2 9 7 .0 2 6 7 .9 .............................................................. A t la n ta . G a .......................................................................................................................... 1983 Feb. 2 7 0 .4 3 0 4 .4 2 9 5 .1 2 7 1 .5 3 0 7 .3 2 6 0 .8 2 6 4 .0 M d .................................................................................................................. 3 0 2 .9 3 0 4 .7 3 0 7 .6 2 9 9 .5 3 0 2 .4 B o s t o n . M a s s ................................................................................................................... 2 9 0 .6 2 9 4 .0 2 9 6 .6 2 8 8 .6 2 9 2 .5 B a it- m o r e B u ffa lo , N Y ....................................................................................................................... C h ic a g o , I I I . - N o r t h w e s t e r n I n d ............................................................................. 2 8 0 .3 2 9 3 .7 C le v e la n d , O h i o ............................................................................................................ 3 1 8 .8 D a lla s - F t. W o r t h , T e x .................................................................................................. 3 0 4 .5 H o n o lu lu , H a w a i i ........................................................................................................ 3 0 2 .3 2 9 2 .3 3 0 3 .9 3 1 7 .6 2 9 9 .9 2 9 0 .5 2 7 6 .5 3 0 5 .0 2 9 1 .4 3 3 1 .1 3 1 3 .5 3 2 2 .7 2 9 8 .1 318 4 3 3 9 .8 2 9 8 .2 3 0 5 .2 3 3 0 .7 3 1 8 .5 2 9 9 .2 3 0 3 .9 3 1 6 .8 3 3 2 .5 3 3 9 .4 D e n v e r - B o u ld e r , C o l o ................................................................................................. D e t r o 't . M i c h ..................................................................................................................... 3 0 3 .0 3 1 4 .6 C in c in n a ti , O h io - K y - I n d ........................................................................................... 2 8 8 .2 2 8 8 .5 3 4 3 .0 3 0 0 .1 3 0 1 .3 2 8 6 .8 2 9 9 .1 2 9 4 .5 3 1 1 .2 2 8 7 .1 2 9 5 .7 2 9 4 .2 3 1 6 .0 2 9 8 .3 3 1 8 .2 3 1 7 .7 3 1 3 .5 3 0 1 .8 3 3 6 .0 3 0 1 .3 3 0 7 .9 270 4 2 7 6 .4 2 7 8 .4 2 8 0 .7 2 7 4 .8 2 8 5 .9 2 8 8 .2 2 8 4 .3 3 2 4 .3 3 2 0 .7 3 2 3 .6 3 1 7 .4 322 4 3 1 7 .9 3 2 3 .5 2 9 2 .3 303 3 3 0 3 .0 306 4 2 8 9 .0 303 9 3 0 0 .0 3 0 0 .2 2 9 0 .1 2 9 6 .4 2 9 7 .0 2 9 6 .5 2 9 7 .7 2 9 9 .1 2 9 6 .7 2 9 9 .0 2 9 7 .8 299 9 2 9 6 .6 297 9 ............................................................................... 1 6 2 .9 1 6 4 .0 1 6 5 .0 164 3 1 6 4 .9 165 9 M ilw a u k e e , W i s ............................................................................................................... 313 9 3 1 2 .5 3 1 4 .0 3 2 9 .1 328 9 3 2 7 .5 = 100) M in n e a p o lis - S t . P a u l, M i n n . - W i s ........................................................................ 3 0 5 .8 N e w Y o r k , N Y . - N o r t h e a s t e r n N . J ..................................................................... 283 2 3 1 6 .8 292 1 2 9 2 .9 2 9 7 .2 N o r th e a s t, P a . ( S c r a n t o n ) ................................................................................... P h ila d e lp h ia , P a . - N . J .................................................................................................. 2 8 2 .0 P i t t s b u r g h . P a .................................................................................................................. 3 0 4 .8 2 9 1 .4 3 1 7 .5 2 9 3 .9 294 3 2 9 1 .2 2 9 1 .7 3 1 3 .7 2 9 7 .3 3 1 9 .6 3 0 9 .0 299 0 2 7 9 .6 2 9 1 .0 2 8 8 .5 2 9 1 .8 2 9 4 .4 3 1 4 .3 293 9 3 1 2 .7 2 8 8 .1 288 7 2 9 6 .4 2 8 3 .3 3 1 5 .5 2 9 6 .6 2 9 4 .2 2 9 4 .2 2 9 4 .8 3 0 4 .7 2 8 8 .2 2 9 5 .1 3 1 2 .5 2 8 7 .3 2 8 8 .2 2 9 0 .9 2 9 0 .0 3 1 8 .6 2 9 0 .2 2 9 4 .3 2 9 6 .7 3 0 2 .6 2 8 9 .6 3 0 2 .0 2 9 9 .6 3 0 0 .9 2 9 9 .1 299 3 2 9 6 .8 S a n D ie g o , C a l if .............................................................................................................. 3 4 0 .4 3 4 2 .3 3 4 6 .6 3 2 3 .9 3 2 3 .7 3 2 9 .6 3 1 1 .7 3 0 7 .3 2 9 3 .9 3 0 1 .4 3 0 8 .7 3 0 6 .1 S e a t tle - E v e 'e tt. W a s h ................................................................................................. 3 0 8 .8 3 0 9 .5 3 1 1 .1 2 9 7 .7 2 9 9 .0 2 9 9 .4 W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . - M d . - V a ....................................................................................... 2 9 7 .0 2 9 8 .6 3 0 3 .4 3 0 0 .9 3 0 2 .7 3 0 8 .1 1 T h e a r e a s lis t e d in c lu d e n o t o n ly th e c e n tr a l c it y b u t th e e n tir e p o r tio n o f th e S t a n d a rd M e tr o p o l ita n S t a ti s tic a l A r e a , a s d e fin e d f o r th e 1 9 7 0 C e n s u s o f P o p u la tio n , e x c e p t th a t th e S t a n d a rd C o n s o lid a te d A r e a is 84 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis u s e d f o r N e w Y o r k a n d C h ic a g o . ^ A v e r a g e o f 8 5 c itie s . 2 9 8 .5 2 9 9 .6 S t. L o u i s , M o - I I I ........................................................................................................... 3 0 5 .7 290 5 2 8 9 .5 2 9 3 .3 2 9 7 .3 2 9 9 .0 2 9 3 .2 P o r t la n d , O r e g . - W a s h ................................................................................................. S a n F r a n c is c o - O a k la n d . C a l if ................................................................................. 3 0 4 .7 3 1 7 .3 2 8 6 .8 M ia m i, F la . ( 1 1 / 7 7 2 9 6 .9 3 1 3 .4 3 3 8 .4 2 9 8 .9 2 8 5 .9 3 1 4 .9 3 1 4 .7 3 0 4 .6 3 0 9 .6 303 8 . 2 9 4 .4 2 8 5 .6 3 1 7 .6 3 3 7 .3 3 0 3 .1 2 6 4 .0 3 0 9 .7 3 0 6 .3 23. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing (1967 = 100] A nnual C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g 1983 1984 av e ra g e 1983 M ar. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N o v .1 D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. 2 9 1 .7 F IN IS H E D G O O D S F in is h e d g o o d s ............................................................................................................. F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s 2 8 5 .2 2 8 3 .4 2 8 3 .1 2 8 4 .2 2 8 5 .0 2 8 5 .7 2 8 6 .1 2 8 5 .1 2 8 7 .6 2 8 6 .8 2 8 7 .1 2 8 9 .4 2 9 0 .6 ....................................................................... 2 8 4 .6 2 8 2 .7 2 8 2 .3 2 8 3 .6 2 8 4 .6 2 8 5 .2 2 8 5 .7 2 8 5 .1 2 8 7 .0 '2 8 5 . 9 286 1 2 8 8 .8 2 9 0 .1 2 9 1 .4 ................................................................... 2 6 1 .8 2 6 1 .1 2 6 2 .9 2 6 2 .6 2 6 1 .2 2 6 0 .7 2 6 0 .7 2 6 3 .0 2 6 3 .7 r 2 6 1 .9 264 0 2 7 2 .2 2 7 4 .7 2 7 7 .0 3 3 2 .5 F in is h e d c o n s u m e r f o o d s C ru d e ............................................................................................................ 2 5 9 .5 247 9 2 6 5 .8 2 6 7 .2 2 5 1 .2 2 4 7 .1 2 5 9 .9 2 6 7 .4 287 3 '2 7 0 . 4 2 6 9 .1 3 0 9 .2 315 9 ................................................................................................ 2 5 9 .9 2 6 0 .1 2 6 0 .5 2 6 0 .1 2 6 0 .0 2 5 9 .8 2 5 8 .7 2 6 0 .5 259 5 '2 5 9 0 261 5 2 6 6 .7 2 6 8 .9 N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s le s s f o o d s .......................................................... 3 3 5 .3 3 3 2 .0 3 2 8 .7 3 3 2 .0 3 3 5 .7 3 3 7 .7 3 3 8 .6 3 3 8 .6 338 1 '3 3 6 . 8 3 3 5 .3 3 3 5 .0 3 3 5 .9 3 3 7 .0 D u r a b le g o o d s 2 3 3 .1 2 3 1 .9 2 3 2 .2 2 3 2 .9 2 3 3 .1 2 3 3 .4 2 3 3 .8 2 2 9 .2 2 3 5 .3 '2 3 5 . 4 2 3 5 .7 2 3 5 .9 236 2 236 6 P ro c e s s e d ............................................................................................ C o n s u m e r n o n d u r a b le g o o d s le s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y 2 6 9 .8 . . . 2 3 1 .4 2 2 9 .4 2 3 0 .1 2 3 0 .3 2 3 0 .7 2 3 2 .0 2 3 2 .7 2 3 3 .0 2 3 3 .6 '2 3 4 1 2 3 3 .7 2 3 5 .8 2 3 6 .1 2 3 7 .2 C a p ita l e q u i p m e n t ............................................................................................ 2 8 7 .3 2 8 5 .6 2 8 6 .2 2 8 6 .5 2 8 6 .7 2 8 7 .2 2 8 7 .7 2 8 5 .1 2 8 9 .9 '2 9 0 0 2 9 0 .5 2 9 1 .5 2 9 2 .5 2 9 2 .7 IN T E R M E D IA T E M A T E R IA L S I n t e r m e d ia t e m a t e r i a ls , s u p p l ie s , a n d c o m p o n e n t s ............................. 3 1 2 .4 3 0 9 .5 3 0 8 .7 3 0 9 .7 3 1 1 .3 3 1 2 .8 3 1 4 .0 3 1 5 .5 3 1 5 .6 '3 1 5 . 5 3 1 5 .8 3 1 6 .6 3 1 7 .4 3 1 9 .5 M a t e r i a ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................. 2 9 3 .3 2 9 0 .2 2 9 1 .0 2 9 1 .9 2 9 2 .4 2 9 4 .1 2 9 4 .7 296 7 296 4 '2 9 6 5 2 9 7 .0 2 9 8 .6 2 9 9 .5 3 0 1 .7 M a t e r i a ls f o r f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g .................................................. 258 4 2 5 2 .8 2 5 5 .1 2 5 7 .0 2 5 7 .0 2 6 8 .3 2 6 7 .9 2 5 7 .4 2 6 0 .5 2 6 9 .4 2 6 3 .5 r2 6 0 .0 2 6 2 .5 269 2 ................................. 2 7 9 .9 2 7 6 .6 2 7 7 .3 2 7 7 .7 2 7 7 .7 279 7 2 8 1 .1 282 7 283 3 r2 8 4 6 2 8 4 .7 287 0 286 9 2 9 0 .2 .......................................... 3 1 9 .3 3 1 5 .7 3 1 6 .6 3 1 8 .4 3 1 9 .0 320 9 3 2 0 .9 323 1 3 2 2 .3 r 3 2 1 .6 3 2 2 .6 3 2 2 .9 3 2 5 .2 3 2 8 .3 C o m p o n e n t s f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ...................................................... 2 8 0 .3 2 7 8 .3 2 7 8 .9 2 7 9 .4 2 8 0 .3 2 8 1 .6 2 8 1 .5 281 8 2 8 2 .6 '2 8 3 0 2 8 3 .1 2 8 4 .0 284 9 2 8 5 .2 M a t e r i a ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n ................................. 3 0 1 .7 2 9 9 .6 3 0 0 .9 3 0 1 .2 3 0 2 .4 3 0 2 .9 3 0 3 .7 303 1 3 0 3 .6 '3 0 3 . 9 3 0 4 .6 3 0 5 .4 3 0 7 .5 3 0 9 .2 . P r o c e s s e d fu e ls a n d l u b r i c a n t s .............................................................. 5 6 6 .8 5 6 4 .2 5 4 3 .3 5 4 7 .8 5 6 2 .0 5 6 7 .9 5 7 2 .0 573 4 5 7 4 .2 r5 6 8 . 1 5 6 8 .5 5 6 2 .4 561 7 5 6 8 .4 M a n u f a c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s ....................................................................... 4 8 1 .9 4 8 0 .6 4 6 0 .4 4 6 2 .9 4 7 5 .9 4 8 0 .9 4 8 5 .1 4 8 7 .2 490 5 '4 8 4 . 9 4 8 8 .8 4 8 2 .8 4 7 8 .3 484 2 N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s .......................................................... 6 4 1 .1 6 3 7 .2 6 1 5 .9 6 2 2 .2 6 3 7 .5 6 4 4 .1 6 4 8 .0 6 4 8 .8 6 4 7 .2 r6 4 0 .6 6 3 7 .6 6 3 1 .5 6 3 4 .5 641 8 M a t e r i a ls f o r n o n d u r a b le m a n u f a c t u r in g M a t e r i a ls f o r d u r a b le m a n u f a c t u r in g C o n t a i n e r s ............................................................................................................. 2 8 6 .6 2 8 5 .2 2 8 4 .8 285 8 2 8 5 .9 2 8 6 .1 2 8 6 .3 2 8 7 .1 2 8 8 .1 289 3 289 5 291 5 293 2 2 9 5 .5 S u p p l i e s ................................................................................................................. 2 7 7 .0 2 7 3 .9 2 7 5 .5 2 7 5 .6 2 7 5 .6 2 7 6 .2 2 7 7 .9 280 2 280 6 r281 6 2 8 1 .0 2 8 2 .5 2 8 2 .2 283 1 M a n u f a c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s ....................................................................... 2 6 9 .9 2 6 8 .1 268 6 268 9 269 8 2 7 0 .1 2 7 0 .5 2 7 0 .8 2 7 1 .8 r2 7 2 2 2 7 2 .6 2 7 4 .0 2 7 5 .9 276 2 N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g i n d u s t r ie s 280 9 2 7 7 .1 2 7 9 .3 2 7 9 .3 2 7 8 .8 279 6 2 8 2 .0 2 8 5 .3 285 3 r2 8 6 . 7 2 8 5 .6 2 8 7 .1 2 8 5 .7 286 9 Feeds .......................................................... ............................................................................................................. 2 2 5 .5 207 7 219 8 2 1 8 .1 2 1 3 .4 2 1 6 .2 2 3 0 .7 2 4 9 .6 2 4 6 .7 '2 5 1 . 0 2 4 4 .0 2 4 4 .5 2 2 7 .8 2 3 2 .3 O th e r s u p p l i e s ........................................................................................ 2 9 2 .7 2 9 1 .6 291 9 292 2 2 9 2 .5 2 9 1 .9 2 9 3 .0 2 9 3 .4 294 0 '2 9 4 . 8 294 8 2 9 6 .5 2 9 8 .0 298 6 3 2 3 .6 3 2 1 .6 325 8 3 2 5 .8 3 2 3 .3 320 6 3 2 7 .1 328 5 324 8 r3 2 4 0 3 2 7 .8 3 3 3 .7 3 3 2 .8 339 4 C R U D E M A T E R IA L S C r u d e m a t e r i a ls f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e s s in g ...................................................... F o o d s t u ff s a n d f e e d s t u f f s ............................................................................ 2 5 2 .3 249 1 2 5 6 .8 2 5 6 .5 252 1 2 4 8 .4 2 5 6 .4 2 5 7 .2 2 5 3 .7 r251 8 2 5 6 .2 264 2 260 7 2 7 0 .7 N o n fo o d m a t e r i a l s ............................................................................................ 4 7 7 .2 4 7 7 .7 4 7 4 .6 4 7 5 .4 4 7 6 .8 476 2 4 7 9 .6 482 5 478 2 r4 7 9 4 482 1 4 8 3 .6 488 2 487 9 370 5 3 7 1 .6 3 7 5 .6 N o n f o o d m a te r i a ls e x c e p t f u e l ........................................................... M a n u f a c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s 3 7 2 .0 3 6 6 .8 3 6 7 .0 369 0 3 7 8 .1 3 7 7 .1 r3 7 7 .7 379 6 380 3 3 8 5 .5 388 1 ............................................................... 3 8 1 .6 3 7 5 .9 3 7 6 .1 3 7 8 .3 379 9 3 8 1 .6 3 8 5 .7 3 8 8 .3 3 8 7 .4 '3 8 7 . 9 3 8 9 .7 390 5 395 5 3 9 9 .1 C o n s t r u c t i o n ............................................................................................ 2 7 1 .1 2 6 9 .3 2 7 0 .0 270 3 271 3 2 7 0 .9 2 7 1 .0 2 7 2 .5 270 5 r2 7 2 1 274 6 273 9 280 2 2 7 6 .8 C r u d e f u e l ......................................................................................................... 9 3 1 .5 9 6 1 .8 941 6 9 3 5 .9 9 3 6 .7 927 8 9 2 6 .9 9 3 1 .0 9 1 0 .9 r9 1 5 .3 9 2 1 .4 9 2 7 .0 9 2 7 .4 9 1 1 .5 ............................................................... 1 ,0 9 4 8 1 ,1 3 4 .3 1 ,1 0 7 .6 1 ,1 0 0 .9 1 ,1 0 2 .3 1 ,0 9 0 .4 1 ,0 8 8 .9 1 ,0 9 3 .9 1 , 0 6 7 .1 r 1 ,0 7 1 . 8 1 ,0 7 9 .9 1 .0 8 7 .7 1 ,0 8 7 .5 1 , 0 6 6 .1 N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s ...................................................... 8 1 6 .2 839 2 824 0 8 1 9 .1 8 1 9 .4 813 0 812 5 8 1 6 .1 8 0 1 .1 '8 0 5 3 810 0 8 1 3 .7 814 6 8 0 3 .2 M a n u f a c t u r in g i n d u s t r ie s S P E C IA L G R O U P IN G S F in is h e d g o o d s e x c l u d in g f o o d s ....................................................................... 2 8 7 .7 290 8 2 9 1 .8 292 5 290 3 293 4 2 9 3 .0 292 6 2 9 2 .9 2 9 3 .6 294 3 2 9 1 .3 2 8 8 .9 2 8 7 .3 289 4 2 9 1 .6 2 9 2 .6 2 9 3 .5 2 9 1 .4 293 9 '2 9 3 . 2 2 9 2 .5 292 5 293 1 293 9 249 9 248 6 2 4 9 .5 2 4 9 .7 2 4 9 .4 249 9 2 5 0 .2 249 7 252 1 '2 5 1 . 7 2 5 2 .4 2 5 6 .0 2 5 7 .1 258 4 3 1 7 .2 3 1 4 .8 3 1 3 .6 3 1 4 .6 316 4 3 1 8 .0 318 7 3 1 9 .5 3 2 0 .0 '3 1 9 . 9 3 2 0 .3 3 2 0 .9 3 2 2 .1 324 2 I n t e r m e d ia t e m a t e r i a ls le s s f o o d s a n d fe e d s .......................................... I n t e r m e d ia t e m a te r i a ls le s s e n e r g y ...................................................... In t e r m e d ia t e f o o d s a n d fe e d s ........................................................................... 2 8 9 .3 2 9 5 .1 2 9 2 .1 2 9 3 .2 293 9 2 9 4 .4 2 9 5 .6 2 9 6 .5 2 9 8 .1 298 2 '2 9 8 . 5 298 8 3 0 0 .3 3 0 1 .2 303 0 2 4 7 .8 238 0 2 4 3 .6 2 4 4 .4 242 8 2 4 4 .0 250 9 2 6 3 .2 258 2 '2 5 7 . 4 2 5 6 .6 260 7 254 9 2 5 7 .3 .............................................. 5 3 8 .4 5 3 9 .7 5 3 6 .1 5 3 6 .2 5 3 7 .5 5 3 6 .8 540 0 542 9 5 3 8 .8 '5 4 0 3 5 4 3 .8 546 6 552 1 550 4 ................................................................... 2 4 6 .5 2 4 2 .7 2 4 8 .6 249 0 2 4 6 .2 2 4 3 .9 2 5 1 .2 2 5 2 .5 249 6 '2 4 8 . 3 2 5 2 .3 2 5 8 .5 2 5 7 .4 2 6 5 .8 C r u d e m a t e r i a ls le s s a g r ic u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s C ru d e m a t e r i a ls le s s e n e r g y 2 9 0 .9 2 8 8 .7 ................................. F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s le s s e n e r g y .............................................. F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s e x c l u d in g f o o d s 'D a t a t o r N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e fl e c t th e a v a ila b i lity o f la te r e p o r ts a n d c o r r e c ti o n s b y r e s p o n d e n t s . A l l d a ta a r e s u b je c t t o r e v is i o n 4 m o n t h s a f t e r o r ig in a l p u b l ic a t io n . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = r e v is e d . 85 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 24. Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1983 A ll c o m m o d itie s ......................................................................................................................................... A ll c o m m o d itie s ( 1 9 5 7 - 5 9 F a rm = 1984 1983 A nnual a v e ra g e C o m m o d ity g r o u p a n d s u b g ro u p Code 100) p r o d u c ts a n d p ro c e s s e d fo o d s a n d fe e d s In d u s t r ia l c o m m o d itie s M ar. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N o v .1 D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. 3 0 3 .1 3 0 0 .6 3 0 0 .6 3 0 1 .5 3 0 2 .4 3 0 3 .2 3 0 4 .7 3 0 5 .3 3 0 6 .0 '3 0 5 . 5 3 0 6 .0 3 0 8 .1 3 0 8 .8 3 1 1 .1 3 2 1 .6 3 1 8 .9 3 1 8 .9 3 1 9 .9 3 2 0 .8 3 2 1 .7 3 2 3 .3 323 9 3 2 4 .7 '3 2 4 . 1 3 2 4 .7 3 2 6 .9 3 2 7 .6 3 3 0 .1 2 5 3 .9 2 5 0 .6 2 5 4 .7 2 5 4 .7 2 5 2 .5 2 5 1 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 9 .1 2 5 7 .5 '2 5 6 .0 2 5 7 .8 2 6 4 .4 2 6 3 .5 2 6 8 .3 3 1 5 .8 3 1 3 .5 3 1 2 .4 3 1 3 .6 3 1 5 .3 3 1 6 .5 3 1 7 .3 3 1 7 .1 3 1 8 .5 r 3 1 8 .3 3 1 8 .4 3 1 9 .2 3 2 0 .4 3 2 1 .9 FA R M PR O D U C TS A N D PRO CESSED FOODS A N D FEEDS F a rm p r o d u c t s .................................................................................................................... 248 2 2 4 1 .5 2 5 0 .5 2 5 0 .4 2 4 7 .4 2 4 4 .3 2 5 3 .5 2 5 6 .4 2 5 5 .2 2 5 1 .0 2 5 4 .0 2 6 3 .3 2 6 1 .5 2 6 7 .4 0 1 -1 F re s h a n d d r ie d f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s .......................................................... 2 6 1 .7 2 3 4 .9 2 6 6 .6 2 6 0 .1 2 6 4 .4 2 5 8 .2 2 7 0 .4 2 7 6 .0 ;3 0 8 .1 '2 7 5 . 2 2 7 3 .0 2 9 0 .4 3 1 1 .5 3 0 7 .0 236 7 2 4 3 .6 2 4 5 .5 2 3 5 .3 2 5 0 .9 01 0 1 -2 G r a i n s ................................................................................................................................. 2 4 0 .4 2 2 7 .4 2 4 3 .8 2 4 2 .2 2 4 1 .5 2 5 3 .7 2 5 7 .5 0 1 -3 L i v e s to c k ........................................................................................................................ 2 4 3 .1 2 5 1 .4 260 6 2 5 8 .0 2 5 1 .7 2 4 0 .7 2 4 2 .2 2 3 1 .5 2 2 9 .4 2 2 0 .5 2 3 8 .2 2 5 0 .7 2 5 1 .9 0 1 -4 L iv e p o u t r y .................................................................................................................... 2 0 6 .5 1 7 7 .8 1 7 0 .8 1 8 6 .9 1 9 9 .3 2 1 4 .5 2 2 1 .4 2 4 2 .2 2 0 8 .5 2 3 8 .5 2 4 1 .2 2 5 2 .6 2 5 1 .3 2 5 8 .4 0 1 -5 P la n t a n d a n im a l fib e r s 2 2 7 .0 2 1 7 .0 2 1 3 .6 2 2 3 .8 2 2 9 .7 2 3 0 .4 2 4 0 .7 2 3 8 .7 2 3 4 .5 2 4 3 .6 2 4 4 .1 229 3 2 3 2 .7 2 5 0 .3 0 1 -6 F lu id m i l k ........................................................................................................................ 2 8 2 .0 2 8 2 .9 2 8 0 .8 2 7 9 .8 2 7 8 .6 2 8 4 .1 2 8 3 .2 2 7 9 .1 2 7 5 .7 ....................................................................................... 2 5 8 .0 2 8 1 .7 2 8 4 .4 0 1 -7 E g g s ..................................................................................................................................... 1 7 0 .0 1 7 0 .0 1 8 5 .1 169 3 1 7 7 .2 1 8 9 .5 2 0 0 .1 2 8 2 .4 2 8 0 .7 2 3 5 .8 F la y, h a y s e e d s , a n d o ils e e d s ........................................................................... 2 4 6 .8 2 1 7 .8 2 2 6 .3 227 3 2 1 3 .3 2 2 7 .3 2 6 2 .8 2 9 7 .8 2 8 8 .8 2 8 7 .6 2 8 2 .2 2 8 7 .3 2 6 5 .4 2 8 1 .4 0 1 -9 O th e r f a r m p r o d u c t s ................................................................................................ 2 8 2 .1 2 8 0 .3 2 7 9 .2 2 8 1 .0 2 8 4 .4 2 8 2 .5 2 8 5 .7 2 8 7 .3 2 8 3 .7 2 8 3 .5 2 7 6 .9 2 8 0 .2 2 7 8 .9 2 7 8 .6 256 0 (2 ) 2 7 4 .2 256 0 2 5 4 .5 2 5 9 .6 2 5 7 .8 2 5 7 .6 258 8 2 6 3 .9 0 2 -1 C e re a l a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s ............................................................................... 2 6 0 .9 2 5 6 .9 2 5 8 .8 2 5 9 .1 2 6 0 .3 2 6 1 .4 2 6 2 .8 2 6 3 .6 2 6 4 .6 '2 6 5 . 2 2 6 4 .9 2 6 6 .1 2 6 7 .0 2 6 7 .9 M e a ts , p o u l t r y , a n d f i s h ....................................................................................... 2 4 9 .4 2 6 0 .7 2 5 9 .1 2 5 7 .8 2 5 0 .2 2 4 7 .3 2 4 3 .2 2 4 2 .9 2 3 7 .0 r 2 3 4 .7 2 4 2 .1 2 5 6 .9 2 5 5 .6 2 6 7 .7 2 5 0 .6 2 5 0 .7 P r o c e s s e d f o o d s a n d f e e d s ....................................................................................... 0 2 -3 D a iry p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................................ 2 5 1 .0 2 5 6 .1 2 5 0 .9 2 5 4 .3 2 5 0 .4 2 5 0 .4 2 5 5 .5 (2 ) 0 2 -2 02 2 5 4 .4 (2) 2 8 1 .4 2 6 0 .8 0 1 -8 <2 ) 2 7 8 .7 2 5 1 .8 2 5 0 .4 2 5 0 .6 2 5 1 .3 r 2 5 1 .4 2 4 9 .2 2 4 8 .5 2 6 3 .5 2 4 8 .6 2 6 7 .8 2 4 9 .0 0 2 -4 P r o c e s s e d f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s ....................................................................... 2 7 7 .1 2 7 4 .9 2 7 3 .7 2 7 5 .3 2 7 7 .1 2 7 7 .1 2 7 8 .3 2 7 8 .6 2 8 1 .1 '2 8 0 . 9 2 8 1 .5 2 8 5 .3 2 9 1 .8 2 9 3 .2 2 9 2 .8 2 8 3 .7 2 8 7 .4 •2 8 9 .9 2 9 6 .0 2 9 6 .4 2 9 8 .9 3 0 0 .2 2 9 8 .0 r2 9 7 7 2 9 7 .4 2 9 9 .0 3 0 0 .6 2 9 9 .3 .............................................................. 2 6 3 .6 262 0 2 6 3 .0 2 6 3 .6 2 6 3 .0 2 6 3 .7 2 6 3 .9 2 6 4 .3 2 6 5 .2 '2 6 6 . 3 2 6 6 .5 2 6 8 .4 2 7 0 .0 2 7 0 .2 ................................................................................................................ 2 3 9 .6 2 0 6 .0 2 1 4 .6 220 0 2 1 9 .3 2 2 2 .2 2 4 5 .6 3 0 3 .5 2 8 1 .7 '2 7 4 . 5 2 7 1 .7 2 7 8 .7 2 6 9 .1 2 8 2 .5 0 2 -5 S u g a r a n d c o n f e c t i o n e r y ....................................................................................... 0 2 -6 B e v e r a g e s a n d b e v e r a g e m a te r i a ls 0 2 -7 F a ts a n d o i ls 0 2 -8 M is c e lla n e o u s p r o c e s s e d f o o d s ...................................................................... 2 5 4 .4 2 4 8 .5 2 4 9 .9 2 4 9 .9 2 5 1 .5 2 5 5 .0 2 5 2 .7 2 5 8 .4 2 6 2 .1 r2 6 4 .8 2 6 5 .8 2 6 6 .7 2 7 5 .3 2 7 4 .7 0 2 -9 P re p a r e d a n im a l f e e d s ........................................................................................... 2 2 8 .5 2 1 2 .4 2 2 2 .8 2 2 1 .3 2 1 7 .1 2 2 0 .0 2 3 3 .0 2 4 9 .3 2 4 8 .6 r252 1 2 4 5 .7 2 4 6 .0 2 3 1 .1 2 3 5 .3 2 0 4 .9 203 4 2 0 3 .5 2 0 4 .3 2 0 4 .7 2 0 5 .3 2 0 6 .0 2 0 6 .2 2 0 7 .0 r207 7 2 0 7 .2 2 0 8 .0 2 0 9 .3 2 0 9 .9 1 5 6 .8 1 5 3 .9 1 5 3 .8 1 5 5 .6 1 5 5 .9 1 5 8 .3 1 5 7 .5 1 5 8 .0 1 6 0 .5 r 1 5 9 .3 1 5 8 .2 1 5 9 .2 1 6 1 .5 1 6 1 .2 ..................................... 1 3 8 .3 1 3 5 .8 1 3 6 .0 1 3 7 .4 1 3 7 .6 1 3 8 .5 1 4 0 .2 1 4 0 .3 1 4 1 .3 r 1 4 1 .7 1 4 2 .4 1 4 2 .3 1 4 4 .0 1 4 3 .8 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... 1 4 6 .9 1 4 5 .1 1 4 5 .8 1 4 6 .2 1 4 5 .8 1 4 6 .1 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .3 1 4 9 .4 r 1 5 1 .4 1 5 1 .7 1 5 2 .8 1 5 2 .8 1 5 2 .9 1 2 3 .1 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .1 1 2 2 .8 1 2 2 .5 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .6 1 2 3 .4 1 2 3 .8 r 1 2 4 .4 1 2 4 .3 1 2 5 .0 126 3 1 2 7 .1 IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S T e x t ile p r o d u c t s a n d a p p a r e l ................................................................................... 03 0 3 -1 0 3 -2 P r o c e s s e d y a r n s a n d th r e a d s ( 1 2 / 7 5 0 3 -3 G r a y fa b r ic s ( 1 2 / 7 5 0 3 -4 F in is h e d fa b r ic s ( 1 2 / 7 5 0 3 -8 1 A p p a re ............................................................................................................................. 1 9 7 .1 1 9 6 .1 1 9 5 .8 1 9 6 .5 1 9 7 .9 1 9 8 .4 1 9 8 .7 1 9 8 .7 1 9 8 .8 r 19 9 .4 1 9 8 .4 1 9 8 .7 1 9 9 .8 2 0 0 .7 0 3 -8 2 T e x t ile h o u s e f u r m s h i n g s ....................................................................................... 2 3 5 .6 2 3 4 .2 2 3 4 .2 2 3 7 .6 2 3 5 .2 2 3 4 .8 2 3 4 .5 2 3 5 .3 2 3 4 .5 '2 3 4 . 4 2 3 4 .7 2 3 6 .6 2 3 6 .2 2 3 7 .1 04 = = = 100) 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................... H id e s , s k in s , le a th e r , a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s .................................................. 0 4 -2 L e a th e r ............................................................................................................................. 0 4 -3 F o o tw e a r 0 4 -4 O th e r le a th e r a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s 05 ........................................................................................................................ .............................................................. F u e ls a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s a n d p o w e r .............................................................. 2 7 1 .4 2 6 4 .9 2 6 7 .4 2 6 9 .4 2 7 1 .2 2 7 2 .3 2 7 4 ,7 2 7 4 .4 2 7 3 .7 r 2 7 7 .0 2 7 8 .3 2 8 0 .1 2 8 3 .2 2 8 7 .0 3 3 0 .8 3 1 6 .2 3 2 0 .5 3 2 6 .6 3 3 5 .9 3 3 7 .9 3 4 3 .4 3 3 9 .4 3 3 6 .6 '3 4 0 . 5 3 4 2 .6 3 4 6 .4 3 6 1 .3 3 7 2 .6 2 5 0 .1 2 4 8 .1 2 5 0 .0 2 4 8 .7 2 4 9 .9 2 4 9 .9 2 5 0 .9 2 5 1 .6 2 5 1 .3 '2 5 7 . 3 2 5 1 .3 2 5 1 .7 2 5 1 .6 2 5 3 .3 2 5 3 .7 2 5 0 .9 2 5 1 .0 2 5 1 .7 2 5 1 .7 2 5 3 .5 2 5 3 .7 2 5 3 .5 2 5 3 .5 '2 5 5 . 8 2 5 8 .1 2 5 8 .9 2 5 9 .1 260 9 6 5 1 .9 6 6 5 .5 6 6 9 .5 '6 6 3 . 7 6 6 5 .9 6 5 8 .0 6 4 4 .8 6 6 8 .7 6 7 1 .7 6 7 2 .3 6 6 2 .1 6 5 5 .8 6 5 6 .7 6 5 9 .6 0 5 -1 C o a l ..................................................................................................................................... 5 3 6 .8 5 3 8 .6 5 3 8 .0 5 3 5 .2 5 3 4 .1 5 3 4 .8 5 3 6 .6 5 3 7 .9 5 3 8 .2 '5 4 2 . 3 5 4 2 .4 5 4 1 .0 5 4 3 .4 5 4 6 .0 0 5 -2 C o k e ..................................................................................................................................... 4 4 7 .8 4 4 7 .3 4 4 7 .3 4 3 8 .4 4 3 8 .4 4 3 1 .6 4 5 3 .9 4 5 3 .9 4 5 3 .1 '4 5 3 . 8 4 5 3 .5 4 1 8 .3 4 1 8 .3 4 2 9 .5 0 5 -3 G a s f u e ls 3 1 .1 4 7 .9 1 .1 2 8 .4 1 .1 2 2 .0 1 .1 2 5 .6 1 ,1 2 6 .8 0 5 -4 E le c tr ic p o w e r 0 5 -6 1 C ru d e p e t r o l e u m 4 0 5 -7 P e tr o le u m p r o d u c t s , r e f i n e d 5 .................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................ .................................................................................................... ........................................................................... 1 .1 8 0 .0 1 . 1 5 6 .1 1 .1 5 6 .7 1 . 1 5 5 .1 1 .1 4 8 .9 1 .1 4 5 .9 1 ,1 4 7 .0 1 ,1 2 3 .8 1 .0 9 6 .4 4 1 8 .0 4 1 1 .4 4 0 9 .2 4 1 2 .2 4 1 9 .4 4 2 6 .4 4 2 7 .2 4 2 7 .9 4 2 3 .6 '4 1 8 . 7 4 1 7 .6 4 2 0 .9 4 2 4 .4 4 2 7 .1 6 8 1 .5 6 7 8 .0 6 7 8 .0 6 7 8 .0 6 7 7 .9 6 7 5 .7 6 7 5 .1 6 7 5 .7 6 7 5 .7 '6 7 5 . 8 6 7 4 .8 6 7 6 .0 6 7 6 .0 6 7 6 .0 6 8 6 .4 6 6 6 .6 6 4 5 .9 6 5 9 .3 6 8 4 .2 6 8 8 .7 6 9 4 .9 6 9 5 .3 6 9 5 .3 '6 8 8 . 2 6 8 4 .8 6 6 9 .7 6 7 0 .1 6 8 0 .7 3 0 0 .5 2 9 2 .9 2 8 9 .8 2 9 1 .3 2 9 1 .1 2 9 0 .8 2 9 3 .7 2 9 4 .4 2 9 5 .9 2 9 5 .5 2 9 6 .4 296 6 2 9 8 .5 2 9 6 .7 0 6 -1 In d u s t r ia l c h e m ic a l s 6 ............................................................................................... 3 4 2 .9 3 3 8 .8 3 3 8 .7 3 3 8 .8 3 3 8 .5 3 4 7 .0 3 4 7 .6 3 4 5 .6 3 4 4 .9 '3 4 6 . 2 3 4 5 .1 3 4 7 .7 3 3 8 .0 3 4 6 .0 0 6 -2 1 P re p a r e d p a in t 2 6 4 ,7 2 6 4 .7 2 6 4 .7 2 6 4 .7 2 6 4 .7 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .4 2 6 4 .5 2 6 4 .2 '2 6 4 . 5 2 6 4 .9 2 6 5 .7 2 6 6 .9 2 6 7 .6 06 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ............................................................................... 0 6 -2 2 P a in t m a t e r i a l s ............................................................................................................ 305 6 2 9 9 .8 3 0 0 .2 2 9 9 .5 3 0 0 .5 3 0 5 .7 3 1 6 .2 3 1 6 .9 '3 1 6 . 5 3 1 5 .5 3 1 6 .3 3 1 3 .9 3 1 7 .3 0 6 -3 D r u g s a n d p h a r m a c e u ti c a ls ............................................................................... 226 2 2 2 2 .9 2 2 5 .1 225 2 225 2 2 2 7 .6 2 2 7 .3 2 2 7 .4 2 2 9 .3 '2 3 1 . 0 2 3 1 .4 2 3 3 .3 2 3 4 .4 2 3 7 .5 0 6 -4 F a ts a n d o i l s , i n e d i b l e ........................................................................................... 2 8 3 .7 2 6 2 .2 2 7 8 .3 2 8 7 .1 2 7 6 .9 2 6 0 .9 2 7 8 .1 3 2 9 .0 3 1 8 .6 '3 2 1 . 6 3 1 9 .0 3 3 4 .4 348 9 3 6 2 .4 0 6 -5 A g r i c u lt u r a l c h e m ic a l s a n d c h e m ic a l p r o d u c t s ..................................... 2 8 0 .7 2 8 4 .2 2 8 2 .8 2 8 2 .4 2 8 0 .6 2 7 8 .1 2 7 7 .1 2 7 6 .0 2 7 6 .4 '2 8 0 . 4 2 8 2 .5 2 7 9 .2 2 8 7 .1 2 8 9 .6 0 6 -6 P la s tic r e s in s a n d m a t e r i a l s ............................................................................... 2 9 0 .2 2 8 2 .1 2 8 5 .4 2 8 8 .0 2 8 9 .1 2 9 1 .3 2 9 3 .7 3 0 2 .6 2 9 9 .1 '2 9 7 . 9 2 9 8 .3 3 0 4 .2 3 0 5 .0 3 0 6 .6 O th e r c h e m ic a l s a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s .......................................................... 2 7 3 .7 2 7 2 .0 2 7 4 .7 2 7 2 .0 2 7 2 .4 2 7 4 .2 2 7 4 .2 2 7 4 .3 2 7 4 .4 '2 7 3 . 8 2 7 4 .5 2 7 5 .9 2 7 3 .7 2 7 5 .7 ........................................................................................... 2 4 3 .4 2 4 1 .8 2 4 3 .0 2 4 3 .2 2 4 3 .1 2 4 3 .4 2 4 3 .7 2 4 3 .2 2 4 4 .4 '2 4 3 . 6 2 4 4 .1 2 4 4 .1 2 4 5 .4 2 4 6 .1 2 6 7 .0 2 6 7 .0 2 6 5 .6 265 2 2 6 5 .1 263 9 2 6 4 .8 '2 6 4 . 3 2 6 5 .1 265 6 2 6 6 .6 2 8 4 .3 '2 8 2 . 7 2 8 2 .4 0 6 -7 R u b b e r p l a s ti c p r o d u c t s 07 2 9 8 .4 0 7 -1 R u b b e r a n d r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ............................................................................... 266 6 2 6 7 .1 0 7 -1 1 C ru d e r u b b e r ................................................................................................................ 280 9 2 8 1 .2 2 8 1 .3 2 8 0 .6 2 8 0 .2 2 8 3 .2 2 8 4 .6 2 8 4 .4 282 9 2 8 2 .8 2 8 2 .0 0 7 -1 2 T ir e s a n d t u b e s ............................................................................................................ 2 4 5 .4 246 6 2 4 6 .5 2 4 6 .3 2 4 3 .7 2 4 2 .4 2 4 2 .8 242 5 2 4 2 .6 '2 4 2 . 4 2 4 3 .0 2 4 2 .9 2 4 3 .0 242 3 0 7 -1 3 M is c e l la n e o u s r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ....................................................................... 2 8 6 .0 2 8 5 .8 2 8 5 .7 2 8 6 .0 2 8 5 .9 285 7 2 8 4 .5 2 8 1 .6 2 8 3 .8 '2 8 3 . 5 2 8 4 .8 2 8 6 .2 2 8 8 .7 2 8 7 .9 0 7 -2 P l a s ti c p r o d u c t s ( 6 /7 8 ...................................................................... 1 3 5 .3 1 3 3 .2 1 3 4 .6 1 3 4 .8 1 3 5 .5 1 3 6 .0 1 3 6 .4 1 3 6 .6 1 3 7 .4 '1 3 6 . 7 1 3 6 .9 1 3 6 .7 1 3 7 .6 1 3 8 .8 3 0 7 .3 3 0 5 .8 3 0 7 .2 308 0 3 1 4 .8 3 1 4 .6 3 1 3 .9 3 0 5 .6 3 0 5 .6 '3 0 4 . 9 308 8 309 2 315 6 316 0 3 4 9 .3 3 5 4 .2 3 7 3 .1 = 100) 08 2 6 5 .9 L u m b e r ............................................................................................................................. 3 5 3 .1 3 5 8 .6 3 7 2 .8 3 6 6 .6 3 4 6 .6 3 4 4 .7 '3 4 2 . 8 3 5 1 .5 353 2 3 6 5 .4 3 6 9 .2 0 8 -2 M i l l w o r k ............................................................................................................................. 3 0 2 .3 3 0 4 .0 3 0 2 .8 299 0 2 9 4 .9 296 3 3 0 6 .6 3 0 5 .9 3 0 7 .4 '3 0 7 . 9 3 0 8 .5 3 0 8 .5 3 0 8 .5 3 0 9 .7 0 8 -3 P l y w o o d ............................................................................................................................. 2 4 4 .1 2 3 8 .9 2 3 9 .4 2 4 1 .1 2 5 5 .5 2 5 2 .5 2 4 6 .2 2 4 2 .2 246 6 '2 4 4 . 6 2 4 7 .1 2 4 8 .3 2 4 9 .5 2 4 8 .7 0 8 -4 O th e r w o o d p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................... 230 6 231 6 230 8 2 3 1 .1 2 2 9 .6 2 2 9 .7 2 2 9 .3 2 2 9 .4 2 2 9 .6 '2 2 9 . 8 2 3 0 .4 2 2 9 .8 2 3 0 .7 2 3 2 .0 0 8 -1 S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le . 86 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 24. Continued— Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A nnual C o m m o d it y g r o u p a n d s u b g ro u p 1983 1984 a v e ra g e 1983 M ir . A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N o v .1 D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. IN D U S T R I A L C O M M O D IT IE S — C o o tlo u e tf 09 P u lp , p a p e r , a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ........................................................................... 2 9 7 .7 0 9 -1 P u lp , p a p e r ,a n d p r o d u c t s , e x c lu d in g b u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a r d 271 0 2 6 8 .7 2 6 8 .5 2 6 8 .7 2 6 9 .2 2 7 0 .2 2 7 1 .1 2 7 3 .1 2 7 5 .2 '2 7 7 . 0 2 7 6 .8 2 8 0 .0 2 8 3 .3 2 8 6 .4 0 9 -1 1 W o o d p u l p ................................................................................................................ 3 4 6 .6 3 4 3 .0 3 4 2 .5 3 4 3 .2 3 4 4 .9 3 4 5 .8 3 4 6 .4 3 4 5 .4 3 4 7 .4 r3 5 6 .7 3 5 1 .3 3 6 4 .4 3 7 1 .5 3 7 6 .0 0 9 -1 2 W a s t e p a p e r ................................................................................................ 0 9 -1 3 Paper 0 9 -1 4 P a p e rb o a r d ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ (2 ) 2 9 4 .8 2 9 5 .4 (2) <2 ) 2 9 6 .0 2 9 7 .0 297 8 1 8 3 .3 2 9 8 .8 2 9 9 .9 1 9 4 .4 3 0 2 .2 2 1 6 .2 '3 0 3 . 6 3 0 2 .7 3 0 7 .6 3 1 0 .5 3 1 2 .7 r2 1 5 .0 2 1 1 .5 2 1 1 .5 2 2 9 .3 2 4 2 .9 2 8 1 .9 2 7 8 .4 2 7 8 .5 279 0 2 7 9 .5 2 7 9 .2 280 9 2 8 6 .0 2 8 7 .2 r 2 8 8 .5 2 8 8 .9 2 9 4 .3 2 9 6 .6 2 9 9 .2 2 5 0 .5 2 4 6 .3 2 4 8 .1 2 4 8 .7 2 4 9 .4 2 4 9 .7 2 5 0 .1 2 5 4 .0 2 5 7 .3 '2 5 9 . 4 2 5 9 .5 2 6 9 .3 2 7 3 .6 <2 ) <2 ) <2 ) 2 6 2 .2 0 9 -1 5 C o n v e r te d p a p e r a n d p a p e r b o a r d p r o d u c t s .............................................. 2 6 5 .4 2 6 5 .1 2 6 4 .2 2 6 4 .1 2 6 4 .5 2 6 4 .1 2 6 4 .7 2 6 5 .0 2 6 6 .5 '2 6 7 . 9 2 6 8 .0 2 6 9 .4 2 7 1 .6 2 7 4 .1 0 9 -2 B u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a r d 2 5 0 .0 2 4 4 .2 2 4 7 .0 2 4 9 .3 2 5 5 .7 2 5 6 .2 2 5 2 .1 2 5 2 .8 2 5 4 .7 2 5 4 .7 2 5 0 .5 2 5 1 .9 2 5 3 .9 2 5 8 .9 10 ............................................................................... M e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ....................................................................................... 3 0 7 .1 3 0 4 .4 3 0 4 .6 3 0 6 .1 3 0 6 .3 3 0 7 .3 3 0 8 .2 3 1 0 .7 3 1 0 .9 r 3 1 0 .9 3 1 1 .4 3 1 2 .7 3 1 4 .6 3 1 6 .6 1 0 -1 I r o n a n d s t e e l ............................................................................... 3 4 3 .3 3 4 1 .6 3 4 1 .5 3 4 0 .9 3 4 1 .3 3 4 2 .1 3 4 3 .2 3 4 8 .1 3 4 8 .5 '3 4 9 . 5 3 5 0 .6 3 5 4 .1 3 5 6 .3 3 5 6 .1 1 0 -1 7 S te e l m ill p r o d u c t s .................................................................................................... 352 6 3 5 0 .1 3 5 0 .8 3 5 8 .7 '3 5 9 . 5 1 0 -2 N o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s ................................................................................................ 2 7 6 .0 270 6 2 7 1 .8 2 7 7 .7 2 7 5 .7 2 7 8 .4 2 7 9 .8 2 8 2 .0 2 7 9 .3 '2 7 6 . 6 2 7 8 .0 2 7 6 .1 2 7 9 .5 2 8 6 .1 1 0 -3 M e ta l c o n ta in e r s 3 3 5 .2 3 3 1 .4 3 3 1 .9 3 3 7 .1 3 3 7 .4 3 3 6 .5 3 3 6 .6 3 3 8 .5 3 3 8 .3 3 3 8 .2 3 3 8 .2 3 4 4 .5 3 4 4 .9 3 4 5 .6 1 0 -4 H a r d w a r e .......................................................... 2 9 0 .0 2 8 8 .2 288 6 2 8 8 .5 2 9 1 .5 2 9 2 .1 2 9 2 .2 292 5 2 9 2 .7 '2 9 3 . 1 2 9 1 .9 2 9 2 .5 292 9 2 9 3 .2 2 9 2 .4 2 9 2 .7 '2 9 4 . 1 2 9 3 .6 2 9 3 .9 2 9 6 .9 2 9 9 .9 ....................................................................................... 3 4 9 .8 3 4 9 .7 3 4 9 .8 3 5 1 .7 3 5 8 .1 3 5 9 .5 3 6 2 .8 3 6 3 .5 3 6 3 .6 1 0 -5 P l u m b in g fix t u r e s a n d b r a s s f i t t i n g s 2 8 9 .1 2 8 5 .6 2 8 7 .7 2 8 9 .1 290 8 2 9 0 .4 2 9 0 .2 1 0 -6 H e a tin g e q u i p m e n t .................................................................................................... 2 4 3 .4 2 4 1 .1 2 4 2 .3 2 4 2 .7 2 4 3 .0 2 4 4 .9 2 4 5 .1 2 4 6 .6 2 4 5 .3 '2 4 5 . 5 2 4 5 .6 2 4 7 .3 2 4 8 .4 2 4 8 .8 1 0 -7 F a b ric a te d s t r u c t u r a l m e ta l p r o d u c t s 3 0 3 .3 3 0 3 .7 3 0 2 .5 3 0 2 .1 3 0 2 .0 3 0 2 .2 3 0 3 .0 3 0 4 .3 3 0 4 .2 '3 0 5 . 3 3 0 4 .9 3 0 6 .5 3 0 6 .9 3 0 8 .5 1 0 -8 M is c e l la n e o u s m e ta l p r o d u c t s .......................................................... 283 8 2 8 0 .4 2 8 0 .7 2 8 0 .8 2 8 3 .4 2 8 3 .7 2 8 4 .0 2 8 4 .3 2 8 9 .0 '2 8 9 . 5 2 8 9 .3 2 8 9 .9 2 9 0 .7 2 9 1 .7 2 8 6 .4 2 8 4 .7 285 4 2 8 6 .0 2 8 6 .2 2 8 7 .4 2 8 7 .4 2 8 7 .9 2 8 7 .6 '2 8 8 . 0 2 8 9 .6 290 4 3 2 6 .3 323 5 3 2 3 .9 3 2 6 .4 3 2 6 .4 3 2 7 .1 3 2 7 .3 3 2 8 .5 3 2 8 .0 '3 2 8 . 6 3 2 9 .8 3 3 0 .9 3 3 1 .1 3 3 2 .7 3 5 1 .9 3 4 9 .6 350 9 3 5 2 .3 3 5 2 .5 3 5 2 .8 3 5 2 .9 3 5 3 .5 3 5 3 .6 '3 5 3 . 9 3 5 3 .7 3 5 4 .3 3 5 5 .9 3 5 5 .8 11 M a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t .................................................. .......................................................... .................................................................. 1 1 -1 A g r i c u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t 1 1 -2 C o n s t r u c t i o n m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ...................................................... .................................................. 1 1 -3 M e t a lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t 11 G e n e ra l p u r p o s e m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ......................................... 2 8 8 .8 2 9 1 .2 3 2 6 .2 3 2 5 .5 3 2 6 .2 3 2 6 .7 3 2 7 .0 3 2 6 .6 .......................................... 3 6 8 .2 3 0 7 .5 3 0 8 .2 3 0 8 .4 3 0 8 .4 3 0 8 .5 3 0 7 .9 3 0 8 .1 3 0 7 .8 '3 0 8 . 6 309 3 3 1 0 .3 3 1 0 .7 3 1 1 .7 1 1 -6 S p e c ia l i n d u s t r y m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t .............................................. 3 3 7 .1 3 3 3 .6 3 3 4 .5 3 3 5 .8 3 3 6 .7 3 3 8 .0 3 3 9 .0 339 8 3 4 0 .6 '3 4 1 . 0 3 4 1 .7 3 4 1 .0 343 3 3 4 5 .0 1 1 -7 E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t .......................................................... 2 4 0 .0 2 3 7 .5 2 3 8 .4 2 3 8 .5 2 3 8 .8 2 4 1 .7 2 4 1 .7 2 4 2 .9 2 4 2 .6 '2 4 2 . 8 2 4 3 .7 2 4 4 .6 245 5 2 4 6 .5 1 1 -9 M is c e l la n e o u s m a c h in e r y 2 7 4 .5 2 7 3 .7 2 7 4 .2 2 7 5 .3 2 7 5 .0 275 2 2 7 5 .3 2 7 4 .5 2 7 3 .3 '2 7 3 . 7 2 7 5 .2 276 3 2 7 5 .5 2 7 6 .0 4 12 ............................................................................... F u r n i tu r e a n d h o u s e h o ld d u r a b l e s ...................................................................... 1 2 -1 H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e 1 2 -2 C o m m e r c ia l f u r n i t u r e ....................................................................................... ............................................................................... 213 9 2 1 2 .3 2 1 2 .8 3 2 6 .5 3 2 6 .6 327 0 '3 2 7 . 3 3 2 7 .7 3 2 8 .3 3 3 0 .4 3 3 0 .2 2 1 3 .6 2 1 4 .0 2 1 4 .8 2 1 4 .9 2 1 5 .4 2 1 5 .3 '2 1 5 . 7 2 1 5 .3 2 1 6 .3 2 1 6 .9 2 1 7 .4 2 3 4 .7 2 3 1 .1 2 3 1 .8 2 3 4 .4 2 3 5 .0 235 4 2 3 6 .3 2 3 6 .6 2 3 6 .9 '2 3 7 . 4 2 3 7 .3 2 3 8 .2 239 2 2 4 0 .0 2 8 6 .5 2 8 5 .1 2 8 6 .2 2 8 5 .9 2 8 6 .9 2 8 7 .5 2 8 6 .5 2 8 7 .3 2 9 0 .5 2 9 0 .8 2 9 3 .9 2 9 6 .4 2 8 7 .4 '2 8 9 . 9 1 2 -3 F lo o r c o v e r i n g s ........................................................................................................ 1 8 5 .0 1 8 2 .0 1 8 2 .2 1 8 2 .1 1 8 1 .4 1 8 6 .6 1 8 8 .9 1 8 9 .5 1 8 9 .5 '1 8 9 . 3 1 8 7 .8 1 8 9 .0 1 8 7 .7 1 8 7 .5 1 2 -4 H o u s e h o ld a p p l ia n c e s 2 0 6 .8 2 0 5 .0 2 0 6 .3 2 0 7 .5 2 0 7 .5 2 0 7 .8 2 0 7 .7 2 0 8 .0 2 0 7 .6 '2 0 8 . 0 2 0 8 .1 2 0 9 .4 2 1 0 .6 210 8 1 2 -5 H o m e e l e c t r o n ic e q u i p m e n t ............................................................................... 8 6 .2 8 7 .0 86 6 8 6 .4 8 6 .5 8 5 .9 8 5 .5 8 5 .8 8 5 .8 '8 5 . 1 8 4 .6 8 4 .3 8 4 .4 8 4 .3 1 2 -6 O th e r h o u s e h o ld d u r a b le g o o d s ....................................................................... 3 1 2 .5 3 1 2 .9 3 1 2 .0 3 1 2 .7 3 1 4 .3 3 1 4 .8 3 1 3 .9 3 1 4 .5 3 1 4 .0 '3 1 5 . 1 3 1 3 .1 3 1 5 .9 3 1 5 .2 3 1 5 .0 13 ....................................................................... N o n m e t a llic m in e r a l p r o d u c t s ............................................................................... 322 0 3 2 4 .1 3 2 4 .5 3 2 5 .1 3 2 6 .3 3 2 7 .2 3 2 8 .0 3 2 8 .9 329 2 3 2 8 .8 3 3 2 .3 3 3 3 .6 1 3 -1 1 F ia t g l a s s ......................................................................................................................... 2 2 9 .7 2 2 9 .7 2 2 9 .7 2 2 9 .7 2 2 9 .7 2 2 9 .8 2 2 9 .7 2 2 9 .5 2 2 9 .6 2 3 0 .1 230 0 2 2 9 .5 2 3 0 .0 2 2 9 .7 1 3 -2 C o n c re te i n g r e d i e n t s ................................................................................................ 3 1 4 .0 3 0 8 .5 3 1 2 .8 3 1 3 .7 3 1 4 .2 3 1 4 .0 3 1 6 .4 3 1 7 .2 3 1 6 .7 '3 1 4 . 8 317 0 3 1 2 .9 3 2 1 .3 3 2 5 .8 1 3 -3 C o n c re te p r o d u c t s 3 0 1 .8 3 0 0 .4 3 0 1 .0 3 0 1 .1 3 0 1 .6 302 3 3 0 2 .7 3 0 3 .5 3 0 3 .3 '3 0 4 . 1 3 0 3 .7 3 0 5 .6 3 0 6 .4 3 0 6 .3 1 3 -4 S t r u c t u r a l c la y p r o d u c t s , e x c l u d in g r e fr a c t o r ie s 2 7 7 .6 2 7 0 .7 2 7 5 .7 2 7 7 .6 2 8 1 .5 2 8 2 .4 2 8 2 .4 2 8 2 .4 2 8 3 .5 '2 8 4 . 1 2 8 3 .5 2 8 3 .7 2 8 3 .0 2 8 3 .6 3 3 6 .8 3 3 8 .2 3 3 9 .4 3 4 0 .2 3 4 4 .7 '3 5 3 . 3 3 5 4 .3 3 5 5 .0 3 5 7 .0 3 6 2 .1 .................................................................................................... ................................. 3 2 5 .3 3 2 4 .1 1 3 -5 R e f r a c t o r i e s ....................................................................................... 3 4 1 .6 3 3 7 .7 3 3 8 .2 3 3 8 .2 1 3 -6 A s p h a lt r o o f i n g ............................................................................................................ 3 8 3 .0 3 7 4 .7 3 8 4 .0 3 8 0 .0 1 3 -7 G y p s u m p ro d u c ts 1 3 -8 G la s s c o n t a in e r s 1 3 -9 O th e r n o n m e t a l lic m in e r a ls 14 3 7 9 .6 3 8 5 .3 3 8 3 .4 3 8 7 .2 3 8 7 .9 '3 8 7 . 8 3 8 0 .6 3 8 1 .4 3 9 0 .4 3 8 3 .7 .................................................................................................... 284 9 265 9 2 7 1 .9 2 7 5 .7 2 7 3 .8 2 7 6 .0 2 8 9 .3 2 9 7 .8 312 8 '3 1 5 . 1 321 4 328 5 3 3 9 .4 3 3 9 .5 ........................................................................................................ 3 5 2 .6 354 1 3 5 3 .5 3 5 1 .8 3 5 1 .8 3 5 1 .6 3 5 1 .3 3 5 1 .1 3 5 0 .2 '3 5 0 . 4 3 5 1 .0 3 5 1 .0 3 5 0 .9 3 5 1 .7 4 8 0 .1 4 7 6 .4 4 7 8 .7 4 7 8 .5 4 7 9 .5 4 7 9 .7 4 8 1 .9 4 8 2 .5 4 8 3 .2 '4 8 7 . 4 4 8 7 .4 4 8 5 .4 4 8 6 .8 2 5 6 .7 2 5 5 .2 2 5 5 .6 2 5 5 .8 2 5 6 .1 2 5 6 .2 2 5 6 .8 2 5 0 .4 260 6 '2 6 0 . 5 2 6 0 .7 2 6 1 .7 2 6 2 .3 ........................................................................... T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t ( 1 2 / 6 8 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... 4 9 0 .3 2 6 2 .4 1 4 -1 M o t o r v e h ic le s a n d e q u i p m e n t ........................................................................... 2 5 6 .8 2 5 5 .4 2 5 5 .9 256 2 2 5 6 .7 2 5 6 .6 2 5 6 .8 2 4 9 .1 260 6 '2 6 0 . 5 2 6 0 .4 2 6 1 .0 2 6 1 .2 2 6 1 .3 1 4 -4 R a ilro a d e q u i p m e n t .................................................................................................... 3 5 2 .5 3 5 0 .3 3 5 0 .0 3 5 0 .4 3 5 0 .1 3 5 1 .3 3 5 1 .0 3 5 0 .7 348 6 '3 4 8 . 6 3 5 7 .3 3 5 9 .2 3 5 9 .2 3 5 9 .7 2 8 7 .4 2 8 7 .1 2 9 1 .5 2 9 5 .0 15 M is c e l la n e o u s p r o d u c t s ................................................................................................ 2 8 9 .5 287 4 2 8 8 .0 2 9 2 .0 2 9 1 .4 2 9 1 .7 '2 9 1 . 7 292 5 295 3 2 9 5 .0 1 5 -1 T o y s , s p o r t in g g o o d s , s m a ll a r m s , a m m u n i t i o n ................................. 2 2 5 .2 2 2 5 .7 2 2 6 .3 2 2 6 .0 2 2 5 .9 2 2 4 .3 2 2 4 .5 2 2 4 .8 2 2 5 .9 '2 2 5 . 2 2 2 5 .8 2 2 8 .0 2 2 8 .4 2 2 8 .2 1 5 -2 T o b a c c o p ro d u c ts 3 6 5 .3 3 5 3 .8 3 5 4 .1 353 8 3 5 2 .1 3 7 3 .4 3 7 6 .7 3 7 6 .9 3 7 6 .8 '3 7 7 . 0 3 7 7 .0 3 8 9 .4 3 9 0 .3 3 9 0 .3 1 5 -3 N o t i o n s ............................................................................................ 2 8 0 .1 280 6 280 3 280 3 2 8 0 .3 2 8 0 .3 2 7 9 .7 2 7 9 .7 2 7 9 .7 2 7 9 .6 2 8 0 .1 2 8 1 .4 2 8 2 .2 282 2 ...................................................... 2 1 5 .8 2 1 6 .6 2 1 6 .6 2 1 6 .6 2 1 6 .5 2 1 6 .5 216 6 2 1 6 .6 2 1 6 .8 '2 1 6 . 8 2 1 7 .1 (2) 2 1 8 .2 213 3 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................... 1 6 3 .2 1 6 2 .9 1 6 2 .3 1 6 2 .4 1 6 3 .1 1 6 3 .5 1 6 3 .7 1 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .8 '1 6 5 . 0 1 6 4 .7 1 6 2 .4 1 6 2 .8 1 6 2 .7 3 5 1 .5 3 5 0 .5 3 5 0 .3 3 4 9 .2 3 5 3 .4 3 5 3 .7 3 5 2 .9 3 4 9 .6 3 4 9 .2 '3 4 9 . 3 3 5 2 .3 3 5 0 .2 3 5 0 .2 3 5 4 .0 .................................................................................................... 1 5 -4 P h o t o g r a p h ic e q u i p m e n t a n d s u p p l ie s 1 5 -5 M o b ile h o m e s ( 1 2 / 7 4 1 5 -9 O th e r m is c e l la n e o u s p r o d u c t s .............................................................. = 1 D a ta f o r N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e f l e c t th e a v a ila b i lity o f la te r e p o r t s a n d c o r r e c t i o n s b y r e s p o n d e n t s . A ll d a ta a r e s u b je c t t o r e v is i o n 4 m o n t h s a f t e r o r ig in a l p u b l ic a t io n . 4 I n c lu d e s o n ly d o m e s t i c p r o d u c t io n , 5 M o s t p r ic e s f o r r e fin e d p e tr o l e u m p r o d u c t s a r e la g g e d 1 m o n t h . 2 N o t a v a ila b le . ® S o m e p r ic e s f o r in d u s t r ia l c h e m ic a ls a r e la g g e d 1 m o n th . 3 P r ic e s f o r n a tu r a l g a s a re la g g e d 1 m o n t h . r = r e v is e d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 87 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 25. Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1983 A nnual 1M 4 a v e ra g e C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g 1983 M ar. A p r. 3 0 4 .5 3 0 3 .8 M ay June J u ly Aug. Sept. Oct. Dec. 3 0 9 .1 3 0 9 .4 Jan. Feb. 3 1 0 .8 M ar. p r o d u c t s .................................................................... 3 0 6 .7 3 0 7 .1 3 0 8 .0 3 0 8 .3 3 1 1 .8 3 1 3 .7 A ll fo o d s 2 5 7 .5 255 8 2 5 8 .2 2 5 8 .2 2 5 6 .6 2 5 6 .2 2 5 7 .1 2 6 0 .7 2 6 0 .5 2 5 8 .0 2 6 0 .0 2 6 8 .3 2 7 0 .3 2 7 3 .5 P r o c e s s e d f o o d s .................................................................................................................................... 258 8 2 5 8 .9 2 5 9 .5 2 5 9 .6 2 5 7 .9 2 5 7 .7 2 5 7 .6 2 6 0 .9 2 5 8 .6 '2 5 8 . 0 2 6 0 .1 2 6 6 .2 2 6 7 .1 2 7 1 .9 In d u s t r ia l c o m m o d it ie s le s s f u e l s ................................................................... 2 7 9 .2 2 7 6 .9 2 7 7 .6 2 7 8 .2 2 7 8 .7 2 7 9 .8 2 8 0 .4 2 8 0 .0 2 8 1 .8 '2 8 2 . 2 2 8 2 .5 2 8 4 .0 2 8 5 .2 2 8 6 .6 S e le c te d te x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s ( D e c . 1 9 7 5 1 3 8 .1 1 3 7 .2 1 3 7 .4 1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .4 1 4 3 .0 1 3 9 .0 1 3 9 .1 1 3 9 .4 '1 3 9 .8 1 3 9 .5 1 4 0 .3 1 4 1 .1 A ll c o m m o d itie s — l e u H o s ie r y fa rm = 1 0 0 ) ............................. ............................................................................................................................. U n d e r w e a r a n d n i g h tw e a r ................................................................................... 3 0 4 .8 3 0 6 .0 3 0 9 .2 N ov.1 1 4 1 .5 1 4 4 .7 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .5 145 6 1 4 5 .6 1456 1 4 5 .6 1 4 5 .6 1 4 5 .8 1 4 7 .2 1 4 7 .4 2 2 3 .7 2 2 3 .8 2 2 3 .4 2 2 3 .5 2 2 2 .7 2 2 3 .3 2 2 3 .5 2 2 4 .5 2 2 4 .7 '2 2 4 . 6 2 2 4 .8 2 2 7 .0 2 2 9 .8 2 2 9 .5 ¿ 8 9 .9 C h e m i c a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s , in c lu d in g s y n t h e t ic r u b b e r a n d f ib e r s a n d y a r n s ........................................................................................... 2 8 3 .5 2 8 0 .7 2 8 1 .8 2 8 1 .6 2 8 1 .5 2 8 4 .6 2 8 5 .0 2 8 5 .6 2 8 5 .6 2 8 6 .3 2 8 6 .4 2 8 8 .0 2 8 6 .4 P h a r m a c e u tic a l p r e p a r a t i o n s ............................................................................... 2 2 4 .8 2 2 0 .3 2 2 3 .3 2 2 3 .5 2 2 3 .6 2 2 6 .3 2 2 6 .0 2 2 7 .1 2 2 9 .4 '2 3 1 . 3 2 3 1 .8 2 3 4 .1 2 3 5 .8 2 3 8 .7 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s , e x c l u d in g m i l l w o r k ................................. 3 2 1 .6 3 1 7 .2 320 8 324 3 3 3 8 .8 3 3 8 .1 3 3 1 .5 3 1 6 .5 3 1 6 .7 '3 1 4 . 7 3 2 1 .5 3 2 3 .0 3 3 1 .7 3 3 4 .0 S te e l m ill p r o d u c t s , in c lu d in g f a b r ic a te d w ir e p r o d u c t s ................. 3 5 1 .0 348 4 348 4 3 4 8 .5 3 4 8 .7 3 4 9 .3 3 5 0 .1 3 5 5 .9 3 5 6 .4 '3 5 7 . 4 3 5 7 .4 3 6 0 .4 3 6 1 .0 3 6 1 .2 .................................................................................................................... 3 5 1 .4 348 3 3 4 8 .4 3 4 8 .5 3 4 8 .8 3 4 9 .4 3 5 0 .3 3 5 7 .1 3 5 7 .8 '3 5 8 . 6 3 5 8 .7 3 6 2 .1 3 6 3 .1 3 6 3 .2 3 4 9 .7 347 0 3 4 7 .0 3 4 7 .1 3 4 7 .4 3 4 7 .9 3 4 8 .7 3 5 4 .8 3 5 5 .4 '3 5 6 . 4 3 5 6 .4 3 5 9 .5 3 6 0 .4 3 6 0 .6 .............................................................. 2 9 2 .5 2 9 0 .3 2 9 0 .7 2 9 1 .7 2 9 2 .0 2 9 2 .6 2 9 3 .5 2 9 1 .5 2 9 6 .4 '2 9 6 .3 2 9 6 .6 2 9 7 .7 2 9 8 .8 3 0 0 .1 F a b ric a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ................................................................................... 2 9 4 .2 2 9 2 .3 2 9 2 .2 2 9 2 .6 294 0 294 2 294 7 2 9 5 .5 2 9 7 .2 '2 9 7 9 2 9 7 .6 2 9 9 .1 2 9 9 .7 3 0 0 .9 1 9 8 .9 2 0 0 .9 2 0 6 .7 190 7 '1 8 2 . 6 F in is h e d s te e l m ill p r o d u c t s , e x c l u d in g fa b r ic a te d w ir e p ro d u c ts F in is h e d s te e l m ill p r o d u c t s , in c lu d in g f a b r ic a te d w ir e p ro d u c ts .................................................................................................................... S p e c ia l m e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c t s 2 0 1 .2 198 2 1 8 4 .9 1 9 6 .6 1 8 5 .2 1 9 4 .0 2 7 9 .8 2 7 8 .1 278 7 2 7 9 .2 2 7 9 .4 280 1 2 8 0 .4 2 7 7 .7 2 8 2 .2 '2 8 2 . 4 2 8 3 .0 2 8 3 .9 2 8 4 .6 2 8 5 .1 M a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t, e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l 3 1 3 .6 312 2 3 1 2 .9 3 1 3 .8 3 1 3 .9 3 1 4 .2 3 1 4 .2 3 1 4 .3 3 1 4 .1 '3 1 4 . 6 3 1 5 .3 3 1 6 .1 3 1 6 .8 3 1 7 .5 338 2 3 4 2 .7 ......................................... 3 4 1 .5 3 3 7 .8 3 4 2 .8 3 4 4 .0 3 4 7 .1 3 4 9 .2 M e t a lw o r k in g m a c h i n e r y ....................................................................................... 3 5 7 .1 3 5 5 .6 3 5 6 .3 358 0 3 5 7 .8 3 5 7 .8 3 5 7 .5 3 5 7 .1 3 5 7 .6 '3 5 8 . 2 3 6 0 .0 3 5 9 .8 3 6 2 .6 362 0 369 9 365 7 366 1 3 7 0 .5 370 6 370 7 3 7 0 .0 3 7 2 .5 3 7 2 .6 '3 7 3 1 373 8 3 7 4 .0 3 7 4 .5 3 7 6 .1 A g r i c u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t le s s p a r t s ................................. 3 3 0 .0 3 2 6 .8 3 2 7 .1 330 1 330 2 3 3 1 .0 3 3 1 .2 3 3 2 .6 3 3 1 .8 '3 3 2 . 2 3 3 3 .8 3 3 4 .8 3 3 5 .2 3 3 7 .2 3 5 0 .6 3 5 0 .7 3 5 2 .2 3 5 2 .9 3 5 5 .2 .............................................. 3 4 1 .8 1 8 2 .1 T o ta l t r a c t o r s ................................................................................................................ A g r i c u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y , in c lu d in g tr a c t o r s 3 4 1 .7 2 0 1 .3 2 0 1 .6 C o p p e r a n d c o p p e r p r o d u c t s ............................................................................... 3 4 6 .0 3 4 6 .7 3 4 2 .2 342 2 348 8 348 8 '3 5 0 . 9 3 5 1 .9 ..................... 3 3 6 .9 3 3 4 .5 3 3 5 .2 3 3 6 .2 3 3 6 .4 338 0 3 3 9 .2 3 3 8 .9 3 3 8 .2 '3 3 8 . 7 3 4 1 .4 3 4 2 .5 3 4 2 .7 344 6 2 9 7 .7 2 9 5 .0 296 1 2 9 6 .8 298 6 3 1 0 .6 299 8 2 9 9 .9 300 4 '3 0 0 . 4 3 0 1 .4 3 0 2 .3 3 0 4 .8 3 0 6 .4 J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N o v .1 D ec. Jan. .......................................................... 3 4 7 .5 3 4 7 .5 '3 4 4 . 0 C o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s ........................................................................................... F a r m a n d g a r d e n t r a c t o r s le s s p a r ts A g r i c u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y , e x c l u d in g tr a c t o r s le s s p a r ts 3 4 8 .8 3 4 3 .6 'D a t a f o r N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e fl e c t th e a v a ila b ility o f la te r e p o r ts a n d c o r r e c ti o n s b y r e s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a ta a r e s u b je c t t o r e v is i o n 4 m o n t h s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b l ic a t io n . 26. r = r e v is e d . Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product [1 9 6 7 = 100] 1983 A nnual C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g M a r. A p r. 2 8 6 .7 2 8 4 .6 285 3 286 0 286 7 2 8 7 .4 287 8 286 8 2 8 9 .2 '2 8 9 . 3 2 8 9 .9 2 9 0 .7 2 9 2 .2 2 9 3 .2 3 1 5 .8 313 0 312 4 3 1 3 .5 3 1 4 .5 3 1 5 .4 317 8 319 7 3 1 9 .1 '3 1 8 . 1 3 1 8 .5 3 2 1 .6 3 2 1 .7 3 2 5 .0 3 0 1 .0 3 0 2 .7 1983 T o t a l d u r a b le g o o d s ............................................................................................... T o t a l n o n d u r a b le g o o d s ....................................................................................... T o t a l m a n u f a c t u r e s .................................................................................................... D u r a b le ................................................................................................................ N o n d u ra b le ........................................................................................................ T o t a l r a w o r s lig h t ly p r o c e s s e d g o o d s D u r a b le ...................................................... ................................................................................................................ N o n d u ra b le ........................................................................................................ M ay June 293 7 295 0 2 9 6 .1 2 9 7 .2 298 5 '2 9 8 4 2 8 5 .3 2 8 6 .0 2 8 6 .7 2 8 7 .3 288 0 288 3 2 8 7 .2 289 6 '2 8 9 . 8 290 3 2 9 1 .1 2 9 2 .4 2 9 3 .3 301 4 2 9 9 .7 3 0 1 ,0 3 0 3 .1 304 5 3 0 5 .9 3 0 7 .8 3 0 7 .7 '3 0 7 4 3 0 7 .5 309 4 3 1 0 .0 3 1 2 .5 3 3 9 .9 337 3 340 4 3 4 0 .9 339 0 338 3 3 4 3 .8 3 4 5 .9 3 4 2 .5 3 4 8 .9 3 4 8 .2 3 5 3 .7 293 2 292 7 300 0 3 4 3 .6 '3 4 0 . 6 249 6 243 3 2 4 4 .1 246 1 249 4 2 4 9 .9 2 5 6 .8 2 6 0 .7 2 5 9 .8 '2 5 8 5 2 6 4 .1 2 6 7 .7 2 7 5 .4 2 7 9 .2 3 4 5 .5 3 4 3 .2 3 4 6 .5 3 4 6 .8 3 4 4 .6 3 4 3 .7 3 4 9 .1 3 5 1 .0 3 4 8 .6 '3 4 5 . 6 3 4 7 .1 3 5 3 .8 3 5 2 .4 358 0 'D a t a f o r N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e fle c t th e a v a ila b ility o f la te r e p o r ts a n d c o r r e c ti o n s https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 9 8 .7 M a r. 2 8 7 .3 295 7 296 9 Feb. 3 0 4 .4 b y r e s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a ta a re s u b je c t t o r e v is i o n 4 m o n t h s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b l ic a t io n . 88 1984 av e ra g e r = r e v is e d . 27. Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1 *7 1 A nnual S IC In d u s t r y d e s c r ip t io n 1983 1984 a v e ra g e c a fe 1983 M ar. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N o v .1 D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. M IN IN G 1011 Iro n o re s (1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) .............................................................. 1092 M e rc u ry o re s (1 2 /7 5 = 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .1 2 6 9 .7 2 8 5 .4 2 7 2 .9 2 6 8 .7 2 5 4 .1 2 3 7 .5 2 3 1 .2 2 4 3 .3 2 8 3 .3 2 8 7 .5 2 7 7 .0 2 7 5 .8 2 4 5 .4 2 5 0 .0 .......................................... 9 2 1 .7 9 3 4 .4 922 1 9 2 1 .8 9 2 4 .2 9 1 6 .6 9 1 5 .8 9 2 0 .0 907 2 '9 0 9 . 4 9 1 0 .2 9 1 5 .1 9 1 3 .8 9 0 3 .5 1 0 0 ) .......................................... 1 6 4 .3 1 5 8 .4 1 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .3 1 3 6 4 .3 1 6 4 .3 1 7 1 .7 1 7 2 .9 1 7 2 .9 1 7 2 .9 1 7 2 .9 1 7 4 .1 2 7 5 .6 2 7 5 .6 2 7 5 .6 2 7 5 .6 100) .................................................. 1311 C ru d e p e t r o l e u m a n d n a tu r a l g a s 1455 K a o lin a n d b a ll c la y ( 6 / 7 6 = M A N U F A C T U R IN G 2021 C r e a m e r y b u t t e r ................................................................................... 2 7 5 .8 2 7 5 .6 2044 R ic e m il l i n g ............................................................................................ 1 9 3 .4 1 8 3 .0 1 8 8 .9 1 9 1 .3 1 9 4 .5 1 9 3 .7 1 9 8 .1 2 0 1 .1 1 9 6 .7 199 6 1 9 9 .6 1 9 9 .6 1 9 8 .1 1 9 8 .1 2067 C h e w in g g u m ....................................................................................... 3 2 6 .8 3 2 6 .1 3 2 6 .1 3 2 6 .1 3 2 7 .2 3 2 7 .2 3 2 7 .3 3 2 7 .3 3 2 7 .3 '3 2 7 . 5 3 2 7 .5 3 2 7 .9 3 2 8 .1 3 2 8 .3 2 7 6 .1 2 7 8 .4 2 7 8 .1 '2 7 8 . 1 2 6 9 .5 2 6 7 .3 2 6 7 .6 2 6 8 .4 2074 C o tt o n s e e d o i l m i l l s ........................................................................... 2 0 4 .5 1 6 7 .1 1 8 6 .8 1 8 6 .2 1 7 9 .2 1 9 2 .4 2 2 0 .6 2 6 2 .9 2 5 3 .5 r2 3 3 .1 2 2 3 .3 2 2 9 .2 2 0 1 .2 2 1 2 .2 2083 M a lt 2 3 4 .1 2 3 2 .6 2 3 2 .6 2 3 2 .6 2 3 2 .6 2 3 2 .6 2 3 2 .6 2 3 2 .6 2 3 2 .6 241 6 2 4 1 .6 2 4 1 .6 2 4 1 .6 2 4 1 .6 2091 C a n n e d a n d c u r e d s e a fo o d s ( 1 2 / 7 3 ................. 1 7 4 .0 1 7 7 .9 1 7 7 .7 1 7 5 .7 1 7 3 .4 1 7 3 .7 1 6 9 .4 1 6 9 .8 1 7 0 .2 1 6 9 .2 1 6 9 .6 1 6 9 .0 1 6 8 .8 168 5 2098 M a c a r o n i a n d s p a g h e t t i .................................................................. 2 5 6 .8 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 8 .6 2 6 1 .9 2 6 1 .9 2 6 1 .9 2 6 1 .9 2 6 1 .9 1 2 2 .5 1 2 2 .6 1 2 2 .7 1 2 2 .7 1 2 2 .7 1 2 2 .7 1 2 2 .9 1 2 2 .9 122 9 '1 2 2 . 9 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .2 1 2 3 .2 1 3 5 .3 1 3 6 .1 139 8 1 3 8 .0 1 3 2 .9 1 3 2 .8 133 8 1 3 3 .5 1 3 2 .8 r 13 8 .4 1 3 7 .1 1 3 8 .5 1 4 1 .2 1 4 5 .2 . 1 2 6 .6 1 2 6 .2 1 2 7 .2 1 2 6 .9 1 2 5 .9 1 2 5 .1 1 2 7 .2 125 8 1 2 7 .2 r 1 2 7 .4 1 2 7 .4 1 2 8 .8 1 2 9 .7 1 2 9 .9 1 0 0 ) .......................................................... 1 6 4 .9 1 6 5 .6 1 6 5 .7 1 6 5 .7 1 6 5 .7 1 6 5 .7 165 7 1 6 6 .1 1 6 6 .1 1 6 6 .1 1 6 6 .1 1 6 6 .1 166 2 1 6 6 .2 1 3 9 .3 1 4 2 .8 1 3 7 .6 137 6 1 3 7 .6 1 3 7 .6 1 3 7 .6 1 3 9 .0 1 3 9 .0 r 138 9 1 3 9 .0 1 3 9 .1 139 3 1 3 9 .3 1 1 6 .6 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .5 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .0 117 0 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .0 1 1 8 .2 117 8 1 1 7 .8 2 9 3 .3 2 8 8 .8 2 9 1 .0 2 9 1 .7 2 9 1 .7 2 9 6 .3 2 9 6 .3 2 9 6 .3 2 9 6 .3 2 9 6 .3 2 9 7 .6 2 9 5 .2 2 9 9 .1 3 0 2 .3 ............................................................................................................ = 100) 2251 W o m e n ’ s h o s ie r y , e x c e p t s o c k s ( 1 2 / 7 5 2261 F in is h i n g p l a n ts , c o t t o n ( 6 / 7 6 2262 F in is h i n g p l a n t s , s y n t h e t ic s , s ilk ( 6 / 7 6 = = = 100) 2284 T h r e a d m ills ( 6 / 7 6 2298 C o r d a g e a n d t w in e ( 1 2 / 7 7 2361 C h i ld r e n 's d r e s s e s a n d b lo u s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 2381 F a b ric d r e s s a n d w o r k g lo v e s 2394 C a n v a s a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = = 100) 100) . . . ............................. 100) . . . ..................................... 100) . . . . .................................................. = = 1 0 0 ) ................. 1 4 7 .2 1 4 6 .2 1 4 6 .2 1 4 6 .2 1 4 6 .2 1 4 6 .2 146 2 1 4 6 .2 1 4 7 .8 r 147 8 1 4 8 .5 1 5 1 .3 1 5 1 .2 1 5 1 .2 2448 W o o d p a lle ts a n d s k id s ( 1 2 / 7 5 1 0 0 ) ............................. 1 4 9 .2 1 4 5 .7 1 4 6 .9 1 4 8 .5 149 5 1 5 0 .9 1 5 1 .3 1 5 1 .0 1 5 1 .5 1 5 1 .9 1 5 3 .6 1 5 4 .0 155 9 1 5 7 .8 2521 W o o d o f fic e f u r n i t u r e ....................................................................... 2 8 1 .6 2 7 9 .6 2 8 2 .5 2 8 2 .5 2 8 2 .5 2 8 3 .5 283 6 2 8 3 .6 2 8 3 .6 r2 8 3 .6 2 8 4 .7 2 8 6 .3 2 9 0 .3 2 9 0 .3 2654 S a n i ta r y f o o d c o n ta in e r s .............................................................. 2 6 6 .6 2 6 5 .1 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .2 2 6 7 .1 2 6 7 .1 2 6 7 .8 2 6 9 .0 r2 6 9 .0 270 6 2 7 0 .6 2 7 4 .9 280 0 2655 f ib e r c a n s , d r u m s , a n d s im ila r p ro d u c ts (1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) 1 8 6 .5 1 8 3 .8 1 8 5 .6 1 8 5 .6 185 9 1 8 7 .7 187 7 1 8 7 .7 187 8 189 5 1 8 9 .5 1 8 9 .6 1 8 9 .7 1 9 1 .4 2911 P e tr o le u m r e fi n in g ( 6 / 7 6 .......................................... 2 5 4 .1 250 4 2 4 0 .6 2 4 6 .0 2 5 4 .0 2 5 5 .4 257 2 2 5 6 .8 2 5 7 .1 '2 5 3 . 5 2 5 1 .0 2 4 5 .5 246 9 2 5 0 .1 2952 A s p h a lt f e lt s a n d c o a tin g ( 1 2 / 7 5 1 0 0 ) ......................... 1 6 6 .5 1 6 3 .2 1 6 6 .9 1 6 5 .1 1 6 4 .9 1 6 7 .4 1 6 6 .4 1 6 8 .0 1 6 8 .4 '1 6 8 6 1 6 5 .5 1 6 5 .9 1 6 9 .9 1 6 6 .9 3251 B r ic k a n d s t r u c t u r a l c la y t i l e ...................................................... 3 3 2 .6 3 2 8 .3 3 3 2 .2 3 3 3 .8 3 3 4 .6 3 3 6 .4 3 3 6 .4 3 3 6 .4 3 3 8 .4 '3 3 9 7 3 4 1 .0 3 4 1 .3 3 4 1 .0 3 4 2 .2 3253 C e r a m ic w a l l a n d f l o o r t il e ( 1 2 / 7 5 = ..................... 1 4 5 .1 140 7 1 4 0 .7 1 4 2 .4 1 4 9 .6 149 6 149 6 1 4 9 .6 149 6 r 14 9 .6 1 4 6 .8 1 4 6 .8 1 4 6 .8 146 8 3255 C la y r e f r a c t o r i e s ................................................................................... 3 5 6 .1 3 5 1 .2 3 5 2 .2 3 5 2 .2 3 4 9 .4 352 1 354 4 3 5 5 .9 364 3 '3 6 6 . 6 368 6 369 3 3 6 9 .7 3 7 1 .4 3259 S t r u c t u r a l c la y p r o d u c t s , n . e . c ..................................................... 230 4 2 1 5 .7 2 3 2 .7 2 3 4 .7 2 3 4 .7 234 8 234 9 234 9 2 3 5 .1 '2 3 5 . 0 2 3 5 .7 2 3 5 .6 2 3 2 .6 2 3 2 .9 3261 V i t r e o u s p l u m b i n g f i x t u r e s .......................................................... 278 1 2 7 5 .1 2 7 5 .3 2 7 6 .1 2 7 6 .9 2 7 7 .0 277 0 2 8 1 .3 2 8 3 .7 284 5 2 8 5 .4 2 8 5 .6 2 8 7 .0 290 1 3263 F in e e a r th e n w a r e f o o d u t e n s i l s .................................................. 3 6 5 .7 3 6 5 .9 3 6 6 .5 3 6 6 .5 3 6 6 .5 3 6 6 .5 3 6 6 .5 r3 6 8 5 3 6 6 .2 3 7 5 .9 381 4 3 7 3 .3 3269 P o tte ry p ro d u c ts , n .e .c . (1 2 /7 5 3274 L im e ( 1 2 /7 5 = 100) = 100) = 100) 365 8 3 6 5 .7 ......................... 1 8 6 .2 1 8 6 .6 186 6 186 6 1 8 6 .6 186 6 186 6 1 8 6 .6 1 8 6 .6 r 1 8 9 .9 1 8 7 .0 1 8 8 .7 189 3 1 8 9 .1 ....................................................................... 1 8 5 .8 1 8 5 .1 1 8 7 .8 1 8 5 .2 1 8 6 .2 1 8 7 .1 1 8 7 .6 1 8 6 .3 1 8 5 .9 r 1 8 2 .4 182 9 1 8 3 .0 1 8 4 .6 1 8 4 .2 2 0 5 .3 2 0 3 .6 2 0 3 .8 2 0 3 .6 2 0 3 .6 2 0 3 .7 2 0 3 .8 203 9 r 2 1 2 .8 2 1 2 .9 2 1 5 .4 2 2 0 .6 = = 3297 N o n c la y r e f r a c t o r ie s ( 1 2 / 7 4 3482 S m a ll a r m s a m m u n it io n ( 1 2 / 7 5 3623 W e ld in g a p p a r a tu s , e l e c t r ic ( 1 2 / 7 2 100) 1 0 0 ) ..................................... = 3648 L ig h t in g e q u i p m e n t , n . e . c . ( 1 2 / 7 5 3671 E le c tr o n t u b e s , r e c e iv in g t y p e 3942 D o l ls ( 1 2 / 7 5 2 0 3 .8 2 1 3 .1 1 0 0 ) ............................. 1 8 2 .5 1 8 1 .6 1 8 1 .6 1 8 1 .6 1 8 1 .6 1 8 1 .6 1 8 1 .6 1 8 1 .6 1 8 1 .6 '1 8 1 . 6 1 8 7 .6 196 6 196 6 196 6 = 2 4 1 .9 2 4 3 .4 2 4 3 .3 2 4 3 .1 2 4 2 .3 2 4 3 .5 2 4 3 .5 2 4 3 .6 243 9 '2 4 3 . 9 2 3 9 .7 241 0 2 4 1 .7 2 4 2 .2 1 0 0 ) ..................... 1 0 0 ) ..................... 1 7 2 .8 1 7 1 .6 1 7 2 .6 1 7 2 .6 1 7 3 .1 173 4 1 7 3 .4 1 7 3 .5 173 7 1 7 3 .9 1 7 2 .6 1 7 3 .5 1 7 3 .5 184 8 .................................................. 435 4 4 3 1 .9 432 1 432 1 432 2 4 3 2 .5 432 5 4 3 2 .8 432 9 '4 3 2 9 469 8 490 4 4 9 0 .7 4 9 0 .9 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................... 1 3 7 .4 1 3 6 .8 1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .7 '1 3 7 . 7 1 3 7 .3 1 3 7 .2 1 3 7 .4 1 3 7 .4 3944 G a m e s , t o y s , a n d c h i ld r e n 's v e h i c l e s ................................. 2 3 7 .3 2 4 1 .8 2 4 2 .2 2 4 2 .2 2 4 2 .2 2 3 6 .1 2 3 6 .2 = = 3955 C a r b o n p a p e r a n d in k e d r ib b o n s ( 1 2 / 7 5 3995 B u r ia l c a s k e ts ( 6 / 7 6 3996 H a r d s u r fa c e f l o o r c o v e r in g s ( 1 2 / 7 5 = = 100) . . . 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... = 1 0 0 ) ................. 236 3 2 3 6 .4 '2 3 6 2 2 3 2 .0 2 3 5 .4 2 3 6 .5 235 9 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .2 139 2 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .3 1 3 9 .3 1 3 9 .3 1 4 4 .3 149 0 1 4 9 .1 1 5 3 .5 1 5 2 .1 1 5 2 .1 1 5 2 .1 1 5 2 .1 1 5 5 .4 1 5 5 .4 155 4 1 5 6 .0 156 0 1 5 6 .0 1 5 6 .0 1 5 7 .2 1 5 7 .3 1 6 1 .3 1 5 9 .2 1 5 9 .7 1 5 9 .6 1 5 9 .6 1 6 2 .2 163 4 1 6 3 .5 1 6 5 .5 163 5 1 6 3 .5 1 6 5 .2 165 2 165 2 'D a t a f o r N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e f l e c t th e a v a ila b i lity o f la te r e p o r ts a n d c o r r e c ti o n s b y r e s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a ta a re s u b je c t t o r e v is i o n 4 m o n t h s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b l ic a t io n . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = r e v is e d . 89 PRODUCTIVITY DATA P r o d u c t iv it y d a t a are compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from establishment data and from measures of compensation and output supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Federal Reserve Board. Definitions Output is the constant dollar gross product produced by the particular sector. Output per hour of all persons (labor productivity) measures the value o f goods and services in constant prices produced per hour of labor. Output per unit of capital services (capital productivity) measures the value o f goods and services in constant dollars per unit of capital services input. Multifactor productivity measures the output per unit of combined labor and capital input. The traditional measure of output per hour reflects changes in capital per hour and a combination of other factors— such as, changes in technology, shifts in the composition of the labor force, changes in capacity utilization, research and development, skill and efforts of the work force, management, and so forth. The multifactor productivity meas ure differs from the familiar bls measure of output per hour of all persons in that it excludes the effects of the substitution of capital for labor. Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of employees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in which there are no self-employed. Real compensation per hour is com pensation per hour adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor costs measure the labor compensation costs required to produce a unit o f output and is derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest, and in direct taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting com pensation of all persons from current dollar gross product and dividing by output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits and the value of inventory adjustments per unit of output. The implicit price deflator is the price index for the gross product of the sector reported. It is derived by dividing the current dollar gross product by the constant dollar figures. Hours of all persons measures the labor input of payroll workers, selfemployed persons, and unpaid family workers. Output per all employee 90 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis hour describes labor productivity in nonfinancial corporations where there are no self-employed. The capital services input index used in the mul tifactor productivity computation is developed by b l s from measures of the net stock of physical assets—equipment, structures, land, and inven tories— weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. Combined units of labor and capital input are computed by combining changes in labor and capital inputs with weights which represent each component’s share of total output. The indexes for capital services and combined units of labor and capital are based on changing weights which are averages of the shares in the current and preceding year (the Tomquist index-number formula). Notes on the data In the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the output meas ure employed in the computation of output per hour is constructed from Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product. Multifactor productivity measures (table 28) for the p riv a te business and p riv a te non farm business sectors differ from the business and nonfarm business sector measures used in the traditional labor productivity indexes (tables 2 9 -3 2 ) in that they exclude the activities of government enterprises. There is no difference in the sector definition for manufacturing. Output measures for the business sectors are derived from data supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics to annual estimates o f output (gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Com pensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. The productivity and associated cost measures in the tables describe the relationship between output in real terms and the labor time and capital services involved in its production. They show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit o f input. Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they do not measure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; uti lization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of production; managerial skill; and the characteristics and efforts of the work force. For a more complete description of the methodology underlying the multifactor productivity measures, see Bulletin 2178, "Trends in Multifactor Produc tivity. 1948-81" (September 1983). 28. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years, 1948-82 [1977 = 100] 1982 98 8 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .1 9 5 .5 9 5 .8 1974 1975 1976 1978 8 6 .1 9 4 .7 9 2 .4 9 4 .5 9 7 .6 1 0 0 .6 9 9 .3 9 8 .5 1 0 3 .0 9 6 .5 9 2 .0 9 6 .1 1 0 1 .8 1 0 0 .3 1 0 1 .0 9 9 .7 9 7 .7 9 9 .3 9 7 .5 1 0 5 .5 1 0 7 .9 1 0 6 .4 109 8 1 0 6 .6 1950 1960 1970 O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ...................................... 4 5 .3 4 9 .7 6 4 .8 O u t p u t p e r u n i t o f c a p ita l s e r v i c e s ............................. 9 9 .0 9 8 .6 9 8 .5 1979 1981 1973 1948 R an 1980 P R IV A T E B U S IN E S S S E C T O R P r o d u c t iv it y : M u l t i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y ...................................................... 6 0 .0 6 3 .6 7 5 .4 9 0 .2 9 7 .5 9 3 .8 9 3 .6 9 7 .1 O u t p u t .................................................................................................... 3 6 .8 3 9 .5 5 3 .3 7 8 .3 9 1 .8 8 9 .9 8 8 .0 9 3 .7 9 0 .9 9 0 .9 In p u t s : H o u r s o f a ll p e r s o n s .............................................................. C a p ita l s e r v ic e s ....................................................................... C o m b i n e d u n it s o f la b o r a n d c a p ita l in p u t C a p ita l p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s P R IV A T E N O N F A R M . . . . .......................................... 7 9 .5 8 2 .2 9 5 .9 1 0 4 .9 1 0 8 .6 1 0 7 .7 1 0 8 .4 1 0 5 .4 3 7 .2 4 0 .1 5 4 .1 7 9 .4 8 9 .1 9 3 .1 9 5 .7 9 7 .5 1 0 3 .6 1 0 7 .5 1 1 1 .4 1 1 4 .6 1 1 7 .3 6 1 .3 6 2 .1 7 0 .7 8 6 .8 9 4 .1 95 8 9 4 .0 9 6 .5 1 0 4 .4 1 0 8 .2 108 9 1 1 0 .5 1 0 9 .4 4 5 .7 5 0 .4 65 8 8 7 .4 9 2 .0 9 5 .8 1 0 2 .8 1 0 1 .6 9 8 .8 99 0 1 0 3 .4 1 0 5 .7 1 1 1 .3 1 0 0 .2 8 1 .3 96 9 9 7 .2 9 3 .1 B U S IN E S S S E C T O R P r o d u c t iv it y : O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ...................................... 5 1 .2 5 5 .6 6 7 .9 8 6 .8 9 5 .3 92 9 9 4 .7 9 7 .8 100 6 99 0 983 1 0 0 .2 O u t p u t p e r u n i t o f c a p ita l s e r v i c e s ............................. 9 7 .9 9 8 .2 9 8 .4 9 8 .6 1 0 3 .2 9 6 .5 9 1 .7 9 6 .1 1 0 1 .9 1 0 0 .1 9 5 .2 9 5 .0 M u l t i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y ...................................................... 6 4 .6 6 8 .1 7 7 .6 9 0 .6 9 7 .9 9 4 .1 93 6 9 7 .2 1 0 1 .1 9 9 .4 9 7 .3 9 8 .4 9 6 .6 7 7 .8 9 1 .7 8 9 .7 8 7 .6 93 6 1 0 5 .7 1 0 8 .0 1 0 6 .4 1 0 9 .3 106 2 O u t p u t .................................................................................................... 3 5 .6 3 8 .3 5 2 .3 9 0 .1 I n p u ts : H o u r s o f a ll p e r s o n s ............................................................... 6 9 .6 6 9 .0 7 7 .0 8 9 .7 96 2 9 6 .6 9 2 .5 95 7 1 0 5 .1 1 0 9 .0 108 2 109 0 C a p ita l s e r v ic e s 3 6 .4 3 9 .0 5 3 .2 7 8 .9 88 8 9 3 .0 9 5 .6 9 7 .4 1 0 3 .7 1 0 7 .9 1 1 1 .7 1 1 5 .1 118 0 1 0 4 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .4 1 1 1 .0 110 0 99 0 1 0 3 .2 1 0 5 .5 1 1 1 .2 ....................................................................... 5 5 .2 5 6 .3 6 7 .4 8 5 .9 9 3 .6 9 5 .4 9 3 .6 9 6 .3 .......................................... 5 2 .3 5 6 .6 69 0 8 8 .0 9 2 .3 9 6 .3 1 0 3 .4 1 0 1 .8 C o m b i n e d u n it s o f la b o r a n d c a p ita l in p u t C a p ita l p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s . . . . 9 8 .7 1 0 6 .0 M A N U F A C T U R IN G P r o d u c t iv it y : O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ...................................... 4 5 .1 4 9 .4 6 0 .0 7 9 .1 93 0 9 0 .8 9 3 .4 9 7 .5 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .7 1 0 5 .3 106 5 O u t p u t p e r u n it o f c a p ita l s e r v i c e s ............................. 9 3 .9 9 4 .5 8 8 .0 9 1 .8 108 2 9 9 .6 8 9 .4 9 6 .1 1 0 1 .5 9 9 .5 9 0 .7 90 2 8 2 .7 M u l t i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y ...................................................... 5 6 .1 5 9 .9 6 7 .0 8 2 .3 9 6 .8 9 3 .0 92 2 9 7 .1 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .0 98 7 1 0 1 .2 99 9 O u t p u t ..................................................................................................... 3 5 .8 3 8 .6 5 0 .7 7 7 .0 9 5 .9 9 1 .9 8 5 .4 93 6 1 0 5 .3 1 0 8 .2 1 0 3 .5 1 0 6 .5 9 9 .1 I n p u ts : H o u r s o f a ll p e r s o n s .............................................................. 7 9 .4 7 8 .2 8 4 .4 9 7 .3 1 0 3 .2 1 0 1 .2 9 1 .4 9 5 .9 1 0 4 .5 1 0 6 .6 1 0 1 .8 1 0 1 .2 9 3 .0 C a p ita l s e r v ic e s 38 1 4 0 .9 5 7 .5 8 3 .9 8 8 .6 9 2 .2 95 5 9 7 .4 1 0 3 .8 1 0 8 .8 1 1 4 .1 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .9 6 3 .8 6 4 .6 7 5 .6 9 3 .6 9 9 .1 9 8 .8 9 2 .6 9 6 .4 1 0 4 .3 1 0 7 .2 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .2 99 2 4 8 .0 5 2 .3 6 8 .2 8 6 .2 85 9 9 1 .1 1 0 4 .4 1 0 1 .5 99 3 1 0 2 .1 1 1 2 .1 1 1 6 .7 1 2 8 .8 1981 1982 1983 103 8 ....................................................................... C o m b i n e d u n it s o f la b o r a n d c a p ita l in p u t C a p ita l p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s 29. . . . .......................................... Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-83 [1 9 7 7 = 100] Ite m 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1976 1978 5 0 .4 5 8 .3 65 2 7 8 .3 86 2 9 4 .5 9 7 .6 1 0 0 .6 9 9 .4 98 9 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .2 2 0 .0 26 4 3 3 .9 4 1 ,7 5 8 .2 8 5 .5 9 2 .9 1 0 8 .6 1 1 8 .7 1 3 1 .2 1 4 3 .9 1 5 5 .1 5 0 .5 59 6 6 9 .5 8 0 .1 90 8 96 3 98 9 100 9 9 9 .1 96 5 9 5 .9 9 7 .4 9 9 .2 5 2 .1 53 3 6 7 .5 90 5 9 5 .1 1 0 8 .0 1 1 9 .5 132 7 1 4 2 .1 1 5 3 .3 1 5 7 .1 5 7 .6 63 2 9 0 .4 94 0 1 0 6 .7 1 1 2 .8 1 1 9 .0 1 3 6 .2 136 9 1 4 5 .8 1950 1979 1980 B u s in e s s s e c t o r : O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ..................................... R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r .......................................... 1 6 3 .1 U n i t la b o r c o s t s ....................................................................... 39 8 4 5 .2 U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ...................................................... 4 3 .4 4 7 .6 50 6 I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r ........................................................... 4 1 .0 46 0 5 1 .6 5 4 .7 6 6 .0 9 0 .4 9 4 .7 1 0 7 .5 1 1 7 .2 1 2 8 .1 1 4 0 .1 1 4 7 .7 1 5 3 .3 5 6 .3 6 2 .7 6 8 .3 8 0 .5 8 6 .8 9 4 .7 9 7 .8 1 0 0 .6 9 9 .1 9 8 .4 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .2 103 4 8 6 .0 9 3 .0 N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c t o r : O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ...................................... 5 8 .7 1 0 8 .6 1 1 8 .4 1 3 0 .7 1 4 3 .5 1 5 4 .7 163 4 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ...................................................... 2 1 .8 28 3 3 5 .7 42 8 R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r 5 5 .0 6 4 .0 73 0 82 2 9 1 .5 96 8 9 9 .0 1 0 0 .9 98 9 9 6 .1 95 6 9 7 .1 99 4 9 0 .8 9 5 .1 108 0 1 1 9 .5 1 3 2 .8 1 4 3 .0 1 5 4 .4 1 5 8 .1 88 5 9 3 .5 1 0 5 .3 1 1 0 ,4 1 1 8 .5 1 3 5 .0 1 3 7 .0 1 4 6 .2 .......................................... U n i t la b o r c o s t s ....................................................................... 3 8 .8 4 5 .1 5 2 .3 53 2 6 7 .6 U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ...................................................... 4 2 .7 4 7 .8 5 0 .4 5 8 .0 6 3 .8 I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r ........................................................... 4 0 .1 4 6 .0 5 1 .6 5 4 .8 66 3 9 0 .0 9 4 .6 1 0 7 .1 1 1 6 .5 1 2 8 .1 1 4 0 .4 1 4 8 .6 154 2 8 7 .4 9 5 .5 98 2 100 9 1 0 0 .7 9 9 .8 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .8 1 0 6 .1 162 3 N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a t i o n s : O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ...................................... <1 ) ( 1) 6 8 .0 8 1 .9 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ...................................................... <1 ) ( 1> 3 7 .0 4 3 .9 5 9 .4 8 6 .1 9 2 .9 108 5 1 1 8 .7 1 3 0 .9 1 4 3 .6 154 8 R ea l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .......................................... <1 ) ( 1) 7 5 .8 8 4 .3 9 2 .7 96 9 98 9 1 0 0 .7 9 9 .1 9 6 .3 95 7 9 7 .2 9 8 .7 U n i t la b o r c o s t s ....................................................................... <1) <1 ) 5 4 .4 5 3 .5 6 8 .0 9 0 .2 9 4 .6 1 0 7 .5 1 1 7 .8 1 3 1 .2 1 4 0 .3 1 5 0 .6 1 5 3 .0 60 8 6 3 .1 90 8 9 5 .0 1 0 4 .2 1 0 6 .9 1 1 7 .4 1 3 4 .4 1 3 7 .6 1 4 8 .4 5 6 .1 6 6 .3 9 0 .4 9 4 .7 1 0 6 .4 1 1 4 .1 1 2 6 .4 1 3 6 .3 1 4 6 .1 1 5 1 .4 1 1 3 .4 U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ...................................................... (1> <1 ) 5 4 .6 I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r .......................................................... (1) (1) 54 5 M a n u f a c t u r in g : 5 6 .4 60 0 100 8 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .7 1 0 5 .3 106 5 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ...................................................... 2 1 .5 2 8 .8 3 6 .7 4 2 .8 5 7 .6 8 5 .4 9 2 .3 108 3 118 8 1 3 2 .7 1 4 5 .8 1 5 8 .2 1 6 7 .1 R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .......................................... 5 4 .0 6 5 .1 7 5 .1 82 3 8 9 .8 9 6 .2 9 8 .3 1 0 0 .6 9 9 .2 9 7 .6 9 7 .2 9 9 .3 1 0 1 .6 U n i t l a b o r c o s t s ....................................................................... 4 3 .4 5 1 .0 6 1 .1 5 7 .5 7 2 .7 9 1 .5 9 4 .6 1 0 7 ,4 1 1 7 .0 1 3 0 .5 1 3 8 .5 148 5 1 4 7 .3 U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ...................................................... 5 4 .3 5 8 .5 6 1 .1 6 9 .3 6 5 .0 8 7 .3 9 3 .7 1 0 2 .5 99 9 9 7 .7 1 1 0 .2 1 0 9 .2 P (1 ) I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r .......................................................... 4 6 .6 5 3 .2 6 1 .1 6 1 .0 7 0 .5 9 0 .3 9 4 .4 1 0 6 .0 1 1 2 .0 1 2 0 .9 1 3 0 .2 1 3 7 .0 P (1 ) O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ...................................... 1 N o t a v a ila b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 9 .4 7 4 .5 7 9 .1 9 3 .4 9 7 .5 r = r e v is e d . p = p r e lim in a r y . 91 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity 30. Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1972-83 Annual r a il Year o f c h a n t« I te m 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1 9 S O -8 3 1 9 7 2 -1 3 B u s in e s s s e c t o r : ..................... 2 .6 -2 .4 2 .2 3 .3 2 .4 0 .6 -1 .2 - 0 .5 2 .4 2 .6 2 .2 1 .1 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ..................................... 8 .0 9 .4 9 .6 8 .6 7 .7 8 .6 9 .4 1 0 .5 9 .7 7 .7 5 .2 6 .6 8 .6 R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r 1 .6 -1 .4 0 .5 2 .6 1 .2 0 .9 -1 .7 - 2 .6 -0 .6 1 .5 1 .9 2 .1 0 .3 5 .3 O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s U n i t la b o r c o s t s ......................... ...................................................... -0 .1 1 2 .1 7 .3 8 .0 1 0 .7 1 1 .1 7 .1 7 .9 2 .5 4 .3 7 .4 U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ...................................... 5 .9 4 .4 1 5 .1 4 .0 6 .4 6 .7 5 .8 5 .5 1 4 .4 0 .5 6 .5 3 .7 r6 . 8 I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f la t o r 5 .5 9 .5 9 .8 4 .7 5 .6 7 .5 9 .0 9 .2 9 .4 5 .4 3 .8 4 .1 7 .2 -1 .5 -0 .7 .......................................... 5 .1 5 .1 N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c t o r : ..................... 2 .4 - 2 .5 2 .0 3 .2 2 .2 0 .6 3 .1 1 .9 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ...................................... 7 .6 9 .4 9 .6 8 .1 7 .5 8 .6 9 .0 1 0 .4 9 .8 7 .8 5 .6 6 .3 8 .6 R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ......................... 1 .3 -1 .4 0 .4 2 .2 1 .0 0 .9 -2 .0 - 2 .8 -0 .6 1 .6 2 .3 1 .8 r0 . 3 ...................................................... 5 .0 1 2 .2 1 0 .7 7 .9 2 .4 O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s U n i t la b o r c o s t s 1 .9 - 0 .1 1 .0 7 .5 4 .8 5 .2 8 .0 1 1 .1 7 .7 4 .3 7 .5 U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ..................................... 1 .3 5 .9 1 6 .7 5 .7 6 .9 5 .3 4 .8 7 .4 1 3 .9 1 .4 6 .8 3 .8 6 .8 I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f la t o r .......................................... 3 .8 1 0 .2 1 0 .3 5 .1 5 .7 7 .1 8 .8 1 0 .0 9 .6 5 .8 3 .8 4 .2 7 .3 O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p l o y e e s ................. 2 .4 -3 .7 2 .9 2 .9 1 .8 0 .9 -0 .2 -0 .9 2 .5 0 .5 3 .2 ( 1) 1 .1 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ...................................... 7 .5 9 .4 9 .6 7 .9 7 .6 8 .5 9 .4 1 0 .3 9 .7 7 .8 4 .9 (1) 8 .4 R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ......................... 1 .2 -1 .5 0 .4 2 .0 1 .1 0 .7 -1 .7 - 2 .8 - 0 .6 1 .6 1 .6 N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a t i o n s : ( 1) 0 .2 ...................................................... 4 .9 1 3 .6 6 .5 4 .9 5 .7 7 .5 9 .6 1 1 .3 7 .0 7 .3 1 .6 ( 1) 7 .2 U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ..................................... 1 .5 7 .1 2 0 .1 4 .6 5 .3 4 .2 2 .6 9 .8 1 4 .5 2 .4 7 .8 (1) 7 .1 I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f la t o r 3 .8 1 1 .4 1 0 .9 4 .8 5 .6 6 .4 7 .2 1 0 .8 9 .4 5 .7 r3 .6 <1 ) 7 .2 U n i t la b o r c o s t s .......................................... M a n u fa c tu r in g : ..................... 5 .4 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ..................................... 7 .2 1 0 .6 0 .9 -0 .3 O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s R eal c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ......................... - 2 .4 r2 .9 4 .4 2 .5 0 .8 0 .7 0 .2 3 .5 1 .2 6 .5 2 .5 2 .3 1 1 .9 8 .0 8 .3 8 .3 9 .7 1 1 .7 9 .9 8 .5 5 .6 6 .4 9 .1 0 .6 -1 .4 -1 .6 -0 .4 0 .8 2 .5 2 .1 1 .8 2 .2 2 .3 1 .9 ...................................................... 1 .7 1 3 .3 8 .8 3 .4 5 .7 7 .4 1 1 .5 6 .1 7 .2 -0 .8 3 .8 U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ..................................... -3 .3 -1 .8 2 5 .9 7 .4 6 .7 2 .5 -2 .6 -2 .2 1 2 .8 - 0 .9 <1 ) 2 .2 4 .1 0 .3 9 .0 1 3 .1 4 ,6 6 .0 6 .0 5 .7 7 .9 7 ,7 5 .2 ( 1) 3 .4 6 .5 U n i t la b o r c o s t s I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f la t o r .......................................... 1 N o t a v a ila b le . 31. r = 9 0 6 .6 r e v is e d . Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted [1 9 7 7 = 100] Q u a r t e r ly in d e x e s A nnual av e ra g e Ite m 1982 1981 1983 II III 1982 IV I II 1983 III IV I II III IV B u s in e s s s e c t o r : O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ................................. 1 0 1 .2 1 0 3 .8 1 0 1 .1 102 3 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .1 1 0 0 .7 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .9 1 0 2 .5 103 9 1 0 4 .2 104 8 .................................................. 1 5 5 .1 1 6 3 .1 1 4 2 .2 1 4 5 .5 1 4 8 .2 1 5 1 .6 153 9 156 5 1 5 8 .7 1 6 0 .7 1 6 2 .1 1 6 3 .6 1 6 6 .3 R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ......................................... 97 4 9 6 .0 9 5 .6 9 5 .8 9 7 .1 97 3 9 7 .2 9 8 .1 99 4 99 2 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r 99 2 9 9 .0 99 6 U n it la b o r c o s t s ....................................................................... 153 3 1 5 7 .1 1 4 0 .7 142 3 1 4 6 .4 1 4 9 .9 152 9 1 5 4 .7 155 6 1 5 6 .9 1 5 6 .0 1 5 6 .9 158 7 U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n ts .................................................. 136 9 145 8 133 4 1 3 9 .9 1 4 0 .2 137 0 137 0 136 3 1 3 7 .4 1 4 0 .8 1 4 5 .7 1 4 7 .6 148 6 I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r .......................................................... 1 4 7 .7 1 5 3 .3 138 2 1 4 1 .5 1 4 4 .3 1 4 5 .5 1 4 7 .5 1 4 8 .5 1 4 9 .4 1 5 1 .5 1 5 2 .5 153 8 1 5 5 .3 ................................. 100 2 1 0 3 .4 1 0 0 .1 1 0 1 .1 9 9 .9 1 0 0 .0 99 9 1 0 0 .4 100 8 1 0 1 .7 103 5 1 0 4 .0 1 0 4 .3 .................................................. 1 5 4 .7 1 6 3 .4 1 4 1 .8 1 4 5 .1 1 4 7 .7 1 5 1 .3 153 5 1 5 6 .1 1 5 8 .3 1 6 1 .0 1 6 2 .7 1 6 4 .2 1 6 6 .0 R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r .......................................... 9 7 .1 9 9 .4 95 7 9 5 .3 N o n fa r m b u s in e s s s e c t o r : O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r 9 5 .5 9 6 .9 9 7 .0 9 7 .0 97 9 99 5 99 5 99 4 9 9 .4 U n i t la b o r c o s t s ....................................................................... 1 5 4 .4 1 5 8 .1 1 4 1 .6 1 4 3 .5 1 4 7 .8 1 5 1 .3 153 6 155 4 1 5 7 .1 1 5 8 .3 1 5 7 .2 1 5 7 .8 1 5 9 .2 U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n ts .................................................. 1 3 7 .0 1 4 6 .2 1 3 2 .2 1 3 8 .3 1 3 9 .5 1 3 6 .4 137 7 1 3 6 .5 1 3 7 .2 1 4 0 .7 1 4 5 .7 148 3 1 4 9 .9 I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r .......................................................... 1 5 6 .1 1 4 8 .6 1 5 4 .2 1 3 8 .4 1 4 1 ,8 1 4 5 .0 1 4 6 .4 1 4 8 .3 1 4 9 .1 1 5 0 .5 1 5 2 .4 1 5 3 .4 1 5 4 .7 O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p l o y e e s ............................. 1 0 2 .8 1 0 6 .1 1 0 2 .1 1 0 3 .0 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .4 102 3 1 0 3 .2 1 0 3 .4 1 0 4 .3 1 0 5 .9 1 0 7 .0 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .................................................. 1 5 4 .8 1 6 2 .3 142 0 145 0 1 4 7 .8 1 5 1 .7 1 5 3 .7 1 5 6 .1 1 5 8 .1 160 4 1 6 1 .6 162 8 ( ') R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ......................................... 97 2 9 8 .7 95 8 9 5 .2 9 5 .5 9 7 .1 9 7 .1 9 6 .9 97 8 9 9 .2 98 8 98 6 ( 1) 1 5 6 .7 N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a t i o n s : ( 1) T o ta l u n it c o s t s ...................................................................... 1 5 3 .5 1 5 5 .4 1 4 1 .1 1 5 5 .3 1 5 4 .5 U n i t la b o r c o s t s .......................................................... 150 6 153 0 1 3 9 .0 1 4 0 .7 1 4 4 .6 1 4 8 .1 1 5 0 .2 1 5 1 ,1 1 5 2 .9 1 5 3 .9 1 5 2 .5 1 5 2 .1 ( 1) U n i t n o n l a b o r c o s t s .................................................. 1 6 1 .8 162 3 1 4 7 .0 1 5 1 .9 156 6 1 5 8 .9 1 6 1 .2 1 6 1 .3 1 6 5 .9 1 6 4 .7 1 6 3 .1 1 6 1 .2 <1 ) ............................................................................... 8 8 .9 1 2 0 .3 1 0 0 .3 1 0 8 .6 1 0 4 .2 90 8 9 0 .3 9 1 .2 8 3 .0 9 6 .1 1 1 5 .0 1 3 1 .5 (1 ) I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r .......................................................... 1 4 6 .1 1 5 1 .4 136 4 139 6 1 4 2 .7 1 4 4 .0 1 4 5 .9 1 4 6 .6 1 4 7 .9 1 4 9 .7 1 5 0 .7 1 5 1 .8 <1 ) 1 1 7 .1 U n it p r o fits 143 6 1 4 7 .7 1 5 0 .9 1 5 3 .1 1 5 3 .8 1 5 6 .3 ( 1) M a n u fa c tu r in g : O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ................................. 1 0 6 .5 1 1 3 .4 105 4 1 0 6 .1 1 0 4 .4 1 0 5 .1 1 0 5 .3 107 8 1 0 8 .1 1 1 0 .2 1 1 2 .6 1 1 5 .9 .................................................. 1 5 8 .2 1 6 7 .1 1 4 4 .3 1 4 7 .0 1 5 0 .5 1 5 5 .1 1 5 7 .1 1 5 9 .6 1 6 1 .4 1 6 5 .5 1 6 6 .4 1 6 7 .5 R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r .......................................... 9 9 .3 1 0 1 .6 9 7 .4 9 6 .6 97 2 9 9 .4 99 3 9 9 .1 99 8 1 0 2 .3 1 0 1 .8 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .3 U n i t la b o r c o s t s ....................................................................... 1 4 8 .5 147 3 1 3 6 .9 1 3 8 .5 1 4 4 .1 1 4 7 .6 1 4 9 .1 1 4 8 .1 1 4 9 .3 1 5 0 .2 1 4 7 .8 144 5 1 4 4 .5 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r 1 N o t a v a ila b le . 92 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 6 9 .1 32. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted at annual rate Q u a r te r ly p e r c e n t c h a n g e a t a n n u a l r a te P e rc e n t c h a n g e tro m s a m e q u a rte r a y e a r a g o I1 1982 III 1 9 8 2 IV 1 9 8 2 11983 I1 1 9 8 3 III 1 9 8 2 III 1 9 8 1 IV 1 9 8 1 11982 I1 19 82 III 1 9 8 2 to to to to to to to to to to to to III 1 9 8 2 IV 1 9 8 2 11983 I1 19 83 III 1 9 8 3 IV 1 9 8 3 III 1 9 8 2 IV 1 9 8 2 11983 111983 III 1 9 8 3 IV 1 9 8 3 IV 1 9 8 2 B u s in e s s s e c t o r : O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ......................... 1 .7 3 .3 2 .0 1 .2 2 .2 0 .7 1 .3 3 .2 3 .1 2 .8 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .......................................... 6 .7 5 .7 5 .4 3 .5 3 .6 7 .0 7 .5 7 .1 6 .1 5 .3 4 .5 4 .8 R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................. 0 .4 4 .1 5 .0 - 0 .8 0 .6 2 .4 1 .6 2 .5 2 .4 1 .9 1 .9 1 .5 U n i t la b o r c o s t s .......................................................... 5 .0 2 .3 3 .3 - 2 .2 2 .3 4 .7 8 .7 6 .3 4 .7 2 .1 1 .4 2 .0 U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n ts 5 .9 -1 .1 ..................................... -2 .0 3 .2 1 0 .5 1 4 .4 5 .4 2 .8 -2 .6 - 2 .0 2 .8 6 .3 8 .3 r8 .2 I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r .............................................. 2 .7 2 6 5 .5 2 .8 3 .3 4 .1 4 .9 3 .5 4 .1 3 .4 3 .6 r3 9 1 .3 3 .7 0 .8 N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c t o r : O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ......................... 0 .9 -0 .6 1 .7 3 .6 3 .6 3 .5 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .......................................... 7 .2 5 .8 6 .8 4 .3 3 .8 4 .4 7 .6 7 .2 6 .4 6 .0 5 .2 4 .8 R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................. - 0 .0 4 .1 6 .5 0 .0 - 0 .3 - 0 .0 1 .7 2 .6 2 .7 2 .6 2 .5 U n i t la b o r c o s t s .......................................................... 4 .7 4 .4 3 .0 - 2 .6 1 .5 3 .5 8 .3 6 .3 4 .6 2 .3 1 .5 1 .3 -3 .4 2 .0 10 6 1 5 .2 7 .3 4 .2 - 1 .3 -1 .6 3 .1 5 .9 8 .6 9 .2 3 .7 U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n ts ..................................... 2 .3 7 .1 2 .3 1 .5 2 .2 3 .7 5 .3 2 .7 3 .3 3 .7 5 .2 3 .7 4 .1 3 .4 3 .7 3 .8 0 .6 3 .4 6 .5 4 .2 (1) 0 .2 1 .2 1 .8 3 .6 3 .7 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .......................................... 6 .4 5 .4 6 .0 2 .9 <1) 7 .6 7 .0 5 .8 5 .2 4 .3 <1 ) R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................. - 0 .8 3 .8 5 .6 - 1 .4 ( 1) 1 .7 2 .4 2 .1 1 .8 1 .7 <1 ) I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r .............................................. N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a t i o n s : O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p lo y e e s ................. 3 .0 -1 .1 (1) ...................................................... 1 .8 6 .7 1 .0 -3 .5 -2 .1 <1 ) 7 .1 5 .8 3 .8 1 .4 0 4 (1) .................................................. 2 .4 4 .8 2 .5 -3 .4 -1 .1 ( 1) 7 .4 5 .7 3 .9 1 .5 0 .6 <1 ) .......................................... 0 .1 1 1 .9 -2 .8 -3 .8 -4 .7 ( 1> 6 .2 6 .0 3 .7 1 .2 ................................................................... 3 .8 - 3 1 .4 7 9 .9 1 0 4 .7 7 1 .0 I m p l i c i t p r ic e d e f l a t o r .............................................. 1 .9 3 .6 5 .1 2 .5 3 .1 9 .6 1 .2 8 .0 9 .0 1 2 .2 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .......................................... 6 .5 4 .5 1 0 .7 2 .1 -2 .7 R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................. - 0 .6 2 .9 1 0 .3 -2 .2 U n i t la b o r c o s t s .......................................................... - 2 .8 3 .3 2 .5 -6 .4 T o t a l u n it s c o s t s U n i t la b o r c o s t s U n it n o n la b o r c o s ts U n it p r o fits -1 6 .1 -0 .1 (1) - 2 0 .3 5 .8 2 7 .3 44 2 (1) (1) 5 .0 3 .6 4 .0 3 .3 3 .6 <1 ) 4 .2 1 .6 3 .5 4 .8 6 .9 7 .5 8 .3 4 .8 (1) M a n u f a c t u r in g : O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ......................... 1 N o t a v a ila b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 .4 -8 .4 r = 4 .0 8 .6 7 .3 6 .7 5 .9 4 .9 -0 .4 2 .6 2 .7 3 .0 2 .5 2 .3 1 .5 -0 .2 6 .9 - 3 .6 1 .8 -0 .9 -2 .4 -3 .2 r e v is e d . 93 WAGE AND COMPENSATION DATA for the e m p l o y m e n t c o st in d e x are reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics by a sample of 2,000 private nonfarm estab lishments and 750 State and local government units selected to represent total employment in those sectors. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation information on five well-specified occupations. D ata Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes are obtained from contracts on file at the Bureau, direct contact with the parties, and secondary sources. Definitions The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the average change in the cost of employing labor. The rate of total compensation, which comprises wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee ben efits, is collected for workers performing specified tasks. Employment in each occupation is held constant over time for all series produced in the ECI, except those by region, bargaining status, and area. As a consequence, only changes in compensation are measured. Industry and occupational employment data from the 1970 Census of Population are used in deriving constant weights for the ECI. While holding total industry and occupational employment fixed, in the estimation of indexes by region, bargaining status, and area, the employment in those measures is allowed to vary over time in accord with changes in the sample. The rate of change (in percent) is available for wages and salaries, as well as for total compensation. Data are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey months of March, June, September, and December. The statistics are neither an nualized nor adjusted for seasonal influence. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, ex cluding premium pay for overtime, work on weekends and holidays, and shift differentials. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-of-living adjustments are included; nonproduction bonuses are included with other supplemental pay items in the benefits category; and payments-in-kind, free room and board, and tips are excluded. Benefits include supplemental pay, insurance, retirement and savings plans, and hours-related and legally required benefits. Data on negotiated wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1.000 workers or more. Data on compensation changes apply only to those agreements covering 5,000 workers or more. F irst-yea r wage or compensation changes refer to average negotiated changes for workers covered by settlements reached in the period 94 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and implemented within the first 12 months after the effective date o f the agreement. C h an ges o v e r the life o f the agreem en t refer to all adjustments specified in the contract, expressed as an average annual rate. These meas ures exclude wage changes that may occur under cost-of-living adjustment clauses, that are triggered by movements in the Consumer Price Index. W age-rate changes are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earn ings; com pen sation changes are expressed as a percent of total wages and benefits. Effective wage adjustments reflect all negotiated changes implemented in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. They include changes from settlements reached during the period, changes deferred from contracts negotiated in an earlier period, and cost-of-living adjustments. The data also reflect contracts providing for no wage adjustment in the period. Effective adjustments and each of their components are prorated over all workers in bargaining units with at least 1,000 workers. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quarter of 1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee benefits were in cluded in 1980, to produce a measure of the percent change in employers’ cost for em ployees’ total compensation. State and local government units were added to the ECI coverage in 1981, providing a measure of total compensation change in the civilian nonfarm economy. Data for the broad white-collar, blue-collar, and service worker groups, and the manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and service industry groups are presented in the ECI. Additional occupation and industry detail are pro vided for the wages and salaries component of total compensation in the private nonfarm sector. For State and local government units, additional industry detail is shown for both total compensation and its wages and salaries component. Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates of changes presented in the ECI are also available. For a more detailed discussion of the ECI, see chapter 11, “ The Em ployment Cost Index,’’ of the BLS H andbook o f M ethods (Bulletin 2134— 1), and the M onthly L ab o r R eview articles: “ Employment Cost Index: a measure of change in the ‘price of labor,’ ” July 1975; “ How benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost Index,” January 1978; and “ The Employment Cost Index: recent trends and expansion,” May 1982. Additional data for the ECI and other measures of wage and compen sation changes appear in C urrent W age D evelopm en ts, a monthly publi cation of the Bureau. 33. Employment Cost Index, by occupation and industry group (June 1981 = 100] _______________________ P e rc e n t ch an g e 1981 S e r ie s C M Ita a w e lt e r s 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 1982 1983 D ec. M a r c ii June S e p t. D ec. M a rc h June S e p t. D ec. 1 0 4 .5 1 0 6 .3 1 0 7 .5 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .4 1 1 3 .2 1 1 4 .5 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .8 3 m o n th s 1 2 m o n th s ended ended D ecem ber 1983 1 .1 5 .7 W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p W h it e - c o ll a r w o r k e r s ........................................................................................................ 1 0 4 .9 1 0 6 .5 1 1 1 .9 1 1 3 .7 1 1 4 .9 1 1 7 .6 B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ........................................................................................................ 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .1 109 2 1 1 0 .5 1 1 2 .3 113 6 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .8 9 4 .8 ................................................................................................................ 104 2 1 0 7 .2 1 0 8 .3 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .4 1 1 4 .3 1 1 5 .1 1 1 6 .7 1 1 9 .1 2 .1 6 .0 1 0 6 .0 1 0 7 .2 1 1 2 .5 S e rv ic e w o r k e r s 1 0 7 .7 1 1 0 .7 1 1 8 .9 1.1 6 .3 W o r k e r s , b y in d u s t r y d i v is io n M a n u f a c t u r in g .................................................................................................................... N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................................................ S e rv ic e s ............................................................................................................................. P u b l ic a d m in i s t r a t i o n 2 ........................................................................................... 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .4 115 0 1 1 6 .0 1 0 4 .8 1 0 6 .4 1 0 7 .7 1 1 0 .5 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .9 1 1 7 .2 1 1 8 .6 1 .2 6 .1 1 0 7 .1 1 0 8 .2 1 0 9 .2 1 1 3 .5 1 1 5 .0 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .1 1 2 1 .1 1 2 2 .6 1 .2 6 .6 1 0 6 .0 1 0 8 .1 1 0 9 .1 1 1 2 .8 1 1 3 .6 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .0 1 1 9 .8 1 2 1 .4 1 .3 6 .9 104 0 1 1 3 .5 9 5 .1 1 0 4 .0 1 0 5 .8 1 0 7 .2 109 3 1 1 0 .7 1 1 2 .6 1 1 3 .9 1 1 5 .6 1 1 7 .0 1 .2 5 .7 ................................................................................................ 1 0 4 .0 1 0 5 .8 1 0 7 .2 1 0 9 .5 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .8 1 1 4 .2 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .9 1 .2 6 .4 .................................................................................................... 1 0 4 .0 105 6 1 0 7 .0 109 0 1 1 0 .3 1 1 2 .1 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .7 1 .0 4 .9 S e r v ic e w o r k e r s ............................................................................................................ 1 0 3 .1 1 0 6 .7 107 9 109 6 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 ,1 1 1 7 .9 2 .4 5 .5 M a n u f a c t u r i n g ................................................................................................................. 1 0 4 .0 1 0 6 .0 1 0 7 .2 109 3 1 1 0 .4 1 1 2 .5 1 1 3 .5 1 1 5 .0 1 1 6 .0 .9 5 .1 N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ........................................................................................................ 1 0 3 .9 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .1 109 3 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .6 1 1 4 .2 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .5 1 .3 6 .0 1 0 7 .4 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 1 5 .1 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .1 1 2 0 .8 122 0 1 .0 6 0 ................................................................................................ 1 0 7 .8 109 1 1 0 9 .5 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .8 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .5 1 2 1 .5 1 2 2 .6 9 5 .9 .................................................................................................... 1 0 5 .9 1 0 8 .2 108 9 1 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .8 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .2 1 .0 5 .5 ............................................................................................................................. 1 0 7 .9 1 0 9 .0 109 4 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .4 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .6 .7 5 .8 S c h o o l s ......................................................................................................................... 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .1 114 8 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .6 1 1 6 .9 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .6 6 5 .9 P riv a te In d u s try w o r te r s W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p W h it e - c o ll a r w o r k e r s B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s W o r k e r s , b y in d u s t r y d i v is io n S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o rk e rs W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p W h it e - c o ll a r w o r k e r s B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s W o r k e r s , b y in d u s t r y d i v is io n S e rv ic e s ....................................................................... 1 0 8 .3 109 3 109 5 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .4 1 2 3 .3 123 9 .5 6 .3 ....................................................................... 1 0 7 .8 1 0 9 .5 1 1 0 .3 1 1 5 .3 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .8 1 2 1 .1 1 2 2 .6 1 .2 5 .7 ........................................................................................... 106 0 108 1 1 0 9 .1 1 1 2 .8 1 1 3 .6 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .0 1 1 9 .8 1 2 1 .4 1 .3 6 .9 E le m e n ta r y a n d s e c o n d a r y H o s p ita ls a n d o t h e r s e r v ic e s 3 P u b l ic a d m in i s t r a t i o n 2 'E x c l u d e s f a r m , h o u s e h o ld , a n d F e d e ra l w o r k e r s , 3 l n c lu d e s , f o r e x a m p le , lib r a r y , s o c i a l, a n d h e a lth s e r v ic e s , C o n s i s t s o f le g is l a ti v e , j u d ic i a l, a d m in i s t r a t iv e , a n d r e g u la to r y a c t iv iti e s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 95 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 34. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group {June 1981 = 100] P W M lI c h M fe C iv ilia n w o r k e r s 1 1982 1981 S e r ie s ........................................................................................................................................................ 1983 3 m o n th « 1 2 m o n th s D ec. M a rc h June S e p t. D ec. M a rc h June S e p t. D ec. 1 0 4 .4 1 0 6 .3 1 0 7 .3 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .4 1 1 5 .3 1 1 6 .5 1 .0 5 .0 1 1 0 .4 1 1 1 .4 D ecem ber 1983 W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p W h it e - c o ll a r w o r k e r s ........................................................................................................ 1 0 4 .7 1 0 6 .7 1 0 7 .6 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .2 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .9 1 .0 5 .B B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ........................................................................................................ 1 0 4 .0 1 0 5 .5 1 0 6 .7 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .8 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .1 1 1 4 .0 .8 3 .8 ................................................................................................................ 1 0 3 .6 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .9 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .2 1 1 3 .9 1 1 5 .1 1 1 7 .4 2 .0 5 .0 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .3 S e rv ic e w o r k e r s W o r k e r s , b y In d u s t r y d i v is io n 1 0 4 .0 1 0 5 .9 107 0 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .8 ........................................................................................................ 1 0 4 .5 1 0 6 .5 1 0 7 .5 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .3 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .0 1 1 6 .1 1 1 7 .4 1 .1 5 .5 ............................................................................................................................. 1 0 6 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .5 1 1 3 .2 1 1 4 .4 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .3 1 2 0 .1 1 2 1 .3 1 .0 6 .0 M a n u f a c t u r in g .................................................................................................................... N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g S e rv ic e s P u b l ic a d m in i s t r a t io n 2 ........................................................................................... P r i v a t e in d u s t r y w o r k e r s 1 1 1 .0 1 1 4 .5 1 .1 4 .3 1 0 5 .5 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .4 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .6 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .4 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .4 1 .0 6 .0 1 0 3 .8 1 0 5 .9 1 0 7 .1 1 0 9 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .6 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .8 1 .1 5 .0 W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p 117 2 1 1 P r o f e s s io n a l a n d t e c h n ic a l w o r k e r s .......................................................... 1 0 5 .5 1 0 8 .0 1 0 9 .4 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .9 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .4 .4 6 .6 M a n a g e r s a n d a d m in i s t r a t o r s 1 0 2 .8 1 0 5 .8 1 0 7 .2 1 0 8 .5 1 0 9 .3 1 1 2 .0 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .7 .8 5 .9 S a l e s w o r k e r s ............................................................................................................ 1 0 1 .9 1 0 2 .2 1 0 1 .8 1 0 4 .5 106 2 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .1 1 0 8 .4 1 1 1 .2 2 .6 4 .7 C le ric a l w o r k e r s ........................................................................................................ 104 2 1 0 7 .0 1 0 8 .3 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .6 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .6 1 1 6 .7 1 1 8 .3 1 .4 6 .0 1 0 3 .9 ....................................................................... B l u e - c o lla r w o r k e r s .................................................................................................... 1 0 6 .2 1 0 7 .3 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .6 1 1 2 .2 1 1 0 .7 1 1 3 .6 1 1 5 .9 6 0 1 0 3 .9 1 0 5 .4 1 0 6 .6 1 0 8 .5 1 0 9 .7 1 1 3 .9 .9 3 .8 C ra ft a n d k in d r e d w o r k e r s ............................................................................... 1 0 4 .3 106 2 1 0 7 .6 1 0 9 .6 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .3 1 1 5 .4 1 .0 3 .8 O p e r a t iv e s , e x c e p t t r a n s p o r t ........................................................................... 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .4 1 0 6 .6 108 3 109 3 110 0 1 1 1 .1 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .6 1 .2 3 .9 T r a n s p o r t e q u i p m e n t o p e r a t i v e s .................................................................. 102 7 103 2 1 0 4 .1 1 0 6 .0 1 0 6 .9 1 0 8 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .2 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .9 -.5 3 .1 N o n fa r m l a b o r e r s .................................................................................................... 1 0 3 .3 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .1 1 0 6 .5 1 0 7 .8 109 0 109 8 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .1 1 .2 4 .0 S e rv ic e w o r k e r s ............................................................................................................ 1 0 2 .7 106 7 1 0 7 .9 1 0 9 .3 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .5 1 1 3 .7 1 1 6 .5 2 .5 4 .6 1 0 5 .9 1 0 7 .0 W o r k e r s , b y i n d u s t r y d i v is io n M a n u f a c t u r i n g ................................................................................................................ 1 1 2 .0 113 3 1 1 4 .5 1 .1 4 .3 D u r a b l e s ........................................................................................................................ 1 0 4 .5 1 0 6 .3 1 0 7 .4 1 0 9 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .4 1 .3 3 .7 N o n d u ra b le s 1 0 3 .1 1 0 5 .3 i 0 6 .3 1 0 8 .5 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .6 .6 5 .0 ............................................................................................................ N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ........................................................................................................ 1 0 4 .0 109 8 1 1 1 .0 1 0 7 .1 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .5 1 1 2 .0 1 1 6 .5 1 .1 5 .4 ............................................................................................................ 1 0 4 .3 1 0 5 .9 107 3 1 0 9 .1 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .4 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .9 .6 2 .9 T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b l ic u t i l i t i e s .............................................................. 1 0 3 .6 1 0 5 .7 106 9 1 0 9 .5 1 1 1 .1 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .8 1 .0 C o n s tr u c tio n W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il t r a d e ............................................................................... W h o le s a le t r a d e ............................................................................................... 1 0 3 .8 1 0 8 .8 1 0 5 .9 1 1 3 .4 1 1 5 .2 5 .1 1 0 2 .3 1 0 3 .9 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .5 1 0 7 .2 1 0 8 .5 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .3 .7 4 .8 1 0 3 .4 1 0 6 .3 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .0 1 0 9 .8 1 1 1 ,8 1 1 4 .1 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .5 .7 6 .1 4 .2 109 4 1 0 9 .9 1 1 0 .6 .6 F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s t a t e .......................................................... 1 0 2 .3 1 0 3 .7 1 0 2 .4 1 0 6 .1 1 0 9 .0 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .1 1 1 3 .5 1 1 6 .9 3 .0 7 .2 S e r v i c e s ........................................................................................................................ 105 8 1 0 8 .8 1 1 0 .0 1 1 2 .5 1 1 4 .3 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .6 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .9 1 .2 6 .6 R e ta il t r a d e ............................................................................................................ 1 0 1 .9 1 0 3 .0 104 5 1 0 5 .5 1 0 6 .1 1 0 7 .2 107 0 108 2 1 0 8 .7 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .0 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .7 119 2 1 2 0 .0 .7 5 .3 ............................................................................................... 1 0 7 .5 108 5 1 0 8 .9 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .1 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .6 .7 5 .2 B l u e - c o lla r w o r k e r s .................................................................................................... 4 .4 S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p W h it e - c o ll a r w o r k e r s 1 0 5 .5 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .9 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .9 .4 ............................................................................................................................ 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 ,4 108 8 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .9 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .6 .7 5 .2 S c h o o l s ........................................................................................................................ 1 0 7 .7 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .5 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .4 1 1 9 .9 120 6 .6 5 .3 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .7 1 0 8 .8 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .8 1 2 1 .1 1 2 1 .7 .5 5 .7 W o r k e r s , b y in d u s t r y d i v is io n S e rv c e s E l e m e n ta r y a n d s e c o n d a r y P u b lic a d m in i s t r a t io n 2 ...................................................................... 1 1 5 .1 115 6 .......................................................................... 1 0 7 .3 1 0 8 .8 109 5 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .9 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .7 1 1 9 .7 1 2 0 .6 .8 5 .0 ........................................................................................... 1 0 5 .5 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .4 1 1 1 ,9 1 1 2 .6 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .4 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .4 1 .0 6 .0 H o s p ita ls a n d o t h e r s e r v ic e s 3 'E x c l u d e s f a r m , h o u s e h o ld , a n d F e d e ra l w o r k e r s . 2 C o n s is ts o f le g is l a ti v e , ju d ic i a l, a d m in i s t r a t iv e , a n d r e g u la to r y a c t iv iti e s . 96 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis i n c l u d e s , f o r e x a m p le , lib r a r y , s o c ia l a n d h e a lth s e r v ic e s . 35. Employment Cost Index, private industry workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size [June 1981 = 100] P e rc e n t ch an g e S e r ie s 1981 D ec. 1982 M a rc h June 1983 S e p t. D ec. M a rc h June S e p t. D ec. 3 m o n th s 1 2 m o n th s ended en ded D ecem ber 1983 C O M P E N S A T IO N W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in i n g s t a t u s 1 U n io n 1 1 2 .3 1 1 4 .5 .................................................................................................................... 104 6 106 3 108 0 110 3 1 1 1 .8 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .8 1 1 6 .3 1 1 7 .2 8 4 .8 N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................. 1 0 5 .0 1 0 6 .8 1 0 8 .7 1 1 1 .0 1 1 2 .8 1 1 4 .9 1 1 7 .1 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .4 1 .0 6 .7 1 0 5 .3 106 5 1 0 8 .5 1 0 9 .7 M a n u f a c t u r in g N o n u n io n ..................................................................................................................................... 1 0 4 .8 1 0 3 .5 1 0 6 .5 1 0 8 .4 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .5 1 1 6 .0 1 1 2 .8 1 1 7 .8 1 1 4 .4 1 1 8 .8 5 8 1 .3 5 .7 .................................................................................................................... 103 5 1 0 5 .7 106 6 108 4 109 2 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .8 114 9 1 .0 5 .2 N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................................................ 1 0 3 .5 1 0 5 .2 106 4 108 6 109 9 1 1 1 .6 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .7 1 1 6 .4 1 .5 5 .9 111 7 112 6 114 3 116 0 117 5 1 3 5 2 110 6 112 5 113 5 115 6 117 1 1 3 5 9 M a n u f a c t u r in g 1 1 5 .9 0 .8 W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1 W e s t ................................................................................................................................................. 108 6 110 9 112 5 113 9 114 7 7 5 6 1 1 2 .9 1 1 5 .4 116 6 118 0 1 2 0 .0 1 .7 6 .3 W o r k e r s , b y a re a s iz e 1 M e tr o p o l it a n a r e a s O th e r a r e a s ................................................................................................................ 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .2 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .2 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .4 1 .2 5 .9 ................................................................................................................................. 103 2 106 2 107 0 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .4 114 5 1 .0 4 9 4 .6 W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in i n g s t a t u s 1 U n io n ............................................................................................................................................. 105 0 1 0 6 .5 1 0 8 .1 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .2 1 1 6 .0 116 9 0 .8 .................................................................................................................... 1 0 4 .7 105 9 1 0 7 .3 109 5 110 8 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .7 1 1 4 .8 1 .0 3 .6 N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................................................ 1 0 5 .2 107 0 1 0 8 .8 1 1 1 .1 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .3 116 0 1 1 8 .3 118 9 5 5 .5 M a n u f a c t u r in g N o n u n io n ..................................................................................................................................... 1 0 3 .2 1 0 5 .6 1 0 6 .5 108 3 109 5 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .7 1 1 5 .2 1 .3 5 .2 .................................................................................................................... 103 3 105 9 1 0 6 .7 1 0 8 .2 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .8 113 0 114 2 1 .1 4 .7 N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................................................ 103 2 1 0 5 .5 1 0 6 .4 108 3 109 6 1 1 1 .0 1 1 2 .4 114 0 1 1 5 .6 1 .4 5 .5 4 .6 M a n u f a c t u r in g W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1 N o r th e a s t ..................................................................................................................................... 1 0 4 .4 1 0 6 .1 1 0 6 .7 1 0 9 .7 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .6 115 3 1 1 6 .6 1 .1 102 8 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .4 108 8 1 0 9 .8 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .5 114 3 1 1 5 .7 1 .2 ............................................................................................................................ 103 3 104 7 1 0 6 .1 107 6 108 6 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .5 112 8 1 1 3 .6 .7 4 6 W e s t .................................................................................................................................................. 1 0 5 .1 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .6 1 1 0 .7 1 1 2 .0 1 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .9 116 5 118 5 1 .7 5 .8 S o u th ............................................................................................................................................. N o r th C e n tr a l 5 .4 W o r k e r s b y a re a s iz e 1 M e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s O th e r a r e a s ................................................................................................................ 1 0 4 .0 105 9 1 0 7 .1 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .5 1 1 1 .9 113 2 114 9 116 2 1.1 5 .2 ................................................................................................................................. 1 0 3 .1 106 0 1 0 6 .8 108 3 1 0 8 .8 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .4 1 .0 4 2 1 T h e in d e x e s a r e c a lc u la te d d i f f e r e n t ly f r o m th o s e f o r th e o c c u p a tio n a n d in d u s t r y g r o u p s For a d e ta ile d d e s c r ip t io n o f th e in d e x c a l c u la tio n , s e e B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s , B u lle tin 1 9 1 0 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 97 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1984 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 36. Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1979 to date [In percent] Q u a r t e r ly a v e r a g e M e a s u re 1981 1982 1983 1979 1990 1981 ............................. 9 .0 1 0 .4 1 0 .2 3 .2 3 .4 1 1 .0 1 .9 2 .6 6 .2 3 .3 -1 .6 4 .4 5 .0 4 .9 A n n u a l ra te o v e r lif e o f c o n t r a c t . . . 6 .6 7 .1 8 3 2 .8 3 .0 5 .8 1 .2 2 .1 4 .7 4 .8 1 .4 3 .6 4 .3 3 .1 ............................. 7 .4 9 .5 9 8 3 .8 2 .6 9 .0 3 .0 3 .4 5 .4 3 .8 - 1 .2 2 .7 3 .7 4 .2 A n n u a l r a te o v e r lif e o f c o n t r a c t . . . 6 .0 7 .1 7 .9 3 .6 2 8 5 .7 2 .8 3 .2 4 .5 4 .8 2 .2 2 .8 3 .6 2 .8 -3 .4 1982 1983 IV 1 II III 1 IV II III IV T o ta l c o m p e n s a ti o n c h a n g e s , c o v e r in g 5 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e , a ll In d u s tr ie s : F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t W a g e ra te c h a n g e s c o v e r in g a t le a s t 1 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s , a ll in d u s tr ie s : F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t M a n u fa c tu r in g : ............................. 69 7 .4 7 .2 2 .8 0 .4 6 .6 2 .5 1 .8 5 .1 4 .1 A n n u a l ra te o v e r lif e o f c o n t r a c t . . . F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t 5 .4 5 .4 6 .1 2 .6 2 .1 5 .4 2 .7 1 .7 3 .9 4 .5 .9 1 .3 3 .4 2 .9 1 .7 3 .5 3 .1 N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g ( e x c lu d i n g c o n s t r u c t io n ) : F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ............................. 7 .6 9 5 9 .8 4 .3 5 .0 9 .6 2 .7 6 .6 5 .5 3 .6 3 .3 5 .9 5 .8 4 .8 A n n u a l r a te o v e r lif e o f c o n t r a c t , . . 6 .2 6 .6 7 .3 4 .1 3 .7 5 .6 2 .1 6 .1 4 .8 5 .2 5 .3 5 .2 4 .3 2 .7 C o n s tr u c tio n : F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ............................. 8 .8 1 3 .6 1 3 .5 6 .5 1 .5 1 1 .4 8 .6 6 .2 6 .3 3 .4 .7 1 .7 1 .5 1 .1 A n n u a l r a te o v e r lif e o f c o n t r a c t . . . 8 .3 1 1 .5 1 1 .3 6 3 2 .4 1 1 .7 8 .2 6 .3 5 .9 2 .9 2 .4 2 .1 2 .9 2 .6 37. Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1979 to date Year Y e a r a n d q u a rte r 1981 M e a s u re 1979 1980 1981 1982 1982 1983 1983 IV I II III IV H I III IV A v e ra g e p e r c e n t a d ju s t m e n t ( in c l u d in g n o c h a n g e ) : A ll i n d u s t r i e s .................................................................................................... M a n u f a c t u r in g ....................................................................................... N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g .............................................................. F r o m s e t tle m e n t s r e a c h e d in p e r io d .............................................. 9 .1 9 9 9 .5 6 .8 4 .0 1 .5 9 6 10 2 9 .4 5 .2 2 .7 1 .9 9 1 .0 1 .7 1 .5 8 .8 9 .7 9 .5 7 .9 4 .8 1 .1 1.1 2 .7 2 .9 1 .2 1 .0 2 .0 2 .4 1 .3 0 .3 -.5 .9 1 .3 1 .2 1.1 1 .1 1 .2 .9 1 .5 1 .2 1 .2 3 .0 3 .6 2 .5 1 .7 8 .4 .2 .4 .5 .6 D e fe r re d f r o m s e t tle m e n t s r e a c h e d in e a r lie r p e r io d . . . . 3.0 3.5 3.8 3.6 2.5 .4 6 1. 4 1. 3 .4 .4 1. 0 .8 .3 F r o m c o s t - o f - liv in g c l a u s e s .............................................................. 3 .1 2 .8 3 .2 1 .4 6 6 3 2 6 3 .1 .1 .2 .2 — — 8 .6 4 8 7 ,8 5 2 6 .5 3 0 3 ,2 2 5 2 ,8 7 8 3 ,4 2 3 3 .7 6 0 3 ,4 4 1 2 ,8 7 5 3 ,0 6 1 3 ,0 2 5 2 ,8 8 7 — — 2 .2 7 0 1 .9 0 7 2 .3 2 7 604 204 511 620 825 448 561 599 996 r e a c h e d in e a r lie r p e r i o d .................................................................. — — 6 ,2 6 7 4 ,8 4 6 3 .2 6 0 882 1 ,0 0 1 1 .5 9 4 2 ,4 0 0 860 812 1 ,4 0 5 1 ,3 1 7 669 F r o m c o s t - o f - liv in g c l a u s e s .................................................................. — — 4 ,5 9 3 3 ,8 3 0 2 .3 2 7 2 ,1 7 9 1 .9 2 0 1 .5 6 8 2 ,2 5 1 1 ,9 7 0 1 ,9 3 8 1 ,2 9 9 1 ,2 1 8 1 ,2 9 0 — — 145 483 1 .1 8 7 5 ,5 6 8 5 ,4 5 7 4 ,9 1 2 4 ,5 7 5 4 ,8 9 5 4 ,8 4 2 4 ,6 5 6 4 ,6 9 3 4 ,8 3 0 -.2 .3 .2 6 T o ta l n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g w a g e c h a n g e ( in t h o u s a n d s ) 1 ....................................................................................... F r o m s e t t le m e n t s r e a c h e d in p e r io d ................................................................................... D e fe r re d f r o m s e t tle m e n t s N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g n o a d ju s tm e n ts ( in t h o u s a n d s ) ....................................................................................... 1 T h e t o ta l n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s w h o r e c e iv e d a d iu s tm e n ts d o e s n o t e q u a l th e s u m o f w o r k e r s t h a t r e c e iv e d e a c h ty p e o f a d ju s t m e n t , b e c a u s e s o m e w o r k e r s r e c e iv e d m o r e t h a n o n e ty p e o f a d ju s tm e n t d u r in g th e p e r io d 98 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WORK STOPPAGE DATA include all known strikes or lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Data are based largely on newspaper accounts and cover all workers idle one shift or more in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material or service shortages. W o r 38. k s t o p p a g e s Estimates of days idle as a percent of estimated working time measure only the impact of larger strikes (1,000 workers or more). Formerly, these estimates measured the impact of strikes involving 6 workers or more; that is, the impact of virtually a ll strikes. Due to budget stringencies, collection of data on strikes involving fewer than 1,000 workers was discontinued with the December 1981 data. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date N u m b e r o l s to p p a g e s M o n th a n d y e a r W o r k e r s in v o lv e d B e g i n n i n g in B e g i n n i n g in In e f le c t m o n th o r y e a r d u r in g m o n th D a y s id le In e f le c t m o n th o r y e a r d u r in g m o n th ( in th o u s a n d s ) (in th o u s a n d s ) N um ber (in th o u s a n d s ) 1 9 4 7 .................................................................................................... 270 1 629 2 5 ,7 2 0 1 9 4 8 ..................................................................................................................... 245 1 435 2 6 ,1 2 7 1949 ........................................................................................................ 262 2 537 4 3 ,4 2 0 .................................................................................................... 424 1 698 3 0 ,3 9 0 1 9 5 1 ............................................................................................................ 415 1 462 1 5 ,0 7 0 1952 4 8 ,8 2 0 1950 ................................................................................................ 470 2 746 1 9 5 3 ................................................................................................................ 437 1 623 1954 ................................................................................................................................. 265 1 075 1 6 ,6 3 0 1955 ..................................................................................................................... 363 ? 055 2 1 ,1 8 0 1956 ............................................................................................................................. 287 1 370 2 6 ,8 4 0 ............................................................................................................................. 279 887 1 0 ,3 4 0 1958 ................................................................................................ 332 1 587 1 7 ,9 0 0 1959 ............................................................................................................ 245 1 381 6 0 ,8 5 0 1960 ............................................................................................................................. 222 896 1 3 .2 6 0 1 9 6 1 ..................................................................................................................... 195 1 031 1 0 .1 4 0 1 9 6 2 ............................................................................................ 211 793 1963 ................................................................................................................ 181 512 10,020 1964 ............................................................................................................................. 246 1 183 1 6 ,2 2 0 268 999 1 5 .1 4 0 1 1 .7 6 0 1 9 6 6 ............................................................................................................ 321 1 300 1 6 ,0 0 0 1 9 6 7 ................................................................................................................................. 381 ? 19? 3 1 ,3 2 0 1968 392 1 855 3 5 ,5 6 7 ....................................................................................... 1969 ......................................................................................................................... 412 1 576 2 9 ,3 9 7 1970 ......................................................................................................................................... 381 2 468 5 2 .7 6 1 1 9 7 1 ..................................................................................................................... 298 2 516 3 5 ,5 3 8 1972 ............................................................................................................ 250 975 1 6 ,7 6 4 1973 ................................................................................................................................. 317 1974 ........................................................................................................ 424 1 796 3 1 ,8 0 9 1975 ......................................................................................................................................... 235 965 1 7 ,5 6 3 231 1 519 2 3 ,9 6 2 1 9 7 6 ..................................................................................................................................... 1 9 7 7 ......................................................................................................................... 1 6 .2 6 0 298 1 212 2 1 ,2 5 8 1 9 7 8 ......................................................................................................................................... 219 1 006 2 3 ,7 7 4 1 9 7 9 ......................................................................................................................... 235 1 021 2 0 ,4 0 9 1980 187 795 2 0 ,8 4 4 145 729 1 6 ,9 0 8 ......................................................................................................................................... 1 9 8 1 ..................................................................................................................... 1982 ................................................................................................................ 96 656 9 ,0 6 1 1983 ..................................................................................................................................... 81 909 1 7 ,4 6 1 1983 J a n u a ry ....................................................................................... 1 3 1 .6 F e b ru a r y ............................................................................... 5 7 1 4 .0 50 4 8 4 4 .4 5 10 1 0 .5 54 9 1 .1 3 1 .5 r5 r 11 r27 8 r 4 1 .9 r5 0 6 .2 2 12 r8 .7 r 3 7 .2 r3 6 5 .5 2 9 3 .0 1 4 .6 284 2 M a r c h ........................................................................... 1984P J a n u a ry .................................................................................................... F e b ru a r y ............................................................................................... M a r c h ....................................................................................... e s t im a t e d 1 8 ,1 3 0 1957 1 9 6 5 ......................................................................................................................................... P e rc e n t o f w o r k in g t im e 3 8 .0 7 9 4 .8 p = p r e lim in a r y . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 99 Published by BLS in March SALES PUBLICATIONS FREE PUBLICATIONS BLS Bulletins Area Wage Survey Summaries Technological Change and Its Labor Impact in Four Industries. Bulletin 2182, 44 p p ., $2 (GPO Stock N o. 029-001-02802-4). A p praises som e o f the m ajor technological changes emerging am ong four industries: Hosiery; folding paperboard boxes; metal cans; and laundry and cleaning. A lso discusses the impact o f these changes on productivity and labor over the next 5 to 10 years. Colum bia— Sumter, S .C ., January 1984. 6 pp. Fort Lauderdale— H ollyw ood and West Palm Beach— Boca Raton, F la., January 1984. 6 pp. G uam , December 1983. 15 pp. M iddlesex, M onm outh, and Ocean Counties, N .J ., December 1983. 7 pp. T acom a, W ash., January 1984. 3 pp. Area Wage Survey Bulletins These bulletins cover office, professional, technical, m aintenance, custodial, and material m ovem ent occupations in major m etropolitan areas. The annual series o f 70 is available by subscription for $115 per year. Individual area bulletins are also available separately. The follow ing were published in March: D allas— Fort W orth, Texas, M etropolitan Area, December 1983. Bulletin 3020-67, 55 p p ., $4 (GPO Stock N o . 029-001-90262-0). D ayton, O hio, M etropolitan Area, December 1983. Bulletin 3020-66, 36 p p ., $3.75 (GPO Stock N o. 029-001-90261-1). Jackson, M ississippi, M etropolitan Area, January 1984. Bulletin 3025-1, 28 p p ., $3.25 (GPO Stock N o. 029-001-90264-6). M inneapolis— St. Paul, M innesota— W isconsin, M etropolitan Area, January 1984. Bulletin 3025-2, 56 p p ., $4 (GPO Stock N o. 029-001-90265-4). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, M etropolitan Area, January 1984. Bulletin 3025-4, 42 p p ., $3.75 (GPO Stock N o. 029-001-90271-9). Portland, M aine, M etropolitan Area, December 1983. Bulletin 3020-68, 27 p p ., $3.25 (GPO Stock N o. 029-001-90263-8). Salt Lake City— Ogden, Utah, M etropolitan Area, Novem ber 1983. Bulletin 3020-65, 30 p p ., $3.50 (GPO Stock N o. 029-001-90260-3). San D iego, California, M etropolitan Area, December 1983. B u lle tin 3 0 2 0 -7 0 , 43 p p ., $ 3 .7 5 (GPO S to c k N o . 029-001-90268-9). Seattle— Everett, W ashington, M etropolitan Area, December 1983. Bulletin 3020-69, 29 p p ., $3.50 (GPO Stock N o. 029-001-90267-1). York, Pennsylvania, M etropolitan Area, January 1984. Bulletin 3025-3, 43 p p ., $4 (GPO Stock N o . 029-001-90266-2). OTHER DATA SERVICES Electronic News Services M ajor BLS news releases are available electronically at release time. Mailgram Consum er price index data summary by mailgram within 24 hours o f the CPI release. Provides unadjusted and seasonally adjusted U .S . City Average data for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) and for Urban W age Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). (NTISUB/158). $125 in contiguous United States. Magnetic Tapes BLS offers for sale on m agnetic tapes historical data, including the follow ing regularly updated time series: Producer, consum er, and industry price indexes; the labor force, unem ploym ent, em ploym ent, hours, and earnings; industry and Federal G overn ment productivity; imports by tariff and industrial com m odity classes; international labor and price trend comparisons; and in dexes o f employer com pensation costs. BLS also offers for sale m icro-data tapes containing inform ation on consum er expenditures and characteristics collected during the 1980 and 1981 Diary com ponent o f the new ongoing C on sumer Expenditure Survey. The data, collected from samples o f approximately 5,000 consum er units in each year, include week ly expenditures for food , alcoholic beverages, tobacco, personal care products, housekeeping supplies, nonprescription drugs, gasoline, and household fuels. A lso provided are socioeconom ic characteristics specific to each consumer unit. Price range: Approxim ately $50-$200. Telephone Summary Periodicals CPI Detailed Report: December 1983, 104 p p ., and January 1984, 144 pp. Each issue provides a com prehensive report on price m ovem ents for the m onth, statistical tables, charts, and technical notes. January 1984 issue includes 1983 annual averages. $5 ($28 per year). Em ploym ent and Earnings. March issue covers em ploym ent and unem ploym ent developm ents in February 1984, 1983 annual averages for all national industry series, an article comparing nonagricultural em ploym ent estimates from two surveys, and revisions in the seasonally adjusted real earning series. 144 pp. $6 ($39 per year). A recorded summary o f principal CPI, PPI, and Em ploym ent Situation numbers is available 24 hours a day on (202) 523-9658. To order: S a les p u b lic a tio n s — Order from BLS regional offices (see inside front cover), or the Superintendent o f D ocum ents, U .S . G overn ment Printing O ffice, W ashington, D .C . 20402. Order by title and GPO stock number. Subscriptions available o n ly from the Superintendent o f D ocum ents. Orders can be charged to a deposit account number or checks can be made payable to the Superintend ent o f D ocum ents. Visa and MasterCard are also accepted. Include card number and expiration date. M a ilg ra m se rv ic e — Available from the National Technical Infor Producer Prices and Price Indexes. December 1983, 138 p p ., and January 1984, 149 pp. Both issues include a comprehensive report on price movements for the m onth, plus regular tables and technical notes. The January 1984 issue includes inform a tion on addition o f data from the producer price index revision and recalculation o f seasonal adjustment factors. $5 ($34 per year). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis m ation Service, U .S . Department o f Com m erce, 5285 Port Royal R oad, Springfield, Virginia 22151. F ree p u b lic a tio n s — Available from the Bureau o f Labor Statistics, U .S . Department o f Labor, W ashington, D .C . 20212 or from any BLS regional office. Request regional office publications from the issuing office. Free publications are available while supplies last. Chartbooks on the Nation s Workers Women at Work: A Chartbook— points out that women now .account for 43 percent of the labor force, compared with less than 30 percent in 1950. They have obtained jobs in all sectors of the economy but are concentrated in finance, insurance, and real estate; retail trade; health, business, and education services; and State and local government. The chartbook includes information on occupations, earnings, working mothers, women maintaining families, work-life expectancy, and other special topics. Workers W ithout Jobs: A Chartbook on Unemployment— presents information on the extent and nature of unemployment in the United States. Figures in the charts disclose how joblessness- varies by age, sex, and race. They also depict the proportion of unemployment resulting from loss of a job as opposed to other factors. The average length of unemployment and the impact of unemployment on families are also shown. 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