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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
e
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
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May cover
Cover illustration from the book,
The Log of a Cowboy, by Andy Adams,
published by Houghton, Mifflin Company in 1903,
part of The American Cowboy exhibition (see page 2).
Courtesy Library of Congress.
Cover design by Richard L. Mathews,
Division of Audio-Visual Communication Services,
U.S. Department of Labor
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Washington
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
MAY 1983
VOLUME 106, NUMBER 5
l ib r a r y
Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief
Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor
JUN 1 5 1983
Philip L. Rones
3
The labor market problems of older workers
Older workers do not have high unemployment rates, but when unemployed, they are
less likely to find a job and more likely to leave the labor force in discouragement
M alcolm H. Morrison
13
The aging of the U.S. population: human resource implications
In the coming decades, ‘older workers’ will compete against the largest cohort in history
of middle-aged workers; the elderly may feel more pressure to retire or work part time
M ark J. Johnson
20
U.S. foreign trade prices in 1982: import and export indexes
The appreciation of the dollar and the worldwide recession affected import-export prices;
crude oil led the import price decline; export prices of nonferrous metals and grain fell
REPORTS
G eoffrey H. Moore
Richard Esposito, Kenneth Shipp
R. D. Leone, M. F. Eleey
Janet Macon
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30
33
37
42
Using a leading em ploym ent index to forecast unem ploym ent in 1983
Industry diffusion indexes for average w eekly hours
The origins and operations of area labor-m anagem ent com m ittees
N um ber of occupational deaths essentially unchanged in 1981
D EPAR TM EN TS
2
30
37
45
47
51
57
Labor month in review
Technical notes
R esearch sum m aries
M ajor agreem ents expiring next month
Developm ents in industrial relations
Book reviews
C urrent labor statistics
Labor M onth
In Review
The myth. The exhibition traces the
growth of the cowboy myth from the
dime novels of the 1870’s to the fashion
crazes of the 1980’s and contrasts it with
the reality of cowboy life, both in the
19th century and today. It demonstrates
that Americans since the 1880’s have
projected their own current values on
the cowboy, and turned him successively
into a performer and entertainer, a
moralist, a salesman, a counterculture
hero, and a fashion plate.
who were born before the Civil War and
grew to maturity in the 1870’s and
1880’s, was responsible for creating a
new popular hero, symbolizing an old
American ideal: unrestrained personal
freedom. There were probably not more
than 50,000 cowboys in the United
States during the cattle boom.
Although the cowboy myth holds that
the cowboy is a white Anglo-Saxon, in
reality many of the cowboys were black
or brown. Texas, the source of so many
cowboys, was a slave State, and the
coastal counties where cattle were raised
in Texas before the Civil War had large
slave populations. And the Mexican vaquero (or herdsman) was the direct
ancestor as well as the constant com
panion of the Texas cowboy.
The daily reality of the cowboy was
work. In the summertime, it was hot,
dusty, bonebreaking work, lasting
always from 10 to 14 hours a day. It was
cyclical and seasonal and basically divid
ed into four phases: the spring roundup,
the summer trail drive, the fall roundup,
and winter ranch work, when few
cowboys were employed.
The reality. The range cattle industry
began, matured, and collapsed in the
space of the 20 years between 1866
and 1886. In that short time, nearly
9,000,000 cattle were driven in trail
herds from Texas to shipping points in
Kansas and new grazing ranges on the
northern plains. The industry had its
origin in the new market for beef created
in Eastern cities by methods of refrigera
tion and packing that made it possible to
transport cuts of beef to retail markets
and store them. The industry collapsed
in the late 19th century when over
production caused the price of beef to
fall, and bad weather and depleted range
grass took their toll on the cattle.
A single generation of Americans,
The image. The cowboy first appeared
to the American public as an unfocused
image, a mixture of plainsman, bandit,
and vaquero. Long before he was in
evidence, the West and western
characters had been a subject for
American writers. These earlier figures
began to merge into the cowboy in the
dime novels and popular literature of the
1870’s and early 1880’s. Dime novels
dealt in high adventure, miraculous
escapes, and impossibly complex plots.
The cowboys were usually young, hand
some, and upright and spent their time
rescuing maidens from Indians. In the
late 1870’s and early 1880’s, another im
age of the cowboy began to take shape in
the East: that of the cowboy as a rowdy,
THE AMERICAN COWBOY. Al
though cowboys never have made up
more than a tiny portion of the U.S.
labor force, their life and work is more
celebrated in song, film, legend,
literature, art, and advertising than any
other occupation. A new exhibition,
assembled by the American Folklife
Center of the Library of Congress,
documents America’s century-long
fascination with the cowboy with 370
paintings, posters, books, recordings,
film clips, artifacts, and other items. The
following excerpts are drawn from the
exhibition’s catalog.
2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
dangerous, lawless, reckless individ
ualist, who was constantly armed with
a pistol and ready to use it. The ro
mantic image of the cowboy first ap
peared in popular magazines in the early
1880’s in illustrations emphasizing the
cowboy’s youth, his high spirits, and,
sometimes, his loneliness.
The present. Fences, windmills, and
winter feeding were vital parts of the
reorganization of the range cattle industy that took place after the collapse of
the cattle boom in 1886. Further changes
occurred during the first 40 years of the
20th century, including transport of
animals by trailer, the practice of
modern veterinary medicine, improved
breeds of cattle, and the availability of
part-time “ dude” labor. Although there
have been continual improvements in
technology, the basic rhythm of the
range cattle industry in the Great Basin
is much the same as it was in the late
1930’s. There are still roundups and
brandings, and short trail drives still
take cattle from summer range to winter
pasture. Cattle are still worked on
horseback, and, finally, the main object
of the cowboy’s attention is still the cow.
The exhibition, supported by a gift
from United Technologies Corporation,
will be at the Library of Congress until
Oct. 2, after which it will travel to San
Antonio, Tex. (Dec. 1, 1983 to Jan. 31,
1984); Denver, Colo. (Mar. 7 to Apr. 29,
1984); Calgary, Alberta (June 5 to July
29, 1984); and San Jose, Calif. (Sept. 3
to Oct. 26, 1984).
The 228-page color catalog, prepared
by the exhibition’s curators, Lonn
Taylor and Ingrid Maar, is available
($18.95, plus $2 for postage and han
dling) from the Library of Congress, In
formation Office, Box A, Washington,
D .C .20540.
□
The labor market problems
of older workers
Older workers do not have especially
high unemployment rates, but when they
become unemployed, they are less likely to
find a job, and more likely to leave the
labor force in discouragement
P h ilip L. R o n e s
The problem of older worker unemployment has rarely
been addressed by researchers and only recently has
become evident in the press. This has been the case be
cause older workers tend to have lower unemployment
rates than those found in the overall population as a
whole and because other subjects related to the older
w orker— particularly the steady decline in retirement
age— are considered “hotter” research topics with more
profound policy implications.
This article investigates several aspects of labor mar
ket problems among older workers age 55 and over.1Its
purpose is not only to show the degree of actual unem
ployment experienced by the older worker but also to
examine the phenomenon of labor market discour
agement in relation to age. Particular attention will be
placed on the outcome of an older person’s unemploy
ment experience, focusing on the duration of unemploy
ment and the probability of a successful job search.
It is im portant to note that most older people,
particularly the large majority of their population who
are outside the labor force, do not want a job. For
most, retirement is either the desired reward for many
years of work, a necessary result of declining health or
both. The concern here is the labor market problems of
Philip L. Rones is an economist with the Division of Employment
and Unemployment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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those older persons who d o — or might want to — seek
work.
Unemployment
Unemployment rates for men and women in three age
groups are shown in table l.2 Prior to the late 1960’s,
the unemployment rates for the two groups of older
men (55 to 64 and 65 and over) tended to be slightly
higher than those for men in the “prime working ages”
of 25 to 54. This relationship began to change in the
early 1970’s, when the 55- to 64-year-olds showed rela
tive improvement and by the 1980 recession, the rates
for men age 65 and older fell well below those for men
age 25 to 54. The precise causes of these apparent im
provements in unemployment status of older workers
relative to younger ones are not easy to determine, but
they likely include the following:
• Older men who continue to work are considerably
less likely than are their younger counterparts to be
found in cyclically sensitive industries, such as dura
ble goods manufacturing and construction. Thus,
when those industries are hard-hit by recessions, the
effects are felt more by younger or middle-aged work
ers than by older ones.
• Industries most prone to layoff are often those where
collective bargaining agreements protect senior work3
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Labor Market Problems o f Older Workers
Table 1. Official unemployment rate and unemployment
rate including discouraged workers, by sex, selected
ages, 1968 to 1981, annual averages
[In percent]
Year
Men
Age
25 to 54
Women
Age
55 to 64
Age 65
and over
Age
25 to 54
Age
55 to 64
Age 65
and over
U
U+ D
U
U+ D
U
U+ D
U
U+ D
U'
U + D2
U
U+ D
Total3 . . . .
3.7
3.9
3.0
3.5
3.6
6.7
5.5
6.6
3.4
4.9
3.6
8.2
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1.7
1.6
2.8
3.5
3.1
2.5
3.1
5.7
4.9
4.3
3.5
3.4
5.1
5.5
1.8
1.7
2.9
3.7
3.2
2.7
3.2
5.9
5.2
4.5
3.7
3.6
5.4
5.8
1.9
1.8
2.8
3.3
3.2
2.4
2.6
4.3
4.2
3.6
2.8
2.7
3.4
3.6
2.3
2.1
3.1
3.7
3.6
2.8
2.9
4.9
4.7
4.1
3.3
3.3
3.9
4.2
2.8
2.2
3.3
3.4
3.6
3.0
3.3
5.4
5.1
5.2
4.2
3.4
3.1
2.9
6.6
5.1
5.5
5.8
6.2
6.0
6.0
9.0
8.9
9.1
7.2
6.1
6.5
6.3
3.4
3.5
4.5
5.3
4.9
4.4
4.9
7.5
6.8
6.4
5.5
5.2
6.0
6.3
4.5
4.4
5.5
6.7
6.2
5.5
5.9
9.1
8.1
7.8
6.5
6.1
7.0
7.5
2.2
2.2
2.7
3.3
3.3
2.8
3.2
5.1
4.9
4.4
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.8
4.2
3.5
4.1
4.7
4.8
4.0
4.6
6.9
6.4
6.1
4.6
4.3
4.6
5.6
2.7
2.3
3.1
3.6
3.5
2.9
3.6
5.0
5.0
4.7
3.8
3.3
3.1
3.6
8.6
7.4
7.3
7.9
7.8
5.6
7.6
9.4
9.9
10.8
9.3
7.4
7.4
8.0
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
1U is the official unemployment rate, calculated by dividing total unemployment by the ci
vilian labor force,
2U + D, is the unemployment rate which counts all discouraged as unemployed— it di
vides the unemployed plus discouraged workers by the civilian labor force plus discouraged
workers.
3The totals are weighted averages of the 14 years, 1968 through 1981. They were calcu
lated by summing the numerators for all years and dividing this by the sum of the denomina
tors.
ers from layoff. This may not be entirely to their
advantage because those who are last to be laid off
must compete in a job market where most available
jobs have already been taken by those workers who
were laid off earlier.
• For those eligible for pensions or social security, la
bor force withdrawal is a more viable alternative to a
prolonged job search than it is for younger persons,
who are less likely to have alternative sources of in
come.
• During periods of high unemployment, many firms,
to avoid laying off younger workers or to save on la
bor costs, provide their older workers with financial
inducements to retire, in the form of improved pen
sion terms or bonuses. Those who choose these op
tions may themselves avoid layoff as a recession
deepens and more senior employees are affected.
But while the unemployment rates of older workers
may have been less affected by recent recessions, their
relatively low rates of unemployment may mask the
linked problems of unsuccessful job search once unem
ployment occurs and job market alienation (often stem
ming from that job search) that leads to labor force
withdrawal. These problems will be discussed in detail
in this article. In general, however, for the 1968 to 1981
period, the rates of unemployment among men in the
older groups have been little different from those in the
prime-aged group.3(See table 1.)
In contrast to men, the unemployment rate for older
women has been consistently several points below that
4
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for the 25- to 54-year-old group. Among the major rea
sons for these low rates is that older women workers, as
a group, have not had the strong career-orientation
prevalent among younger women today. This marginal
attachment often leads to labor force withdrawal when
job loss occurs or to postponement of job search during
poor job markets. Those older women who have had a
permanent, full-time job market commitment are even
less likely than older men to be in cyclically sensitive
jobs and are often protected from job loss by their se
niority.
Even though older men experience rates of jobless
ness similar to those of all but the youngest labor force
members, it could still be argued that their unemploy
ment problem is less severe than for those in the central
ages. This is because unemployment rates are calculated
by dividing the number of unemployed persons in a
particular group by that group’s civilian labor force
(those working and those actively looking for work).
The rates do not reflect the proportion of a particular
population that is unemployed, but rather, the propor
tion of the labor force. This is particularly relevant with
regard to older persons, especially those age 65 and
over, because so few of them are in the labor force (few
er than 1 in 5 men and 1 in 12 women in 1981). Thus,
in absolute numbers, or as a proportion of the older
population, unemployment is relatively small. On aver
age, in 1981, only four-tenths of one percent of the pop
ulation age 65 and over was unemployed, compared to
2.0 percent for those age 55 to 64 and 4.6 percent for
those age 25 to 54. (This is not to imply that the popu
lation-based rate is a better way of looking at unem
ployment— clearly it is not. Rather, this is simply
another way to demonstrate the relative magnitude of
unemployment among older persons.)
Reasons for unemployment
The conditions which lead to job search can differ
markedly between labor force groups. Between ages 55
and 64, the reasons men experience unemployment are
similar to those for 25- to 54-year-olds. (See table 2.) In
1981, about 7 in 10 unemployed persons in these age
groups were looking for work because they had lost
their jobs through layoffs, firings, plant closings, or oth
er types of involuntary separations.
The difference between these two age groups of men
is in the mix between the other two reasons for unem
ployment— quitting a job to look for another and reen
tering the labor force after a period of absence. The
older the worker, the less likely he is to quit his job and
look for a new one. This undoubtedly reflects the rela
tively high costs of such a decision for a person in long
term service with an employer. Experienced workers of
ten represent a considerable investment on the part of
the firm in job-specific skills— skills which the present
employer would pay to retain but which are likely to be
less valuable to a new employer. Thus, in many cases,
the long-term employee may face a cut in earnings in a
new job. Other considerations include a loss of seniori
ty, with its protection from hours reductions or layoffs
during periods of slack demand, and loss of accrued
pension benefits.
For men age 65 and older, labor force reentry
approaches job loss as the main reason for unemploy
ment. This should be expected, because the potential
pool of labor force reentrants— those outside the labor
force— includes over four-fifths of their population.
Among job losers, those on layoff represent a far
smaller portion than they do for other age groups. This
reflects the relative protection from layoffs generally af
forded senior workers, and also, the relatively few jobs
that men age 65 and older hold where they would be
subject to formal layoffs. (Comparatively few men in
this age group still work in layoff-prone industries, par
ticularly manufacturing and construction.)4
Older unemployed women are less likely to be job
losers than are younger women, whether by layoff or
other type of job loss, although the differences are not
so dramatic. Women in the older group also have a
lower probability of quitting than those in the younger
group, and a lower rate of reentry, particularly those
age 55 to 64. Thus, among women, the higher unem
ployment rates for those 25 to 54 years old results from
a higher probability of unemployment by each reason:
job loss, quits, and reentry.
Duration of unemployment
Monthly data published by the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics on duration of unemployment reflect the current
duration of an in-progress spell of unemployment. In
other words, it is a cross-section of the unemployed pri
or to completion of their spells of unemployment. Table
3 shows the mean and median durations of unemploy
ment for persons in different age groups for 1979 and
Table 2. Unemployment percentages, by reason for un
employment, by sex and age, 1968-81 averages1
Job losers
Characteristic
Total
Other
On lay
Total
job losers
off
Job
leavers
Reentrants
Men
25 to 5 4 ...............................
55 to 6 4 ...............................
65 and over ........................
3.7
3.0
3.6
2.7
2.3
1.8
0.9
0.7
0.5
1.8
1.5
1.3
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.5
1.6
5.5
3.4
3.6
2.4
2.0
1.9
0.9
0.8
0.7
1.5
1.3
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.3
2.1
0.9
1.4
Women
25 to 5 4 ...............................
55 to 6 4 ...............................
65 and over ........................
1 Because of rounding, and the exclusion of new entrants, row totals may not equal the
total unemployment rate shown.
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Table 3. Duration of an "in-progress” spell of
unemployment, by sex, 1979 and 1981 annual averages
[In weeks]
1981
1979
Age
16 to 1 9 ................................................................
20 to 2 4 ................................................................
25 to 3 4 ................................................................
35 to 4 4 ................................................................
45 to 5 4 ................................................................
55 to 6 4 ................................................................
65 and over .........................................................
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
7.4
9.7
11.1
13.3
14.5
17.0
16.1
4.3
5.1
6.1
6.8
7.5
8.2
7.8
9.2
13.0
14.8
16.0
16.9
18.3
16.0
4.8
6.8
7.8
8.4
8.9
9.5
7.0
1981. By either measure, duration consistently rises un
til age 65, then falls somewhat.
This in-progress spell concept, however, has limited
usefulness for some types of analyses. It tells us little
about the key question that needs to be addressed here:
What is the duration of a completed spell of unemploy
ment? In-progress spell data reflect two important
biases that make them an undesirable substitute for the
uncollected completed spell measure. The first is that
which Stephen W. Salant and others refer to as “inter
ruption bias.” 5 That is, given stable economic condi
tions, an “average” in-progress spell of unemployment
is likely to be only half of its eventual completed spell.
A bias in the opposite direction is “length bias”; the
monthly CPS fails to pick up many short spells of unem
ployment that occur between survey weeks. Because
these biases affect different groups differently, it is often
difficult to make a meaningful comparison between de
mographic groups using published CPS duration data.
Based on procedures developed by Norman Bowers,
a rough estimate of the average length of a completed
spell of unemployment for older workers can be derived
using “gross change” data from the CPS in conjunction
with the regularly published CPS cross-sectional data.6
Because three-fourths of the CPS sample in 1 month are
surveyed again the following month, it is possible to de
termine the likelihood of individuals changing labor
force status by matching the responses of individuals in
this brief longitudinal panel. Any individual can be in 1
of 3 labor force categories in the current m onth—
employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force— and
in any of the same three categories in the previous
month. Thus, there are nine possible combinations of
labor force status for 2 consecutive months where in
each month the individual is either employed (E), un
employed (U), or not in the labor force (N):
EE
UE
NE
EU
UU
NU
EN
UN
NN
The probability of any particular labor force transition
is the number of people who made any given change di
vided by the number of persons in the original state.
5
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Labor Market Problems o f Older Workers
For example, the probability of an unemployed person
remaining unemployed is U U /U (t-l), where t is the cur
rent month.
An estimate of the expected duration of a completed
spell of unemployment can be obtained from these la
bor force “flows” data.7 The probability of leaving, or
escaping unemployment is the sum of the probabilities
of going from unemployment to employment and from
unemployment to not in the labor force: probability of
escape (p E S C )= U E + U N /U (t-l) where E and N occur
in month t and U occurs in month t-1. Expected dura
tion (E(D)) is equal to 1/pESC.8
To use this equation to estimate the duration of com
pleted spells of unemployment, it is necessary to assume
that unemployed persons, regardless of their current
length of joblessness, have the same probability of es
cape from unemployment— that is, the probability of
escape is independent of duration.9
The estimates computed from the above formula are
based on monthly escape probabilities. A calculation of
the number of weeks of a completed spell would be
E(D) = —¡ ^ X 4.3 where 4.3 is the number of weeks in
the average month. Table 4 provides the probabilities
UE, UN, and UU for men and women age 25 to 44 and
60 and over based on annual averages from 1968 to
1981, along with expected duration of a completed spell
of unemployment. While the age breaks used through
out most of the rest of this analysis would be more de
sirable (25 to 54, 55 to 64, and 65 and over), the gross
flows tabulations are not available for those age
categories. The 45 to 59 age group, available in the
gross change data, was left out of this analysis because
it spans parts of both the older age and middle-age
comparison groups used in other analysis.
For the two groups of men, the estimated duration of
completed spells of unemployment are quite close. In
fact, that for the group age 60 and over, on average,
falls below that for the comparison group by about a
week. When the pUU columns are examined (pUU = 1
—pESC), the cause of this result is clear; the probabili
ties of remaining unemployed are quite close for both
age groups throughout the business cycle.
However, while the probabilities of escape are similar
for the two groups, the method of escape is quite differ
ent. Over the entire period, the probability of an older
man leaving unemployment by withdrawing from the
labor force is three times that of a younger man. Con
versely, the probability of ending a period of unemploy
ment by finding employment is far higher for the
younger group. For women, the probability of escape,
as for men, is similar for the two age groups.
Successful job search. Because the probabilities of escape
by the two different methods, UE and UN, are so differ
ent for the younger and older groups, the completed
6
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Table 4. Probabilities of an unemployed person being
employed (E), not in the labor force (N), and unemployed
(U) in the following month, and the expected duration of a
completed spell of unemployment, by sex and selected
age groups, 1968-81 annual averages
Men, 25 to 44 years
Year
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
Probabilities
of labor
force movements
pUE
pUN
pUU
Total1 ..
.327
.089
.584
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
.519
.497
.393
.351
.361
.369
.340
.284
.283
.312
.343
.335
.294
.277
.096
.105
.074
.084
.096
.111
.088
.075
.085
.087
.097
.102
.084
.092
.385
.398
.533
.566
.543
.520
.572
.642
.631
.602
.559
.563
.622
.631
Men, 60 years and over
Expected
duration
of a
completed
spell
(in weeks)
Expected
duration
of a
completed
spell
(in weeks)
pUE
pUN
pUU
10.3
.194
.275
.531
9.2
7.0
7.1
9.2
9.9
9.4
9.0
10.0
12.0
11.7
10.8
9.8
9.8
11.4
11.7
.289
.296
.229
.208
.196
.195
.177
.147
.172
.143
.209
.175
.206
.188
.333
.357
.215
.260
.279
.323
.255
.221
.267
.281
.327
.280
.258
.266
.377
.347
.556
.532
.525
.481
.567
.632
.561
.576
.464
.545
.535
.552
6.9
6.6
9.7
9.2
9.1
8.3
9.9
11.7
9.8
10.1
8.0
9.5
9.2
9.6
Women, 25 to 44 years
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
Probabilities
of labor
force movements
Women 60 years and over
Total’ ..
.253
.306
.441
7.7
.193
.325
.483
8.3
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
.356
.330
.274
.241
.260
.280
.298
.206
.210
.245
.270
.274
.248
.217
.422
.412
.340
.333
.336
.350
.370
.271
.286
.293
.295
.289
.273
.254
.222
.257
.386
.426
.404
.270
.332
.522
.505
.462
.435
.437
.479
.529
5.5
5.8
7.0
7.5
7.2
5.9
6.4
9.0
8.7
8.0
7.6
7.6
8.3
9.1
.274
.296
.211
.188
.172
.246
.222
.153
.142
.165
.177
.172
.202
.171
.452
.463
.296
.341
.299
.377
.284
.285
.307
.322
.313
.345
.310
.314
.274
.241
.493
.470
.529
.377
.494
.562
.551
.512
.510
.483
.488
.514
5.9
6.5
8.5
8.1
9.1
6.9
8.5
9.8
9.6
8.8
8.8
8.3
8.4
8.8
1The total Is calculated by dividing the sum of all persons with a particular pair of labor
force conditions (ue, for example) using annual averages for the 14 years, by the total num1981
ber of unemployed persons (annual averages) for those years: pUE (total) = 2
1981
2
1968
1968
U,t u EJ
'
W
IL u where t is the current month and t-1 the previous month.
V '____________________________________________________________________________________________
spell of unemployment measure may cnoceal real differ
ences in job market success. It is necessary, then, to
create a measure which reflects these differences.
It is the labor force flow, UE, which is undoubtedly a
better measure of labor market success than the escape
rate. However, one must be careful in assuming that
UN implies a failed job search. Some persons may sim
ply have changed personal circumstances, such as poor
health or home responsibilities, which represent volun
tary labor force withdrawal. Nevertheless, there is a
strong argument that market-related movements from
U to N are probably a large portion of the total UN’s .10
Because thepurpose of job search is to obtain employ
ment, it is useful to calculate an expected duration of
unemployment, for what Bowers refers to as the “per
sistent jobseeker.” These individuals continue their job
search until they obtain employment. This is obtained
by removing UN from the denominator and numerator
of the completed spell calculation. Thus, using Bowers’
procedure, the expected duration of a completed spell of
unemployment for the persistent jobseeker is calculated
as follows."
Table 6. Median weeks of unemployment for all persons
with unemployment experience, selected calendar years,
by sex and selected age groups
Characteristic
1973
1975
1978
1981
8.9
11.3
14.9
14.2
17.1
19.1
11.6
13.7
18.3
13.7
13.6
16.2
6.9
10.8
8.6
11.3
16.6
19.1
9.1
11.7
14.3
11.3
11.2
13.3
Men
E(D) = pUE + pUU x 4 3
pUE
25 to 5 4 ......................................
55 to 6 4 ......................................
65 and over ...............................
where E(D) is the estimated duration in weeks, pUE
and pUU are the probabilities of an unemployed person
in period t-1 either having a job in period t or remain
ing unemployed, respectively, and 4.3 is the number of
weeks in the average month (since duration is typically
expressed in weeks).
The results, shown in table 5, reveal a very different
picture than those for completed spells of unemploy
ment shown in table 4. Eliminating labor force with
drawal as an option for ending unemployment increases
the expected duration of unemployment for men age 25
to 44 by less than 2 weeks but raises it by 7 weeks for
older men.
Among women, the higher probability of leaving un
employment by withdrawing from the labor force than
by finding employment occurs across age groups. These
lower probabilities of successful job search mean that
women jobseekers will have a considerably longer dura
tion using the persistent method rather than the escape
method of calculation. The younger group of women
has 4 weeks added to their expected duration, while the
older group, like the men, is 7 weeks higher.
Another measure o f duration. Once each year, in March,
there are a series of supplemental questions in the CPS
on labor force activity during the prior calendar year.
These questions elicit information on the number of
weeks out of the year that individuals were either
Table 5. Expected duration of a completed spell of
unemployment for persistent jobseekers (those who find
employment) by sex, for selected age groups, 1968-81
[In weeks]
Men
Year
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
Women
Age 25
to 44
Age 60
and over
Age 25
to 44
Age 60
and over
T o ta l............................................
12.0
16.1
11.8
15.1
........................................................
.......................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
7.5
7.7
10.1
11.2
10.8
10.4
11.5
14.0
13.9
12.6
11.3
11.5
13.4
14.1
9.9
9.3
14.7
15.3
15.8
14.9
18.1
22.8
18.3
21.6
13.8
17.7
15.5
16.9
7.0
7.7
10.4
11.9
11.0
8.4
9.1
15.2
14.6
12.4
11.2
11.2
12.6
14.8
8.6
7.8
14.3
15.1
17.5
10.9
13.9
20.1
21.0
17.6
16.7
16.4
14.7
17.2
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Women
25 to 5 4 ......................................
55 to 6 4 .....................................
65 and over ...............................
looking for work or on layoff and are asked of persons
who worked during the year as well as of those who did
not.
The data can be easily used to obtain a median num
ber of weeks unemployed for any demographic group.12
It should be kept in mind that this does not correspond
to the length of a completed spell of unemployment, as
calculated earlier, for several reasons. First, spells may
begin before the start of the calendar year or end after
it, thus being “in progress” during the 1-year reference
period. Particularly important is the fact that the results
may reflect more than one spell of unemployment for
each individual. Also, the reporting of unemployment is
somewhat inconsistent, particularly for women, between
the monthly CPS and the March work experience sup
plement.13
Table 6 shows the median weeks of unemployment
during the 4 calendar years 1973, 1975, 1978, and 1981.
These years were selected, because, at least in terms of
aggregate unemployment, they represent relatively low
(1973 and 1978) and high periods (1975 and 1981) in
the recent unemployment experience. For men, the in
crease in unemployment duration with age is fairly con
sistent over both highs and lows in recent business
cycles. The rather poor recovery for men age 65 and
older by 1978 from the 1974-75 recession is consistent
with other indicators of unemployment for that group.14
There is also a pattern of increased duration with age
among women, although it is less consistent. Moreover,
the actual differences across age groups, for women,
may be somewhat less than shown, because of reporting
inconsistencies discussed in footnote 13.
The use of duration data obtained from the work ex
perience supplement reduces the problem of labor force
transitions and its limiting effect on duration, because
all spells of unemployment are counted. Similarly, cal
culations of the duration of a completed spell of a per
sistent jobseeker, shown in table 5, provides a com
parison of job-search success between the younger and
older groups unhindered by labor force withdrawal.
Thus, these two calculations (work experience and per
sistent jobseeker), while measuring somewhat different
7
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Labor Market Problems o f Older Workers
things, provide a similar characterization of the dif
ferences in unemployment duration between the older
worker and those in the middle years.
More about the unemployed
Older unemployed persons show less of a commit
ment to the labor force than do their younger counter
parts. For example, the CPS regularly obtains informa
tion on whether the unemployed are looking for full- or
part-time work. In 1981, as shown in the tabulation be
low, older men and women were less likely than their
younger counterparts to seek full-time jobs.
Percent of unemployed persons seeking full-time
work, 1981 annual average
Age
25 to 54
Men . . . .
Women . .
97
83
Age
55 to 64
88
79
Age
65 and over
44
45
In May 1976, CPS respondents who where unem
ployed were asked to complete a supplemental question
naire on their job search activity and on factors which
might influence that activity.15 As expected, older per
sons, particularly men, were considerably less likely
than younger persons to seek permanent rather than
temporary employment.
Percent of unemployed seeking a permanent
___________ job, March 1976____________
Age
25 to 54
Men . . . .
Women . .
Age
55 to 64
Age
65 and over
95
93
82
76
68
57
In addition, unemployed persons were asked the
number of hours they had spent looking for work dur
ing the 4 weeks prior to the survey.16
Average number of hours spent in job search
during month prior to May 1976 CPS
Men . . . .
Women . .
Age
25 to 54
Age
55 to 64
42
19
33
19
Age
65 and over
22
17
For men, age is a good predictor of job search inten
sity. For women, the amount of time spent looking for
work is apparently unrelated to age and consistently
lower than that for men.
Worker discouragement
While the unemployment rate is the most visible mea
sure of labor market difficulties, other measures, such as
labor market discouragement, also provide valuable in
8
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formation.17 (Discouraged workers are those who report
that they want a job but are not looking because they
believe they cannot find one.) Labor market discourage
ment is experienced, disproportionately, by older work
ers and by racial minorities.18 For blacks, it is easily as
sumed that this is simply another indication of their
relatively poor standing in the job market. Older work
ers are not so obviously disadvantaged, at least as evi
denced by their unemployment rates. Yet, discourage
ment may be a serious problem for this group and, if
included in the calculations, substantially alters the rela
tionship between older and younger worker unemploy
m ent.19
Table 1 shows unemployment rates for different
age/sex groups comparing the traditional rate for each
group to a new rate which adds discouraged workers to
both the numerator and the denominator of the unem
ployment rate calculation.20 As shown in the tabulation
below, for men age 25 to 54, discouragement as a labor
force problem is relatively minor; for men 55 to 64
years old, the problem is only slightly greater. But for
men age 65 and over, the annual average level of dis
couraged workers is almost as large as the number of
unemployed. The addition of the discouraged workers
doubles the percentage for this group compared to its
unemployment rate, and also raises it to levels far above
those for the other two male age groups. Even in the
past several years, when there was a marked improve
ment in the unemployment rate of men age 65 and
older relative to those age 25 to 54, the addition of
discouragement yields a percentage for this oldest group
that is well above that for the central age group.
While labor market discouragement is more common
for women of all ages, compared to men, the effect on
older women of its inclusion in an “unemploymentdiscouragement rate” calculation is similar to that for
older men. For women age 25 to 54 and 55 to 64,
discouragement adds 1.2 and 1.5 points to their respec
tive unemployment rates. But for women age 65 and
over, on average, it adds 4.7 points, considerably more
than the contribution of unemployment itself.
The following tabulation shows the percentage-point
increases in unemployment rates of persons age 25 and
over by including discouraged workers (average of 1968—
81 period):
Men . . . .
Women . .
Age
25 to 54
Age
55 to 64
0.2
1.2
0.5
1.5
Age
65 and over
3.2
4.7
While the effect of adding discouraged workers to the
unemployed count is dramatic, these results are not nec
essarily easy to interpret. As mentioned earlier, older
worker unemployment, when compared to their popula
tion (rather than labor force, as in the normal unem-
ployment rate calculation) is hardly significant. Only
when their unemployment is compared to the labor
force levels does joblessness appear to be nearly as seri
ous a problem as it is for other age groups.
The use of data on discouragement presents a similar
problem of interpretation. The addition of their num
bers dramatically alters the relative job market standing
between the oldest labor force groups and younger
groups. Yet the older age groups have a huge source of
potential discouraged workers that other groups do not
— those who are outside the labor force. For the popu
lation age 65 and over, this group accounts for about 7
of every 8 people. Thus, even if only a very small por
tion of those outside the labor force are identified
through the survey as discouraged, the effect on the rel
atively small group in the labor force still becomes quite
large. This is, of course, what happens in the calcula
tions. Only about 0.5 percent of all persons age 65 and
older who are outside the labor force are counted as
discouraged. When added in, it is enough to more than
double their “unemployment rate”; a very small group
in absolute terms is able to dramatically alter a measure
of labor market conditions.
For purposes of this article, it may be helpful to look
at certain responses of older discouraged workers in the
CPS — particularly their answer to three questions:
1. What are the reasons . . . is not looking for work?
Persons identified as outside the labor force but wanting
a job are asked why they have not been looking for
work. Many cite such factors as family responsibilities,
poor health, or school attendance, thus indicating that
their personal situation makes them unavailable for
work. To be classified as a discouraged worker, the in
dividual must be reported as wanting a job and not
looking for work for one or more of the following five
reasons, but no others:21
a. Believes no work is available in line of work or area
b. Couldn’t find any work
c. Lacks necessary schooling, training, skills, or
experience
d. Employers think too old or too young
e. Other personal handicap in finding a job
The first two categories are listed in Bureau publica
tions as “job market factors;” the latter three are “per
sonal factors.” The “job market” categories more
clearly indicate some failure of the job market itself to
absorb people who want to work than do the “person
al” categories. As expected, personal reasons (particu
larly the “too old” reason) dominate the 65 and over
age group, accounting for 56 percent of its discourage
ment in 1981. In contrast, 25 to 54 year old discour
aged workers cited personal reasons less than one-fifth
of the time.
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2. Does . . . intend to look for work of any kind dur
ing the next 12 months?
Discouraged workers, in general, say they want jobs
“now” but are not looking because they think they
can’t find any. Apparently, many older discouraged
workers have no plans to verify their assessment of the
availability of jobs. (It should be kept in mind that an
individual need not take part in an active job search to
acquire at least some information on the job market.
Information on local layoffs or plant closings, job
search by acquaintances, or local unemployment statis
tics might all be used to assess the likelihood of a suc
cessful job search, particularly in a relatively small job
market.) In fact, in 1981, only about half of discouraged
workers age 65 years and older indicated plans to look
for work during the subsequent 12-month period. This
compares to two-thirds of 55 to 64 year olds and 6 out
of 7 of 25 to 54 year olds.
3. When did . . . last work for pay at a regular job or
business, either full or part time?
Many older discouraged workers have no recent work
history. In fact, in 1981, among those age 65 and over,
only about 1 in 5 had worked within the previous year,
while the remaining four-fifths was about split between
those who had last worked 1 to 5 years ago and those
whose last job was at least 5 years prior to the survey.
The younger groups, of course, tend to have more re
cent work experience. However, even among men age
25 to 54, almost half of the discouraged workers in
1981 had not worked in the previous year. Combining
the results of the job search intention and time of last
job questions shows that 30 percent of all discouraged
workers age 65 and over had neither worked in at least
5 years nor had any intentions of looking for work in
the near future.
From these CPS questions, it is clear that the group of
discouraged workers 65 and over show a quite different
degree of labor force attachment than do their younger
counterparts. They are less likely to cite the more defin
itive “job market” factors as their reason for not
looking for work, they are far less likely to have had re
cent work experience, and often have no plans to look
for work in the near future. This may reflect the more
marginal labor force attachment of a group of workers
who may have alternative sources of income. But it may
also reflect, to some undetermined extent, a realistic
perception of the lack of acceptable job opportunities
for persons age 65 and older who want to work.
Interpretation of findings
Do these results demonstrate a lack of interest, or job
market commitment among older persons? What do the
relatively low measures of job search and interest for
older unemployed and discouraged workers mean? How
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Labor Market Problems o f Older Workers
are their very high levels of labor force withdrawal from
unemployment to be interpreted?
The initial response may be that these results should
be expected from a group of persons whose retirement
alternatives often limit the amount and extent of job
search. But a far different interpretation could be that
much of this measured job market “indifference” is the
result of a labor market which is unresponsive to the
needs and preferences of the older worker.
What happens when older workers seek work? Ac
cording to the UE probabilities shown in table 4, they
are far less likely to find a job than are their younger
counterparts. And when they do find jobs, they gen
erally suffer a serious decline in wages compared to
previous employment. Herbert S. Parnes examined lon
gitudinal data from a sample of men who were 45 to 59
years old in 1966 and had been displaced between 1966
and 1975 from a job they had held at least 5 years.22
The results show a dramatic decline in both occupation
al status and earnings, compared with a matched group
who had not lost their jobs. Results of a survey of over
800 retirees of three large corporations showed that the
wages of those who subsequently got jobs were so low
that they “provide a vivid corroboration of the assertion
of a large number of respondents who said that among
the reasons they did not work after retirement was that
it did not pay to work.”23 Fringe benefits for these
workers were practically nonexistent.
Do older jobseekers hold out for a “better” job than
do younger persons? The May 1976 job search supple
ment asked unemployed persons their lowest acceptable
wage. While the results should be viewed with caution,
the average “reservation wage” of older workers was no
higher than the 25-to-54-year-old group.24 In fact, older
workers generally take jobs in relatively low-paying
trade and service industries.25
A poor job market certainly may lead to labor force
withdrawal (although most labor force withdrawal
among the elderly is voluntary). However, for those
outside the labor force, the desire to work is often diffi
cult to measure. The CPS elicits a very low level of labor
market interest among the retired elderly compared to
other surveys. Part of this difference may stem from re
sponses to the seemingly simple question, “Do you
want a job?,” which can be interpreted in different ways
and thus yield far different results.26 “ No, I don’t want
a jo b ,” as reported in the CPS, m ay m ean (for som e)
th at th e jo b s perceived to be availab le d o n o t m eet the
in d iv id u a l’s requirem ents, n o t th at the in d ivid u al w ou ld
n o t take “accep ta b le w o rk .”
As previously stated, most older retirees do not want
to work or cannot work for health reasons. But it is not
unreasonable to assume that a significant number of po
tential workers are “hidden” from the labor market sta
tistics because of their not in labor force status.
Evidence of this potential labor supply comes from the
survey of retired persons from three large corporations
cited earlier. Of those retirees who were outside the la
bor force, 27 percent cited as their main reason for not
looking for work that “it doesn’t pay” (which may re
flect both the low anticipated wages and poor fringe
benefits from employment as well as the social security
earnings limitation). Additionally, 9 percent said there
were “no opportunities,” 4 percent cited age discrimina
tion, and 2 percent cited an unsuccessful job search.
These responses came from a group with better than av
erage retirement income— work is most important to
retirement and near-retirement age people with low in
comes or low expected pension income.27
As Harold Sheppard and Sarah Rix point out in The
Graying o f Working America, many persons choose re
tirement “not because they want literally to retire, but
more because of their strong reluctance to stay in the
same dissatisfying job. The difficulties the older workers
may have in finding more satisfying kinds of employ
ment may mean that early retirement is the only alter
native.”28 The same, of course, can be said for
retirement that is not, technically speaking, early. Re
search reports and congressional hearings point out the
need for alternative work arrangements for many older
persons in order to eliminate the full-time w ork/total
retirement choice faced by many.29 Moreover, the pauci
ty of job sharing and part time, phased retirement, or
other types of flexible work options serves to lessen job
search or to cause some to leave the labor force. The re
sult, quite probably, is that the most commonly used
measures of labor market success, particularly the un
employment rate, understate the difficulties that older
workers face in the job market. The limited oppor
tunities for older workers are not inconsistent with low
unemployment rates— to some extent they are their
cause.
□
FOOTNOTES
ACKNOWLEGEMENT: The author would like to express his appre
65 and over for the older groups and age 25 to 54 for the comparison
ciation to Stella Cromartie for her assistance in the preparation of sev
group of other adult workers. The gross flows data that were used to
eral of the tables, and to Norman Bowers, for his work with the May
estimate completed spells of unemployment presented the largest
1976 CPS data tape.
problem. Data for different age/sex groups by duration of unemploy
1
Ideally, the analysis presented in this article would have used a ment were needed to calculate the completed spells of unemployment
consistent definition of “older workers.” However, data are not al
and the probabilities of leaving unemployment used extensively in the
ways available with the preferred age aggregations— age 55 to 64 and
article. The only available data are for persons ages 25 to 44, 45 to
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59, and 60 and over. The decision was made to exclude the middle
group from any analysis since they extend into both the 25 to 54 and
55 and older age groups. Thus, the age 60 and over group was used
to represent the older workers, with the 25 to 44 year olds used as the
comparison group. The preferred age groups were used for all other
analysis.
2Unless otherwise noted, data presented in this article are from the
Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly nationwide survey of
about 60,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census. A
description of the survey methodology can be found in the explanato
ry notes in any issue of E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s (U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics).
3All data presented in this article which refer to averages for the
14-year period, 1968 to 1981, are weighted averages, calculated by
summing the numerators for the 14 years and dividing the result by
the sum of the denominators. In the unemployment rate calculation,
this tends to assign a greater weight to years with high unemployment
levels and to more recent years, as labor force levels (the denomina
tor) continue to rise.
4 Philip L. Rones, “Older men — the choice between work and re
tirement,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , November 1978, pp. 3-10.
5Stephen W. Salant, “Search Theory and Duration Data: A Theory
of Sorts,” Q u a r te r ly J o u r n a l o f E co n o m ic s, February 1977, pp. 39-57.
6 Norman Bowers, “Probing the issues of unemployment duration,”
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , July 1980, pp. 23-32.
There are generally acknowledged to be three types of errors in the
gross change data: sampling variability, misclassification of labor force
status, and rotation group bias. These are discussed extensively in:
Ralph E. Smith and Jean E. Vanski, “Gross change data, the neglect
ed data base,” C o u n tin g th e L a b o r F orce, Appendix II (Washington,
National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics,
1979) pp. 132-50. These biases are summarized in Bowers, “Probing
the issues.”
7While the gross change tabulations provide the numbers of people
moving from U to E and U to N by duration, they do not provide ei
ther the U to U flows or a total distribution of persons by duration.
However, the basic monthly CPS does have a distribution of unem
ployed persons, by age and sex and duration. The distributions were
calculated as follows (using 1981 annual averages for men age 25 to
44):
Weeks of unemployment
Total
5
5-6 7-10 11-14 15-26 27 +
STEP 1 Unemployed (Basic CPS tabulat
ions) ................ 1,765 601 140 237
STEP 2 Percent distribution (From
Step 1) ........... 100.0 34.1 7.9 13.5
STEP 3 Unemployed . . . 1,685 575 133 227
(Gross change
tabulations) Dis
tributions applied
to 1,685 to calcu
late duration cate
gories
159
274
355
9.0
152
15.5
261
20.1
339
Note: The total unemployed from the gross change data, 1,685,000,
differs from the total unemployed from the basic CPS. This is the re
sult of the biases discussed in footnote 6, primarily rotation group
bias (which, interestingly, is almost nonexistent in the older age
group). In order that all data will be comparable to the UE and UN
data available from the gross flows tabulations, the distribution in
step 3 is necessary. From the results in Step 3, UU can be calculated
by subtracting UE + U N from the total U (gross change) shown in
step 3.
8 Bowers, “Probing the issues.”
’ The assumption of a constant probability of leaving unemploy
ment as duration increases has its basis in job search theory. Table 4
shows the likelihood of jobless persons in different sex /age groups
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leaving unemployment, either by finding a job or by leaving the labor
f<?rce. While these data represent the “average” unemployed person,
disaggregation of the data by duration of unemployment shows a dif
ferent dimension of labor force transitions.
As shown in the table below, the probability of leaving unemploy
ment declines steadily as duration of unemployment increases, while
the probability of finding a job falls. Although this phenomenon is
characteristic of all labor force groups, older workers appear to suffer
somewhat more from declining probabilities of finding employment.
For example, older men who have experienced 6 months or more of
unemployment are only 30 percent as likely to find a job between
monthly surveys (.091/.295) as are those unemployed less than 5
weeks. For men ages 25 to 44, the same comparison is about 40 per
cent (.174/.444).
Probability of leaving unemployment,1 by duration of current spell
of unemployment, for selected age groups, by sex, 1968 to 1981.2
Sex and age groups
Men
Age 25
Age 60
Women
Age 25
Age 60
to 44 . . .
and over .
<5
.531
.591
Weeks of unemployment
5-6
7-10
11-14
15-26
27 +
.418
.460
.286
.387
.381
.479
.368
.385
.343
.396
to 44 . . .
and over .
.665
.543
.461
.523
.405
.400
.651
.567
.500
.383
.394
.387
‘The probability of leaving unemployment is, as defined in the text,
pESC (escape) = UE + U N /U (t—1) where E and N represent em
ployment and not in the labor force status in month t and U repre
sent unemployment status in month t — 1.
2See footnote 3.
These data do not necessarily imply, however, that increasing
duration itself results in a decreasing probability of finding employ
ment. Most theories of job search assume that a person looking for
work will maintain (or, perhaps, lower) his acceptance wage as his pe
riod of job search lengthens. His individual probability of finding a
job, thus, is assumed to be constant (or to increase) with increased
duration. This theory appears to conflict with the declining probabili
ties of employment shown in table 6. But, as explained below, they
can be consistent.
Another assumption of job search theory generally is that the un
employed are a heterogeneous group, each person possessing a differ
ent set of skills, education, reservation wage, alternative income
sources, and so forth. This heterogeneity means that an individual
may have a constant escape rate over time but that different individu
als will have different escape rates. As a group continues in unem
ployment, those with high escape rates will tend to leave more
quickly, eventually leaving a group comprised primarily of persons
with low escape rates. Thus, the aggregate escape rates decline as the
persons with high escape rates “sort” themselves out. There may also
be some causal relationship between increased duration and declining
escape rates, although the evidence is limited at this time. See, for ex
ample, A. McGregor, “Unemployment Duration and Re-employment
Probability,” T h e E c o n o m ic J o u rn a l, December 1978, pp. 693-705;
and John M. Barrow and Wesley Mellow, “Changes in the Labor
Force Status Among the Unemployed,” J o u r n a l o f H u m a n R eso u rces,
Summer 1981, pp. 427-41.
10A strong argument linking labor force withdrawal to job market
factors can be found in Kim B. Clark and Lawrence H. Summers,
“Labor Market Dynamics and Unemployment: A Reconstruction,”
B ro o k in g s P a p e r s on E c o n o m ic A c tiv ity (Washington, The Brookings
Institution, no. 1:1979), p. 25.
11This technique was used in Bowers, “Probing the issues,” p. 26.
12The use of a median in this analysis avoids the problem of a
mean, or average, duration in that no decision needs to be made in
selecting midpoints for broad aggregations of weeks (such as 15 to 26
or 27 weeks and over). The median generally falls within a narrow ag
gregation such as 11 to 14 weeks; an even distribution throughout
that duration category is assumed in order to identify the exact medi
an point.
13The work experience data, in the aggregate, tend to underreport
11
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Labor Market Problems o f Older Workers
unemployment as compared to the monthly survey. Since the monthly
CPS refers to a reference week, the total number of weeks of unem
ployment from the work experience data (number of persons X aver
age duration) divided by 52 (weeks) should equal the average monthly
estimate (or come close, after allowing for certain technical adjust
ments). In fact, the work experience estimates tend to fall in the range
of 75 to 85 percent of the regular CPS estimates. This underreporting
is particularly severe among teenagers (in the neighborhood of 50 per
cent). The differences between the surveys fall within + / — 12 per
cent for all age groups of men over age 20 and, thus, would have little
impact on the analysis of the male work experience data presented in
this article. For women, however, those in the 25 to 54 year age
group show about a 20-percent undercount as compared to the
monthly data, while those over age 55 have a slight overcount. Thus,
the work experience results shown in this article may tend to overesti
mate the actual duration of unemployment differences between youn
ger and older women.
For an indepth discussion of the nature and causes of the monthly
CPS/work experience supplement reporting differences, see Wayne
Vroman, “Measuring Annual Unemployment,” (Washington, The Ur
ban Institute, February 1979), Working Paper 1280-01.
14 See Marc Rosenblum, “Recessions Continuing Victim: The Older
Worker” (U.S. Senate, Special Committee on Aging, 1976).
15 A total of 4,668 persons in the May 1976 CPS sample were un
employed. If the unemployed individual was at home during the inter
view, the job search supplemental questions were asked on the spot.
If the person was not at home or if the interview was conducted by
telephone, the request was made that the questionnaire be completed
by the unemployed person and sent to the Census Bureau. Due to the
voluntary nature of the survey, 31 percent of the unemployed did not
/;respond. Thus, the data used in the analysis in this article are based
on 3,238 responses (potentially somewhat less, because respondents
may not have provided answers to every question). The data present
ed for the percent of persons seeking permanent jobs and for the
number of hours of job search were based on unweighted responses.
The data for the percent of unemployed seeking full-time work come
from the full, weighted CPS sample for May 1976. Similar responses
from the 3,238 job search respondents are also available. A compari
son of the results shows the following:
P e r c e n t o f u n e m p lo y e d p e rs o n s s e e k in g
f u l l- tim e jo b s , M a y 1 9 7 6
Age
2 5 to 5 4
A ge
5 5 to 6 4
65 a n d over
Unweighted job
search sample
M a le .............
Female . . . .
98
83
91
82
58
45
Weighted entire
CPS sample
M a le .............
Female . . . .
98
82
92
76
60
57
Age
While the high nonresponse rates suggest that the data should be
used with caution, age-specific differences in the variables are proba
bly sufficiently large to reflect actual differences between age groups in
those variables in the entire sample. See Carl Rosenfeld, “Job search
of the unemployed, May 1976,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , November
1977, pp. 39-42.
16These results may be somewhat biased against those groups with
a higher proportion of persons who had been unemployed less than 4
weeks. According to the May 1976 special CPS supplement, persons
in the 25 to 54 and 65 and over groups were more likely to report less
than five weeks of unemployment (the lowest dissaggregation avail
able) than were those age 55 to 64.
17The monthly BLS press release, entitled T h e E m p lo y m e n t S itu a
provides an unemployment rate calculation based on seven dif
tion ,
12
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ferent definitions of unemployment and the labor force. These data
are available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Employ
ment and Unemployment Analysis, Washington 20212.
18
See Paul O. Flaim, “Discouraged workers and changes in unem
ployment,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , March 1973, pp. 8-16, and
Barbara Cottman Job, “How likely are individuals to enter the labor
force?,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , September 1979, pp. 28-34.
qThe most thorough assessment of the use of the discouraged
worker concept can be found in T. Aldrich Finegan, “The Measure
ment, Behavior, and Classification of Discouraged Workers,” C o u n t
in g th e L a b o r F orce, Appendix, Vol. 1 (Washington, The National
Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics), pp. 194—
234.
“ Those who follow the alternative measures of unemployment
published by the BLS will note that the measure which includes dis
couraged workers (U-7) also includes those who are working part
time but who want full-time jobs (part time for economic reasons).
The calculation actually includes only half their numbers among the
unemployed, the explanation being that these people tend to work
about half of a full-time workweek, on average. Among men, adding
one-half of this group affects the oldest age group’s unemployment
rate more than the other two groups, adding 1.8 points to the rate for
those 65 and older and 1.0 and 1.2 points to the 25 to 54 and 55 to
64 age groups, respectively. Among women, the effect across age
groups is virtually identical, adding almost 2 points to each rate.
21 There is a procedure in the coding of CPS responses that could
underestimate the number of discouraged workers. All reasons for not
looking for work are recorded by the CPS enumerator. If a “discour
aged response” is accompanied by some other response, such as ill
health, on vacation, or home responsibilities, then the person is n o t
classified as discouraged because he or she is not considered to be
available for work during the survey week.
22 Herbert S. Parnes, Mary G. Gagen, and Randall H. King, “Job
Loss Among Long Service Workers,” in Herbert S. Parnes, ed., W o rk
a n d R e tir e m e n t: A L o n g itu d in a l S u r v e y o f M e n (Cambridge, Mass.,
MIT Press, 1981), pp. 65-92.
22 Dean W. Morse, Anna B. Dutka, Susan H. Gray, “Retirement
Experience of Non-Supervisory Personnel: A Study of Three Large
Corporations,” draft final report (New York, Columbia University,
Conservation of Human Resources, 1981).
4The reservation wage data suffer not only from the nonresponse
problem associated with the entire survey, reported in footnote 15,
but also from some nonreporting even among survey respondents.
The small number of older unemployed women reporting their reser
vation wages make conclusions for that group difficult.
25 Samuel E. Doctors, Yitzchak M. Shkop, Karen C. Denning and
Veta T. Doctors, “Older Worker Employment Services,” A g in g a n d
W o rk , Fall 1980, pp. 229-37. This study is limited by a small survey,
which is not necessarily representative of older jobseekers as a whole.
However, the researchers did find a very high retention rate among
older jobtakers, which they feel supports the theory of a strong com
mitment to work, an issue raised extensively in this article.
26 Philip L. Rones, “The retirement decision: a question of opportu
nity?,” M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w , November 1980, pp. 14-17.
27 See Louis Harris and Associates, T h e M y th a n d R e a l ity o f A g in g
in A m e r ic a (Washington, The National Council on the Aging, Inc.,
1976), p. 89; Stephen R. McConnell, Dorothy Fleisher, Carolyn E.
Usher, and Barbara Hade Kaplan, A lte r n a tiv e W o rk O p tio n s f o r O ld e r
W o rk ers: A F e a s ib ility S tu d y (Los Angeles, University of Southern
California, Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, 1980), and Louis
Harris and Associates, A g in g in th e E ig h tie s: A m e r ic a in T ra n sitio n
(Washington, The National Council on the Aging, Inc., 1981), pp.
51-52.
28 Harold L. Sheppard and Sarah E. Rix, T h e G ra y in g o f W o rk in g
(New York, The Free Press, 1977), p. 6.
24 See McConnell and others, “Alternative Work Options”; and
“Work After 65: Options for the 1980’s” (U.S. Senate, Hearings be
fore the Special Committee on Aging, May 13, 1980), Pt. 2.
A m e r ic a
The aging of the U.S. population:
human resource implications
In the upcoming decades, ‘older workers'
will be competing against the largest cohort
of middle-aged workers in our country's history;
in the absence of other options, the elderly may feel
increased pressure to retire or work part time
M
alcolm
H.
M
o r r is o n
If present demographic trends persist, the proportion of
older persons in the United States is expected to in
crease significantly, particularly after the turn of the
century. At present, there is lively debate concerning
the labor force implications of such an “older” popula
tion. Some analysts have suggested that the projected
decline in persons age 16 to 24 in the population will
lead to increased demand for, and retention of, older
workers. Others have cautioned that, despite demo
graphic changes, factors such as persistent high unem
ployment among “prime age” workers, increased legal
and illegal immigration, sustained growth in women’s
labor force participation, changing technology, and con
tinuation of recent trends toward early retirement will
mitigate against a major shift in the age structure of the
work force until well into the next century.
Because so many considerations influence the choice
which older persons make between work and retirement
— such as availability of retirement benefits, health sta
tus, job opportunities, training, and education, and per
sonal preferences— it is difficult to draw reasonable
Malcolm H. Morrison is director, National Studies of Mandatory
Retirement, U.S. Department of Labor. The opinions expressed are
those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policy
of the Department of Labor.
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conclusions about the future age composition of the la
bor force. This problem becomes more complicated be
cause economic conditions, which directly affect aggre
gate demand for labor, cannot be predicted with
certainty.
Nevertheless, it is essential to consider available de
mographic and labor force data and projections in the
development of human resource policies for the future,
because the “aging” of the pool of workers could have
profound societal and economic implications. For exam
ple, an older labor force will pose a series of challenges
to human resource managers, who may be required to
tailor new and more flexible personnel policies and em
ployee benefit plans to the needs of older workers. And,
the probable effects of demographic changes have added
significance for future retirement policies, for the overall
costs of social security and private pensions depend crit
ically upon the length of the retirement period or, con
versely, on the mean duration of employment.
This article focuses on demographic and labor force
trends and their implications for the future employment
of older workers. It includes a review of data and pro
jections for the population and labor force; a discussion
of likely industrial and occupational shifts; and an in
ventory of the characteristics of older workers. It seems
proper at this point to caution the reader again that the
13
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Aging o f the U.S. Population
accuracy of any forecast is questionable, and that long
er-term projections, such as those presented below, are
more unreliable than those made for the short term.
Thus, while the following discussion deals with a num
ber of likeily future scenarios, it by no means exhausts
the list of possible outcomes.
Table 1. Projected demographic trends for 1982, 2000,
2010, and 2030, by age
Demographic trends
1982
2000
2010
2030
231,964
(100.0)
266,496
(100.0)
281,732
(100.0)
307,340
(100.0)
29,804
(12.8)
39,416
(16.9)
51,570
(22.2)
48,334
(20.8)
22,141
(9.5)
15,756
(6.7)
10,435
(4.4)
24,882
(9.3)
35,783
(13.4)
79,177
(29.7)
56,270
(21.1)
23,824
(8.9)
17,283
(6.4)
15,162
(5.6)
28,629
(10.1)
37,605
(13.3)
77,160
(27.3)
69,184
(24.5)
33,760
(11.9)
19,586
(6.9)
15,837
(5.6)
28,771
(9.3)
38,715
(12.5)
77,651
(25.2)
88,100
(28.6)
32,236
(10.4)
31,561
(10.2)
24,302
(7.9)
30.7
35.5
36.6
38.0
M en......................................
Women ...............................
'69.8
177.7
72.9
81.1
73.4
81.6
74.2
82.6
M e n .....................................
Women ...............................
114.3
118.7
15.8
21.1
16.1
21.6
16.7
22.4
Number of persons (in thousands and
as percent of total) ...............................
Age:
Population changes
The Bureau of the Census has estimated the 1982
U.S. population at 232 million, with a median age of
nearly 31 years (compared with 29 in 1976). More than
1 of 5 persons (48 million) were age 55 or over, and of
these individuals, 26 million were age 65 or older. (See
tables 1 and 2.) Women accounted for 60 percent of the
age 65-or-older population.
Over the next 30 years, the population age 55 and
over is expected to increase to nearly 70 million, repre
senting about 1 in 4 persons; 35 million people— 60
percent of them women— will be at least 65 years old.
The median population age will have increased to al
most 37 from the present age 31. Finally, life expectan
cy at birth and at age 65 will continue to increase
significantly over the next three decades. Whereas to
day, male life expectancy at birth is about 70 years and
at age 65, 14 years, men born in the year 2010 can ex
pect to live 73 years and 16 years more if they reach
age 65. Similar increases will occur for women, and in
2010 their life expectancy at birth will be nearly 82
years and they can expect to live almost 22 additional
years beyond age 65.
However, this “gradual” aging of the population will
be completely overshadowed by the year 2030 when
nearly 30 percent of the population will be age 55 and
over and 55 million people will be age 65 or over (18
percent of the total population), with 40 percent of
these persons being age 75 or over. By this time, the
median age will be 38 and people will have an even
longer life expectancy at birth and at age 65.
Due to the decrease in the ratio of the working to the
nonworking population (from 5.1 in 1980 to 3.0 in
2030) and the decline in the number of workers per So
cial Security beneficiary (from 3.7 in 1981 to 2.2 in
2030), major adjustments in retirement income support
programs will be necessary. Because of current fiscal
problems of Social Security, possible alternative ap
proaches to this long-term problem are a-ready being
discussed. The large increase of older persons in the
population after the turn of the century will clearly re
quire longer labor force participation at older ages if re
tirement benefits similar to those of today are to be
maintained.
Clearly, between now and the year 2000, the most
striking trend is the decline in the number and propor
tion of the population age 18 to 34 who represent a
substantial portion of the current labor force. The gen
14
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
18 to 24 ye a rs.................................
25 to 34 ye a rs.................................
35 to 54 ye a rs.................................
55 years and o v e r ..........................
55 to 64 ye a rs.................................
65 to 74 y e a rs.................................
75 years and o v e r ...........................
Median age (in years) .............................
Life expectancy (In years)
At birth:
At age 65:
1Data are for 1980.
S ources : Bureau of the Census, “ True Level Population Projections" (1977) and Social
Security Administration, S o d a ! S e c u r ity A r e a P o p u la tio n P ro je c tio n s, 1981.
eral magnitude of this change is indicated in table 1
where it can be seen that between 1982 and 2000 there
will be a decline of approximately 6 percent of persons
age 18 to 34 resulting in approximately 8.4 million few
er persons in this age range in 2000. However, while
this is occurring, prime-aged persons (35 to 54 years)
will increase their share of the population by 7 percent,
and other group’s proportions in the population will re
main fairly stable. The major decrease in the younger
population age groups has resulted in speculation that
there will be shortages of entry-level and other types of
skilled workers in the next 20 years. A closer examina
tion of the data demonstrates the age groups where
these “shortages” will arise. Table 2 indicates that
about three-fifths of the decline will occur because of re
duced numbers of 18- to 25-year-olds in the population
and that most of the remaining decline will be in the 26
to 29 year age group.
(Persons age 30 to 39 will actually increase in the
population by 2000.) The bulk of the population decline
is therefore concentrated in the 18 to 29 age range be
tween now and the year 2000. (There will also be a
significant decline in 16- and 17-year-olds and most
younger age groups through 2000 due to a continuation
of below replacement level fertility rates, which are as
sumed to approximate replacement fertility prior to
2000.) Thus, it can be assumed that the shortage of
younger persons will be of somewhat more significance
in terms of entry-level employment (persons 18 to 25
years old) than for journeyman type skilled jobs more
often occupied by persons age 26 to 35. Of course, the
magnitude of such “shortages” depends upon the over
all demand for labor, and more specifically, on labor
force participation by various age groups.
It should be noted that there will be fewer persons
age 18 to 34 in the population in the year 2000 than at
present but that this pattern is reversed for persons age
35 to 54, who will experience a 7-percent increase in the
population by that time. In addition, beyond the turn
of the century, there will be fewer persons age 18 to 39
and substantially more age 55 and over. This indicates
that in the short run, the decline in the portion of youn
ger persons may be partially offset by the growth of the
“middle-aged” but that continuous population aging
will result in a major reduction in the proportion of
younger persons, a commensurate increase of older per
sons, and a stabilization of middle-aged individuals
after the turn of the century. Therefore, from a
demographic perspective, over the next 18 years there
will be a definite decline of younger persons age 18 to
29 of about 8 million and a major increase in the popu
lation age 35 to 54 of about 28 million. After the turn
of the century, the important change will be the large
increase in the number and proportion of older persons
with a relative stabilization of younger and middle-aged
groups.
Labor force changes
In 1982, the total U.S. labor force is estimated at 110
million— 62 million men (56 percent) and 44 million
women (44 percent). At present, persons age 18 to 24
represent 20 percent of the total labor force, those age
25 to 34 are 28 percent and individuals age 55 and over
Table 2. Projected demographic trends for 1982, 2000,
2010, and 2030, selected age groups
Demographic trends
Number of persons (In thousands and
as percent of to ta l).................................
1982
2000
2010
2030
231,964
(100.0)
266,496
(100.0)
281,732
(100.0)
307,340
(100.0)
16,895
(7.2)
17,228
(7.4)
16,373
(7.0)
18,723
(8.0)
15,957
(6.8)
71,139
(30.0)
134,632
(58.0)
26,192
(11.2)
14,943
(5.6)
13,242
(4.9)
13,892
(5.2)
18,586
(6.9)
21,174
(7.9)
78,133
(29.3)
156,015
(58.5)
32,445
(12.1)
16,255
(5.7)
16,482
(5.8)
16,014
(5.6)
17,482
(6.2)
17,351
(6.1)
77,213
(27.4)
169,205
(60.0)
35,424
(12.5)
16,670
(5.4)
16,044
(5.2)
15,460
(5.0)
19,311
(6.2)
20,222
(6.2)
82,492
(26.8)
169,321
(55.0)
55,863
(18.1)
Age:
18 to 21 ..........................................
22 to 25 ..........................................
26 to 29 ..........................................
30 to 34 ..........................................
35 to 39 ..........................................
Oto 1 9 ............................................
20 to 64 ..........................................
65 and over ...................................
Ratio of population aged 20 to 64 to:
Population 65 and over ......................
Population 0 to 19 and 65 and over ..
S ource :
5.1
1.3
4.8
1.4
4.7
1.5
Bureau of the Census, "True Level Population Projections” (1977).
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3.0
1.2
— 14 percent. Only 2.7 percent of the labor force or
about 3 million persons are age 65 and over; three-quar
ters of these workers are between the age of 65 and 74
and nearly 60 percent are aged 65 to 69.
Between now and the year 2000, the composition of
the labor force will be changing significantly. At that
time, the labor force will be composed of about 134
million people (a 22-percent increase over 1982). Men
will represent 52 percent (versus 56 percent in 1982)
and women 48 percent (versus 44 percent in 1982).
There will be a significant decrease in the proportion of
the labor force composed of younger persons. Those age
18 to 24 will represent only 15 percent of the labor
force, (a 5-percent decrease), persons age 25 to 34 will
account for 22 percent (a 6-percent decrease).
However, while the proportion of younger persons in
the labor force is declining, middle-aged workers be
tween 35 and 54 years will increase significantly, both
in number and proportion.1 Specifically, persons in this
age group, who now represent 35 percent of the work
force (39 million persons), will be 49 percent of the la
bor force by the year 2000 (64 million persons). This
14-percent increase in potential middle-aged workers
can be contrasted with the 11-percent decline in work
ers age 18 to 34.
While these changes are occurring for the young and
the middle-aged, there will be a 2-percent decline in la
bor force participation for persons age 55 and over in
cluding reductions in persons age 55 to 65, 65 to 74,
and 75 and over. Projections indicate that only 11 per
cent of the labor force will be age 55 and over and only
2 percent will be age 65 and over in 2000.
Although the proportional population decrease for
younger men and women age 18 to 34 between 1982
and 2000 will be similar (about 12.5 percent), this will
not hold for labor force composition where women will
gain 7 percent, while men will decline 13 percent.2 To
some extent, this change reflects a continuing growth in
women’s entry into the labor force and, interestingly,
significant proportional increases of black women in the
labor force. It is especially important to note that in
terms of both the population and labor force, blacks
will experience proportional increases over the next 20
years while whites will generally decline.
Thus, while the decrease of younger persons in the la
bor force will parallel population changes, the same
principle will hold for the middle-aged population and
labor force which will increase. The statistics also dem
onstrate that while there will be a modest proportional
increase in the number of older persons by the year
2000, there will be a simultaneous decline in their labor
force attachment. (These projections are based on an as
sumption of a continuation of the early retirement trend
through 2000 with little or no change in national retire
ment policies.)
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Aging o f the US. Population
However, it is important to recognize that these de
mographic projections alone do not necessarily demon
strate either that there will be a direct substitution be
tween middle-aged and younger workers or that there
will be little or no demand for older workers to meet
future labor requirements. Typically, middle-aged work
ers have not been recruited for entry-level jobs nor have
they tended to work on a part-time basis. Therefore, the
decline in the younger labor force may produce demand
for entry-level workers which might be met by older
persons. In addition, skill shortages might result in the
development of retraining programs for both middleaged and older workers in order to meet employment
demand. Finally, an increase in flexible work schedules
may lead to a greater demand for older workers.
Future labor force participation
There are two basic ways in which the age composi
tion of the labor force can change significantly—
through demographic shifts such as changes in birth or
mortality rates, or through changes in labor force par
ticipation rates of different age groups. The first has
been described and the results indicate that the overall
population and labor force will decrease for persons age
18 to 34 but increase for the middle-aged group be
tween the ages of 35 and 54. However, unless the pres
ent labor force participation of various age groups is
examined, it is difficult to be more precise about such
future changes.
A review of current and projected labor force partici
pation rates indicates the following:3 (a) overall partici
pation in the labor force will increase by about 5
percent by the year 2000; (b) there will be significant in
creases in participation for all groups between age 18
and 44; and (c) participation rates for “older workers”
(65 and over) will drop significantly while those for
middle-aged workers age 45 to 64 will remain relatively
stable. An examination of sex specific participation rates
indicates that almost the entire gain in labor force par
ticipation rate is attributable to greater participation by
women, more than three-fifths of whom will be in the
work force by 2000. The increasing rate of female par
ticipation is the major factor influencing increased par
ticipation rates for persons age 18 to 44 and this
pattern will also persist for women age 45 to 64. How
ever, older women’s labor force participation rates will
decline only slightly, which means that lessened partici
pation by older men will be the major reason for the
continuing significant decrease of older workers in the
labor force through the year 2000.
These findings indicate that caution should be exer
cised in evaluating the significance of population and la
bor force declines for younger persons in terms of the
development of “labor shortages” over the next 20
years. For the significant projected increases in labor
16
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force participation rates imply that a greater proportion
of a reduced younger work force will participate in the
future labor force. It is not possible presently to evalu
ate whether such increased participation will significant
ly reduce potential shortages of entry-level and skilled
workers and lead to reduced demand for middle-aged
and particularly older workers. At the same time, these
projections strongly suggest that the proportional de
cline of older persons in the labor force will be accentu
ated by reduced rates of participation particularly by
older men who will make up nearly 60 percent of older
workers in the year 2000. Reduced labor force partici
pation may well characterize the older population seem
ingly irrespective of various labor shortages and in
creases in demand for workers that might develop over
the next two decades. Growth of the middle-aged labor
force and particularly the increased participation by
middle-aged women appears to be the most important
factor which will mitigate the consequences of the de
crease in younger workers. While higher younger work
er participation in the labor force (especially younger
women) might ease the shortage of entry-level workers,
it may be necessary for more of the middle-aged to ac
cept such positions in the future. Of course, older work
ers can qualify for both entry-level and (with training)
skilled jobs in the work force. But, under present and
projected future circumstances, it is unlikely that major
increases in older worker employment will occur unless
national employment and retirement policies change
significantly.
Policies to encourage longer employment for older
persons are under discussion and thus the projections
considered here should be viewed as “steady-state” as
sumptions which might have to be changed under dif
ferent retirement policies. An understanding of the
labor force characteristics of older workers is essential
for developing effective policies designed to encourage
older worker labor force participation.
Characteristics of older workers
As the statistics demonstrate, most older workers4 ex
pect and desire to retire and actually do so. Because of
the limited number of older persons who have contin
ued to work, much more research and policy attention
has been focused on the antecedents of the retirement
decision and life circumstances after retirement. The
number of older participants in the labor force has re
mained quite stable since 1950 when they accounted for
nearly 5 percent of the work force and nearly 27 per
cent were labor force participants. However, in 1982,
such workers made up slightly less than 3 percent of
the labor force and only about 12 percent participated.
If the 1950 participation rate still existed, there would
be more than 6 million older workers today (about 5
percent of the labor force) instead of the actual 3 million.
There are a number of im portant characteristics of
these older labor force participants which provide some
guidance as to what might be expected if more older
persons were encouraged to remain in the labor force:
• Of today’s older workers, about 62 percent are men,
half of whom work at full-time jobs. Among older
women (38 percent of older workers), most work part
time. For both men and women, the percentage with
any work experience during the year has been declin
ing steadily since 1950 as indicated by both work ex
perience and labor force participation data. Older
blacks are slightly more likely than whites to report
work experience but tend to work more often on a
part-time basis.
• Unemployment rates for older workers continue to be
quite low, but for older persons who have been work
ing and become unemployed, work experience data
indicate that they face the longest median duration of
unemployment of any age group— 18 weeks. The ex
tent to which unemployment among older workers is
obscured by early retirement as a resuit of either pri
or unemployment or an erratic employment history,
has proven difficult to measure. However, it is as
sumed that most persons who are very early retirees
leave the labor force because of failing health. While
older white men had an unemployment rate of 2.4
percent in 1981, the rate for comparable black men
was nearly four times as great— 8 percent— and a
similar though less pronounced pattern existed for
nonwhite women. The major reason for low unem
ployment among older workers remains that only 16
percent of all older persons had any work experience
in 1981 and that this limited labor force attachment
is likely to persist in the near-term future.
• The very rapid growth of the labor force over the
past 10 years (2.45 percent a year) will slow to about
1.4 percent a year for the 1980 decade and less than
1 percent a year from 1990 to 2000. It is therefore
likely that the 1980 labor force of 106 million will
grow to somewhat over 130 million by the year 2000.
Although lower birth rates will result in a smaller
pool of younger workers, expansion of the labor force
is likely because of multiple family earners, growth in
single-person households headed by divorced,
widowed, or never-married persons, and women’s in
creasing role in the work force. Recently, several
commentators have suggested that the reduction of
the youth labor force will lead to labor shortages and
demand for older workers.5 However, as we have
pointed out, the expansion of the prime-age work
force and greater labor force participation by this
group (as well as younger persons) could easily over
whelm the youth labor force decline, leaving relative
ly little opportunity for older workers whose share of
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the labor force has been declining consistently for
more than 25 years. Thus, reduced labor force
growth in the future does not necessarily mean that
an increased demand for older workers will develop.
Such a consequence could be influenced by an im
proved economy which requires significantly more la
bor despite improvements in technology.
• While it is clear that there are significant economic
advantages of employment to older workers (full-time
workers age 65 to 69 had a median income 43 per
cent higher than non workers in 1978), persons age 65
and over are concentrated in a small number of in
dustries and occupations.6 Almost two-thirds of the
older men are employed in two industries— trade
(primarily retail) and miscellaneous services (primari
ly business and repair, personal, and other profession
al)— while slightly less than 40 percent of all other
age group employees are found in these industries. In
terms of occupations, older workers are heavily
employed as managers and administrators, profes
sional and technical workers, service workers, and
farmers, and have low representation as craft and
kindred workers, sales, clerical, and operatives (in
cluding transport). Older workers tend to occupy
jobs such as small farmers, private household work
ers, service workers, and so forth, which are often not
full-time, full-year occupations.7 Also, older workers
are more highly represented among the self-employed
which permits part-time work and considerable flexi
bility in scheduling.
• The older work force consisted of 1.9 million men
and 1.1 million women with an additional 1 million
persons reporting work experience in 1981. This fi
gure— 4 million older workers— represents about 16
percent of the total population age 65 and over.
Older persons who work, typically do so on a parttime basis; in 1981, there were about 2.2 million such
workers, of which 57 percent were men and 43 per
cent, women. About 1.9 million older persons worked
full-time with nearly two-thirds working 50 to 52
weeks; most frequently, these were men.
Despite the limited labor force attachment of older
workers, and the seeming reluctance of most older per
sons to secure employment, national surveys continue
to indicate strong preferences for some type of contin
ued employment (usually part-time) after retirement
from the longest-held job. Older persons say they are
primarily interested in part-time work, usually the same
as or similar to their preretirement jobs. The survey
findings strongly suggest that if more flexible work poli
cies were adopted, many older persons would take ad
vantage of them. From a practical standpoint, when
business firms have offered part-time schedules to older
workers, there has usually been considerable response
17
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Aging o f the US. Population
which exceeded the company’s needs. However, in the
great majority of firms, flexible employment policies of
this type do not exist; therefore, older workers have no
choice but to permanently retire from the firm. Once
this occurs, the evidence indicates that few older per
sons secure other employment.
It appears that for older retirees, actualization of a
preference for part-time work is a difficult process
which occurs infrequently. Lack of suitable work oppor
tunities, age discrimination, discouragement in job seek
ing, and perceived health limitations all contribute to
this circumstance. Simultaneously, national retirement
policies (public and private pensions) clearly provide
significant incentives to leave the labor force but virtual
ly no corresponding inducements to re-enter employ
ment. And, it is clear that the growth in preference for
part-time employment at older ages will not alone pro
duce the kinds of work opportunities most suitable for
older workers.
Industrial and occupational changes
To some extent, changes in the Nation’s industrial
and occupational profile will influence the degree to
which employment opportunities will be available to
older workers in the years ahead. The Bureau of Labor
Statistics, using a model of the U.S. economy, has de
veloped projections of industrial and occupational
changes through the year 1990.8
Over the next decade, the continued growth of service
industries will be a major characteristic of the economy.
Overall, these industries are expected to experience em
ployment growth of 30 percent by 1990, led by growth
in direct service industries (53 percent employment
growth), retail and wholesale trade (28 percent growth),
and finance, insurance, and real estate (34 percent).
Table 3.
1990
Employment by industry, 1981 and projected
Industry
Total employment
(In thousands) ..
Distribution
(in percent)....................
Agriculture........................
Mining ...............................
Construction......................
Manufacturing:
Durables ......................
Nondurables..................
Transportation ..................
Wholesale and retail trade .
Finance, insurance, and real
estate ...........................
Services ...........................
Public administration.........
Average
annual
percent
change in
employment
65
and over
All ages
All ages
Projected
change In
employment
1981-90
3,119
107,347
124,184
16,837
1.6
100.0
9.2
0.4
3.7
100.0
3.0
1.0
6.3
100.0
2.0
0.8
6.3
-737
-8 0
1,061
-2.9
-0.9
1.6
6.1
5.6
3.2
23.6
13.4
8.8
6.3
20.5
12.4
7.4
6.0
22.7
1,014
-257
688
6,184
0.8
-0.3
1.1
2.8
6.1
37.8
4.2
5.9
29.5
5.2
5.9
31.3
5.2
993
7,202
876
1.6
2.3
1.6
1981
1990’
'Valerie A. Personick, “The outlook for industry output and employment through 1990,”
August 1981, pp. 28-41.
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w ,
18
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 4.
1990
Employment by occupation, 1981 and projected
1981
1990’
Industry
Projected
change In
employment
1981-90
Average
annual
percent
change
65
All ages
All ages
All occupations
(in thousands). . .
3,119
107,347
123,749
16,402
1.6
Distribution
(In percent)....................
Professional-technical . . . .
Managers-admlnlstrators ..
S a le s.................................
Clerical .............................
Craftsworkers....................
Operatives........................
Nonfarm laborers .............
Private household.............
Service .............................
Farmworkers ....................
100.0
13.3
13.2
10.3
14.1
7.3
8.9
3.9
4.1
16.3
8.6
100.0
15.7
11.2
6.2
18.3
12.8
14.4
4.7
1.2
13.0
2.4
100.0
16.6
8.8
6.7
18.6
12.1
13.8
5.8
0.8
15.0
1.9
3,689
-1,133
1,636
3,373
1,233
1,619
2,132
-298
4,607
-225
2.3
-1.1
2.5
1.8
1.0
1.1
4.0
-2.9
3.2
-1 .0
'Max L. Carey, “ Occupational employment growth through 1990,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w ,
August 1981, pp. 42-55.
Goods-producing industries will grow far more slowly
through 1990 (13 percent) with some major growth in
manufacturing and declining employment in agriculture.
Basically, over the next two decades, employment in
service-producing industries will grow significantly
while growth in goods-producing industries will be
modest.
For purposes of analysis, occupations are usually cat
egorized as white collar (professional and technical,
clerical, sales, and managerial); blue collar (craft, opera
tive, and laborer); service; and farm. Over the next 10
to 20 years, there will be a continuing growth of profes
sional and technical occupations, particularly for scien
tists, engineers, and technicians, as well as medical and
health services occupations. The demand for salaried
managers will also continue to grow significantly as will
that for technologically trained clerical workers. The ex
pansion of the retail trade industry will increase the
growth of salesworkers and, similarly, the increases in
services and contract construction will result in growth
of craftworkers and operative employees. The greatest
employment growth will occur for service workers with
professional and technical service employment.
There are certain difficulties in estimating expected
job openings based on industrial and occupational
changes in the economy. Replacement needs caused by
deaths and retirements will greatly exceed openings aris
ing from employment growth in the years immediately
ahead; however, occupational transfers and temporary
labor force separations will be the largest source of job
openings. Of course, employees in clerical, service, sales,
and operative occupations have a higher replacement
rate (primarily because of less need for training) than
professional and technical occupations in which job
transfers are more difficult. Data on total replacement
needs by occupation are not presently available. Howev-
er, because of job transfers, deaths, retirements, and
other labor force separations, job opportunities may ex
ist even in occupations where employment is expected
to increase slowly or decline.
Tables 3 and 4 indicate that industries (wholesale and
retail trade and services) and occupations (professional,
technical, sales, clerical, and service) in which older per
sons are disproportionately employed today are expect
ed to grow considerably in the years ahead. Today the
wholesale and retail trade and service industries employ
60 percent of all older workers, and 70 percent of the
overall projected increase in employment through 1990
is expected to occur in professional and technical, cleri
cal, and service occupations. These industries and occu
pations frequently hire part-time employees— in 1980,
about one-fifth of all employees in professional, techni
cal, and clerical occupations worked part time.
While selected areas of industry and occupational
growth may well result in more part-time job opportu
nities suitable for older workers, there is considerable
uncertainty regarding whether older persons will fill
these types of jobs in the future. There will be a sub
stantial number of middle-aged workers, particularly
women, who might also compete for this employment
and a remaining group of younger persons interested in
part-time work. With present retirement policies, it is
very likely that, despite the potential for a modest in
crease in elderly employment over the next 20 years, the
number of nonworking elderly will increase from about
23 million in 1982 to approximately 30 million in 2000
and could reach 49 million by 2030 if present declining
labor force participation trends continue.
I n CONCLUSION, the findings suggest that predictions of
major labor shortages in the next two decades, leading
to demand for more older workers, may be exaggerated
and that the growth of the middle-aged to older work
force will be the most important characteristic of the fu
ture labor market. While there will be a decline in num
bers of younger labor force entrants, this may not be
significant enough to increase the demand for workers
over age 65, whose labor force participation is already
substantially diminished by the availability of public
and private pensions, desire for leisure, and limited
part-time employment opportunities. Therefore, it is un
likely that older -orkers will be able to compete success
fully against the largest cohort of middle-aged workers
in U.S. history.
□
FOOTNOTES
' Howard N Fullerton, Jr., “The 1995 labor force: a first look,”
December 1980, pp. 11-21; and unpublished
statistics.
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w ,
2Howard N Fullerton, Jr., “The 1995 labor force.”
' Howard N Fullerton, Jr., “The 1995 labor force.”
4This section refers to workers over age 65 unless otherwise noted.
5 See Lawrence Olson and others, The Elderly and the Future Econ
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(Lexington, Mass., Lexington Books, 1981.)
'’Phillip L. Rones, “Older men— the choice between work and re
tirement,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , November 1978, p. 7.
7See Thomas C. Nelson, “The Age Structure of Occupations,” in
Pauline K. Ragan, ed., W o rk a n d R e tir e m e n t: P o lic y Issu es (Los
Angeles, Calif., The University of Southern California Press, 1980).
* O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k H a n d b o o k , 1 9 8 0 - 8 1 E d itio n (Washington,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1980).
om y
19
U.S. foreign trade prices in 1982:
import index falls, export indexes mixed
Import-export prices were affected by the
appreciation o f the dollar and the
worldwide recession; crude oil led the
import price decrease, export prices of
nonferrous metals, grain, and intermediate
manufactured goods recorded decreases
M
ark
J. J o h n s o n
U.S. import prices1 fell 2.8 percent in 1982, as the
worldwide economic slowdown and the strong U.S. dol
lar placed downward pressure on U.S. import prices.
(See table 1.) The import price drop contributed to the
sharply reduced rate of increase in U.S. domestic prices,
as measured by the Consumer Price Index and the Pro
ducer Price Index.
Crude petroleum import prices, which account for
25.8 percent of the weight of the all-import price index,
fell 3.7 percent during the year, and were a major factor
in the overall drop in import prices. Some other catego
ries which contributed to this decline were intermediate
manufactured products and telecommunications equip
ment.
The price indexes for exports cover 71 percent of the
value of all exported products. For those exports mea
sured, price increases were concentrated mainly in cate
gories of finished manufactured goods. (See table 2.)
Most semifinished goods and primary products showed
price declines. These results were greatly influenced by
the worldwide economic slump, the strong dollar, which
tended to raise the prices of U.S. goods in foreign mar-
Mark J. Johnson is an economist in the Division of International
Price Indexes, Bureau of Labor Statistics. This article is based on in
formation provided by other Division economists.
20
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
kets, and the drop in demand for U.S. exports by debtaffected nations. Grain and nonferrous metals were key
categories which showed price declines, falling 7.3 and
4.3 percent, respectively. The index for machinery and
transport equipment, which accounts for 35.3 percent of
all exports, rose 3.9 percent.
The appreciation of the dollar against the currencies
of major U.S. trading partners was a key factor in the
behavior of import and export prices in 1982. (See table
3.) During 1982, the U.S. dollar appreciated 13.3 per
cent against all major currencies on a trade weighted
basis. It appreciated 10.5 percent against the Japanese
yen, 7.1 percent against the West German deutschemark, and 465.2 percent against the Mexican peso. The
dollar’s appreciation was especially pronounced during
the first 11 months of 1982, when its weighted average
exchange rate rose 18.1 percent. During December, the
dollar’s weighted average exchange value fell 4.1 per
cent.2
As U.S. import prices fell in 1982, the nation’s mer
chandise trade set a record deficit. Along with the
weakened economy, the drop in import prices contribut
ed to a decrease in the value of imports. However, the
value of total exports declined even more. The result
was a 1982 U.S. trade deficit of $36.1 billion, compared
with $27.9 billion in 1981. U.S. merchandise exports of
$211.2 billion in 1982 were off 10.6 percent from their
level of $236.3 billion in 1981. This marked the first
time in 24 years that the nominal value of U.S. exports
fell from 1 year to the next. U.S. merchandise imports
of $247.3 billion were down 6.4 percent from their level
of $264.1 billion in 1981.3 An important factor in the
fall in total imports was a substantial drop in the dollar
value of crude oil imports, from $77.6 billion in 1981 to
$61.2 billion in 1982.
In addition, the U.S. current account, which incorpo
rates the balance on merchandise trade and the balance
on services (which includes payments on investments
abroad) was in deficit by $8.1 billion in 1982, after re
cording a surplus of $4.47 billion in 1981 and $1.52 bil
lion in 1980.4
Table 1. Change in selected import price indexes in 1982
and proportion of trade value
Commodity
Share of
Total
First Second Third Fourth
total 1980
trade value change quarter quarter quarter quarter
A ll c o m m o d itie s, e x c e p t
c h e m ic a ls '
...............
' .
Crude petroleum ...........
F u e ls a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts
96.524
-2.8
-1.1
-1.1
-0.5
( 2)
-1.9
( 2)
-1.3
-.5
-.2
.0
-.4
-1.3
-.1
-5.1
.0
-.3
-1.4
.2
-.2
3.2
-1.6
-1.3
-4.4
.1
1.7
-2.5
3.392
-2.9
-1.3
-.6
.4
-1.4
2.789
-6.8
-1.3
-2 .0
-2.3
-1.4
13.520
3.127
3.123
-7.5
-12.6
-14.0
-.8
-1.3
-3.4
-3 .0
-3.5
-9.5
-2.0
-2.7
-3.5
-2.0
-5 .6
2.0
1.037
.998
.180
( 2)
-5.6
-6.7
( 2)
-1.1
- .9
-12.4
-2 .0
-2 .4
7.3
-1.9
-2.6
17.9
- .6
-1.1
.167
-6.8
-1.7
-4 .9
-1.4
.9
9.794
1.232
.437
.3
-2.3
-13.0
-.9
- .7
-3.9
.0
0
-3 .0
1.8
-1.1
-4.6
- .6
-.8
-2 .2
3.286
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
9.9
.3
6.554
.977
1.088
.459
.2
- .3
1.7
14.2
.0
-1.9
2.1
6.1
-5.2
.2
-.1
3.8
2.8
.4
-1.7
.9
2.8
.9
1.4
2.6
.126
.925
2.241
-13.4
( 2)
-.8
-3.8
( 2)
3.9
-3.2
-17.3
-5.7
-4.4
36.6
-1.4
-2.8
-.2
2.6
1.746
.054
6.0
4.6
5.9
1.3
-2 .5
-1 .2
-1.1
6.7
3.9
-2 .2
.880
.867
.152
2.6
2.6
1.7
.7
.7
- .2
1.0
1.0
.1
.6
.6
-.4
.3
.3
2.1
.425
2.4
1.0
.9
.7
-.3
32.776
25.799
( 2)
-3.7
25.442
7.201
.755
-0.1
M a c h in e ry a n d tr a n s p o r t
......................
Automobiles ..................
Metalworking machinery
Electrical machinery and
equipment..................
Telecommunications
equipment..................
e q u ip m e n t ’
In te r m e d ia te m a n u fa c tu r e d
...........................
Iron and steel ...............
Nonferrous m etals.........
Silver and metals of
the platinum group .
Textiles...........................
Woven cotton fabric ..
Woven man-made
fabric......................
p r o d u c ts ’
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r e d
.............................
Footwear ......................
Watches and clocks . . .
Miscellaneous
manufactured articles,
not elsewhere
specified, including gold
and silver c o in s .........
a r tic le s ’
....................................
Meat .............................
Fish ...............................
Shellfish ....................
Fish in airtight
containers.............
Sugar and honey...........
Coffee, tea, and cocoa .
Coffee and coffee
substitutes.............
T e a .............................
F ood'
B e v e r a g e s ' ...........................
Alcoholic beverages . . .
B e e r..........................
Distilled alcoholic
beverages .............
1This category includes indexes other than those shown here. For all of the indexes avail
able in each category, see U .S . Im p o rt a n d E x p o r t P ric e In d e x e s , USDL-83-77 (Bureau of
Labor Statistics, Feb. 16,1983).
2 Not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Gross trade as a percentage of U.S. final goods pro
duction is a measure of the importance of foreign trade
to the goods sector of the U.S. economy. Because of the
decline in U.S. export and import merchandise trade
dollar values, this measure dropped to 26.0 percent,
from 28.6 percent in 1981. In 1960, the figure was 11.9
percent, and in 1970, it had increased to 15.2 percent.5
During 1982, U.S. exporters faced reduced demand
from developing nations, which account for more than
one-third of all U.S. merchandise exports. The United
States exported $82.7 billion of merchandise to develop
ing countries, down 7.1 percent from 1981 shipments of
$89.0 billion. Debt problems were a factor in this drop:
Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Indonesia, Zaire, and Argentina
were all debt-affected during 1982. The drop in 1982
U.S. exports to Mexico, our third largest trading part
ner, was dramatic, declining to $11.8 billion from $17.8
billion in 1981, a 33.7-percent drop. The drop was espe
cially pronounced in the fourth quarter, when the Unit
ed States exported merchandise to Mexico at a $6.9
billion annual rate.6
The 1982 price changes were measured by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics’ International Price Program.7 The
indexes, which are not seasonally adjusted, represent
100 percent of the value of all imported products, and
71 percent of the value of all exported products. Index
es are published for detailed and aggregate categories of
imports and exports, and are based on transaction price
information provided by a sample of importers and ex
porters and their products.8
Imports: crude oil price drops; food up slightly
The 3.7-percent drop in crude oil import prices in
1982 was a major factor in the decline in the all-import
price index. The crude oil surplus on world oil markets
throughout the year, combined with a reduction in de
mand due to the slump in economic activity in the
United States and other major industrialized nations,
created downward pressure on prices. (See table 4.) As
a result, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries ( o p e c ) cartel lost market share to non-OPEC
producers such as Britain, Norway, and Mexico. At the
same time, OPEC posted prices were continually under
cut by both member and nonmember nations.
Domestic consumption of petroleum products fell 4.9
percent in volume from the preceding year, with the
drop falling primarily on imports.9 Deregulation spurred
exploration and drilling activities boosted domestic pro
duction, and imports of crude oil dropped to 3.5 million
barrels per day, off 21.4 percent from 1981.10 Demand
for residual fuel fell in 1982, as utilities (which use 40
percent of all residual fuel in the United States) contin
ued to switch to such nonoil fuel sources as coal and
nuclear power.11 Domestic gasoline consumption fell 0.6
percent in 1982, as improved vehicle efficiency, the in21
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • U.S. Import-Export Indexes in 1982
crease in the diesel fleet, the economic recession, and
continued conservation dampened consumption.12 Retail
competition among vendors of petroleum products in
the U.S. market caused the average pump price of major
brand gasoline to fall 7.2 cents per gallon in 1982 to
$1,281 per gallon, from $1,353 per gallon in 1981.13
This competition in a weak market placed pressure
on refiners and others to reduce prices paid for crude
oil. As a result, those OPEC nations which held to the
official posted prices, such as Saudi Arabia, shipped
much smaller volumes of crude. Most OPEC nations, in
particular, Iran, Libya, and Nigeria, offered discounts
from the posted prices. Also, oil was available on the
spot market throughout the year at prices below those
officially posted.
The United States imported a larger percentage of
crude from non-OPEC sources in 1982 than in previous
years. Mexican and British crude prices dropped signifi
cantly, and Mexico moved ahead of Saudi Arabia as the
leading foreign crude supplier to the United States, at
660,000 barrels per day. Saudi Arabia was next at
552,000, with Nigeria third at 538,000, and Britain
fourth at 420,000.14
Food and beverages. Imported food prices rose 0.2 per
cent in 1982, while imported beverage prices rose 2.6
Table 2.
percent. The food index is one of the most volatile com
ponents of the all-import index because of the
uncertainties associated with food production, the vary
ing impact of weather conditions, and the great ship
ping distances for many food products imported into
the U.S. market.
Imported meat prices fell 0.3 percent. International
meat production declined, as livestock producers re
sponded to the low profits that existed from m id-1979
to 1981 by reducing breeding herds and grain feeding
fewer animals for slaughter. Beef and veal prices fell 3.5
percent in 1982, as U.S. consumers shifted to less costly
substitutes. Pork was in abundant supply, as producers
sought to provide a less expensive alternative to higher
priced beef and veal.
Imported fish prices rose 1.7 percent: prices for fish
in airtight containers fell 13.4 percent and shellfish rose
14.2 percent. The price of fish in airtight containers fell
consistently during the year because of lower beef prices
which reduced demand for such popular import prod
ucts as canned tuna and anchovies, and lower operating
costs (for example, price of fuel for boats). Price in
creases for such shellfish as lobster and shrimp were
due to the relatively inelastic demand for these items
and the traditional low supply levels.
The index for sugar, which was first published in the
Change in selected export price indexes in 1982 and proportion of trade value
Commodity
Share of
total 1980
trade value
Total
First
Second Third
change quarter quarter quarter
Fourth
quarter
......................................
Wheat ...............................
Hard winter ordinary
w h e a t........................
Barley ...............................
Yellow corn ......................
8.341
2.943
-7.3
-8.4
-3.4
-7.2
-0.8
-6.1
-5.8
.7
2.7
4.4
1.243
.094
3.956
-9.8
-17.6
-5.9
-8.1
5.7
.5
-8.8
-2.3
2.0
4.0
-17.3
-10.0
3.3
-3.7
2.0
C ru d e m a t e r i a l s ' ......................
10.948
( 2)
<2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
G ra in '
Oilseeds and oleaginous
fruit ...............................
Soybeans ..................
Raw hides and skin s .........
Cork and w ood..................
Crude fertilizers ...............
3.024
2.716
.482
1.417
.234
-9.5
-10.5
-7.7
-9.1
-12.1
-2.5
-3.3
-2.4
4.9
-7.8
.4
.4
.3
-8.4
.5
-8.4
-7.4
-1.8
-3.7
-6.4
1.0
- .6
-4.1
-1.7
1.4
10.544
.200
-1.8
-12.9
-.1
-2.8
-2.4
-4.5
-.3
-2.4
1.0
-3 .8
1.300
.998
-5.7
-8.6
.2
-.4
-3 .0
-4.1
-1.6
-2.2
-1.4
-2.1
.442
-21.3
-5.3
-7.9
-6.2
-4.0
1.038
0.109
2.280
.772
.204
( 2)
11.2
-4.3
12.7
-1.6
( 2)
3.9
-2.7
-5.9
- .6
( 2)
2.6
-9.6
-19.7
-4.2
( 2)
3.2
2.0
12.7
.3
<2)
1.0
6.7
32.3
3.0
35.261
3.9
1.5
1.4
.6
.4
In te r m e d ia te m a n u fa c tu r e d
.............................
Leather and furskins.........
Paper and paperboard
products........................
Paper and paperboard
Kraft paper and
paperboard.........
Non-metallic mineral
manufacturers .............
Glassware ...............
Nonferrous metals ...........
S ilve r.............................
Copper...........................
p r o d u c ts '
M a c h in e ry a n d tr a n sp o r t
...........................
Power generating
machinery and equipment
e q u ip m e n t'
3.943
4.8
1.9
1.1
1.7
Commodity
Internal combustion piston
engines, p a rts ...........
Road vehicles and parts ..
Motor vehicle parts . . . .
Other transport equipment,
excluding military and
commercial aircraft . . . .
Aircraft and spacecraft
parts ........................
Office machines and
automatic data
processing equipment . .
Share of
total 1980
trade value
1.697
6.726
3.499
Total
change
6.7
6.1
6.3
First
quarter
Second
quarter
Third
quarter
Fourth
quarter
2.0
2.1
2.6
1.2
1.7
2.4
2.9
1.3
1.1
.5
.8
-.1
1.0
2.0
2.718
11.0
4.0
3.5
1.641
11.9
3.9
5.2
1.0
1.2
3.990
-3 .6
-.8
-.8
-.7
1.3
M isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r e d
a r t i c l e s ' .............................
Measuring and controlling
instruments and
apparatus......................
Photographic apparatus and
supplies, optical goods,
watches and clocks . . . .
Miscellaneous manufactured
articles, not elsewhere
specified........................
Toys, games, and
sporting goods .........
7.397
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
2.067
8.6
5.4
1.187
3.3
3.6
2.730
( 2)
( 2)
1.6
- .3
( 2)
1.2
.3
.1
.0
( 2)
( 2)
.470
5.2
1.1
1.8
.8
1.4
F u e ls a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts '
...
Bituminous coal ...............
3.691
2.088
( 2)
1.5
( 2)
2.8
( 2)
.3
( 2)
.1
( 2)
-1 .9
C h e m ic a ls ' ...............................
9.578
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
Hydrocarbons and their
derivatives ....................
( 2)
.799
-11.7
-2.5
-2.5
-6.1
-1.3
.0
1This category includes indexes other than those shown here. For all of the indexes available in each category, see U .S . Im p o rt a n d E x p o r t P ric e In d e x e s , USDL-83-77 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
22
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 3. Foreign exchange rate changes of currencies of
selected U.S. trading partners
Country and currency
Australia/dollar.........................................................................
Belgium/franc .........................................................................
Brazil/cruzeiro.........................................................................
Canada/dollar .........................................................................
France/franc ...........................................................................
Germany/deutschemark..........................................................
Hong Kong/dollar.....................................................................
Ireland/pound...........................................................................
Italy/lira....................................................................................
Japan/yen ................................................................................
Malaysia/ringgit .......................................................................
Mexico/peso ...........................................................................
Norway/krone .........................................................................
Singapore/dollar .....................................................................
United Kingdom/pound............................................................
Percent change
relative to dollar
in 1982’
14.6
24.0
100.5
4.5
20.0
7.1
16.1
12.5
15.9
10.5
4.7
465.2
21.7
4.8
15.1
1A positive change indicates that the dollar has strengthened (appreciated) versus the foreign currency, while a negative change means that the dollar has weakened (depreciated)
against the foreign currency.
N o te : Figures are derived from averages of certified noon buying rates in New York for
cable transfers.
S ource : F e d e ra l R e s e r v e B u lle tin (Washington, D.C., Board of Governors of the Federal
Reserve System), January 1983, p. A68., and June 1982, p. A68.
second quarter of 1982, rose by 12.8 percent for the last
9 months of the year. Underlying this increase was a
17.3-percent price decline in the second quarter, and a
36.6-percent rise in the third quarter. The fall was the
result of plentiful inventories on world markets, and the
inelasticity of demand by U.S. consumers of sugar.
However, in late May, the U.S. Government imposed a
sugar quota system apportioned by country of origin,
discontinuing the combination of duty and import fee
that had been levied on sugar imports. The quotas were
followed by a runup in prices of raw sugar delivered to
the United States in the third quarter, as the import fee
was discontinued and exporting nations which pos
sessed a quota allocation to ship to the United States
raised their prices to new equilibrium levels.
The index for coffee, tea, and cocoa fell by 0.8 per
cent in 1982. Cocoa prices fell continuously over the
year, as abundant supplies from other countries, espe
cially the Ivory Coast, were available on the world mar
ket. Coffee prices rose 6 percent during the year, rising
during the first and last quarters, and declining during
the second and third, or warmer quarters. This is a nor
mal pattern because coffee consumption declines during
hot weather. Tea prices rose 4.6 percent for the year,
with prices higher in the summer months when demand
for tea is greatest.
The small rise in the beverages index resulted from
slight rises for imported beer (1.7 percent) and distilled
alcoholic beverages (2.4 percent).
Difficult year for imported machine tools
The 1.3-percent decline in the machinery and trans
port equipment index occurred primarily during the sec
ond half of 1982; the index increased slightly in the first
half. The decline in domestic business fixed investment15
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and reduced production levels in basic industries, along
with the strong dollar, depressed prices. Many
consumer end-use products are included in this index:
autos, motorcycles, and household appliances, for exam
ple. Also included are many important components of
manufacturing processes: electric motors, air pumps,
compressors, valves, and roller bearings. These products
were particularly affected by the 1982 downturn in U.S.
business investment.
Prices for imported autos declined 0.1 percent in
1982, the net result of two nearly offsetting factors. The
first was the competition which resulted from the dra
matic slump in new car sales in the United States. In
addition to the decline in consumer spending, high fi
nancing costs also contributed to the reduction in sales
of new cars to 8 million, the lowest level since 1961.16
These factors tended to lower prices. In the meantime,
Japan, which accounted for 22.6 percent of all new car
sales in the United States, continued the voluntary selfrestraint quotas on cars it exports to the United States.
This voluntary quota limited Japan to exports of 1.68
million cars to the United States during 1982. These
cars were sold, indicating that the quotas were effective
in limiting sales and, therefore, were a source of upward
pressure on import prices of Japanese cars. Total import
penetration of the U.S. auto market was 36.1 percent in
1982 (including imports from Canada under the U.S.Canada Auto Parts Trade Agreement), up from 33.3
percent in 1981.17 During 1982, numerous coproduction
agreements were entered into between U.S. and foreign
auto manufacturers, and between foreign manufacturers.
These agreements involved the production of autos for
the U.S. market using production facilities located in
the United States and other countries.
The index for metalworking machinery declined 5.1
percent in 1982. The U.S. economic downturn, which
cut business investment, and the strong appreciation of
Table 4. Imported crude oil as a percent of total U.S.
crude oil supply
[Millions of barrels per day]
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
Total
supply
Crude
oil
imports
Domestic
crude oil
production
Imports as a
percent of
total supply
10.50
10.71
11.22
12.02
11.86
12.11
13.07
14.48
14.71
14.70
13.47
12.97
12.13
1.32
1.68
2.22
3.24
3.48
4.10
5.29
6.61
6.36
6.52
5.26
4.40
3.46
9.18
9.03
9.00
8.78
8.38
8.01
7.78
7.87
8.35
8.18
8.21
8.57
8.67
12.6
15.7
19.8
27.0
29.3
33.8
40.5
45.6
43.2
44.4
39.0
33.9
28.5
S ource : A n n u a l R e p o r t to C o n g re s s, Vol. Il (Washington, D.C., Energy Information Ad
ministration, 1981), p. 51, and M o n th ly E n e r g y R e v ie w (Washington, D.C., U.S, Department
of Energy, February 1983), p. 34.
23
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • U.S. Import-Export Indexes in 1982
the dollar against the yen were major factors behind the
price drop.
The year was difficult for the machine tool industry.
Because of the downturn in investment, new orders for
metalcutting and metalforming machine tools declined
49.1 percent from the $2.9 billion level established in
1981.18 Imports of metalworking machinery declined in
absolute terms, but gained a larger share of a smaller
market, as import penetration (in dollar value) reached
a record 27 percent in the first 9 months of 1982.19 Im
port penetration was 16.7 percent in 1977 and 21.7 per
cent in 1978; by 1981, it had reached 26.5 percent. Of
the import market, the share accounted for by Japan in
creased from 27 percent in 1977 to 46.4 percent in
1981, and declined slightly to 42.2 percent in a weak
ened market in 1982.20 For the year, imports of prod
ucts in metalworking machinery were approximately
double the value of U.S. exports, as the U.S. trade defi
cit in this area continued to widen.
Japanese manufacturers have steadily narrowed the
U.S. lead in machine tool technology, and in the imple
mentation of cost-reducing measures and policies. D ur
ing 1982, large U.S. machine tool makers entered
licensing agreements or joint ventures with foreign con
cerns in an effort to recapture their technological lead in
several product lines. Also, in response to the downturn
in the industry, several less profitable smaller machine
tool firms merged with larger firms.21
The price index for imports of electrical machinery
dropped 2.9 percent in 1982, as the downturn in domes
tic construction activity and the slump in capital invest
ment dampened demand for these products. The decline
in residential construction reduced demand for electric
appliances, while the decrease in commercial construc
tion reduced demand for transformers. The decline in
capital spending reduced demand for such important
electric products as rectifiers, inductors, circuit switch
ing equipment, and various types of integrated circuits
and electronic components.
In addition, lower costs for such important inputs as
copper, aluminum, steel, and tantalum helped in lower
ing production costs, while the dollar’s strong apprecia
tion against the currencies of major producing nations
in the Far East and Western Europe helped exporters in
those areas to lower the prices of their exports to the
United States.
Prices fell across the entire spectrum of products in
the telecommunications equipment index, as competi
tion for U.S. sales among manufacturers in the Far East
spurred the 6.8-percent decline in this index. Loud
speaker prices led the decline, as Taiwanese firms
sought to gain greater U.S. market share and slashed
prices to compete with Japanese firms. As a result, an
increasing number of loudspeakers were imported from
Taiwan. Prices of stereos declined because of slack de
24
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
mand; sales of videotape recorders continued to in
crease, as consumers purchased videotape recorders
rather than stereos. Foreign producers also cut prices of
color televisions, as they competed heavily for sales in
the U.S. market. The fact that the dollar appreciated
significantly against the currencies of Taiwan and Japan
helped these two largest suppliers of telecommunica
tions equipment to the United States to lower their
prices here.
Quota on steel from European Community
Intermediate manufactured articles. Steep declines in
prices for imported steel and nonferrous metals led the
7.5-percent decline in intermediate manufactured prod
ucts. These products include metals, cork, wood, tex
tiles, glassware, paper, paperboard, and other basic
inputs into manufacturing processes.
Import prices for iron and steel fell 12.6 percent in
1982, as a sharp drop in demand and the removal of
the “trigger price mechanism” (which set minimum
prices on imported steel) in January 1982 placed down
ward pressure on prices. Demand for steel is closely re
lated to the overall level of production in the general
economy; hence, when industrial output declined during
the economic downturn, steel mills experienced a slow
year. By December 1982, U.S. mills were operating at
29.8 percent of capacity.22 Import penetration of the
U.S. market was 21.8 percent in 1982, and U.S. produc
ers sold steel at discounts of up to $100 per ton off list
prices to compete with imported steel for available busi
ness.23 (See table 5.)
The trigger price mechanism set minimum prices on
imported steel based on production costs in Japan. Steel
sold below this “trigger price” was presumed to be sold
at less than cost, triggering an investigation by the U.S.
Table 5. Domestic steel production and import
penetration
Year
Raw steel production
by U.S. manufacturers
(thousands of net tons)
Import penetration
(percent)1
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
..........................
...........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
...........................
131,514
120,443
133,241
157,099
145,720
116,642
13.8
17.9
16.6
12.4
13.4
13.5
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
...........................
...........................
...........................
..........................
..........................
...........................
...........................
128,000
125,333
137,031
136,341
111,835
120,828
74,577
14.1
17.8
18.1
15.2
16.3
19.1
21.8
1Calculated as follows:
Steel imports
Import penetration = ---------------------Apparent supply
where:
Domestic shipments + Steel Imports + Exports = Apparent supply
S ource : A m e r ic a n Iro n a n d S te e l In s titu te A n n u a l S ta tis tic a l R e p o r t
American Iron and Steel Institute, 1982) p. 8.
(Washington, D.C.,
Department of Commerce. It the investigation deter
mined that steel was being sold below cost, counter
vailing duties could be imposed. With the trigger price
mechanism withdrawn in January 1982, the price floor
for steel imports was removed, and steelmakers in other
countries sold their products in the United States at
prices below the discounted prices offered by domestic
producers. Seven U.S. steelmakers charged that produc
ers in 11 countries were selling subsidized steel in the
United States. The Commerce Department then shifted
from monitoring the trigger price mechanism to investi
gating specific charges. The investigation resulted in an
agreement in October which placed quotas on imports
from the European Community nations. No major
trade complaints were made against other major
steelmaking nations such as Japan, Brazil, and Korea.
For nonferrous metals producers worldwide, 1982
was a difficult year. Import prices of nonferrous metals
dropped 14 percent in 1982— a sharp drop of 12.6 per
cent in the first half was followed by a modest 1.6-percent decline in the second half. Sharply rising silver
prices in the second half helped to slow the fall in im
port prices for the nonferrous metals group as a whole.
Demand for nonferrous metals is closely related to
the demand for the finished products of which these
metals are a basic input. Thus, reduced levels of pro
duction in such industries as construction, autos, and
machine tools, combined with abundant inventories of
nonferrous metals, led to price declines for most of
1982. For copper, lead, and nickel, market prices were
lower in real terms in 1982 than they were during the
Great Depression, and were lower than production
costs for many world producers.24 The rise in silver
prices in the second half was due to speculation and
lower financing costs. The index for silver and platinum
products, which accounts for 33.2 percent of the weight
of the nonferrous metals index, rose 26.6 percent in the
second half of 1982. Other nonferrous prices (most no
tably copper) began to firm during the last quarter of
the year, as inventories shrank and financing costs de
creased.
Imported textile prices declined 5.6 percent in 1982, a
result of lowered world demand and excess production
capacity. Woven cotton fabrics declined 6.7 percent;
woven fabrics of manmade fibers, 6.8 percent. The over
capacity problem was exacerbated during the year as
the People’s Republic of China and the Eastern Europe
an nations added capacity for manmade fiber produc
tion. Falling petroleum feedstock prices also contributed
to the price declines for manmade fibers.
Technology spurs fall in watch prices
The miscellaneous manufactured articles index rose
0.3 percent in 1982. This index includes many products
with im portant end uses for consumers and industry,
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such as clothing, furniture, quartz watches, medical in
struments, and sporting goods. Rising prices for gold
and silver coins in the second half placed substantial
upward price pressure on the index for miscellaneous
manufactures. However, several key index components
posted price declines: the index for footwear fell by 2.3
percent, and watches and clocks fell by 13.0 percent.
Watch and clock prices declined steadily, as new
technologies like computer chip control and quartz os
cillation were engineered into mass-produced products,
with resulting lower unit costs. In addition, U.S.
consumers curtailed spending on such discretionary
items as watches and clocks, keeping competitive pres
sure on importers.
The decline in the footwear index was the result of
lower prices for petro-chemical and leather inputs, and
the decrease in demand for running shoes. In addition,
the appreciation of the dollar against the currencies of
the major producing nations in the Far East also helped
lower prices. Finally, low labor costs in the nations of
the Far East and the highly competitive U.S. footwear
market placed additional downward pressure on prices.
Exports: record grain production, lower demand
U.S. grain export prices fell 7.3 percent in 1982. This
drop and the 8-percent decline in grain quantities
exported represented a double blow to 1982 U.S. farm
income. Prices fell in this index for the first three quar
ters, and then rose 2.7 percent in the last quarter. The
1982 decline in the grain index was led by drops in its
two largest components, wheat and yellow corn, which
fell by 8.4 and 5.9 percent. The drop in U.S. grain ex
port prices resulted from historically high domestic in
ventories, back-to-back record U.S. wheat and feed
grain harvests, and lower levels of world demand for
U.S. grain products. As a result of the imbalance be
tween demand and supply for U.S. grain, grain exports
declined to 51 percent of total world grain trade, down
from 54 percent in 1981 and 58 percent before the 1980
grain embargo. (See table 6.)
U.S. grain production set a record for the second
consecutive year, largely due to U.S. Government pro
grams which tend to stabilize prices by withholding ex
cess production from the market, loaning the farmer
part of the expected proceeds until prices rise sufficient
ly to warrant release for sale. This system resulted in
excessive domestic reserve grain stockpiles in 1982. In
addition, 1982 world grain production set a record for
the second consecutive year.25 Canada, the European
Community, the People’s Republic of China, Turkey,
and Argentina produced abundant wheat crops in 1982.
The United States and Eastern Europe had record feed
grain crops, and production improved from the previous
year in the U.S.S.R. and the European Community.
The most important factor limiting demand for U.S.
25
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • U.S. Import-Export Indexes in 1982
Table 6.
trade
Summary of world and U.S. grain production and
[Millions of metric tons]
July 1978
to
June 1979
July 1979
to
June 1980
July 1980
to
June 1981
World production:.........
Wheat ......................
Coarse......................
1200.3
446.7
753.6
1164.1
422.8
741.3
1169.9
440.6
729.3
1212.0
447.2
764.8
1259.9
471.4
788.5
U.S. production: ...........
Wheat ......................
Coarse......................
270.4
48.3
222.1
296.8
58.1
238.7
263.0
64.6
198.4
325.2
76.2
249.0
331.9
76.4
255.5
World trad e:..................
Wheat ......................
Coarse......................
162.2
72.0
90.2
186.9
86.0
100.9
199.7
94.2
105.5
205.5
101.8
103.6
197.0
101.9
95.1
U.S. exports: ................
Wheat ......................
Coarse......................
89.2
32.3
56.9
108.8
37.2
71.6
114.3
41.9
72.4
110.5
49.1
61.4
101.3
43.5
57.8
U.S. exports as a percent of world trade: ..
Wheat ..................
C o arse..................
55.0
44.9
63.1
58.2
43.3
71.0
57.2
44.5
68.6
53.8
48.2
59.3
51.4
42.7
60.8
U.S. exports as a per
cent of U.S. produc
tion: ...........................
Wheat ..................
C o arse..................
33.0
66.9
25.6
36.7
64.0
30.0
43.5
64.9
36.5
34.0
64.4
24.7
30.5
56.9
22.6
Item
July 1981
July 1982
to
to
June 1982 June 1983’
1Data for January to June 1983 are estimated.
S o urce : F o re ig n A g ric u ltu ra l C irc u la r (Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Foreign Agricultural Service, Jan. 17,1983), pp. 22-23.
grain exports was the decline in sales to the Soviets.
Since the 1980 embargo, the Soviets have purchased
much less U.S. grain, buying only the minimum re
quired amount under the recently renewed Long-Term
Agreement. To meet their needs, the Soviets have in
creased purchases from Canada, the European Commu
nity, Australia, and Argentina. Another factor limiting
demand was that many Third World nations (especially
those which were debt-affected) could not afford to pur
chase grain in 1982 because of economic difficulties.
Finally, many traditional importers of U.S. grain im
proved their grain production, and as a result, bought
less from the United States.
Demand off for exported crude materials
Most major components of the crude materials prod
uct category showed sizable declines in 1982. Demand
for these products, which are used in the early stages of
production processes, was sharply curtailed by the
worldwide slump in industrial production. Key indexes
which posted declines were raw hides and skins ( —7.7
percent), cork and wood ( —9.1 percent), crude fertil
izers ( —12.1 percent), and soybeans ( —10.5 percent).
The 10.5-percent drop in soybean prices in 1982 was
paced by a 7.4-percent decline in the third quarter.
World soybean production was up 9.8 percent in 1982,
while the United States, which accounts for two-thirds
of world production, increased soybean output 14 per
cent above 1981 levels.26 U.S. exports of soybeans in
creased 21 percent in 1982.
26
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Prices for raw hides and skins fell 7.7 percent in
1982, as European import barriers and the economic
slowdown there cut demand sharply in this major mar
ket. U.S. producers faced strong competition for avail
able business from Argentinian firms, which sold hides
and skins on the world market at low prices in order to
gain foreign exchange for the debt-affected Argentine
economy. Another factor depressing prices of raw hides
was the 14 percent rise in U.S. cattle slaughter, which
contributed to plentiful supplies.
Cork and wood prices fell in the last three quarters
after rising 4.9 percent in the first quarter. The large
domestic timber surplus was the major factor in the
9.1-percent price decline for the year. Domestic timber
producers generally sell most of their output on the
U.S. market; wood is exported primarily when demand
is weak in the United States. With U.S. construction ac
tivity depressed in 1982, U.S. wood producers sold their
products to buyers in the major markets of Japan and
Western Europe. Demand was down in Japan because
of low levels of housing starts: the economic downturn
in Western Europe reduced demand there. The demand
for high-priced wood for furniture and cabinets in Italy,
a major producer of these products, was also slack. As
a result, U.S. producers had to cut prices in order to
sell wood.
Crude fertilizer prices fell 12.1 percent, a result of
foreign competition and reduced demand from the agri
cultural sector. Crude fertilizers are used extensively on
feed grains to enhance quality and aid in early maturity
of crops. Because of abundant world grain supplies, de
mand for crude fertilizers fell. Competition from such
major phosphate producers as Morocco and the U.S.S.R.
also provided downward pressure on fertilizer prices.
Prices up for machinery, transport equipment
Machinery and transport equipment accounts for
35.3 percent of the value of all U.S. merchandise ex
ports. Overall, this export price index rose 3.9 percent
in 1982, increasing 2.9 percent in the first half. Because
many of the products in this index require a high degree
of technical sophistication, the United States has tradi
tionally been a major exporter of products in this cate
gory. In 1982, the strong dollar and competition for
sales during the worldwide economic downturn placed
considerable moderating pressure on machinery and
transport equipment prices. Im portant components
which increased were internal combustion piston en
gines (6.7 percent), motor vehicle parts (6.3 percent),
and parts for aircraft and spacecraft (11.9 percent). The
index for office machines and automatic data processing
equipment declined 3.6 percent in 1982.
Strong demand for aircraft engines and parts was an
important factor in the increase in the index for internal
combustion piston engines. Demand for these aircraft
products, especially parts, is inelastic because of the
specialized nature of aircraft equipment. Prices for auto
motive and marine engines increased only marginally
for the year, as demand by automobile manufacturers
for these engines plummeted.
Sales of m otor vehicle parts normally flourish during
economic downturns, which helps to explain the
6.3-percent increase in this index in 1982 Replacement
parts demand is inversely related to new car sales; thus,
as world car demand fell in 1982, replacement parts
supply business improved. The trend toward interna
tionalization of design and sourcing of aulo components
continued in 1982. U.S. parts shipments to Mexico have
increased substantially since 1977, and U.S. firms have
traditionally exported large amounts of parts to Cana
da. Most of the rise occurred during the first half, as
the index rose 2.6 percent in the first quarter and 2.4
percent in the second.
The 11.9-percent rise in the index for parts for air
craft and spacecraft consists of a 9.5-percent increase in
the first half and a 2.3-percent increase in the second
half. The overall increase was due to high demand lev
els and the high price inelasticity of demand for U.S.
production. The smaller increase in the second half of
the year was due to the dollar’s moderating effect on
export prices. A trend which grew in 1982 in the aero
space industry was counterpurchasing (also called off
set), in which U.S. suppliers are sometimes required to
buy back products from their customers, either for the
suppliers’ own use or for sale to others. This is required
because the sale of aircraft and parts represent signifi
cant items in many countries’ balance of payments ac
counts.
The 3.6-percent drop in prices for office machines and
automatic data processing equipment followed a 4.9percent price rise in 1981. The decreases were the result
of efforts by U.S. firms to maintain competitive pricing,
as the strong dollar pushed up prices of U.S. exports in
foreign markets, and to increased production efficiencies
in the United States.
Manufactured products’ prices mixed
Intermediate manufactures. Export prices for intermedi
ate manufactured products fell 1.8 percent in 1982, led
by declines in the indexes for nonferrous metals ( —4.3
percent), leather and furskins ( —12.9 percent), and pa
per and paperboard ( —5.7 percent). Moderating influ
ences were exerted by the indexes for glassware, up 11.2
percent, and the index for silver, up 12.7 percent.
The slumping world economy, competition from
South American producers, and import barriers in for
eign markets were major factors in the large decline in
the price level of the leather and furskins index. U.S.
manufacturers are vitally dependent on the export mar
ket, as there are few U.S. markets for leather manufac
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tures, other than the footwear industry. A bright note
for exporters was the increase in leather exports in the
form of wet blues that are further worked prior to being
made into a finished product.
Exporters of paper and paperboard products faced
stiff- foreign competition and a lack of demand in Japan
and Western Europe, the major markets for these prod
ucts. The products in this index are closely tied to con
ditions in the packaging industry. In turn, the sales of
the packaging industry are closely linked to gross na
tional product growth. The decline in the export price
index for paper and paperboard products was led by a
21.3-percent decline in export prices for Kraft paper
and paperboard. Kraft is a heavy-duty paper which in
unbleached form is used for shopping bags and many
other applications. The Scandinavian nations and Cana
da, also major suppliers of Kraft products, competed
intensely with U.S. exporters for the limited business in
the major markets.
The 11.2-percent rise in the glassware index was the
result of higher export prices for kitchen, decorative,
laboratory, and pharmaceutical glass products. U.S.
firms have a reputation for quality in the manufacture
of higher-priced pharmaceutical and laboratory glass
ware. The 3.9-percent rise in the glassware index in the
first quarter was due to the fact that many U.S. firms
make one annual price adjustment on the first of the
year.
U.S. nonferrous metals producers sustained large
losses in 1982, as reduced sales led to excessive invento
ries and reduced prices. Exports fell for most metals as
lack of demand in basic industries and high financing
costs drove prices steadily downward for most of the
year. The nonferrous index fell 12 percent in the first
half, and rose 8.8 percent in the second half. The sharp
runup in silver prices in the second half of 1982 was the
key factor moderating the fall in export prices for the
nonferrous metals group as a whole.
World prices during most of 1982 were below U.S.
production costs for aluminum, copper, molybdenum,
and lead. Many U.S. nonferrous producers shut down
production operations for all or part of the year because
of the low prices and high inventory levels. The silver
index, which has 34 percent of the weight of the nonfer
rous metals index, rose 12.7 percent in the third quarter
and 32.3 percent in the fourth, as lower interest rates
and speculation fueled higher world prices. These third
and fourth quarter increases followed a 24.4-percent
price drop in the first half of the year. In the second
half, copper prices began to stabilize.
Miscellaneous manufactures. Prices for the major compo
nents in the miscellaneous manufactured articles catego
ry rose in 1982. U.S. firms have a technological edge in
the manufacture of many of the products in this index,
27
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • US. Import-Export Indexes in 1982
world markets ended. The international popularity of
golf grew in 1982, and golf equipment prices rose. Exer
cise equipment prices also were up in 1982.
and were often able to pass through price increases. In
creases were led by prices for measuring and con
trolling instruments and apparatus (8.6 percent), prices
for photographic apparatus and supplies, optical goods,
watches, and clocks (3.3 percent), and prices for toys,
games, and sporting goods (5.2 percent).
Prices in the index for measuring and controlling in
struments and apparatus rose 5.4 percent in the first
quarter, and then rose by much smaller amounts in
succeeding quarters. The industry practice is to raise
prices at the beginning of the year. The price increase
for the year is a reflection of the technological efficiency
that these devices bring to the industrial workplace, and
the consequent high level of demand for them. Export
price rises were restrained slightly by the worldwide
slowdown in industrial investment and capital forma
tion and the strong dollar.
Film, cameras, and related photographic equipment
account for the bulk of the weight in the index for
photographic apparatus and supplies, optical goods,
watches, and clocks. Most producers of photographic
supplies adjust their prices in the beginning of the year.
Viewed in this light, the 3.6-percent rise in the index in
the first quarter was marginal. It was followed by a
small net decrease during the last three quarters of
1982, reflecting slack worldwide demand and the strong
dollar.
The index for toys, games, and sporting goods rose
2.9 percent in the first half and 2.2 percent in the sec
ond half. The increase resulted from the traditional U.S.
technological lead in the manufacture of most sporting
equipment,27 and a comparative advantage in software
technology for video games, both of which helped U.S.
firms to raise prices in a period of high demand for
these products. Video game export prices rose in the
first half, as new models were introduced with foreign
language audio. In the second half of the year, video
game prices remained unchanged. Baseball and softball
equipment prices rose in 1982, as the oversupply on
Coal demand off; chemicals down
The index for bituminous coal rose in the first three
quarters, followed by a decrease of 1.9 percent in the
last quarter, for a net increase of 1.5 percent for the
year. The small annual price rise reflected a disappoint
ing year for U.S. coal exporters. The year had opened
with high expectations, as foreign customers were lined
up at U.S. ports to load coal. However, with the world
wide recession and a growing number of suppliers creat
ing a coal surplus, U.S. coal exports fell 4.5 percent in
volume in 1982, as compared with 1981. Poland reen
tered the coal market in 1982, and South Africa and
Australia used larger ships to lower unit shipment
charges to make up for the longer distances to the ma
jor markets. U.S. firms have historically been the
highest cost shippers of coal, depending on reliability
and the capacity to deliver additional tonnages to gain
orders. However, in 1982, a buyers’ market existed, and
U.S. firms competed more heavily on price.
The index for hydrocarbons and their derivatives fell
11.7 percent in 1982, with 6.1 percent of the drop oc
curring in the third quarter. A major contributor to this
decline was lower prices for petroleum feedstocks,
which are an im portant cost element for chemical prod
ucts. Moreover, projections of increasing demand had
led U.S. and foreign firms to build extensive new capac
ity in the last 10 years. Much of the new capacity came
on line just as worldwide demand by the construction
and auto sectors began to decline. Because chemical
plants are highly capital intensive, production, even at
slim profits or slight loss levels, is important in the
short run to cover high fixed costs. Because chemicals
of the same specifications are virtually identical regard
less of source, lower prices were used to maintain vol
ume in 1982.
□
FOOTNOTES
' In this article, the “all-import index” refers to the all-commodities
import price index, excluding chemicals. This measure accounts for
96.5 percent of the value of all imports. A new all-import index which
includes chemicals and covers 100 percent of the value of all imports
is now available, starting with fourth quarter 1982 data.
2For details on the value of the U.S. dollar against currencies of
other nations, see F e d e r a l R e s e rv e B u lle tin (Washington, Federal Re
serve Board, January 1983), p. A68.
1
Information on U.S. trade deficits is from U .S. D e p a r tm e n t
C o m m e r c e N e w s, No. 83-06 (Washington, U.S. Department of Com
merce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Feb. 3, 1983), p. 5.
4 Eileen Powell, “U.S. Trade Gap for Last Year Was $8.09 Billion,”
T h e W a ll S tr e e t J o u r n a l, Mar. 18, 1983, p. 4.
5The share of final goods production that is accounted for by gross
trade (merchandise imports plus merchandise exports) is calculated as
follows:
28
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Merchandise Imports + Merchandise Exports
w
———
X 100
Final Goods + Merchandise Imports + Merchandise Exports
of
Computed using data from S u r v e y o f C u r r e n t B u sin e ss (Washington,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis), vari
ous issues.
6 Data are from Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Com
merce.
7For a detailed look at import-export price movements in the first
half of 1982, see Mark J. Johnson, “U.S. import and export price in
dexes show declines during first half,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , January
1983, pp. 17-23.
8Import price indexes are weighted by 1980 import values and are
published on an f.o.b. (free-on-board) foreign port or c.i.f. (cost, in
surance, and freight) U.S. port basis. Export price indexes are weight-
ed by 1980 U.S. merchandise export trade values and are published
on an f.o.b. factory or f.a.s. (free-alongside-ship) U.S. port basis. See
“International Price Program” (Washington, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics).
Robert J. Beck, “Demand, Imports to Rise in 1983; Production to
Slip,” O il a n d G a s J o u rn a l, Jan. 31, 1983, p. 71.
10A n n u a l R e p o r t to C on gress, Vol. I I (Washington, Energy Informa
tion Administration, 1981), p. 51, and M o n th ly E n e r g y R e v ie w (Wash
ington, U.S. Department of Energy, February 1983), p. 34.
" Beck, op. c it., p. 76.
12 I b id ., p. 74.
See “Gasoline Average Prices Per Gallon, U.S. City Averages
Index,” in C o n s u m e r P rices: E n e r g y a n d F ood, USDL-83-35 (Washing
ton, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index, JanuaryDecember 1982).
14 Beck, op. c it., p. 73.
15 Fixed business investment by U.S. businesses declined during
1982 from 1981 levels, and ended the year at a lower level than it had
begun:
F ix e d bu sin e ss in v e s tm e n t
1981:
I
II
III
IV
1982:
I
II
III
IV
................
................
................
................
169.7
170.1
173.9
174.2
172.0
166.7
163.4
160.9
(All figures are in billions of 1972 dollars, seasonally adjusted at an
nual rates.) See S u r v e y o f C u r r e n t B u sin e ss (Washington, U.S. Depart
ment of Commerce, February 1983).
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16
A u to m o tiv e N e w s,
Jan. 10, 1983, p. 46.
1 I b id ., and E S I R e p o r t (Detroit, Mich., Motor Vehicle Manufac
turers’ Association, Feb. 7, 1983), p. 1.
’ Gerry Khermouch, “Machine Tool Orders in December Jump
38% But Lag December, 1981,” A m e r ic a n M e ta l M a r k e t/M e ta lw o r k in g
N e w s E d itio n , Jan. 31, 1983, p. 4.
' The National Machine Tool Builders’ Association calculates the
percentages based on data contained in Bureau of the Census, “Cur
rent Industrial Report for Metalworking Machinery,” MQ-35W; and
IM146; EM522. This is the most conservative way of calculating the
figure because imports are valued at the foreign port; these figures do
not include shipping costs, duties, or commissions.
20Cynthia Jabs, “Japanese gain growing slice of market,” A m e ric a n
M e ta l M a r k e t/M e t a lw o r k in g N e w s E d itio n , June 15, 1981, p. 14-15A,
and N a tio n a l M a c h in e T o o l B u ild e r s ' A sso c ia tio n : U.S. F o reig n T r a d e in
M a c h in e T o o ls— S ta tis tic a l R e p o r ts (Mclean, Va., Machine Tool Build
ers Association), various issues, 1977-82.
21 “The vise tightens on toolmakers,” B u sin e ss W eek , Dec. 6, 1982,
pp. 63-64; and “Machine Tools and Accessories,” U.S. I n d u s tr ia l
O u tlo o k 1 9 8 3 , p. 20-1 to 20-8.
“Steel: The Prospect of Major Bankruptcies,” B u sin e ss W eek , Jan.
17, 1983, p. 64.
21 “Steel Recovery Appears to Have Started But May Trail Earlier,
Weak Forecasts,” T h e W a ll S tr e e t J o u rn a l, Feb. 10, 1983, p. 16.
24 “The Crisis That Endangers Phelps Dodge,”
26, 1982, p. 59.
B u sin e ss W eek ,
July
25 F oreign A g r ic u ltu r e C ir c u la r — G ra in s (Washington, U.S. Depart
ment of Agriculture, Jan. 17, 1983), p. 2.
W o rld A g r ic u ltu r a l S u p p ly a n d D e m a n d E s tim a te s
(Washington,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Feb. 14, 1983), pp. 3-4.
2 S u m m a r y o f T r a d e a n d T a r if f I n f o r m a tio n — S p o r tin g G o o d s
(Washington, International Trade Commission, June 1981), pp. 23,
31.
29
Technical Note
Using a leading employment index
to forecast unemployment in 1983
G
eoffrey
H.
M
oore
Year-to-year changes in the unemployment rate may be
forecast with moderate accuracy using the leading em
ployment index constructed by the Center for Interna
tional Business Cycle Research at Rutgers University.
The index consists of five components that typically
lead, or move in advance of, changes in employment
and unemployment. The components are the average
workweek and overtime hours in manufacturing indus
tries; the number of initial claims for unemployment in
surance; the layoff rate for all workers; and the ratio of
the numbers of voluntary to involuntary part-time em
ployees. Because each of these factors reflects employ
ment decisions that are usually made early in the
process that results in a larger or smaller number of un
employed, the index is relevant to the future movements
in unemployment.
Table 1 demonstrates the ability of the index to fore
cast changes in unemployment for the year ahead. For
this purpose, the growth rate in the index was calculat
ed by taking the ratio of the current m onth’s index to
the average index over the preceding 12 months and
expressing this as an annual rate. This growth rate is
called the “6-month smoothed rate” because the inter
val covered is approximately the previous 6 months. It
is less subject to erratic movements than the ordinary
6-month change because the 12-month average used as
the base is more stable than the single-month figure 6
months earlier.
Column 3 in the table shows the 6-month smoothed
growth rate for each October from 1969 through 1983.
These rates are available as of the first Friday in No
vember, when the October index is computed. Columns
4 and 5 give the rates for November and December.
Geoffrey H. Moore, a former Commissioner of Labor Statistics, is di
rector of the Center for International Business Cycle Research at
Rutgers University.
30
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
These figures provide the basis for forecasts that can be
made early in November, December, or January for the
year ahead.
The information from 1969 to 1982 was used to esti
mate the average relationship between the leading index
growth rates and the percentage-point change in the un
employment rate for the year ahead. The relationship is,
of course, inverse: when the leading index rises rapidly,
unemployment can be expected to decline. Roughly
speaking, the change in unemployment is about onefourth to one-fifth as large as the leading index growth
rate.
Columns 6 through 8 of table 1 give the estimated
changes in unemployment based upon regression analy
sis; columns 9 through 11 measure the errors in these
forecasts. For forecasts made using the October index,
the average error was 0.5 percentage point. With No
vember indexes, the average error was 0.4 of a percent
age point, and likewise with December indexes. Chart 1
compares the November forecast changes with the actu
al changes.
For 1982, the average annual unemployment rate was
9.7 percent, 2.1 points higher than the 1981 average.
This compares with a forecast increase of 1.7 points
based on the October 1981 leading index growth rate.
The November forecast came a bit closer, 1.9 points,
and the December forecast actually hit the target, 2.1
points.
For 1983, the December 1982 leading index yields a
forecast increase in the unemployment rate of 0.6 per
centage point. This would put the average unemploy
ment rate for 1983 at 10.3 percent, slightly below the
December 1982 level, 10.8 percent. Because all forecasts
are subject to error, it would be advisable to place this
within a range based upon the average error, + 0 .4
points. On this basis, the 1983 figure is likely to lie
within the range 9.9 percent to 10.7 percent.
Can the leading index forecast the year-to-year
change in unemployment any better than can the unem
ployment rate itself? To test this, the 6-month smoothed
change in the unemployment rate as of October, No
vember, or December can be used to forecast the next
year’s annual change. Regressions were constructed
along these lines for the period 1969-81, and the results
Table 1.
Forecast changes in the unemployment rate, using changes in the leading employment index, 196^83
Year
Level
(1)
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
...................................
...................................
...................................
....................................
....................................
...................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
3.5
4.9
5.9
5.6
4.9
5.6
8.5
7.7
7.1
6.1
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
5.8
7.1
7.6
9.7
-
Change from
preceding year
(2)
Nov.
(4)
Dec.
(5)
Oct.
(6)
Nov.
(7)
Dec.
(8)
Oct.
(9)
Nov.
(10)
Dec.
(11)
1.4
1.0
-0.3
-0.7
0.7
2.9
-0.8
-0.6
-1 .0
-2.3
-8.5
1.2
4.2
0.9
-6.7
3.1
2.5
-1.8
-7.4
1.2
4.6
-0.7
-11.1
5.9
0.2
3.1
-2.5
-5.8
2.9
4.0
-3.1
-11.9
7.8
0.2
2.3
0.8
2.4
-0.1
-0.9
0.0
1.9
-0.6
0.2
-0.5
0.6
1.8
-0.1
-0.8
0.4
2.7
-1.1
0.2
-0.5
0.7
1.4
-0.4
-0.6
0.8
2.6
-1.4
0.2
-0.3
-0.6
1.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.8
-1 .0
0.2
0.8
0.5
-0.8
0.8
0.2
-0.1
-0.3
-0.2
-0.3
0.8
0.5
-0.7
0.4
-0.1
0.1
0.1
-0.3
-0.6
0.8
0.7
-0.3
1.3
0.5
2.1
-
1.5
-2.7
-2.2
-5.8
-5.5
0.8
-3.8
0.8
-7.7
-3.8
0.2
-3.8
1.6
-9.3
-2.1
-0.2
0.9
0.8
1.7
1.6
0.0
1.0
0.2
1.0
-0.1
2.1
0.6
0.1
-0.4
0.2
-0.4
0.3
-0.2
-0.5
-0.2
0.5
-0.3
-0.6
0.0
~
0.0
were compared with corresponding estimates based on
the leading employment index:
Leading employment
index base
r2
0.71
.84
.84
Mean
absolute
error
0.5
.4
.4
Unemployment
rate base
r2
0.39
.51
.68
Mean
absolute
error
0.8
.7
.5
The r2’s based on the unemployment rate are smaller
than those based on the leading jndex, and the mean er
rors are larger. The growth rate in unemployment for
December 1982 was 2.4 percentage points, and this
yields a forecast increase of 1.9 percentage points for
1982-83, or an unemployment rate averaging 11.6 per
cent for 1983 as a whole. This is considerably higher
than the 10.3-percent forecast for 1983 based on the
leading index for December. It remains to be seen
which will be closer to the mark, but if experience is
any guide, the leading index forecast will be more accu
rate because it takes into account changes in the em
ployment situation that are reflected in the unemploy
ment rate only with a lag.
Another standard of comparison against which to
assess the accuracy of the leading index forecasts is the
record of other forecasters. The comparison cannot be
precise, for several reasons. One is that the errors
obtained by fitting an equation to historical data are
likely to be smaller than those that would have been
obtained on an ex ante basis, which is what the fore
casters’ records show. Another is that the available
records generally show quarterly rather than annual
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Error in forecast,
as of —
Oct.
(3)
1As derived from regression equations based on 13 observations, 1970-82, as follows:
Change in unemployment rate = 0.2 - (0.26) (Leading index growth rate, October);
Change in unemployment rate = 0.2 - (0.22) (Leading index growth rate, November);
Change in unemployment rate = 0.2 - (0.20) (Leading index growth rate, December).
Reference
month
October . . . .
November . . .
December . . .
Forecast year-to-year
change in unemployment
rate,1 as of —
Leading employment index,
6 month smoothed percent
change, as of preceding —
Unemployment rate
N ote :
0.0
1.9
1.0
The leading Index used in this table is the index without the target trend adjustment.
for International Business Cycle Research, Rutgers University, Newark,
S ource : Center
n .J., j an to, 1983.
forecasts. Still another point is that the average error of
a group of forecasts is generally smaller than those of
most of the individuals in the group, or those based on
a single method of forecasting. Nevertheless, the com
parison is of some interest, and one such set of records
is shown in table 2.
The errors in forecasts of unemployment for one
quarter ahead are generally smaller, averaging about
two-tenths of a percentage point, than those for two,
three, or four quarters ahead, which average about fourtenths of a point. In view of the problems of compara
bility mentioned above, about all one can say is that the
errors in the leading index forecasts are of the same or
der of magnitude as those made by forecasters using
other methods.
Table 2. Average absolute error in selected forecasts of
the unemployment rate, 1976-80
[In percentage points]
Forecast horizon
(number of quarters)
Time of forecast and group represented
1
2
3
4
0.2
.2
0.4
.4
0.4
.4
0.4
.4
..............................................
.2
.4
.5
.5
Late quarter:
Three forecasters ............................................
.1
.3
.4
.4
Early quarter:
ASA-NBER.......................................................
Six forecasters .................................................
Mid-quarter:
Five forecasters
N ote : The early quarter forecasts are those based on preliminary estimates of the last
quarter’s GNP; mid-quarter forecasts are based on the first GNP revision; and late-quarter
forecasts are those made near the end of the quarter. Entries for the American Statistical
Association-National Bureau of Economic Research (ASA-NBER) are errors In the median
forecasts of about 40 forecasters, while the other entries are median errors.
S ource :
Stephen K. McNees, “ The Recent Record of Thirteen Forecasters,” N e w E n g la n d
September-October 1981, pp. 5-21.
E c o n o m ic R e v ie w ,
31
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Technical Notes
Chart 1. Year-to-year percentage-point change in the unemployment rate, actual
and as forecast using the leading employment index, 1969-83
Percent
Note: Forecasts are based on the 6-month smoothed
growth rate in the leading employment index for
November of the preceding year.
Source: Center for International Business Cycle
Research, Rutgers University, Newark, N.J.
FOOTNOTE
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The author would like to thank Richard
Conger, Theodore Joyce, Chantal Dubrin, Joyce Geiger, and Philip
Goodman of the Center for International Business Cycle Research
staff for their participation in the work underlying this report.
' The index used for the purpose of forecasting unemployment is a
variant of the one regularly published by the Center for International
Business Cycle Research. The published index includes a target trend
adjustment to make its long-run growth trend consistent with that of
32
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the U.S. Department of Commerce leading index, namely 3.3 percent
per year. The index used here has virtually no long-run trend. It leads
the unemployment rate on average by 4 months at unemployment
peaks and by 6 months at unemployment troughs for the years 1948
to 1982. For a discussion of both indexes and their uses, see Geoffrey
H. Moore, “A new leading index of employment,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e
view, June 1981, pp. 44—47. Since that report was written, an addi
tional component — the layoff rate for all workers — has been included
in both indexes.
Industry diffusion indexes
for average weekly hours
R i c h a r d E sp o s it o
and
K
enneth
S h ip p
The Bureau of Labor Statistics has developed diffusion
indexes of average weekly hours of production workers
on private nonagricultural payrolls. The indexes cover
both nonmanufacturing and manufacturing industries at
more detailed industry levels than the 20-industry in
dexes produced currently by the Department of Com
merce.
The new indexes measure the dispersion of increase in
hours. The Average Weekly Hours Diffusion Index indi
cates the percentage of industries which had gains in
their monthly average weekly hours series. For example,
a diffusion index of 25.0 means that 25 percent of the
industries covered by the index had increased average
weekly hours for the month.
The indexes were computed for time spans of 1, 3, 6,
9, and 12 months. Each is centered on the midpoint of
the span, or as close to it as possible. Thus, a 3-month
diffusion index measures the percentage of industries
with hours rising based on the middle month. A
6-month index is centered on the third month. Onemonth indexes measure the gain in hours from the pre
vious to the current month. (See table 1, pp. 34-35.)
Data for average weekly hours are based on the week
including the 12th day of the month. Each index was
computed using the following algorithm:
A + B + C
where:
A = The number of industries which have an in
crease in their average weekly hours for the
specified period;
B = The number of industries which have no chang
es in their average weekly hours for the speci
fied period; and
C = The number of industries which have declining
average weekly hours for the specified period.
For the 1-, 3-, 6-, and 9-month span indexes, the av
erage weekly hours data have been seasonally adjusted
before computation of the index. Average weekly hours
Richard Esposito and Kenneth Shipp are economists in the Division
of Federal / State Monthly Surveys, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
are calculated to tenths of an hour; thus, a change from
40.0 to 40.1 hours is an increase. Of the industries with
no change in their average weekly hours, half are con
sidered to have risen and half to have fallen. The
12-month span index uses unadjusted data.
The Bureau has expanded the number of industries
covered by the current diffusion index, so as to include
nonmanufacturing industries, as well as changing to a
more detailed unit within manufacturing. The current
index produced by the Commerce Department has
2- digit Standard Industrial Classification (sic) industries
in manufacturing only. The new detail includes all
3- digit SIC categories in the manufacturing sector and
2-digit SIC categories in the nonmanufacturing sector.
The result of the expansion is the use of 186 indus
tries to compute the indexes. Forty-nine of these indus
tries are in the nonmanufacturing sector and the
remaining 137 industries are in the manufacturing sec
tor. The diffusion indexes, which contain both manufac
turing and nonmanufacturing, are still heavily weighted
toward the former.
Historical diffusion indexes, particularly those prior
to 1972, reflect the industry detail available, and there
fore cover fewer industries, as shown in the following
tabulation:
Industries
Period
Manufacturing
Feb. 1958 to Dec. 1963
Jan. 1964 to Dec. 1971 .
Jan. 1972 to present . . .
90
91
137
Nonmanufacturing
14
17
49
There is some overlap for the different indexes, due to
the time lag necessary to produce an index. No attempt
was made to produce an index prior to 1958 because of
the lack of data.
Clear cyclical patterns can be discerned for the 3-, 6-,
9-, and 12-month indexes. Turning points in the diffu
sion indexes were tentatively determined using methods
developed by Bry and Boschan1. Table 2 on page 36
compares these turning points with peaks and troughs
designated by the National Bureau of Economic Re
search ( n b e r ).
The data in table 2 suggest that the Average Weekly
Hours Diffusion Index is an indicator which precedes,
or leads, the NBER reference dates. However, in the pe
riod since 1958, many additional peaks and troughs
were also identified. These extra cycles make analysis of
the Average Weekly Hours Diffusion Index somewhat
ambiguous. We suggest that several other economic
phenomena be observed in conjunction with the index’s
cyclical movements when predicting economic move
ment.
To determine industry bias, diffusion indexes were
33
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Technical Notes
Table 1.
spari
Diffusion indexes of average weekly hours in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing sectors by month, year, and
1-month span
Year
Jan.
_
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
1958 ...........
1959 ...........
1960 ...........
60.6
43.3
37.5
66.3
24.5
48.6
56.7
48.1
26.9
71.6
36.5
48.1
45.2
70.2
69.2
46.6
27.4
64.4
38.9
51.4
75.5
51.4
42.8
83.7
48.1
23.1
45.2
45.7
61.1
72.6
38.9
26.0
62.5
72.6
11.5
196 1...........
1962 ...........
1963 ...........
1964 ...........
1965 ...........
88.5
25.5
66.8
21.2
64.8
66.3
61.1
42.3
81.0
52.8
40.9
70.7
54.8
38.0
64.8
67.8
70.7
34.6
72.7
22.7
47.6
32.7
77.9
37.0
76.9
74.5
44.2
58.7
56.9
41.2
66.8
45.2
45.7
63.9
51.4
61.5
46.2
50.0
53.7
58.8
50.5
71.2
64.9
28.2
47.2
73.6
14.4
51.0
68.1
69.4
68.3
54.8
31.7
60.6
60.6
41.3
43.3
63.0
65.7
64.8
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
51.4
67.6
22.7
58.3
36.6
75.5
13.4
80.1
30.6
32.9
33.3
50.9
26.4
77.3
39.4
48.1
63.9
17.6
49.1
30.1
46.8
30.6
83.8
44.0
32.9
39.4
50.5
56.5
41.7
48.1
33.3
66.7
38.9
39.8
63.0
59.7
50.9
51.9
50.0
32.9
42.1
56.0
69.4
61.6
21.3
48.6
41.2
40.3
30.1
70.4
33.3
69.9
36.1
41.7
51.9
30.1
33.8
39.8
60.2
55.6
1971...........
1972 ...........
1973 ...........
1974 ...........
1975 ...........
62.5
56.0
44.9
51.9
55.4
40.7
51.3
71.2
37.6
22.8
62.0
53.0
58.1
47.3
43.5
45.8
63.7
50.0
19.9
69.4
24.7
31.7
80.4
45.4
52.3
55.9
40.6
41.7
61.3
62.0
46.5
56.7
38.4
57.0
41.2
53.0
35.2
45.7
75.0
37.0
46.5
63.2
29.3
62.9
65.3
60.5
36.8
34.7
56.5
70.4
54.0
66.7
27.7
56.2
62.0
36.3
40.9
40.3
72.8
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
72.8
27.7
21.8
58.9
60.8
31.5
81.7
58.1
34.1
29.6
34.7
34.7
83.1
62.4
26.9
68.8
34.7
63.2
71.8
17.7
50.3
72.8
45.2
19.9
75.8
29.3
28.0
58.9
60.5
54.6
40.1
58.6
36.3
51.1
50.8
42.2
32.0
47.3
39.8
45.7
67.7
36.3
49.5
50.5
56.7
65.1
59.4
61.3
43.0
37.9
54.3
52.2
40.6
52.7
57.0
58.1
57.0
41.9
43.8
48.4
57.5
1981...........
1982 ...........
1983 ...........
69.9
12.4
74.5
18.3
87.9
"18.3
55.1
28.5
"75.0
63.2
51.6
—
66.4
56.7
—
33.1
49.7
—
50.5
50.3
—
42.7
41.1
—
23.4
36.8
—
59.9
47.0
—
34.4
49.2
—
36.3
55.4
—
36.5
62.0
51.4
57.2
59.6
38.0
74.0
38.5
52.9
83.2
39.9
35.1
84.6
31.7
28.8
78.4
42.3
31.3
86.5
34.1
19.7
72.1
57.2
9.6
78.8
57.7
29.8
3-month span
1958 ...........
1959 ...........
1960 ...........
84.1
37.5
68.3
24.0
28.4
72.1
25.5
196 1...........
1962 ...........
1963 ...........
1964 ...........
1965 ...........
59.1
30.8
55.3
63.0
69.0
87.0
54.3
62.0
45.7
73.1
65.9
83.7
35.1
82.9
33.8
46.2
72.1
61.1
48.1
55.6
78.4
50.5
70.2
62.0
32.9
75.5
29.3
74.5
47.2
67.1
80.8
38.5
50.0
83.0
40.3
60.1
49.0
62.0
38.0
47.7
77.4
24.5
66.8
51.4
65.3
81.3
37.0
47.6
57.4
65.7
74.5
24.0
48.6
75.9
75.0
43.3
63.0
25.5
72.2
63.9
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
82.9
14.8
52.8
32.4
32.9
64.4
20.8
49.1
63.0
22.7
59.7
17.1
35.2
51.4
21.3
34.7
42.1
37.5
70.8
19.9
36.1
46.8
63.9
38.4
22.2
32.9
46.3
76.9
32.4
42.1
37.5
65.3
48.1
32.9
41.7
38.0
66.7
60.2
47.2
24.5
45.4
46.8
63.4
40.3
21.8
31.9
56.0
47.2
37.5
38.4
26.4
41.2
26.9
36.6
60.6
32.4
30.6
41.2
42.6
63.4
1971...........
1972 ...........
1973 ...........
1974 ...........
1975 ...........
48.1
73.6
54.3
33.3
22.8
57.4
65.3
67.7
34.7
28.8
50.9
60.5
69.9
19.9
39.5
73.1
50.5
43.3
43.3
57.0
66.2
50.5
31.7
39.2
66.4
72.7
36.0
40.9
69.9
55.6
56.0
52.7
40.1
33.1
75.8
44.9
50.5
57.0
25.5
80.1
50.9
56.5
34.9
27.4
76.1
67.1
53.2
62.9
18.5
61.8
75.9
46.0
44.4
21.8
73.1
76.4
39.2
53.8
31.2
80.9
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
72.8
69.1
28.0
41.1
41.1
41.9
61.8
63.2
56.7
25.8
23.1
81.7
86.3
22.0
26.1
48.9
46.2
73.1
41.1
24.2
48.4
62.6
50.5
34.4
28.0
68.0
40.6
38.7
75.8
28.8
29.0
42.7
49.5
50.5
47.8
31.7
35.8
47.8
48.4
66.1
31.7
56.2
40.9
40.3
79.3
49.2
51.6
44.4
49.7
69.9
64.0
45.7
41.1
49.5
67.2
34.4
16.9
51.9
64.8
79.6
1981...........
1982 ...........
1983 ...........
47.0
54.6
"49.2
42.7
43.5
"64.8
34.4
78.5
—
72.0
42.5
—
60.2
57.5
—
49.7
56.5
—
33.6
45.4
—
22.8
34.1
—
25.5
33.3
—
22.0
41.4
—
42.7
54.6
—
12.4
76.9
—
1958 ...........
1959 ...........
1960 ...........
—
91.3
35.6
—
-
77.4
38.5
68.8
19.2
46.6
59.1
26.9
72.1
51.0
38.9
81.3
44.2
26.4
78.8
32.7
48.1
91.3
29.3
11.5
89.4
51.0
7.7
93.3
47.6
28.8
93.3
26.4
37.5
81.7
30.3
51.0
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
.........
...........
...........
...........
...........
48.1
67.8
47.1
52.4
53.7
64.4
51.0
61.5
60.1
70.4
91.8
56.7
74.0
51.9
53.2
76.0
67.8
63.0
82.4
48.1
70.2
57.2
63.9
62.5
49.5
74.0
58.7
71.2
45.4
36.1
84.1
24.0
80.3
47.7
75.0
88.5
30.3
51.4
64.8
61.1
76.4
31.3
53.8
77.3
69.9
59.6
40.9
31.3
71.8
74.5
62.5
40.9
63.5
72.7
85.2
75.5
35.1
41.3
84.7
79.6
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
71.3
15.7
25.5
42.1
26.4
63.9
13.4
41.2
52.8
19.4
49.5
18.1
63.0
53.7
14.8
35.6
21.8
72.7
36.1
23.1
26.9
54.6
39.4
63.0
21.3
28.7
56.9
70.8
37.5
18.5
35.2
39.8
80.6
25.5
25.5
29.2
65.7
42.6
29.6
35.6
22.7
56.5
35.6
37.5
38.9
39.8
31.5
44.9
35.2
34.3
13.0
62.5
32.9
30.6
38.4
16.2
41.2
39.4
22.7
66.7
—
—
6-month span
See note at end of table.
34
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 1. Continued — Diffusion indexes of average weekly hours in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing sectors by month,
year, and span
6-month span
Year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
60.2
84.3
56.5
22.3
31.5
64.4
69.4
49.7
31.2
37.4
68.5
64.8
52.4
35.5
48.4
64.4
50.5
62.9
30.6
43.3
68.5
50.0
35.8
31.7
67.7
53.2
48.1
39.2
27.7
73.1
66.2
42.2
31.7
54.8
67.7
66.2
57.0
52.7
14.8
75.8
69.0
45.4
49.5
20.4
82.8
67.6
42.5
44.9
23.4
87.9
75.5
57.8
49.5
12.1
76.6
81.5
60.5
34.1
13.4
63.7
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
48.9
65.9
64.2
19.6
37.1
66.7
66.7
50.3
33.9
19.4
41.9
65.6
60.5
42.2
16.4
34.7
77.7
78.2
36.6
18.8
36.8
43.3
71.2
45.7
24.7
34.9
52.7
45.7
39.0
44.1
58.6
51.9
28.5
70.4
49.7
33.1
48.9
50.3
51.3
59.9
47.8
37.1
41.4
46.0
75.3
23.9
19.1
45.2
52.4
83.9
66.1
26.3
38.4
41.4
64.0
69.4
57.0
51.1
30.6
62.6
1981 .........
1982 .........
67.2
37.1
69.4
44.9
49.7
50.3
34.7
79.6
53.5
36.3
29.3
46.5
28.2
38.2
20.7
31.5
25.8
37.4
12.4
58.1
31.5
p 35.2
41.7
p 63.7
1958 .........
1959 .........
1960 .........
—
—
—
—
—
92.3
30.3
79.8
23.6
76.9
33.7
70.2
33.7
55.8
14.4
72.6
50.5
23.6
84.6
37.0
28.8
88.0
56.3
12.0
91.3
38.5
35.6
93.3
25.5
27.4
94.2
26.9
29.8
93.8
30.8
40.9
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
37.5
76.4
50.5
59.1
73.1
71.6
70.7
49.5
51.4
75.0
64.9
58.7
73.6
56.3
70.4
76.4
34.1
65.4
74.5
62.5
87.5
56.3
73.6
39.4
53.2
82.2
53.8
70.7
78.7
56.5
81.7
50.0
60.1
65.7
59.3
83.2
29.8
65.4
79.6
63.0
66.8
27.9
47.1
69.9
79.6
82.2
32.2
62.5
78.7
80.1
81.3
37.5
49.5
81.0
79.2
77.9
31.3
69.7
49.5
76.9
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
73.1
9.3
55.1
53.7
18.5
67.6
17.6
59.3
37.5
13.4
48.6
15.7
59.3
32.9
25.9
54.2
24.5
45.4
42.1
19.0
42.1
33.3
67.1
52.3
14.4
39.4
24.5
76.4
32.9
13.9
22.2
54.2
40.7
56.5
23.1
14.8
49.5
48.1
30.6
25.9
30.6
32.9
79.6
24.5
36.6
11.1
67.1
34.7
18.1
38.0
11.1
56.9
46.3
22.7
50.9
13.0
25.5
55.1
27.8
34.3
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
56.0
71.8
50.8
40.1
18.0
70.4
75.5
44.4
30.1
25.5
70.4
73.6
50.8
31.2
33.6
64.4
69.9
37.4
24.2
52.4
60.6
61.1
54.0
22.6
58.3
65.7
54.8
51.1
20.7
59.1
74.5
54.8
48.4
16.7
69.9
73.6
47.8
34.7
19.9
79.0
79.2
34.4
38.4
43.0
80.6
76.4
61.3
37.6
9.4
83.3
79.2
58.6
40.9
10.8
78.2
81.0
59.4
20.2
18.8
62.4
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
71.0
64.8
53.2
32.8
26.6
59.7
72.6
57.5
37.9
20.2
64.5
63.4
52.2
40.9
23.9
53.5
64.0
53.5
38.4
25.0
33.6
57.5
55.4
47.6
26.3
25.8
77.4
76.1
34.4
28.0
33.9
46.2
68.0
48.1
38.2
47.0
50.5
42.7
42.7
57.3
45.2
21.2
36.3
71.2
66.1
51.3
25.5
42.7
43.3
57.5
51.9
49.7
49.5
33.3
72.6
51.1
68.5
19.9
37.4
77.2
1981 .........
1982 .........
77.2
27.2
65.1
46.8
60.5
40.3
55.4
40.1
25.8
41.9
17.5
69.9
33.6
30.4
23.4
43.3
9.1
64.5
27.2
p 35.5
25.3
p54.8
25.0
1958 .........
1959 .........
1960 .........
—
—
—
—
—
—
88.9
29.8
89.9
26.9
71.6
18.8
69.2
30.3
55.8
20.2
67.3
8.2
83.7
56.7
18.8
90.4
32.2
32.7
91.8
30.3
31.3
91.8
29.3
45.7
93.3
31.3
28.8
88 5
24 0
55.3
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
63.9
71.6
49.0
63.5
62.5
61.1
66.8
49.5
68.8
64.8
72.6
74.0
56.7
39.9
74.5
74.0
44.2
76.4
51.0
72.7
88.5
33.2
63.5
72.6
75.9
91.8
35.6
69.7
78.8
71.8
67.3
63.5
34.6
83.8
69.4
72.6
49.0
67.3
71.8
78.2
88.9
42.3
58.7
80.6
71.3
85.1
24.5
79.3
44.9
80.6
89.4
44.7
56.7
78.7
67.6
78 4
46 2
58 7
71 3
72.2
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
60.6
19.9
56.5
37.5
26.4
60.6
16.2
50.5
39.8
14.4
62.0
23.6
59.7
32.9
12.0
53.7
16.7
65.7
29.2
15.3
49.1
31.0
42.1
39.4
18.1
29.2
31.9
52.3
42.6
15.3
36.6
15.7
70.8
29.2
27.3
8.3
58.3
31.9
41.7
23.1
11.1
50.9
63.0
20.8
32.9
15.7
29.2
78.2
19.4
36.6
7.9
63.9
46.8
11.1
57.4
11 6
71 3
45 4
148
53.7
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
51.4
67.1
54.0
27.4
20.7
56.0
79.6
40.3
33.1
31.5
66.7
81.0
49.2
22.8
43.0
66.2
75.0
41.1
23.1
42.7
68.5
69.4
48.4
14.5
59.4
73.6
62.0
54.3
20.7
65.1
71.3
47.3
59.1
21.5
75.8
78.2
55.6
39.0
12.9
80.4
73.6
61.6
29.3
13.2
79.6
86.1
53.8
24.5
35.5
64.5
72.7
57.3
35.5
15.3
78.0
74 5
46 8
34 7
177
73.9
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
71.2
44.4
54.6
30.1
23.7
57.8
59.1
50.0
34.9
26.9
44.6
66.4
49.7
35.5
25.8
54.0
64.5
39.2
40.3
37.4
56.5
62.4
53.8
45.4
37.9
43.5
55.6
53.8
45.7
42.7
21.0
48.9
76.9
48.1
50.5
50.0
29.0
61.6
43.8
38.4
54.0
60.8
49.7
27.4
51.1
62.5
66.7
18.3
61.8
53.8
48.7
50.8
37.4
30.9
70.7
63 2
46 5
30 9
23 4
69.4
1981 .........
1982 .........
70.7
28.5
69.4
23.1
39.2
33.9
43.5
23.4
33.3
32.5
24.5
43.0
5.6
80.9
40.9
p30.4
25.0
»60.5
21.2
21.0
—
25 0
-
9-month span
12-month span
N ote : Indexes are computed using seasonally adjusted data, except for the 12-month index. Three-digit SIC categories are included in the manufacturing sector, and 2-digit ones In
nonmanufacturing.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
p=preliminary.
35
M O N T H L Y L A B O R REVIEW May 1983 •
Technical Notes
Table 2. Diffusion index peaks and troughs and those of
the business cycle1
Diffusion index peaks
NBER1
reference
peaks
1 month
3 months
6 months
9 months
12 months
Sept. 1958
June 1961
May 1965
Feb. 1968
Nov. 1971
Aug. 1975
Mar. 1978
—
—
Oct. 1958
Oct. 1961
Jan. 1966
June 1968
Dec. 1971
Dec. 1975
Mar. 1977
Dec. 1980
—
Nov. 1958
Aug. 1961
Nov, 1965
July 1968
Jan. 1972
Oct. 1975
Apr. 1977
Oct. 1980
Apr. 1982
—
May 1961
Oct. 1965
Sept. 1968
Dec. 1971
Oct. 1975
June 1977
Jan. 1981
—
—
Nov. 1961
Oct. 1965
Dec. 1967
Oct. 1971
Aug. 1975
Mar. 1977
Jan. 1981
—
Aug. 1957
Apr. 1960
—
—
Dec. 1969
Nov. 1973
—
Jan. 1980
July 1981
—
1 month
3 months
6 months
9 months
12 months
troughs
Dec. 1960
Oct. 1962
Feb. 1967
Sept. 1970
Feb. 1975
June 1976
—
Jan. 1982
Nov. 1960
Nov. 1962
Jan. 1967
Apr. 1970
Oct. 1974
July 1976
Apr. 1980
Dec. 1981
Sept. 1960
July 1962
Nov. 1966
Mar. 1970
Nov. 1974
Aug. 1976
Mar. 1980
Oct. 1981
Aug. 1960
Sept. 1962
Jan. 1967
Feb. 1970
Oct. 1974
June 1976
Feb. 1980
Sept. 1981
June 1960
Oct. 1962
Nov. 1966
Mar. 1970
Aug. 1974
July 1976
Dec. 1979
July 1981
NBER1
Diffusion index troughs
1Designated by the National Bureau of Economic Research.
36
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Apr. 1958
Feb. 1961
—
—
Nov. 1970
Mar. 1975
—
July 1980
_
com puted, as a test, for both manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing sectors using the same procedures
described earlier. The nonmanufacturing index indicates
less volatile changes than that of manufacturing. This is
particularly true in the 9- and 12-month spans where
trend curves and cyclical m ovem ent are more easily
identified. A lthough we did not pursue this further, the
new indexes will be som ewhat affected by the subdued
behavior of the nonmanufacturing industries.
We hope that these indexes will be useful to the econ
om ist w ho attem pts to forecast future econom ic activi
ty. Perhaps they will provide a stronger analytical
framework for developing business, labor, and govern
ment policies.
□
--------- F O O T N O T E ---------1Gerhard Bry and Charlotte Boschan, C y c lic a l A n a ly sis o f T im e S e
ries: S e le c te d P r o c e d u re s a n d C o m p u te r P r o g ra m s, National Bureau of
Economic Research, 1971, Columbia University Press, New York and
London.
Research
Summaries
a
The origins and operations of
area labor-management committees
R ic h a r d
D.
Leone
and
M
ic h a e l
F. E leey
Labor-management cooperation is not a new develop
ment. Throughout the twentieth century, and especially
during wartime or when specific industries experienced
crisis, labor and management have, on occasion, set up
joint committees to address issues not readily resolved
through traditional collective bargaining mechanisms.1
Never viewed as substitutes for the bargaining process,
but rather as complementary to it, these committees
attempted to resolve problems confronting particular
plants or industries in a nonadversarial manner.
Area labor-management committees, most of which
emerged in the 1970’s, have a somewhat different focus.
They bring together the chief spokespersons of local la
bor unions and business organizations in an effort to re
solve problems affecting the economic well-being of an
entire community, rather than a particular worksite or
industry. Their focus is usually on job retention and
creation. This report reviews the highlights of some re
cent research on four main aspects of area labor-man
agement committees: (1) where and why area committees
have been formed, (2) how they are developed and
sustained, (3) how they are structured and what pro
grams they have carried out, and (4) what role the Fed
eral Government has played in the process.2
Born of hard times
Most of the area labor-management committees
established to date are found in the Northeast and Mid
west. (See exhibit 1.) Although the communities in
which they have developed vary in size, political struc
ture, and industrial mix, they are all places in which un
employment is high, companies and unions are perceived
as having poor labor-management relations, the popula
tion and the labor force are declining, there is a high
Richard D. Leone, professor of industrial relations and organizational
behavior, is director of the Center for Labor and Human Resource
Studies, Temple University. Michael F. Eleey is assistant director.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
degree of unionization, and the local economic base is
deteriorating. Obviously these interrelated problems do
not arise overnight, but rather grow out of corporate
and union decisions rooted in the past. Nevertheless, it
is usually an immediate crisis, such as a plant closing or
a prolonged labor dispute, which finally impels local
leaders to take action.
The Jamestown, N.Y., experience was typical of how
and why area labor-management committees were
formed.3 In the early 1950’s, Jamestown began to lose
jobs in manufacturing. The decline accelerated in the
1960’s when the wood furniture industry, the basis of
Jamestown’s manufacturing employment, moved South.
In 1971, nearly 1,000 workers were affected by employ
er bankruptcies and plant closings. An additional 2,800
jobs were threatened, and unemployment was already at
10 percent, almost twice the national average. The city’s
population and labor force were declining, many young
educated people were leaving the area, and attempts to
attract new businesses were failing.
These converging forces prompted five prominent in
dividuals to begin the search for a solution. The local
federal mediator, a local labor lawyer, and an official of
the Jamestown Manufacturers’ Association began to
meet informally. After several discussions, they ap
proached Mayor Stanley Lundine and discovered that
he and the city ombudsman, a former labor leader, had
also begun to explore how the loss of jobs might be
stemmed. All five agreed that poor labor-management
relations were at the heart of the problem.
The mayor took the lead. At first, he met with lead
ers of local businesses and labor unions separately, hav
ing been advised by the others not to bring them
together in the same room. Subsequently, he called the
labor and business leaders together, in sessions which
were unavoidably acrimonious. Over the course of a se
ries of dinners and luncheons, however, the barriers be
tween the parties gradually disintegrated. Once both
sides realized they had mutual interests, a spirit of trust
began to emerge. As a result of candid dialogue with
each other and some fresh ideas and perspectives
suggested by outside speakers, the two sides decided to
adopt a joint committee structure, in order to maintain
the new spirit of cooperation and to begin addressing
issues which affected the community as a whole.
37
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Research Summaries
Not only was the Jamestown experience typical of the
development of most area committees, but through a
combination of support from the Federal Government,
coverage by the national press, and its own geographic
centrality (in the Northeast-Midwest quadrant of the
United States), the Jamestown committee became a
model which could be studied by other communities
with similar problems. As a result, many of its structur
al features and programs were adopted in other locali
ties.4
Exhibit 1. Area labor-management committees in the
United States
Year established
Problems with representation and funding
Prior to the 1970’s, when most of the current
areawide committees were established, many U.S. com
munities had experimented, at one time or another, with
labor-management cooperation on an areawide level,
largely in an attempt to minimize strikes. But these ef
forts usually failed because they were dominated by ei
ther labor or management, and because the communities
lacked funding to hire a staff and maintain programs.
These two hazards continue to pose a threat to the exist
ence of area committees, even today.
To maintain a sense of balance, area labor-manage
ment committees consist of an equal number of repre
sentatives from labor and business, with each group
selecting a spokesperson to serve as cochairperson. The
representatives from both sides must feel that the ac
tions taken by the committee are to their mutual bene
fit, and because they do not usually have a formal
mandate from their respective union and management
organizations, they must be certain that decisions
reached by the committee will be viewed favorably by
their constituents.
Most area labor-management committees publish
statements of their goals, which tend to focus on labormanagement relations in the community, human re
sources development and training, local economic devel
opment, and increased productivity. But inasmuch as
the members serve voluntarily and have other commit
ments, area committees cannot pursue these goals with
concrete programs unless they can secure and maintain
a staff. Thus, to a large extent, a committee’s history re
flects its ongoing search for funds. Again, the James
town experience is significant, and typifies the funding
and organizational patterns of most other committees,
at least since the mid-1970’s.
Although the city of Jamestown provided the seed
money in early 1973, a grant from the Economic Devel
opment Administration marked the first time that Fed
eral dollars were awarded to support an area committee.
These funds enabled the Jamestown committee to hire a
full-time executive director, and in the process, signalled
the institutionalization of the areawide committee con
cept. From 1973 to 1982, the Jamestown committee re
ceived $1.1 million from various sources, with the city
providing slightly more than one-fourth of these funds.
38
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1S
Location
P opulatio n1
1945
Toledo, Ohio
354,635
1946
Louisville, Kentucky
298,451
1953
Chattanooga, Tennessee
169,565
1958
Jackson, Michigan
39,734
1963
South Bend, Indiana
1965
Green Bay, Wisconsin
78,899
1970
Appleton, Wisconsin
Marquette, Michigan
59,032
23,289
1972
Jamestown, New York
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
35,775
424,205
1975
Buffalo, New York
Cumberland, Maryland
Dunkirk-Fredonia, New York
Evansville, Indiana
Lock Haven, Pennsylvania
Youngstown, Ohio
357,870
25,933
26,636
130,496
9,617
115,436
1976
Elmira, New York
Springfield, Ohio
1977
Muskegon, Michigan
Riverside-San Bernardino, California
St. Louis, Missouri
Stevens Point, Wisconsin
40,823
288,933
453,085
22,970
1979
Beaumont, Texas
Duluth, Minnesota
Paducah, Kentucky
Portsmouth, Ohio
Scranton-Avoca, Pennsylvania
Sioux City, Iowa
118,102
92,811
29,315
25,943
87,378
82,003
1980
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1982
Kankakee, Illinois
Lansing, Michigan
ource :
109,727
35,327
72,563
1,688,210
30,141
130,414
1980 Census.
Most area committees, however, do not receive this lev
el of local government support. On average, they have
received about 18 percent of their funds from city and
county governments.
The bulk of funds for area committees have come
from three Federal agencies: the Economic Development
Administration, the Appalachian Regional Commission,
and the Department of Labor, under provisions of the
Comprehensive Employment and Training Act. Promot
ing labor-management cooperation was not part of the
explicit mission of any of these three agencies, but their
award of funds to area committees was justified on the
grounds that the committees would increase productivi
ty, promote job retention and creation, and be active in
manpower training— all of which were high priorities of
the agencies. The three agencies, however, gradually
withdrew their support. Today, the only source of Fed
eral funding is the Federal Mediation and Conciliation
Service, acting pursuant to the Labor-Management Co
operation Act of 1978.
As a result of continuing budget pressures, area la
bor-management committees have been compelled to
devote, on average, between 30 and 40 percent of their
efforts to fund-raising— a burden which is not likely to
decrease in the absence of a broader government
funding program. Historically, area committees have
not been able to develop other major sources of income.
Despite extensive efforts, they have only been able to
generate about 11 percent of their total funds from non
governmental sources, such as dues from member orga
nizations, private grants, and fees from workshops and
seminars. Funding interruptions and discontinuations
tend to take a toll on any organization, and in the ab
sence of more stable financing, the true effectiveness of
an area committee cannot be fully ascertained.
Structure and programs
Committee membership divides roughly into two
groups. The core group consists of those leaders who
were involved in establishing the committee. It includes
the labor and management cochairpersons, the commit
tee’s executive director, and perhaps one or two addi
tional key individuals. All other members constitute
what might be termed the support group, who are
somewhat less actively involved in the operation of the
committee. Support group members usually attend
meetings and are present for most public events spon
sored by the committee. A moderate degree of turnover
among the committee’s support group appears to help
maintain a flow of new ideas and perspectives. Turnover
among the core group, however, is quite a different m at
ter. Frequent or sudden changes among top committee
leaders have usually caused serious problems for the or
ganization as a whole.
The individual qualities of its key personnel are cen
tral to the success of an area committee. To maintain its
effectiveness, a committee must attract members from
the top echelon of local business and labor leaders. The
leadership capabilities of its two cochairpersons have a
vital impact on the committee’s ability to develop a
consensus regarding its programs and policies and on
its ability to interact effectively with other power cen
ters within the community. The executive director’s role
requires communications skills and administrative abili
ty; furthermore, it demands an individual who is per
ceived as neutral in labor-management issues and has a
solid reputation in the local labor relations community.
How often a committee meets is not as important as
the way in which it reaches its decisions. The process
adopted by most area committees can be characterized
as group consensus. Full agreement from both sides is a
necessary requirement of decisionmaking, and most
committees take very few, if any, formal votes.
Committees generally agree to move toward their
goals by supporting activities in one or more of four
broad program areas. First, they sponsor events such as
dinners, conferences, and seminars which are not only
educational in nature, but which also improve commu
nication between labor and management. Second, they
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promote labor-management committees to increase pro
ductivity and enhance the quality of worklife at local
worksites. Third, they occasionally serve as informal
mediators in labor disputes. And, fourth, they involve
themselves, directly or indirectly, in local economic de
velopment.
Improved communications. As noted previously, dinners
and luncheons serve to reduce tension and promote
trust between the parties in the early stages of a com
mittee’s formation. Once the committees have become
established, they continue to sponsor such events
throughout their existence. Many of these social events
are also open to nonmembers, especially other union
and management leaders.
Many committees have also hosted annual confer
ences on such topics as employee participation and
quality of worklife. These conferences serve several
functions. First, they provide a forum where exponents
of labor-management cooperation can exchange ideas
with one another and with those unfamiliar with the
concept. Second, these conferences communicate— not
only to the people in the community where they are
held, but also to the broader, national public— the fact
that the leadership in the local area believes cooperation
through participation in an area labor-management
committee can coexist with collective bargaining.
In addition, committees support workshops and semi
nars on topics such as job sharing, employee ownership,
problem solving, productivity, worksite committees,
grievance administration, economic development, and
labor relations in general. These workshops are usually
designed to attract local foremen, shop stewards, man
agers, and employees, who are able to bring back to
their home bases new ideas and approaches to worklife
issues and problems.
Those who attend these dinners, conferences, and
seminars attest to their efficacy in promoting trust, un
derstanding, and mutual respect. There is ample evi
dence in the communities we studied that few, if any, of
these events would have taken place had the area com
mittee not existed.
Worksite committees. Employee participation at the
plant or worksite has recently come to be subsumed un
der the rubric, “quality of worklife,” or q w l . In the
early 1970’s, q w l programs began to gain acceptance in
nonunion settings and in several large unionized compa
nies, quite independently of the area-committee move
ment. In 1973, Eric Trist, a leader in the development
of employee participation programs in Europe and the
United States, became a consultant to the Jamestown
Committee. He recommended that as part of its overall
program the committee support the development of em
ployee participation, in the form of labor-management
committees at local worksites.
39
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Research Summaries
Through these worksite committees, employees re
ceive detailed management information about plant op
erations, and at the same time share their own knowl
edge with supervisory personnel. The committees
consider such issues as skills development, plant layout,
productivity, gain-sharing, job redesign, health and safe
ty, retention of workers in a layoff situation, and work
rules not covered in a collective bargaining agreement.
Because these problems can develop rapidly, committees
tend to meet on a frequent schedule.
Many of the businesses located in the communities
are of small or medium size. Unlike larger companies,
they do not have specialized staff to implement a
worksite committee program, nor can they afford to
hire outside consultants, as many large firms have been
compelled to do. The basic role of an area committee
vis-a-vis worksite committees, therefore, has been to pro
vide this technical assistance. In fulfilling this role,
many committees have had substantial impact in their
communities. The vast majority of worksite committees
in the communities we studied would not have been es
tablished without the area committee’s interest and sup
port.
There are two basic policies that area committees
follow in their relationships with worksite committees.
At some area committees, a staff member remains per
manently associated with the worksite committee. The
advantages of this are that (1) technical expertise is con
tinuously available to the committee, and (2) the con
tinuing presence of a third party helps to maintain the
group’s focus on essential issues and prevent irrelevant
ones from burdening or destroying the problem-solving
process. Other area committees require their staff to
withdraw from active participation in the worksite com
mittee some 6 to 9 months after it has been established,
although some informal contact is usually maintained.
The justification given for this approach is that, with
limited area committee resources, it increases the num
ber of worksite committees that can be established.
In sum, an area labor-management committee can
promote the local development of worksite committees
in several ways. It can act as a resource center, provid
ing information and hands-on assistance in quality-ofworklife techniques and labor-management cooperation.
It can serve as the hub of a network through which lo
cal unions and companies can share ideas and experi
ences. And an area committee can provide those inter
ested in q w l with the opportunity to explore with their
peers the pros and cons of forming a worksite commit
tee, without needing to commit themselves pre
maturely.
Facilitating collective bargaining. An issue which arises
early in the development of an area labor-management
committee is how it will deal with problems involving
40
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collective bargaining relationships or the administration
of labor contracts. While committee participants ac
knowledge that collective bargaining’s limitations have
contributed to some of the community’s problems, they
also realize that labor and management view the bar
gaining process as their private forum. Thus, commit
tees usually make a formal declaration that none of
their programs will disturb the delicate balance of rela
tionships established over time through collective bar
gaining, nor otherwise affect the terms of any collective
bargaining agreements.5
At first glance, this public position may seem ex
treme, especially because in most communities where
committees have been formed, long or bitter strikes
have contributed to a poor labor-relations climate. But
because of the sanctity of bargaining, this official stance
is a prerequisite for encouraging committee participa
tion. In practice, however, many committee programs
do touch on collective bargaining relationships, though
they fall short of intervening in the bargaining process
itself.
Consistent with the general goal of “improving the
labor-management climate,” executive directors and
members of area committees have often been called
upon by the principal parties to serve as mediators in
contract negotiations or other labor disputes. Most
executive directors have had previous experience in me
diation. Over time, they become familiar with the
bargaining relationships in the local area and gain re
spect as a neutral party. In addition to the executive di
rector, members of the committee itself may facilitate
the bargaining process. In some cases, members have
served as personal messengers or go-betweens, transmit
ting to the parties the relative positions taken by the
other side. Committees have also been called upon to
study the positions of the parties and make impartial
recommendations. In other cases, they have recom
mended that the Federal Mediation and Conciliation
Service assume responsibility. In the final analysis,
whatever mediation role an area committee selects, its
participation must be very informal and conducted with
the utmost discretion.
Supporting local economic development. Local economic
development activities are aimed at encouraging existing
employers to maintain or expand their operations in the
area, and at persuading other firms to move into the
area. To the degree that worksite committees and an
area committee’s mediation roles may diffuse hostility in
labor-management relations, employers that otherwise
would move will be encouraged to remain in the area.
But encouraging new firms to locate in the area requires
a more active posture on the part of an area committee.
Most localities have one or more agencies designated
to promote economic development. Almost all area
committees have among their members a representative
from the local economic development community. This
liaison keeps local leaders informed about efforts at im
proving the local economy, brings a broader spectrum
of perspectives to the development process, and commu
nicates a sense of community cohesion. Local economic
development efforts are often politicized, fragmented,
and counterproductive because of jurisdictional strug
gles. Among other things, area committees have helped
to bridge these gulfs which sometimes separate compet
ing local agencies.
Numerous factors influence a company’s decision to
locate in one place versus another, and in many cases
the labor relations climate is an im portant consider
ation. The fact that labor and management are
interacting within the context of an area committee
projects a more positive image for the local community.
Furthermore, the cochairpersons and the executive di
rector of a committee can communicate directly with
potential employers, and in some cases these individuals
have been very effective in making the case for the
broad range of potential benefits associated with locat
ing in the area.
The role of the Federal Government
In 1976, Congressman Stanley Lundine, former may
or of Jamestown and a leading proponent of labormanagement cooperation, introduced the Human Re
source Development Act, which contained provisions
advocating Federal support for labor-management co
operation. But because much of the rest of the act was
similar to the Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment
Act, Lundine’s proposal was not reported out of com
mittee. In 1977, he introduced a second version of the
Human Resource Development Act, and, in 1978, the
labor-management cooperation provisions of the bill
were added as a rider to the Comprehensive Employ
ment and Training Act. The stated objectives of this
self-contained legislation, the Labor-Management Coop
eration Act of 1978, reflected many of the principles
and practices of area committees, such as improving
communications and working relationships between la
bor and management, providing workers and employers
with opportunities to explore joint approaches to prob
lems not amenable to resolution by collective
bargaining, and developing ways of increasing produc
tivity and promoting economic development. Further
more, the act provided for Federal assistance in the
formation of labor-management committees at the
worksite, industry, and areawide levels.6
The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service was
charged with implementing the provisions of the LaborManagement Cooperation Act of 1978. Although the
act authorized funding levels for 1979 and 1980, appro
priations were not approved until the spring of 1981,
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and then only after extensive lobbying efforts. The regu
lations subsequently adopted by the Federal Mediation
and Conciliation Service concerning areawide commit
tees provided that grants to existing committees could
be for up to 2 years, and grants to new ones could be
for 3. To date, the Federal Mediation and Conciliation
Service has funded seven committees which were al
ready in operation, and an equal number of new ones.
Other than these, no new committees have been formed.
Meanwhile, as noted earlier, the three traditional
sources of Federal funds— the Economic Development
Agency, the Appalachian Regional Commission, and
the Department of Labor— have all terminated their fi
nancial support.
It is as yet too soon to determine if the committees
receiving funds under the Labor-Management Coopera
tion Act will become self-sufficient, as the Federal Me
diation and Conciliation Service regulations assume they
should. There is strong evidence, however, that without
further Federal financing, new committees will not be
established and, as they seek alternative funding, those
already operating will risk jeopardizing their indepen
dence and flexibility— two essential elements of the area
labor-management committee concept.
□
--------- F O O T N O T E S ---------' See Selig Perlman and Philip Taft, H is to r y o f L a b o r in th e U n ite d
(New York, Macmillan, 1935); Dorothea de Schweinitz, L a b o r
a n d M a n a g e m e n t in a C o m m o n E n te rp r is e (Cambridge, Mass., Har
vard University Press, 1949); and William Gomberg, “Special Study
Committees,” in John T. Dunlop and Neil W. Chamberlain, eds.,
F ro n tie rs o f C o lle c tiv e B a rg a in in g (New York, Harper and Row, 1967).
2This article is based largely on the findings of a national study of
area labor-management committees conducted in 1980-1982 by the
Center for Labor and Human Resource Studies, Temple University,
under contract from the U.S. Department of Labor. The purpose of
the project was to assess the origins, structure, and function of these
unique institutional forms. The study used a comparative case method
and focused on eight representative sites: Buffalo and Jamestown,
N.Y.; Scranton, Pittsburgh, and Clinton County, Pa; Cumberland,
Md.; Paducah, Ky.; and Evansville, Ind. More than 100 area commit
tee participants and staff members were interviewed at length, and nu
merous other individuals and agencies were contacted. For the
detailed findings, see Richard D. Leone, Michael F. Eleey, David W.
Watkins, and Joel E. Gershenfeld, O p e ra tio n o f A r e a L a b o r -M a n a g e
m e n t C o m m itte e s (Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, LaborManagement Services Administration, 1982).
3See Charlene Gorda Costanzo and Joel E. Gershenfeld, A D e c a d e
S ta te s
o f C h a n g e: T h e Ten Y e a r R e p o r t o f th e J a m e s to w n A r e a L a b o r - M a n
a g e m e n t C o m m itte e (Jamestown, N.Y., Jamestown Areawide Labor-
Management Committee, 1982).
4 Presently there are over 30 area labor-management committees in
the United States, all but nine of which were established after James
town’s. For a comprehensive listing, see R e s o u r c e G u id e to L a b o r M a n a g e m e n t C o o p era tio n (Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Labor-Management Services Administration, 1982), pp. 190-2.
5The Toledo, Ohio, area labor-management committee is an excep
tion to this pattern of official non-involvement in collective
bargaining. Since its inception in 1945, the Toledo committee has
served as the city’s official mediation agency.
6F e d e r a l R e g is te r (General Services Administration), Dec. 11, 1981,
p. 60645.
41
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Research Summaries
Number of occupational deaths
remained essentially unchanged in 1981
Ja n e t M a c o n
Bureau of Labor Statistics survey results show that the
number of work-related deaths in private-sector estab
lishments employing 11 or more workers, was 4,370 in
1981, compared with 4,400 in 1980 (table l).1 The cor
responding fatality rate was essentially the same— 7.6
per 100,000 full-time workers in 1981 and 7.7 in 1980.
(Overall the number of employees on the job and the
hours they worked changed only slightly between 1980
and 1981.)
Employers participating in the Annual Survey of Oc
cupational Injuries and Illnesses were asked to supply
specific information about all deaths caused by hazards
in the work environment, that is, the object or event
most closely associated with the circumstances of the fa
tality. Estimates of the percentage of fatalities by cause
represent the 2-year average for the 1980 and 1981 sur
veys. Percentages were calculated for the 2 years com
bined rather than for each year separately as large
sampling errors at the industry division level preclude
precise comparisons based on year-to-year changes.
The 4,370 fatalities represent all deaths reported re
sulting from a job-related injury or illness in 1981, re
gardless of the length of time between the injury and
death or the length of illness resulting in death. Of
these, about 460 were related to illness.
The percentage of fatalities in wholesale and retail
trade increased from 13 percent of the total in 1980 to
17 percent in 1981. The construction industry account
ed for 18 percent of fatalities, which continued to be
more than three times the industry’s share of employ
ment (5 percent), and the mining industry had 11 per
cent of the fatalities— about six times its share of
employment (2 percent). Manufacturing continued to
have the largest number of fatalities among the industry
divisions, but the percentage of the total dropped from
25 in 1980 to 23 in 1981.
Analysis by cause
Falls contributed to about 11 percent of the deaths.
About half occurred in the construction industry, which
had only 5 percent of total employment.
Heart attacks, which were about 11 percent of the
total, occurred at a slightly higher frequency in the con
struction and transportation and public utilities indus
tries when compared with employment percentages.
Accidents involving industrial vehicles or equipment
caused about 10 percent of the fatal cases; nearly onethird occurred in construction. About one-sixth of these
fatalities occurred in the oil and gas extraction industry,
which is unusually high, because this industry had less
than 1 percent of total employment.
About 6 percent of the deaths were by electrocutions;
nearly one-third occurred in construction. About threefifths of the gunshot fatalities took place in wholesale
and retail trade, an industry with 24 percent of total
private-sector employment. One-fifth of the deaths from
aircraft crashes were in the oil and gas extraction sector
of the mining industry.
Manufacturing, which had 31 percent of employment,
incurred 56 percent of total deaths caused by fire, 83
percent of deaths caused by plant machinery operation,
46 percent of deaths caused by explosions, and 57 per
cent of deaths caused by gas inhalation.
Analysis by industry
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Nearly half of all
deaths in this industry were caused by over-the-road
motor vehicles (23 percent) and industrial types of vehi
cles or equipment (25 percent). Heart attacks were the
cause of death in 14 percent of the cases and electrocu
tions in 12 percent.
Mining— oil and gas extraction only. Accidents with
over-the-road motor vehicles and equipment combined
accounted for nearly 3 of every 5 deaths in this segment
of the mining industry. Falls and aircraft crashes each
contributed 9 percent of the fatalities.
Construction. As in previous years, falls were the major
cause of death in the construction industry, accounting
for 29 percent of all cases. Accidents involving over-theroad motor vehicles caused 15 percent of all fatalities
and industrial vehicles or equipment caused 16 percent.
Ten percent of all cases were due to electrocution.
Four major causes of death were over-the-road motor
vehicles, falls, heart attacks, and industrial vehicles or
equipment, accounting for more than 60 percent of all
cases (table 2).
Accidents with over-the-road m otor vehicles caused
about 30 percent of the deaths, about one-third occur
ring in transportation and public utilities industries,
which had only 7 percent of total employment (table 3).
Manufacturing. Accidents attributable to over-the-road
motor vehicles were the major cause of death in this in
dustry accounting for 1 of every 5 cases. Heart attacks,
industrial vehicles or equipment, falls, and plant ma
chinery operations accounted for 40 percent of all cases.
Janet Macon is a statistician in the Office of Occupational Safety and
Health Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Transportation and public utilities. Over half of all cases
were attributable to accidents involving over-the-road
42
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Table 1. Occupational injury and illness fatalities and employment for employers with 11 employees or more by industry,
1980 and 1981
Fatalities
Annual average employment1
1980
Industry division
1981
1980
1981
Percent
Number
(thousands)
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
62,263
100
62,981
100
4,400
100
4,370
100
806
949
3,103
19,616
4,667
15,293
4,071
13,758
1
2
5
32
7
24
7
22
845
1,047
2,982
19,507
4,677
15,475
4,183
14,265
1
2
5
31
7
24
7
23
140
460
830
1,080
810
580
150
350
3
10
19
25
18
13
3
8
130
500
800
990
750
730
120
350
3
11
18
23
17
17
3
8
Number
(thousands)
Private sector ...............................................
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing...............................
Mining .......................................................................
Construction..............................................................
Manufacturing ..........................................................
Transportation and public utilities.............................
Wholesale and retail trad e........................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate ........................
Services ..................................................................
posite of data from State unemployment insurance programs and an average quarterly esti
mate of hired farmworkers engaged in agricultural production from the Department of
Agriculture. The estimate Is adjusted to exclude employment on farms with fewer than 11 em
ployees.
1
Annual average employment for nonagricultural industries is based on the employment
and earnings survey conducted by BLS, in cooperation with State agencies. The employ
ment estimate for the services division is adjusted to exclude the nonfarm portion of agricul
tural services and nondassifiable establishments. Employment estimates have been adjusted
based on County Business Patterns to exclude establishments with fewer than 11 employ
ees. Annual average employment for the agriculture, forestery, and fishing division is a com
N ote :
Because of rounding, components may not add to totals.
Services. Accidents involving over-the-road motor vehi
cles were the cause of 37 percent of all fatalities in this
industry and heart attacks were the cause of 15 percent.
Twelve percent of all cases were caused by objects or
events not specified in the table. These come under “all
other” causes and include, for example, contact with
toxic substances, drowning, and freezing or extreme
cold.
m otor vehicles. Heart attacks and electrocutions con
tributed 9 percent each.
Wholesale and retail trade. The major cause of death in
this industry was accidents involving over-the-road mo
tor vehicles (33 percent). Gunshot injuries (mainly as a
result of robberies) and heart attacks each contributed
16 percent of the fatalities.
Background of survey
Finance, insurance, and real estate. Nearly three of every
4 cases in this industry involved either over-the-road
m otor vehicle accidents (49 percent) or heart attacks
(24 percent).
The Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and
Illnesses is a Federal and State program in which re
ports are received and processed by State agencies par-
Table 2. Distribution by industry division: causes of fatalities resulting from occupational injury and illness in units with 11
employees or more, private sector, 1980 and 19811
[In percent]
Cause2
Total3
Mining —
Agriculture, oil and gas
forestry,
extraction Construction
and fishing
only
Manufacturing
Transportation Wholesale
and
and
public
retail
utilities4
trade
Finance,
insurance,
and real
estate
Services
T o ta l.......................................................................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Over-the-road motor vehicles ..........................................................
Falls ..................................................................................................
Heart a tta cks ....................................................................................
Industrial vehicles or equipment.......................................................
Struck by objects other than vehicles or equipment........................
Electrocutions ..................................................................................
Gunshots...........................................................................................
Aircraft crashes ................................................................................
Caught in, under, or between objects other than vehicles or
equipment .....................................................................................
Fires ..................................................................................................
Plant machinery operations..............................................................
Explosions.........................................................................................
Gas Inhalations..................................................................................
All oth e r.............................................................................................
30
11
11
10
7
6
4
3
23
5
14
25
1
12
4
4
29
9
4
29
5
6
0
9
15
29
7
16
21
10
10
10
37
9
15
( 5)
8
8
10
6
2
2
33
4
16
2
12
2
16
1
49
3
24
8
55
5
9
4
3
9
2
3
0
0
1
3
5
4
3
3
3
2
2
1
3
1
1
1
5
1
3
4
1
( 5)
( 6)
3
6
10
1
3
1
3
4
4
4
4
( 5)
2
<5)
4
11t is Impossible to estimate year-to-year changes precisely because at the Industry division
level sampling errors are large. Therefore, the results are for both years rather than a compari-
4 Excludes railroads,
5 Less than 1 percent.
son between them.
2 Cause is defined as the object or event associated with the fatality.
3 Excludes coal, metal and nonmetal mining, and railroads, for which data are not available.
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( 5)
3
( 5)
2
1
4
6
1
1
1
1
3
( 5)
5
16
2
0
0
0
( 5)
1
2
1
( 5)
1
12
Because of rounding, percentages may not add to 100.
43
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Research Summaries
Table 3. Distribution by cause: fatalities resulting from occupational injury and illness in units with 11 employees or more,
private sector, by industry division, 1980 and 19811
[In percent]
Cause2
Over-the-road motor vehicles.........................................................
F a lls ..................................................................................................
Heart attacks ..................................................................................
Industrial vehicles or equipment .....................................................
Struck by objects other than vehicles or equipment ......................
Electrocutions ..................................................................................
Gunshots .........................................................................................
Aircraft crashes................................................................................
Caught in, under, or between objects other than vehicles or
equipm ent....................................................................................
F ire s..................................................................................................
Plant machinery operations..............................................................
Explosions.........................................................................................
Gas inhalation ..................................................................................
All other ...........................................................................................
Total3
Mining —
Agriculture, oil and gas
forestry,
extraction
and fishing
only
Transportation Wholesale
and
and
retail
public
trade
utilities4
Finance,
insurance,
and real
estate
Services
3
2
5
9
1
7
4
5
6
5
2
17
5
6
0
20
10
50
13
31
24
31
( 5)
11
18
24
25
26
33
24
11
23
32
7
14
6
8
25
10
20
17
5
23
4
28
5
63
6
( 5)
5
10
7
11
7
1
3
11
11
100
100
100
100
100
100
2
4
2
2
3
4
2
6
1
2
1
6
24
6
3
27
15
12
24
56
83
46
57
27
4
14
2
15
10
15
26
6
6
7
10
12
15
2
0
0
0
( 5)
4
5
3
2
4
24
ticipating with BLS. The occupational fatality data re
ported are based on the records which employers
maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health Act
of 1970. Excluded from coverage under the act are
working conditions which are covered by other Federal
safety and health laws.
The survey covers units in private industries. Exclud
ed are the self-employed; farmers with fewer than 11
employees; private households; and employees in Feder
al, State, and local government agencies. In a separate
reporting system, agencies of the Federal Government
are filing reports comparable with those of private in
dustry with the Secretary of Labor.
The 1981 survey, to which response was mandatory,
involved a sample of 220,000 units with 11 or more em
ployees. Estimates based on a sample may differ from
figures that would have been obtained had a complete
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Manufacturing
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1It is impossible to estimate year-to-year changes precisely because at the industry division
level sampling errors are large. Therefore, the results are for both years rather than a compari
son between them.
2 Cause is defined as the object or event associated with the fatality.
3 Excludes coal, metal and nonmetal mining, and railroads, for which data are not available.
44
Construction
5
1
7
( 5)
0
0
4 Excludes railroads.
5 Less than 1 percent.
N ote :
Because of rounding, percentages may not add to 100.
census of establishments been possible using the same
schedules and procedures. Relative standard errors are
calculated for the estimates generated from the Annual
Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses and are
made available to the public.
□
--------- F O O T N O T E ---------1Since 1977, the fatality data have been published only for units
with 11 employees or more because the reductions of the survey sam
ples affected primarily employers with fewer than 11 employees. The
reductions were in response to presidential directives on reducing the
paperwork burden of employers selected to participate in statistical
surveys. Data for occupational fatalities in coal, metal and nonmetal
mining, and railroads were provided by the Mine Safety and Health
Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor and by the Federal
Railroad Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation;
however, data were not provided on the objects or events which re
sulted in on-the-job deaths for these industrial activities.
See “Occupational deaths declined in 1980, BLS survey finds,”
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , January 1982, pp. 49-52.
M ajor Agreements
Expiring Next M onth
This list of selected collective bargaining agreements expiring in June is based on contracts on file
in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering
1,000 workers or more.
E m p lo y e r an d lo c a tio n
L a b o r o r g a n iz a tio n 1
I n d u str y
N u m ber of
w orkers
1,650
1,750
1,000
1,300
1,400
1,000
Acme Markets, Inc. (Pennsylvania)......................................................................
Affiliated Hospitals of San Francisco (California) ...........................................
Allis-Chalmers Corp. (Pennsylvania)...................................................................
Aluminum Co. of America (Interstate) ..............................................................
Amax, Inc., United States Metals Refining Co. (New Jersey) .....................
AM F Harley-Davidson Motor Co., Inc. (W isco n sin )......................................
Associated General Contractors of America, Inc.
California-Northern Chapters, 4 agreements ................................................
Retail trade ................................
H o s p ita ls ......................................
Machinery ...................................
Primary metals ...........................
Primary m e t a ls ...........................
Transportation equipment . . . .
Food and Commercial W o r k e rs...........
American Nurses Association .............
Machinists ................................................
Auto W orkers...........................................
Steelworkers ..............................................
Allied Industrial Workers .....................
Construction................................
Georgia Chapter (Atlanta, G a . ) ........................................................................
Oklahoma Chapter.................................................................................................
Rhode Island Chapter .........................................................................................
San Diego Chapter (California) .........................................................................
Seattle and Tacoma Chapters (W ashington)...................................................
Southern California Chapters, 6 agreements (California) ...........................
Construction................................
Construction................................
Construction................................
Construction................................
Construction................................
Construction................................
Association of Steel Erectors and Heavy Equipment Operators, Inc.
(Georgia)
Avco Corp., Aerostructures Division (Nashville, T e n n .)................................
Avco Corp., Lycoming Division (Williamsport, Pa.) .....................................
Construction................................
Laborers; Operating Engineers; Plaster
ers and Cement Masons; and
Teamsters (Ind.)
L aborers......................................................
Operating E ngineers................................
Carpenters ................................................
Operating E ngineers................................
Iron Workers ...........................................
Carpenters; Laborers; Operating Engi
neers; Plumbers; and Teamsters (Ind.)
Iron Workers ...........................................
Transportation equipment . . . .
Transportation equipment . . . .
Machinists ................................................
Auto W ork ers...........................................
2,100
1,150
Boise Cascade Corp. (Rumford, Me.)
................................................................
Paper ..............................................
Paperworkers
...........................................
1,200
Carrier Corp., Elliott Co. Division (Pennsylvania)...........................................
Celanese Corp., 2 agreements (South Carolina and V irg in ia )........................
Central Hudson Gas and Electric Corp. (New Y o r k )......................................
Clark Equipment Co. (Michigan) .........................................................................
Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc. (New York, N .Y .) ...................
Container Corp. of America (Interstate)..............................................................
Contracting Plasterers Association of Southern California, Inc. (California)
CPC International, Inc., Corn Products (Interstate)........................................
Machinery ...................................
Chem icals......................................
Utilities ........................................
Transportation equipment . . . .
Utilities ........................................
P ap er..............................................
Construction................................
Food products ...........................
Steelworkers ..............................................
Clothing and Textile Workers .............
Electrical Workers (IBEW) ...................
Auto W ork ers...........................................
Utility W ork ers........................................
Paperworkers and Operating Engineers
Plasterers and Cement M ason s.............
Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers . .
1,100
3,650
1,000
1,000
16,700
2,500
2,000
1,800
Dan River, Inc., Danville Division (Virginia) ...................................................
Textiles ........................................
Textile W orkers........................................
7,000
Foster Wheeler Energy Corp. (Dansville, N .Y .)................................................
Fabricated metal products
Machinists
................................................
1,050
Georgia Power Co. (G eo rg ia ).................................................................................
Georgia-Pacific Corp., Crossett Division-Paper (Crossett, A r k .)...................
Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound (Seattle, Wash.) ........................
Utilities ........................................
P ap er..............................................
H o s p ita ls .....................................
Electrical Workers (IBEW) ...................
Paperworkers ...........................................
American Nurses Association .............
5,450
1,350
1,200
Iron Worker Employers of California and Nevada (California and Nevada)
Construction................................
Iron Workers
...........................................
5,500
J. I. Case Co. (Interstate).........................................................................................
Machinery ...................................
Auto W ork ers...........................................
7,600
Kennecott Copper Corp., Utah Copper Division, 2 agreements (Utah) . . .
Primary metals ...........................
Steelworkers ..............................................
2,400
League of New York Theatres, Inc. (New Y o r k )..............................................
A m usem ents................................
Actors ........................................................
1,500
Magnavox Consumer Electronics Co. (Greeneville, Tenn.) ...........................
Master Lock Co. (Milwaukee, Wis.) ...................................................................
Maytag Co. (I o w a )...................................................................................................
Mechanical Contractors Association of Northern California, Inc.
(California)
Manufacturers of Illumination Products, Inc. (Interstate).............................
Motor Wheel Corp. (Lansing, Mich.) ................................................................
Electrical products.....................
Fabricated metal products . . .
Electrical products.....................
Construction................................
Electrical Workers (IUE) ......................
Auto W orkers...........................................
Auto W orkers...........................................
Plumbers ...................................................
2,600
1,250
1,950
1,450
Electrical products.....................
Transportation equipment . . . .
Electrical Workers (IBEW) ...................
Allied Industrial Workers .....................
1,150
2,500
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
. . .
24,800
1,600
1,200
1,500
3,500
5,000
79,000
1,300
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Major Agreements Expiring Next Month
Continued— Major Agreements Expiring Next Month
E m p lo y e r an d lo c a tio n
I n d u str y
L a b o r o r g a n iz a t io n '
N u m ber of
w orkers
New York Electrical Contractors Association, Inc., and 2 others
(New York)
New York State Electric and Gas Corp. (New Y o r k )......................................
Northern California Home Builders Conference, Master Agreement
(California)
Construction................................
Electrical Workers (IBEW) ...................
9,600
Utilities ........................................
Construction................................
Electrical Workers (IBEW) ...................
Carpenters ................................................
2,900
12,000
Pacific Coast Shipbuilding and Repair (Interstate)2 ........................................
Pacific Coast Shipbuilding and Repair (Interstate)2 ........................................
Painting and Decorating Contractors Association
Central Coast Counties, Inc. and 1 other (C alifornia)................................
Oregon Council and 2 Associations (Interstate)...........................................
(San Francisco, C a lif .) .........................................................................................
Phelps Dodge Corp., Morenci Branch (A r iz o n a )..............................................
Plumbing-Heating and Piping Industry Council (C aliforn ia)........................
Transportation equipment . . . .
Transportation equipment . . . .
Carpenters ................................................
Metal Trades C o u n c il..............................
1,700
35,000
Construction................................
Construction................................
Construction................................
Primary metals ...........................
Construction................................
Painters ......................................................
Painters ......................................................
Painters ......................................................
Steelworkers ..............................................
Plumbers ...................................................
2,000
1,200
1,700
1,000
9,000
Reliance Electric Co. (O h io )...................................................................................
Rush-Presbyterian-St. Lukes Medical Center (Chicago, 111.) ........................
Electrical products.....................
H o s p ita ls ......................................
Electrical Workers (IUE) .....................
Professional and Technical; Service Em
ployees; and Teamsters (Ind.)
1,200
1,000
Seattle Area Hospital Council (Seattle, Wash.) ................................................
Sheet Metal Heating and Air Conditioning Contractors (California)...........
South Central Employers Field Construction (Interstate)2 ..............................
Southern California General Contractors (California)2 ...................................
H o sp ita ls......................................
Construction................................
Construction................................
Construction................................
American Nurses Association .............
Sheet Metal Workers .............................
Boilerm akers..............................................
Plasterers and Cement M ason s.............
3,000
1,100
2,900
5,000
Tecumseh Products Co., Lauson Engine Division (W isconsin).....................
Teledyne Continental Motors, General Products Division (Michigan) . . . .
Machinery ...................................
Machinery ...................................
Machinists ................................................
Auto W ork ers...........................................
2,000
1,100
Underground Contractors Association (Interstate)...........................................
Union Electric Co., 2 agreements (In tersta te)...................................................
Union Electric Co. (Interstate)..............................................................................
Construction................................
Utilities ........................................
Utilities ........................................
L aborers......................................................
Electrical Workers (IBEW) ...................
Operating E ngineers................................
1,200
2,650
1,650
Wagner Castings Co. (Decatur, 111.) ...................................................................
Western Steel Council (California) ......................................................................
Primary metals ...........................
Fabricated metal products . . .
Allied Industrial Workers .....................
Iron Workers ...........................................
1,200
2,200
American Federation of State, County
and Municipal Employees
National Education A ssociation ...........
American Federation of State, County
and Municipal Employees
American Federation of State, County
and Municipal Employees
42,550
Government activity
Florida: Human Services, Professional, and Operational S e r v ic es................
M ultidepartment........................
Maryland: Baltimore County Board of Education, Professional Employees
Michigan: Detroit Municipal Employees ...........................................................
E ducation......................................
M ultidepartm ent........................
Minnesota: Multidepartment .................................................................................
M ultidepartm ent........................
1Affiliated with AFL-CIO except where noted as independent. (Ind.).
2Industry area (group of companies signing same contract).
46
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6,300
8,000
17,000
Developments in
Industrial Relations
Steel accord gives employers cost relief
The problems of the steel industry’s employers and
employees were eased when the Coordinating Commit
tee Steel Companies and the Steelworkers union negoti
ated a 41-month contract calling for labor cost cuts in
return for improved job security and more aid for laidoff workers. Union vice president Joseph Odorcich said
the settlement “sent a message to a lot of our detrac
tors,” referring to the criticism the union had drawn for
turning down two earlier concessionary proposals the
industry had made to help counter lagging sales attrib
uted to the recession, increased foreign competition, and
plant obsolescence. (See Monthly Labor Review, March
1983, p. 43.) The domestic steel industry lost $3.3 bil
lion in 1982.
Chief industry negotiator J. Bruce Johnston, a vice
president of U.S. Steel Corp., praised the union’s re
sponse to “their own and the industry’s severe competi
tive disadvantage.” He said that the accord will give the
industry badly needed “interim relief” but is not “a per
manent answer” to its problems.
The union’s Basic Steel Industry Conference— a body
of local union leaders which has the final decision on
proposed settlements in the industry— approved the
terms by a 169 to 63 vote. One apparent reason for the
approval was that the local leaders viewed these conces
sions as less extensive than those proposed in Novem
ber 1982. Also, most of the wage and benefits cuts will
be restored prior to the contract’s July 31, 1976, termi
nation date. In fact, one industry official estimated that
at the end of the contract the employers’ labor costs
will be 11 percent higher than the 1982 average of
$23.78 an hour, based on the automatic cost-of-living
pay adjustments triggered by an estimated 7-percent an
nual rise in consumer prices.
The major union concession was a $1.31 an hour pay
cut that included elimination of a 6-cent cost-of-living
allowance accumulated since November 1982 under
provisions of the superseded 3-year agreement, which
“Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben
of the Division of Developments in Labor-Management Relations,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from
secondary sources.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
had been scheduled to run through July 1983. (Cost-ofliving adjustments totaled $1.73 under the 1980 agree
ment, but $1.67 was automatically incorporated into
base pay rates, leaving 6 cents in the allowance at the
time of the 1983 settlement.) For workers paid on an
incentive basis, the pay reduction was somewhat more
than $1.31 because it included a 62.5-cent reduction in
their incentive calculation rate and a 62.5-cent reduction
in their “hourly additive.” In any case, the cuts of $1.25
will be restored: for employees paid on a straight hourly
basis; 40 cents will be restored on February 1 of 1984
and 1985, and the remaining 45 cents on February 1,
1986; for incentive employees, 20 cents will be restored
to both the incentive calculation rates and the hourly
additive on February 1 of 1984 and 1985, followed by a
22.5-cent restoration to the additive and the incentive
calculation rates on February 1, 1986.
In addition to giving up the 6-cent cost-of-living al
lowance, the employees will not receive the May 1983
cost-of-living adjustment scheduled under the previous
accord, or the four quarterly adjustments that would
have been effective during the August 1983-July 1984
portion of the new contract. After July 1984, employees
will receive quarterly adjustments calculated at the
existing rate of 1 cent an hour for each 0.3-point move
ment in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage
Earners and Clerical Workers (1967=100), but payable
only to the extent that any index rise from March 1984
to March 1985 exceeds 4 percent. Similarly, in the final
12 months of the contract, the first two adjustments
will be paid only to the extent that the index rises more
than 1.5 percent from March 1985. The final two ad
justments (in February and May of 1986) will not be
subject to any such offset. The union estimated that the
workers would receive a total of 70 cents in adjust
ments over the term of the contract if the index rises at
a 7-percent annual rate during the last 2 years of the
agreement.
In another pay concession, the premium rate for reg
ularly scheduled nonovertime work on Sunday was re
duced to time and one-quarter from time and one-half,
beginning March 1, 1983, to May 1, 1986, when it will
be restored to time and one-half.
The Extended Vacation Plan was eliminated. Under
this plan, employees in the top half of the seniority roll
47
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Developments in Industrial Relations
received 13 weeks off (including regular annual vaca
tion) every 5 years, and junior employees received 3
weeks plus their regular annual vacation.
All employees eligible for at least 2 weeks of annual
vacation will lose 1 week in 1983, but that week will be
restored for subsequent years. The parties also eliminat
ed the vacation bonus, an amount that employees had
received in addition to regular vacation pay to encour
age them to take time off in periods other than the sum
mer months. The bonus was $30, $50, or $75 a week,
depending on when the vacation was taken.
Also eliminated was the Savings and Vacation Plan
that had been established in 1962 to provide retirement,
savings, and supplemental vacation benefits. At the time
of the 1983 settlement, the companies were financing
the plan at the rate of about 15 cents per hour worked
by covered employees.
The final change in paid time off was elimination of
United Nations Day as an annual paid holiday, reduc
ing paid time off to 10 days.
One of the union’s major demands was met when the
industry agreed to special incentives to induce some
older workers to retire early and open jobs for laid-off
employees. To be eligible for the early-out, employees
must be at least age 60, have at least 30 years of ser
vice, and retire before May 1, 1983. The $400-a-month
supplement to the regular pension begins in the fourth
month of retirement and continues for at least 12
months or until age 62, whichever come later. The
union estimated that 10,000 employees were eligible for
this benefit.
The steel companies agreed to raise their financing of
Supplemental Unemployment Benefits from 17.5 cents
an hour to 67.5 cents. After February 1, 1986, the rate
will be reduced to 42.5 cents. In addition, the compa
nies agreed to new short-term and long-term guarantees
of weekly benefits to laid-oif workers, regardless of the
condition of the SUB fund. Under the short-term aspect,
effective from March 1, 1983 to May 31, 1983, laid-off
workers with 2 to 19 years of service were guaranteed
payments equal to at least 30 percent of the amount
they would receive if the fund was at the maximum lev
el. (Laid-off employees with 20 years of service already
were guaranteed full normal benefits for 2 years, regard
less of fund level.) Under the long-term provision, laidoff employees with 10 to 20 years of service were guar
anteed that payments for lost weeks including May 31,
1983, and ending prior to January 1, 1984, will be at
least 30 percent of normal benefits. For lost weeks fall
ing between January 1, 1984, and February 1, 1986, the
guarantee will stay at 30 percent for laid-off workers
with 10 but less than 15 years of service and increase to
60 percent for those with 15 but less than 20 years of
service.
A major issue in the negotiations was resolved when
48
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the employers agreed to “apply the savings received
from the moderations contained in this agreement ex
clusively to the needs of the existing facilities covered
by this agreement.” The unions considered this provi
sion vital because some union members were concerned
that management might use cost savings for operations
outside of steel production.
The union did not gain its demand for guarantees
that the companies would not shut down steelmaking
facilities. The rejected November 1982 proposal had
called for a 1-year moratorium on plant closings, but
some union members criticized it because it would not
preclude partial shutdowns or layoffs.
A major factor in the negotiations that had a varying
cost impact on the seven companies was their success in
settling local issues, which were negotiated on a compa
ny-by-company basis. In local talks, the companies
sought to reduce labor costs by modifying work rules
that restricted output.
As expected, the parties did not renew the Experi
mental Negotiating Agreement, which they had allowed
to lapse in 1980. Had it been in effect, employees would
have been assured a 3-percent annual rise in compensa
tion, continuation of the cost-of-living adjustment
clause, and a $150 bonus payment in exchange for giv
ing up the right to strike over national economic issues.
The demise of the agreement apparently resulted from
management’s concern that the wages and benefits guar
anteed by the agreement was exceeding the cost savings
resulting from more stable production.
The new wage-and-benefit terms covered about
265.000 active and laid-off employees of the seven com
panies and are expected to set a pattern for Steelwork
ers’ settlements for 100,000 employees of other com
panies. The seven Coordinating Committee Steel
Companies are: U.S. Steel Corp., Bethlehem Steel
Corp., Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Republic Steel
Corp., Inland Steel Corp., National Steel Corp., and
Armco, Inc. In February, Allegheny Ludlum Steel
Corp. left the association.
No wage changes in can contracts
After the steel settlement, the Steelworkers negotiated
3-year contracts with four can companies. These con
tracts did not provide for any wage changes (other than
possible automatic cost-of-living adjustments) or chang
es in benefits. The companies involved in the settlement
were American Can Co., Continental Group Inc., Na
tional Can Co., and Crown Cork and Seal Co.
The new contracts run to February 16, 1986, super
seding the balance of agreements that had been
scheduled to expire in February 1984. Continuation of
the cost-of-living clause means that the pay of the
17.000 workers will continue to be adjusted quarterly
by 1 cent an hour for each 0.3-point movement in the
Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and
Clerical Workers (1967=100). Under the superseded
agreement, cost-of-living pay increases had totaled $1.35
an hour. There was one change in the cost-of-living pro
vision: the accrued allowance will be incorporated into
base pay rate annually (beginning in February 1984),
rather than quarterly. This will save the employers
some money because it will result in less frequent in
creases in those benefits that are linked to base pay
rates.
An official of American Can Co., speaking for all of
the firms, said the agreement represents a “major step
toward a labor-management recognition of the common
problems affecting the companies and our workers alike.
Independent can makers are faced with a mature, slowgrowth industry that is undergoing rapid technological
change and encountering growing competition from
nonunion can makers and alternative packaging mate
rials.”
Robert J. Petris, the official who led the union’s
bargaining team, said, “Basically we agreed to extend
our current contracts another two years to help these
can companies stay competitive, but we didn’t give up
anything.” Apparently, the members of the union’s
Container Industry Conference also viewed the settle
ment favorably— particularly in comparison with the
steel accord— as they gave it final approval by a 65 to
31 vote.
Nine glass container companies settle
In the glass container industry, nine companies set
tled with the Glass, Pottery and Plastics Workers on
3-year contracts that were expected to set a pattern for
four other companies. The bargaining at the 13 compa
nies covered 50,000 employees.
The contracts provided for general wage increases of
25 cents an hour in April 1983, 20 cents in September
1983, and 30 cents in April of 1984 and 1985. Employ
ees in all areas except the West Coast will receive an
additional 1-cent-an-hour increase on each of the dates
to reduce a geographic pay disparity. Skilled employees
at all locations will receive an additional 28 cents in the
first contract year.
Improvements in job security included 90 days of pay
if the employer does not give a 90-day advance notice
of a shutdown; a 5-year recall right for laid-off workers
(previously 2 years); 6 months of insurance continuation
for laid-off workers; and a provision for negotiation of
severance benefits in the event of plant closings.
Insurance changes included a $3,000 increase in life
coverage, bringing the range to $16,000-$ 18,000; a $30
a week increase in sickness and accident benefits to a
range of $160-$ 180; and improved dental coverage.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Union president James E. Hatfield said the settlement
terms prove that “labor can win a good contract despite
a faltering economy.”
The largest of the companies that settled was OwensIllinois Inc., with 12,000 workers covered at about 25
locations. Other companies were Brockway Glass Corp.,
Midland Glass Co., Thatcher Glass Manufacturing Co.,
Foster-Forbes Division of National Can Co., Glass
Container Corp., Ball Corp., Kerr Glass Manufacturing
Co., and Indian Head, Inc. The companies still bar
gaining were Anchor Hocking Glass Corp., Diamond
Glass Co., Glenshaw Glass Co., and Chattanooga
Glass Co.
Dow contract eliminates cost-of-living clause
In Midland, Mich., Dow Chemical Co. and Steel
workers’ local 12075 negotiated a 3-year contract that
provided for specified wage increases, but eliminated the
automatic cost-of-living pay adjustment clause and
made other changes beneficial to the company. The con
tract for the 2,600 employees deferred the date of the
initial 4-percent specified wage increase to October 17,
to be followed by a 3-percent increase on August 13,
1984, and another 4-percent increase on February 11,
1985. Dow gained the right to reduce starting pay rates
by $2.50-$4 an hour for employees hired into the four
lowest labor grades. A company official said the pur
pose “was to make it possible for us to make greater
use of summer jobs for students,” most of whom are
sons and daughters of Dow employees.
To some extent, the termination of the provision for
automatic quarterly cost-of-living pay adjustments
could be offset by a new provision permitting the union
to reopen wage negotiations prior to February 11, 1985,
if the Consumer Price Index rises more than 6 percent
from December 1983 to December 1984. Similarly,
Dow can initiate talks if the index rises less than 2 per
cent.
The agreement also provided for changes in work
rules and practices that the company said, “will help us
do our job better and go a long way towards strength
ening the jobs of our employees;” the hiring of contrac
tors for some work, subject to some restrictions, during
periods of slack business; changes in the health insur
ance to help contain costs; and expansion and broaden
ing of apprenticeship training to better prepare workers
for the “multi-craftsman” job category established 6
years earlier to increase the scope of job assignments.
Construction unions give employers cost relief
Continued high unemployment in the construction in
dustry led unions in several areas to agree to wage cuts
and freezes, changes in work rules, and changes in
49
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Developments in Industrial Relations
bargaining approaches. A major factor in the unions’
decisions was the increasing inroads of nonunion
contractors which caused high unemployment among
unionized construction workers, along with the general
economic condition of the construction industry.
In Oregon and southwest Washington, 270 builders
and four unions (Carpenters, Teamsters, Laborers, and
Cement Finishers) representing more than 20,000
employees negotiated a 39-month contract that freezes
wages for the first 27 months. During the final 12
months, wages will be adjusted based on the movement
of consumer prices, and up to 90 cents an hour will be
used to maintain existing health and welfare benefits.
In a move to improve the contractors ability to bid
on projects, the Carpenters, Teamsters, and Laborers
unions agreed to new pay rates for light commercial
projects 20 percent lower than the previous uniform
rate for all commercial work.
In eastern Washington, and northern Idaho, more
than 6,000 construction workers represented by five
unions agreed to a number of changes in work rules
and a 1-year freeze to aid their employers. William N.
Sarver, the head of the unions’ bargaining team, said
the aid was necessary because union construction
workers had lost 40 percent of the regions’ construction
to nonunion shops over the past 5 years.
The 3-year accord does not provide for a wage in
crease during the first contract year, which begins when
the existing contract expires on June 1, 1983. It does
provide for possible wage changes in the second and
third years, depending on the movement of the C P I .
Other terms included: a 25-cent-an-hour increase in
the employer payment to health and welfare funds in
June 1983 for maintaining benefit levels (additional fi
nancing will also become available in June of 1984 and
1985); a 20-percent pay cut for most work on commer
cial buildings costing $2 million or less, and on private
utility projects regardless of value; 1 or 2 hours “show-
50
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
up” pay, rather than 4 hours; time and one-half pay for
all overtime work, rather than the double-time pay
called for in some contracts; elimination of “me-too”
clauses under which any advantage gained by a union
at a building site was automatically extended to all
other unions at the location; greater employer leeway in
scheduling lunch periods; and establishment of a 45mile “free zone” for travel.
The unions involved in the settlement were the
Teamsters, Carpenters, Cement Masons, Laborers, and
Operating Engineers. The employers involved comprise
the Inland Empire Chapter of the Associated General
Contractors Association.
In Rockford, 111., seven construction unions moved to
reduce work stoppages by agreeing on a single multi
trade contract. Previously, each trade negotiated
separate agreements which expired at various times,
increasing the possibility of strikes or lockouts. Several
more unions are expected to join the multitrade
contract when their current agreements expire.
The new 3-year agreement with the Northern Illinois
Building Contractors Association provides for a wage
freeze during the first year. In the second and third
year, employees will receive wage increases contingent
on the movement of the Consumer Price Index. The
agreement provided for continuation of nonuniform pay
rates for all of the trades, but the possible second and
third year pay increases will be uniform.
In addition to the multitrade bargaining approach,
the parties also adopted another tactic used elsewhere
when they agreed on a common effort to increase their
share of the available work. The effort, called “Project
First Rate” will be financed by the 170-member
contractors in the area, and is designed to increase the
public’s awareness of construction activity; improve
productivity of union workers; and attain better
working relationship with government agencies and
construction users.
□
Book Reviews
Labor in international waters
Labor Relations in Advanced Industrial Societies: Issues
and Problems. Edited by Benjamin Martin and Ev
erett M. Kassalow. Washington, Carnegie Endow
ment for International Peace, 1980. 206 pp. $10.
The OECD Guidelines fo r Multinational Enterprises and
Labor Relations, 1976-79: Experience and Review.
By Roger Blanpain. Deventer, The Netherlands,
Kluwer, 1979. 309 pp. Distributed in the United
States by Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers,
Hingham, Mass.
These two volumes make useful contributions to our
understanding of comparative industrial relations. The
book edited by Benjamin Martin and Everett M.
Kassalow is a collection of essays focusing on four cur
rent labor problems confronting all democratic ad
vanced industrialized nations: the labor impact of
multinational corporations, the problem of industrial
conflict, the press for worker participation in manage
ment, and humanization of work in industry.
Duane Kujawa’s essay on the labor relations prac
tices of U.S. multinationals abroad shows that their
foreign affiliates have considerable authority in making
im portant industrial relations decisions. However, cor
porate parents have considerable influence on subsidiary
labor relations, although this varies depending on the
issue and technological or market conditions in the
country concerned. Without exception, multinationals
are reluctant to bargain or consult with unions on in
vestment decisions, and their management expertise and
technological and economic resources are important
sources of bargaining power. However, the ability of
multinationals to shift production from one subsidiary
to another, either as a shortrun bargaining tactic or as a
longer term strategy, is less significant than suggested
by most union rhetoric.
The Kujawa essay also uses the product life-cycle
theory of foreign trade and investment in seeking to ex
plain labor relations differences between American mul
tinationals operating abroad and foreign multinationals
with American subsidiaries. Typically, U.S. multination
als have transferred production technologies to foreign
subsidiaries. This has resulted in greater parent involve
ment in labor relations, in part, because of the Ameri
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can labor relations norms and practices embodied in
these technologies. Foreign multinationals have im
ported technologies from U.S. subsidiaries and conse
quently, there is less parent involvement in subsidiary
labor relations practices. This analysis supplies an inter
esting explanation of differences in labor relations man
agement styles but, obviously, needs to be validated by
a detailed assessment of the experience of individual
firms.
The essays on industrial conflict are both provocative
and insightful. Everett Kassalow argues that the gener
ally higher incidence of industrial conflict in North
America in comparison to Western Europe is character
istic of the different social and economic environment.
These conditions include the absence of a successful So
cialist party in the United States forcing collective
bargaining to be the major forum to resolve complex
social issues; the important role of industrywide bar
gaining and employers’ organizations in Europe, making
disagreement more costly to the parties, thus encourag
ing accommodation; and the more vigorous opposition
to unionization by American employers. While the essay
does not explore the underlying reasons for these dif
ferent institutional traditions, clearly they have had an
important influence on industrial conflict.
The essay by Solomon Levine and Koji Taira challen
ges the typical view of Japan as a conflict-free society,
largely as a result of the importance of cultural values
emphasizing harmony and order. Japan holds a middle
position in the international table of industrial conflict
and has experienced a rising number of strikes. Data
show an inverse relationship between labor turnover
and strike incidence in larger firms. Employment stabili
ty is manifested in the Japanese concept of lifetime job
tenure. Paradoxically, it appears to have increased con
flict. Workers with tenure are encouraged to support
strike action to improve their circumstances within the
firm, rather than to give up the benefits of long-term
employment by “voting with their feet” to escape unac
ceptable employment conditions. The essay makes a
generally persuasive case that Japanese industrial confl
ict patterns are more the result of generally applicable
industrial and political variables rather than the key
characteristics of Japanese culture.
Walter Korpi’s essay critiques the “pluralistic indus
trialism” perspective on industrial conflict in Sweden.
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Book Renews
This view suggests that as industrialism and technologi
cal advances evolve, conflict initially rises, but ultimate
ly declines as union strength grows. Union recognition
is granted by employers and institutions and the means
to resolve industrial conflict are established, that is, ma
ture collective bargaining systems (usually industry
wide), state mediation procedures, and a legal frame
work for the resolution of disputes. Conflict is managed
and minimized by parties with roughly equal bargaining
power. Using Sweden as a test case of this model,
Korpi shows that industrial conflict was high for more
than a decade following the establishment of this kind
of institutional framework. He makes a persuasive case
that a change in the distribution of political power is
the most im portant cause of the low level of industrial
conflict which Sweden has experienced since the late
1930’s. The emergence of the Social Democrats as the
majority government in the 1930’s forced Swedish em
ployers to reach an accommodation with the Confedera
tion of Swedish Trade Unions ( l o ) and provided the
labor movement the political muscle to implement so
cial legislation. In fact, the evolution of a “mature in
dustrial relations system” has had less influence on the
level of industrial conflict in Sweden than changes in
the distribution of political power in the wider society.
In dealing with worker participation in management,
Rudolph Meidner’s interesting essay on the Swedish
proposal for capital formation through employee invest
ment funds notes the distinctive basis for the Swedish
trade union movement’s support of this program. It fol
lows from labor’s solidarity wage policy, which seeks to
equalize pay across industry to ensure that wage differ
ences result only from distinctive job content character
istics. This policy’s success has meant that the most
efficient firms do not grant pay increases in accordance
with full capacity to pay, thereby increasing profits and
creating a source of wage drift. Increased profits result
in continued income inequality, and wage drift negates
the goals of the solidarity wage policy. In the mid1970’s, the Swedish LO proposed that 20 percent of a
company’s pretax profit should be transferred to an em
ployee fund. This money would not be allowed to leave
the firm but would remain as collectively owned capital
administered by employee representatives. In general,
the concept also was supported by the Swedish whitecollar unions. As Meidner notes, the proposal generated
considerable debate in the 1976 Swedish general elec
tion and, in fact, may have been a factor in the Social
Democratic Party’s first electoral defeat in more than 40
years. The wage earner fund concept has been debated
with vigor in Sweden since 1976, but even with the reelection of a social democratic government in 1982,
quick implementation does not appear likely. Swedish
employers have vigorously opposed the scheme, arguing
that it ultimately would result in trade union
52
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control of Swedish industry. Meidner contends that the
wage earner fund is another social policy which, in
time, will be incorporated within the framework of the
Swedish welfare state. However, the ongoing debate
suggests it is a “nonreformist reform” in industrial rela
tions and, therefore, likely to be a source of continuing
controversy.
The essays on the humanization of work in industry
are the weakest in the volume. The piece by Harold
Sheppard generally describes the efforts to improve the
quality of worklife in a number of American firms.
French experience, which has largely been the result of
legislative and other governmental initiatives, is docu
mented by Yves Delamotte. Jack Barbash’s essay, the
strongest of the group, describes the U.S. and European
experience with work humanization by identifying com
mon ingredients of work reform, including improve
ments in work environment, and codetermination, that
is, worker participation in enterprise decisionmaking. In
the United States, most work reform initiatives have
been proposed by management and American unions
believe that these programs are threats to the integrity
of the collective bargaining process. The attitudes of the
European unions are variable, but they are more sup
portive of codetermination, which has increased worker
influence on management decisionmaking, expanded the
scope of collective bargaining, and improved the quality
of worklife. In spite of these different attitudes, Barbash
argues that work humanization programs will be an im
portant topic in the future agendas of labor movements
in Europe and North America.
Roger Blanpain’s volume evaluates the experience
with the guidelines developed for multinational corpora
tions and adopted in 1976 by the Organization for Eco
nomic Cooperation and Development. The OECD guide
lines cover a range of multinational activities, including
disclosure of information, competition, financing, tax
ation, and science and technology. The guidelines
address various topics in the field of industrial relations
and employment, including employment security, union
recognition and collective bargaining, disclosure of in
formation, and access to corporate centers of decision
making. The criteria are not laws but moral obligations
requiring publicity and monitoring to ensure obser
vance.
The volume is not easy reading because of its heavy
reliance on direct quotation or summarization, or both,
of reports, by member governments and union and
business groups. However, it does provide detailed in
formation on the structure of OECD, the trade union
and business advisory groups, and the OECD’s Commit
tee on International Investment and Multinational En
terprises, which sought to clarify the guidelines during
1976-79.
Blanpain notes that the multinationals accepted the
criteria as encouraging “national treatment” by member
countries in accordance with national laws and regula
tions. Their support for these rules also may have been
a result of fears that a more stringent set of guidelines
might be established by union pressure. Member
countries supported the guidelines to provide a set of
rules for multinational behavior, although proposals for
tighter restrictions were resisted by several member
countries, including the United States. The international
trade union movement was the most vigorous supporter
of more strict and enforceable guidelines in its quest to
curb alleged excesses of multinational behavior and to
increase its bargaining power vis-a-vis these internation
al corporate giants.
The book’s centerpiece focuses on the Committee’s
review of guidelines. Within this process, the Committee
received comments from both business and trade union
groups and on a number of occasions from governments
of member countries. Specifically, the trade unions pre
sented a number of cases of alleged multinational mis
behavior in the field of industrial relations to generate
publicity and to encourage the Committee to become a
monitor and interpreter of the guidelines in particular
cases, and cases
Blanpain describes and comments on 16 cases sub
mitted by trade union groups for review by the Interna
tional Investment Committee. These cases included a
variety of topics: the coresponsibility of a parent com
pany for an affiliate’s financial affairs, union access to
“real” corporate decisionmakers, the propriety of a mul
tinational corporation in closing down a marginally
profitable subsidiary, the right of employees to be repre
s e n te d , p r o v is io n o f in fo r m a tio n to e m p lo y e e s , r e a s o n
able notice in the case of major changes in enterprise
operations, the obligation of a multinational to observe
comparable standards of employment, transfer of em
ployees between affiliates in the case of a labor dispute,
and the definition of a multinational enterprise.
The International Investment Committee only clari
fied guidelines and did not make judgments on the be
havior of companies in particular cases. In cases
concerning the definition of a multinational enterprise
and the bargaining role of international trade secretari
ats, the Committee did not take a precise position. In
the case of coresponsibility of a multinational parent for
its subsidiary’s financial affairs, the Committee only
gave qualified endorsement to this principle, although
there is reason to believe that publicity resulting from
the Committee’s investigation in this case which in
volved the Belgian subsidiary of a U.S. corporation, en
couraged more liberal treatment for the laid-off employ
ees than would otherwise have been the case. Another
case also involved a U.S. company. It had transferred
employees to a Danish subsidiary from other European
affiliates during a strike. The Committee recommended
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a change in the guidelines, subsequently approved, to
preclude the “transfer (of) employees from the enter
prises’ component entities in other countries in order to
influence unfairly these negotiations or to hinder the ex
ercise of a right to organize.”
Clearly, the Committee has not become a factfinding
body to adjudicate particular cases identified by the
trade unions. However, its 1979 report, which was
adopted by the OECD, requires followup reports during
the next 5 years on two situations experienced by mem
ber governments, with a mid-term report to be
published by the Committee in 1982 and another full
review of the guidelines by 1984. Previous experience in
dicates that the role of trade unions and business
groups in commenting on particular issues and concerns
is now part of the review process.
Blanpain notes that the activities of the Committee
have resulted in a clarification of perspectives concern
ing multinational behavior in member countries. Fur
ther, the OECD’s 1979 decision has institutionalized the
Committee’s role and the guidelines’ continued existence
is accepted by member governments. Trade unions still
propose a more active role for the committee as a
factfinding adjudicative body, while business advisory
groups take pains to stress the independence of multina
tionals within the framework of national laws, customs,
and practices. In spite of these disagreements, Blanpain
argues persuasively that the Committee is likely to re
main an important and influential forum for clarifying
and studying the experience of the OECD guidelines. Po
litical realities, undoubtedly, will limit dramatic change,
but the OECD review process should encourage a contin
u a tio n o f th e g u id e lin e s and their m o r e d e ta ile d a p p lic a
tion as standards o f behavior for multinational corpora
tions operating within the member countries.
— R o b e r t F. B a n k s
Assistant Provost for
Academic Personnel Administration
Michigan State University
Publications received
Economic growth and development
Brady, Eugene A., “The National Economic Outlook for
1983,” Indiana Business Review, November-December
1982, pp. 2-5.
Buvinic, Mayra, Margaret A. Lycette, William Paul
McGreevey, eds., Women and Poverty in the Third World.
Baltimore, Md., The Johns Hopkins University Press,
1983, 329 pp.
Hsieh, Ching-Yao and Stephen L. Mangum, A Search for Syn
thesis: Contemporary Re-Interpretations of Classicism, the
‘Neoclassical Synthesis, ’ and Post-Keynesian Economics.
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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R EV IEW M ay 1983 • Book Reviews
Salt Lake City, Utah, Olympus Publishing Co., 1983, 300
pp. $10.95, paper.
Loup, Jacques, Can the Third World Survive? Baltimore, Md.,
The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983, 244 pp. $25,
cloth; $8.95, paper.
Economic and social statistics
Freeman, Richard B., Elasticities of Demand for Educated La
bor and Elasticities of Supply of Educated Labor. Cam
bridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research,
Inc., 1982, 12 pp. (NBER Working Paper Series, 1042.)
$1.50.
Fuchs, Victor R., How We Live: An Economic Perspective on
Americans from Birth to Death. Cambridge, Mass., Har
vard University Press, 1983, 293 pp. $17.50.
Kuhn, Peter, Malfeasance in Long Term Employment Con
tracts: A New General Model with An Application to
Unionism. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Eco
nomic Research, Inc., 1982, 31 pp. (NBER Working Pa
per Series, 1045.) $1.50
Russell, Cheryl, “The News About Hispanics,” American
Demographics, March 1983, pp. 14-25.
Health and safety
Freeland, Mark S. and Carol Ellen Schendler, “National
Health Expenditure Growth in the 1980’s: An Aging
Population, New Technologies, and Increasing Competi
tion,” Health Care Financing Review, March 1983, pp. 158.
Levit, Katharine R., “Personal Health Care Expenditures by
State, Selected Years, 1966-1978,” Health Care Financing
Review, December 1982, pp. 1-45.
Sloan, Frank A., “Effects of Health Insurance on Physicians’
Fees,” The Journal of Human Resources, Fall 1982, pp.
533-57.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Work-related Hand Injuries
and Upper Extremity Amputations. Washington, 1982, 38
pp. (Bulletin 2160.) $4.50, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington 20402.
Industrial relations
Andes, John, “A Decade of Development in Higher Educa
tion Collective Bargaining: Changes in Contract Con
tent,” Journal of Collective Negotiations in the Public
Sector, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1982, pp. 285-96.
Bosanac, Paul, “Concession Bargaining, Work Transfers, and
Midcontract Modification: Los Angeles Marine Hardware
Company,” Labor Law Journal, February 1983, pp. 7279.
Brod, Gail Frommer, “The NLRB Changes Its Policy on the
Legality of an Employer’s Discharge of a Disloyal Super
visor,” Labor Law Journal, January 1983, pp. 13-19.
Casey, Ichniowski, “Have Angels Done More? The Steel In
dustry Consent Decree,” Industrial and Labor Relations
Review, January 1983, pp. 182-98.
Christensen, Sandra and Dennis Maki, “The Wage Effect of
Compulsory Union Membership,” Industrial and Labor
Relations Review, January 1983, pp. 230-38.
Cowan, Mark D., “Regulatory Reform: An OSHA Case
Study,” Labor Law Journal, December 1982, pp. 763-70.
54
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Douglas, Joel M., “Distinguishing Yeshiva: A Troubling Task
for the NLRB,” Labor Law Journal, February 1983, pp.
104-18.
Ehrenberg, Ronald G., Daniel R. Sherman, Joshua L.
Schwarz, “Unions and Productivity in the Public Sector:
A Study of Municipal Libraries,” Industrial and Labor
Relations Review, January 1983, pp. 199-213.
Hoffman, Robert B., “The Trend Away from Multiemployer
Bargaining,” Labor Law Journal, February 1983, pp. 8093.
Hogler, Raymond L., “Employee Discipline and Due Process
Rights: Is There an Appropriate Remedy?” Labor Law
Journal, December 1982, pp. 783-97.
Horn, Robert N. and Joseph H. Tomkiewicz, “A Case Study
of Labor Law in the Public Sector,” Journal of Collective
Negotiations in the Public Sector, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1982,
pp. 275-84.
Klaper, Martin J., “The Right to Relocate Work During the
Term of an Existing Collective Bargaining Agreement,”
Labor Law Journal, February 1983, pp. 94—103.
Levinson, Daniel R., Personal Liability of Managers and Su
pervisors for Corporate EEO Policies and Decisions. Wash
ington, Equal Employment Advisory Council, 1982, 52
pp. (Monograph Series, 1.) $5.95, members; $6.95,
nonmembers.
McMurray, Kay, “The Federal Mediation and Conciliation
Service: Serving Labor-Management Relations in the
Eighties,” Labor Law Journal, February 1983, pp. 67-71.
Munchus, George III, “Collective Bargaining and the Future
of the Federal Merit System of Human Resource Admin
istration,” Journal of Collective Negotiations in the Public
Sector, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1982, pp. 297-303.
Navarro, Peter, “Union Bargaining Power in the Coal Indus
try, 1945-1981,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review,
January 1983, pp. 214—29.
Northrup, Herbert R., “The New Employee-Relations Cli
mate in Airlines,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review,
January 1983, pp. 167-81.
Payne, William J. and Donald F. Sileo, “Self-Enforcement
Under the National Labor Relations Act: Disavowals of
Unfair Labor Practice Conduct,” Labor Law Journal, De
cember 1982, pp. 771-82.
Thomas, Clarence, “Pay Equity and Comparable Worth,” La
bor Law Journal, January 1983, pp. 3-12.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bargaining Calendar, 1983.
Washington, 1983, 61 pp. (Bulletin 2165.) $5, Superinten
dent of Documents, Washington 20402.
Wrong, Elaine Gale, “Arbitrators, the Law, and Women’s Job
Bids,” Labor Law Journal, December 1982, pp. 798-808.
Zager, Robert and Michael P. Rosow, eds., The Innovative
Organization: Productivity Programs in Action. New York,
Pergamon Press, Inc., 1982, 359 pp. $27.50.
Industry and government organization
Lave, Lester B., ed. Quantitative Risk Assessment in Regula
tion. Washington, The Brookings Institution, 1982, 264
pp., bibliography. $26.95, cloth; $10.95, paper.
Levy, S Jay and David A. Levy, Profits and the Future of
American Society. New York, Harper & Row, Publish
ers, Inc., 1983, 223 pp. $15.95.
Labor and economic history
Blaug, Mark and Paul Sturges, eds., Who's Who in Economics:
A Biographical Dictionary of Major Economists, 17001980. Cambridge, Mass., The MIT Press, 1983, 435 pp.
$65.
Lichtenstein, Nelson, Labor's War at Home: The CIO in
World War II. New York, Cambridge University Press,
1982, 319 pp., bibliography. $29.95.
Schmidt, Warren H. and Barry Z. Posner, Managerial Values
and Expectations: The Silent Power in Personal and Orga
nizational Life. New York, American Management Asso
ciations, Membership Publications Division, 1982, 60 pp.
$10, AMA members; $13.50, nonmembers.
Sherwood, John J., Susan N. Faux, Donald C. King, Manage
ment Development Strategies. Scarsdale, N.Y., Work in
America Institute, Inc., 1983, 29 pp. (Work in America
Institute Studies in Productivity: Highlights of the Litera
ture, Vol. 29.) $35, paper, Pergamon Press, Inc., New
York.
Mason, Edward S., “The Harvard Department of Economics
from the Beginning to World War II,” The Quarterly
Journal of Economics, August 1982, pp. 383-433.
Smith, Craig, “Open Forum: A Report on Quality Circles,”
California Public Employee Relations, December 1982, pp.
9-12.
Winter, Jay, ed., The Working Class in Modern British History:
Essays in Honour of Henry Pelling. New York, Cam
bridge University Press, 1983, 315 pp. $39.95.
Stimac, Michele, “Strategies for Resolving Conflict: Their
Functional and Dysfunctional Sides,” Personnel, November-December 1982, pp. 54—64.
Labor force
Borus, Michael E., “Willingness to Work Among Youth,”
The Journal of Human Resources, Fall 1982, pp. 581-93.
Butler, Richard J., “Estimating Wage Discrimination in the
Labor Market,” The Journal of Human Resources, Fall
1982, pp. 606-21.
Burris, Beverly H., No Room at the Top: Underemployment
and Alienation in the Corporation. New York, Praeger
Publishers, 1983, 331 pp., bibliography. $32.50.
Freeman, Richard B., Crime and the Labor market. Cam
bridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research,
Inc., 1982, 34 pp. (NBER Working Paper Series, 1031.)
$1.50.
Woronoff, John, Japan's Wasted Workers. Totowa, N.J.,
Allenheld Osmun & Co., Publishers, Inc., 1983, 296 pp.,
bibliography. $19.95; cloth; $10.95, paper.
Urban affairs
Carroll, Glenn R. and John W. Meyer, “Capital Cities in the
American Urban System: The Impact of State Expan
sion,” American Journal of Sociology, November 1982,
pp. 565-78.
Young, Arthur F. and F. John Devaney, “What the 1980
Census Shows About Housing,” American Demographics,
January 1983, pp. 16-23.
Wages and compensation
Great Britain, Department of Employment, “A Changing La
bour Force: Constants and Variables,” Employment Ga
zette, February 1983, pp. 49-54.
Drabicki, John Z. and Akira Takayama, “Minimum Wage
Regulation and Economic Growth,” Journal of Econom
ics and Business, Vol. 34, No. 3, 1982, pp. 231-40.
Ginsburg, Helen, Full Employment and Public Policy: The
United States and Sweden. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath
and Co., Lexington Books, 1983, 235 pp.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Industry Wage Survey: Ho
siery, August 1981. Prepared by Harry B. Williams.
Washington, 1982, 37 pp. (Bulletin 2151.) $4.50, Superin
tendent of Documents, Washington 20402.
Halsey, Harlan L, “The Taxation of Transfer Income,” The
Journal of Human Resources, Fall 1982, pp. 558-80.
“Left Out: The Human Cost of the Collapse of Industrial
America,” Newsweek, Mar. 21, 1983, pp. 26-35.
National Council on Employment Policy, What's Happening
to American Labor Force and Productivity Measurement.
Kalamazoo, Mich., The W. E. Upjohn Institute for Em
ployment Research, 1983, 134 pp. $11.95, paper.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, A Guide to Seasonal Adjust
ment of Labor Force Data. Prepared by John F. Stinson,
Jr. Washington, 1982, 9 pp. (Bulletin 2114.) Stock No.
029-001-02643-9. $2, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington 20402.
Management and organization theory
Albrecht, Karl, Organization Development: A Total Systems
Approach to Positive Change in Any Business Organization.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1983, 254 pp.,
bibliography. $18.95.
Punch, Maurice, ed., Control in the Police Organization. Cam
bridge, Mass., The MIT Press, 1983, 346 pp., bibliogra
phy. $30.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
--------- Industry Wage Survey: Nursing and Personal Care Fa
cilities, May 1981. Prepared by Harry B. Williams.
Washington, 1982, 65 pp. (Bulletin 2142.) $5, Superinten
dent of Documents, Washington 20402.
--------- Industry Wage Survey: Petroleum Refining, May 1981.
Prepared by Jonathan W. Kelinson. Washington, 1982,
38 pp. (Bulletin 2143.) $4.50, Superintendent of Docu
ments, Washington 20402.
--------- Industry Wage Survey: Shipbuilding and Repairing, Sep
tember 1981. Prepared by Jonathan W. Kelinson.
Washington, 1983, 34 pp. (Bulletin 2161.) $4.50, Superin
tendent of Documents, Washington 20402.
--------- Industry Wage Survey: Synthetic Fibers, August 1981.
Prepared by Carl F. Prieser. Washington, 1982, 17 pp.
(Bulletin 2150.) $3.25, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington 20402.
--------- Industry Wage Survey: Corrugated and Solid Fiber
Boxes, May 1981. Prepared by Norma W. Carlson. Wash
ington, 1982, 59 pp. (Bulletin 2138.) Stock No. 029-00102725-7. $5, Superintendent of Documents, Washington
20402.
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Book Reviews
--------- Area Wage Surveys: Boston, Massachusetts, Metropoli
tan Area, August 1982 (Bulletin 3015-55, 42 pp., $4.50);
Buffalo, New York, Metropolitan Area, October 1982 (Bul
letin 3015-56, 38 pp., $4.50); Hartford, Connecticut, Met
ropolitan Area, July 1982 (Bulletin 3015-57, 27 pp.,
$3.50); Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-New Jersey, Metropoli
tan Area, November 1982 (Bulletin 3015-58, 56 pp.,
$4.75); Saginaw, Michigan, Metropolitan Area, November
1982 (Bulletin 3015-59, 34 pp., $4.50); Gary— Hammond
— East Chicago, Indiana, Metropolitan Area, November
1982 (Bulletin 3015-61, 40 pp., $4.50); Los Angeles-Long
Beach, California, Metropolitan Area, October 1982 (Bulle
tin 3015-62, 41 pp., $4.50); Salt Lake City-Ogden, Utah,
Metropolitan Area, November 1982 (Bulletin 3015-63, 32
pp., $3.75); Jacksonville, Florida, Metropolitan Area, De
cember 1982 (Bulletin 3015-64, 41 pp., $4.50); DallasFort Worth, Texas, Metropolitan Area, December 1982
(Bulletin 3015-65, 39 pp., $4.50). Available from the Su
perintendent of Documents, Washington 20402, GPO
bookstores, or BLS regional offices.
Eden, Benjamin, “Competitive Price Adjustment to Changes
in the Money Supply,” The Quarterly Journal of Econom
ics, August 1982, pp. 499-517.
Welfare programs and social insurance
“Report of the National Commission on Social Security Re
form,” Social Security Bulletin, February 1983, pp. 3-38.
Aaron, Henry J., Economic Effects of Social Security. Wash
ington, The Brookings Institution, 1982, 84 pp. $12.95,
cloth; $5.95, paper.
Dalrymple, Robert, Susan Grad, Duke Wilson, “Civil Service
Retirement System Annuitants and Social Security,” So
cial Security Bulletin, February 1983, pp. 39-59.
Danziger, Sheldon and others, “Work and Welfare as Deter
minants of Female Poverty and Household Headship,”
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, August 1982, pp.
519-34.
56
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Gustman, Alan L. and Thomas L. Steinmeier, Retirement
Flows. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic
Research, Inc., 1983, 30 pp. (NBER Working Paper Se
ries, 1069.) $1.50.
“Health and Early Retirement Decision Debate: I— Why Do
People Retire from Work Early,” by Robert J. Myers;
“II— Critique of Early Retirement Study Disputed,” by
Eric R. Kingson, Aging and Work, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1982,
pp. 83-110.
Kamerman, Shelia B. and Alfred J. Kahn, “Income Transfers,
Work and the Economic Well-Being of Families with
Children: A Comparative Study,” International Social Se
curity Review, March 1982, pp. 345-82.
Paltiel, Freda L., “Women and Pensions in Canada,” Interna
tional Social Security Review, March 1982, pp. 333-44.
Rosen, Benson and Thomas H. Jerdee, “Effects of Employee
Financial Status Adjustment on Employers’ Reten
tion/Retirement Recommendations,” Aging and Work,
Vol. 5, No. 2, 1982, pp. 111-18.
“Social Security and Family Policy,” International Social Se
curity Review, March 1982, pp. 275-88.
Watson, Harry, “Saving, Social Security, and Uncertainty,”
Southern Economic Journal, October 1982, pp. 330-41. Q
Current
Labor Statistics
N o te s o n C u rren t L a b o r S ta tis tic s
.......................................................................................................................................
S c h e d u le o f r e le a s e d a te s fo r m a jo r B L S s t a t is t ic a l s e r ie s
58
.............................................................................
58
E m p lo y m e n t d a ta fr o m h o u s e h o ld s u r v e y . D e f in it io n s a n d n o te s
...............................................................
1. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, selected years, 1950-82 ...........................................................
2. Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex,seasonally adjusted .
3. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin,seasonally adjusted .............
4. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted ..........................................................................................................
5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted .....................................................................................................
6. Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................
7. Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted ........................................................................
8. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted ..................................................................................................................
59
59
60
61
62
63
64
64
64
E m p lo y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n in g s d a ta fr o m e s t a b lis h m e n t s u r v e y s . D e f in it io n s a n d n o t e s .
9. Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-81 ................................................................................................................
10. Employment by State ..................................................................................................................................................................
11. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ..........................................
12. Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-81 ...................................................................................
13. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ........................................
14. Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ........................................................................
15. Hourly Earnings Index, by industry division ........................................................................................................................
16. Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ........................................................................
17. Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased ........................................................................................
65
66
66
67
68
69
70
70
71
71
U n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e d a ta . D e f in it io n s
..................................................................................................................
18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations ..........................................................................................
72
72
P r ic e d a ta . D e fin itio n s a n d n o te s
..........................................................................................................................................
19. Consumer Price Index, 1967-82 ................................................................................................................................................
20. Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, general summary and selecteditems ............................................................
21. Consumer Price Index, cross-classification of region and population sizeclass ...............................................................
22. Consumer Price Index, selected areas .....................................................................................................................................
23. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing .....................................................................................................................
24. Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings ................................................................................................................
25. Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings ................................................................................................
26. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ................................................................................................................
27. Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries .....................................................................................
73
P r o d u c t i v i t y d a t a . D e f i n i t i o n s a n d n o t e s ..........................................................................................................................
28. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years,1950-82 ......................
29. Annual changes inproductivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1972-82 ...............................................
30. Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted ......................
31. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices . .
87
87
88
88
89
W a g e a n d c o m p e n s a t i o n d a t a . D e f i n i t i o n s a n d n o t e s .............................................................................................
32. Employment Cost Index, total compensation, by occupation and industry g r o u p ........................................................
33. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry grou p ...........................................................
34. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area s i z e .................................
35. Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1978 to date .............................................
36. Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1978 to d a te ................
90
91
92
93
94
94
W o r k s t o p p a g e d a t a . D e f i n i t i o n ...............................................................................................................................................
37. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date .....................................................................................
95
95
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
74
74
80
81
82
83
85
85
86
57
NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
This section of the Review presents the principal statistical se
ries collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
A brief introduction to each group of tables provides defi
nitions, notes on the data, sources, and other material usually
found in footnotes.
Readers who need additional information are invited to
consult the BLS regional offices listed on the inside front cov
er of this issue of the Review. Some general notes applicable to
several series are given below.
Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted
to eliminate the effect of such factors as climatic conditions, industry
production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying
.periods, and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short
term movements of the statistical series. Tables containing these data
are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” Seasonal effects are estimated
on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are com
puted each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for sev
eral preceding years.
Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 3-8 were revised in
the February 1983 issue of the R e v ie w , to reflect experience through
1982.
Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifi
cations in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data.
First, the data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure
called X -ll/A R IM A , which was developed at Statistics Canada as an
extension of the standard X -ll method. A detailed description of the
procedure appears in T h e X - l l A R I M A S e a s o n a l A d ju s tm e n t M e th o d
by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E, Feb
ruary 1980). The second change is that seasonal factors are now being
calculated for use during the first 6 months of the year, rather than for
the entire year, and then are calculated at mid-year for the July-Decembei period. Revisions of historical data continue to be made only
at the end of each calendar year.
Annual revision of the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in
tables 11, 13, and 15 were made in August 1981 using the X -ll
ARIM A seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for
productivity data in tables 29 and 30 are usually introduced
in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent
changes from month to month and from quarter to quarter are
published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series.
However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S.
average All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are
available for this series.
Adjustments for price changes. Some data are adjusted to eliminate
the effect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing
current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate
component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given
a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of
150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is
$2 ($3/150 X 100 = $2). The resulting values are described as
“real,” “constant,” or “ 1967” dollars.
Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this
section are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety of
sources. Press releases provide the latest statistical information
published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published
according to the schedule given below. More information from house
hold and establishment surveys is provided in E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a r n
ings, a monthly publication of the Bureau. Comparable household in
formation is published in a two-volume data book- L a b o r F o rce
S ta tis tic s D e r iv e d F ro m th e C u r r e n t P o p u la tio n S u rv e y , Bulletin 2096.
Comparable establishment information appears in two data booksE m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s, U n ite d S ta te s , and E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a r n
ings, S ta te s a n d A re a s, and their annual supplements. More detailed
information on wages and other aspects of collective bargaining ap
pears in the monthly periodical, C u r r e n t W a g e D e ve lo p m e n ts . More
detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals,
the C P I D e ta ile d R e p o r t and P r o d u c e r P ric e s a n d P ric e I n d e x es.
Symbols
p = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series,
preliminary figures are issued based on representative
but incomplete returns.
r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability
of later data but may also reflect other adjustments,
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series
Release
date
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x
E m p lo y m e n t s itu a tio n
Period
covered
Release
date
Period
covered
Release
date
Period
covered
MLR table
number
.........................................
................................................
M ay 6
A p ril
June 3
M ay
J u ly 8
June
1 -1 1
P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x ...................................................
M a y 13
A p ril
J u n e 10
M ay
J u ly 1 5
June
2 3 -2 7
C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x ................................................
M ay 24
A p ril
June 22
M ay
J u ly 2 2
June
1 9 -2 2
R e a l e a r n i n g s .........................................................
M ay 24
A p ril
J u n e 22
M ay
J u ly 2 2
June
1 2 -1 6
J u ly 2 9
2 n d q u a rte r
M ay 26
1 s t q u a rte r
J u ly 2 8
1 s t h a lf
P r o d u c t iv ity a n d c o s t s :
N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s
.............................
N o n f a r m b u s in e s s a n d m a n u f a c t u r in g
M a jo r c o lle c t iv e b a r g a in in g s e t t le m e n t s
Digitized for 58
FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
...
...
2 8 -3 1
3 5 -3 7
EM PLOYM ENT DATA FROM TH E H O U SEH O LD SURVEY
d a t a
in this section are obtained from the
Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews
conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau
of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000
households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years
of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating
basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2
consecutive months.
employed as a percent of the civilian labor force.
The labor force consists of all employed or unemployed civilians
plus members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States.
Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or
unemployed; this group includes persons retired, those engaged in
their own housework, those not working while attending school, those
unable to work because of long-term illness, those discouraged from
seeking work because of personal or job market factors, and those
who are voluntarily idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all
persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or
mental institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or
needy, and members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United
States. The labor force participation rate is the proportion of the
noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The
employment-population ratio is total employment (including the
resident Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional
population.
E m plo ym en t
Definitions
Employed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any
time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or
who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated
enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their
regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar
reasons. Members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States
are also included in the employed total. A person working at more
than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the
greatest number of hours.
Notes on the data
From time to time, and especially after a decennial census,
adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to
correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These
adjustments affect the comparability of historical data presented in
table 1. A description of these adjustments and their effect on the
various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of E m p lo y m e n t
Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey
week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and
had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did
not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new
jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed.
The overall unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as
a percent of the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The
unemployment rate for all civilian workers represents the number un
1.
a n d E a rn in g s.
Data in tables 2-8 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal
experience through December 1982.
Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-82
[Numbers in thousands]
Labor force
Employed
Year
Noninsti
tutional
population
Number
Percent of
population
Unemployed
Civilian
Total
Percent of
population
Resident
Armed
Forces
Total
Agriculture
Nonagricultural
industies
Number
Percent of
labor
force
Not in
labor force
1950 ..........
1955 ..........
1960 ..........
106,164
111,747
119,106
63,377
67,087
71,489
59.7
60.0
60.0
60,087
64,234
67,639
56.6
57.5
56.8
1,169
2,064
1,861
58,918
62,170
65,778
7,160
6,450
5,458
51,758
55,722
60,318
3,288
2,852
3,852
5.2
4.3
5.4
42,787
44,660
47,617
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
128,459
130,180
132,092
134,281
136,573
76,401
77,892
79,565
80,990
82,972
59.5
59.8
60.2
60.3
60.8
73,034
75,017
76,590
78,173
80,140
56.9
57.6
58.0
58.2
58.7
1,946
2,122
2,218
2,253
2,238
71,088
72,895
74,372
75,920
77,902
4,361
3,979
3,844
3,817
3,606
66,726
68,915
70,527
72,103
74,296
3,366
2,875
2,975
2,817
2,832
4.4
3.7
3.7
3.5
3.4
52,058
52,288
52,527
53,291
53,602
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
139,203
142,189
145,939
148,870
151,841
84,889
86,355
88,847
91,203
93,670
61.0
60.7
60.9
61.3
61.7
80,796
81,340
83,966
86,838
88,515
58.0
57.2
57.5
58.3
58.3
2,118
1,973
1,813
1,774
1,721
78,678
79,367
82,153
85,064
86,794
3,463
3,394
3,484
3,470
3,515
75,215
75,972
78,669
81,594
83,279
4,093
5,016
4,882
4,365
5,156
4.8
5.8
5.5
4.8
5.5
54,315
55,834
57,091
57,667
58,171
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
154,831
157,818
160,689
163,541
166,460
95,453
97,826
100,665
103,882
106,559
61.6
62.0
62.6
63.5
64.0
87,524
90,420
93,673
97,679
100,421
56.5
57.3
58.3
59.7
60.3
1,678
1,668
1,656
1,631
1,597
85,846
88,752
92,017
96,048
98,824
3,408
3,331
3,283
3,387
3,347
82,438
85,421
88,734
92,661
95,477
7,929
7,406
6,991
6,202
6,137
8.3
7.6
6.9
6.0
5.8
59,377
59,991
60,025
59,659
59,900
1980 ..........
1981 ..........
1982 ..........
169,349
171,775
173,939
108,544
110,315
111,872
64.1
64.2
64.3
100,907
102,042
101,194
59.6
59.4
58.2
1,604
1,645
1,668
99,303
100,397
99,526
3,364
3,368
3,401
95,938
97,030
96,125
7,637
8,273
10,678
7.0
7.5
9.5
60,806
61,460
62,067
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
59
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data
2.
Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted
[ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ]
1983
1982
A nnual a v erag e
E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s a n d s e x
1982
1981
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
T o ta l
...................................
1 7 1 ,7 7 5
1 7 3 ,9 3 9
1 7 3 ,3 3 8
1 7 3 ,5 1 2
1 7 3 ,6 9 1
1 7 3 ,8 5 4
1 7 4 ,0 3 8
1 7 4 ,2 0 0
1 7 4 ,3 6 0
1 7 4 ,5 4 9
1 7 4 ,7 1 8
1 7 4 ,8 6 4
1 7 5 ,0 2 1
1 7 5 ,1 6 9
1 7 5 ,3 2 0
...................................................................
1 1 0 ,3 1 5
1 1 1 ,8 7 2
1 1 1 ,1 4 9
1 1 1 ,4 0 8
1 1 2 ,0 4 3
1 1 1 ,8 1 1
1 1 2 ,0 9 0
1 1 2 ,3 0 3
1 1 2 ,5 2 8
1 1 2 ,4 2 0
1 1 2 ,7 0 2
1 1 2 ,7 9 4
1 1 2 ,2 1 5
1 1 2 ,2 1 7
1 1 2 ,1 4 8
6 4 .5
6 4 .5
6 4 .4
6 4 .5
6 4 .5
6 4 .1
6 4 .1
6 4 .0
1 0 1 ,3 7 2
1 0 1 ,2 1 3
1 0 0 ,8 4 4
1 0 0 ,7 9 6
1 0 0 ,7 5 8
1 0 0 ,7 7 0
1 0 0 ,7 2 7
1 0 0 ,7 6 7
N o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1 2
L a bo r fo rc e 2
...................................
6 4 .2
6 4 .3
6 4 .1
6 4 .2
6 4 .5
6 4 .3
6 4 .4
...................................................
1 0 2 ,0 4 2
1 0 1 ,1 9 4
1 0 1 ,2 6 8
1 0 1 ,1 5 2
1 0 1 ,6 5 9
1 0 1 ,3 4 5
1 0 1 ,2 6 2
P a r t ic ip a tio n r a t e 3
T o t a l e m p lo y e d 2
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 4 . . . .
R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s 1
.........................
C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d .............................................
5 7 .6
5 7 .6
5 7 .5
5 7 .5
582
5 8 .4
5 8 .3
5 8 .5
5 8 .3
5 8 .2
5 8 .2
5 8 .0
1 ,6 6 8
1 ,6 7 1
1 ,6 6 8
1 ,6 6 5
1 ,6 6 4
1 ,6 7 4
1 ,6 8 9
1 ,6 7 0
1 ,6 6 8
1 ,6 6 0
1 ,6 6 5
1 ,6 6 7
1 ,6 6 4
1 ,6 6 4
9 9 ,5 4 3
9 9 ,1 7 6
9 9 ,1 3 6
9 9 ,0 9 3
9 9 ,1 0 3
9 9 ,0 6 3
9 9 ,1 0 3
1 0 0 ,3 9 7
9 9 ,5 2 6
9 9 ,5 9 7
9 9 ,4 8 4
9 9 ,9 9 4
9 9 ,6 8 1
9 9 ,5 8 8
9 9 ,6 8 3
5 7 .8
5 7 .7
5 9 .4
1 ,6 4 5
A g r i c u l t u r e ......................................................
3 ,3 6 8
3 ,4 0 1
3 ,3 6 7
3 ,3 5 6
3 ,4 4 6
3 ,3 7 1
3 ,4 4 5
3 ,4 2 9
3 ,3 6 3
3 ,4 1 3
3 ,4 6 6
3 ,4 1 1
3 ,4 1 2
3 ,3 9 3
3 ,3 7 5
...................
9 7 ,0 3 0
9 6 ,1 2 5
9 6 ,2 3 0
9 6 ,1 2 8
9 6 ,5 4 8
9 6 ,3 1 0
9 6 ,1 4 3
9 6 ,2 5 4
9 6 ,1 8 0
9 5 ,7 6 3
9 5 ,6 7 0
9 5 ,6 8 2
9 5 ,6 9 1
9 5 ,6 7 0
9 5 ,7 2 9
N o n a g r ic u lt u r a l in d u s tr ie s
U n e m p lo y e d
............................................................
8 ,2 7 3
1 0 ,6 7 8
9 ,8 8 1
1 0 ,2 5 6
1 0 ,3 8 4
1 0 ,4 6 6
1 0 ,8 2 8
1 0 ,9 3 1
1 1 ,3 1 5
1 1 ,5 7 6
1 1 ,9 0 6
1 2 ,0 3 6
1 1 ,4 4 6
1 1 ,4 9 0
1 1 ,3 8 1
1 0 .6
1 0 .7
1 0 .2
1 0 .2
10 .1
6 2 ,0 1 6
6 2 ,0 7 0
6 2 ,8 0 6
6 2 ,9 5 2
6 3 ,1 7 2
8 3 ,3 2 3
8 3 ,4 0 2
8 3 ,5 8 1
8 3 ,6 5 2
8 3 ,7 2 0
8 3 ,7 8 9
6 4 ,3 0 0
6 4 ,4 1 4
6 4 ,3 8 4
6 3 ,9 1 6
6 3 ,9 9 6
6 3 ,9 5 7
1 0 .3 '
.............................
7 .5
9 .5
8 .9
9 .2
9 .3
9 .4
9 .7
9 .7
10 .1
N o t in la b o r f o r c e .........................................................
6 1 ,4 6 0
6 2 ,0 6 7
6 2 ,1 8 9
6 2 ,1 0 4
6 1 ,6 4 8
6 2 ,0 4 3
6 1 ,9 4 8
6 1 ,8 9 7
6 1 ,8 3 2
6 2 ,1 2 9
...................................
8 2 ,0 2 3
8 3 ,0 5 2
8 2 ,7 6 3
8 2 ,8 4 4
8 2 ,9 2 9
8 3 ,0 0 6
8 3 ,0 9 7
8 3 ,1 7 3
8 3 ,2 3 1
...................................................................
6 3 ,4 8 6
6 3 ,9 7 9
6 3 ,6 9 3
6 3 ,8 2 9
6 4 ,1 7 2
6 3 ,8 5 1
6 3 ,8 9 8
6 4 ,0 5 5
6 4 ,3 0 1
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e 5
M e n , 16 y e a r s a n d o v e r
N o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u l a t i o n
L a b o r fo rc e 2
12
...................................
7 7 .4
7 7 .0
7 7 .0
7 7 .0
7 7 .4
7 6 .9
7 6 .9
7 7 .0
7 7 .3
7 7 .2
7 7 .2
7 7 .0
7 6 .4
7 6 .4
7 6 .3
...................................................
5 8 ,9 0 9
5 7 ,8 0 0
5 8 ,0 3 1
5 7 ,9 7 3
5 8 ,2 5 1
5 7 ,7 7 5
5 7 ,6 6 4
5 7 ,7 1 0
5 7 ,5 9 8
5 7 ,4 5 6
5 7 ,4 0 8
5 7 ,3 3 8
5 7 ,2 8 3
5 7 ,2 3 4
5 7 ,3 0 0
7 1 .8
6 9 .6
7 0 .1
7 0 .0
7 0 .2
6 9 .6
6 9 .4
6 9 .4
6 9 .2
6 9 .0
6 8 .8
6 8 .6
6 8 .5
6 8 .4
6 8 .4
P a r t ic ip a tio n r a t e 3
T o t a l e m p lo y e d 2
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 4 . . . .
.........................
1 ,5 1 2
1 ,5 2 7
1 ,5 3 2
1 ,5 2 9
1 ,5 2 7
1 ,5 2 6
1 ,5 3 7
1 ,5 5 1
1 ,5 2 6
1 ,5 2 4
1 ,5 1 6
1 ,5 2 9
1 ,5 3 1
1 ,5 2 8
1 ,5 2 8
C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d ............................................
5 7 ,3 9 7
5 6 ,2 7 1
5 6 ,4 9 9
5 6 ,4 4 4
5 6 ,7 2 4
5 6 ,2 4 9
5 6 ,1 2 7
5 6 ,1 5 9
5 6 ,0 7 2
5 5 ,9 3 2
5 5 ,8 9 2
5 5 ,8 0 9
5 5 ,7 5 2
5 5 ,7 0 6
5 5 ,7 7 2
............................................................
4 ,5 7 7
6 ,1 7 9
5 ,6 6 2
5 ,8 5 6
5 ,9 2 1
6 ,0 7 6
6 ,2 3 4
6 ,3 4 5
6 ,7 0 3
6 ,8 4 4
7 ,0 0 6
7 ,0 4 6
6 ,6 3 3
6 ,7 6 2
6 ,6 5 7
7 .2
9 .7
8 .9
9 .2
9 .2
9 .5
9 .8
9 .9
1 0 .4
1 0 .6
1 0 .9
1 0 .9
1 0 .4
1 0 .6
1 0 .4
R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s 1
U n e m p lo y e d
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e 5
.............................
W o m en , 16 y e a rs and o v e r
...................................
8 9 ,7 5 1
9 0 ,8 8 7
9 0 ,5 7 6
9 0 ,6 6 8
9 0 ,7 6 2
9 0 ,8 4 8
9 0 ,9 4 1
9 1 ,0 2 7
9 1 ,1 2 9
9 1 ,2 2 6
9 1 ,3 1 6
9 1 ,2 8 3
9 1 ,3 6 9
9 1 ,4 4 9
9 1 ,5 3 2
.............................................................
4 6 ,8 2 9
4 7 ,8 9 4
4 7 ,4 5 6
4 7 ,5 7 9
4 7 ,8 7 1
4 7 ,9 6 0
4 8 ,1 9 2
4 8 ,2 4 8
4 8 ,2 2 7
4 8 ,1 2 0
4 8 ,2 8 8
4 8 ,4 1 0
4 8 ,2 9 9
4 8 ,2 2 0
4 8 ,1 9 1
N o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1 2
L a b o r fo rc e 2
...................................
5 2 .2
5 2 .7
5 2 .4
5 2 .5
5 2 .7
5 2 .8
5 3 .0
5 3 .0
5 2 .9
5 2 .7
5 2 .9
5 3 .0
5 2 .9
5 2 .7
5 2 .6
...................................................
4 3 ,1 3 3
4 3 ,3 9 5
4 3 ,2 3 7
4 3 ,1 7 9
4 3 ,4 0 8
4 3 ,5 7 0
4 3 ,5 9 8
4 3 ,6 6 2
4 3 ,6 1 5
4 3 ,3 8 8
4 3 ,3 8 8
4 3 ,4 2 0
4 3 ,4 8 6
4 3 ,4 9 3
4 3 ,4 6 7
4 8 .1
4 7 .7
4 7 .7
4 7 .6
4 7 .8
4 8 .0
4 7 .9
4 8 .0
4 7 .9
4 7 .6
4 7 .5
4 7 .6
4 7 .6
4 7 .6
4 7 .5
.........................
133
139
139
139
138
138
137
138
144
144
144
136
136
136
136
C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d ............................................
4 3 ,0 0 0
4 3 ,2 5 6
4 3 ,0 9 8
4 3 ,0 4 0
4 3 ,2 7 0
4 3 ,4 3 2
4 3 ,4 6 1
4 3 ,5 2 4
4 3 ,4 7 1
4 3 ,2 4 4
4 3 ,2 4 4
4 3 ,2 8 4
4 3 ,3 5 0
4 3 ,3 5 7
4 3 ,3 3 1
4 ,9 0 0
4 ,9 9 0
4 ,8 1 3
4 ,7 2 7
4 ,7 2 4
10 .1
1 0 .3
1 0 .0
9 .8
9 .8
P a r t ic ip a tio n r a t e 3
T o t a l e m p lo y e d 2
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t i o 4 . . . .
R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s 1
U n e m p lo y e d
............................................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e 5
.............................
3 ,6 9 6
4 ,4 9 9
4 ,2 1 9
4 ,4 0 0
4 ,4 6 3
4 ,3 9 0
4 ,5 9 4
4 ,5 8 6
4 ,6 1 2
4 ,7 3 2
7 .9
9 .4
8 .9
9 .2
9 .3
9 .2
9 .5
9 .5
9 .6
9 .8
1 T h e p o p u la tio n a n d A r m e d F o r c e s fig u r e s a r e n o t a d ju s t e d f o r s e a s o n a l v a r ia t io n .
4 T o t a l e m p lo y e d a s a p e r c e n t o f th e n o n in s tltu t io n a l p o p u la tio n .
2 In c lu d e s m e m b e r s o f th e A r m e d F o r c e s s t a t io n e d in t h e U n ite d S t a te s .
5 U n e m p lo y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e la b o r f o r c e ( in c lu d in g t h e r e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s ) .
3 L a b o r f o r c e a s a p e r c e n t o f th e n o n in s titu t io n a l p o p u la tio n .
60
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3.
Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
1983
1982
A nnual a v erag e
E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s
1981
1982
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
TOTAL
.............................
1 7 0 ,1 3 0
1 7 2 ,2 7 1
1 7 1 ,6 6 7
1 7 1 ,8 4 4
1 7 2 ,0 2 6
1 7 2 ,1 9 0
1 7 2 ,3 6 4
1 7 2 ,5 1 1
1 7 2 ,6 9 0
1 7 2 ,8 8 1
1 7 3 ,0 5 8
1 7 3 ,1 9 9
1 7 3 ,3 5 4
1 7 3 ,5 0 5
1 7 3 ,6 5 6
C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e .............................................................
1 0 8 ,6 7 0
1 1 0 ,2 0 4
1 0 9 ,4 7 8
1 0 9 ,7 4 0
1 1 0 ,3 7 8
1 1 0 ,1 4 7
1 1 0 ,4 1 6
1 1 0 ,6 1 4
1 1 0 ,8 5 8
1 1 0 ,7 5 2
1 1 1 ,0 4 2
1 1 1 ,1 2 9
1 1 0 ,5 4 8
1 1 0 ,5 5 3
1 1 0 ,4 8 4
C iv ilia n n o n in s titu t io n a l p o p u la t io n 1
............................................
6 3 .9
6 4 .0
6 3 .8
6 3 .9
6 4 .2
6 4 .0
6 4 .1
6 4 .1
6 4 .2
6 4 .1
6 4 .2
6 4 .2
6 3 .8
6 3 .7
6 3 .6
.........................................................................
1 0 0 ,3 9 7
9 9 ,5 2 6
9 9 ,5 9 7
9 9 ,4 8 4
9 9 ,9 9 4
9 9 ,6 8 1
9 9 ,5 8 8
9 9 ,6 8 3
9 9 ,5 4 3
9 9 ,1 7 6
9 9 ,1 3 6
9 9 ,0 9 3
9 9 ,1 0 3
9 9 ,0 6 3
9 9 ,1 0 3
5 7 .3
5 7 .2
5 7 .2
5 7 .1
5 7 .1
P a r t ic ip a t io n r a t e
E m p lo y e d
5 9 .0
5 7 .8
5 8 .0
5 7 .9
5 8 .1
5 7 .9
5 7 .8
5 7 .8
5 7 .6
5 7 .4
3 ,3 6 8
3 ,4 0 1
3 ,3 6 7
3 ,3 5 6
3 ,4 4 6
3 ,3 7 1
3 ,4 4 5
3 ,4 2 9
3 ,3 6 3
3 ,4 1 3
3 ,4 6 6
3 ,4 1 1
3 ,4 1 2
3 ,3 9 3
3 ,3 /b
................................
9 7 ,0 3 0
9 6 ,1 2 5
9 6 ,2 3 0
9 6 ,1 2 8
9 6 ,5 4 8
9 6 ,3 1 0
9 6 ,1 4 3
9 6 ,2 5 4
9 6 ,1 8 0
9 5 ,7 6 3
9 5 ,6 7 0
9 5 ,6 8 2
9 5 ,6 9 1
9 5 ,6 7 0
9 5 ,7 2 9
...................................................................
8 ,2 7 3
1 0 ,6 7 8
9 ,8 8 1
1 0 ,2 5 6
1 0 ,3 8 4
1 0 ,4 6 6
1 0 ,8 2 8
1 0 ,9 3 1
1 1 ,3 1 5
1 1 ,5 7 6
1 1 ,9 0 6
1 2 ,0 3 6
1 1 ,4 4 6
1 1 ,4 9 0
1 0 .8
1 0 .4
1 0 .4
1 0 .3
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a tio 2
.......
A g r i c u l t u r e ...................................................................
N o n a g r ic u lt u r a l in d u s tr ie s
U n e m p lo y e d
1 1 ,3 8 1
......................................
7 .6
9 .7
9 .0
9 .3
9 .4
9 .5
9 .8
9 .9
1 0 .2
1 0 .5
1 0 .7
N o t in la b o r f o r c e ................................................................
6 1 ,4 6 0
6 2 ,0 6 7
6 2 ,1 8 9
6 2 ,1 0 4
6 1 ,6 4 8
6 2 ,0 4 3
6 1 ,9 4 8
6 1 ,8 9 7
6 1 ,8 3 2
6 2 ,1 2 9
6 2 ,0 1 6
6 2 ,0 7 0
6 2 ,8 0 6
6 2 ,9 5 2
6 3 ,1 7 2
.............................
7 2 ,4 1 9
7 3 ,6 4 4
7 3 ,2 8 7
7 3 ,3 9 2
7 3 ,4 9 9
7 3 ,5 8 5
7 3 ,6 8 5
7 3 ,7 7 4
7 3 ,8 6 7
7 3 ,9 8 4
7 4 ,0 9 4
7 4 ,2 3 6
7 4 ,3 3 9
7 4 ,4 3 4
7 4 ,5 2 8
.........................................................
5 7 ,1 9 7
5 7 ,9 8 0
5 7 ,6 3 3
5 7 ,7 9 4
5 8 ,0 0 8
5 7 ,9 5 9
5 8 ,0 5 5
5 8 ,0 6 4
5 8 ,3 5 4
5 8 ,3 6 3
5 8 ,4 5 4
5 8 ,4 4 3
5 8 ,0 4 8
5 8 ,1 7 7
5 8 ,1 7 0
7 9 .0
7 8 .7
7 8 .6
7 8 .7
7 8 .9
7 8 .8
7 8 .8
7 8 .7
7 9 .0
7 8 .9
7 8 .9
7 8 .7
7 8 .1
7 8 .2
7 8 .1
5 2 ,4 5 2
5 2 ,4 2 8
5 2 ,5 8 9
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te
M en, 20 ye ars an d o ve r
C iv ilia n n o n in s titu t io n a l p o p u la t io n 1
C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e
P a r t ic ip a tio n r a t e
E m p lo y e d
............................................
.........................................................................
5 3 ,5 8 2
5 2 ,8 9 1
5 3 ,0 2 6
5 3 ,0 2 4
5 3 ,1 9 0
5 2 ,9 4 3
5 2 ,9 0 5
5 2 ,8 3 2
5 2 ,7 7 6
5 2 ,6 4 9
5 2 ,5 8 9
5 2 ,5 3 4
7 2 .4
7 2 .2
7 2 .4
7 1 .9
7 1 .8
7 1 .6
7 1 .4
7 1 .2
7 1 .0
7 0 .8
7 0 .6
7 0 .4
7 0 .6
................
7 4 .0
7 1 .8
A g r i c u l t u r e ...................................................................
2 ,3 8 4
2 ,4 2 2
2 ,3 9 2
2 ,4 1 7
2 ,4 4 6
2 ,4 2 4
2 ,4 6 2
2 ,4 3 3
2 ,4 3 6
2 ,4 4 4
2 ,4 3 4
2 ,3 8 9
2 ,4 2 6
2 ,3 7 4
2 ,4 2 0
................................
5 1 ,1 9 9
5 0 ,4 6 9
5 0 ,6 3 4
5 0 ,6 0 7
5 0 ,7 4 4
5 0 ,5 1 9
5 0 ,4 4 3
5 0 ,3 9 9
5 0 ,3 4 0
5 0 ,2 0 5
5 0 ,1 5 5
5 0 ,1 4 5
5 0 ,0 2 5
5 0 ,0 5 4
5 0 ,1 6 9
...................................................................
3 ,6 1 5
5 ,0 8 9
4 ,6 0 7
4 ,7 7 0
4 ,8 1 8
5 ,0 1 6
5 ,1 5 0
5 ,2 3 2
5 ,5 7 8
5 ,7 1 4
5 ,8 6 5
5 ,9 0 9
5 ,5 9 7
5 ,7 4 9
5 ,5 .8 1
8 .8
8 .0
8 .3
8 .3
8 .7
8 .9
9 .0
9 .6
9 .8
1 0 .0
10 .1
9 .6
9 .9
9 .6
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a tio 2
N o n a g r ic u lt u r a l in d u s tr ie s
U n e m p lo y e d
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e
......................................
6 .3
W om en , 20 years and o ve r
.............................
8 1 ,4 9 7
8 2 ,8 6 4
8 2 ,4 7 8
8 2 ,5 9 1
8 2 ,7 0 7
8 2 ,8 1 1
8 2 ,9 2 6
8 3 ,0 3 5
8 3 ,1 5 2
8 3 ,2 7 1
8 3 ,3 8 5
8 3 ,3 8 3
8 3 ,4 9 0
8 3 ,5 9 3
8 3 ,6 9 9
.........................................................
4 2 ,4 8 5
4 3 ,6 9 9
4 3 ,2 8 5
4 3 ,3 5 5
4 3 ,6 3 2
4 3 ,8 1 9
4 3 ,9 8 3
4 4 ,0 3 9
4 3 ,9 9 6
4 3 ,9 3 6
4 4 ,1 1 2
4 4 ,2 8 6
4 4 ,2 0 1
4 4 ,2 1 6
4 4 ,1 6 6
C iv ilia n n o n in s titu t io n a l p o p u la t io n 1
C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e
............................................
5 2 .1
5 2 .7
5 2 .5
5 2 .5
5 2 .8
5 2 .9
5 3 .0
5 3 .0
5 2 .9
5 2 .8
5 2 .9
5 3 .1
5 2 .9
5 2 .9
5 2 .8
.........................................................................
3 9 ,5 9 0
4 0 ,0 8 6
3 9 ,8 8 3
3 9 ,8 2 7
4 0 ,0 6 4
4 0 ,2 5 4
4 0 ,3 1 1
4 0 ,3 6 8
4 0 ,2 8 6
4 0 ,1 1 2
4 0 ,1 2 3
4 0 ,2 1 5
4 0 ,2 3 8
4 0 ,2 9 1
4 0 ,2 7 7
4 8 .6
4 8 .6
4 8 .6
4 8 .4
4 8 .2
4 8 .1
4 8 .2
4 8 .2
4 8 .2
4 8 .1
P a r t ic ip a tio n r a t e
E m p lo y e d
................
4 8 .6
4 8 .4
4 8 .4
4 8 .2
4 8 .4
A g r i c u l t u r e ...................................................................
604
601
625
600
614
586
598
590
588
578
590
628
625
c 657
647
3 8 ,9 8 6
3 9 ,4 8 5
3 9 ,2 5 8
3 9 ,2 2 7
3 9 ,4 5 0
3 9 ,6 6 8
3 9 ,7 1 3
3 9 ,7 7 8
3 9 ,6 9 8
3 9 ,5 3 4
3 9 ,5 3 3
3 9 ,5 8 7
3 9 ,6 1 3
3 9 ,6 3 4
3 9 ,6 3 0
3 ,9 2 5
3 ,8 8 9
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t io 2
N o n a g r ic u lt u r a l In d u s tr ie s
U n e m p lo y e d
................................
2 ,8 9 5
3 ,6 1 3
3 ,4 0 2
3 ,5 2 8
3 ,5 6 8
3 ,5 6 5
3 ,6 7 2
3 ,6 7 1
3 ,7 1 0
3 ,8 2 4
3 ,9 8 9
4 ,0 7 1
3 ,9 6 3
6 .8
8 .3
7 .9
8.1
8 .2
8.1
8 .3
8 .3
8 .4
8 .7
9 .0
9 .2
9 .0
8 .9
8 .8
.............................
1 6 ,2 1 4
1 5 ,7 6 3
1 5 ,9 0 2
1 5 ,8 6 1
1 5 ,8 2 0
1 5 ,7 9 4
1 5 ,7 5 3
1 5 ,7 0 2
1 5 ,6 7 1
1 5 ,6 2 5
1 5 ,5 7 9
1 5 ,5 8 0
1 5 ,5 2 5
1 5 ,4 7 8
1 5 ,4 2 9
............................................................
8 ,9 8 8
8 ,5 2 6
8 ,5 6 0
8 ,5 9 1
8 ,7 3 8
8 ,3 6 9
8 ,3 7 8
8 ,5 1 1
8 ,5 0 8
8 ,4 5 3
8 ,4 7 6
8 ,4 0 0
8 ,2 9 9
8 ,1 6 0
5 5 .4
5 4 .1
5 3 .8
5 4 .2
5 5 .2
5 3 .0
5 3 .2
5 4 .2
5 4 .3
5 4 .1
5 4 .4
5 3 .9
5 3 .5
5 2 .7
5 2 .8
...................................................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e
......................................
B o th s e x e s , 1 6 t o 19 y e a r s
C iv ilia n n o n in s titu t io n a l p o p u la t io n 1
C iv ilia n l a b o r f o r c e
P a r t ic ip a tio n r a t e
E m p lo y e d
............................................
.........................................................................
7 ,2 2 5
6 ,5 4 9
6 ,6 8 8
6 ,6 3 3
6 ,7 4 0
8 ,1 4 8
6 ,4 8 4
6 ,3 7 2
6 ,4 8 3
6 ,4 8 1
6 ,4 1 5
6 ,4 2 4
6 ,3 4 4
6 ,4 1 3
6 ,3 4 5
6 ,2 3 7
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 0 ,7
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .4
................
4 4 .6
4 1 .5
4 2 .1
4 1 .8
4 2 .6
4 1 .1
4 0 .4
A g r i c u l t u r e ...................................................................
380
378
350
339
386
361
385
406
339
391
442
394
361
362
308
................................
6 ,8 4 5
6 ,1 7 1
6 ,3 3 8
6 ,2 9 4
6 ,3 5 4
6 ,1 2 3
5 ,9 8 7
6 ,0 7 7
6 ,1 4 2
6 ,0 2 4
5 ,9 8 2
5 ,9 5 0
6 ,0 5 2
5 ,9 8 3
5 ,9 2 9
...................................................................
1 ,7 6 3
1 ,9 7 7
1 ,8 7 2
1 ,9 5 8
1 ,9 9 8
1 ,8 8 5
2 ,0 0 6
2 ,0 2 8
2 ,0 2 7
2 ,0 3 8
2 ,0 5 2
2 ,0 5 6
1 ,8 8 6
1 ,8 1 5
1 ,9 1 1
1 9 .6
2 3 .2
2 1 .9
2 2 .8
2 2 .9
2 2 .5
2 3 .9
2 3 .8
2 3 .8
2 4 .1
2 4 .2
2 4 .5
2 2 .7
2 2 .2
2 3 .5
.............................
1 4 7 ,9 0 8
1 4 9 ,4 4 1
1 4 9 ,1 3 2
1 4 9 ,2 4 9
1 4 9 ,2 5 0
1 4 9 ,4 2 9
1 4 9 ,5 6 9
1 4 9 ,5 3 6
1 4 9 ,6 5 2
1 4 9 ,8 3 8
1 4 9 ,8 8 7
1 5 0 ,0 5 6
1 5 0 ,1 2 9
1 5 0 ,1 8 7
1 5 0 ,3 8 2
.........................................................
9 5 ,0 5 2
9 6 ,1 4 3
9 5 ,6 0 2
9 5 ,9 4 1
9 6 ,4 0 5
9 6 ,1 6 5
9 6 ,3 8 5
9 6 ,3 7 5
9 6 ,6 4 0
9 6 ,4 5 3
9 6 ,7 1 9
9 6 ,8 6 4
9 6 ,1 7 6
9 5 ,9 8 7
6 4 .3
6 4 .3
6 4 .1
6 4 .3
6 4 .6
6 4 .4
6 4 .4
6 4 .4
6 4 .6
6 4 .4
6 4 .5
6 4 .6
6 4 .1
6 3 .9
6 3 .8
8 7 ,4 7 7
8 7 ,4 3 5
8 7 ,4 4 3
8 7 ,4 6 6
8 7 ,1 9 4
8 7 ,3 2 4
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a tio 2
N o n a g r ic u lt u r a l in d u s tr ie s
U n e m p lo y e d
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e
......................................
W h ite
C iv ilia n n o n in s titu t io n a l p o p u la t io n 1
C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e
P a r t ic ip a tio n r a t e
E m p lo y e d
.............................................
9 5 ,9 9 6
.........................................................................
8 8 ,7 0 9
8 7 ,9 0 3
8 8 ,0 3 3
8 8 ,0 1 1
8 8 ,3 5 0
8 8 ,0 8 9
8 8 ,0 2 1
8 7 ,9 7 9
8 7 ,8 7 2
................
6 0 .0
5 8 .8
5 9 .0
5 9 .0
5 9 .2
5 9 .0
5 8 .8
5 8 .8
5 8 .7
5 8 .4
5 8 .3
5 8 .3
5 8 .3
5 8 .1
5 8 .1
...................................................................
6 ,3 4 3
8 ,2 4 1
7 ,5 6 9
7 ,9 3 0
8 ,0 5 5
8 ,0 7 6
8 ,3 6 4
8 ,3 9 6
8 ,7 6 8
8 ,9 7 6
9 ,2 8 4
9 ,4 2 1
8 ,7 1 1
8 ,7 9 3
8 ,6 7 2
6 .7
8 .6
7 .9
8 .3
8 .4
8 .4
8 .7
8 .7
9.1
9 .3
9 .6
9 .7
9.1
9 .2
9 .0
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t io 2
U n e m p lo y e d
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e
......................................
B la c k
.............................
1 8 ,2 1 9
1 8 ,5 8 4
1 8 ,4 8 0
1 8 ,5 1 1
1 8 ,5 4 2
1 8 ,5 7 0
1 8 ,6 0 0
1 8 ,6 2 6
1 8 ,6 5 9
1 8 ,6 9 2
1 8 ,7 2 3
1 8 ,7 4 0
1 8 ,7 6 8
1 8 ,7 9 6
1 8 ,8 2 3
.........................................................
1 1 ,0 8 6
1 1 ,3 3 1
1 1 ,2 2 8
1 1 ,2 0 1
1 1 ,3 1 8
1 1 ,2 6 7
1 1 ,3 4 1
1 1 ,4 0 0
1 1 ,4 4 3
1 1 ,3 9 8
1 1 ,4 7 5
1 1 ,5 2 2
1 1 ,5 4 2
1 1 ,5 4 8
1 1 ,5 5 4
6 0 .8
6 1 .0
6 0 .8
6 0 .5
6 1 .0
6 0 .7
6 1 .0
6 1 .2
6 1 .3
6 1 .0
6 1 .3
6 1 .5
6 1 .5
6 1 .4
6 1 .4
9 ,3 5 5
9 ,1 8 9
9 ,2 0 9
9 ,1 3 5
9 ,2 0 9
9 ,1 7 1
9 ,2 1 1
9 ,2 2 0
9 ,1 7 2
9 ,1 0 2
9 ,1 5 9
9 ,1 2 7
9 ,1 4 2
9 ,2 7 6
9 ,2 5 3
4 9 .2
C iv ilia n n o n in s titu t io n a l p o p u la t io n 1
C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e
P a r t ic ip a tio n r a te
E m p lo y e d
.............................................
.........................................................................
................
5 1 .3
4 9 .4
4 9 .8
4 9 .3
4 9 .7
4 9 .4
4 9 .5
4 9 .5
4 9 .2
4 8 .7
4 8 .9
4 8 .7
4 8 .7
4 9 .4
...................................................................
1 ,7 3 1
2 ,1 4 2
2 ,0 1 9
2 ,0 6 6
2 ,1 0 9
2 ,0 9 6
2 ,1 3 0
2 ,1 8 0
2 ,2 7 1
2 ,2 9 6
2 ,3 1 6
2 ,3 9 5
2 ,4 0 0
2 ,2 7 1
2 ,3 0 2
......................................
1 5 .6
1 8 .9
1 8 .0
1 8 .4
1 8 .6
1 8 .6
1 8 .8
19 ,1
1 9 .8
2 0 .1
202
2 0 .8
2 0 .8
1 9 .7
1 9 .9
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t io 2
U n e m p lo y e d
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e
H is p a n ic o r ig in
.............................
9 ,3 1 0
9 ,4 0 0
9 ,2 9 7
9 ,2 3 5
9 ,2 9 7
9 ,4 2 8
9 ,5 2 1
9 ,6 8 9
9 ,4 6 4
9 ,4 7 4
9 ,3 5 5
9 ,3 0 1
9 ,3 2 8
9 ,3 6 8
9 ,5 5 1
C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e .............................................................
5 ,9 7 2
5 ,9 8 3
6 ,0 1 5
5 ,9 6 6
6 ,0 0 4
5 ,9 6 5
5 ,9 7 2
6 ,0 4 5
5 ,9 6 1
5 ,9 7 3
5 ,9 2 3
5 ,8 9 8
5 ,9 8 1
5 ,9 9 2
6 ,0 7 4
6 3 .0
6 3 .0
6 3 .3
6 3 .4
6 4 .1
6 4 .0
6 3 .6
C iv ilia n n o n in s titu t io n a l p o p u la t io n 1
.............................................
6 4 .1
6 3 .6
6 4 .7
6 4 .6
6 4 .6
6 3 .3
6 2 .7
6 2 .4
.........................................................................
5 ,3 4 8
5 ,1 5 8
5 ,2 5 3
5 ,2 1 1
5 ,1 8 2
5 ,1 5 5
5 ,1 3 6
5 ,1 6 2
5 ,0 9 7
5 ,0 7 5
5 ,0 1 2
4 ,9 9 8
5 ,0 5 3
5 ,0 4 2
5 ,0 8 8
................
5 7 .4
5 4 .9
5 6 .5
5 6 .4
5 5 .7
5 4 .7
5 3 .9
5 3 .3
5 3 .9
5 3 .6
5 3 .6
5 3 .7
5 4 .2
5 3 .8
5 3 .3
...................................................................
624
825
762
755
822
810
836
883
864
898
911
900
929
950
986
1 4 .0
1 4 .6
1 4 .5
1 5 .0
1 5 .4
1 5 .3
1 5 .5
1 5 .8
1 6 .2
P a r t ic ip a tio n r a t e
E m p lo y e d
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t io 2
U n e m p lo y e d
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e
......................................
1 0 .4
1 3 .8
1 T h e p o p u la tio n fig u r e s a r e n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d .
1 2 .7
1 2 .7
1 3 .7
1 3 .6
N ote :
D e ta il f o r th e a b o v e r a c e a n d H is p a n ic - o r ig in g r o u p s w ill n o t s u m t o t o t a ls b e c a u s e d a t a
for
th e
2 C iv ilia n e m p lo y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f th e c iv ilia n n o n in s titu t io n a l p o p u la tio n .
" o t h e r r a c e s ” g r o u p s a r e n o t p r e s e n t e d a n d H is p a n ic s a r e in c lu d e d in b o th th e w h ite a n d b la c k p o p u la tio n
c = c o r re c te d .
g ro u p s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
61
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data
4.
Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted
[ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ]
A nnual av erag e
1982
1983
S e le c t e d c a t e g o r ie s
1981
1982
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
9 9 ,1 0 3
C H A R A C T E R IS T IC
C iv ilia n e m p lo y e d , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................................
1 0 0 ,3 9 7
9 9 ,5 2 6
9 9 ,5 9 7
9 9 ,4 8 4
9 9 ,9 9 4
9 9 ,6 8 1
9 9 ,5 8 8
9 9 ,6 8 3
9 9 ,5 4 3
9 9 ,1 7 6
9 9 ,1 3 6
9 9 ,0 9 3
9 9 ,1 0 3
9 9 ,0 6 3
...............................................................................................
5 7 ,3 9 7
5 6 ,2 7 1
5 6 ,4 9 9
5 6 ,4 4 4
5 6 ,7 2 4
5 6 ,2 4 9
5 6 ,1 2 7
5 6 ,1 5 9
5 6 ,0 7 3
5 5 ,9 3 2
5 5 ,8 9 2
5 5 ,8 0 9
5 5 ,7 5 2
5 5 ,7 0 6
5 5 ,7 7 2
W o m e n .........................................................................................
4 3 ,0 0 0
4 3 ,2 5 6
4 3 ,0 9 8
4 3 ,0 4 0
4 3 ,2 7 0
4 3 ,4 3 2
4 3 ,4 6 1
4 3 ,5 2 4
4 3 ,4 7 1
4 3 ,2 4 4
4 3 ,2 4 4
4 3 ,2 8 4
4 3 ,3 5 0
4 3 ,3 5 7
4 3 ,3 3 1
M a r r ie d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t
......................................
3 8 ,8 8 2
3 8 ,0 7 4
3 8 ,2 2 7
3 8 ,2 1 2
3 8 ,2 7 4
3 8 ,2 5 4
3 8 ,1 7 7
3 8 ,1 2 1
3 7 ,9 9 8
3 7 ,8 5 2
3 7 ,6 4 1
3 7 ,5 0 7
3 7 ,4 5 0
3 7 ,4 2 8
3 7 ,4 5 2
M a r r ie d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ................................
2 3 ,9 1 5
2 4 ,0 5 3
2 3 ,9 3 3
2 3 ,8 9 1
2 4 ,1 1 2
2 4 ,3 3 1
2 4 ,1 7 3
2 4 ,2 3 5
2 4 ,1 5 9
2 4 ,0 8 1
2 3 ,9 8 5
2 4 ,1 5 5
2 4 ,2 0 5
2 4 ,0 7 0
2 4 ,1 7 1
W o m e n w h o m a in t a in f a m i l i e s ......................................
4 ,9 9 8
5 ,0 9 9
5 ,0 9 4
5 ,0 9 3
4 ,9 9 1
5 ,1 2 0
5 ,2 0 0
5 ,2 0 8
5 ,1 1 8
5 ,1 0 7
5 ,0 2 5
4 ,9 8 5
5 ,0 3 8
5 ,0 5 0
5 ,0 9 7
M en
M A J O R IN D U S T R Y A N D C L A S S
OF W ORKER
A g r ic u ltu r e :
W a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s ................................................
1 ,4 6 4
1 ,5 0 5
1 ,4 2 8
1 ,4 4 2
1 ,5 3 0
1 ,4 5 7
1 ,5 2 3
1 ,5 4 8
1 ,5 3 7
1 ,5 7 6
1 ,5 8 4
1 ,5 4 7
1 ,6 3 7
1 ,6 2 4
1 ,5 1 5
S e lf - e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s ......................................................
1 ,6 3 8
1 ,6 3 6
1 ,6 4 5
1 ,6 5 6
1 ,6 7 9
1 ,6 6 1
1 ,6 5 5
1 ,6 2 0
1 ,5 6 9
1 ,6 2 1
1 ,6 2 8
1 ,6 2 7
1 ,5 8 7
1 ,5 4 1
1 ,5 8 5
......................................................
266
261
270
266
251
254
254
255
254
229
241
224
231
223
260
W a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s ................................................
8 9 ,5 4 3
8 8 ,4 6 2
8 8 ,6 2 0
8 8 ,4 5 4
8 8 ,8 7 2
8 8 ,5 4 8
8 8 ,4 9 1
8 8 ,5 7 6
8 8 ,5 6 2
8 8 ,0 6 4
8 7 ,9 3 6
8 7 ,9 7 6
8 7 ,8 1 3
8 7 ,7 9 4
8 7 ,9 1 2
U n p a id f a m ily w o r k e r s
N o n a g r ic u lt u r a l in d u s tr ie s :
...................................................................
1 5 ,6 8 9
1 5 ,5 1 6
1 5 ,4 9 1
1 5 ,4 6 4
1 5 ,4 5 4
1 5 ,6 1 4
1 5 ,4 7 1
1 5 ,5 6 2
1 5 ,6 8 1
1 5 ,4 3 6
1 5 ,5 1 4
1 5 ,4 7 7
1 5 ,3 8 6
1 5 ,5 0 1
1 5 ,4 5 2
P r iv a t e i n d u s t r i e s .........................................................
G o v e rn m e n t
7 3 ,8 5 3
7 2 ,9 4 5
7 3 ,1 2 9
7 2 ,9 9 0
7 3 ,4 1 8
7 2 ,9 3 4
7 3 ,0 2 0
7 3 ,0 1 4
7 2 ,8 8 1
7 2 ,6 2 8
7 2 ,4 2 2
7 2 ,4 9 9
7 2 ,4 2 7
7 2 ,2 9 3
7 2 ,4 5 9
.........................................
1 ,2 0 8
1 ,2 0 7
1 ,2 1 8
1 ,1 9 6
1 ,2 0 4
1 ,2 0 5
1 ,2 0 0
1 ,2 2 7
1 ,2 2 0
1 ,2 1 6
1 ,2 2 1
1 ,1 6 3
1 ,1 6 2
1 ,2 3 2
1 ,2 3 5
O t h e r .........................................................................
7 2 ,6 4 5
7 1 ,7 3 8
7 1 ,9 1 1
7 1 ,7 9 4
7 2 ,2 1 4
7 1 ,7 2 9
7 1 ,8 2 0
7 1 ,7 8 7
7 1 ,6 6 1
7 1 ,4 1 2
7 1 ,2 0 1
7 1 ,3 3 6
7 1 ,2 6 5
7 1 ,0 6 1
7 1 ,2 2 5
S e lf - e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s ......................................................
P r iv a t e h o u s e h o ld s
7 ,0 9 7
7 ,2 6 2
7 ,1 5 0
7 ,2 4 6
7 ,2 6 2
7 ,3 0 1
7 ,2 8 6
7 ,3 3 8
7 ,4 2 2
7 ,3 3 2
7 ,3 4 9
7 ,3 3 5
7 ,4 6 5
7 ,3 8 5
7 ,4 5 3
390
401
431
410
392
398
393
408
378
403
382
383
380
353
342
U n p a id f a m ily w o r k e r s
......................................................
PERSONS AT W O R K 1
N o n a g r ic u lt u r a l In d u s tr ie s
.........................................................
9 1 ,3 7 7
9 0 ,5 5 2
9 0 ,5 7 9
9 0 ,7 5 5
9 1 ,0 8 2
9 0 ,9 1 7
9 0 ,4 1 4
9 0 ,4 8 6
9 0 ,8 8 4
9 0 ,2 3 2
9 0 ,2 3 8
9 0 ,2 1 9
9 0 ,9 0 3
9 0 ,2 0 7
9 0 ,2 7 1
............................................................
7 4 ,3 3 9
7 2 ,2 4 5
7 2 ,6 9 9
7 2 ,5 6 2
7 2 ,8 6 9
7 2 ,5 4 5
7 2 ,2 8 8
7 2 ,0 4 5
7 1 ,7 2 3
7 1 ,3 9 4
7 1 ,4 4 2
7 1 ,4 9 9
7 1 ,7 8 6
7 1 ,5 6 4
7 1 ,8 7 8
P a r t t im e f o r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s ...................................
4 ,4 9 9
5 ,8 5 2
5 ,6 1 1
5 ,5 6 1
6 ,4 8 1
6 ,2 0 2
F u ll- tim e s c h e d u le s
5 ,7 5 0
5 ,7 3 1
5 ,5 7 7
5 ,8 2 0
6 ,4 9 5
6 ,9 0 3
6 ,4 1 1
6 ,4 2 5
6 ,8 4 5
U s u a lly w o r k fu ll t i m e ................................................
1 ,7 3 8
2 ,1 6 9
2 ,1 8 7
2 ,1 9 7
2 ,1 9 5
2 ,1 2 6
2 ,0 4 7
2 ,1 0 0
2 ,5 1 9
2 ,3 8 1
2 ,2 2 8
2 ,1 5 3
2 ,2 0 0
2 ,0 9 7
1 ,9 2 7
U s u a lly w o r k p a r t t i m e ............................................
2 ,7 6 1
3 ,6 8 3
3 ,4 2 4
3 ,5 5 3
3 ,5 3 6
3 ,4 3 5
3 ,5 3 0
3 ,7 2 0
3 ,9 7 6
4 ,0 2 2
4 ,1 8 3
4 ,2 7 2
4 ,6 4 5
4 ,3 8 4
4 ,2 7 5
P a r t tim e f o r n o n e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s ..........................
1 2 ,5 3 9
1 2 ,4 5 5
1 2 ,2 6 9
1 2 ,4 4 3
1 2 ,4 8 2
1 2 ,8 1 1
1 2 ,5 4 9
1 2 ,6 2 1
1 2 ,6 6 6
1 2 ,4 3 5
1 2 ,3 8 5
1 2 ,2 9 5
1 2 ,2 7 1
1 2 ,1 6 2
1 2 ,1 9 1
’ E x c lu d e s p e r s o n s " w i t h a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k ” d u r in g th e s u r v e y p e r io d f o r s u c h r e a s o n s a s v a c a tio n ,
illn e s s , o r In d u s tr ia l d is p u te s .
62
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5.
Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
[ U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e s ]
A nnual av erag e
1983
1982
S e le c t e d c a t e g o r ie s
1981
1982
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
C H A R A C T E R IS T IC
T o t a l, a ll c iv ilia n w o r k e r s ............................................................
7 .6
9 .7
9 .0
9 .3
9 .4
9 .5
9 .8
9 .9
1 0 .2
1 0 .4
1 0 .7
1 0 .8
1 0 .4
1 0 .4
1 0 .3
.........................................
1 9 .6
2 3 .2
2 1 .9
2 2 .8
2 2 .9
2 2 .5
2 3 .9
2 3 .8
2 3 .8
2 4 .1
2 4 .2
2 4 .5
2 2 .7
2 2 .2
2 3 .5
M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ...................................................
6 .3
8 .8
8 .0
8 .3
8 .3
8 .7
8 .9
9 .0
9 .6
9 .8
1 0 .0
10 .1
9 .6
9 .9
9 .6
W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs a n d o v e r
6 .8
8 .3
7 .9
8.1
8 .2
8.1
8 .3
8 .3
8 .4
8 .7
9 .0
9 .2
9 .0
8 .9
8 .8
B o th s e x e s , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s
.........................................
...............................................................................
6 .7
8 .6
7 .9
8 .3
8 .4
8 .7
9 .3
9 .6
9 .7
9 .2
9 .0
................................
1 7 .3
2 0 .4
1 9 .2
2 0 .4
1 9 .9
1 9 .7
2 0 .9
2 0 .8
2 0 .7
2 1 .5
2 1 .2
2 1 .6
2 0 .0
1 9 .7
2 1 .4
M e n , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ......................................
1 7 .9
2 1 .7
2 0 .4
2 1 .9
2 0 .9
2 1 .2
2 2 .5
2 2 .5
2 2 .2
2 3 .0
2 2 .6
2 2 .8
2 1 .2
2 1 .1
2 2 .9
.............................
1 6 .6
1 9 .0
1 7 .9
1 8 .8
1 8 .7
1 8 .0
19 .1
1 8 .9
19 .1
1 9 .9
1 9 .8
2 0 .4
1 8 .7
1 8 .2
1 9 .7
......................................
5 .6
7 .8
7 .0
7 .3
7 .5
7 .7
7 .9
8 .0
8 .6
8 .8
9.1
9 .2
8 .4
8 .7
8 .5
5 .9
7 .3
6 .8
7.1
7 .2
7.1
7 .3
7 .2
7 .5
7 .6
8 .0
8.1
7 .8
7 .7
7 .4
1 5 .6
1 8 .9
1 8 .0
1 8 .4
1 8 .6
1 8 .6
1 8 .8
19 .1
1 9 .8
2 0 .1
2 0 .2
2 0 .8
2 0 .8
1 9 .7
1 9 .9
W h ite , to t a l
B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s
W o m e n , 16 to 19 y e a rs
M en , 2 0 y e a rs a n d o v e r
W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................................
B la c k , to t a l
................................................................................
B o th s e x e s , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s
4 8 .0
4 6 .3
4 8 .0
4 9 .4
5 1 .2
4 8 .6
9.1
4 7 .7
4 9 .8
4 9 .5
4 5 .7
4 5 .4
4 3 .5
4 0 .7
4 8 .9
4 7 .6
4 8 .4
4 9 .7
5 5 .7
4 8 .9
5 0 .5
5 1 .0
4 9 .2
5 3 .0
5 2 .5
4 5 .9
4 5 .3
4 4 .5
4 2 .2
4 7 .1
4 4 .9
4 7 .7
4 9 .1
4 6 .0
4 9 .7
5 2 .1
4 5 .9
4 5 .9
4 6 .2
4 6 .2
4 5 .5
4 5 .4
4 2 .3
5 1 .2
4 9 .3
9.1
M e n , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ......................................
.............................
4 1 .4
8 .7
W o m e n , 1 6 to 19 y e a rs
M en , 2 0 y e a rs a n d o v e r
................................
8 .4
......................................
1 3 .5
1 7 .8
1 6 .3
1 7 .0
17 .1
1 7 .3
1 7 .4
1 7 .6
1 9 .2
1 9 .6
1 9 .2
2 0 .5
1 9 .7
1 8 .7
1 8 .8
W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................................
1 3 .4
1 5 .4
15.1
1 5 .4
1 5 .3
15 .1
1 5 .5
1 5 .4
1 5 .7
1 6 .2
1 6 .5
1 6 .5
1 8 .2
1 7 .0
1 7 .7
.........................................................
1 0 .4
1 3 .8
1 2 .7
1 2 .7
1 3 .7
1 3 .6
1 4 .0
1 4 .6
1 4 .5
1 5 .0
1 5 .4
1 5 .3
1 5 .5
1 5 .8
1 6 .2
H is p a n ic o r ig in , t o t a l
M a r r ie d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ......................................
4 .3
6 .5
5 .6
6 .0
6.1
6 .4
6 .6
6 .8
7 .2
7 .5
7 .6
7 .8
7.1
7 .2
7.1
M a r r ie d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ................................
6 .0
7 .4
7 .0
7 .6
7 .3
7.1
7 .4
7 .3
7 .6
7 .9
8 .2
8 .2
7 .8
7 .6
7 .5
W o m e n w h o m a in t a in f a m i l i e s ......................................
1 0 .4
1 1 .7
1 0 .8
1 1 .5
1 1 .9
12 .1
1 2 .0
1 1 .7
1 2 .4
1 1 .3
1 2 .5
1 3 .2
1 3 .2
1 3 .0
1 3 .5
F u ll- t im e w o r k e r s ...................................................................
7 .3
9 .6
8 .9
9.1
9 .2
9 .4
9 .6
9 .7
1 0 .2
1 0 .5
1 0 .6
1 0 .8
1 0 .3
1 0 .4
1 0 .3
................................................................
9 .4
1 0 .5
1 0 .0
1 0 .8
1 0 .5
1 0 .0
1 1 .2
1 0 .4
1 0 .6
1 0 .3
1 1 .3
11 .1
1 0 .6
10 .1
1 0 .5
U n e m p lo y e d 1 5 w e e k s a n d o v e r ................................
2.1
3 .2
2 .7
2 .8
3 .0
3 .2
3 .2
3 .3
3 .5
3 .8
4.1
4 .3
4 .2
4 .2
4 .2
L a b o r f o r c e tim e l o s t 1
8 .5
1 1 .0
1 0 .3
1 0 .4
1 0 .7
1 0 .4
1 0 .7
1 0 .9
1 1 .7
1 2 .0
1 2 .4
1 2 .7
1 1 .7
1 2 .0
1 1 .8
P a r t - t im e w o r k e r s
......................................................
IN D U S T R Y
..
7 .7
10.1
9 .4
9 .8
9 .8
1 0 .0
1 0 .2
1 0 .2
1 1 .0
1 1 .0
1 1 .4
1 1 .6
1 0 .8
1 0 .8
1 0 .8
.........................................................................................
6 .0
1 3 .4
9 .3
1 0 .6
12 .1
1 4 .0
1 5 .8
1 6 .0
1 8 .5
1 7 .9
18.1
18.1
17 .1
1 8 .4
1 8 .6
1 5 .6
2 0 .0
2 0 .4
2 1 .8
1 9 .7
2 0 .3
N o n a g r ic u lt u r a l p r iv a t e w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s
M in in g
C o n s t r u c t io n
............................................................................
M a n u f a c t u r i n g .........................................................................
D u r a b le g o o d s
.............................................................
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s ......................................................
2 0 .3
2 2 .3
2 2 .3
2 2 .0
2 0 .0
1 0 .7
1 1 .3
1 1 .5
1 2 .2
12 .1
1 2 .4
14 .1
14 .1
1 4 .8
1 4 .8
1 3 .0
1 3 .3
1 2 .8
1 0 .8
1 8 .2
1 1 .9
1 9 .3
1 2 .2
13 .1
1 2 .8
1 3 .3
1 6 .0
1 6 .0
1 7 .0
1 7 .1
1 4 .7
1 4 .7
14 .1
8 .4
1 0 .8
1 1 .0
1 1 .0
1 1 .2
1 1 .2
1 1 .4
1 1 .4
1 0 .6
1 0 .6
1 0 .4
11 .1
.............................
5 .2
6 .8
5 .7
6 .7
6 .4
6 .8
6 .6
7.1
7 .9
7 .9
8 .3
8 .0
7 .8
8 .0
7 .8
8.1
1 0 .0
10.1
9 .9
1 0 .2
9 .7
1 0 .3
1 0 .0
1 0 .4
1 0 .4
1 0 .6
1 1 .0
1 0 .8
1 0 .9
1 1 .2
...................................
5 .9
6 .9
6 .8
7 .0
6 .8
6 .9
7 .0
7 .0
7.1
7.1
7 .7
7 .9
7 .6
7 .3
7 .2
...................................................................
4 .7
4 .9
4 .8
5 .2
4 .9
4 .7
4 .7
4 .7
4 .9
4 .9
5.1
5.1
5 .7
6 .0
5 .9
12 .1
1 4 .7
1 4 .0
1 4 .6
18 .1
1 5 .0
14.1
1 4 .2
1 3 .3
1 3 .3
1 5 .6
1 6 .5
1 6 .0
1 6 ,4
1 6 .3
F in a n c e a n d s e r v ic e in d u s tr ie s
A g r ic u lt u r a l w a g e a n d s a l a r y w o r k e r s
1 A g g re g a te h o u rs
1 9 .5
1 2 .3
1 3 .3
............................................
T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u t ilitie s
W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il t r a d e
G o v e rn m e n t w o rk e rs
1 8 .9
8 .3
8 .2
lo s t b y th e
.............................
u n e m p lo y e d a n d
p e rs o n s on
p a r t tim e f o r e c o n o m ic
1 0 .5
1 1 .4
11 .1
re a s o n s a s a
p e r c e n t o f p o t e n t ia lly a v a ila b le l a b o r f o r c e h o u r s .
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63
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data
6.
Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
[ C iv ilia n w o r k e r s ]
A nnual a v erag e
1983
1982
Sex and age
1981
1982
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p l.
O c t.
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
1 0 .4
Feb.
1 0 .4
M ar.
T o t a l, 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................................
7 .6
9 .7
9 .0
9 .3
9 .4
9 .5
9 .8
9 .9
1 0 .2
1 0 .5
1 0 .7
1 0 .8
............................................................................
1 4 .9
1 7 .8
1 6 .9
1 7 .4
1 7 .4
1 7 .3
1 7 .9
1 8 .2
1 8 .3
1 8 .7
1 9 .0
1 8 .9
1 8 .3
1 8 .3
18.1
2 2 .2
2 3 .5
16 to 24 y e a rs
1 6 to 19 y e a rs
......................................................................
16 to 17 y e a rs
................................................................
18 to 19 y e a rs
1 9 .6
2 3 .2
2 1 .9
2 2 .8
2 2 .9
2 2 .5
2 3 .9
2 3 .8
2 3 .8
2 4 .2
2 4 .5
2 2 .7
2 1 .4
2 4 .9
2 3 .2
2 4 .4
2 5 .1
2 3 .6
2 5 .8
2 5 .8
2 6 .5
2 6 .1
2 6 .3
2 7 .4
2 4 .1
2 3 .4
2 5 .1
................................................................
1 8 .4
2 2 .1
2 1 .3
2 1 .8
2 1 .4
2 2 .0
2 2 .6
2 2 .5
2 2 .0
2 2 .9
2 2 .8
2 2 .7
2 1 .7
2 1 .5
2 2 .7
......................................................................
1 2 .3
1 4 .9
14 .1
1 4 .5
1 4 .5
1 4 .5
1 4 .7
1 5 .3
1 5 .3
1 5 .8
1 6 .3
1 6 .0
16 .1
1 6 .3
1 5 .4
...................................................................
5 .4
7 .4
6 .8
7 .0
7.1
7 .3
7 .5
7 .5
7 .9
8.1
8 .3
8 .6
8.1
8 .2
8.1
...............................................................
5 .8
7 .9
7 .2
7 .4
7 .6
7 .7
8 .0
8 .0
8 .6
8 .7
8 .9
9.1
8 .7
8 .7
8 .7
5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r .........................................................
3 .6
5 .0
4 .6
4 .9
4 .9
5.1
5 .3
5 .2
5 .2
5 .5
5 .7
5 .8
5 .4
5 .4
5 .4
2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s
2 5 y e a rs a n d o v e r
2 5 to 54 y e a rs
1 0 .2
1 0 .7
1 0 .9
11 .1
1 1 .2
...............................................................
1 5 .7
19 .1
1 8 .2
1 8 .7
1 8 .6
1 8 .7
1 9 .2
1 9 .5
2 0 .0
2 0 .2
2 0 .6
20 .'5
1 9 .7
1 9 .8
1 9 .5
.........................................................
2 0 .1
2 4 .4
2 3 .3
2 4 .1
2 3 .8
2 4 .3
2 5 .2
2 5 .1
2 5 .4
2 5 .6
2 5 .7
2 5 .8
2 3 .9
2 3 ,6
2 5 .3
M en, 16 y e a rs a n d o v e r
16 to 2 4 y e a rs
16 to 19 y e a rs
...............................................
7 .4
9 .9
9.1
9 .4
9 .5
9 .7
1 0 .0
1 0 .6
1 0 .8
1 0 .7
2 2 .0
2 6 .4
2 4 .5
2 4 .8
2 6 .3
2 5 .4
2 7 .7
2 7 .4
2 9 .0
2 8 .8
2 8 .2
2 9 .0
2 4 .4
2 3 .6
2 6 .0
...................................................
1 8 .8
2 3 .1
2 2 .6
2 3 .7
2 2 .2
2 3 .7
2 3 .4
2 3 .4
2 3 .0
2 3 .4
2 4 .1
2 4 .0
2 3 .5
2 3 .4
2 4 .8
.........................................................
1 3 .2
1 6 .4
1 5 .6
1 5 .9
1 5 .8
1 5 .9
1 6 .2
1 6 .6
1 7 .3
1 7 .4
1 8 .0
1 7 .8
1 7 .6
1 7 .8
1 6 .6
2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r .........................................................
5.1
7 .5
6 .7
6 .9
7 .0
7 .4
7 .5
7 .7
8 .2
8 .5
8 .6
8 .8
8 .2
8 .5
8 .4
...................................................
5 .5
8 .0
7.1
7 .3
7 .5
7 .9
8.1
8 .2
9 .0
9.1
9 .2
9 .4
8 .7
9.1
9 .0
5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................
3 .5
5.1
4 .7
5 .0
4 .7
4 .9
4 .9
5 .5
5 .5
6 .0
6 .2
6 .3
5 .8
5 .7
5 .8
W o m e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r .........................................
7 .9
9 .4
8 .9
9 .3
9 .3
9 .2
9 .6
9 .5
9 .6
9 .9
1 0 .2
1 0 .3
1 0 .0
9 .8
9 .8
1 4 .0
1 6 .2
1 5 .2
1 6 .0
1 6 .0
1 5 .6
1 6 .4
1 6 .8
1 6 .3
1 7 .0
1 7 .2
17 .1
1 6 .7
1 6 .6
1 6 .6
1 9 .0
2 1 .8
2 2 .1
2 2 .5
2 2 .6
2 1 .5
1 6 to 1 7 y e a r s
...................................................
18 to 19 y e a rs
2 0 to 2 4 y e a rs
2 5 to 5 4 y e a rs
16 to 2 4 y e a rs
2 1 .9
2 0 .3
2 1 .3
2 0 .6
2 2 .6
2 3 .0
2 1 .5
2 0 .7
16 to 17 y e a rs
...................................................
2 0 .7
2 3 .2
2 1 .7
2 4 .0
2 3 .6
2 1 .6
2 3 .8
2 3 .9
2 3 .8
2 2 .9
2 4 .2
2 5 .6
2 3 .7
2 3 .2
2 4 .2
18 to 19 y e a rs
...................................................
1 7 .9
2 1 .0
1 9 .9
1 9 .8
2 0 .6
2 0 .2
2 1 .9
2 1 .5
2 0 .9
2 2 .3
2 1 .4
2 1 .3
1 9 .8
1 9 .3
2 0 .5
.........................................................
1 1 .2
1 3 .2
1 2 .5
1 3 .0
1 2 .9
1 3 .0
13 .1
1 3 .7
13 .1
1 4 .0
1 4 .4
1 4 .0
1 4 .2
1 4 .5
14 .1
16 to 19 y e a rs
2 0 to 2 4 y e a rs
.........................................................
2 2 .5
5 .9
7 .3
6 .9
7.1
7 .3
7 .2
7 .4
7.1
7 .5
7 .6
7 .9
8 .2
7 .9
7 .7
7 .7
...................................................
6 .3
7 .7
7 .4
7 .5
7 .8
7 .5
7 .7
7 .7
8 .0
8 .2
8 .5
8 .8
8 .7
8 .2
8 .3
5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................
3 .8
4 .8
4 ,7
4 .7
5 .0
5 .4
5 .8
4 .8
4 .8
4 .8
4 .9
5.1
4 .8
4 .9
4 .7
O c t.
N ov.
Jan.
Feb.
2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r .........................................................
2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s
7.
1 0 .3
2 4 .1
Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ]
1983
1982
A nnual av e ra g e
R e a s o n fo r u n e m p lo y m e n t
1981
1982
4 ,2 6 7
6 ,2 6 8
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
Dec.
M a r.
NUM BER OF UNEM PLOYED
J o b lo s e r s
............................................................................................
O n la y o f f
...................................................................................
O t h e r j o b lo s e r s
...................................................................
5 ,6 2 8
5 ,8 8 9
5 ,9 3 8
6 ,1 8 1
6 ,4 4 6
6 ,3 2 3
6 ,9 7 9
7 ,3 2 5
7 ,3 6 9
7 ,2 9 5
6 ,7 0 4
6 ,8 0 9
6 ,8 2 3
1 ,4 3 0
2 ,1 2 7
1 ,8 5 8
1 ,9 6 7
1 ,9 5 6
2 ,0 9 7
2 ,1 2 6
2 ,2 1 8
2 ,6 2 5
2 ,5 1 9
2 ,5 3 1
2 ,4 6 8
2 ,1 3 1
2 ,0 2 4
1 ,9 4 5
2 ,8 3 7
4 ,1 4 1
3 ,7 7 0
3 ,9 2 2
3 ,9 8 2
4 ,0 8 4
4 ,1 9 7
4 ,2 2 8
4 ,3 5 4
4 ,8 0 6
4 ,8 3 8
4 ,8 2 7
4 ,5 7 3
4 ,7 8 4
4 ,8 7 8
.........................................................................................
923
840
885
901
864
826
819
814
786
803
794
826
839
848
901
R e e n t r a n t s ............................................................................................
2 ,1 0 2
2 ,3 8 4
2 ,2 6 1
2 ,3 4 2
2 ,3 9 3
2 ,3 7 8
2 ,4 7 8
2 ,4 4 0
2 ,4 3 7
2 ,3 2 2
2 ,5 4 6
2 ,6 2 9
2 ,6 2 3
2 ,4 9 1
2 ,4 2 6
981
1 ,1 8 5
1 ,0 6 1
1 ,0 9 6
1 ,1 5 9
1 ,0 9 1
1 ,2 3 0
1 ,3 0 4
1 ,3 0 3
1 ,2 9 6
1 ,2 4 4
1 ,2 8 8
1 ,1 7 4
1 ,1 6 1
1 ,1 5 5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
5 1 .6
5 8 .7
5 7 .2
5 7 .6
5 7 .3
5 9 .0
5 8 .3
5 8 .6
6 0 .7
6 2 .4
6 1 .6
6 0 .6
5 9 .1
6 0 .2
6 0 .4
1 7 .3
1 9 .9
1 8 .9
1 9 .2
1 8 .9
2 0 .0
1 9 .6
2 0 .2
2 2 .8
2 1 .4
2 1 .2
2 0 .5
1 8 .8
1 7 .9
1 7 .2
4 3 .1
J o b -e a v e rs
N e w e n tra n ts
......................................................................................
P E R C E N T D IS T R IB U T IO N
T o t a l u n e m p l o y e d ............................................................................
j o b lo s e r s
............................................................................................
O n la y o f f
...................................................................................
...................................................................
3 4 .3
3 8 .8
3 8 .3
383
3 8 .5
3 9 .0
3 8 .7
3 8 .4
3 7 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .1
4 0 .3
4 2 .3
.........................................................................................
1 1 .2
7 .9
9 .0
8 .8
8 .3
7 .9
7 .5
7 .4
6 .8
6 .8
6 .6
6 .9
7 .4
7 .5
8 .0
R e e n t r a n t s ............................................................................................
2 5 .4
2 2 .3
2 3 .0
2 2 .9
2 3 .1
2 2 .7
2 2 .8
2 2 .2
2 1 .2
1 9 .8
2 1 .3
2 1 .8
2 3 .1
2 2 .0
2 1 .5
N e w e n tra n ts
1 1 .9
11 .1
1 0 .8
1 0 .7
1 1 .2
1 0 .4
1 1 .3
1 1 .9
1 1 .3
1 1 .0
1 0 .4
1 0 .7
1 0 .4
1 0 .3
1 0 .2
O t h e r j o b lo s e r s
Job
e a v e rs
......................................................................................
PERCENT OF
C IV IL IA N L A B O R F O R C E
J o b lo s e r s
............................................................................................
3 .9
5 .7
5.1
5 .4
5 .4
5 .6
5 .7
5 .8
6 .3
6 .6
6 .6
6 .6
6.1
6 .2
6 .2
.........................................................................................
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.8
.8
.8
R e e n t r a n t s ............................................................................................
1 .9
2 .2
2.1
2.1
2 .2
2 .2
2 .2
2 .2
2 .2
2.1
2 .3
2 .4
2 .4
2 .3
2 .2
9
1.1
1 .0
1 .0
1.1
1 .0
1.1
1 .2
1 .2
1 .2
1.1
1 .2
1.1
1.1
1 .0
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
3 ,4 4 0
J o b le a v e r s
N e w e n tra n ts
8.
......................................................................................
Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ]
1983
1982
A nnual averag e
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t
1981
1982
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
O c t.
.........................................................................
3 ,4 4 9
3 ,8 8 3
3 ,8 3 1
3 ,9 3 0
3 ,8 7 1
3 ,6 0 5
3 ,9 5 9
3 ,9 3 3
4 ,0 0 4
3 ,9 3 0
3 ,9 6 3
4 ,0 1 9
3 ,5 3 6
3 ,7 3 1
...................................................................................
2 ,5 3 9
3 ,3 1 1
3 ,0 9 8
3 ,2 5 5
3 ,2 8 1
3 ,3 9 8
3 ,2 4 9
3 ,3 4 6
3 ,5 4 9
3 ,5 1 1
3 ,5 4 9
3 ,4 6 0
3 ,3 2 8
3 ,1 0 6
3 ,1 4 0
1 5 w e e k s a n d o v e r .........................................................................
2 ,2 8 5
3 ,4 8 5
2 ,9 6 2
3 ,0 8 0
3 ,2 6 7
3 ,5 1 7
3 ,5 6 9
3 ,6 3 7
3 ,8 5 6
4 ,1 6 7
4 ,5 2 4
4 ,7 3 2
4 ,6 3 4
4 ,6 1 8
4 ,6 1 5
1 5 t o 2 6 w e e k s ......................................................................
1 ,1 2 2
1 ,7 0 8
1 ,6 0 5
1 ,5 8 2
1 ,6 3 3
1 ,6 8 3
1 ,7 8 0
1 ,8 0 8
1 ,8 3 0
1 ,9 5 1
2 ,1 9 1
2 ,1 2 5
1 ,9 2 8
1 ,9 2 8
1 ,8 7 5
2 7 w e e k s a n d o v e r .............................................................
1 ,1 6 2
1 ,7 7 6
1 ,3 5 7
1 ,4 9 8
1 ,6 3 4
1 ,8 3 4
1 ,7 8 9
1 ,8 2 9
2 ,0 2 6
2 ,2 1 6
2 ,3 3 3
2 ,6 0 7
2 ,7 0 6
2 ,6 8 9
2 ,7 4 0
............................................................
1 3 .7
1 5 .6
1 3 .9
1 4 .3
1 4 .9
1 6 .3
1 5 .6
16 .1
1 6 .6
17 .1
1 7 .3
1 8 .0
1 9 .4
1 9 .0
19 .1
M e d ia n d u r a tio n , in w e e k s .........................................................
6 .9
8 .7
7 .7
8 .3
8 .6
9 .8
8 .3
8 .3
9 .4
9 .6
1 0 .0
10.1
1 1 .5
9 .6
1 0 .3
L e s s th a n 5 w e e k s
5 to 1 4 w e e k s
M e a n d u r a t io n , in w e e k s
64
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EM PLOYM ENT, HOU RS, AND EARNINGS DATA FRO M ESTABLISHM ENT SURVEYS
E m p l o y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n i n g s d a t a in this section are
compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a volun
tary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperat
ing State agencies by 177,000 establishments representing all
industries except agriculture. In most industries, the sampling
probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most
large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An estab
lishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant,
for example, or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and others
not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the
survey because they are excluded from establishment records.
This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures
between the household and establishment surveys.
Definitions
Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holi
day and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the
12th of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 per
cent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establish
ment which reports them.
Production workers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker
supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with
production operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-17 in
clude production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction
workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transporta
tion and public utilities; in wholesale and retail trade; in finance, in
surance, and real estate; and in services industries. These groups
account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private
nonagricultural payrolls.
Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers
receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime
or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special
payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of
changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived
from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical
Workers (CPI-W). The Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from av
erage hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types
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of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments:
fluctuations in overtime premiums in manufacturing (the only sector
for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes and
seasonal factors in the proportion of workers in high-wage and lowwage industries.
Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or
nonsupervisory workers for which pay was received and are different
from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the por
tion of gross average weekly hours which were in excess of regular
hours and for which overtime premiums were paid.
The Diffusion Index, introduced in table 17 of the May issue, repre
sents the percent of 186 nonagricultural industries in which employ
ment was rising over the indicated period. One-half of the industries
with unchanged employment are counted as» rising. In line with Bu
reau practice, data for the 3-, 6-, and 9-month spans are seasonally
adjusted, while that for the 12-month span is unadjusted. The diffu
sion index is useful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or
losses and is also an economic indicator.
Notes on the data
Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are
periodically adjusted to comprehensive counts of employment (called
“benchmarks”). The latest complete adjustment was made with the re
lease of May 1982 data, published in the July 1982 issue of the R eview .
Consequently, data published in the R e v ie w prior to that issue are not
necessarily comparable to current data. Earlier comparable unadjusted
and seasonally adjusted data are published in a Supplement to E m
p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s (unadjusted data from April 1977 through Feb
ruary 1982 and seasonally adjusted data from January 1974 through
February 1982) and in E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s, U n ite d S ta tes, 1 9 0 9 78, BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods).
A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household
and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green,
“Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll sur
veys,” M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w , December 1969, pp. 9-20. See also B L S
H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s f o r S u r v e y s a n d S tu d ie s, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau
of Labor Statistics, 1976).
65
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
9.
Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-82
[N o n a g r ic u lt u r a l p a y r o ll d a t a , in t h o u s a n d s ]
S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g
G o o d s -p ro d u c in g
T ra n s p o rYear
T o ta l
P riv a te
F in a n c e ,
ta tio n
s e c to r
T o ta l
M in in g
C o n s tru c
M a n u fa c
t io n
t u r in g
T o ta l
W h o le
and
p u b lic
G o v e rn m e n t
W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il t r a d e
T o ta l
s a le
in s u r a n c e ,
R e ta il
tra d e
tra d e
u t ilit ie s
S ta te
S e rv ic e s
a n d re a l
T o ta l
F e d e ra l
e s ta te
and
lo c a l
1950
................................................
4 5 ,1 9 7
3 9 ,1 7 0
1 8 ,5 0 6
901
2 ,3 6 4
1 5 ,2 4 1
2 6 ,6 9 1
4 ,0 3 4
9 ,3 8 6
2 ,6 3 5
6 ,7 5 1
1 ,8 8 8
5 ,3 5 7
6 ,0 2 6
1 ,9 2 8
4 ,0 9 8
1955
................................................
5 0 ,6 4 1
4 3 ,7 2 7
2 0 ,5 1 3
792
2 ,8 3 9
1 6 ,8 8 2
3 0 ,1 2 8
4 ,1 4 1
1 0 ,5 3 5
2 ,9 2 6
7 ,6 1 0
2 ,2 9 8
6 ,2 4 0
6 ,9 1 4
2 ,1 8 7
4 ,7 2 7
I 9 6 0 1 .............................................
5 4 ,1 8 9
4 5 ,8 3 6
2 0 ,4 3 4
712
2 ,9 2 6
1 6 ,7 9 6
3 3 ,7 5 5
4 ,0 0 4
1 1 ,3 9 1
3 ,1 4 3
8 ,2 4 8
2 ,6 2 9
7 ,3 7 8
8 ,3 5 3
2 ,2 7 0
6 ,0 8 3
1964
................................................
5 8 ,2 8 3
4 8 ,6 8 6
2 1 ,0 0 5
634
3 ,0 9 7
1 7 ,2 7 4
3 7 ,2 7 8
3 ,9 5 1
1 2 ,1 6 0
3 ,3 3 7
8 ,8 2 3
2 ,9 1 1
8 ,6 6 0
9 ,5 9 6
2 ,3 4 8
7 ,2 4 8
1965
................................................
6 0 ,7 6 5
5 0 ,6 8 9
2 1 ,9 2 6
632
3 ,2 3 2
1 8 ,0 6 2
3 8 ,8 3 9
4 ,0 3 6
1 2 ,7 1 6
3 ,4 6 6
9 ,2 5 0
2 ,9 7 7
9 ,0 3 6
1 0 ,0 7 4
2 ,3 7 8
7 ,6 9 6
1966
................................................
6 3 ,9 0 1
5 3 ,1 1 6
2 3 ,1 5 8
627
3 ,3 1 7
1 9 ,2 1 4
4 0 ,7 4 3
4 ,1 5 8
1 3 ,2 4 5
3 ,5 9 7
9 ,6 4 8
3 ,0 5 8
9 ,4 9 8
1 0 ,7 8 4
2 ,5 6 4
8 ,2 2 0
1967
................................................
6 5 ,8 0 3
5 4 ,4 1 3
2 3 ,3 0 8
613
3 ,2 4 8
1 9 ,4 4 7
4 2 ,4 9 5
4 ,2 6 8
1 3 ,6 0 6
3 ,6 8 9
9 ,9 1 7
3 ,1 8 5
1 0 ,0 4 5
1 1 ,3 9 1
2 ,7 1 9
1968
................................................
6 7 ,8 9 7
5 6 ,0 5 8
2 3 ,7 3 7
606
3 ,3 5 0
1 9 ,7 8 1
4 4 ,1 6 0
4 ,3 1 8
1 4 ,0 9 9
3 ,7 7 9
1 0 ,3 2 0
3 ,3 3 7
1 0 ,5 6 7
1 1 ,8 3 9
2 ,7 3 7
9 ,1 0 2
1969
................................................
7 0 ,3 8 4
5 8 ,1 8 9
2 4 ,3 6 1
619
3 ,5 7 5
2 0 ,1 6 7
4 6 ,0 2 3
4 ,4 4 2
1 4 ,7 0 5
3 ,9 0 7
1 0 ,7 9 8
3 ,5 1 2
1 1 ,1 6 9
1 2 ,1 9 5
2 ,7 5 8
9 ,4 3 7
8 ,6 7 2
1970
................................................
7 0 ,8 8 0
5 8 ,3 2 5
2 3 ,5 7 8
623
3 ,5 8 8
1 9 ,3 6 7
4 7 ,3 0 2
4 ,5 1 5
1 5 ,0 4 0
3 ,9 9 3
1 1 ,0 4 7
3 ,6 4 5
1 1 ,5 4 8
1 2 ,5 5 4
2 ,7 3 1
9 ,8 2 3
1971
................................................
7 1 ,2 1 4
5 8 ,3 3 1
2 2 ,9 3 5
609
3 ,7 0 4
1 8 ,6 2 3
4 8 ,2 7 8
4 ,4 7 6
1 5 ,3 5 2
4 ,0 0 1
1 1 ,3 5 1
3 ,7 7 2
1 1 ,7 9 7
1 2 ,8 8 1
2 ,6 9 6
1 0 ,1 8 5
1972
................................................
7 3 ,6 7 5
6 0 ,3 4 1
2 3 ,6 6 8
628
3 ,8 8 9
1 9 ,1 5 1
5 0 ,0 0 7
4 ,5 4 1
1 5 ,9 4 9
4 ,1 1 3
1 1 ,8 3 6
3 ,9 0 8
1 2 ,2 7 6
1 3 ,3 3 4
2 ,6 8 4
1 0 ,6 4 9
1973
................................................
7 6 ,7 9 0
6 3 ,0 5 8
2 4 ,8 9 3
642
4 ,0 9 7
2 0 ,1 5 4
5 1 ,8 9 7
4 ,6 5 6
1 6 ,6 0 7
4 ,2 7 7
1 2 ,3 2 9
4 ,0 4 6
1 2 ,8 5 7
1 3 ,7 3 2
2 ,6 6 3
1 1 ,0 6 8
1974
................................................
7 8 ,2 6 5
6 4 ,0 9 5
2 4 ,7 9 4
697
4 ,0 2 0
2 0 ,0 7 7
5 3 ,4 7 1
4 ,7 2 5
1 6 ,9 8 7
4 ,4 3 3
1 2 ,5 5 4
4 ,1 4 8
1 3 ,4 4 1
1 4 ,1 7 0
2 ,7 2 4
1 1 ,4 4 6
1975
................................................
7 6 ,9 4 5
6 2 ,2 5 9
2 2 ,6 0 0
752
3 ,5 2 5
1 8 ,3 2 3
5 4 ,3 4 5
4 ,5 4 2
1 7 ,0 6 0
4 ,4 1 5
1 2 ,6 4 5
4 ,1 6 5
1 3 ,8 9 2
1 4 ,6 8 6
2 ,7 4 8
1 1 ,9 3 7
3 ,5 7 6
1 8 ,9 9 7
5 6 ,0 3 0
4 ,5 8 2
1 7 ,7 5 5
4 ,5 4 6
1 3 ,2 0 9
4 ,2 7 1
1 4 ,5 5 1
1 4 ,8 7 1
2 ,7 3 3
1 2 ,1 3 8
1976
................................................
7 9 ,3 8 2
6 4 ,5 1 1
2 3 ,3 5 2
779
1977
................................................
8 2 ,4 7 1
6 7 ,3 4 4
2 4 ,3 4 6
813
3 ,8 5 1
1 9 ,6 8 2
5 8 ,1 2 5
4 ,7 1 3
1 8 ,5 1 6
4 ,7 0 8
1 3 ,8 0 8
4 ,4 6 7
1 5 ,3 0 3
1 5 ,1 2 7
2 ,7 2 7
1 2 ,3 9 9
1978
................................................
8 6 ,6 9 7
7 1 ,0 2 6
2 5 ,5 8 5
851
4 ,2 2 9
2 0 ,5 0 5
6 1 ,1 1 3
4 ,9 2 3
1 9 ,5 4 2
4 ,9 6 9
1 4 ,5 7 3
4 ,7 2 4
1 6 ,2 5 2
1 5 ,6 7 2
2 ,7 5 3
1 2 ,9 1 9
1979
................................................
8 9 ,8 2 3
7 3 ,8 7 6
2 6 ,4 6 1
958
4 ,4 6 3
2 1 ,0 4 0
6 3 ,3 6 3
5 ,1 3 6
2 0 ,1 9 2
5 ,2 0 4
1 4 ,9 8 9
4 ,9 7 5
1 7 ,1 1 2
1 5 ,9 4 7
2 ,7 7 3
1 3 ,1 4 7
1980
................................................
9 0 ,4 0 6
7 4 ,1 6 6
2 5 ,6 5 8
1 ,0 2 7
4 ,3 4 6
2 0 ,2 8 5
6 4 ,7 4 8
5 ,1 4 6
2 0 ,3 1 0
5 ,2 7 5
1 5 ,0 3 5
5 ,1 6 0
1 7 ,8 9 0
1 6 ,2 4 1
2 ,8 6 6
1 3 ,3 7 5
1981
................................................
9 1 ,1 0 5
7 5 ,0 8 1
2 5 ,4 8 1
1 ,1 3 2
4 ,1 7 6
2 0 ,1 7 3
6 5 ,6 2 5
5 ,1 5 7
2 0 ,5 5 1
5 ,3 5 9
1 5 ,1 9 2
5 ,3 0 1
1 8 ,5 9 2
1 6 ,0 2 4
2 ,7 7 2
1 3 ,2 5 3
1982
................................................
8 9 ,6 3 0
7 3 ,8 4 2
2 3 ,8 8 2
1 ,1 2 1
3 ,9 1 3
1 8 ,8 4 8
6 5 ,7 4 8
5 ,0 5 8
2 0 ,5 5 1
5 ,2 9 4
1 5 ,2 5 8
5 ,3 5 0
1 9 ,0 0 1
1 5 ,7 8 8
2 ,7 3 9
1 3 ,0 5 0
’ D a ta In c lu d e A la s k a a n d H a w a ii b e g in n in g in 1 9 5 9 .
10.
E m p lo y m e n t b y S ta te
[Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands]
State
February 1982
January 1983
Alabama................................................
Alaska ..................................................
Arizona..................................................
Arkansas ................................................
California................................................
1,316.1
177.9
1,037.6
713.5
9,835.9
1,301.6
191.7
1,027.2
709.2
9,680.3
Colorado................................................
Connecticut............................................
Delaware ..............................................
District of Columbia ................................
Florida ..................................................
1,305.6
1,412.4
249.7
591.7
3,788.9
Georgia..................................................
Hawaii....................................................
idano ....................................................
Illinois ....................................................
Indiana ..................................................
State
February 1982
January 1983
February 1983 p
1,302.4
192.9
1,037.2
712.9
9,688.9
Montana..................................................
Nebraska ................................................
Nevada ....................................................
New Hampshire ......................................
New Jersey ............................................
264.3
601.0
401.0
385.4
3,020.7
267.8
579.4
399.1
383.5
3,016.2
265.0
577.3
400.2
382.4
3,012.6
1,301.6
1,404.8
253.0
585.0
3,817.6
1,303.6
1,402.8
252.3
587.4
3,859.3
New Mexico ............................................
New Y o rk................................................
North Carolina..........................................
North Dakota ..........................................
Ohio........................................................
469.2
7,157.7
2,339.0
243.5
4,115.0
468.7
7,088.5
2,309.7
245.9
4,012.3
470.1
7,100.4
2,310.6
246.5
4,015.8
2,170.6
401.4
305.3
4,614.3
2,010.0
2,195.8
396.2
303.8
4,447.8
1,941.6
2,197.7
399.4
306.3
4,448.9
1,942.0
Oklahoma................................................
Oregon ....................................................
Pennsylvania............................................
Rhode Island............................................
South Carolina ........................................
1,227.0
953.8
4,568.1
385.5
1,161.6
1,198.0
931.8
4,381.9
383.4
1,142.2
1,186.8
933.7
4,371.6
383.9
1,146.8
Iowa ......................................................
Kansas ..................................................
Kentucky................................................
Louisiana................................................
Maine ....................................................
1,034.8
926.6
1,151.0
1,622.6
398.9
994.2
890.5
1,150.0
1,585.5
397.4
997.2
892.0
1,141.8
1,588.0
396.9
South Dakota ..........................................
Tennessee ..............................................
Texas ......................................................
Utah........................................................
Vermont..................................................
224.6
1,684.0
6,302.3
554.4
201.3
223.2
1,638.9
6,162.8
551.7
199.6
223.6
1,641.8
6,158.4
552.8
201.2
Maryland................................................
Massachusetts........................................
Michigan ................................................
Minnesota ..............................................
Mississippi..............................................
Missouri ................................................
1,644.3
2,595.2
3,196.7
1,698.5
792.7
1,885.7
1,628.0
2,552.4
3,110.3
1,648.8
779.7
1,867.5
1,622.4
2,567.9
3,125.2
1,651.9
779.9
1,869.5
Virginia....................................................
Washington..............................................
West Virginia............................................
Wisconsin................................................
Wyoming ................................................
2,104.3
1,554.4
607.6
1,859.1
212.8
2,106.5
1,545.2
585.5
1,798.4
205.9
2,102.7
1,548.5
582.3
1,800.9
204.7
Virgin Islands............................................
37.3
35.5
35.9
1 Data not available.
66
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
February 1983
p= preliminary.
11.
Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted
[N o n a g r ic u lt u r a l p a y r o ll d a ta , In t h o u s a n d s ]
1983
1982
A nnual averag e
In d u s try d iv is io n a n d g ro u p
TO TAL
............................................................................................
P R IV A T E S E C T O R
G O O D S -P R O D U C IN G
M in in g
C o n s tr u c tio n
M a n u f a c t u r in g
P r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s ......................................................
D u r a b le g o o d s
P r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s ......................................................
Jan.
F e b .p
M a r .p
8 8 ,9 2 0
8 8 ,7 3 5
8 8 ,8 5 4
1981
1982
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
Dec.
9 1 ,1 0 5
8 9 ,6 3 0
9 0 ,3 0 4
9 0 ,0 8 3
9 0 ,1 6 6
8 9 ,8 3 9
8 9 ,5 3 5
8 9 ,3 1 3
8 9 ,2 6 4
8 8 ,8 7 7
8 8 ,7 5 0
8 8 ,5 6 5
7 5 ,0 8 1
7 3 ,8 4 2
7 4 ,4 4 5
7 4 ,2 3 1
7 4 ,3 1 3
7 4 ,0 0 7
7 3 ,9 0 0
7 3 ,6 4 0
7 3 ,5 0 4
7 3 ,1 1 8
7 2 ,9 9 6
7 2 ,8 1 0
7 3 ,1 8 2
7 2 ,9 9 8
7 3 ,1 3 7
2 4 ,2 5 5
2 3 ,9 9 4
2 3 ,8 4 0
2 3 ,6 5 7
2 3 ,5 3 0
2 3 ,2 3 9
2 3 ,0 8 1
2 2 ,9 8 6
2 3 ,1 6 2
2 3 ,0 1 8
2 3 ,0 2 5
1 ,1 5 2
1 ,1 2 4
1 ,1 0 0
1 ,0 8 6
1 ,0 7 5
1 ,0 5 8
1 ,0 4 6
1 ,0 3 7
1 ,0 2 7
1 ,0 0 5
994
3 ,9 2 7
3 ,8 9 9
3 ,8 8 3
3 ,8 5 6
3 ,8 5 4
3 .8 1 8
3 ,9 2 7
3 ,7 8 9
3 ,7 6 8
2 5 ,4 8 1
2 3 ,8 8 2
2 4 ,4 5 0
2 4 ,2 8 9
1 ,1 3 2
1 ,1 2 1
1 ,1 9 7
1 ,1 8 2
4 ,1 7 6
3 ,9 1 3
3 ,9 3 4
3 ,9 3 8
3 ,9 8 8
3 ,9 4 0
2 0 ,1 7 3
1 8 ,8 4 8
1 9 ,3 1 9
1 9 ,1 6 9
1 9 ,1 1 5
1 8 ,9 3 0
1 8 ,8 1 3
1 8 ,6 7 2
1 8 ,5 7 2
1 8 ,3 2 5
1 8 ,1 8 1
1 8 ,1 3 1
1 8 ,2 0 8
1 8 .2 2 4
1 8 ,2 6 3
1 4 ,0 2 1
1 2 ,7 8 2
1 3 ,1 7 9
1 3 ,0 4 2
1 3 .0 0 8
1 2 ,8 5 2
1 2 ,7 6 0
1 2 ,6 4 7
1 2 ,5 6 6
1 2 ,3 3 5
1 2 ,2 0 3
1 2 ,1 7 2
1 2 ,2 4 6
1 2 ,2 6 8
1 2 ,3 1 6
1 2 ,1 1 7
1 1 ,1 1 2
1 1 ,4 9 0
1 1 ,3 7 5
1 1 ,3 3 2
1 1 ,2 0 3
1 1 ,1 3 3
1 0 ,9 9 3
1 0 ,9 0 0
1 0 ,6 6 6
1 0 ,5 5 0
1 0 ,5 1 9
1 0 ,5 7 6
1 0 ,6 0 9
1 0 ,6 3 2
8 ,3 0 1
7 ,3 6 4
7 ,6 8 5
7 ,5 7 6
7 ,5 5 3
7 ,4 4 3
7 ,3 8 8
7 ,2 7 2
7 ,1 9 1
6 ,9 7 9
6 ,8 7 4
6 ,8 5 3
6 ,9 1 3
6 ,9 4 3
6 ,9 7 7
614
616
614
616
621
633
641
646
444
.............................................
6 6 8 ,7
6 1 3 .9
607
615
617
615
614
F u r n itu r e a n d f i x t u r e s .............................................................
4 6 7 .3
4 4 1 .7
446
443
443
442
439
443
439
434
435
436
436
435
S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s
...................................
6 3 8 .2
5 7 7 .2
590
584
586
580
579
574
571
565
556
552
554
554
P r im a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ......................................................
1 ,1 2 1 .1
9 1 8 .5
1 ,0 0 7
976
945
926
906
889
865
831
813
803
815
806
816
1 ,3 5 8
1 ,3 6 8
1 ,3 7 0
1 ,3 7 3
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts
555
................................................
1 ,5 9 2 .4
1 , 4 4 2 .6
1 ,4 9 6
1 ,4 8 1
1 ,4 7 2
1 ,4 5 2
1 ,4 4 6
1 ,4 2 7
1 ,4 1 4
1 ,3 8 1
1 ,3 6 5
M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ............................................
2 , 5 0 7 .0
2 ,2 8 8 7
2 ,4 1 9
2 ,3 8 9
2 ,3 7 7
2 ,3 2 2
2 ,2 7 4
2 ,2 3 0
2 ,2 0 8
2 ,1 4 2
2 ,1 0 8
2 ,0 8 6
2 ,0 6 7
2 ,0 6 5
2 ,0 6 6
E le c t r ic a n d e l e c t r o n ic e q u i p m e n t ................................
2 , 0 9 2 .2
2 , 0 1 1 .2
2 ,0 3 8
2 ,0 3 4
2 ,0 3 4
2 ,0 2 6
2 ,0 1 8
2 ,0 1 1
1 ,9 9 5
1 ,9 6 9
1 ,9 6 3
1 ,9 4 6
1 ,9 6 4
1 ,9 7 1
1 ,9 7 7
1 ,6 9 4
682
F a b r ic a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s
1 ,8 9 2 .6
1 , 7 2 6 .0
1 ,7 7 4
1 ,7 4 8
1 ,7 5 5
1 ,7 4 5
1 ,7 5 9
1 ,7 1 9
1 ,7 0 9
1 ,6 5 8
1 ,6 3 1
1 ,6 6 2
1 ,6 7 9
1 ,7 0 8
................................
7 2 6 .8
7 0 5 .2
716
713
713
708
708
702
701
694
689
682
684
682
.........................................
4 1 0 .7
3 8 7 .3
397
392
390
387
390
384
382
378
374
373
376
377
379
7 ,6 3 2
7 ,6 1 5
7 ,6 3 1
T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t ...................................................
In s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r in g
8 ,0 5 6
7 ,7 3 6
7 ,8 2 9
7 ,7 9 4
7 ,7 8 3
7 ,7 2 7
7 ,6 8 0
7 ,6 7 9
7 ,6 7 2
7 ,6 5 9
7 ,6 3 1
7 ,6 1 2
P r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s ......................................................
5 ,7 2 1
5 ,4 1 8
5 ,4 9 4
5 ,4 6 6
5 ,4 5 5
5 ,4 0 9
5 ,3 7 2
5 ,3 7 5
5 ,3 7 5
5 ,3 5 6
5 ,3 2 9
5 ,3 1 9
5 ,3 3 3
5 ,3 2 5
5 ,3 3 9
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ................................................
1 , 6 7 4 .3
1 , 6 4 4 .0
1 ,6 5 8
1 ,6 4 3
1 ,6 5 2
1 ,6 3 7
1 ,6 4 3
1 ,6 2 8
1 ,6 2 9
1 ,6 4 4
1 ,6 4 4
1 ,6 3 6
1 ,6 3 7
1 ,6 2 6
1 ,6 3 1
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s
......................................................
6 9 .8
6 5 .6
68
67
67
67
65
65
63
63
61
66
67
65
65
T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s ................................................................
8 2 2 .5
7 4 8 .9
760
773
759
741
741
737
735
735
726
725
723
723
724
1 ,1 3 1
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu re s
.............................
1 , 2 4 4 .0
1 ,1 5 8 .3
1 ,1 8 6
1 ,1 6 5
1 ,1 6 5
1 ,1 6 1
1 ,1 2 6
1 ,1 4 5
1 ,1 4 3
1 ,1 4 1
1 ,1 3 4
1 ,1 3 1
1 ,1 4 5
1 ,1 4 0
................................................
6 8 7 .8
6 5 9 .5
668
664
661
658
657
653
657
650
652
650
650
649
650
P r in tin g a n d p u b l i s h i n g .........................................................
1 ,2 6 5 .8
1 , 2 7 0 .7
1 ,2 7 8
1 ,2 7 4
1 ,2 7 4
1 ,2 6 9
1 ,2 6 7
1 ,2 6 9
1 ,2 6 9
1 ,2 6 8
1 ,2 6 6
1 ,2 6 5
1 ,2 7 0
1 ,2 6 9
1 ,2 7 3
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s
......................................
1 , 1 0 7 .3
1 , 0 7 4 .0
1 ,0 8 8
1 ,0 8 2
1 ,0 7 9
1 ,0 7 3
1 ,0 6 8
1 ,0 7 0
1 ,0 6 6
1 ,0 6 1
1 ,0 5 9
1 ,0 5 4
1 ,0 5 2
1 ,0 5 2
1 ,0 5 2
.........................................
2 1 5 .6
2 0 6 .8
207
206
207
205
205
205
209
208
206
206
207
206
207
695
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t ile p r o d u c t s
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s
P e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s
7 3 6 .1
6 9 7 .8
703
706
708
704
700
699
694
684
678
678
680
684
.........................................
2 3 3 .0
2 1 0 .1
213
214
211
212
208
208
207
205
205
201
201
201
203
................................................................
6 5 ,6 2 5
6 5 ,7 4 8
6 5 ,8 5 4
6 5 ,7 9 4
6 5 ,9 1 1
6 5 ,8 4 5
6 5 ,6 9 5
6 5 ,6 5 6
6 5 ,7 3 4
6 5 ,6 3 8
6 5 ,6 6 9
6 5 ,5 7 9
6 5 ,7 5 8
6 5 ,7 1 7
6 5 ,8 2 9
5 ,0 5 8
5 ,1 0 0
5 ,0 9 4
5 ,1 0 1
5 ,0 7 8
5 ,0 4 4
5 ,0 2 5
5 ,0 3 1
5 ,0 0 7
4 ,9 9 2
4 ,9 8 3
4 ,9 4 9
4 ,9 3 7
4 ,9 3 3
2 0 ,5 5 1
2 0 ,5 5 1
2 0 ,6 5 5
2 0 ,5 8 4
2 0 ,6 5 2
2 0 ,5 9 5
2 0 ,6 1 5
2 0 ,5 5 0
2 0 ,4 9 2
2 0 ,4 4 1
2 0 ,4 2 5
2 0 ,3 1 6
2 0 ,4 8 7
2 0 ,4 3 5
2 0 ,4 7 6
5 ,3 5 9
5 ,2 9 4
5 ,3 3 6
5 ,3 2 3
5 ,3 3 1
5 ,3 0 7
5 ,2 9 9
5 ,2 7 8
5 ,2 7 2
5 ,2 5 4
5 ,2 2 8
5 ,2 0 5
5 ,1 9 7
5 ,1 8 7
5 ,1 9 8
1 5 ,1 9 2
1 5 ,2 5 8
1 5 ,3 1 9
1 5 ,2 6 1
1 5 ,3 2 1
1 5 ,2 8 8
1 5 ,3 1 6
1 5 ,2 7 2
1 5 ,2 2 0
1 5 ,1 8 7
1 5 ,1 9 7
1 5 ,1 1 1
1 5 ,2 9 0
1 5 ,2 4 8
1 5 ,2 7 8
5 ,3 0 1
5 ,3 5 0
5 ,3 3 6
5 ,3 3 5
5 ,3 4 2
5 ,3 5 2
5 ,3 5 9
5 ,3 6 0
5 ,3 6 7
5 ,3 5 7
5 ,3 6 3
5 ,3 7 7
5 ,3 8 4
5 ,4 0 3
5 ,4 1 0
1 9 ,2 9 3
1 5 ,7 1 7
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s t ic s p r o d u c t s
L e a t h e r a n d le a t h e r p r o d u c t s
S E R V IC E -P R O D U C IN G
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b lic u t ilit ie s
., ,
...................................
W h o l e s a l e a n d r e t a il t r a d e
W h o l e s a l e t r a d e ...............................................................................
R e ta il t r a d e
F i n a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e
5 ,1 5 7 V
S e r v i c e s ...................................................................................................
1 8 ,5 9 2
1 9 .0 0 1
1 8 ,9 0 4
1 8 ,9 2 9
1 8 ,9 6 3
1 8 ,9 8 8
1 9 ,0 4 2
1 9 ,0 4 8
1 9 ,0 8 4
1 9 ,0 7 4
1 9 ,1 3 5
1 9 ,1 4 8
1 9 ,2 0 0
1 9 ,2 0 5
G o v e rn m e n t
1 6 ,0 2 4
1 5 ,7 8 8
1 5 ,8 5 9
1 5 ,8 5 2
1 5 ,8 5 3
1 5 ,8 3 2
1 5 ,6 3 5
1 5 ,6 7 3
1 5 ,7 6 0
1 5 ,7 5 9
1 5 ,7 5 4
1 5 ,7 5 5
1 5 ,7 3 8
1 5 ,7 3 7
2 ,7 7 2
2 ,7 3 9
2 ,7 3 6
2 ,7 3 0
2 ,7 2 8
2 ,7 3 9
2 ,7 3 7
2 ,7 4 0
2 ,7 3 1
2 ,7 4 0
2 ,7 4 5
2 ,7 6 1
2 ,7 4 9
2 ,7 5 1
2 ,7 4 8
1 3 ,0 2 9
1 3 ,0 1 9
1 3 ,0 0 9
1 2 ,9 9 4
1 2 ,9 8 9
1 2 ,9 8 6
1 2 ,9 6 9
F e d e r a l .............................................................................................
S t a t e a n d lo c a l
.........................................................................
1 3 ,2 5 3
1 3 ,0 5 0
1 3 ,1 2 3
1 3 ,1 2 2
1 3 ,1 2 5
1 3 ,0 9 3
1 2 ,8 9 8
1 2 ,9 3 3
p = p r e l im i n a r y .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
67
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
12.
Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-82
[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls]
Y ear
A v e ra g e
A v e ra g e
A v e ra g e
A v e ra g e
A v e ra g e
A v e ra g e
A v e ra g e
A v e ra g e
w e e k ly
w e e k ly
h o u r ly
w e e k ly
w e e k ly
h o u r ly
w e e k ly
w e e k ly
h o u r ly
w e e k ly
w e e k ly
h o u r ly
e a r n in g s
h o u rs
e a r n in g s
e a r n in g s
h o u rs
e a r n in g s
e a r n in g s
h o u rs
e a r n in g s
e a r n in g s
h o u rs
e a r n in g s
A v e ra g e
P riv a te s e c to r
A v e ra g e
M in in g
A v e ra g e
C o n s tru c tio n
A v e ra g e
M a n u f a c t u r in g
1950
.............................
$ 5 3 .1 3
3 9 .8
$ 1 .3 3 5
$ 6 7 .1 6
3 7 .9
$ 1 .7 7 2
$ 6 9 .6 8
1955
.............................
6 7 .7 2
3 9 .6
1.71
8 9 .5 4
4 0 .7
2 .2 0
9 0 .9 0
3 7 .1
2 .4 5
7 5 .3 0
4 0 .7
1 .8 5
.........................
8 0 .6 7
3 8 .6
2 .0 9
1 0 5 .0 4
4 0 .4
2 .6 0
1 1 2 .6 7
3 6 .7
3 .0 7
8 9 .7 2
3 9 .7
2 .2 6
I9 6 0 ’
3 7 .4
$ 1 .8 6 3
$ 5 8 .3 2
4 0 .5
$ 1 .4 4 0
1964
.............................
9 1 .3 3
3 8 .7
2 .3 6
1 1 7 .7 4
4 1 .9
2 .8 1
1 3 2 .0 6
3 7 .2
3 .5 5
1 0 2 .9 7
4 0 .7
2 .5 3
1965
.............................
9 5 .4 5
3 8 .8
2 .4 6
1 2 3 .5 2
4 2 .3
2 .9 2
1 3 8 .3 8
3 7 .4
3 .7 0
1 0 7 .5 3
4 1 .2
2 .6 1
1966
.............................
9 8 .8 2
3 8 .6
2 .5 6
1 3 0 .2 4
4 2 .7
3 .0 5
1 4 6 .2 6
3 7 .6
3 .8 9
1 1 2 .1 9
4 1 .4
2 .7 1
4 0 .6
2 .8 2
1967
.............................
1 0 1 .8 4
3 8 .0
2 .6 8
135 89
4 2 .6
3 .1 9
1 5 4 .9 5
3 7 .7
4 .1 1
1 1 4 .4 9
1968
.............................
1 0 7 .7 3
3 7 .8
2 .8 5
1 4 2 .7 1
4 2 .6
3 .3 5
1 6 4 .4 9
3 7 .3
4 .4 1
1 2 2 .5 1
1969
.............................
1 1 4 .6 1
3 7 .7
3 .0 4
1 5 4 .8 0
4 3 .0
3 .6 0
1 8 1 .5 4
3 7 .9
4 .7 9
1 2 9 .5 1
4 0 .6
3 .1 9
1970
.............................
1 1 9 .8 3
3 7 .1
3 .2 3
1 6 4 .4 0
4 2 .7
3 .8 5
1 9 5 .4 5
3 7 .3
5 .2 4
1 3 3 .3 3
3 9 .8
3 .3 5
4 0 .7
3 .0 1
1971
.............................
1 2 7 .3 1
3 6 .9
3 .4 5
1 7 2 .1 4
4 2 .4
4 .0 6
2 1 1 .6 7
3 7 .2
5 .6 9
1 4 2 .4 4
3 9 .9
3 .5 7
1972
.............................
1 3 6 .9 0
3 7 .0
3 .7 0
1 8 9 .1 4
4 2 .6
4 .4 4
2 2 1 .1 9
3 6 .5
6 .0 6
1 5 4 .7 1
4 0 .5
3 .8 2
1973
.............................
1 4 5 .3 9
3 6 .9
3 .9 4
2 0 1 .4 0
4 2 .4
4 .7 5
2 3 5 .8 9
3 6 .8
6 .4 1
1 6 6 .4 6
4 0 .7
4 .0 9
1974
.............................
1 5 4 .7 6
3 6 .5
4 .2 4
2 1 9 .1 4
4 1 .9
5 .2 3
2 4 9 .2 5
3 6 .6
6 .8 1
1 7 6 .8 0
4 0 .0
4 .4 2
1975
.............................
1 6 3 .5 3
3 6 .1
4 .5 3
2 4 9 .3 1
4 1 .9
5 .9 5
2 6 6 .0 8
3 6 .4
7 .3 1
1 9 0 .7 9
3 9 .5
4 .8 3
1976
.............................
1 7 5 .4 5
3 6 .1
4 .8 6
2 7 3 .9 0
4 2 .4
6 .4 6
2 8 3 .7 3
3 6 .8
7 .7 1
2 0 9 .3 2
4 0 .1
5 .2 2
1977
.............................
1 8 9 .0 0
3 6 .0
5 .2 5
3 0 1 .2 0
4 3 .4
6 .9 4
2 9 5 .6 5
3 6 .5
8 .1 0
2 2 8 .9 0
4 0 .3
5 .6 8
1978
.............................
2 0 3 .7 0
3 5 .8
5 .6 9
3 3 2 .8 8
4 3 .4
7 .6 7
3 1 8 .6 9
3 6 .8
8 .6 6
2 4 9 .2 7
4 0 .4
6 .1 7
1979
.............................
2 1 9 .9 1
3 5 .7
6 .1 6
3 6 5 .0 7
4 3 .0
8 .4 9
3 4 2 .9 9
3 7 .0
9 .2 7
2 6 9 .3 4
4 0 .2
6 .7 0
1980
.............................
2 3 5 .1 0
3 5 .3
6 .6 6
3 9 7 .0 6
4 3 .3
9 .1 7
3 6 7 .7 8
3 7 .0
9 .9 4
2 8 8 .6 2
3 9 .7
7 .2 7
1981
.............................
2 5 5 .2 0
3 5 .2
7 .2 5
4 3 9 .1 9
4 3 .7
1 0 .0 5
3 9 8 .5 2
3 6 .9
1 0 .8 0
3 1 8 .0 0
3 9 .8
7 .9 9
1982
.............................
2 6 6 .9 2
3 4 .8
7 .6 7
4 6 0 .9 3
4 2 .6
1 0 .8 2
4 2 5 .4 1
3 6 .8
1 1 .5 6
3 3 0 .6 5
3 8 .9
8 .5 0
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b lic
F i n a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d
W h o l e s a l e a n d r e t a il t r a d e
u t ilit ie s
S e rv ic e s
re a l e s ta te
1950
.............................
$ 4 4 .5 5
4 0 .5
$ 1 .1 0 0
$ 5 0 52
3 7 .7
1955
.............................
5 5 .1 6
39 4
1 .4 0
63 92
37 6
1 70
I 9 6 0 1 .........................
6 6 .0 1
3 8 .6
1.71
7 5 14
37 2
2 02
$1 3 4 0
1964
.............................
$ 1 1 8 .7 8
4 1 .1
$ 2 .8 9
7 4 .6 6
3 7 .9
1 .9 7
8 5 .7 9
3 7 .3
2 .3 0
$ 7 0 .0 3
3 6 .1
1965
.............................
1 2 5 .1 4
4 1 .3
3 .0 3
7 6 .9 1
3 7 .7
2 .0 4
8 8 .9 1
3 7 .2
2 .3 9
7 3 .6 0
3 5 .9
2 .0 5
1966
.............................
1 2 8 .1 3
4 1 .2
3 .1 1
7 9 .3 9
3 7 .1
2 .1 4
9 2 .1 3
3 7 .3
2 .4 7
7 7 .0 4
3 5 .5
2 .1 7
1967
.............................
1 3 0 .8 2
4 0 .5
3 .2 3
8 2 .3 5
$ 1 .9 4
3 6 .6
2 .2 5
9 5 .7 2
3 7 .1
2 .5 8
8 0 .3 8
3 5 .1
2 .2 9
1968
.............................
1 3 8 .8 5
4 0 .6
3 .4 2
8 7 .0 0
3 6 .1
2 .4 1
1 0 1 .7 5
3 7 .0
2 .7 5
8 3 .9 7
3 4 .7
2 .4 2
1969
.............................
1 4 7 .7 4
4 0 .7
3 .6 3
9 1 .3 9
3 5 .7
2 .5 6
1 0 8 .7 0
3 7 .1
2 .9 3
9 0 .5 7
3 4 .7
2 .6 1
1970
.............................
1 5 5 .9 3
4 0 .5
3 .8 5
9 6 .0 2
3 5 .3
2 .7 2
1 1 2 .6 7
3 6 .7
3 .0 7
9 6 .6 6
3 4 .4
2 .8 1
4 .2 1
1 0 1 .0 9
2 .8 8
1 1 7 .8 5
3 .0 4
1971
.............................
1 6 8 .8 2
4 0 .1
3 5 .1
3 6 .6
3 .2 2
1 0 3 .0 6
3 3 .9
1972
.............................
1 8 7 .8 6
4 0 .4
4 .6 5
1 0 6 .4 5
3 4 .9
3 .0 5
1 2 2 .9 8
3 6 .6
3 .3 6
1 1 0 .8 5
3 3 .9
1973
.............................
2 0 3 .3 1
4 0 .5
5 .0 2
1 1 1 .7 6
3 4 .6
3 .2 3
1 2 9 .2 0
3 6 .6
3 .5 3
1 1 7 .2 9
3 3 .8
3 .4 7
1974
.............................
2 1 7 .4 8
4 0 .2
5 .4 1
1 1 9 .0 2
3 4 .2
3 .4 8
1 3 7 .6 1
3 6 .5
3 .7 7
1 2 6 .0 0
3 3 .6
3 .7 5
1975
.............................
2 3 3 .4 4
3 9 .7
5 .8 8
1 2 6 .4 5
3 3 .9
3 .7 3
1 4 8 .1 9
3 6 .5
4 .0 6
1 3 4 .6 7
3 3 .5
402
1976
.............................
2 5 6 .7 1
3 9 .8
6 .4 5
1 3 3 .7 9
3 3 .7
3 .9 7
1 5 5 .4 3
3 6 .4
4 .2 7
1 4 3 .5 2
3 3 .3
4 .3 1
1977
.............................
2 7 8 .9 0
3 .2 7
3 9 .9
6 .9 9
1978
.............................
3 0 2 .8 0
4 0 .0
7 .5 7
1 5 3 .6 4
3 2 .9
4 .6 7
1 7 8 .0 0
3 6 .4
4 .8 9
1 6 3 .6 7
3 2 .8
4 .9 9
1979
.............................
3 2 5 .5 8
3 9 .9
8 .1 6
1 6 4 .9 6
3 2 .6
5 .0 6
1 9 0 .7 7
3 6 .2
5 .2 7
1 7 5 .2 7
3 2 .7
5 .3 6
3 2 .6
5 .8 5
1 4 2 .5 2
3 3 .3
4 .2 8
1 6 5 .2 6
3 6 .4
4 .5 4
1 5 3 .4 5
3 3 .0
4 .6 5
1980
.............................
3 5 1 .2 5
3 9 .6
8 .8 7
1 7 6 .4 6
3 2 .2
5 .4 8
2 0 9 .6 0
3 6 .2
5 .7 9
1 9 0 .7 1
1981
.............................
3 8 2 .1 8
3 9 .4
9 .7 0
1 9 0 .9 5
3 2 .2
5 .9 3
2 2 9 .0 5
3 6 .3
6 .3 1
2 0 8 .9 7
3 2 .6
6 .4 1
1982
.............................
4 0 2 .0 9
3 9 .0
1 0 .3 1
1 9 8 .4 2
3 1 .9
6 .2 2
2 4 5 .4 4
3 6 .2
6 .7 8
2 2 5 .2 7
3 2 .6
6 .9 1
1 D a t a in c lu d e A la s k a a n d H a w a ii b e g in n in g in 1 9 5 9 .
68
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
13.
Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted
[ G r o s s a v e r a g e s , p r o d u c t io n o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s o n p r iv a t e n o n a g r ic u lt u r a l p a y r o lls ]
1983
1982
A nnual av erag e
In d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g ro u p
1981
1982
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
F e b .»
M a r .”
............................................................
3 5 ,2
3 4 .8
3 4 .9
3 4 .9
3 5 .0
3 4 .9
3 4 .9
3 4 .8
3 4 .8
3 4 .7
3 4 .7
3 4 .8
3 5 .1
3 4 .4
3 4 .9
......................................................................
3 9 .8
3 8 .9
3 9 .0
3 9 .0
3 9 .1
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
3 9 .0
3 8 .8
3 8 .8
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .1
3 9 .6
O v e r t im e h o u r s ............................................................
2 .8
2 .3
2 .3
2 .4
2 .3
2 .4
2 .4
2 .4
2 .3
2 .3
2 .3
2 .3
2 .3
2 .3
2 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
3 9 .4
3 8 .9
3 9 .0
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
4 0 .2
3 9 .5
4 0 .1
2 .2
2 .3
2 .2
2 .2
2.1
2 .0
2.1
2.1
2.1
2 .2
2 .5
P R IV A T E S E C T O R
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
D u r a b le g o o d s
O v e r t im e h o u r s ............................................................
4 0 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
2 .8
2 .2
2 .2
2 .2
.........................................
3 8 .7
3 8 .0
3 8 .6
3 8 .2
3 8 .0
3 8 .5
3 8 .5
4 0 .8
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
.........................................................
3 8 .4
3 7 .3
3 7 .3
3 7 .4
3 7 .5
3 7 .8
3 7 .6
3 7 .9
3 7 .4
3 7 .5
3 7 .6
3 7 .7
3 8 .8
3 7 .7
3 8 .0
S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ...................................
4 0 .6
4 0 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 1 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .6
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts
F u r n itu r e a n d fix t u r e s
3 7 .6
3 7 .6
3 8 .5
3 8 .7
3 8 .5
P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s ...................................................
4 0 .5
3 8 .6
3 8 .8
3 8 .5
3 8 .5
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
388
3 7 .8
3 8 .0
3 8 .2
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 9 .5
F a b r ic a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s
.............................................
4 0 .3
3 9 .2
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .2
3 8 .8
3 8 .9
3 9 .0
3 9 .1
3 9 .8
3 9 .8
4 0 .2
.........................................
4 0 .9
3 9 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
3 9 .0
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
.............................
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
3 9 .3
3 8 .8
3 9 .0
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t ................................................
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 0 .5
3 9 .8
4 0 .1
4 0 .8
3 9 .9
4 1 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
4 0 .6
3 9 .4
4 0 .2
M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e le c t r ic a l
E le c t r ic a n d e le c t r o n ic e q u ip m e n t
4 0 .0
.............................
4 0 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
3 9 .8
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .6
......................................
3 8 .8
3 8 .5
3 8 .6
3 8 .5
3 8 .7
386
3 8 .7
3 8 .6
3 8 .3
3 8 .6
3 8 .6
3 8 .4
3 9 .4
3 7 .9
3 9 .0
................................................................
3 9 .1
3 8 .4
3 8 .5
3 8 .4
3 8 .5
3 8 .6
3 8 .6
3 8 .5
3 8 .6
3 8 .5
3 8 .5
3 8 .5
3 9 .3
3 8 .5
3 9 .0
O v e r t im e h o u r s ............................................................
2 .8
2 .5
2 .5
2 .6
2 .5
2 .5
2 .6
2 .6
2 .6
2 .6
2 .5
2 .5
2 .5
2 .5
2 .8
In s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r in g
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s
3 9 .4
3 9 .0
3 8 .9
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s .............................................
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .1
3 9 .4
3 9 .7
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s .............................................................
3 9 .6
3 7 .5
3 7 .6
3 7 .7
3 7 .9
3 7 .8
3 7 .7
3 8 .2
3 8 .1
3 8 .2
3 8 .6
3 8 .4
4 0 .3
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
3 4 .9
3 5 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .8
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t ile p r o d u c t s .............................
3 5 .7
3 4 .7
3 5 .0
3 4 .7
3 4 .8
3 5 .1
3 5 .2
3 5 .0
3 5 .2
3 5 .0
3 5 .1
3 5 .0
3 6 .9
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................................
4 2 .5
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 2 .1
4 1 .8
4 2 .0
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
P r in tin g a n d p u b lis h in g
......................................................
3 7 .3
3 7 .0
3 7 .1
3 7 .1
3 6 .8
3 7 .1
3 7 .0
3 6 .8
3 7 .0
3 6 .9
3 7 .1
3 7 .1
3 7 .6
3 7 .0
3 7 .6
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ......................................
4 1 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
4 4 .1
4 3 .3
4 3 .9
4 4 .0
4 3 .3
4 3 .9
4 4 .4
4 4 .6
4 4 .6
4 4 .8
4 0 .7
P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s
4 3 .2
4 3 .9
4 3 .5
4 4 .0
4 4 .1
..
4 0 .3
3 9 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
4 0 .1
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .6
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
......................................
3 6 .8
3 5 .6
3 5 .8
3 5 .6
3 5 .6
3 5 .7
3 6 .1
3 6 .0
3 5 .7
3 5 .2
3 5 .9
3 5 .8
3 6 .7
3 4 .9
3 6 .4
3 1 .9
3 1 .9
3 2 .1
3 1 .9
3 1 .8
3 2 .1
3 2 .0
3 1 .3
3 2 .1
......................................
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s t ic s p r o d u c t s
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts
W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E
3 2 .2
3 1 .9
3 1 .9
3 1 .8
3 2 .0
3 1 .9
W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ...................................................................
3 8 .6
3 8 .4
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 8 .5
3 8 .6
3 8 .5
3 8 .5
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 8 .4
3 8 .4
3 8 .7
3 8 .2
3 8 .4
2 9 .9
2 9 .9
3 0 .1
2 9 .9
2 9 .8
3 0 .2
3 0 .0
2 9 .2
3 0 .2
3 2 .6
3 2 .6
3 2 .8
3 2 .6
3 2 .6
3 2 .7
3 2 .8
3 2 .5
3 2 .7
R E T A IL T R A D E
3 0 .1
2 9 .9
2 9 .8
2 9 .8
3 0 .0
2 9 .8
S E R V I C E S ............................................................................................
3 2 .6
3 2 .6
3 2 .6
3 2 .7
3 2 .7
3 2 .7
p = p r e l im i n a r y .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
69
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
14.
Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group
[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls]
A nnual av erag e
1982
1983
I n d u s t r y d iv is i o n a n d g r o u p
1981
P R IV A T E S E C T O R
1982
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
F e b .”
M a r .p
$ 7 .6 7
$ 7 .5 5
$ 7 .5 8
$ 7 .6 3
$ 7 .6 4
$ 7 .6 7
$ 7 .7 0
$ 7 .7 6
$ 7 .7 9
$ 7 .8 1
$ 7 .8 2
$ 7 .9 0
$ 7 .9 1
$ 7 .8 9
7 .5 4
7 .5 9
7 .6 5
7 .6 7
7 .7 1
7 .7 4
7 .7 2
7 .7 7
7 .7 9
7 .8 2
7 .8 7
7 .8 9
7 .8 8
.............................................................
$ 7 .2 5
Seasonally adjusted ..............................
( ’ )
M I N I N G ...................................................................................................
1 0 .0 5
1 0 .8 2
1 0 .6 2
1 0 .6 5
1 0 .6 6
1 0 .8 2
1 0 .9 1
1 0 .9 3
1 1 .0 4
1 1 .0 2
1 1 .0 6
1 1 .0 8
1 1 .2 7
1 1 .3 1
1 1 .1 8
C O N S T R U C T I O N ............................................................................
1 0 .8 0
1 1 .5 6
1 1 .3 3
1 1 .3 2
1 1 .4 6
1 1 .4 1
1 1 .5 3
1 1 .6 0
1 1 .6 8
1 1 .8 2
1 1 .6 6
1 1 .9 0
1 1 .8 9
1 1 .9 4
1 1 .8 6
8 .5 0
8 .3 7
8 .4 2
8 .4 5
8 .5 0
8 .5 5
8 .5 1
8 .5 9
8 .5 6
8 .6 1
8 .6 9
8 .7 1
8 .7 4
8 .7 5
9 .3 0
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
......................................................................
7 .9 9
n
D u r a b l e g o o d s ......................................................................
8 .5 3
9 .0 5
8 .9 1
8 .9 4
9 .0 1
9 .0 6
9 .1 1
9 .0 9
9 .1 6
9 .1 3
9 .1 7
9 .2 3
9 .2 6
9 .3 0
Lumber and wood products ....................
Furniture and fixtures..............................
Stone, clay, and glass products ..............
Primary metal industries..........................
Fabricated metal products ......................
7 .0 0
7 .5 0
7 .2 8
7 .2 4
7 .4 1
7 .5 9
7 .6 4
7 .6 1
7 .7 0
7 .6 1
7 .6 3
7 .5 9
7 .7 2
7 .7 6
7 .6 9
5 .9 1
6 .3 2
6 .2 1
6 .2 1
6 .2 3
6 .3 0
6 .3 4
6 .3 9
6 .4 1
6 .4 1
6 .4 4
6 .4 7
6 .5 0
6 .5 1
6 .5 2
8 .2 7
8 .8 7
8 .6 5
8 .7 2
8 .8 0
8 .8 6
8 .9 3
8 .9 3
9 .0 3
9 .0 4
9 .0 4
9 .0 8
9 .1 2
9 .1 1
9 .1 3
1 0 .8 1
1 1 .3 3
1 1 .1 5
1 1 .2 4
1 1 .2 3
1 1 .3 1
1 1 .3 7
1 1 .4 9
1 1 .5 4
1 1 .4 2
1 1 .4 9
1 1 .4 9
1 1 .5 7
1 1 .5 1
1 1 .5 1
8 .2 0
8 .7 8
8 .6 4
8 .6 9
8 .7 9
8 .8 3
8 .8 5
8 .8 5
8 .9 0
8 .8 5
8 .9 0
8 .9 7
8 .9 8
9 .0 3
9 .0 2
8 .8 1
9 .2 8
9 .1 8
9 .2 4
9 .2 6
9 .2 7
9 .3 0
9 .3 3
9 .4 0
9 .3 4
9 .3 6
9 .4 1
9 .3 8
9 .4 1
9 .4 4
Machinery, except electrical....................
Electric and electronic equipment............
Transportation equipment........................
Instruments and related products ............
Miscellaneous manufacturing ..................
7 .6 2
1 0 .3 9
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s
Food and kindred products......................
Tobacco manufactures............................
Textile mill products................................
Apparel and other textile products ..........
Paper and allied products........................
Printing and publishing............................
Chemicals and allied products ................
Petroleum and coal products ..................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products
Leather and leather products ..................
T R A N S P O R T A T I O N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S
W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E
.
................................
W H O LESA LE TR A D E
R E T A IL T R A D E
F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E
. .
S E R V I C E S ............................................................................................
8 .1 7
8 .0 1
8 .0 3
8 .0 5
8 .0 9
8 .1 8
8 .2 4
8 .3 1
8 .3 4
8 .3 8
8 .4 5
8 .4 8
8 .5 2
8 .5 1
1 1 .1 2
1 0 .8 9
1 0 .8 9
1 1 .0 8
1 1 .2 1
1 1 .2 5
1 1 .1 8
1 1 .2 4
1 1 .3 0
1 1 .3 5
1 1 .4 4
1 1 .4 1
1 1 .4 8
1 1 .5 2
7 .4 3
8 .2 6
8 .0 0
8 .0 7
8 .1 6
8 .2 3
8 .3 1
8 .4 0
8 .4 4
8 .4 8
8 .5 7
8 .6 6
8 .7 5
8 .7 7
8 .7 7
5 .9 6
6 .4 2
6 .3 2
6 .3 5
6 .3 8
6 .4 1
6 .4 0
6 .3 9
6 .4 9
6 .5 0
6 .5 6
6 .6 6
6 .7 1
6 .7 2
6 .7 3
7 .1 8
7 .7 3
7 .5 7
7 .7 7
7 .7 4
7 .8 4
7 .8 1
7 .8 8
7 .9 6
7 .9 8
7 .9 9
7 .6 5
7 .6 6
7 .4 3
7 .8 9
7 .7 9
7 .9 0
7 .9 2
7 .9 0
7 .8 8
7 .8 5
7 .9 1
7 .8 8
8 .0 0
8 .0 6
8 .0 8
8 .0 9
8 .1 2
8 .8 8
9 .7 8
9 .7 2
1 0 .0 5
9 .9 3
1 0 .3 5
1 0 .4 2
9 .5 3
9 .5 7
9 .5 0
1 0 .1 6
9 .6 3
9 .8 7
9 .9 5
1 0 .2 7
5 .5 2
5 .8 3
5 .7 6
5 .7 9
5 .7 9
5 .7 9
5 .8 1
5 .8 2
5 .8 6
5 .8 7
5 .9 2
6 .0 3
6 .0 8
6 .1 0
6 .1 0
4 .9 6
5 .1 8
5 .1 5
5 .1 8
5 .1 6
5 .1 8
5 .1 7
5 .1 8
5 .2 0
5 .1 9
5 .2 2
5 .2 6
5 .3 1
5 .3 2
5 .3 1
8 .6 0
9 .3 2
9 .0 3
9 .1 1
9 .1 4
9 .2 8
9 .4 1
9 .4 5
9 .6 3
9 .5 4
9 .6 0
9 .6 6
9 .6 6
9 .6 5
9 .6 6
8 .1 8
9 .1 2
1 1 .3 8
8 .7 3
8 .5 9
8 .5 9
7 .7 0
8 .6 1
8 .6 6
8 .7 4
8 .7 9
8 .9 0
8 .8 7
8 .9 1
8 .9 9
8 .9 6
8 .9 8
9 .0 4
9 .9 8
9 .7 1
9 .8 1
9 .8 3
9 .9 5
1 0 .0 2
1 0 .0 3
1 0 .2 0
1 0 .2 4
1 0 .2 8
1 0 .3 4
1 0 .3 5
1 0 .4 4
1 0 .4 4
1 2 .4 6
1 2 .3 2
1 2 .5 0
1 2 .5 2
1 2 .5 3
1 2 .4 2
1 2 .4 2
1 2 .6 2
1 2 .5 7
1 2 .6 9
1 2 .7 2
1 3 .1 7
1 3 .2 4
1 3 .2 2
7 .1 6
7 .6 3
7 .4 5
7 .5 2
7 .5 6
7 .6 4
7 .6 5
7 .6 4
7 .7 6
7 .7 2
7 .7 9
7 .8 9
7 .8 9
7 .8 9
7 .8 9
4 .9 9
5 .3 3
5 .2 4
5 .3 2
5 .3 2
5 .3 6
5 .3 0
5 .3 3
5 .4 1
5 .3 9
5 .4 1
5 .4 4
5 .5 1
5 .5 1
5 .5 4
9 .7 0
1 0 .3 1
1 0 .0 7
1 0 .1 4
1 0 .1 7
1 0 .2 0
1 0 .2 9
1 0 .4 3
1 0 .4 6
1 0 .4 8
1 0 .5 9
1 0 .6 2
1 0 ,6 9
1 0 .6 7
1 0 .6 5
5 .9 3
6 .2 2
6 .1 6
6 .1 8
6 .2 0
6 .2 0
6 .2 1
6 .2 2
6 .2 6
6 .3 0
6 .3 2
6 .2 9
6 .4 4
6 .4 7
6 .4 2
7 .5 7
8 .0 6
7 .9 3
7 .9 7
8 .0 3
8 .0 1
8 .0 7
8 .1 1
8 .1 4
8 .1 7
8 .1 8
8 .2 4
8 .3 4
8 .3 2
8 .2 9
5 .2 5
5 .4 9
5 .4 3
5 .4 4
5 .4 7
5 .4 7
5 .4 8
5 .4 8
5 .5 2
5 .5 4
5 .5 8
5 .5 6
5 .6 7
5 .7 1
5 .6 8
6 .3 1
6 .7 8
6 .5 9
6 .6 4
6 .7 7
6 .7 1
6 .7 8
6 .8 7
6 .9 0
6 .9 7
7 .0 1
7 .0 1
7 .2 3
7 .2 4
7 .2 3
6 .4 1
6 .9 1
6 .7 7
6 .8 1
6 .8 5
6 .8 4
6 .8 7
6 .9 0
6 .9 9
7 .0 5
7 .0 8
7 .1 2
7 .1 9
7 .1 8
7 .1 7
1 Not available.
15.
8 .0 1
p=preliminary.
Hourly Earnings Index, for production workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, by industry
[1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ]
N o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d
S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d
P e rc e n t
P R I V A T E S E C T O R ( in c u r r e n t d o lla r s )
Mining..................................................
Construction ........................................
Manufacturing ......................................
Transportation and public utilities............
Wholesale and retail trade ....................
Finance, insurance, and real estate........
Services ..............................................
P R I V A T E S E C T O R ( in c o n s t a n t d o lla r s )
M ar.
Jan.
Feb.
1982
1983
1983 p
M a r.
1983
p
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
change
fro m :
M ar.
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
M a r. 1 9 82
1982
1982
1982
1983
Feb.
1983
M ar.
1983
fro m :
Feb. 1983
to
to
M a r. 1 9 83
M a r. 19 83
1 4 5 .5
1 5 3 .5
1 5 3 .7
1 5 3 .5
5 .5
1 4 5 .4
1 5 1 .2
1 5 2 .1
1 5 2 .8
1 5 6 .0
1 6 5 .2
1 6 5 .5
1 6 4 .2
5 .3
( ’ )
(’ )
(' )
( 1)
1 5 3 .2
f )
1 5 3 .4
0.1
(’)
( ’ )
1 3 6 .8
1 4 3 .5
1 4 3 .9
1 4 3 .2
4 .7
1 3 8 .1
1 4 9 .8
1 5 7 .0
1 5 7 .3
1 5 7 .2
4 .9
1 4 9 .9
1 5 5 .3
1 5 5 .6
1 5 6 .6
1 5 7 .3
1 5 7 .3
1 4 5 .4
1 5 5 .5
1 5 5 .4
1 5 5 .0
6 .6
1 4 6 .3
1 5 2 .3
1 5 3 .4
1 5 5 .1
1 5 5 .0
1 5 5 .9
.6
1 4 3 .5
1 4 9 .8
1 5 0 .2
1 5 0 .4
4 .8
1 4 2 .8
1 4 8 .1
1 4 8 .6
1 4 8 .9
1 4 9 .4
1 4 9 .7
.2
1 4 4 .2
1 5 7 .5
1 5 7 .9
1 5 7 .8
9 .4
1 4 3 .8
1 5 2 .7
1 5 3 .7
1 5 6 ,9
1 5 6 .2
1 5 7 .3
.7
1 4 4 .6
1 5 3 .5
1 5 3 .2
1 5 3 .1
5 .9
1 4 3 ,9
1 5 0 .9
1 5 2 .4
1 5 2 .2
1 5 2 .0
1 5 2 .4
9 3 .5
9 5 .4
9 5 .5
(2)
(2)
9 3 .5
9 3 .5
9 4 .3
9 4 .8
9 5 .2
1This series is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component is small relative to
the trend-cycle, irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be separated with
sufficient precision.
70
P e rc e n t
change
In d u s t r y
2Not available,
p = preliminary,
1 4 1 .0
1 4 3 .8
1 4 3 .8
1 4 5 .4
1 4 4 .5
(2)
-.6
.0
.2
(2)
16.
Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group
[G r o s s a v e r a g e s , p r o d u c t io n o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s o n p r iv a t e n o n a g r ic u lt u r a l p a y r o lls ]
A nnual av erag e
1982
1983
In d u s t r y d iv is i o n a n d g r o u p
1981
1982
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
F e b .p
M a r .p
P R IV A T E S E C T O R
C u r r e n t d o l l a r s ...................................................................
S e a s o n a lly a d j u s t e d ...................................................
C o n s t a n t ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s ...............................................
M IN IN G
.....................................................................................
C O N S T R U C T IO N
$ 2 6 1 .9 9
$ 2 6 2 .2 7
$ 2 6 5 .5 2
$ 2 6 7 .4 0
$ 2 6 9 .9 8
$ 2 7 1 .0 4
$ 2 7 0 .0 5
$ 2 7 0 .3 1
$ 2 7 1 ,0 1
$ 2 7 4 .4 8
$ 2 7 3 .3 4
$ 2 7 0 .5 2
$ 2 7 4 .5 7
( 1)
$ 2 6 6 .9 2
( ')
2 6 3 .1 5
2 6 4 .8 9
2 6 7 .7 5
2 6 7 .6 8
2 6 9 .0 8
2 6 9 .3 5
2 6 8 .6 6
2 6 9 .6 2
2 7 0 .3 1
2 7 2 .1 4
2 7 6 .2 4
2 7 1 .4 2
2 7 5 .0 1
1 7 0 .1 3
1 6 7 .8 7
1 6 8 .3 7
1 6 7 .8 0
1 6 8 .1 6
1 6 7 .3 3
1 6 7 .9 0
1 6 8 .2 4
1 6 7 .4 2
1 6 7 .0 6
1 6 7 .8 1
1 7 0 .5 9
1 6 9 .8 8
1 6 8 .0 2
( 1)
4 3 9 .1 9
4 6 0 .9 3
4 6 5 .1 6
4 5 4 .7 6
4 5 4 .1 2
4 6 3 .1 0
4 6 3 .6 8
4 6 3 .4 3
4 6 2 .5 8
4 6 1 .7 4
4 6 0 .1 0
4 6 7 .5 8
4 7 8 .9 8
4 6 7 .1 0
$ 4 5 9 .5 0
3 9 8 .5 2
4 2 5 .4 1
4 1 9 .2 1
4 1 5 .4 4
4 2 9 .7 5
4 2 7 .8 8
4 3 8 .1 4
4 3 6 .1 6
4 3 0 .9 9
4 3 8 .5 2
4 2 0 .9 3
4 3 7 .9 2
4 3 7 .5 5
4 2 2 .6 8
4 3 1 .7 0
3 4 6 .5 0
$ 2 5 5 .2 0
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
C u r r e n t d o l l a r s ...................................................................
3 1 8 .0 0
3 3 0 .6 5
3 2 7 .2 7
3 2 5 .8 5
3 2 9 .5 5
3 3 4 .0 5
3 3 2 .6 0
3 3 1 .8 9
3 3 4 .1 5
3 3 3 .8 4
3 3 8 .3 7
3 4 4 .9 9
3 4 1 .4 3
3 3 9 .1 1
C o n s t a n t ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s ................................................
2 1 2 .0 0
2 0 7 .9 6
2 1 0 .3 3
2 0 8 .4 8
2 0 8 .7 1
2 0 9 .0 4
2 0 6 .8 4
2 0 6 .4 0
2 0 7 .1 6
2 0 6 .3 3
2 0 9 .5 2
2 1 4 .4 1
2 1 2 .2 0
2 1 0 .6 3
(’ )
3 4 2 .9 1
3 5 5 .6 7
3 5 2 .8 4
3 5 0 .4 5
3 5 5 .9 0
3 6 0 .5 9
3 5 7 .1 1
3 5 6 .3 3
3 5 7 .2 4
3 5 7 .9 0
3 6 3 .1 3
3 7 0 .1 2
3 6 7 .6 2
3 6 6 .4 2
$ 3 7 2 .9 3
D u r a b le g o o d s
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ......................................
2 7 0 .9 0
2 8 5 .0 0
2 7 3 .7 3
2 7 0 .0 5
28529
2 9 7 .5 3
2 9 4 .9 0
2 9 5 .2 7
2 9 8 .7 6
2 9 2 .2 2
2 9 3 .7 6
2 9 5 .2 5
3 0 2 .6 2
3 0 1 .8 6
3 0 5 .2 9
F u r n itu r e a n d fix t u r e s
...................................................
2 2 6 .9 4
2 3 5 .7 4
2 3 3 .5 0
2 3 0 .3 9
2 3 1 .7 6
2 3 8 .7 7
2 3 3 .3 1
2 4 3 .4 6
2 4 1 .6 6
2 4 4 .2 2
2 4 5 .3 6
2 5 0 .3 9
2 4 3 .7 5
2 4 3 .4 7
2 4 9 .7 2
S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s .............................
3 3 5 .7 6
3 5 5 .6 9
3 4 4 .2 7
3 4 7 .9 3
3 5 5 .5 2
3 6 1 .4 9
3 6 2 .5 6
3 6 2 .5 6
3 6 5 .7 2
3 6 7 .0 2
3 6 7 .0 2
3 6 6 .8 3
3 6 7 .5 4
3 5 8 .0 2
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s
............................................
4 3 7 .8 1
4 3 7 .3 4
4 3 4 .8 5
4 3 4 .9 9
4 3 0 .1 1
4 3 9 .9 6
4 3 7 .7 5
4 4 0 .0 7
4 3 8 .5 2
4 3 1 .6 8
4 4 0 .0 7
4 5 0 .4 1
4 5 1 .2 3
4 5 0 .0 4
4 5 6 .9 5
F a b r ic a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s .........................................
3 3 0 .4 6
3 4 4 ,1 8
3 4 2 .1 4
3 3 8 .9 1
3 4 6 .3 3
3 4 9 .6 7
3 4 4 .2 7
3 4 6 .0 4
3 4 6 .2 1
3 4 6 .0 4
3 5 0 .6 6
3 5 9 .7 0
3 5 4 .7 1
3 5 6 .6 9
3 6 3 .5 1
3 6 8 .8 5
M a c h in e r y e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ......................................
3 6 0 .3 3
3 6 7 .4 9
3 7 0 .8 7
3 6 7 .7 5
3 6 7 .6 2
3 6 7 .0 9
3 6 3 .6 3
3 6 4 .8 0
3 6 7 .5 4
3 6 5 .1 9
3 7 0 .6 6
3 8 0 .1 6
3 7 1 .4 5
3 6 9 .8 1
3 7 6 .6 6
E le c t r ic a n d e l e c t r o n ic e q u i p m e n t ..........................
3 0 4 .0 4
3 2 1 .0 8
3 1 6 .4 0
3 1 3 .1 7
3 1 5 .5 6
3 1 9 .5 6
3 1 9 .8 4
3 2 2 .1 8
3 2 2 .4 3
3 2 6 .0 9
3 3 1 .8 5
3 3 9 .6 9
3 3 6 .6 6
3 3 4 .8 4
3 4 1 .2 5
.........................................
4 2 4 .9 5
4 5 0 .3 6
4 3 9 .9 6
4 4 1 .0 5
4 5 5 .3 9
4 6 6 .3 4
4 5 6 ,7 5
4 4 7 .2 0
4 4 3 .9 8
4 5 7 .6 5
4 6 7 .6 2
4 7 4 .7 6
4 6 8 .9 5
4 6 9 .5 3
4 7 8 .0 8
In s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ..........................
3 0 0 .1 7
3 2 8 .7 5
3 2 0 .8 0
3 1 8 .7 7
3 2 7 .2 2
3 3 0 .8 5
3 2 8 .2 5
3 3 5 .1 6
3 3 5 .9 1
3 3 4 ,9 6
3 4 1 .0 9
3 4 9 .8 6
3 5 1 .7 5
3 4 6 .4 2
3 5 4 .3 1
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g ...................................
2 3 1 .2 5
2 4 7 .1 7
2 4 4 .5 8
2 4 2 .5 7
2 4 5 .6 3
2 4 7 .4 3
2 4 4 .4 8
2 4 6 .6 5
2 5 0 .5 1
2 5 3 .5 0
2 5 6 .5 0
2 5 9 .7 4
2 5 9 .6 8
2 5 3 .3 4
2 6 3 .1 4
3 0 4 ,4 2
3 1 1 .5 9
T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m e n t
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s
2 8 0 .7 4
2 9 6 .8 3
2 8 9 .9 3
2 9 1 .4 7
2 9 4 .1 4
2 9 7 .9 9
2 9 9 .1 5
2 9 9 .5 4
3 0 4 .1 9
3 0 2 .2 5
3 0 6 .5 3
3 1 1 .2 4
3 0 8 .0 3
......................................
2 9 4 .9 7
3 1 1 .6 6
3 0 3 .8 1
3 0 6 .5 2
3 1 2 .0 5
3 1 2 .0 5
3 1 2 .0 5
3 1 0 .8 6
3 1 5 .6 1
3 1 2 .8 4
3 1 7 .6 0
3 1 9 .9 8
3 1 5 .1 2
3 1 1 .4 7
3 1 2 .6 2
................................................
3 4 4 .5 4
3 6 9 .6 8
3 6 2 .5 6
3 6 7 .8 3
3 6 9 .4 0
3 9 7 .4 4
3 8 3 .4 6
3 6 3 .0 9
3 7 9 .9 3
3 7 0 .5 0
3 8 6 .0 8
3 6 4 .9 8
3 6 0 .2 6
3 4 0 .2 9
3 7 2 .8 0
......................................................
2 1 8 .5 9
2 1 8 .6 3
2 1 7 .1 5
2 1 5 .3 9
2 1 9 .4 4
2 2 0 .6 0
2 1 6 .1 3
2 2 2 .9 1
2 2 3 .8 5
2 2 7 .1 7
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu re s
T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s
2 3 1 .4 7
2 3 6 .3 8
2 3 6 .5 1
2 3 6 ,6 8
2 4 0 .9 5
......................
1 7 7 .0 7
1 7 9 .7 5
1 8 0 .7 7
1 7 8 .1 9
1 8 0 .0 8
1 8 3 .8 9
1 8 3 .0 2
1 8 3 .3 7
1 8 2 .5 2
1 8 3 .2 1
1 8 4 .7 9
1 8 6 .2 0
1 8 7 .4 4
1 8 4 .0 7
1 8 9 .0 4
.........................................
3 6 5 .5 0
3 8 9 .5 8
3 7 6 .5 5
3 8 0 .8 0
3 7 9 .3 1
3 8 9 .7 6
3 9 1 .4 6
3 9 3 .1 2
4 0 1 .5 7
3 9 7 .8 2
4 0 2 .2 4
4 1 0 .5 5
4 0 2 .8 2
3 9 6 .6 2
4 0 2 .8 2
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t ile p r o d u c t s
P r in tin g a n d p u b l i s h in g ...................................................
3 0 5 .1 1
3 2 3 .0 1
3 1 8 .6 9
3 1 6 .1 1
3 1 5 .9 9
3 1 9 .5 5
3 2 2 .5 1
3 2 6 .1 1
3 3 1 .0 8
3 2 8 .1 9
3 3 2 .3 4
3 4 0 .7 2
3 3 2 .4 2
3 2 9 .5 7
3 3 9 .9 0
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................
3 7 9 .3 9
4 0 8 .1 8
3 9 5 .2 0
3 9 9 .2 7
4 0 1 .0 6
4 0 6 .9 6
4 0 7 .8 1
4 0 8 .2 2
4 2 0 .2 4
4 1 7 .7 9
4 2 1 .4 8
4 2 8 .0 8
4 2 3 .3 2
4 2 7 .0 0
4 3 3 .2 6
P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ...................................
4 9 1 .6 2
5 4 6 .9 9
5 2 2 .3 7
5 5 0 .0 0
5 4 9 .6 3
5 5 3 .8 3
5 4 6 .4 8
5 4 6 .4 8
5 7 2 .9 5
5 5 5 .5 9
5 6 4 .7 1
5 6 3 .5 0
5 7 2 .9 0
5 7 3 .2 9
5 7 6 .3 9
p la s tic s p r o d u c t s .........................................................
2 8 8 .5 5
3 0 2 .1 5
2 9 5 .7 7
2 9 7 .0 4
3 0 0 .1 3
3 0 6 .3 6
3 0 2 .9 4
3 0 3 .3 1
3 0 7 .4 0
3 0 3 .4 0
3 0 8 .4 8
3 1 7 .9 7
3 1 6 .3 9
3 1 2 .4 4
3 2 1 .9 1
L e a t h e r a n d le a t h e r p r o d u c t s ...................................
1 8 3 .6 3
1 8 9 .7 5
1 8 6 .5 4
1 8 7 .2 6
1 9 1 .5 2
1 9 6 .7 1
1 9 1 .3 3
1 9 2 .9 5
1 9 2 .0 6
1 9 0 .2 7
1 9 4 .7 6
1 9 6 .3 8
1 9 7 .2 6
1 9 1 .2 0
2 0 0 .5 5
3 8 2 .1 8
4 0 2 .0 9
3 9 2 .7 3
3 9 3 .4 3
3 9 4 .6 0
3 9 9 .8 4
4 0 3 .3 7
4 0 9 .9 0
4 0 5 .8 5
4 0 6 .6 2
4 1 3 .0 1
4 1 5 .2 4
4 0 9 .4 3
4 0 8 .6 6
4 1 1 .0 9
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s
T R A N S P O R T A T I O N A N D P U B L IC U T I L IT IE S
W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E
1 9 0 .9 5
1 9 8 .4 2
1 9 4 .6 6
1 9 5 .9 1
1 9 7 .7 8
1 9 9 .0 2
2 0 2 .4 5
2 0 2 .7 7
2 0 0 .9 5
2 0 0 .9 7
2 0 0 .3 4
2 0 3 .8 0
2 0 2 .2 2
1 9 9 .9 2
2 0 4 .1 6
W HO LESA LE TR A D E
2 9 2 .2 0
3 0 9 .5 0
3 0 3 .7 2
3 0 4 .4 5
3 0 8 .3 5
3 0 9 .1 9
3 1 2 .3 1
3 1 3 .0 5
3 1 2 .5 8
3 1 4 .5 5
3 1 4 .9 3
3 1 8 .8 9
3 2 0 .2 6
3 1 5 .3 3
3 1 7 .5 1
............................................................
R E T A IL T R A D E
1 5 8 .0 3
1 6 4 .1 5
1 5 9 .6 4
1 6 1 .0 2
1 6 3 .0 1
1 6 4 .6 5
1 6 8 .2 4
1 6 8 .2 4
1 6 6 .7 0
1 6 5 ,0 9
1 6 5 .7 3
1 7 0 .1 4
1 6 6 .1 3
1 6 3 .8 8
1 6 9 .2 6
F IN A N C E , I N S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E
2 2 9 .0 5
2 4 5 .4 4
2 3 9 .2 2
2 4 0 .3 7
2 4 5 .7 5
2 4 2 .2 3
2 4 5 .4 4
2 4 9 .3 8
2 4 9 .0 9
2 5 2 .3 1
2 5 3 .7 6
2 5 4 .4 6
2 6 3 .9 0
2 6 0 .6 4
2 5 9 .5 6
S E R V IC E S
2 0 8 .9 7
2 2 5 .2 7
2 2 0 .0 3
2 2 1 .3 3
2 2 2 .6 3
2 2 4 .3 5
2 2 7 .4 0
2 2 7 .7 0
2 2 8 .5 7
2 2 9 .1 3
2 3 0 .1 0
2 3 2 .8 2
2 3 4 .3 9
2 3 2 .6 3
2 3 3 .7 4
1 N o t a v a ila b le .
17.
p =
p r e lim in a r y .
Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased
[In p e r c e n t ]
T im e
Year
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
D ec.
span
O ver
1981
.. . .
5 6 .7
4 8 .7
5 1 .1
6 8 .3
6 5 .3
5 4 .0
5 9 .9
5 0 .3
5 0 .3
3 4 .7
2 8 .2
3 1 .2
1 - m o n th
1982
.. . .
3 2 .5
4 2 .5
3 5 .8
4 0 .9
5 1 .1
3 2 .0
4 3 .5
3 7 .6
4 3 .0
2 6 .1
3 4 .9
3 9 .0
span
1983
.. . .
5 4 .8
» 4 1 .4
» 5 8 .6
O ver
1981
.. . .
5 3 .5
5 2 .2
6 0 .2
7 0 .2
7 0 .4
6 5 .9
5 9 .4
5 7 .0
4 0 .1
3 0 .6
2 6 .3
2 3 .4
3 - m o n th
1982
.. . .
2 8 .0
3 1 .2
3 3 .6
3 7 .1
3 5 .8
3 5 .8
2 7 .7
3 1 .7
2 7 .7
2 8 .0
2 3 .9
3 8 .2
span
1983
.. . .
p 4 1 .4
p 5 1 .3
O ver
1981
.. . .
6 4 .8
6 5 .9
6 7 .2
6 7 .7
6 7 .2
6 7 .5
5 1 .3
3 9 .0
3 3 .9
3 0 .1
2 7 .7
2 4 .2
6 - m o n th
1982
... .
2 1 .8
2 7 .4
2 7 .4
2 9 .8
2 8 .8
3 0 .1
2 4 .2
2 1 .0
2 4 .7
2 8 .2
» 2 9 .3
» 3 3 .3
span
1983
.. . .
O ver
1981
.. . .
7 3 .9
7 1 .0
7 0 .4
6 2 .1
5 0 .0
4 3 .3
3 5 .2
3 3 .6
3 1 .5
2 7 .2
2 7 .7
2 5 .8
1 2 - m o n th
1982
.. . .
2 3 .1
2 3 .1
2 1 .2
1 8 .8
1 8 .0
2 1 .0
2 4 .7
» 2 2 .8
» 2 7 .2
span
1983
.. . .
p =
Note :
p r e lim in a r y
F ig u r e s
a re
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
c o m p o n e n t s a r e c o u n t e d a s r is in g .) D a ta a r e c e n t e r e d w ith in th e s p a n s . S e e th e “ D e fin itio n s ”
th e
p e rc e n t
of
in d u s tr ie s
w ith
e m p lo y m e n t
r is in g .
( H a lf
of
th e
unchanged
in th is
s e c t io n .
71
UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA
N a t i o n a l u n e m p l o y m e n t i n s u r a n c e d a t a are compiled
monthly by the Employment and Training Administration of
the U.S. Department of Labor from monthly reports of unem
ployment insurance activity prepared by State agencies. Rail
road unemployment insurance data are prepared by the U.S.
Railroad Retirement Board.
ployed. Persons not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10
percent of the labor force) and those who have exhausted or not yet
earned benefit rights are excluded from the scope of the survey. Ini
tial claims are notices filed by persons in unemployment insurance
programs to indicate they are out of work and wish to begin receiv
ing compensation. A claimant who continued to be unemployed a
full week is then counted in the insured unemployment figure. The
rate of insured unemployment expresses the number of insured unem
ployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a
12-month period.
Definitions
Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured
unemployment under State programs, Unemployment Compensation
for Ex-Servicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal
Employees, and the Railroad Insurance Act.
An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the be
ginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no ap
plication is required for subsequent periods in the same year. Num
ber of payments are payments made in 14-day registration periods.
The average amount of benefit payment is an average for all com
pensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or set
tlement of underpayments. However, total benefits paid have been
adjusted.
Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs
for civilian employees, insured workers must report the completion of
at least 1 week of unemployment before they are defined as unem
18 .
Unemployment insurance and employment service operations
[A ll ite m s e x c e p t a v e r a g e b e n e f it s a m o u n t s a r e in th o u s a n d s ]
1982
1983
It e m
Feb.
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
A ug.
S e p t.
N ov.
O c t.
Dec.
Jan.
F e b .»
A ll p r o g r a m s :
In s u r e d u n e m p l o y m e n t ......................................
4 ,7 2 3
4 ,8 9 2
4 ,7 6 0
4 ,3 8 8
4 ,3 2 7
4 ,4 9 5
4 ,3 9 8
4 ,2 8 3
4 ,3 9 1
4 ,6 3 5
5 ,0 7 4
5 ,4 5 9
5 ,4 3 6
S t a t e u n e m p lo y m e n t I n s u r a n c e p r o g r a m : 1
In itia l c l a i m s 2 .............................................................
2 ,2 7 2
2 ,4 1 8
2 ,3 4 7
1 ,9 8 9
2 ,3 9 9
2 ,6 5 5
2 ,3 5 8
2 ,3 4 2
2 ,4 4 3
2 ,6 6 1
3 ,0 8 0
3 ,1 4 3
2 ,1 4 2
................................................
4 ,3 7 6
4 ,2 8 2
4 ,0 6 7
3 ,7 2 9
3 ,7 0 7
3 ,9 1 2
3 ,8 3 1
3 ,7 1 2
3 ,8 2 8
4 ,1 5 6
4 ,5 8 1
4 ,9 2 3
4 ,7 5 9
...................
5 .0
4 .9
4 .6
4 .3
4 .3
4 .6
4 .4
4 .2
4 .4
4 .7
5 .2
5 .6
5 .5
1 5 ,6 3 1
1 8 ,1 4 4
1 6 ,1 5 8
1 3 ,6 7 9
1 4 ,6 4 8
1 4 ,6 5 5
1 5 ,0 1 5
1 4 ,5 4 7
1 3 ,7 8 6
r 1 5 ,1 7 0
1 7 ,8 7 3
1 7 ,0 9 7
1 6 ,0 1 5
$ 1 1 8 .6 4
$ 1 1 7 .2 8
$ 1 1 8 .9 7
$ 1 2 0 .7 8
r $ 1 2 2 .8 1
'$ 1 2 3 . 4 3
$ 1 2 3 .4 2
$ 1 2 5 .9 3
$ 1 2 6 .4 4
$ 1 , 6 9 2 , 1 5 0 $ 1 ,6 7 9 ,3 7 8
$ 1 ,7 4 6 ,1 9 5
$ 1 ,7 1 0 ,5 7 3
$ 1 ,6 4 7 ,3 4 3 '$ 1 , 8 2 0 , 0 1 9
$ 2 , 1 3 5 ,3 0 2
$ 2 ,0 8 7 ,8 1 9
$ 1 , 9 7 0 ,4 8 4
I n s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e r a g e
w e e k ly v o lu m e )
R a te o f in s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d
.
A v e r a g e w e e k ly b e n e f it a m o u n t
f o r to t a l u n e m p l o y m e n t ................................
T o t a l b e n e f it s p a id
................................................
$ 1 1 6 .9 5
$ 1 1 7 .1 0
$ 1 1 7 .6 1
$ 1 1 8 ,0 8
$ 1 ,7 8 1 ,8 3 0
$ 2 ,0 7 2 ,6 4 2
$ 1 ,8 4 9 ,8 8 1
$ 1 , 5 7 3 ,4 4 4
S t a t e u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e p r o g r a m : 1
( S e a s o n a lly a d ju s t e d d a ta )
In itia l c l a i m s 2 ............................................................
2 ,3 5 4
2 ,5 2 1
2 ,4 4 2
2 ,3 7 9
2 ,5 2 8
2 ,3 1 7
2 ,8 1 4
2 ,9 0 2
2 ,6 8 8
2 ,6 8 0
2 ,5 8 6
2 ,1 8 7
2 ,2 1 7
3 ,6 4 4
3 ,7 7 7
3 ,9 3 9
3 ,9 2 5
3 ,9 9 5
3 ,9 5 9
4 ,1 3 7
4 ,4 4 6
4 ,6 8 0
4 ,6 1 8
4 ,3 5 5
3 ,9 8 0
3 ,9 7 9
4 .2
4 .3
4 .5
4 .5
4 .6
4 .5
4 .7
5.1
5 .3
5 .3
5 .0
4 .6
4 .6
In s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e r a g e
w e e k ly v o lu m e )
................................................
R a t e o f in s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t
...................
U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t io n f o r e x s e r v ic e m e n :3
In itia l c l a i m s 1 ............................................................
8
10
9
8
10
10
11
11
10
17
24
21
16
13
11
10
9
8
7
7
8
9
14
26
37
37
In s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e r a g e
w e e k ly v o lu m e )
................................................
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d
T o t a l b e n e f it s p a id
.
49
48
37
31
29
25
24
25
28
33
90
126
136
................................................
$ 5 ,3 0 4
$ 5 ,1 4 1
$ 4 ,0 1 3
$ 3 ,3 9 5
$ 3 ,3 1 4
$ 2 ,8 2 1
$ 2 ,7 9 3
$ 2 ,9 0 0
r $ 3 ,3 6 6
'$ 4 , 0 0 6
$ 1 1 ,1 9 1
$ 1 5 ,8 6 1
$ 1 7 ,1 5 1
16
10
U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t io n f o r
F e d e r a l c iv ilia n e m p lo y e e s : 4
In itia l c l a i m s ................................................................
12
13
13
11
14
13
12
13
16
14
15
40
38
33
29
28
29
27
26
28
31
33
In s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e r a g e
w e e k ly v o lu m e )
................................................
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d
T o t a l b e n e f it s p a id
35
33
.
154
172
146
120
123
120
118
111
r 110
126
146
135
125
................................................
$ 1 7 ,5 1 7
$ 1 9 ,6 7 7
$ 1 6 ,8 0 6
$ 1 3 ,5 2 6
$ 1 3 ,9 2 2
$ 1 3 ,4 4 5
$ 1 3 ,1 4 0
$ 1 2 ,3 0 3
r $ 1 2 ,1 4 4
$ 1 4 ,0 2 3
$ 1 6 ,1 1 4
$ 1 5 ,3 8 1
$ 1 4 ,5 2 8
11
9
5
5
36
68
68
14
20
17
17
20
7
R a ilr o a d u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u ra n c e :
A p p l i c a t i o n s ................................................................
I n s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e r a g e
w e e k ly v o lu m e )
................................................
N u m b e r o f p a y m e n ts
T o t a l b e n e f it s p a id
67
.........................................
A v e r a g e a m o u n t o f b e n e fit p a y m e n t
...
................................................
65
57
44
44
55
55
61
82
81
83
102
72
140
154
130
95
93
100
100
137
159
162
172
219
158
$ 2 1 4 .0 7
$ 2 1 5 .7 1
$ 2 0 9 .4 8
$ 2 0 0 .7 5
$ 1 9 9 .1 5
$ 2 0 2 .5 4
$ 2 0 2 .5 4
$ 2 1 6 .1 4
$ 2 1 2 .3 5
$ 2 1 6 .5 5
$ 2 1 7 .0 0
$ 2 2 0 .3 2
$ 2 1 4 .5 4
$ 2 8 ,0 1 1
$ 3 3 ,8 5 3
$ 2 6 ,2 6 2
$ 1 9 ,1 1 0
$ 1 8 ,5 7 4
$ 1 7 ,9 9 8
$ 1 7 ,9 9 8
$ 3 1 ,1 2 3
$ 3 1 ,6 3 8
$ 3 5 ,0 6 1
$ 3 9 ,5 0 0
$ 4 4 ,5 1 4
$ 3 3 ,1 0 0
E m p lo y m e n t s e r v i c e : 5
N e w a p p lic a t io n s a n d r e n e w a l s ...................
7 ,4 3 9
1 0 ,9 6 5
1 4 ,3 2 0
N o n fa rm p la c e m e n ts
1 ,2 3 2
1 ,9 0 2
2 ,8 0 4
.........................................
' In itia l c la im s a n d S t a t e in s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t in c lu d e d a t a u n d e r th e p r o g r a m f o r P u e r to R ic a n
ja r c a n e w o rk e rs .
5 C u m u la t iv e to t a l f o r f is c a l y e a r ( O c t o b e r 1 - S e p t e m b e r 3 0 ). D a ta c o m p u t e d q u a r te r ly ,
Note : Data
f o r p u e r l0
2 E x c lu d e s t r a n s it io n c la im s u n d e r S t a t e p r o g r a m s .
p=
p r e lim in a r y .
3 E x c lu d e s d a t a o n c la im s a n d p a y m e n t s m a d e j o in t ly w ith o t h e r p r o g r a m s .
r=
r e v is e d .
4 E x c lu d e s d a t a o n c la im s a n d p a y m e n t s m a d e j o in t ly w ith S t a t e p r o g r a m s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
72
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r ic o
a n (j
v ir g in Is la n d s in c lu d e d . D a s h e s in d ic a te d a t a n o t a v a ila b le .
PRICE DATA
P r i c e d a t a are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price
indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100,
unless otherwise noted).
Definitions
The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the
average change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and ser
vices. Effective with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics began publishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. It in
troduced a CPI for All Urban Consumers, covering 80 percent of the
total noninstitutional population, and revised the CPI for Urban
Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, covering about half the new in
dex population. The All Urban Consumers index covers in addition to
wage earners and clerical workers, professional, managerial, and tech
nical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed,
retirees, and others not in the labor force.
The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs,
transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and
services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quali
ty of these items is kept essentially unchanged belween major revi
sions so that only price changes will be measured. Data are collected
from more than 24,000 retail establishments and 24,000 tenants in 85
urban areas across the country. All taxes directly associated with the
purchase and use of items are included in the index. Because the
CPI’s are based on the expenditures of two population groups in 1972—
73, they may not accurately reflect the experience of individual
families and single persons with different buying habits.
Though the CPI is often called the “Cost-of-Living Index,” it meas
ures only price change, which is just one of several important factors
affecting living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the
level of prices among cities. They only measure the average change in
prices for each area since the base period.
Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received
in primary markets of the United States by producers of commodities
in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these in
dexes contains about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations
per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all com
modities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing,
mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The universe
includes all commodities produced or imported for sale in commercial
transactions in primary markets in the United States
Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or
by commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products
by degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or
semifinished goods, and crude materials). The commodity structure
organizes products by similarity of end-use or material composition.
To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price In
dexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the Unit
ed States, from the production or central marketing point. Price data
are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire.
Most prices are obtained directly from producing companies on a vol
untary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the
Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month.
In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the vari
ous commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights
representing their importance in the total net selling value of all com
modities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain in
dexes for stage of processing groupings, commodity groupings, dura
bility of product groupings, and a number of special composite
groupings.
Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av
erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries,
as defined in the S ta n d a r d I n d u s tr ia l C la ssifica tio n M a n u a l 1 9 7 2
(Washington, U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These
indexes are derived from several price series, combined to match the
economic activity of the specified industry and weighted by the value
of shipments in the industry. They use data from comprehensive in
dustrial censuses conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the
U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Notes on the data
Regional CPI’s cross classified by population size were introduced
in the May 1978 R e v ie w . These indexes enable users in local areas for
which an index is not published to get a better approximation of the
CPI for their area by using the appropriate population size class mea
sure for their region. The cross-classified indexes are published bi
monthly. (See table 21.)
For details concerning the 1978 revision of the CPI, see T h e
C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x : C o n c ep ts a n d C o n te n t O v e r th e Y ears, Report
517, revised edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978).
As of January 1976, the Producer Price Index incorporated a re
vised weighting structure reflecting 1972 values of shipments.
Additional data and analyses of price changes are provided in the
C P I D e ta ile d R e p o r t and P r o d u c e r P ric e s a n d P r ic e I n d e x es, both
monthly publications of the Bureau.
For a discussion of the general method of computing producer, and
industry price indexes, see B L S H a n d b o o k o f M eth o d s, Bulletin 2134-1
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 7. For consumer prices,
see B L S H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s f o r S u r v e y s a n d S tu d ie s (1976), chapter
13. See also John F. Early, “Improving the measurement of producer
price change,” M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w , April 1978. For industry prices,
see also Bennett R. Moss, “Industry and Sector Price Indexes,”
M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w , August 1965.
Beginning with the January 1983 data, tables 20 through 22 introduce a new treatment of homeownership costs into the Consumer Price
Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) will not be af
fected by this change until 1985. For an explanation of the change, see “Changing the treatment of shelter costs for homeowners in the CPI”
by Robert Gillingham and Walter Lane in the June 1982 issue of the M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w and “Labor Month in the Review” in the
March 1983 issue. Additional information appears in the C P I D e ta ile d R e p o r t, January 1983.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
73
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
19.
Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, annual averages and changes, 1967-82
[1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 ]
F ood and
A ll i t e m s
A p p a re l an d
H o u s in g
b e v e ra g e s
T ra n s p o rta tio n
M e d ic a l c a r e
O th e r g o o d s
E n t e r t a in m e n t
upkeep
a n d s e r v ic e s
Y ear
P e rc e n t
In d e x
1967
.............................
1 0 0 .0
1968
.............................
1 0 4 .2
4 .2
P e rc e n t
In d e x
change
change
1 0 0 .0
change
1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .6
3 .6
P e rc e n t
P e rc e n t
In d e x
In d e x
change
1 0 0 .0
P e rc e n t
In d e x
change
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .0
4 .0
1 0 5 .4
5 .4
1 0 3 .2
P e rc e n t
In d e x
change
1 0 0 .0
3 .2
1 0 6 .1
P e rc e n t
In d e x
change
1 0 0 .0
6.1
P e rc e n t
In d e x
change
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .7
5 .7
1 0 5 .2
5 .2
1969
.............................
1 0 9 .8
5 .4
1 0 8 .8
5 .0
1 1 0 .4
6 .2
1 1 1 .5
5 .8
1 0 7 .2
3 .9
1 1 3 .4
6 .9
1 1 1 .0
5 .0
1 1 0 .4
4 .9
1970
.............................
1 1 6 .3
5 .9
1 1 4 .7
5 .4
1 1 8 .2
7.1
1 1 6 .1
4.1
1 1 2 .7
5.1
1 2 0 .6
6 .3
1 1 6 .7
5.1
1 1 6 .8
5 .8
4 .3
3.1
1 2 3 .4
4 .8
1971
.............................
1 2 1 .3
5 .3
1 2 2 .4
1972
.............................
1 2 5 .3
3 .3
1 2 3 .2
4.1
1 2 8 .1
3 .8
1 2 2 .3
2.1
1 1 9 .9
1.1
1 3 2 .5
3 .2
1 2 6 .5
2 .9
1 2 7 .5
1973
.............................
1 3 3 .1
6 .2
1 3 9 .5
1 3 .2
1 3 3 .7
4 .4
1 2 6 .8
3 .7
1 2 3 .8
3 .3
1 3 7 .7
3 .9
1 3 0 .0
2 .8
1 3 2 .5
3 .9
1974
.............................
1 4 7 .7
1 1 .0
1 5 8 .7
1 3 .8
1 4 8 .8
1 1 .3
1 3 6 .2
7 .4
1 3 7 .7
1 1 .2
1 5 0 .5
9 .3
1 3 9 .8
7 .5
1 4 2 .0
7 .2
1975
.............................
1 6 1 .2
9.1
1 7 2 .1
8 .4
1 6 4 .5
1 0 .6
1 4 2 .3
4 .5
1 5 0 .6
9 .4
1 6 8 .6
1 2 .0
1 5 2 .2
8 .9
1 5 3 .9
8 .4
1976
.............................
1 7 0 .5
5 .8
1 7 7 .4
3.1
1 7 4 .6
6.1
1 4 7 .6
3 .7
1 6 5 .5
9 .9
1 8 4 .7
9 .5
1 5 9 .8
5 .0
1 6 2 .7
1977
.............................
1 8 1 .5
6 .5
1 8 8 .0
6 .0
1 8 6 .5
6 .8
1 5 4 .2
4 .5
1 7 7 .2
7.1
2 0 2 .4
9 .6
1 6 7 .7
4 .9
1 7 2 .2
5 .8
1978
.............................
1 9 5 .3
7 .6
2 0 6 .2
9 .7
2 0 2 .6
8 .6
1 5 9 .5
3 .4
1 8 5 .8
4 .9
2 1 9 .4
8 .4
1 7 6 .2
5.1
1 8 3 .2
6 .4
7 .2
1 1 8 .3
4 .4
1 1 9 .8
3 .2
1 1 8 .6
5 .2
1 2 8 .4
6 .5
1 2 2 .9
4 .2
5 .7
1979
.............................
2 1 7 .7
1 1 .5
2 2 8 .7
1 0 .9
2 2 7 .5
1 2 .3
1 6 6 .4
4 .3
2 1 2 .8
1 4 .5
2 4 0 .1
9 .4
1 8 7 .6
6 .5
1 9 6 .3
1980
.............................
2 4 7 .0
1 3 .5
2 4 8 .7
8 .7
2 6 3 .2
1 5 .7
1 7 7 .4
6 .6
2 5 0 .5
1 7 .7
2 6 7 .2
1 1 .3
2 0 3 .7
8 .5
2 1 3 .6
8 .8
1981
.............................
2 7 2 .3
1 0 .2
2 6 7 .8
7 .7
2 9 3 .2
1 1 .4
1 8 6 .6
5 .2
2 8 1 .3
1 2 .3
2 9 5 .1
1 0 .4
2 1 9 .0
7 .5
2 3 3 .3
9 .2
1982
.............................
2 8 8 .6
6 .0
2 7 8 .5
4 .0
3 1 4 .7
7 .3
1 9 0 .9
2 .3
2 9 3 .1
4 .2
3 2 6 .9
1 0 .8
2 3 2 .4
6.1
2 5 7 .0
1 0 .2
20. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers and revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers,
U.S. city average— general summary and groups, subgroups, and selected items
[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c ifie d ]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s
G e n e ra l s u m m a ry
U rb a n W a g e E a rn e rs a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s
1982
1983
1982
1983
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
Dec.
A ll i t e m s .........................................................................................................................................
2 8 3 .4
2 9 3 .3
2 9 4 .1
2 9 3 .6
2 9 2 .4
2 9 3 .1
2 9 3 .2
2 8 2 .9
2 9 2 .8
2 9 3 .6
2 9 3 .2
2 9 2 .0
c 2 9 2 .1
2 9 2 .3
F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s
............................................................................................................
2 7 5 .8
2 8 0 .1
2 7 9 .6
2 7 9 .1
2 7 9 .1
2 8 0 .7
2 8 1 .6
2 7 6 .0
2 8 0 .4
2 7 9 .9
2 7 9 .4
2 7 9 .6
2 8 1 .1
2 8 2 .1
Jan.
Feb.
H o u s i n g ............................................................................................................................................
3 0 7 .3
3 1 9 .7
3 2 0 .7
3 1 9 .0
3 1 6 .3
3 1 7 .9
3 1 8 .5
3 0 6 .7
3 2 0 .0
3 2 1 .2
3 1 9 .6
3 1 6 .8
3 1 7 .0
A p p a r e l a n d u p k e e p ...............................................................................................................
1 8 8 .0
1 9 4 .9
1 9 5 .5
1 9 5 .4
1 9 3 .6
1 9 1 .0
1 9 2 .0
1 8 7 .3
1 8 4 .1
1 9 4 .6
1 9 4 .4
1 9 2 .8
1 9 0 .0
1 9 1 .0
T r a n s p o r t a t io n
2 8 8 .0
2 9 5 .3
2 9 5 .5
2 9 5 .8
2 9 4 .8
2 9 3 .0
2 8 9 .9
2 8 9 .6
2 9 6 .9
2 9 7 .0
2 9 7 .3
2 9 6 .3
2 9 4 .3
2 9 1 .1
M e d ic a l c a r e
............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
E n t e r t a in m e n t
3 1 6 .2
3 3 6 .0
3 3 8 .7
3 4 2 .2
3 4 4 .3
3 4 7 .8
3 5 1 .3
3 1 4 .9
3 3 3 .9
3 3 6 .5
3 3 9 .8
3 4 1 .8
3 4 5 .3
3 1 7 .6
3 4 8 .9
............................................................................................................................
2 3 1 .2
2 3 8 .3
2 4 0 .3
2 3 9 .9
2 4 0 .1
2 4 1 .5
2 4 3 .1
2 2 8 .1
2 3 4 .8
2 3 6 .5
2 3 6 .1
2 3 6 .5
2 3 7 .7
2 3 9 .5
O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s ..................................................................................................
2 5 0 .3
2 6 6 .6
2 7 1 .2
2 7 3 .8
2 7 6 .6
2 7 9 .9
2 8 1 .6
2 4 7 .1
2 6 2 .8
2 6 7 .8
2 7 0 .9
2 7 4 .0
2 7 7 .8
2 7 9 .6
C o m m o d i t i e s ...............................................................................................................................
2 6 7 .8
2 6 7 .7
2 6 7 .2
2 6 6 .7
2 5 9 .9
2 6 7 .0
2 6 7 .9
2 5 9 .5
2 6 6 .6
2 6 7 .5
2 6 8 .2
2 6 8 .2
2 6 8 .0
2 6 7 .8
.........................................................
2 4 8 .1
2 5 6 .1
2 5 7 .6
2 5 8 .2
2 5 8 .0
2 5 6 .5
2 5 5 .2
2 4 8 .6
2 5 6 .8
2 5 8 .3
2 5 8 .9
2 5 8 .8
2 5 7 .8
2 5 7 .1
N o n d u r a b le s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ......................................................
2 6 5 .3
2 6 9 .9
2 7 1 .0
2 7 1 .4
2 7 0 .0
2 6 7 .4
2 6 5 .2
2 6 7 .5
2 7 1 .8
2 7 2 .9
2 7 3 .3
2 7 1 .9
2 6 9 .3
2 6 6 .9
D u r a b le s
2 3 3 .7
2 4 4 .1
2 4 6 .0
2 4 6 .6
2 4 7 .3
2 4 7 .3
2 4 7 .1
2 3 2 .5
2 4 3 .6
2 4 5 .4
2 4 6 .2
2 4 7 .0
2 4 7 .3
2 4 7 .8
3 3 8 .9
3 2 5 .5
3 4 0 .5
3 4 1 .2
3 3 9 .3
3 3 6 .2
3 3 6 .9
3 3 7 .8
2 1 8 .1
2 2 6 .4
2 2 8 .4
2 2 9 .7
2 3 0 .2
2 3 1 .7
2 3 2 .5
C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s
S e r v ic e s
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
3 2 5 .3
3 3 9 .7
3 4 0 .3
3 3 8 .6
3 3 5 .6
3 3 7 .9
R e n t, r e s i d e n t i a l .........................................................................................................
2 1 8 .6
2 2 6 .9
2 2 8 .9
2 3 0 .2
2 3 0 .8
2 3 2 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .9
H o u s e h o ld s e r v ic e s le s s r e n t o f s h e lt e r ( 1 2 / 8 2 =
100)
................
T r a n s p o r t a t io n s e r v i c e s .........................................................................................
2 8 7 .6
2 9 8 .7
3 0 0 .5
1 0 1 .0
2 9 9 .9
2 9 9 .4
3 0 0 .1
2 9 9 .9
M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ............................................................................................
3 4 2 .4
3 6 4 .0
3 6 6 .9
3 7 1 .0
3 7 3 .4
3 7 7 .4
3 8 1 .5
3 4 0 .6
3 6 1 .1
3 6 3 .9
3 6 7 .7
3 7 0 .1
3 7 4 .0
3 7 8 .2
O t h e r s e r v i c e s ............................................................................................................
2 5 3 .0
2 6 6 .3
2 6 8 .4
2 6 9 .2
2 7 0 .0
2 7 1 .5
2 7 2 .6
2 5 1 .3
2 8 6 .7
2 6 4 .0
2 6 6 .1
2 6 6 .8
2 6 7 .5
2 6 9 .1
2 7 0 .2
2 9 2 .6
2 9 2 .6
2 9 6 .0
2 9 8 .4
2 9 7 .5
2 9 6 .7
2 9 7 .1
2 9 6 .9
S p e c ia l in d e x e s :
A ll ite m s le s s f o o d
...................................................................................................................
A ll ite m s le s s m o r t g a g e in t e r e s t c o s t s
......................................................................
C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d .........................................................................................................
N o n d u r a b le s le s s f o o d
2 8 2 .1
2 9 2 .9
2 9 4 .0
2 9 3 .6
2 9 2 .1
2 6 7 .1
2 7 6 .7
2 7 8 .0
2 7 8 .2
2 7 8 .4
2 4 6 .0
2 5 3 .9
2 5 5 .4
2 5 6 .0
2 5 5 .8
2 5 4 .4
2 5 3 .2
2 8 1 .7
2 9 2 .8
2 9 3 .9
2 9 3 .5
2 9 2 .1
2 9 1 .9
2 9 1 .9
2 6 7 .2
2 7 6 .7
2 7 7 .9
2 7 8 .1
2 7 8 .3
c 2 7 8 .9
2 7 9 .0
2 4 6 .6
2 5 4 .7
2 5 6 .1
2 5 6 .7
2 5 6 .6
2 5 5 .7
2 5 5 .0
.........................................................................................................
2 6 0 .1
2 6 4 .6
2 6 5 .7
2 6 6 .1
2 6 4 .7
2 6 2 .4
2 6 0 .5
2 6 2 .2
2 6 6 .5
2 6 7 .5
2 6 7 .9
2 6 6 .6
2 6 4 .2
2 6 2 .2
N o n d u r a b le s le s s f o o d a n d a p p a r e l ............................................................................
3 0 0 .5
3 0 4 .2
3 0 5 .5
3 0 6 .2
3 0 5 .2
3 0 3 .1
2 9 9 .9
3 0 2 .0
3 0 5 .6
3 0 6 .9
3 0 7 .5
3 0 6 .5
3 0 4 .4
3 0 1 .1
2 7 5 .2
2 7 4 .6
2 7 2 .8
2 7 7 .2
2 7 7 .4
2 7 7 .4
2 7 6 .8
2 7 6 .2
2 7 5 .6
N o n d u r a b le s
...............................................................................................................................
2 7 1 .7
2 7 6 .2
2 7 6 .5
2 7 6 .4
2 7 5 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .7
1 0 1 .0
3 2 1 .1
3348
3 3 5 .1
3 3 2 .9
3 2 9 .3
3 3 1 .4
3 3 2 .2
3 3 5 .8
3 3 6 .3
3 3 4 .0
3 3 0 .4
3 3 0 .7
3 3 1 .2
............................................................................
2 6 5 .1
2 6 8 .0
2 6 6 .6
2 6 5 .3
2 6 4 .8
2 6 5 .7
2 6 6 .6
2 6 4 .0
2 6 7 .0
2 6 5 .5
2 6 4 .4
2 6 4 .0
2 6 5 .0
2 6 6 .0
S e le c t e d b e e f c u t s ...................................................................................................................
2 7 1 .7
2 7 9 .3
2 7 2 .0
2 7 1 .9
2 7 0 .0
2 7 1 .2
2 7 2 .0
2 7 3 .1
2 8 0 .7
2 7 3 .2
2 7 3 .2
2 7 1 .2
2 7 2 .5
S e r v ic e s le s s r e n t o f s h e lt e r ( 1 2 / 8 2 =
100)
.........................................................
S e r v ic e s le s s m e d ic a l c a r e ................................................................................................
D o m e s t ic a lly p r o d u c e d f a r m f o o d s
E n e rg y 1
3 2 1 .6
2 7 3 .5
.........................................................................................................................................
4 1 3 .0
4 2 4 .2
4 2 5 .0
4 2 2 .6
4 1 9 .9
4 1 4 .5
4 0 6 .7
4 1 5 .4
4 2 5 .6
4 2 6 .0
4 2 3 .7
4 2 0 .8
4 1 5 .1
4 0 6 .9
E n e r g y c o m m o d i t i e s 1 ......................................................................................................
4 4 0 .1
4 3 3 .3
4 3 1 .9
4 3 1 .6
4 2 5 .4
4 1 4 .9
4 0 1 .6
4 4 0 .7
4 3 3 .8
c 4 3 2 .3
4 3 1 .8
4 2 5 .6
c 4 1 5 .2
4 0 1 .9
A ll ite m s le s s e n e r g y
............................................................................................................
A ll ite m s le s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y
......................................................................
2 7 3 .4
2 8 3 .1
2 8 4 .0
2 8 3 .6
2 8 2 .5
2 8 3 .8
2 8 4 .7
2 7 2 .1
2 8 1 .9
2 8 2 .8
2 8 2 .5
0 2 8 2 .2
c 2 8 2 .2
2 8 3 .0
2 6 9 .5
2 8 0 .4
2 8 1 .5
2 8 1 .2
2 7 9 .9
2 8 1 .1
2 8 2 .0
2 6 8 .0
2 7 9 .2
2 8 0 .4
2 8 0 .2
2 7 9 .0
c 2 7 9 .3
2 8 0 .2
C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y .........................................................
2 2 4 .5
2 3 4 .1
2 3 6 .0
2 3 6 .6
2 3 7 .1
2 3 7 .1
2 3 7 .9
2 2 3 .6
2 3 3 .6
2 3 5 .4
2 3 6 .2
2 3 6 .8
c 2 3 7 .1
2 3 9 .9
S e r v ic e s le s s e n e r g y .........................................................................................
3 2 1 .9
3 3 4 .4
3 3 4 .4
3 3 3 .1
3 2 9 .6
3 3 1 .8
3 3 2 .9
3 2 2 .2
3 3 4 .8
3 3 5 .2
3 3 3 .7
3 3 0 .1
3 3 0 .5
3 3 1 .4
$ 0 ,3 5 3
0 .3 4 1
$ 0 ,3 4 0
$ 0 ,3 4 1
$ 0 ,3 4 2
$ 0 ,3 4 1
$ 0 ,3 4 1
$ 0 ,3 5 3
$ 0 ,3 4 2
$ 0 ,3 4 1
$ 0 ,3 4 1
$ 0 ,3 4 2
$ 0 ,3 4 2
$ 0 ,3 4 2
P u r c h a s in g p o w e r o f th e c o n s u m e r d o lla r , 1 9 6 7 =
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
74
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1
................................
20.
Continued— Consumer Price Index — U.S. city average
[1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c ifie d ]
U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s
G e n e ra l s u m m a ry
FO O D A N D B EVER AG ES
1982
...............................................................................................................
1983
1982
1983
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
2 7 5 .8
2 8 0 .1
2 7 9 .6
2 7 9 .1
2 7 9 .1
2 8 0 .7
2 8 1 .6
2 7 6 .0
2 8 0 .4
2 7 9 .9
2 7 9 .4
2 7 9 .6
2 8 1 .1
2 8 2 .1
2 8 3 .3
2 8 7 .6
2 8 7 .0
2 8 6 .4
2 8 6 .5
2 8 8 .1
2 8 9 .0
2 8 3 .4
2 8 7 .7
2 8 7 .2
2 8 6 .6
2 8 6 .7
2 8 8 .4
2 8 9 .3
............................................................................................................................................
2 7 8 .0
2 8 0 .6
2 7 9 .4
2 7 8 .3
2 7 7 .8
2 7 9 .3
2 8 0 .3
2 7 7 .0
2 7 9 .7
2 7 8 .5
2 7 7 .4
2 7 7 .1
2 7 8 .6
2 7 9 .7
C e r e a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s ...............................................................................................
2 8 0 .9
2 8 4 .6
2 8 5 .0
2 8 5 .5
2 8 6 .3
2 8 7 .8
2 8 8 .7
2 7 9 .8
2 8 3 .4
2 8 3 .7
2 8 4 .1
2 8 4 .9
2 8 6 .4
2 8 7 .4
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .3
1 5 4 .0
1 5 3 .2
1 5 3 .4
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .0
1 5 5 .0
1 5 5 .2
1 5 4 .9
1 5 4 .1
1 5 4 .2
1 5 4 .8
1 5 4 .7
Food
...............................................................................................................................................................
Food at hom e
C e r e a ls a n d c e r e a l p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
1 0 0 ) ...................................................
1 0 0 ) ...................................
1 3 9 .1
1 4 1 .4
1 3 9 .9
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .5
1 4 0 .3
1 3 9 .8
1 3 9 .6
1 4 1 .8
1 4 0 .3
1 3 9 .5
1 3 9 .8
1 4 0 .6
1 4 0 .1
.........................................................................................
1 6 4 .8
1 6 6 .9
1 6 7 .5
1 6 7 .2
1 6 8 .0
1 6 8 .1
1 6 9 .2
1 6 6 .8
1 6 9 .0
1 6 9 .7
1 6 9 .4
1 7 0 .1
1 7 0 .3
1 7 1 .4
1 5 2 .4
1 4 8 .2
1 4 7 .6
1 4 6 .1
1 4 5 .3
1 4 6 .5
1 4 5 .3
1 5 3 .6
1 4 9 .4
1 4 8 .7
1 4 7 .3
1 4 6 .5
1 4 7 .6
1 4 6 .3
F lo u r a n d p r e p a r e d f lo u r m ix e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 C e re a l (1 2 /7 7 -
100)
R ic e , p a s ta , a n d c o r n m e a l ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
............................................
............................................................................
1 4 6 .8
1 4 9 .4
1 4 9 .7
1 5 0 .3
1 5 0 .9
1 5 1 .7
1 5 2 .4
1 4 5 .7
1 4 8 .2
1 4 8 ,6
1 4 9 .1
1 4 9 .6
1 5 0 .5
1 5 1 .2
W h ite b r e a d ..................................................................................................................
2 4 3 .8
2 4 6 .1
2 4 6 .7
2 4 6 .8
2 4 8 .1
2 4 8 .9
2 4 9 .8
2 4 0 .0
2 4 1 .9
2 4 2 .6
2 4 2 .6
2 4 3 .9
2 4 4 .6
2 4 5 .7
O th e r b re a d s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
1 4 3 .7
1 4 7 .1
1 4 6 .5
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .6
1 4 7 .7
1 4 8 .7
1 4 5 .5
1 4 9 .0
1 4 8 .4
1 4 9 .4
1 4 9 .6
1 4 9 .7
1 5 0 .6
1 4 6 .4
1 4 9 .5
1 5 1 .0
1 5 0 .9
1 5 1 .6
1 5 2 .6
1 5 3 .1
1 4 2 .8
1 4 5 .6
1 4 7 .1
1 4 6 .9
1 4 7 .6
1 4 8 .6
1 4 9 .1
1 5 0 .1
B a k e ry p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 /7 7 -
100)
100)
.........................................................................
F r e s h b is c u its , r o lls , a n d m u ff in s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
.........................................
1 4 7 .0
1 5 0 .3
1 5 0 .5
1 5 1 .5
1 5 3 .1
1 5 4 .0
1 4 5 .8
1 4 8 .7
1 4 8 .5
1 4 8 .8
1 4 9 .7
1 5 1 .3
1 5 2 .2
......................................................................................
1 4 9 .2
1 5 0 .9
1 5 2 .2
1 5 3 .6
1 5 3 .7
1 5 3 .6
1 5 3 .7
1 5 0 .1
1 5 2 .1
1 5 3 .2
1 5 4 .5
1 5 4 .6
1 5 4 .6
1 5 4 .6
1 0 0 ) ................
1 3 5 .4
1 4 0 .8
1 4 1 .9
1 4 3 .3
14 4 .1
1 4 4 .9
1 4 6 .5
1 3 6 .8
1 4 2 .3
1 4 3 .3
1 4 4 .6
1 4 5 .5
1 4 6 .4
1 4 7 .9
1 4 7 .0
1 4 9 .2
1 4 8 .7
1 4 9 .6
1 5 0 .4
1 5 2 .3
1 5 4 .2
1 4 9 .3
1 5 1 .8
1 5 1 .4
1 5 2 .3
1 5 2 .9
1 5 4 .9
1 5 6 .8
F re s h c a k e s a n d c u p c a k e s (1 2 /7 7 C o o k ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
1 0 0 ) ................................
100)
C ra c k e rs , b re a d , a n d c r a c k e r p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 /7 7 -
F r e s h s w e e t r o lls , c o f f e e c a k e , a n d d o n u t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
.. . .
F r o z e n a n d r e f r ig e r a t e d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s
...................
1 5 1 .5
1 5 4 .7
1 5 4 .4
1 5 5 .8
1 5 5 .2
1 5 6 .8
1 5 5 .7
1 4 4 .8
1 4 8 .1
1 4 7 .6
1 4 8 .6
1 4 8 .4
1 4 9 .8
1 4 9 .0
M e a ts , p o u lt r y , fis h , a n d e g g s ...............................................................................................
2 5 6 .8
2 6 7 .8
2 6 5 .1
2 6 3 .6
2 6 1 .6
2 6 3 .0
2 6 4 .0
2 5 6 .4
2 6 7 .7
2 6 5 .0
2 6 3 .5
2 6 1 .5
2 6 2 .8
2 6 3 .9
M e a ts , p o u lt r y , a n d f i s h ..................................................................................................
2 6 1 .2
2 7 5 .3
2 7 2 .4
2 7 0 .8
2 6 8 .8
2 7 0 .3
2 7 1 .7
2 6 0 .7
2 7 5 .1
2 7 2 .1
2 7 0 .6
2 6 8 .6
2 7 0 .0
2 7 1 .4
2 6 0 .2
2 7 8 .4
2 7 4 .9
2 7 3 .6
2 7 1 .1
2 7 2 .2
2 7 3 .2
2 5 9 .7
2 7 7 .9
2 7 4 .6
2 7 3 .2
2 7 0 .8
2 7 1 .8
2 7 2 .9
2 7 9 .8
2 7 2 .7
2 7 2 .5
2 7 0 .6
2 7 1 .8
2 7 2 .9
a n d fr e s h p ie s , ta r t s , a n d t u r n o v e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
M e a ts
100)
...............................................................................................................................
2 7 2 .0
2 7 0 .2
2 7 1 .3
2 7 2 .2
2 7 2 .2
2 7 9 .1
2 6 5 .0
2 6 5 .4
2 6 2 .4
2 6 3 .0
2 6 1 .7
2 6 2 .7
2 6 1 .8
2 6 6 .3
2 6 7 .0
2 6 3 .7
2 6 4 .2
2 6 2 .7
2 6 3 .7
2 6 3 .0
.....................................................................................................
2 8 5 .8
2 8 6 .9
2 8 1 .9
2 8 1 .7
2 8 1 .0
2 8 1 .7
2 8 6 .9
2 9 5 .0
2 9 5 .9
2 9 0 .4
2 9 0 .3
2 8 9 .6
2 9 0 .4
2 9 5 .9
R o u n d ro a s t
.....................................................................................................
2 4 5 .3
2 4 1 .4
2 4 3 .0
G r o u n d b e e f o t h e r th a n c a n n e d
2 4 5 .4
2 3 7 .9
2 4 2 .6
2 4 8 .9
2 4 4 .3
2 4 6 .4
R o u n d s te a k
.....................................................................................................
2 5 6 .1
2 6 2 .0
2 5 3 .4
2 5 7 .1
2 5 3 .5
2 5 5 .1
2 5 9 .8
2 5 4 .4
2606
2 5 1 .0
2 5 5 .1
2 5 1 .3
2 5 3 .0
2 5 8 .0
S ir lo in s t e a k
.....................................................................................................
2 5 7 .1
2 8 5 .2
2 6 6 .3
2 5 9 .8
2 5 3 .0
2 5 3 .1
2 6 0 .3
2 5 7 .8
2 8 6 .7
2 6 8 .0
2 6 0 .6
2 5 2 .7
2 5 4 .5
2 6 1 .7
2 4 3 .3
2 4 9 .2
2 4 0 .5
2 4 6 .6
2 4 5 .3
................................................
1 6 1 .4
1 6 9 .3
1 6 4 .9
1 6 4 .1
1 6 2 .8
1 6 3 .7
1 6 3 .5
1 6 3 .4
1 6 2 .4
1 6 1 .2
1 6 2 .1
16 2 .1
P o r k ...............................................................................................................................
2 3 8 .9
2 7 7 .1
2 7 7 .9
2 7 4 .2
2 7 0 .1
2 7 2 .0
2 7 3 .6
2 3 8 .5
2 7 6 .3
2 7 7 .0
2 7 3 .4
2 6 9 .5
2 7 1 .4
2 7 2 .9
2 9 8 .7
3 2 0 .7
3 1 7 .7
3 0 4 .0
2 9 6 .1
2 9 5 .5
2 9 9 .5
2 5 0 .3
O th e r b e e f a n d v e a l ( 1 2 /7 7 -
100)
1 5 9 .7
1 6 7 .6
B a c o n .....................................................................................................................
2 4 5 .6
3 1 5 .5
3 1 2 .4
2 9 0 .8
2 9 0 .8
2 9 4 .5
2 4 9 .3
C h o p s .....................................................................................................................
2 2 2 .1
2 5 2 .5
2 5 2 .3
2 4 9 .0
2 4 2 .4
2 4 5 .6
2 5 2 .1
2 2 0 .2
2 5 0 .6
2 5 0 .0
2 4 7 .0
2 4 0 .8
2 4 3 .9
H a m o th e r th a n c a n n e d ( 1 2 /7 7 =
1 0 0 ) .........................................
1 0 7 .0
1 2 2 .1
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .3
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .2
1 2 5 .0
1 0 4 .7
1 1 9 .1
1 2 3 .4
1 2 4 .2
1 2 6 .4
1 2 6 .0
...............................................................................................................
3 0 0 .0
3 4 1 .2
3 4 2 .1
3 3 7 .7
3 3 2 .0
3 3 3 .6
3 3 3 .9
3 0 1 .0
3 4 2 .5
3 4 3 .2
3 3 8 .5
3 3 2 .5
3 3 5 .0
3 3 4 .8
2 6 3 .5
2 7 1 .4
2 7 5 .0
2 7 6 .9
2 7 9 .7
2 8 0 .6
Sausage
C a n n e d h a m .....................................................................................................
2 4 6 .1
2 5 9 .7
2 6 7 .2
2 7 0 .5
2 7 2 .4
2 7 5 .2
2 7 6 .2
2 4 9 .9
1 2 1 .7
1 0 0 ) ......................................................................
1 3 3 .8
1 5 3 .8
1 5 1 .3
1 4 9 .6
1 4 5 .6
1 4 7 .9
1 5 0 .4
1 3 3 .1
1 5 3 .0
1 5 0 .5
1 4 8 .6
1 4 4 .9
1 4 7 .1
1 4 9 .5
O t h e r m e a t s ............................................................................................................
2 5 8 .1
2 7 2 .1
2 7 2 .2
2 7 1 .6
2 6 9 .7
2 6 9 .3
2 6 9 .2
2 5 7 .4
2 7 1 .7
2 7 2 .2
2 7 1 .5
2 6 9 .8
2 6 8 .7
2 6 9 .0
2 5 8 .0
2 7 5 .3
2 7 4 .8
2 7 4 .4
2 6 8 .9
2 6 9 .7
2 6 9 .4
2 5 7 .1
2 7 4 .7
2 6 8 .4
2 6 8 .5
2 6 8 .6
O th e r p o rk ( 1 2 /7 7 =
2 7 4 .0
2 7 3 .8
......................
1 4 6 .1
1 5 6 .6
1 5 8 .5
1 5 6 .6
1 5 5 .3
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .5
1 4 6 .2
1 5 6 .6
1 5 8 .5
1 5 6 .4
1 5 5 .1
1 5 3 .9
1 5 4 .5
1 0 0 ) ......................................................
1 3 1 .7
1 3 8 .9
1 4 0 .1
1 4 1 .3
1 4 1 .8
1 3 9 .9
1 3 9 .7
1 2 9 .7
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .9
1 3 9 .1
1 3 9 .8
1 3 7 .7
1 3 7 .8
1 0 0 ) .........................................
1 3 7 .7
1 4 0 .5
1 3 7 .0
1 3 5 .4
1 3 4 .3
1 3 7 .4
1 3 7 .2
1 4 1 .0
1 4 3 .6
1 4 0 .6
1 3 8 .5
1 3 7 .5
1 4 0 .3
1 4 0 .1
............................................................................................................................
1 9 5 .7
1 9 6 .2
1 9 5 .4
1 9 2 .0
1 9 0 .4
1 9 1 .3
1 9 4 .0
1 9 3 .8
1 9 4 .2
1 9 3 .2
1 9 0 .0
1 8 8 .4
1 8 9 .4
1 9 1 .9
F ra n k fu rte rs
.....................................................................................................
B o lo g n a , liv e r w u r s t , a n d s a la m i ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
O t h e r lu n c h m e a t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
L a m b a n d o rg a n m e a ts ( 1 2 /7 7 =
P o u lt r y
100)
1 9 6 .3
1 9 4 .8
1 9 2 .6
1 8 9 .3
1 8 5 .4
1 8 6 .8
1 9 0 .6
1 9 4 .4
1 9 2 .5
1 9 0 .3
1 8 7 .4
1 8 3 .5
1 8 5 .0
1 8 8 .4
......................
1 2 8 .9
1 2 7 .1
1 2 6 .8
1 2 5 .3
1 2 4 .8
1 2 5 .0
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .1
1 2 5 .4
1 2 4 .9
1 2 3 .5
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .5
1 2 4 .6
...............................................................
1 2 3 .2
1 2 7 .9
1 2 8 .5
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .3
1 2 7 .7
1 2 2 .6
1 2 7 .4
1 2 8 .0
1 2 4 .6
1 2 5 .3
1 2 5 ,7
1 2 7 .1
.....................................................................................................
3 7 3 .8
3 6 9 .4
3 6 7 .1
3 6 6 .6
3 6 9 .6
3 7 6 .7
3 7 9 .2
3 7 3 .2
3 6 8 .4
3 6 6 .0
3 6 5 .3
3 6 8 .2
3 7 5 .1
3 7 7 .5
1 3 8 .7
1 3 8 .1
1 3 8 .4
1 3 8 .2
1 3 9 .5
1 3 8 .5
1 4 1 .3
1 4 0 .2
1 3 9 .6
1 4 1 .5
1 4 5 .0
1 4 7 .1
F r e s h w h o le c h ic k e n
..................................................................................
F r e s h a n d fr o z e n c h ic k e n p a r t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
O t h e r p o u lt r y ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
F is h a n d s e a f o o d
100)
100)
1 4 0 .9
1 3 9 .3
1 3 8 .6
1 3 9 .0
1 3 8 .9
1 4 0 .2
1 3 9 .1
1 4 0 .4
1 0 0 ) ................
1 4 3 .2
1 4 1 .5
1 4 0 .5
1 4 0 .0
1 4 1 .9
1 4 5 .4
1 4 7 .6
1 4 3 .2
............................................................................................................................................
2 0 5 .1
1 7 5 .2
1 7 5 .8
1 7 5 .0
1 7 2 .5
1 7 2 .9
1 6 9 .3
2 0 6 .1
1 7 6 .1
1 7 6 .7
1 7 6 .2
1 7 3 .3
1 7 3 .7
1 7 0 .0
2 4 6 .5
2 4 7 .0
2 4 7 .1
2 4 7 .4
2 4 7 .8
2 4 9 .5
2 4 9 .7
2 4 5 .8
2 4 6 .3
2 4 6 .4
2 4 6 .7
2 4 7 .1
2 4 8 .9
2 4 9 .1
1 0 0 ) ......................................
C a n n e d fis h a n d s e a f o o d ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
F r e s h a n d f r o z e n fis h a n d s e a f o o d ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
Eggs
2 7 2 .2
2 7 1 .5
.........................................................
C h u c k ro a s t
B e e f a n d v e a l .........................................................................................................
D a ir y p r o d u c t s
.....................................................................................................................
......................................................
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .1
1 3 5 .0
1 3 5 .1
1 3 5 .5
1 3 6 .7
1 3 6 .7
1 3 4 .9
1 3 4 .5
1 3 4 .5
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .0
1 3 6 .2
1 3 6 .2
F r e s h w h o le m i l k ..................................................................................................
2 2 1 .5
2 2 0 .8
2 2 0 .8
2 2 0 .9
2 2 1 .9
2 2 3 .7
2 2 3 .4
2 2 0 .5
2 1 9 .9
2 2 0 .0
2 2 0 .1
2 2 1 .1
2 2 2 .9
2 2 2 .6
F r e s h m ilk a n d c r e a m ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
O t h e r fr e s h m ilk a n d c r e a m ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
...................................
1 3 5 .8
1 3 5 .6
1 3 5 .3
1 3 5 .4
1 3 5 .2
1 3 6 .9
1 3 7 .3
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .0
1 3 4 .7
1 3 4 .9
1 3 4 .7
1 3 6 .3
1 3 6 .8
1 0 0 ) ...............................................
1 4 4 .8
1 4 6 .1
1 4 6 .2
1 4 6 .6
1 4 6 .6
1 4 7 .1
1 4 7 .4
1 4 5 .1
1 4 6 .3
1 4 6 .5
1 4 6 .9
1 4 6 .9
1 4 7 .4
1 4 7 .7
B u t t e r ............................................................................................................................
2 4 8 .9
2 5 2 .2
2 5 2 .6
2 5 2 .5
2 5 2 .1
2 5 3 .4
2 5 3 .6
2 5 1 .4
2 5 4 .7
2 5 5 .1
2 5 5 .1
2 5 4 .5
2 5 5 .9
2 5 6 .2
1 4 4 .8
1 4 4 .9
1 4 5 .5
P r o c e s s e d d a ir y p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
1 4 5 .8
1 4 4 .9
1 4 4 .7
1 4 4 .6
1 4 5 .2
1 4 5 .2
1 4 5 .0
1 0 0 ) .............................
1 5 0 .0
1 4 9 .3
1 5 0 .4
1 5 2 .4
1 5 1 .8
1 5 2 .5
1 5 3 .1
1 4 9 .1
1 4 8 .4
1 4 9 .6
1 5 1 .5
1 5 0 .8
1 5 1 .6
1 5 2 .2
...................................................
1 4 0 .0
1 4 1 .1
1 4 1 .0
1 4 0 .9
1 4 1 .7
1 4 1 .6
1 4 1 .6
1 4 0 .8
1 4 1 .8
1 4 1 .7
1 4 1 .5
1 4 2 .4
1 4 2 .3
1 4 2 .3
.....................................................................................................
C h e e s e ( 1 2 /7 7 =
1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................
Ic e c r e a m a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
O t h e r d a ir y p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
1 4 2 .8
1 4 4 .5
1 4 5 .5
1 4 3 .1
3 0 1 .5
2 8 4 .1
2 8 0 .7
2 7 6 .1
2 7 8 .1
2 9 7 .4
2 7 1 .3
2 7 3 .6
2 7 2 .6
2 7 4 .5
F r e s h f r u its a n d v e g e t a b l e s ...............................................................................
3 1 9 .6
2 8 3 .5
2 7 7 .4
2 6 8 .3
2 7 2 .3
2 6 9 .2
2 7 2 .0
3 1 3 .4
2 7 5 .2
2 6 8 .4
2 6 1 .0
2 6 6 .6
2 6 4 .3
2 6 7 .1
F r e s h f r u i t s ...............................................................................................................
2 9 1 .2
3 2 9 .0
3 1 7 .1
2 8 8 .9
2 7 3 .9
2 6 8 .3
2 7 0 .5
2 8 0 .1
3 1 3 .6
3 0 0 .4
2 7 5 .4
2 6 2 .5
2 5 8 .9
2 6 1 .0
2 7 9 .5
2 8 5 .5
2 5 0 .7
2 3 9 .4
2 4 3 .7
2 4 4 .2
2 4 4 .0
2 7 9 .9
2 8 6 .6
2 5 1 .9
2 3 9 .9
2 4 3 .7
2 4 4 .8
2 4 3 .9
F r u its a n d v e g e t a b le s
A p p le s
..................................................................................................................
2 7 7 .6
2 7 6 .2
2 7 8 .8
2 7 5 .0
...............................................................................................................
2 5 1 .0
2 4 0 .7
2 2 7 .8
2 4 3 .7
2 4 2 .6
2 4 1 .3
2 5 4 .0
2 4 7 .9
2 3 8 .5
2 2 6 .7
2 4 1 .9
2 4 2 .0
2 3 9 .9
2 5 0 .9
O r a n g e s ...............................................................................................................
3 1 3 .1
5 1 6 .3
5 2 0 .8
3 9 9 .6
3 1 3 .0
2 9 2 .2
2 8 6 .3
2 8 1 .1
4 6 6 .8
4 6 5 .7
3 6 0 .4
2 8 3 .0
2 6 7 .5
2 6 3 .1
O t h e r fr e s h f r u its ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
......................................................
1 5 4 .5
1 5 2 .1
1 4 8 .0
1 4 3 .3
1 4 4 .8
1 4 3 .1
1 4 5 .1
1 4 9 .0
1 4 6 .4
1 4 2 .4
1 3 7 .5
1 3 8 .7
1 3 8 .0
1 3 9 .8
...............................................................................................
3 4 6 .2
2 4 1 .0
2 4 0 .2
2 4 9 .1
2 7 0 .8
2 7 0 .0
2 7 3 .4
3 4 3 .5
2 4 0 .6
2 3 9 .7
2 4 8 .1
2 7 0 .4
2 6 9 .2
2 7 2 .7
2 3 7 .5
2 3 1 .5
Bananas
F r e s h v e g e t a b le s
100)
2 7 2 .4
2 9 1 .5
2 6 9 .6
4 0 8 .9
2 3 6 .1
2 5 9 .2
2 5 9 .2
3 3 4 .6
3 0 1 .3
2 4 9 .0
4 0 8 .0
2 3 7 .9
2 6 0 .9
2 5 9 .8
3 3 6 .0
3 0 3 .4
2 5 0 .0
2 8 8 .5
1 8 4 .9
2 1 0 .5
2 4 2 .9
2 7 2 .8
2 3 6 .8
2 6 5 .0
2 9 3 .2
1 8 7 .9
2 1 3 .7
2 4 6 .6
2 7 8 .4
2 4 1 .5
2 6 9 .0
P o t a t o e s ...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
P r o c e s s e d f r u it s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
2 3 6 .2
2 4 0 .6
2 3 5 .9
1 9 9 .1
1 3 4 .0
1 3 1 .5
1 3 7 .6
1 4 2 .2
1 5 6 .0
1 6 5 .6
1 9 7 .2
1 3 3 .5
1 3 1 .0
1 3 7 .1
1 4 1 .5
1 5 5 .3
1 6 5 .2
...................................................................
2 8 7 .4
2 8 6 .8
2 8 7 .3
2 8 6 .0
2 8 6 .6
2 8 7 .4
2 8 2 .0
2 8 5 .3
2 8 4 .6
2 8 5 .1
2 8 3 .8
2 8 4 .3
2 8 5 .1
1 4 7 .9
1 4 9 ,0
1 4 9 .2
1 4 9 .7
1 4 9 .5
1 5 0 .1
1 5 0 .8
1 4 7 .4
1 4 8 .6
1 4 8 .8
1 4 9 .4
1 4 9 .2
1 4 9 .8
1 4 7 .8
1 4 4 .1
1 4 4 .8
1 4 5 .6
1 4 3 .6
1 4 4 .7
1 4 4 .6
1 4 6 .6
1 4 3 .2
1 4 4 .0
1 4 4 .7
1 4 2 .6
1 4 3 .8
1 4 3 .7
1 5 4 .4
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................
100)
1 5 0 .5
1 0 0 ) .............................
1 5 1 .5
1 5 2 .0
1 5 2 .5
1 5 3 .4
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .1
1 5 5 .3
1 5 1 .0
1 5 1 .4
1 5 3 .1
1 5 3 .1
1 4 4 .3
1 4 9 .8
1 4 9 .2
1 4 9 .1
1 4 9 .6
1 5 0 .4
1 5 1 .0
1 4 4 .8
1 5 0 .4
1 4 9 .8
1 4 9 .7
1 5 0 .2
1 5 1 .1
1 5 1 .7
1 3 7 .7
1 3 9 .8
1 3 9 .1
1 3 9 .0
1 3 8 .0
1 3 7 .9
1 3 8 .1
1 3 6 .6
1 3 8 .6
1 3 7 .9
1 3 7 .8
1 3 6 .8
1 3 6 .7
1 3 6 .9
1 4 1 .7
1 4 8 .1
1 4 7 .7
1 4 9 .0
1 4 7 .5
1 4 9 .7
1 5 1 .2
1 4 3 .1
1 4 9 .5
1 4 8 .8
1 5 0 .4
1 4 8 .9
1 5 1 .2
1 5 2 .7
100)
100)
................................
1 0 0 ) .........................................
F r u it j u ic e s o t h e r t h a n fr o z e n ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
C a n n e d a n d d r ie d f r u it s ( 1 2 / 7 7 P r o c e s s e d v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 4 1 .3
2 8 4 .2
100)
F r o z e n f r u it a n d fr u it ju ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
F r o z e n v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
2 4 0 .8
.........................................
O t h e r fr e s h v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
P r o c e s s e d f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b le s
2 4 3 .8
2 4 0 .5
2 3 6 .5
2 9 7 .4
L e t t u c e ..................................................................................................................
T o m a to e s
...............................................
...................................................
1 5 0 .3
1 5 2 .6
75
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
20.
Continued — Consumer Price Index — U.S. city average
[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c ifie d ]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s
G e n e ra l s u m m a ry
U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s
1982
1983
1982
1983
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
1 3 6 .2
F O O D A N D B E V E R A G E S - C o n t in u e d
F o o d — C o n tin u e d
F o o d a t h o m e — C o n tin u e d
F r u its a n d v e g e t a b le s — C o n tin u e d
.. . .
1 4 0 .7
1 4 1 .3
1 4 0 .8
1 4 0 .8
1 4 0 .3
1 3 9 .5
1 3 8 .5
1 3 8 .3
1 3 8 .8
1 3 8 .4
1 3 8 .4
1 3 7 .8
1 3 7 .0
O t h e r c a n n e d a n d d r ie d v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ......................
C u t c o r n a n d c a n n e d b e a n s e x c e p t lim a ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 )
1 3 4 .1
1 3 4 .8
1 3 3 .9
1 3 3 .0
1 3 2 .0
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .3
1 3 2 .4
1 3 1 .6
1 3 0 .5
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 ,8
O t h e r fo o d s a t h o m e ...................................................................................................................
3 3 0 .7
3 3 3 .6
3 3 4 .8
3 3 4 .3
3 3 3 .7
3 3 7 .1
3382
3 3 1 .5
3 3 4 .5
3 3 5 .7
3 3 5 .1
3 3 4 .6
3 3 7 .9
3 3 9 .1
S u g a r a n d s w e e t s ...............................................................................................................
3 6 4 .2
3 7 1 .2
3 7 0 .6
3 7 1 .5
3 7 0 .7
3 6 4 .1
3 7 1 .3
3 7 0 .6
3 7 0 .1
3 6 9 .1
3 7 1 .4
3 7 0 .6
3 7 0 .3
3 6 9 .2
...................................................
1 5 0 .0
1 4 9 .7
1 4 9 .4
1 4 9 .6
1 4 9 .5
1 4 9 .8
1 4 9 .6
1 4 9 .8
1 4 9 .8
1 4 9 .3
1 4 9 .5
1 4 9 .6
1 4 9 .8
1 4 9 .6
S u g a r a n d a r t if ic ia l s w e e t e n e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................
1 6 0 .0
1 6 7 .5
1 6 7 .3
1 6 5 .2
1 6 4 .3
1 6 7 .0
1 6 5 .9
1 6 1 .3
1 6 9 .0
1 6 8 .8
1 6 6 .6
1 6 5 .6
1 6 8 .5
1 6 7 .1
C a n d y a n d c h e w in g g u m ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 )
O th e r s w e e ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 )
M a r g a r in e
............................................................................
2 5 8 .4
2 5 8 .4
2 5 8 .6
2 5 8 .6
2 5 9 .3
2 5 8 .0
2 6 0 .6
2 5 8 .3
2 5 8 .4
2 5 8 .5
2 5 8 .7
2 5 9 .3
2 5 8 .1
2 5 9 .3
2 5 8 .4
2 5 7 .5
2 5 6 .5
2 5 9 .4
2 5 5 .9
2 5 6 .1
2 5 8 .5
2 5 7 .8
2 5 6 .8
2 5 5 .4
2 5 8 .5
2 5 5 .3
N o n d a ir y s u b s t it u t e s a n d p e a n u t b u t t e r ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 )
...................
1 5 2 .5
1 5 1 .7
1 5 2 .0
1 5 2 .3
1 4 8 .9
1 4 8 .9
1 5 0 .2
1 4 9 .4
1 5 1 .1
2 6 0 .5
2 5 6 .7
O t h e r fa t s , o ils , a n d s a la d d r e s s in g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 )
1 5 1 .0
1 4 5 .1
1 4 6 .9
.........................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
F a t s a n d o ils ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 )
1 4 9 .8
1 5 0 .2
1 5 7 .8
1 5 1 .2
1 5 1 .2
1 5 2 .0
1 5 1 .7
1 5 1 .6
1 5 1 .8
1 5 6 .3
1 4 9 .5
1 4 9 .5
1 5 0 .3
1 5 0 .2
1 5 0 .0
1 5 0 .1
.........................
1 2 9 .8
1 2 9 .4
1 2 9 .7
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .3
1 3 0 .2
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .2
1 3 0 .0
1 3 0 .2
1 3 0 .3
1 3 0 .8
1 3 0 .7
1 3 0 .3
...............................................................................................
4 2 3 .4
4 2 4 .2
4 2 7 .5
4 2 6 .2
4 2 4 .3
4 3 1 .1
4 3 2 .2
4 2 5 .0
4 2 5 .9
4 2 9 .2
4 2 7 .9
4 2 6 .1
4 3 2 .8
4 3 3 .9
C o la d r in k s , e x c lu d in g d ie t c o l a ......................................................................
3 0 4 .6
3 0 5 .0
3 0 8 .9
3 0 8 .8
3 0 7 .2
3 1 2 .9
3 1 2 .5
3 0 2 .0
3 0 2 .8
3 0 6 .2
3 0 6 .2
3 0 4 .8
3 1 0 .3
3 1 0 .0
C a r b o n a t e d d r in k s , in c lu d in g d ie t c o la ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ......................
1 4 3 .8
1 4 4 .6
1 4 6 .2
1 4 4 ,8
1 4 2 .4
1 4 5 .2
1 4 7 .4
1 4 1 .7
1 4 2 .3
1 4 4 .0
1 4 2 .4
1 4 0 .2
1 4 2 .8
1 4 4 .9
R o a s te d c o ffe e
.........................................................................................................
3 6 4 .4
3 6 2 .9
3 6 2 .0
3 6 0 .0
3 6 1 .4
3 6 5 .0
3 6 5 .9
3 5 9 .9
3 5 7 .9
3 5 7 .2
3 5 4 .8
3 5 6 .2
3 5 9 .9
3 6 0 .5
F r e e z e d r ie d a n d in s ta n t c o f f e e ......................................................................
3 4 2 .8
3 4 3 .1
3 4 3 .6
3 4 4 .2
3 4 6 .1
3 4 8 .2
3 4 9 .3
3 4 2 .5
3 4 2 .5
3 4 3 .2
3 4 3 .7
3 4 5 .6
3 4 7 .8
3 4 9 .0
N o n a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s
O t h e r n o n c a r b o n a t e d d r in k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .............................................
1 3 8 .4
1 3 8 .8
1 3 9 .1
1 3 8 .8
1 3 9 .0
1 4 1 .0
1 4 0 .6
1 3 8 .6
1 3 9 .0
1 3 9 .3
1 3 9 .1
1 3 9 .2
1 4 1 .3
1 4 0 .8
......................................................................................................
2 6 5 .3
2 6 9 .9
2 7 0 .5
2 7 0 .2
2 7 0 .7
2 7 2 .6
2 7 5 .1
2 6 6 .9
2 7 1 .7
2 7 2 .2
2 7 1 .9
2 7 2 .4
2 7 4 .2
2 7 6 .8
C a n n e d a n d p a c k a g e d s o u p ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................
1 3 5 .9
1 3 7 .4
1 3 6 .8
1 3 6 .6
1 3 6 .9
1 3 8 .1
1 3 7 .9
1 3 9 .5
1 3 8 .7
1 3 8 .5
1 3 8 .9
1 4 0 .1
1 4 1 .1
F r o z e n p r e p a r e d f o o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .........................................................
1 4 6 .2
1 4 8 .9
1 4 8 .5
1 4 9 .7
1 4 9 .0
1 5 0 .6
1 5 2 .0
1 4 5 .6
1 4 8 .4
1 4 7 .9
1 4 9 .2
1 4 8 .5
1 5 0 .0
1 5 1 .3
S n a c k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................
1 5 3 .4
1 5 3 .0
1 5 3 .3
1 5 3 .1
1 5 2 .7
1 5 4 .0
1 5 7 .6
1 5 5 .2
1 5 5 .0
1 5 5 .4
1 5 5 .2
1 5 4 .8
1 5 6 .0
1 5 9 .6
S e a s o n in g s , o liv e s , p ic k le s , a n d r e lis h ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ......................
1 5 1 .3
1 5 5 .3
1 5 6 .5
1 5 7 .1
1 5 7 .4
1 5 9 .5
1 6 1 .1
1 5 0 .3
1 5 4 .4
1 5 5 .6
1 5 6 .2
1 5 6 .4
1 5 8 .5
1 6 0 .1
O t h e r p r e p a r e d fo o d s
O t h e r c o n d im e n t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 )
...................................................................
1 4 6 .9
1 5 2 .2
1 5 2 .1
1 5 1 .7
1 5 2 .6
1 5 3 .8
1 3 9 .0
1 5 4 .9
1 4 8 .4
1 5 4 .0
1 5 3 .9
1 5 3 .4
1 5 4 .4
1 5 5 .6
1 5 6 .8
......................................
1 4 7 .0
1 4 9 .7
1 5 1 .4
1 5 0 .2
1 5 1 .0
1 5 1 .1
1 5 1 .5
1 4 7 .1
1 4 9 .9
1 5 1 .6
1 5 0 .3
1 5 1 .2
1 5 1 .4
1 5 1 .7
O t h e r c a n n e d a n d p a c k a g e d p r e p a r e d fo o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) . . .
1 4 3 .0
1 4 5 .9
1 4 5 .8
1 4 5 .0
1 4 6 .1
1 4 6 .1
1 4 6 .4
1 4 4 .5
1 4 7 ,3
1 4 7 .2
1 4 6 .4
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .7
F o o d a w a y f r o m h o m e .........................................................................................................................
M is c e lla n e o u s p r e p a r e d f o o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 )
3 0 1 .2
3 0 9 .8
3 1 0 .7
3 1 1 .4
3 1 2 .6
3 1 4 .5
3 1 5 .2
3 0 4 .2
3 1 2 .9
3 1 3 .8
3 1 4 .6
3 1 5 .8
3 1 7 .7
3 1 8 .4
Lu n ch (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )
...................................................................................................................
1 4 6 .6
1 5 0 .7
1 5 1 .2
1 5 1 .6
1 5 2 .2
1 5 3 .1
1 5 3 .3
1 4 8 .2
1 5 2 .3
1 5 2 .8
1 5 3 .2
1 5 3 .8
1 5 4 .8
1 5 5 .0
D in n e r ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 )
...................................................................................................................
1 4 5 .2
1 4 9 .2
1 4 9 .5
1 4 9 .7
1 5 0 .4
1 5 1 .3
1 5 1 .7
1 4 6 .8
1 5 0 .9
1 5 1 .2
1 5 1 .4
1 5 2 .1
1 5 3 .0
1 5 3 .4
O t h e r m e a ls a n d s n a c k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .........................................................................
1 4 6 .9
1 5 1 .5
1 5 2 .1
1 5 2 .7
1 5 3 .0
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .5
1 4 7 .6
1 5 2 .1
1 5 2 .7
1 5 3 .3
1 5 3 .7
1 5 4 .6
1 5 5 .1
2 0 5 .6
2 1 0 .1
2 1 0 .6
2 1 0 .9
2 1 0 ,9
2 1 1 .6
2 1 3 .3
2 0 7 .6
2 1 2 .2
2 1 2 .8
2 1 3 .0
2 1 3 .0
2 1 3 .7
2 1 5 .6
A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s
A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s a t h o m e ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .........................................................................
1 3 3 .3
1 3 5 .9
1 3 6 .2
1 3 6 .2
1 3 6 .1
1 3 6 .5
1 3 7 .7
1 3 4 .6
1 3 7 .2
1 3 7 .6
1 3 7 .5
1 3 7 .4
1 3 7 .8
1 3 9 .2
B e e r a n d a l e .....................................................................................................................................
2 0 7 .4
2 1 1 .4
2 1 2 .7
2 1 2 .5
2 1 2 .6
2 1 3 .3
2 1 7 .4
2 0 6 .5
2 1 0 .5
2 1 1 .8
2 1 1 .7
2 1 1 .7
2 1 2 .5
2 1 6 .4
W h is k e y
...............................................................................................................................................
1 4 6 .8
1 4 9 .8
1 5 0 .0
1 5 0 .7
1 5 0 .2
1 5 0 .5
1 5 0 .9
1 4 7 .7
1 5 0 .5
1 5 0 .7
1 5 1 .2
1 5 0 .7
1 5 1 .2
1 5 1 .6
W i n e .........................................................................................................................................................
2 3 4 .2
2 3 7 .5
2 3 6 .4
2 3 5 .9
2 3 5 .6
2 3 5 .6
2 3 4 .7
2 4 1 .6
2 4 6 .2
2 4 4 .8
2 4 3 .7
2 4 3 .3
2 4 3 .0
2 4 1 .8
O t h e r a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ......................................................................
1 1 7 .8
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .2
1 2 0 .6
1 2 0 .7
1 1 7 .8
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .1
1 2 0 .6
1 2 0 .5
A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s a w a y f r o m h o m e ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................................
1 3 7 .6
1 4 2 .5
1 4 2 .7
1 4 3 .6
1 4 4 .2
1 4 4 .8
1 4 5 .4
1 3 9 .1
1 4 3 .9
1 4 4 .0
1 4 4 .8
1 4 5 .3
1 4 6 .0
1 4 6 .6
H O U S I N G .....................................................................................................................................................
3 0 7 .3
3 1 9 .7
3 2 0 .7
3 1 9 .0
3 1 6 .3
3 1 7 .9
3 1 8 .5
3 0 6 .7
3 2 0 .0
3 2 1 .2
3 1 9 .6
3 1 6 .0
3 1 7 .0
3 1 7 .6
S h e l t e r ( C P I - U ) ........................................................................................................................................
3 2 9 .5
3 4 2 .6
3 4 2 .8
3 4 0 .7
3 3 5 .9
3 3 8 .3
3 3 9 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .8
1 0 1 .2
R e n t e r s ’ c o s t s ............................................................................................................................................
R e n t, r e s id e n t ia l
............................................................................................................................
2 1 8 .6
2 2 6 .9
2 2 8 .9
2 3 0 .2
2 3 0 .8
2 3 2 .2
2 3 3 .1
O t h e r r e n t e r s ' c o s t s ......................................................................................................................
3 1 6 .9
3 4 3 .0
3 4 1 .6
3 3 7 .8
3 3 3 .0
3 3 9 .2
3 4 0 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .9
O w n e r s ’ e q u iv a le n t r e n t ............................................................................................................
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .9
H o u s e h o ld i n s u r a n c e ...................................................................................................................
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .9
3 4 2 .9
3 3 9 .4
M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s
...................................................................................................................
M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s e r v i c e s .........................................................................................
S h e lt e r (C P I-W )
3 3 9 .4
3 3 9 .0
3 5 9 .4
3 7 2 .5
3 7 4 .1
3 7 3 .4
3 7 1 .4
3 8 0 .6
3 7 3 .6
2 5 4 .6
3 2 8 .2
2 5 7 .7
3 3 8 .4
2 5 7 .3
2 5 7 .8
3 3 7 .8
2 5 8 .5
2 5 9 .4
2 5 9 .3
.....................................................................................................................................
3 3 0 .3
3 4 4 .7
3 4 5 .2
3 4 3 .0
3 3 8 .0
3 3 7 .9
3 3 8 .8
R e n t, r e s i d e n t i a l .........................................................................................................................................
2 1 8 .1
2 2 6 .4
2 2 8 .4
2 2 9 .7
2 3 0 .3
2 3 1 .7
2 3 2 .5
O t h e r r e n t e r s ’ c o s t s ...............................................................................................................................
3 1 5 .6
3 4 1 .1
3 3 9 .5
3 3 5 .6
3 3 0 .7
3 3 7 .3
3 3 9 .0
L o d g in g w h ile o u t o f t o w n .........................................................................................................
3 3 3 .0
3 6 0 .7
3 5 5 .6
3 4 9 .3
3 4 1 .4
3 5 0 .8
3 5 3 .6
T e n a n ts ' in s u ra n c e ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )
1 4 3 .6
1 4 6 .3
1 4 8 .3
1 4 9 .1
1 4 9 .3
1 5 1 .5
1 5 1 .5
......................................................................................
H o m e o w n e r s h i p .........................................................................................................................................
3 7 0 .8
3 8 7 .0
3 8 7 .1
3 8 3 .7
3 7 6 .8
3 7 5 .9
3 7 6 .9
H o m e p u r c h a s e ...............................................................................................................................
2 6 8 .3
2 8 6 .4
2 8 9 .7
2 9 0 .4
2 9 0 .9
2 9 1 .9
2 9 3 .7
F in a n c in g , t a x e s , a n d in s u r a n c e
5 1 3 .2
5 2 8 .9
5 2 4 .3
5 1 4 .6
4 9 5 .7
4 9 0 .2
4 9 1 .3
4 1 2 .1
4 1 4 .5
4 1 7 .9
.........................................................................................
............................................................................................................
3 9 6 .0
4 0 7 .4
4 0 8 .5
4 0 9 .7
......................................................................................................................
2 1 7 .2
2 2 5 .6
2 2 6 .4
2 2 7 .5
C o n t r a c t e d m o r t g a g e in t e r e s t c o s t .........................................................................
6 6 6 .6
6 8 6 ,3
6 7 8 .8
6 6 3 .4
6 3 3 .5
6 2 4 .0
6 2 5 .1
2 4 5 .4
2 3 7 .5
2 3 2 .4
2 2 6 .6
2 1 5 .9
2 1 2 .0
2 1 1 .1
3 3 4 .6
337 8
336 2
P r o p e r t y in s u r a n c e
P ro p e rty ta x e s
3 2 4 .6
M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s e r v ic e s
............................................................................
M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir c o m m o d it ie s
...................................................................
2 2 8 .8
2 3 0 .6
2 3 1 .4
3 3 5 .4
334 9
333 7
3 6 0 .1
3 7 3 .4
3 7 4 .9
3 7 4 .0
3 7 1 .7
3 7 7 .3
3 7 4 .5
2 4 8 .2
2 5 1 .8
2 5 1 .2
2 5 1 .6
2 5 2 .3
2 5 3 .6
2 5 4 .5
P a in t a n d w a llp a p e r , s u p p lie s , t o o ls , a n d
...............................................................................
1 4 3 .7
1 4 5 .9
1 4 5 .7
1 4 5 .9
1 4 6 .5
1 4 8 .2
1 4 8 .0
L u m b e r , a w n in g s , g la s s , a n d m a s o n r y ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ......................
1 2 1 .7
1 2 1 .3
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .8
1 2 1 .3
1 2 0 .5
1 2 2 .2
1 3 3 .4
1 3 5 .3
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .3
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .3
1 3 6 .6
1 3 6 .9
1 4 1 .2
1 4 1 .8
1 4 1 .6
1 4 1 .2
1 4 1 .3
1 4 2 .2
e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 )
P lu m b in g , e le c t r ic a l, h e a t in g , a n d c o o lin g
s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................................................................
M is c e lla n e o u s s u p p lie s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 )
76
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
...................
20.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
U rb a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s
G e n e ra l s u m m a ry
F u e l a n d o t h e r u t ilit ie s
......................................................................................................................
F u e l s ..................................................................................................................................................................
S e p t.
O c t.
1983
N ov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
Jan.
3 6 2 .2
3 6 4 .1
3 6 5 .4
3 6 4 .6
3 3 7 .9
3 6 1 .0
3 6 4 .7
3 6 3 .6
3 6 5 .5
3 6 6 .8
3 6 5 .9
4 6 1 .9
4 6 4 .0
4 6 3 .5
4 6 1 .5
4 2 6 .8
4 5 8 .4
4 6 4 .0
4 6 1 .7
4 6 3 .9
4 6 3 .3
4 6 1 .2
O c t.
N ov.
3 3 7 .1
3 5 9 .5
3 6 3 .4
4 2 7 .6
4 5 8 .5
4 6 4 .5
Feb.
Feb.
Dec.
S e p t.
Feb.
1982
1983
1982
...............................................................................................
6 8 3 .1
6 6 2 .8
6 7 7 .2
6 9 1 .3
6 8 8 .5
6 7 .1 .1
6 5 4 .0
6 8 6 .0
6 6 5 .4
6 7 9 .7
6937
6 9 0 .8
6 7 3 .4
6 5 6 .0
F u e l o i l .........................................................................................................................................
7 1 3 .8
6 8 5 .9
6 9 9 .1
7 1 2 .8
7 0 8 .7
6 8 9 .3
6 6 9 .7
7 1 6 .3
6 8 8 .1
c 7 0 1 .2
7 1 4 .7
7 1 0 .6
6 9 1 .2
6 7 1 .3
1 8 8 .1
F u e l o il, c o a l, a n d b o t t le d g a s
O t h e r fu e ls ( 6 / 7 8 -
............................................................................................
1 7 0 .0
1 7 6 .8
1 8 3 .7
1 8 9 .0
1 9 0 .4
1 8 8 .4
1 8 7 .1
1 7 1 .4
1 7 8 .0
1 8 4 .8
1 9 0 .3
1 9 1 .6
1 8 9 .5
......................................................................................................
3 6 8 .7
4 0 9 .2
4 1 3 .4
4 0 7 .6
4 1 0 .6
4 1 3 .5
4 1 4 .5
3 6 7 .3
4 0 8 .6
4 1 2 .4
4 0 6 .9
4 1 0 .0
4 1 2 .8
4 1 3 .8
100)
G a s ( p ip e d ) a n d e l e c t r ic it y
..................................................................................................................................
3 0 6 .8
3 3 2 .5
3 2 7 .0
3 1 8 .4
3 1 9 .6
3 1 9 .2
3 2 0 .1
3 0 5 .5
3 3 2 .5
3 2 6 .3
3 1 7 .3
3 1 8 .7
3 1 8 .3
3 1 9 .4
U t ilit y ( p ip e d ) g a s ..................................................................................................................
4 5 0 .8
5 1 7 .6
5 4 2 .0
5 4 3 .1
5 4 9 .6
5 5 9 .1
5 6 0 .1
4 4 8 .7
5 1 4 .5
5 3 8 .8
5 4 1 .6
5 4 7 .6
5 5 6 .9
5 5 7 .6
E le c t r ic it y
H O U S IN G
F u e l a n d o t h e r u t ilit ie s
O t h e r u t ilitie s a n d p u b lic s e r v i c e s ..................................................................................................
T e le p h o n e s e r v ic e s
.....................................................................................................................
L o c a l c h a rg e s (1 2 /7 7 -
100)
I n t e r s t a t e to ll c a lls ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
..................................................................................
100)
.........................................................................
1 9 3 .9
2 0 3 .6
2 0 4 .5
2 0 5 .1
2066
2 1 0 .1
2 1 0 .9
1 9 4 .3
2 0 4 .3
2 0 5 .3
2 0 5 .9
2 0 7 .3
2 1 0 .9
2 1 1 .6
1 5 7 .9
1 6 5 .5
1 6 6 .2
1 6 6 .6
1 6 8 .2
1 7 1 .4
1 7 1 .7
1 5 8 .0
1 6 5 .9
1 6 6 .6
1 6 7 .0
1 6 8 .6
1 7 1 .7
1 7 2 .1
1 2 5 .3
1 3 4 .3
1 3 5 .2
1 3 5 .4
1 3 7 .8
1 4 0 .6
1 3 9 .9
1 2 5 .4
1 3 4 .8
1 3 5 .7
1 3 5 .9
1 3 8 .1
1 4 0 .8
1 4 0 .2
1 1 6 .6
1 1 9 .7
1 1 9 .7
1 1 9 .7
1 1 9 .7
1 2 1 .0
1 2 1 .8
1 1 6 .7
1 2 0 .1
1 2 0 .2
1 2 0 .2
1 2 0 .2
1 2 1 .5
1 1 5 .9
1 0 8 .8
1 0 9 .7
1 1 0 .1
1 1 0 .9
1 1 1 .3
1 1 3 .9
1 1 5 .8
1 2 2 .2
.........................................................................
1 0 9 .1
1 1 0 .1
1 1 0 .4
1 1 1 .1
1 1 1 .5
1 1 4 .0
..................................................................................
3 1 3 .3
3 3 2 .4
3 3 4 .1
3 3 5 .1
3 3 5 .8
3 4 1 .6
3 4 3 .9
3 1 5 .7
3 3 5 .4
3 3 7 .1
3 3 8 .2
3 3 8 .9
3 4 4 .8
3 4 7 .2
H o u s e h o l d f u r n i s h i n g s a n d o p e r a t i o n s ...............................................................................
2 3 0 .2
2 3 4 .2
2 3 5 .4
2 3 5 .1
2 3 5 .7
2 3 5 .8
2 3 6 .7
2 2 6 .7
2 3 1 .0
2 3 2 .3
2 3 1 .8
2 3 2 .3
2 3 2 .6
2 3 3 .4
H o u s e fu r n is h in g s
1 9 1 .4
1 9 4 .3
1 9 5 .9
1 9 5 .1
1 9 5 .3
1 9 4 .9
1 9 5 .9
1 8 9 .3
1 9 2 .4
1 9 3 .9
1 9 3 .0
1 9 3 .2
1 9 3 .0
1 9 3 .8
2 1 6 .0
2 2 2 .1
2 2 3 .2
2 2 2 .6
2 2 2 .0
2 2 1 .9
2 2 8 .2
2 1 8 .5
2 2 5 .0
2 2 6 .4
2 2 5 .8
2 2 4 .9
2 2 4 .5
2 3 2 .2
I n t r a s t a t e to ll c a lls ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
W a t e r a n d s e w e r a g e m a in t e n a n c e
.....................................................................................................................................
T e x t ile h o u s e fu r n is h in g s
............................................................................................................
H o u s e h o ld lin e n s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
1 3 1 .0
............................................................................
1 3 5 .4
1 3 6 .4
1 3 3 .8
1 3 2 .7
1 3 1 .5
1 3 9 .0
1 3 2 .1
1 3 6 .4
1 3 7 .6
1 3 5 .0
1 3 4 .0
1 3 2 .6
1 4 0 .7
.
1 3 8 .5
1 4 1 .6
1 4 2 .0
1 4 4 .0
1 4 4 .4
1 4 5 .6
1 4 5 .7
1 4 1 .0
1 4 4 .8
1 4 5 .3
1 4 7 .5
1 4 7 .6
1 4 8 .6
1 4 9 .5
F u r n itu r e a n d b e d d i n g ............................................................................................................................
2 0 9 .4
2 1 3 .3
2 1 5 .8
2 1 4 .1
2 1 5 .4
2 1 3 .9
2 1 3 .8
2 0 5 .5
2 1 0 .3
2 1 2 .3
2 1 0 .3
2 1 1 .6
2 1 0 .4
2 1 0 .2
1 4 6 .6
1 3 7 .1
1 4 2 .1
1 4 3 .5
C u r ta in s , d r a p e s , s lip c o v e r s , a n d s e w in g m a t e r ia ls ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
1 0 0 ) ............................................................................
1 4 0 .5
1 4 5 .5
1 4 6 .7
1 4 6 .2
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .7
1 0 0 ) .........................................................................................................
1 1 6 .4
1 1 7 .2
1 1 9 .4
1 1 6 .4
1 1 8 .2
1 1 7 .3
1 1 6 .5
1 1 6 .5
1 1 7 .7
1 1 9 .6
1 1 7 .0
1 1 8 .8
1 1 7 .9
1 1 7 .1
1 2 1 .6
1 2 1 .0
1 1 8 .8
1 2 3 .4
1 2 2 .9
1 2 2 .5
1 2 2 .5
1 2 2 .0
1 2 1 .5
1 3 9 .8
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .1
1 3 6 .0
1 3 5 .3
1 3 5 .6
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .1
1 5 1 .9
1 5 1 .5
B e d r o o m f u r n it u r e ( 1 2 / 7 7 S o fa s ( 1 2 /7 7 -
100)
1 4 7 .4
1 4 6 .1
1 4 2 .1
1 4 3 .4
................................................
1 1 8 .6
1 2 3 .1
1 2 2 .6
1 2 2 .1
1 2 2 .2
...................................................................................
1 3 8 .1
1 3 7 .8
1 4 0 .6
1 4 0 .1
1 4 0 .4
1 3 9 .4
A p p lia n c e s in c lu d in g T V a n d s o u n d e q u i p m e n t .........................................................
1 4 9 .9
1 5 1 .5
1 5 2 .0
1 5 1 .7
1 5 1 .5
1 5 1 .9
1 5 1 .5
1 4 9 .6
1 0 9 .2
1 0 8 .2
1 0 8 .5
1 0 8 .1
1 0 7 .2
1 0 7 .0
1 0 7 .1
1 0 8 .4
1 0 7 .4
1 0 7 .6
1 0 7 .3
1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .1
1 0 6 .1
1 0 2 .1
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .1
1 0 0 .5
L iv in g r o o m c h a ir s a n d t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 O t h e r f u r n it u r e ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
100)
T e le v is io n a n d s o u n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
.........................................
1 5 1 .4
1 5 1 .4
1 5 1 .8
1 5 1 .3
T e l e v i s i o n ........................................................................................................................
1 0 4 .5
1 0 3 .7
1 0 3 .5
1 0 2 .9
1 0 2 .6
1 0 2 .3
1 0 1 .9
1 0 3 .3
1 0 2 .6
S o u n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
1 0 0 ) ...................................................................
1 1 4 .5
1 1 3 .2
1 1 4 .1
1 1 3 .9
1 1 2 .4
1 1 2 .2
1 1 2 .8
1 1 3 .8
1 1 2 .5
1 1 3 .3
1 1 3 .1
1 1 1 .4
1 1 1 .3
1 1 1 .8
.....................................................................................................
1 7 9 .7
1 8 4 .7
1 8 5 .4
1 8 5 .2
1 8 6 .1
1 8 7 .6
1 8 6 .3
1 7 9 .9
1 8 5 .1
1 8 5 .9
1 8 5 .6
1 8 6 .7
1 8 7 .9
1 8 6 .7
1 8 2 .6
1 9 0 .2
1 9 1 .1
1 9 2 .7
1 9 3 .3
1 9 3 .2
1 9 2 .2
1 8 7 .9
1 9 6 .1
1 9 6 .9
1 9 8 .4
1 9 9 .1
1 9 9 .2
1 9 8 .1
1 4 0 .4
1 4 0 .3
1 4 1 .4
1 4 2 .1
1 4 2 .3
1 2 1 .7
1 2 0 .7
1 2 1 .5
1 2 2 .8
1 2 1 .5
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s
R e f r ig e r a t o r s a n d h o m e f r e e z e r s
L a u n d r y e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
..................................................................
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................
O t h e r h o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
.........................................
1 3 3 .5
1 3 7 .6
1 4 0 .0
1 4 0 .0
1 4 1 .0
1 4 1 .5
1 4 1 .8
1 3 3 .8
1 3 7 .9
1 2 1 .6
1 2 4 .0
1 2 3 .5
1 2 2 .7
1 2 3 .2
1 2 4 .7
1 2 3 .6
1 1 9 .7
1 2 2 .0
S t o v e s , d is h w a s h e r s , v a c u u m s , a n d s e w in g
m a c h in e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
1 2 1 .0
1 2 3 .4
1 2 2 .9
1 2 0 .7
1 2 1 .5
1 2 3 .7
1 2 2 .3
1 1 8 .9
1 2 1 .5
1 2 1 .4
1 1 9 .2
1 2 0 .1
1 2 1 .9
1 2 0 .2
...................................................
1 2 2 .4
1 2 4 .6
1 2 4 .0
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .1
1 2 5 .8
1 2 5 .1
1 2 0 .5
1 2 2 .5
1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .4
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .8
1 2 2 .9
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .8
1 3 9 .6
1 3 9 .1
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .1
1 4 0 .2
1 3 4 .7
1 3 5 .6
1 3 7 .6
1 3 7 .1
1 3 7 .1
1 3 7 .0
1 3 7 .9
1 4 1 .2
1 4 3 .3
1 3 1 .0
1 3 5 .9
1 3 6 .0
1 3 4 .5
1 3 4 .3
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .9
1 3 0 .8
1 3 2 .4
1 2 6 .0
1 2 4 .9
1 2 6 .4
1 2 6 .8
1 2 6 .6
1 2 6 .1
1 2 7 .3
1 4 1 .8
.........................................................................
O f f ic e m a c h in e s , s m a ll e le c t r ic a p p lia n c e s ,
a n d a ir c o n d it io n e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 O t h e r h o u s e h o ld e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
F lo o r a n d w in d o w c o v e r in g s , i n f a n t s ’, la u n d r y ,
...................................
1 3 9 .1
1 4 3 .3
1 4 3 .4
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .7
1 0 0 ) ............................................
1 2 9 .8
1 2 9 .7
1 3 1 .3
1 3 1 .3
1 3 1 .0
c le a n in g , a n d o u t d o o r e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 C lo c k s , la m p s , a n d d e c o r ite m s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
T a b le w a r e , s e r v in g p ie c e s , a n d n o n e le c t r ic
k itc h e n w a r e ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
..................................................................................
L a w n e q u ip m e n t , p o w e r t o o ls , a n d o t h e r h a r d w a r e ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
H o u s e k e e p in g s u p p lie s
100)
.
.........................................................................................................................
S o a p s a n d d e te rg e n ts
...............................................................................................................
O t h e r l a u n d r y a n d c le a n in g p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
.........................................
C le a n s in g a n d t o ile t t is s u e , p a p e r t o w e l s a n d n a p k in s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
..
1 4 1 .6
1 4 5 .1
1 4 4 .6
1 4 5 .1
1 4 5 .9
1 4 5 .7
1 3 9 .5
1 3 7 .6
1 4 1 .3
1 4 1 .0
1 4 1 .2
1 3 0 .3
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .8
1 3 4 .2
1 3 4 .1
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .4
1 3 5 .5
1 3 8 .8
1 4 0 .1
1 3 9 .5
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .3
1 4 0 .6
2 8 2 .4
2 8 9 .2
2 9 0 .1
2 9 0 .3
2 9 2 .3
2 9 4 .0
2 9 4 .8
2 7 8 .8
2 8 5 .7
2 8 6 .7
2 8 7 .1
2 8 8 .8
2 9 0 .7
2 9 1 .6
2 7 8 .0
2 8 2 .8
2 8 3 .5
2 8 3 .5
2 8 5 .3
2 8 8 .9
2 9 0 .1
2 7 4 .4
2 7 8 .9
2 7 9 .7
2 7 9 .9
2 8 1 .5
2 8 5 .0
2 8 6 .1
1 4 1 .0
1 4 5 .6
1 4 6 .8
1 4 7 .3
1 4 8 .0
1 4 9 .0
1 4 9 .1
1 3 9 .8
1 4 4 .5
1 4 5 .7
1 4 6 .2
1 4 6 .9
1 4 7 .7
1 4 7 .9
1 4 5 .7
1 4 8 .0
1 4 8 .9
1 4 8 .2
1 4 8 .6
1 5 0 .2
1 5 0 .4
1 4 5 .6
1 4 7 .9
1 4 8 .9
1 4 8 .1
1 4 8 .5
1 5 0 .3
1 5 0 .5
1 0 0 ) .........................
1 3 0 .4
1 3 6 .8
1 3 7 .6
1 3 8 .3
1 3 7 .9
1 3 8 .1
1 3 8 .6
1 3 3 .4
1 4 0 .0
1 4 0 .7
1 4 1 .4
1 4 1 .0
1 4 1 .1
1 4 1 .7
................................................
1 4 6 .9
1 5 0 .2
1 5 0 .9
1 5 1 .6
1 5 2 .3
1 5 3 .5
1 5 4 .3
1 4 1 .8
1 4 5 .0
1 4 5 .6
1 4 6 .2
1 4 6 .9
1 4 8 .3
1 4 9 .1
1 0 0 ) ..................................................................
1 4 1 .8
1 4 3 .8
1 4 2 .3
1 4 1 .9
1 4 5 .7
1 4 4 .3
1 4 4 .4
1 3 4 .1
1 3 6 .4
1 3 5 .1
1 3 4 .9
1 3 8 .5
1 3 7 .0
1 3 7 .4
S t a t io n e r y , s ta t io n e r y s u p p lie s , a n d g i f t w r a p ( 1 2 / 7 7 M is c e lla n e o u s h o u s e h o ld p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 L a w n a n d g a r d e n s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
1 4 3 .3
1 4 1 .9
100)
H o u s e k e e p in g s e r v i c e s .........................................................................................................................
3 0 8 .1
3 1 3 .4
3 1 3 .8
3 1 4 .3
3 1 5 .0
3 1 5 .4
3 1 5 .9
3 0 6 .8
3 1 2 .7
3 1 3 .2
3 1 3 .7
3 1 4 .5
3 1 5 .0
3 1 5 .6
P o s t a g e ..................................................................................................................................................
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .5
M o v in g , s t o r a g e , fr e ig h t , h o u s e h o ld la u n d r y , a n d
1 4 9 .4
1 5 6 .6
1 5 7 .0
1 5 7 .7
1 5 8 .6
1 5 9 .3
1 5 9 .8
1 4 9 .1
1 5 6 .8
1 5 7 .2
1 5 7 .8
1 5 8 .7
1 5 9 .5
1 6 0 .0
1 0 0 ) ............................................................
1 3 4 .2
1 3 8 .3
1 3 9 .0
1 3 9 .5
1 4 0 .2
1 4 0 .4
1 4 1 .2
1 3 2 .8
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .4
1 3 7 .9
1 3 8 .5
1 3 8 .7
1 3 9 .5
A P P A R E L A N D U P K E E P ..................................................................................................................
1 8 8 .0
1 9 4 .9
1 9 5 .5
1 9 5 .4
1 9 3 .6
1 9 1 .0
1 9 2 .0
1 8 7 .3
1 9 4 .1
1 9 4 .6
1 9 4 .4
1 9 2 .8
1 9 0 .0
1 9 1 .0
1 8 4 .1
1 8 3 .8
1 8 1 .9
1 7 8 .7
1 7 9 .7
d r y c le a n in g s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
1 0 0 ) ............................................................................
A p p lia n c e a n d fu r n it u r e r e p a ir ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
........................................................................................................................
1 7 7 .6
1 8 4 .1
1 8 4 .6
1 8 4 .3
1 8 2 .3
1 7 9 .2
1 8 0 .2
1 7 7 .4
1 8 3 .8
A p p a r e l c o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o t w e a r ...................................................................................
1 7 3 .4
1 8 0 .4
1 8 0 .9
1 8 0 .6
1 7 8 .4
1 7 5 .0
1 7 6 .0
1 7 3 .4
1 7 9 .9
1 7 9 .8
1 7 7 .8
M e n ’s a n d b o y s '
1 7 9 .3
1 8 6 .5
1 8 8 .6
1 8 9 .0
1 8 7 .4
1 8 4 .9
1 8 4 .4
1 7 9 .4
1 8 6 .6
1 8 8 .6
1 8 8 .9
1 8 7 .6
1 8 5 .2
1 8 4 .8
1 1 8 .2
1 1 9 .4
1 1 9 .7
1 1 8 .8
1 1 7 .4
1 1 6 .9
1 0 0 .2
A p p a r e l c o m m o d itie s
............................................................................................................................
M e n ’s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
100)
1 7 5 .3
1 1 3 .0
1 1 7 .7
1 1 8 .3
1 1 6 .8
1 1 6 .2
...................................
1 0 4 .8
1 1 0 .6
1 1 1 .6
1 1 1 .5
1 0 8 .7
1 0 6 .5
1 0 6 .7
9 8 .2
1 0 3 .5
1 0 4 .3
1 0 4 .2
1 0 1 .7
9 9 .9
9 5 .8
1 0 3 .7
1 0 3 .7
1 0 3 .4
1 0 3 .2
9 8 .8
9 8 .1
9 7 .2
1 0 6 .4
1 0 6 .4
1 0 5 .4
1 0 5 .5
1 0 0 .5
1 3 4 .7
1 3 8 .6
1 4 1 .0
1 4 2 .4
1 4 1 .5 k
1 4 2 .2
1 4 2 .6
1 3 1 .1
1 3 5 .8
1 3 7 .7
1 3 9 .1
1 3 7 .9
1 3 8 .7
1 3 9 .1
1 2 2 .0
1 2 1 .8
1 2 6 .2
1 2 8 .1
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .2
1 2 7 .5
1 2 5 .0
F u r n is h in g s a n d s p e c ia l c lo t h in g ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
100)
................................
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .3
9 9 .9
1 1 9 .3
1 2 3 .8
1 2 5 .2
1 2 5 .8
1 2 6 .5
1 2 4 .5
1 0 0 ) ...................................
1 0 8 .6
1 1 1 .4
1 1 2 .4
1 1 2 .6
1 1 1 .9
1 1 1 .0
1 1 0 .5
1 1 4 ,1
1 1 6 .9
1 1 8 .0
1 1 8 .1
1 1 7 .5
1 1 6 .5
1 1 6 .1
1 0 0 ) .........................................................................................................
1 1 6 .0
1 2 0 .2
1 2 1 .7
1 2 1 .6
1 2 0 .7
1 1 8 .9
1 1 9 .3
1 1 4 .3
1 1 8 .3
1 1 9 .8
1 1 9 .7
1 1 9 .0
1 1 7 .2
1 1 7 .7
1 0 9 .3
1 2 8 .4
S h ir ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
............................................................................................
D u n g a r e e s , je a n s , a n d tr o u s e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 B o y s ' ( 1 2 /7 7 -
1 7 4 .3
...............................................................
.....................................................................................................
S u its , s p o r t c o a t s , a n d j a c k e t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 C o a ts a n d ja c k e ts ( 1 2 /7 7 -
1 8 0 .2
1 1 3 .5
......................
1 0 5 .9
1 1 3 .7
1 1 4 .5
1 1 3 .7
1 1 2 .2
1 0 8 .9
1 0 8 .1
1 0 6 .3
1 1 4 .6
1 1 5 .3
1 1 4 .6
1 1 3 .3
1 1 0 .4
...............................................................................
1 2 8 .2
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .6
1 3 2 .6
1 3 2 .4
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .5
1 2 4 .2
1 2 8 .6
1 2 9 .5
1 2 8 .5
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .0
1 0 0 ) ................
1 1 9 .1
1 2 0 .3
1 2 2 .7
1 2 3 .4
1 2 2 .8
1 2 1 .5
1 2 2 .9
1 1 6 .7
1 1 7 .3
1 1 9 .7
1 2 0 .5
1 2 0 .0
1 1 8 .6
W o m e n 's a n d g i r l s ’ .........................................................................................................................
1 5 4 .7
1 6 3 .6
1 6 3 .0
1 6 2 .2
1 5 9 .6
1 5 3 .9
1 5 5 .7
1 5 7 .1
1 6 5 .7
1 6 4 .7
1 6 3 .8
1 6 1 .3
1 5 5 .4
1 5 7 .2
C o a ts , j a c k e t s , s w e a t e r s , a n d s h ir t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 F u r n is h in g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
100)
S u its , t r o u s e r s , s p o r t c o a ts , a n d j a c k e t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
W o m e n ’s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................................
1 0 2 .9
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .1
1 0 7 .3
1 0 5 .5
1 0 1 .8
1 0 3 .2
1 0 4 .8
1 1 0 .5
1 0 9 .8
1 0 8 .8
1 0 6 .8
1 0 2 .9
1 6 6 .3
1 5 8 .1
1 6 0 .9
1 6 3 .1
1 7 6 .9
1 7 6 .8
1 7 3 .2
1 7 1 .0
1 6 1 .4
1 6 5 .5
1 5 9 .0
1 5 2 .9
1 5 4 .9
1 4 0 .9
1 5 1 .2
1 4 9 .2
1 4 7 .7
1 4 4 .9
1 3 9 .8
1 4 0 .6
C o a t s a n d j a c k e t s ......................................................................................................
1 5 6 .4
1 6 9 .7
1 7 0 .5
1 6 9 .5
D re s s e s
1 5 2 .8
1 6 5 .1
1 6 2 .6
1 6 1 .4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
............................................................................................................................
1 2 0 .2
1 0 4 .4
77
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
20.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1 9 6 7 =
1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c ifie d ]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s
G e n e ra l s u m m a ry
APPAREL AND UPKEEP -
U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s
1982
1983
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
1982
Feb.
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
9 6 .8
1 0 2 .6
1 0 2 .9
1983
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
C o n t in u e d
A p p a r e l c o m m o d itie s — C o n tin u e d
A p p a r e l c o m m o d it ie s le s s fo o t w e a r — C o n tin u e d
S e p a ra te s a n d s p o rts w e a r ( 1 2 /7 7 =
1 0 0 ) ............................................
9 6 .3
1 0 1 .4
1 0 2 .0
1 0 0 .1
9 7 .1
9 3 .7
9 4 .6
1 0 0 .9
9 7 .8
9 4 .4
9 5 .3
1 0 0 ) .........................
1 2 6 .2
1 2 9 .7
1 2 9 .9
1 3 0 .6
1 3 0 .8
1 2 8 .8
1 3 0 .0
1 2 6 .0
1 2 9 .4
1 2 9 .6
1 3 0 .2
1 0 3 .5
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .7
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................................
8 7 .0
9 2 .7
8 8 .6
8 7 .4
8 2 .8
7 6 .9
7 9 .7
1 0 5 .6
1 1 1 .9
1 0 6 .7
1 0 5 .8
9 9 .7
9 1 .8
9 5 .6
1 0 0 ) .........................................................................................................
1 0 2 .7
1 0 9 .6
1 0 9 .9
1 1 0 .4
1 0 9 .5
1 0 5 .1
1 0 5 .1
1 0 3 .1
0 8 .9
1 0 8 .7
1 0 9 .6
1 0 9 .2
1 0 5 .0
1 0 4 .9
U n d e r w e a r , n ig h tw e a r , a n d h o s ie r y ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
S u its ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
G ir ls ' ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
C o a t s , j a c k e t s , d r e s s e s , a n d s u its ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
S e p a ra te s a n d s p o rts w e a r ( 1 2 /7 7 =
1 0 0 ) .............................
9 2 .6
1 0 2 .5
1 0 4 .5
1 0 3 .9
1 0 3 .7
9 5 .8
9 6 .5
9 1 .5
1 0 0 .5
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .0
9 5 .2
9 5 .8
1 0 0 ) ............................................
1 0 3 .4
1 0 7 .8
1 0 6 .0
1 0 6 .0
1 0 4 .1
1 0 2 .1
1 0 1 .5
1 0 6 .0
1 0 8 .5
1 0 5 .2
1 0 5 .1
1 0 5 .1
1 0 2 .9
1 0 2 .0
U n d e r w e a r , n ig h t w e a r , h o s ie r y , a n d
1 0 0 ) .........................................................................
1 1 8 .0
1 2 4 .4
1 2 6 .0
1 2 9 .3
1 2 9 .1
1 2 5 .7
1 2 5 .8
1 1 7 .0
1 2 3 .5
1 2 5 .1
1 2 8 .1
1 2 8 .0
1 2 4 .9
In f a n t s ’ a n d t o d d l e r s ' ..................................................................................................................
2 6 2 .2
2 7 6 .8
2 7 5 .8
2 7 4 .2
2 7 3 .1
2 7 7 .1
2 7 8 .8
2 7 1 .4
2 8 8 .1
2 8 6 .8
2 8 5 .5
2 8 4 .2
2 8 7 .5
2 8 9 .5
O t h e r a p p a r e l c o m m o d it ie s
2 1 4 .3
2 1 2 .6
2 1 3 .1
2 1 2 .7
2 1 0 .1
2 1 1 .5
2 1 3 .4
2 0 2 .8
2 0 1 .2
2 0 1 .7
2 0 1 .4
1 9 9 .2
2 0 0 .1
2 0 1 .7
a c c e s s o r ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
..................................................................................................
1 2 4 .9
................................................
1 1 7 .6
1 2 1 .9
1 1 9 .3
1 2 0 .0
1 2 0 .8
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .5
1 1 5 .9
1 2 0 .0
1 1 7 .7
1 1 8 .2
1 1 8 .5
1 1 8 .5
1 1 8 .5
...................................................................
1 4 7 .4
1 4 4 .1
1 4 5 .6
1 4 4 .9
1 4 2 .2
1 4 3 .7
1 4 5 .4
1 3 8 .1
1 3 4 .7
1 3 6 .2
1 3 5 .7
1 3 3 .5
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .9
F o o t w e a r ........................................................................................................................................................
2 0 2 .8
2 0 6 .2
2 0 6 .8
2 0 6 .9
2 0 5 .9
2 0 4 .8
2 0 5 .6
2 0 3 .3
2 0 5 .9
2 0 6 .7
2 0 6 .7
2 0 5 .8
2 0 4 .6
2 0 5 .2
S e w in g m a t e r ia ls a n d n o tio n s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
J e w e l r y a n d lu g g a g e ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
1 3 0 .7
1 3 2 .4
1 3 3 .2
1 3 2 .5
1 3 2 .0
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .2
1 3 2 .6
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .0
1 3 4 .2
1 3 3 .7
1 3 3 .0
.........................................................................................
1 2 9 .5
1 2 9 .4
1 2 9 .5
1 2 9 .3
1 2 9 .0
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .3
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .1
1 3 1 .8
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .4
1 0 0 ) .........................................................................................................
1 2 2 .7
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .9
1 2 7 .6
1 2 6 .8
1 2 4 .5
1 2 4 .6
1 1 9 .0
1 2 2 .4
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .6
1 2 2 .9
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .4
..................................................................................................................................
2 6 9 .4
2 7 9 .2
2 8 1 .3
2 8 2 .0
2 8 2 .8
2 8 3 .9
2 8 5 .4
2 6 7 .2
2 7 7 .2
2 7 9 .7
2 8 0 .3
2 8 1 .1
2 8 2 .2
2 8 3 .6
M e n ’s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
...............................................................................................................
B o y s ’ a n d g ir ls ’ ( 1 2 /7 7 =
W o m e n 's ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
A p p a r e l s e r v ic e s
100)
100)
1 0 0 ) ......................
1 6 1 .4
1 6 6 .7
1 6 7 .2
1 6 7 .9
1 6 8 .9
1 6 9 .6
1 7 0 .3
1 5 9 .9
1 6 5 .2
1 6 5 .8
1 6 6 .4
1 6 7 .5
1 6 8 .1
1 6 8 .8
..................................................................................
1 3 9 .8
1 4 5 .9
1 4 8 .2
1 4 8 .1
1 4 7 .7
1 4 8 .3
1 4 9 .1
1 4 0 .3
1 4 6 .6
1 4 9 .3
1 4 9 .2
1 4 8 .8
1 4 9 .4
1 5 0 .3
L a u n d r y a n d d r y c le a n in g o t h e r t h a n c o in o p e r a t e d ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
O t h e r a p p a r e l s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
1 3 3 .9
............................................................................................................................
2 8 8 .0
2 9 5 .3
2 9 5 .5
2 9 5 .8
2 9 4 .8
2 9 3 .0
2 8 9 .9
2 8 9 .6
2 9 6 .9
2 9 7 .0
2 9 7 .3
2 9 6 .3
2 9 4 .3
2 9 1 .1
P r i v a t e ...........................................................................................................................................................
2 8 4 .5
2 9 1 .1
2 9 1 .1
2 9 1 .4
2 9 0 .4
2 8 8 .4
2 8 5 .2
2 8 6 .9
2 9 3 .8
2 9 3 .8
2 9 4 .1
2 9 3 .1
2 9 0 .9
2 8 7 .6
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N
N e w c a rs
.....................................................................................................................................................
1 9 5 .5
1 9 7 .7
1 9 7 .7
1 9 9 .0
2 0 0 .1
2 0 1 .0
2 0 1 .3
1 9 5 .3
1 9 7 .5
1 9 7 .4
1 9 8 .7
1 9 9 .9
2 0 0 .8
2 0 1 .0
.....................................................................................................................................................
2 7 9 .7
3 0 4 .6
3 0 6 .7
3 1 0 .5
3 1 2 .6
3 1 1 .0
3 0 9 .1
2 7 9 .7
3 0 4 .6
3 0 6 .7
3 1 0 .5
3 1 2 .6
3 1 1 .1
3 0 9 .1
........................................................................................................................................................
3 9 9 .1
3 9 4 .2
3 9 0 .6
3 8 8 .1
3 8 1 .3
3 7 1 .9
3 5 9 .4
4 0 0 .6
3 9 5 .5
3 9 1 .9
3 8 9 .5
3 8 3 .0
3 7 3 .6
3 6 1 .2
A u t o m o b ile m a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r ............................................................................................
3 0 7 .7
3 2 0 .6
3 2 1 .9
3 2 2 .3
3 2 3 .1
3 2 4 .4
3 2 5 .9
3 0 8 .4
3 2 1 .3
3 2 2 .6
3 2 3 .1
3 2 3 .8
3 2 5 .2
3 2 6 .6
1 5 3 .?
1 5 9 .4
1 6 0 .4
1 6 1 .0
1 6 1 .4
1 6 2 .2
1 6 2 .7
1 5 2 .1
1 5 8 .1
1 5 9 .4
1 5 9 .8
1 6 0 .2
1 6 1 .1
1 6 1 .5
1 4 6 .5
1 5 3 .1
1 5 3 .2
1 5 3 .7
1 5 4 .3
1 5 5 .4
1 5 6 .1
1 5 0 .2
1 5 7 .1
1 5 7 .2
1 5 7 .8
1 5 8 .3
1 5 9 .4
1 6 0 .1
U se d c a rs
G a s o lin e
B o d y w o rk ( 1 2 /7 7 =
1 0 0 ) .....................................................................................................
A u t o m o b ile d r iv e tr a in , b r a k e , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s
m e c h a n ic a l r e p a ir ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
...............................................................................
M a in t e n a n c e a n d s e r v ic in g ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
O t h e r p r iv a t e tr a n s p o r t a t io n
100)
................................................................
1 4 2 .7
1 4 8 .9
1 4 9 .3
1 4 9 .3
1 4 9 .9
1 5 0 .5
1 5 1 .1
1 4 2 .3
1 4 8 .2
1 4 8 .6
1 4 8 .6
1 4 9 .2
1 4 9 .9
1 5 0 .5
...................................................................................
1 4 7 .3
1 5 3 .3
1 5 4 .3
1 5 4 .4
1 5 4 .2
1 5 4 .4
1 5 5 .4
1 4 6 .8
1 5 2 .8
1 5 3 .8
1 5 3 .9
1 5 3 .7
1 5 3 .9
1 5 4 .8
............................................................................................................
2 5 3 .4
2 6 0 .0
2 6 1 .4
2 6 0 .7
2 5 9 .6
2 5 9 .9
2 5 9 .7
2 5 6 .8
2 6 3 .0
2 6 4 .1
2 6 2 .9
2 6 1 .6
2 6 1 .5
2 6 1 .1
2 1 7 .4
P o w e r p la n t r e p a ir ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
2 1 4 .8
2 1 3 .9
2 1 4 .4
2 1 5 .1
2 1 4 .3
2 1 5 .6
2 1 5 .0
2 1 7 .3
2 1 6 .3
2 1 6 .9
2 1 7 .7
2 1 6 .9
2 1 8 .0
.............................
1 4 9 .3
1 5 2 .5
1 5 1 .9
1 5 3 .3
1 5 3 .3
1 5 3 .9
1 5 4 .8
1 4 7 .8
1 5 1 .2
1 5 1 .0
1 5 2 .3
1 5 2 .3
1 5 3 .0
1 5 3 .8
1 0 0 ) .........................................
1 3 7 .4
1 3 6 .3
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .0
1 3 6 .5
1 3 7 .3
1 3 6 .7
1 3 9 .4
1 3 8 .1
1 3 8 .6
1 3 9 .0
1 3 8 .4
1 3 9 .1
1 3 8 .5
T i r e s ..................................................................................................................................
1 9 1 .3
1 8 8 .5
1 8 9 .6
1 9 0 .4
1 9 0 .0
1 9 1 .3
1 9 0 .6
1 9 5 .1
1 9 2 .1
1 9 3 .2
1 9 4 .0
1 9 3 .7
1 9 4 .9
1 9 4 .1
O t h e r p a r t s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
.........................................
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .8
1 3 5 .4
1 3 5 .1
1 3 3 .8
1 3 4 .3
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .9
1 3 5 .8
1 3 5 .4
1 3 5 .4
1 3 3 .9
1 3 4 .3
1 3 3 .6
O t h e r p r iv a t e tr a n s p o r t a t io n s e r v i c e s ...............................................................................
2 6 6 .1
2 7 4 .7
2 7 6 .4
2 7 5 .3
2 7 4 .2
2 7 4 .2
2 7 4 .1
2 6 9 .8
2 7 7 .9
2 7 9 .1
2 7 7 .5
2 7 6 .0
2 7 5 .6
2 7 5 .2
2 6 8 .1
2 7 6 .9
2 8 3 .9
2 8 6 .9
2 8 8 .8
2 9 2 .0
2 9 5 .6
2 6 8 .0
2 7 6 .3
2 8 3 .2
2 8 6 .1
2 8 8 .2
2 9 1 .3
2 9 4 .9
O t h e r p r iv a t e tr a n s p o r t a t io n c o m m o d it ie s
...................................................................
M o t o r o il, c o o la n t , a n d o t h e r p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
A u t o m o b ile p a r t s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
A u t o m o b ile in s u r a n c e
100)
100)
.....................................................................................................
A u t o m o b ile fin a n c e c h a r g e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
...................................................
A u t o m o b ile r e n ta l, r e g is t r a tio n , a n d o t h e r f e e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
S t a t e r e g is t r a t io n
100)
..
100)
100)
1 8 9 .6
1 8 5 .2
1 7 8 .9
1 7 3 .8
1 6 9 .6
1 6 5 .0
1 8 8 .3
1 8 8 .9
1 8 4 .6
1 7 8 .1
1 7 3 .0
1 6 8 .7
1 6 4 .0
1 3 8 .9
1 3 8 .8
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .3
1 3 9 .8
1 4 0 .1
1 2 9 .5
1 4 0 .0
1 3 9 .8
1 4 0 .0
1 4 0 .1
1 4 0 .5
1 4 0 .8
1 6 7 .1
1 8 3 .7
1 8 3 .7
1 8 3 .8
1 8 3 .8
1 8 4 .6
1 8 4 .9
1 6 6 .5
...................................................................
1 2 1 .7
1 3 2 .8
1 3 2 .8
1 3 2 .8
1 3 2 .8
1 3 2 .8
1 3 3 .5
1 2 1 .7
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .7
................................................................
1 2 9 .3
1 2 8 .5
1 2 8 .5
1 2 8 .5
1 2 8 .5
1 2 8 .6
1 2 8 .6
1 3 0 .6
1 2 9 .9
1 2 9 .9
1 2 9 .8
1 2 9 .8
1 2 9 .9
1 2 9 .9
.....................................................................................................
D r iv e r s ’ lic e n s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
V e h ic le in s p e c tio n ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
1 8 8 .9
1 2 8 .9
1 8 3 .3
1 8 3 .2
1 8 3 .4
1 8 3 .4
1 8 4 .0
1 8 4 .3
1 4 4 .8
1 5 4 .5
1 5 4 .2
1 5 5 .0
1 5 5 .2
1 5 5 .8
1 5 6 .2
1 5 2 .4
1 6 3 .0
1 6 2 .7
1 6 2 .9
1 6 3 .2
1 6 3 .9
1 6 4 .1
P u b l i c .....................................................................................................................................................
3 3 6 .8
3 5 3 .3
3 5 6 .3
3 5 6 .0
3 5 5 .6
3 5 7 .7
3 5 5 .2
3 3 1 .0
3 4 5 .4
3 4 8 .2
3 4 8 .2
3 4 8 .0
3 4 9 .8
3 4 7 .7
A ir lin e f a r e ............................................................................................
3 7 9 .3
4 0 9 .5
4 1 3 .7
4 1 1 .6
4 0 8 .8
4 1 2 .3
4 0 5 .5
3 7 6 .3
4 0 7 .0
4 1 1 .1
4 0 8 .8
4 0 5 .9
4 0 9 .8
4 0 1 .5
In t e r c it y b u s f a r e
3 6 5 .7
3 6 8 .9
3 7 0 .6
3 7 3 .8
3 7 7 .7
3 8 1 .8
3 8 3 .8
3 6 7 .4
3 7 1 .0
3 7 2 .5
3 7 5 .7
3 7 9 .3
3 8 3 .3
3 8 5 .4
3 1 6 .1
3 1 7 .7
3 1 8 .5
3 1 9 .4
3 0 5 .8
3 1 2 .1
3 1 4 .7
3 1 5 .7
3 1 6 .7
3 1 7 .4
3 1 8 .3
O t h e r v e h ic le - r e la t e d fe e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
............................................
............................................................................................................................
3 0 6 .7
3 1 2 .6
3 1 5 .2
2 9 6 .7
2 9 9 .8
3 0 0 .2
3 0 0 .5
3 0 0 .8
3 0 0 .9
3 0 1 .2
3 0 6 .1
3 0 9 .3
3 0 9 .9
3 1 0 .1
3 1 0 .5
3 1 0 .5
3 1 0 .8
In t e r c it y tr a in f a r e ............................................................................................................................
3 1 4 .0
3 3 8 .4
3 3 8 .4
3 4 8 .3
3 5 1 .3
3 5 1 .8
3 5 1 .8
3 1 4 .5
3 3 8 .4
3 3 8 .4
3 4 9 .3
3 5 1 .9
3 5 2 .3
3 5 2 .2
M E D IC A L C A R E
3 1 6 .2
3 3 6 .0
3 3 8 .7
3 4 2 .2
3 4 4 .3
3 4 7 .8
3 5 1 .3
3 1 4 .9
3 3 3 .9
3 3 6 .5
3 3 9 .8
3 4 1 .8
3 4 5 .3
3 4 8 .9
1 9 7 .7
2 0 9 .9
2 1 1 .6
2 1 2 .9
2 1 3 .7
2 1 5 .3
2 1 6 .7
1 9 8 .3
2 1 0 .5
2 1 2 .1
2 1 3 .4
2 1 4 .0
2 1 5 .9
2 1 7 .2
1 9 9 .4
1 9 8 .2
2 0 0 .5
2 0 2 .1
2 0 3 .9
2 0 5 .3
2 0 7 .1
In t r a c it y m a s s tr a n s it
T a x i fa re
...............................................................................
.....................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
M e d i c a l c a r e c o m m o d i t i e s ............................................................................................................
P r e s c r ip t io n d r u g s
1 9 7 .2
2 0 1 .0
2 0 2 .8
2 0 4 .1
2 0 5 .9
1 4 7 .5
1 4 9 .1
1 5 0 .1
1 5 0 .9
1 5 1 .4
1 5 3 .3
1 4 0 .4
1 4 9 .2
1 5 1 .2
1 5 2 .3
1 5 3 .1
1 5 3 .5
1 4 6 .8
1 5 8 .8
1 6 1 .5
1 6 3 .5
1 6 5 .8
1 6 6 .6
1 6 8 .2
1 4 6 .5
1 5 8 .6
1 6 1 .1
1 6 3 .2
1 6 5 .5
1 6 6 .4
1 6 7 .9
1 0 0 ) ...................................................................
1 3 4 .0
1 4 1 .5
1 4 3 .0
1 4 4 .0
1 4 4 .9
1 4 5 .9
1 4 7 .2
1 3 4 .0
1 4 1 .3
1 4 2 .8
1 4 3 .9
1 4 4 .8
1 4 5 .8
1 4 7 .2
1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................
C ir c u la t o r ie s a n d d iu r e t ic s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
1 8 3 .7
1 3 8 .4
................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
A n t i- in f e c t iv e d r u g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
T r a n q u iliz e r s a n d s e d a t iv e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
1 8 4 .7
1 5 5 .5
H o r m o n e s , d ia b e t ic d r u g s , b io lo g ic a ls , a n d
p r e s c r ip t io n m e d ic a l s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
P a in a n d s y m p t o m c o n t r o l d r u g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
......................................................
1 6 8 .4
1 8 2 .3
1 8 3 .5
1 8 3 .9
1 8 5 .5
1 8 6 .5
1 8 9 .0
1 6 9 .7
1 8 3 .8
1 8 5 .1
1 8 5 .2
1 8 7 .0
1 8 8 .0
1 9 0 .8
................................................
1 4 8 .8
1 5 9 .5
1 6 1 .7
1 6 4 .0
1 6 6 .2
1 6 7 .7
1 6 8 .6
1 5 0 .3
1 6 1 .4
1 6 3 .6
1 6 6 .0
1 6 8 .0
1 6 9 .5
1 7 0 .3
1 3 9 .9
1 5 0 .8
1 5 2 .3
1 5 3 .4
1 5 4 .2
1 5 5 .8
1 5 6 .4
1 3 9 .9
1 5 0 .9
1 5 2 .4
1 5 3 .6
1 5 4 .5
1 5 6 .2
1 5 6 .7
1 4 1 .1
1 4 8 .4
1 4 9 .2
1 4 9 .9
1 4 9 .7
1 5 1 .0
1 5 1 .6
1 4 1 .6
1 4 9 .1
1 4 9 .8
1 5 0 .5
1 5 0 .3
1 5 1 .8
1 5 2 .4
100)
S u p p le m e n t s , c o u g h a n d c o ld p r e p a r a t io n s , a n d
r e s p ir a t o r y a g e n t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................
N o n p r e s c r ip t io n d r u g s a n d m e d ic a l s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
...................................
1 2 8 .9
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .6
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .9
1 3 4 .6
1 2 7 .6
1 3 0 .5
1 3 1 .4
1 3 1 .6
1 3 1 .8
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .4
2 2 5 .1
2 3 9 .3
2 4 0 .7
2 4 1 .9
2 4 1 .3
2 4 4 .3
2 4 5 .1
2 2 6 .4
2 4 0 .6
2 4 1 .9
2 4 3 .0
2 4 2 .2
2 4 5 .7
2 4 6 .4
1 0 0 ) ................
1 3 7 .1
1 4 3 .5
1 4 4 .1
1 4 5 .2
1 4 5 .2
1 4 5 .3
1 4 6 .1
1 3 7 .7
1 4 4 .8
1 4 5 .1
1 4 6 .2
1 4 6 .3
1 4 6 .3
1 4 7 .4
.....................................................................................................................
3 4 2 .4
3 6 4 .0
3669
3 7 1 .0
3 7 3 .4
3 7 7 .4
3 8 1 .5
3 4 0 .6
3 6 1 .1
3 6 3 .9
3 6 7 .7
3 7 0 .1
3 7 4 .0
3 7 8 .2
............................................................................................................................
2 9 4 .2
3 0 5 .9
3 0 6 .6
3 0 8 .3
3 0 9 .4
3 1 2 .5
3 1 5 .4
2 9 4 .3
3 0 6 .1
3 0 6 .9
3 0 8 .4
3 0 9 .5
3 1 2 .7
3 1 5 .7
3 1 8 .8
3 3 2 .3
3 3 4 .2
3 3 5 .3
3 3 6 .6
3 4 1 .3
3 4 4 .8
3 2 1 .7
3 3 5 .4
3 3 7 .4
3 3 8 .6
3 3 9 .9
3 4 4 .6
3 4 8 .2
E y e g la s s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
..................................................................................................
In te r n a l a n d r e s p ir a t o r y o v e r - t h e - c o u n t e r d r u g s
......................................................
N o n p r e s c r ip t io n m e d ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v ic e s
P r o f e s s io n a l s e r v ic e s
P h y s ic ia n s ' s e r v i c e s ...............................................................................................................
78
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s
G e n e ra l s u m m a ry
U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s
1982
1983
1982
1983
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
D e n ta l s e r v i c e s ...............................................................................................................................
2 7 6 .8
2 8 7 .7
2 8 7 .0
2 8 9 .2
2 9 0 .1
2 9 1 .6
2 9 4 .0
2 7 4 .9
2 8 5 .7
2 8 5 .0
2 8 7 .0
2 8 8 .0
2 8 9 .3
2 9 1 .8
O t h e r p r o f e s s io n a l s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................
1 4 1 .5
1 4 5 .9
1 4 6 .1
1 4 7 .2
1 4 7 .6
1 4 9 .1
1 5 0 .5
1 3 8 .5
1 4 2 .7
1 4 3 .0
1 4 3 .9
1 4 4 .4
1 4 5 .7
1 4 7 .2
O t h e r m e d ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ............................................................................................................
4 0 0 .8
4 3 4 .1
4 3 9 .8
4 4 6 .8
4 5 0 .8
4 5 5 .9
4 6 1 .3
3 9 8 .0
4 2 9 .9
4 3 5 .6
4 4 2 .3
4 4 6 .3
4 5 1 .3
4 5 7 .0
M E D I C A L C A R E — C o n t in u e d
M e d i c a l c a r e s e r v i c e — C o n t in u e d
P r o f e s s io n a l s e r v i c e s — C o n tin u e d
................................................
1 6 7 .1
1 7 8 .3
1 8 0 .0
1 8 2 .6
1 8 3 .2
1 8 5 .1
1 8 8 .6
1 6 5 .7
1 7 6 .5
1 7 8 .3
1 8 0 .7
1 8 1 .5
1 8 3 .4
1 8 7 .0
..................................................................................................................................
5 3 3 .8
5 7 0 .1
5 7 6 .8
5 8 6 .6
5 8 8 .5
5 9 4 .6
6 0 4 .1
5 2 7 .0
5 6 2 .1
5 6 9 .1
5 7 8 .7
5 8 1 .5
5 8 7 .1
5 9 6 .7
H o s p ita l a n d o t h e r m e d ic a l s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
H o s p it a l r o o m
100)
1 0 0 ) ................................
1 6 3 .8
1 7 4 .7
1 7 6 .0
1 7 6 .0
1 7 8 .7
1 8 0 .6
1 8 4 .5
1 6 3 .0
1 7 3 .3
1 7 4 .7
1 7 6 .7
1 7 7 .5
1 7 9 .4
1 8 3 .3
E N T E R T A I N M E N T ..................................................................................................................................
2 3 1 .2
2 3 8 .3
2 4 0 .3
2 3 9 .9
2 4 0 .1
2 4 1 .5
2 4 3 .1
2 2 8 .1
2 3 4 .8
2 3 6 .5
2 3 6 .1
2 3 6 .5
2 3 7 .7
2 3 9 .5
E n t e r t a i n m e n t c o m m o d i t i e s .........................................................................................................
2 3 4 .3
2 4 0 .8
2 4 2 .9
2 4 1 .4
2 4 1 .8
2 4 2 .6
2 4 4 .5
2 2 8 .9
2 3 5 .0
2 3 6 .6
2 3 5 .4
2 3 6 .0
2 3 6 .7
2 3 8 .8
R e a d in g m a t e r ia ls ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................................
1 4 4 .1
1 5 0 .1
1 5 3 .1
1 5 3 .4
1 5 4 .3
1 5 6 .1
1 5 6 .1
1 4 3 .3
1 4 9 .6
1 5 2 .4
1 5 2 .7
1 5 3 .8
1 5 5 .5
1 5 5 .5
.....................................................................................................................................
2 7 3 .1
2 8 8 .5
2 9 0 .4
2 9 0 .9
2 9 4 .7
2 9 5 .7
2 9 6 .5
2 7 2 .8
2 8 8 .2
2 9 0 .1
2 9 0 .5
2 9 4 .8
2 9 5 .6
2 9 6 .4
1 0 0 ) ................................................
1 4 9 .9
1 5 3 .9
1 5 9 .2
1 5 9 .6
1 5 9 .3
1 6 2 .6
1 6 2 .2
1 4 9 .7
1 5 3 .8
1 5 9 .2
1 5 9 .6
1 5 9 .2
1 6 2 .6
1 6 2 .1
1 0 0 ) ...................................................................
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .9
1 3 4 .3
1 3 2 .1
1 3 1 .6
1 3 1 .5
1 3 3 .4
1 2 3 .9
1 2 5 .0
1 2 5 .8
1 2 4 .7
1 2 4 .3
1 2 4 .4
1 2 7 .0
1 2 2 .0
O t h e r h o s p ita l a n d m e d ic a l c a r e s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
N e w s p a p e rs
M a g a z in e s , p e r io d ic a ls , a n d b o o k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
S p o r t in g g o o d s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
S p o r t v e h ic le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
100)
............................................................................................
1 3 3 .9
1 3 5 .3
1 3 7 .1
1 3 3 .8
1 3 3 .3
1 3 6 .1
1 2 1 .9
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .0
1 0 0 ) .............................
1 1 9 .6
1 2 0 .5
1 2 0 .6
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .0
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .5
1 1 7 .7
1 1 8 .1
1 1 8 .3
1 1 7 .6
1 1 7 .7
1 1 7 .0
1 1 7 .9
...............................................................................................................................................
1 9 7 .3
1 9 9 .0
1 9 8 .7
1 9 8 .3
1 9 7 .1
1 9 7 .3
1 9 6 .7
1 9 8 .9
2 0 0 .0
1 9 9 .9
1 9 9 .5
1 9 8 .5
1 9 8 .4
1 9 7 .7
.........................................
1 2 7 .0
1 2 9 .4
1 3 1 .9
1 3 1 .5
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .1
1 2 7 .4
1 2 9 .8
1 3 2 .1
1 3 1 .3
1 3 0 .0
1 3 0 .9
1 3 1 .9
1 0 0 ) ................................................
1 3 3 .2
In d o o r a n d w a r m w e a t h e r s p o r t e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
B ic y c le s
O t h e r s p o r tin g g o o d s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
T o y s , h o b b ie s , a n d o t h e r e n t e r t a in m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
T o y s , h o b b ie s , a n d m u s ic e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
1 2 6 .0
1 3 7 .1
1 3 7 .1
1 3 6 .4
1 3 6 .8
1 3 8 .0
1 3 2 .3
1 3 6 .0
1 3 6 .1
1 3 5 .2
1 3 5 .6
1 3 5 .6
1 3 6 .7
.........................................
1 3 1 .7
1 3 6 .4
1 3 6 .4
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .5
1 3 6 .9
1 2 8 .6
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .0
1 3 1 .8
1 3 2 .0
1 3 1 .9
1 3 3 .0
1 2 6 .9
1 3 0 .1
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .7
1 2 9 .9
1 3 1 .2
1 2 7 .9
1 3 1 .3
1 3 0 .6
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .8
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .3
1 4 4 ,6
1 4 5 .0
1 4 4 .5
1 4 5 .1
1 4 5 .1
1 4 5 .9
1 3 6 .8
...............................................................
1 4 0 .6
1 4 3 .4
1 4 3 .9
1 4 3 .4
1 4 4 .2
1 4 4 .2
1 4 4 .9
1 4 1 .6
2 2 7 .1
2 3 5 .2
2 3 7 .2
2 3 8 .2
2 3 8 .2
2 4 0 .5
2 4 1 .6
2 2 7 .8
2 3 5 .8
2 3 7 .6
2 3 8 .4
2 3 8 .5
2 4 0 .8
2 4 1 .8
1 4 0 .9
1 4 6 .0
1 4 8 .0
1 4 9 .0
1 4 8 .9
1 5 0 .0
1 5 0 .6
1 4 2 .5
1 4 7 .4
1 4 9 .4
1 5 0 .1
1 5 0 .0
1 5 1 .2
1 5 1 .7
F e e s f o r p a r t ic ip a n t s p o r t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
A d m is s io n s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
1 2 3 .6
..................................................................................................................
P e t s u p p lie s a n d e x p e n s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
E n te r ta in m e n t s e r v ic e s
1 2 2 .8
1 0 0 ) .........................................
100)
P h o t o g r a p h ic s u p p lie s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
1 3 2 .9
100)
1 0 0 ) ............................................................................
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................................................
O t h e r e n t e r t a in m e n t s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
1 0 0 ) ......................................................................
1 3 1 .6
1 3 6 .4
1 3 6 .6
1 3 6 .9
1 3 7 .3
1 3 9 .9
1 4 0 .9
1 3 0 .6
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .6
1 3 5 .9
1 3 6 .4
1 3 8 .8
1 3 9 .8
1 2 5 .0
1 2 8 .8
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .8
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .3
1 2 5 .9
1 2 9 .6
1 3 0 .5
1 3 0 .7
1 3 0 .6
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .2
2 7 4 .0
2 7 7 .8
2 7 9 .6
O T H E R G O O D S A N D S E R V I C E S ...............................................................................................
2 5 0 .3
2 6 6 .6
2 7 1 .2
2 7 3 .8
2 7 6 .6
2 7 9 .9
2 8 1 .6
2 4 7 .1
2 6 2 .8
2 6 7 .8
2 7 0 .9
T o b a c c o p ro d u c ts
...............................................................................................................................
2 3 0 .7
2 4 6 .8
2 5 7 .3
2 6 4 .0
2 7 2 .3
2 8 0 .3
2 8 2 .8
2 2 9 .8
2 4 6 .1
2 5 6 .6
2 6 3 .4
2 7 1 .9
2 7 9 .9
2 8 2 .2
C i g a r e t t e s .....................................................................................................................................................
2 3 3 .6
2 5 0 .6
2 6 2 .3
2 6 9 .8
2 7 9 .0
2 8 7 .6
2 9 0 .0
2 3 2 .7
2 4 9 .8
2 6 1 .4
2 6 8 .8
2 7 8 .0
2 8 6 .5
2 8 8 .8
O t h e r t o b a c c o p r o d u c t s a n d s m o k in g a c c e s s o r ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
1 0 0 ) ......................
1 3 6 .8
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .9
1 4 2 .8
1 4 3 .8
1 4 5 .8
1 4 7 .8
1 3 6 .9
1 4 2 .8
1 4 3 .1
1 4 3 .0
1 4 3 .9
1 4 5 .8
1 4 7 .7
........................................................................................................................................
2 4 2 .3
2 5 1 .1
2 5 2 .9
2 5 4 .2
2 5 4 .8
2 5 6 .1
2 5 7 .8
2 4 0 .4
2 4 9 .3
2 5 0 .9
2 5 2 .1
2 5 2 .5
2 5 3 .9
2 5 5 .5
T o ile t g o o d s a n d p e r s o n a l c a r e a p p l i a n c e s ............................................................................
P e rs o n a l c a re
2 3 8 .5
2 4 9 .1
2 5 1 .5
2 5 3 .5
2 5 2 .2
2 5 3 .9
2 5 6 .0
2 3 9 .2
2 5 0 .0
2 5 2 .1
2 5 4 .1
2 5 3 .1
2 5 4 .8
2 5 6 .8
1 0 0 ) ................................
1 3 8 .4
1 4 4 .6
1 4 7 .8
1 4 8 .3
1 4 6 .8
1 4 7 .1
1 4 8 .1
1 3 7 .8
1 4 4 .0
1 4 6 .9
1 4 7 .3
1 4 6 .2
1 4 6 .5
1 4 7 .4
............................................................
1 4 5 .6
1 5 3 .3
1 5 5 .2
1 5 7 .2
1 5 6 .2
1 5 7 .6
1 5 9 .3
1 4 4 .2
1 5 1 .8
1 5 3 .5
1 5 5 .4
1 5 4 .6
1 5 5 .9
1 5 7 .8
P r o d u c t s f o r t h e h a ir, h a ir p ie c e s , a n d w ig s ( 1 2 / 7 7 D e n ta l a n d s h a v in g p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
C o s m e t ic s , b a th a n d n a il p r e p a r a tio n s , m a n ic u r e
a n d e y e m a k e u p im p le m e n t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
......................................................
O t h e r to ile t g o o d s a n d s m a ll p e r s o n a l c a r e a p p lia n c e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
100)
1 3 5 .0
1 4 0 .7
1 4 1 .4
1 4 1 .7
1 4 2 .2
1 4 4 .0
1 4 5 .6
1 3 5 .8
1 4 1 .4
1 4 2 .1
1 4 2 .3
1 4 3 .0
1 4 4 .8
1 4 6 .4
1 3 7 .0
1 4 2 .4
1 4 2 .2
1 4 4 .7
1 4 3 .2
1 4 3 .6
1 4 4 .1
1 4 0 .2
1 4 6 .2
1 4 5 .8
1 4 8 .4
1 4 7 .0
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .7
P e r s o n a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ........................................................................................................................
2 4 6 .5
2 5 3 .8
2 5 5 .1
2 5 5 .8
2 5 8 .0
2 5 9 .0
2 6 0 .4
2 4 1 .8
2 4 8 .9
2 5 0 .0
2 5 0 .6
2 5 2 .4
2 5 3 .4
2 5 4 .7
B e a u ty p a r lo r s e r v ic e s f o r w o m e n ......................................................................................
2 4 7 .7
2 5 6 .3
2 5 8 .3
2 5 8 .9
2 6 2 .1
2 6 3 .3
2 6 4 .4
2 4 1 .3
2 4 9 .8
2 5 1 .6
2 5 2 .1
2 5 4 .7
2 5 5 .8
2 5 6 .8
H a ir c u t s a n d o t h e r b a r b e r s h o p s e r v ic e s f o r m e n ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
1 3 8 .4
1 4 1 .1
1 4 1 .0
1 4 1 .4
1 4 1 .6
1 4 2 .0
1 4 3 .1
1 3 7 .2
1 3 9 .9
1 3 9 .8
1 4 0 .3
1 4 0 .4
1 4 0 .8
1 4 1 .9
P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a tio n a l e x p e n s e s
100)
.............
..................................................................................
2 8 9 .2
3 1 6 .1
3 1 9 .3
3 2 0 .0
3 2 0 .5
3 2 2 .1
3 2 3 .3
2 9 0 .2
3 1 7 .4
3 2 0 .4
3 2 1 .3
3 2 1 .7
3 2 3 .6
3 2 5 .0
...............................................................................................................
2 6 2 .9
2 8 0 .5
2 8 3 .0
2 8 3 .1
2 8 3 .3
2 8 8 .4
2 9 2 .0
2 6 7 .1
2 8 4 .3
2 8 6 .8
2 8 6 .8
2 8 7 .0
2 9 2 .4
2 9 6 .0
P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a t io n a l s e r v i c e s ...............................................................................................
3 2 8 .6
3 2 9 .1
3 3 0 .2
3 3 1 .0
2 9 6 .3
3 2 5 .6
3 2 8 .7
3 2 9 .8
3 3 0 .3
3 3 1 .5
3 3 2 .5
S c h o o lb o o k s a n d s u p p lie s
T u itio n a n d o t h e r s c h o o l f e e s
C o lle g e t u it io n ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
2 9 5 .8
3 2 4 .4
3 2 7 .7
...............................................................................................
1 5 0 .6
1 6 5 .6
1 6 7 .2
1 6 7 .2
1 6 7 .2
1 6 7 .3
1 6 7 .4
1 5 0 .9
1 6 6 .2
1 6 7 .7
1 6 7 .7
1 6 7 .7
1 6 7 .7
1 6 7 .9
100)
1 5 0 .1
1 6 4 .9
1 6 6 .8
1 6 6 .8
1 6 6 .8
1 6 6 .9
1 6 7 .0
1 4 9 .8
1 6 5 .0
1 6 6 .9
1 6 6 .9
1 6 6 .9
1 6 7 .0
1 6 7 .1
...................................
1 5 2 .2
1 6 8 .7
1 6 8 .6
1 6 8 .7
1 6 8 .7
1 6 8 .7
1 6 8 .8
1 5 2 .9
1 6 9 .6
1 6 9 .6
1 6 9 .7
1 6 9 .7
1 6 9 .7
1 6 9 .8
1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................
1 5 6 .1
1 6 9 .4
1 7 1 .9
1 7 4 .1
1 7 5 .4
1 7 8 .8
1 7 9 .6
1 5 5 .3
1 6 9 .6
1 7 1 .7
1 7 4 .0
1 7 5 .2
1 7 7 .9
1 7 9 .5
...................................................................................
E le m e n t a r y a n d h ig h s c h o o l t u it io n ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
P e rs o n a l e x p e n s e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
100)
S p e c ia l in d e x e s :
G a s o lin e , m o t o r o il, c o o la n t , a n d o t h e r p r o d u c t s ................................................................
3 6 7 .9
3 5 5 .8
3 9 5 .3
3 6 9 .4
3 5 7 .3
.........................................................................................................................
4 2 4 .8
4 3 6 .0
4 3 2 .9
4 2 6 .2
4 1 3 .4
4 2 3 .5
4 3 6 .3
4 3 3 .9
4 2 7 .2
4 1 4 .7
4 1 1 .1
4 1 1 .6
U tilit ie s a n d p u b lic t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ..................................................................................................
2 9 9 .1
3 2 3 .8
3 2 6 .5
3 2 4 .1
3 2 6 .0
3 2 9 .1
3 2 9 .4
2 9 7 .7
3 2 2 .8
3 2 5 .4
3 2 3 .2
3 2 5 .1
3 2 8 .1
3 2 8 .5
H o u s e k e e p in g a n d h o m e m a in t e n a n c e s e r v ic e s
3 4 4 .0
3 5 3 .8
3 5 5 .0
3 5 4 .8
3 5 4 .0
3 5 5 .3
3 5 5 .1
3 4 4 .2
3 5 4 .6
3 5 5 .7
3 5 5 .4
3 5 4 .4
3 5 7 .9
3 5 6 .5
In s u r a n c e a n d f in a n c e
................................................................
1 E x c lu d e s m o t o r o il, c o o la n t , a n d o t h e r p r o d u c t s a s o f J a n u a r y 1 9 8 3 .
3 9 3 .9
3 8 9 .2
3 8 5 .7
3 8 3 .5
c =
3 7 7 .0
3 9 0 .3
3 8 6 .9
3 8 4 .8
3 7 8 .5
c o rre c te d .
2 S e e b o x w ith “ P r ic e D a t a . ”
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
79
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
21. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Cross classification of region and population size class by expenditure
category and commodity and service group
[D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 7
=
100]
S iz e c la s s A
S iz e c la s s B
S iz e c la s s C
S iz e c la s s D
( 1 . 2 5 m il lio n o r m o r e )
( 3 8 5 , 0 0 0 - 1 . 2 5 0 m il lio n )
(7 5 ,0 0 0 -3 8 5 ,0 0 0 )
( 7 5 ,0 0 0 o r le s s )
C a te g o ry a n d g ro u p
1982
O c t.
Dec.
1982
Feb.
O c t.
Dec.
1982
1982
Feb.
O c t.
Dec.
Feb.
O c t.
Dec.
Feb.
N o rth e a s t
E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y
1 5 1 .8
1 5 6 .6
1 5 7 .1
1 5 8 .2
1 6 0 .7
1 6 2 .3
1 5 5 .8
1 5 6 .3
.....................................................................................................................................
1 4 5 .1
1 4 4 .4
1 4 6 .0
1 4 2 .4
1 4 2 .1
1 4 4 .2
1 4 7 .0
1 4 7 .4
1 4 9 .8
1 4 1 .9
1 4 2 .0
1 4 4 .0
..................................................................................................................................................................
1 5 7 .7
1 5 5 .9
1 5 6 .7
1 6 4 .9
1 6 6 .5
1 6 8 .8
1 7 2 .9
1 7 5 .2
1 7 6 .2
1 6 3 .0
1 6 3 .2
1 6 3 .1
.....................................................................................................................................
1 2 2 .2
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .3
1 2 7 .0
1 2 4 .9
1 2 1 .9
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .1
1 2 6 .6
1 3 1 .4
1 3 1 .1
1 2 4 .3
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .....................................................................................................................................................
1 6 0 .7
1 6 1 .0
1 5 9 .1
1 6 6 .6
1 6 6 .7
1 6 4 .8
1 6 5 .2
1 6 6 .2
1 6 4 .2
1 6 4 .6
1 6 4 .5
1 6 2 .5
A ll ite m s
...........................................................................................................................................................................
F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s
H o u s in g
A p o a re l a n d u p k e e p
1 5 1 .8
1 5 1 .0
1 6 2 .9
1 5 6 .1
M e d ic a l c a r e ........................................................................................................................................................
1 5 1 .4
1 5 8 .1
1 6 0 .6
1 6 1 .6
1 6 1 .5
1 6 3 .6
1 5 7 .0
1 5 9 .8
E n t e r t a in m e n t
1 4 0 .6
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .6
1 3 9 .9
1 3 5 .9
1 3 9 .1
1 3 8 .1
1 3 9 .2
1 4 0 .0
1 4 4 .8
1 4 5 .0
1 4 7 .2
1 5 0 .0
1 5 2 .8
1 5 4 .4
1 5 1 .4
1 5 3 .9
1 5 7 .3
1 5 4 .3
1 5 7 .8
1 6 0 .4
1 5 3 .4
1 5 8 .7
1 5 9 .4
1 5 0 .2
.....................................................................................................................................................
O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s
........................................................................................................................
1 5 3 .6
1 5 8 .1
1 6 5 .5
1 6 4 .1
C O M M O D I T Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P
1 4 7 .7
1 4 7 .5
1 4 7 .6
1 5 2 .4
1 5 3 .5
1 5 3 .1
1 5 2 .0
1 5 3 .7
1 5 3 .3
1 5 0 .9
1 5 1 .7
............................................................................................
1 4 9 .3
1 4 9 .4
1 4 8 .4
1 5 7 .2
1 5 9 .0
1 5 7 .1
1 5 4 .3
1 5 6 .6
1 5 4 .5
1 5 5 .2
1 5 6 .3
1 5 2 .7
...........................................................................................................................................................................
1 5 7 .1
1 5 5 .6
1 5 7 .1
1 6 3 .3
1 6 2 .9
1 6 6 .1
1 7 5 .0
1 7 6 .4
1 7 8 .3
1 6 3 .5
1 6 3 .4
1 6 5 .1
C o m m o d i t i e s ..................................................................................................................................................................
C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s
S e r v ic e s
N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g io n
E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y
A ll ite m s
...........................................................................................................................................................................
F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s
.....................................................................................................................................
1 6 3 .1
1 6 2 .0
1 6 2 .4
1 5 8 .9
1 5 9 .3
1 5 9 .6
1 5 5 .9
1 5 6 .2
1 5 5 .8
1 5 9 .0
1 5 6 .8
1 5 6 .6
1 4 3 .5
1 4 3 .3
1 4 4 .7
1 4 2 .6
1 4 1 .9
1 4 3 .4
1 4 3 .8
1 4 3 .4
1 4 3 .8
1 4 9 .2
1 4 9 .1
1 4 9 .1
1 7 9 .1
1 8 0 .2
1 6 8 .5
1 6 9 .1
1 7 0 .2
1 6 2 .6
1 6 2 .8
1 6 3 .2
.....................................................................................................................................
1 1 8 .8
1 1 6 .4
1 1 5 .4
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .4
1 2 4 .4
1 2 7 .8
1 2 6 .1
1 2 4 .1
1 2 1 .9
1 2 1 .4
1 2 2 .0
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .....................................................................................................................................................
1 6 4 .5
1 6 3 .8
1 6 0 .7
1 6 4 .1
1 6 4 .5
1 6 2 .1
1 6 5 .0
1 6 5 .2
1 6 2 .0
1 6 3 .1
1 6 3 .8
1 6 0 .6
H o u s in g
..................................................................................................................................................................
A p p a re l a n d u p k e e p
1 8 1 .2
1 6 7 .8
1 6 1 .9
1 6 2 .2
M e d ic a l c a r e ........................................................................................................................................................
1 5 7 .9
1 6 0 .3
1 6 4 .2
1 6 2 .7
1 6 4 .0
1 6 7 .7
1 6 2 .9
1 6 4 .7
1 6 3 .7
1 6 6 .5
1 7 1 .0
E n t e r t a in m e n t
1 4 0 .7
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .3
1 3 3 .5
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .9
1 4 2 .5
1 4 3 .7
1 4 4 .3
1 3 3 .3
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .2
1 5 0 .5
1 5 2 .8
1 5 5 .4
1 6 1 .4
1 6 3 .8
1 6 7 .5
1 4 8 .1
1 5 0 .6
1 5 2 .9
1 5 7 .3
1 6 0 .3
1 6 3 .3
.....................................................................................................................................................
O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s
........................................................................................................................
1 6 0 .9
C O M M O D I T Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P
1 5 1 .9
1 5 1 .7
1 5 1 .2
1 4 9 .7
1 5 0 .8
1 4 9 .7
1 4 8 .2
1 4 8 .7
1 4 7 .2
1 4 7 .6
1 4 8 .4
1 4 7 .2
............................................................................................
1 5 5 .8
1 5 5 .7
1 5 3 .9
1 5 2 .6
1 5 4 .5
1 5 2 .0
1 5 0 .1
1 5 0 .9
1 4 8 .4
1 4 7 .0
1 4 8 .1
1 4 6 .2
...........................................................................................................................................................................
1 7 9 .7
1 7 7 .3
1 7 8 .8
1 7 3 .7
1 7 3 .1
1 7 5 .3
1 6 8 .6
1 6 8 .4
1 6 9 .6
1 7 7 .0
1 7 0 .1
1 7 1 .5
C o m m o d i t i e s ..................................................................................................................................................................
C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s
S e r v ic e s
S o u th
E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y
A ll ite m s
1 5 8 .1
1 5 7 .5
1 5 8 .0
1 5 9 .6
1 5 9 .3
1 5 9 .5
1 5 9 .1
1 5 8 .8
1 5 9 .0
1 5 9 .8
1 5 9 .1
1 5 9 .5
.....................................................................................................................................
1 4 6 .8
1 4 7 .0
1 4 8 .7
1 4 6 .4
1 4 6 .4
1 4 7 .3
1 4 5 .6
1 4 5 .4
1 4 6 .1
1 4 7 .5
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .7
..................................................................................................................................................................
1 6 6 .1
...........................................................................................................................................................................
F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s
1 6 7 .3
1 6 9 .7
1 6 8 .2
.....................................................................................................................................
1 2 7 .5
1 2 8 .0
1 2 7 .6
1 2 5 .3
1 2 4 .7
1 2 4 .0
1 2 3 .7
1 2 2 .6
1 2 0 .1
1 1 2 .4
1 1 1 .1
1 0 8 .3
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .....................................................................................................................................................
1 6 4 .7
1 6 4 .6
1 6 2 .1
1 6 7 .7
1 6 8 .0
1 6 5 .0
1 6 6 .0
1 6 6 .8
1 6 3 .8
1 6 4 .5
1 6 3 .5
1 6 1 .3
H o u s in g
A p p a re l a n d u p k e e p
1 6 4 .3
1 6 4 .9
1 6 7 .5
1 6 6 .0
1 6 6 .1
1 6 7 .3
1 6 9 .9
M e d ic a l c a r e ........................................................................................................................................................
1 6 0 .9
1 6 4 .0
1 6 7 .1
1 6 1 .3
1 7 9 .4
1 8 2 .5
E n t e r t a in m e n t
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .0
1 3 7 .5
1 4 7 .3
1 4 8 .5
1 5 1 .0
1 4 4 .5
1 4 4 .4
1 4 5 .9
1 4 9 .7
1 4 3 .8
1 4 5 .4
1 5 2 .5
1 5 8 .1
1 6 3 .2
1 5 3 .3
1 5 4 .9
1 5 7 .8
1 5 3 .2
1 5 5 .8
1 6 0 .3
.....................................................................................................................................................
O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s
........................................................................................................................
1 5 2 .9
1 5 5 .0
1 5 7 .5
1 5 0 .1
1 5 0 .9
1 5 0 .9
1 6 3 .5
1 6 9 .4
1 6 6 .0
1 6 7 .2
1 7 3 .5
1 7 6 .8
1 7 3 .9
C O M M O D I T Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P
C o m m o d i t i e s ..................................................................................................................................................................
1 5 1 .7
1 5 2 .3
1 5 1 .7
1 4 9 .9
1 5 0 .2
1 4 9 .2
1 5 0 .6
1 5 0 .6
1 4 9 .2
............................................................................................
1 5 1 .6
1 5 2 .6
1 5 1 .5
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .8
1 5 3 .2
1 5 1 .8
1 5 2 .3
1 5 0 .2
1 5 2 .0
1 5 1 .9
1 4 9 .6
...........................................................................................................................................................................
1 6 9 .2
1 6 6 .9
1 6 7 .9
1 7 1 .5
1 6 9 .9
1 7 1 .1
1 7 3 .2
1 7 2 .1
1 7 3 .9
1 7 3 .6
1 7 2 .1
1 7 4 .9
C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s
S e r v ic e s
W est
E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y
A ll ite m s
1 6 0 .3
1 5 6 .9
1 5 7 .8
1 6 0 .1
1 5 7 .9
1 5 8 .3
1 5 2 .6
1 5 0 .1
1 5 1 .0
1 5 8 .1
1 5 7 .8
1 5 7 .9
.....................................................................................................................................
1 4 8 .3
1 4 7 .8
1 4 9 .3
1 4 8 .6
1 4 9 .2
1 5 0 .6
1 4 5 .7
1 4 4 .8
1 4 6 .0
1 5 0 .8
1 5 0 .7
1 5 0 .6
..................................................................................................................................................................
1 6 6 .9
1 6 0 .7
...........................................................................................................................................................................
F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s
1 6 3 .2
1 6 6 .0
1 6 1 .2
1 6 2 .2
1 5 3 .4
1 4 8 .3
1 5 0 .1
1 5 8 .7
1 5 8 .3
1 5 9 .3
.....................................................................................................................................
1 2 0 .7
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .1
1 2 6 .5
1 2 5 .8
1 2 5 .1
1 2 3 .8
1 2 3 .4
1 2 2 .4
1 3 8 .6
1 3 6 .9
1 3 9 .7
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .....................................................................................................................................................
1 6 9 .4
1 6 6 .3
1 6 2 .8
1 6 9 .8
1 6 8 .1
1 6 5 .3
1 6 6 .0
1 6 5 .1
1 6 1 .0
1 6 5 .7
1 6 5 .2
1 6 2 .0
M e d ic a l c a r e ........................................................................................................................................................
1 6 8 .9
1 7 1 .1
1 7 4 .4
1 6 5 .1
1 6 8 .4
1 7 0 .5
1 6 8 .8
1 7 0 .7
1 7 4 .2
1 6 9 .6
1 7 1 .5
1 7 3 .3
H o u s in g
A p p a re l a n d u p k e e p
E n t e r t a in m e n t
.....................................................................................................................................................
O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s
........................................................................................................................
1 3 6 .6
1 3 7 .8
1 3 9 .2
1 4 2 .4
1 4 2 .5
1 4 4 .7
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .2
1 4 3 .3
1 5 4 .9
1 5 4 .3
1 5 5 .2
1 5 5 .4
1 5 9 .3
1 6 2 .9
1 5 5 .0
1 5 8 .9
1 6 1 .7
1 4 8 .0
1 5 3 .0
1 5 5 .9
1 6 4 .2
1 6 5 .2
1 6 8 .8
1 5 0 .5
1 5 0 .6
C O M M O D I T Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P
1 4 7 .7
1 4 8 .9
1 4 8 .0
............................................................................................
1 4 9 .9
1 4 8 .3
1 4 7 .0
1 5 2 .9
1 5 1 .3
1 5 0 .1
1 5 2 .6
1 5 0 .7
1 4 8 .6
1 4 6 .4
1 4 8 .1
1 4 6 .8
...........................................................................................................................................................................
1 7 4 .8
1 6 8 .5
1 7 0 .7
1 7 1 .8
1 6 7 .9
1 6 9 .0
1 5 5 .4
1 5 1 .7
1 5 4 .0
1 7 3 .4
1 7 1 .0
1 7 2 .5
C o m m o d i t i e s ..................................................................................................................................................................
C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s
S e r v ic e s
80
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 4 9 .4
1 4 8 .1
1 4 8 .0
1 5 1 .6
1 5 0 .7
1 4 9 .0
1 4 8 .5
22.
Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average, and selected areas
[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c ifie d ]
U rb a n W a g e E a rn e rs a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s (r e v is e d )
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s
A re a 1
Feb.
U .S . c it y a v e r a g e 2 ...................................................................................................
A n c h o r a g e , A la s k a ( 1 0 / 6 7 - 1 0 0 )
2 8 3 .4
O c t.
N ov.
2 9 3 .3
2 9 4 .1
2 9 3 .6
2 6 3 .4
................................................................
A t la n t a , G a .......................................................................................................................
S e p t.
2 5 9 .9
C h ic a g o , l l l. - N o r t h w e s t e r n In d .............................................................................
2 7 4 .9
2 7 7 .1
2 9 4 .0
2 9 4 .4
2 9 4 .3
Feb.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
2 9 3 .2
2 8 2 .9
2 9 2 .8
2 9 3 .6
2 9 3 .2
2 9 5 .1
2 8 2 .7
2 9 3 .1
2 9 4 .0
2 9 3 .7
2 7 5 .4
2 9 2 .9
2 9 3 .2
2 9 7 .0
2 8 3 .9
2 7 6 .5
2 7 5 .0
2 9 3 .1
2 9 1 .8
2 9 2 .8
2 9 1 .4
3 0 5 .2
3 0 7 .1
3 0 2 .8
3 0 6 .0
2 5 0 .6
2 8 9 .7
2 8 4 .4
2 7 4 .3
Feb.
2 9 2 .3
2 8 9 .7
2 8 2 .7
2 5 8 .0
Jan.
2 9 7 .8
2 9 8 .7
2 8 8 .8
2 8 0 .3
Dec.
2 5 4 .4
2589
2 8 6 .2
2 7 7 .8
3 0 4 .2
3 0 0 .2
C in c in n a t i, O h io - K y . - I n d ...........................................................................................
Feb.
2 9 1 .4
2 8 5 .0
2 8 2 .9
B o s to n , M a s s ..................................................................................................................
B u ffa lo , N . Y .....................................................................................................................
2 9 6 .1
2 9 0 .1
2 8 9 .2
Jan.
2 5 7 .6
2 5 7 .2
2 9 7 .8
2 7 9 .8
B a ltim o r e , M d .................................................................................................................
D ec.
1983
1982
1983
1982
C le v e la n d , O h i o .........................................................................................................
2 8 5 .9
3 1 6 .6
3 1 7 .6
3199
2 8 5 .0
3 1 4 .1
3 1 5 .0
3 1 3 .7
D a lla s - F t. W o r t h , T e x ................................................................................................
2 9 3 .6
3 0 6 .7
3 0 3 .3
3 0 4 .5
2 8 9 .8
3 0 2 .5
2 9 9 ,4
2 9 8 .1
2 9 4 .9
2952
2 9 6 .0
3 3 1 .3
3 2 7 .5
3 2 6 .2
3 2 4 .5
D e n v e r - B o u ld e r , C o l o ...............................................................................................
2 9 2 .6
2 9 2 .6
2 9 2 .3
2 7 4 .8
2 7 0 .4
2 6 3 .0
D e tr o it , M ic h ....................................................................................................................
2 7 7 .8
H o n o lu lu , H a w a ii
2 6 2 .0
2 7 5 .2
H o u s t o n , T e x ..................................................................................................................
3 0 4 .1
3 1 7 .6
3 1 8 .1
3 1 7 .3
K a n s a s C ity , M o - K a n s a s
...................................................................................
2 7 6 .0
2 8 9 .3
2 9 0 .6
2 9 2 .3
L o s A n g e le s - L o n g B e a c h , A n a h e im , C a l i f ..................................................
2854
2 8 6 .8
2 8 9 .2
......................................................................................................
M ia m i, F la . ( 1 1 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 )
...................................................................................
N e w Y o r k , N .Y . - N o r t h e a s t e r n N . J ....................................................................
2 8 9 .5
3 0 2 .4
2 8 0 .7
2 8 4 .5
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a .- N . J .................................................................................................
2 7 5 .5
P itt s b u r g h , P a .................................................................................................................
2 7 8 .6
2 6 3 .0
2 8 1 .8
2 8 5 .6
2 8 3 .6
2 8 1 .8
2 8 2 .9
2 8 1 .6
2 8 2 .1
3 1 4 .9
3 1 6 .1
3 1 7 .4
2 8 7 .3
2 8 8 .6
2 9 1 .7
2 9 2 .8
2 7 8 .9
2 8 2 .0
2 7 5 .1
3 0 4 .8
2 8 0 .0
2 8 2 .1
2 8 1 .2
2 8 2 .0
2 8 0 .3
3 0 9 .0
2 8 0 .8
2 8 1 .0
2 8 2 .5
S t. L o u is , M o . - I ll............................................................................................................
2 9 4 .1
2 9 0 .0
2 9 1 .1
2 9 3 .1
2 8 8 .9
2 8 5 .3
S a n D ie g o , C a l i f ...........................................................................................................
3 2 5 .6
3 2 1 .7
3 2 4 .9
3 2 1 .1
3 1 8 .2
3 1 3 .6
3 0 2 .4
2958
2 9 7 .3
2 9 3 .9
2 9 3 .9
2 9 3 .6
3 0 1 .3
2 9 4 .9
S e a t t e - E v e r e t t . W a s h ..............................................................................................
3 0 2 .2
2 9 7 .5
2 9 7 .5
2 9 8 .3
2 9 4 .1
2 9 1 .4
W a s h in g to n , D .C . - M d . - V a .......................................................................................
2 8 6 .5
2 8 6 .3
2 8 9 .0
2 9 1 .9
2 9 1 .6
2929
'T h e a r e a s lis te d in c lu d e n o t o n ly th e c e n t r a l c ity b u t th e e n t ir e p o r tio n o f th e S t a n d a r d M e tr o p o lita n
S t a t is t ic a l A r e a , a s d e f in e d f o r t h e 1 9 7 0 C e n s u s o f P o p u la tio n , e x c e p t t h a t th e S t a n d a r d C o n s o lid a te d
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 8 3 .3
2 9 6 .6
2 8 1 .7
2 8 3 .5
2 8 5 .6
S a n F r a n c is c o - O a k la n d , C a lif .............................................................................
2 7 9 .6
2 8 2 .6
3 0 1 .7
3 0 0 .3
2 9 0 .1
3 0 3 .5
3 0 6 .1
2 8 1 .9
2 8 0 .6
2 8 5 .8
2 8 9 .0
2 8 8 .0
1 5 9 .2
3 0 6 .9
2 8 2 .7
2 7 7 .1
2 8 6 .6
2 8 8 .0
1 5 8 .6
3 0 7 .6
3 0 5 .3
2 6 7 .8
2 9 1 .6
2 8 8 .2
P o r t la n d , O r e g . - W a s h ...............................................................................................
2 8 7 .1
3 0 0 .3
2 7 8 .9
3 0 2 .1
3 0 0 .7
2 8 8 .7
2 7 4 .1
3 0 6 .3
2 8 3 .2
2 9 2 .1
2 7 4 .8
1 5 7 .5
3 0 5 .8
2826
2 9 1 .2
2 7 1 .0
3 0 5 .0
3 0 6 .1
2 9 1 .2
3 2 3 .9
2 8 8 .0
2 7 4 .7
1 5 7 .9
2 7 9 .4
2 7 6 .0
N o r t h e a s t , P a . ( S c r a n t o n ) ...................................................................................
2 8 5 .3
3 0 3 .1
3 0 7 .7
3 0 6 .0
2 6 9 .0
2 8 8 .5
1 5 6 .8
1 5 6 .1
M ilw a u k e e , W is .............................................................................................................
M in n e a p o lis - S t. P a u l, M in n . - W ls .........................................................................
2 8 8 .2
2 6 9 .9
3 3 2 .5
A r e a is u s e d f o r N e w Y o r k a n d C h ic a g o .
2 A v e r a g e o f 8 5 c itie s .
81
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
23.
Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
[1967 = 100]
Annual
C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g
1982
1983
av e ra g e
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
280.6
277.3
277.3
280.9
259.3
252.5
257.7
333.5
226.7
223.6
279.6
277.7
257.1
263.3
254.5
328.8
223.9
220.5
275.8
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components...........
310.4
Materials and components for manufacturing...........
Materials for food manufacturing ...........................
Materials for nondurable manufacturing ...............
Materials for durable manufacturing ......................
Components for manufacturing .............................
Materials and components for construction
June
J u ly
Aug.
277.8
279.9
281.7
282.3
281.2
284.1
284.9
285.1
283.6
283.7
283.4
277.3
260.0
266.6
257.3
325.7
224.1
222.3
277.2
277.7
262.3
259.9
260.3
324.3
225.0
223.1
278.1
280.1
263.4
254.7
262.0
328.7
225.9
223.5
279.2
282.1
260.6
241.0
260.2
335.3
226.7
223.7
280.2
282.8
259.7
239.2
259.4
337.2
227.5
224.3
280.7
281.9
259.9
228.2
260.6
338.3
223.0
225.5
278.7
284.3
257.7
232.4
257.9
340.0
231.0
227.8
283.2
r 285.3
r 257.4
r 236.1
r 257.2
'342.5
'231.2
'228.4
'283.8
285.1
258.2
247.2
257.1
341.4
231.5
228.3
285.1
283.0
258.3
232.6
258.4
335.2
231.9
227.4
285.7
283.0
259.9
240.4
259.5
332.5
233.5
227.7
286.2
282.5
260.8
247.5
259.9
330.6
233.1
228.1
286.5
310.6
309.9
309.8
309.9
311.1
310.8
310.5
309.9
'309.9
310.2
309.9
310.5
309.2
289.9
255.2
284.5
310.1
274.0
290.4
252.0
288.8
310.9
271.8
290.6
254.4
287.6
311.0
272.6
291.4
260.0
287.6
311.0
273.6
289.8
260.7
285.4
307.5
273.6
289.2
259.7
283.1
308.0
273.9
288.7
258.0
282.6
306.5
274.3
289.9
257.3
281.7
310.5
275.8
289.4
254.2
280.4
309.8
276.7
'288.7
'251.0
'279.2
'309.3
'276.9
288.7
250.1
278.2
309.8
277.7
289.0
250.9
277.4
312.1
277.4
291.3
253.0
277.4
319.1
278.1
290.3
252.5
277.0
315.0
279.0
.............
293.5
293.3
294.0
293.7
294.5
294.3
293.5
294.2
293.7
'293.6
294.5
296.2
298.6
299.4
Processed fuels and lubricants .................................
Manufacturing industries ........................................
Nonmanufacturing industries .................................
, 591.8
497.9
674.4
593.0
496.1
678.3
579.9
487.5
661.1
570.9
481.4
649.5
581.1
491.7
659.5
600.7
506.9
683.0
603.8
510.7
685.5
592.3
496.4
676.9
590.0
496.6
672.1
'593.0
'500.4
'674.2
593.6
500.4
675.5
583.5
493.2
662.7
571.1
483.5
647.8
557.9
471.8
633.4
1982
S e p t.
O c t.
N o v .1
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
F IN IS H E D G O O D S
Finished goods
...................................................
Finished consumer g o o d s ..........................................
Finished consumer fo o d s ........................................
C ru d e ...................................................................
Processec ............................................................
Nondurable goods less fo o d s.................................
Durable goods ........................................................
Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy
Capital equipment .....................................................
IN T E R M E D IA T E
M A T E R IA L S
Containers...................................................................
285.5
286.3
287.0
287.0
286.5
286.3
285.4
285.3
285.1
'284.9
284.6
284.9
285.1
285.3
Supplies .....................................................................
Manufacturing industries ........................................
Nonmanufacturing industries .................................
Feeds ..................................................................
Other supplies.....................................................
272.2
266.0
275.7
207.1
289.9
270.6
264.5
274.1
208.1
287.9
272.1
265.3
276.0
213.1
288.9
273.4
266.7
277.2
214.2
290.1
273.4
266.7
277.1
213.1
290.4
273.1
266.8
276.7
210.3
290.5
272.6
266.5
276.0
203.1
291.1
272.2
266.7
275.3
198.1
291.3
272.0
266.9
274.9
192.9
291.9
'272.8
'266.9
'276.1
'199.8
'291.9
273.2
267.4
276.5
204.9
291.3
273.6
268.0
276.8
206.9
291.3
274.2
268.7
277.3
207.6
291.8
274.5
268.9
277.6
207.8
292.1
Crude materials for further processing.............................
319.5
320.0
322.6
328.3
325.6
323.4
319.8
316.1
312.0
'313.2
312.6
313.7
321.0
322.1
Foodstuffs and feedstuffs..........................................
247.8
247.9
254.4
262.6
259.9
255.5
249.6
242.9
236.3
236.3
237.0
239.6
249.3
249.1
Nonfood materials .....................................................
474.0
475.2
469.9
470.2
467.7
469.8
471.0
473.7
474.8
'478.6
475.0
473.0
475.5
479.4
Nonfood materials except fuel ...............................
Manufacturing industries......................................
Construction ........................................................
376.9
387.2
270.7
387.1
398.4
273.2
378.8
389.0
273.3
376.6
386.3
274.5
370.0
378.9
274.2
369.2
378.4
271.4
369.5
378.9
270.3
369.5
379.1
268.8
371.9
382.2
266.3
'369.2
'379.2
'265.6
366.0
375.0
269.4
368.1
377.5
268.9
366.6
375.5
270.8
367.1
376.2
270.2
Crude ‘ ue1 ..............................................................
Manufacturing industries......................................
Nonmanufacturing industries...............................
886.3
1,034.8
782.7
839.7
974.7
746.6
851.2
989.1
755.8
864.8
1006.7
766.4
883.9
901.3
1,032.0 1,053.9
780.5
794.5
906.9
1,061.1
798.9
923.5
1,083.6
810.7
917.2
'954.7
1,075.3 '1,124.5
805.9
'834.2
949.5
1,117.0
830.9
926.3
1,088.2
812.0
949.1
1,118.7
828.8
970.0
1,144.8
845.7
Finished goods excluding fo o d s......................................
Finished consumer goods excluding foods ...............
Finished consumer goods less e n e rg y ......................
285.7
287.8
251.2
281.9
284.0
241.3
281.1
282.3
243.0
281.0
281.8
244.3
283.4
284.8
245.1
286.7
288.8
244.5
287.9
290.2
244.7
286.3
288.9
243.9
290.8
293.3
246.5
'292.0
'294.8
'246.7
292.0
294.3
247.0
289.9
291.1
246.9
289.6
290.3
248.0
288.8
289.1
248.4
Intermediate materials less foods and fe e d s....................
Intermediate materials less energy ...........................
315.7
290.5
316.0
290.5
315.1
291.0
314.6
291.6
314.7
290.8
316.1
290.4
316.0
289.7
315.9
290.5
315.5
290.1
'315.5
'289.8
315.7
290.2
315.3
290.7
315.9
292.6
314.5
292.3
Intermediate foods and feeds ...........................
239.5
237.7
240.9
245.0
245.1
243.6
240.2
238.1
234.4
'234.4
235.4
236.5
238.2
237.9
Crude materials less agricultural products ....................
Crude materials less en e rg y...............................
536.5
240.4
538.4
242.8
531.6
247.3
531.5
252.8
529.1
248.7
531.5
245.1
532.0
240.7
535.5
235.6
537.2
230.0
'541.9
'229.2
537.0
229.9
534.8
232.6
537.5
241.6
541.7
242.8
C R U D E M A T E R IA L S
S P E C IA L G R O U P IN G S
1Data for November 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and
corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
82
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r=revised.
24.
Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings
[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c ifie d ]
A nnual
Code
1982
1983
C o m m o d ity g r o u p a n d s u b g ro u p
M a r.
A p r.
2 9 9 .3
2 9 8 .0
2 9 8 .0
2 9 8 .6
2 9 9 .3
3 0 0 .4
3 0 0 .2
2 9 9 .3
2 9 9 .8
r 3 0 0 .3
3 0 0 .6
3 1 7 .6
3 1 6 .2
3 1 6 .2
3 1 6 .8
3 1 7 .6
3 1 8 .7
3 1 8 .5
3 1 7 .6
3 1 8 .1
'3 1 8 . 6
3 1 8 .9
F a rm p ro d u c ts a n d p ro c e s s e d fo o d s an d fe e d s
2 4 8 .9
2 4 7 .5
2 5 1 .6
2 5 5 .8
2 5 5 .3
2 5 2 .4
2 4 9 .6
2 4 7 .4
2 4 3 .8
'2 4 3 . 9
I n d u s t r ia l c o m m o d i t i e s
3 1 2 .3
3 1 1 .0
3 0 9 .9
3 0 9 .6
3 1 0 .6
3 1 2 .8
3 1 3 .2
3 1 2 .7
3 1 4 .3
'3 1 5 . 0
1982
A ll c o m m o d i t i e s
A ll c o m m o d i t i e s ( 1 9 5 7 - 5 9 =
100)
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N o v .1
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
3 0 0 .0
3 0 1 .2
3 0 0 .5
3 1 8 .3
3 1 9 .6
3 1 8 .8
2 4 4 .8
2 4 5 .9
2 4 9 .9
2 5 0 .4
3 1 5 .0
3 1 4 .0
3 1 4 .4
3 1 3 .4
FARM PR O D U C TS A N D PR O C ES SE D FO O D S
A N D FEEDS
01
F a rm p r o d u c ts
................................................................
2 4 2 .3
2 4 4 .7
2 5 0 .6
2 5 6 .5
2 5 2 .7
2 4 6 .6
2 4 0 .8
2 3 4 .5
2 9 9 .2
'2 3 0 . 7
2 3 2 .5
2 3 3 .1
2 4 0 .8
2 4 1 .4
0 1 -1
F r e s h a n d d r ie d fr u it s a n d v e g e t a b le s
2 5 3 .4
2 5 7 .3
2 6 7 .6
2 7 1 .5
2 6 4 .5
2 3 9 .1
2 3 8 .6
2 2 1 .0
2 2 3 .0
'2 3 3 . 4
2 4 8 .1
2 2 7 .0
2 2 7 .2
2 3 4 .3
0 1 -2
G r a i n s ............................................................................................
2 1 0 .9
2 2 0 .9
2 2 6 .0
2 2 8 .2
2 2 5 .7
2 1 2 .8
1 9 7 .2
1 8 7 .3
1 8 3 .2
1 9 8 .6
2 0 2 .3
2 0 6 .3
2 2 2 .4
2 2 7 .4
0 1 -3
L iv e s to c k
2 5 7 .8
2 5 5 .6
2 6 7 .6
2 8 2 .9
2 7 7 .5
2 7 0 .3
2 6 8 .4
2 5 9 .0
2 4 8 .5
2 3 9 .1
2 3 7 .2
2 4 2 .3
2 5 1 .1
0 1 -4
L iv e p o u l t r y ............................................................................
1 9 1 .9
1 9 7 .7
1 8 6 .2
1 9 2 .7
2 0 7 .2
2 1 2 .5
1 8 9 .3
1 9 6 .5
1 7 7 .1
1 8 1 .6
1 7 7 .8
1 7 7 .1
2 0 0 .1
1 7 7 .8
0 1 -5
P la n t a n d a n im a l f i b e r s .............................................................
2 0 2 .9
1 9 9 .5
2 0 7 .4
2 1 4 .1
2 0 3 .1
2 2 0 .8
2 0 7 .5
1 9 6 .8
1 9 8 .1
1 9 5 .3
2 0 0 .6
2 0 1 .7
2 0 6 .4
2 1 7 .0
0 1 -6
F lu id m ilk
2 8 2 .5
2 8 2 .5
2 8 1 .9
2 8 5 .0
0 1 -7
E g g s ............................................................................................................................................
1 7 8 .7
2 0 4 .0
1 9 2 .1
1 6 4 .3
1 5 9 .3
1 7 1 .7
1 7 1 .7
1 7 3 .3
1 7 7 .9
1 7 2 .5
1 7 0 .0
1 7 0 .0
1 7 0 .0
1 7 0 .0
0 1 -8
H a y , h a y s e e d s , a n d o ils e e d s
2 1 2 .8
2 1 3 .7
2 2 2 .8
2 2 7 .3
2 1 9 .3
2 2 0 .0
2 0 4 .5
2 0 1 .8
1 9 4 .3
2 0 4 .8
2 0 9 .0
2 1 2 .4
2 1 7 .9
2 1 7 .8
0 1 -9
O th e r fa rm p ro d u c ts
2 7 4 .5
2 7 3 .0
2 7 4 .2
2 7 3 .9
2 7 1 .8
2 6 5 .5
2 7 4 .4
2 7 6 .8
2 7 4 .0
2 7 6 .3
2 8 0 .1
2 7 9 .9
2 8 2 .0
2 8 0 .3
02
.............................
.........................................................................
................................................
................................................
............................................................
P r o c e s s e d f o o d s a n d f e e d s .........................................................
2 8 0 .3
2 7 8 .8
2 7 8 .9
2 7 9 .0
2 7 8 .8
2 8 5 .9
2 8 5 .5
2 8 4 .5
2 8 4 .5
2 5 1 .4
2 8 2 .9
2 5 1 .5
2 4 8 .1
2 5 1 .1
2 5 4 .4
2 5 5 .8
2 5 4 .6
2 5 3 .5
2 5 3 .5
2 5 0 .8
'2 5 0 . 2
2 5 0 .6
2 5 1 .8
0 2 -1
C e r e a l a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s ................................................
2 5 3 .9
2 5 3 .3
2 5 3 .5
2 5 2 .8
2 5 2 .7
2 5 3 .0
2 5 2 .7
2 5 4 .0
2 5 3 .0
'2 5 4 . 2
2 5 6 .6
2 5 6 .9
2 5 7 .3
2 5 7 .4
0 2 -2
M e a ts , p o u lt r y , a n d f is h
2 5 7 .6
2 5 0 .0
2 5 8 .2
2 6 7 .6
2 7 1 .2
2 6 6 .0
2 6 2 .2
2 6 5 .7
2 5 6 .9
'2 5 1 . 6
2 4 9 .9
2 5 2 .2
2 5 7 .7
2 6 0 .1
2 4 8 .4
2 4 8 .5
2 4 8 .7
2 4 8 .6
2 4 8 .8
2 4 9 .1
...................................................................
2 5 3 .9
2 5 4 .3
0 2 -3
D a r y p r o d u c t s ......................................................................................
2 4 8 .9
2 4 8 .0
2 4 9 .8
2 5 0 .2
2 5 0 .7
2 5 1 .0
0 2 -4
P r o c e s s e d fr u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s ...................................
2 7 4 .3
2 7 5 .9
2 7 5 .2
2 7 3 .8
2 7 5 .8
2 7 4 .4
2 7 4 .1
2 7 2 .8
2 7 3 .4
'2 7 2 . 8
2 7 3 .0
2 7 4 .6
2 7 3 .9
272 9
0 2 -5
S u g a r a n d c o n f e c t io n e r y
2 6 9 .9
2 5 5 .0
2 5 6 .0
2 6 5 .3
2 6 9 .1
2 7 5 .7
2 8 5 .5
2 7 8 .5
2 7 6 .3
'2 8 0 . 4
2 8 0 .8
2 8 1 .8
2 8 6 .4
2 8 3 .7
0 2 -6
................................................
2 5 0 .8
2 5 0 .7
B e v e r a g e s a n d b e v e r a g e m a t e r i a l s .........................................
2 5 6 .9
2 5 6 .4
2 5 6 .6
2 5 6 .5
2 5 6 .7
2 5 6 .9
2 5 8 .0
2 5 7 .1
2 5 7 .9
'2 5 8 . 4
2 5 9 .0
2 6 0 .9
2 6 1 .6
2 6 1 .8
0 2 -7
F a t s a n d o i l s .........................................................................
2 1 5 .5
2 1 3 .7
2 1 8 .1
2 2 2 .3
2 2 1 .8
2 2 1 .3
2 1 5 .6
2 1 1 .4
2 1 3 .8
'2 0 7 . 2
2 0 4 .3
2 0 3 .6
2 0 5 .6
2 0 5 .0
0 2 -8
M is c e lla n e o u s p r o c e s s e d fo o d s
2 4 8 .6
2 4 9 .5
2 4 9 .6
2 4 8 .0
2 4 8 .6
2 4 8 .1
2 4 5 .9
2 4 7 .0
2 4 7 .9
'2 4 7 . 8
2 4 8 .6
2 4 8 .9
2 4 8 .9
2 4 8 .5
0 2 -9
P r e p a r e d a n im a l f e e d s ......................................................
2 1 1 .3
2 1 1 .4
2 1 6 .3
2 1 7 .4
2 1 6 .4
2 1 3 .9
2 0 7 .5
2 0 4 .3
1 9 9 .8
'2 0 6 . 0
2 1 0 .5
2 1 2 .1
2 1 2 .4
2 1 2 .5
2 0 4 .3
2 0 5 .0
2 0 5 .4
2 0 5 .4
2 0 5 .0
2 0 4 .1
2 0 4 .2
2 0 4 .3
2 0 4 .1
'2 0 3 . 9
2 0 2 .4
2026
2 0 2 .4
2 0 3 .2
1 6 2 .4
1 6 1 .3
1 6 3 .0
1 6 3 .4
1 6 2 .8
1 6 1 .5
1 6 2 .2
1 6 2 .5
1 6 1 .1
'1 6 1 . 2
1 6 0 .6
1 5 8 .4
1 5 5 .4
1 5 6 .3
1 3 7 .7
1 4 0 .5
1 4 0 .4
1 4 1 .0
1 3 9 .4
1 3 5 .9
1 3 5 .9
1 3 6 .6
1 3 6 .5
1 3 6 .7
1 3 6 .7
1 3 5 .1
1 3 5 .4
1 3 5 .9
1 4 5 .3
1 4 6 .6
1 4 6 .3
1 4 5 .9
1 4 6 .0
1 4 4 .9
1 4 4 .6
1 4 3 .6
1 4 3 .7
.........................
IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S
03
T e x t ile p r o d u c t s a n d a p p a r e l
............................................................
0 3 -1
S y n t h e t ic f ib e r s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =
0 3 -2
P ro c e s s e d y a rn s a n d th re a d s ( 1 2 /7 5 =
0 3 -3
G r a y f a b r ic s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =
1 0 0 ) ................................................
100)
.. . .
1 0 0 ) ...................................
0 3 -4
F in is h e d f a b r ic s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =
0 3 -8 1
A p p a r e l ......................................................................................
0 3 -8 2
T e x t ile h o u s e f u r n i s h i n g s ...................................................
04
100)
..........................
H id e s , s k in s , le a th e r , a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s
................................
' 1 4 3 .1
1 4 3 .3
1 4 4 .8
1 4 4 .4
1 4 5 .0
1 2 4 .6
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .4
1 2 5 .2
1 2 4 .0
1 2 3 .8
1 2 4 .3
1 2 3 .7
1 2 3 .2
'1 2 3 . 0
1 2 2 .9
1 2 2 .3
1 2 2 .4
1 2 2 .5
1 9 3 .8
1 9 3 .4
1 9 4 .1
1 9 4 .5
1 9 5 .0
1 9 4 .8
1 9 5 .1
1 9 5 .4
1 9 5 .7
'1 9 5 . 4
1 9 1 .7
1 9 2 .9
1 9 3 .3
1 9 4 .6
2 4 0 .0
2 4 1 .4
2 4 1 .8
2 3 9 .5
2 3 9 .7
2 3 8 .2
2 3 6 .4
2 3 8 .2
2 3 6 .2
'2 3 6 . 2
2 4 0 .5
2 4 0 .8
2 3 8 .7
2 3 8 .5
2 6 3 .0
2 6 0 .6
2 6 3 .4
2 6 3 .2
2 6 1 .8
2 6 3 .1
2 6 2 .0
2 6 3 .5
2 6 3 .2
'2 6 3 . 2
2 6 5 .2
2 6 5 .6
2 6 5 .0
2 6 5 .9
3 1 0 .6
3 0 9 .8
3 0 7 .7
3 0 7 .4
3 0 4 .9
3 0 9 .2
3 0 9 .5
3 1 2 .8
3 1 4 .3
3 1 4 .9
3 1 2 .7
3 1 6 .0
2 4 8 .2
2 4 7 .5
2 4 6 .9
2 4 8 .0
0 4 -2
L e a t h e r ...................................................................
3 1 1 .3
3 1 3 .3
0 4 -3
F o o tw e a r
2 4 5 .0
2 3 9 .8
2 4 4 .8
2 4 4 .5
2 4 4 .2
2 4 7 .3
2 4 7 .7
2 4 8 .3
2 4 8 .0
2 4 9 .1
0 4 -4
O t h e r le a t h e r a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ......................................
2 4 8 .9
2 4 8 .1
2 4 8 .1
2 4 8 .1
2 4 5 .6
2 4 6 .9
2 4 4 .9
2 4 7 .7
2 4 7 .2
'2 4 7 . 1
2 5 3 .1
2 5 4 .6
2 5 5 .0
2 5 4 .5
6 9 3 .4
6 8 9 .7
6 7 0 .6
6 6 2 .2
6 7 7 .3
7 0 1 .1
7 0 5 .6
7 0 0 .4
6 9 8 .8
'7 0 6 . 1
7 0 2 .6
6 8 6 .3
6 7 3 .5
6 6 2 .3
05
............................................................................
F u e ls a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s a n d p o w e r
0 5 -1
C o a l ...................................................................
0 5 -2
C oke
0 5 -3
G a s fu e ls 2
0 5 -4
..........................
5 3 5 .3
...............................................................................
5 2 9 .6
5 3 2 .6
5 3 4 .0
5 3 3 .6
5 3 8 .0
5 3 9 .0
5 3 8 .5
5 3 8 .1
'5 3 9 .6
5 4 0 .3
5 3 2 .3
5 3 4 .6
5 4 0 .0
4 6 1 .8
4 6 7 .5
4 6 7 .5
4 6 7 .5
4 6 2 .0
4 6 0 .3
4 5 9 .1
4 6 0 .0
4 5 2 .3
4 5 2 .3
4 5 2 .3
4 5 0 .9
4 5 0 .9
4 4 7 .3
1 , 0 6 1 .2
9 9 0 .5
9 9 2 .7
1 , 0 0 1 .2
1 ,0 2 7 .5
1 , 0 5 4 .3
1 , 0 7 4 .6
1 ,1 1 2 .2
1 ,1 3 0 .1
'1 , 1 9 0 . 0
1 ,1 7 7 .4
1 ,1 4 3 .5
1 ,1 6 9 .2
1 ,1 9 0 .5
E le c t r ic p o w e r .........................................................
4 0 6 .6
4 0 3 .7
4 0 6 .3
4 0 7 .1
4 0 5 .7
4 1 6 .0
4 1 4 .9
4 1 5 .0
4 0 8 .7
'4 0 4 . 9
4 1 0 .3
4 1 1 .2
4 1 1 .2
4 1 1 .7
0 5 -6 1
C r u d e p e t r o le u m 3
7 3 3 .5
7 4 4 .8
7 1 7 .9
7 1 7 .8
7 1 8 .2
7 1 8 .4
7 1 8 .4
7 1 8 .3
7 3 5 .3
'7 3 3 . 6
7 2 0 .4
7 2 0 .1
6 9 3 .3
6 7 8 .5
0 5 -7
P e t r o le u m p r o d u c t s , r e f i n e d 4
7 6 1 .5
7 7 0 .6
7 3 3 .5
7 1 3 .2
7 3 9 .4
7 7 6 .5
7 8 1 .7
7 6 1 .6
7 5 4 .6
'7 5 8 . 0
7 5 3 .0
7 2 7 .1
6 9 9 .2
6 7 2 .7
2 9 2 .4
2 9 4 .6
2 9 4 .3
06
......................................................................................
...................................................
...................................
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ...................................................
2 9 5 .0
2 9 3 .3
0 6 -1
In d u s tr ia l c h e m ic a ls 5
3 5 3 .0
3 6 1 .4
3 5 7 .8
3 5 7 .1
3 5 1 .2
3 4 9 .1
3 4 9 .1
3 4 6 .5
3 4 5 .8
'3 4 5 . 2
3 4 2 .9
3 3 9 .9
3 4 1 .0
3 3 9 .4
0 6 -2 1
P r e p a r e d p a i n t ............................................................................................
2 6 2 .9
2 5 8 .9
2 5 8 .9
2 6 4 .7
2 6 4 .7
2 6 4 .7
2 6 4 .7
2 6 4 .7
2 6 4 .7
'2 6 4 . 7
2 6 5 .1
2 6 5 .1
2 6 5 .1
2 6 5 .1
0 6 -2 2
P a in t m a t e r ia ls
3 0 4 .6
3 0 6 .8
3 0 6 .7
3 0 6 .9
3 0 4 .9
3 0 4 .5
3 0 2 .5
3 0 3 .0
3 0 3 .0
'3 0 2 . 4
3 0 1 .5
3 0 1 .3
2 9 9 .3
2 9 8 .1
'2 1 5 . 5
.........................................................
................................................................................
0 6 -3
D r u g s a n d p h a r m a c e u t ic a ls
0 6 -4
F a t s a n d o ils , in e d ib le
0 6 -5
A g r ic u lt u r a l c h e m ic a ls a n d c h e m ic a l p r o d u c t s
0 6 -6
P la s t ic r e s in s a n d m a t e r ia ls
0 6 -7
O t h e r c h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................................
07
......................................................................
.........................................................................
R u b b e r a n d p la s t ic p r o d u c t s
.............................
.............................................................
............................................................................
2 1 0 .1
2 0 5 .9
2 9 1 .6
2 9 1 .6
2 9 0 .7
2 8 9 .9
2 9 0 .5
2 8 9 .3
2 8 9 .2
2 9 0 .6
2 9 0 .1
2 0 8 .9
2 0 9 .9
2 0 9 .7
2 1 0 .0
2 1 1 .2
2 1 2 .4
2 1 4 .9
2 1 6 .0
2 1 8 .3
2 6 7 .1
2 9 0 .1
2 8 2 .6
2 8 8 .4
2 8 7 .5
2 7 8 .2
2 5 4 .2
2 5 4 .1
2 4 2 .3
2 3 9 .6
2 4 0 .8
2 4 1 .9
2 5 3 .4
2 6 2 .0
2 9 2 .7
2 9 7 .1
2 9 5 .8
2 9 4 .8
2 9 4 .1
2 9 1 .5
2 9 0 .8
2 8 9 .9
2 8 8 .8
'2 8 6 . 5
2 8 6 .2
2 8 2 .8
2 8 2 .5
2 8 4 .0
2 8 3 .3
2 8 5 .5
2 8 6 .0
2 8 3 .2
2 8 2 .1
2 8 0 .9
2 8 2 .2
2 8 1 .6
2 8 1 .3
'2 8 2 . 2
2 8 1 .4
2 8 2 .8
2 8 2 .3
2 8 2 .8
2 6 9 .8
2 6 8 .5
2 7 0 .0
2 7 2 .7
2 7 3 .8
2 7 1 .1
2 7 2 .3
2 7 1 .2
2 6 8 .6
'2 7 2 . 3
2 7 0 .2
2 7 2 .6
2 7 4 .8
2 7 2 .2
2 4 1 .6
2 4 0 .8
2 4 1 .1
2 4 2 .1
2 4 2 .5
2 4 2 .0
2 4 2 .6
2 4 2 .5
2 4 2 .2
'2 4 1 . 7
2 4 3 .0
2 4 4 .5
2 4 2 .8
2 4 3 .1
2 2 1 .3
2 2 2 .7
0 7 -1
R u b b e r a n d r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ................................................
2 6 6 .7
2 6 6 .6
2 7 0 .1
2 6 9 .5
2 7 0 .5
2 7 3 .9
2 7 0 .0
2 7 1 .1
0 7 -1 1
C ru d e ru b b e r
2 7 8 .9
2 8 3 .5
2 8 3 .3
2 8 3 .7
2 8 2 .5
2 8 0 .3
2 7 8 .7
2 7 6 .6
2 7 2 .5
'2 7 0 . 9
2 7 1 .0
2 7 1 .0
2 7 4 .2
2 8 1 .1
0 7 -1 2
T ir e s a n d t u b e s ......................................................................................
2 5 5 .2
2 5 3 .7
2 5 3 .4
2 5 4 .9
2 5 5 .3
2 5 5 .0
2 5 7 .8
2 5 5 .6
2 5 5 .7
'2 5 4 .5
2 5 6 .2
2 5 9 .1
2 5 0 .4
2 5 0 .1
0 7 -1 3
M is c e lla n e o u s r u b b e r p r o d u c t s .............................................................
2 7 8 .8
2 7 4 .3
2 7 4 .7
2 7 8 .8
2 7 9 .5
2 7 9 .4
2 7 9 .7
2 8 1 .6
2 8 1 .4
'2 8 0 .7
2 8 5 .5
2 9 0 .7
2 9 0 .8
2 9 1 .9
0 7 -2
P la s t ic p r o d u c t s ( 6 / 7 8 =
1 3 2 .2
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .6
1 3 2 .5
1 3 2 .8
1 3 2 .5
1 3 2 .5
1 3 2 .7
1 3 2 .7
'1 3 2 . 7
1 3 2 .8
1 3 2 .6
1 3 2 .8
1 3 2 .6
2 8 4 .7
2 8 5 .3
2 8 6 .5
2 8 4 .6
2 8 9 .0
2 8 8 .6
2 8 4 .2
2 8 3 .0
2 7 9 .4
2 7 9 ,9
2 8 4 .8
2 9 2 .1
3 0 2 .7
3 0 5 .0
08
...................................................................................................
100)
............................................................................
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ...................................................................
0 8 -1
L u m b e r ...................................................................................
2 6 8 .5
3 1 0 .8
3 0 8 .2
3 1 2 .4
2 6 9 .0
3 1 0 .5
2 6 9 .3
3 1 5 .8
2 6 8 .8
2 6 8 .9
'2 6 7 . 9
3 1 9 .2
3 1 1 .6
3 1 0 .3
3 0 5 .6
3 0 5 .1
3 1 1 .0
3 2 4 .2
3 4 3 .6
3 4 8 .2
0 8 -2
M illw o r k
...................................................................................
2 7 9 .4
2 7 6 .5
2 7 6 .6
2 7 6 .3
2 8 0 .5
2 8 2 .3
2 8 0 .2
2 7 9 .5
2 7 8 .6
2 8 0 .3
2 8 6 .1
2 9 3 ,7
3 0 0 .5
3 0 4 .0
0 8 -3
P ly w o o d
................................................................
2 3 2 .1
2 3 6 .5
2 3 4 .0
2 3 0 .5
2 3 9 .2
2 3 2 .4
2 2 9 .0
2 2 8 .5
2 2 4 .0
2 2 7 .8
2 3 1 .2
2 3 4 .4
2 3 9 .3
2 3 8 .8
0 8 -4
O t h e r w o o d p r o d u c t s ......................................................................................
2 3 6 .2
2 3 8 .6
2 3 7 .7
2 3 7 .4
2 3 6 .0
2 3 6 .0
2 3 5 .8
2 3 5 .6
2 3 5 .8
'2 3 3 . 0
2 3 1 .3
2 3 2 .0
2 3 3 .2
2 3 1 .6
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
83
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
24.
Continued — Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings
[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c ifie d ]
A nnual
Code
C o m m o d ity g r o u p a n d s u b g ro u p
1982
IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S
09
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
1983
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N o v .’
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
C o n tin u e d
P u lp , p a p e r , a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................................................
0 9 -1
P u lp , p a p e r , a n d p r o d u c ts , e x c lu d in g b u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a r d
0 9 -1 1
W o o d p u l p ............................................................................................................
0 9 -1 2
W a s te p a p e r
0 9 -1 3
P a p e r .........................................................................................
0 9 -1 4
1982
av erag e
2 8 8 .6
...
...............................................................................
P a p e r b o a r d ...................................................................................
2 8 7 .4
2 8 8 .5
2 8 9 .6
2 8 9 .5
2 8 9 .1
2 8 9 .4
2 8 9 .8
'2 8 9 . 8
2 8 9 .5
2 9 1 .1
2 9 3 .3
2 9 3 .8
2 7 3 .3
2 7 6 ,6
2 7 5 .3
2 7 4 .8
2 7 4 .1
2 7 2 .6
2 7 2 .2
2 7 1 .5
2 7 0 .3
'2 6 9 . 4
2 6 9 .1
2 6 9 .1
2 6 9 .0
2 6 9 .1
3 7 9 .8
4 1 1 .6
3 8 9 .9
3 9 3 .3
3 8 8 .0
3 6 8 .3
3 6 7 .0
2 8 9 .3
3 6 5 .0
3 5 0 .4
'3 4 7 ,3
3 4 9 .3
3 5 0 .5
3 4 9 .5
3 4 6 .7
1 2 1 .1
1 2 9 .2
1 2 8 .1
1 2 1 .5
1 1 5 .2
1 1 5 .6
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .0
2 8 6 .6
2 8 9 .6
2 8 9 .4
2 8 8 .2
2 8 7 .8
2 8 6 .3
2 8 5 .3
2 8 5 .3
2 8 5 .4
'2 8 0 .6
2 8 0 .0
2 7 9 .8
2 7 9 .1
2 7 8 .6
2 5 4 .9
2 6 1 .1
2 6 1 .2
2 5 8 .8
2 5 5 .9
2 5 5 .0
2 5 5 .4
2 5 0 .7
2 4 8 .0
2 4 7 .6
2 4 4 .5
2 4 3 .6
2 4 4 .0
2 4 6 .6
0 9 -1 5
C o n v e rte d p a p e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd p ro d u c ts
...................................................
2 6 4 .4
2 6 4 .5
2 6 4 .3
2 6 4 .3
2 6 4 .5
2 6 4 .4
2 6 4 .3
2 6 4 .2
2 6 4 .0
'2 6 4 . 7
2 6 4 .9
2 6 5 .0
2 6 5 .1
2 6 5 .2
0 9 -2
B u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a r d ............................................................................................
2 3 9 .3
2 3 9 .6
2 3 6 .3
2 4 0 .2
2 4 0 .0
2 3 9 .8
2 4 4 .4
2 4 3 .4
2 4 2 .1
'2 4 1 .0
2 4 1 .4
2 4 0 .5
2 4 0 .8
2 4 3 .3
............................................................................................
3 0 1 .8
3 0 2 .9
3 0 3 .1
3 0 2 .8
2 9 9 .3
2 9 9 .5
2 9 9 .2
3 0 1 .8
3 0 1 .6
'3 0 0 . 5
3 0 0 .9
3 0 1 .7
3 0 6 .1
3 0 5 .4
.....................................................................................................................
3 3 9 .1
10
M e t a ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c t s
1 0 -1
Ir o n a n d s t e e l
3 4 2 .5
3 4 2 .8
3 4 1 .3
3 3 8 .3
3 3 7 .5
3 3 7 .1
3 3 6 .5
3 3 7 .6
'3 3 5 . 9
3 3 3 .3
3 3 3 .2
3 4 0 .3
3 4 1 .8
1 0 -1 7
S t e e l m ill p r o d u c t s ..................................................................................................
3 4 9 .7
3 5 0 .5
3 5 2 .2
3 5 2 .1
3 4 9 .9
3 4 9 .0
3 4 8 .6
3 4 8 .2
3 4 9 .8
'3 4 8 . 6
3 4 5 .5
3 4 3 .7
3 5 1 .8
3 5 0 .1
1 0 -2
N o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s ..................................................................................................
2 6 3 .6
2 6 7 .2
2 6 6 .1
2 6 3 .6
2 5 3 .4
2 5 6 .4
2 5 5 .7
2 6 5 .1
2 6 2 .9
'2 6 1 . 7
2 6 4 .0
2 6 7 .6
2 7 5 .5
2 6 8 .8
1 0 -3
M e ta l c o n t a in e r s
3 2 8 .1
3 2 7 .2
3 3 0 .0
3 3 0 .2
3 2 9 .9
3 3 0 .0
3 2 8 .8
3 2 8 .8
3 2 9 .7
'3 2 9 . 0
3 2 5 .7
3 2 7 .0
3 3 0 .3
3 3 1 .6
1 0 -4
H a rd w a re
..................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
2 7 9 .5
2 7 8 .2
2 7 8 .5
2 7 8 .9
2 8 0 .3
2 8 1 .2
2 8 2 .6
1 0 -5
P lu m b in g fix t u r e s a n d b r a s s f i t t i n g s ...................................................
2 7 8 .7
2 7 9 .1
2 8 0 .3
2 8 1 .0
2 8 2 .6
2 8 3 .3
2 7 4 .6
2 7 7 .1
2 7 7 .8
'2 7 8 . 3
2 7 9 .1
2 8 0 .6
2 8 3 .4
2 8 5 .5
1 0 -6
H e a tin g e q u i p m e n t .........................................................................................................
2 3 7 .3
2 3 5 .4
2 3 6 .0
2 3 7 .2
2 3 8 .5
2 3 8 .9
2 3 8 .4
2 3 9 .1
2 3 8 .4
'2 3 8 . 8
2 3 9 .3
2 4 0 .1
2 4 0 .8
2 4 1 .1
2 8 2 .7
2 8 3 .0
'2 8 3 . 1
2 8 3 .5
2 8 4 .9
2 8 5 .6
2 8 5 .9
1 0 -7
F a b r ic a t e d s t r u c t u r a l m e ta l p r o d u c t s ...................................................................
3 0 4 .2
3 0 4 .5
3 0 5 .2
3 0 4 .9
3 0 5 .3
3 0 3 .9
3 0 4 .3
3 0 6 .4
3 0 5 .9
'3 0 5 . 3
3 0 4 .6
3 0 3 .3
3 0 2 .5
3 0 3 .7
1 0 -8
M is c e lla n e o u s m e ta l p r o d u c t s ......................................................
2 8 4 .1
2 7 9 .0
2 7 9 .7
2 8 4 .5
2 8 3 .9
2832
2 8 3 .3
2 8 3 .8
2 8 4 .1
'2 8 3 . 4
2 8 8 .7
2 8 8 .6
2 8 8 .6
2 8 9 .8
2 7 8 .7
2 7 6 .2
2 7 7 .6
2 7 8 .2
2 7 8 .6
2 7 9 .6
279 9
2 8 0 .2
2 8 1 .1
'2 8 1 . 8
2 8 1 .8
2 8 2 .7
2 8 3 .6
2 8 4 .0
3 1 0 .9
3 0 6 .4
3 0 6 .8
3 0 8 .2
3 0 9 .7
3 1 1 .0
3 1 2 .2
3 1 4 .1
3 1 7 .5
'3 1 8 . 7
3 1 9 .9
3 2 1 .4
3 2 2 .5
3 2 2 .8
3 4 1 .5
3 4 3 .5
3 4 3 .9
3 4 7 .5
3 4 7 .9
3 4 8 .1
3 4 9 .6
11
M a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t
...................................................................................
1 1 -1
A g r ic u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ................................................................
1 1 -2
C o n s t r u c t io n m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t .............................................................
3 4 3 .8
3 3 9 .2
3 4 7 .6
'3 4 7 , 9
1 1 -3
M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t
.........................................................
3 2 0 .7
3 1 7 .8
3 1 9 .6
3 2 0 .7
3 2 1 .2
3 2 2 .5
3 2 2 .8
3 2 3 .1
3 2 3 .1
'3 2 3 . 5
3 2 3 .1
3 2 3 .7
3 2 4 .5
11=1
G e n e r a l p u r p o s e m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ...................................................
3 0 3 .9
3 0 2 .0
3 0 3 .4
3 0 3 .8
3 0 3 .5
3 0 4 .8
3 0 4 .9
3 0 5 .0
3 0 5 .9
'3 0 6 . 4
3 0 6 .6
3 0 6 .9
3 0 7 .5
3 0 7 .3
1 1 -6
S p e c ia l in d u s tr y m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t
3 2 5 .2
3 2 1 .3
3 2 2 .9
3 2 3 .9
3 2 5 .0
3 2 7 .1
3 2 6 .7
3 2 6 .8
3 2 7 .8
3 2 9 .1
3 3 0 .1
3 3 1 .7
3 3 2 .9
3 3 3 .7
...................................................
3 4 6 .1
3 4 6 .5
3 4 8 .6
3 2 4 .8
1 1 -7
E le c t r ic a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t
...................................................................
2 3 1 .5
2 3 0 .3
2 3 1 .7
2 3 1 .3
2 3 1 .5
2 3 1 .6
2 3 1 .8
2 3 1 .7
2 3 2 ,6
'2 3 3 . 7
2 3 3 .3
2 3 4 .3
2 3 5 .8
2 3 6 .1
1 1 -9
M is c e lla n e o u s m a c h i n e r y ............................................................................................
2 6 8 .2
2 6 4 .9
2 6 6 .1
2 6 7 .9
2 6 8 .5
2 6 9 .5
2 7 0 .9
2 7 1 .5
2 7 1 .6
'2 7 2 . 0
2 7 2 .0
2 7 2 .5
2 7 2 .5
2 7 3 .5
12
F u r n itu r e a n d h o u s e h o ld d u r a b le s
............................................................................
2 0 6 .8
2 0 5 .5
2 0 6 .0
2 0 6 .5
2 0 7 .0
2 0 6 .8
2 0 8 .1
2 0 8 .3
2 0 8 .9
'2 0 8 . 9
2 0 8 .6
2 1 0 .1
2 1 1 .7
1 2 -1
H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e .........................................................................................................
2 2 9 .9
2 2 7 .6
2 2 9 .7
2 3 0 .0
2 3 0 .2
2 3 0 .0
2 3 0 .4
2 3 0 .7
2 3 1 .2
'2 3 1 . 4
2 3 1 .8
2 3 1 .5
2 3 1 .6
2 3 2 .9
1 2 -2
C o m m e r c ia l fu r n it u r e
2 7 5 .7
2 7 3 .6
2 7 4 .2
2 7 5 .2
2 7 6 .0
2 7 7 .4
2 7 8 .1
2 7 8 .2
2 7 8 .3
'2 7 8 . 6
2 7 9 .0
2 8 1 .6
2 8 2 .6
2 8 5 .4
1 2 -3
F lo o r c o v e r in g s
1 8 0 ,7
1 8 0 .6
1 8 1 .1
1 8 1 .3
1 8 1 .9
1 8 1 .2
1 8 1 .0
1 8 1 .5
1 8 1 .6
'1 8 1 . 3
1 8 0 .1
1 8 1 .0
1 8 1 .2
1 8 1 .0
12=1
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s
1 9 8 .8
1 9 7 .3
1 9 7 .8
1 9 8 .9
1 9 9 .6
2 0 0 .2
2 0 1 .0
2 0 1 .2
2 0 1 .3
'2 0 1 . 2
2 0 0 .7
2 0 2 .1
2 0 3 .2
2 0 3 .4
1 2 -5
H o m e e le c t r o n ic e q u ip m e n t
8 8 .1
8 9 .1
8 7 .9
8 8 .0
8 8 .4
8 7 .2
8 8 .0
8 7 .4
8 7 .8
'8 7 . 0
8 7 .2
8 7 .6
8 7 .2
8 7 .2
1 2 -6
O t h e r h o u s e h o ld d u r a b le g o o d s
2 8 8 .2
2 8 5 .0
2 8 5 .9
2 8 5 .4
2 8 6 .1
2 8 5 .1
2 9 1 .8
2 9 3 .4
2 9 6 .5
'2 9 7 . 2
2 9 5 .4
3 0 2 .0
3 1 3 .9
3 1 1 .7
3 2 1 .2
3 2 0 .9
13
...............................................................................
..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
...............................................................
.............................................................
N o n m e t a llic m in e r a l p r o d u c t s ......................................................................
1 3 -1 1
F la t g a s s
1 3 -2
C o n c r e t e in g r e d ie n ts
............................................................................................................
......................................................
1 3 -3
C o n c r e t e p r o d u c t s .........................................................................................
1 3 -4
S t r u c t u r a l c la y p r o d u c ts , e x c lu d in g r e f r a c t o r ie s
1 3 -5
R e fr a c t o r ie s
1 3 -6
A s p h a lt r o o fin g
1 3 -7
G y p s u m p ro d u c ts
1 3 -8
G la s s c o n t a in e r s
1 3 -9
O t h e r n o n m e t a llic m i n e r a l s ............................................................................
14
...............................................................
.........................................................................
............................................................................................
T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 6 8 =
1 4 -1
M o t o r v e h ic le s a n d e q u ip m e n t
14=1
R a ilr o a d e q u ip m e n t
15
................................
.........................................................................................
1 0 0 ) .............................................
............................................
.........................................................................
M is c e lla n e o u s p r o d u c t s ................................................................
2 1 2 .1
3 2 0 .2
3 1 9 .9
2 2 1 .5
2 1 6 .2
2 1 6 .2
2 2 6 .4
2 2 6 .4
2 2 6 .1
2 2 1 .1
2 2 1 .1
2 2 1 .1
2 2 5 .3
2 2 5 .3
2 2 9 .7
2 2 9 .7
2 2 9 .7
3 1 0 .5
3 0 9 .8
3 0 9 .5
3 1 2 .5
3 1 2 .7
3 1 1 .8
3 1 1 .2
3 1 0 .8
3 0 9 .9
'3 1 0 . 0
3 0 9 .3
3 0 8 .1
3 0 9 .6
3 0 9 .0
2 9 7 .8
2 9 6 .3
2 9 7 .7
2 9 8 .2
2 9 8 .5
3 2 0 .2
3 2 1 .1
3 2 0 .5
3 2 1 .2
3 2 1 .1
'3 2 1 . 2
3 2 0 .9
3 2 1 .5
3 2 1 .9
3 2 1 .9
2 9 8 .8
2 9 9 .0
2 9 8 .7
2 9 8 .6
'2 9 8 .2
2 9 8 .5
2 9 8 .6
2 9 9 .5
3 0 0 .1
2 5 9 .9
2 5 7 .7
2 5 8 .1
2 5 8 .6
2 5 8 .9
2 5 9 .3
2 6 3 .9
2 6 4 .0
2 6 4 .0
'2 6 4 . 8
2 6 4 .3
2 6 4 .4
2 6 4 .4
2 7 0 .9
3 3 7 .3
3 3 7 .4
3 3 8 .7
3 3 9 .5
3 4 0 .4
3 4 0 .4
3 4 0 .7
3 4 0 .8
3 4 0 .8
'3 3 7 . 2
3 3 7 .7
3 3 8 .2
3 3 8 .2
3 3 8 .2
3 9 6 .9
3 9 4 .4
3 8 6 .7
3 8 5 .5
3 9 6 .4
3 9 9 .8
4 0 0 .1
4 1 3 .4
4 0 6 .7
'3 9 9 . 0
3 9 5 .4
3 9 2 .2
3 7 8 .9
3 7 3 .2
2 5 6 .0
2 6 0 .7
2 6 3 .2
2 5 9 .4
2 5 6 .4
2 5 5 .8
2 5 3 .9
2 5 3 .9
2 5 5 .1
'2 5 5 .0
2 5 3 .9
2 5 9 .7
2 6 3 .4
2 6 3 .4
'3 5 7 . 8
3 5 8 .5
3 5 8 .2
3 5 5 .8
3 5 4 .1
3 5 5 .6
3 5 6 .0
3 5 8 .1
3 5 8 .1
3 5 8 .1
3 5 8 .1
3 5 8 .0
3 5 8 .6
3 5 8 .5
4 7 1 .6
4 7 9 .6
4 7 9 .1
4 7 1 .3
4 6 5 .2
4 6 6 .6
4 6 6 .0
4 6 7 .7
4 7 0 .4
4 7 1 .3
4 7 0 .6
4 7 1 .8
4 7 6 .1
4 7 6 .3
2 4 9 .7
2 4 5 .2
2 4 5 .8
2 4 7 .5
2 4 9 .1
2 4 9 .8
2 5 0 .6
2 4 4 .5
2 5 6 .0
'2 5 6 . 3
2 5 7 .5
2 5 7 .1
2 5 7 .3
2 5 7 .1
2 5 1 .3
2 4 6 .8
2 4 7 .2
2 4 9 .2
2 5 1 .1
2 5 2 .0
2 5 2 .8
2 4 4 .6
2 5 7 .8
'2 5 7 . 8
2 5 7 .9
2 5 7 .8
2 5 8 .1
2 5 7 .7
3 4 8 .7
3 4 6 .3
3 4 3 .5
3 4 2 .8
3 4 2 .8
3 4 2 .6
3 4 7 .7
3 4 8 .0
3 5 0 .8
'3 5 0 . 8
3 5 7 .5
3 5 7 .6
3 5 7 .3
3 5 7 .4
2 7 6 .6
2 7 2 .7
2 7 3 .2
2 7 2 .2
2 7 1 .5
2 7 3 .4
2 7 2 .0
2 7 9 .5
2 8 5 .4
'2 8 5 . 2
2 9 0 .3
2 8 4 .7
2 8 5 .7
2 8 4 .4
1 5 -1
T o y s , s p o r t in g g o o d s , s m a ll a r m s , a m m u n i t i o n ............................................
2 2 5 .6
2 2 6 .2
1 5 -2
T o b a c c o p r o d u c ts
3 2 3 .2
3 0 6 .6
3 0 6 .7
3 0 7 .0
3 0 7 .0
3 1 1 .5
3 1 1 .5
3 2 9 .1
3 6 5 .4
'3 6 4 . 5
3 8 3 .5
3 5 0 .9
3 3 8 .1
3 3 5 .1
1 5 -3
N o t i o n s .........................................................................
2 7 7 .1
2 7 1 .5
2 7 1 .5
2 8 0 .1
2 8 0 .1
2 8 0 .1
2 8 0 .1
2 8 0 .1
2 8 0 .1
'2 7 9 . 8
2 8 0 .1
2 8 0 .5
2 8 0 .6
2 8 0 .6
1 5 -4
P h o t o g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s
2 1 0 .7
2 1 2 .1
2 1 4 .2
2 1 0 .6
2 1 0 .4
2 0 8 .9
2 0 8 .9
2 0 9 .9
2 0 9 .7
'2 0 9 . 7
2 1 0 .3
2 1 0 .3
2 1 2 .1
2 1 6 .9
1 5 -5
M o b ile h o m e s ( 1 2 / 7 4
1 5 -9
O t h e r m is c e lla n e o u s p r o d u c t s
...............................................................................
=
.........................................................
1 0 0 ) ...................
.........................................
2 2 2 .1
2 2 0 .7
2 P r ic e s f o r n a tu r a l g a s a r e la g g e d 1 m o n th .
3 In c lu d e s o n ly d o m e s t ic p r o d u c tio n .
84
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 2 1 .8
2 2 1 .9
2 2 2 .0
2 2 3 .5
2 2 1 .8
2 2 1 .2
'2 2 1 . 3
2 2 3 .2
2 2 3 .7
1 6 1 .7
1 6 1 .9
1 6 2 .2
1 6 2 .5
1 6 2 .4
1 6 2 .6
1 6 2 .8
1 6 2 .9
1 6 2 .6
'1 6 1 .6
1 6 1 .5
1 6 1 .3
1 6 1 .3
1 6 3 .3
3 3 8 .1
3 3 4 .5
3 3 4 .1
3 3 1 .3
3 2 8 .6
3 3 3 .7
3 2 7 .0
3 4 5 .2
3 4 5 .2
'3 4 5 . 1
3 5 1 .0
3 5 0 .3
3 5 9 .2
3 4 9 .9
1 D a ta f o r N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 2 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e f le c t th e a v a ila b ilit y o f la t e r e p o r t s a n d c o r r e c t io n s
b y r e s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a t a a r e s u b je c t t o r e v is io n 4 m o n th s a f t e r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n .
2 2 1 .0
4 M o s t p r ic e s f o r r e fin e d p e t r o le u m p r o d u c t s a r e la g g e d 1 m o n th ,
5 S o m e p r ic e s f o r in d u s tr ia l c h e m ic a ls a r e la g g e d 1 m o n th .
r = r e v is e d .
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
25.
Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings
[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c ifie d ]
Annual
C o m m o d i t y g r o u p in g
1983
1982
av erag e
1982
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N o v .'
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
3 0 4 .4
A ll c o m m o d i t i e s — l e s s f a r m p r o d u c t s
3 0 3 .0
3 0 1 .4
3 0 0 .9
3 0 1 .2
3 0 2 .2
3 0 3 .9
3 0 4 .1
3 0 3 .7
3 0 4 .7
'3 0 5 . 1
3 0 5 .2
3 0 4 .6
3 0 5 .2
A ll f o o d s
2 5 4 .5
2 5 1 .6
2 5 4 .7
2 5 7 .9
2 5 9 .0
2 5 6 .6
2 5 5 .8
2 5 5 .3
2 5 2 .8
'2 5 1 . 9
2 5 2 .7
2 5 2 .4
2 5 4 .7
P ro c e s s e d fo o d s
2 5 6 .1
2 5 2 .1
2 5 5 .1
2 5 9 .0
2 6 0 .8
2 5 9 .5
2 5 8 .7
2 5 9 .2
2 5 6 .2
'2 5 4 . 7
2 5 4 .8
2 5 5 .8
2 5 8 .2
2 5 8 .6
2 7 7 .0
2 7 7 .0
2 5 5 .5
2 7 2 .6
2 7 2 .5
2 7 4 .4
2 7 4 .4
2 7 4 .8
2 7 5 .4
.............................
1 3 8 .2
1 3 9 .0
1 3 9 .0
1 3 8 .7
1 3 8 .2
1 3 7 .6
1 3 7 .8
1 3 7 .8
1 3 7 .4
1 3 7 .1
1 3 6 .6
1 3 6 .6
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .1
............................................................................................................................
1 3 8 .3
1 3 7 .5
1 3 8 .0
1 3 8 .5
1 3 8 .5
1 3 8 .5
1 3 8 .5
1 3 8 .7
1 3 8 .7
1 3 9 .7
1 3 9 .7
1 4 1 .7
1 4 4 .5
1 4 4 .5
U n d e r w e a r a n d n i g h t w e a r ...................................................................................
2 1 7 .4
2 1 5 .9
2 1 5 .9
2 1 5 .9
2 1 7 .4
2 1 8 .6
2 1 8 .6
2 1 9 .6
2 2 0 .1
'2 1 9 . 7
2 1 9 .5
2 2 3 .1
2 2 2 .3
2 2 3 .8
2 8 4 .5
2 8 2 .9
2 8 3 .3
2 8 2 .5
2 8 1 .8
'2 8 2 .3
2 8 1 .2
2 8 0 .8
2 8 1 .6
2 8 1 .1
In d u s tr ia l c o m m o d it ie s le s s f u e ls
...................................................................
S e le c t e d t e x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s ( D e c . 1 9 7 5 H o s ie r y
100)
2 7 2 .8
2 7 1 .7
2 7 2 .3
2 7 2 .8
2 7 2 .4
2 7 2 .5
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s , in c lu d in g s y n t h e t ic r u b b e r
2 8 3 .9
2 8 5 .6
2 8 5 .6
2 8 6 .1
............................................................................
2 0 6 .0
2 0 1 .1
2 0 4 .5
2 0 5 .8
2 0 5 .4
2 0 5 .9
2 0 7 .4
2 0 9 .0
2 1 1 .7
2 1 2 .3
2 1 3 .0
2 1 5 .5
2 1 8 .4
2 2 0 .0
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts , e x c lu d in g m l l l w o r k ...................................
2 8 8 .8
2 8 8 .5
2 9 0 .5
2 8 8 .1
2 9 4 .5
2 9 4 .6
2 8 8 .3
2 8 7 .2
2 8 2 .5
'2 8 3 . 4
2 8 8 .6
2 9 8 .7
3 1 3 .5
3 1 6 .4
3 4 9 .9
3 4 8 .4
3 4 8 .1
3 4 7 .8
3 4 9 .1
3 4 8 .5
3 4 4 .8
3 4 3 .1
3 5 0 .5
3 4 8 .8
a n d fib e r s a n d y a r n s
.........................................................................................
P h a r m a c e u t ic a l p r e p a r a t io n s
S t e e l m ill p r o d u c ts , in c lu d in g f a b r ic a t e d w ir e p r o d u c t s ...................
3 4 9 .4
3 5 0 .5
3 5 2 .2
3 5 2 .1
3 4 8 .4
3 4 9 .2
3 5 1 .0
3 5 0 .9
3 4 8 .6
3 4 7 .7
3 4 7 .3
3 4 6 .9
3 4 8 .6
3 4 8 .0
3 4 4 .0
3 4 2 .1
3 5 0 .5
3 4 8 .7
3 4 8 .6
3 4 7 .0
3 4 6 .7
3 4 6 .3
3 4 7 .8
3 4 7 .2
3 4 3 .3
3 4 1 .5
3 4 9 .1
3 4 7 .4
F in is h e d s t e e l m ill p r o d u c t s , e x c lu d in g f a b r ic a t e d w ir e
p r o d u c t s .....................................................................................................................
F in is h e d s te e l m ill p r o d u c ts , in c lu d in g f a b r ic a t e d w ir e
3 4 8 .1
3 4 9 .2
3 5 1 .0
3 5 0 .9
............................................................
2 8 6 .7
2 8 5 .3
2 8 5 .6
2 8 6 .3
2 8 5 .2
2 8 5 .7
2 8 5 .8
2 8 4 .0
2 8 9 .5
'2 8 8 . 9
2 8 9 .2
2 8 9 .7
2 9 2 .3
2 9 1 .8
F a b r ic a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ...................................................................................
2 9 2 .0
2 8 9 .9
2 9 0 .8
2 9 2 .6
2 9 2 .8
2 9 2 .0
2 9 1 .9
2 9 2 .9
2 9 3 .0
'2 9 2 . 5
2 9 4 .0
2 9 3 .9
2 9 4 .2
2 9 5 .3
1 7 9 .8
1 8 1 .0
1 7 8 .8
'1 8 1 . 2
1 8 2 .1
1 9 0 .5
2 0 1 .6
1 9 9 .0
2 7 3 .3
2 7 0 .7
2 7 6 .4
'2 7 7 . 0
2 7 7 .6
2 7 7 .9
2 7 8 .5
2 7 8 .6
p ro d u c t s .....................................................................................................................
S p e c ia l m e t a ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c t s
C o p p e r a n d c o p p e r p r o d u c t s ............................................................................
1 8 5 .6
1 9 0 .8
1 9 1 .6
1 9 3 .0
1 7 9 .7
1 7 9 .2
M a c h in e r y a n d m o t iv e p r o d u c t s ......................................................................
2 7 2 .1
2 6 8 .5
2 6 9 .6
2 7 0 .7
2 7 1 .7
2 7 2 .8
M a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t , e x c e p t e l e c t r ic a l
3 0 6 .3
3 0 3 .1
3 0 4 .6
3 0 5 .7
3 0 6 .2
3 0 7 .6
3 0 8 .1
3 0 8 .6
3 0 9 .4
'3 1 0 . 0
3 1 0 .3
3 1 1 .1
3 1 1 .6
3 1 2 .1
3 2 2 .8
3 2 5 .5
3 3 0 .6
'3 3 2 . 2
3 3 3 .7
3 3 6 .0
3 3 7 .1
3 3 7 .4
13 5 5 ./
.........................................
3 2 2 .8
3 1 8 .4
3 2 1 .3
3 2 1 .8
3 5 0 .4
3 4 6 .4
3 4 8 .8
3 4 9 .3
3 5 0 .1
3 5 2 .6
3 5 3 .1
3 5 3 .5
3 5 4 .1
'3 5 4 . 2
3 5 4 .2
3 5 4 .8
3 5 5 .9
.. . .
2 3 9 .8
2 3 9 .9
2 3 9 .9
2 3 9 .9
2 4 0 .0
2 3 9 .2
2 3 9 .2
2 3 9 .4
2 3 9 .4
'2 3 9 . 4
2 3 9 .8
2 3 8 .0
2 3 8 .7
...............................................................................................................
3 5 4 .7
3 4 9 .1
3 5 2 .4
3 5 3 .6
3 5 4 .1
3 5 4 .8
3 5 5 .5
3 5 9 .6
3 6 1 .4
'3 6 1 . 4
3 6 3 .2
3 6 5 .3
3 6 5 .6
3 6 5 .7
3 2 0 .1
'3 2 1 . 5
3 2 3 .1
3 2 5 .1
3 2 6 .1
3 2 6 .4
3 3 9 .1
3 4 2 .2
3 4 2 .2
A g r ic u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y , in c lu d in g t r a c t o r s
M e t a lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y
................................................
......................................................................................
N u m e r ic a lly c o n t r o lle d m a c h in e t o o ls ( D e c . 1 9 7 1
T o ta l tr a c to r s
=
100)
3 1 9 .0
3 1 9 .9
2 3 6 .8
A g r ic u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t le s s p a r t s ................................
3 1 3 .5
3 0 9 .7
3 1 0 .3
3 1 1 .0
3 1 2 .2
3 1 2 .8
3 1 3 .6
3 1 5 .8
F a r m a n d g a r d e n tr a c t o r s le s s p a r t s
3 2 7 .4
3 2 3 .5
3 2 3 .5
3 2 5 .0
3 2 5 .8
3 2 5 .4
3 2 6 .0
3 3 3 .0
3 3 6 .1
'3 3 6 . 1
3 1 9 .3
3 1 4 .6
3 1 5 .6
3 1 6 .1
3 1 7 .9
3 1 9 .1
3 2 0 .4
3 1 9 .6
3 2 6 .4
'3 2 9 . 3
3 2 9 .6
3 3 1 .2
3 3 3 .3
3 3 3 .7
2 8 8 .3
2 8 8 .4
2 8 8 .0
'2 8 7 . 8
2 8 8 .3
2 9 0 .0
2 9 4 .4
2 9 4 .9
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N o v .’
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
.........................................................
A g r ic u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y , e x c lu d in g tr a c t o r s le s s p a r t s
......................
C o n s t r u c t io n m a t e r i a l s ............................................................................................
2 8 8 .0
2 8 7 .5
2 8 8 .2
2 8 8 .2
2 8 9 .5
1 D a t a f o r N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 2 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e f le c t th e a v a ila b ilit y o f la t e r e p o r t s a n d c o r r e c t io n s
2 8 9 .2
3 4 2 .2
r = r e v is e d ,
b y r e s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a t a a r e s u b je c t t o r e v is io n 4 m o n th s a f t e r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n .
26.
Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product
[1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 ]
1983
1982
A nnual
C o m m o d i t y g r o u p in g
av erag e
1982
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
M ar.
2 8 5 .1
2 7 9 .0
2 7 7 .4
2 7 8 .1
2 7 8 .5
2 7 8 .3
2 7 8 .9
2 7 8 .8
2 7 8 .6
2 8 1 .2
2 8 1 .2
2 8 2 .0
2 8 2 .8
2 8 5 .2
...................................
3 1 5 .3
3 1 4 .2
3 1 3 .6
3 1 4 .5
3 1 6 .0
3 1 7 .6
3 1 7 .1
3 1 5 .7
3 1 4 .3
'3 1 5 . 3
3 1 5 .1
3 1 3 .4
3 1 3 .5
3 1 2 .4
T o t a l n o n d u r a b le g o o d s .............................
'2 9 3 . 9
2 9 4 .1
2 9 3 .7
2 9 4 .1
2 9 3 .0
T o t a l d u r a b le g o o d s
T o ta l m a n u fa c tu re s
D u r a b le
......................................
......................................................
N o n d u r a b le
............................................
T o t a l r a w o r s lig h t ly p r o c e s s e d g o o d s
D u r a b le
......................................................
N o n d u r a b le
............................................
2 9 2 .7
2 9 1 .4
2 9 1 .3
2 9 2 .4
2 9 2 .9
2 9 3 .8
2 7 9 .9
2 7 7 .8
2 7 8 .7
2 7 9 .2
2 7 9 .3
2 7 9 .9
2 7 9 .8
2 7 9 .6
2 8 2 .3
2 8 2 .4
2 8 3 .2
2 8 3 .9
2 8 6 .1
2 8 5 .8
3 0 6 .4
3 0 5 .9
3 0 4 .1
3 0 4 .0
3 0 6 .3
3 0 8 .5
3 0 8 .6
3 0 7 .1
3 0 6 .0
'3 0 6 . 1
3 0 5 .6
3 0 3 .9
3 0 2 .3
3 0 0 .5
2 9 1 .1
2 9 3 .7
2 9 3 .8
3 3 1 .3
3 2 9 .7
3 3 1 .9
3 3 5 .1
3 3 3 .4
3 3 3 .2
3 3 1 .1
3 2 9 .9
3 2 7 .9
'3 3 0 . 9
3 3 1 .5
3 3 0 .3
3 3 6 .2
3 3 8 .1
2 3 4 .1
2 5 0 .1
2 4 5 .3
2 3 9 .7
2 2 5 .4
2 2 5 .3
2 2 5 .0
2 2 6 .2
2 2 4 .2
'2 1 9 . 2
2 1 8 .2
2 2 5 .2
2 3 6 .3
2 4 4 .3
3 3 7 .4
3 3 4 .5
3 3 7 .2
3 4 1 .1
3 4 0 .3
3 4 0 .1
3 3 7 .9
3 3 6 .5
3 3 4 .5
'3 3 8 . 1
3 3 8 .8
3 3 7 .0
3 4 2 .5
3 4 3 .9
1 D a ta f o r N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 2 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d t o r e f le c t t h e a v a ila b ilit y o f la t e r e p o r t s a n d c o r r e c t io n s
r = r e v is e d ,
b y r e s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a t a a r e s u b je c t t o r e v is io n 4 m o n t h s a f t e r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
85
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
27.
[1 9 6 7 =
Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries
1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c ifie d ]
A nnual
1972
1983
1982
In d u s t r y d e s c r i p t i o n
S IC
1982
code
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
Aug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N o v .1
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
M a r.
M IN IN G
10 1 1
Ir o n o r e s ( 1 2 / 7 5 -
1 0 0 ) .........................................................................
1092
M e rc u ry o re s (1 2 /7 5 -
1 0 0 ) ...............................................................
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
1 7 5 .2
1 7 1 .3
1 7 1 .3
1 7 7 .1
1 7 7 .1
3 1 2 .2
3 2 5 .0
3 2 7 .0
3 0 8 .3
3 0 7 .5
3 0 6 .2
2 8 7 .5
2 8 9 .5
3 1 2 .5
3 0 8 .3
3 1 2 .5
3 0 6 .2
2 8 9 .5
2 8 5 .4
9 2 6 .7
9 3 7 .6
r 9 4 5 .9
9 6 9 .0
9 5 6 .0
9 4 2 .8
9 3 8 .4
9 3 9 .5
1311
C r u d e p e t r o le u m a n d n a tu r a l g a s ......................................................
9 2 5 .7
9 0 5 .4
8 9 3 .3
9 0 1 .2
9 1 4 .3
9 2 4 .3
1455
K a o lin a n d b a ll c l a y ( 6 / 7 6 =
1 5 1 .2
1 4 9 .6
1 5 1 .7
1 5 1 .7
1 5 1 .7
1 5 1 .7
1 5 1 .7
1 5 1 .7
1 5 1 .7
1 5 1 .7
1 5 1 .7
1 5 3 .6
1 5 6 .3
1 5 8 .4
2021
C r e a m e r y b u t t e r ............................................................................................
2 7 6 .0
2 7 6 .8
2 7 5 .3
2 7 4 .9
2 7 4 .9
2 7 5 .0
2 7 6 .3
2 7 6 .8
2 7 6 .8
2 7 6 .5
2 7 7 .8
2 7 5 .5
2 7 5 .6
2 7 5 .6
2024
Ic e c r e a m a n d f r o z e n d e s s e r t s ( 1 2 / 7 2 =
......................
2 1 4 .4
2 1 0 .9
2 1 4 .2
2 1 4 .2
2 1 4 .2
2 1 3 .6
2 1 3 .6
2 1 6 .5
2 1 6 .5
2 1 6 .5
2 1 6 .5
2 1 6 .5
2 1 7 .7
2 1 7 .7
2041
F lo u r m ills ( 1 2 / 7 1
1 0 0 ) ......................................................................
1 8 6 .2
1 8 7 .3
1 9 2 .5
1 8 8 .4
1 8 9 .1
1 8 5 .5
1 8 0 .2
1 8 2 .2
1 7 9 .6
1 8 4 .8
1 8 5 .5
1 8 2 .6
1 8 1 .7
1 7 5 .2
1 9 6 .1
1 9 1 .3
1 8 3 .0
1 8 3 .0
3 0 6 .0
3 0 6 .1
3 2 6 .0
3 2 6 .0
3 2 6 .1
100)
..................................................
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
-
100)
1 8 3 .8
2044
R ic e m i l l i n g .........................................................................................................
1 8 5 .1
1 8 3 .5
1 7 7 .9
1 8 3 .0
1 8 0 .3
1 7 7 .6
1 8 3 .0
1 8 3 .0
1 8 3 .0
2067
C h e w in g g u m ..................................................................................................
3 0 4 .1
3 0 3 .3
3 0 3 .4
3 0 3 .4
3 0 3 .4
3 0 3 .3
3 0 4 .7
3 0 4 .7
3 0 4 .8
2074
C o t t o n s e e d o il m i l l s ......................................................................................
1 6 8 .3
1 5 8 .1
1 6 4 .7
1 6 7 .9
1 7 0 .2
1 7 4 .6
1 7 3 .1
1 6 4 ,4
1 5 7 .6
'1 6 4 . 1
1 6 9 .4
1 5 7 .5
1 6 0 .4
1 5 3 .8
2083
M a l t .........................................................................................................................
2 5 6 .9
2 6 7 .1
2 5 9 .1
2 5 9 .8
2 5 9 .8
2 5 9 .8
2 5 9 .8
2 5 1 .2
2 5 1 .2
2 4 0 .6
2 4 0 .6
2 3 2 .6
2 3 2 .6
2 3 2 .6
1 4 1 .3
2085
D is tille d liq u o r , e x c e p t b r a n d y ( 1 2 / 7 5 -
1 0 0 ) ..........................
1 4 0 .1
1 4 0 .2
1 4 0 .2
1 3 9 .8
1 3 9 .8
1 3 9 .8
1 4 0 .4
1 4 0 .4
1 4 0 .4
1 4 1 .3
1 4 1 .3
1 4 1 .3
1 4 1 .3
2091
C a n n e d a n d c u re d s e a fo o d s ( 1 2 /7 3 -
1 0 0 ) ............................
1 8 7 .0
1 8 7 .7
1 8 8 .2
1 8 8 .0
1 8 8 .4
1 8 7 .8
1 8 4 .3
1 8 6 .2
1 8 6 .3
1 8 6 .4
1 8 6 .6
1 8 2 .8
1 7 9 .2
1 7 7 .9
2098
M a c a r o n i a n d s p a g h e t t i ............................................................................
2 5 8 .5
2 5 9 .5
2 5 9 .5
2 5 9 .5
2 5 9 .5
2 5 9 .5
2 5 9 .5
2 5 9 .5
2 5 5 .5
2 5 5 .5
2 5 5 .5
2 5 5 .5
2 5 5 .5
2 5 5 .5
2251
W o m e n ’s h o s ie r y , e x c e p t s o c k s ( 1 2 / 7 5 -
...................
1 1 6 .8
1 1 6 .1
1 1 6 .2
1 1 6 .9
1 1 6 .9
1 1 6 .8
1 1 6 .9
1 1 6 .9
'1 1 8 . 5
1 1 8 .4
1 1 8 .6
1 2 2 .7
2261
F in is h in g p la n ts , c o t t o n ( 6 / 7 6 -
1 0 0 ) ............................................
1 3 9 .5
1 4 0 .8
1 4 1 .6
1 4 1 .5
1 4 1 .4
1 4 0 .3
1 3 9 .8
1 3 8 .5
1 3 6 .8
1 3 6 .2
1 3 6 .1
1 3 5 .3
1 3 6 .0
1 3 6 .1
1 0 0 ) .........................
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .5
1 2 8 .5
1 2 8 .4
1 2 7 .6
1 2 6 .8
1 2 9 .0
1 2 8 .2
'1 2 7 .5
'1 2 7 . 8
1 2 7 .2
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .5
1 2 5 .0
...................................................................
1 5 7 .2
1 5 6 .8
1 5 6 .7
1 5 6 .6
1 5 6 .6
1 5 6 .5
1 5 8 .0
1 5 8 .0
1 5 7 .9
'1 5 7 .9
1 5 7 .8
1 5 7 .9
1 6 1 .9
1 6 5 .6
100)
'1 1 6 . 9
1 2 2 .8
2262
F in is h in g p la n ts , s y n t h e tic s , s ilk ( 6 / 7 6 -
2284
T h r e a d m ills ( 6 / 7 6 -
2298
C o r d a g e a n d tw in e ( 1 2 / 7 7 -
1 0 0 ) ...................................................
1 4 1 .5
1 4 1 .0
1 4 1 .0
1 4 1 .0
1 4 1 .0
1 4 1 .0
1 4 1 .0
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .7
1 4 2 .8
2321
M e n 's a n d b o y s ' s h ir t s a n d n i g h t w e a r ............................................
2 1 4 .6
2 1 6 .9
2 1 7 .3
2 1 7 .5
2 1 7 .8
2 1 8 .1
2 1 8 .2
2 2 1 .5
'2 2 1 . 6
'2 2 1 . 6
2 2 0 .4
2 2 3 .4
2 2 3 .5
2 2 2 .5
100)
1 1 9 .5
1 1 7 .3
1 1 7 .3
1 1 7 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 2 5 .8
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .6
1 2 6 .4
1 2 6 .7
1 2 6 .6
'1 2 6 . 7
'1 2 8 . 5
1 2 4 .8
1 2 4 .8
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .3
1 0 0 ) ......................
1 2 0 .6
1 2 3 .2
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .2
1 1 9 .4
1 2 0 .3
1 1 8 .6
1 1 8 .6
1 1 7 .0
1 1 7 .0
1 1 7 .0
1 1 7 .0
1 1 5 .5
............................................................
2 9 2 .1
2 9 5 .5
2 9 5 .5
2 9 5 .5
2 9 4 .5
2 9 4 .5
2 8 8 .2
2 8 8 .2
2 8 7 .4
2 8 7 .4
2 8 7 .4
2 8 8 .8
2 8 8 .8
2 8 8 .8
1 4 6 .8
2323
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ n e c k w e a r ( 1 2 / 7 5 -
2331
W o m e n ’s a n d m is s e s ’ b lo u s e s a n d w a is t s ( 6 / 7 8 =
2361
C h ild r e n ’s d r e s s e s a n d b lo u s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
1 0 0 ) ................................
2381
F a b r ic d r e s s a n d w o r k g lo v e s
2394
C a n v a s a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
2396
A u t o m o t iv e a n d a p p a r e l tr im m in g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
2448
W o o d p a lle t s a n d s k id s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =
.
.........................
1 4 5 .6
1 4 7 .2
1 4 5 .7
1 4 5 .9
1 4 3 .1
1 4 3 .1
1 4 3 .1
1 4 4 .8
'1 4 7 . 3
'1 4 7 . 3
1 4 8 .0
1 4 9 .4
1 4 9 .4
1 0 0 ) ................
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .0
......................................
1 4 5 .5
1 4 8 .2
1 4 5 .9
1 4 4 .7
1 4 4 .2
1 4 4 .1
1 4 3 .9
1 4 3 .8
1 4 4 .3
'1 4 4 . 2
1 4 4 .5
1 4 4 .5
1 4 5 .1
1 4 5 .6
2 0 8 .7
2 0 8 .7
2 0 8 .7
2 7 8 .7
100)
100)
100)
•
1 3 1 .0
2515
M a t t r e s s e s a n d b e d s p r in g s
...................................................................
2 0 7 .2
2 0 5 .6
2 0 5 .7
2 0 5 .9
2 0 5 .9
2 0 5 .7
2 0 5 .9
2 0 6 .0
'2 0 6 .0
'2 0 6 . 0
2 1 0 .3
2521
W o o d o f f ic e f u r n i t u r e ..................................................................................
2 7 0 .6
2 7 0 .8
2 7 0 .8
2 7 0 .8
2 7 0 .8
2 7 0 .9
2 7 1 .3
2 7 1 .3
'2 7 1 . 4
'2 7 1 . 4
2 7 2 .4
2 7 2 .5
2 7 2 .5
'3 5 1 . 8
'3 5 7 . 8
3 5 6 .6
3 5 6 .9
3 5 9 .6
3 5 9 .6
'2 6 1 . 7
'2 6 1 . 7
2 6 3 .2
2 6 3 .2
2 6 3 .1
2 6 6 .7
2647
S a n it a r y p a p e r p r o d u c t s
.........................................................................
3 4 8 .4
3 4 4 .5
3 4 4 .5
3 4 3 .6
3 4 6 .2
3 4 6 .9
3 5 1 .5
3 5 2 .3
2654
S a n it a r y f o o d c o n t a in e r s
.........................................................................
2 6 0 .2
2 6 0 .0
2 5 9 .9
2 5 9 .9
2 5 9 .9
2 5 9 .9
2 5 9 .9
2 6 0 .8
2655
F ib e r c a n s , d r u m s , a n d s im ila r p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =
2911
P e t r o le u m r e fin in g ( 6 / 7 6 -
100)
100) . .
1 7 7 .8
1 7 6 .5
1 7 6 .5
1 7 6 .7
1 7 6 .7
1 7 6 .7
1 7 7 .5
1 7 7 .5
1 8 0 .7
1 8 3 .8
1 8 3 .8
1 8 3 .8
1 8 3 .8
......................................................
2 7 8 .4
2 8 1 .7
2 6 7 .4
2 5 9 .2
2 6 7 .9
2 8 1 .5
2 8 3 .7
2 7 9 .6
'2 7 8 . 3
'2 8 0 . 1
2 7 8 .4
2 6 8 .3
2 5 8 .5
2 4 9 .7
1 8 0 .4
'1 7 7 . 2
'1 7 3 . 7
1 7 2 .3
1 7 0 .8
1 6 5 .1
1 6 2 .6
'1 7 7 . 9
2952
A s p h a lt f e lt s a n d c o a tin g ( 1 2 / 7 5 =
...................................
1 7 2 .9
1 7 1 .2
1 6 8 .1
1 6 8 .4
1 7 3 .1
1 7 4 .7
1 7 4 .4
3031
R e c la im e d r u b b e r ( 1 2 / 7 3 -
......................................................
2 0 7 .1
2 0 7 .2
2 0 9 .2
2 0 9 .5
2 1 0 .7
2 0 9 .9
2 0 9 .7
2 0 9 .8
'2 0 9 . 8
'2 0 9 . 3
2 0 6 .5
2 0 7 .1
2 0 7 .4
2 0 7 .0
3251
B r ic k a n d s t r u c t u r a l c la y t i l e ...................................................................
3 0 6 .6
2 9 9 .4
3 0 3 .4
3 0 4 .5
3 0 5 .0
3 0 5 .9
3 1 3 .8
3 1 4 .0
'3 1 4 . 0
'3 1 5 . 5
3 1 6 .9
3 1 7 .1
3 1 7 .1
3 2 9 .8
3253
C e r a m ic w a ll a n d f l o o r tile ( 1 2 / 7 5 =
................................
1 3 9 .7
1 4 0 .4
1 4 0 .6
1 4 0 .6
1 4 0 .6
1 4 0 .6
1 4 0 .7
1 4 0 .7
'1 4 0 . 7
'1 4 0 . 7
1 3 8 .0
1 3 8 .0
1 3 8 .0
1 3 8 .1
3255
C la y r e f r a c t o r i e s ............................................................................................
3 5 3 .1
3 5 5 .6
3 5 5 .2
3 5 5 .5
3 5 6 .2
3 5 6 .3
3 5 6 .8
3 5 6 .9
'3 5 7 . 0
'3 5 0 . 3
3 5 1 .2
3 5 2 .0
3 5 2 .0
3 5 2 .1
2 1 9 .4
100)
100)
100)
3259
S t r u c t u r a l c la y p r o d u c ts , n . e . c ................................................................
2 1 9 .8
2 2 5 .9
2 1 5 .9
2 1 5 .8
2 1 5 .9
2 1 5 .9
2 1 9 .0
2 1 9 .0
'2 1 9 . 0
'2 1 8 . 9
2 1 9 .5
2 1 9 .5
2 1 9 .5
3261
V it r e o u s p lu m b in g fix t u r e s
......................................................................
2 6 5 .0
2 6 0 .8
2 6 1 .8
2 6 5 .4
2 6 5 .5
2 6 4 .2
2 6 3 .9
2 6 7 .2
2 6 9 .1
2 7 0 .3
2 6 9 .7
2 7 2 .1
2 7 3 .3
3262
V it r e o u s c h in a f o o d u t e n s i l s ...................................................................
3 5 4 .3
3 4 7 .3
3 4 6 .5
3 5 5 .5
3 6 0 .2
3 6 0 .2
3 6 0 .2
3 6 0 .2
'3 6 0 . 8
'3 7 0 .2
3 6 6 .8
3 6 9 .2
3 6 9 .2
3 6 9 .2
3 1 6 .9
3 1 6 .9
'3 2 3 . 5
'3 2 4 . 8
3 2 3 .7
3 6 3 .5
3 6 3 .5
3 6 3 .5
1 8 3 .8
2 7 5 .1
3263
F in e e a r t h e n w a r e f o o d u t e n s i l s ............................................................
3 1 7 .5
3 1 5 .0
3 1 4 .9
3 1 6 .2
3 1 6 .9
3 1 6 .9
3269
P o t t e r y p r o d u c ts , n .e .c . ( 1 2 / 7 5 =
1 0 0 ) .........................................
1 6 6 .4
1 6 4 .2
1 6 4 .0
1 6 6 .3
1 6 7 .4
1 6 7 .4
1 6 7 .4
1 6 7 .4
'1 6 9 .6
'1 7 1 . 9
1 7 0 .9
1 8 3 .8
1 8 3 .8
3274
L im e ( 1 2 / 7 5 -
1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................
1 8 6 .4
1 8 5 .7
1 8 6 .3
1 8 8 .0
1 8 8 .3
1 8 8 .0
1 8 8 .0
1 8 7 .8
'1 8 7 .7
'1 8 7 . 5
1 8 6 .0
1 8 7 .5
1 8 5 .8
1 8 5 .4
3297
N o n c la y r e f r a c t o r ie s ( 1 2 / 7 4 =
2 0 1 .8
2 0 0 .4
2 0 2 .3
2 0 3 .2
2 0 3 .8
2 0 3 .8
2 0 3 .8
2 0 3 .8
2 0 3 .8
2 0 3 .7
2 0 3 .6
2 0 3 .7
2 0 3 .6
2 0 3 .6
3313
E le c tr o m e t a llu r g ic a l p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =
1 0 0 ) ...............................................
3425
H a n d s a w s a n d s a w b la d e s ( 1 2 / 7 2 =
3482
S m a ll a r m s a m m u n itio n ( 1 2 / 7 5 =
3623
W e ld in g a p p a r a t u s , e l e c t r ic ( 1 2 / 7 2 =
.........................
1 2 1 .4
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .4
1 2 1 .4
1 2 1 .4
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .2
1 2 1 .1
1 2 1 .2
1 2 1 .1
.............................
2 1 8 .9
2 1 4 .9
2 1 5 .3
2 2 1 .3
2 2 1 .4
2 2 1 .5
2 2 1 .6
2 2 1 .6
'2 2 1 .6
'2 2 1 . 8
2 2 1 .2
2 2 1 .4
2 2 6 .0
2 2 5 .9
......................................
1 7 0 .7
1 6 7 .5
1 6 6 .3
1 6 6 .3
1 7 0 .3
1 7 0 .3
1 7 0 .3
1 4 9 .0
'1 5 0 . 1
'1 5 0 .6
1 7 4 .8
1 8 0 .9
1 8 0 .9
1 8 7 .7
1 0 0 ) ................................
2 3 7 .9
2 3 2 .3
2 3 7 .6
2 3 7 .6
2 3 7 .8
2 4 1 .6
2 4 2 .4
2 4 2 .8
'2 4 3 . 0
'2 4 3 .3
2 3 8 .3
2 3 8 .5
2 3 8 .9
2 3 8 .3
100)
100)
100)
3636
S e w in g m a c h in e s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =
1 0 0 ) ......................................................
1 5 4 .3
1 5 5 .8
1 5 4 .3
1 5 4 .3
1 5 4 .3
1 5 4 .3
1 5 3 .6
1 5 3 .6
'1 5 4 . 2
'1 5 4 .2
1 5 3 .6
1 5 3 .6
1 5 3 .8
1 5 4 .4
3641
E l e c t . 'c l a m p s ..................................................................................................
2 9 4 .0
2 8 3 .6
2 9 6 .6
2 9 4 .5
2 9 3 .9
2 9 1 .8
2 9 3 .7
2 9 6 .3
3 0 2 .9
3 0 3 .0
3 0 3 .4
3 0 5 .6
3 1 1 .1
3 1 1 .4
3648
L ig h tin g e q u ip m e n t , n .e .c . ( 1 2 / 7 5 =
'1 7 1 . 3
3671
E le c t r o n t u b e s , r e c e iv in g t y p e
3942
D o lls ( 1 2 / 7 5 =
...................................
1 7 0 .0
1 6 8 .8
1 7 0 .9
1 7 1 .2
1 7 1 .1
1 7 1 .1
1 7 1 .2
1 7 1 .2
'1 7 1 . 3
1 7 1 .5
1 7 1 .5
1 7 1 .7
1 7 1 .7
............................................................
3 8 2 .3
3 7 4 .4
3 7 4 .5
3 7 4 .4
3 7 4 .5
3 7 5 .4
3 7 5 .4
3 8 0 .2
'3 8 0 . 3
'4 1 4 . 0
4 1 4 .5
4 3 1 .6
4 3 2 .0
4 3 1 .9
1 3 6 .6
1 3 6 .6
1 3 6 .8
1 3 6 .8
1 3 6 .8
1 3 6 .8
1 3 6 .8
1 3 6 .8
'1 3 6 . 8
'1 3 6 . 8
1 3 6 .5
1 3 6 .8
1 3 6 .5
1 3 6 .5
2 3 8 .6
2 3 7 .4
100)
1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................
2 3 4 .3
2 3 4 .4
2 3 4 .8
1 4 0 .3
1 4 0 .3
1 4 0 .5
1 4 0 .6
1 4 0 .4
1 4 0 .5
1 3 9 .3
1 3 9 .3
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .4
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .2
1 4 3 .8
1 4 5 .3
1 4 9 .3
1 4 9 .3
1 5 0 .8
1 5 0 .8
1 5 0 .8
1 5 0 .8
1 5 0 .8
1 5 0 .8
1 4 7 .0
1 5 2 .1
1 5 2 .1
1 5 5 .9
1 5 6 .1
1 5 6 .1
1 5 6 .3
1 5 4 .3
1 5 5 .0
1 5 5 .7
1 5 6 .9
1 5 6 .9
1 5 6 .9
1 5 6 .8
1 5 9 .2
1 5 9 .2
1 5 9 .2
B u ria l c a s k e t s ( 6 / 7 6 -
............................................
3996
H a r d s u r f a c e f lo o r c o v e r in g s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =
1 0 0 ) .............................
2 3 3 .1
2 3 4 .1
1 D a t a f o r N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 2 h a v e b e e n r e v is e d to r e f le c t th e a v a ila b ility o f la t e r e p o r t s a n d c o r r e c t io n s b y
r e s p o n d e n t s . A ll d a t a a r e s u b je c t to r e v is io n 4 m o n th s a f t e r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n .
Digitized for 86
FRASER
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 3 4 .4
N ote :
'2 3 5 .3
'2 3 5 . 5
2 3 2 .7
2 3 4 .3
1 4 0 .0
1 4 8 .4
G a m e s , to y s , a n d c h ild r e n ’s v e h ic le s
C a r b o n p a p e r a n d in k e d r ib b o n s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =
3995
100)
2 3 2 .8
2 3 4 .1
1 0 0 ) ...................
...............................................................
3944
3955
I n d e x e s w h ic h w e r e d e le t e d in t h e M a r c h is s u e m a y n o w b e f o u n d in T a b le 4 o f th e B L S
m o n th ly r e p o r t,
r = r e v is e d .
Producer Prices and Price Indexes.
PRODUCTIVITY DATA
P r o d u c t i v i t y d a t a are compiled by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics from establishment data and from estimates of com
pensation and output supplied by the U.S. Department of
Commerce and the Federal Reserve Board.
Definitions
Output is the constant dollar gross domestic product produced in a
given period. Indexes of output per hour of labor input, or labor pro
ductivity, measure the value of goods and services produced per hour
of labor. Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of em
ployees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private
benefit plans. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and
supplementary payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in which there are no self-employed. Real com
pensation per hour is compensation per hour adjusted by the
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers.
Unit labor cost measures the labor compensation cost required to
produce one unit of output and is derived by dividing compensation
by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, in
terest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by
subtracting compensation of all persons from the current dollar gross
domestic product and dividing by output. In these tables, unit
nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments
except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits and invento
ry valuation adjustments per unit of output.
The implicit price deflator is derived by dividing the current dollar
estimate of gross product by the constant dollar estimate, making the
deflator, in effect, a price index for gross product of the sector reported.
28.
The use of the term “man hours” to identify the labor component
of productivity and costs, in tables 28 through 31, has been discontin
ued. Hours of all persons is now used to describe the labor input of
payroll workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers.
Output per all-employee hour is now used to describe labor productiv
ity in nonfinancial corporations where there are no self-employed.
Notes on the data
In the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the basis
for the output measure employed in the computation of output per
hour is Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product.
Computation of hours includes estimates of nonfarm and farm propri
etor hours.
Output data are supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S.
Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly
manufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics to annual estimates of output (gross product originating)
from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data
are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
Beginning with the September 1982 issue of the R ev ie w , all of the
productivity and cost measures contained in these tables are based on
revised output and compensation measures released by the Bureau of
Economic Analysis in July as part of the regular revision cycle of the
National Income and Product Accounts. Measures of labor input
have been revised to reflect results of the 1980 census, and seasonal
factors have been recomputed for use in the preparation of quarterly
measures. The word “private” is no longer being used as part of the
series title of one of the two business sector measures prepared by
BLS; no change has been made in the definition or content of the
measures as a result of this change.
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-82
[1977=100]
Ite m
1950
v
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
B u s in e s s s e c t o r :
......................................
5 0 .4
5 8 .3
9 4 .5
9 7 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .6
9 9 .6
9 8 .9
1 0 0 .7
1 0 1 .0
......................................................
2 0 .0
2 6 .4
3 3 .9
4 1 .7
5 8 .2
8 5 .5
9 2 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .6
1 1 9 .1
1 3 1 .4
1 4 4 .1
1 5 4 .5
6 9 .5
8 0 .1
9 0 .8
9 6 .3
9 8 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .9
9 9 .4
9 6 .7
9 6 .0
9 7 .0
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
6 5 .2
7 8 .3
8 6 .2
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r .............................................
5 0 .5
5 9 .6
U n it la b o r c o s t ............................................................................
3 9 .7
4 5 .2
5 2 .0
5 3 .3
6 7 .5
9 0 .5
9 5 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .0
1 1 9 .5
1 3 2 .9
1 4 3 .1
1 5 2 .9
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s
......................................................
4 3 .4
4 7 .6
5 0 .6
5 7 .6
6 3 .2
9 0 .4
9 4 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .7
1 1 2 .8
1 1 9 .3
1 3 5 .2
1 3 8 .7
............................................................
4 1 .0
4 6 .0
5 1 .6
5 4 .7
6 6 .0
9 0 .5
9 4 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 7 .5
1 1 7 .2
1 2 8 .3
1 4 0 .4
14 8 .1
I m p lic it p r ic e d e f la t o r
N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c t o r :
......................................
5 6 .3
6 2 .8
6 8 .3
8 0 .5
8 6 .8
9 4 .7
9 7 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .6
9 9 .3
9 8 .5
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .0
......................................................
2 1 .8
2 8 .3
3 5 .7
4 2 .8
5 8 .7
8 6 .0
9 3 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .6
1 1 8 .8
1 3 0 .9
1 4 3 .6
1 5 4 .0
9 9 .2
9 6 .3
9 5 .7
9 6 .7
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r .............................................
5 5 .0
6 4 .0
7 3 .0
8 2 .2
9 1 .5
9 6 .8
9 9 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .9
U n it l a b o r c o s t ............................................................................
3 8 .8
4 5 .0
5 2 .2
5 3 .2
6 7 .6
9 0 .8
9 5 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .0
1 1 9 .6
1 3 3 .0
1 4 3 .8
1 5 4 .0
......................................................
4 2 .7
4 7 .8
5 0 .4
5 8 .0
6 3 .7
8 8 .5
9 3 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .3
1 1 0 .3
1 1 9 .1
1 3 4 .8
1 3 9 .0
............................................................
4 0 .1
4 6 .0
5 1 .6
5 4 .8
6 6 .3
9 0 .0
9 4 .6
1 0 0 .0
10 7 .1
1 1 6 .5
1 2 8 .3
1 4 0 .8
1 4 9 .0
( ’ )
6 8 .0
8 1 .9
8 7 .4
9 5 .5
9 8 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .3
1 0 2 .0
1 0 3 .0
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s
I m p lic it p r ic e d e f la t o r
N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p lo y e e s
................................
( ’ )
1 1 8 .7
1 3 0 .9
1 4 3 .5
1 5 4 .1
( ’ )
4 3 .9
5 9 .4
( ’ )
7 5 .8
8 4 .3
9 2 .7
9 6 .9
9 8 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .8
9 9 .1
9 6 .2
9 5 .6
9 6 .8
( 1)
5 4 .4
5 3 .5
6 8 .0
9 0 .2
9 4 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 7 .5
1 1 7 .8
1 3 0 .5
1 4 0 .6
1 4 9 .6
5 4 .6
6 0 .8
6 3 .1
9 0 .8
9 5 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .2
1 0 6 .9
1 1 7 .7
1 3 4 .8
1 4 0 .5
1 4 6 .5
U n it la b o r c o s t ............................................................................
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s
......................................................
( ’ )
9 2 .9
1 0 8 .5
( ')
( ’ )
3 7 .0
8 6 .1
1 0 0 .0
......................................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r .............................................
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
( 1)
( ')
( ')
( 1)
5 4 .5
5 6 .1
6 6 .3
9 0 .4
9 4 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .4
1 1 4 .1
1 2 6 .1
1 3 8 .6
......................................
4 9 .4
5 6 .4
6 0 .0
7 4 .5
7 9 .1
9 3 .4
9 7 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .9
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .7
1 0 4 .5
1 0 3 .5
......................................................
2 1 .5
2 8 .8
3 6 .7
4 2 .8
5 7 .6
8 5 .4
9 2 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .3
1 1 8 .9
1 3 2 .8
1 4 6 .4
1 5 8 .8
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r .............................................
5 4 .0
6 5 .1
7 5 .1
8 2 .3
8 9 .8
9 6 .2
9 8 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .6
9 9 .2
9 7 .7
9 7 .5
9 9 .7
U n it la b o r c o s t .............................................................................
4 3 .4
5 1 .0
6 1 .1
5 7 .5
7 2 .7
9 1 .5
9 4 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 7 .4
1 1 7 .1
1 3 0 .6
1 4 0 .0
1 5 3 .4
6 9 .3
6 5 .0
8 7 .3
9 3 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .5
9 9 .9
9 7 .1
1 0 8 .8
C )
6 1 .0
7 0 .5
9 0 .3
9 4 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .0
1 1 2 .0
1 2 0 .8
1 3 0 .8
( ’ )
I m p lic it p r ic e d e f la t o r
.............................................................
M a n u fa c tu r in g :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
......................................................
5 4 .3
5 8 .5
6 1 .1
.............................................................
4 6 .6
5 3 .2
6 1 .1
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s
I m p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r
1 N o t a v a ila b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
87
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity
29. Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1972-82
A n n u a l ra te
Year
o f change
Ite m
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
-0 .9
-0 .7
1981
1982
1 9 5 0 -8 2
1 9 7 2 -8 2
B u s in e s s s e c t o r :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
.............................................
-2 .4
3 .5
2 .6
3 .3
2 .4
0 .6
1.8
0 .4
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r .............................................................
6 .5
8 .0
9 .4
9 .6
8 .6
7 .7
8 .6
9 .7
1 0 .4
9 .6
7 .3
r 6 .6
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ...................................................
3.1
1 .6
-1 .4
0 .5
2 .6
1 .2
0 .9
-1 .4
-2 .8
-0 .7
1.1
r 2.1
0.1
U n it la b o r c o s t ...................................................................................
2 .9
5 .3
12.1
7 .3
5.1
5.1
8 .0
1 0 .7
1 1 .2
7 .7
6 .9
'4 . 3
'7 . 9
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s .............................................................
4 .5
5 .9
4 .4
15 .1
4 .0
6 .4
6 .7
5 .7
5 .8
1 3 .3
r 2 .6
3 .7
'6 . 9
I m p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r
3 .4
5 .5
9 .5
9 ,8
4 .7
5 .6
7 .5
9 .0
9 .4
9 .5
5 .5
4.1
» 7 .6
............................................
3 .7
2 .4
-2 .5
2 .0
3 .2
2 .2
0 .6
-1 .3
-0 .9
1.4
0.1
r 1 .8
'0 . 7
............................................................
6 .7
7 .6
9 .4
9 .6
8.1
7 .5
8 .6
9 .3
1 0 .2
9 .7
7 .2
r 6 .3
» 8 .7
- 1 .4
- 0 .7
...................................................................
2 .2
r 2 .2
'0 . 9
'8 . 9
N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c t o r :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
0.0
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ...................................................
3 .3
1 .3
1 .0
0 .9
-1 .7
-2 .9
1 .0
r 1.8
U n it la b o r c o s t ..................................................................................
2 .9
5 .0
1 2 .2
7 .5
4 .7
5 .2
8 .0
1 0 .7
1 1 .2
8.1
7.1
' 4 .4
» 7 .9
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ............................................................
3 .2
1.3
5 .9
1 6 .7
5 .7
6 .9
5 .3
4 .7
8 .0
13 .1
3 .2
3 .7
» 7 .0
I m p lic it p r ic e d e f la t o r
5 .8
r 4 .2
» 7 .6
...................................................................
0 .4
2 .2
3 .0
3 .8
1 0 .2
1 0 .3
5 .0
5 .7
7.1
8 .8
1 0 .2
9 .7
......................................
2 .9
2 .4
-3 .7
2 .9
2 .9
1 .8
0 .9
-0 .2
-0 .4
1 .7
1 .0
............................................................
5 .7
7 .5
9 .4
9 .6
7 .9
7 .6
8 .5
9 .4
1 0 .3
9 .6
7 .4
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ...................................................
2 .4
1 .2
- 1 .5
0 .4
2 .0
1.1
0 .8
-1 .7
-2 .9
- 0 .7
1 .2
(')
(’ )
<’ >
6 .4
( 1)
N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p lo y e e s
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
'0 . 9
'8 . 7
0.0
U n it la b o r c o s t ..................................................................................
2 .8
4 .9
1 3 .6
6 .5
4 .9
5 .7
7 .5
9 .6
1 0 .7
7 .8
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ............................................................
2 .7
1 .5
7.1
2 0 .1
4 .6
5 .3
4 .2
2 .6
10 .1
1 4 .6
4 .2
C )
Im p lic it p r ic e d e f la t o r
2 .8
3 .8
1 1 .4
1 0 .9
4 .8
5 .6
6 .4
7 .2
1 0 .5
1 0 .0
5 .7
<1)
7 .6
2 .8
'1 . 6
...................................................................
7 .7
'7 . 3
M a n u fa c tu r in g :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
-2 .4
2 .9
4 .4
2 .5
0 .9
- 1 .0
r 2 .3
............................................................
5 .4
7 .2
1 0 .6
1 1 .9
8 .0
8 .3
8 .3
9 .7
1 1 .8
1 0 .2
8 .5
r 6 .5
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ...................................................
2 .0
0 .9
-0 .3
2 .5
2.1
1 .8
0 .6
-1 .4
- 1 .6
- 0 .2
2 .2
1 .9
'0 . 7
U n it la b o r c o s t ...................................................................................
0 .3
1 .7
1 3 .3
8 .8
3 .4
5 .7
7 .4
9 .0
1 1 .6
7 .2
9 .6
'4 . 0
» 7 .7
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ............................................................
0 .8
-3 .3
-1 .8
2 5 .9
7 .4
6 .7
2 .5
-2 .6
- 2 .7
1 2 .0
( 1)
I m p lic it p r ic e d e f la t o r
0 .5
0 .3
9 .0
13 .1
4 .6
6 .0
6 .0
5 .7
7 .8
8 .4
(')
(’ )
(’ )
III
IV
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
.............................................
...................................................................
5 .4
5 .0
' N o t a v a ila b le .
r=
30.
p=
0 .7
0 .2
(')
(')
9 .5
p r e lim in a r y .
r e v is e d .
Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted
[1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ]
Q u a rte rly in d e x e s
A nnual
av erag e
It e m
1980
1981
1982
1981
1982
............................................
1 0 0 .7
1 0 1 .0
9 8 .2
9 8 .9
9 9 .3
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .7
1 0 1 .0
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .3
1 0 1 .2
1 0 2 .2
............................................................
1 4 4 .1
1 5 4 .6
1 3 0 .0
1 3 3 .1
1 3 6 .1
1 4 0 .0
1 4 2 .5
1 4 5 .6
1 4 8 .2
1 5 0 .9
1 5 3 .4
1 5 5 .7
'1 5 7 . 8
II
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
I
II
B u s in e s s s e c t o r :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ...................................................
9 6 .0
9 7 .0
9 6 .4
9 6 .9
9 6 .2
9 6 .2
9 6 .4
9 5 .7
9 5 .6
9 6 .5
9 7 .1
9 6 .8
9 7 .5
U n it la b o r c o s t ...................................................................................
1 4 3 .1
1 5 2 .9
1 3 2 .3
1 3 4 .7
1 3 7 .0
1 3 9 .0
1 4 1 .5
1 4 4 .2
1 4 7 .9
1 5 0 .9
1 5 2 .9
1 5 3 .8
1 5 4 .4
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ............................................................
1 3 5 .2
1 3 8 .7
1 1 6 .2
1 2 0 .6
1 2 4 .6
1 3 1 .8
1 3 3 .4
1 3 7 .4
1 3 8 .3
1 3 6 .4
1 3 7 .0
1 4 0 .0
1 4 1 .8
I m p lic it p r ic e d e f la t o r
...................................................................
1 4 0 .4
1 4 8 .1
1 2 6 .9
1 2 9 .9
1 3 2 .8
1 3 6 .5
1 3 8 .8
1 4 1 .9
1 4 4 .6
1 4 6 .0
1 4 7 .5
1 4 9 .1
1 5 0 .1
............................................
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .0
9 7 .6
9 8 .4
9 9 .2
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 ,0
9 9 .1
9 9 .2
9 9 .4
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .8
1 5 7 .2
N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c t o r :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
............................................................
1 4 3 .6
1 5 4 .0
1 2 9 .3
1 3 2 .6
1 3 5 .7
1 3 9 .5
1 4 2 .0
1 4 5 .1
1 4 7 .7
1 5 0 .4
1 5 2 .7
1 5 5 .1
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ...................................................
9 5 .7
9 6 .7
9 6 .0
9 6 .5
9 5 .9
9 6 .0
9 6 .0
9 5 .4
9 5 .3
9 6 .3
9 6 .6
9 6 .4
9 7 .1
U n it l a b o r c o s t ...................................................................................
1 4 3 .8
1 5 4 .0
1 3 2 .5
1 3 4 .7
1 3 6 .8
1 3 9 .0
1 4 1 .9
1 4 5 .1
1 4 9 .0
1 5 1 .6
1 5 3 .5
1 5 4 .7
1 5 6 .1
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ............................................................
1 3 4 .8
1 3 9 .0
1 1 6 .7
1 2 0 .3
1 2 4 .4
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .8
1 3 6 .7
1 3 8 .4
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .2
1 4 0 .1
1 4 2 .2
I m p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r
1 4 9 ,0
1 2 7 .2
1 2 9 .9
1 3 2 .7
1 3 6 .5
1 3 8 .9
1 4 2 .3
1 4 5 .5
1 4 6 .6
1 4 8 .1
1 4 9 .8
1 5 1 .4
(’)
(’ )
(’ )
...................................................................
1 4 0 .8
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p l o y e e s ......................................
1 0 2 .0
1 0 3 .0
9 9 .3
1 0 0 .6
1 0 1 .1
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .2
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .6
1 0 2 .3
1 0 3 .5
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
............................................................
1 4 3 .5
1 5 4 .1
1 2 9 .3
1 3 2 .6
1 3 5 .6
1 3 9 .6
1 4 1 .9
1 4 4 .8
1 4 7 .7
1 5 0 .7
1 5 3 .0
1 5 5 .2
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ...................................................
9 5 .6
9 6 .8
9 5 .9
9 6 .6
9 5 .8
9 6 .0
9 6 .0
9 5 .2
9 5 .3
9 6 .5
9 6 .8
9 6 .4
N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s :
T o t a l u n it c o s t s
...............................................................................
1 4 3 .4
1 5 4 .8
(’ )
......................................................................
1 4 0 .6
1 4 9 .6
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .9
1 3 4 .1
1 3 6 .5
1 3 8 .9
1 4 1 .7
1 4 5 .4
1 4 8 .3
1 4 9 .5
1 5 0 .0
(’)
U n it n o n la b o r c o s t s .............................................................
1 5 1 .4
1 6 7 .0
1 3 1 .0
1 3 5 .7
1 4 0 .7
1 4 3 .4
1 4 9 .6
1 5 3 .1
1 5 9 ,6
1 6 1 .8
1 6 6 .0
1 6 8 .3
U n it la b o r c o s t
U n it p r o f it s
.........................................................................................
I m p lic it p r ic e d e f la t o r
1 5 4 .2
1 3 0 .4
1 3 2 .9
1 3 5 .8
1 3 8 .3
1 4 1 .7
1 4 4 .7
14 9 .1
1 5 1 .8
1 5 3 .8
( ’ )
1 0 1 .6
8 7 .2
8 1 .9
8 7 .8
9 0 .5
1 0 4 .7
9 8 .8
1 0 5 .2
9 7 .6
8 6 .1
8 2 .3
8 9 .6
1 3 8 .6
1 4 6 .5
1 2 4 .8
1 2 7 .7
1 3 0 .6
1 3 4 .5
1 3 6 .8
1 4 0 .2
1 4 3 .2
1 4 4 .3
1 4 5 .6
1 4 7 .3
( ')
............................................
1 0 4 .5
1 0 3 .5
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .3
1 0 3 .6
1 0 5 .2
1 0 5 .0
1 0 5 .0
1 0 2 .8
1 0 2 .1
1 0 2 .3
1 0 4 .1
1 0 4 .3
............................................................
1 4 6 .4
1 5 8 .8
1 3 0 .9
1 3 5 .2
1 3 8 .4
1 4 2 .6
1 4 4 .9
1 4 7 .3
1 5 0 .7
1 5 4 .7
1 5 7 .6
1 6 0 .0
1 6 1 .8
...................................................................
( ’ )
M a n u fa c tu r in g :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ...................................................
9 7 .5
9 9 .7
9 7 .1
9 8 .5
9 7 .8
9 8 .0
9 7 .9
9 6 .8
9 7 .2
9 9 .0
9 9 .7
9 9 .4
9 9 .9
U n it la b o r c o s t ..................................................................................
1 4 0 .0
1 5 3 .4
1 3 0 .3
1 3 4 .9
1 3 3 .6
1 3 5 .5
1 3 8 .0
1 4 0 .3
1 4 6 .6
1 5 1 .5
1 5 4 .0
1 5 3 .6
1 5 5 .1
' N o t a v a ila b le .
88
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r=
r e v is e d .
31. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices,
seasonally adjusted at annual rate
[1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ]
Q u a rte rly p e r c e n t c h a n g e a t a n n u a l ra te
II 1 9 8 1
It e m
III 1 9 8 1
P e rc e n t c h a n g e fro m s a m e q u a rte r a y e a r a g o
IV 1 9 8 1
1 1982
II 1 9 8 2
III 1 9 8 2
III 1 9 8 0
IV 1 9 8 0
I 1981
II 1 9 8 1
III 1 9 8 1
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
III 1 9 8 1
IV 1 9 8 1
I 1982
II 1 9 8 2
III 1 9 8 2
IV 1 9 8 2
III 1 9 8 1
IV 1 9 8 1
I 1982
II 1 9 8 2
III 1 9 8 2
IV 1 9 8 2
IV 1 9 8 1
B u s in e s s s e c t o r :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
................................
1.1
-2 .9
-1 .0
1 .4
3 .6
4.1
2 .2
0 .9
- 0 .7
-0 .4
0 .2
2 .0
................................................
9 .0
7 .4
7 .3
6 .9
6.1
5 .6
9 .4
8 .9
7 .8
7 .6
6 .9
'6 . 5
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ......................................
-2 .6
-0 .4
3 .9
2 .2
-1 .4
2 .9
-1 .3
-0 .6
0 .3
0 .8
1.1
1 .9
8 .6
8.1
6 .7
4 .4
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
U n it la b o r c o s t s
...................................................................
7 .8
1 0 .6
8 .4
5 .5
2 .4
1 .4
7.1
7 .9
................................................
1 2 .5
2 .9
-5 .4
1 .7
8 .9
5 .4
1 3 .9
1 1 .0
3 .5
2 .7
1 .9
2 .5
......................................................
9 .3
8 .0
3 .8
4 .3
4 .4
2 .7
9 .2
8 .9
6 .9
6 .3
5.1
3 .8
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s
I m p lic it p r ic e d e f la t o r
N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c t o r :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
................................
-0 .3
-3 .5
0 .6
0 .8
3 .5
2 .0
-0 .6
0 .3
1 .7
................................................
9 .0
7 .3
7 .7
6.1
6 .6
5 .6
9 .4
8 .8
7 .8
7 .5
6 .9
6 .5
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ......................................
-2 .6
-0 .5
4 .3
1.4
-0 .9
2 .9
-1 .2
-0 .6
0 .3
0 .6
1.1
1 .9
9 .3
1 1 .2
7.1
5 .2
3.1
3 .5
7 .7
8 .9
9 .0
8 .2
6 .6
4 .7
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
U n it la b o r c o s t s
...................................................................
U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s
I m p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r
1 .6
-0 .1
-1 .1
................................................
12 .1
5.1
-4 .6
1 .3
8 .9
6.1
1 3 .6
1 1 .2
4 .0
3 .3
2 .6
2 .8
......................................................
1 0 .2
9 .2
3 .3
4 .0
4 .9
4 .3
9 .6
9 .6
7 .4
6 .6
5 .3
4.1
0 .2
- 2 .4
N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p lo y e e s
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
.........................
................................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ......................................
8 .4
-3 .1
0 .3
2 .7
4 .6
( 1)
1 .6
0 .5
-0 .6
0 .2
1 .3
8 .2
8 .4
6 .2
5 .9
( 1)
9 .2
8 .9
8 .0
7 .8
7 .2
( ')
0 .3
5 .0
1 .6
- 1 .6
-1 .4
-0 .5
0 .5
0 .9
1 .3
( ')
1 2 .8
7 .4
5 .4
2 .5
8 .9
9 .8
9 .7
8 .5
7 .0
( ')
7 .5
8 .4
8 .6
7 .6
5 .8
( 1)
1 2 .9
1 3 .4
1 2 .8
1 0 .9
9 .9
(’ )
1 9 .7
7 .9
- 1 7 .8
-1 6 .7
- 1 4 .8
( ')
9 .7
9 .6
7 .3
6 .4
5.1
(’ )
4 .7
.............................................................
8 .2
1 0 .9
8.1
3 .4
1 .2
U n it n o n la b o r c o s t s ......................................................
9 .8
1 7 .8
5 .7
1 0 .7
5 .9
(')
{')
(')
(')
U n it p r o f i t s ...............................................................................
2 8 .4
-2 5 .9
-3 9 .4
-1 6 .7
4 0 .8
(’ >
I m p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r
1 0 .2
8 .9
3 .0
3 .8
4 .7
T o t a l u n it c o s t s
...................................................................
U n it l a b o r c o s t s
......................................................
8 .6
( ')
O
M a n u fa c tu r in g :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
................................
-0 .1
- 8 .2
-2 .4
0 .8
7 .3
0 .5
-0 .8
- 2 .9
-2 .5
-0 .8
1 .5
................................................
6 .8
9 .6
11 .1
7 .8
6 .2
4 .5
8 .9
8 .9
8 .5
8 .8
8 .7
7 .4
R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ......................................
- 4 .6
1 .6
7 .6
3.1
- 1 .3
1 .9
-1 .7
-0 .6
1 .0
1 .8
2 .7
2 .8
6 .8
1 9 .4
1 3 .9
6 .9
- 1 .0
3 .9
4 .0
9 .8
1 1 .7
1 1 .6
9 .5
5 .8
C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r
U n it l a b o r c o s t s
1 N o t a v a ila b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
...................................................................
r=
r e v is e d .
89
WAGE AND COMPENSATION DATA
F O R t h e e m p l o y m e n t c o s t i n d e x are reported to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by a sample of 2,000 private non
farm establishments and 750 State and local government units
selected to represent total employment in those sectors. On
average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation
information on five well-specified occupations.
d a t a
Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes are obtained
from contracts on file at the Bureau, direct contact with the
parties, and secondary sources.
Definitions
The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the
average change in the cost of employing labor. The rate of total com
pensation, which comprises wages, salaries, and employer costs for
employee benefits, is collected for workers performing specified tasks.
Employment in each occupation is held constant over time for all se
ries produced in the ECI, except those by region, bargaining status,
and area. As a consequence, only changes in compensation are meas
ured. Industry and occupational employment data from the 1970 Cen
sus of Population are used in deriving constant weights for the ECI.
While holding total industry and occupational employment fixed, in
the estimation of indexes by region, bargaining status, and area, the
employment in those measures is allowed to vary over time in accord
with changes in the sample. The rate of change (in percent) is avail
able for wages and salaries, as well as for total compensation. Data
are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey
months of March, June, September, and December. The statistics are
neither annualized nor adjusted for seasonal influence.
Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions,
excluding premium pay for overtime, work on weekends and holidays,
and shift differentials. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, com
missions, and cost-of-living adjustments are included; nonproduction
bonuses are included with other supplemental pay items in the bene
fits category; and payments-in-kind, free room and board, and tips are
excluded. B e n e fits include supplemental pay, insurance, retirement and
savings plans, and hours-related and legally required benefits.
Data on negotiated wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry
collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more.
Data on compensation changes apply only to those agreements cover
ing 5,000 workers or more. F ir s t-y e a r wage or compensation changes
refer to average negotiated changes for workers covered by settle
ments reached in the period and implemented within the first 12
months after the effective date of the agreement. C h a n g e s o v e r th e life
90
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
o f th e a g r e e m e n t refer to all adjustments specified in the contract,
expressed as an average annual rate. These measures exclude wage
changes that may occur under cost-of-living adjustment clauses, that
are triggered by movements in the Consumer Price Index. W a g e-ra te
c h a n g e s are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earnings;
c o m p e n sa tio n c h a n g e s are expressed as a percent of total wages and
benefits.
Effective wage adjustments reflect all negotiated changes imple
mented in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. They
include changes from settlements reached during the period, changes
deferred from contracts negotiated in an earlier period, and cost-ofliving adjustments. The data also reflect contracts providing for no
wage adjustment in the period. Effective adjustments and each of
their components are prorated over all workers in bargaining units
with at least 1,000 workers.
Notes on the data
The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quar
ter of 1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in
the private nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee bene
fits were included in 1980, to produce a measure of the percent
change in employers’ cost for employees’ total compensation. State
and local government units were added to the ECI coverage in 1981,
providing a measure of total compensation change in the civilian non
farm economy.
Data for the broad white-collar, blue-collar, and service worker
groups, and the manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and service indus
try groups are presented in the ECI. Additional occupation and in
dustry detail are provided for the wages and salaries component of
total compensation in the private nonfarm sector. For State and local
government units, additional industry detail is shown for both total
compensation and its wages and salaries component.
Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates of chang
es presented in the ECI are also available.
For a more detailed discussion of the ECI, see chapter 11, “The
Employment Cost Index,” of the BLS H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s (Bulletin
2134-1), and the M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w articles: “Employment Cost
Index: a measure of change in the ‘price of labor,”’ July 1975; “How
benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost Index,” Janu
ary 1978; and “The Employment Cost Index: recent trends and ex
pansion,” May 1982.
Additional data for the ECI and other measures of wage and com
pensation changes appear in C u r re n t W a g e D e v e lo p m e n ts , a monthly
publication of the Bureau.
32.
Employment Cost Index, total compensation, by occupation and industry group
[J u n e 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 ]
P e rc e n t ch a n g e
1980
1981
1982
3 m o n th s
12 m o n th s
ended
ended
S e r ie s
Dec.
M a rc h
1 0 0 .0
C iv i lia n n o n f a r m w o r k e r s ’ ...................................................................................
June
S e p t,
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .6
Dec.
D e c e m b e r 1982
Dec.
M a rc h
June
S e p t.
1 0 4 .5
1 0 6 .3
1 0 7 .5
1 1 0 .1
1 1 1 .4
1 .2
1 0 6 .5
6.Ô
W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
......................................................................................
—
—
1 0 2 .7
1 0 4 .9
1 0 7 .7
1 1 0 .7
1 1 1 .9
1.1
.........................................................................................
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .3
1 0 4 .1
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .1
1 0 9 .2
1 1 0 .5
1.2
6.1
...............................................................................................
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .8
1 0 4 .2
1 0 7 .2
1 0 8 .3
1 1 0 .8
1 1 2 .4
1.4
7 .9
1 .0
6 .2
W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
B l u e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
S e r v ic e w o r k e r s
6 .7
W o r k e r s , b y I n d u s tr y d iv is io n
—
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ......................................................................................................
—
1 0 4 .0
1 0 6 .0
1 0 9 .3
1 1 0 .4
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................................
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .8
1 0 4 .8
1 0 6 .4
1 0 7 .7
1 1 0 .5
1 1 1 .8
1 .2
6 .7
S e r v i c e s ............................................................................................................
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .4
1 0 7 ,1
1 0 8 .2
1 0 9 .2
1 1 3 .5
1 1 5 .0
1 .3
7 .4
P u b lic a d m in is t r a t io n 2
—
-
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .3
1 0 6 .0
1 0 8 .1
1 0 9 .1
1 1 2 .8
1 1 3 .6
.7
7 .2
............................................................................
P r i v a t e n o n f a r m w o r k e r s ...............................................................................
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .1
1 0 7 .2
9 4 .7
9 8 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .0
1 0 4 .0
1 0 5 .8
1 0 7 .2
1 0 9 .3
1107
1.3
6 .4
...............................................................................
9 4 .5
9 8 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .8
1 0 4 .0
1 0 5 .8
1 0 7 .2
1 0 9 .5
1 1 0 .8
1.2
6 .5
...................................................................................
9 4 .9
9 7 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .2
1 0 4 .0
1 0 5 .6
1 0 7 .0
1 0 9 .0
1 1 0 .3
1 .2
6.1
.........................................................................................
9 4 .3
993
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .9
1 0 3 .1
1 0 6 .7
1 0 7 .9
1 0 9 .6
1 1 1 .8
2 .0
8 .4
W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
S e r v ic e w o r k e r s
W o r k e r s , b y i n d u s t r y d iv is io n
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ...............................................................................................
9 4 .7
9 8 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .1
1 0 4 .0
1 0 6 .0
1 0 7 .2
1 0 9 .3
1 1 0 .4
1 .0
6 .2
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ......................................................................................
9 4 .7
9 8 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .0
1 0 3 .9
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .1
1 0 9 .3
1 1 0 .8
1.4
6 .6
—
-
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .3
1 0 7 .4
1 0 8 .8
1 0 9 .3
1 1 4 .3
1 1 5 .1
.7
7 .2
...............................................................................
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .8
1 0 9 .1
1 0 9 .5
1 1 4 .9
1 1 5 .8
.8
7 .4
...................................................................................
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .2
1 0 5 .9
1 0 8 .2
1 0 8 .9
1 1 2 .7
1 1 3 .0
.3
6 .7
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .8
1 0 7 .9
1 0 9 .0
1 0 9 .4
1 1 4 .9
1 1 5 .9
.9
7 .4
......................................................................................................
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .0
1 0 7 .9
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .1
1 1 4 .8
1 1 5 .8
.9
7 .3
E le m e n t a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y ......................................................
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .3
1 0 8 .3
1 0 9 .3
1 0 9 .5
1 1 5 .6
1 1 6 .6
.9
7 .7
H o s p ita ls a n d o t h e r s e r v ic e s 3 ......................................................
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .0
1 0 7 .8
1 0 9 .5
1 1 0 .3
1 1 5 .3
1 1 6 .0
.6
7 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .3
1 0 6 .0
1 0 8 .1
1 0 9 .1
1 1 2 .8
1 1 3 .6
.7
7 .2
S ta t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s
W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
W o r k e r s , b y i n d u s t r y d iv is io n
S e r v i c e s ............................................................................................................
S c h o o ls
P u b lic a d m in is t r a t io n 2
............................................................................
'E x c lu d e s h o u s e h o ld a n d F e d e r a l w o r k e r s .
i n c l u d e s , f o r e x a m p le , lib r a r y , s o c ia l, a n d h e a lth s e r v ic e s .
C o n s i s t s o f le g is la tiv e , ju d ic ia l, a d m in is t r a t iv e , a n d r e g u la t o r y a c t iv itie s .
N ote :
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D a s h e s In d ic a t e d a t a n o t a v a ila b le .
91
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data
33.
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
[J u n e 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 ]
P e rc e n t ch a n g e
1982
1981
1980
S e r ie s
C iv i lia n n o n f a r m w o r k e r s '
...................................................................................
Dec.
M a rc h
June
S e p t.
Dec.
M a rc h
June
S e p t.
Dec.
-
-
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .5
1 0 4 .4
106 3
1 0 7 .3
1 0 9 .7
1 1 0 .9
3 m o n th s
12 m o n th s
ended
ended
D e c e m b e r 1982
1.1
6 .2
6 .4
W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
......................................................................................
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .6
1 0 4 .7
1 0 6 .7
1 0 7 .6
1 1 0 .4
1 1 1 ,4
.9
.........................................................................................
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .4
1 0 4 .0
1 0 5 .5
1 0 6 .7
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .8
1.1
5 .6
S e r v ic e w o r k e r s ..................................................................................................
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .5
1 0 3 .6
1 0 6 .8
1 0 7 .9
1 1 0 .1
1 1 1 .8
1 .5
7 .9
W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
B l u e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
W o r k e r s , b y in d u s t r y d iv is io n
M a n u f a c t u r in g
......................................................................................................
N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g
S e r v ic e s
............................................................................................
............................................................................................................
P u b lic a d m in i s t r a t i o n 2 ...............................................................................
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .1
1 0 4 .0
1 0 5 .9
1 0 8 .8
1 0 9 .8
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .7
1 0 4 .5
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .5
1 1 0 .1
1 1 1 .3
1.1
6 .5
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .4
1 0 6 .6
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .5
1 1 3 .2
1 1 4 .4
1.1
7 .3
-
1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .8
1 0 5 .5
1 0 7 .5
1 0 8 .4
1 1 1 .9
1 1 2 .6
.6
6 .7
—
-
1 0 7 .0
.9
5 .6
9 5 .4
9 8 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .0
1 0 3 .8
1 0 5 .9
1 0 7 .1
1 0 9 .0
1 1 0 .3
1 .2
6 .3
9 5 .2
9 8 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .8
1 0 3 .9
1 0 6 .2
1 0 7 .3
1 0 9 .4
1 1 0 .6
1.1
6 .4
.........................................
9 5 .3
9 8 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .3
1 0 5 ,5
1 0 8 .0
1 0 9 .4
1 1 1 .8
1 1 2 .9
1 .0
7 .0
......................................................
9 4 .7
9 8 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .6
1 0 2 .8
1 0 5 .8
1 0 7 .2
1 0 8 .5
1 0 9 .3
.7
6 .3
4 .2
P riv a te n o n fa rm w o r k e r s
W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
...............................................................................
P r o f e s s io n a l a n d te c h n ic a l w o r k e r s
M a n a g e r s a n d a d m in is t r a t o r s
S a e s w o ' k e r s ............................................................................................
9 4 .8
9 6 .2
1 0 0 .0
9 8 .0
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .2
1 0 1 .8
1 0 4 .5
1 0 6 .2
1 .6
C le r ic a l w o r k e r s ......................................................................................
9 5 .7
9 8 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .7
1 0 4 .2
1 0 7 .0
1 0 8 .3
1 1 0 .3
1 1 1 .6
1 .2
7.1
5 .6
9 5 .7
9 7 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .3
1 0 3 .9
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .6
1 0 8 .5
1 0 9 .7
1.1
............................................................
9 6 .1
9 7 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .9
1 0 4 .3
1 0 6 .2
1 0 7 .6
1 0 9 .6
1 1 1 .2
1 .5
6 ,6
O p e r a t iv e s , e x c e p t t r a n s p o r t .........................................................
9 5 .5
9 7 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .1
1 0 4 .1
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .6
1 0 8 .3
1 0 9 .3
.9
5 .0
T r a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t o p e r a t iv e s
................................................
9 5 .3
9 6 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .0
1 0 2 .7
1 0 3 .2
1 0 4 .1
1 0 6 .0
1 0 6 .9
.8
4.1
N o n f a r m l a b o r e r s ...................................................................................
9 5 .7
9 7 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .5
1 0 3 .3
1 0 4 .1
1 0 5 .1
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .8
1 .2
4 .4
S e r v ic e w o ' k e ' S ............................................................................................
9 4 .8
9 9 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .8
1 0 2 .7
1 0 6 .7
1 0 7 .9
1 0 9 .3
1 1 1 .4
1 .9
8 .5
9 5 .7
9 7 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .1
1 0 4 .0
1 0 5 .9
1 0 7 .0
1 0 8 .8
1 0 9 .8
.9
5 .6
1 0 7 .4
B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
...................................................................................
C r a f t a n d k in d r e d w o r k e r s
W o r k e r s , b y In d u s tr y d iv is io n
M a n u f a c t u r in g
...............................................................................................
1 0 9 .0
1 1 0 .3
1 .2
5 .6
D u r a b l e s ......................................................................................................
9 5 .7
9 7 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .5
1 0 6 .3
N o n d u r a b le s
9 5 .7
9 7 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .0
1 0 3 .1
1 0 5 .3
1 0 6 .3
1 0 8 .5
1 0 9 .1
.6
5 .8
9 8 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .0
1 0 3 .8
1 0 5 .9
1 0 7 .1
1 0 9 .1
1 1 0 .5
1 .3
6 .5
............................................................................................
1 0 2 .1
......................................................................................
9 5 .2
............................................................................................
9 5 .9
9 7 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .0
1 0 4 .3
1 0 5 .9
1 0 7 .3
1 0 9 .1
1 0 9 .7
.6
5 .2
T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ................................................
9 5 .6
9 7 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .0
1 0 3 .6
1 0 5 .7
1 0 6 .9
1 0 9 .5
1 1 1 .1
1 .5
7 .2
4 .8
N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g
C o n s tr u c t o n
............................................................
9 5 .1
9 8 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .3
1 0 2 .3
1 0 3 .9
1 0 5 .8
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .2
.7
W h o le s a le t r a d e ...............................................................................
9 5 .9
9 8 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .0
1 0 3 .4
1 0 6 .3
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .0
1 0 9 .8
.7
6 .2
R e ta il t r a d e
9 4 .8
9 8 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 ,0
1 0 1 .9
1 0 3 .0
1 0 4 .5
1 0 5 .5
1 0 6 .1
,6
4.1
.........................................
9 3 .1
9 5 .7
1 0 0 .0
9 8 .3
1 0 2 .3
1 0 3 .7
1 0 2 .4
1 0 6 .1
1 0 9 .0
2 .7
6 .5
......................................................................................................
9 5 .7
9 9 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .6
1 0 5 .8
1 0 8 .8
1 1 0 .0
1 1 2 .5
1 1 4 .3
1 .6
8 .0
-
-
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .0
1 0 7 .0
1 0 8 .2
1 0 8 .7
1 1 3 .5
1 1 4 .0
.4
6 .5
1 1 4 .6
.4
6 .6
1 1 2 .0
.4
6 .2
W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il t r a d e
.........................................................................................
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e
S e rv c e s
S ta t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s
W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
...............................................................................
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .4
1 0 7 .5
1 0 8 .5
1 0 8 .9
1 1 4 .2
...................................................................................
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .9
1 0 5 .5
1 0 7 .5
1 0 7 .9
1 1 1 .5
W o r k e r s , b y In d u s tr y d iv is io n
1 0 8 .4
1 0 8 .8
.4
6 .5
S c h o o l s .........................................................................................................
—
-
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .7
1 0 8 .3
1 0 8 .5
1 1 4 .2
1 1 4 .5
.3
6 .3
E le m e n t a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y ......................................................
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .0
1 0 7 .9
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .8
1 1 4 .9
1 1 5 .1
.2
6 .7
—
—
1 0 4 .6
1 0 7 .3
1 0 8 .8
1 0 9 .5
1 1 4 .3
1 1 4 .9
.5
7.1
_
1 0 0 .0
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .8
1 0 5 .5
1 0 7 .5
1 0 8 .4
1 1 1 .9
1 1 2 .6
.6
6 .7
1 0 0 .0
H o s p it a ls a n d o t h e r s e r v ic e s 3
.............................................................
P u b lic a d m in is t r a t io n 2 ...............................................................................
1 0 5 .5
1 0 7 .6
1 1 4 .2
'E x c lu d e s h o u s e h o ld a n d F e d e r a l w o r k e r s .
3 In c lu d e s , f o r e x a m p le , lib r a r y , s o c ia l, a n d h e a lt h s e r v ic e s .
2 C o n s is t s o f le g is la tiv e , ju d ic ia l, a d m in is tr a tiv e , a n d r e g u la t o r y a c t iv itie s .
N ote :
92
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D a s h e s in d ic a te d a t a n o t a v a ila b le .
1 1 4 .6
34.
Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size
[J u n e 1 9 8 1
=
100]
P e rc e n t c h a n g e
1982
1981
1980
S e r ie s
Dec.
M a rc h
9 4 .7
9 7 .6
June
S e p t.
Dec.
M a rc h
June
S e p t.
D ec.
3 m o n th s
12 m o n th s
ended
ended
D ec em b e r 1982
C O M P E N S A T IO N
W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s t a t u s 1
M a n u f a c t u r in g
......................................................................................................
N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g
M a n u f a c t u r in g
............................................................................................
......................................................................................................
N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g
............................................................................................
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .5
1 0 4 .8
1 0 6 .5
1 0 8 .4
1 1 0 .6
1 1 2 .3
1 .5
7 .2
—
-
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .3
1 0 4 .6
1 0 6 .3
1 0 8 .0
1 1 0 .3
1 1 1 .8
1.4
6 .9
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .7
1 0 5 .0
1 0 6 .8
1 0 8 .7
1 1 1 .0
1 1 2 .8
1 .6
9 4 .6
9 8 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .7
1 0 3 .5
1 0 5 .3
1 0 6 .5
1 0 8 .5
1 0 9 .7
1.1
6 .0
—
—
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .8
1 0 3 .5
1 0 5 .7
1 0 6 .6
1 0 8 .4
1 0 9 .2
.7
5 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .7
1 0 3 .5
1 0 5 .2
1 0 6 .4
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .9
1 .2
_
W o r k e r s , b y a r e a s iz e 1
M e t r o p o lit a n a r e a s ..................................................................................................
9 4 .7
9 8 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .1
1 0 4 .1
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .2
1 0 9 .4
1 1 0 .9
1 .4
O t h e r a r e a s ..................................................................................................................
9 4 .2
9 8 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .8
1 0 3 .2
1 0 6 .2
1 0 7 .0
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .1
.5
6 .5
W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S
W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s t a t u s 1
M a n u f a c t u r in g
......................................................................................................
N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g
............................................................................................
1 0 6 .5
1 0 8 .1
1 1 0 .3
1 1 1 .8
1 .4
9 5 .8
9 7 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .7
1 0 5 .0
9 6 .1
9 7 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .6
1 0 4 .7
1 0 5 .9
1 0 7 .3
1 0 9 .5
1 1 0 .8
1 .2
1 0 5 .2
1 0 7 .0
1 0 8 .8
1 1 1 .1
1 1 2 .7
1 .4
9 5 .5
9 7 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .8
5 .8
9 5 .1
9 8 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .6
1 0 3 .2
1 0 5 .6
1 0 6 .5
1 0 8 .3
1 0 9 .5
1.1
6.1
9 5 .4
9 7 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .7
1 0 3 .3
1 0 5 .9
1 0 6 .7
1 0 8 .2
1 0 9 .1
.8
5 .6
............................................................................................
9 5 .0
9 8 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .6
1 0 3 .2
1 0 5 .5
1 0 6 .4
1 0 8 .3
1 0 9 .6
1.2
......................................................................................................................
9 6 .0
9 8 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .7
1 0 4 .4
1 0 6 .1
1 0 6 .7
1 0 9 .7
1 1 1 .5
1 .6
9 4 .9
9 8 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .8
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .4
1 0 8 .8
1 0 9 .8
,9
6 .8
9 5 .3
9 8 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .6
1 0 3 .3
1 0 4 .7
1 0 6 .1
1 0 7 .6
1 0 8 .6
.9
5.1
N o r th C e r t r a l ...............................................................................................................
W e s t ..................................................................................................................................
9 5 .3
9 7 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .2
1 0 5 .1
1 0 7 .9
1 0 8 .6
1 1 0 .7
1 1 2 .0
1 .2
N o n u n i o n .........................................................................................................................
M a n u f a c t u r in g
......................................................................................................
N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g
W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1
N o rth e a s t
W o r k e r s , b y a r e a s iz e 1
M e tr o p o lit a n a r e a s ...................................................................................................
9 5 .4
9 7 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .1
1 0 4 .0
1 0 5 .9
1 0 7 .1
1 0 9 .1
1 1 0 .5
1 .3
O t h e r a r e a s ..................................................................................................................
9 5 .1
9 8 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .8
1 0 3 .1
1 0 6 .0
1 0 6 .8
1 0 8 .3
1 0 8 .8
.5
1 T h e in d e x e s a r e c a lc u la t e d d if f e r e n t ly fr o m
t h o s e f o r t h e o c c u p a t io n a n d in d u s tr y g r o u p s
d e t a ile d d e s c r ip t io n o f th e in d e x c a lc u la t io n , s e e B L S
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Handbook o f Methods,
For a
B u lle tin 1 9 1 0 .
93
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW May 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data
35.
Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1978 to date
[In p e r c e n t ]
Q u a r te r ly a v e r a g e
M e a s u re
1981
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
I
1982
II
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
T o t a l c o m p e n s a tio n c h a n g e s c o v e r in g
5 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e , a ll
in d u s tr ie s :
F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .............................
8 .3
9 .0
1 0 .4
1 0 .2
3 .2
7 .7
1 1 .6
1 0 .5
1 1 .0
1 .9
2 .6
6 .2
3 .0
A n n u a l r a t e o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t
6 .3
6 .6
7.1
8 .3
2 .7
7 .2
1 0 .8
8.1
5 .8
1 .2
2 .0
4 .7
4 .9
..
W a g e r a t e c h a n g e s c o v e r in g a t le a s t
1 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s , a ll in d u s tr ie s :
F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .............................
7 .6
7 .4
9 .5
9 .8
3 .8
7.1
1 1 .8
1 0 .8
9 .0
3 .0
3 .4
5 .4
3 .8
A n n u a l r a t e o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t
..
6 .4
6 .0
7.1
7 .9
3 .6
6 .2
9 .7
8 .7
5 .7
2 .8
3 .2
4 .5
4 .8
F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .............................
8 .3
6 .9
7 .4
7 .2
2 .8
6 .4
8 .2
9 .0
6 .6
2 .5
1 .8
5.1
4.1
A n n u a l r a t e o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t
..
6 .6
5 .4
5 .4
6.1
2 .6
5 .5
6 .7
7 .5
5 .4
2 .7
1 .7
3 .9
4 .5
F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .............................
8 .0
7 .6
9 .5
9 .8
4 .3
8 .0
1 1 .8
8 .6
9 .6
2 .7
6 .6
5 .5
3 .6
A n n u a l r a t e o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t
6 .5
6 .2
6 .6
7 .3
4.1
7 .3
9.1
7 .2
5 .6
2.1
6.1
4 .8
5 .2
M a n u fa c tu r in g :
N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g ( e x c lu d in g
c o n s tr u c t io n ) :
..
C o n s tr u c tio n :
F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .............................
6 .5
8 .8
1 3 .6
1 3 .5
6 .5
1 1 .4
1 2 .9
1 6 .4
1 1 .4
8 .6
6 .2
6 .3
3 .4
A n n u a l r a t e o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t
6 .2
8 .3
1 1 .5
1 1 .3
6 .3
1 0 .3
11 .1
1 2 .4
1 1 .7
8 .2
6 .3
5 .9
2 .9
36.
..
Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1978 to date
Year
Y e a r a n d q u a rte r
1981
M e a s u re
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1982
I
II
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
A v e r a g e p e r c e n t a d ju s t m e n t ( in c lu d in g n o c h a n g e ) :
A ll i n d u s t r i e s ...................................................................................
8 .2
9.1
9 .9
9 .5
6 .8
1 .7
3 .2
3 .3
1 .5
2 .4
1 .3
M a n u f a c t u r i n g .........................................................................
8 .6
9 .6
1 0 .2
9 .4
5 .2
2 .3
2 .4
3.1
1 .9
.9
1 .0
1 .7
1 .5
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ...............................................................
7 .9
8 .8
9 .7
9 .5
7 .9
1 .2
3 .8
3 .4
1.1
1.1
2 .7
2 .9
1 .2
.............................
2 .0
3 .0
3 .6
2 .5
1 .7
.4
1.1
.2
.4
.5
D e f e r r e d f r o m s e t t le m e n t s r e a c h e d in e a r lie r p e r io d
3 .7
3 .0
3 .5
3 .8
3 .6
.5
1.4
1 .5
.4
.6
1 .4
1 .3
.4
F r o m c o s t - o f - liv in g c l a u s e s ...................................................
2 .4
3.1
2 .8
3 .2
1 .4
.7
.7
1 .2
.6
.3
.2
.6
.3
F r o m s e t t le m e n t s r e a c h e d in p e r io d
.5
.4
1 .0
2 .0
.6
T o t a l n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g w a g e c h a n g e (in
th o js a r d s ) '
...................................................................................
—
—
—
8 ,6 4 8
7 ,8 5 2
3 ,8 5 5
4 ,7 0 1
4 ,3 6 4
3 ,2 2 5
2 ,8 7 8
3 ,4 2 3
3 ,7 6 0
3 ,4 4 1
-
-
-
2 ,2 7 0
1 ,9 0 7
579
909
540
604
204
511
620
825
—
—
—
6 ,2 6 7
4 ,8 4 6
888
2 ,0 5 5
3 ,0 2 3
882
1,0 0 1
1 ,5 9 4
2 ,4 0 0
860
4 ,5 9 3
3 ,8 3 0
2 ,6 3 9
2 ,6 6 9
2 ,9 3 4
2 ,1 7 9
1 ,9 2 0
1 ,5 6 8
2 ,2 5 1
1 ,9 7 0
145
483
4 ,9 3 7
4 ,0 9 2
4 ,4 2 8
5 ,5 6 8
5 ,4 5 7
4 ,9 1 2
4 ,5 7 5
4 ,8 9 5
F r o m s e t t le m e n t s r e a c h e d
in p e r i o d ......................................................................................
D e f e r r e d f r o m s e t t le m e n t s
r e a c h e d in e a r lie r p e r io d
................................................
F r o m c o s t - o f - liv in g c l a u s e s ...................................................
N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g n o a d ju s t m e n t s (in
th o u s a n d s )
......................................................................................
_
1 T h e to t a l n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s w h o r e c e iv e d a d ju s t m e n t s d o e s n o t e q u a l th e s u m o f w o r k e r s th a t r e c e iv e d
e a c h t y p e o f a d ju s t m e n t , b e c a u s e s o m e w o r k e r s r e c e iv e d m o r e t h a n o n e t y p e o f a d ju s t m e n t d u r in g th e
94
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
p e r io d .
WORK STOPPAGE DATA
Estim ates of days idle as a percent of estim ated working
tim e measures only the im pact of larger strikes (1,000 workers
or more). Form erly, these estim ates measured the impact of
strikes involving 6 workers or more; that is, the im pact of vir
tually a l l strikes. D ue to budget stringencies, collection of
data on strikes involving 6 workers or m ore was discontinued
with the D ecem ber 1981 data.
s t o p p a g e s include all known strikes or lockouts involv
ing 1,000 workers or m ore and lasting a full shift or longer.
D ata are based largely on newspaper accounts and cover all
workers idle one shift or m ore in establishm ents directly in
volved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or sec
ondary effect on other establishm ents w hose em ployees are idle
ow ing to material or service shortages.
W ORK
37.
Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date
M o n th a n d y e a r
In e f f e c t
d u r in g m o n t h
In e f f e c t
m o n th o r y e a r
d u r in g m o n t h
(in t h o u s a n d s )
(in t h o u s a n d s )
N um ber
(in t h o u s a n d s )
P e rc e n t o f
e s tim a te d
w o r k i n g t im e
2 5 ,7 2 0
270
1 ,6 2 9
245
1 ,4 3 5
2 6 ,1 2 7
.2 2
............................................................................................................................................
262
2 ,5 3 7
4 3 ,4 2 0
.3 8
1 ,6 9 8
3 0 ,3 9 0
.2 6
.1 2
1948
. . .
.
1950
............................................................
424
...............................................................................................................
415
1 ,4 6 2
1 5 ,0 7 0
............................................................................................................................................
470
2 ,7 4 6
4 8 ,8 2 0
1 8 ,1 3 0
.1 4
.1 3
1951
1952
B e g in n in g in
m o n th o r y e a r
B e g in n in g in
...............................................................................................
1947
1949
D a y s id le
W o r k e r s in v o l v e d
N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s
.
.3 8
437
1 ,6 2 3
1954
265
1 ,0 7 5
1 6 ,6 3 0
1955
363
2 ,0 5 5
2 1 ,1 8 0
.1 6
1 ,3 7 0
2 6 ,8 4 0
.2 0
1953
............................................................................................................................................
287
1956
1957
...................................................................
279
887
1 0 ,3 4 0
.0 7
1958
...................................................................
332
1 ,5 8 7
1 7 ,9 0 0
.1 3
1959
...............................................................................................................
245
1 ,3 8 1
6 0 ,8 5 0
.4 3
I9 6 0
...............................................................................
222
896
1 3 ,2 6 0
.0 9
195
1 ,0 3 1
1 0 ,1 4 0
.0 7
............................................................................................................................................
211
793
1 1 ,7 6 0
.0 8
1961
1962
...................................................................................
181
512
1 0 ,0 2 0
.0 7
1964
......................................................................................................................
246
1 ,1 8 3
1 6 ,2 2 0
.11
1965
............................................................................................................................................
268
999
1 5 ,1 4 0
.1 0
1963
321
1 ,3 0 0
1 6 ,0 0 0
381
2 ,1 9 2
3 1 ,3 2 0
.1 8
1968
392
1 ,8 5 5
3 5 ,5 6 7
.2 0
1969
412
1 ,5 7 6
2 9 ,3 9 7
.1 6
1970
38 1
2 ,4 6 8
5 2 ,7 6 1
.2 9
1966
.........................................................
1967
............................................................................................................................................
.1 0
1971
............................................................................................................................................
298
2 ,5 1 6
3 5 ,5 3 8
.1 9
1972
.........................................................................................................................................
250
975
1 6 ,7 6 4
.0 9
317
1 ,4 0 0
1 6 ,2 6 0
.0 8
424
1 ,7 9 6
3 1 ,8 0 9
.1 6
235
965
1 7 ,5 6 3
.0 9
2 3 ,9 6 2
.1 2
1973
1974
1975
1976
.
...
.........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
1 ,5 1 9
23 1
1977
298
1 ,2 1 2
2 1 ,2 5 8
.1 0
1978
219
1 ,0 0 6
2 3 ,7 7 4
.11
235
1 ,0 2 1
2 0 ,4 0 9
.0 9
187
795
2 0 ,8 4 4
.0 9
1979
. . .
1980
145
729
1 6 ,9 0 8
.0 7
1982
............................................................................................................................................
96
656
9 ,0 6 1
.0 4
1982
J a n u a r y .........................................................................................................
2
4
6.1
1 1 .4
2 0 2 .8
.01
F e b r u a r y ......................................................................................................
3
7
3 .9
1 5 .3
2 4 1 .1
.01
M a rc h
............................................................................................................
4
9
1 3 .3
2 6 .1
3 5 7 .0
.0 2
J a n j a r y .........................................................................................................
1
3
1 .6
3 8 .0
7 9 4 .8
.0 4
'1 4 . 0
'5 0 . 4
'8 4 4 . 4
.0 5
2 .0
4 6 .4
9 9 1 .6
.0 5
1981
1983p
......................................................................................................
r5
............................................................................................................
2
F e b ru a ry
M a rc h
p = p r e l im i n a r y .
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7
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