Full text of Monthly Labor Review : May 1964, Vol. 87, No. 5

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Employment of High School Graduates
Membership of American Trade Unions
Dutch Wage Control Policy
Job Impact of Defense Spending

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS


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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W. Willard Wirtz ,

Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an C lague,
R obert

J.

H.

M. D

outy,

W.

D

P aul

uane

R.

M

E

Commissioner of Labor Statistics

y er s,

Deputy Commissioner of Labor Statistics

Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications

v a n s,

Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis and Economic Growth

K er sc h bau m ,

Associate Commissioner for Management and Field Operations

J ack American , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Economic Growth
G ertrude B ancroft, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
A rnold E. Chase, Assistant Commissioner for Prices and Living Conditions
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold G oldstein, Assistant Commissioner for Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon G reenberg , Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technological Developments
P eter H enle , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications
R ichard F. J ones, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Management
W alter G. K eim , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Field Operations
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Division of Publications
H yman L. L ewis, Economic Consultant to the Commissioner
L eonard R. L insenmayer , Assistant Commissioner for Wages and Industrial Relations
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
A be R othman, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis
W illiam C. Shelton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
K enneth G. Van A uken , Special Assistant to the Commissioner

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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Lawrence R. Klein , Editor-in-Chie

CONTENTS


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Special Articles
501
508
517
522

American Trade Union Membership in 1962
Employment Impact of Changing Defense Programs
Recent Wage Control Policy in the Netherlands
Special Labor Force Report: Employment of High School Graduates and
Dropouts in 1963

Summaries of Studies and Reports
530
532
536
543
544
549
552
556

Preliminary Estimates of Work Injuries in 1963
Labor Requirements for Army Civil Works
Supplemental Wage Benefits in Metropolitan Areas, 1962-63
The Case for Independent Professional Teachers’ Associations
Wages in Eating and Drinking Places, June 1963
Wages in Hotels and Motels, June 1963
Earnings in Hospitals, in Mid-1963
Wage Chronology: North American Aviation, Inc.—Supplement No. 4.—
1961-64

Technical Note
561 Indexes of Hourly Earnings

Departments
ii
hi

562
565
567
574
587

This Issue in Brief
The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

May 1964 . Vol. 87 • No. 5

This Issue in Brief. . .

F rom 1960 to 1962, the decline in union member­
ship in private employment was counterbalanced
to some extent by a significant increase in union
membership among government employees.
American Trade Union Membership in 1962 by
H. James Neary (p. 501) analyzes membership
figures supplied by the unions for use in the forth­
coming Directory of National and International
Labor Organizations in the United States, and
points out apparent trends in the size and distribu­
tion of organized labor.

I n light of th e interest in the use of wage
guideposts as a tool for controlling inflation, Ellen
M. Bussey’s article, Recent Wage Control Pol­
icy in the Netherlands (p. 517), is particularly
timely. She discusses the varying solutions de­
vised by the Dutch to the problem of finding
acceptable criteria for determining wage increases.
A t the time of Vera C. Perrella’s study of
Employment of High School Graduates and
Dropouts in 1963 (p. 522), nonwhite graduates
were as often unemployed as white or nonwhite
dropouts; but dropouts as a group were still at a
disadvantage in competition for jobs. The report
includes for the first time information on employ­
ment of graduates and nongraduates 16 to 21 years
old by occupation and industry, as well as a dis­
cussion of the prevalence and duration of unem­
ployment among these groups.
Earnings in Hospitals, Mid-1963 (p. 552) shows
that in 9 of 15 areas studied, maids received greater
percentage increases between 1960 and 1963 than
did general duty nurses. George L. Stelluto’s
article covers establishment practices and earnings
by occupation and region.
A study of similar scope, Wages in Hotels, June
1963 (p. 549), by Fred W. Mohr notes that a
majority of nonsupervisory employees in this in­
dustry earned less than $1.25 an hour, worked a
ii


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48-hour week, and were not covered by an estab­
lishment retirement plan.
W it h nearly a tenth of the Nation’s work force
engaged in work related to national defense,
Joseph Fulton’s analysis (in Employment Im ­
pact of Chnaging Defense Programs, beginning
on p. 508) of the geographic and industrial dis­
tribution of defense work contributes to current
manpower studies a significant assessment of the
effects of shifts in resources.

Following are some recent key statistics from continuing B L S series.
Current Labor Statistics, p p . 587-624.

See

A pril

1964
Total civilian labor force (in thousands)________________
E m ploym ent____ ________________ _________ ____
Unemployment_________________________________
Unemployment rate (seasonally adjusted) (percent)_____

73,799
69,877
3,921
5.4

Earnings of production workers in manufacturing (prelim­
inary):
Average hourly earnings...................... ................. ........... $2.52
Average weekly hours __________________________ 40-4
Average overtime hours___________________________
2.8

1963
72,161
68,097
4,063
5.7

$2.44
S9.9
2.4

March
Index of average hourly earnings of production workers in
manufacturing (excluding overtime and interindustry
shifts) (1957-59=100)............................................................. 117.8
Consumer Price Index (1957-69=100):
Revised series (including single workers)____________ 107.7
Revised series (excluding single workers)____________ 107.7
Old series (excluding single workers)________________ 107.8

114-6
-------------106.2

As reported in Preliminary Estimates of Work
Injuries in 1963 (p. 557), the number of disabling
work injuries rose above the 2-million level for
the first time since 1953, and fatalities increased
3.6 percent. But because the civilian labor force
also increased, there was no appreciable change
in the rate of injuries. Written by Fred W.
Schmidt, Jr., the study presents data by industry
division and type of disability.
U.S. Supreme Court decisions handed
down in March are covered in this month’s regular
feature, Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
(p. 565). Two cases extend the duty to arbitrate,
a third legitimatizes disputed boycott activity,
and the fourth rejects the right of a court to rule
a bargaining unit inappropriate before a National
Labor Relations Board election is held.

F our key

The Labor Month
in Review
The Coal Miners and
the N ew Coal Contract
T h e M arch 1964 bituminous coal agreement and
its accompanying wildcat strikes illustrated some
of the problems that beset the industry. Both the
United Mine Workers and the eastern Bituminous
Coal Operators Association (BCOA) are faced
with competition engendered by other fuels, as
well as by nonunion mines. The March settlement
continued the union’s pattern of seeking higher
compensation for members while not resisting in­
dustry attempts to compete through mine mechani­
zation and automation, but the traditional empha­
sis on wages, as opposed to fringe benefits, this
time met with some rank-and-file dissatisfaction.
The amendments to the agreement, according to
W. A. Boyle, UMW president, covered 60 percent
of the approximately 112,000 miners in the in­
dustry. Close to 8,000 members in western Penn­
sylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia, distressed by
contract changes that failed to provide the fringe
benefits and employment security for which rankand-file members had pressed, struck in protest.
The strikes began on March 30 and spread rapidly,
augmented by walkouts in western Kentucky and
Illinois against employers who had not signed the
agreement; a week later, however, miners in north­
ern West Virginia returned to work, and other
locals followed suit after a group from the inter­
national met with the dissidents. The contract is
discussed in detail on page 567 of this issue.

for contract improvements
concentrating on fringe benefits and employment
security lay two factors: lack of holiday and vaca­
tion benefits common to almost all unionized in­
dustry, and declining mine employment. UMW
contracts do not provide paid holidays and miners
receive no more than 2 weeks of vacation annually,
with the previous vacation payment of $200 (pro­
B e h in d the demands


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rated for those miners with less than a year of
service) approximately $50 short of full pay.
By contrast, workers represented by the United
Steelworkers receive 7 paid holidays and from 1
to 4 weeks of fully paid vacation, supplemented by
an additional week every 2 years for the junior half
of the work force and every 5 years for the senior
half, whose regular vacation also is extended to
3 months once during the 5-year period. Many
of the striking miners are employed at coal mines
owned by steel companies, which account for ap­
proximately 15 percent of bituminous coal output;
the steel locals in particular had demanded benefits
“like the steelworkers get.”
In addition to fringe benefits, UMW mem­
bers had requested employment security provisions,
both to create employment and to protect present
employment. With the exception of the World
War I I years, bituminous coal employment has de­
clined steadily since its peak of 643,000 in 1923.
Production worker employment in the industry
now stands at around 112,000. The decrease in
coal employment is attributable partly to competi­
tion from other fuels and partly to continuing
mine mechanization. The industry, its customers,
and its employees have benefited from improved
mine technology to the extent that since 1947 the
average hourly wage has doubled while unit em­
ployment cost has been held to a 17-percent in­
crease, the union has achieved a 40-cents-per-ton
royalty payment for its welfare fund, the average
price of coal has dropped by almost 50 cents a ton,
and net profits have remained low but steady.
On the other hand, as marginal mines, unable to
afford the new technology, went out of business,
and mechanized mines substituted machines for
employees, almost 300,000 miners left the industry.
Only 88,000 of these retired on pensions; most of
the rest have remained unemployed, since their
skills are not readily transferable and since most
of them live in regions where there is little or no
employment outside the coal industry. A Novem­
ber 1962 industry manpower survey by the De­
partment’s Bureau of Employment Security,
covering over 50 percent of bituminous coal min­
ing employment, revealed that 84 percent of that
employment was in areas experiencing substantial
unemployment.
Working miners, too, have suffered from the de­
cline in coal production. While their daily wage
HI

IV

rate is higher than that paid in other sectors of
the mining industry and in manufacturing as a
whole, the shortening of the workweek in coal min­
ing has reduced the coal miner’s average annual
wage, once substantially higher than those of his
counterparts in other mining and in manufactur­
ing, to a rate lower than theirs.
Attempting to protect and create jobs, many
locals asked for broader seniority rights, larger
crews, and higher rates for overtime. They also
sought to protect themselves from the competition
of nonunion coal producers, many of which claimed
that they went nonunion because their marginal
positions would not allow them to pay union wages
and benefits. Moreover, UMW members at mar­
ginal mines were reluctant to have the interna­
tional seek a money settlement for fear that their
employers also would attempt nonunion produc­
tion.
T h e M arch 1964 agreement provided the $2-a-day

two-step wage increase that had been the principal
feature of the preceding three contracts. The
contract, which runs until at least April 1, 1966,
increases pay for the 2-week vacation by $25 to
$225; grants employees double time if they are
required to work on any of the 7 holidays the
contract recognizes; and if a holiday falls on a
Saturday or Sunday, assures employees who work
on the preceding Friday or the following Monday,
respectively, double rates.
Employers are also permitted to require Sunday
work at double time for loading previously mined
and processed coal for shipment ; the previous con­
tract had prohibited Sunday work for all but
guards and other necessary personnel. This pro­
vision will directly benefit the industry by making
possible the continuous loading of unit trains
(trains that are made up solely of coal-carrying
cars) which must have a minimum number of cars.
The amended contract reflects a union attempt
to provide greater employment security by a pro­
vision changing from seniority by job classifica­
tion to minewide seniority, contingent upon the
senior miner qualifying for the work of the junior
he bumps. The new contract also calls for a
helper to be assigned to the operator on continuous
mining machines, though the agreement specifies
that “the working crew is not to be increased by
designation of a member as helper.” Conflicting
interpretations of this provision by management


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963

and the union caused a wildcat strike of approxi­
mately 3 weeks’ duration in April at U.S. Steel’s
Colorado and Utah mines.
The union’s major attack on the problem of job
erosion lay in its attempt to counter the practice
on the part of unionized coal companies of buying
coal from nonunion producers for resale or for
their own use. The new agreement provides that
operators, who now pay 40 cents a ton on coal from
their own mines to finance the union’s pensions,
medical insurance, and death and survivor benefits,
must pay 80 cents a ton on coal on which the reg­
ular royalty has not previously been paid; i.e., on
nonunion coal.
Within days of the contract’s signing, the Inde­
pendent Coal Operators Association, made up of
nonunion or independently organized mines, filed
a complaint with the National Labor Relations
Board against the UMW and the associations and
companies that had signed the contract, alleging
that the royalty clause violated the secondary boy­
cott provisions of the National Labor Relations
Act. The 1958 contract had also attempted to in­
hibit commerce in nonunion coal through a “pro­
tective wage clause,” which prohibited unionized
operators from handling coal mined by workers
receiving less than union wage and benefit scales.
That contract created a Joint Industry Contract
Committee to enforce the provision and gave it the
power to sue noncomplying members; the commit­
tee disbanded, however, after passage of the 1959
amendments to the Taft-Hartley Act on the basis
that certain provisions in the amendments con­
flicted with those of the protective wage clause.
The new agreement makes one other encroach­
ment on nonunion operators, who account for
about 27 percent of bituminous output. The
2-week vacation period, during which all union
mines traditionally close down, leaving the field to
nonunion companies, will now be held at two sep­
arate periods, with each operator filing with the
union which period he elects to take.
to the remaining
soft-coal miners when the southern and midwestem operators, as they had done in the past, ac­
cepted the terms of the BCOA pact within a few
weeks of its signing. The eastern wildcat strikes,
lasting for little more than a week, ended with the
rebel locals preparing to make themselves heard
at the UMW convention scheduled for October.
T h e settlement was extended

American Trade
Union Membership
in 1962
H. James N eary*

N a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n i o n s with head­
quarters in the United States reported a net de­
cline of about 487,000 members between 1960 and
1962, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics
latest biennial survey. This decline brought the
American labor movement’s loss of membership
since its peak in 1956 to about 847,000, reversing a
fairly consistent upward trend that had existed
since the early 1930’s. A major portion of this
decline occurred in manufacturing, where partic­
ular industries have experienced considerable loss
of employment. The decline in union membership,
however, cannot be attributed to any single cause.
A small increase in membership for 1962 over the
1961 levels may foreshadow a change in direction.
While membership in private industry declined
between 1960 and 1962, a significant increase (154,000 members) was achieved in government service.
Most of this increase was in the Federal service,
reflecting both the continuation of a long-term
trend and, more significantly, the stimulation of
a 1962 Executive Order giving official recognition
to Federal workers’ right to organize. Since the
Bureau asked for an annual average dues-paying
membership figure for 1962, the full effect of the
Executive Order was not yet evident.
In 1962, the membership of 181 national and
international unions with headquarters in the
United States was 17.6 million. Included in this
total are slightly more than 1 million members
in Canada. In terms of union affiliation, 14.8 mil­
lion members were in unions affiliated with the
AFL-CIO and 2.8 million were in independent
national and international unions, a decline of
237,000 and 250,000, respectively, since 1960. The


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proportion of union members in the total labor
force in 1962 stood at slightly more than 1 out of
5, and in nonagricultural employment at about 3
out of 10; in recent years, these ratios have moved
slowly downward.
Of the 181 unions, 130 were affiliated with the
AFL-CIO and represented about 84 percent of
the membership claimed by all unions. This ratio
was recorded soon after the expulsion of the Team­
sters and two small unions from the AFL-CIO in
1957, and has remained approximately the same
since then. The number of local unions chartered
by Federation affiliates was nearly 62,000, as
against about 12,000 for the independents. About
4,650 local unions were in areas outside the United
States, mostly in Canada (4,400).
The various categories of union membership
studied changed slightly since the previous sur­
vey. Women membership declined by about
33,000 to 3,272,000, while white-collar membership
rose by 93,000 since 1960 to 2,285,000. Although
membership in private industry declined substan­
tially, the roughly equal division between manu­
facturing and nonmanufacturing remained un­
changed. The concentration of union membership
in large unions, a longstanding characteristic of
the American labor movement, was also un­
changed.
Scope of Survey

For the Bureau’s forthcoming Directory of Na­
tional and International Labor Unions in the
United States, 1963 (BLS Bulletin 1395), from
which this article was adapted, information on
union membership was obtained by means of a
questionnaire mailed to all AFL-CIO affiliates and
to all unaffiliated unions known to be interstate
in scope.1 A number of unions failed to respond
*Of the D ivision of Industrial and Labor Relations, Bureau
of Labor S tatistics.
1
The basic requirement for inclusion in the D irectory was
affiliation w ith the AFL-CIO or, for unaffiliated unions, the exist­
ence of collective bargaining agreem ents w ith different employers
in more than one State. This requirement w as waived for unions
which organize government workers. Since the issuance of Ex­
ecutive Order 10988, granting labor unions the right of exclusive
representation of Federal employees, the Bureau has attem pted
to account for all organizations which have obtained exclusive
recognition. A few unaffiliated unions failed to reply to the
Bureau’s questionnaire and it was, therefore, im possible to deter­
mine whether they m et the in terstate definition. In addition,
some unaffiliated unions, in terstate in scope, may have been
om itted because adequate inform ation was not available.

501

502
to one or more of the questionnaire items and in
these cases, where possible, the Bureau prepared
estimates derived from other sources, notably union
periodicals, convention proceedings, financial
statements, and collective bargaining agreements
on file in the Bureau.
Measurement of union membership lacks pre­
cision for a number of reasons. A union may in­
flate its membership figures for reasons of pres­
tige, to maintain its voting strength within the
AFL-CIO, or simply to conceal a decline in
strength. Other unions may find it advantageous
to understate its membership total, depending on
how it serves its interests. The chief difficulty in
measuring membership, however, lies in the dif­
ferent membership criteria among numerous
unions. In an attempt to achieve uniformity in
reporting practices, the Bureau has consistently
asked for the annual average number of dues-paying members. Analysis of the responses indicates
that this standard is not adhered to by a number
of unions. In some cases, the reported totals in­
clude various categories exempted from paying
dues, such as the unemployed, those on strike, re­
tired workers, etc., thereby accounting for all
“book” members or those in good standing accord­
ing to a particular union’s rules. Despite these
measurement problems, however, the Bureau is
confident that the data derived from the survey
furnish an adequate basis for appraising trends in
union membership.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964
1961
AFL-CIO membership reports (121 unions)_____
AFL-CIO “ per capita" data (10 unions)................
Federal labor unions and local industrial unions.. .

13,332,642
1,168,250
71,000
------------2,598,464
157,906
-------------

14,571,892

Total.......................................................................................

17,328,262

Unaffiliated membership reports (43 unions).........
Unaffiliated membership estimates (10 unions)___

1962
AFL-CIO membership reports (125 unions)........... 13,736,363
AFL-CIO “per capita” data (5 unions).................. 1,033,207
Federal labor unions and local industrial unions...
65,819
------------Unaffiliated membership reports (44 unions).........
2,704,600
89,665
Unaffiliated membership estimates (7 unions)___
------------Total.......................................................................................

The following tabulation of union membership
by affiliation in 1961 and 1962 was prepared on the
basis of reports from 169 unions and estimates
for 12. It covers membership of national and in­
ternational unions with headquarters in the
United States and includes members outside the
United States. However, it does not cover single­
firm or local unaffiliated unions in the United
States, with total membership of approximatelv
150,000.2
2 For the results of the membership survey of these unions in
May 1961, see M o n th ly L abor R eview , September 1962, pp. 9 7 5 982 ; or BLS B ulletin 1348. The survey disclosed 1,277 unafflliated single-employer and intrastate unions with a reported mem­
bership of 452,463.


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14,835,389

2,794,265
17,629,654

As this tabulation indicates, membership loss
since 1960 has been shared nearly equally by
AFL-CIO affiliates and unaffiliated unions.
Both groups have been hard pressed to maintain
their membership rolls where changes in tech­
nology and in the composition of the work force
were most acute.
Membership in the United States. Within the 50
States, union membership in 1962 was as follows :
Membership claimed by all national and international unions
with headquarters in United States............ ...... ..........—........
Less: Number outside the United States.....................................
Membership of national and international unions in the United
States.............................................................................................
Add: Membership of federal labor unions and local
industrial unions directly affiliated with AFLC IO .................................... .......................................................

Total Membership

2,756,370

Add: Membership in single firm and local unaffiliated
unions---------- ------------------------------ ---------------

17,564,000
1,122,000
16,442,000

66,000

450,000
----------

516,000

Total membership in the United States.............................

16,958,000

This tabulation does not account for certain
categories of workers who come within the scope
of the labor movement. For example, members
who pay less than full dues or are exempt from
dues, such as those unemployed, retired, or on
strike, were excluded by various unions in their
reports. Forty-nine unions that were able to
furnish such estimates reported about 622,000
members thus excluded. Practically all of those
excluded were in AFL-CIO affiliates, two of
which accounted for about 500,000 of the total
excluded.

503

AMERICAN TRADE UNION MEMBERSHIP IN 1962

Membership Outside the United States. In 1962,
128 of the 181 national and international unions
claimed 1.1 million members in areas outside the
United States, an increase of about 10,000 since
1960. As in the past, slightly more than 6 percent
of the membership of all unions was located out­
side the United States (table 1).
Gains totaling 24,000 members and losses of
equal proportion were reported for affiliates in
Puerto Rico and Canada, respectively. The five
largest unions, representing nearly 70 percent of
the membership claimed by American labor unions
in Puerto Rico, recorded the following increases
since 1960: Packinghouse Workers, 8,000; Ladies’
Garment Workers, 3,400; Carpenters, 1,600; Sea­
farers, 500; and Hotel and Restaurant Employees,
100. Contrary to the experience in the United
States, losses in Canada were heaviest among un­
ions having their principal jurisdiction in non­
manufacturing industries, notably mining, rail­
roads, and contract construction.
Totals in the Panama Canal Zone increased by
about 2,000, and the membership of 10 unions rose
by 9,000 in widely scattered areas of the world.
More than four-fifths of the combined member­
ship in the Canal Zone and the unspecified areas
of the world were accounted for by two seagoing
8 A t best, the ratio of union membership to total employment in
nonagricultural establishm ents is only a rough measure of the
organizing accom plishm ents of unions. Em ployment totals in­
clude a substantial number of people who are not eligible for
union membership (e.g., executives and m anagers).
T a b l e 1.

M e m b e r s h i p R e p o r t e d 1 b y N a t io n a l

and

unions and two unions composed of Federal
employees.
Membership Trends and Changes. After a spec­
tacular rise of union membership between 1936
and 1944, national and international unions con­
tinued to grow at a slow but steady rate and
reached a peak of 17.5 million members (exclusive
of Canada) in 1956. Since then, however, union
membership has declined by about 900,000 (chart
1). In 1962, U.S. membership was slightly below
the 1955 level, and the downward trend seems to
have been reversed when totals climbed over those
of 1961 by 300,000. This constitutes the sharpest
gain since the 1955-56 increase.
Closely associated with this loss in absolute
numbers is the decline in the relative strength of
the labor movement as measured by the relation­
ships between membership and employment totals
(table 2). The proportion of union members in
the total labor force has shown a persistent decline
since 1956 and now stands at only slightly more
than 1 out of 5. Similarly in nonagricultural es­
tablishments, where most union members are
found and where organizing is concentrated, the
ratio has been sliding downward since 1956 and
has now dropped to 3 out of 10 (chart 2).3
Despite the decline in total membership, nearly
three-fifths of the unions for which comparable
data were available reported either gains or no
changes in their membership during the 1960-62

I n t e r n a t io n a l U n i o n s ,

by

G e o g r a p h ic A r e a

and

A f f il i a t i o n ,

1962
Union affiliation

All unions

Number

Total membership reported1___ _____________
Tn th e U n ite d S ta te s

........ ..

Outside the United States_________________________
Canada ___________________________________
P u e r to Rico
_
Canal Zone__________________________________
Other ___ _________________________________

Number
(thousands)

Members
(thousands)

Union

Percent

Members
(thousands)

Unions

181

17,564

100.0

130

14,770

51

2,794

181
128
109
38
21
10

16,442
1,122
1,044
62
5
12

93.6
6.4
5.9
.4

130
109
96
31
17
7

13,781
989
913
60
5
11

51
19
13
7
4
3

2,661
133
131
2

1 National and international unions were asked to report their average duespaying membership for 1962. 169 national and international unions reported
a total of 16,440,963 members and the Bureau estimated on the basis of other
information that membership of the 12 unions which did not report was
1,122,872. 65,819 members of federal labor unions and local industrial unions
directly affiliated with the AFL-CIO are not accounted for in these estimates.
Also excluded are members of unaffiliated unions not interstate in scope.
Membership figures for areas outside the United States were compiled


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Unaffiliated

AFL-CIO

Members

Geographic area

(!)

.1

(3)

1

primarily from union reports to the Bureau. For unions which did not
report Canadian membership, data were secured from Labour Organizations
in Canada, 1962 ed. (Ottawa, Canada, Department of Labour, Economics
and Research Branch).
2 Less than 0.05 percent.
8 Less than 500 members.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

504
Chart 1.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964
Membership1 of National and International
Unions, 1930-62

MILLIONS OF MEMBERS

' ' I t
1930

- L - L I.1
1935

1 1 1 1 ,-L.1..1 1 —1—1—I.. !..

1940

1945

J95Ö

' • ' '

1955'

' ' »»

i960

j965

1 Excludes Canadian membership but includes members in other

areas outside the United States. Members of Federal labor unions
and local industrial unions are also included. For the years
1948-52, m idpoints of membership estim ates, which were ex­
pressed as ranges, were used.

period. On the other hand, 1 out of 7 of these
unions reported losses of 10 percent or more during
this time. For the period 1961-62, minor changes
(less than 5 percent) were computed for more than
two-thirds of such unions. Between 1951 and
1962, 4 out of 5 unions experienced gains or losses
of 10 percent or more.
Among the unions showing declines during
1951-62 were those in the railroad, mining, tex­
tiles, communications, and metal-working indus­
tries. Organizations increasing their membership
included unions in government service, air and sea
transportation, retail trade, and a number with
jurisdiction over skilled and service occupations
in a wide variety of industries.
Of the six largest unions in the United States
reporting year-to-year membership changes, only
one—the International Brotherhood of Electrical


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Workers (IBEW )—has grown steadily during
the period 1951-62, increasing its membership by
293,000, or 59 percent. Most of this gain (250,000)
was reached by 1958.
Approaching the 1.5 million mark in 1960 after
having climbed steadily since 1951, the Teamsters
registered slight membership declines in 1961 and
1962. Between 1951 and 1962; the Teamsters
gained 457,000 members—the largest absolute in­
crease for any of these six unions, but most of this
increase (417,000), was achieved by about 1957.
The Steelworkers and the United Automobile
Workers (UAW) both have membership trends
that follow, to some extent, the cyclical movements
of business activity; e.g., both suffered sharp de­
clines in the 1957-58 recession. Since then, UAW
membership, with minor fluctuations, has hovered
at slightly over 1 million. Once the largest union
in America, the 1953 total of 1,418,000 remains as
its highest membership point. For the Steelwork­
ers, the totals show a sharp decline from its 1959
high of 1,250,000; however, a change in the method
of counting its membership seems to account for
most of this loss. The 1961 and 1962 membership
figure represents average annual dues payers only
as reflected in the union’s financial reports for
these 2 years. Unlike previous years, this elimi­
nates from the count unemployed members, less
than full dues-paying members, and/or dues-exempt members for other reasons.
The figures also reveal a marked downward
trend for the Machinists and the Carpenters.
Since its peak year in 1958, the former has lost
125.000 members, while the latter has declined by
110.000 since 1956.
T able 2 .

N u m b e r a n d P e r c e n t of
in t h e T otal L a b o r F orce a n d
E st a b l is h m e n t s , 1 9 5 6 - 6 2
Total labor force
Year

1956......... 1957...........
1958...........
1959...........
1960_____
1961...........
1962_____

Total union
membership1

17,490
17,369
17, 029
17,117
17,049
16, 303
16, 586

1 Exclusive of Canada.

U n io n M e m b e r s 1
N o n a g r ic u l t u r a l

Employees in nonagri­
cultural establishments

Number
(thousands)

Percent
union
members

Number
(thousands)

Percent
union
members

70,387
70, 744
71,284
71,946
73,126
74,175
74,681

24.8
24.6
23.9
23.8
23.3

52,408
52, 904
51,423
53, 404
54,370
54, 224
55,841

33.4
32.8
33.1
32.1
31.4
30.1
29.7

22.0
22.2

505

AMERICAN TRADE UNION MEMBERSHIP IN 1962
T able

3.

D is t r ib u t io n o f N a t io n a l a n d I n t e r n a ­
U n io n s , b y N u m b e r of M e m b e r s R e po r t e d 1
a n d A f f il ia t io n , 1 9 6 2

t io n a l

Union
affiliation

All unions

N umber of members reported

Mem bers
Num­
ber

Per­
cent

All unions ■„ _______

181

100.0

Under 1,000 - .......... 1,000 and under 5,000_______
5,000 and under 10,000__ ____
10,000 and under 25,000___ __
25,000 and under 50,000 ____
50,000 and under 100,000.........
100,000 and under 200,000____
200,000 and under 300,000 ___
300,000 and under 400,000____
400,000 and under 500,000____
500,000 and under 1,000,000__
1 ,000,000 and over _ ..

15
29
14
27
26
26
23
7
4
4
4

8.2

2

16.0
7.7
14.9
14.4
14.4
12.7
3.9
2 .2
2 .2
2 .2
1 .1

AFL- Un­
CIO affili­
ated

Num­
ber
(thou­
sands)

Per­
cent

17,564

100.0

130

51

(2)

5
13

10

2.3
5.5

24
17

10.0

22
22

6

134
95
411
959
1,762
3,334
1,917
L373
1,765
3,278
2, 531

0.8
.6

19.0
10.9
7.8
10.0

18.7
14.4

8

7
4
3
4
1

16
6

3
9
4
1
1
1

1 See footnote 1 , table 1 .
* Less than 0,05 percent.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of Individual items may not equal totals.

Distribution of Membership

Size of Unions. As in previous surveys, virtually
no change was recorded in the size distribution of
national and international unions (table 3).
Newcomers to the list of 44 unions reporting
100,000 members or more are three unions com­
posed of public employees—the Fire Fighters, the
Government Employees (AFGE), and the Postal
Clerks (table 4). Two unions dropped below this
size group since the last survey—Packinghouse
Workers (98,000), and Mine, Mill and Smelter
Workers (Ind.) (75,000).
Slight shifts have taken place in the rank order
of the six largest unions, each with 700,000 or more
members. The United Automobile Workers, in
second place behind the Teamsters, was third in
1960, a position now held by the Steelworkers.
Fourth place is still occupied by the Machinists,
but the Electrical Workers (IBEW ) displaced the
Carpenters as the Nation’s fifth largest union.

union members. On the other hand, the rise in
the Nation’s female labor force now finds the pro­
portion of those in unions at about 1 out of 8, as
against 1 out of 7 in previous surveys. For male
members, the labor force ratio appears to be about
1 out of 4, also indicating a slight decline.4
Women formed a majority in 22 unions which,
in turn, accounted for two-fifths of women mem­
bership. In nearly three-fifths of all unions (106),
women membership ranged from none (48 unions)
to less than 10 percent. In the three unions in
which women comprised 80 percent or more of all
members, their combined total amounted to
50,000.
The predominantly “blue-collar” character of
American unions also appears to hold true for
women members, as indicated by the organizations
in which the largest numbers are found. For ex­
ample, about 17 percent of all women members
were reported by two unions in the apparel indus­
try (Amalgamated Clothing Workers and Inter­
national Ladies’ Garment Workers). Other
Chart 2. Membership1 as a Percent of Total Labor
Force and of Employees in Nonagricultural Estab­
lishments/ 1930-62

Women Members. The 1962 estimate of 3.3 mil­
lion women members (table 5), based on reports
from 145 unions and estimates for the remaining
36, revealed a decline of about 33,000 since 1960.
This loss, however, does not significantly affect
the earlier ratio of about 1 out of 6 women among
1330
4 The above labor force comparisons are lim ited to membership
in the United States.
72S-329— 64------2


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1935

1940

1945

1 Excludes Canadian membership.

1950

1955

I960

1965

506

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

T a b l e 4.
N a t io n a l a n d I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n s
R e p o r t i n g 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 o r M o r e M e m b e r s , 1 9 6 2 1

Union 2

Members

Teamsters (Ind.)_______ 1,457,252
Automobile___1............... 1,073,547
Steel_________________
878,516
Machinists____________
867;759
Electrical (IBEW)...........
793,000
739,207
Carpenters____________
Mine (Ind.)___________
450,000
Hotel____1___________
445.000
Garment, Ladies’
441.000
Hod Carriers__________
429,279
Clothing______________
376.000
363,983
Retail Clerks__________
333,023
Meat Cutters_________
Railway and Steamship
Clerks________ _____
300,000
Engineers, Operating___
296,503
295,000
Electrical (IUE)_______
294,359
Building Service_______
Musicians_____________
281,949
Communications Work­
ers_________________
278,678
250,531
Plumbing_____________
S ta te , C o n n tv

Painters___ 1....................

220,000

196,487

Union 2

Members

Railroad Trainmen_____
Textile Workers
(TWUA) .....................
Pulp....... - ____________
Oil"...................................
Electrical (UE) (Ind.)—.
R e ta il, W holesale

Rubber _____________
M a in te n a n c e o f W a y

Bricklayers __________
T e tte r C arriers

Postal Clerks__________
Iron_________ _______
Transport Workers_____
Street, Electric Railway—
Papermakers__________
Railway Carmen_______
Boilermakers___ ______
Printing Pressmen_____
Sheet Metal___________
Fire Fighters__________
Government (AFGE)__
Typographical________

196.000
183.000
174,062
168,190
163.000
159,356
158,344
152,691
151.000
150,114
145.000
138,789
135.000
134,000
130,125
126,000
125,000
115,604
110,870
109,035
106,042
106,001

1 Based on union reports to the Bureau.
2 All unions not identified as independent (Ind.) are affiliated with the
AFL-CIO.

unions reporting a sizable female membership
were, in ranking order, the Electrical Workers
(IBEW ), the Hotel and Restaurant Employees,
Retail Clerks, United Automobile Workers, and
Communications Workers.
White-Collar Members. White-collar employment
surpassed blue-collar employment in the United
States for the first time during 1956. In sub­
sequent years, this differential has grown larger
as white-collar occupations in industry continued
to expand. I t has been suggested that organized
labor must break out of its “blue-collar shell” and
either organize the rapidly growing white-collar
occupations, or face the prospect of becoming a
less dominant influence in the United States.
Union reports on white-collar membership show
relatively little change in union penetration since
1956:

1 9 5 6 __________________-----------------

Number of
white-collar
members
(thousands)
2 ,4 6 3

1 9 5 8 __________________ ___________

2 ,1 8 4

Percent of
members in
national and
international
unions
13. 6
12. 2

1 9 6 0 _____________________________
1 9 6 2 __________________ ___________

2, 192

12. 2

2 ,2 8 5

13. 0

Although the 2.3 million estimate of whitecollar workers in all unions for 1962 represents a
gain of 93,000 since 1960, it must be viewed against
an organizable potential of about 22 million of

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such workers in various occupational groups.
Moreover, about two-fifths of this gain is ac­
counted for by two unions of Federal employees
surveyed for the first time. Thus, as in previous
years, the evidence—rough as it is—points to a
near standstill in union organization in the whitecollar field.
Gains in white-collar members were recorded in
1962 by unions in the public service, communica­
tions, retail trade, and service industries, while de­
clines were noted in several predominantly bluecollar manufacturing unions.
Nearly two-thirds of all white-collar members
were found in nonmanufacturing industries
(1,447,000), the remainder being somewhat more
heavily concentrated in government (521,000)
than in manufacturing industries (317,000). Gov­
ernment service gained 112,000 since 1960, and non­
manufacturing 30,000. These gains were offset,
however, by a drop of 49,000 in manufacturing in­
dustries. The highest ratio of white-collar to total
membership—more than two-fifths—was in gov­
ernment service, followed by nonmanufacturing
(less than 20 percent) and manufacturing (below
5 percent) .5
5
Since in a number of cases, both the white-collar and the
industrial coverage had to be estim ated, these figures should be
considered as rough approxim ations only.

T a b l e 5.
E s t im a t e d D is t r ib u t io n o f N a t io n a l a n d
I n t e r n a t io n a l U n i o n s , b y P r o p o r t io n o f W o m e n
M em bers, 1962 1

All unions
Number of women
members

Percent of women members
Number

Percent

All unions______________

181

100.0

None_______________________
Under 10 percent...........................
10 and under 20 percent................
20 and under 30 percent..............
30 and under 40 percent................
40 and under 50 percent________
50 and under 60 percent...............
60 and under 70 percent________
70 and under 80 percent________
80 and under 90 percent................
90 percent and over,___ ______

48
58

26. 5
32.0

21
12
8
12
8

1 1 .6
6.6

7
4
3

4.4
6.6

4.4
3.9
2 .2

1.7

Number
(thou­
sands)

Percent

3,272

100.0

168
620
303
438
423
439
193
639
50

5.1
18.9
9.3
13.4
12.9
13.4
5.9
19.5
1.5

1145 unions reported 2,713,300 women members. 36 unions did not report
the number of women or failed to furnish membership data against which
reported percentages could be applied. It was estimated that 32 of these had
approximately 558,900 women members and 4 had none. In terms of affilia­
tion, it is estimated that women members were distributed as follows:
AFL-CIO, 88.9 percent; unaffiliated, 11.1 percent. Women members of
AFL-CIO federal labor unions and local industrial unions are not Included
in these estimates.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individualitems may not equal totals.

AMERICAN TRADE UNION MEMBERSHIP IN 1962
T a b l e 6.

D

is t r ib u t io n

of

N a t io n a l

and

507

I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n s a n d T h e i r M e m b e r s h i p ,
a n d A f f il i a t i o n , 1 9 6 2

by

I n d u st r y G roup

Union affiliation

All unions
AFL-CIO

Unaffiliated

Industry group
Members 2
Number ’

All unions 3___________________________

Members 2
Number 1

Number
(thou­
sands)

Percent

Members2
Number i

Number
(thou­
sands)

Percent

Number
(thou­
sands)

Percent

181

17,564

100.0

130

14, 770

100.0

51

2, 794

100.0

Manufacturing______ ______________ _____
Food, beverages, and tobacco______ __________
Clothing, textiles, and leather products________
Furniture, lumber, wood products, and nauer__
Printing and publishing____ _ ______________
Petroleum, chemicals, and rubber_______ _____
Stone, clay, and glass____ ________
Metals, machinery, and equipment, except transportation equipment________________ ____
Transportation equipment__ . . . ______ . __
Manufacturing (not classifiable)_____ ____ ____

107
28
24
23
15

45.8

78
18
17
18

7,141
' 596

48.4
4.0

29

909
449
15
31
47
109

32. 5
16.1
.5

18

8,050
1,045
1,226
766
359
491
269

38
16
23

2,583
1,187
123

14.7

Nonmanufacturing____ _____________ __ . _ ..
Mining and quarrying. ________ _________ .
Contract construction_______________ _______
Transportation____________________ . . .
Telephone and telegraph____________________
Electric and gas utilities___________ ______ _
Trade__________ ____________ _________
Finance and insurance____ ______ _________
Service industries____________ ________ _____
Agriculture and fishing______________________
Nonmanufacturing (not classifiable)..................

103

Government: Federal, State, and local____________

41

20

11

28
47
6

16
19
5
33
7

8

6.0

7.0
4.4

10

735
312
382
257

5.0

16
16

2 .1
2.6

7
5
4
4
2

12

2,346
1,187
114

15.9

13

8.0
.8

2
8

237

.7

25
14
15

8,289
352
2,417
2,572
416
327
1,129
31
996
36
14

47.2

76

45.2
.3
15.8
11.4
2.3

27
3
7

.2
.1

14
3
28
4
4

6,680
51
2,339
1,678
334
291
970
28
975

1,225

7.0

27

2.0
2.8

1.5

6.8

2.0

13.8
14.6
2.4
1.9
6.4
.2

5.7

11

8
21

35
4
11

1 ,2 1 1

10
6

948

8 .2

1.7

2.0
6.6
.2
6.6
.1

(<)
6.4

12
2

5
5
2

5
3
4
14

w

1 .1

1.7
3.9
.4
(4)

8.5

9

.3

1,609
'301
78
895
82
37
159
3

57.6
10.8
2.8

8

32.0
2.9
1.3
5.7
.1
.7
.9
.3

277

9.9

21

26

1 These columns are nonadditive; many unions have membership in more
than one industrial classification.
2 Number of members computed by applying reported percentage figures to
total membership, including membership outside the United States. Total
membership, moreover, may include retired and unemployed workers.

3137 unions reported an estimated distribution by industry. For 45
unions, the Bureau estimated industrial composition. Also, see footnote 1,
table 1 .
* Less than 0.05 percent.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

Industrial Distribution of Membershi'p. The in­
dustrial distribution of union membership since
1956, the year this query was introduced to the
Bureau’s survey, reveals sharp losses in manufac­
turing, a modest decline in nonmanufacturing in­
dustries, and a slow but persistent rise in public
employment:

Of the more than 300,000 increase in public em­
ployment in the last 6 years, about one-half oc­
curred since 1960, largely the result of increased
union activity in the Federal service.
Three major industry groups—metals and ma­
chinery, transportation, and construction—con­
tinue to account for more than two-fifths of all
union members (table 6). Other industry groups
with at least 1 million members each were food
and tobacco, clothing and leather, and transporta­
tion equipment in manufacturing, and retail and
wholesale trade among nonmanufacturing indus­
tries. The newcomer to this size class is the trade
group, replacing the service industry which
dropped slightly below this category. Fewer than
50,000 members were attributed to two major in­
dustry groups—finance and insurance, and agri­
culture and fishing.
Unaffiliated unions continue to demonstrate their
nonfactory character by heavy membership con­
centrations in transportation and mining, largely
in the Teamsters and Mine Workers, respectively.

Manufacturing
Number
(thousands) Percent

1956..................
1958..................
1960..................
1962..................

8,839
8,359
8,591
8,050

48.8
46.5
47.6
45.8

Nonmanufacturing
Number
(thousands)

8,350
8,574
8,375
8.289

Percent

46.1
47.7
46.4
47.2

Government
Number
(thou­
sands)

915
1,035
1,070
1,225

Percent

5.1
5.8
5.9
7.0

The loss of nearly 800,000 members since 1956
in manufacturing must be viewed against a high
rate of job loss. Contributing to a 541,000 mem­
bership reduction since 1960 were losses of 308,000
and 136,000 in metals and transportation equip­
ment, respectively.


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Employment Impact
of Changing
Defense Programs
J oseph F. F ulton *

e a r l y o n e - t e n t h of total employment in the
United States in 1963 was accounted for by the
estimated 6.7 million persons engaged in national
defense work.
Defense outlays have changed rapidly in recent
years, both in their overall level and in the mix
of products purchased. The changing inventory
of weapons and other equipment required for na­
tional security has markedly affected manufactur­
ing processes and the kinds of occupations needed
for defense production. Employment uncertain­
ties associated with shifts in size and types of
defense programs have created public and govern­
mental concern, especially for those localities, occu­
pational groups, and industries with a high degree
of dependence on defense work.

N

Trends in D efense Employment

Of these 6.7 million workers, over half (56 per­
cent) were employed directly by the Federal
Government, 2.7 million in the Armed Forces, and
1.0 million civilian personnel in defense-related
work in Federal agencies (table 1). The rest
worked not only for contractors and subcontractors
employed on defense programs in the private sec­
tor of the economy, but also for firms providing
materials and services to contractors.1 (Terms
such as “defense” and “defense-related,” as used
for the sake of brevity in this article, cover space
and atomic energy work—although much of it is
recognized as being for nondefense purposes—as
well as Defense Department functions.)
Comprehensive statistics are not available to
provide recent trends for defense-dependent em­
ployment in private industry, but information for
508

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

five major manufacturing industries producing
primarily for defense purposes indicates an em­
ployment growth of 14 percent between 1958 and
1963 (table 2). These five industries employed
nearly 1.8 million wage and salary workers in 1963;
an estimated 1.4 million of these were engaged in
defense work—almost half of the defense workers
in the private sector in that year. Employment
growth was especially rapid in the ordnance indus­
try, which includes missile manufacturing, and in
the communication equipment and electronic com­
ponents industries, which produce electronic as­
semblies and parts for the defense market.
Between 1962 and 1963, however, employment
declined in both electronics industries and in­
creased very little in the ordnance industry. In
aircraft manufacturing, employment fell rapidly
between 1958 and 1961, but has risen since then;
some of the aircraft establishments in this indus­
try are also secondarily engaged in the growing
industrial area of space vehicle manufacturing.
Defense-related Federal employment has fluc­
tuated in recent years; in 1963 it equaled over 3.7
million, about 85,000 more than in 1958 (table 3).
The increase has been in the size of the Armed
Forces; the number of civilian personnel was
slightly lower in 1963 than in 1958.
Industrial Distribution

Although defense work is widely distributed
throughout the economy, some industries and firms
are much more heavily committed than others.
Over 95 percent of employment in the ordnance
industry and about 90 percent in the aircraft in­
dustry are estimated by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics to be engaged in defense production, and
half or more in the communication equipment,
electronic components, and shipbuilding indus­
tries. Other industries unusually sensitive to
changes in the volume and patterns of defense
♦Of the D ivision of Manpower and O ccupational Outlook,
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1
The estim ate of 6.7 m illion does not include jobs generated
by defense expenditures through the m ultiplier and accelerator
effects, which can be considerable in number. One study esti­
m ates th a t for selected m etropolitan areas on the W est Coast
in 1960, the number of jobs created through m ultiplier and ac­
celerator effects of defense outlays w as nearly tw ice the number
of defense-dependent jobs. See Charles M. Tiebout, “The Re­
gional Im pact of D efense E xp en d itures: Its M easurement and
Problems of Adjustm ent,” H earings on th e N a tio n ’s M anpow er
R evo lu tio n before the Subcommittee on Em ployment and Man­
power, Senate Committee on Labor and Public W elfare ( 8 8 th
Cong., 1st sess., 1963), pp. 2516-2523.

EMPLOYMENT IMPACT OF CHANGING DEFENSE PROGRAMS

509

1963, for example, the five companies which re­
ceived the largest dollar volume of Defense De­
partment prime contracts—each receiving over $1
billion in such contracts—accounted for nearly
one-fourth (23.2 percent) of the total value of
these contracts, the 25 top companies accounted for
over half (51.9 percent) of the total value, and the
100 top firms for nearly three-fourths (73.9 per­
cent) . The 100 contractors who received the larg­
est dollar value of National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) direct awards to busi­
ness during fiscal 1963 accounted for 88 percent of
that agency’s direct awards to business.3
Despite this concentration, there are actually
many
thousands of firms producing for the defense
2 Murray L. Weidenbaum, “The Transferability of Defense In­
market,
because a significant number of prime
dustry Eesources to Civilian Uses,’’ H earings on th e N a tio n ’s M an­
pow er R evo lu tio n before the Subcommittee on Employment and
contracts are awarded to smaller enterprises and a
Manpower, Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare
substantial part of the defense contracts received
(88th Cong., 1st sess., 1963)* P- 3145.
8
The percentages given for these contracts and awards reflect
by
large firms is subcontracted. The Defense De­
corporate, not geographic, concentration. M ost of the major
partment estimates that about one-sixth of the
contractors have many p lan ts throughout the country where
the work not subcontracted is actually done. Inform ation on
dollar value of its prime contract awards in fiscal
contracts and awards contained in this and the follow ing para­
1963 went directly to small business, and that about
graph is from the follow in g sources: (1) Undated release of the
Office of the Secretary of Defense, 100 Companies and T h eir Sub­
half of the value of its awards to the 100 largest
sid ia ry C orporations L iste d A ccording to N e t V alue o f M ilita ry
of its contractors is subcontracted.
P rim e C ontract A w a rd s, F iscal Y ear 1963, (2) M ilita ry P rim e
outlays include those producing instruments and
related products, primary metals, fabricated metal
products, chemical and allied products, machinery,
fuel and power, and transportation services.
The extent of dependence on defense work varies
widely even among major defense contractors. A
recent analysis of the 35 largest such contractors
showed that defense-related sales represented over
75 percent of total company sales in the case of 7
of these firms, from 50 to 74 percent in 10 firms,
and less than 25 percent in 9 firms.2
A relatively few large corporations receive the
bulk of defense contract awards. In fiscal year

C ontract A w a rd s and S u b co n tra ct P a y m e n ts, J u ly 19 6 2 -Ju n e
1963, Office of the Secretary of Defense, (3) A n n u a l P rocure­
m e n t R ep o rt, F isca l Y ea r 1963, National Aeronautics and Space
Adm inistration.
4 The payroll data used for th is illu stration include wage and
salary disbursements to m ilitary personnel and civilian employees
of Federal defense agencies, but considerably understate defense
payrolls in the private sector of the economy because they cover
only the five m anufacturing industries prim arily engaged in
defense-related work. About one-fifth of the total employment in
these five industries— aircraft, ordnance, shipbuilding, communi­
cation equipment, and electronic components— are estim ated to
have been engaged in nondefense work in 1963; these employees
and their earnings are also included in the data of table 4.
The employment figures contain the same understatem ent as the
payroll data, and in addition exclude the Armed Forces since
m ilitary personnel are not necessarily residents of the States
in which they are stationed and are likely to leave those States
in the event of release from active duty.
D espite these exclusions, the data in table 4 are believed to
be useful as rough indicators of the extent of geographic depend­
ence on defense work and of geographic concentration in such
work.
Geographic inform ation is available for prime defense con­
tract awards, but the major lim itation in their use is th at the
S tate in which a prime contractor is located is in many cases not
the S tate in which the work is done, since a large part of the
prime contract awards are subcontracted to other firms. A study
by NASA, covering some $682 m illion of its prime contract
awards subcontracted during the period January 1, 1962, to
June 30, 1963, showed that, although the prime contracts were
placed w ith firms located in only 8 States, the actual work after
subcontracting w as being performed in 40 S tates and 61 percent
o f the $682 m illion in subcontracts were awarded outside the
S tate of the originating prime contractor. The geographic redis­
tribution may have been even more widespread i f subcontracting
tiers beyond the first two, the only ones covered by the study,
had also been accounted for. National Aeronautics and Space
Adm inistration, A n n u a l P rocurem ent R eport, F iscal Y ear 1963,
pp. 38-3 9 .


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Geographic Distribution

Certain States and communities, because of their
relatively high degree of dependence on defense
work, are especially affected by shifts in size and
types of defense programs. Table 4 illustrates
this dependence by comparing ratios in the various
States between defense-related payrolls and total
personal income and between defense-related em­
ployment and total nonagricultural employment.4
The illustrative data on disbursements, despite
understating defense payrolls in the private sec­
tor, show the heavy involvement of some States in
defense work. Wage and salary disbursements to
personnel in defense-related work represented 26
percent of total personal income in Alaska in
1962—compared to a national average of 6 per­
cent—20 percent in Hawaii, and from 10 to 15
percent in the Virginia-Maryland-District of
Columbia complex and in the western States of
Washington, Utah, California, and New Mexico.
In several other States, defense-related disburse­
ments accounted for about 9 percent of personal
income, well above the national average—Connect­
icut, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, Kansas,
and Colorado.

510

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

The illustrative employment figures show con­
centration patterns similar to those indicated by
the payroll data; differences are probably chiefly
due to the absence of the Armed Forces from the
employment distributions. The States with the
highest proportions of defense-related employment
in 1962 were, west of the Mississippi River, Utah,
Washington, California, Alaska, Hawaii, Kansas,
and New Mexico; and east of the Mississippi, Con­
necticut, Virginia, and Maryland.
In some States, relatively large amounts of de­
fense work represent comparatively small propor­
tions of employment and payrolls because of the
State’s broad industrial base. Among such States
are New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Massa­
chusetts, Texas, Illinois, and Ohio; in 1962, each
had over 100,000 defense workers and, except for
Illinois and Ohio, over $1 billion in defense pay­
rolls.
California accounted for by far the largest num­
ber of defense workers and the highest volume of
defense dollars in 1962, roughly one-fifth in each
T able

1.

E st im a t e d D e f e n s e - R e l a t e d E m p l o y m e n t ,
U n it e d S t a t e s , 1 9 6 3

Item

Number
(thou­ Percent
sands)

Estimated defense-related employment, total.

6,734

100.0

Defense-related Federal employment________________
Military personnel.....................................................I
Civilian personnel i...... ............. ..................................
Department of Defense........................ ...... ..........
National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Atomic Energy Commission............................ .
Selective Service Commission...............................
Office of Emergency Planning_______________

3,759
2,737

55.8
40.6
15.2
14.5
.4

Estimated defense-related employment in private in­
dustry *....... .................................... ...................
Transportation equipment__________________ " "
Aircraft and parts........................
HI”
Ship and boat building and repairing_________
Other transportation equipment___________ II!
Electrical equipment and supplies.................
Electronic equipment and components..
Other electrical equipment and supplies.
Ordnance and accessories________________
Other industries s.

1,022

979
29
7
7
(2)

.1

m

.1

2,975
805
585
85
135

44.2

555
445

8.2
6.6
1.6

110

12.0

8.7
1.3
2.0

270

4.0

1,345

20.0

1 Includes U.S. citizens employed by the U.S. Government overseas, but
excludes foreign nationals so employed.
2 Less than 500.
8 Less than 0.05 percent.
4 Excludes proprietors, the self-employed, and unpaid family workers.
« Includes such manufacturing industries as primary metals, fabricated
metal products, machinery, instruments, and chemicals, and nonmanufac­
turing industries such as services, trade, transportation, fuel and power, and
construction.
Source: Military personnel figures from TT.S. Department of Defense.
Federal civilian employment from U.S. Civil Service Commission. Esti­
mates for private industry based on employment information from U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and estimates, on the direct
and indirect employment in selected industries generated by the production
of defense-related goods and services, prepared by Leontief and Hoffenberg
for their article, “The Economic Effects of Disarmament,” Scientific Ameri­
can, April 1961, and later updated.


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T able 2 .
E m p l o y m e n t i n F iv e D e f e n s e - R e l a t e d
M a n u f a c t u r in g I n d u s t r ie s , U n it e d S t a t e s , 1 9 5 8 - 6 3 1
[Numbers in thousands]
Industry

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

Percent
1963 change,
1958-63

Total________ 1,550.9 1,623.6 1,604.9 1,643.2 1,758.4 1,768.8
Aircraft and parts__
Communication
equipment_______
Electronic components___________
Ordnance and accèssories___________
Ship and boat building and repairing..

14.0

783.6

747.6

645.7

619.2

634.6

649.4

-17.1

296.1

339.7

382.3

404.7

445.0

433.7

46.5

178.9

213.3

233.5

243.0

266.8

264.8

48.0

145.4

176.5

202.2

234.7

270.7

276.7

90.3

146.9

146.5

141.2

141.6

141.3

144.2

- 1 .8

1 Figures include all wage and salary employment in the 5 industries, not
only the employment in them engaged in defense work (estimated at 1.4
million workers in 1963). Figures exclude proprietors, the self-employed,
and unpaid family workers.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

case. The State had nearly as many defense
workers in that year as the combined total for the
next four States—New York, Pennsylvania,
Texas, and Massachusetts.
Certain communities have a notably high con­
centration of defense-connected industrial activi­
ties. Examples are the Los Angeles-Long Beach
and San Diego areas in California; the SeattleTacoma area in Washington; the Washington,
D.C. metropolitan area; the Boston-Cambridge
area in Massachusetts; Wichita, Kansas; Hunts­
ville, Alabama; and Cape Kennedy, Florida.
Military installations generate a large part of the
employment and income in other localities. In
some communities, the economy is built almost en­
tirely around defense bases or specialized plants
producing defense materiel.
While such localities as Cape Kennedy, Hunts­
ville, and Houston have experienced recent influxes
of employment and income because of expansion of
defense programs, other regions have suffered be­
cause of cancellations, cutbacks, and phase-outs of
defense work. Layoffs at the Boeing plant in
Seattle followed cancellation of the Dyna-Soar
spacecraft project, and layoffs in early 1963 at the
Douglas and Northrop plants in southern Cali­
fornia followed cancellation of the Skybolt missile
program. Other examples include decreases in the
number of defense jobs scheduled in 14 States be­
cause of a recent decision to close or substantially
reduce in size 26 military bases, and in 5 States
because of a recent cutback in production of plu­
tonium and enriched uranium.

511

EMPLOYMENT IMPACT OF CHANGING DEFENSE PROGRAMS

Changes in Products and Processes

Shifts in the mix of defense products in recent
years have markedly changed manufacturing
processes and the numbers and kinds of workers
needed in defense work. Higher proportions of
defense outlays are now devoted to missile and
space vehicle items and their electronic systems
and components, and lower proportions to the
more traditional types of war materiel.
Defense Department expenditures for procure­
ment and for research, development, test, and
evaluation (RDT&E) provide one indication of
the relative increase in recent years of missile,
space, and electronic defense equipment (table 5).
Expenditures for missile procurement rose from
less than $1 billion in fiscal 1955 to $2.4 billion in
fiscal 1958 and to a peak of $3.8 billion in fiscal
1963. Missiles also represent the largest item of
Defense Department expenditures for RDT&E;
they have taken about one-third to half of all the
Department’s RDT&E funds in recent years.5
Growth is also evident in the Defense Depart­
ment’s space program, with RDT&E expenditures
for astronautics rising from about $0.5 billion in
fiscal 1960 to an estimated $1.4 billion in fiscal
1964. Meanwhile, expenditures for aircraft pro­
curement—the largest Defense Department item—
fell by about $3 billion between fiscal years 1955
and 1961, although they have shown some increase
since then.
The increasing role of electronics in national
security requirements is indicated by the tripling
of Defense Department procurement expenditures
between fiscal years 1955 and 1964.6 This rapid
growth is hardly surprising in view of the large
proportion of the burgeoning space vehicle and
missile inventory which is electronic. NASA
Administrator James Webb estimates that elec­
tronic components account for over 40 percent of
Some fa llin g off of total m issile expenditures in fiscal 1963
and 1964 is evident in table 5, and, on the basis of presently
planned programs, a sligh t further decline may occur during the
next few years.
8 For all m ilitary and space electronic products, including those
sold to NASA, AEC, and other purchasers as w ell as the D efense
Department, shipm ents rose from an estim ated $4.4 billion in
1958 to $5.5 billion in 1961 and are projected to $10.7 billion
for 1970 (figures in 1960 dollars), according to a study of the
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor S tatistics, E m p lo y­
m e n t O utlook and C hanging O ccupational S tru c tu r e in E lec­
tro n ics M a n u fa ctu rin g (BLS B ulletin 1363, October 1963). See
also M o n th ly L abor R eview , September 1963, pp. 1026-1032.
8


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the cost of NASA’s space boosters, over 70 percent
on NASA’s spacecraft, and over 90 percent on
tracking and data acquisition. Electronic guid­
ance and control devices account for 40 to 72
percent of missile production expenditures, de­
pending on the type and total cost of the missile,
according to the Stanford Research Institute.
Another evidence of the shift in the defenserelated product mix is the rapid expansion of
NASA’s activities and of the space program gen­
erally. From 1958 to 1963, NASA’s employ­
ment more than tripled to 30,000 (table 6); the
agency’s expenditures climbed from about $0.1
billion in fiscal 1959 to an estimated $4.4 billion
in fiscal 1964, with further increases expected. Yet
NASA today accounts for only about two-thirds
of U.S. space expenditures. Most of the rest
of the space dollar goes to the Defense Depart­
ment for military space applications, and small
amounts are expended by the Atomic Energy Com­
mission, the Weather Bureau, and the National
Science Foundation (table 7). Spending by these
agencies for space work has been increasing; De­
fense Department space expenditures reached the
T able 3.

D e f e n s e - R e la ted F e d e r a l E m ploym ent,
1 9 5 8 -6 3

[Numbers in thousands]
Item
Defense-related Federal emplnyment,
Military personnel___
Civilian personnel1___ _
Department of Defense 2____________
NASA 2____________
Atomic Energy Commission___ . _
Selective Service Commission______ . .
Office of Emergency
Planning *_________

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

3,675
2,637
1,038

3,571
2,552
1,019

3,511
2,514
997

3,577
2,572
1,005

3,857
2,827
1,030

3,759
2,737

1,015

995
9

969
13

973
17

993
23

979
29
7

8

7

7

7

7

7

6

6

6

7

7

2

2

2

1

(!)

1,022

7
(!)

Total U.S. employment6____ 66,603 68,133 69,195 69,368 70,673 71, 546
Total Federal employment 6__ 4,914 4,835 4,820 4,903 5,220 5,149
Defense-related Federal employment as percent of:
5.5
5.1
5.5
5.3
Total U.S. employment__
5.2
5.2
73.9
Total Federal employment- 74.8
72.8
73.0
73.9
73.0
1 Includes U.S. citizens employed by the U.S. Government overseas, but
excludes foreign nationals so employed.
2 For 1961 and later years includes civil defense functions, assigned in prior
years to the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization.
2 NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) was estab­
lished October 1, 1958, succeeding the National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics (NACA). Annual average shown for 1958 includes NACA’s
employment for first 9 months of year.
* Data for 1961 and later years not comparable with those for prior years;
during 1961, employees in the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization en­
gaged in major civil defense operating functions were transferred to the
Defense Department, and remaining personnel became employees of the
newly designated Office of Emergency Planning.
s Less than 500.
6 Includes military personnel.
S o u r c e : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, for total
U.S. employment; U.S. Civil Service Commission for Federal civilian em­
ployment; and U.S. Department of Defense for military personnel figures.

512

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

$1 billion mark in fiscal 1962 and are estimated
at $1.6 billion in fiscal 1964.
Changes in the defense product mix have signif­
icantly affected the manufacturing processes used
in defense-related work. Standardized items
turned out in relatively large volumes were once
the rule but today’s emphasis is on the custom
production of relatively few, relatively costly, and
complex units; quite often, no two of these are
exactly alike.
Most major missile systems are produced in
quantities of only a few hundred units. Fewer
than 300 Atlas and Titan intercontinental ballistic
missiles (ICBM’s) have been built, fewer than
T able 4.

500 Polaris missiles are scheduled for production,
and the number of Minuteman missiles planned
through June 1969 equals no more than 1,200.
Even within these relatively low volumes, model
design may continue to change. Three models of
the Polaris have been built, for instance, and a
“fourth-generation” model is being considered.
Space vehicles are typically produced in even
smaller quantities. Major NASA contracts have
included orders for 20 Mercury capsules, 13
Gemini capsules, 14 Ranger instrument capsules
for hard landing on the moon, 25 lunar excursion
modules for the Apollo spacecraft, and 30 S -l
boosters for the Saturn launch vehicle.

S t a t e D is t r ib u t io n of W a g e a n d S a l a r y D is b u r s e m e n t s 1 a n d E m p l o y m e n t 2 i n D e f e n s e - R e l a t e d W o r k ,
U n it e d St a t e s, 196 2

[Disbursements in millions; employment in thousands]
Wage and salary disbursements to personnel in defenserelated work

Region and State

Total, United States.

5 indus­
tries3

» $12,159

New England:
Maine.............................
$37
New Hampshire______
10 39
io 24
Vermont.___________
Massachussetts---------617
Rhode Island...... .........
16
Connecticut_________
657
Middle Atlantic:
New Y o rk .._________
1, 079
New Jersey------- ------ io 701
Pennsylvania________
504
East North Central:
499
Ohio...............................
Indiana..................... . . .
323
m inois...........................
511
M ichigan......................
113
Wisconsin___________
104
West North Central:
Minnesota___________
91
Iowa________________
77
Missouri.................. ......
293
North Dakota..........
(»)
io 7
South Dakota................
Nebraska___________
10 50
Kansas______________
231
South Atlantic:
10 1
Delaware____________
Maryland___________
294
Dist. of Columbia____
4
io 164
Virginia_____________
( 14)
West Virginia________
North Carolina...........
98
South Carolina_______
18
Georgia........ ............. .
115
Florida................... ........
314
East South Central:
Kentucky___________
21
Tennessee......... .............
37
Alabama_____ ______
74
Mississippi____ ______
10 42
West South Central:
9
Arkansas____________
Louisiana.......................
io 66
64
Oklahoma___________
Texas_______________
438
See footnotes a t end of table.


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Federal
military
and
civilian
personnel4

Employment in defense-related work

Total, 5 industries and Federal mili­
tary and civilian personnel

Amount

Percent of
State per­
sonal in­
come 3

Percent of
defenserelated dis­
bursements

Total, 5 industries and Federal
civilian personnel
5 Indus­
tries 8

Federal
civilian
personnel7

Percent of
State nonNumber agricultural
employ­
ment 8

Percent of
defenserelated
employ­
ment

$15,417

»$27,576

«6.3

« 100.0

« 1,759.4

1 , 001.5

« 2,760.9

05.0

« 100.0

$110

79
5
393
153
83

$147
io 118
io 29
1,010
169
740

7.7
io 8.5
io 3.7
7.1
8.2
9.2

0.5
io #4
10.1
3.7
.6
2.7

7.3
io 8 .2
10 4.1
100.3
3.5
97.9

1 1 .2

1.0
.1
26.7
8.3
2.8

18.5
io 9.2
10 4.2
127.0
11.8
100.7

io 4.5
io 3.8
6.5
4.0
10.6

6.6

0.7
io .3
io.2
4.6
.4
3.6

643
446
609

1,722
io 1,147
1,113

3.4
10 6.4
4.1

6.2
io 4.2
4.0

146.6
io 99.7
80.5

53.3
26.9
69.4

199.9
io 126 .6
149.9

3.2
io 6 .1
4.1

7.2
104.6
5.4

451
148
452
238
61

950
471
963
351
165

3.9
4.3
3.3
1.8
1.8

3.4
1.7
3.5
1.2

70.3
51.2
87.9
16.6
17.4

43.2
11.8
30.6
11.7
1.9

113.5
63.0
118.5
28.3
19.3

3.7
4.3
3.3
1.2
1.6

4.1
2.3
4.3
1.0
.7

61
51
235
48
38

152
128
528
48
io 45
io 162
434

2.0
2.1
5.1
3.3
io 3.0
io 4.8
8.9

.6
.5
1.9
.2
io .2
io .6

14.7
13.9
44.0
(12)

16.8
14.7
59.4
1.3
io 2 .7
io 13. 0
40.9

1.7
2.2
4.4
1.0

.6
.5
2.2

io 8.6
35.2

2.1
.8
15.4
1.3
1.9
4.4
5.7

1044

io 3.0
11.3
10.4
io 15.1
ii .7

io .2
3.5

(10) (11)
40.6
(12)
io 25.6
1.3
18.3
4.9
16.1
46.3

1.3
43.1
30.1
83.5
.9
10.4
15.6
34.4
25.4

io 1 .3
83.7
30.1
io 109.1

4.3
7.7
io 7.3

12.4
7.7
42.0
5.9

16.7
15.4
53.8
io 13.2

1.5
io 1 1 . 0
10.5
65.3

4.5
7.7
25.7
62.8

6.0

112

203

43
672
259
411
317
529
530

966
263
io 1,274
H 21
509
335
644
844

284
159
397
164

305
196
471
io 206

5.8
3.2
9.0
io 7.1

110

119
io 275
364
1,583

4.3
10 4.8
7.8
7.8

1 ,110
21

209
300
1,145

6.2

8.9
8.9
7.6

.6

1 .6

1.0

io 4.6
» .1
1.8
1 .2

2.3
3.1
1 .1

.7
1.7
io. 7
.4

io 1.0
1.3
5.7

10.8

1 1 .8

2 .2

28.7
20.5
50.5
71.7

io 18.7
36.2
128.1

(13)

io 1.8
io 3.3
7.2

10 .1

io .8

(10) (13)
3.0

8.8

5.3
io 10 .1
.5
2.3
3.4
4.6
5.2
2.5
1.6
6.8

io 3.1
1.5
io 2.4
6.0

4.9

io.5
1.5

1 .1

10 4.0
.1
1.0

.7

1.8
2.6
.6
.6

1.9
10.5
.2

io #7
1.3
4.6

EMPLOYMENT IMPACT OF CHANGING DEFENSE PROGRAMS
T able 4.

S tate D

is t r ib u t io n of

W age

513

S a lary D isb u r s e m e n t s 1 a n d E m plo ym ent 2
U n it e d S t a t e s , 1962—Continued

and

Wage and salary disbursements to personnel in defenserelated work

Region and State
5 indus­
tries 3

Mountain:
Montana..................... .
Idaho________ ______
Wyoming..
Colorado... . . . . . .
New Mexico_________
Arizona.. .
Utah...............................
N evad a.........................
Pacific:
W ashington.................
Oregon. . . .
...
California.............
Alaska____________ _
Hawaii__ _________

io $ 5

Federal
military
and
civilian
personnel4

Amount

io 0.2
io .l

10 i

$47
35

22

io 1 5 0
37
119
115

254
166
134
143
53

io 4 0 4

1054

io 4 . 9

433
58
2 ,3 0 9
170
314

1 ,0 3 1
73
5 ,6 8 4

1 3 .8
1 .7

3 .7

11.6

20.6
i o .6
io 1 . 1

598
15
3 ,3 7 5

10 1

io 2

io 3 . 3

Percent of
defenserelated dis­
bursements

io 2

10 1

io $ 5 2
10 3 6

1 0 2 .7

10 2 4

io 3 . 0
io 8.9
1 0 .9

203
253
258

io n
10

i

316

1 0 .1

e f e n se -R elated

W ork,

Total, 5 industries and Federal
civilian personnel
5 indus­
tries «

1 0 0 .6
(1 0 ) (1 3 )
(1 0 )

.7
.9
.9
io

.2

(1 3 )

io 1 9 . 5
4 .6
1 6 .8
1 6 .7

1 0 1 .5

8.0
12.8

io 2 6 . 1
io 1 9 . 8

D

Employment in defense-related work

Total, 5 industries and Federal mili­
tary and civilian personnel
Percent of
State per­
sonal in­
come«

in

(!0 )

(13)

8 0 .7
2 .5
4 3 5 .9

.3
(1 0 )

(1 2 )

(10) (12)

Federal
civilian
personnel ?

1 .3
.9

.8
1 5 .1
1 2 .4
7 .4
1 9 .7
3 .0
2 3 .5
3 .6
1 4 5 .6
5 .9
1 8 .6

Percent of
State non­
Number agricultural
employ­
ment 8

io 1. 9
i o .9
io .8
io 3 4 .6
1 7 .0
2 4 .2
3 6 .4
10 3 . 0

1 0 4 .2

6. 1
5 8 1 .5
io 5 . 9
io 1 8 . 6

10 1 . 1
io .5
i o .8
io 6.3
7 .0
6 .7
1 2 .7
io 2.4

Percent of
defenserelated
employ­
ment

io
(1 0 )

(1 3 )

(1 0 )

(1 3 )

io

0.1
1. 3
.6

.9
1 .3
io .l

12.2
1. 2
11 .2
io 10.2

.2
2 1.1

io 9 . 5

io # 7

3 .8

io

.2

1 Includes disbursements to all wage and salary employees (not only em­
ployees engaged in defense work) in 5 major manufacturing industries pri­
marily engaged in defense-related work, civilian personnel of Federal agencies
engaged in defense-related work, and Federal military personnel. The 5
manufacturing industries are: Ordnance and accessories, SIC 19; communica­
tion equipment, SIC 366; electronic components and accessories, SIC 367;
aircraft and parts, SIC 372; and ship and boat building and repairing, SIC
373. The Federal agencies included are the Department of Defense, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Atomic Energy Commission, Selec­
tive Service Commission, and Office of Emergency Planning.
s Includes all wage and salary employees (not only employees engaged in
defense work) in the 5 major manufacturing industries, and civilian personnel
in the 5 Federal agencies listed in footnote 1.
3 Disbursements are those reported on quarterly contribution reports of
employers covered by State unemployment insurance laws; they exclude
disbursements to proprietors and the self-employed.
4 Disbursements to civilian personnel are gross, before social security con­
tributions or other withholding. Excludes disbursements to foreign nationals
employed by defense-related agencies. Disbursements to the military are
derived as the sum of 2 separate flows : (1) Gross earnings of military personnel
stationed in the State, less amounts withheld by the Government and sent to
dependents, and (2 ) allotments received by military dependents resident in
the State.
5 Figures for personal income consist of total income from all sources re­
ceived by residents of each State.
6 Employment is of workers covered by State unemployment insurance
laws. The figures exclude proprietors, the self-employed, and unpaid family
workers.

i Figures exclude foreign nationals and U.S. citizens employed by the U.S.
Government overseas, and are for Dec. 31, 1962.
8 Nonagricultural employment figures used for computations exclude pro­
prietors, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and domestic workers in
households.
9 Includes disbursements or employment excluded from State figures to
avoid disclosure for individual firms.
10 Figure is somewhat understated because the data for 1 or more of the 5
manufacturing industries were not published separately, to avoid disclosure
of data for individual firms.
u Less than $5,000.
12 Less than 500.
18 Less than 0.05 percent.
44 Disbursements for the 5 manufacturing industries not shown, to avoid
disclosure of data for individual firms.
Source: Disbursements in the manufacturing industries are from U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, Employment and
Wages, First, Second, Third, and Fourth Quarters 1962; these volumes were
also the source for employment in the manufacturing industries, which are
averages for the 4 quarters of 1962. Wage and salary disbursements to Federal
military and civilian personnel, and figures used for personal income, are
from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Oflice of Business Economics.
Federal-agency employment data are from the U.S. Civil Service Commis­
sion. Nonagricultural employment figures used for computations are aver­
ages for 1962 from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Employment and Earnings Statistics for States and Areas, 1939-62 (BLS Bul­
letin 1370, 1963).

The trend toward sophisticated and complex
space vehicles, missiles, and associated electronic
equipment is reflected in the increasing share of
the defense budget devoted to research and devel­
opment. Between fiscal years 1959 and 1964, Fed­
eral expenditures for research and development in
defense-related programs rose from $5.2 billion to
an estimated $13.4 billion, and doubled as a propor­
tion of all national defense expenditures—from
11 to 22 percent. About 90 percent of Federal
R&D spending has been devoted to defense-related
programs in recent years.7

Changes in Occupational Composition

* T h e B u d g et o f th e U nited S ta te s G overnm ent, F iscal Y ear
E n d in g J u n e 80, 1965, table H - l , p. 408, for Federal R&D
f u n d s ; table 18, p. 457, for total national defense (including
space) expenditures.


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The kinds of occupations and skill levels needed
to produce defense goods and services have been
greatly affected by the changes in defense product
mix and manufacturing processes. Increasing
proportions of defense workers are engineers, sci­
entists, technicians, and highly skilled craftsmen,
and decreasing proportions are production line
workers. The relatively high percentages of welleducated and highly trained personnel may be one
factor facilitating placement of defense workers
in other jobs in the economy, if layoffs occur due
to shifts or cutbacks in military and space pro­
grams.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

514
In the five major defense-related industries,
production workers fell between 1958 and 1963
from 64 to 57 percent of all workers (table 8), com­
pared to a drop of only 1 percent point (from 75
to 74) for all U.S. manufacturing.8 Another evi­
dence of changing occupational patterns in de­
fense work comes from a recent survey covering
several hundred thousand employees in plants
making aircraft, missiles, and space vehicles. Be­
tween 1955 and 1961, hourly employees fell from
76 to 54 percent of the total number of workers
surveyed, while engineers, scientists, and techni­
cians increased from 14 to 22 percent.9
The proportion of engineers, scientists, and
technicians in the major defense industries is sig­
nificantly higher than the average for U.S. manu­
facturing as a whole, according to information
collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as part
of a survey of scientific and technical personnel.
In January 1962, engineers, scientists, and tech­
nicians represented about 18 percent of total em­
ployment in the four defense manufacturing in­
dustries of ordnance, communication equipment,
electronic components, and aircraft combined,10
compared to about 6 percent for U.S. manufactur­
ing as a whole.
The distinctive manpower profile characteristic
of today’s defense work force, with above-average
proportions of professional, technical, clerical, and
T able

5. U.S.

D

e p a r t m e n t of D e f e n s e
E v a l u a t io n

craft workers and below-average proportions of
semiskilled operatives, may be seen from the fol­
lowing comparison for 1963 of broad occupational
groups in U.S. manufacturing employment as a
whole and in defense-related employment in pri­
vate industry: 11
A ll U.S. A ll defense-related
manufacemployment in
turing 1 private industry 3
(percent)
(percent)

Professional and technical workers.
Managers, officials, and proprietors.
Clerical workers________________
Sales and service workers________
Craftsmen_____________________
Operatives_____________________
Laborers______________________

9
6
12
5
18
43
6

15
7
15
6
20
31
6

1 From unpublished labor force statistics of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Because of rounding, percents do not total 100.
2 Estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, covering 3 million wage and
salary employees in the private sector of the economy.

8 Data for all U.S. m anufacturing from U.S. Departm ent of
Labor, Bureau of Labor S tatistics.
9 T he In d u stry -G o ve rn m en t A erospace R elationship (Stanford
Research Institute, Menlo Park, C alif.), Vol. I (of a 2-volume
report prepared for the Aerospace Industries A ssociation), May
1963, table II, p. 53.
v 10 Shipbuilding, the fifth major m anufacturing industry pri­
marily engaged in defense-related work, is not included in this
total because comparable data were not available for it.
11
The distributions are only roughly comparable since about
one-fourth of the employment directly or indirectly engaged in
defense-related work is estim ated to be in nonmanufacturing
industries, such as transportation, trade, services, fuel and
power, and construction.

E x p e n d it u r e s fo r P r o c u r e m e n t a n d R e se a r c h , D
(RDT&E), F isc a l Y e a r s 1955 a n d 1958-64 1

evelopm ent,

T est,

and

[In millions]
Fiscal year
Item

1955

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964
(estimated)

Procurement and RDT&E, total................ ............

$15,099

$16,587

$17,275

$18,044

$19,226

$20,851

$23,008

$23,280

Procurement, total_______________________ _______
Aircraft____________ _________________________
Missiles______________________________________
Ships............ ...................................................................
Ordnance, vehicles, and related equipment_______
Electronics and communications____________ ____
Other procurement____________________________
RDT&E 3_____ __________ __________________ _____
Military sciences______________________________
Aircraft.............................. ............................... .........
Missiles______________________________________
Ships....... .......................................................................
Astronautics______________ ________ __________
Ordnance, vehicles, and related equipment...............
Other equipment___ __________________________
Programwide management and support____ ______
Emergency fund

$12,838
8,804
604
944
1,191
441
854
2,261

$14,083
8,793
2,434
1,105
365
663
723
2,504

$14,409
7,730
3,337
1,491
399
720
730

$13,334
6,272
3,027
1,744
443
1,093
755
4, 710
362
632
2,059
154
512

$13,095
5,898
2,972
1,801
675
1,042
706
6,131
507
547
3,025
209
518

$14,532
6,400
3,442
1,906
1,137
1,139
507
6,319
616
624
2,777
191
749
227
497
637

$16,632
6,309
3,817
2, 522
1,665
1,427
891
6,376
838
544
2,241
219
946
208
847
532

$16,337
6,554
3,506
2,280
1,899
1,357
741
6,943
891
860
2,182
247
1,360
287
564
502
50

1 Order of magnitude data on comparative expenditures by functional title
as if fiscal year 1964 budget structure had been adopted circa 1948.
3 Data on distribution of RDT&E expenditures not available for years
before fiscal year 1960.


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2,866

222

512
256

212

561
551

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.
Source: U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of
Defense (Comptroller).

EMPLOYMENT IMPACT OF CHANGING DEFENSE PROGRAMS
T a b l e 6 . E m plo y m en t 1 9 5 8 - 6 3 , a n d E x p e n d it u r e s in
F isc a l Y e a r s 1 9 5 9 - 6 4 , N a t io n a l A e r o n a u t ic s a n d
S p a c e A d m in is t r a t io n

Y ear, as of December 31

1958________________
1959...............................
1960________________
1961..........
1962__________ _____
1963....... ............. ...........

Number

8,420
9,567
16,042
18,987
25,667
30,069

Fiscal year

1959..........................
1960
1961___
1962
1963__________ ______

Expendi­
tures
(millions)
i $145.5
401.0
744.3
1.257.0
2.552.0
4.400.0

1 Part of these expenditures were for the National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics (NACA), predecessor agency to the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA). NASA was established as of Oct. 1, 1958.
Source: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

The more highly developed types of defense
manufacturing, such as military and space elec­
tronics, have an even more distinctive manpower
profile, as indicated by illustrative occupational
data collected in 1962 by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics in the course of a study of electronics
manufacturing employment. The data compare
occupational distributions in plants manufacturing
military and space electronic end products with
those in plants manufacturing consumer electronic
end products, such as radios and TV sets.12 In
the military and space electronics plants, 33 per­
cent of the workers were engineers and technicians
compared to 11 percent in the consumer electronics
plants,13 27 percent were administrative and cleri­
cal personnel compared to 19 percent in the con­
sumer products plants,14 13 percent were skilled
workers compared to 7 percent in the consumer
products plants, while on the other hand only 27
MThe data appear In E m p lo ym en t O utlook and C hanging Oc­
cu p ational S tru c tu r e in E lectronics M a n u fa ctu rin g (BLS Bulle­
tin 1363), p. 37.
13 A sm all number of scientists, including physicists, chem ists,
m athem aticians, and m etallurgists, were among the technical
personnel in the defense electronics plants, but none were em­
ployed in the consumer electronics establishm ents. The data are
based on v isits to only a relatively few plants.
14 One occupational trend in defense-related work which seems
less w ell known than the relative growth in technical personnel
is the rapid Increase in numbers of adm inistrative and clerical
personnel. This of course is going on throughout American in­
dustry, but the development appears to be accelerated in defense
m anufacturing. The trend may be due partly to the rapid expan­
sion of the technical work force, since more adm inistrative and
clerical personnel generally are needed in support of a given
number of engineers and scien tists than for a like number of
production workers. The Stanford Research In stitu te study men­
tioned earlier, notes (Vol. I, p. 52) “the startlin g increase [be­
tw een 1955 and 1961, in the aerospace p lan ts surveyed] in
salaried employees . . . . in management, scheduling and con­
trol, procurement and services . . . . A significant part of the
increase . . . can be laid to the growing accum ulation of regula­
tions, audits, and m anagement liaison and control systems, such
as PERT, associated w ith governm ent procurement.”


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515

percent were classified as semiskilled and unskilled
production workers compared to 63 percent in the
consumer electronics plants.
Cushioning Employment Instability

Various steps have been taken or proposed to
mitigate effects of the employment instabilities
associated with defense programs. In December
1963, President Johnson set up an interagency
Committee on the Economic Impact of Defense
and Disarmament, headed by Gardner Ackley of
the Council of Economic Advisers, to evaluate and
coordinate activities to minimize potential disturb­
ances due to changes in the level and pattern of
defense outlays. The U.S. Arms Control and Dis­
armament Agency, established in 1961, has among
its responsibilities the conduct and coordination
of research for arms control and disarmament pol­
icy formulation, including assessment of economic
consequences. Sinco 1961, the Defense Depart­
ment’s Office of Economic Adjustment has worked
to coordinate activities of appropriate Federal
agencies to ease the impact resulting from discon­
tinuance of defense facilities and shifts in defense
procurement programs. Since 1962, the U.S. Em­
ployment Service has operated a “mass layoff” ac­
tion program to obtain advance notice where pos­
sible of anticipated layoffs and develop plans to
facilitate reemployment and render other assist­
ance to laid-off workers. During the first 16
months of this program, according to records of
the U.S. Employment Service, nearly 1,000 in­
stances of mass layoff, covering over 200,000 workT a bl e 7.
E x p e n d i t u r e s f o r S p a c e A c t i v i t i e s o f U .S .
G o v e r n m e n t , F is c a l Y e a r s 1 9 5 9 - 6 4

[In millions]
Fiscal year
Agency
1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964
(esti­
mated)

Total space activities. $520.0 $960.2 $1,468.3 $2,389.7 $4,077.1 $6,176.0
NASA i___________ _____ $145.5 $401.0
Department of Defense___ 341.0 518.1
Atomic Energy Commis­
32.6 41.1
sion__________________
Weather Bureau_________
National Science Founda­
1.5
tion
_ __________

$694.0 $1,229.0 $2,515.3 $4,354.8
710.0 1,028.0 1,367.5 1,583.0
64.3

130.0

181.0

1.0

12 .2

217.7
19.0

.9

1 .1

1.5

• Excludes amounts for aircraft technology in 1961 and succeeding years.
Amounts for aircraft technology not separately identifiable prior to 1961.
(For NASA expenditures including aircraft technology for 1961 and succeed­
ing years, see table 6.)
S ource: U.S. Executive Office of the President, Bureau of the Budget.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

516
T a b l e 8 . P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s a s a P r o p o r t io n of
A ll W o r k e r s , F i v e D e f e n s e - R e l a t e d M a n u f a c t u r ­
i n g I n d u s t r ie s , U n it e d S t a t e s , 1958-63
Production workers as percent of all
workers 1

Industry

1961

1962

60.1

58.5

57.9

57.1

58.4
54.0
72.8
46.8

56.8
51.6
72.7
45.5

55.2
51.8
74.5
44.2

54.8
50.8
73.2
43.0

83.1

83.9

84.1

1960

1958

1959

Total.........................................

64.3

62.4

Aircraft and parts.............................
Communication equipment_______
Electronic components___________
Ordnance and accessories..................
Ship and boat building and repair­
ing...................................................

63.7
56.1
74.8
51.4

61.3
55.1
75.4
48.6

84.3

83.3

82.7

1963

1 Figures used for percent computations include all wage and salary em­
ployment in the 5 industries, not only the employment in them engaged in
defense work. Figures exclude proprietors, the self-employed, and unpaid
family workers.
S ource: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

ers, were handled; of these, 57 instances involving
45,000 workers were defense related.15
In the Congress, Senate hearings were held re­
cently on the manpower impact of changing de­
fense programs.16 Earlier, a survey of over 400
defense contractors had been conducted by the
Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Dis-

armament to learn more about the problems of
adjustment that might arise in the event of inter­
national arms control and disarmament agree­
ments.17 In October 1963, a bill (S. 2274) was
introduced by Senator George McGovern to estab­
lish a National Economic Conversion Commission
to develop plans for economic adjustments to
changes or reductions in defense expenditures.
In November 1963, Senators H art and Humphrey
introduced a bill (S. 2298) to establish a commis­
sion to study the application of technology to com­
munity and manpower needs, including the
feasibility of transferring industrial skills and
technology from defense-oriented work to pro­
grams in the civilian sector of the economy.
15
For a description of the efforts made under th is program
follow ing a defense-related mass layoff, see “The Challenge of
the ‘Skybolt’ Job Layoff” in the April 1963 issue of E m p lo y m e n t
S e c u rity R eview , U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employ­
ment Security.
18 H earings on th e R a tio n ’s M anpow er R evo lu tio n before the
Subcommittee on Employment and Manpower of the Senate Com­
m ittee on Labor and Public W elfare ( 88 th Cong., 1st sess., 1963).
17 Findings from this survey were reported on the Senate floor
by Senator Hubert Humphrey of M innesota on October 5, 1962.

When the Air Force announced that it would halt the production of B-52
bombers at the Boeing plant in Wichita, the Office [of Economic Adjustment,
Department of Defense] helped businessmen and public officials to evaluate
the city’s advantages and disadvantages and to decide how best to attract
new industry. After taking a good look at itself, Wichita expanded its
meatpacking, grain-handling, oil-processing, and wholesale-distributing facil­
ities, developed civilian aircraft and electronics industries, and started manu­
facturing boats. The city’s unemployment rate has been kept well below
the national average.


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—Julius Duscha, “The Disarmament Blues: Arms and the Big Money Man,”
Harper’s Magazine, May 1964, p. 58.

Recent Wage
Control Policy
in the Netherlands
E llen M. B ussey *

T h e N etherlands has been committed to a
national wage policy since the close of the Second
World War. Until the fall of 1963, this pro­
gram appeared to be resisting, with some success,
inflationary increases in wages and prices under
conditions of economic prosperity and a tight labor
market.
At present, the Government is doing its best to
salvage wage policy in the face of anticipated
wage increases this year which may average 15 to
20 percent.
The present article explores, in some detail, the
shifting pattern of Netherlands wage programs
from 1959 to 1964.1
During the 19 years of wage policy in the
Netherlands, there have been successive programs,
highly sensitive to changing economic conditions.
The Dutch are still experimenting to find a system
which will be satisfactory on a long-range basis.
The need for a national wage policy, setting
limits to the income increases of labor, is generally
accepted. The controversial issue has been imple­
mentation, and the history of this period has been
that of varying solutions to the central problems
of finding suitable criteria upon which to base
possible wage increases, and of determining the
extent to which the Government should intervene
in the collective bargaining process.
The Dutch Government has always subscribed
to the principle that no wage policy can be success­
ful unless it is based on the voluntary cooperation
of labor and management. Thus, the Govern­
ment’s authority with respect to wages, embodied
in the Extraordinary Labor Relations Decree of
1945, was very broad, but the Board of Govern­
ment Conciliators (College van Rijksbemid-


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delaars) which was to execute these powers, was
compelled by the same decree to obtain the advice
of labor and management, represented in the
Foundation of Labor (Stichting van de Arbeid),
on all important issues. The Foundation was
established in 1945 as the top-level voluntary
labor-management deliberative body, representing
all of the management federations and the three
main trade union federations, and in 1963, it took
over the main functions formerly held by the
Board of Government Conciliators.
Labor and management gained still greater
influence on national economic policy with the
establishment of the Social Economic Council
(Sociaal Economische Raad—SEC) by law in
1950. The Council is a tripartite body of 15 rep­
resentatives of organized labor and of manage­
ment respectively, and 15 specialists in economics,
finance, and law appointed by the Crown.
The Wage-Round Period, 1945-59
The restrictive wage policy of this period was
adopted immediately after the war, when the
Government was concerned with the twin prob­
lems of (a) promoting full employment through
rapid industrialization and, (b) insuring every
worker a decent standard of living.
This period was characterized by a series of
wage rounds in which all workers in all industries
were allotted the same percentage wage increases
at such times and in such magnitudes as the Gov­
ernment thought appropriate. Before October
1954, such increases were compulsory—after that
date, the Government merely set maximums allow­
ing for industrial differences, at least in theory.
In practice, however, these differences did not
develop. By the time the Government finally
permitted each increase, the climate was such that
all employers gave the maximum allowed.
Only two means of increasing wages outside of
the wage rounds were permitted in the 1945-59
period. The first, introduced to encourage pro­
ductivity, was based on the piece-rate principle.
Firms with incentive systems approved by the
Board of Government Conciliators could pay
»Econom ist formerly w ith the D ivision of Foreign Labor Condi­
tions, now residing in Europe. This article is based on research
in the Netherlands and interview s on the scene.
iF o r an account of Netherlands wage controls during the
period from 1945 to 1958, see Ellen M. Bussey, “Experience
w ith Wage Controls in the N etherlands,” M o n th ly Labor R eview ,
September 1958, pp. 982-987.

517

518
piece workers 15 to 20 percent over standard
wages. In order to exceed the 15-20 percent, a
firm had to prove its increased productivity by a
time and motion study conducted by outside
experts. The second legal method of increasing
wages was based on a complicated system of job
evaluations developed over a long period of time
by experts in consultation with labor, manage­
ment, and the Government. Roughly, it consisted
of assigning a number of points to each job in the
various industries based on such factors as the
length of training required and hardship.2 Thus
a worker in the construction industry in a job with
a given number of points was entitled to the same
pay as a worker in the metal industry in a job with
the same number of points. If the construction
worker’s pay was lower, the Board allowed an
upward adjustment. This principle of equal pay
for equal work was perpetuated by the wage
rounds.
Dissatisfaction with strict wage controls ap­
peared as soon as economic recovery set in (1952—
53). Labor demanded a greater share in the
nation’s increasing prosperity—which the Govern­
ment accepted by allowing larger wage increases—
and the confessional trade unions as well as
various management organizations pressed for
greater collective bargaining freedom. On the
other hand, the Nederlands Verbond van Vakverenigingen (Netherlands Trade Union Federa­
tion), the largest Dutch trade union federation,
was strongly committed to the Government-con­
trolled wage system, since it was initiated by the
Dutch Labor Party, with which the N W is closely
(although not officially) associated. Thus a
major change in wage policy did not occur until
the middle of 1959, after a new Government had
been formed which, for the first time since the
war, did not include the Labor Party.
The Industrial Productivity Yardstick

The wage policy of 1959 used increases in indus­
trial productivity as a criterion for wage increases,
but maintained Government authority to approve
all collective agreements. Its intent was to give
labor and management greater freedom to bargain
and to permit larger interindustry wage differen­
tials. In practice, however, labor and manage­
ment felt as restricted as before. Within a year,
there was general dissatisfaction with the new
system.

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

A central problem was the measurement of pro­
ductivity. It had been agreed that the statistics of
the Central Bureau of Statistics would be decisive,
since there was no controversy about the accuracy
of the official productivity figures. Unfortunately,
these statistics were adequate for only a minority
of cases. The CBS had no statistics whatsoever
for approximately 30 percent of the industries
covered by collective contracts, and for approxi­
mately 30 percent more, the statistics were incom­
plete. Labor and management sat down to decide
what the wage increases should be—and then de­
termined productivity increases. The result was
that wages rose far more than the Government
considered acceptable and friction developed be­
tween the collective bargaining partners and the
Board of Government Conciliators.
The Board continued to be responsible for keep­
ing collective agreements within established lim­
its, a function which became considerably more
difficult when the 1945-59 program of Govern­
ment-fixed wage increases was succeeded by the
more permissive policy of 1959. Labor objected to
a situation in which the unions bargained success­
fully for increases only to have the Board reduce
them.
The Effect of Labor Shortages. Certain features
of the productivity guidelines were not effective.
The Government had specified that, where pro­
ductivity increases for a given industrial sector
exceeded the national average, a part of this excess
must be applied to reducing prices. Theoretically,
industries with lower than average productivity
increases could raise wages and compete for labor
by passing their wage increases on to prices, with­
out causing a rise in the overall cost of living.
But this directive could not be enforced; it was
ignored, with minor exceptions. Labor shortages
became pronounced in 1960, and all productivity
increases were passed on to wages. The situation
in the construction industry, which could show
virtually no productivity increases, created politi­
cal as well as economic problems for the Govern­
ment. The housing shortage is one of the key
political issues in the Netherlands, and no govern­
ment could afford to have construction workers
drift into other industries—or cross the borders.
3
For details on the system of job classification in the Nether­
lands, see Nederlands N orm alisatie In stitu t, Committee of Ex­
perts for Job Evaluation, S ta n d a rd ized M ethod o f Describing
and Grading A c tiv itie s (The Hague, 1960).

RECENT WAGE CONTROL POLICY IN THE NETHERLANDS

Faced with much higher productivity in new
industry compared with that of the old established
sectors of the economy, the Government attempted
to make its policies more equitable, and, at the
same time, to bring a leveling influence to bear on
wage increases, by requiring the use of a 10-year
average of productivity increases as a yardstick.
By the Agreement of Oud-Wassenaar, Novem­
ber 17, 1961, the Foundation of Labor pledged
itself further to reduce differentials in wage in­
creases by tying the 10-year average of productiv­
ity increases in a given industry to the Central
Bureau of Statistics estimate of the average na­
tional increase in productivity for the coming
year.
The 1963 P olicy Changes

In October 1960, the Government asked the
Social Economic Council to recommend alternative
or additional criteria for wage determination
without changing the basic procedure. Manage­
ment wanted to retain control over wages through
sibility for wage determination, but the Govern­
ment wanted to retain control over wages through
the right to disapprove collective agreements.
The SEC took nearly 2 years to study the prob­
lem and when it finally published its reply in July
1962 3it ignored the Government’s original request
and concentrated on management-labor opposition
to the close Government supervision of industrial
relations which had prevailed since the war. The
opinion called for a complete revision of the wage
determination system, virtually eliminating the
powerful Board of Government Conciliators, and
allowing for direct Government intervention only
where labor and management requested it or where
8 A d vies I n ta k e h e t S ysteem va n L oonvorm ing [Opinion on the
System of Wage Determ ination] (The Hague, SBC, 1962), Publi­
cation No. 8 .
4
It required a revision of the 1945 Labor Relations Decree
(Buitengewoon B esluit Arbeidsverhoudingen) on which all pre­
vious wage policy had been based. For the revision, see Staatsblad 267 and 271, 1963.
s A d vies I n ta k e de B egrenzing va n de 8 tijg in g der L oonkosten
[Opinion on Settin g L im its to Rising Wage Costs] (The Hague,
SEC, 1962), Publication No. 11.
6
This function was based on the law of 1937. W e t op h e t
A lgem een V erbindend en h e t O nverbindend V erklaren va n Bepalin g en va n G ollectieve A rb eidsovereenkom sten [A ct on Declaring
Terms of Collective Labor Agreements Generally Binding or not
B in d in g]. After World War II, th is right was exercised by the
Board of Government Conciliators, but as of 1963, it reverted
to the M inister of Social Affairs.


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519

the wage situation appeared to be getting out of
hand.
In the face of strong labor and management
pressure, the Government acquiesced, although it
reserved certain emergency powers, and retained
a greatly weakened Board of Government Concili­
ators, which labor had wanted to eliminate. The
new system of wage determination went into effect
on January 1, 1963, and is still in use.4
The Procedure. 1. The SEC issues a semiannual
report which analyzes the outlook for wage in­
creases through an evaluation of economic indi­
cators. The first such estimate was issued in
November 1962.5 In it, the SEC anticipated that
wages could rise a maximum of 2.7 percent.
2. The Government then consults with the
Foundation of Labor but the latter is not required
to abide by the Government’s wishes. If neces­
sary, price problems will be discussed at this meet­
ing. Representatives of the labor and management
federations in the Foundation of Labor then dis­
cuss general aspects of the wage negotiations to
take place at the industry and plant levels.
3. Special employer committees at the federa­
tion level meet with the representatives of em­
ployers’ organizations, and similar union commit­
tees meet with their member organizations, to
determine their respective positions on wage nego­
tiations. Since the three principal trade union
federations and the various employers federations
always bargain together, these committees consist
of representatives of all federations of unions and
employers. It is this internal coordination of wage
policy which is the hub of the present system.
4. If a lower level union or employers’ organiza­
tion has not kept within the wage limit approved
by its respective federation during the coordina­
tion meetings, the federation representatives in the
Foundation may disapprove the collective agree­
ment. The Foundation of Labor now has the
right of final approval of all collective agree­
ments—the authority formerly held by the Board
of Government Conciliators.
5. Although the Board was retained, its power
was greatly curtailed. I t must be sent copies of all
collective agreements and it may (a) request that
the Foundation subject certain aspects of an agree­
ment to closer examination, or (b) recommend that
the Minister of Social Affairs exercise his right to
void collective agreements wholly or in part.6

520
6. The Board of Government Conciliators re­
tains two other functions:
a. If labor and management cannot agree on
a collective contract, they may submit the con­
tract to the Board for final decision. Thus the
Board acts as an arbitration body.
b. Should the Government consider that the
wage situation is out of hand, it may decree a wage
pause of several months, and if this is not success­
ful, it can authorize the Board to use its previous
powers.
Considering the
powers retained by the Government, there
were those who felt that the 1963 wage policy had
not increased bargaining freedom. On the other
hand, the Government had promised not to use
its powers except in extreme cases and kept this
promise during the negotiation of wage increases
of unprecedented size in the fall of 1963. In two
instances, the Minister of Social Affairs invoked
his right to nullify contracts, but when this proved
ineffectual—owing to the general pressure for
higher wages—the Government did not resort to
stronger measures. Spokesmen for the Govern­
ment, as well as labor and management, explain
this by pointing out that Dutch wage policy has
always rested on good faith and cooperation. The
Government realized that it would gain nothing
by antagonizing labor and management to the
point where they would no longer cooperate vol­
untarily. In the atmosphere of last fall, this
would have been true.
A further apparent curtailment to bargaining
freedom was the narrow range within which nego­
tiation must take place. Under the 1963 limit of
2.7 percent, there was not much more opportunity
for a contest than there had been under the old
system. In practice, however, top labor and man­
agement organizations accepted the pressure for
higher wages from below, and this, combined with
the Government’s refusal to use its “ultimate
weapons/’ made collective bargaining a genuine
aspect of the new wage system in 1963.
E ffe ct on B a rg a in in g F reedom .

R ea ctio n s to the P o lic y . When the new wage
policy was proposed, the Centraal Sociaal Werkgevers Yerbond (CSWY), the most important
employers’ organization, opposed it. Less highly
centralized than the trade union federations, the


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

CSWY feared the weakening of control over its
members, who, owing to economic prosperity and
labor shortages might accede to wage demands in
excess of the authorized limits.
The trade unions, prime movers in the 1963 wage
policy, had fewer problems, owing to a tradition
of strong centralized control. Furthermore, a
seceding union could no longer participate in the
making of national policies. But the trade union
federations had no means of predicting their aver­
age gains for the year. Member unions had to
have room in which to negotiate. They might
be permitted to ask for a 4-percent increase with
the expectation of receiving 2y2 percent—and
wind up with 3y2 or 4 percent.
The Wage Explosion of 1963
The trade union federations made a real effort
to keep within the 2.7-percent lim it; average wage
increases for 1963 are estimated at about 3.5 per­
cent. The system might have worked approxi­
mately as intended were it not for the following
factors: economic growth in 1963 was consider­
ably greater than foreseen by the SEC, further
aggravating existing labor shortages; and the
Netherlands had become a low-wage country com­
peting for workers with neighboring countries
paying higher wages.
By 1963, labor shortages had been a problem for
some years, producing employer competition for
workers which in turn resulted in the practice of
paying unauthorized wages. The Government
maintains an inspection service which checks com­
pany books, but there are fewer than 100 inspectors
for the entire country, and the courts have been
reluctant to impose penalties.
The payment of unauthorized wages was also
encouraged by labor contractors, who made it pos­
sible for Dutch workers to find better paying jobs
across the borders. Their activities were, how­
ever, predominantly oriented toward the domestic
scene. By hiring workers and contracting them
out to the employer, they were able to obtain
higher wages for the former and labor for the
latter. Labor contractors were not legally bound
by the existing wage policy, and the Government
had difficulty regulating their activities. In addi­
tion to impeding the wage program, the labor con-

RECENT WAGE CONTROL POLICY IN THE NETHERLANDS

tractors ignored social security and employment
security laws.
During the summer of 1963, wildcat strikes
broke out at first as a direct reaction against the
labor contractors, who had been responsible for
gross inequities in pay in many firms, and later,
for higher wages generally. When, in September,
two large firms announced that they would ignore
the wage limits and pay higher wages, it was clear
that existing tensions could no longer be glossed
over and that a réévaluation of policy was needed.
The parties met in the Foundation of Labor.
The trade union federations made considerable
demands in order to lose the stigma of having ad­
hered more closely than employers to wage re­
straints, management was willing to grant more
than the unions had expected, and the Govern­
ment emphasized moderation but was willing to
compromise.
One of the major points on which agreement was
reached during the discussions was that the Neth­
erlands cannot, in the long run, remain an island
of low wages and prices surrounded by neighbors
in which both are higher. An upward adjustment
of both prices and wages was decided on, but agree­
ment on the optimum size of this adjustment was
more difficult to reach.
Negotiations were climaxed by an agreement in
the Foundation of Labor on October 29, 1963.
The unions obtained a total wage increase of 10
percent: 5 percent in recognition of higher wages
in neighboring countries, and 5 percent to reduce
the gap between authorized and unauthorized
wages. Slight plant deviations upward from this
were to be permitted. The latter is unusual for
the Netherlands, where wages are largely negoti­
ated on an industry basis, and clearly reflects the
union desire to have actual wages paid written
into the contracts.
None of the above increases was to be effective
in 1963. All workers were to get the 5-percent
international adjustment on January 1, 1964, and
the remaining increases when contracts expired, or
on April 1, 1964, whichever occurred first. Since
the October agreement permitted the 5-percent
wage adjustment to be passed on to prices, it was
estimated that prices would rise 2 to 3 percent.
Therefore, only that part of negotiated wage in­
creases above the first 2 to 3 percent was to be an
increase in real earnings.

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521

By February 1964, the Dutch worker had re­
ceived much more than a 5-percent increase in real
earnings. It was estimated that, by April 1, the
average increase would fall between 15 and 20
percent. Prices, as well, began to move beyond
the anticipated 2 to 3 percent. It is realized that
some deflation of the economic boom is needed, but
there is considerable concern that export trade, on
which the Dutch are so dependent, will not sustain
such a high wage increase.
The Dilemma of the Trade Unions

Dutch trade unions have supported a national
wage policy as the best means of insuring full
employment—their principal objective in the post­
war period, and it is in these terms that they have
justified to membership their policy of wage
restraint.
The considerable demands made by the trade
unions during the “wage crisis” of 1963—demands
which are being exceeded in current contract nego­
tiations—do not reflect a change of heart on the
part of the three main Dutch trade union federa­
tions. Their principal aim is still full employment.
They were forced to take the short-term measures
of last fall in order to pacify membership, and
are concerned about the eventual outcome of these
measures. In January, Dirk Roemers of the N W
found it necessary to issue a public warning about
the considerable increases evident in contracts be­
ing concluded at that time. Union pessimism ap­
pears to have been justified by the wage-price spiral
that has developed in the early part of 1964.
Aside from their fear of long-range economic
repercussions, union officials are concerned lest the
federations lose control over the wage situation.
I t is vitally important to the labor organizations
that the gap between actual wages and contractual
wages be narrowed as much as possible. This is
not simply a matter of union prestige; there is
always the possibility that the collective bargain­
ing process will break down, since wages which
have not been legalized by contract can be, and
are, reduced whenever conditions in the particular
labor market permit. Recent wage developments
in the Netherlands are, therefore, not an official
trade union repudiation of national wage policy,
but a reflection of the dilemma in which the Dutch
trade union federations find themselves.

Special Labor Force Report

Employment of High School
Graduates and Dropouts in 1963
V era C. P errella*
Y oung people ’s usual difficulties in the job mar­
ket because of lack of work experience are cur­
rently further compounded by the growing number
of young workers competing for available jobs,
coupled with the long-term decline in the relative
proportions of jobs which require little training
or skills. An additional factor is the growing em­
phasis on a high school diploma as a minimal edu­
cation requirement for even the less-skilled jobs.
There has been no letup in the stubborn persist­
ence of high unemployment rates for young
people. Through both good and bad times, the
unemployment rates for young workers have been
consistently higher than for older groups. Unem­
ployment among young people has heavy economic
costs and social consequences, immediate and longrun, both to them and to the country. While many
young people do not have family responsibilities,
so that unemployment among them might be con­
sidered less serious than for older workers, their
unemployment is nonetheless a matter of pressing
concern, since the initial labor force years are
those in which the experience and work habits
which serve as the foundation of a work career
should be acquired.
Between 1960 and 1970, young workers are ex­
pected to constitute almost half of the projected
12y2 million net increase in the labor force. In
their turn, these young people will take their
places in the central age groups—the pivotal por­
tion of the labor force. Accordingly, their educa­
tional attainment at time of entry into the labor
force, the ease or difficulty with which they obtain
work, the kinds of jobs they get, and the indus­
tries which offer the most job opportunities are
important indicators not only of current conditions
but also of the directions and dimensions of man­
522

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power requirements and the adequacy of the avail­
able supply. These considerations have special
urgency in view of the rapidity with which tech­
nological advances and automation modify both
quantitative and qualitative manpower aspects of
occupations and industries.
To study the employment situation of young
people, an annual survey of recent high school
graduates and school dropouts 16 to 24 years old
was initiated in October 1959. The following
analysis is based on the latest survey, made in
October 1963, and includes new data which make
it possible to examine separately some aspects of
the job situation for those 16 to 21 years old.1
1963 High School Graduates
The proportion of 1963 high school graduates2
who went on to college was about the same as for
the previous 4 years—about half of the men and
two-fifths of the women. Almost all were enrolled
*Of the Division of Population and Labor Force Studies, Bu­
reau of Labor Statistics. Reprints, including additional de­
tailed tables and an explanatory note, will be available at a
later date upon request to the Bureau or to any of its regional
offices (listed on the inside front cover of this issue).
1Previous survey findings were published in the M o n th ly L a b o r
R e v ie w issues of May 1960, 1961, and 1962, and July 1963 and
reprinted with additional tabular material and special explana­
tory notes as Special Labor Force Reports Nos. 5, 15, 21, and 32,
respectively.
Since the estimates resulting from this survey are based on
a sample, they may differ from the figures that would have been
obtained from a complete census. The sampling variability may
be relatively large in cases where the numbers in each group
are small. Therefore, smaller estimates, or small differences
between estimates, should be interpreted with caution.
2Data presented in this report relate to persons 16 to 24 years
of age in the civilian noninstitutional population in the calendar
week ending Oct. 12, 1963. All members of the Armed Forces
and inmates of institutions are excluded. Estimates of graduates
shown in this report may differ from figures of the Office of Edu­
cation because of these exclusions, the age limitation, and other
minor differences in measurement. The proportion of graduates
entering college may also disagree with Office of Education
estimates based on first-time college enrollments in 1 year as
a percent of the estimated number of high school graduates for
the previous school year because of differences in measurement;
for example, first-time enrollments relate to the entire school year
and include some persons graduating in an earlier class whose
college entrance was postponed. The number of school drop­
outs in 1963 includes only those who left school between January
and October, the month of the survey.

523

EMPLOYMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES AND DROPOUTS

full time. About 1 out of 4 of those who entered
college were also either working or looking for
work in October 1963 (table 1).
Nine out of 10 of the 380,000 men who graduated
in 1963 and did not go to college that fall were
in the labor force by October, and about 7 out of
10 of the 580,000 girls—proportions which were
similar to those for the previous year’s graduates
as of October 1962 (table 2). Indeed, among the
graduates who do not go on to college (hereafter
referred to as graduates), the proportions who go
to work or look for work have varied little since
1959, as indicated in the following tabulation.
Labor force participation rates of
high school graduates not enrolled
in college
A ll
males

A ll
females

1 9 6 3 _____________________________
1 9 6 2 _____________________________

89. 7
90. 8

October of graduation year

[Thousands of persons 16 to 24 years of age]

College enrollment status,
sex, color, and marital
status of women

Civilian non­
institutional
population
Num­
ber

Per­
cent

1,741

100.0

Civilian
labor force

Num­ Percen
of pop
ber
ulation

Not
in
labor
force

B oth Sexes
Total---------------- ---------White--________ _____— ........
Nonwhite.- -----------------Enrolled in college_____ _____
Full time________________
Part t i m e . -----------Not enrolled in college________

956

54.9

785

878
78

54.4
61.9
25.6

1,615
126
784
740
44
957

92.8
7.2
45.0
42.5
2.5
55.0

167
34
755

201

2 2 .6

737
48
583
573

(2)
78.9

10
202

M ale

Single
females

Total------ --------------------

794

100.0

448

56.4

346

71. 8

75. 3

71. 4

75. 1

Enrolled in college___________
Not enrolled in college......... ......

415
379

52.3
47.7

108
340

26.0
89.7

307
39

1 9 6 1 _____________________________

86. 1

75. 8

81. 3

1 9 6 0 _____________________________

88. 5

69. 5

75. 9

1 9 5 9 _____________________________

91. 7

73. 0

79. 2

The lower participation rate for women is not en­
tirely due to marriage, since even among single
women the rate has generally been substantially
lower than for men. This lower rate for single
women may occur because they are planning to
marry soon, to enter special training schools, or
to assume household responsibilities.
Labor market conditions for the 1963 graduates
in October 1963 were about the same as those faced
by their counterparts a year earlier. In October
1963, about 18 percent of the graduates were unem­
ployed—not significantly higher than the 14 per­
cent in October 1962.
About 3 out of 5 of the employed men were
operatives and laborers, and 1 out of 5 had whitepattern was much the same as for 1962 graduates
collar jobs. Among the women, the occupational
last October, with 6 out of 10 employed in clerical
jobs. About 2 out of 10 were operatives and serv­
ice workers (except private household).
Comparison of the occupational distribution of
these young people demonstrates not only the dif­
ferential occupational patterns of entry jobs for
young men and women, but also that our secondary
schools are apparently better geared to furnish at
least the rudimentary skills for women in fields
where there is a continuing demand for their serv-


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T a b l e 1. C o l l eg e E n r o l l m e n t a n d L a b o r F o r c e S t a t u s
of 1 9 6 3 H ig h S c hool G r a d u a t e s 1 i n t h e C iv i l ia n
N o n in s t it u t io n a l P o p u l a t io n , b y C o lo r , S e x , a n d
M a r it a l S t a t u s , O c t o b e r 1 9 6 3

F emale
Total_________________
Enrolled in college_ __________
Not enrolled in college______
Single. ------------------ . . .
Married and other marital
status 3________________

947

10 0 .0

508

53.6

439

369
578
489

39.0
61.0
51.6

93
415
368

25.2
71.8
75.3

276
163

89

9.4

47

(2)

121

42

1 Data relate to persons who graduated In January and June 1963. Re­
ports for prior years related only to June graduates. About 50,000 persons
graduated in January 1963.
2 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
3 Includes widowed, divorced, and separated women.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

ices, particularly typing and clerical work, than
to perform a similar function for men.
The extent to which even relatively short periods
of work experience or training affect the progres­
sion of young people to more skilled jobs is indi­
cated by comparison of the October 1963 occupa­
tional distribution of male high school graduates
of 1961 with those of 1963. For example, the pro­
portion of 1961 graduates who were employed 2
years later as craftsmen and kindred workers (i.e.,
skilled workers) was double that of 1963 gradu­
ates, while the proportion who were nonfarm la­
borers (i.e., unskilled workers) was only about a
third that of 1963 graduates (table 3). The fact
that the earlier graduates were a little older also
has some bearing on these differences, but it must
be assumed that the 2 years since graduation were
spent acquiring some training, either in special
schools or on the job.
A similar occupational progression is not so ap­
parent for women because they are somewhat bet­
ter prepared for the job market upon graduating.

524

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

T able 2.

E m ploym ent Sta tu s

and

M a jo r O c c u p a t io n G r o u p of 1963 1 a n d J u n e 1 9 6 2 H
N ot E n r o l l e d i n C o l l e g e s , b y S e x

ig h

S chool G r a d u a t e s

[Thousands of persons 16 to 24 years of age]
1963 1graduates in October 1963

Employment status and occupation group of employed

Both sexes
Civilian noninstitutional population.
Labor force: Number_______ _______
Percent of population.......
E m ployed........................
Unemployed: Percent of labor force.
O c cupation G e o u p

of

Female

Both sexes

Male

Female

957

379

578

938

392

546

755
78.9
619
18.0

340
89.7
275
19.1

415
71.8
344
17.1

746
79.5
641
14.1

356
90.8
305
14.3

390
71.4
336
13.8

100.0

100.0

1C0.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.3

2.1

1.5
37.1
6.1
4.4
19.8
4.5
10.2
4.0
9.8

2.6
10.9
4.0
8.4
35.4
.7
8.4
5.5
21.5

.6
57.8
7.8
1.2
7.5
7.5
11.6
2.9
.6

2.2
3
.6
35.9
7.6
3.1
20.3
2.3
9.4
8.9
8.9

.7
10.8
5.6
5.9
31.5
.7
6.9
15.4
18.7

.6
58.6
9.5
.6
10.1
3.9
11.6
3.0

E m plo y e d

All occupation groups (percent)....................
Professional, technical, and kindred workers_________
Fanners and farm managers_____________ 1IIIIIII
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm
Clerical and kindred workers__________
Sales workers______________ __ _____
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers_________ I
Operatives and kindred workers__
Private household workers....................... IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!
Service workers, except private household......... " II
Farm laborers and foremen........................................
Laborers, except farm and mine_______________________
1 See footnote 1 , table 1.

Since there is a great concentration of recent grad­
uates in clerical occupations which cover a large
variety of jobs, the advancement may be more
within the broad occupation group, through pro­
motions and pay raises.
School Dropouts

The young people who dropped out of school
during 1963 had about the same rate of unemploy­
ment as the previous year’s dropouts. However,
the unemployment rate for dropouts in October
1963 (32 percent) continued to be substantially
higher than for graduates (18 percent). Further­
more, the proportion of dropouts who were work­
ing or looking for work (66 percent) continued
to be substantially lower than that of the graduates
(79 percent). As in 1962, this differential was ac­
counted for only in part by the greater proportion
of married women among the dropouts, since other
dropouts also had lower labor force participation
rates than the graduates (table 4). The generally
younger age of dropouts than of graduates plays
some part in both their lower participation rate
and higher unemployment rate.
While many graduates upgrade their skills
within a few years after leaving school, there was
no significant improvement in the types of jobs
held by dropouts 2 years after they stopped their
formal schooling. Young men who became drop­
outs in 1961 were about as heavily concentrated in


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Male

June 1962 graduates in October 1962

N

ote:

Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

relatively low-paying farm and nonfarm laborer
jobs (42 percent) as those who had dropped out
in 1962 or 1963 (46 percent).
Among both graduates and dropouts, white
youths fared considerably better in jobs than the
non white (table 5). Only 1 out of 5 of the white
but one-half of the nonwhite youths who had grad­
uated between 1961 and 1963 had jobs as service
workers or as farm and nonfarm laborers, where
employment is least stable. Conversely, clerical
jobs were held by 42 percent of the white youths
but by only 10 percent of the nonwhite. Among
the dropouts of these years, one-half the white and
three-fourths of the nonwhite youths worked in
the service and laborer occupation groups.
Graduates and Dropouts 16 to 21 Y ears Old

In view of the current interest in the employ­
ment problems of 16- to 21-year-old youths who
are out of school,3 information was obtained for
the first time in October 1963 on the occupations
and industries in which high school graduates and
nongraduates 16 to 21 years old were employed
and the prevalence and duration of unemployment
among these two groups.
8In October 1963, the following percentages of the population
in the ages 16 to 21 were no longer enrolled in school:
P ercen t

16 and 17 years old_________________________ 12. 9
18 and 19 years old_________________________ 59.1
20 and 21 years old_________________________ 75. 0

EMPLOYMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES AND DROPOUTS

525

T a b l e 3 . M a jo r O c c u p a t io n G r o u p of H ig h S chool G r a d u a t e s N ot E n r o l l e d i n C o l l eg e b y Y e a r of H
S chool G r a d u a t io n a n d of S chool D r o p o u t s b y Y e a r L a st A t t e n d e d S c h o o l , b y S e x , O c t o b e r 1 9 6 3

ig h

[Percent distribution of employed persons 16 to 24 years of age]
Graduates of—
Major occupation group and sex

Dropouts, last attended in—

1963 and 1962
Total

1963

1963 or 1962

1961
1962

1961
Total

1963

Prior to
1961

1962

M ale

All occupation groups: Number (thousands).
Percent.._________

552
100.0

275
100.0

277
100.0

407
100.0

223
100.0

Professional, technical, and kindred workers______
Farmers and farm managers........................................
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm___
Clerical and kindred workers___________________
Sales workers________________________________
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers________
Operatives and kindred workers________________
Private household workers_____________________
Service workers, except private household________
Farm laborers and foremen________________ ____
Laborers, except farm and mine_________________

3.6
.4
2.9
12.5
5.3
12.0
32.2
.4
8.7
5.4
16.7

2.6
2.6
10.9
4.0
8.4
35.4
.7
8.4
5.5
21.5

4.7
.7
3.2
14.0
6.5
15.5
29.1

3.7
.7
2.2
12.6
7.9
16.5
38.9

9.Ô
5.4
11.9

All occupation groups: Number (thousands).
Percent___________

741
100.0

344
100.0

Professional, technical, and kindred workers...___
Farmers and farm managers________________:___
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm___
Clerical and kindred workers___________________
Sales workers________________________________
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers.______
Operatives and kindred workers________________
Private household workers_____________________
Service workers, except private household________
Farm laborers and foremen_____________________
Laborers, except farm and mine_________________

3.8
.7
59.7
6.3
.9
7.3
5.5
13.2
2.2
.5

85

138
100.0

281
100.0

1,434
100.0

0.5
1.8
2.3
1.4
10.0
29.4

0.7
2.9
3.6
.7
11.7
32.1

1.4
5.3
4.3
2.8
8.2
26.0

1.1
1.0
2.4
3.8
2.2
15.1
40.4

5.4
4.7
7.4

9.0
18.6
27.1

6.6
13.9
27.7

9.6
19.2
23.1

5.6
10.0
18.4

397
100.0

424
100.0

111
100.0

98

594
100.0

2.6

4.8

5.9

.6
57.8
7.8
1.2
7.5
7.5
11.6
2.9
.6

.8
61.3
5.0
.8
7.0
3.8
14.6
1.5
.5

.9
63.6
4.5
.7
9.0
.7
13.2
1.2
.2

0

F em ale

1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.

T able 4.

38

73

0

0

0

0.5
.8
10.0
4. i
.5
35.4
17.1
21.2
92
1.2

17.0
3.6
21.4
14.3
34.8
8.9

N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

E m p l o y m e n t S t a t u s of 1 9 6 3 H ig h S chool G r a d u a t e s N ot E n r o l l e d i n C o l l eg e
D r o p o u t s , b y S e x , C olo r , a n d M a r it a l S t a t u s , O c t o b e r 1 9 6 3

and

of 1 9 6 3

S chool

[Thousands of persons 16 to 24 years of age]
Civilian noninstitutional population
Graduation status, sex, color, and marital
status of women

Civilian labor force

Not in labor force
Une:nployed

Number

Percent

Number

Percent of
population

Employed

Number

Percent of
civilian labor
force

Total

In special
schools

1963 H igh School G raduates

Total.......................................................

957

100.0

755

78.9

619

136

18.0

202

104

W h ite..................... ........................................
Nonwhite_____________ _______________
Male______ ________ ________________
Female___________________ ___________
Single____ ________________________
Married and other marital status3_____

879
78
379
578
489
89

91.8

78.5

580
39
275
344
311
33

110
26
65
71
57
14

15.9

189

39.6
60.4
51.1
9.3

690
65
340
415
368
47

19.1
17.1
15.5

100
4

163

Total.......................................................

273

100.0

180

65.9

123

57

31.7

W h ite ..............................................................
Nonwhite..........................................................
Male_________________________________
Female..............................................................
Single______ . ____________________
Married and other marital status3 ____

217
56
132
141
79
62

79.5
20.5
48.4
51.6
28.9
22.7

151
29
110
70
50
20

69.6

101
22
85
38
25
13

50
7
25
32
25
7

33 1

8.2

0

89.7
71.8
75.3

0

(i)

13
39

121
42

0

20

(2)

84

0

1963 School D ropouts

1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
* Not available.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(!)
'

0

0

83.3
49.6

O')

.

93

22 7

O')

0
0

29
42

(2)
0

»Includes widowed, divorced, and separated women.
N OTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

526

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

T a bl e 5.
M a j o r O c c u p a t io n G r o u p o f H ig h S c h o o l G r a d u a t e s N o t E n r o l l e d i n C o l l e g e b y Y e a r of H ig h
S ch o o l G r a d u a t io n a n d of S ch o o l D r o p o u t s b y Y e a r L a st A t t e n d e d S ch o o l, b y C o lo r , O c t o b e r 1 9 6 3

[Percent distribution of employed persons 16 to 24 years of age]
Graduates
Major occupation group

Dropouts

White
1961 to
1963

All occupation groups: Number (thousands)__________________
Percent................... ............................ .........

White

Prior to
1961

1961 to
1963

3,167
1 Ó0.0

156

282

100.0

100.0

100.0

1.9

13.9
7
L8

1,968
100.0

Professional, technical, and kindred workers__________________ _____
Farmers and farm managers, __________ _______ . . _______
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm....... ........ ................
Clerical and kindred workers__________________________
Sales workers_____________________ ____________________ .
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers________________
Operatives and kindred workers_______________________________
Private household workers_________________________________
Service workers, except private household_____________________
Farm laborers and foremen________________ ________ _____
Laborers, except farm and mine.............. ............. ...... ........... ...........

Nonwhite

4.3
.3
1.7
41.5
5.9
7.0
19.5

17.7
13
4.8
32.4
5.2

10.3
6.5
3.2
28.4
6.5
21.9

8.8

17.0

1.8

.6

9.6

6.4
1.7
4.1

2.6

5.7

11 .6

9.7

Prior to
1961

1961 to
1963

Prior to
1961

563

21.8

2.9
5.7
16.1
5.7
20.4
3.9
7.1

Nonwhite
1961 to
1963

Prior to
1961

1, 597

150

100.0

431

100.0

100.0

0.5

1 .1
0

0. 7

34
6.4
3.0
6.7
30.0
4.1
13.9
13.7
18.1

2*5
6.3
3.3

05
.9

2 8

3.3
2. 7
47
15.3
6 7

33
7
58
25 1

11 .6

31.3
15.3

1 2 .2

42.7
9.1
7.9

20.0

1.8 .8

13 7
16. 7
20.0

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual percents may not equal 100.

Labor Force Participation. Among 16- to 21year-old males who were not enrolled in school in
October 1963, about 9 out of 10 of both the high
school graduates and the dropouts were in the
labor force (table 6). Among the females, how­
ever, labor force participation was appreciably
higher for graduates (68 percent) than for drop­
outs (39 percent). The lower participation rate
T a bl e 6.

for the dropouts results to some extent from the
higher proportion among them who were 16 and 17
years old; a smaller proportion of younger than
older persons tend to be in the labor force. Since
few youths graduate from high school before the
age of 18 and most of the dropouts leave school
at an earlier age, only about 4 percent of the
graduates were 16 to 17 years old compared with

E m p l o y m e n t S t a t u s of H ig h S ch o o l G r a d u a t e s N ot E n r o l l e d i n C o ll eg e a n d of S c h o o l D r o p o u t s ,
b y A g e, S e x , and C olor, O c to ber 1963

[Thousands of persons 16 to 2 1 years of age]
Graduates

Dropouts

Civilian labor force
Age, sex, and color

Civilian
noninstitutional
popula­
tion

Total

Civilian labor force

Unemployed
Percent
of popu­ Em­
lation ployed Num­ Percent of
ber
civilian
labor force

Civilian
noninstitutional
popula­
tion

Total

Unemployed
Percent
of popu­ Em­
lation ployed Num­ Percent of
civilian
ber
labor force

A ll P ersons

Both sexes, 16 to 21 years........ ......

4,433

3,433

77.4

3,055

378

11.0

3,137

1,975

63.0

1,620

355

18.0

16 and 17 years...........................................
18 and 19 years,...................................... .
20 and 21 years..........................................

178
1, 834
2,421

125
1,454
1,854

70.2
79.3
76.6

96
1,267
1,692

29
187
162

23.2
12.9
8.7

669
1,147
1,321

378
758
839

56.5
66.1
63.5

271
619
730

107
139
109

28.3
18.3
13.0

94.1

1,322

154

10.4

1,459

1,321

90.5

1,130

191

14.5

93.6
95.1

36
484
802

13
74
67

291

80.1
94.8
91.7

187
420
523

46
90

55

19.7
17.6
9.5

Male, 16 to 21 years____________

1, 568

1,476

16 and 17 years.........................................
18 and 19 years_____________________
20 and 21 years_____________________

58
596
914

49
558
869

Female, 16 to 21 years....................

2,865

1,957

68.3

1,733

224

16 and 17 years_____________________
18 and 19 years...........................................
20 and 21 years..... ............................ ........

120
1,238
1,507

76
896
985

63.3
72.4
65.4

60
783
890

16
113
95

Both sexes, 16 to 21 years_______

382

298

78.0

221

77

25.8

660

431

65.3

Male, 16 to 21 years...____ __________
Female, 16 to 21 years............................

148
234

141
157

95.3
67.1

111

30
47

21.3
29.9

300
360

281
150

93.7
41.7

(>)

7.7

538
630

233
510
578

11.4

1,678

654

39.0

490

164

25.1

378
609
691

145
248
261

38.4
40.7
37.8

84
199
207

61
49
54

42.1
19.8
20.7

338

93

21.6

236
102

45
48

16.0
32.0

(>)

13.3

(■)

12.6
9.6

N onw hite P ersons

1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

110

N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals-

527

EMPLOYMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES AND DROPOUTS
T a b l e 7 . D u r a t io n o f U n e m p l o y m e n t o f H ig h S c h o o l
G r a d u a t e s N ot E n r o ll ed in C olleg e a n d of S chool
D ro pou ts, by S e x , O ctober 1963

[Percent distribution of persons 16 to 21 years of age]
Dropouts

Graduates
Duration of employment

Both Male Fe­ Both Male Fe­
male
male sexes
sexes

Total unemployed: Number
(thou-.
191
154 224 355
sands). 378
Percent.. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0

43.2
28.6
10.9
17.2

56.7
27.4
9.1
6.7

Less than 5 weeks_________ _____

5 to 14 weeks-----------------------------

15 to 26 w e e k s . -------- --------------27 weeks or more..............................

54.5
27.0
13.2
5.3

55.4
25.0
13.8
5.8

53.2
29.9
12.3
4.5

49.4
28.1
10 .1

12.4

164

outs among these unemployed, the rate of unem­
ployment for the dropouts (18 percent) was about
two-thirds higher than that of the graduates. Un­
employment was most frequent among female
dropouts, with 1 out of 4 looking for work.
Unemployment rates among young people are
inversely related to their ages—the younger they
are, the more likely they are to be unemployed.
As shown in the following tabulation, 16 and 17
yearolds had the highest rate, with about 1 out of
4 seeking work.
Unemployment rate,i
October 1968

N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

21 percent of the dropouts. However, labor force
participation among the female dropouts 18 to
21 years old was also much lower than among
the graduates. Probably many of the factors
which caused the women to drop out of school,
such as marriage and family responsibilities, are
also the factors which continue to keep them out
of the labor force.
Dropping out of high school was much more
prevalent among nonwhite persons than white;
about 60 percent of the nonwhites 16 to 21 years
old not in school had not graduated from high
school, compared with 40 percent for the white
out-of-school youth. The labor force participation
rate for nonwhite youths was about the same as
for white youths.
In October 1963, there were 1.7 million women
16 to 21 years old who had left school before fin­
ishing high school. Two-thirds of these women
were married, as the following tabulation indi­
cates.

A ll
persons

Total, 16 to 21 years o l d __ .. .
16 and 17 years o ld --------- --- . . .
18 and 19 years old— _ --------- . . .
20 and 21 years o l d . ----------— . . .

Gradiiales

Dropouts

13. 5 11. 0
26. 7 23. 2
14.9 12. 9
10. 1 8. 7

i Unemployment as a percent of the labor force.

Several factors contribute to the wide difference
in unemployment rates. Older youths are not subUnemployment Rates of White and Nonwhite High
School Graduates and Dropouts 16 to 21 Years
O ld / October 1963
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

2 8 ---------------------

Female dropouts
Total

Total:

Number (thousands)
Percent___________
Single____________________
Married__________________

1,678
100.0
35. 7
64. 3

White

1,318
100. 0
31.4
68. 6

Nonwhite

360
100. 0
51. 4
48. 6

The percentage of the white dropouts who were
married was much greater than that of the non­
whites, suggesting that marriage was a more im­
portant reason for dropping out for white than
nonwhite women.
Unemployment. About 730,000 persons 16 to 21
years old were looking for work in October 1963.
While there were about as many graduates as drop­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

18. 0
28. 3
18. 3
13. 0

GRADUATES

DROPOUTS

528

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

ject to the legal restrictions which limit the em­
ployment opportunities of younger ones in some
types of jobs. For both graduates and dropouts,
the additional work experience or job training
acquired by the time they reach ages 20 to 21 tends
to make them less susceptible to unemployment
than the less experienced younger workers.
Among graduates, in addition, some of those 20
to 21 years old have attended college.
Male dropouts 16 to 21 years old are not only
more likely to be unemployed than male high
school graduates, but once they become unem­
ployed they are more apt to be looking for work
for long periods (27 weeks or more) (table 7).
Among the women, however, there was no signifi­
cant difference between graduates and dropouts in
the proportions jobless over short or long periods.
Non white graduates not only had an unemploy­
ment rate more than twice that of the white gradu­
ates in October 1963, but their rate was also higher
than that of white youths who did not complete
high school. (See accompanying chart.) Non­
white high school graduates and dropouts were
about as likely to be jobless, probably because
many of the dropouts are in rural areas and were
able to find farm jobs during the October harvest
season.
Occupations and Industries. The difference in
unemployment rate between graduates and drop­
outs reflects to a large extent the types of jobs they
hold. Among young persons 16 to 21 years old,
T able 8.

dropouts tended to be more heavily concentrated
in occupations which generally have the lowest
wage rates and in which unemployment rates are
usually above average. Nearly 45 percent of the
male dropouts were service workers and farm and
nonfarm laborers, compared with one-fourth of
the high school graduates (table 8). In contrast,
only about one-third as many dropouts as gradu­
ates held white-collar jobs, in which unemployment
is least frequent.
Among young women, there is an even more
marked difference between the jobs held by drop­
outs and graduates. Girls who had dropped out
of school were more than three times as likely as
graduates to be working in jobs which usually re­
quire the least training and education—operatives,
private household and other service workers, and
farm laborers. The graduates were most heavily
concentrated in clerical jobs, probably as stenogra­
phers and typists, and were almost six times as
likely to hold these types of jobs as were dropouts.
As may be expected, greater proportions of all
white and nonwhite graduates than dropouts
worked at jobs which require more education and
training. However, the disadvantaged economic
position of the nonwhite high school graduates is
apparent when their occupations are compared
with those of white dropouts. Among the men,
about 40 percent each of both the white dropouts
and the nonwhite graduates were service workers
or farm and nonfarm laborers in October 1963;
among the women, half of both the nonwhite

M a j o r O c c u p a t io n G r o u p of H ig h S c h o o l G r a d u a t e s N o t E n r o l l e d i n C o l l e g e a n d of S c h o o l D r o p o u t s ,
b y C olor a n d S e x , O c t o b e r 1 9 6 3

[Percent distribution of employed persons 16 to 21 years of age]
Total
Major occupation group

Graduates

White
Dropouts

Graduates

Male

Female

Male

All occupation groups: Number (thousands)—.
Percent_____________

1,322

1,733

1,130

490

100.0

100.0

Professional, technical, and kindred workers_______
Farmers and farm managers. . ____ . . . ... ______
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm____
Clerical and kindred workers_________ _________
Sales workers__________
______ ____ _______
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers ________
Operatives and kindred workers___ ______________
Private household workers— __________________
Service workers, except private household___ _____
Farm laborers and foremen______________________
Laborers, except farm and mine__ ________________

5.8
1.4
3.1
13.0
6.3
13.6
32.2

1.0
.6

0.4

1.3
61.1
4.8

.2
6.6

1 2 .2

100.0

4.4
13.5

100.0
8 .1

.6

7.3
3.1
1.3
.3

2.7
4.0
1.7
10.4
34.8
7.3
15.6
21.8

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.


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Female

.8
10.6

4.7

30.3
14.9
25.3
12.6

.4

Nonwhite
Dropouts

Graduates

Male Female

Male

1 ,2 1 1
100.0

1,623

100.0

100.0

111
100.0

110
100.0

6 .1

8.4

1 .1
.6

0.5

2.7

3.6

6 .1

1.4
63.6
4.7

8.8
8.0
10.6

25.2
6.3

1.5
3.4
13.4
13.8
32.6

100.0

.6
6.8

5.6
4.6

2.5
11.4
.4

12.8

.2

894

3.5
4.6
2 .1

11.5
36.7
5.6
13.7

20.6

Female Male
388

1.0
1 2 .1

4.9

34.1
12.4
24.6
9.8
.5

29.2
1.8

16.8
1.8

20.4

Female

14.4
11.7
23.4
14.4
.9

Dropouts
Male Female
236
100.0

102
100.0

0.4
.9
1.7
6.4
27.7
14.0
23.0
26.0

4.8
3.8
16.3
24.0
27.9
23.1

529

EMPLOYMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES AND DROPOUTS
T a bl e 9.

I n d u s t r y G r o u p a n d C l a s s of W o r k e r of H ig h S c h o o l G r a d u a t e s N ot E n r o l l e d i n C o l l e g e a n d of
S chool D r o po u ts, b y S e x , O cto ber 1963

[Percent distribution of employed persons 16 to 21 years of age]
Dropouts

Graduates

Industry group and class of worker
Both sexes

Male

Female

Both sexes

Female

Male

All industry groups: Number (thousands)___________________________________
Percent__________
_ _____________________

3,055

1,322

1,733

1,620

1,130

490

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Agriculture____ ____________________________
. __
Wage and salary workers___________ _ . _ ___________ _ . . .
Self-employed workers, _______ . _ _______ . . . . . _ _ ._
Unpaid family workers__________________ . . . ._ . ___________________

4.1
2.3

7.1
4.1
13
1.7

1.8

16.9
13.4
4
3.0

18.6
14.4

12.9

1
.8

3.5

1.8

Nonagricultural industries_________ ________________________________ _ . . . .
Wage and salary workers__________________________________________ _________
Forestry, fisheries, and mining,. _______________________ . . . . _____ _
Construction. . . . 1 ________ I_____
Manufacturing_______________ __________ _______ _____ ______ _________
Durable goods_____________________________________________________ _____
Nondurable goods__________________ _______ ____________________________
Transportation and public utilities____________ . _________________________
Wholesale and retail trade_____________ _______ ______ _____________________
Service and finance______________________________ _____ _________
Private households____________ . ___________________________
Other service and finance________ ______________ . .
. . _______
Public administration_______ _______ _____ ________ ______________ _ .
Self-employed workers__________________________________________________
Unpaid family workers__________ ____________ ._ ____ ___________

95.9
94.3
.3
45
24.2
13.8
10.4
6.9

92.9
90.5
.5
95
32.0

98.2
97.2

83.1
80.5

81.4
78.8

87.1
84.7

.6

1 .2

.9

1

8

3.7

14.1
1.4

18.3
9.0
9.3
7.7
18.4
46.5
3.2
43.3
5.4

1.0

1 .1

1.0

22.2
32.6
1.9
30.6

.6

20 .1
12.0

5.8
27.1
14.4
.3

13

.8

93
30.1
12.5
17.5
2.7
20.4
16.6
45
1 2 .1

.7
1.5

1.0

6

11.0

1 2

13 3
31.1

15.0
16.0
3.5
18.9

10.0
10.0

.8

1.3
1.3

27.8
6.7
2 1.1

.6

23.9
31.9
14.9
17.0
.4
2.0

.4

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

graduates and white dropouts were private house­
hold and service workers and farm laborers.
The same proportion—about a third—of male
graduates and dropouts 16 to 21 years old worked
in manufacturing—more than in any other indus­
try (table 9). However, more graduates were
working in the higher paying durable goods manu­
facturing industries. The sharpest difference in
industries was in agriculture, where more than
twice as many dropouts as graduates were em­
ployed. These industry differentials generally

reflect the occupational differentials between the
graduates and dropouts.
Among the women, the industry with the largest
single proportions of both graduates and dropouts
was the service and finance group; however, more
graduates than dropouts were in this industry.
Few of the graduates in the service and finance
group worked for private households, compared
with about half the dropouts. Half again as many
dropouts as graduates worked in manufacturing
industries.

The problem of school dropout must be viewed in the total social and eco­
nomic context. The invidious effects of poverty stifle motivation and intel­
lectual curiosity. The effects of cultural deprivation are apparent before
the child reaches school age. Young people from poverty-stricken back­
grounds are surrounded by other disadvantaged people, many of whom are
unemployed or intermittently employed at low wages. Racial discrimination
is a barrier to economic and social advances for a large segment of the poor.
In such an environment, where inadequate education and low incomes are
perpetuated from one generation to the next, teenagers understandably feel
a futility about staying in school.
—Jeanette H. Sofokidis and Eugenia Sullivan, “A New Look at School Dropouts,”
Health, Education, and Welfare Indicators, April 1964, p. xxv.

728-329—64-

3


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Summaries of Studies and Reports
Preliminary Estim ates of
Work Injuries in 1963
F or th e first time since 1953, the volume of dis­
abling work injuries in the United States rose
above the 2 million level to 2,020,000.1 This total
was approximately 1.5 percent above the figure for
1962, but since the employed civilian labor force
increased by about the same amount, there has been
no appreciable change in the overall rate of injury
occurrence.
However, since 1953, employment has gone up
by more than 10 percent while disabling work in­
juries have increased only 1 percent. In the face
of a fairly constant rise in the labor force over the
years, the incidence of injuries to workers has
declined.
Fatalities, on the other hand, were up 3.6 per­
cent since 1962, from 13,700 to 14,200. The in­
crease was not enough to change the death rate
from its record low level of 21 per 100,000 workers.
Approximately 95 percent of the injuries—
1,921,000—resulted in temporary-total disabilities
without any permanent aftereffects. Another
84,800 injuries were permanent impairments rang­
ing from the partial loss of use of a finger or toe
to complete inability to work at any gainful
employment.
In estimating the time losses attributable to
work injuries, the future effects of deaths and per­
manent impairments in terms of “time charges” 2
are considered in addition to their effects during
the current year losses. On this basis, the total
work injuries resulted in approximately 171 mil­
lion man-days of disability, or a year’s full-time
employment for about 551,000 workers.3 The
14,200 deaths, which are assigned an arbitrary time
charge of 6,000 days each, accounted for over 85
million days. The permanent impairments, which
averaged 627 days per case, resulted in an esti­
mated 53 million days of disability. The remain­
ing 33 million days were accounted for by the tem­
porary cases which averaged 17 days each.
530


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There was no consistency in the pattern of
change in injuries among the various classifications
of employment. The most pronounced increase—
a rise of almost 6 percent from 1962—occurred in
the finance, service, government, and miscellane­
ous industries group. Injuries in the State and
local government segment increased more than
the corresponding rise in employment while em­
ployment and injuries increased in the same pro­
portion in the finance, service and miscellaneous
industries. Injuries in the Federal Government
section decreased very slightly while employment
showed a small gain.
Agricultural employment continued its long
term decline while injuries decreased but by a
smaller percentage. However, the proportion of
agricultural deaths rose considerably, back to the
level of 1960 and 1961. The majority of the agri­
cultural work injuries occurred among the self-em­
ployed and unpaid family workers who constitute
almost three-fourths of the employment in this
area.
In mining, the volume of disabling injuries re­
mained approximately the same as last year4
despite a greater than 2 percent decline in em1 These estim ates of work injuries were compiled by the Bureau
of Labor S tatistics in collaboration w ith the National Safety
Council. They are based upon all available data from various
Federal and State agencies and upon sample surveys in some
industries. D ata on the exact distribution of cases by type of
disability are not available for some in d u stries; in these, ap­
proxim ations of the breakdowns of cases have been made for
inclusion in the grand totals but have not been shown in the
accompanying table for the individual industries.
(See table
footnotes for specific sources and lim itations.)
A disabling work injury is any injury occurring in the course
of and arising out of employment which (a) results in death or
in permanent physical impairment or (b) makes the injured
worker unable to perform the duties of any regularly established
job, which is open and available to him, throughout the hours
corresponding to his regular sh ift on any 1 or more days after
the day of injury (including Sundays, days off, or plant shut­
dow ns). The term “injury” includes occupational disease.
2 The tim e charges assigned to the permanent im pairments are
those established in the scale presented in the A m e ric a n S ta n d a rd

M eth o d of R ec o rd in g an d M easu rin g W o rk I n ju r y E x p erie n c e ,

approved by the American Standards Association in 1954.
3 Time losses for temporary disabilities are figured in terms of
calendar days ; thus, this total does not represent total workdays
lost.
4 Prelim inary estim ates by the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Depart­
ment of the Interior.

PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES OF WORK INJURIES IN 1963

531
1959

E s t im a t e d N u m b e r op D is a b l in g W o r k I n j u r i e s , 1 b y I n d u s t r y D iv is io n ,

All workers 3

Industry division and type of
disability

to

1963

Employees only

1963 1

1962

1961

1960

1959

1963 3

1962

1961

1960

1959

Total disabling injuries 1..................

2,020,000

1,990,000

1,930,000

1,950,000

1,960,000

1,590,000

1,551,000

1,490,000

1,508,000

1,516,000

Agriculture *..................... ........ ..................
Mining 3___________________________
Contract construction «_______ _______
Manufacturing 7_____________________
Transportation and public utilities 8.........
Trade A_________ _________________ _
Finance, service, government, and miscellaneous industries________________

277,000
44,000
214,000
405,000
190,000
372,000

281,000
44,000

287,000
45,000

403,000
189,000
373,000

284,000
43,000
209,000
375,000
179,000
360,000

398,000
183,000
360,000

291,000
48,000
218,000
422,000
184,000
351,000

60,000
42,000
168,000
389,000
176,000
294,000

60,000
41,000
165,000
386,000
175,000
291,000

60,000
40,000
165,000
358,000
105,000
276,000

60,000
42,000
165,000
381.000
169,000
276,000

60,000
45,000
172,000
405,000
170,000
268,000

518,000

490,000

480,000

467,000

446,000

461,000

433,000

426,000

415,000

396,000

Deaths 8.............................................

14,200

13,700

13,500

13,800

13,800

10,500

9,800

Agriculture A ...................... .......................
Mining 3____________ _______________
Contract construction 3........ ...................
Manufacturing 7_____________________
Transportation and public utilities 8___
Trade 8_________________________ . . .
Finance, service, government, and mis­
cellaneous industries........ .......................

3,300
700
2,500
1,800
1,700

3,100
700
2,400
1,800
1,700

3,300
700
2,300
1,700
1,500

3,300
800
2,400
1,700
1,600

3,400
700
2,500
1,900
1,500

1,000

10,200
1,000

10,100
1,000

10,100
1,000
600
2,000

3,000

2,800

2,800

2,800

2,600

2,700

2,500

2,500

2,500

2,400

Permanent impairments 1011______

84,800

83,300

80,500

82,200

83,200

68,800

66,500

63,600

65,000

66,900

Contract construction 8_______________
Manufacturing 7. . . .......................... .
Trade A............................................... ........

5,900
25,800
8,700

5,800
25,700
8,700

5,800
24,000
8,400

5,800
25,500
8,400

27,000

6,100
8,200

4,700
24,800
6,900

4,600
24,600
6,800

4,600
23,000
6,400

4,600
24,400
6,400

4,800
26,000

Temporary-total disabilities 11......... 1,921,000

1,893,000

1,836,000

1,854,000

1,863,000

1,510,700

1,474,300

1,416,600

1,432,900

1,439,000

201,800
375,500
363,100

200,900
349,300
350,400

201,800
370,800
350,400

209,400
393,100
341,600

161,400
362,500
286,100

158,500
359,700
283,300

158,600
333,400
268,700

158,500
355,000
268,700

165,200
377,200
260,900

Contract construction 8_______________
Manufacturing 7. ___________________
Trade 8__________ ___________ ______

1,200

205,600
377,400
362,100

210,000

1,200

1,200

210,000

1,200

1,200

600
1,900
1,700
1,600

1,000

600
1,900
1,700
1,600
900

1,000
600
1,800
1,600
1,400
900

700
1,900
1,600
1,500
900

1,800
1,400
900

6,200

1 Includes data for Alaska and Hawaii.
8 Based on small sample surveys by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
3
Includes proprietors, self-employed, and unpaid family workers, as well
7 Based on comprehensive surveys by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
as employees, but excludes domestic service workers.
3 Based on small sample surveys by the Bureay of Labor Statistics for cer­
3 Preliminary.
tain segments and on data compiled from other sources for other segments of
* The total number of work injuries in agriculture is based on cross-section
the industry.
surveys by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1947 and 1948, with adjust­
8 Based on sample surveys, as indicated by footnotes 3 to 7 and on vital
ments for changes in employment. These are considered to be minimum
statistics reports.
figures; injuries experienced in performing chores are excluded, and there are
10 Includes approximately 1,300 to 1,500 permanent-total impairments each
some indications of underreporting.
year.
3 Based largely on data compiled by the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Depart­
11Includes data for industries not shown separately.
m ent of the Interior.

ployment. Although the number of injuries re­
mained about the same in coal mining, the rate
of occurrence increased because of a drop in em­
ployment. A disaster in April added 25 deaths
to the bituminous coal total. Both metal and
nonmetal mining and quarrying showed a decrease
in their injury rates while the crude petroleum rate
increased slightly.
In the transportation and public utilities group,
there was very little change in either employment
or disabling work injuries. Preliminary estimates
show a decrease in railroad employment with a
less than corresponding decrease in injuries. Both
motor freight and air transportation improved
their injury rates as injuries increased less than
did employment. The rate of injury occurrence
in water transportation services, including steve­
doring, decreased considerably in the face of ad­
vancing employment. Telephone employment and
injuries remained stable, while in radio and tele­


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vision, employment and injuries increased at the
same rate.
Rising employment in the construction indus­
tries group was followed by a higher volume of
injuries but by a smaller percentage thus indicat­
ing an improvement in the injury rate.
Manufacturing employment edged up by a
greater margin than the increase in injuries. This
resulted in a slight but insignificant drop in the
injury rate, although the proportion of deaths to
injuries remained the same.
In trade, a better than 2 percent rise in employ­
ment contributed toward a greater number of in­
juries to hired workers although their injury rate
improved slightly. The increased volume of in­
juries was offset by a decline in injuries experi­
enced by self-employed and unpaid family workers
whose number decreased by almost 6 percent.
— F red W. S chmidt , Jr.
Division of Industrial Hazards

532

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

Labor Requirements
for Army Civil Works
E ditor’s N ote.—The

following article summarizes
the most recent of a series of studies on labor
requirements for various types of construc­
tion. The full report will be published as
B L S Bulletin 1390. Studies previously pub­
lished in the Monthly Labor Review dealt
with schools {July 1961), Federal office build­
ings {August 1962), hospitals {October
1962), and highways {April 1963). Reports
on other studies will appear in subsequent
issues.

C o n s t r u c t i o n ' of several types of land projects
completed during 1960 under the civil works pro­
gram of the Army Corps of Engineers required an
average of 208 man-hours of work—85 for on-site
and 123 for off-site activities—per $1,000 of con­
struction contract. For a separate group of
dredging projects in the same program, the hours
totaled 224—134 and 90 for on-site and off-site
work, respectively. By comparison, requirements
for the four types of construction previously stud­
ied (listed in the editor’s note) ranged from 221
to 227 total man-hours per $1,000 of the contract,
with 84 to 97 hours used for on-site and 130 to 137
for off-site activities.
The BLS survey which produced the 1960 find­
ings also developed information in several related
areas, such as the distribution of on-site employ­
ment by construction trade and of off-site employ­
ment by industry, and the cost of direct wages,
construction materials, and the use of heavy
equipment.

Scope and Method of Survey
The study was designed to measure the labor
required for each $1,000 of contract for construc­
tion of facilities provided under the civil works
program1 of the Corps of Engineers for the con­
trol and development of the Nation’s water re­
sources. The sample studied consisted of 45 con­
tracts—17 for various kinds of dredging and the
rest for land projects—selected as representative
of those completed by the Corps in 1960 with re­
spect to type, relative cost, and geographical loca­

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tion of projects. Construction under these con­
tracts wTas performed between mid-1957 and the
end of 1960. For dredging projects, most of the
on-site man-hours were worked in 1960; for land
projects, slightly more than half of the hours were
worked in 1959.
On-site man-hours of employment were tabu­
lated from weekly project payrolls. Off-site
requirements were estimated by applying employ­
ment-to-output factors to tabulations of materials
and supplies used and of heavy equipment depre­
ciated during construction. These tabulations
were made from detailed contract cost estimates
prepared by the Corps for use as legally required
standards for judging the reasonableness of con­
tract bids. The employment-to-output factors
were derived from production and man-hour data
from several sources, chiefly the Bureau of the
Census Annual Survey of Manufactures for 1960.
Contract Characteristics

The Corps of Engineers uses a variety of meas­
ures and procedures to carry out its chief civil task
of controlling floods and providing navigable
waterways. As indicated in the following tabula­
tion, seven broad classes of these measures were
represented in this study:
Vumber o
projects 1

Total__ ________ __ ___
Dredging__ __ -------- --- ___
Levees__ ______ — _ _ _ ___
Dams____ _______________ ___
D ik e s .__
—
-------- ___
Bank stabilization__ _ ____ ___
Local flood protection___ __ ___
Miscellaneous other_______ __

45
17
7
4

5
5
3

4

Construction
contract cost
(;thousands)

$43, 163
10, 092
2, 370
16, 579
1, 544
1, 756
6, 645
4, 177

i This is an unweighted statement of the sample actually studied. How­
ever, all-statistical measures presented in this report are derived from weighted
data in which one dam project, purposely selected for its size, was given a
weight of one-quarter, and one local flood protection project was given a
double weight to represent two virtually identical sample cells.

Twelve of the dredging projects, with a contract
cost of $7,136,000 were hydraulic operations, in
which relatively soft material is loosened by the
cutterhead of a dredge and pumped through pipe­
lines to a disposal area, usually on shore. The
other five projects were operations in which soft
1 The Corps’ chief functions—the construction and mainte­
nance of military facilities—are in no way involved in the
present study.

533

LABOR REQUIREMENTS FOR ARMY CIVIL WORKS

or broken hard material is loaded by clamshell or
dipper bucket into scows for hauling and dump­
ing, usually in deep water. Two of these latter
jobs involved ledge rock removal, which required
loosening and fragmenting by blasting.
The levees were structures of heaped and com­
pacted earth, although in one case the fill was ob­
tained hydraulically by pumping from the river
in an operation similar to the pipeline dredging
described earlier. The dams category included
two earthfill dams, one large and one of moderate
size; a rockfill dam; and a reservoir clearing
project.2 The dikes in this study were constructed
of two rows of timber piles in clumps, with rock
dumped between and around them. Three types
of procedures were represented in the bank stabi­
lization category—the placing of stone, asphalt
paving, or lumber “mattress” on the river banks
to prevent erosion. The local flood protection
projects embraced a variety of measures to pro­
tect three urban areas. These measures included
flood walls and flood channels, a dam, a dike, and
pumping plants. The “other” class of measures
included a pair of jetties, a sea wall, a channel
clearing and snagging job, and a pressure relief
well system.
Despite the apparent diversity of types of work,
earth moving is the predominant feature of most
types. This has become one of the highly mecha­
nized construction operations. Fabrication of in­
tricate structures requiring much specialized hand­
crafting is not an important feature of the work
under study.
On-Site Labor Requirements and W ages

On-site man-hours and wages
per $1,000 of contract
Man-hours

Dredging_____ ______ ______
Land projects________ _
Levees___ __ __
Dams___________
__
Dikes. _ _ ___ _ . . .
Bank stabilization___
Local flood protection. _ _
Other. _ ___________ ___

134
85
101
96
87
60
80
71

Wages

$323
260
307
291
245
115
267
221

Significant differences in on-site labor require­
ments among types reflect a number of factors,
including the relationship of other costs, particu­
larly purchased materials requirements, to labor
costs ; the degree to which materials requirements,
as for stone and concrete, are met by production
at the site; the wage structure and skill compo­
sition of the work force ; and the subsistence serv­
ices (stewards, cooks, and messmen), if any
supplied.
Man-Hours by Occupation. A distribution of
these on-site man-hours by major occupation, for
all land projects and for dredging is shown in
the following tabulation :
On-site
man­
hours per
$1,000 of
L a n d p ro je c ts

All occupations................
General supervisors; professional, technical, and clerical person­
nel........... - .................. - ...................................................................
Operating engineers______________________________________
Equipment mechanics and welders.— --------------------------------Carpenters.................
Ironworkers: reinforcing, structural, and ornamental__________
Truckdrivers................. - ............................ ........- ...............—..........
Oilers and greasers_____________________
—...........
Laborers and other unskilled workers..... ............—.........................
A llother_______________________________________________

contract

85
9
20
4
5

3
12
7
20
5

On-site construction man-hours and wage re­
quirements for the seven classes of projects are
shown in the following tabulation. The figures
include an estimate of requirements for mobiliza­
tion—the labor of the contractors’ forces in mar­
shaling the required heavy equipment to the con­
struction site—and subsequent demobilization.
These requirements amount to about 1.5 and 5.0
percent, respectively, of the total on-site hours
for the land and dredging projects.

All occupations___________________
— ..................
General supervisors; professional, technical, and clerical person­
nel................ - ................................- .................................................
Masters, captains, and mates---------------------------------------------Marine engineers________________________________
Levermen.............
Small vessel operators____________________________________
Welders and mechanics___________________________________
Stewards, cooks, and messmen_____________________________
Oilers---------Firemen________________________________________________
Deckhands, shore laborers...........- ....................................................
All other...............................................................................................

aA concrete dam is a feature of one of the “local flood pro­
tection” projects and is included in that category. The sample
did not include any of the huge multipurpose dam and reservoir
projects, involving major hydroelectric installations and costing
scores of millions of dollars.

Of the skilled man-hours on land projects,
nearly three-fourths were accounted for by em­
ployees engaged in operating or repairing heavy
equipment. Most of the remaining skilled em-


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

D red g in g p ro jects

134
6
15
10
9
8
6
7
8
3
53
9

534
ployment was in trades associated with concrete
work: carpenters, reinforcing ironworkers, and
cement finishers.
A third of the hours for operating engineers
were worked on bulldozers, and a fourth on the
dragline-shovel-crane family of equipment. The
remaining operators’ hours were applied to a wide
range of earth-moving and related equipment.
On the dredging contracts, licensed marine per­
sonnel (deck and engine room officers) accounted
for about half of all skilled man-hours.3 Levermen, who handle the dredge machinery controls,
accounted for less than a sixth of total skilled
hours.
A significant proportion of dredging hours were
worked by personnel providing subsistence serv­
ices—stewards, cooks, and messmen. These are
rarely required in other types of construction.
The extent of unskilled employment is larger
in dredging than in the other types of construc­
tion so far studied, in part because of the large
proportion of laborers in shore crews which in­
stall and shift the discharge pipelines and per­
form related work.
Overtime. Overtime hours at premium rates are
a significant factor in the total wage bill for civil
works projects. They are needed to permit in­
tensive use of costly equipment, and to take ad­
vantage of favorable weather. Overtime hours
constituted 15 percent of the total on-site man­
hours on land projects and 25 percent on dredging
projects, where continuous operation is common.
Nevertheless, average hourly earnings of all
workers were lower on dredging ($2.41) than on
the other jobs ($3.07) because dredging operations
use a high proportion of unskilled labor and are
concentrated in South Atlantic and Gulf States.
Construction Time. On the average, the land jobs
hi the study required about 48 weeks of on-site
construction time; the dredging jobs required 29
weeks. These periods included intervals of in­
activity due to adverse weather or other reasons
but did not include the time required for mobiliza­
tion and demobilization. The distribution of man­
hours of employment over the construction periods
reveals the following patterns:
8 Operators of craft which service and support dredging opera­
tions but which are too small to require licensed personnel are
shown separately.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964
P e rc en t o f on-site m a n -h ou rs
onT en th s o f co n stru ctio n p e rio d

Total. ____ _________
First ____________ ___ __ _
Second__ __ ________ ____ __
Third______________________
Fourth___________ ________
Fifth_______________________
Sixth_______ _______ _____
Seventh._ _ ______________
Eighth_____________ ____
Ninth__________ _______
Tenth______________________

L a n d jo b s

D red g in g jobs

100

100

7

8

14
13
13
14
13

10
10
10
11
11
11
10

9
8
6

9
10

3

These patterns were unlike those for building con­
struction, which tended to peak markedly in the
center of the period. The dredging group, in
particular, shows the flat distribution that might
be expected from work involving a single con­
tinuous operation.
Off-Site Employment

For each man-hour of work performed at the site
of these projects, an estimated additional 1.4 man­
hours of work for land operations and 0.7 for
dredging were required to produce and distribute
the construction materials, supplies, and equip­
ment required at the site. The following tabula­
tion shows the distribution of these off-site
man-hours by broad industry group. (On-site em­
ployment is included to present total man-hour
requirements.)
Man-hours per $1,000 of contract
Land projects
Industry

Total. _ ___________
On-site___________________
Off-site_______ __________
Construction____ ____
Manufacturing. _ _____
Trade,
transportation,
and services________
Mining____ __ ____
Other industries_______

Dredging

Number Percent Number Percent

208
85
123
4
53

100
41
59
2
25

224
134
90
10
47

100
60
40
4
21

47
13
6

23
6
3

24
6
3

11
3
1

Off-site man-hours in the construction industry
represent proportional amounts of employment in
the contractors’ home office, shops, and yards.
Data for the other industry groups cover employ­
ment not only in the final stages of materials and
equipment production and in transportation of
these products to the job site, but also in all of the
interacting extraction, manufacturing, transpor­
tation, and other activities required prior to the
final stages.

535

LABOR REQUIREMENTS FOR ARMY CIVIL WORKS

M aterials and Supplies Used

For each $1,000 of contract cost, land projects
required the purchase of $350.50 of materials and
supplies, and dredging, $173.20. These amounts
exclude the value of site-produced materials, the
cost of which is reflected in on-site requirements,
and the cost of equipment depreciation (treated
below). They do, however, include the cost of the
supplies necessary to the operation of equipment.
The principal commodities purchased were:
Land projects

All materials and supplies.........................................................
Stone, sand, and gravel:
Broken and crushed sto n e..____________________________
Sand and gravel______________________________ ________
Fabricated metal products:
Reinforcing steel___________ ___ _______________________
Gates (water control)._____ _______________ ___________
Small tools___________________________________________
Structural steel____________________________ __________
Pipe.................................................................................................
Other fabricated metal products_________________________
Petroleum products:
Fuel and lubricants (equipment)___________
Bituminous paving materials___________________________
Other petroleum products_________________________ _____
Cement, concrete, and related products:
Cement_____________________________________________
Ready-mix concrete___________________________________
Concrete products_____________________________________
Other related products---.------------Wood products:
Rough and dressed lumber and timber___________________
Piling, treated and untreated............ ........ .............................
Other wood products__________________________________
Chemical products:
Explosives-----------------------------------------------------------------Other chemical products_______________________________
Rubber products:
Tires and tubes_______________________________________
Other rubber products--------- ------------ ------ -------------------All other products:
Machinery------ --------------Miscellaneous________________________________

Amount
purchased
per $1,000
of contract

$350.50
71.20
23.50
37.90
15.10
6.60
4.60
4.00
8.00
64.70
3.70
. 20
31.70
9.40
7.50
.70
10.90
10.60
1.00
19.50
1.50
7.20
1.80
3.20
6.00

Dredging projects

All materials and supplies___________________________
Petroleum products (equipment)________
Rope (wire and hemp)--------------Explosives................
Small tools____________
Drill bits.....................................................................................- ____
All other products-------------------------------------------------------------


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173.20
118.50
20.20
16.60
6.30
5.90
6.70

Unlike the bill of purchases for building con­
struction, these lists contain relatively minor
amounts for materials of a high degree of fabrica­
tion, and greater amounts for the more basic mate­
rials—stone, sand, cement, and lumber—and for
the fuel and other supplies required in the opera­
tion of heavy equipment. Virtually no materials
were required in the dredging projects; with mi­
nor exceptions in the “all other products” group,
the list consists only of supplies—items consumed
in the work process.
Equipment Depreciation

In contrast to building construction, the Corps
of Engineers’ civil works projects require substan­
tial allowances for equipment depreciation. These
costs are, however, virtually impossible to ascer­
tain with respect to any specific project. The data
presented here should, therefore, be regarded only
as approximations based on assumptions as to
choice of equipment on each project, estimates of
required operating time, and tables of typical
depreciation rates.
Tabulation of these estimates indicates that, for
the land projects, equipment depreciation costs
averaged about $192 per $1,000 of contract amount.
Of this total cost, more than one-third was ac­
counted for by trucks and about one-fifth each by
the bulldozer-tractor and the shovel-crane-drag­
line groups.
For dredging projects, estimated equipment de­
preciation averaged about $249 per $1,000 of con­
tract. About half of this total was attributable
to the dredge itself and about a fifth each to the
attendant craft and to the pipe, pontoons, and
other items which comprise the discharge pipeline.
— R oland V . M urray
Office of Productivity and Technological Developments

536

Supplemental W age Benefits
in Metropolitan Areas, 1962-63
C onfirm ing its findings in previous studies, the
Bureau of Labor Statistics found that in late 1962
and early 1963 nearly all office and plant workers
in metropolitan areas in the United States received
paid holidays and vacations and were covered by
some type of health, insurance, or pension plan.1
The Bureau presents in this article the results of
the fourth annual survey of these employee bene­
fits in all metropolitan areas, the extent and nature
of benefits in 1962-63, and benefit trends over the
period 1960 to 1963.
The fastest growth over the period from 1960
to 1963 was in the prevalence of catastrophe
(major medical) insurance. This insurance, avail­
able in 1960 to only 42 percent of office and 20
percent of the plant employees, was available to
61 and 30 percent, respectively, in 1963.
Once a particular benefit has been established as
available to a large proportion of workers, any
further improvement is likely to take the form of
liberalizing the application of that benefit. For
example, an analysis of paid holidays (available
to 99 percent of office workers and 95 percent of
plant workers in 1960 and 1963) indicated a mod­
erate increase over the past 3 years in the average
number of holidays made available to workers.
Paid vacation benefits (available in 1960 and
1963 to almost all workers with qualifying service)
have been liberalized over the past 3 years, usually
by shortening the length-of-service requirement
or by adding a fourth week of vacation.
The application of such benefits varied among
regions and among industry divisions. For
example, while almost all office workers in each
region received paid holidays, the average number
of holidays received was highest in the Northeast,
lowest in the South, highest in the finance indus­
tries, and lowest in retail trade.
1 A forthcom ing report w ill be issued as W a g e s a n d R e l a t e d
B e n e f its : M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a s , U n ite d S t a t e s a n d R e g io n a l S u m ­
m a r ie s , 1 9 6 2 - 6 3 (P art II of BLS B ulletin 1345 -8 3 ).

2 See “Supplementary Wage Benefits in M etropolitan Areas,
19 6 1 -6 2 ,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v i e w , March 1963, pp. 293-299.
3 Government in stitu tion s and the construction and extractive
industries were excluded, w ith the exception of the Oklahoma
City survey which included data for crude petroleum and natural
gas. The services division for the Los A ngeles-L ong Beach
survey excluded motion picture production and allied services.
These data are included only in the “all-area” and regional
estim ates.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

Office workers generally were scheduled to work
40 hours or less, whereas plant worker schedules
called for 40 hours or more. A majority of plant
workers in manufacturing were employed in es­
tablishments with provisions for late-shift work
and over 23 percent of such workers were actually
working on late shifts at the time of the survey.
Scope and Method of Survey

This survey was conducted in the same manner
as previous similar studies,2 and relates to all 212
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the
United States, as established by the Bureau of the
Budget through 1961. Data are based on surveys
conducted in 80 labor markets selected to represent
all metropolitan areas. Supplementary wage
practices information was collected through visits
by field representatives in 38 areas during the year
July 1962 through June 1963. Data for the re­
maining 42 areas were included from the previous
year, as field visits are usually made in alternate
years.
The survey covered establishments employing
50 workers or more, except in 12 of the largest
areas where the minimum size was 100 employees
in manufacturing, public ultilities, and retail
trade. The following tabulation presents the num­
ber of office and plant workers within the scope
of the survey by industry division3 and economic
region:
N u m b e r o f n o n su p e rv isory w o rk ers in scope
o f su rvey

Office
workers

All areas *..........................................................

1

Plant
workers 1

3,255,194

10, 785, 561

1,230,902

6, 695,148

423, 599
272,909
256, 269
882, 087
185, 426

1,117,951
481,156
1, 771, 378
* 57, 796
649,403

1,158,528
555,434
998,161
543,071

3,540,386
2,230,983
3,477,706
1,538,486

Industry division

M anufacturing____ ______ _____ ____________
Transportation, communication, and public
utilities___________________________________
Wholesale trade............................... ........ ...............__
Retail trade______________ __________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate..........................
Services................ .....................................................
Region

Northeast.....................................................................
S outh..............
North Central.................................... ........................
West.............................................................................

1 Office workers include all clerical employees but exclude administrative,
supervisory, and professional personnel. Plant workers include working
foremen and all nonsupervisory workers (including leadmen and trainees)
engaged in nonoffice functions.
2 Includes approximately 4,000 office workers and 12,700 plant workers not
distributed among the industry divisions.
2 Real estate only. Plant worker employment data were not collected in
banks or insurance companies.

537

SUPPLEMENTAL WAGE BENEFITS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS

Estimates of prevalence of supplementary bene­
fits—limited to plans under which the employer
contributes at least part of the cost—are based
on the assumption that the benefits apply to all
plant or office workers if a majority of such
workers are eligible or may qualify eventually.
Varying length-of-service requirements affect both
the number of workers who receive any particular
benefit and the amount of the benefit. For exam­
ple, relatively long length-of-service requirements
in retirement programs limit the number of
workers who qualify ultimately, or, in the case of
paid vacations, limit the number who receive pay­
ment for 3 or 4 weeks at any given time.
Paid H olidays

As in previous years, paid holidays were pro­
vided to almost all office workers and to all but 5
percent of the plant workers in all metropolitan
areas (table 1). For those who received paid holi­
T a b l e 1.

days, the national average (including both whole
and half day holidays) was 7.9 days for office
workers and 7.1 days for plant workers. In the
Northeast region, office and plant workers aver­
aged 9.2 and 7.8 days, respectively. This was the
only region in which the average number of holi­
days exceeded the national average.
In each region, virtually all office workers re­
ceived paid holidays, averaging 6.6 days in the
South, 7.1 days in the North Central region, and
7.6 days in the West. Among plant workers, 86
percent in the South received an average of 6.2
days; 98 percent in the North Central region aver­
aged 6.8 days; and 95 percent in the West, 7.0
days.
Office workers in finance had the highest average
number of paid holidays—8.8; over a third of these
workers received 11 holidays or more each year,
and over half received 9 or more. Among plant
workers who received paid holidays, the average
number of days ranged from 6.2 in retail trade and

P a id H o l id a y P r o v is io n s 1 f o r O f f ic e a n d P l a n t W o r k e r s i n M e t r o p o l it a n A r e a s , b y N u m b e r of
P a id H o l id a y s P r o v id e d , I n d u s t r y D iv is io n , a n d R e g io n , 2 1 9 6 2 - 6 3 3

[Cumulative percent]
Paid holidays provided1 and class of
worker

All
areas

Industry division

Region *

Manu­
Public
Whole­
facturing utilities4 sale trade

Retail
trade

(8)

(8)
(»)

Finance5 Services

North
east

South

North
Central

West

Office W orkers
1
4
7
14
43
85
98
99
99

2
10
15
25
45
90
99
99
99

1
2
7
13
20
44
69
92
99
99

7.9

7.6

7.9

11 days or more___ _ _______________
10 days or more_____________________
9 days or more______ ________ _____
8 days or more______________________
7 days or more_____ _________________
6 days or more____________________ .
5 days or more_________ ___________
4 days or more________________ ______
Total receiving paid holidays____

2
5
9
29
69
88
92
93
95

1
3
8
32
79
92
95
96
97

Average number of paid holidays______

7.1

7.2

13 days or more___ _________________
12 days or more.........................................
11 days or more______ _____ ______
10 days or more__ ____ ______________
9 days or more____ _____________ ____
8 days or more____ ________ . . . .
7 days or more_______________ ______
6 days or more______________________
5 days or more____ _________________
Total receiving paid holidays____

4
13
18
26
47
77
95
99
99

Average number of paid holidays______

(0)

1
5
9
16
47
87
97
98

1
12
34
41
51
66
76
95
99
99

7.6

6.7

8.8

9
13
20
39
84
96
97
98
98

6
10
16
36
60
85
96
96
97

7.7

7.2

(6)
1
8
12
20
41
62
92
96
98

1
11
32
43
59
75
95
99
99
99

7.5

9.2

1
2
5
16
36
75
85
86
92

2
5
8
15
30
61
67
70
78

7
13
24
48
83
95
97
97
98

6.2

6.2

7.8

(8)
(8)

(6)
1
4
7
23
51
76
97
99

6.6

3
5
9
23
67
99
99
99

1
2
4
8
57
85
99
99
99

7.1

7.6

(8)

P lant W orkers

i All combinations of full and half days that add to the same amount are
combined; for example, the proportion of workers receiving a total of 7 days
includes those with 7 full days and no half days, 6 full days and 2 half days,
5 full days and 4 half days, etc. Proportions were then cumulated.
s The regions in this study were defined as follows; N o rth ea st —Connecti­
cut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; N o rth C e n tra l— Illinois, Indiana,
Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota,
Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; South— Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware,
District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland,
Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas,
Virginia, and West Virginia; and W e st— Arizona, California, Colorado,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(6)

(8)
1
1
15
42
62
79
81
86

1
2
15
69
96
96
97
98

6.2

6.8

(8)

3
38
73
90
91
91
95
7.0

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and
Wyoming.
s Information on establishment practices is obtained annually in 6 of the
largest areas and biennially in a rotating cycle in the remaining areas. Data
for majority of the workers relate to late 1962 and early 1963; for the remainder,
to late 1961 and early 1962.
4 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.
« Finance, insurance, and real estate. Data are not shown separately for
plant workers in this industry group. P lant workers in real estate firms,
however, are included in the all-areas data.
6 Less than 0.5 percent.

538

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

services to 7.7 in public utilities. The proportion
of plant workers provided paid holidays ranged
from 78 percent in services to 98 percent in public
utilities.
Paid holiday time received by office workers
exceeded that for plant workers in each industry
division, as it did in 1960. The average number
of holidays for office and plant workers increased
a modest one-tenth and two-tenths day, respec­
tively, since 1960, with the trend toward liberaliz­
ing holidays particularly evident among plant
workers in services; in that division, 88 percent
in the present study received an average of 6.2
days in comparision to 76 percent who received 5.9
days in 1960.
T able

2.

Paid Vacations

Vacation pay was available to 99 percent of all
office and plant workers surveyed (table 2). With
few exceptions, the amount of vacation pay was
graduated on a sliding scale based on length of
service, starting as low as 1 day’s pay for short
service and reaching as much as 4 weeks’ pay or
more for long service.
Vacation pay provisions for almost all office
workers and for 85 percent of plant workers were
expressed in terms of regular or average weekly
earnings for a stated length of time, depending
upon length of service. Another 12 percent of the
plant workers were in firms (mostly manufactur-

P a id V a c a t io n P r o v is io n s f o r Of f ic e a n d P l a n t W o r k e r s i n M e t r o p o l it a n A r e a s , b y A m o u n t a n d
L e n g t h o f S e r v i c e , 1 I n d u s t r y D i v i s i o n , a n d R e g i o n , 2 1962-63 3

[Percent distribution]
Amount of vacation pay,
length of service,1 and class
of worker

Industry division
All areas

M anu­
facturing

Public
Whole­
utilities 4 sale trade

Retail
trade

Region 2
Finance 8 Services

Northeast

South

North
Central

West

Office W ork ers

1 week or more—1 year_____

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

2 weeks or more:
1 year________________
2 years................................
3 years________ ______
5 years................................

77
91
97
99

84
93
96
99

45
73
98
99

71
89
95
99

37
90
96
98

97
99
99
99

74
90
95
97

87
94
97
99

68
85
94
97

72
90
98
99

73
93
99
99

3 weeks or more:
5 y ears.-............................
10 years............. .................
15 years_______________
20 years. _____________
25 years..............................

9
48
86
87
88

8
49
88
89
89

5
30
96
96
96

6
47
73
74
74

15
59
74
75
76

9
50
89
91
92

24
53
74
74
74

14
54
90
91
91

4
32
71
73
74

6
51
90
91
91

10
45
86
88
88

4 weeks or more:
15 years. .........................
20 years_______________
25 y e a rs....................... .

3
19
45

3
18
39

2
17
59

2
22
37

3
22

3
19

12
16
26

5
23
55

2
16
35

2
17
43

35

1 week or more—1 year

98

99

99

97

98

92

99

95

99

99

2 weeks or more:
1 year_________________
2 years................................
3 y ears.. . . . _________
5 years________ _______

22
44
66
94

17
30
53
95

34
61
94
99

36
65
83
93

26
74
90
93

18
48
67
80

26
43
65
94

23
43
63
86

12
34
59
98

29
67
87
96

7
36
76
77

5
33
78
79
80

5
37
96
97
97

8
40
67
68
68

17
37
67
69
70

4
18
39
40
41

8
38
77
78
78

3
27
54
57
57

5
36
86
87
87

12
49
80
80
80

2

3
28
62

2
18
29

4
25
39

3
4
6

3
17
38

1
14
26

2
17
38

14

51

50

3
16

P lant W orkers

3 weeks or more:
5 years..............................
10 years_______________
15 y ears.. ____________
20 years. _____________
25 years.. ____________
4 weeks or more:
15 years_______________
20 years_______________
25 years_______________

77
2

16
34

13
31

1 Includes also payments other than “length of time,” such as percentage
of annual earnings or flat-sum payments, converted to an equivalent time
basis; for example, a payment of 2 percent of annual earnings was considered
1 week’s pay. Periods of service were arbitrarily chosen and do not neces­
sarily reflect the individual provisions for progression; for example, the
changes in proportions indicated at 10 years’ service include changes in pro­
visions occurring between 5 and 10 years. Estimates are cumulative. Thus,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3

28

the proportion receiving 3 weeks’ pay or more after 5 years includes those who
receive 3 weeks’ pay or more after fewer years rf service.
2 For definition of regions, see footnote 2, table 1.
3 See footnote 3, table 1.
4 See footnote 4, table 1.
• See footnote 5, table 1.

539

SUPPLEMENTAL WAGE BENEFITS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS
T a bl e 3.

H e a l t h , I n s u r a n c e , a n d P e n s i o n P l a n s 1 f o r O f f ic e a n d P l a n t W o r k e r s i n M e t r o p o l it a n A r e a s , b t
T y p e o f P l a n , I n d u s t r y D i v i s i o n , a n d R e g i o n ,2 1 9 6 2 - 6 3 3

[Percent distribution]
Industry division
Type of p la n 1 and class of worker

All
areas

Region 2

Manu­
fac­
turing

Public
utili­
ties 8

Whole­
sale
trade

Retail
trade

Fi­
nance 8

96
56
86
85
69
61
80
40

97
64
92
92
75
52
88
61

98
53
67
66
58
78
81
23

94
58
87
85
71
52
77
41

88
47
83
82
49
44
83
40

98
48
90
' 88
73
75
71
20

60
7
78
1

64
5
83
1

56
19
72

57
5
69
2

35
25
63
3

65
1
87

92
58
88
87
65
30
80
63

95
61
94
93
70
26
85
77

90
62
87
84
65
37
77

32

50

16
11
69

11
7
75

29
27
73

33
12
63

3

2

1

3

N orth­
east

South

North
Central

83
44
71
70
53
47
70
28

96
50
83
81
66
57
84
39

94
51
85
84
59
64
72
33

96
58
89
88
73
58
81
50

96
67
87
87
78
70
80
31

53
6
58
6

70
4
82
1

49
10
74
2

51
9
77
2

64
8
78

84
48
81
79
54
27
75
45

75
49
75
73
55
13
56
44

93
54
88
86
63
23
82
68

86
47
81
80
45
35
67
50

94
63
91
90
71
27
90
78

91
70
91
91
83
47
72
39

24
19
59
5

15
6
31
15

17
8
74
2

17
13
56

9
10
71
2

32
18
69

Serv­
ices

West

Office W orkers
Insurance plans:
Life...........................................................................
Accidental death and dismemberment________
Hospitalization___________________________
Surgical......................... ........................................
Medical_________________________________
Catastrophe_____ ________________________
Sickness and accident insurance and/or sick leave8_._
Sickness and accident insurance........ .................
Sick leave:
Full pay and no waiting period__________
Partial "pay or waiting period.........................
Retirement pension plans______________________
No health, insurance, or pension plan____________

(7)

(0

1

P lant W orkers

Insurance plans:
Life........... .................. _..........................................
Accidental death and dismemberment________
Hospitalization___________________________
Surgical............................................... ...................
Medical_________________________________
Catastrophe______________________________
Sickness and accident insurance and/or sick leave«___
Sickness and accident insurance................ ..........
Sick leave:
Full pay and no waiting period............ ........
Partial "pay or waiting period.....................
Retirement pension plans
N o health, insurance, or pension plan..................

1 Includes those plans for which at least a part of the cost is borne by the
employer, except legal requirements such as workmen’s compensation,
social security, railroad retirement, and compulsory temporary disability
insurance required in New York and New Jersey.
2 For definition of regions, see footnote 2, table 1.
* See footnote 3, table 1.
1 See footnote 4, table 1.

ing establishments) in which vacation pay was
expressed as a percentage of the worker’s earn­
ings. Flat-sum and other types of vacation pay­
ments applied to about 1 percent of all workers.4
Paid vacation provisions for employees with
relatively short service continued to be more liberal
for office workers than for plant workers. Two
weeks of vacation pay after 1 year’s service was
available to 77 percent of office workers and only
22 percent of plant workers. For office workers,
the Northeast region led in availability of this pro­
vision. Among plant workers, this provision was
more than twice as prevalent in the West (29 per­
cent) as in the North Central region (12 percent).
Provisions were also more liberal for office workers
as to the maximum amount of vacation pay; for
example, 4 weeks or more of vacation pay after
25 years’ service was available to 45 percent of the

97
55
72
70
59
67
74

7

2

8 See footnote 5, table 1.
8 Unduplicated total of workers receiving sick leave or sickness and accident
insurance shown separately. Sick leave plans are limited to those which
definitely establish at least the minimum number of days’ pay that can be
expected by each employee. Informal sick leave allowances determined
on an individual basis are excluded.
i Less than 0.5 percent.

office workers and to 34 percent of the plant
workers.
In the finance industries, 97 percent of office
workers with 1 year of service qualified for 2 weeks
or more of vacation pay; in retail trade, only 37
percent. At least half of all long-service office
employees in public utilities, retail trade, and fi­
nance were provided vacations of 4 weeks or more;
for plant workers, this held true only in public
utilities. Of long-service plant workers in retail
trade 39 percent were in establishments offering 4
weeks or more, in comparison with 31 percent in
manufacturing, 29 percent in wholesale trade, and
6 percent in services.
Since 1960, however, a definite liberalizing of
vacation pay provisions is evident for long-service
workers—both office and plant. In 1960, 33 per­
cent of office workers qualified for 4 weeks or more
of vacation pay after 25 years of service; in 1963,
45 percent. Among plant workers, the 22 percent
4 See footnote 1, table 2, regarding conversion to an equivalent
qualifying for this provision in 1960 has increased
time basis.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

540
T able 4.

S c h e d u l e d W e e k l y H o u r s 1 o f O f f ic e a n d P l a n t W o r k e r s i n M e t r o p o l it a n A r e a s , b y I n d u s t r y D iv is io n
a n d R e g io n ,2 1 9 6 2 -6 3 3

[Percent distribution]
Region

Industry division
Weekly hours and class of workers

All
areas

Whole­
Manu­ Public
facturing utilities4 sale trade

Retail
trade

Finance8 Services

North­
east

North
Central

South

West

O f f ic e W o r k e r s

All weekly work schedules______

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

Under 40 hours 8_____ ______________ .
35 hours________________________
37)i hours........... . . ............... ...............
40 hours____________________________
Over 40 hours_______________________

36
11
14
62
1

22
7
8
78
1

25
10
13
74

31
9
14
64
5

24
6
12
70
5

65
17
21
35

49
18
20
46
5

62
26
19
38

24
3
12
71
5

23
3
11
75
1

18
1
9
81
1

Average scheduled weekly hours_______

38.9

39.3

39.1

39.2

39.5

37.9

38.6

37.7

39.6

39.4

39.6

All weekly work schedules.............

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

Under 40 hours 8__________ _______ Under 37H hours____________ ____
37 h o u r s ______________ ________ _____
40 hours......... . . .................. .....................
Over 40 hours 8_____ _ _____________
48 hours or more_____________ ____

7
3
3
82
11
5

7
4

1

3
1

2

5
2

2
85

2

2
73
23
11

3

79
17
5

11
5
5
81
7
3

6

2

9
5
3
64
27
17

5

l

12
3
5
68
20
9

3

2
89
6
3

40.3

41.0

40.9

41.3

40.0

41.3

40.3

40.2

(9

(9

(9

P lant W orkers

95
5

85
7
3
40.2

40.4

Average scheduled weekly hours_______

(9

3

8

i
The scheduled workweek is the number of hours which a majority of the
full-time workers on the first or day shift were expected to work at the time
of the survey, regardless of whether or not some hours were paid for at over­
time rates.
a For definition of regions, see footnote 2, table 1.
8See footnote 3, table 1.

* See footnote 4, table 1.
8See footnote 5, table 1.
8Includes weekly schedules other than those presented separately.
7 Less than 0.5 percent.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

to 34 percent. This tendency in all regions and in
all industry divisions (except services) is shown
in the tabulation below:

In recent years, the trend has been toward com­
prehensive health plans encompassing hospitaliza­
tion, surgical, medical, and catastrophe (extended
medical) insurance—the latter benefit designed to
protect employees when sickness or injury involves
expenses beyond the normal coverage of hospitali­
zation, medical, and surgical plans. The increased
prevalence of catastrophe insurance has been most
marked. For example, since 1960, coverage of of­
fice workers advanced from 42 to 61 percent, of
plant workers from 20 to 30 percent. This advance
was evident in each industry division studied and
in each economic region.
The proportions of office and plant workers
covered by insurance plans generally were highest
in manufacturing; a major exception was in catas­
trophe insurance, available to three-fourths or
more of the office workers in finance and public

Percentage of workers entitled to i weeks’
or more vacation after %5 years of service

All areas.................................

Office workers

Plant workers

ms

1960

196S

45

33

34

22

39
59
37
51
50
26

28
24
27
47
44 ..
23

31
62
29
39

20
28
19
32

6

6

55
35
43
35

40
26
31
24

38
26
38
28

22
18
26
15

1960

Industry division

Manufacturing________________
Public utilities i_________ ____
Wholesale trade___________ —
Retail trade.....................................
Finance 2_____________________
Services........................................ —.
Region

8

Northeast____________________
S outh... ____________ _______
North Central— ............................
West_________ . . . ___________

i Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.
8 Finance, insurance, and real estate.
8For a definition of regions, see footnote 2, table 1.

Insurance and Pension P lans

Coverage under some form of insurance or pen­
sion plan 5 was available to 99 percent of office
workers and 97 percent of plant workers in metro­
politan areas—the same proportion as in 1961-62
(table 3).

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5 The tabulation of insurance and pension plans relates only
to the prevalence of these plans, and no attem pt is made to
evaluate either the m onetary cost or the benefits provided by any
plan. All plans are included wherever at least part of the cost
is borne by the employer, except for those plans which are legally
required (such as workmen’s compensation, social security, rail­
road retirem ent, and the compulsory temporary disability insur­
ance requirements in New York and New Jersey). P lans included
those underwritten by a commercial insurance company and those
provided through a union fund or paid directly by the employer
out of current operating funds or from a fund earmarked for this
purpose.

541

SUPPLEMENTAL WAGE BENEFITS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS

These included sickness and accident insurance and
formal sick leave plans which establish at least
the minimum number of days of sick leave that an
employee may expect. Sickness and accident in­
surance was more prevalent among plant workers.
On the other hand, over two-thirds of office work­
ers but only one-fourth of plant wmrkers were em­
ployed in firms providing paid sick leave. Some
workers were covered by both, paid sick leave fre­
quently covering the waiting period (typically
the first week of disability) before insurance bene­
fits are available. In many instances, the company
paid sick leave plan supplemented the insurance
benefits to provide full earnings to the employee
during a reasonable period of disability.
Private retirement pension plans, which provide
monthly payments for the remainder of the work-

utilities and to over two-thirds of the plant work­
ers in public utilities. For both plant and office
workers, catastrophe insurance was notably more
prevalent in the West.
Life insurance coverage—the most common
benefit provision—was available to 96 percent of
the office workers and 92 percent of the plant
workers. Hospitalization covered 86 and 88 per­
cent of the office and plant workers, respectively.
Almost all workers covered by hospitalization pro­
visions also had surgical coverage. Medical care
insurance, providing for complete or partial pay­
ment of doctors’ fees, was extended to 69 percent
of the office and 65 percent of the plant workers.
Eighty percent of the office and plant workers
were covered by one or more plans providing cash
payments during illness or accident disability.

T a bl e 5.
S h if t O p e r a t io n P r o v i s i o n s a n d E x t e n t of L a t e - s h if t W o r k f o r P l a n t W o r k e r s i n M a n u f a c t u r in g
E s t a b l is h m e n t s i n M e t r o p o l it a n A r e a s , b y T y p e a n d A m o u n t o f P a y D if f e r e n t ia l a n d R e g io n , 1 1 9 6 2 - 6 3 2

Percent of manufacturing plant workers—

Shift operation and shift-pay differential

All
areas
All plant workers________________________ _______

100.0

Second shift...................................................................................
With shift-pay differential_______________ __________
Uniform cents (per hour) 4___ _
. .
....
Under 5 cents_______ _____________ ______
Scents_______________________ _____ ______
8cents---------- ------ ----------------- -------------------10cents_______________________ __________
12cents................... ........... ...................................15 cents____ _______________________________
Over 15 cents---------------- -------------------------- .
Average cents-per-hour differential... ------------Uniform percentage 4----- ------- ------- ----- -----------5 percent___________________________ ______
10percent_________ ________ . . . . -------------Average percentage differential_____ ____ _____
Other s-_........ ............ ................................................. With no shift-pay differential........ ................. ............. ...

87.2
82.0
54.4

Third s h i f t . . . ....... ...................................... ................................
With shift-pay differential_______________ . . . . . . . .
Uniform cents (per hour) 4__________ ____ _____
5 cents_______________ ____ ______________ ..
10cents___ __________________ ____ _________
12cents___________________________________
15 cents_____________ _____________________
16 cents_____________________________ _____
Average cents-per-hour differential__________ ..
Uniform percentage 4_____ _____________ ______

78.4
76.9
46.0
2.7
9.5

10percent____________________ ______ . . .

..
15 percent_______________________ _______ _
Average percentage differential--------- -------------Other s_______________________________________
With no shift-pay diflerential..............................................

1.0
7.4
11.1
11.7
6.8
1.8
2.0

9.2
22.7
7.5

11.2
8.0
4.9
5.2

North­
east

100.0
80.8
75.9
46.6

1.0
7.4
10.2
10.1
1.8

1.7
2.4
9.0
25.7
4.8
17.2
8.9
3. 5
4.9

South

North
Central

West

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

17.0
15.8
10.9

14.8
7.9
1.9

13.5
22.9
3.3
2.5
10.3

17.2
13.0
10.5
.3
1.9
3.2
1.3
.7

18.1
17.8
13.8

.8

15.0
14.2
9.4
.3
1.3
2.3
1.5
.3

18.4
18.1

2.0
10.2

92.5
91.4
68.3

15.3
7.6
3.9

1.9
8.3
10.9

2.0
4.7
8.0
2.2

16.0

1.2
10.0
10.8
1.6

18.1

2.3
6.3

5.3
1.3

8.9
4.9
5.0

1.2
2.0
10.1

South

100.0

10.6

.9
15.7

North­
east

94.1
92.7
58.0
.4
6.3

11.9
23.5

1.0

All
areas

100.0

12.1
20.1

5.7
2.4

West

82.2
66.3
53.1

71.5
66.5
51.0
9.6
5.1

12.1

North
Central

100.0

71.9
70.6
41.8
.9
12.4
10.4
4.6

1 For definition of regions, see footnote 2, table 1.
2 See footnote 3, table 1.
a Includes establishments currently operating late shifts, and establish­
ments with formal provisions covering late shifts even though they were
not currently operating late shifts.
4 Includes differentials in addition to those presented separately.
5 Includes pay at regular rate for more hours than worked, a paid lunch
period not given to first-shift workers, a flat sum per shift, and other provi­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Actually working on late shift

In establishments having provisions for
late-shift operations 3

10.6
4.8
5.9
11.4

.2

11.0
1.6

9.5
29.6
14.1
10.5
7.2
5.0
1.4
86.4
85.9
51.3
1.5
9.8
15.5
6.7
2.3
12.4
25.9
.3

21.6
.9
10.1
8.6
.5

1.1
6.9
8.2

.2

1.3
2.4

2.0

1.4
.3
.5
9.4
3.9
1.4

10.2

3.7
4.9
7.5
12.9

83.7
83.5
34.7

1.0
6.1

5.2
1.3

11.0

42.3
.2

.8
2.7
8.8
.7
.8

5.9
4.5
.4

5.5
5.3
4.0
.1
.9
1.5

.6
1.6

8.7
7.9

1.6

7.7

11.6

.2
.1
11.6

(6)

0

.3
.3

.9

0

.7

9.9
.5
.2

.9

0

10.1
.4
.2

.6
.6

10.5
1.9
.7
.7
7.1

1.8

7.1
1.3
.3

8.4
7.6
6.7

6.1
6.0
4.3
.1
.6
1.8
.3
.2
12.0
1.2
0
1.0
.1
10.0

.2
1.6
.5
.2
12.9
.1
.1
0
10.6

0

0

1.8

.8
10.6
.7
.1
.5

0

2.4
4.9

8.4
.5
4.2

.4
1.5
.4

.7

.2
.9
1.8

1.5
.4
.3
9.4
5.2
2.7

.1
.3
8.2
2.0
.2
1.0

9.3
4.2

1.8
1.0
1.2
6.2

1.1

13.0
6.5

.2
.8

11.6
.1
1.1
2.4
2.8

8.9
.2
.8

.5

2.2
.2

5.0
4.9
3.5
0

1.3

sions. Most “other” workers, however, were in establishments which
provided one such provision in combination with a cents or percentage dif­
ferential for hours actually worked.
6 Less than 0.05 percent.
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.

542
er’s life, were available to 78 percent of office
workers and 69 percent of plant workers.
Scheduled Workweeks
Almost two-thirds of the office workers and over
four-fifths of the plant workers were scheduled
to work 40-hour weeks (table 4).
Nearly all other office workers had shorter work
schedules—most frequently S7y2 hours. These
shorter weekly work schedules were more pre­
valent in nonmanufacturing than in manufactur­
ing. Sixty-five percent of the office workers in
finance and 49 percent in services were scheduled
to work less than 40 hours, in contrast to 22 per­
cent in manufacturing. Retail trade was the only
nonmanufacturing industry division where office
workers had longer average workweeks than in
manufacturing.
Most other plant workers, on the other hand,
had longer work schedules, with their average
weekly scheduled hours ranging from 40.2 in
manufacturing to 41.3 in services.6
By region, the average scheduled weekly hours
of office workers ranged from 37.7 in the Northeast
to 39.6 in the South and West, and, for plant
workers, from 40 hours in the Northeast to 41.3 in
the South. The 40-hour workweek was more prev­
alent in the West for both office and plant work­
ers, whereas a workweek of less than 40 hours
characterized office workers in the Northeast.
While there has been little or no change since
1960 in the average weekly hours for all workers,
a perceptible reduction of about a half hour per
week was observed among plant workers in serv­
ices (41.8 to 41.3 hours). Since 1960, the propor­
tion of all plant workers scheduled to work 48
hours or more per week has dropped significantly
(6 percent to 1 percent). This has been most ap­
parent in services, from 18 percent to 2 percent;
retail trade, from 11 percent to 2 percent; and
wholesale trade, from 9 percent to 4 percent.
Late-Shift P ay Provisions and Practices
Almost 9 out of every 10 plant workers in manu­
facturing were in plants having specific provisions
for second-shift operations, and 3 out of 4 were in
plants with third-shift provisions (table 5). Over
23 percent of all manufacturing plant workers


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

were actually working on late shifts at the time of
the survey.
A wide variety of differentials were found, with
no single differential applied to a majority in any
region. Shift differentials were almost univer­
sally specified except in the South. The primary
differential was the addition of uniform cents per
hour to the first-shift rates. Next in importance,
except in the West, was the addition of a uniform
percentage to the first-shift rate. In the West, a
full day’s pay for reduced hours, or such combina­
tion plans as a full day’s pay for reduced hours
plus a uniform cents-per-hour differential, were
more important than uniform percentage addi­
tions.
To simplify comparisons, average cents-perhour differentials and average percentage addi­
tions to first-shift rates were computed. In firms
with provisions for a uniform cents-per-hour dif­
ferential for second shift, the average differential
was 9.2 cents, ranging from 8.3 cents in the South
to 10.3 cents in the West. For third-shift workers,
the average was 12.1 cents, ranging from 11.4 cents
in the South to 13 cents in the West.
Percentage additions were provided extensively
in the Northeast and North Central regions for
both second- and third-shift work. For all re­
gions, the average addition was 8 percent for sec­
ond-shift work and 10 percent for third-shift
work. Second-shift average percentages ranged
from 7.2 in the North Central to 8.9 in the North­
east, and third-shift averages ranged from 8.9 per­
cent in the South to 11 percent in the West.
The proportions of workers in manufacturing
establishments with shift-pay differentials for sec­
ond- and third-shift work have not changed ap­
preciably since 1960. While the average percent­
age additions for second- and third-shift work
remained essentially unchanged during the past
3 years, the average cents-per-hour differential in­
creased a moderate 0.4 cent and 0.7 cent for secondand third-shift workers, respectively.
— D onald J. B lackmore
Division of Occupational Pay

«D ata for nonoffice (plant)/ workers In finance and Insurance
are not presented separately. (See table 4.) P lan t workers in
real estate are included, however, in “all areas” and regional
figures.

THE CASE FOR INDEPENDENT PROFESSIONAL TEACHERS’ ASSOCIATIONS

The Case for Independent
Professional Teachers’ Associations
E ditor’s N ote.— In

the March issue, an article by
Professor George Brooks, of the School of
Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell
University, and a member of the American
Federation of Teachers, presented UA Case for
Teachers' Unions.” The following article by
Sidney Dorros, Director of the Publications
Division of the National Education Associa­
tion, is a rejoinder.

E ncased i n “A Case for Teachers’ Unions,” are
the bases for the case for independent professional
associations for teachers. By ignoring the impli­
cations of some of the facts mentioned in his own
article and by misinterpreting some other aspects
of the situation, Mr. Brooks seems to point to
conclusions opposite from those warranted by the
facts. I am writing this brief response to point
out that the implications Mr. Brooks draws are
wrong not only for teachers but for the longrun
development of the labor union movement.
The article by Mr. Brooks begins with the re­
luctant conclusion that “thousands of teachers
genuinely feel no need for a union.” The truth
of this statement has been dramatically demon­
strated time and again. Despite at least four
major attempts since the 1920’s to organize teach­
ers in unions, more than 90 percent of all public
school teachers are currently members of inde­
pendent professional associations under the aegis
of the National Education Association and its
affiliates.
There must be, and are, good reasons why
teachers have chosen to belong to independent pro­
fessional associations. One major reason is that
independent professional associations provide
structure and program for both the cooperative
promotion of the broad professional goals of all
educators for the good of the student and society
and for the effective protection and advancement
of the special interests of the classroom teacher.
There is ample evidence that professional asso­
ciations have been more successful than teachers’
unions in winning economic gains. During the
past decade, a period of rapid growth in the
size and activity of independent professional orga­
nizations, average salaries of teachers in the United
States increased by 67 percent. This rate of gain

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543

was considerably greater than that of all wage and
salary earners and also exceeds the rate of gain in
many highly unionized industries. For example,
during the same period (1953-63) average hourly
earnings in the motor vehicle industry, excluding
overtime, increased only 44 percent.
This is not to say that teachers’ salaries are as
high as they should be or that professional associa­
tions are satisfied with present levels. But they
are moving in the right direction and salary ad­
vances seem to be closely related to activities of in­
dependent professional associations.
I t is interesting to note that of the 18 largest pub­
lic school systems in the United States, the 5 sys­
tems that have made the greatest percentage gains
in teacher salaries in the past decade are those sys­
tems that have the highest percentage of teachers
who are members of the NEA, and the five cities
that have made the smallest percentage gains in
salaries are those school systems that have the
smallest percentage of memberships in the NEA.
Teachers realize that this isn’t a bad record, es­
pecially in light of other substantial teacher wel­
fare gains and a near doubling of total expendi­
tures for education during the past decade.
The achievement of this increase in public sup­
port for education is in itself evidence of one of
the great advantages of independent professional
associations for teachers. Because they are not
affiliated with any one segment of society, inde­
pendent teachers organizations have been able to
win support from almost all segments of the
public.
In conclusion, I urge Mr. Brooks and union lead­
ers to consider the great harm to organized labor
which will result from wThat is certain to be a
costly, and is likely to be a futile, campaign to or­
ganize teachers in unions. The major harm will
be the adverse teacher attitudes toward labor un­
ions in general, resulting from union campaigns to
organize teachers. This will tend to undermine
the far more important traditional objectives of
organized labor: (1) To obtain better educational
opportunities for the children of all workers, and
(2) to get a fair shake in the curriculum for the
labor union movement.
These are only a few of the facts and analyses
upon which rest the case against teachers’ unions.
— S idney D orros
Director, Publications Division
National Education Association

544

W ages in Eating and
Drinking Places, June 1963
S traight -time wages paid by employers to nonsupervisory employees in the Nation’s eating and
drinking places averaged $1.14 an hour in June
1963, according to a survey conducted by the Bu­
reau of Labor Statistics.1 Nearly a fourth of the
1,286,708 employees covered by the survey received
wages of less than 75 cents an hour, approximately
two-fifths received less than $1, and about twothirds received less than $1.25. Waiters and
waitresses, comprising nearly two-fifths of the
industry’s employment, received an average em­
ployer-paid wage of 81 cents an hour. In addi­
tion, these employees usually received tips.2 One
free meal or more was provided daily to most
employees. Levels of wages in the industry varied
by region, sex, and size of community; wage levels
also varied by occupation among and within the
24 areas surveyed separately.3

1The survey covered establishm ents employing 4 workers or
more and classified in industry group 581, E ating and Drinking
Places, as defined in the S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l G la s s if ic a tio n M a n ­
u a l (U.S. Bureau of the Budget, 1957). Tabulations for the 24
areas surveyed separately, however, are lim ited to eating and
drinking places w ith 10 employees or more.
W age data in th is article exclude tips, the value of free meals,
rooms, and uniform s (if any were provided), and premium pay
for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late
shifts.
A more comprehensive account of this study w ill be presented
in a forthcom ing BLS bulletin, I n d u s t r y W a g e S u r v e y : E a t i n g
a n d D r in k in g P l a c e s , J u n e 1 9 6 3 . The bulletin w ill provide de­
tailed inform ation on the level of wages and distribution of
workers by wage classes, wages of employees in selected occupa­
tions, and the incidence of selected supplementary practices,
such as free meals, paid holidays and vacations, and health, in­
surance, and pension plans.
The survey w as conducted at the request of the U.S. Depart­
ment of Labor’s Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions
for a report required under Section IV -D of the F air Labor
Standards Act. The report of the divisions, R e s t a u r a n t s a n d
O th e r F o o d S e r v ic e E n t e r p r i s e s : D a t a P e r t i n e n t to a n E v a l u a ­
t i o n o f th e N e e d f o r a n d t h e F e a s i b i l i t y o f E x t e n d i n g t h e M in i­
m u m W a g e , issued in January 1964, was submitted to Congress

by the Secretary of Labor. This report is prim arily concerned
w ith the distribution of nonsupervisory employees by employerpaid wages and weekly hours of work. D ata are tabulated by
region, by community size, and by enterprise and establishm ent
sales-size groups.
2Inform ation on the value of tips w as not developed by this
survey. A 1961 survey of the industry in 27 areas, however,
indicated that in m ost establishm ents the estim ated value of
tips exceeded wages paid to w aiters and w aitresses by their
employers. (See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v i e w , May 1962, pp. 517-519.)
8For definitions of regions and areas used in this survey, see
footnote 2 of the accompanying tables. W ith the exception of
w aiters and waitresses, wage inform ation for the occupations
selected for separate study w as lim ited to the 24 selected areas.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

Paid vacations were provided by establishments
employing seven-tenths of the industry’s nonoffice
work force, and establishments providing 1 paid
holiday or more accounted for nearly half of this
work force. Various health, insurance, and pen­
sion plans were available to much smaller propor­
tions of the nonoffice employees in the industry.
Establishments with labor-management agree­
ments covering a majority of their nonoffice
employees accounted for a fifth of these em­
ployees. The proportion was less than 5 percent
in the South, compared with nearly a fifth in the
North Central region, a fourth in the Northeast,
and half in the West. Agreement coverage was
virtually nonexistent in nonmetropolitan areas ex­
cept in the West, where a third of the employees
in these areas were covered. Among the 24 se­
lected areas, proportions of employees in estab­
lishments with labor-management agreements
ranged from less than a tenth in Denver, Indian­
apolis, and all southern areas, except Miami, to ap­
proximately three-fourths in New York City and
Portland, and to more than nine-tenths in San
Francisco-Oakland. From one-half to two-thirds
of the employees in Detroit, Los Angeles-Long
Beach, Minneapolis-St. Paul, and St. Louis were
under agreements.
W ages

Kegionally, nonsupervisory employees averaged
80 cents an hour in the South, $1.09 in the North
Central region, $1.30 in the Northeast, and $1.58
in the West (table 1). The nationwide average
for men was $1.41 an hour, compared with 95 cents
for women. The average wage advantage for men
was 24 cents an hour in the South, and between
45 and 50 cents in the other regions. Differences
in the averages for men and women reflect, in part,
differences in the effect of the level of wages paid
by employers to waiters and waitresses. Whereas
over half of the women in the industry were
waitresses, only about an eighth of the men were
employed as waiters.
Wages paid to waiters and waitresses averaged
81 cents an hour, compared to $1.34 for other non­
supervisory employees. ^Regionally, average hour­
ly wages for waiters and waitresses ranged from
54 cents in the South to $1.20 in the West; the
range for other employees was from 95 cents in

545

WAGES IN EATING AND DRINKING PLACES

areas, waitresses held a 2-cent average wage ad­
vantage in the smaller communities.
Among the 24 large metropolitan areas selected
for separate study, wages of all nonsupervisory
employees averaged less than $1 an hour in five
southern areas and Indianapolis, between $1 and
$1.25 in seven areas, from $1.25 to $1.50 in seven
additional areas, and $1.50 or more in New York
City and the three Pacific Coast areas (table 2).
The lowest area average was recorded in Memphis
(66 cents) and the highest in San Francisco-Oakland ($2.12).
Men, as a group, averaged more than women
in each of the selected areas—usually by 25 to 50
cents an hour. Interarea differences in average
wages for all nonsupervisory employees were
related, in part, to area variations in the propor­
tions of men and women in the industry. To il­
lustrate, the overall average for New York City

the South to $1.81 in the West. Waiters averaged
more than waitresses by amounts ranging from 2
to 20 cents an hour in three regions; in the North
Central region, their averages were the same (82
cents). For employees other than waiters and
waitresses, men averaged 15 cents more than
women in the South and about 30 cents more in
the other regions.
Employees in metropolitan areas, comprising
nearly four-fifths of the industry’s work force,
averaged $1.22 an hour—35 cents more than the
average recorded in smaller communities. Metro­
politan area averages were higher in each region
by amounts ranging from 17 cents in the South
to 31 cents in the North Central region. Waiters
and waitresses as well as other employees had
higher averages in metropolitan than in nonmetro­
politan areas. Although waiters averaged 10 cents
an hour more than waitresses in metropolitan
T a b l e 1.

N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y W a g e s 1 o f N o n s u p e r v i s o r y E m p l o y e e s in E a t i n g a n d
D r i n k i n g P l a c e s , b y S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d R e g i o n s ,2 J u n e 1 9 6 3

United States

Northeast

North Central

South

West

Characteristic
Number

Wages’ Number Wages! Number Wages' Number Wages! Number Wages1

All Abeas
Nnpisupervisory employees _ _________________________

Men
______________________________
Women
______ ___________ - ____
Nonsupervisory employees, except waiters and waitresses.
Men
__________________________________
Women ___________________________________
Waiters and waitresses___________________________
Men _______________________________________
W om en

_______________________________________

M

e t r o p o l it a n

A reas

1,286,708
542,654
744,054
801,842
472,637
329, 205
484,866
70,017
414,849

$1.14
1.41
.95
1.34
1.48
1.13
.81
.90
.80

369,710
209,766
159,944
239,991
177,001
62,990
129,719
32,765
96,954

$1.30
1.51
1.03
1.53
1.60
1.32
.89
1.04
.84

359,100
132,314
226.786
223,244
111,130
112,114
135,856
21,184
114,672

$0.80
.95
.71
.95
1.03
.88
.54
.56
.54

376,013
113,022
262,991
225,372
105,490
119,882
150,641
7, 532
143,109

$1.09
1.41
.96
1.28
1.45
1.13
.82
.82
.82

181,885
87, 552
94,333
113,235
79,016
34,219
68,650
8,536
60,114

$1.58
1.84
1.34
1.81
1.91
1.58
1.20
1.25
1.20

1,009,081
471, 299
537,782

1.22
1.46
1.00

332, 285
193,829
138,456

1.32
1.52
1.04

256, 685
102,621
154,064

.85
1.00
.74

258,402
94,174
164,228

1.19
1.47
1.04

161,709
80, 675
81,034

1.61
1.87
1.36

651,637
410, 799
240,838
357,444
60,500
296,944

1.41
1.53
1.21
.85
.93
.83

218,088
163,386
54,702
114,197
30,443
83,754

1.55
1.61
1.34
.90
1.05
.84

164, 641
86,823
77, 818
92,044
15,798
76, 246

1.01
1.07
.94
.55
.58
.54

167, 491
87,891
79,600
90, 911
6,283
84,628

1.38
1.51
1.23
.85
.84
.85

101,417
72,699
28,718
60,292
7, 976
52,316

1.85
1.93
1.63
1.22
1.27
1.21

277,627
71, 355
206,272

.87
1.09
.80

37,425
15, 937
21,488

1.13
1.37
.96

102,415
29, 693
72,722

.68
.80
.63

117, 611
18,848
98,763

.88
1.12
.84

20,176
6,877
13, 299

1.32
1.58
1.18

150,205
61,838
88,367
127,422
9,517
117,905

1.01
1.15
.91
.71
.69
.71

21,903
13, 615
8,288
15,522
2,322
13, 200

1.34
1.44
1.19
.84
.97
.82

58,603
24,307
34, 296
43,812
5, 386
38,426

.79
.87
.73
.53
.51
.53

57, 881
17,599
40, 282
59, 730
1,249
58,481

1.00
1.15
.94
.76
.74
.76

11,818
6,317
5,501
8,358
560
7,798

1.49
1.63
1.32
1.09
1.05
1.09

3

Nonsupervisory employees
___
Men _____________________________________
Women____________________________________
Nonsupervisory employees, except waiters and waitresses _ _____________________________________
Men_______________________________________
Women_____________________________________
Waiters and waitresses___________________________
Men _____________________________________
Women
_________________________________
N o n m e t r o p o l it a n A r e a s

Nonsupervisory employees
_________________
Men
______________ ____________________
Women ________________ __________________
Nonsupervisory employees, except waiters and waitresses ______________________________________
Men__ _____________________________________
Women ____________________________________
Waiters and waitresses___________________________
Men ______________________________________
Women
_________________________________

1 Wage data exclude tips, the value of free meals, rooms, and uniforms
(if any were provided), and premium pay for overtime and for work on
weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
2 The regions in this study are: Northeast— Connecticut, Maine, Massa­
chusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of
Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,


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and West Virginia; North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and
Wisconsin; West—Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada,
New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Alaska and
Hawaii were not included in the study.
3 The term “ metropolitan areas” as used in this study refers to the Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget
in 1961.

546

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

exceeded that in Minneapolis-St. Paul by 20 cents
an hour, although averages in New York City were
only 1 cent higher for men and 8 cents higher for
women. The greater spread in the overall average
is traceable to the far greater proportion of men
in restaurant employment in New York City.
Nearly a fourth of the nonsupervisory em­
ployees covered by the survey received wages of
less than 75 cents an hour at the time of the survey;
approximately two-fifths received less than $1, and
about two-thirds received less than $1.25. These
proportions are substantially reduced when
waiters and waitresses are excluded from the wage
array. The following tabulation indicates that
the proportions of nonsupervisory employees
(except waiters and waitresses) concentrated at
lower wage levels were larger in the South than
in other regions and larger in nonmetropolitan
than in metropolitan areas.
Percent of nonsupervisory employees
except waiters and waitresses re­
ceiving hourly wages of less than—

United States __ _ _ ______
Metropolitan areas__ _
Nonmetropolitan areas..
Northeast_______ ______ __
South______ __ _ ______
North Central____
___ __
W est.. _ _
___________

$0.75

$1.00

$1.25

12. 6
9. 3
27. 2
.9
35. 2
8. 7
.8

26. 8
21. 2
51. 4
6. 6
60. 0
27. 6
2. 8

49. 3
43. 3
75. 4
31. 5
78. 6
55. 9
16. 2

$1.60

67.
63.
87.
56.
89.
72.
37.

5
0
2
8
6
1
3

About two-fifths of the waiters and waitresses
received wages of less than 75 cents an hour, ap­
proximately two-thirds received less than $1, and
nine-tenths received less than $1.25. Among the
24 selected areas, proportions of all nonsupervisory
employees receiving less than $1 an hour ranged
from about five-sixths in Memphis to less than a
tenth in Minneapolis-St. Paul and the three Pa­
cific Coast areas.
Information obtained on wages of employees in
selected occupations in the industry was limited
to establishments with 10 employees or more and
located in the 24 selected areas. The occupational
classifications for which separate information on
wages was obtained accounted for more than
three-fifths of the nonsupervisory employment in
eating and drinking places in each area. Infor­
mation on average hourly wages is presented in
table 2 for some of these occupations.
4It Is estim ated th a t office employees accounted for approxi­
m ately 2 percent of the nonsupervisory employees in the industry.


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Although occupational averages were generally
highest in the three Pacific Coast cities and lowest
among the southern cities, there were exceptions
to the broad regional grouping of occupational
pay levels. For example, head cooks in New York
City had a higher average wage than their coun­
terparts in each of the Pacific Coast cities.
Occupational wage levels in Denver, Indianapolis,
and Kansas City were, on the other hand, fre­
quently near or below those recorded in some
southern cities.
Head cooks, highest paid among the jobs studied
separately in virtually all areas, had average
wages of $3 or more in eight cities, between $2.50
and $3 in four cities, and more than $2 in all cities
except Atlanta and Memphis. Assistant cooks
and bartenders also received relatively high wages,
averaging $1.75 or more an hour in most cities.
Wages of waiters and waitresses averaged less than
$1 an hour in all but five cities; averages of less
than 50 cents an hour were recorded for these
workers in all five southern cities.
Establishm ent Practices

Data were also obtained on certain establish­
ment practices, such as work schedules and selected
supplementary benefits for nonsupervisory non­
office employees.4
Work schedules of 40 hours or more a week ap­
plied to just over four-fifths of the employees in
the industry. Scheduled weekly hours ranged
from less than 30 to more than 54 within each re­
gion. However, the most common work schedule
in the South and North Central region was 48
hours a week, compared with 40 hours in the
Northeast and 37% hours in the West. A large
majority of the employees were scheduled to work
40 hours or more a week in each of the 24 selected
areas except San Francisco-Oakland, where over
four-fifths of the employees had a work schedule
of 37% hours a week.
Paid holidays—ranging from 1 to at least 8 in
each region—were provided by establishments em­
ploying nearly half of the industry’s employees.
The most common provisions were 1 paid holiday
a year in the South and West, 6 days in the North
Central region, and 8 days in the Northeast. Paid
holiday provisions were more prevalent in metro­
politan areas than in nonmetropolitan areas.

547

WAGES IN EATING AND DRINKING PLACES

T a b l e 2 . N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a i g h t - T im e H o u r l y W a g e s 1 o f N o n s u p e r v i s o r y E m p l o y e e s i n E a t i n g a n d
D r in k in g

P l a c e s , 2 4 A r e a s ,2 J u n e

Wages * for selected occupations8

All nonsupervisory employees
A rea2

Total

1963

Men

Women

13,693 $1.51
2,799
1.46
63,181
1.63
6,267
1.49
11,257
1.37
3, 605 1.33

12,715 $1.09
5,064
1.15
1.29
19.130
.97
5,211
.91
12, 642
.92
6, 378

Bus
boys
and
girls

Coun­
Hosts Pantry
and
men
Cash­ Cooks, Cooks, Cooks, ter at­ Dish
iers assist­ head short tend­ wash­ host­ and
ers
esses women
order ants
ants

$1.94
1.83
2.06
2.05
1.71
1.96

$1.04
1.00
1.22
.95
.99
1.01

$1.42
1.21
1.66
1.36
1.27
1.26

1.86
1.48

1.29
1.27
.97
1.11
1.18

Bartend­
Num­ Wages1 Num­ Wages1 Num ­ Wages1 ers
ber
ber
ber

Wait­
ers and
wait­
resses

N ortheast

26,408
7,863
82,311
11,478
23,899
9,983

$1.31
1.26
1.55
1.25
1.12
1.07

8, 677
13, 276
3,456
10,317
6, 330

.85
.96
.66
.94
.81

3, 538
5, 697
1,040
5, 504
3,277

.96
1.12
.68
1.20
.94

5.139
7,579
2,416
4,813
3,053

.77
.83
.66
.63
.68

1.39
1. 50

.65
.68
.54
.74
.61

39,014
6, 771
13, 527
17,100
5, 766
6. 595
6, 245
11,843
10, 509

1.26
1.19
1. 18
1.29
.98
1.08
1.28
1.35
1.23

19,292
2, 860
5,218
6,130
2,050
2, 604
2, 256
4,195
4, 752

1.49
1.39
1.48
1.55
1.21
1.29
1.57
1.62
1.36

19, 722
3, 911
8, 309
10, 970
3, 716
3, 991
3, 989
7,648
5, 757

1.03
1.05
1.00
1.15
.85
.94
1.12
1.21
1.13

2.09
1.81
2.02
2. 27
2.09
1.85
2. 11
2.35
1.78

.99
.98
.94
1.03
.80
.90
.96
1.18
.94

7,150
Denver....... ........... .........
Los Angeles-Long Beach 56, 983
Portland........... .............. 5. 883
San Francisco-Oakland.. 19, 842

1.14
1.50
1.56
2.12

3,218
28,839
2, 456
12,893

1.27
1.77
1.72
2. 26

3,932
28,144
3.427
6,949

1.03
1.23
1.44
1.85

1.79
2.47
2.42
3.01

.91
1.17
1.22
1.72

Boston_______________
Buffalo_______________
New York C ity___
Newark and Jersey City.
Philadelphia_____
P ittsburgh..............
So u th

A tlanta________
Baltimore______
Memphis............ .
Miami------- -----New Orleans___

$1.99 $2. 51
1. 79 2.45
3.47
2.44
2. 09 3.10
3.00
1.91
1. 62 2. 47

$1.49
1.37
1.95
1.73
1.55
1.31

$1.39
1.14
1.67
1.25
1.19
1.09

$1.22
1.15
1.46
1.10
1.10
1.03

$1.65
1.80
1.73
1.72
1.55

$1.55
1.27
1.95
1.54
1.34
1.31

$0.85
.94
1.04
.74
.69
.73

1.22
1.32
.91
1.59
1.41

1.72
2.11
1.13
2.12
2.10

1.07
1.26
.80
1.47
.90

.76
1.06
.88
1.11
.91

.70
.78
.53
.92
.61

1.48
1.63
1.26
1.37
1.76

.91
1.07
.74
1.42
.86

.47
.47
.41
.46
.47

1.54
1.28
1.34
1.59
1.14
1.19
1.39
1.40
1.07

2.15
2.02
1.97
2.24
1.54
1.65
1.92
1.86
1.75

2.69
3.04
2.69
3.01
2.35
2.24
3.10
2.45
2.47

1.54
1.41
1.47
1.40
1.23
1.32
1.36
1.54
1.21

1.31
1.30
1.12
1.33
1.01
1.12
1.26
1.34

1.14
1.09
.98
1.10
.89
.91
1.14
1.16
1.05

2.09
1.82
1.39
1.88
1.64
1.41
1.81
1.86
1.57

1.55
1.27
1.22
1.22
.98
1.06
1.33
1.47
1.34

.73
.79
.75
.92
.56
.75
.88
1.08
.87

1.17
1.75
1.48
2.10

1.80
2.51
2.25
2.94

2.34
3.18
2.93
3.46

1.49
2.14
1.90
2.63

1.05
1.21
1.39
1.95

.98
1.39
1.34
1.79

1.54
1.79
1.71
2.23

1.29
1.97
1.55
2.35

.86
1.11
1.25
1.65

N orth C entral

Chicago...... .....................
Cincinnati____________
Cleveland................ ........
Detroit______________
Indianapolis__________
Kansas City....... .............
Milwaukee___ _______
Minneapolis-St. Paul__
St. Louis..........................
W e st

1 See footnote 1, table 1.
2 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area definitions were used for all
areas except Chicago (Cook County), Newark and Jersey City (Essex,
Hudson, Morris, and Union Counties), New York City (the 5 boroughs),
and Philadelphia (Philadelphia and Delaware Counties, Pa., and Camden
County, N.J.).
3 Data relate to all employees in the selected occupations. Men comprised
a large majority of the workers employed as bartenders, bus boys, assistant

cooks, head cooks, short-order cooks, and dishwashers; women were pre­
dominant in each of the other jobs. The forthcoming BLS bulletin will
provide separate data for men and women in these jobs where publication
criteria are met; wage information will also be presented for checker-cashiers,
food checkers, kitchen helpers, and porters.
N o t e : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica­
tion criteria.

Half or more of the employees in each of the
selected areas except Chicago, Denver, Detroit,
Indianapolis, Miami, Milwaukee, and Portland
were in establishments providing paid holidays.
The most common provisions among establish­
ments providing paid holidays were 8 days a year
in New York City; 6 days in Buffalo, Chicago,
Cleveland, Kansas City, Milwaukee, MinneapolisSt. Paul, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis;
and 4 days or less in nearly all other cities.
Paid vacations after qualifying periods of serv­
ice were provided by establishments accounting
for seven-tenths of the nonoffice employees.
Nearly three-fifths of the employees were in
establishments providing 1 week of vacation pay
after 1 year of service. Provisions for 2 weeks
of paid vacation applied to a third of the em­
ployees after 2 years of service, and nearly a sixth
were eligible for 3 weeks or more after 10 years.

Paid vacation provisions were more liberal in the
West than in other regions, and applied to threefourths of the employees in metropolitan areas,
compared with nearly half in nonmetropolitan
areas. A large majority of the employees in each
of the selected areas were in establishments pro­
viding paid vacations.
Life insurance, hospitalization, and surgical and
medical benefits, at least partly financed by em­
ployers, were available to approximately a third
of the nonoffice employees in the industry. Nearly
three-tenths of the employees were provided sick­
ness and accident insurance ; accidental death and
dismemberment insurance was available to nearly
a fifth. Proportions of employees provided speci­
fied health and insurance benefits were usually
higher in the West than in the other regions, and
usually higher in metropolitan areas than in the
smaller communities. Among the 24 selected


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548

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

areas, health and insurance benefits were usually
more prevalent in New York City and San Francisco-Oakland than in the other cities.
Retirement pension benefits—providing regular
payments for the rest of the employee’s life upon
retirement (other than Federal social security)—
were provided by establishments employing ap­
proximately a sixth of the industry’s nonoffice em­
ployees. A third of the employees in the West and
nearly a fourth in the Northeast were in establish­
ments providing retirement pensions, compared

with 5 percent or less in the other two regions.
Provisions for retirement pensions were virtually
nonexistent among establishments located in non­
metropolitan areas. Proportions of employees in
establishments providing retirement pensions
amounted to approximately four-fifths in New
York City and San Francisco-Oakland, half in
Los Angeles-Long Beach, and a fifth or less in all
other selected areas.
— G eorge L. S telluto
Division of Occupational Pay

I have come to the conclusion that if we are to reduce unemployment and
to expand job creation in the remainder of this decade, we need to embark
on some new private and public undertakings specifically designed to create
some new jobs. . . .
The public policies I have in mind are confined to a few regional develop­
ment activities and particularly the development of social overheads . . .
in some of the most depresed regions. . . .
The private policies I have in mind involve a good deal of initiative and
leadership from the business community. Thus, there appears to be both
a need and an opportunity for expansion in jobs in a number of service
type industries where managerial talents and initiative have not been ap­
plied. In the regular repair of homes, fixtures, and equipment, there is a
substantial opportunity to create jobs. There are major possibilities in the
adaptation of jobs to women workers, including the arrangement by which
two women interested in part-time work cover one full-time job. The
growth of home catering and other forms of service could be placed on an
enterprise basis. Modern methods of management can be applied to these
sectors.
In the period toward the end of World W ar II, American business did
a magnificent job of mobilizing business organizations in many local com­
munities to be concerned with postwar job creation. I believe there is now
an opportunity and an occasion, in a different setting with different prob­
lems for another job creation campaign by business leaders.


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—From an address on “Private and Public Policies in the Field of Employment,”
by John T. Dunlop, Chairman, Department of Economics, Harvard University,
before the American Bankers Association in Washington, D.C., February 24, 1964.’

WAGES IN HOTELS AND MOTELS, JUNE 1963

W ages in Hotels
and Motels, June 1963
paid by employers to nonsupervisory employees in the Nation’s year-round
hotels, tourist courts, and motels averaged $1.17
an hour in June 1963.1 Slightly more than onefifth of the 416,289 nonsupervisory employees cov­
ered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics survey
received wages of less than 75 cents an hour, twofifths received less than $1, and three-fifths
received less than $1.25. Bellmen, waiters, and
waitresses, comprising slightly more than a sixth
of the industry’s nonsupervisory work force, re­
ceived an average employer paid wage of 73 cents
an hour; in addition, these employees usually re­
ceived customer tips.2 Other nonsupervisory em­
ployees, as a group, averaged $1.27 an hour.
Labor-management contracts covering a major­
ity of the nonsupervisory employees, except front
desk and office employees, were reported by estab­
lishments employing slightly more than two-fifths
of these workers. The proportions were approxi­
mately one-eighth for front desk employees and
less than one-tenth for office employees. For each
of these three groups, more than nine-tenths of
the workers in establishments having such cover­
age were in metropolitan areas.
S traight -time wages

W ages

Compared with the national average of $1.17
an hour, average wages of nonsupervisory em­
ployees in June 1963 were $1.48 in the West, $1.37
in the Northeast, $1.11 in the North Central region,
and 85 cents in the South. Men, as a group,
averaged $1.32 an hour, compared with $1.04 for
women. The average wage advantage for men
was 17 cents in the South, 24 cents in the North
Central region, and just over 30 cents in the North­
east and West.
Average wages of nonsupervisory employees,
except bellmen, waiters, and waitresses, ranged
from 93 cents an hour in the South to $1.57 in the
West. Wages of bellmen, waiters, and waitresses,
as a group, averaged 73 cents an hour nationally,
46 cents in the South, 72 cents in the North Central
region, 78 cents in the Northeast, and $1.06 in the
West.

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549
Nonsupervisory employees in metropolitan
areas, accounting for slightly more than seventenths of the industry’s work force, averaged $1.26
an hour, compared with 96 cents in the smaller
communities. Metropolitan area averages were
higher than nonmetropolitan area averages in each
region, by amounts ranging from 14 percent in the
South to 35 percent in the Northeast. For bell­
men, waiters, and waitresses, as a group, the dif­
ferences ranged from 4 percent in the South to 20
percent in the West and for other nonsupervisory
employees, from 17 percent in the South to 31 per­
cent in the North Central region.
Among the 23 areas studied separately, average
hourly wages of all nonsupervisory employees
ranged from 75 cents in Atlanta to $1.94 in San
Francisco-Oakland. (See accompanying table.)
Men’s average hourly wages exceeded $1.50 in eight
areas and were below $1 in three areas; women’s
average wages were above $1.50 in two areas and
below $1 in six areas. Among the areas, men’s
average hourly wages exceeded those of women
by amounts ranging from 6 cents in Memphis to 29
cents in Cincinnati and Milwaukee.
Differences in average pay levels for men and
women may be the result of several factors, in­
cluding variation in the distribution of the sexes
among establishments and among jobs with diver­
gent pay levels. Differences noted in averages for
the same job and labor market may also reflect
differences in duties. Job descriptions used in
1The wage data presented in this article relate to hourly
wages, excluding tips and the value of free meals, rooms, and
uniforms (if any were provided), and premium pay for overtime
and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
The study included establishm ents em ploying four workers or
more ; data reported separately for the 23 selected areas, how­
ever, are lim ited to establishm ents w ith 20 employees or more.
The June 1961 study of this industry was lim ited to 23 selected
areas. (See “Wages in H otels and M otels in 23 Areas, June
1961,” M o n th ly Labor R eview , April 1962, pp. 396-397.)
A more comprehensive account of the study w ill be presented
in a forthcom ing BLS bulletin.
The straight-tim e hourly wages presented in this article differ
in concept from the Bureau’s m onthly hours and earnings series.
Unlike the latter, the averages presented here exclude premium
pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late
shifts, and were calculated by summing individual hourly wages
and dividing by the number of individuals. In the m onthly se­
ries, the sum of the man-hour totals reported by the establish­
m ents in the industry was divided into the reported payroll
totals. Seasonal hotels are included in the data for the m onthly
series but excluded from the data in this article.
2Inform ation on the value of tips was not developed by this
survey. The 1961 study of this industry in 23 areas, however,
indicated that in most establishm ents the estim ated value of tips
was in excess of the wages paid by the employer.

550

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

classifying workers in wage surveys are usually
more generalized than those used in individual
establishments because allowance must be made for
minor differences among establishments in specific
duties performed. To the extent that individual
pay rates are adjusted on the basis of length of
service or merit review, longer average service for
one sex could result in higher average pay when
both sexes are employed within the same rate
range.
Approximately, a fifth of the nonsupervisory
employees received wages of less than 75 cents an
hour at the time of the survey; two-fifths received
less than $1; and three-fifths, less than $1.25. As
indicated in the following tabulation, these pro­
portions are substantially reduced when bellmen,
waiters, and waitresses are excluded from the wage
array:

Percent of nonsupervisory employees
(except bellmen, waiters, and waitresses)
receiving hourly wages less than—
United States...................
Metropolitan areas________
Nonmetropolitan areas____
Northeast__________
Metropolitan areas_____
Nonmetropolitan areas_____
South_______________
Metropolitan areas________
Nonmetropolitan areas..........
North Central
Metropolitan areas...............
Nonmetropolitan areas_____
West...........................................
Metropolitan areas________
Nonmetropolitan areas_____

$0.76
15.9
13.4
23.2
2.9
1.4
7.2
39. 7
37.4
45.4

12.2
8.8
21.3
1.3
.9
3.0

$1.00
31.2
25.5
47.4
11.7
7.1
24.5
61.3
57.1
71.4
34.8
26.4
57.1
6.9
4.8
15.9

$1.25
54.2
47.6
73.0
34.8
26.5
57.9
80.3
77.1

88.1

63.0
55.8
82.3
29.5
25.1
48.9

$1.50

71.5
66.5
85.6
55.0
47.7
75.1
89.3
87.3
94.0
80.8
76.9
91.2
55.1
50.5
75.2

The proportion of these workers concentrated at
the lower wage levels was larger in the South
than in other regions, and larger in nonmetropoli­
tan than in metropolitan areas in all regions.

N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y W a g e s 1 of A ll N o n s u p e r v i s o r y E m p l o y e e s a n d W a g e s 1 f o r S e l e c t e d
O c c u p a t i o n s 2 i n Y e a r - R o u n d H o t e l s a n d M o t e l s , 23 S e l e c t e d A r e a s , 3 June 1963

All nonsupervisory employees
Area *

Total
Num
ber

Men

Wages ' for selected occupations 2

Women

Bartend­
Wages' Num­ Wages' Num­ Wages' ers
ber
ber

Din­
Elevator
Pan­
Bell­ Cham­ Clean­ Clerks, ner or Dish- operators, House­ try­
men
berers, room second wash­ passen­ men
men
maids lobby
cooks
ers
ger
and
women

Wait­
ers and
wait­
resses

N ortheast
Boston____________
Buffalo____________
New York City____
Newark and Jersey
C ity.........................
Philadelphia-.............
Pittsburgh________

5,432
1,835
32, 888

$1.42
1.31
1.78

3,296
92ö
20,354

$1.51
1.40
1.83

2,136
910
12,534

$1.30

1.21

$2.04
1.96
2.23

$0.87
.81
.97

$1.24

1.20

$1.58

1.69

1.51

1. 75

$1.66
1.37
2.13

$2. 55
2.04
3.29

$1.32
1.15
1.61

$1.28
1.27
1.82

$1.37
1.27
1.79

$1.56
1.25
1.85

$0.94
.90
.99

1,270
3, 576
4,430

1.29
1.31
1.42

2,012

741

1.38
1.37
1.57

629
1,564
2,512

1.15
1.24
1.30

1.62
1.83
2.09

.70
.67
.81

.98
1.13
1.39

.92
1.16
1.33

1.47
1.61
1.37

2.64
3.14
2.40

.99
1.15
1.29

.95
1.16
1.37

1.03

1,918

1.20

1.45
1.30
1.36

.76
.75
.78

2, 007
1,662
9,663
4,146

.84
.79

1.20
.88

1,072
819
3, 742
1,831

.67
.73
.98
.70

1.36
1.36

.30
.47
.48
.33

.53
.51
.85
.51

.68

.46
1.13

1.45
1.17
1.64
1.60

1.15
2.55
1.51

.56
.45

.80

935
843
5, 921
2,315

1. 57

1.11

1.00

.48
.43
.74
.60

.68
.54
1.10

.76
.56
1. 57
.65

.25
.32
.56
.37

15, 721
2,242
3, 488
3, 427
1,915
2,786
1,712
3, 687
3, 955

1.47
1.27
1.25
1.34
.97
1.03
1.32
1.40
1.24

8,566
1,123
1,807
1,555
ÒÒ3
1, 236
689
1,601
2,040

7,155
1,119
1,681
1,872
962
1,550
1,023
2,086
1,915

1.33

2.06

1.18
1.25
.90
.99

1.83
2.06
1.73
1.71
1.91
2.19
1.93

2.72
2.60
2.26
2. 77
2.18
1.83

1.27
1.05
.99
1.24
.77

1.22 1.22

1.49
1.16

1.37
1.19

1.41
.81
.95

1.24
1.06

1.37
1.15

1 29
1.38
1.26

.90
.80
.82
.93
.44
.64

2.34
2.25

1.26
.92
1.03
1.39
1.48

1.44
1.27
1.17
1.37
.90

3,305

1.24

1,704

1.30

1,601

1.17

1.90

.66

1.07

1.26

1.32

2. 29

8, 582

1.03

1.07

1.11

1.34

.90

1,869

1.53
1.56

5,008
936

1.61

1.66

3, 574
933

1.42
1.45

2.30
2.46

.77
.95

1.26
1.34

1.60
1.43

1.42
1.70

2. 85
2.49

1.47
1.40

1.39
1.42

1.35
1.39

2.01
1.70

1.20

1.25

6,392

1.94

3,532

2.05

2,860

1.81

3.07

1.16

1.70

1.83

2.38

3.25

1.77

1.83

1.81

2.25

1.53

1.54

South
A tlanta..................... .
Memphis__________
M iam i___ _________
New Orleans_______

.75
.76

.68

.58

.70

N orth Central
Chicago___________
Cincinnati................ .
Cleveland_________
Detroit____________
Indianapolis_______
Kansas C ity_______
Milwaukee..... ...........
Minneapolis-St. Paul..
St. Louis__________

1.59
1. 41
1.31
1.46
1.05

1.10

1.49
1.53
1.32

1.12 1.88

.67
.70
.67

1.20

.32
.51
.74
.94
.64

1.29
1.16

.68

1.20

1.07
1.15
1.13
.84
.93
1.25
1.29
1.05

1.48
1.18
1.17

1.21
.97
.94

1.37
1.19

1.63
1.52
1.38
1.52
1.47
1.28
1.56
1.49
1.41

.88
2.21 1.10

1.22

1.01

1.08
.79

W est
D en v er......................
Los Angeles-Long
Beach___________
Portland__________
San Francisco-Oakland..........................

1Wage data exclude tips and the value of free meals, rooms, and uniforms

(if any were provided), and premium pay for overtime and for work on
weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
2Data relate to all workers in the selected occupations. Bartenders,
bellmen, dinner or second cooks, housemen, and lobby cleaners were all or
virtually all men in most areas; nearly all chambermaids were women; both
men and women were employed in the other jobs in most areas. The forth­
coming bulletin will include separate wage data for men and women in these
occupations wherever publication criteria are met.


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3 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, as defined by the U.S. Bureau
of the Budget in 1961, except Chicago (Cook County), New York City
(the 5 boroughs), Newark and Jersey City (Essex, Hudson, Morris, and
Union Counties), and Philadelphia (Philadelphia and Delaware Counties,
Pa., and Camden County, N.J.).
N o t e : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica­
tion criteria.

WAGES IN HOTELS AND MOTELS, JUNE 1963

Approximately half of the bellmen, waiters, and
waitresses received hourly wages of less than 75
cents, almost eight-tenths received less than $1,
and slightly more than nine-tenths received less
than $1.25. Among the selected areas, the pro­
portions of all nonsupervisory employees earning
less than $1 an hour ranged from about 1 percent
in San Francisco-Oakland to almost 75 percent in
Atlanta, Memphis, and New Orleans.
The 11 occupations studied separately in the
selected areas (and presented in the table) ac­
counted for slightly more than half of the non­
supervisory employees within scope of the survey
in these areas. Chambermaids, the largest group
studied, averaged from 51 cents in Memphis and
New Orleans to $1.70 in San Francisco-Oakland.
Dinner cooks (assistant chefs) were the highest
paid occupational group studied separately in
nearly all areas, with averages of $3.29 in New
York City, $3.25 in San Francisco-Oakland, and
more than $2.50 in eight additional areas. Bell­
men usually had the lowest averages ranging from
less than 50 cents an hour in five areas to $1.16 in
San Francisco-Oakland.
Establishm ent Practices

A 48-hour weekly work schedule applied to a
majority of the nonsupervisory employees, except
front desk and office employees in establishments
employing four-tenths of these workers; 40-hour
weekly schedules applied to about three-tenths.
A majority of the front desk employees had sched­


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551
ules of 48 hours or more, whereas three-fifths of
the office employees had schedules of 40 hours or
less.
Hours actually worked by nonsupervisory em­
ployees during the payroll period studied varied
from less than 35 hours (25 percent of the em­
ployees) to more than 48 hours (7 percent).
Data on paid holidays, paid vacations, and
health, insurance, and pension plans relate to non­
supervisory employees, except front desk and
office employees. Paid holidays were provided in
establishments with almost half of these em­
ployees. The number of holidays varied from
1 to 8 days annually, but the most common provi­
sions were 6 and 7 days.
Paid vacations were provided by establishments
employing 85 percent of the workers. Virtually
all of these workers were in establishments provid­
ing at least 1 week after 1 year of service, slightly
more than half were in establishments providing
2 weeks after 2 years, and about one-fifth were in
establishments providing 3 weeks after 15 years.
Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance, for
which employers paid at least part of the cost,
were available to approximately three-fifths of the
employees, medical insurance to one-half, and sick­
ness and accident insurance to about two-fifths.
Retirement pension benefits (other than those
available under Federal old-age, survivors, and
disability insurance) were provided by establish­
ments with about one-fifth of the employees.
— F red W . M ohr
Division of Occupational Pay

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

552

Earnings in Hospitals
in Mid-1963
of general duty nurses
in private (nongovernment) and State and local
government hospitals in the Nation’s metropolitan
areas averaged $86.50 for a 40-hour week in mid1963, according to a Bureau of Labor Statistics
survey.1 By region, averages for general duty
nurses ranged from $77 a week in the South to
$93.50 in the West. Within each region, general
duty nurses in government (non-Federal) hospi­
tals averaged more than those in private hospitals.
Among the 15 areas surveyed separately, the lowest
weekly averages for women general duty nurses in
private hospitals were recorded in Atlanta and
Memphis ($75) and the highest in New York City
($96).
S

t r a ig h t -t im e

s a l a r ie s

Occupational Earnings

Compared with the average of $86.50 for general
duty nurses, nationwide average weekly salaries of
workers in the four other registered professional
nursing occupations studied ranged from $98.50
for head nurses to $152 for directors of nursing
(table 1). Among the seven other professional
and technical jobs studied, average weekly salaries
ranged from $82.50 for X-ray technicians to $116
for chief X-ray technicians and $116.50 for medical
social workers. Average weekly salaries of the
a The survey covered short-term governm ent (non-Federal) and
private hospitals w ith 100 employees or more and in the Stand­
ard M etropolitan S tatistical Areas as defined by the TJ.S. Bureau
of the Budget in 1961. Tuberculosis and psychiatric hospitals
were excluded. The survey accounted for sligh tly more than
three-fourths of the nationwide employment in hospitals of the
type and size covered by the study.
Earnings data in this article exclude premium pay for over­
tim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late sh ifts, as well
as the value of room, board, or other perquisites provided in
addition to cash payments.
A more comprehensive account of th is survey w ill be presented
in a forthcom ing BLS bulletin, I n d u s tr y W age S u rv ey: H o sp i­
ta ls, Mid-1963. The bulletin w ill provide detailed information
on the level and distribution of earnings in selected occupations,
the incidence of selected supplementary benefits, and a de­
scription of the various pay system s used in Federal Government
hospitals, which were excluded from the survey.
Prelim inary releases, including inform ation on occupational
earnings and supplementary benefits, were issued earlier for 15
major labor-market areas surveyed separately. Copies of the
releases are available upon request, as long as the supply lasts,
from the Bureau of Labor S tatistics, W ashington, D.C., 20210,
or any of its regional offices.


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five office clerical occupations studied ranged from
$58 for switchboard operator-receptionists to
$77.50 for technical stenographers. Practical
nurses averaged $64 a week, compared with $53.50
for nursing aids. Maintenance electricians and
stationary engineers averaged $2.54 and $2.67 an
hour, respectively. Machine dishwashers, flatwork finishers, kitchen helpers, and maids and
porters averaged $1.20 to $1.30 an hour.
Among the occupations surveyed in hospitals
within scope of this study, those numerically
most important are indicated in the following
tabulation:
Number of employees in—

Nursing aids___________
General duty n u rses___
Maids and porters. _ __
Practical nurses __ _
Kitchen helpers___
Head nurses______ ____
Medical technologists___
Finishers, flatwork,
machine__ __________

A ll
hospitals

Private
hospitals

131, 147
87, 565
63, 254
59, 497
38, 354
20, 905
14, 338

99, 819
72, 023
48, 748
45, 128
29, 748
16, 324
11, 664

10, 053

8, 437

Government
hospitals
(nonFederal)

31,
15,
14,
14,
8,
4,
2,

328
542
506
369
606
581
674

1,616

The Northeast and North Central regions each
accounted for about a third of the 970,140
employees in hospitals within scope of the study.
Slightly more than a fifth were in the South, and
about an eighth were in the West. Among these
regions, occupational averages were usually high­
est in the West and lowest in the South. Differ­
ences in occupational averages in these two regions
tended to be larger on a percentage basis for the
lower skilled jobs than for those requiring addi­
tional training or experience.
Private hospitals accounted for approximately
four-fifths of the employees covered by the
study—about seven-tenths in the South and West
and five-sixths in the other two regions. With
minor exceptions, occupational averages in the
Northeast, North Central region, and West were
higher in government hospitals than in private
hospitals; the pay advantage in government hos­
pitals amounted to 10 percent or more in at least
half of the occupations in these regions. In the
South, however, occupational averages in private
hospitals were frequently near or in excess of those
in government hospitals. For example, general

553

EARNINGS IN HOSPITALS IN MLD-1963

duty nurses in government hospitals of the North
Central region averaged 6 percent more than their
counterparts in private hospitals; in the South,
the difference was about 1 percent. The corre­
sponding differentials for maids and porters were
30 percent in the North Central region and 3 per­
cent in the South.
Occupational averages in private hospitals in
metropolitan areas with populations of 1 million

or more were usually higher than those recorded
in smaller areas. For example, general duty
nurses in areas with populations of 1 million or
more averaged $89 a week, compared with $82 in
areas with populations of 250,000 to 1 million,
and $80 in areas with less than 250,000.
Among the 15 areas surveyed separately, occu­
pational averages in private hospitals were usually
lowest in Atlanta and Memphis and highest in

T a bl e 1.
A v e r a g e S t r a i g h t - T i m e W e e k l y 1 o r H o u r l y 2 E a r n i n g s of E m p l o y e e s i n S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t i o n s 3 i n
S h o r t - T e r m N o n - F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t a n d P r iv a t e H o s p it a l s i n M e t r o p o l it a n A r e a s , U n it e d S t a t e s a n d
R e g io n s ,4 M id -1 9 6 3

Private hospitals

Government hospitals (non-Federal)

All hospitals
Occupation s

North
United North­
North
United North­
North
United North­
States east South Cen­ West States east South Cen­ West States east South Cen­ West
tral
tral
tral
Average weekly earnings 1

R egistered P rofessional N urses
$146.00 $153.50
Directors of nursing___________________ $152.00 $160. 50 $137. 50 $148.00 $159.00 $163. 00 $164.50 $154.50 $158.00 $180.00 $149.50 $160.00 $132.00
96.50 112.50 117.00
Supervisors of nurses.......... ......................... - 110.50 113.00 98. 50 113.50 120.50 117.00 125. 50 101.50 118.00 130.50 108.50 109.50
85.50
99.50 103.00
99.00
96.50
118.50
110.50
87.50
107.00
105.00
Head nurses__________________________ 98.50 101. 50 86. 00 100.50 107.50
86.50 85.50 77. 00 88.50 93.50 90.50 92. 50 77.50 93.50 98.50 85.50 84.50 77.00 88.00 92.00
General duty nurses___________________
105.00
105.50
98.00
107.00
104.50
116.00
92.50
109.
50
108.00
111.50
Nursing instructors.......................... ............ 105.00 107.00 96. 50 107.00
Other P rofessional and
T echnical Occupations
X-ray technicians, chief..---------------------X-ray technicians------------------------------Medical technologists......................... .........
Medical record librarians---------------------Medical social workers------------------------Physical therapists________ _____ _____
Dietitians..... ........... ........ ........... - ...............

116.00
82.50
94.00
106. 50
116.50
106. 50
103. 50

114.00 114. 00
81.50 76. 50
88.00 89. 00
111.00 95. 00
114. 50 105. 00
101.50 107. 50
101.50 98. 00

118. 00 118.50 120.00 115.00
83.50 91.50 86.50 87.00
96.00 110.50 101.00 95.50
107.00 112.00 115.00 113.50
123.50 129.00 118.50 119.00
111.00 106.00 106.50 104.50
107.00 109.00 103.50 100.00

120. 50
89.50
101. 50
117.00
124.50
101.00 105.00
97.00 107.50
115.50
77.00
92. 50
106.50
105.00

130.00 115.00
95.50 81.50
118.00 92.00
122.00 105.00
126.50 115.50
115.50 106. 50
110.00 103. 50

113.50 113.50 118.00 115.00
80.50 76.50 82.00 90.00
87.50 88.00 95.00 108.00
110.50 93.00 105.50 109.00
112.50 105. 50 122.50 133.50
101.00 109.50 112.00 103.50
101.50 98.50 107.00 108.00

Office Clerical Occupations
Clerks, payroll_______________________
Stenographers, technical----------------------Switchboard operators________________
Switchboardoperator-receptionists---------Transcribing-machine operators, technical
Other N onprofessional
Occupations
Housekeepers, chief___________________
Nursing aids-------------------------------------Practical nurses---------------------------------Licensed-------------------------------------Unlicensed-----------------------------------

75.00
77.50
63.00
58.00
69.50

75.00
75.00
65.50
56.00
68.50

70. 50
71. 50
53. 00
51. 50
62. 50

99.00
53.50
64.00
64.50
57.50

102.00

82. 50
40. 50
54. 00
54. 00
46. 50

58.50
67.50

68.00

54.00

78.00
81.00
68.50
61.00
72.00

76.50
76.00
77.50
61.00
72. 50

104.00 108.00 105.00
54.00 63. 50 62. 50
66.00 72.00 69.00
66.50 73.00 69.00
61.50 65.50 68.50

99.00
76.50
82. 50
83.00

75.50
81.00
65.00
56.50
69.00

82. 50
88.50
70.50
70.00
83.50

73.50
73.50
54.50
61.50

95.50
41.00
53.00
53. 50
42.50

81.50
89.00
71.50
60.00
73.50

83.00
92.50
79.50
71.50

86.00

111.00 118.00
63.50
75.00
74.50
78.00

70.50
80.50
80.50
80.00

74.50
76.50
62.00
57. 50
68.50

75.00
74.50
63.50
55.50

68.00

98.00 102.50
51.00 52.50
62.50 63.50
63.00 64.50
56.00 54.00

69.50
70.50
52.50
52.00
63.00

75.00
76.50
64.00
55.50
67.50

82.00
86.00

67.50
70.00
82.00

79.00 103.00 105.00
40.50 52.50 60.50
54.00 64.00 69.00
54.50 64.50 70.00
47.00 59.00 62.50

Average hourly earnings :
Dishwashers, machine-------------------Electricians, maintenance---------------Engineers, stationary............................
Finishers, flatwork, machine...............
Kitchen helpers.......... ...........................
Maids and porters...............................
Washers, machine_________________

$1.20

2.54
2.67
1.21

1.26
1.30
1.47

$1.25
2.47
2.74
1.27
1.37
1.39
1.49

$0.92
2.34
2.30

.88

.89
.90
1.14

$1.25
2. 75
2.67
1.29
1.30
1.36
1.53

1 Weekly earnings relate to standard salaries paid for standard work sched­
ules and exclude extra pay for work on late shifts, as well as the value of
room, board, or other perquisites provided in addition to cash salaries.
Average weekly earnings are rounded to the nearest half dollar. Average
weekly hours corresponding to the average weekly earnings presented in this
table were 39.5 or 40.0 for most occupations.
2 Hourly earnings exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on
weekends, holidays, and late shifts, as well as the value of room, board, or
other perquisites provided in addition to cash salaries.
s Data are presented for full-time employees, i.e., those hired to work the
regular schedule. All occupational information excludes part-time employ­
ees, members of religious orders, and students. Men accounted for all or a
large majority of the chief X-ray technicians, machine dishwashers, mainte­
nance electricians, stationary engineers, and machine washers; a large ma­
jority of the X-ray technicians, medical technologists, physical therapists,
nursing aids, kitchen helpers, and maids and porters, and virtually all em-


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$1.50
3.29

2.88
1.48
1.50
1.61
1.81

$1.32
3.01
3.14
1.32
1.52
1.53
1.61

$1.62
3.02
3. 56
1.63

1.86

1.83
1.65

$0.91
2.28
2.41
.90
.90
.92
1.15

$1.49
3. 70
3. 63
1.53
1.56

1.68

1.82

$1.61
3. 90
3.17
1.61

1.68
2.00
1.85

$1.18
2.45
2. 56
1.18
1.19
1.23
1.45

$1.22
2.42
2.57
1.24
1.24
1.28
1.47

$0.92
2.35
2.26

.88

.89
.89
1.14

$1.23
2.59
2.56
1.25
1.24
1.29
1.50

$1.46
2.72
2.78
1.44
1.43
1.51
1.74

ployees in the remaining occupations were women. The forthcoming BLS
bulletin will provide occupational earnings information by sex wherever
possible.
,, ,
* The regions in this survey were: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine, Massa­
chusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of
Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,
and West Virginia; Noith Central—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michi­
gan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota,
and Wisconsin; and West—Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Alaska
and Hawaii were excluded from the survey.
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica­
tion criteria.

554

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

T able 2.

A v e r a g e S t r a i g h t - T im e W e e k l y 1 o r H o u r l y 2 E a r n i n g s of E m p l o y e e s i n S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t i o n s 3 i n
S h o r t - T e r m P r iv a t e H o s p it a l s , 15 S e l e c t e d A r e a s , 4 M id - 1 9 6 3

Occupation3 and sex

At­
lanta

Balti­
more Boston Buffalo Chicago

Cin­
cinnati

Cleve­
land Dallas

Los An­
San
geles- Mem­ Minne­ New
Phila­ Port­ Fran­
Long phis apolis- York delphia land
ciscoBeach
St. Paul City
(Oreg.) Oakland

Average weekly earnings1
R e g is t e r e d P r o f es sio n a l
N urses

Women
Directors of nursing___ .
Supervisors of nurses_______
Head nurses_______________
General duty nurses________
Nursing instructors...

$94.00
83.00
75.00
88.50

$137. 50 $167.00
103.00 108. 50
93.00 101.00
82.00
86.00
106. 50 107. 50

$140. 50
115. 50
106. 50
91. CO
110. 50

$160. 50 $143. 50 $161.00
$160. 50
$160.00 $179.00 $150. 50 $ lid . f)U $153.50
117.00 119.00 119.50 $101. 50 118. 50
116. 50 119.00 100. 50 107.00
124.00
103.00
98.50 108.00
92.50 108. 50 $87. 00 104.00 109. 50 92.00
96.00
113.00
94.00
85.00
93.00
83. 50 95.00 75.00
89.00
96 00
80.00
86.50
95.50
115.00
99.50 115.00
116. 50 94.00 106. 50 122.00 103.50
121.50

O t h e r P r o f es sio n a l an d
T e c h n ic a l O ccupations

Women
X-ray technicians__________ 73.00
Medical technologists______ 83.00
Medical record librarians___ 96.00
Medical social workers .
Physical therapists ............
102.50

75. 50
89.00
103.00
116.50
101. 50

77.50
84. 00
108. 50
107. 50
92.00
99.00

80.50
92 50
107. 50
116.00
101. 50
105. 50

89.00
96.00
109.00
128.00
98.50
108. 50

130. 50
80 00
93.50

130. 50
87.00
85.00

85.50
89.00

72.00
70.00
57.50

75. 00
72. 50
66.50

77.50
63.00

101.00

72. 50
91.00
113. 50

79.50

88.00

75.50
89.00

103.00
99.50

106. 50
125. 50
99.00
104.00

91.50
95. 50

115. 50
94. 50
96.00

107 50
71.50
86.50

123.50
84. 50
91.50

86.50
89.50

82.00
83 00

70. 50
72. 00
56.00

79.50
83. 50
69.50

94.50
117.00
117. 00
133 50
110.50

112.00

69.50
84.00

76.50
104.00

88.00 102.00

90.00
93.00
125. 50
126. 50

68.00 88.00

79.50
95.50

101.00

93.00
106. 50

93.50

122.00

108.00
137.00
109.00
109.50

87.00

109.50
103.50

102.00
102.00

99. 50
100.50

68.50
84.50

126. 50
77.50
97.00

120. 50
94.00
92.00

133.00
76.50
85.00

106. 50
91.50
94.00

76.00
79.00
67.50

83.00
94.00
71.00

72.50
69 50
59.50

80.00

47.00

54.50

69.00

75.50

56. 50

72.50

83.50

63.00

80. 50

89.00

36.50
52.00
52.50

106.00
64.00
69.50
69.50
66.50

102.00 100.00

43.50

M en
X-ray technicians, chief .
X-ray technicians..
Medical technologists.

124. 50
97.00

98.00
124.00

O ffic e C lerica l O ccupations

Women
Clerks, payroll____
Stenographers, technical___
Switchboard operators______
Switchboard operator-receptionists___
Transcribing-machine operators, technical. . .
Other

70.00
47.50

66.00

47.50

61.00

60.00

61.50

67.00

68.50

64.50

76.50

63.00

100.00

97.00
54.00
66.50
66. 50
64.50

80.50
52.50
66. 00
66.50
57.50

104. 50
54.50
69.00
70. 00
60.00

47.50
63. 50
63.50

57.00

57.50

62.00

52.00

72.00
52.50

62.50

87.00
92. 50
71.00
69.50

75. 50

67.00

111. 50
52.50
67. 50

10 50

70.00

83.50
88.50
84.50

N o n pr o f es sio n a l
O ccupations

Women
Housekeepers, chief . .
Nursing aids___
Practical nurses___
Licensed______
Unlicensed...............

66.50
38. 50
53.00
53.00

45.50
57. 00
59.50

67.50

109. 50
62 00
72.50
73.00
64.00

59.00
73.00
73.00

43 00
53.00
54.00
49.50

91.50
60 00
64. 50
65. 00
58.00

108.00
73.00
75. 50
76.00

68.00

62.00

44.50

63.00

75.50

$1.65
1.62
1.62

$1.46
1.50
1.48
1.52

$0 90
1.07

$1.48
1. 50
1.49

$1.76
1.80
1.73
1.77

1 70
3 37
3.00
1.72
1.73
1.90

2 fifi
3.20
1.53
1.52
1.78

2 23

Men
Nursing aids...........

48.00

net

Average hourly earnings!
Women

Dishwashers, machine_____
Finishers, flatwork, machine
Kitchen helpers
Maids

$1.30
1 28
1.30
1.29

$1.25
1.31
1.28
1.29

$1.23
1.30
1.31
1.27

1.36
2. 49
2. 44
1.34
1.36
1. 56

2. 43
1.30
1.36
1.67

1.29
2. 94
2. 90
1.27
1.39
1.54

$1.11
1.17

1.10
1.12

$1.19
1.25

$0.84
.99

$1.47
1.42
1.40
1.42

1.32
2. 76
2.64
2. 32
1.39
.96
1.46
1.06
1.82 .............

2.61
1.47
1.58
1.77

1.22
1.25

$0. 71
.77
.72

1.66

1.00

1.04

Men
Dishwashers, machine__
Electricians, maintenance
Engineers, stationary
Kitchen helpers
Porters.... .............
Washers, machine

1.08
2. 27
2.06
1.13
1.06
1.15

1See footnote 1, table 1.
2See footnote 2, table 1.
3See footnote 3, table 1.
4Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau

of the Budget in 1961, except New York City (the 5 boroughs). Payroll


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.17

2.10
1.12
2.32

1.25
1.57

1.41

2.88

2.46
.83
1.06

2.00
1.02

1.08
1.35

1.53

1.79

2.96
1. 54
1.60
1.84

3.13
1.76
1.77
1.92

periods relate to June in 13 areas and to July in Baltimore and New York
City.
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publi­
cation criteria.

EARNINGS IN HOSPITALS IN MID-1963

San Francisco-Oakland (table 2). The interarea
differences in average earnings were greater
among the comparatively low-paid nonprofes­
sional occupations than among the other jobs.
For example, the highest area average exceeded
the lowest area by 185 percent for maids and 100
percent for women nursing aids, compared with
53 percent for women medical technologists and 28
percent for women general duty nurses.
Establishm ent P r a ctices2

A work schedule of 40 hours a week applied to
three-fourths or more of the employees in each of
the four occupational categories studied in both
private and government hospitals. In govern­
ment hospitals in the Northeast, however, most of
the professional and technical employees (except
registered nurses) and office clerical employees
were scheduled to work 35 hours a week; this
mainly reflects the work schedule for the two
groups in government hospitals in New York City.
Paid holidays were provided by hospitals
accounting for virtually all employees in the
categories studied. Most commonly, employees in
private hospitals were provided 7 days in the
Northeast and West, 6 days in the North Central
region, and 5 or 6 days in the South. In govern­
ment hospitals, a majority of the employees in the
Northeast were provided 13 paid holidays annu­
ally, whereas the most common provisions were 11
days in the West and 6 days in the other regions.
Paid vacations were provided by hospitals ac­
counting for virtually all employees in the four
2 Supplementary benefits and practices were considered as apply­
ing to all workers in a major occupation group (i.e., registered
professional nurses, other professional and technical employees,
ofllce clerical employees, and other nonprofessional em ployees), if
formal provisions were applicable to half or more of the workers
in the group. If fewer than half were covered, the practice or
benefit was considered nonexistent for that specific group in the
hospital. The practices and benefits summarized in this article
are lim ited to national and regional estim ates. Area tabulations
and information on other item s (e.g., free meals and uniforms,
overtim e premium pay, sh ift differential practices, and minimum
and maximum salaries for general duty nurses and licensed prac­
tical nurses) w ill be presented in the bulletin.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

555
categories. Over nine-tenths were in hospitals pro­
viding 2 weeks or more of vacation pay after 1
year of service. Provisions for 3 weeks or more of
paid vacation after 5 years applied to a majority
of the employees in government hospitals and to
most registered professional nurses and other pro­
fessional and technical employees in private hospi­
tals. A majority of the office clerical and other
nonprofessional employees in private hospitals
were eligible for 3 weeks or more after 10 years.
Paid vacations of 4 weeks or more after 20 years
applied to at least a fourth of the employees in
each category. Vacation provisions were usually
more liberal in the Northeast than in the other
regions.
Sick leave, generally at full pay without a wait­
ing period, was provided for nearly all employees
in the four categories. Hospitalization and medi­
cal benefits were provided for a majority of the
employees in both private and government hospi­
tals. Surgical benefits were available to slightly
more than three-fifths of the employees in govern­
ment hospitals and to nearly half in private hospi­
tals. Employees in government hospitals were
usually provided hospitalization, surgical, and
medical benefits through insurance, whereas these
benefits were frequently provided free or at re­
duced costs by private hospitals. By region, pro­
portions of employees provided various health and
insurance benefits were usually highest for private
hospitals in the West and for government hospitals
in the Northeast.
Some type of retirement pension plan applied to
over nine-tenths of the hospital employees in the
four categories. Plans which combined private
pension and Federal social security benefits
covered most employees in government hospitals.
In private hospitals, combination plans and plans
limited to Federal social security benefits each ac­
counted for approximately two-fifths of the
employees.
— G eorge L. S telluto
Division of Occupational Pay

556

W age Chronology:
North American Aviation, Inc.
Supplement No. 4—1961-641
A t a j o i n t 2 - d a y c o n f e r e n c e in February 1962,
the United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricul­
tural Implement Workers of America (UAW )2
and the International Association of Machinists
(IAM) began preparations for negotiations sched­
uled for the spring with North American Aviation,
Inc.,3 and other West Coast aerospace companies.
The conference adopted a series of bargaining ob­
jectives, which reflected the unions’ general posi­
tion on wages, health insurance, and employment
and union security.
A 5-point general wage policy statement and one
on special wage problems concentrated on means of
raising the economic status of the aerospace worker
and protecting him against loss of employment or
earnings. The general wage policy called for an­
nual improvement factor increases equivalent to
the actual increase in productivity, quarterly esca­
lator adjustments that “fully reflect any rise in the
cost of living,” compensation for time spent in ac­
quiring skills required by changing technology,
and inter- and intra-plant and industry inequity
adjustments.
A special wage policy statement dealt with auto­
mation and missile site premiums. Negotiators
were directed to give attention to overlapping job
descriptions and labor grade inequities, to protect
employees reassigned as a result of technological
changes against wage loss, to guarantee them the
prevailing rates during retraining, to insure appro­
priate rates of pay for employees assigned new
responsibilities because of technological change,
and to oppose the practice of tying job descrip­
tions to formal job-evaluation plans. The special
statement also recommended that “drastic action
be taken against the company (s) involved should
any governmental agency disallow any benefits
negotiated between the union (s) and company (s).”
The protection provided by existing aerospace
health insurance plans had been a matter of serious
concern to the unions in previous negotiations.
Although the plans had been improved since their
inception,4 the conferees indicated wide areas of
dissatisfaction that were summarized in a compre­

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

hensive 13-point policy statement. Major changes
sought were the assumption of the full cost of the
plan by the employer, provision of surgical care
on a service basis, extension of maternity and ob­
stetrical services to dependents, an increase in
weekly sickness and accident benefits to two-thirds
of weekly earnings for 26 weeks, and raising of
retirees’ benefits to employee benefit levels with the
employer assuming at least half of the cost.5
Decreasing numbers of production workers in
the industry and wide fluctuations in the levels of
employment at individual companies prompted a
strong resolution on employment security. The
resolution instructed negotiators to insist on pro­
grams comparable to the supplemental unemploy­
ment and separation benefits programs of other
industries. Since much of the responsibility for
employee insecurity was attributed to Government
procurement policies, the Federal Government was
urged to convene the industry’s labor and manage­
ment representatives to develop an economic secu­
rity program.
The unions also developed a comprehensive res­
olution on union security.
Negotiations between North American Avia­
tion, Inc., and the UAW to replace the agree­
ment scheduled to expire June 3, 1962, began on
1See M o n th ly L abor R eview , June 1952, pp. 6 8 3 -6 8 7 ; May
1953, pp. 514-515 ; April 1957, pp. 460-465 ; June 1961, pp. 6 2 9 634 ; or BLS Report 203.
2The UAW changed its name to the United Automobile, Aero­
space and Agricultural Implement Workers of America on May 8,
1962.
3North American Aviation is not restricted to airframe pro­
duction but has expanded its operations since World War II
into the missile, rocket engine, nuclear electronics, and electro­
m echanical fields. It has divisions w ith headquarters in Ana­
heim, Canoga Park, Downey, El Segundo, and Los Angeles, Calif.,
and Columbus, Ohio. P lan ts and facilities of divisions located
in the Los Angeles area and the Los Angeles D ivision Palmdale
facility are part of the Los Angeles area bargaining unit. The
Columbus, Ohio, division and the Rocketdyne plant at Neosho,
Mo., are separate bargaining units. A single agreement between
North American and the UAW covers wages and working condi­
tions for most production and some m aintenance employees.
This supplement, however, relates to w hat is now the Los Angeles
D ivision since only th is area was covered by the agreement of
July 18, 1941, the earliest one reported in the basic chronology.
4At North American Aviation, the insurance plan was in sti­
tuted prior to 1941.
B In addition, the unions recommended that the plans be im­
proved by providing for the full cost of sem iprivate rooms for a
full year, full payment of therapeutic services in a hospital,
employees’ right to choose more comprehensive service plans
where available, equal benefits for dependents, supplementary
coverage of dependents by major medical plans, life insurance
equal to 1 year’s earnings, health insurance coverage for at least
6 months during disability and 1 year during layoff, and revision
of adm inistrative practices.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION, INC.

April 24, when the union presented demands that
were generally similar to the joint bargaining ob­
jectives. In response to a demand for a supple­
mental unemployment benefits (SUB) program,
the company indicated that the extended layoff
benefits plan was not subject to renegotiation since
it was scheduled to remain in effect until June 5,
1964.
Following 5 weeks of negotiations, the parties
agreed on June 1 to a 10-day extension of the
existing contract to June 13, with a 10-day notice
of intention to terminate the contract required
after expiration of the initial extension.
On June 12, the company submitted its first
proposal. It offered, in a 2-year contract, wage
increases of 5 to 8 cents an hour effective imme­
diately and 6 to 8 cents an hour at the end of the
first contract year, incorporation of the existing
6-cent cost-of-living allowance into base rates,
elimination of certain job classification inequities,
an eighth paid holiday, and substantial improve­
ments in the group insurance program. The offer
was rejected by the union.
Neither side exercised its option to terminate the
agreement during the month of June. However,
on July 1, the union members voted to strike, if
necessary, on July 23.
On July 12, the company proposed a 30-day
contract extension, with terms of any settlement
to be retroactive to July 9. The union rejected the
proposal on the grounds that there was sufficient
time to negotiate a settlement prior to its strike
deadline. The following day, the union officially
notified the company of its intention to terminate
the contract on July 23. Other aerospace compa­
nies whose contracts had expired received similar
notices on the same day.
On July 20, the company proposed a 3-year
contract which it said was equal to the estimated
25-cent hourly cost of the IAM and UAW agree­
ments of July 16 with Douglas Aircraft Co.6
The offer proposed raising wage rates by 5 to 8
cents an hour the first year, 6 to 8 cents the second,
and 6 to 9 cents the third, as in the Douglas con­
tracts. I t would have continued the cost-of-living
escalator clause and the existing 6-cent cost-ofliving allowance plus a 1-cent increase that would
have been due July 29 under the old contract.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

557

The company also offered an additional 4 cents an
hour to be applied in a mutually agreeable man­
ner and suggested that this amount be used in part
to reduce the wage rate differential at the com­
pany’s Neosho, Mo., division by 3 to 8 cents an
hour. Finally, it would have added an eighth
paid holiday and increased insurance benefits at
reduced employee premiums. Union negotiators
rejected the offer because it did not provide for a
union shop or a SUB plan.
To avoid a work stoppage at this and other vital
missile and aerospace companies, the President, on
July 21, requested the unions and the companies
concerned to delay a stoppage for 60 days and
immediately appointed a three-member board to
aid the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Serv­
ice in bringing about settlements. The Board was
given authority to conduct hearings and was
ordered to report its findings and recommenda­
tions to the President within 60 days. On July 23,
the workers at North American Aviation voted to
accede to the President’s request.
On September 1, after further negotiations at
North American Aviation and other aerospace
companies failed to produce a settlement, the
Board submitted its recommendations to the Presi­
dent. I t recommended that (1) contracts should
run for 3 years; (2) general wage increases con­
form to the Douglas Aircraft Co. settlement, but
with the first year’s increase retroactive to July
23; (3) beginning July 23, 1962, 2 cents an hour
be contributed to a fund to improve extended lay­
off benefits when the existing plans expire in June
1964; (4) other economic issues be negotiated in
the light of the Board’s discussion; and (5) the
union shop issue be decided by a vote of employees
in each bargaining unit, with a two-thirds majority
of those voting required to adopt the union shop.
The union agreed to negotiate on the basis of the
recommendations. The company first rejected the
proposals because of the union shop recommenda­
tion, but subsequently agreed to accept them as
a basis for negotiations.
North American Aviation became the first West
Coast aerospace company to come to terms follow6 For details of the D ouglas-IA M -U A W
M o n th ly Labor R eview , September 19G2, p. 1034.

agreements,

see

558

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

ing the Board’s report, reaching general agree­
ment with the UAW on September 19; formal
agreement was announced on September 24. The
3-year contract was similar to, though not identi­
cal with, others in the aerospace industry. Under
the terms of the agreement, ratified on September
30, wage rates were increased 5 to 8 cents an hour
retroactive to July 22, 6 to 8 cents in 1963, and
6 to 9 cents in 1964. Revisions were made in a
number of job classifications, the rate ranges of
some labor grades were adjusted and the time re­
quired to move from the minimum to the maxi­
mum of a rate range was reduced. The cost-ofliving escalator clause was continued (with the 7-

cent allowance incorporated into base rates), and
some job inequity adjustments were made. The
agreement added an eighth paid holiday and im­
proved health insurance. Improvements were
made in the extended layoff benefits plan effective
immediately in lieu of the Board’s proposal for
company contributions of 2 cents an hour to a
SUB fund. In an election on October 19, the
union shop did not receive the two-thirds majority
required for adoption.
The following tables summarize the general
wage changes through January 1964 and related
wage practices to September 30,1965, the termina­
tion date of the current contract.

A—General Wage Changes
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

July 23, 1961____________
Oct. 29, 1961____________
Jan. 28, 1962____________
Apr. 29, 1962____________
July 29, 1962____________
July 22, 1962 (agreement
dated Sept. 30, 1962).

No change________________
1 cent an hour increase_____
No change________________
1 cent an hour increase_____
1 cent an hour increase_____
5 to 8 cents1an hour increase,
averaging 6.1 cents.2

Oct. 28, 1962____________
Jan. 27, 1963____________
Apr. 28, 1963____________
July 28, 1963____________
Aug. 25, 1963 (agreement
dated Sept. 30, 1962).
Oct. 27, 1963____________
Jan. 26, 1964____________

1 cent an hour increase_____
1 cent an hour increase_____
No change________________
No change________________
6 to 8 cents4 an hour increase,
averaging 6.8 cents an hour.
3 cents an hour increase____
No change________________

Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Do.
Revisions of specified job classifications, adjustment of
the rate ranges of some labor grades, changes in auto­
matic progression, and other changes amounted to an
additional estimated increase of 1.5 cents an hour when
averaged over employees in all California bargaining
units.
7-cent cost-of-living allowance in effect incorporated into
basic wage rates and the escalator clause revised to
provide quarterly adjustments in the cost-of-living
allowance of 1 cent for each 0.5-point change in the
Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index above
128.9 (1947-49=100). If the Consumer Price Index
fell below 129.4, the CPI allowance would be zero.3
Deferred wage increases of 6 to 8 cents an hour, estimated
as averaging 6.8 cents effective August 25, 1963, and
6 to 9 cents, estimated as averaging 7.0 cents, effective
Sept. 27, 1964.
Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Do.
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Do.
Deferred increase.

1Minimum and maximum of labor grades 1 through 4 increased 5 cents an
hour; grades 5 through 11, 6 cents; grades 12 through 16, 7 cents; and grade 17,
8cents.
2Increases of the same range were provided employees at the Columbus,
Ohio, plant; at Neosho, Mo., general hourly wage increases ranged from 8 to
16 cents in 1962, from 8 to 14 cents in 1963, and from 7 to 14 cents in 1964. On
September 27, 1964, the graded wage-rate structure at the Neosho plant will
be the same as at the California and Columbus plants.
2The agreement provided that quarterly cost-of-living adjustments effec­
tive in January, April, July, and October be based on the Bureau of Labor
Statistics Consumer Price Index for November, February, May, and August,
as follows:
C o n su m e r P r ic e In dex (1947 -4 9 = 1 0 0 )

C ost-of-living allowance

129.3 or less__________________________ None
129.4 to 129.8_____ _______________ ____ 1 cent
129.9 to 130.3_______________ __________2 cents


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Quarterly review of cost-of-living allowance.
Consumer Price Index (1947-49—100)

Cost-of-living allowance

130.4 to 130.8__________________________ 3 cents
130.9 to 131.3__________________________ 4 cents
131.4 to 131.8__________________________ 6 cents
131.9 to 132.3__________________________ 6 cents
132.4 to 132.8__________________________ 7 cents
132.9 to 133.3__________________________ 8cents
133.4 to 133.8________________
9 cents
133.9 to 134.3__________________________ 10 cents
134.4 to 134.8---------------------------------------- 11 cents
134.9 to 135.3--------------------------------------- 12cents
and so forth for each 0.5-point change in the index.
The cost-of-living allowance continued to be included in computing payments
for overtime, vacation, sick leave, holidays, and call-in pay.
4Minimum and maximum of labor grades 1 through 7 increased 6 cents an
hour; grades 8 through 13, 7 cents; and grades 14 through 17, 8 cents.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION, INC.

559

B—Hourly Rate Ranges by Labor Grade 1
Effective date
Labor grade and selected job titles1

May 28, 1961 «
Mini­
mum

Grade 17—Crew chief, flight line; inspector, major electronic systems,
missile preflight; machinist, maintenance; mechanic, reactor assembly,
senior; patternmaker, metal and wood, senior; tool and die maker,
senior; toolmaker, senior; tool proofer_______________________ ____ _
Grade 16—Machinist, lathe, vertical turret lathe; mechanic, machine
parts, aircraft, electrical and electronic, senior, aircraft major assembly.
Grade 15—Electrician, flight line checkout; inspector, electronic test con­
sole, final; mechanic, operational, aircraft jet engine test, flight line
engine checkout; operator, vertical turret lathe and setup m an automatic......................... ............................................................................
Grade 14—Electrician, missile, final assembly checkout; mechanic, train­
ing unit, optical instrument senior, reactor assembly............................ .
Grade 13— Mechanic, electrical and electronic experimental, brazed
honey comb structure experimental, structural assembly experimental,
installations experimental, powerplant experimental...............................
Grade 12—Electrician, final assembly checkout, rocket engine; inspector,
electronics testing, ultrasonic, mechanic, missile preflight electronics;
patternmaker, metal and wood__ _____ _________________________
Grade 11—Electrician, flight line; inspector, electronics receiving, senior;
mechanic, flight line, senior; operator, engine, turret lathe, senior;
operator, vertical turret lathe, and setup man; toolmaker; tool and die
maker_____________________ ________________ _________ _____
Grade 10—Assembler, GSE structure, senior, training unit, die maker—
PBT, senior; electrician, aircraft; mechanic, aircraft structure, brazed
honey comb structure, electronic chasgis assembly, operational mockup,
aircraft installation, powerplant; tast equipment; model maker, train­
ing unit; tester and sealer, cabin, tank, senior__________ _____ _____
Grade 9—Inspector, electronic assembly, senior, material surface; me­
chanic, optical instruments____________________________________
Grade 8—Checker, machined parts; inspector, aircraft painting and
sealing; operator, contour roll, senior__________ __________________
Grade 7—Electrical man, flight line; inspectors, processing; operator,
turret lathe, forming roll..............................................................................
Grade 6—Diemaker, PBT; inspector, electronic assembly, electronic
receiving, shipping____________________________________________
Grade 5—Inspector, receiving; jig builder, router; operator, edge prepa­
ration machine; utility man, tooling_____________________________
Grade 4—Inspector, utility tooling; operator, contour roll; utility man,
maintenance.......................................................... ................... .................
Grade 3—Attendant, garage service; inspector, utility; laborer, sorter
and classifier, material; template maker__________________________
Grade 2—Janitor, utility man, general, machine shop, paint and proc­
essing, plastics, sheet metal_______________ ____________________
Grade i —Operator, elevator; preparation man, coil__________________

1In 1961 and earlier years, progression from minimum to maximum rates
was in the form of automatic 5-cent-an-hour increases every 16 weeks. Em­
ployees receiving 6 to 9 cents below the maximum of the rate range had their
wage rates increased to the maximum of the appropriate range at the end of
the final 16-week period. The 1962 agreement changed the progression to
automatic 5-cent-an-hour increases every 16 weeks in grades 11 through 17,
12 weeks in grades 6 through 10, and 8 weeks in grades 1 through 5. Em­
ployees receiving 6 to 9 cents below the maximum of the rate range continued
to have their wage rates increased to the maximum of the appropriate range
at the end of the specified time interval.
Both before and after 1962, the company could grant individual merit
increases more frequently. The minimum rate for beginners was to be no
lower than 25 cents below the minimum of the rate range of the job classifi­
cation for which they were hired. Beginners’ rates were to be increased 5
cents an hour every 4 weeks until they reached the minimum job rate.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Maxi­
mum

July 22, 1962 *
Mini­
mum

Maxi­
mum

Aug. 25, 1963
Mini­
mum

Maxi­
mum

Sept. 27, 1964
Mini­
mum

Maxi­
mum

$2.94

$3.23

$3.09

$3.38

$3.17

$3.46

$3.26

$3.55

2.86

3.10

3.00

3.24

3.08

3.32

3.16

3.40

2.78

3.02

2.92

3.16

3.00

3.24

3.08

3.32

2.70

2.94

2.84

3.08

2.92

3.16

3.00

3.24

2.62

2.86

2.76

3.00

2.83

3.07

2.91

3.15

2.56

2.80

2.70

2.94

2.77

3.01

2.85

3.09

2.49

2.73

2.62

2.86

2.69

2.93

2.76

3.00

2.43

2.67

2.56

2.80

2.63

2.87

2.70

2.94

2.42

2.61

2.55

2.74

2.62

2.81

2.69

2.88

2.37

2.54

2.50

2.67

2.57

2.74

2.64

2.81

2.30

2.47

2.43

2.60

2.49

2.66

2.55

2.73

2.24

2.41

2.37

2.54

2.43

2.60

2.49

2.66

2.19

2.36

2.32

2.49

2.38

2.55

2.44

2.61

2.12

2.29

2.24

2.41

2.30

2.47

2.36

2.53

2.06

2.23

2.18

2.35

2.24

2.41

2.30

2.47

2.01
2.01

2.18
2.13

2.13
2.13

2.30
2.25

2.19
2.19

2.36
2.31

2.25
2.25

2.42
2.37

The rates shown include only that portion of the cost-of-living allowance
that had been incorporated into basic rates by the stipulated dates; the
specific amounts are given in footnotes 3 and 4. Otherwise, cost-of-living
allowances were added only to rate? of workers on the payroll at their effective
dates; they were not added to labor grade minimums and maximums and
are not included in the rates shown in this table.
2 The occupations listed differ from those shown in supplement 3 in order
to represent more fully the current job structure of the company.
3Toe rates shown reflect incorporation of 5 cents of the cost-of-living allow­
ance into basic rates.
4The rates shown reflect incorporation of the 7-cent cost-of-living allow­
ance into basic rates, in addition to the general wage-rate changes which
varied from 5 to 8 cents, depending upon labor grade. (See table A, footnote
1.)

560

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

D—Related Wage Practices
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Paid Holidays

July 22, 1962 (agreement
dated Sept. 30, 1962).

Added:

1 paid holiday (total 8)_____

__

Holiday was: Friday after Thanksgiving.

Insurance Benefits

Jan. 1, 1963 (agreement
dated Sept. 30, 1962).

For employees and dependents:

Increased to:

Hospital benefits—
Room and board—Maximum of $32 a day

for 120 days (was $24 for 70 days). Em­
ployee benefits reduced by payments
under the California Unemployment
Compensation Disability Law. ÎÆaternity benefits unchanged.
Special hospital expenses—•
No maximum during compensated hos­
pitalization (was $480). Maternity bene­
fits unchanged.
Surgical benefits—
Surgical schedule—Maximum of $825
(was $350).
Medical benefits— Doctor’s services—$5 a
day (was $3 under medical expense
insurance) for up to 120 hospital visits.

Major medical (was excess coverage)—de­

Reduced: Employee monthly contribution
for self only, to $1 (was $2.05); for self
and dependents, to $2.50 (was $4.05).
Remainder of cost borne by company.
Up to 70 days for a mental or nervous dis­
order or for pulmonary tuberculosis.

Definition of dependent to include specified
children up to age 23.

Limited to nonmaternity services.
In effect and continued: For surgery, maxi­
mum benefit to be greater of (a) $5 times
number of days for which hospital ex­
penses were paid up to day of surgery
(maximum 120 days), or (b) $5 times
total number of days for which hospital
expenses were paid, minus surgeon’s fees.

ductible reduced to $50 (was $100),
maximum benefits increased to $5,000 in
calendar year, $10,000 in lifetime (was
$5,000).
Added:
Medical benefits:
Diagnostic X-ray and laboratory examina­
tions—Up to $100 during any 12 consec­

utive months.
For dependent wives:
Added:

Surgical benefits:
Obstetrical services—Up to $175.

Not available for examinations required for
dental or maternity cases or disabilities
for which hospital benefits were provided.

Applicable to pregnancies commencing while
female employee or dependent wife was
insured.

Extended Layoff Benefits
Oct. 1, 1962 (agreement
dated Sept. 30, 1962).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Increased:
Company liability —By 50 percent to $150

(was $100)
payroll.

per employee on active

Size of benefits—To $75 for each full year
of qualifying service up to 15 (was $50
for each full year up to 10), maximum
benefit $1,125.

Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics

Technical Note
Indexes of
Hourly Earnings
A lbert A. B elm an *
I ndexes op average hourly earnings of produc­
tion workers in manufacturing (excluding over­
time and interindustry shifts) 1 are compiled by
assigning constant man-hour weights to average
hourly earnings excluding premium overtime for
each industry group listed in table C-3 of Current
Labor Statistics in the Monthly Labor Review.
Thus, the indexes exclude the effects of shifts
among 2-digit Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) groups, but are affected by any shifts
among industries within these industry groups; in
a relatively small number of industry groups in
which there are several numerically important in­
dustries, separate weights have been assigned to
these separate industries.
Major factors influencing this series include gen­
eral changes in hourly rates; adjustments in the
hourly rates of individual workers in recognition
of merit or length of service; and changes in incen­
tive rates, output of workers paid on an incentive
basis, prevalence of incentive payment, relative

importance of individual establishments, composi­
tion of the labor force (for example, in proportion
of men and women), relative importance of indi­
vidual regions or localities, occupational structure,
provisions for premium pay for work on extra
shifts, and extent of extra-shift work at premium
pay. The prevalence of premium overtime pay
(which influences the gross series) and changes
in employment among industry groups (which in­
fluence both the gross and excluding overtime
series) do not affect the movement of this index.
Prior to January 1961, the index was compiled
by weighting hourly earnings based on industry
classifications in the 1945 SIC and weights
were average 1954 production worker man-hours.
Beginning in January 1961, the earnings series
based on the 1957 SIC was used; the weights used
were average 1958-59 production man-hours, and
shifts in employment and man-hours among indus­
tries were removed within four industry groups:
primary metals, transportation equipment, food,
and apparel. Within each of these four industry
groups, man-hours were held constant for each 3digit SIC classification. Elsewhere, they were
held constant at the 2-digit level.
A more detailed explanation of the method used
to develop this index is provided in Summary of
Manufacturing Earnings Series, 1939-1963, BLS
Report 229.
*Of the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
1This index is included each month as one of the key statistics
presented in This Issue in Brief.

561
728-329—64-

5


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Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*

Labor Relations
Election of Representatives. The Supreme Court
ruled1 that a Federal district court lacked power
to enjoin a representation election among bus ter­
minal maintenance workers, ordered by the NLRB
after finding that a bus company was the employ­
ees’ joint employer even though they were supplied
by an independent contractor. The Board did
not exceed its authority or violate any specific
prohibition of the LMRA in making its factual
determination, the Court said, and therefore the
case fell within the general rule that NLRB orders
in certification proceedings under section 9(c) of
the act are not directly reviewable in the courts.
The Board determined that the bus company
had sufficient control over the maintenance em­
ployees—porters, janitors, and maids—in its
terminals to be designated their joint employer
with a maintenance company, and ordered an
election. The Federal district court enjoined the
execution of the order, saying that the Board had
violated the LMRA by attempting to hold a rep­
resentation election where the facts were insuffi­
cient to establish, as a matter of law, an employ­
ment relationship between the employees and the
bus company. The court of appeals affirmed.
In reversing the lower court’s decision, the
Supreme Court stated that, in general, only a
Federal circuit court could determine the correct­
ness of a certification, and then only in the event
a dispute over the correctness of the certification
results in the Board finding that an unfair labor
practice has been committed as a result of the
failure to honor the certification; as, for example,
“when an employer fails to bargain with a certi­
fied representative on the grounds that the election
was held in an inappropriate bargaining unit.”
The Court said it had so far made only two excep­
tions to this general rule. One involved a situa562


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tion where the Board acted in excess of its statu­
tory authority and contrary to a specific provision
of the act.2 The other exception involved a
“uniquely compelling justification for prompt
judicial resolution of a controversy over the
Board’s power.” 3
The first exception did not apply here, the Court
continued, since the issue in the present case
depended solely on a factual determination, within
the power of the Board, of whether the bus com­
pany was the maintenance employees’ “employer”
within the meaning of the act. Nor did the
company allege that this case fell within the
“uniquely appealing case” exception to the statu­
torily permitted indirect method of obtaining
judicial review of certification proceedings.
Secondary Boycott. Picketing of a gate located
on the property of and used exclusively by a rail­
road in servicing a struck employer and other em­
ployers was not a secondary boycott, the Supreme
Court ruled,4because the legality of such picketing
depends upon whether the work of secondary em­
ployees using the gate is essential—as it was in this
case—to the struck plant’s normal operations.
Violence on the picket line, the Court said, did not
convert the protected action into a proscribed one.
The picketing occurred at a gate to a railroad
spur track on a right-of-way owned by the railroad
and adjacent to the struck plant. The spur track
was used exclusively by the railroad’s employees
to serve the struck employer and other nonstruck
plants. When supervisory personnel of the rail­
road drove a train through the gate to make a de­
livery and pickup for the struck employer, pickets
impeded their progress by prostrating themselves
♦Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the
Solicitor. The cases covered in this article represent a selection
of the significant decisions believed to be of special interest. No
attempt lias been made to reflect all recent judicial and adminis­
trative developments in the field of labor law or to indicate the
effect of particular decisions in Jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions,
the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the
courts to the issue presented.
1 B o ir e V. G r e y h o u n d G o rp . (U.S. Sup. Ct., March 23, 1964).
1 L e e d o m v. K y n e , 358 U.S. 184 (1958). In this case, the
Board—without polling professional employees—approved as ap­
propriate a unit containing both professional and nonprofessional
employees, directly contrary to a specific prohibition in the act.
s M c C u llo c h v. S o c ie d a d N a c io n a l, 372 U.S. 10 (1963) ; see also
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , April 1963, pp. 421-422. This case
Involved the application of the United States laws to foreign-flag
ships and their crews.
♦ U n ite d S te e l w o r k e r s v. N L R B (U.S. Sup. Ct., March 23, 1964).

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

across the tracks, blocking the tracks with a car,
and shouting invectives. The issue presented was
whether the conduct at the entrance was secondary
picketing prohibited by section 8(b)(4)(B ) of the
LMRA.
The Supreme Court, reversing the court of ap­
peals and upholding the decision of the NLRB,
held that the picketing at the railroad gate was
protected primary activity within the proviso to
section 8(b) (4) (B), which states: “Nothing con­
tained in this clause (B) shall be construed to make
unlawful, where not otherwise unlawful, any pri­
mary strike or primary picketing.” In enacting
the ban on secondary boycott, the Court observed,
Congress nevertheless “saved ‘primary picketing’
from the secondary ban.”
The Court’s reasoning, based on its decision in
the General Electric case,5was that since the duties
of the employees using the railroad gate were “con­
nected with the normal operations of the employer,
picketing directed at them was protected primary
activity” within the meaning of the proviso. This
“normal-operations” test, the Court continued, ap­
plied even though the picketing took place on
property of the railroad. The Court agreed with
the argument that there was no other place where
the union could have made the workers aware of
their dispute with the primary employer than at
that gate—“so proximate and related to the em­
ployees’ day-to-day operations.”
The Court also rejected the employer’s conten­
tion that the 1959 amendment to the LMRA, which
extended protection against unlawful boycotts to
railroads and other “exempt” employers, protected
the railroad against the type of picketing involved
in this case. The amendment was not designed, the
Court said, to give greater protection to railroads
than to other employers doing business with a
struck plant. Finally, the Court rejected the argu­
ment that the picketing in this case violated section
8(b) (4) because it was accompanied by violence.
While primary picketing might be otherwise
illegal because of accompanying violence, it does
not thereby become forbidden as secondary activ­
ity under 8(b)(4). The words “where not other­
wise unlawful” in the proviso to subsection 8(b)
(4) (B) must be interpreted as making clear that
the proviso, while excluding primary conduct
from the 8(b) (4) sanctions, did not also legalize
it under other laws, State or Federal.

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563
Arbitration. In a case involving arbitration,8 a
union’s alleged breach of a no-strike clause in a
collective bargaining agreement was held not to
have released the employer from a contractual
obligation to arbitrate grievances over discharge
of employees, even though the agreement may not
have permitted the employer to request arbitration
of the union’s walkout.
When a meatpacking company discharged a
union member, about 190 other employees left work
and refused to return despite the company’s
promise to have its original action considered
under the arbitration grievance procedure and a
warning that failure to resume work would result
in discharge. The union filed a grievance for
wrongful discharge of all the employees, and the
company refused to arbitrate, claiming that the
union and its members by their conduct had “re­
pudiated and terminated the agreement.”
In a suit by the union under section 301(a) of
the LMRA to compel arbitration, the company
alleged as a defense that the union and the striking
employees violated the contract’s no-strike clause,
thereby terminating the company’s obligations to
the employees. The Supreme Court of Iowa af­
firmed the lower court and denied the union’s
petition, on the theory that waiver of the right to
arbitrate had resulted from the employees’ walk­
out.7
The U.S. Supreme Court reversed this ruling
and held that the employer’s continuing duty to
arbitrate disputes concerning the “interpretation
or application” of the agreement did not hinge on
the union’s honoring the no-strike clause. It
quoted its statement in Drake Bakeries8 that
“Arbitration provisions, which themselves have
not been repudiated, are meant to survive breaches
of contract, in many contexts, even total breach.”
In the Court’s opinion, the dispute over the alleged
wrongful discharge of the employees in the pres­
ent case was unquestionably one which the em­
ployer had obligated himself to settle under the
arbitration provisions of the collective bargaining
agreement.
8 E le c t r i c a l W o rk e rs, L o c a l N o. 761

667 (I960).

v.

L a b o r B o a rd ,

360

U.S.

8 L o c a l 7 2 1 , U n ite d P a c k in g h o u s e , F o o d & A llie d W o r k e r s
N e e d h a m P a c k in g Co. (U.S. Sup. Ct., March 9, 1964).

7 119 NW2d 141 (1963).
8 D r a k e B a k e r ie s , I n c . v.

v.

L o c a l 5 0 , A m e r ic a n B a k e r y & C o n fe c ­
ti o n e r y W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l , A F L - C I O , 370 U.S. 254 (1962) ;
see also M o n th ly L a b o r R e v i e w , August 1962, pp. 905-906.

564
The employer’s claim against the union for
breach of the no-strike clause may not have been
arbitrable under the agreement since the arbitra­
tion clause appeared to give the union an exclusive
right of initiative in invoking it, but this fact did
not change the result which the Court reached.
However, the Court noted that nothing in its deci­
sion precluded the company from prosecuting its
claim and recovering damages in the courts.
In another case involving the question of arbi­
tration,9 the Supreme Court ruled that an em­
ployer must arbitrate grievances with a union
under a collective bargaining agreement between
the union and a predecessor corporation which
had merged with the employer. The courts must
decide the question of the survival of the arbitra­
tion provisions of the agreement, as well as
whether the dispute is arbitrable under the provi­
sions, while an arbitrator must decide whether
“procedural” conditions to arbitration have been
met.
The union had a collective bargaining agreement
with Interscience Publishers, Inc., a company that
subsequently merged with Wiley. The agreement
was to run until January 31,1962, but the merger
took place on October 2,1961. At the time of the
merger, the union represented 40 of approximately
80 employees of Interscience; Wiley had about 300
employees, all nonunion. The new employer re­
fused to recognize the union as the representative
of former Interscience employees, or to recognize
certain rights—such as seniority status, vacation
pay, severance pay, and pension plan payments—
which the union contended had “vested” under the
agreement. A week before the contract was to
expire, the union brought suit under section 301
of the LMRA to compel arbitration of its claims
under the contract’s provisions.
In affirming the decision of the court of appeals,
the Supreme Court first met the claim that the
question of whether the arbitration provisions of
the agreement survived the merger is for the
courts to decide. In prior cases,10 the Court had
decided what kind of disputes parties who were
concededly bound by labor contracts had agreed
to arbitrate. In the present case, on the other
hand, the Court was called upon to decide wdiether
a party who had not signed the contract was in
any way bound by its arbitration provisions. The
Court reasoned that making this decision was also

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

a judicial function because an employer cannot
be compelled to arbitrate under an agreement that
does not bind it at all.
The Court went on to decide that even though
Wiley had not signed the collective bargaining
agreement, it was under a duty to arbitrate under
its provisions. The opinion cited the strong pref­
erence of national labor policy for arbitration as
a substitute for industrial strife and, in line with
this policy, the Court held that “the disappearance
by merger of a corporate employer which has
entered into a collective bargaining agreement
with a union does not automatically terminate all
rights of the employees covered by the agreement,
and that, in appropriate circumstances, present
here, the successor employer may be required to
arbitrate with the union under the agreement.”
Exceptions to this duty might arise, the Court
said, in cases where there is a lack of “substan­
tial continuity of identity in the business enter­
prise before and after a change,” and in cases
where “a union might abandon its right to arbi­
tration by failing to make its claim known.”
It would be inconsistent, the Court stated, to rule
that the duty of arbitration survived the merger
and then to rule, as the employer desired, that the
merger “removed claims otherwise plainly arbi­
trable from the scope of the arbitration clause.”
The Court further pointed out that the expiration
of the agreement did not defeat grievances arising
during the contract term, and that, arguably, there
might be a duty to arbitrate rights accrued “during
the term of an agreement and [intended for] their
realization after the agreement had expired.”
Finally, the Court emphasized that whether or
not the union had complied with the procedural
steps of the grievance procedure was for the arbi­
trator to decide. The Court reasoned that proce­
dural questions are so intertwined with the merits
of the dispute that reservation of “procedural”
issues for the courts would create the task of sep­
arating related issues, and would also produce fre­
quent duplication of effort and delay which are
anathema to the national labor policy favoring
expeditious arbitration.
9 J o h n W ile y & S on s, In c. x. D a v id L iv in g s to n (U.S. Sup. Ct.,
March 30, 1964).
]0A tk in s o n x. S in c la ir R efinin g Go., 370 U.S. 238 (1962);
U n ite d S te e lw o rk e r s x. W a rr io r & G ulf N a v ig a tio n Go., 363 U.S.
574 (1960).

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

March 2, 1964

March 9
T h e U.S. S u p r e m e C ourt held that workers who struck
in protest over the discharge of a fellow employee and
were themselves subsequently discharged for violating
the no-strike clause in their contract were entitled to have
their request for reinstatement considered under the con­
tract’s arbitration clause. The employer had contended
the breach of the no-strike clause terminated its obliga­
tion to deal with the union. The case was Local 721„
United Packinghouse, Food & Allied Workers v. Needham
Packing Co. ( See also p. 563 of this issue.)

March 10
and the Railway Clerks
jointly announced agreement on terms of a 2-year con­
tract retroactive to July 1, 1963, providing wage increases
totaling 27 cents an hour for workers in 16 major areas,
and 12 cents in others. A minimum of 3 cents an hour
during the term of the contract was guaranteed under a
supplemental pay plan giving the 25,000 workers a share
in productivity increases attributable to any combination
of capital investment, employee effort, and growth in the
volume of shipments. ( See also pp. 567-568 of this issue.)
T he

r a il w a y

e x pr e ss

agency

March 4
of L abor S t a t is t ic s issued the new series
cost-of-living index for January 1964, based upon a
changed sample of cities reflecting shifts in population; a
new sample of retail stores and service establishments; a
modernized and expanded list of goods and services; and
updated expenditure weights reflecting 1961-62 spending
patterns of urban wage earners and clerical workers, in­
cluding single persons for the first time. For an indefinite
period, the family coverage index formerly used will also
be issued for the United States as a whole. (See also
p. 385 of the April issue.)

T h e B ureau

A 3 3 - d a y s t r ik e by 3,000 port of New York tugboat work­
ers ended when the Marine Towing and Transportation
Employers Association and a National Maritime Union
local agreed on a 3-year contract providing licensed and
unlicensed workers hourly wage increases of 50 and 35
cents, respectively, over the contract period. An addi­
tional 17% cents per hour was allocated to improve pen­
sion and welfare benefits. The major issue in the dis­
pute—union demands for a relief crew—was assigned to
an independent consultant for further study. ( See MLR,
April 1964, p. 442.)

March 7
A 1 4 1 - d a y s t r ik e ended when the General Telephone Co.
of California reached agreement with the Communications
Workers on a 3-year contract providing some 9,000 workers
an immediate wage increase of 3.53 percent and improved
vacation, pension, and health and welfare benefits. All
strikers were reinstated, pending arbitration of their
status. ( See also pp. 568-569 of this issue.)


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T h e N a t io n a l L abor R e l a t io n s B oard conducted a repre­
sentation election at the struck Kingsport (Tenn.) Press,
Inc., 1 day before some 1,400 strikers would have become
ineligible to vote. Ballots cast by strikers and nonstrikers
were impounded to be opened if the Board later rules
the election was justified. (See also p. 573 of this issue.)

March 11
of a local of the Community and Social Agencies
Employes Union who had been on strike for 22 days at 45
locations in and around New York City ratified an agree­
ment covering some 1,000 workers at 6 welfare agencies
affiliated with the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies.
In addition to improvements in hospital and retirement
benefits, weekly wage increases of $4 the first year and
$3 the second were provided for senior clerical and mainte­
nance workers, and yearly salaries for senior case workers
were to be increased $500 over 2 years. (See also p. 572
of this issue.)
M em bers

March 12
J a m e s R. H o f f a , president of the Teamsters, was sen­
tenced to 8 years in prison and fined $10,000 after being
found guilty on March 4 of attempting corruptly to in­
fluence a decision of a Federal jury. The conviction grew
out of a 1962 conspiracy case against Hoffa which ended
in a mistrial after the jury was unable to reach a verdict.
(See MLR, April 1964, p. 446.)

March 18
T r u s t e e s appointed by the Canadian Parliament to over­
see maritime unions in that country (see Chron. item for
Oct. 17, 1963, MLR, Dec. 1963, p. 1447) dismissed Hal C.
Banks as president of the Canadian branch of the Sea­
farers’ Union. The chartering of a rival union, after the
Seafarers’ expulsion from the Canadian Labor Congress
for alleged raiding, had led to boycotts of Canadian ships
in U.S. ports.

March 23
T h e U.S. S u p r e m e C ourt ruled that an appeals court
lacked jurisdiction to enjoin a representation election

565

566
directed by the National Labor Relations Board in a bar­
gaining unit composed of those employees of a subcontrac­
tor who cleaned four Greyhound bus terminals. The case
was Boire v. Greyhound Gory. (See also p. 562 of this
issue.)
On the same day, the Supreme Court also reversed an
appeals court decision in United Steelworkers v. NLRB by
ruling that a union’s picketing and violence at a gate
located on railroad-owned property adjacent to the struck
plant and used exclusively by employees of the railroad to
make deliveries to the plant was not illegal secondary boy­
cott activity. ( See also p. 562 of this issue.)
T h e U n i t e d M i n e W o r k e r s and the Bituminous Coal
Operators Association reached agreement on a 2-year
contract providing a $l-a-day wage increase effective
April 2,1964, and January 1,1965, a $25 increase in vaca­
tion pay to $225, and double-time pay for work on 7 un­
paid holidays. New provisions provide minewide senior­
ity, helpers on face mining machines, and double royalty
payments to the union’s welfare fund by operators who
purchase for use or resale coal mined by nonunion
workers. A similar agreement was later reached with the
Southern Coal Producers’ Association and midwestern
operators. ( See also p. 567 and pp. III-IV of this issue.)

March 25
A 1 6 - d a y s t r ik e by 5,200 workers represented by the
Street, Electric Railway and Motor Coach Employes ended
following ratification of a 2-year contract with Public
Service Coordinated Transport in New Jersey. Wage in­
creases of 8 cents an hour were set retroactive to March 1,
1964. Another 10 cents will be effective March 1, 1965,
and the agreement incorporated a 3-cent cost-of-living al­
lowance into the wage structure. Improvements in the
vacation, hospitalization, and sickness and accident benefit
plans were also made. (See also p. 568 of this issue.)


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

March 26
of the AFLCIO Building Trades Department ended in Washington,
D.C., after some 3,000 delegates approved a legislative
program, including amendments to the Taft-Hartley Act
to permit on-site picketing of nonunion jobs and prohibit
State “right-to-work” laws, enactment of civil rights legis­
lation, and a reduction in the statutory workweek to 35
hours. Enactment of the bill to include fringe benefits or
their monetary equal in setting prevailing wages on Fed­
eral projects was endorsed but judicial review of wage
determinations was opposed.
T h e 9 t h a n n u a l l eg isl a t iv e c o n fe r e nc e

March 27
concluded their 19th Constitutional
Convention at Atlantic City, N.J., after adopting contract
proposals for bargaining with major auto producers which
emphasized earlier retirement, liberalized pensions, and
improved working conditions. Other proposals included
annual salaries rather than hourly wages, preferential
hiring rights for workers laid off at other companies in the
industry, prohibition against use of nonunion parts, col­
lege scholarships for workers’ children, and reductions of
force by attrition rather than layoff. The 2,300 delegates
heard an appeal by President Lyndon B. Johnson for re­
sponsibility by both sides in negotiations. (See also p.
572 of this issue.)
T h e A uto W orkers

March 30
U.S. S u p r e m e C o u r t ruled that the merger of Inter­
science Publishers, Inc., which had previously entered into
a contract with a union, did not relieve the successor pub­
lishing firm, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., of an obligation to
arbitrate under the contract. The case was John Wiley
& Sons Inc., v. David Livingston. ( See also p. 564 of this
issue.)
The

Developments in
Industrial Relations*

W ages and Collective Bargaining

Mining. Most of the Nation’s coal miners re­
ceived their first wage increase in 5 years on April
2 when a $l-a-day increase (12y2 cents an hour
for inside workers and nearly 14 cents for most
outside workers) became effective under terms of
a 2-year agreement approved on March 23 by the
United Mine Workers’ National Policy Commit­
tee with the Bituminous Coal Operators Associa­
tion. The agreement was subsequently signed by
the Southern Coal Producers Association and
other operators later in the month. The workers
will receive an additional $l-a-day wage increase
on January 1,1965.
Because both mechanization and the rising pro­
portion of nonunionized mines had caused a sizable
drop in the membership of the Mine Workers, the
union had sought to emphasize job security pro­
visions in the current agreement. Since 1947, em­
ployment has declined by 288,000. Output per
man-day rose 138 percent from 6.42 tons in 1947
to 15.31 tons in 1962. In 1963, about 27 percent of
the coal mines were nonunion, compared to about
17 percent in 1945.
In an effort to discourage purchases by union­
ized operators of coal from nonunion mines, the
union won agreement for a penalty payment of
80 cents a ton to the union’s welfare and retire­
ment fund by unionized operators who use or
market coal on which the regular royalty has not
been paid. Unionized mine operators now pay
40 cents a ton on the coal they mine, but under
the previous agreement there was no payment for
coal bought from a nonunionized mine. The pro­
vision did not affect the steel companies’ “captive”
mines.
Minewide seniority was substituted for job
classification seniority provided the senior em­
ployee is qualified to do the job. Helpers are to
be assigned to work with operators on all contin­


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uous coal mining equipment and companies will be
required to use production workers rather than
supervisory personnel to load coal on trains on
weekends. To reduce chances for nonunion mines
to make sales during the union vacation period,
half of the industry is to be closed for vacations
at one time instead of all companies closing down
at the same time.
The 2-week vacation pay was increased to $225,
from $200; and 7 nonpaid holidays (paid at
double time if worked) were set as a national
standard (previously, there were from 6 to 8 non­
paid holidays). I t was also agreed that a pre­
mium would be paid for work on a Friday that
precedes a Saturday holiday or on a Monday that
follows a Sunday holiday.
After the contract was signed, a rash of strikes
occurred in protest over the contract’s emphasis on
wage increases rather than benefits. By March 31,
about 8,000 miners were reportedly on strike, and
on April 4, the striking miners at the Robena
complex of U.S. Steel Corp., in southwestern
Pennsylvania, voted to continue their walkout in
support of their demands for paid holidays,
longer vacations, and vacation pay equivalent to
regular pay. They also objected to the qualifica­
tion provision in the minewide seniority clause
claiming it would not protect senior miners
against introduction of new equipment. How­
ever, most of the striking miners returned to their
jobs in early April.
Nonunionized mine operators filed a protest
with the National Labor Relations Board contend­
ing that the clause providing for the 80-cent pen­
alty payment violated the “secondary-boycott”
provisions of the Labor Management Relations
Act. The contract may be reopened by either party
after April 1,1966.
Transportation and Utilities. Some 25,000 Rail­
way Express Agency employees were to receive
productivity increases under terms of a 2-year set­
tlement retroactive to July 1,1963, reached by the
Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks.
Announced on March 2, the pact gave the em­
ployees a share in productivity increases attrib­
utable to capital investment, methods improve♦Prepared In the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of published material available
in early April.
567

568

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

ment, employee effort, or a growth in the volume of
shipments. For each point that an index reflecting
the number of shipment handlings per employee
hour in each of two 6-month periods—July 1,1964,
to December 31, 1964, and January 1, 1965, to
June 30, 1965—increases up to 10 points over the
comparable period in the preceding year, employ­
ees will receive y2 cent an hour. For increases by
between 10 and 20 points, employees will receive
8A cent an hour for each point. For each point
above 20, employees will receive 1 cent an hour. All
employees were guaranteed a minimum 3-cent-anhour increase under the productivity formula
during the term of the agreement. However, if
total shipments decline by more than 10 percent
over the previous comparable period, there will be
no productivity bonus. In addition, a 27-cent-anhour wage increase was provided for employees in
16 major areas, with 10 cents an hour retroactive to
July 1, 1963, 10 cents effective on March 1, 1964,
and 7 cents beginning July 1, 1964. Other em­
ployees received a 7-cent hourly increase retroac­
tive to July 1,1963, and another 5 cents on July 1,
1964.
An arbitration board granted increases of $40
to $51 a month over a 3-year period to about 1,800
clerical and station employees of National Air­
lines, Inc., represented by the Air Line Employees
Association, an affiliate of the Air Line Pilots As­
sociation. The Board, composed of Lewis M. Gill,
E. E. Clement, and Victor J. Herbert, also in­
creased shift differentials to 10 and 15 cents an
hour, from 7 and 12 cents.
Under the award, all employees received a $14a-month increase retroactive to May 1, 1963. In ­
creases effective on April 1, 1964, were $11 for
Group I (the higher skilled) employees and $10
for Group I I employees. Increases of $10 and $8
a month were granted to the respective groups on
both February 1, 1965, and November 1, 1965.
Additional increases were provided for some
Group I workers—$5 a month on February 1,1965,
for senior agent-sales and senior station agents,
and $6 a month on November 1, 1965, for ramp
agents at the top of the progression scale. Nego­
tiators had been unable to reach agreement on a
new contract after bargaining opened in April
1963. Following a 1-day strike on February 15,
the parties agreed to a recommendation by Secre1See M o n th ly

L a b o r R e v ie w ,


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August 1963, p. 957.

tary of Labor Wirtz that remaining issues be re­
solved by arbitration.
On March 25, 5,200 employees of Public Service
Coordinated Transport in New Jersey ended a 16day strike following approval of a 2-year contract
negotiated by the Street, Electric Railway and
Motor Coach Employes. The workers had rejected
a contract on March 6, by a vote of 2,807 to 1,814,
reportedly because it was for 3 instead of for 2
years as in the past. The strike affected about
1 million commuters but Governor Richard J.
Hughes refused to use the State’s public utility
antistrike law, citing the U.S. Supreme Court’s
ruling of June 1963, which held that a similar
Missouri law was unconstitutional.1
The new agreement provided an 8-cent-an-hour
increase retroactive to March 1 with an additional
10 cents an hour on March 1, 1965. The cost-ofliving allowance of 3 cents an hour was incorpo­
rated into the wage structure and a revised escala­
tor clause—with the first adjustment scheduled
for February 1965—was adopted. Other provi­
sions of the agreement included 3 weeks of vaca­
tion after 8 years (instead of 10) and 4 weeks
after 18 years (instead of 20) ; in 1965, a ninth
paid holiday—Columbus Day; company assump­
tion in 1965 of 85 instead of the former 80 percent
of the Blue Cross-Blue Shield premium; $65-aweek sickness and accident benefits (instead of
$50) and an increase in the period for these bene­
fits to 39 weeks for employees with 10 years’ serv­
ice and to 52 weeks for those with 20 years’ serv­
ice (instead of a flat 26 weeks for all) ; and option
for the workers to buy increased life insurance
at 75 cents per $1,000 coverage, in addition to the
base $4,000 life insurance coverage.
Consumers Power Co. and the Utility Workers
Union representing 4,800 operating, maintenance,
and construction employees in Michigan, reached
agreement on a 2-year contract providing for a
3^4-percent wage-rate increase effective March 1,
and an additional 3 perecent 1 year later. Re­
quirement for 4 weeks’ vacation was reduced from
25 to 20 years’ service and paid holiday time was
increased. A company-paid $1,000 life insurance
policy for workers aged 60 to 65 was established,
and the company will spend $200,000 for a job eval­
uation program.
General Telephone Co. of California and the
Communications Workers of America reached a

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

3-year agreement on March 7 providing a wage
increase of 3.53 percent, averaging 8.42 cents an
hour, for about 9,000 employees, thus ending a 141day strike. Changes in supplemental benefits in­
cluded increased health and welfare benefits and
improved pensions and vacations; there is also
provision for two wage reopenings. All striking
employees will be returned to work within a period
of 4 weeks following contract ratification. The
union and the company will arbitrate all dis­
charges that took place during the strike. Other
General Telephone companies had awaited the out­
come of the California settlement before nego­
tiating contracts with the CWA.
Construction. Late in March, two unions agreed
with contractors’ associations in the construction
industry in the Chicago area. The Painters Dis­
trict Council, representing about 10,000 members,
negotiated a 3-year contract with the Painting
and Decorating Contractors Association. The
agreement provided 20-cent-an-hour increases on
April 1, 1964, 1965, and 1966. The previous scale
was $4 an hour, exclusive of employer contribu­
tions of iry 2 cents an hour for health and welfare
benefits and 20 cents for pensions.
The Operating Engineers, representing about
3,500 members in Cook and Du Page Counties,
negotiated a 2-year agreement retroactive to Jan­
uary 1, 1964. The agreement reportedly provided
an average 12^-cent-an-hour increase on January
1,1964, and 1965. Operators of larger equipment—
such as cranes and derricks—and of bulldozers,
forklifts, small hoists, and tractors received 20cent-an-hour increases while workers in “nonpro­
ductive” classifications received increases of 5
cents.
Heavy and highway construction contractors in
West Virginia signed their first statewide agree­
ment with District 50 of the United Mine Workers,
affecting several thousand workers. The 3-year
agreement provided wage increases ranging from
6 to 17 cents an hour effective January 1, 1964, a
10-cent across-the-board increase on January 1,
1965, and a wage reopener in the third year. The
State was divided into three zones based on indus­
trial and commercial characteristics. Zone “A”
pay scales, including the initial increase, are $2,735
to $4.03 an hour depending on job classification.
The rates for zone “B” range from $2,425 to $3.93
an hour and zone “C” from $2,375 to $3.93 an hour.
728-329—64-

6


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569
About 2,500 carpenters in New Orleans will re­
ceive a total 25-cents-an-hour wage increase over
the term of a 27-month contract negotiated in
February by the Carpenters with the Associated
General Contractors. The workers received a 6cent-an-hour increase effective February 1, 1964,
and will receive additional increases of 1y2 cents
on July 1, 1964, 5 cents on January 1, 1965, and
6i/2 cents on July 1, 1965. The former scale was
$3.62 an hour.
Retail Trade. The District of Columbia Food Em­
ployers Labor Relations Association reached agree­
ment on March 22 with the Retail Clerks Inter­
national Association and the Amalgamated Meat
Cutters on contracts covering some 9,000 employees
of six major food chains. The 6,500 food clerks at
Food Fair, Grand Union, Acme, Safeway, A & P,
and Giant received a 5-percent wage increase retro­
active to March 1, raising the top rate to $111.22 a
week, and an additional 4 percent in a year and
a half. To meet competition of discount houses,
the total increase for nonfood employees at Giant
was limited to 6 percent. Nondiscrimination
clauses were also inaugurated. Fifteen hundred
meat, sea food, and delicatessen employees repre­
sented by MCBW Local 555 received a 5-percent
increase retroactive to March 1 and will get an­
other 5 percent on May 1, 1965, while journeymen
meat cutters will get an additional %y2-percent in­
crease May 30, 1965. MCBW Local 393, which
represents 600 workers at Giant, accepted an iden­
tical contract. Both the clerk and meat cutter
contracts increased payments by 2y2 cents an hour
to both the pension and health and welfare plans,
and improvements were made in vacation and holi­
day benefits. The Clerks’ contract runs for 2
years; the Meat Cutters’ for 28 months.
The West Bay Association of Food Industries,
Inc., in the San Francisco area, and the Retail
Clerks International Association, Local 648, repre­
senting approximately 2,000 members, negotiated
a 3-year agreement providing a 13%-cent-an-hour
wage increase retroactive to January 1, with addi­
tional 10-cent increases on January 1, 1965, and
1 year later. The bag boy, carryout boy, and Sat­
urday boy classifications were eliminated to give
the companies more latitude in assigning job
duties. The apprenticeship period for clerks was
extended to 1 year from the previous 6 months and

570
the rate for beginners was set at 60 percent of the
journeyman rate with automatic progression at
13-week intervals. A student classification was
introduced at a rate of $1.80—5 cents below the
starting rate for apprentice clerks. The propor­
tion of student to clerks was limited and students’
hours were limited to 25 hours a week with no
work on Sundays or holidays. Major medical
benefits were improved and extended to dependents
and contributions for pensions and health and wel­
fare benefits were increased. The 1964 increase
brought the weekly pay scale rate for experienced
clerks to $123.40.
Apparel. The final settlement in the northeastern
dress industry was reached in March after a 2-day
strike and formation of a new employer associa­
tion. The settlement, covering employees repre­
sented by the International Ladies’ Garment
Workers in contract shops, was similar to that
accepted in February by jobbing shops.2 The con­
tract was concluded with the Popular Price Dress
Contractors Association (a newly formed associa­
tion of former members of the United Popular
Dress Manufacturers Association ). The sole hold­
out, United Popular, then filed a complaint with
the NLRB which charged the union with refusal
to bargain, but the union counter-charged that
the association—because of its loss of mem­
bers—was no longer a stable group. United Popu­
lar finally signed the agreement, although it
claimed it did so only to strengthen its NLRB
case. Late in F ebruary, the other major contractor
association—the United Better Dress Manufactur­
ers Association—had agreed to a contract differ­
ing from the jobbers’ agreement in that it provided
jobbers would pay contractors 6 percent additional
on floor costs, both to compensate for the 5-percent
wage increase to be put into effect for the contrac­
tors’ weekworkers and to reimburse contractors
for weekworkers’ holiday pay. (Previously, they
had paid holiday costs only for pieceworkers.)
About 50,000 workers were affected by the settle­
ments with the contractors.
The New England Apparel Manufacturers As­
sociation representing Massachusetts and Rhode
Island contract shops and the Ladies’ Garment
Workers representing 4,000 workers agreed March
12 on a 3-year contract. The settlement, preceded
by a 1-day strike, granted wage increases of 17

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

cents an hour for cutters, 11 cents for spreaders
and pressers, and S1/^ cents for other time workers.
I t also provided an immediate 5-percentage point
increase in the add-on to piecework earnings for
employees in most shops and a similar increase
effective February 1, 1965. Employees in shops
working for independent jobbers were to receive
a 5-percent increase the first year and a 3.25-per­
cent increase the second year.
The Needle Trades Employers Association
representing 20 shops in the Fall River, Mass., and
Pawtucket, R.I., areas and the Ladies’ Garment
Workers reached agreement on a 3-year contract
for 2,000 workers. Ratified March 1, it provided
an immediate 5-percent increase to pieceworkers,
11 cents to spreaders and shippers, 17 cents to
cutters, and 5 percent or 8y2 cents an hour which­
ever was greater, to other timeworkers. A second
week of paid vacation for all workers will become
effective in 1965.
Other Manufacturing. Officers of the Central
States Conference of Teamsters announced in
March that a new dairy-labor master contract will
eventually cover all the major and many of the
smaller dairies in the 13 midwestern States of Ken­
tucky, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, Wiscon­
sin, Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Iowa,
Kansas, Nebraska, and Missouri.
The 5-year agreement will set uniform contract
language. An area rate clause provides that when
milk is moved from the jurisdiction of one local
union to the jurisdiction of a second union the
higher rate shall be paid to the employee. Local
unions will negotiate wage scales, working condi­
tions, and fringe benefits. A vendor clause was
included under which a milk route currently oper­
ated as a company route cannot be farmed out to
an independent contractor.
The master contract will reportedly cover an
estimated 100,000 employees within 3 years as indi­
vidual contracts of other locals expire. Initially,
it covered about 25,000 employees at more than 100
plants, including production and distribution
workers at most Borden, Sealtest, Bowman Dairy,
and Beatrice Foods plants in the 13 States.
H. J. Heinz Co. and Local 325 of the Canning
and Pickle Workers, an affiliate of the Amalga­
mated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen repre­
senting 1,800 workers in Pittsburgh, Pa., agreed
a See M o n th ly

L a b o r R e v ie w ,

April 1964, p. 441.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

on March 1 to a 2-year contract providing an im­
mediate average wage increase of 7 cents, and an
additional 7 cents effective March 1, 1965. This
will provide a minimum rate of $2 and a maximum
of $3.13 an hour by 1965. Workers will be eligible
for 4 weeks’ vacation after 20 instead of 25 years
of service; pay for holiday work was increased to
double time and one-half from double time; and
pension and health and welfare benefits were im­
proved. The total package was estimated to be
worth 18 cents. Upon announcement of the agree­
ment, Leon Schachter, national vice president of
the MCBW, stated the trusteeship of Local 325,
which had been imposed during its 2-month strike
against the Heinz Co. in 1962, would be removed.
Colgate-Palmolive Co. and the International
Chemical Workers Union, representing about 1,000
employees in Jeffersonville, Ind., agreed on Feb­
ruary 12 to an 8-cent-an-liour wage increase, retro­
active to October 1, 1963, to be paid in a lump sum
of about $75 then to be replaced by a 30-minute
paid lunch period for day workers. A 7-cent in­
crease will go into effect in October 1964. Shift
differentials were increased to 16 and 20 cents,
from 15 and 18 cents, and double time will be paid
after 12 instead of 16 hours’ work. An agency
shop was established and seniority rights and in­
surance benefits were improved. Similar settle­
ment terms were reportedly reached at company
plants in Kansas City and Jersey City—affecting
an additional 3,000 workers.
After approximately 7 months of negotiations,
General Electric Co. and the Atomic Metal Trades
Council agreed on February 24 to a 4.25 percent
general wage increase, averaging 14 cents an hour,
for some 3,500 production and operating employees
at the Hanford, Wash., plutonium works of the
Atomic Energy Commission. Provision was made
to pay $137.50 to any employee on the payroll at
the date the agreement was reached if he subse­
quently left the company’s employment, unless he
was discharged for cause. On January 21, the
AEC had announced that it and GE had agreed
that transfer of contract work at Hanford to other
contractors over a period of several years would be
in the best interest of the Government and GE.
Some reactors at Hanford are being closed now and
the final General Electric contract to operate the
works is scheduled to expire in June 1967.


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571
Under the February agreement, 3 weeks of vaca­
tion were provided after 10 instead of 15 years’
service and 4 weeks after 20 instead of 25 years’
service. December 24 was made a ninth paid holi­
day and double time and one-half instead of double
time was provided for holiday work within theregular schedule. Improvements were also made
in the insurance, pension, and income extension
plans. A person “in the status of a parent” will be
regarded as an immediate relative for funeral
leave purposes. Several other minor improve­
ments were also made.
On March 2, members of Local 18 of the Indus­
trial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers
ratified a 3-year contract with the Alabama Dry
Dock and Shipbuilding Co. of Mobile, Ala. Set­
tlement terms for the 1,500 workers in the bargain­
ing unit included an immediate 6-cent wage in­
crease and 5 cents effective March 2 of both 1965
and 1966; the wage rate for first class mechanics
had been $3.05. Eighth and ninth paid holidays
(the day after Christmas and the day before New
Year’s Day) were added and hospital and life
insurance improved.
The Magnavox Co. in Fort Wayne, Ind., and the
Allied Industrial Workers negotiated in February
a 3-year agreement to replace one due to expire
August 31,1964. I t provided wage-rate increases
of 3 to 8 cents an hour effective September 1,1964,
and 3- to 7-cent increases effective in 1965 and
again in 1966. Some men’s jobs were upgraded
and reclassification adjustments were made. An
additional holiday, bringing the total to 8y2
annually, and a fourth week of vacation after 25
years of service were established. Severance bene­
fits were increased to 50 hours’ pay from 40 for
each year of credited service as a result of agree­
ment to increase contributions to the severance pay
fund by 2 cents an hour in 1964 and 1 cent in 1965.
Contract negotiations had been requested by the
company when it was given an opportunity to bid
on a large government contract and the union was
granted an agency shop in return for its agreement
to negotiate early; the agency shop had been an
unresolved issue in a 3-week strike in 1961. After
the agreement was signed, the company announced
plans to build a plant to add 1,000 employees to
the 1,500 already employed.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

572
Government and Services. A plan that increased
maximum salaries but did not change minimums
for Illinois State employees was announced on
February 19 by Governor Otto Kerner as illus­
trated by the following tabulation.
C la ssific a tio n

Nurses I _____________________
Nurses I I ____________________
Chief Public Bacteriologist_____
Physicians____________________
Clerk-Stenographers___________
Guards_______________________

F o rm er m o n th ly
m a x im u m

$480
535
1, 495
1,040
360
410

N e w m o n th ly
m a x im u m

$545
625
1, 765
1,220
410
480

The strike begun on February 19 by members
of the Community and Social Agencies Union
against six New York City private welfare
agencies ended on March 11 w ith agreem ent on a
2-year contract. The pact, which affected about
1,000 employees, provided a first year increase in
annual salaries of $300 for caseworkers with 4
years or more service, senior caseworkers, and
casework supervisors, and $200 for caseworkers
with less than 4 years’ service. In the second year
all caseworkers will receive a $200 annual increase.
In addition, a progression step was added to the
salary scale for each of the caseworker classifica­
tions.
Clerical and maintenance workers with less
than 4 years’ service received a $3.50-a-week
increase the first year, and those with longer serv­
ice received a $4 weekly increase. In the second
year, there will be a general $3-a-week increase.
The key union security issue was compromised
by including professional employees in the main­
tenance of membership requirement and reducing
the length of time to cancel membership at the
end of the contract period to 15 from 30 days.
Other Developments

Automobile Bargaining Proposals. The United
Automobile Workers’ convention, held in Atlantic
City during the latter part of March, approved a
set of collective bargaining proposals presented
by the Conference Resolution Committee for forth­
coming negotiations in the automobile industry.
Priority was given to improvement of plant work­
ing conditions including daily work breaks and in­
creased control over production standards.
Liberalized early retirement and improved pen­
sions were also stressed, particularly by General

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Motors locals. Another plan—“phased retire­
ment”—which would gradually shorten the work
years after age 60 was advanced as a means of cre­
ating new jobs and speeding retirement. The re­
port proposed restrictions on overtime and higher
overtime penalties and an increase in the number
of paid holidays, as well as full company-paid
medical benefits and protection from inflation for
retired workers. It called for higher wages and
modernization of the cost-of-living escalator
formula in existing contracts, annual salaries for
production workers, fringe benefits equal to those
for white-collar employees, and improved supple­
mental unemployment benefits. The increased
cost of the demands was reported at about 10 per­
cent a year.
The conference approved three annual increases
in pay for officers of the union. The president’s
salary was increased in 1964 to $26,000, from
$24,761 a year; to $27,000 in 1965; and $28,000 in
1966. Walter Reuther was elected to his tenth
consecutive 2-year term in the office. In another
constitutional change—supported by President
Reuther—retirement at age 65 was made manda­
tory for officers, representatives, and trustees.
In addressing the convention on March 23, Pres­
ident Johnson urged members of the union to
consider the public interest in bargaining. He in­
dicated that the members would be serving their
own interests by observing the public interest,
which requires stability of costs and prices. On
the same day, the Chairman of the Council of
Economic Advisers, Walter Heller in an address
before the Detroit Economic Club, stated that
the President was counting on the automobile in­
dustry to help avoid a new round of inflation.
Railroads. During March and early April, the 4year old railroad work rules dispute loomed large
in the news, culminating in presidential interven­
tion to prevent a nationwide strike on April 10.
On March 9, the operating brotherhoods had
sent notices to the Louisville and Nashville and
the Southern Pacific Railroads calling for sepa­
rate conferences on work rules and the carriers at
first refused the request. On March 18, the South­
ern Pacific was granted a temporary injunction
against a strike but the brotherhoods denied that
they had called a strike, stating rather that they
only requested an answer to their notice for sepa­
rate bargaining. On the same day, the spokesman

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

for the carriers, J. E. Wolfe, told the unions that
the railroads were willing to negotiate locally with
the “understanding that neither side waive their
legal rights and all unresolved issues be discussed.”
On April 1, strike calls, reportedly over local
issues, were announced by the Brotherhood of
Railroad Trainmen for two belt line railroads—
the Indiana Harbor Belt Line and the Detroit
and Toledo Short Line Railroad—that inter­
change freight in metropolitan areas. The union
charged that the Detroit and Toledo Short Line
Railroad had initiated changes in local work rules,
whereas the Indiana Belt Line dispute involved an
order to a conductor to change his position on the
train. The strikes were called off on April 2 after
a temporary injunction was issued in the Indiana
Harbor Belt Line dispute and after the Detroit
and Toledo Short Line requested mediation.
On April 8, four operating unions struck the
Illinois Central Railroad in an effort to force the
railroad to negotiate locally on work rules, and
the railroads then announced that they would put
the new work rules into effect nationally on April
10. This announcement was countered by a union
threat of a nationwide strike to begin at the same
time. It was at this time that the President inter­
vened and secured a 15-day postponement of in­
troduction of the new work rules and of a strike.
Late in the evening of April 9, he announced that
“negotiations will resume at 10:00 tomorrow
morning (April 10) in the Cabinet Room of the
'White House.” He also announced that Dr.
George W. Taylor of the Wharton School of
Finance and Commerce of the University of Penn­
sylvania and Theodore W. Kheel, New York law­
yer and mediator, would assist Secretary of
Labor W. Willard Wirtz, Assistant Secretary of
Labor James J. Reynolds, and Chairman of the
National Mediation Board Francis A. O’Neil in
mediating the dispute.
Representation and Union Issues. The NLRB
held a representation election on the last day before
four printing trades unions—on strike since March
11,1963, against the Kingsport Press, Inc., Kings­
port, Tenn.—would have become ineligible under
Taft-Hartley Act provisions to vote in such an
election. The unions had petitioned for the elec­
tion on January 27. Partly because a 1-week
delay in obtaining transcripts of the hearings had

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573
pushed the deadline for filing briefs with the
Board beyond the date strikers would have been
eligible to vote, NLRB took the unusual step of
ordering the election before hearing arguments.
Ballots cast by both strikers and replacements were
impounded, to be opened if the Board determines
the election was justified. A company request for
an injunction to prevent the vote was rejected, al­
though a hearing was set for March 20 on a pre­
liminary injunction to prevent the Board from
opening the ballots until the legality of the move
could be settled in court. The press had continued
to operate throughout the strike by employing
some 1,500 nonunion workers, nonstrikers, and re­
turning strikers.
Harry Charton, former president of Local 232
of the Building Service Employees’ International
Union, was convicted of hiring an ex-convict for
organizational activities. I t was the first convic­
tion for violation of provisions of the LandrumGriffin Act prohibiting hiring an individual for
a key union post within 5 years of his conviction
for crimes specified in the Act.
The New York State Commission on Human
Rights late in March directed Local 28 of the
Sheet Metal Workers’ International Association
to abandon its list of applicants for apprentice
training and to build up a new list based on objec­
tive standards. The Commission found that no
Negro had been admitted to the local or its
apprenticeship program in the 70 years of its
existence. Early in March, the union was found
guilty of deliberately discriminating against
Negroes, and on March 23 was given 60 days to
abandon its listing and otherwise satisfy the
Commission that it would “cease and desist from
excluding Negroes from membership.” The local
was also ordered to discontinue requiring that
applicants be sponsored by a union member.
A permanent union-management committee in
the lingerie and undergarment industry of the
New York City area was formed February 18.
It is scheduled to meet on a periodic basis to dis­
cuss industry problems that arise between contract
renegotiation periods. Prime items on the agenda
will include promotion of the union label, updat­
ing outmoded factories, retraining of operators on
new machinery, and help from the ILGW man­
agement engineering department in improvement
of operating methods.

Book Reviews
and Notes

Q uantitative M easures

Unionism and Relative Wages in the United
States—An Empirical Inquiry. By H. G.
Lewis. Chicago, University of Chicago, Eco­
nomics and Research Center, 1963. 308 pp.
$7.50, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
A trade union can be defined as an organized
group of workers capable of exerting economic
leverage on an employer or group of employers.
In the absence of leverage or power, union orga­
nization has no operational significance. I t is the
prospect of power that induces workers to combine
into unions; if the prospect proves illusory, or if
power, once possessed, is lost, organization will
tend to wither away.
The object of trade union power is to influence
wages and other conditions of work in the union­
ized firm or industry. However, the power of even
the most strongly organized union is limited by
the countervailing power of the employers and,
more generally, by the nature of the labor and
product markets within which it functions. While
effective unionism clearly influences both the eco­
nomic and noneconomic terms of the employment
bargain, it is difficult to arrive at measures of union
impact.
Professor Lewis has attempted in the present
volume to throw light on one aspect of union in­
fluence. He is concerned solely with quantitative
measures of union impact on relative wages; that
is, on the wages of union as compared with non­
union workers. This is a most difficult field of in­
vestigation, partly because of the problems of
control in the estimation procedures of factors
other than unionism that produce wage differen­
tials. Professor Lewis is fully aware of this and
574


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other problems, and his work reflects painstaking
effort to arrive at inherently reasonable results.
The evidence of union impact on relative wages
is drawn basically from 20 separate studies. These
studies varied greatly in scope and method; in
many cases, Lewis has supplemented these inquiries
by making additional or alternative calculations
of the relative wage effects of unionism. His gen­
eral methodology is set out in chapter I I ; the re­
sults of all the studies are summarized in table 49.
A brief summary can be attempted of the gen­
eral conclusions of an intricate analysis. The
effect of unionism on the average wage of union
workers relative to the average wage of nonunion
workers has varied significantly over the past 40
years. I t has tended to be at a maximum in de­
pression periods (perhaps 25 percent in 1921-22
and 1930-35), probably reflecting the rigidity of
union wages in periods of decisive decline in the
demand for labor. It appears to have been at a
minimum in periods of sharp inflation (5 percent
or less for 1945-49) when union wage adjustments
tend to lag behind adjustments in the unorganized
sector. During the past decade of reasonable price
stability, the relative wage advantage of union
workers is estimated to have been, on the average,
in the range of 10 to 15 percent. Professor Lewis
estimates that unionism has increased the inequal­
ity of average relative wages among industries by
perhaps 8 to 10 percent, with a somewhat smaller
impact on the relative inequality of the distribu­
tion of wages among all workers.
This is distinctly a book for the specialist. It
is difficult to read, not alone because of the nature
of its subject matter and its necessary emphasis on
estimating techniques, but also because of defi­
ciencies in exposition. Nevertheless, we are in­
debted to Professor Lewis for attacking a difficult
subject with great tenacity and for providing us
with a sense of the limits of union impact on rela­
tive wages. His estimates will serve as a correc­
tive to exaggerated impressions of union influence
on this aspect of the wage bargain.
—H. M. D outy
Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and
Publications, Bureau of Labor Statistics

575

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

D evise and D issent

The Disenchanted Unionist. By Paul E. Sultan.
New York, Harper and Row, Publishers, 1963.
272 pp. $5.95.
Labor Today: The Triumphs and Failures of
Unionism in the United States. By B. J.
Widick. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1964.
238 pp. $3.75.
Both of these books follow a trail well-blazed
by Paul Jacobs, Solomon Barkin, Joel Seidman,
Kermit Eby, and perhaps others who have recently
written in criticism, iconoclasm, or disillusionment
of the trade union movement in the United States.
Sultan and Widick are both concerned with the
role of the individual and the reception his dis­
sent will be granted within the union apparatus—
but Widick’s range of subjects is considerably
broader.
Sultan wonders if unions, in seeking the noble
ends of advancing the individual lot of the
worker, are not suppressing the independence of
the worker as an individual. Pie fears that
“unionism now is in danger of becoming a fur­
ther impersonal force,” that union leaders believe
“union programs can be advanced, not by working
through the membership, but by simply working
‘on’ it,” and that as a consequence the dissident
member is met with scorn, indifference, or tyranny.
Having set up a conceivably worthy target, he
fires at it with ammunition which cannot possibly
score a hit.
The ammunition consists of 50 unionists (or
former unionists) who were or had been fighting
their union leaders on policy matters such as the
union shop. Sultan interviewed them at great
length. Of the 50 persons, 15 were proposed by
the McClellan Committee, 28 by two State rightto-work committees, and the remainder on the
basis of recommendations by the 43 thus selected.
Half of the group asserted that they had lost their
jobs because of their criticism. No effort was
made to verify the stories told by any of the per­
sons interviewed. As the author himself points
out concerning these deficiencies, they “impose a
severe limitation on the relevance of the research
findings.” But it is not just sampling-by-oppor­
tunity that imposes the limitations; it is the very
personalities revealed by the interviews. As the
author states (a bit defensively), from the view­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

point of “the unsympathetic viewer all would be
labeled as ‘characters.’ ” True.
Widick’s book at least scores the outer edge of
the target. Its aim is steadied by the practical
experience of the author and his inside knowledge
of the operations of several unions. The book is
half polemic, half lament for the hungry days of
union idealism. Unions, he feels, have become
victims of their own success, and the institution
has become an end in itself. He worries over what
will happen to democracy “when an integral part
of its social fabric—the trade union movement—
hardens into a bureaucratic mold,” and he sees a
“deep gap between most union leadership and
membership [reflecting] the alienation of the
workers.” He is shocked by the “manipulative
character of so much of industrial relations, the
insignificance of the individual union man before
the power structure, and the tragic personal fate
of many lonely union reformers who dared to buck
the system.” The checkoff is blamed for the
worker becoming “a dues payer, not a participant
. . . of most unions. The worker no longer feels
that the union is his. . . .”
The Sultan book is an outsider’s peek at the
union world through the distortion of 50 prisms.
Widick offers us the insider’s view through the
magnification of his own biases. Neither offers a
program.
—L. R. K.
D ispelling the M ystery

Fundamentals of Private Pensions. By Dan M.
McGill. Philadelphia, University of Penn­
sylvania, Wharton School of Finance and
Commerce, Pension Research Council, 1964.
xiv, 421 pp. 2d ed. $7.50, Richard D. Irwin,
Inc., Homewood, 111.
This reference book, the second edition of the
Pension Research Council’s initial publication, is
much more than an up-dating of a text that has, in
a short decade, become a “classic” of insurance
literature. Professor McGill has sharpened con­
cepts and definitions and clarified difficult topics
by discussing them more fully and by adding many
numerical illustrations. He has benefited from
the advice of banking and insurance company ex­
perts and of prominent independent actuaries re­
tained by self-insured pension trusts. The merits

576

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

of insured and self-insured plans have, as in the
earlier edition, been treated fairly and impartially,
and new developments in both of these funding
media are fully reported.
Two outstanding features of the book dis­
tinguish it from the others in the field, including
the first edition: (1) The sharp distinction be­
tween the accruing of pension costs in the account­
ing sense and the financial policies (the funding
methods) pursued by the employer to meet those
liabilities and (2) the use in the chapters discuss­
ing each of these methods of the new terminology
and concepts of the committee on Pension and
Profit Sharing Terminology.
In short, Professor McGill has raised the cur­
tain of mystery that shrouds pension plans and
revealed the entire backstage mechanism. He is
an expert guide through the intricacies of actuar­
ial science, insurance, self-insurance, pension
trusts, the Internal Revenue Code, etc.
— D onald M. L anday
Division of Industrial and Labor Relations
Bureau of Labor Statistics

Progenitors o f Progress

Seedtime of Reform: American Social Service and
Social Action, 1918-1933. By Clarke A.
Chambers. Minneapolis, University of Min­
nesota Press, 1963. 326 pp. $6.50.
The opening years of the 20th century brought
forth a wave of social and economic reform. Presi­
dent Theodore Roosevelt’s Bull Moose Party,
President Wilson’s New Freedom, Senator LaFollette’s Progressivism—all these reflected the
strength of the reform movement. Then came
World War I followed by the decade of the 1920’s,
when the dreams faded. Professor Chambers
characterizes 1918-33 as the germination period
for the birth of the reforms which were achieved
during the Roosevelt New Deal. Chambers asks
the question, What happened to the reform move­
ment after World War I ? Why was the momen­
tum lost? He suggests half a dozen significant
contributing factors—the split among progres­
sives and reformers caused by the war itself, the
letdown of idealism after the failure of the United
States to join the League of Nations, the high
level of prosperity following the postwar depres­
sion of 1921, the disastrous experience of the pro­


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hibition amendment, the failure of the child labor
amendment, and the swing of organized labor
away from its wartime political activities.
I t was the women’s organizations and the social
workers that kept alive the spirit of reform in the
midst of defeats on all fronts. The equal suffrage
amendment put women in a stronger position in
the political arena. Florence Kelley, the forceful
executive secretary of the National Consumers
League, was indomitable. The League had been
a powerful factor since 1900. The social workers
constituted an important reform group. Jane
Adams of Hull House in Chicago was a symbol
of their dedicated idealism. In a number of cities,
the settlement houses were an important factor
in housing reform. The universities made their
contribution. Professor John R. Commons at the
University of Wisconsin was both an active figure
himself and the central force of a student group
which took up the struggle. John B. Andrews and
his wife made the Association for Labor Legis­
lation a vigorous promoter of workmen’s compen­
sation and other State labor laws. Abraham Ep­
stein of Pennsylvania formed the American Asso­
ciation for Social Security.
However, progress was slight. Unemployment
insurance never really took hold, the emerging
problem of old-age security was not met, social
welfare remained the province of private charity.
Even the onset of the great depression failed to
shake traditional patterns of thought. I t seems
incredible that in 1930-31 the President’s Com­
mission on Unemployment could officially pro­
nounce that unemployment was a local matter to
be cared for by local private charity. This idea
prevailed at a time when unemployment was
mounting to 25 percent of the labor force, when
unemployed families were defaulting on their rents
and mortgages and thus undermining the financial
institutions of the country. The final blow was
the closing of the banks, which shocked the Nation
sufficiently to pave the way for the reconstruction
activities of the incoming Roosevelt Administra­
tion.
Professor Chambers has written an interesting
and significant book, which makes clear that the
reforms of the 1930’s were the fruit of the seed­
time of the 1920’s.
— E w an C lague
Commissioner of Labor Statistics

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

Word M eanings in Economics

Essays on Economic Semantics. By Fritz
Machlup; edited by Merton H. Miller, Walter
D. Fackler, Tom E. Davis. Englewood Cliffs,
N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1963. xxxii, 304 pp.,
bibliography. $5.
The pleasant habit of celebrating the 60th birth­
day of a distinguished scholar by a Festschrift
of some kind seems to be gaining in popularity.
I am not sure why 60 seems to be the magic number
in this regard, especially when the recipient shows
every sign of continuing activity, and there is a
slight air of a memorial about any volume of this
kind which must send a momentary chill through
an otherwise gay and auspicious occasion. How­
ever, there are few more suitable recipients for
such an honor than Fritz Machlup of Princeton,
who has become almost a legend in his own life­
time for a quality that can only be described as
elegance, with all unfavorable connotations of the
word removed. The volume has a list of his dis­
tinguished students which covers seven pages; if
his friends and admirers had been added, there
would have been room for little else in the book.
The editors departed somewhat from the usual
tradition; instead of a volume of papers by friends
and admirers which is the usual fare in these cases,
they have collected a volume of Machlup’s own
papers, together with a short, previously unpub­
lished introduction.
The papers fall into three groups. The first
four essays are all fairly recent, and on the same
general theme of the meaning of words in eco­
nomics. They had previously been published in
widely scattered places, yet they are obviously de­
signed to be part of a single work, and it was a use­
ful service to bring them together in one volume.
The first is on the meaning of statics and dynamics;
the second on equilibrium and disequilibrium; the
third on structure and structual change; the fourth
on macro- and micro-economics. These essays for
the most part are not for the general reader; they
will be of interest mainly to economists, though the
general warnings, frequently repeated, against
using what should be technical terms as disguised
persuasive and emotive words, need to be shouted
far beyond the confines of the profession of eco­
nomics. Machlup points out very clearly, for in­
stance, that words like “dynamic” or “equilibrium”
are often used with more hidden emotive than

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577

overt intellectual content. Some readers may feel
that the elegance in these essays verges on the
rococo, and occasionally Machlup seems almost to
be making distinctions for the sheer fun of doing
it. There are also some curious omissions—the
essay on statics and dynamics for instance nowhere
mentions difference equations, which are surely the
key to any dynamic process. Nevertheless, the
general effect is that of a good cold bath in a
baroque fountain, and all economists should take
the plunge.
In the second group are two of Machlups “clas­
sical” papers—the first, “Marginal Analysis and
Empirical Research,” from the famous “marginalist” controversy of 1946, and a less well known
but equally brilliant paper, “On the Meaning of
the Marginal Product.” These papers are eco­
nomics rather than economic semantics, but they
stand up very well on re-reading and it is nice to
have them in the volume. A short paper, “Reply
to Professor Takata” from the Osaka Economic
Papers, is also included.
Finally come three papers headed “Semantic
Issues in Macro-Economics and Economic Policy.”
First there is an older paper (1943), “Forced or
Induced Saving,” which might well have gone into
the first section and reflects an early interest in
problems of exact definition and clarification of
concepts in a very tangled field; a field so tangled
that most economists have simply abandoned it.
Then come two fairly recent papers on current is­
sues—“Another View of Cost-Push and DemandPull Inflation” and “Disputes, Paradoxes, and
Dilemmas Concerning Economic Development.”
Both of these are contributions to economics rather
than to economic semantics, and involve a substan­
tive clarification of concepts rather than the mere
study of the use of words. The first especially
lays a sharp scythe to a rich growth of nonsense.
And while everyone will not agree with all the
conclusions of the paper on economic develop­
ment, it at least raises some important and much
neglected questions.
The editors are to be congratulated on a very
agreeable volume. One would have liked to see a
brief biography as well as the impressive bibliog­
raphy—but perhaps that would have looked too
much like a memorial! The publishers are to be
scolded for a collection of misprints beyond the
call of duty.
—K . E. B otjlding
International Christian University
Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan

578
No Recipes

Planning Economic Development. Edited by
Everett E. Hagen. Homewood, 111., Richard
D. Irwin, Inc., 1963. 380 pp., $10.
This is a “casebook,” not a “cookbook.” Sand­
wiched between an introductory chapter and two
concluding summary chapters are nine case stud­
ies, each by a different author. The studies com­
prising the core of the book are grouped under
three headings. The group labeled “A decade of ex­
perience with formal planning machinery: Three
cases in South Asia” includes studies of Burma,
Pakistan, and India. Under the heading “Vary­
ing planning procedures in three countries with a
decade of rapid growth” are listed these studies:
“Formal planning divorced from action: Japan,”
“Incomplete formal planning: Mexico,” and “De­
centralized socialist planning: Yugoslavia.” Cate­
gorized as cases of special interest are: “An at­
tempt at planning in a traditional state: Iran,”
“Economic planning for a country in transition:
Nigeria,” and “A technologically advanced coun­
try : England.” The titles suggest the range and
variety of approaches to development and plan­
ning. For the reviewer’s taste and interest the
studies of India and Yugoslavia seemed of clearly
superior quality and comprehensiveness.
For those interested in learning how to prepare
development plans, this volume will be a disap­
pointment. Lessons here, as is often true in case­
books, are largely of a negative sort. That is,
based upon the reported experiences we may learn
what to avoid. I t is not surprising then to find
that some of the major problems of planning and
plan implementation include the political rather
than economic outlook of the national leadership,
particularly but not exclusively in the newly inde­
pendent nations; the lack of trained personnel to
administer a plan when developed; the difficulty
of developing a framework for checking the impli­
cations and consistency of a particular plan; data
shortages both for planning and plan evaluation;
and the difficulty of translating a medium range
plan into a well-articulated series of annual plans.
The major usefulness of this volume will be in
documenting often-voiced generalizations of diffi­
culties in preparing and administering effective
development programs. I t is also valuable in
pointing up the diverse meaning of the term plan­
ning and the wide range of approaches to the plan­

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

ning problem. In this connection the editor’s con­
cluding observations on the lessons implicit in the
volume are of interest: (1) Effective planning for
development does not require formal planning
machinery, (2) the form planning takes is dic­
tated by cultural factors as well as planning re­
quirements, and (3) the development of good plan­
ning follows the laws which govern other social
change and therefore occurs rapidly only as a re­
sult of crisis.
— J o h n R. M oore
Visiting Professor of Economics
Cornell University

Theory W ith Acerbity

Economic Philosophy. By Joan Robinson. Chi­
cago, Aldine Publishing Co., 1962. 150 pp.
$3.50.
The English are reputed to be skilled in the art
of understatement but they really deserve better;
what truly characterizes at least their intellectuals
is a mastery of exaggeration. Let something be
capable of being uttered moderately or straightout
and the latter will be chosen. The volume is a
collection of six plain-worded and tartly written
commentaries on economics and economists in
which Mrs. Robinson lays about with passion.
Bickerdike’s breach in the case for free trade
was “hushed up.” Edgeworth, led to egalitarian­
ism by one part of his writings, “succeeds in side­
stepping” in another. Neoclassicism is “sterile.”
Equilibrium theory is “intellectually unsatisfac­
tory” and an understanding of its survival is to be
sought in Freud. Marshall, in treating the long
period, “got himself in a thorough tangle.”
Marxist critics of Keynes were allied with “pro­
tagonists of the humbug of finance.” Keynes, in
part of the General Theory, “falls into . . . fal­
lacy.” The Quantity Theory of Money was kept
going “for nearly 40 years after its logical content
was exploded.” Latter-day practitioners of the
neoclassical heritage “take refuge” in building
mathematical manipulations. Nothing and no­
body seem to have escaped Mrs. Robinson’s axe.
She has two main theses. The first is that econ­
omists are dishonest; their prescriptions are said
to help towards the achievement of the social
optimum, but they really are intended to ad­
vantage their own countries at the expense of

579

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

others or, at the least, to promote an ideology.
The second is that received theory—what Profes­
sor Galbraith has called “the conventional wis­
dom”—consists of empty statements. That is, it
is nonoperational; it produces hypotheses that are
incapable of empirical disproof.
I t is astonishing that Mrs. Robinson, who has
spent so much of a lifetime in the study of eco­
nomics, should have missed the point so completely
on both questions.
Consider the first thesis. Neoclassicism, she
writes, recommended a policy of laisser faire and
a static equilibrium model was chosen (“it is no
accident”), so that “the elaboration of the argu­
ment kept us all too busy to have any time for
dangerous thoughts.”
The point missed here is missed by many, but
it is less excusable in Mrs. Robinson because she is
more intelligent than most; it is that neoclassicism
does not recommend a policy of laisser faire or any
other. It does define the conditions which, if met,
would cause the market to allocate given resources
to those uses and in those quantities that would
cause output to be largest. But it asserts that the
market will not do so, if the conditions are not met
and, more importantly, it does not assert that out­
put is the only, nor even the highest priority ob­
ject of policy. If Marshall, when moralizing,
found that “whatever is, is ve ry nearly best” (in­
cluding “whatever is” that constrains choice in
markets ?), it was not the formal machine of eco­
nomic theory, but some other facet of his exper­
ience, that told him so.
Her second thesis is also offtrack because it con­
fuses the logical consequences of a theoretical
model and the hypotheses derived from it. The
measure of a theory’s worth is the consistency with
experience of the predictions it yields. I t is hy­
potheses derived from theory that are to be held
up to the mirror of empiricism—not the model it­
self. The inability to replicate the model in the
world does not cause the theory to fall. So Mrs.
Robinson is wrong to say “if an hypothesis is
framed in terms of the position of equilibrium that
would be attained when all parties concerned had
correct foresight, there is no point in testing it;
we know in advance that it will not prove correct.”
We know nothing of the sort, and literature on the
nature of the scientific method will tell her so.
The two theses are not, by a long shot, the whole
of the book. Anyone with an interest in eco­

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nomics will find it amusing to read Mrs. Robin­
son’s book. They need to be on guard, however,
lest they be led astray by her use of the strategy of
aggressive attack.
— S im on R ottenberg
Professor of Economics and Industrial Relations
State University of New York at Buffalo

P lans and Prevalence

Profit Sharing in Perspective—In American
Medium-Sized and Small Business. By B. L.
Metzger. Profit Sharing Research Founda­
tion, Evanston, 111., 1964. x, 158 pp. $8.50.
Culminating over 2 years of research, this re­
port by the Profit Sharing Research Foundation
attempts to investigate the role of profit sharing
among small- and medium-size companies, where
a dearth of information has prevailed despite the
rapid growth and widespread interest in profit
sharing. Previous studies have concentrated on
programs of larger, better known firms, without
examining the implications of profit sharing for
small firms.
This report is based on two studies. The first is
an analysis of prevalence data obtained in a sur­
vey conducted by the Marketing Services Com­
pany, a Division of Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. It
probes the incidence of cash, deferred, and combi­
nation programs and their coverage. Among the
more interesting findings is the disclosure that
profit sharing plans are far more common than
previously believed. I t is estimated that about 1
out of every 5 companies with 50 or more em­
ployees has a profit sharing plan.
The second study is a more detailed inquiry di­
rected to respondents of the Dun & Bradstreet
survey. Plan characteristics, objectives, and ef­
fects are analyzed with a view towards improved
planning and operation. Little new ground is
broken in this effort though it represents the
major portion of the volume. I t does, however,
complement other similar studies.
The most original and significant contribution
of this book lies in the extent to which it succeeds
in filling the previous lack of knowledge concern­
ing the import and incidence of profit sharing pro­
grams among small companies.
— E merson B eier
Division of Industrial and Labor Relations
Bureau of Labor Statistics

580
Russian Industrialization and Income

Real Wages in Soviet Russia Since 1928. By
Janet G. Chapman. Cambridge, Mass., H ar­
vard University Press, 1963. 395 pp., bibli­
ography. $12.
What was the impact of Stalin-type industriali­
zation on living standards in the Soviet Union?
This question is of evident interest, and Mrs.
Chapman has rendered signal service to all of us
by assembling and analyzing all available data and
presenting her calculations for a number of
years—1928,1937,1940,1944,1948,1952 and 1954.
She devotes almost half the book to a thorough
presentation of the statistical evidence, so that we
can follow every stage of her calculation and
check, if we wish, every price quotation which she
uses. The information on which she relies is at
times imperfect and incomplete, but that is cer­
tainly not the author’s fault, and it is hard to
imagine how anything better and more thorough
could be done with the available figures.
One might query, not for the first time, the
usefulness of calculating anything for the year
1944, a year of drastic shortages and rationing, in
which wage and price calculations had so little
meaning that the results are actually worth less
than nothing. Silence is preferable to the impli­
cation, which follows from her figures, that real
wages in 1948 were lower than in 1944. But this
is an exception. The calculations for the other
years are both highly interesting and meaningful.
The interpretation of the figures depends signif­
icantly on the proper appreciation of the techni­
calities of index numbers. Mrs. Chapman’s dis­
cussion of this topic is admirable. When there is
as drastic a change in the economy as there was
in the Soviet Union in the Stalin era, it is hardly
surprising to find that the cost of living index
varies greatly with the chosen base year. For ex­
ample, according to Mrs. Chapman’s calculations,
the cost of living in 1937 was 699 (1928=100)
with 1928 weights, and 478 with 1937 weights.
Money wages quadrupled in the same period, and
so real wages fell. However, the extent of the fall
is very different according to the chosen weights.
Similarly, it follows that real wages in 1954, net of
taxes and including social benefits, were either 19
percent above or 12 percent below the levels of
1928, again depending on the weights. I t is not
surprising in the circumstances that Soviet official

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

publications avoid showing any cost-of-living in­
dex which goes back as far as 1928, and that, if
such an index is implied, it is always given with
the weights of a recent year.
Mrs. Chapman rightly draws attention to the
fact that the fall in real wages after 1928 was ac­
companied by a rise, at any rate by 1937, in the
value of total consumption. This apparent para­
dox is explained by the effect of the transfer of
peasants into industrial occupations. Per capita
income in the villages was substantially below that
of towns in 1928, and so it was possible for an
increase in total per capita consumption to be ac­
companied by a decline in the real incomes of both
workers and peasants. This is a significant point
if one seeks to assess the changes in real wages of
particular groups. Those who were already in­
dustrial workers in 1928 may have been earning
rather more in 1937, since experienced workers
with skill had a high scarcity value. The average
was pulled down by the influx of large numbers
of unskilled peasants, who occupied the bulk of
the lower wage categories. One Soviet analyst
did in fact draw attention to the importance of
this phenomenon during the thirties. This sort of
pattern must frequently recur when one examines
the impact of rapid industrialization on personal
incomes.
It should be added that statistics of aggregate
consumption are apt to be misleading in this con­
text, because differences in real income between
urban and rural citizens tend to be exaggerated by
the conventional statistical methods of measuring
consumption. Consequently, the move of a Rus­
sian, Indian, or Bolivian peasant to a city gen­
erates an increase in statistically measurable con­
sumption greater than any real increase in human
welf are. On the other hand, there are many other
considerations relevant to welfare in the broadest
sense, and Mrs. Chapman does point out the psy­
chological impact of improved opportunities for
education and advancement.
Soviet living standards advanced fairly rapidly
after 1954, and so one should not take calculations
which end at that date as a guide to the present
relative position of the Soviet wage earner. How­
ever, the present year of shortages and queues re­
minds one, if any reminder is necessary, that all
calculations of real wages are based implicitly
on the assumption that goods are available at
established prices, and that consequently no index

581

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

numbers can satisfactorily reflect changes in avail­
ability when prices fail to respond to supply and
demand conditions. Only to a limited extent can
such changes find reflection in free market prices.
To say this is no criticism of Mrs. Chapman. It
is in the nature of statistical methods in this
field. It is clear that her book will be regarded
as a standard text on the period she covers, and
rightly so.
—A. N ove
Department of International Economic Studies
University of Glasgow

Passages From India

Administration and Economic Development in
India. Edited by Ralph Braibanti and Jo­
seph J. Spengler. Durham, N.C., Duke Uni­
versity Press, 1963. 312 pp. (Duke Univer­
sity Commonwealth-Studies Center Publica­
tion 18.) $7.50.
“Economic development has been blocked to a
large extent precisely because its implementation
depends on a structure and disposition of bu­
reaucracy, neither of which can be jarred out of
the larger societal whole,” say the editors of this
volume. It vTas this appraisal of the current posi­
tion in the underdeveloped countries that led them
first to organize a seminar on the relationship of
economic development and public administration
in India and then to produce this volume of essays.
The range of topics surveyed shows that the edi­
tors take a very broad view of the term “public
administration,” as Spengler’s own essay on
uArthashastra Economics,” an excellent critique
of the Indian equivalent of Machiavelli’s The
Prince, demonstrates. Kautilya, concludes Speng­
ler, has a very imperfect understanding of the
forces making for economic growth. Why then
has this essay been included in this volume? Is
it really because the Indian administrators of to­
day have been found to derive their inspiration,
directly or indirectly, from Kautilya? I t is for
answers to such questions that a reader will turn
to this volume and feel disappointed. Nor is Rob­
ert Tilman’s essay on caste particularly satisfying
from this point of view.
But the majority of essays do deal directly with
the problem of public administration in its various
facets that bear on economic development. Brai­
banti’s appraisal of administrative reform accom­
plished in India over the last 15 years or so leads

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him to conclude that it “has been unusually well
conceived and has been marked with a firm sense
of order, balance, and allocation of priorities.”
This reform has been brought about with virtually
no financial or advisory assistance from abroad.
If one reads Braibanti and Jagota only, the im­
pression is inescapable that everything is fine in
so far as public administration in India is con­
cerned. But Hugh Tinker’s assessment of the
Community Development Program points up to a
different picture of the Indian bureaucracy. He
says, “Today it is probably true to say that the
senior district official is more aloof and out of
touch with the general public than was his British
predecessor.” The community development pro­
gram which is meant to kindle a new sense of com­
munity in the village India has “lost its original
attraction,” quotes Tinker from an official review.
If it has to be revived in full vigor, there must be
“a deliberate policy of dismantling the whole su­
perstructure of control.” Sovani too feels that the
program has settled down to a dead administra­
tive routine, and he thinks it is largely an organi­
zational failure.
Wilfred Malenbaum seems to feel that the mid­
dling performance of Indian plans cannot be
blamed entirely on “inadequate implementations.”
He blames the planners more than the administra­
tors—“The evidence seems less that there was in­
adequate implementation then that the plans were
not real enough to be more implementable.”
The rosy impression created by Braibanti and
Jagota in the first two essays is all but washed
off in the subsequent essays in this volume.
— I. S. G ulatt
Visiting Professor of Economics
University of Hawaii

Keeping Current

The Encyclopedia of Management. Edited by
Carl Heyel. New York, Reinhold Publishing
Corp., 1964. 1084 pp. $25.
Perhaps one of the most frustrating problems
facing any executive today is how best to keep
current with the rapidly changing techniques of
management. Keeping abreast with the develop­
ments in the behavioral sciences, electronic data
processing, and mathematical techniques in de­
cisionmaking, defies one’s individual capability.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

582
This volume contains about 300 entries on a
wide variety of management subjects. These en­
tries are more than definitions or referrals to other
sources. They contain in-depth treatment, offer
background data, show subject relationship, and
present viewpoints. On the major subjects, recog­
nized authorities have contributed articles.
Emphasis is given to the newer, widely publi­
cized techniques such as operations research, data
processing, sensitivity training, group dynamics,
PERT, and others, as well as to the tried and
proven management areas with which the modern
executive must deal. Examples of fields covered
are advertising, financial control, labor relations,
industrial engineering, long-range planning, office
operations, and technical research and develop­
ment.
Included is a guide to “Core Subject Reading”
divided into 24 major categories, each of which
has a listing of subjects for a program of planned
reading in logical sequence for development of the
subject. Information references given with each
subject include professional associations, periodi­
cals, and other relevant items.
This new volume is highly recommended as a
convenient reference for top management and gen­
eralists who may want perspective, understanding,
and possible application of the various techniques
of management to their fields of interest.
— T om K ouzes
Director, Office of Organization and Management
Office of Administrative Assistant Secretary

Rising Cost o f H ealth Care

Changes in Family Medical Care Expenditures
and Voluntary Health Insurance—A Five
Year Survey. By Odin W. Anderson, Pa­
tricia Collette, Jacob J. Feldman. Cam­
bridge, Mass., Harvard University Press,
1963. 217 pp. $6.
This compact volume graphically presents the
findings of a thorough, large-scale survey devoted
exclusively to the gathering of information on
family expenditures for health insurance and med­
ical care. A large number of surveys are avail­
able which explore parallel areas of study, e.g.,
those of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Depart­


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ment of Commerce, and Social Security Adminis­
tration, but this one, conducted by the Health In ­
formation Foundation in collaboration with the
National Opinion Research Center, deals ex­
clusively with categories not considered elsewhere.
An identical survey conducted 5 years ago pro­
vides a useful benchmark for comparison.
The changes and trends reported in 1958, and
earlier in 1953, provide statistical data portraying
the upward spiral of medical care expenditures.
General admissions to hospitals are on the rise;
more surgery is being performed; and increasing
numbers are receiving physician services yearly.
The proportion of old people is on the increase,
and health facilities are being more heavily
utilized.
As health care costs go up, it is only through
the risk-spreading technique of insurance that
medical expenditures can be more evenly distrib­
uted among families. Thus, insurance has be­
come the instrument of a stable base for the medi­
cal market. The real challenge is whether people
can pay for insured medical care without straining
their family budgets. According to these data,
the answer to this question is positive among both
low- and high-income groups. The authors pro­
pose that health insurance, as presently written,
needs to be broadened. I t should include, on a
comprehensive basis, more dental, surgical, and
major medical coverage as well as hospitalization.
Dr. Anderson and his associates reach a number
of conclusions worth noting. The service com­
ponents of hospital care and drugs account for
almost two-thirds of increased expenditures—a
shifting in the composition of the medical dollar.
These increases may be primarily ascribed to the
age groups at both extremes, those under 6 and
those over 65. Hospital insurance benefits cov­
ered the same proportion of the hospital bill in
1958 as in 1953, despite a per-family increase of
expenditures for hospital care of 66 percent.
In a field of growing social and public impor­
tance this book serves as a useful yardstick of
medical care and health insurance expenditures by
the public.
— S ylvia D. K assalow
Division of Research and Statistics
Social Security Administration

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

Quotations From Recent Books
Full Employment or Stagnation? By J. M. Cul­
bertson. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Inc., 1964. 252 pp. $5.95.
“The performance of the economy is inescapably
dependent upon government policy. A funda­
mental flaw in the market economy is that it can­
not develop to a high degree without the use of
money but contains no mechanism for controlling
the behavior of money. In modern token-money
systems, the behavior of money is entirely depend­
ent upon government policy and upon institutions
determined by government policy. Thus, policy
cannot escape responsibility for assuring that the
money supply behaves in an acceptable way. This
implies that it must increase rapidly enough over
the years to support a sufficient expansion in total
demands to take the growing full-employment
output of the economy off the market. I t also im­
plies that the money supply must not aggravate
economic fluctuations by declining when the econ­
omy is slack and expanding rapidly when total
demands are excessive.”
The Poor Pay More: Consumer Practices of LowIncome Families. By David Caplovitz. New
York, Free Press of Glencoe, 1963. 220 pp.
$5.50.
“These characteristics of the low-income con­
sumer—his socially supported want for ’major
durables, his small funds, his poor credit position,
his lack of shopping sophistication—constitute the
conditions under which durables are marketed in
low-income areas. To understand the paradox set
by the many stores selling high-cost durables in
these areas, it is necessary to know how the mer­
chants adapt to these conditions. Clearly the nor­
mal marketing arrangements, based on a model of
the “adequate” consumer (the consumer with
funds, credit, and shopping sophistication), can­
not prevail if these merchants are to stay in
business.”
I York Measurement and Production Control with
the F-A-S-T System. By Wilbur J. Fuhro.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
1963.

211 pp.

$15.

“Management is usually concerned about the
number of supervisors it should have, yet rarely


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

583
does anything about measuring the real need for
supervision. Some clarification about the nature
of true supervision is needed. True supervision
only occurs when the supervisor is in actual con­
tact with his subordinates, while in the act of
instructing, training, or checking work quality,
or when the supervisor is engaged in desk work
which requires him to have supervisory skills and
knowledge. However, there are countless in­
stances where supervisors engage in work which is
purely administrative, or clerical in nature, which
does not require supervisory skill, and which
should preferably be done by a clerk. This is the
difference between supervision and adminis­
tration.”
The Coalminers of New South Wales: A History
of the Union, 1860-1960. By Robin Gollan.
Melbourne, Australia, Melbourne University
Press, 1963. 249 pp., bibliography. $7.50,
Cambridge University Press, New York.
“The rising cost of living, together with the
questionings of the war, made trade unionists more
inclined to accept some of the conclusions, if not
the argument in full, of the revolutionary socialists
and the I.W.W. In particular, there was a grow­
ing belief that Labor politicians, once elected, de­
serted those who had placed them in positions of
privilege and power. . . . The more general con­
clusion of Australian trade unionists in 1916 was
that it was necessary to carry on independent
industrial action, but at the same time to attempt
to maintain control of the politicians.”
Management and the White-Collar Union. By
Albert A. Blum. New York, American Man­
agement Association, Inc., 1964. 110 pp.
(AMA Research Study 63.) $4.50; $3 to
AMA members.
“Management starts with a tremendous advan­
tage in the competition. Historically, most sal­
aried persons have felt that they were on manage­
ment’s side, and they still do. Management has
had still another advantage, the relative lack of
union action. But there is one major handicap
in management’s situation that the AMA survey
has brought to light: the complacency of many
executives toward their white-collar personnel
policies.”

584
Structural Interdependence and Economic De­
velopment: Proceedings of an International
Conference on Input-Output Techniques, Ge­
neva,, September 1961. Edited by Tibor
Barna. London, Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1968.
365 pp. $15, St Martin’s Press, New York.
“A strong feature of input-output analysis has
been its emphasis upon the interdependence of the
various sectors on an economy. An input-output
table is essentially a general equilibrium model.
Like the Walrasian system, it warns us against
naive assumptions that everything else will re­
main constant when the output of a particular in­
dustry is changed. At the same time, we cannot
help wishing for the convenience and flexibility of
partial equilibrium models which might justify us
in focusing our attention upon one sector of the
economy, safe in the knowledge that events in
other sectors will not seriously upset our prognos­
tications.”
Vanishing Bracero : Valley Revolution. By John
McBride. San Antonio, Tex., The Naylor
Co., 1963. 83 pp. $2.50.
“So, though it was confusing, the bracero sub­
stituted for our wetbacks for several years. We
did not accept him as a permanent fixture, but we
contemplated using him for quite a while. By
1958, many farmers in the middle Valley had
bought the machines built later and were pleased
with them. They had to get along without the
domestic mill buyers’ premium price ; and if their
gin was equipped with the machinery needed to
make high grades of their cotton, the only com­
pany interested in this cotton was Commodity
Corporation; but their lower picking cost offset
this sacrifice.”

Other Recent Publications
Education and Training
Education and Training: K ey to Development of Human
Resources. (Second annual report of the Secretary

of Health, Education, and Welfare to the Congress
on training activities under the Manpower Develop­
ment and Training Act.) Washington, U.S. Depart­
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1964. 50
pp. 40 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964
(A re­
port of occupational training under the Area Redevel­
opment Act for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1963.)
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of
Manpower, Automation and Training, 1964. 36 pp.

Occupational Training: Pathway to Employment.

The Heed for an Economic Approach to Training. By
George S. Odiorne. (In Training Directors Journal,

American Society of Training Directors, New York,
March 1964, pp. 3-12. $1.)

Industrial R elations
The Elements of Industrial Relations. By Jack Barbash.
(In British Journal of Industrial Relations, London

School of Economics and Political Science, London,
March 1964, pp. 66-78. $2.50.)
Outstanding

Books

on

Industrial

Relations,

1963.

Princeton, N.J., Princeton University, Industrial Re­
lations Section, March 1964. 4 pp. (Selected Refer­
ences 116.) 40 cents.
White-Collar Unionization. By James J. Bambrick.

(In

Personnel Administrator, American Society for Per­
sonnel Administration, Fort Collins, Colo., MarchApril 1964, pp. 1-2, 4-7, 31. $1.25.)
Industrial Unrest in the Ration’s Airline Industry. By
Edward B. Shils. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago,

March 1964, pp. 143-176. $1.25.)
Considerations in Avoiding Crippling Strikes in the News­
paper Industry. By Stuart Rothman. (In Notre

Dame Lawyer, Notre Dame, Ind., February 1961, pp.
119-136. $1.50.)
A Manual for Employee-Management Cooperation in the
Federal Service. Edited by Harold S. Roberts. Hon­

olulu, University of Hawaii, Industrial Relations
Center, 1964. ix, 111 pp.

Labor Force
Scientists, Engineers, and Technicians in the 1960’s—Re­
quirements and Supply. Prepared in the Division of

Manpower and Occupational Outlook of the Bureau
of Labor Statistics. Washington, National Science
Foundation, 1964. 68 pp. (NSF 63-34.) 45 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Washington, U.S. De­
partment of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1964. 55 pp.
(Bulletin 287.) 30 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.

Negro Women Workers in 1960.

The Employment of Married Women in the Supervisory
Role [in Great Britain ]. By R. K. Brown, J. M.
Kirby, K. F. Taylor. (In British Journal of Indus­

trial Relations, London School of Economics and
Political Science, London, March 1964, pp. 23-41.
$2.50.)

585

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Employment Changes in Textile Mill Products from 1939
to 1963—New Hampshire and the United States. Con­

cord, State of New Hampshire Department of Em­
ployment Security, 1964. 21 pp.
Family Breadwinners: Their Special Training Needs. By

Lloyd Feldman and Michael R. Peevey. Washington,
U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Manpower, Au­
tomation and Training, 1964. 16 pp. (Manpower
Research Bulletin 5.)
The Economic Absorption of In-Migrant Laborers in a
Northern Industrial Community. By Lyle W. Shan­
non and Elaine M. Krass. {In American Journal of

Economics and Sociology, New York, January 1964,
pp. 65-84. $1.)

sonnel Administration, Washington,
1964, pp. 30-35. $1.25.)

March-April

Minnesota Studies in Vocational Rehabilitation: XIV,
The Measurement of Employment Satisfactoriness.

By Robert E. Carlson and others. Minneapolis, Uni­
versity of Minnesota, Industrial Relations Center,
1963. 74 pp. (Bulletin 37.)

Prices and Consumption Economics
Consumer Expenditures and Income: Washington, D.C.,
1960-61. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 18 pp. 2d report.
(BLS Report 237-53.) Other reports in this series
include :
R eport No.

Labor Organizations
Some Characteristics of Union Members in the 1880's and
1890's. By Thomas Mayer. {In Labor History,

Tamiment Institute, New York, Winter 1964, pp. 5766. $1.50.)
White-Collar Unions and the Law. By H. Neil Rude.
{In Personnel Journal, Swarthmore, Pa., February

1964, pp. 88-93. 75 cents.)
The Government Worker Goes Union. By David L. Perl­
man. {In American Federationist, AFL-CIO, Wash­

ington, March 1964, pp. 8-12.)

Boston, Mass., 1960-61 (2d report)____________ 237-57
Pittsburgh, Pa., 1960-61 (2d report)____________ 237-61
Baltimore, Aid., 1960-61 (2d report)____________ 237-66
Cleveland, Ohio, 1960-61 (2d report)____________237-71
Los Angeles, Calif., 1960-61 (2d report)________ 237-72
Pricing and Employment in the Trade Cycle: A Study of
B ritish Manufacturing Industry, 1950-61. By R. R.

Neild. London, National Institute of Economic and
Social Research, 1963. 73 pp. (Occasional Paper
XXI.) $3, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Consumer Price Index —Theory, Practice, and Use in
India. By Amarendra Basu. Calcutta, Modern

Book Agency Private, Ltd., 1963. 175 pp. Rs. 10.
What's To Be Done for Labor? The Trade Unionists'
Answer. By Solomon Barkin and Albert A. Blum.
{In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, March 1964, pp.

177-187. $1,25.)
The Maritime Unions Trusteeship—A Departure in Cana­
dian Labor Law. By Allan A. Porter. {In Con­

ference Board Record, National Industrial Confer­
ence Board, New York, March 1964, pp. 24-28.)
Differences in the Executive Council of the American Fed­
eration of Labor. By Philip Taft. {In Labor His­

tory, Tamiment Institute, New York, Winter 1964,
pp. 40-56. $1.50.)

Productivity and Technological Change
By Richard
H. Shaw and William R. Swett. New York, Amer­
ican Management Association, 1964. 20 pp. $1.50;
$1 to AMA members.

Manpower Utilization in Production Control.

By Robert E. Cubbedge. Washing­
ton, Robert B. Luce, Inc., 1963. 114 pp., bibliography.
$3.25, David McKay Co., Inc., New York.

Who Needs People?

One Community's Response to Problems of Automation.
By Yvonne S. Karbowski. {In Personnel Journal,

Swarthmore, Pa., March 1964, pp. 141-146. 75 cents.)

Personnel M anagement
Evaluating Engineering Performance: Special Programs
for Individual and Group Evaluation, Washington,

Social Security
Unemployment Insurance Revieiv. Washington, U.S. De­

Job Satisfaction: M yths and Realities. By John D.
Handyside and Mary Speak. {In British Journal of

partment of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security,
Unemployment Insurance Service, Vol. 1, Nos. 1 and
2, January-February 1964. 46 pp. (First issue; pub­
lished monthly.) Annual subscription, $3 domestic;
$4 foreign; single issue 30 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.

Industrial Relations, London School of Economics
and Political Science, London, March 1964, pp. 57-65.
$2.50.)

Workmen's Compensation, OASDI: The Overlap Issue.
By Earl F. Cheit. {In Industrial Relations: A

National Society of Professional Engineers, 1963. 23
pp. (Publication 1426.) $1; 50 cents to NSPE
members.

The Unproductive Employee —Cause, Effect, and Remedy.
By John Daniels and Richard J. Comiskey. {In Per­


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Journal of Economy and Society, University of Cali­
fornia, Institute of Industrial Relations, Berkeley,
February 1964, pp. 63-80. $1.50.)

586

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

Long-Range Cost Estim ates for Old-Age, Survivors, and
D isability Insurance System, 1963. By Robert J.

Myers and Francisco Bayo. Washington, U.S. De­
partment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social
Security Administration, Division of the Actuary,
1963. 46 pp. (Actuarial Study 58.)

Hearings before
the Subcommittee on Labor of the Committee on
Labor and Public Welfare, U.S. Senate, 88th Congress,
2d session on S. 450 and H.R. 6041. Washington,
1964. 52 pp.

Amendments to the Davis-Bacon Act.

Washington, Cham­
ber of Commerce of the United States, 1964. 28 pp.
50 cents.

Economics of the Shorter Workweek.

W ages and Hours
Wages and Related Benefits: P art I, 82 Labor Markets,
1962-63—Occupational Earnings,
Supplementary
Practices, Rate Structure Characteristics. Washing­

ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta­
tistics, 1964. 116 pp. (Bulletin 1345-83.) 60 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Industry Wage Survey: Machinery Manufacturing,
March-May 1963. By Fred W. Mohr. Washington,

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis­
tics, 1964. 27 pp. (Bulletin 1388.) 25 cents, Super­
intendent of Documents, Washington.

M iscellaneous
By Robert
E. Kuenne. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University
Press, 1963. 590 pp., bibliography. $12.50.

The Theory of General Economic Equilibrium.

By Grant McConnell.
New York, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1963. 119 pp.
$4.

Steel and the Presidency, 1962.

Toward a World of Plenty? By Barbara Ward. Toronto,
Employee Earnings: Retail Building Materials, Hardware,
and Farm Equipment Dealers, June 1962. Washing­

ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1964. 29 pp. (Bulletin 1380-1.) 25 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Other
bulletins in this series include:
Bulletin
No.

Retail General Merchandise Stores,
June 1962______________
Retail Food Stores, June 1962___

1380-2
1380-3

Pages

77

51

Price
{cents)

45
40

Occupational Wage Survey: Fort Worth, Tex., November
1963.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1964. 20 pp. (Bulletin
1385-19.) 20 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington. Other bulletins in this series include :
Bulletin
No.

St. Louis, Mo.-III., October 1963 __
Portland, Maine, November 1963__
Richmond, Va., November 1963 ___
Baltimore, Md., November 1963___
Columbus, Ohio, November 1963 ___
Kansas City, Mo.-Kans., November
1963________________________
Trenton, N.J., December 1963 ____
Salt Lake City, Utah, December
1963________________________
Miami, Fla., December 1963 _ _ __
Indianapolis, Ind., December 1963- _
Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J., November
1963________________________

79 pp.

Poverty D rive—W ar or Window Dressing? [A Sympo­
sium]. {In American Child, New York, March 1964,

pp. 1-23. 50 cents.)
Effects on Economic Groicth of the Employment Shift to
Service Industries. By Michael E. Bradley. {In

ILR Research, Cornell University, New York State
School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Ithaca,
N.Y., Vol. IX, No. 3,1964, pp. 3-6.)
The Recent Growth Record of the American Economy.
By Wallace C. Peterson. {In American Journal of

Economics and Sociology, New York, January 1964,
pp. 1-18. $1.)

Pages

Price
{cents)

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1385-22
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25
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1385-27

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18

25
20

Labor Laws and Their Administration: Proceedings of
the 46th Convention of the International Association
of Governmental Labor Officials, Richmond, Va., Au­
gust 18-23, 1963. Washington, U.S. Department of

1385-28
1385-29
1385-30

18
30
30

20
25
25

Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1964. 193 pp.
(Bulletin 260.) 55 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.

1385-31

36

30

Income of the Aged in 1962: F irst Findings of the 1963
Survey of the Aged. By Lenore A. Epstein. {In

Salaries Paid and Salary Practices in Universities, Col­
leges, and Junior Colleges, 1963-64. Washington,

National Education Association, 1964. 59 pp.
search Report 1964-R3.) $1.25.


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Canada, University of Toronto Press, 1963.
(Sir Robert Falconer Lectures.) $2.95.

(Re­

The American Statistical Association and Federal Statis­
tics. By Raymond T. Bowman. {In Journal of the

American Statistical Association, Washington, March
1964, pp. 1-17.)

Social Security Bulletin, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administra­
tion, Washington, March 1964, pp. 3-24, 28. 25 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)

Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A. —Employment
588
589
593
597

A -l.
A-2.
A-3.
A-4.

597 A-5.
598 A-6.

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted
Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted
Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations

B. —Labor Turnover
599 B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group

C. —Earnings and Hours
602 0-1.
2.
614 C—
614 C-3.
4.
615 C—
617 C—5.
617 C-6.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing
by major industry group
Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing

D. —Consumer and Wholesale Prices
618 D -l.
619 D-2.
620 D-3.
622 D-4.
623 D-5.

Consumer Price Index—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers
(including single workers) all, items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
Consumer Price Index—U.S. city average and selected cities for urban wage earners
and clerical workers (including single workers)
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices by stage of processing and durability of product

E. —Work Stoppages
624 E -l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

F. —Work Injuries
F -l.

Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries1

1 This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
o t e : With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in Techniques of Preparing Major B L S Statisti­
cal Series BLS Bulletin 1168, 1954, and cover the United States without Alaska and Hawaii.

N


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

587

588

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

A.—Employment
T able A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1
Employment status

1964
Mar.

Feb.

1963
Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

Annual aver­
age
June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1961

1960

Total, both sexes
Total labor force__________________
Civilian labor force_______________
Unemployment...................... ...........
Unemployment rate seasonally
Justed 8_______ _____________
Unemployed 4 weeks or less____
Unemployed 5-10 weeks______
Unemployed 11-14 weeks___
Unemployed 15-26 weeks_______
Unemployed over 26 weeks_____
Employment___________________
N onagricultural............
Worked 35 hours or more_____
Worked 15-34 hours__________
Worked 1-14 hours_______ I__.
With a job but not at work *__
Agricultural__________________
Worked 35 hours or more_____
Worked 15-34 hours___ ___ _
Worked 1-14 hours___________
With a job but not at work 3_Y.

75, 553 75, 259 74, 514 75,201 76,000 76,086 75,811 77,167 77, 917 77,901
72,810 72,527 71,793 72,461 73,261 73,344 73,062 74,418 75,173 75,165
4,293 4, 524 4,565 3,846 3,936 3,453 3,516 3,857 4,322 4,846
5.4
5.4
5.6
5.5
5.9
5.5
5.6
5.5
5.6
5.7
1,620 1,669 2,069 1,734 1,955 1,623 1,682 1, 670 1,907 2,802
807 1, 236
988
859
662
767
617
806 1,2 2 1
806
544
455
402
324
349
251
332
430
260
222
742
654
605
492
401
443
382
439
376
502
581
510
501
436
463
476
503
510
557
514
68, 517 68,002 67, 228 68,615 69,325 69, 891 69, 546 70, 561 70,851 70,319
64, 500 64,071 63,234 64, 576 64,548 64, 541 64,220 65,065 64,882 64, 365
50,556 48,953 47,179 50,817 46,129 50,960 50,462 47, 678 47, 214 49,804
7,717 8,694 9, 637 7,679 12,456 7,402 7,124 6,985 6, 556 7,015
4,191 4,321 4,164 4,092 3,935 3,893 3,645 3, 261 3,332 3, 580
2,038 2,103 2,255 1,985 2,029 2,288 2,990 7,142 7,780 3,966
4,017 3,931 3,993 4,039 4, 777 5,350 5,326 5,496 5,969 5,954
2,391 2,108 2,108 2,179 2,994 3, 716 3,619 3,702 4,130 4,199
1,029 1,077 1,042 1,10 0 1,196 1,094 1,170 1,155 1, 237 1,226
386
524
549
476
411
442
424
444
466
413
211
223
294
284
176
98
112
196
137
119

75,864 74,897 74,382 74,175

73,126

73,127 72,161 71,650 71,603
4,066 4,063 4,501 <806

70,612
3,931

5.9
1,833
679
262
649
643
69,061
63, 883
,50,383
7,261
4,144
2,093
5,178
3,489
1,196
415
80

5.6
1,799
823
353
502
454
66,681
60,958
46,388
8,249
3,279
3,042
5,723
3,811
1,279
444
190

5.7
5.6
6.7
1, 597 1,553 1,897
672
964
963
371
411
598
743
696
728
681
691
804
68,097 67,148 66, 796
63, 424 62, 812 61,333
46, 505 48,669 4L 257
10, 455 7,588 7,522
3,856 4,119 3,610
2,608 2,436 2,946
4,673 4,337 5,463
3,198 2,587 3, 540
1,041 1,042 1,245
305
467
477
129
241
200

Males
Total labor force_______________
Civilian labor force_____________
Unemployment______________
Employment________________
Nonagricui tural_______
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work 3
Agricultural,...................
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work s_

50,123 49,956 49, 731 49,924 50,285 50,368 50,602 52,060 52,477 52, 204 50, 483 50,010 49,675
47,255 47,041 47,215 47,577 47,657 47,884 49,342 49, 765 49,500 47, 778 47,306 46,975
2,826 2,881 2,477 2,253 1,874 1,902 2,224 2,516 2,779 2, 434 2,600 3,013
44,429 44,160 44, 739 45,324 45, 784 45,983 47,118 47,249 46, 722 45,345 44, 706 43,962
41,029 40,686 41,294 41,488 41, 644 41,880 42,733 42, 538 42,078 41, 205 40, 762 40,251
33, 782 32,879 34,799 32,166 35,387 35,317 34,007 33, 791 35, 283 35,055 32,806 33, 648
4,187 4,580 3,466 6,442 3,238 3,205 3,345 3,060 3,256 3,161 4,941 3,439
1,795 1,777 1, 718 1,586 1,610 1,552 1,441 1,437 1,551 1,795 1,658 1,688
1,265 1,452 1,311 1,292 1,410 1,808 3,941 4,250 1,988 1,193 1,357 1,476
3,400 3,474 3, 445 3,836 4,139 4,103 4, 385 4, 711 4,644 4,140 3,945 3, 711
1,918 1,908 1,951 2,622 3,121 3,067 3,232 3, 591 3,634 3,071 2,888 2,383
803
795
820
754
626
631
669
681
702
637
700
730
475
497
409
307
309
301
315
329
276
296
384
247
203
274
263
154
84
102
168
111
96
112
68
216

49,918

49, 507

47,378
3,060
44,318
39,811
32,984
3,587
1, 511
1,729
4,508
3,132
827
370
179

47,025
2,541
44,485
39,807
32, 511
4,100
1.360
1,836
4,678
3,365
792
348
172

25,381 24,886 24, 707 24,257

23,619

25,349
1, 632
23, 717
22,679
15,327
4,099
2,352
900
1,038
418
493
117

23,587
1,390
22,196
21,151
13,877
4,149
1,919
1,206
1,045
445
486
96
17

47,411
2,681
44,730
41, 299
34, 797
3,461
1,743
1,297
3,432
2,190
741
325
176

Females
Total labor force________________
Civilian labor.................... ............ .
Unemployment______________
Employment________________"
Nonagricultural____________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work's.
Agricultural ..................... .........
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work 3

25,430 25,302 24, 783 25, 277 25, 715 25, 718 25,209 25,108 25,440 25,697
25,399 25, 271 24,752 25, 246 25,684 25,687 25,178 25,076 25,408 25,665
1,613 1,698 1,684 1,369 1,682 1,580 1,615 1, 633 1,806 2,067
23,786 23, 573 23,068 23,877 24,001 24,107 23, 563 23,443 23,602 23,598
23,201 23,042 22,548 23, 282 23,061 22,897 22,340 22,332 22,344 22, 287
15,758 15,170 14,301 16,020 13,962 15, 572 15,147 13,672 13,424 14, 522
4, 256 4,507 5,057 4, 213 6,014 4,164 3,921 3,640 3,496 3,760
2,448 2, 526 2,387 2,377 2,349 2 , 282 2,092 1,819 1,895 2,029
740
838
674
803
736
879 1,183 3,202 3. 529 1,978
585
531
520
594
940 1,2 10 1,223 1 , 1 1 1 1, 258 1,310
201
190
199
224
372
597
551
467
539
564
288
273
247
280
443
467
537
485
556
590
61
49
53
69
104
134
122
129
137
135
35
20
21
20
22
15
10
28
26
23

Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
rot;bis.
s Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
8 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had


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24,854
1,463
23,391
22,663
13, 699
5,515
2,198
1, 251
728
311
341
59
12
17

24,675
1,489
23,186
22,560
15,022
4,149
2.430
960
625
204
312
83
26

24, 225
1,747
22,478
21, 523
14, 273
3,934
2,098
1,217
955
408
419
107
22

new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem­
ployed.
N otk: For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Employmerit and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
current issues).
Figures for periods prior to April 1962 are not strictly comparable with
current data because of the introduction of 1960 Census data into the esti­
mation procedure. The change primarily affected the labor force and em­
ployment totals, which were reduced by about 200,000. The unemployment
totals were virtually unchanged.

589

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]

Revised series: see box, p. 596.

1964

Annual
average

1963

Industry
Mar.2 Feb .2
Total employees_____________________

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

57,336 57,026 56,909 58,585 58,220 58,426 58,211 57,651 57,422 57,609 56,967 56,505 55,714 57,174 55,841
611
82.9
26.8
28.4

614
82.0
26.2
28.2

631
82.6
26.7
28.0

634
83.5
27.6
27.8

637
84.1
27.6
27.6

641
84.4
27.9
27.5

646
84.7
28.1
27.5

641
84.4
27.9
27.5

650
84.0
26.9
27.9

643
83.0
26.5
27.9

632
81.5
24.4
28.5

616
78.7
23.1
28.0

634
82.4
25.9
27.9

652
82.8
25.5
28.5

Coal mining ______________________
Bituminous_______________________

134.0
122.5

135.2
124.0

137.1
125.8

136.1
124.8

136.0
125.0

134.5
123.8

135.1
124.5

125.9
114.5

138.8
128.0

141.5
130.5

142.8
131.9

141.7
130.5

138.7
127.6

151.7
139.8

Crude petroleum and natural gas___ ___
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services____________

287.1
160.8
126.3

290.5
160.5
130.0

295.0
161.6
133.4

291.5
161.2
130.3

289.5
161.6
127.9

295.0
163.3
131.7

297.9
166.5
131.4

302.2
167.5
134.7

300.3
166.3
134.0

295.0
163.0
132.0

289.7
162.9
126.8

288.1
162.3
125.8

293.4
163.6
129.9

299.2
167.4
131.8

107.2

106.4

116.1

122.6

127.1

126.7

128.2

128.5

127.0

123.3

118.1

107.7

119.7

118.7

Mining___ - ----------------- --------------Metal mining.. _ ___________________
Iron ores___ . .. ________ _ . .
Copper ores______ _______________

612

Quarrying and nonmetallic mining_____
Contract construction__
. --------------General building contractors......... ...........
Heavy construction.. . . . .
_______
Highway and street construction_____
Other heavy construction----------------Special trade contractors____________ .

2,737

2,628 2,925 3,176 3,333 3,378 3,437 3,364 3,232 3,049 2,846 2,556 3,029 2,909
8Ò3.9 889.2 $72. 4 1 , 0 11.6 1,026.4 1,055. 9 1,033. 5 984.6 916.0 864.0 768.6 920.4 881.1
442.5 536.1 632.4 706.3 723.2 735.5 718.4 691.0 635.7 551.0 451.0 604.1 593.8
202.6 192.0 256.3 329.9 387.5 398.8 404.6 392.3 377.6 341.5 274.9 203.8 312.2 298.1
257.2 250.5 279.8 302.5 318.8 324.4 330.9 326.1 313.4 294.2 276.1 247.2 291.9 295.7
L,400.1 1,381.9 1,499. 7 1,571.2 1,615.1 1,628.4 1,645,2 1,612.0 1,556.1 1,497.2 1,430.9 1,336.5 1,504.5 1,434.5
2,676
816.3
459. 8

Manufacturing------- -------------------------- 17,033 16,984 16,935 17,139 17,229 17,367 17,398 17,199 17,050 17, 111 16,960 16,845 16,756 17,035 16,859
Durable goods......................................... 9,721 9,680 9, 666 9, 765 9,789 9,811 9,801 9,609 9,666 9,738 9,673 9,593 9, .508 9,659 9,493
Nondurable goods .............. ................ 7,312 7,304 7,269 7,374 7,440 7,556 7,597 7,590 7,384 7,373 7,287 7,252 7,248 7,376 7,367
D u ra b le g oods

57.4

271.3
192.7
21.4
57.2

275.5
194.9
22.3
58.3

277.6
196.0
23.0
58.6

276.4
193. 8
23.6
59.0

276.7
193.3
24.2
59.2

276.4
192.4
25.2
58.8

275.7
191.1
26.1
58.5

276.2
191.1
26.6
58.5

275.5
189.3
27.7
58.5

274.5
187.7
28.6
58.2

273.9
186.9
29.4
57.6

277.9
189.8
30.1
58.0

276.7
191.0
27.2
58.4

270.7
183.4
32.1
55.1

563.8
69.5
243.7

564.4
73.8
241.6

564.1
76.0
238.9

584.4
82.3
248.3

597.2
86.8

254.8

605.9
89.9
258.0

614.1
93.3
261.5

608.8
89.9
263.1

589.4
82.8
256.2

584.9
78.5
255.4

594.6
82.4
257.1

571.9
74.1
248.3

560.9
71.1
244.9

585.8
81.5
252.8

588.7
83.0
255.7

153.0
33.5
64.1

152.5
33.3
63.2

152.8
33.6
62.8

154.8
34.8
64.2

156.3
34.6
64.7

157.6
35.0
65.4

158.3
35.7
65.3

154.7
36.5
64.6

150.6
36.4
63.4

149.9
36.6
64.5

155.1
36.0
64.0

151.7
35.0
62.8

148.0
34.3
62.6

152.6
35.3
63.7

151.9
36.4
61.8

Furniture and fixtures_______________
Household furniture________________
Office furniture_____ . _ ______
Partitions; office and store fixtures____
Other furniture and fixtures...................

394.5
291.8

391.7
289.9
26.0
35.8
40.0

390.0
287.2
26.5
35.5
40.8

395.5
290.7
27.0
36.3
41.5

397.8
291.2
27.2
37.8
41.6

399.7
291.5
27.5
39.3
41.4

399.1
289.3
27.4
40.5
41.9

396.7
286.7
27.3
40.9
41.8

386.5
279.4
25.8
40.4
40.9

387.7
280.7
26.9
39.0
41.1

382.8
278.0
26.6
38.2
40.0

382.6
278.9
26.8
37.8
39.1

383.0
278.6
27.0
38.7
38.7

389.8
283.3
27.1
39.0
40.5

385.1
276.0
27.8
40.6
40.7

Stone, clay, and glass products________
Flat glass______________ . . .
____
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Cement, hydraulic___________ _____
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and related products______
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products____

596.4

589. 6
31.7
112.3
36.9
63.7
44.3
159.1

584.2
32.0
108.8
36.9
64.0
44.2
158.1

603.6
32.3

619.9
32.6
113.4
40.1
68.5
45.4
177.2
121.9

623.9
32.2
113.8
40.9
68.7
45.1
180.9
121.3

629.9
31.6
115.9
42.0
70.1
44.8
183.3

635.6
31.3
116.7
42.6
72.0
44. 4
185.4

615.3
30.1
113.6
41.0
69.8
43.7
177.3
120.3

574.1
29.3
110.9
36.3
63.9
43.0
154.8
116.5

607. 5
30.8
113.1
39.9

122.8

626.8
30.2
115.6
42.3
71.1
43.5
183.3
121.3

599.6
29.9

12 1.6

630.0
30.3
116.1
42.7
71.3
43.7
184.0
122.4

594.0
30.4
109.6
40.1
68.3
43.8
164.4
118. 9

Ordnance and accessories_____________
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories.............
Lumber and wood products, except
furnitu re...-------- ----------- -------Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing m ills _________
Millwork, plywood, and related
products________________________
Wooden containers_________________
Miscellaneous wood products________

268.7
190.5

40.4
113.5
38.0
64.7
162.0
12 2 .1

120.8

120.0

1 11.8

38.2
67.3
44.5
167.8
121.3

112.6

40.0
67.7
43.6
168.0
118.5

68.1

43.9
171.8
120.0

Primary metal industries_____________ 1,188.8 1,181.7 1,167.6 1,163. 7 1,152.0 1,152. 7 1,166.0 1,170. 8 1,195.9 1,209.1 1,191. 6 1,174. 8 1,151. 9 1,165. 7 1,163.8
Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 596.0 589.1 578.7 576.5 568.8 571.4 581.8 593.2 615. 9 623.9 612.2 597.9 578.5 586.3 591.9
Iron and steel foundries__ __________ 207. 5 207.1 204.6 203.0 201.3 200.0 201.7 196.2 198.4 200.5 198.4 197.2 195.1 198.3 193.6
Nonferrous smelting and refining........ .
68.4
68.8
68.1
69.9
70.2
70.3
70.3
69.6
67.6
66.7
70.0
70.1
69.9
69.7
69.7
Nonferrous, rolling, drawing, and
extruding... . . ________________
183.8 184.2 183.9 184.3 182.7 182.7 182.7 183. 5 183.0 185.4 183.1 182.0 181.4 182.7 181.3
71.3
71.5
71.5
70.0
Nonferrous foundries_______________
70.4
70.9
71.4
71.3
73.0
72.8
71.8
71.3 " 71.0
71.3
72.3
58.9
58.2
57.4
58.3
58.2
58.6
58.7
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
58.5
58.4
58.4
57.9
58.3
57.2
58.2
58.0
Fabricated metal products......... ............... 1,164.7 1,163.9 1,161.9 1,175.6 1,177.8 1,182. 7 l, 178.6 .1,160.5 1,149.1 1,163.0 1,147.6 1,133. 7 1 ,121.5 1,152. 7 1,127.5
60.2
61.3
62.0
Metal cans------ ---------------------------62.1
61.2
64.2
65.5
64.6
62.0
61.4
59.9
60.3
61.6
65.0
63.0
Cutlery, handtools, and general hard134.8
134.8
ware_________ _______ _________ 139.1 139.9 140.7 141.4 139.9 138.6 137.3 132.6 130. 5 135.5 134.6 134.8
136.0
Heating equipment and plumbing
74.3
76.9
74.9
74.8
fixtures__________
. . ________
78.2
78.4
79.2
77. C 75.9
79.1
79. C 77.5
79. C 79. C 79.3
Fabricated structural metal products.. 333.0 332.7 332.0 338.4 343.6 347.4 351.4 352.0 346.6 344.3 335.9 327.5 320.8 337.5 331.5
87.9
88.3
88.9
88.5
88.7
89.4
89.2
89.2
87.6
89.1
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
88.7
89.2
88.8
88.6
88.7
Metal stampings...................................... 202.1 203.2 204.2 205. f 205. £ 205.4 198.8 187.4 189. C 196. 8 196.1 194.4 192.7 196.8 190.4
67.2
66.9
70.0
70.2
69.7
68.7
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
70.4
70.7
72. 5
71.1
72.6
73.6
70. S 69.1
73. e
57.3
57.3
58.0
56.7
57.9
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
59.5
58.9
58.4
57.7
59.9
59.3
59.5
57.0
59.7
58.0
Miscellaneous
fabricated
metal
products___________ _____ _______ 129.6 129.1 127.6 ' 129.1 127.7 128.5 127.8 127.0 126.8 127.6 126.2 125.9 125.6 126.8 122.9
See footnotes at end of table.


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590

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

Table A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 596.

[In thousands]
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Mar.» Feb.»

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery............... ................................. 1, 581.1 1, 556.9 1, 556.6 1,550.0 1,531.1 1,527. 5 1,524.7 1, 516.4 1, 512.4 1, 523.1 1,516.4 1,518.8 1,514.4 1,520.3 1,489. 8
Engines and turbines..............................
85.2
86.3
86.1
86.2
86.3
85.4
86.7
85.5
84.7
84.5
84.4
85.7
85.7
85.6
84.0
Farm machinery and equipment-....... _
127.0 123.6 120.5 117.2 116.6 116.0 115.1 117.3 120.0 122.6 125. 0 125 1 1IQ 8 112.4
Construction and related machinery... 225.3 210.0 221.6 219.4 217.2 216.9 217.6 216.6 214.6 215.1 212.3 2 11.6 210.8 214.4 210.7
Metalworking machinery and equipment___________________________ 287.1 283.3 280.4 279.5 273.9 272.4 270.9 269.1 268.3 271.0 269.4 269.4 268.4 270.4 261.7
Special industry machinery_________
172.5 171.8 170.6 170.0 169.3 168.4 167.9 166.9 166.8 168.5 168.0 168.5 168.1 168.2 169.0
General industrial machinery................ 239.0 238.9 235.8 235.1 231.8 232.2 233.4 232.2 231.0 231.1 229.2 229.5 229.3 231.1 227.6
Office, computing, and accounting
machines_______________________
154.8 154.6 155.2 155.8 154.0 154.4 153.9 153.6 152.8 153.0 152.3 153.5 153.9 153.8 156.3
Service industry machines................... . 101.9 101.3 100.7 100.2 100.1 100.3
99.7
98.7 10 1.2 102.9 103.3 101.9 100.1 100. 5 100.8
Miscellaneous machinery______ _____ 185.9 184.8 183.2 183.2 181.5 180.1 179.0 178.8 175.7 177.0 174.9 173.7 173.0 176.5 167.4
Electrical equipment and supplies........... 1, 550. 0 1, 559.2 1,569.2 1, 581.7 1, 584. 9 1, 595.4 1, 590. 5 1,571.7 1,566.3 1,580.4 1,572. 8 1,572.4 1,577.4 1, 581. 5 1,579.2
Electric distribution equipment______ 170.3 170.4 170.8 170.6 170.3 169.0 169.5 170.5 168.6 168.5 167.8 167.6 167.4 168.9 167.8
Electrical industrial apparatus_______ 188.4 189.1 188.4 188.1 187.6 187.8 187.8 187.8 187.8 188.2 186.8 186.1 185.7 187.2 185.4
Household appliances................... ........ 157.0 158.0 157.5 160.3 161.9 160.8 157. 9 153.9 152.6 155.0 153.4 151.9 149.2 154.7 150.2
Electric lighting and wiring equipment- 153.5 152.9 152.1 152.8 153.8 154.3 153.0 150.2 146.5 147.4 146.0 147.0 147.2 149.3 143.2
Radio and TV receiving sets.................. 106.9 109.9 1 1 2 .1 116.9 119.7 122.6 122 .2 118.3 113.5 1 1 2 .1 106.9 103.7 104.9 113.0 110. 7
Communication equipment___ _____
410.7 412.7 416.8 419.4 417.5 425.0 426.1 425.5 427.1 432.0 435.8 441.0 447.1 433.7 445.0
Electronic components and accessories. 258.8 260.0 262.0 262.5 263.8 264.3 263.8 265.7 261.6 265.7 265.2 264.7 265.5 264.8 266.8
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies________________ ____ 104.4 106.2 109.5 1 1 1 . 1 110.3 1 1 1 .6 110 .2
99.8 108.6 111.5 110.9 110.4 110.4 109.9 110 .0
Transportation equipment___
1,652.0 1,645.7 1,649.3 1, 664. 8 1,659.2 1,650.4 1,626.8 1,487.0 1,600.4 1,620.7 1,620.4 1,616.5 1,603.7 1,614.2 1, 542.3
Motor vehicles and equipment.............. 777.1 771.0 776.2 782.8 777.3 768.3 752.3 617.6 732.1 747.0 745.8 738.9 727.4 738.4 691.6
Aircraft and parts___ ______________ 638.3 641.6 647.8 656.0 654.0 652.1 648.6 644.5 643.3 644.9 644.5 647.6 649.4 649.4 634.6
Ship and boat budding and repairing.. 144.2 141.8 139.0 139.2 141.2 142.1 140.4 141.6 141.8 144.0 148.9 149.4 149.3 144.2 141.3
Railroad equipment____ __________
48.1
47.7
47.2
47.3
45.1
44.1
50.6
44.3
44.7
40 fi
42.3
42.3
44.1
43.0
Other transportation equipment........... ...........
38.2
39.1
39.5
40.6
40.4
39.2
40.7
38.9
40.1
38.9
37.6
35.3
38.0
34.2
Instruments and related products............ 374.0 373.3 374.7 376.6 376.8 375.8 375.5 376.2 372.0 373.5 368.1 367.3 366.0 371.5 360.4
Engineering and scientific instruments.
72.7
73.1
72.6
73.0
73.2
73.9
73.1
71.3
73.9
73.4
73.6
74.1
73.6
73.9
Mechanical, measuring, and control
devices...................................................
99.0
97.1
97.1
99.8
99.4
99.0
96.5
97.9
97.9
98.0
97.0
97.4
97.5
97.5
95.0
Optical and ophthalmic goods_______
42.6
42.6
42.8
42.9
42.5
42.2
42.0
41.2
41.1
42.0
41.5
41.0
40.9
41.5
40.6
Surgical, medical, and dental equipment........ ........................ ........... ........
54.1
53.9
53.9
53.8
54.0
53.8
54.0
52.3
53.8
53.6
53.0
52.7
52.3
53.1
50.1
Photographic equipment and supplies..
77.4
78. 0 78.5
78.2
77.8
77.7
76.9
78.3
76.0
74.3
72 4
73. 8
73.1
75.9
Watches and clocks________________
29.4
30.4
31.6
31.9
31.5
29.9
28.9
31.0
30.1
28.9
28 3
28.8
28.1
29.8
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware and plated ware__
Toys, amusement and sporting goods..
Pens, pencils office and art materials...
Costume Jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries............

386.8
43.6

160.1

382.4
43.3
91.1
31.4
57.7
158.9

373.3
43.3
86.5
31.7
54.9
156.9

391.2
43.7
98.0
33.2
56.8
159.5

415.4
43.8
115.9
33.4
58.3
164.0

420.2
43.4

419.2
43.1

122.8

120 .1

32.2
58.8
163.0

32.4
60.1
163.5

409.3
41.9
116.0
32.0
59.9
159.5

388.2
38.8
106.3
31.3
56.5
155.3

393.2
41.7
105.2
31.9
58.0
156.4

388.7
41.5
103.6
32.1
56.1
155.4

381.2
41.6
96.8
31. 7
55.2
155.9

377.0
41.5
92.3
31. 4
56.1
155.7

393.4
42.1
103. 8
31 9
57.3
158.3

391.2
42.3
102 5
3i n
57.8
157.6

Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products................... 1,635.8 1,644. 9 1,660.7 1,709.8 1,752.0 1, 832. 8 1, 872.6 1,864.6 1,779. 5 1,732.0 1,679. 9 1,659.4 1, 658.2 1,738.4 1,759.9
Meat products____________________
295.4 296.7 302.6 311.6 313.5 314.0 313.6 312.9 310.7 307.8 303.6 300.6 299.1 307.9 312.9
Dairy products...................................... . 286.0 284.6 284.3 287.9 289.3 293.5 298.9 305.8 307.9 305.2 297.5 294.2 292.0 296.2 303.4
Canned and preserved foods, except
m eats______ _______________ ____
183.1 186.6 201.8 228.4 297.8 354.2 341 6 264. 3 227.4 203 2 107 ñ 1Q7 4
Grain mill products..................
128.0 128.2 129.7 130.1 130.1 133.8 135.1 136.1 135.9 134.1 131.1 127.8 128.6 13l! 6 130.8
Bakery products...................................... 288.7 287.7 287.4 291.8 293.1 294.0 292.8 295.1 296.0 294.0 290.7 289.4 290.6 292.3 293.6
Sugar..._________________________
44.1
40.2
47.2
50.7
48. 8 33.0
31. 4 30. 7 30. 9 30 fi 28 Q
Confectionery and related products___
73.1
75.5
82.2
84.3
75.6
83.4
80.5
76.3
69.9
72.6
70.8
71.3
75.0
76.5
75.4
Beverages.............................. ......
211.9 208.7 210.0 214.7 217.0 220.5 220.3 223.9 223.9 219.9 213.2 209.5 206.7 214.7 212.3
Miscellaneous food and kindred products........................................................ 139.7 140.1 140.5 142.5 145.6 147.0 144.2 141.5 140.2 140.1 139.2 140.2 140.4 142.0 142.4
Tobacco manufactures_______
Cigarettes_______________________
Cigars___________________________

81.8

Textile mill products___ _____________
Cotton broad woven fabrics_________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______
Knitting........................ ..........................
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering_____________________
Yarn and thread________
Miscellaneous textile goods__________
See footnotes at end of table.

890.1
233.1
84.6
46.6
27.2


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

212.0

75.3

107.8
65.0

85.4
37.1
24.4

22 . 8

88.3
37.7

95.2
38.2
23.4

99.5
38.0
23.9

106.6
38 0
23. 7

107. 5
38 6
23.4

100.5
38 6
23. 0

38 2
21 9

887.7
233.9
85.1
46.8
27.0
208.8
74.7
38.4
107.3
65.7

880.7
233.3
85.1
46.4
27.0
204.2
74.6
38.0
106.5
65.6

887.9
234.3
85.4
45.9
27.2
208.3
75.2
38.7
106.7

894.8
233.8
85.1
45.8
27.3
216. 5
75.0
38.7
106.0

897.7
234.2
84.3
47.2
27.4
219.7
74.4
38. 5
105.5
66.5

895.8
233.7
83.7
47.8
27.2
219.6
74.3
37. 9
105. 5

896.5
234.0
84.1
49.0
27.0
219.5
74.3
37. 8
105.7
65.1

884.0
232.4
82.5
49.5
26.1
216.4
73.6
37. 0
101. 9
64.6

66.2

66.6

66.1

74.9

75.6
38 1

76.5
37 Ü

22 8

22 8

895.1
233.0
83.6
50.4
27.2
218.3
74.5
37.1
104.9

887.6
232.5
82.6
50.2
26.9
215.3
74.1
37 1
103.6
65.3

66.1

78.6

80.8

89.2

91.0

886.9
233.0
82.1
50.7
26.8
213.3
74.5
37 7
103.1
65.7

884.8
233.5
81.9
50.8
26.7

889.5
233.6
83.3
48.9
27.0
214.6
74.4

902.6
240.4
81.7
51.8
27.6
219.4
74.9

104.2
65.7

103.3
66.3

2 12 .1

74.4
37 7
102.4
65.3

591

A.—EMPLOYMENT

Table A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 596

[in thousands]

Annual
average

1963

1964

Industry
Mar.» Feb .1

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods— Continued
Apparel and related products--------------- 1,323. 3 1,318.5 1 , 281 .5 1,297.9 1.310.1 1,329.6 1,329. 0 1,331.9 1,280.0 1,289.2 1,288.2 1,280.2 1,301.2 1,297.7 1,266.7
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats--------- 115.9 114.9 114.4 115.2 113.2 113.5 116.1 116.6 113.9 118.8 117.9 116.3 117.7 116.3 117.2
Men’s and boys' furnishings.................. 331.4 327.8 323.0 326.7 330.1 333.6 335.5 340.2 330.2 334.1 330.3 326.8 323.6 329.4 319.0
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outer­
411.9 410.4 391.0 391.8 392.0 399.8 400.6 404.5 384.9 380.2 388.4 390.5 404.8 392.4 381.7
wear............................ - ........................
Women’s and children undergar­
119.0 119.2 117.8 12 1.6 125.6 124.9 122.9 120.8 113.4 116.0 116.1 116.4 116.5 118.7 116.5
ments__________________________
32.6
32.8
31.2
29.5
35.8
32.6
30.7
34.7
33.1
30.3
33.1
35.2
32.6
31.3
79.7
78.4
75.4
81.3
79.6
82.3
8 1.2
79.6
81.3
80.0
78.2
78.7
82.6
80.0
78.5
Girls’ and children’s outerwear— .......
71.5
73.0
73.9
71.4
71.0
73.0
75.6
72.7
77.3
78.4
71.5
67.7
71.9
76.1
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod­
159.3 156.9 155.0 161.2 164.1 166.3 163.9 158.2 151.1 154.1 155.0 152.6 150.0 155.7 147.2
ucts_________ ____ _______ _____
Paper and allied products.
Paperboard.............. ....................
Converted paper and paperboard
products......... ....................... .........
Paperboard containers and boxes—
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries...................................................... .
Newspaper publishing and printing... .
Periodical publishing and printing---B o o k s..........................................
Commercial printing--------- ------------- .
Bookbinding and related industries— .
Other publishing and printing indus­
.
tries..........................................

942.5
326.1
301.9
49.5

939.3
324.6
72.9
77.8
300.9
48.9

936.4
324.0
70.9
76.8
302.6
48.0

67.4

148.4
189.3

144.5
186.9

74.4
297.7
51.6

68.8

927.9
323.4
69.9
74.1
296.8
50.4

925.3
321.3
70.3
73.7
296.5
50.1

907.7
303.0
71.2
72.8
297.5
49.7

927.9
319.5
70.2
74.5
298.8
50.4

924.9
324.1
70.3
72.5
296.0
49.1

114.4

113.3

113.4

113.5

114.6

113.0

870.2
287.6
170. £
116.8
99.2
65. S
66.1
46. C 48.9
81.5
82.1

869.4
285.2
168.7
115.4
97.7
64.1
56.8
81.5

870.1
284.6
166.0
115.1
98.3
63.6
61.3
81.2

858.1
283.2
164.7
114.6
98.2
62.8
53.4
81.2

865.6
285.4
169.7
116.2
99.3
64.2
50.0
80.9

846.0
283.4
161.2
111. 3
96.9
62.9
48.3
81.9

147.6
187.9

147.9
190.5

146.7
187.8

941.7
326.4
70.6
75.6
302.7
50.4

937.8 935.1
325.4 325.8
70. C 69.1
76.2
76.2
299.9 297.2
51.7
50.9

930.5
325.9
68.3
74.1
296.2
51.5

932.8
325.9

940.8
325.1
70.7
75.2
303.6
49.7

150. 8
191.2

146.6
187.0

150.8
190.6

946.4
327.8
71.1
76.3
304.6
60.2

149.7
188.7

66.8

151.9
192.2

150.3
192.6

149.6
188.7

147. 5
187.3

614.5
212.9

68.0

615.8
213.6
67.7

68.2

68.2

151.6
189.2

626.4
215.3

614.5
217.3
65.8

624.1
217.8
67.9

150.1
192.8

625.7
215.5

68.4

620.1
213.4
68.3

620.7
215.2
67.8

620.6
217.2
67.9

629.0
216.9

212.6
68.2

2 12 .2

629.3
219.6
68.3

626.3
215.5
67.9

619.1

622.1

212 .9

613.2

114.6

114.2

114.1

116.4

116.3

116.0

115.4

115.1

114.5

.
Chemicals and allied products___
Industrial chemicals_______________ .
Plastics and synthetics, except glass... .
Drugs.............................. - ..................... .
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods-------Paints, varnishes, and allied products.
Agricultural chemicals.........................Other chemical products.......................

874.6
285.2
174.7
116.9
98.2
64.7
55.4
79.5

867.2
284.7
173.7
116.8
98.1
64.0
51.6
78.3

864.5
284.9
173.7
117.5
96.8
63.6
49.5
78.5

866.5
284.8
173.5
117.6
99.2
64.0
47.9
79.5

866.6

285.1
172.9
117.4
99.8
64.3
46.9
80.2

870.0
284.7
172.8
117.1
101.7
64.5
48.6
80.6

871.8
286.8
172.6
117.1

875.9
289.4
172.9
118.3

10 1.1

10 1.6
66.1

872.3
288.4
172.6
117.6
99.5

.
Petroleum refining________________ .
Other petroleum and coal products— .

182.2
150.4
31.8

182.9
151.1
31.8

183.7
152.3
31.4

184.6
152.0
32.5

186.8
152.4
34.4

188.8
153.0
35.8

191.0
154.6
36.4

193.1
155.8
37.3

191.1
154.4
36.7

190.4
153.9
36.5

188.9
153.4
35.5

187.0
153.6
33.4

185.7
154.3
31.4

188.1
153.6
34.5

195.0
160.5
34.5

Eubber and miscellaneous plastic prod
ucts..... .............................................—.
Tires and inner tubes______________
Other rubber products.---------------- .
Miscellaneous plastic products____ .

410.6
96.2
160.6
153.8

409.4
95.9
161.0
152.5

408.2
95. 4
160. 8
152.0

410.2
95. Í
162.0
152.9

413.1
94.5
162.9
155.7

411.6
91.2
162. Í
157.4

409.4
91.6
161.5
156.3

405.0
91.3
159.8
153.9

400.5
96.0
155.7
148.8

412.4
98.7
162.1
151.6

410.4
98.4
161.1
150.9

408.1
98.3
160.6
149.2

406.6
98.1
160.9
147.6

408.8
96.0
161.2
151.6

405.8
99.2
160.5
146.0

.
Leather and leather products-----.
Leather tanning and finishing—
Footwear, except rubber___________ .
Other leather products..........................

348.9
31.3
236.4
81.2

349.1
31.5
238.0
79.6

345.1
30. Í
237.0
77.8

349.7
31.7
236.2

350.
31.7
233.0
85.0

350.8
31.5
231. 7
87.6

352.7
31.:
234.2
87.2

357.9 350.6
31.5
30.7
239. C 236.2
87.4
83.7

350. 7
31.5
235.7
83.5

342.6
30.9
232.3
79.4

342.0
30.6
232.1
79.3

351.5
30.8
237.4
83.3

350.3
31.3
235.6
83.5

360.3
31.9
241.2
87.2

Transportation and public utilities-------- Eailroad transportation_____________
Class I railroads_________________
Local and interurban passenger transit.

3,894

3,882
751.9
659.4
282. f
86.7
117.4
40.7
889.9
214.3
194.9
19.4
284.5
830.2

3,876
755.0
662.4
283.8
87.0
117. £
42.1
885. Í
214.6
194.4
19.4
282.5
826.9
685.1
32.8
104.7
608.9
245.9
153.2
170.9
38.9

3,931
773.4
672.3
281.5
87.2
117. C
41.0
913.2
213.8
193.5
19.5
293.1
826.8
685.3
33.2
104.
609.9
246.0
154.
171.4
38.5

3,944
770.6
675.9
278.9
87.6
114.6
41.2
924.0

3,968
776.2
681.2
277.9
87.8
113.1
41.8
935.7

3,982
780.2
685.8
276.2
87.8

3,976
791.2
696.9
258.3

43.1
934.2
211.5
191.6

43.6
921.1
212.4
191. £
20.4
305. €
840.0
698.8
33.6
103.3
626.5
251.7
158.4
176.6
39.8

3,954 3,897
788.9 779.7
694.7 684.5
268.5 274.4
87.7
88.1
111.7 112.7
41.6
42.7
912.: 877.3
210.7 209. 4
189. 5 187. f
20.4
19.9
302.4 305.6
831.5 824.4
691.8 685.8
34.7
34.1
99.6
lo i.:
619.1 606.7
249.2 243.8
156.5 153.5
173.8 171.0
38.4
39.2

3,859
768.9
674.4
273.2
87.3
113.9
40.5
868. S
208.4
186.7

3,847
761.0
666.9
275.7
87.8
116.9
39.7
858.6
207.8
186.5

3,913
774.4
679.8
273.1
87.6
114.1
41.7
898.0
210.5
189.7

3,903
797.1
700.2
271.1
90.5
113.2
41.4
879.9
200.5
179.5
21.3
297.1
824.7
687.7
37.0
95.8
611.1
246.5
155.1
172.7
36. T

Taxicabs.
Air transportation_________________
Air transportation, common carriers.
Other transportationcommunication____
Eadio and television broadcasting..
Electric, gas, and sanitary services---Combined utility systems_________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems.
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

688.1

32.9
104.9
608.7
245.7
153.5
170.4
39.1

81.8

212.2

192.4
19.0
300.9
825.8
684.7
33.

103.8
611.1
246.1
154.4
171.2
38."

212.0

191.8
19.7
302.2
832.5
690.8
3 3 .:

104.1
611.:
246.2
154.:
172.1
38.7

65.0
47.8
81.4

1 1 2 .2

20.1

306. ‘
835.0
693.2
33.6
103. Í
617. Î
248.8
155.9
174.2
39.0

46.0
81.6

86.8

111.1

3,975
789.8
695. C
258.4
87.0
111.4
43.7
920.1
2 11.8
1 9 1 .:

20.5
305.7
842.4
701.4
34. (
102.7
625.5
251.5
is a :

176.:
39.8

20.0

20.0

294. C 297.9
823. 7 821.2
684.5 683.1
35. C 35.0
9 9 .9
98.8
602.: 605.2
240.9 244.7
153.1 152. 9
170.8 170.4
37.2
38.0

20.0

296.0
828.5
688.5
34.2
101.5
612.3
246.5
154.8
172.5
38.4

592

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 596.

[In thousands]
1963

1964

Annual
average

Industry
Mar.* Feb.*

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

Wholesale and retail trade_____________ 11,898 11,809 11,917 12,774 12,166 12,014 11,942 11,878 11,832 11,848 11,720 11,740 11,497 11,865 11,582
Wholesale trade.......................................... 3,185 3,185 3,201 3,238 3,208 3,208 3,199 3,196 3,168 3,132 3,085 3,075 3,069 3,143 3,061
Motor vehicles and automotive equip237.7 237.4 238.8 238.3 237.3 236.7 237.3 237.5 236.7 234.1 232.6 232.0 235.2 228.2
m e n t.___ ________________ _____
191.0 192.6 192.8 192.7 192.1 191.7 192.1 190.7 190.2 188.5 189.1 189.2 190.5 187.0
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products
134.3 132.9 134.7 135.3 134.6 134.0 134.9 134.8 134.1 131.9 131.7 131.9 133.5 131.5
Dry goods and apparel______ _______
496. 4 500.9 506.6 501.0 512.7 514.6 512.5 508.5 497.1 475.6 472.4 476.9 494.2 487.1
Groceries and related products_______
232.1
232.3 231.7 230.2 231.0 231.1 232.0 231.0 228.6 227.4 226.4 224.6 228.5 218.1
Electrical goods________ _________
Hardware,” plumbing and heating
145.7
145.7 146.5 146.1 146.5 146.5 147.2 147.3 145.8 144.1 144.1 142.9 145.1 142.3
goods__________________________
560.9 561.0 559.9 557.9 554.5 550.9 550.1 547.2 538.9 533.5 532.1 528.3 541.7 511.8
Machinery, equipment, and supplies__
9,536 8,958 8,806 8,743 8,682 8, 664 8,716 8,635 8,665 8,428 8,722 8,521
8,624
8,716
Retail trade______ _______ _____-........ 8,713
1,564.1 1,639.7 2,176.1 1.805.8 1,694.3 1,652.1 1,602.0 1, 583.8 1,605.4 1,590.2 1,617.5 1,537.2 1,664.0 1, 627.0
General merchandise stores__________
1,319.6 1.070.9 992.3 961.9 ' 932.0 923.2 940.0 932.0 949.4 '903.3 ' 979.8 959.6
975.4
919.8
Department stores_______________
292.7 304.8 412.4 341.9 329.7 325.4 309.9 306.0 311.2 312.0 328.1 307.5 324.6 325.3
Limited price variety stores_______
1,436.
0
1,431.8 1,425.1 1,414.1 1,400.2 1,403.8 1,402.8 1,395.2 1,401.3 1,393.1 1.409.1 1,371.4
1,439.
7
1,460.3
Food stores_______________________
1,265.9 1,268.1 1,279.0 1,260.0 1,255.0 1,243.4 1,229. 7 1,233.3 1,230. 5 1,222. 7 1,221. 7 1,222. 5 1.236.2 1,202. 9
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.
639.9 620.9 614.5 589.4 583.6 610.7 608.5 665. 7 586.5 620.4 617.2
592.1
612.3
744.8
Apparel and accessories stores_______
99.9
Mien’S and boys’ apparel stores
99.3
97.6 101.8
101.9 109.0 133.8 104.7
97.0
97.5 100.7
95.6 102.5 100.5
233.5 229.7 223.1 218.3 228.2 229.3 238.6 221.9 231.4 229.3
222.2
228.1
274.7
240.7
Women’s ready-to-wear stores______
93.1
91.8
86.8
87.5
92.9
90.3
97.5
91.2
88.9
97.4 122.0
90.0
93. 7 96.1
Family clothing stores____________
112.5 112.7 136.5 125.1 123.3 126.1 119.6 118.5 122.6 124.1 156.4 115.2 124.5 120.9
Shoe stores___ - _______ ________
394.9 397.1 409.5 400.9 397.4 393.6 392.4 390.3 389.7 387.2 387.5 388.9 392.9 389.5
Furniture and appliance stores.._____
1,748.8 1.741.1 1,758.0 1,763.9 1,773.6 1, 781. 3 1,801. 5 1,809. 9 1,817. 9 1.789.2 1,743. 9 1,713. 7 1, 762.1 1,722.8
Eating and drinking places__________
2,884.0 2.890.1 2,987.3 2,916.0 2,894. 7 2,887.2 2,896.4 2,892.8 2,889. 6 2.864.2 2,849.2 2,808. 5 2,873.5 2, 792. 5
Other retail trade__________________
691.6 690.4 686.6 682.7 680.3 678.3 680.0 679.4 676.8 671.8 669.6 666.8 675.1 642.0
Motor vehicle dealers-------------------163.4 163.3 176.4 170.3 165.8 166.3 168.7 168.3 167.9 163.4 161.7 155.6 164.5 152.7
Other vehicle and accessory dealers___
383.3 384.2 400.1 387.3 381.0 380.9 379.3 379.2 377.0 377.4 378.1 376.8 380.6 374.3
Drug stores_____ _______________
Finance, insurance, and real estate--------2,894 2,884 2,875 2,880 2,878 2,884 2,887 2,919 2,916 2,885 2,858 2,842 2,825 2,866 2,798
748.7 746.5 746.2 744.7 743.6 743.6 752.1 749.7 739.3 730.8 730.6 729.2 738.4 714.0
B anking_________________________
299.4 299.4 298.0 296.7 295.6 294.2 295.4 295.6 291.6 289.3 288.0 286.3 291.8 279.4
Credit agencies other than banks_____
89.4
91.5
89.3
88.9
88.3
89.1
85.4
90.5
87.0
85.1
84.4
Savings and loan associations______
89.7
87.1
81.0
157.4 156.7 156.9 155.9 155.5 155.1 155.3 155.5 154.9 154.4 153.8 153.3 154.6 150.8
Personal credit institutions________
123.9 123.4 123.9 123.8 123.6 123.4 125.3 125.7 124.3 123.5 123.0 123.6 123.8 131.8
Security dealers and exchanges_______
873.3 869.9 872.0 870.8 868.6 869.8 878.4 874.2 865.3 861.6 860.0 861.3 866.4 851.4
Insurance carriers__________________
466.9 465.6 466.8 465.3 464.7 465.1 468.5 466.0 461.2 460.0 459.0 460.1 462. 7 454.1
Life insurance__ __________ _____
52.1
51.9
52.6
51.9
52.6
52.2
52.0
52.6
51.4
51.4
51.4
52.8
51.8
51.1
Accident and health insurance_____
312.0 310.1 311.2 311.5 310.2 311.1 314.9 313.5 310.8 309.3 308.8 309.0 310.5 305.7
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.
221.4 2 2 1.2 220.2 220.0 219.3 219.6 222.4 221.3 219.2 217.4 216.6 216.1 218.6 211.9
Insurance agents, brokers, and services.
541.8 539.6 544.1 546.4 557.1 559.0 568.4 571.3 569.2 559.5 548.2 533.3 551.1 532.9
Real estate__
_________________
56.4
55.9
58.4
57.9
50.0
49.8
51.3
53.8
57.3
55.2
49.8
53.5
Operative builders---- ------ -----------53.0
48.1
Other finance, insurance, and real
75.8
77.8
76.4
75.4
75.3
75.0
76.1
77.0
76.7
76.1
75.4
76.0
76.1
76.9
estate -- -- ___________________
Services and miscellaneous.......................... 8,427 8,364 8,313 8,379 8,406 8,472 8,436 8,457 8,474 8,423 8,294 8,199 8,076 8,297 7,949
602.4 590.8 593.1 603.2 639.8 672.6 766.1 766.3 692.7 626.0 600.2 586.5 641.9 596.5
Hotels and lodging places___________
561.7 550.3 549.8 559.2 592.8 615.6 659.9 662.0 633.8 575.7 554.7 545.1 585.3 539.9
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels___
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
506.3 508.2 507.9 511.6 513.5 512.1 513.8 517.7 519.9 513.6 511.1 501.7 510.5 516.2
p lants_____________ _________
Miscellaneous business services:
Advertising.___________________
108.7 108.2 109.0 110.0 109. 7 108.6 108.9 108.9 107.6 108.1 107.7 108.0 108. 5 107. 9
Motion pictures____________ . . . .
156.7 157.3 165.8 166.4 172.2 176.6 184.2 181.1 177.6 171.2 170.2 162.4 170.9 176.3
Motion picture filming and distrib35.5
36.4
37.2
38.2
36.4
34.3
38.6
39.6
32.9
uting
________
__________
40.0
33.0
35.0
36.6
39.4
1 2 1.2 120.9 125.8 127.8 132.6 139.4 146.0 144.7 143.3 138.2 137.3 127.4 134.3 136.9
Motion picture theaters and services.
Medical services:
1, 330.9 1,323.1 1,318. 6 1,320.0 1,316. 7 1,310.8 1,312.0 1,312. 6 1,302. 9 1,290. 7 1,289.0 1,287.1 1,300.8 1,246.7
Hospitals_______________________
Government______________ _______ - 9,841 9,816 9,751 9,926 ' 9,787 9,751 9,547 9,139 ' 9,170 9,506 9,546 9,542 9,541 9,535 9,188
2,321
2,321 2,323 2,482 2, 342 2,343 2,342 2,367 2,375 2,365 2,340 2,344 2,334 2,358 2,340
Federal Government8___ __________
2,290. 9 2,293.1 2,451. 8 2,312.6 2,313. 5 2,312. 4 2, 337.0 2,344. 5 2,334.4 2,311.0 2,314. 7 2, 304.3 2, 328.0 2,310.6
Executive__ ____- ______________
937.3 938.1 939.7 940.1 ' 941.5 943.0 951.3 953.9 951.5 949.9 951.9 951.8 949.2 963.3
Department of Defense__________
585.6 588.2 738.0 593.3 588.5 586.3 588.7 588.7 585.7 582.8 583.3 582.2 598.4 597.2
Post Office Department_________
Other agencies_________ _______
768.0 766.8 774.1 779.2 783.5 783.1 797.0 801.9 797.2 778.3 779. 5 770.3 780. 4 750.2
24.1
24.4
24.1
24.2
24.1
24.3
24.5
24.6
23.8
24.1
23.8
24.1
Legislative__ ___________________
23.7
23. 7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.6
5.6
Judicial_________________________
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.5
State and local government1________ 7.520 7,495 7,428 7,444 7,445 7,408 7,205 6,772 6,795 7,141 7,206 7,198 7,207 7,177 6,849
1,886. 2 1.868.9 1,866. 5 1,868.6 1,858.1 1,801.6 1,744.8 1,751. 7 1,790. 7 1,808.7 1,805.0 1,803.6 1,807.2 1,726.4
State government____________ ____
681.2 670.1 667.8 678.4 663.9 ' 591.1 ' 521.3 528.3 588.0 634.8 631.9 636.5 615.7 ' 567. 7
State education________________
1,205.0 1,198.8 1,198. 7 1,190.2 1,194.2 1,210.5 1,223. 5 1,223.4 1,202. 7 1,173.9 1.173.1 1,167.1 1,191.4 1,158.8
Other State government____ ____
5,608.9 5,559. 4 5,577. 7 5¡ 576.2 5; 549.4 5,403.4 5,026.7 5,043.3 5,349. 9 5.397.3 5.393.2 5; 403.2 5; 369.5 5 , 122.1
Local government_______________
3,254.6 3,210. 3 3,228.1 3,225.9 3,197.3 3,023.4 2,590. 7 2,601.1 2,961. 7 3.076.3 3,087.4 3,110.2 3,020.6 2,832. 3
Local education ... . __________
Other local government-------------- ........... 2,354.3 2,349.1 2,349. 6 2,350. 3 2,352.1 2, 380.0 2', 436.0 2,442.2 2,388.2 2,321.0 2,305.8 2,293.0 2,348.9 2,289.8
i Beginning with the October 1963 issue, figures differ from those previously
published. The industry series have been adjusted to March 1962 bench­
marks (comprehensive counts of employment). For comparable back data,
see Employment and Earnings Stalistics for the United States, 1909-6% (BLS
Bulletin 1312-1). Statistics from April 1962 forward are subject to further
revision when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all fulland part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked
during, or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th
of the month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are
excluded.


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* Preliminary.
* Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for,
the last day of the month.
4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
S ource: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.

593

A.—EMPLOYMENT

Table A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1
[la thousands]

Revised series; see box, p. 596.

1964

Annual
average

1963

Industry
Mar.« Feb .2

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

124.7
114.9

122.3
112.4

133.4
123.0

214.5
98.1
116.4

210.4
95.8
114.6

205.2
95.9
109.3

204.5
96.1
108.4

208.4
95.8
112.5

214.0
99.7
114.3

105.8

102.7

97.7

87.3

98.7

98.6

204.2
93.3
110. 9

209.4
95.3
114.1

211.7
97.8
113.9

215.6
98.5
117.1

101.7

104.9

105.6

106.7

107.3

109.9

119.9

201.6

205.1
92.3
112 .8

209.1
92.7
116.4

85.8

94.8

86.4

125.8
116.1

206.8
93.3
113.5

120.0

Quarrying and nonmetallic mining..........

22.9

1 1 0 .1

120.8
110 .8

506
68.9
22.6

497

1962

124.0
114.3

122.3
112.7

22.6

119.2
109.3

1963

514
67.9
21.3
23.4

111.5
101.3

22.8

118.2
107.9

499
69.9
23.6

Mar.

68.1
22.0
22.8

119.0
109.6

23.0

Coal mining.___ ___________________
Bituminous_______________________

498
69.5
23.6

Apr.

481
64.5
19.2
22.9

118.7
109.3

68.6
22.6

May

496
67.3
20.5
23.4

512
69.8
23.1
22.7

493

68.0
2 2 .1

92.2
109.4

June

505
70.1
24.0
22.3

478

22.5
23.2

.......
.......

July

508
70.2
24.1
22.4

475
68.6

Crude petroleum and natural gas______
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services____________

Aug.

504
70.5
23.9
22.7

Mining_____ _
____. ___________
Metal mining_______ . . . ______ _____
Iron ores____________ _____________
Copper ores____ __ _____ _______

23.2

Sept.

2,176 2,470 2,722 2,879 2,921 2,977 2,906 2,777 2,600 2,398 2,114 2,578 2,468
679.7 671.2 756.5 840.0 879.4 895.0 923.9 9Ó2.0 855.3 787.7 735.4 641.5 790.3 754.9
381.5 363.5 457.5 554.0 626.8 645.0 656.4 639.3 613.1 558.6 474.0 376.1 526.7 515.3
170.0 159.4 223.3 296.4 353. 4 365.5 370.9 359.3 345.4 309.8 243.5 173.4 280.1 267.7
211.5 204.1 234.2 257.6 273.4 279.5 285.5 280.0 267.7 248.8 230.5 202.7 246.6 247.6
1,159.0 1.141.1 1,256.4 1,328.4 1,372.3 1,381. 3 1,397.0 1. 304. 6 1,308.6 1,253.5 1,188.5 1,096. 7 1 , 261. C1,197.5

Contract construction_________________
General building contractors................. .
Heavy construction______________
Highway and street construction_____
Other heavy construction___________
Special trade contractors. _________

2,220

Manufacturing_______________________ 12,5G7 12,523 12,472 12,665 12,756 12,895 12,923 12,705 12,571 12,652 12,526 12,426 12,344 12,585 12,494
Durable goods_____________________ 7,1Î8 7, 081 7, 064 7,155 7,180 7,2Ó4 7,193 6,995 7,056 7,138 7,083 7,010 6,919 7,059 6,946
Nondurable goods................................... 5,449 5,442 5,408 5,510 5,576 5,691 5,730 5,710 5,515 5,514 5,443 5,416 5,425 5,526 5,548
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories____ _______
Ammunition, except for small arms
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories______

500.5
66.5
223.3

524.0
76.4
231.0

526.2
78.2
233.0

126.9
33.3
54.9

126.7
33.4
56.1

132.0
32.8
65.5

128.7
31.9
54.5

125.3
31.1
54.3

129. 5
32.0
55.2

128.6
33.0
53.5

321.3
238. 9
20.5
30.4
31.5

322.5
240.0
21.3
29.3
31.9

317.3
237.4
20.9
28.4
30.6

317.8
238.7
2 1 .2

28.0
29.9

317.7
238.0
21.4
28.7
29.6

324.3
242.4
21.5
29.2
31.3

319.7
235.7
22.3
30.5
31.3

512.1
24.5

508.1
24.5

100.6

10 0 .1

34.0
60.7
36.9

496.7
24.3
98.0
32.7
59.6
37.1

482.4
24.2
96.9
31.8
57.4
37.2

457.7
23.6
95.0
28.4
54.1
36.4

489.5
24.9
97.7
31.7
57.9
37.3

479.1
25.2
93.2
32.1
58.3
37.2

147.6
91.2

145.6
90.5

139.8
89.3

131.1

118.2
86.1

134.5
89.2

128.9

88.0

945.6
482.6
166.0
54.2

970.0
505.0
168.3
54.3

984.4
513.0
170.4
54.0

969.6
503.1
168.6
52.8

952.6
488.7
167.4
52.2

929.2
468.6
165.2
51.4

942.1
476.2
168.3
53.1

935.8
475.5
163.7
52.6

139.5
58.4

138.7
58.8

141.8
59.3

140.0
59.2

138.8
59.3

138.3
59.4

139.3
59.2

139.1
58.1

547.1
85.1
241.0

527.5
78.0
234.4

133.0
31.2
56.1

134.3
31.8
56.7

135.1
32.4
56.7

131.6
33.3
56.1

329.4
249.1
21.3
26.8
32.2

332.0
249.8
21.6

333.3
248.1

28.3
32.3

333.7
250.1
21.9
29.6
32.1

21.8

331.0
245.7
21. 7
31.1
32.5

466.7
25.9
94.3
28.6
53.6
37.6

485.9
26.2
97.7
29.9
56.9
37.9

500.9
26.5
98.5
31.7
58.3
38.7

504.1
25.9
98.4
32.5
58.4
38.3

510.3
25.6
100.5
33.7
59.8
38.1

10 1.2

121.3
90.1

120.5
89.6

130.0
90.6

139.2
90.9

142.8
90.5

145.0
90.8

147.8
91.8

965.2
486.2
177.6
54.0

958.9
480.5
177.3
54.0

944.7
469.8
175.1
53.8

940.7
466. 6
173.4
53.8

928.3
458.9
171.3
53.9

929.1
461.9
169.8
53.8

942.0
472.2
171.4
54.2

140.2
60.6

140.4
60.4

140.0
60.0

140.8
59.8

139.2
59.1

139.0
58.8

138.9
59.2

502.9
68.7
220.3

502.3
71.1
217.2

521.7
76.9
226.7

534.2
81.2
232.7

129.6
30.2
55.4

129.1
30.1
54.7

129.3
30.3
54.4

131.2
31.4
55.5

Furniture and fixtures......................... ......
Household furniture_____ __________
Office furniture____________________
Partitions; office and store fixtures.. .
Other furniture and fixtures

327.8
249.7

325.5
248.1
20.4
26.3
30.7

323.8
245.5
20 . 8
26.1
31.4

Stone, clav. and glass products...
...
Flat glass_______________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Cement, hydraulic........................... ......
Structural clay products__________
Pottery and related products______
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products____________________________
Other stone and mineral products

477.7
99.0
29.7
54.5

471.3
25.6
97.8
28.7
53.3
37.6

124.3
90.9


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

511.0
68.9
227.0

551.0
87.5
239.3

502.2
64.7
222.3

728-329—64---- 7

532.9
77.3
235. 3

542.7
84,3
235.6

119.4
69.3
9.7
40.4

120.0

38.5

119.0
69.6
9.6
39.8

Fabricated metal products..................... .
Metal cans.___ ___________________
Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware__________ _____ ___________
Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures___________________________
Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine products, holts, etc
Metal stampings_______ ________
Coating, engraving, and allied services..
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricatedmetal products.
See footnotes at end of table,

522.9
73.3
233.4

118.4
67.0
11.4
40.0

118.1
66.4

40.2

67.6
10.7
39.9

118.1
69.3
9.4
39.4

Primary metal industries_______ _____
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries__________ _
Nonferrous smelting and refining
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extrading_________________________
Nonferrous foundries______________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.......................................................

119.7

39.7

119.1
67.9
11.3
39.9

118 .2

114.4
67.0
9.1
38.3

Lumber and wood products, except furniture___ ________ ____ _______
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing m ills...................
Millwork, plywood, and related products___________________________
Wooden containers_______________
Miscellaneous wood products _

119.8
67.3

39.9

117.5
65.7
12.4
39.4

118.0
67.8
10.5
39.7

113.6
66.2

31.2

69.5
9.9
40.6

119.3
69.0
10 .1

30.9
32.5

516.3
25.2
34.4
61.4
37.8

34.4
60.9
37.1

1 1 .8

12.8

68.2

13.5
38.0

88.8

46.6

46.3

46.0

46.3

45.9

45.8

46.1

44.9

44.9

45.9

45.9

46.2

46.3

46.0

46.7

892.9
52.2

892.1
51.4

890.8
50.0

904.0
50.4

907.4
51.3

912.6
51.6

909.0
53.8

889.2
55.3

878.7
54.7

893.9
54.4

880.0
52.8

867.6
51.8

855.4
49.8

884.1
51.8

863.8
51.2

110 .0

110 .6

111.5

111.9

1 1 1 .1

109.6

108.1

103.2

101.4

106.4

105.6

105.9

105.9

106.9

106.2

60.1
233.9
70.0
163.7
58.9
47.9
96.2

59.0
233.5
69.8
164.9
59.4
47.6
95.9

59.0
233.0
69.4
166.0
59.6
47.6
94.7

59.5
239.7
69.8
168.3
60.8
47.8
95.8

59.6
244.6
69.4
168.3
61.4
47.1
94.6

59.9
249.1
69.7
167.7
61.8
47.8
95.4

60.1
253.5
70.1
161.0
60.6
46.9
94.9

59.5
252.7
69.6
150.1
58.5
46.3
94.0

58.3
247.7
68.7
151.3
57.4
45.4
93.8

57.9
245.9
70.1
159.4
58.3
46.3
95.2

56.8
239.0
69.8
158.9
57.6
45.8
93.7

55.9
230.7
69.7
157.4
56.9
45.5
93.8

55.8
224.1
70.1
155.7
55.3
45.4
93.3

57.8
239.7
69.8
159.4
58.3
46.2
94.2

55.6
234.7
69.4
153.8
56.1
45.1
91.8

594

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964
T a ble

A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 596.

[in thousands]
1964

1963

i

Annual
average

Industry
Mar.s Feb.5

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

Manufacturing—Continued
D u ra b le goods —Continued
Machinery................................................... 1,102.8 1,084.4 1,083.4 1,076. 8 1,059. 3 1, 056. 5 1, 055.1 1, 043.8 1,040.9 1,054.8 1, 052.1 1, 055. 5 1,050.8 1, 052. 9 1,036. 0
57.8
Engines and turbines_______________
56.5
56.8
57.5
57.1
56.8
57.2
56.2
55.4
55.6
55.4
56.7
56.7
56.6
55.7
Farm machinery and equipm ent____
93.6
87.2
84. 3 83 6 83 6 81 3
84 1 80 7
90.8
Construction and related machinery__ 150.2 139.6 149.8 147.6 145.6 145.4 146.4 14Ï 8 142 ! 7 144 ! 1 14L6 14l!o 140.2 143.2 139.6
Metalworking machinery and equipm ent.________ _________________
216.3 213.1 210.5 210.2 204.6 203.4 201.7 199.9 199.1 202.4 201.3 201.4 199.5 201.7 195. 4
118.5 117.8 117.3 116.6 115.8 115. 0 115.2 113.6 113.8 115.6 115.3 116.0 115.4 115.2 116.8
Special industry machinery_________
General industrial machinery________ 160.3 160.3 156.6 155.9 153.0 153.6 154.7 153.5 153.3 153.8 152.8 153.2 153.3 153.7 153.8
Office, computing, and accounting ma90.5
90.4
chines___ _______________________
90.7
90.4
90.6
89.7
89.9
89.0
88.5
89.8
90.3
92.1
93.0
91.0
97.4
Service industry machines...... ...............
70.2
69.5
68.3
68.8
68.0
68.3
67.5
66.8
68.7
70.7
71.3
69.8
68.4
68.0
69. 0
Miscellaneous machinery........... ........... 144.5 143.6 142.2 142.8 141.2 140.0 138.9 138.7 135.1 136.3 134.5 133.4 132.8 136.3 128.0
Electrical equipment and supplies_____ 1,035.4 1,041.7 1, 050.6 1,062. 0 1, 064. 7 1, 073. 5 1, 067.4 1,048. 3 1,040.2 1, 056.9 1, 048.8 1,047.7 1, 049.9 1, 057.2 1, 060.3
Electric distribution equipment______ 112.6 112.5 112.8 112.8 112.8 111.4 112.1 112.8 111.1 111.4 110.8 110.9 110. 4 111.7 111.3
Electrical industrial apparatus............
129.6 129.9 128.9 128.9 128.6 128.5 128.8 128.0 128.1 128.5 127.8 127.3 126.5 128.0 126.7
Household appliances_______________ 120.2 121.1 120.2 123.8 125.1 124.0 122.0 117.9 116.2 119.1 117.8 116.5 113.9 118.8 114.8
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent_____ _____ ________________ 119.6 119.1 118.5 119.4 120.8 121.1 119.8 117.1 113.6 115.0 113.4 114.4 114.4 116.4 111.6
Radio and TV receiving sets..................
80.0
82.2
85.5
90.0
93.1
95.6
93.7
91.1
86.0
84.8
78.7
75.2
76.4
85.2
82.8
Communication equipment_________
205.9 206.9 210.3 210.7 208.3 214.7 214.8 214.8 214.3 218.8 221.9 226.2 230.3 220.4 230.4
Electronic components and accessories. 188.3 189.2 191.8 192.3 192.7 193.6 192.7 194.0 189.4 194.9 194.3 193.8 194.6 193.8 198.8
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
79.2
and supplies................... .....................
80.8
82.6
84.1
83.3
84.6
83.5
81.5
84.4
72.6
84.1
83.4
83.4
83.0
84.0
Transportation equipment____________ 1,155. 4 l, 149. 9 1,151.6 1,162.8 1,157. 0 1,149.2 1,124.8 984.1 1, 098. 9 1,121.1 1,120. 7 1,118. 0 1,104. 4 1,113.2 1, 060.7
Motor vehicles and equipment.............. 605.7 601.0 605.4 612.5 607.8 599.2 583.8 449.6 564.8 581.2 580.5 574.6 563.6 ' 571.8 ' 534.1
Aircraft and parts..... .................. ........... 355.8 358.0 362.6 366.2 363.1 361.1 356.5 351.0 349.8 352.1 350.3 353.3 352.8 355.8 350.6
Ship and boat building and repairing.. 120.3 118.3 115.8 115.8 117.9 119.1 117.0 118.4 118.8 121.0 126.3 127.1 127.5 121.3 118.6
Railroad equipment________________
39.3
36.9
36. 7 36.1
36.3
34.1
33.0
33.4
33.8
31.6
32.3
31.7
33.3
29.9
Other transportation equipm ent-......... ...........
33.3
30.9
31.6
32.1
33.5
33.4
32.1
32.1
33.0
32.0
30.7
28.8
31.0
27.6
Instruments and related products______ 237.2 236.7 237.2 239.9 240.6 240.2 239.9 239.5 236.6 238.8 234.8 234.5 233.1 236.9 230.4
Engineering and scientific instruments.
36.9
37.7
38.1
38.5
38.5
38.4
38.5
38.2
39.2
38.8
39.4
38.9
38.8
39.3
Mechanical measuring and control devices.......................... .............................
65.3
64.9
64.5
64.6
63.0
62.7
63.1
63.4
63.7
64.0
63.3
63.7
63.7
63. 5 62.1
Optical and ophthalmic goods_______
30.4
30.6
30.2
30.4
30.6
30.3
30.2
29.4
29.3
29.8
29.5
29.6
29.5
29.8
29.6
Surgical, medical, and dental equipment____ ___________ __________
37.8
37.7
37.5
37.7
37.9
37.8
37.9
37.8
36.8
37.4
37.6
37.2
36.8
37.3
34.9
Photographic equipment and supplies..
43.3
44.4
43.7
4 1 ?.
44.7
42 ?
44.6
44 3 45 1 44 2 43 7 42 3 41 8
Watches and clocks..
. .
23.3
23.6
24.7
25 9 26 3 2fi n 25 3 24 4 24 0 23 0 23 3
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Toys, amusement and sporting goods..
Pens, pencils, office and art m aterials..
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries____ _

308.2
33.9

126.7

303.5
33.6
73.3
23.2
47.6
125.8

294.4
33.5
68.1
23.5
45.1
124.2

312.8
33.8
80.2
24.9
47.0
126.9

336.6
34.0
98. 3
25.1
48.5
130.7

342.1
33.8
105.1
24. 5
48.8
129.9

341.2
33.3
102 9
24 6
’5 6 ! 0
130.4

331.9
32.3
98 7
24 3
50.0
126.6

311.7
29.7
88 7
23 7
47 ! 0
1 2 2 .6

316.3
32.0
88 2
24 3
48! 2
123.6

312.0
31.9
46! 4
122.5

304.9
32.3
80 1
23* 8
4 5 .6

123.1

300.3
31.9

316.1
32.5

314.6
32.9

46.3
123.0

47.5
125.3

48.0
125.0

N o n d u r a b le goods

Pood and kindred products
1, 055.3 1.063. 7 1, 080.9 1,127. 5 1,168.8 1,248.0 1,285.3 1,271.5 1,188.2 1,145.8 1, 097.7 1,080. 5 1, 080. 9 1,155.0 1,175. 5
Meat products___________________
234.3 236.1 242.6 251.2 253.3 253.9 253.3 252.4 250.6 247.5 243.0 240.3 239.0 ’ 247. 5 251.6
Dairy p ro d u c ts.................................
138.2 136.4 136.5 139.3 140.9 143.6 147.7 153.4 154.9 153.6 147.3 145.4 143.0 146.1 152.2
Canned and preserved food, except
meats_________ _____________
146.4 150 3 164 9 191 2 2f>9 7 3 1 4 Q
Grain mill products______________
88.6
88.2
90.0
89.9
90.3
9 4 !2
95!1
96! 1 95.6
94.2
91.9
88.9
89.6
92.1
91.5
Bakery p roducts...________________
164.5 163.9 163.5 168.5 169.4 170.7 170.0 171.4 172.1 170.9 167.3 165.9 167.2 168.8 168.4
Sugar.................................. ........
33.1
36.7
40 3 43 5 41 2 20 4 24 4
Confectionery and related products___
58.7
60.8
60.5
65.7
67.9
67! 9 6 5 ! 4
6l!o
55 ! Ó
57! 4 55.7
56! 1 59.7
61.1
60.1
Beverages____________ .
108.6 106.1 107.5 112.5 114.0 117.2 115.7 117.8 118.8 116.5 111.2 109.1 107.1 112. 4 111.7
Miscellaneous food and kindred products.........................................................
92.5
92.7
93.3
95.2
98.3
99.6
96.8
93.5
92.4
92.3
91.7
92.5
93.0
94.5
95.8
Tobacco manufactures___________
Cigarettes____________ . .
C ig ars............................... ...........
Textile mill products............. .............
Cotton broad woven fabrics______
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares
K nitting............ .................................
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering................ .
Yam and thread...................
Miscellaneous textile goods....................
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

70.0

797.7
215.5
76.5
40.8
24.1
190.2
64.6
99.8
54.2

73.6
31.1
22.5

76.4
31.6
21.1

83.3
31 9
21.8

87.1
31 7
22.3

93.9
31 7
22! 1

94.8

87.8

63.1

63.8

64.8

66.9

68.8

77.1

79.1

2l! 8

2l! 4

20! 4

21.2

21.2

21.4

21.6

21.5

22.2

795.3
216.1
77.1
41.0
23.9
186.8
64.3
31. 9
99.2
55.0

788.4
215.8
77.0
40.7
23.8
182.2
64.2

795.3
216.8
77.3
40.3
23.9
185.2
64.6

802.0
216.2
76.9
40.1
24.0
194.3
64.4

804.4
216.7
76.0
41.4
24.1
197.3
63.6

802.7
216.5
75.5
41.9
23.9
197.4
63.6

803.1
216.5
75.7
43.1
23.7
197.4
63.5

791.6
215.2
74.3
43.6
22.8
194.8
62.8

802.5
215.8
75.4
44.5
23.8
196.7
63.6

796.0
215.4
74.5
44.4
23.6
194.0
63.2

795.3
215.6
74.0
44.7
23.5
192.2
63.6

793.6
216.3
73.8
45. 0
23.4
191.0
63.4

797.2
216.3
75.1
43.1
23.6
192. 9
63.6

812.4
223. 4
73 9

97! 3
55.8

97.2
55.2

97.3
54.5

93.5
54.0

96.6
55.5

95.2
55.0

94.9
55.4

94.4

96.0

96.6

5 5 .0

5 5 .2

5 5 .9

31

F>

98.4
54.8

32

2

98! 6
55.4

32

32

2

3

97'9
55.9

45 9

24.2
198 1
64.3

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

595

A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 596.

[in thousands]
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Mar.2 Feb.2

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued

Apparel and related products__________ 1,176.1 1,171.7 1,135.8 1,150.2 1,161.0 1180.3 1,179. 6 1,182.9 1,132. 9 1,139. 6 1,141. 7 1,135. 3 1,157. 2 1,150.9 1.125.4
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats........... 103.2 102.9 102.5 103.0 100.8 101.3 103.7 104. 5 102.0 106.2 105.4 103.9 105.1 103.9 104.9
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_________ 300.4 297.4 292.6 296.1 298.8 302.6 304. t 309.4 299.8 303.3 300.2 297.3 294.1 299.1 289.6
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear____ _ ___ _ _______ _
370.0 368.1 348.4 348.5 348. 5 355.9 356.7 361.2 342.6 336.8 346.1 349.0 364.2 350.0 342.2
Women’s and children’s undergarments____________________ _____
105.6 105.6 103.9 107.8 111.9 111.2 109.1 107.0
99.9 102.5 102.5 102.8 102.8 105. 1 103.1
Hats, caps, and millinery. _________
31.2
29.2
28 fi
27 6 26 5 29 1 28 9 30 fi
69.9
Girls’ and children’s outerwear______
74.0
71.8
70.2
69.9
71.3
72.4
7o! 9 72! 6
73.6
¿¿9
71.1
72.6
71.1
70.2
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
61. 7 58.2
62.2
66 1
68.2
67.5
65.5
62.8
62.9
61.4
61.2
62.1
63.2
63.9
Miscellaneous fabricated textile" products----------------------- ----------- ------- 132.5 130.8 129.2 135.1 138.2 140.7 137.9 132.1 124.8 127.3 129.0 126.9 124.4 129.8 122.4
Paper and allied products_____________
Paper and pulp..___ ______________
Paperboard______________________
Converted paper and paperboard products________ _______
______
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries____ . ______ _________
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing___
B o o k s___ . . .
. ___________T____
Commercial printing_______________
Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing industries------ --------------------------------- -

485.7
170.0
54.3

483.2
169.7
54.0

484.3
170.7
53.8

490.9
172.8
54.2

491.7 492.7
172.6 173.1
54. E 54.2

495.1
174.4
54.2

495.4
176.8
54.6

487.1
174.5
54.1

491.5
175. 6
54.3

484.3
172.1
54.1

483.0
171.3
53.1

482.3
170.5
53. 7

488.0 486.0
173. 1 175.2
54.0
52.9

111.5
149.9

109.9
149.6

110.1
149.7

111.6
152.3

111.2
153.6

111.8
153.6

113.4
153.0

112.5
151.5

109.6
148.9

110. 1
151.5

109.2
148.9

109.9
148.7

109.7
148.4

110.5
150.5

108.5
149.4

597.2
165.1

594.7
164.4
27. 9
47. 9
235.2
39.2

592.3
163.4
27.2
46 8
236. 7
38.2

602.1
167.1
27. 5
46 3
239.1
40.3

598.2
165.1
27 6
45 1
238.4
39.9

599.3
165.6
27 8
45 fi
237! 6
40.7

597.2
164.6
27 fi

592.4
163.7
2fi 8

588.9
163.5
2fi 4

592.4
163.9

589.8
163.1

588.4
161.7

579.3
151.9

590.1
161.0

594.0
166.5

235.5
41.2

232! 6
41.9

23l! 9
41.6

233! 2
41.5

232! 5
40.8

232! 2
40.4

233! 7
39.9

234.3
40.6

233.8
39.6

236.6
39.7

27 0

80.6

80.1

80.0

81.8

82.1

82.0

82.0

81.7

81.2

81.6

80.5

80.8

80.6

81.3

81.4

Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial chemicals_______ _______
Plastics and synthetics, except glass__
Drugs_______ _ _ ____ _____
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods.........
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals....... ............. ......
Other chemical products___________

529.1
163.6
117.6
62.3
59.4
36.7
38.6
50.9

522.3
162.7
116.8
62.6
59.6
36.3
35.1
49.2

519.0
162.6
116.7
03.2
58.0
35.9
33.2
49. 4

521.8
162.8
116.9
63.3
60.3
36.2
31.7
50.6

522.4
163.0
116.2
63.5
61.1
36.3
30.9
51.4

526.1
163.1
116.1
63.2
63.2
36.6
32.2
51.7

527.3
164.3
115.8
63.3
62.8
37.1
31.4
52.6

527.5
165.8
115.5
63.8
62.0
38.0
29.5
52.9

524.7
165.5
115.1
63.4
60.1
38.1
29.1
53.4

527.3
166.5
115.0
63.2
59.7
37.6
32.3
53.0

530.0
165.1
113.5
62.5
58.7
36.8
40.3
53.1

531.9
164.8
111.3
62.2
59.3
36.4
44.9
53.0

521.5
163.9
110. 7
61.5
59.6
35.6
37.4
52.8

524.2
164.3
114.1
62. 7
60.4
36.6
33.7
52.5

517.2
165.0
110.0
60.0
58.6
36.0
32.9
54.6

Petroleum refining and related industries____________________________
Petroleum refining— _. ___ _ ___
Other petroleum and coal products

114.1
92.1
22.0

114.2
92.5
21.7

114.0
92.7
21.3

115.7
93.3
22.4

117.9
93.6
24.3

120.0
94.3
25.7

121.4
95.3
26.1

123.3
96.5
26.8

122.1
95.7
26.4

121.7
95.5
26.2

120.6
95.2
25.4

119.1
95.8
23.3

117.4
96.1
21.3

119.5
95.1
24.4

125.3
100.9
24.3

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products___ _ _________ _________
Tires and inner tubes_______________
Other rubber products. . . . _________
Miscellaneous plastic products_______

316.2
69.1
125.7
121.4

315.5
68.9
126.2
120.4

312.9
67.9
125.6
119.4

315.3
68.0
127.0
120.3

318.4
67.0
128.0
123.4

317.0
64.8
127.2
125.0

314.9
64.5
126.5
123.9

310.1
64.0
124.6
121.5

306.7
68.9
120.8
117.0

319.1
71.9
127.3
119.9

317.0
71.5
126.2
119. 3

315.2
71.4
125.9
117.9

313.9
71.3
126.1
116.5

315.0
68.9
126.3
119.8

314.3
72.1
126.6
115.6

Leather and leather products__________
Leather tanning and finishing_______
Footwear, except rubber.___ ______
Other leather products______________

307.1
27.4
210.2
69.5

307.5
27.6
211.7
68.2

303.9
26.4
210.8
66.7

308.2
27.9
210.3
70.0

308.7
27.8
207.6
73.3

309.1
27.6
205.8
75.7

311.2
27.5
208.4
75.3

316.0
27.6
213.0
75.4

309.3
26.8
210.5
72.0

309.8
27.7
210.3
71.8

301.4
27.0
206.6
67.8

300.5
26.8
206.2
67.5

310.0
27.0
211.5
71.5

308.9
27.4
209.8
71.7

318.6
28.0
215.7
74.9

82. 4
37.5
804.8
16. 4

82. 7
39. 0
800.5
16. 5

82 9
38.4
829.0
16.6

83 3
38 1
840.0
16.7

83 6
38 7
850.8
16.8

83 fi
40 0
851.0
17.2

82 fi
40 fi
838.9
17.6

82 7
837.9
17.6

88 8
89 8
82a 6
17.6

796! 0
17.1

78L 2
17.2

777! 9

17.2

815.7
17.2

803.9
18.2

550.6
23. 3
86. 5
528.9
208.8
134.9
151.1
34.1

548.0
23 0
86.4
529. 3
209. 0
134.8
151.7
33.8

549.2
23 2
85 8
531 0
209.4
135. 6
152. 5
33.5

548.9
23 3
84 7
532 4
209. 7
135 9
153 0
33.8

555.2 557.3
23 5 23 8
85' 1 8fi' 7
533 1 539 3
209. 9 212! 2
135 9 137 4
153 5 155 fi
33.8
34.1

564.4
93 Q
85 3
548 0
215 0
139 9
158 1

566.5

559.5

555.3

554.1

552.8

555.6

559.5

84* 4
547 8
214 9

35.0

35.0

Transportation and public utilities:
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation___
Intercity and rural buslines____ _____
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Pipeline transportation__ . . . _____
Communication: '
Telephone communication__________
Telegraph communication 3_.
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___ _
Electric companies and’ systems______
Gas companies and systems_________
Combined utility systems____ ______
Water, steam, and sanitary systems__
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.....-1

157 9

88 9

541 8
218 0 207 K
188 7
155 8 152 7
34.' 31 33.6

88 7

9DQ 9

33! 3

151 Q
32! 4

?11 4
33! 6

32 ! 0

596

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

Table A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry1—Continued
Revised series; see

[In thousands]
1964

1963

Wholesale and retail trade *____________
Wholesale trade..........................................
Motor vehicles and automotive equip­
ment___________________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
Dry goods and apparel..........................
Groceries and related products_______
Electrical goods................... ............ ......
Hardware, plumbing and heating
goods___ _______________________
Machinery, equipment, and supplies...
Retail trade4..................... .................. ......
General merchandise stores...................
Department stores.............................
Limited price variety stores................. .
Food stores------- ------------------ ----------Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores__
Apparel and accessories stores.................
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores______
Women’s ready-to-wear stores_______
Family clothing stores............................
Shoe stores------ --------- ------------------Furniture and appliance stores________
Other retail trade..____________ ______
Motor vehicle dealers______________
Other vehicle and accessory dealers.......
Drug stores.......- ....... ........... ..................
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking...........................— ............... —
Security dealers and exchanges_______
Insurance carriers.................................
Life insurance___________________
Accident and health insurance........ .
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels__
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants8.
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distribution.

Jan

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar

1963

1962

8,912 9,025 9,871 9,268 9,115 9,041 8,966 8,914 8,926 8,829 8,898 8,687 8,993 8,805
,718
,733 2,773 2,746 2,750 2,741 2,739 2, 714 2,680 2,636 2,630 2,625 2,690 2,630
200.6 200.0 201.2 201.1 200.6 200.6 201.3 201.8 201.0 198.3 197.1 196.3 199.1 192.8
158.8 159.3 161.0 160.0 159.3 159.0 159.6 158.2 157.8 156.5 157.1 157.1 158.2 156.4
110.9 109.7 111.3 111.8 111.3 110.7 111.9 111.7 110.9 109.0 108.8 109.3 110.4 109.6
438.2 442.6 448.3 442.6 453.1 454.2 452.7 448.8 437.8 418.4 415. 9 420.2 436.0 431.1
196.1 196.5 197.3 196.5 198.1 198.2 200.1 199.3 197.9 197.0 196.7 195.6 197.3 191.0
125.5
475.7
,194
,421.9
837.9
269.8
, 338.9
, 173. 8
532.2
91.8
200.9

125.5
476.6
,292
,495.4
891.3
281.6
, 335.1
, 176. 0
551.8
99.0
206. 8

84.1
90.8
97.4
97.5
350.5 352.5
, 550. 9 , 557.1
599.6 598.4
139.8 139.8
353.3 354.3

126.4
476.0
098
030.3
233.6
389.0
361.0
187.8
684.2
123.6
253. 2

126.0
475.0
,522
, 662.5
987.1
318. 6
, 334. 7
, 171.1
580.0
94.6
219.2

126. 6
472.1
,365
, 551.
907.
305.
,328.
,166.
561.
90.
212 .

114.9
90.8
121.7 110.4 108.
364.8 356.1 353.
657.7 , 589.0 ,570.
596.1 592.6 590.
152. 4 146.6 141.
371.9 358.9 352.
629.2
113.4
777.0
419.1
46.2
275.8

126.9
469.8
,300
, 513. 3
879.5
302.2
,318.0
, 155. 7
555.1
89.5
208.6

127.5
468.8
,227
, 466.3
852.7
286.8
, 305.4
, 143.4
531.6
87.3

127.8
466.4
448.7
843.6
283.1
308.5
146.4
525. 2
87.9
197.2
81.0
104.1
347.3
570.4
591.7
143.8
350.8

126.3
458.1
246
469.4
860.3
288.2
308.6
144.6
552.1
92.4
207.1
84.4
108.2
346.7
568.8
589.1
143.
348.8

124.7
452.9
193
453.0
851.7
289.2
301.3
137.2
550.5

637.8
115.2
787.2
422.
47.0
280.8

636.2
115.6
783.8
420.8
46.
279.8

626.3
114.3
775.3
416.4
46.2
277.1

618.2
113.4
772.6
415.6
45.8
276.1

202.7

85.1
80.3
111.2 105.2
3 49. 5 349.0
, 563. 8 , 575.1
589.8 592.2
142.3 144.4
352.5 351.6

200

88.2

208.4
83.4
110.0

343.8
544.5
585.2
140.0
349.6

124.7 123.
125.
452.5 448.
460.
,268 6,062 6,303
,480.1 1,401 1,525.
869.9 824.
898.
304.2 283.
301.
, 305. 6 1,296. 1,313.
, 135.2 1,135, 1,149.
608.0 528,
561.
91.4
92.
86 .
217.9 201
210.
82.
86.0
86 .
142.
101
110.
344.0 345
349.
, 530.7 2,490. 2,552.
582.2 580,
587.
137.9 132
140.
349.7 348.
352.

630.4

629.3

630.4
113.5
779.6
420.7
46.5
276.

629.8
113.5
779.0
420.0
46.5
276.7

525.1

513.3

515.8

525.0

557.2

580.7

622.7

624.4

597.4

541.8

521.5

447.7

371.6

374.8

376.4

376.0

378.0

381.1

382.2

376.0

374.4

23.1

25.9

24.8

24.8

23.7

23.9

23.6

22.6

21.6

20.8

21.6

22.5

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related
workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other
industries, to nonsupervisory workers.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper­
visory workers (including leadman and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.
Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,

629.3
113.3
778.7
419.8
46.3
276.9

618.2
112.9
770.9
414.5
45.6
275.

617.1
113.6
773.4
416.2
45.8
276.1

123.2
436.5
6,175
1,496.8
881.4
304.1
1,280.2
1, 120.5

560.3
91.4
209.0
88.9
107.6
347.2
2,490. 5
559.9
129.6
348.0

624.9
113.7
776.5
417.9
46.2
276.8

606.7
122.3
768.0
413.0
45.8
273.9

512. 7

550.9

509.2

365.6

374.1

377.7

23.3

24.6

repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
by members of the construction trades.
Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the working super­
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
8 Preliminary.
8 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
4 Excludes eating and drinking places.
8 Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are
not comparable with the production worker levels of prior years.

Caution
The revised series on employment, hours and earnings, and labor turnover in non­
agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior
to October 1963. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “ Technical Note, Revision of Establish­
ment Employment Statistics, 1963,” appearingin the October 1963 M o n th ly L abor R eview ,
p. 1194.) Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted to new benchmarks, the data
presented in this issue should not be compared with those in later issues which reflect
the adjustments.
Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p lo y m e n t a n d E arnin gs
S ta tis tic s for th e U n ited S ta te s , 1909-62 (BLS Bulletin 1312-1), which is available at
depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents
for $3.50. For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request to the
Bureau.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

below.

Annual
average

Industry
Mar.8 Feb.8

box

597

A.—EMPLOYMENT

Table A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted1
Revised series; see box, p. 596.

[inthousands]
1964

Industry division and group

1963

Mar.2 Feb.2 Jan.
Total.............................................
Mining_________________
Contract construction__________________ _ _
Manufacturing...................................................
Durable goods________ ___________
Ordnance and accessories_____________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture_______
Furniture and fixtures.........._............... .................
Stone, clay, and glass products................................. ......
Primary metal industries...................... ........................
Fabricated metal products___________
Machinery............................... ........
Electrical equipment and supplies..................................
Transportation equipment_________________
Instruments and related products________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_________ _

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

58,226 58,160 57,850 57,748 57,580 57,646 57,453 57,344 57,340 57,194 57,060 56,873 56,706
626

624

623

630

630

629

632

635

640

639

640

639

631

3,135

3,163

3,017

3,069

3,057

3,066

3,071

3,083

3,069

3,046

3,019

3,005

2,928

17,224 17,175 17,119 17,127 17,061 17,119 17,076 17,033 17,103 17,075 17,095 17,037 16,948
9,801
269
601
400
620
1,182
1,180
1,567
1.561
1,645
376
400

9,754
271
599
396
618
1,178
1,176
1,549
1,561
1,633
374
399

9,726
276
596
394
612
1,169
1,164
1,559
1,564
1,621
375
396

9,737
276
598
394
612
1,166
1,169
1,555
1,566
1,629
375
397

9,688
275
595
392
614
1,155
1,162
1,548
1,557
1,619
373
398

9,718
277
589
391
611
1,155
1,164
1,545
1,571
1,647
373
395

9,705
275
588
392
610
1,164
1,165
1,531
1,574
1,635
373
398

9,652
275
578
393
616
1,176
1,162
1,525
1,574
1,580
375
398

9,701
277
564
392
615
1,208
1,159
1,512
1,587
1,618
375
394

9,685
278
559
390
612
1,202
1,156
1,508
1,593
1,623
375
389

9,683
276
592
388
612
1,184
1,151
1,506
1,597
1,614
370
393

9,660
274
588
387
607
1,174
1,148
1,504
1,595
1,623
370
390

9,586
278
597
388
597
1,145
1,136
1,501
1,589
1,597
368
390

Nondurable goods________________ . _
7,423
Food and kindred products......................
1,733
Tobacco manufactures_____________
90
Textile mill products...........................................
897
ADDarel and related products
1,307
Paper and allied products___________ ______
628
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.....................
945
Chemicals and allied products___________ . . .
876
Petroleum refining and related industries......................
184
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products
415
Leather and leather products________________ ____
348

7,421
1,743
88
897
1,307
627
943
873
185
411
347

7,393
1,741
88
891
1,299
624
940
872
186
407
345

7,390
1,741
91
888
1,295
624
939
871
188
405
348

7,373
1,733
95
889
1,291
622
931
870
189
406
347

7,401
1,742
89
890
1,312
620
934
871
189
402
352

7,371
1,723
86
886
1,306
622
935
869
190
402
352

7,381
1,728
91
887
1,302
623
937
870
189
404
350

7,402
1,730
87
891
1,317
623
935
870
188
408
353

7,390
1,732
88
889
1,306
620
936
868
187
414
350

7, 412
1,743
89
889
1,317
620
934
864
188
417
351

7,377
1,738
90
891
1,296
618
929
862
188
416
349

7,362
1,757
89
892
1,286
619
910
859
188
411
351

3,937

3,923

3,915

3,928

3,937

3,950

3,941

3,936

3,919

3,909

3,890

3,894

Transportation and public utilities.............. ...... ................

3,941

Wholesale and retail trade.......................................... .......... 12,070 12,114 12,072 11,963 11,941 11,935 11,922 11,907 11,884 11,864 11,825 11,784 11,795
Wholesale trade_________________________
3,224 3,214 3,214 3,190 3,176 3,173 3,170 3,155 3,159 3,1.48 3,129 3,119 3,106
Retail trade___ _________ ______ ___ _______
8,846 8,900 8,858 8,773 8,765 8,762 8, 752 8,752 8,725 8,716 8,696 8,665 8,689
Finance, insurance, and real esta te..........._................ ........ 2,917

2,910

2,904

2,892

2,887

2,887

2,873

2,873

2,870

2,865

2,864

2,853

2,848

Service and miscellaneous........... ........................................

8,564

8,517

8,474

8,447

8,423

8,430

8,377

8,373

8,349

8,282

8,228

8,199

8,207

Government........... .....................................
Federal_____. . . . .
State and local................... ............................

9,749
2,326
7,423

9,720
2,321
7,399

9,718
2,349
7,369

9,705
2.349
7,356

9,653
2,347
7,306

9,643
2,352
7,291

9,552
2,347
7,205

9,499
2,348
7,151

9,489
2,351
7,138

9,504
2,349
7,155

9,480
2,345
7,135

9,466
2,339
7,127

9,455
2,340
7,115

1 For coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
* Preliminary.

Table

A -5 .

N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.

Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted1
Revised series; see bos, p. 596.

[in thousands]
1964

Major industry group

Mar.2 Feb.2
Manufacturing__________________________
Durable goods........................... ...........................................
Ordnance and accessories___________ ____________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture.______ .
Furniture and fixtures_________ ...................................
Stone, clay, and glass products____________________
Primary metal industries_________________________
Fabricated metal products_____________ _________
Machinery. _ ______ ____________ _
Electrical equipment and supplies
Transportation equipment_______________ _______
Instruments and related products_________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries____________

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

12,741 12, 705 12,639 12,653 12,590 12,649 12,611 12,575 12,650 12,628 12,647 12,604 12,521
7,193 7,155 7,120 7,129 7,081 7,110 7,097 7,051 7,103 7,086 7,081 7,070 G, 994
114
114
120
119
118
118
117
119
119
119
120
119
118
539
536
532
538
526
503
498
530
535
525
517
528
538
332
330
328
327
325
326
326
322
322
325
326
325
323
501
492
494
490
499
491
493
492
480
495
496
498
489
932
984
922
957
955
943
931
953
962
952
945
939
977
903
897
891
883
881
868
907
894
895
895
891
891
888
1,090 1,075 1,085 1,081 1,074 1,074 1,061 1,058 1,045 1,042 1,040 1,041 1,038
1,045 1,043 1,045 1,047 1,041 1,051 1,049 1,051 1,061 1,069 1,068 1,067 1,061
1,149 1,139 1,124 1,129 1,116 1,143 1,136 1,079 1,118 1,122 1,112 1,123 1,099
234
240
240
238
238
241
238
237
238
237
237
237
236
321
321
320
312
317
319
317
320
321
317
313
313
315

Nondurable goods____ ___________________
5,548
Food and kindred products_______________ ____ _ 1,144
Tobacco manufactures___________________________
78
Textile mill products____________________________
804
Apparel and related products
1,160
Paper and allied products____________ ___________
492
Printing, publishing, and allied industries....................
599
Chemicals and allied products...._____ ___________
528
Petroleum refining and related industries
116
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products..... .............
320
Leather and leather products..... .....................................
307
1 For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-3.
preliminary.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1963
Jan.

5,550
1,154
77
804
1,160
489
599
527
116
318
306

5,519
1,154
75
798
1,152
488
596
524
116
312
304

5,524
1,155
80
795
1,148
490
597
525
118
310
306

5,509
1,148
82
796
1,144
488
590
524
119
311
307

5,539
1,159
77
795
1,164
488
591
527
120
308
310

5,514
1,143
73
793
1,159
488
593
526
120
309
310

5,524
1,149
79
793
1,154
490
594
527
120
310
308

5,547
1,148
75
798
1,169
'490
594
527
120
315
311

5,542
1,151
75
797
1,160
489
594
527
119
321
309

5, 566
1,158
77
798
1,171
488
595
525
120
324
310

5,534
1,152
78
800
1,153
486
591
524
120
323
307

5,527
1,172
77
800
1,141
488
582
521
119
318
310

N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.

598

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

T able A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1
[AH items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
Item

1964
Jan.

Feb.
Employment service:2
New applications for work____________
Nonfarm placements...................................

1963

916
414

1,037
443

Dec.

Nov.

793
432

827
493

Oct.

Sept.

953
662

878
664

Aug.

829
611

June

July

928
572

1,096
577

Apr.

May

911
612

Mar.

904
581

Feb.

861
496

904
423

State unemployment insurance programs:
1,200
1,157
1,086
1,351
973 1,079
1,181
1,848
1,865
957
1,216
1,127
1,308
Initial claims8 A .-....................................
Insured unemployment s (average weekly
volume) e. ______ _________________—
1,542
1,493
2,243
2,395
1,972
1,261
1,419
1,468
1,624
2, 546
1,333
1,918
2,298
6.2
Rate of insured unemployment A - .........
5.3
4.7
3.6
3.1
3.0
3.4
3.6
3.5
3.9
4.7
5.6
5.7
Weeks of unemployment compensated__
6,705
4,733
4,923
5,368
5,695
5,308
6,732
7,919
9,091
9,025
8,060
9,186
4,650
Average weekly benefit amount for total
unemployment......................................... $36.24 $36.07 $35.78 $35.37 $35.15 $34.93 $34.67 $34.43 $34. 34 $34.91 $35.54 $35.80 $35.70
Total b en e fits paid
$283,809 $319,302 $232,954 $164,977 $171,957 $163,126 $186,814 $195,632 $188,189 $235,851 $274,798 $316,422 $313,272
Unemployment compensation for ex-sevicem en:8 8
Initial claims8______________________
Insured unemployment « (average weekly
volume)........ ...........................................
Weeks of unemployment compensated...
Total benefits p a id __________________

39

39

29

31

28

29

31

22

20

23

72
73
284
307
$9,586 $10,241

60
231
$7, 622

48
164
$5,396

43
174
$5,857

42
170
$5, 727

45
184
$6,202

44
176
$5,909

42
181
$6,269

47
203
$6,760

58
267
$8,797

Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees:810
Initial claims 8. . .........................................
Insured unemployment5 (average weekly
volume).......... ..........................................
Weeks of unemployment compensated...
Total benefits paid......................................

13

20

15

13

14

12

12

19

12

11

13

11

12

40
157
$5, 768

39
165
$6,109

34
143
$5,369

32
111
$4,297

29
120
$4, 723

28
114
$4, 540

29
123
$4, 844

30
110
$4, 387

26
113
$4, 941

28
119
$4,678

31
137
$5, 241

35
150
$5, 591

38
148
$5,433

Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications11______________________
Insured unemployment (average weekly
volume)___________ ______ ______ _
Number of payments 12_............... ...........
Average amount of benefit payment18__
Total benefits paid 14_____ ___________

7

13

12

11

12

15

15

46

11

4

4

5

7

51
111
$80.33
$8,784

53
125
$80.49
$9,930

47
110
$79.04
$8,590

45
86
$78.60
$6,672

41
98
$77.05
$7,475

41
85
$76. 00
$6,416

37
90
$77.96
$6,906

39
79
$76.07
$5,852

32
77
$73.87
$5,563

39
$74. 44
$7,333

All programs:14
Insured unemployment6______________

2,410

2,563

2,122

1,686

1,476

1,408

1,568

1,651

1,628

1,799

29

1 Includes data for Puerto Rico, beginning January 1961 when the common
wealth's program became part of the Federal-State UI system.
2 Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands.
8 Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims.
4 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands.
8 Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem­
ployment.
6 State insured unemployment include data under the program for Puerto
Rican sugar cane workers.
7 The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
8 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
8 Includes the Virgin Islands.
10 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

99

25

27

77
71
306
303
$9,932 $10,027

64
57
49
137
138
118
$77.11 $80.24 $80.58
$9,005 $11,004 $10,881
2,089

2,465

2,726

u An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re­
quired for subsequent periods in the same year.
12 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods.
13 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not ad­
justed for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
14 Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments,
is Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and UCEE programs and the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.

599

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

B.—Labor Turnover
T able B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group1
Revised series; see box, p. 596.

[Per 10 0 employees]
1964

Annual
average

1963

Major industry group
Feb.*

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

1963

1962

Accessions: Total
Manufacturing:
Actual___________________________
Sie.nxtYn.nUy ndjv.xf.ed
Durable goods..........................................
Ordnance and accessories ___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture ________ _______________
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products___ . .
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products__________
M achinery........... ............................... .
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment__________
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_______ ____________________

3.2
8.8

3.6
3.7

2.5
8.9

2.9
8.6

3.9
89

4.8
39

4.8
37

4.3
4.0

4.8
8.9

4.0
3.8

3.9
4.1

3.5
8.8

3.3
3.9

3.9

4.1

3.2
1.4

3.4
1.8

2.4
1.6

2.7
2.0

3.6
2.7

4.5
2.8

4.2
2.7

3.7
2.6

4.2
2.9

3.8
2.5

3.8
2.3

3.5
2.1

3.2
2.2

3.6
2.4

3.8
2.9

4.3
3.9
3.5
2.9
3.3
2.9
2.7
3.2
2.5

4.4
4.2
3.6
3.5
3.9
3.0
2.9
3.4
2.6

2.8
2.7
2.0
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.5
2.0

3.5
3.3
2.5
2.5
3.0
2.6
2.5
2.9
2.0

4. 9
4.8
3 1
2.6
4.0
2.9
3.2
4.0
2.7

6.3
5.6
3.4
2.5
4.9
3.4
3.7
7.0
3.4

6.8
5.9
3.8
2.4
4.9
3.0
3.7
5.5
3.1

5.7
5.5
4.2
2.4
4.3
2.9
3.2
3.6
3.4

7.9
4.8
5.1
3.3
4.9
3.4
3.6
4.1
3.9

7.3
4.5
4.4
3.5
4.2
2.7
2.9
3.8
3.1

6.6
4.4
5. 7
3.8
4.3
2.7
2.9
3.8
2.6

6.0
3.8
4.7
3.6
3.8
2.6
2.7
3.5
2.5

4.4
3.9
3.5
3.6
3.2
2.7
2.7
3.3
2.4

5.6
4.4
3.8
3.0
4.0
2.9
3.0
4.0
2.8

5.5
4.5
3.8
2.8
4.1
3.0
3.6
4.7
2.7

5.3

5.8

2.4

3.7

5.6

6.8

6.6

7.0

5.5

5.2

5.7

5.1

5.0

5.4

5.6

3.4
3.8
2.8
3.4
5.0
2.1

3.8
4.0
5.1
3.4
5.9
2.4

2.5
3.0
7.0
2.2
3.3
1.8

3.1
3.9
4.4
3.0
4.5
2.0

4.3
6.5
5.9
4.0
5.0
2.6

5.1
8.1
13.1
4.2
5.5
3.0

5.4
9.1
24.5
4.3
5.8
2.9

5.1
7.5
8.3
4.0
7.1
2.9

5.5
8.9
3.1
4.0
5.7
4.0

4.2
5.6
2.4
3.9
5.9
2.7

3.9
4.9
1.8
3.6
5.1
2.7

3.5
4.3
2.6
3.5
4.7
2.4

3.4
3.8
2.6
3.3
5.4
2.2

4.1
5.8
6.6
3.6
5.3
2.6

4.3
6.4
6.4
3.6
5.5
2.6

2.5
2.0

3.0
1.8

2.1
1.3

2.5
1.3

3.0
1.8

3.5
2.2

3.2
1.9

3.2
2.2

4.0
3.3

2.8
2.0

2.8
2.6

2.6
2.4

2.6
1.9

2.9
2.1

3.0
2.1

Nondurable good s...............................—
Food and kindred products..................
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products_____ _______
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products ................... .
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_______________ ___________
Chemicals and allied products__ ____
Petroleum refining and related industries________ _________ ____ _____
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_________ . _________ . .
Leather and leather products............ .

1.1

1.4

.7

.9

1.2

1.4

1.3

1.9

3.0

2.0

2.1

1.6

.9

1.5

1.4

3.1
4.5

3.5
5.6

2.3
3.5

2.6
4.1

3.8
4.8

4.3
4.8

4.3
5.4

4.5
6.6

4.0
6.3

3.7
5.6

3.8
4.4

3.4
4.1

3.0
4.2

3.6
5.0

3.8
5.0

Nonmanufacturing:
Metal m in in g ...___________________
Coalmining-------------------- ----------------

2.6
1.6

3.1
2.6

1.8
1.4

2.5
1.7

2.7
1.8

2.6
2.3

2.8
2.9

2.7
2.1

3.8
1.5

3.6
2.1

5.7
2.2

2.9
2.5

2.8
2.2

3.1
2.1

2.9
1.7

Accessions: New hires
Manufacturing:
Actual.............................................. ........
Seasonally adjusted_______ ____
Durable goods...... ........ —................... ......
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture-----------------------------------Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries...... ........ ........
Fabricated metal products________ .
Machinery-----------------------------------Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment.. . . . . . . .
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries........................ ........ .....................
Nondurable goods___ ____ ___________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products......................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_____________ ____ —............. .
Chemicals and allied products._______
Petroleum refining and related industries........ ....................... ......................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_____________ ___ ______
Leather and leather products.........
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining.. ____________________
Coalm ining_______________________

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.4
5.5

1.8
5.3

2.6
5.4

3.1
5.3

3.2
5.4

2.7
5.4

3.3
5.4

2.5
5.4

2.3
5.6

2.0
5.4

1.8
5.5

2.4

2.5

1.9

1.3

1.0

1.0

1.7
1.3

2.4
1.8

2.8
2.0

2.6
1.9

2.3
1.7

2.9
1.9

2.3
1.4

2.2
1.3

1.8
1.1

1.7
1.3

2.1
1.5

2.3
2.0

3.1
2.8
1.6
1.3
2.0
2.2
1.5
1.6
1.6

3.0
3.1
1.6
1.3
2.2
2.2
1.6
1.7
1.6

2.0
1.8
1.1
.8
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.3

2.9
2.7
1.5
.8
2.0
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.4

4.2
4.0
2.0
1.1
2.9
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.0

5.5
4.8
2.4
1.3
3.5
2.2
2.6
2.5
2.4

5.9
4.9
2.8
1.2
3.2
1.9
2.3
1.9
2.1

4.7
4.4
3.0
1.2
2.8
1.9
1.9
1.8
2.2

6.3
4.0
3.7
2.1
3.2
2.5
2.4
2.4
3.1

5.5
3.5
2.8
1.7
•2.6
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.0

4.6
3.3
2.8
1.4
2.4
1.9
1.6
1.9
1.8

3.7
2.7
2.1

2.9
2.7
1.6
.9
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.6

4.2
3.5
2.3
1.2
2.5
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.0

3.9
3.5
2.2
1.1
2.4
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.0

2.5

3.0

1.5

2.7

4.4

5.2

4.8

4.1

3.7

3.2

3.2

2.6

2.7

3.4

3.8

2.0
2.1
1.8
2.2
3.0
1.3

2.1
2.1
1.8
2.1
3.1
1.4

1.4
1.6
4.0
1.4
1.6
1.1

1.9
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.4
1.3

2.9
4.0
3.8
2.9
3.4
2.1

3.5
5.3
8.5
3.1
3.8
2.4

3.8
6.5
14.4
3.2
3.9
2.2

3.2
4.6
3.3
2.8
4.0
2.1

3.8
5.9
1.8
3.0
3.6
3.1

2.7
3.5
1.3
2.8
3.6
1.9

2.4
2.8
1.1
2.5
3.4
1.7

2.2
2.2
1.6
2.2
3.2
1.5

2.0
1.9
1.1
2.0
3.1
1.3

2.7
3.6
3.8
2.5
3.3
1.8

2.8
3.8
3.2
2.5
3.5
1.8

1.8
1.2

2.1
1.2

1.5
.8

1.9
.9

2.4
1.3

2.9
1.6

2.5
1.4

2.5
1.6

3.0
2.6

2.1
1.4

2.0
1.8

1.9
1.6

1.8
1.2

2.2
1.5

2.3
1.5

1.9
5.4

2.0

1.9
.8

5.4

1.0

2.0
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.7

.5

.6

.5

.7

.8

1.1

1.0

1.6

2.4

1.5

1.3

.9

.5

1.1

1.0

1.9
2.7

1.9
3.2

1.3
2.3

1.7
2.6

2.8
3.4

3.2
3.6

2.9
3.9

2.6
4.2

2.7
3.9

2.4
3.2

2.1
2.6

1.9
2.3

1.8
2.4

2.3
3.1

2.4
3.1

1.3
.8

1.7
1.1

1.0

1.3
.8

1.7
1.0

1.9
1.2

1.8
1.1

1.5
.9

2.7
.7

1.6
.8

1.7
.8

1.5
.8

1.4
.9

1.7
.9

1.5
.5

.7

600

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

T able B - l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 596.

[Per 100 employees]
1964

1963

Annual
average

Major industry group
Feb.2

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

1963

1962

4.1

Separations: Total
Manufacturing:
Acutal__________ _________________
Seasonally adjusted__________ ______

3.2
S.7

4.0
10

3.7
3.7

3.8
3.7

4.1
5.7

4.9
3.9

4.7
4-2

4.1
4.0

3.4
3.8

3.6
4.0

3.6
4.0

3.5
3.8

3.2
3 7

3.9

Durable goods............................................
Ordnance and accessories____ _______
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture________________________
Furniture and fixtures________ _____
Stone, clay, and glass products.......... .
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery_________ _______ ______
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment__________
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................. ................ ....................

3.0
3.1

3.8
3.9

3.4
2.1

3.5
2.4

3.7
2.5

4.3
3.2

4.7
2.8

4.0
2.2

3.2
2.4

3.3
2.3

3.3
2.4

3.3
4.2

3.1
3.1

3.6
2.7

3.8
2.7

5.0
3.9
3.2
1.8
3.4
2.2
3.3
2.9
2.9

6.1
4.7
4.7
2.5
4.2
2.6
3.7
4.3
3.3

4.9
3.8
4.9
2.2
3.7
1.9
3.0
3.6
2.5

5.8
4.0
4.0
2.7
4.0
2.3
3.5
3.1
2.4

5.5
4.9
3.9
3.5
4.3
2.7
3.4
3.5
2.7

7.1
5.0
4.6
4.1
4.8
3.3
4.0
3.9
3.7

7.3
5.3
4.3
4.1
4.5
3.4
3.6
7.5
3.0

5.2
4.3
3.3
3.6
4.6
2.8
3.2
5.9
3.0

5.1
4.2
3.2
2.0
3.5
2.8
3.1
3.5
2.3

5.0
4.4
3.1
2.1
3.7
3.0
3.0
3.7
2.7

5.2
4.5
3.0
2.1
3.5
2.6
3.1
3.9
2.3

5.4
4.5
2.9
2.1
3.8
2.5
3.6
3.5
2.4

4.7
3.9
3.4
2.2
3.6
2.3
3.1
3.3
2.4

5.5
4.4
3.8
2.8
4.0
2.7
3.4
4.1
2.7

5.6
4.6
4.1
3.3
4.2
2.8
3.3
4.6
2.6

3.8

5.9

10.4

7.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.2

4.2

4.5

4.8

4.2

3.8

5.5

6.0

Nondurable goods___________________
Food and kindred products...................
Tobacco manufactures............................
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products..................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries____ ______________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related industries_______________ _ „ _
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_______ ______ _____________
Leather and leather products......... ........

3.5
5.1
6.8
3.2
4.3
2.3

4.1
5.5
7.3
3.8
5.3
2.9

4.1
5.5
11.0
3.3
5.7
2.6

4.3
6.6
11.9
3.6
5.3
2.7

4.7
7.5
8.6
4.0
5.5
2.8

5.6
9.2
4.2
4.5
5.8
4.2

4.8
6.5
4.3
4.6
5.8
3.4

4.3
5.8
2.6
3.8
6.4
2.5

3.8
4.8
2.2
3.3
5.6
2.2

4.0
4.6
4.0
3.9
5.8
2.5

3.9
4.8
3.9
3.7
6.0
2.5

3.7
4.9
7.0
3.5
4.8
2.5

3.4
4.7
9.2
3.1
4.2
2.3

4.2
5.9
6.3
3.8
5.5
2.8

4.4
6.2
6.7
3.7
5.8
2.8

2.5
1.7

3.2
1.9

2.5
1.7

2.7
1.8

3.1
2.0

3.8
3.1

3.5
2.5

2.6
1.8

3.0
2.1

3.0
2.6

2.6
1.9

2.7
1.7

2.3
1.4

2.9
2.0

2.9
2.1

1.3

1.5

2.3

1.8

1.8

3.1

2.1

1.7

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.8

1.9

2.0

1.8

3.1
4.4

3.9
5.3

3.9
5.3

3.7
4.1

3. 7
4.8

44
5.8

4.1
5.9

43
5.6

3 3

3 5

3 S>

3 7

4.1

4.9

5.9

4.7

3.8

5.0

5.2

Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining_____________________
Coal mining........................... .................

2.1
2.0

2.4
2.7

3.1
2.0

3.3
1.5

3.1
1.4

3.9
1.9

2.9
1.8

2.6
2.6

2.5
1.8

3.1
2.2

3.0
2.8

3.1
2.5

2.6
2.0

3.1
2.1

3.5
2.8

Separations: Quits
Manufacturing:
Actual......... .......................................... .
Seasonally adjusted...................... ...........
Durable goods......... ...................................
Ordnance and accessories____ _______
Lumber and wood products, expcet
furniture___________________ .
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries.......................
Fabricated metal products____ ____
Machinery___ _ _____ _
Electrical equipment and supplies__
Transportation equipment__________
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries........ ............. ............................

1.1
1.5

1.2
1.5

0.8
1.3

1.1
n

1.5
1.4

2.4
1.3

2.1
1.5

1.4
1.4

1.4
1.4

1.4
1.4

1.3
1.4

1.2
1.6

1.0
13

1.4

1.4

.9
.8

1.0
1.0

.7
.6

1.0
.7

1.3
1.0

2.0
1.7

1.8
1.3

1.2
1.0

1.2
1.0

1.3
1.0

l.i
.8

1.0
.9

.9
.9

1.2
1.0

1.2
1.2

1.7
1.7
.8
.5
1.0
.9
1.0
.7
.9

1.9
1.9
.9
.6
1.1
.9
1.1
.8
1.1

1.5
1.2
.6
.4
.8
.6
.9
.6
.8

2.1
1.7
1.0
.5
1.0
.8
1.1
.7
.9

2.9
2.3
1.2
.6
1.4
1.0
1.3
.9
1.1

4.5
3.0
2.2
1.2
2.2
1.6
2.0
1.5
2.0

4.9
3.1
1.9
1.1
1.9
1.4
1.7
1.2
1.6

2.9
2.1
1.3
.7
1.2
.9
1.2
.9
1.2

3.0
1.9
1.3
.6
1.2
.9
1.2
.9
1.1

3.0
2.3
1.3
.7
1.3
1.0
1.2
.9
1.3

2.6
2.2
1.1
.6
1.2
1.0
1.1
.8
1.0

2.2
1.9
.9
.5
1.1
.9
1.1
.8
1.0

1.6
1.5
.7
.4
.8
.7
1.0
.7
1. 0

2.7
2.1
1.2
.6
1.3
1.0
1.2
.9
1.2

2.4
2.1
1.2
.6
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.2

1.3

1.5

1.1

1.6

2.3

3.0

2.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.6

1.5

1.3

1.8

2.0

1.3
1.3
.8
1.5
1.8
.8

1.4
1.4
1.0
1.6
1.9
.9

1.0
1.0
.7
1.1
1.3
.7

1.3
1.5
.8
1.6
1.8
.9

1.8
2.2
1.0
2.2
2.3
1.2

2.8
3.8
1.3
2.8
2.8
2.6

2.4
2.8
1.5
2.8
3.1
1.9

1.7
1.9
.8
2.1
2.5
1.0

1.6
1.7
.7
1.9
2.2
1.0

1.7
1.6
.8
2.1
2.4
1.0

1.5
1.4
.8
2.0
2.3
1.0

1.4
1.4
.7
1.7
2.0
.9

1.2
1.2
.7
1.4
1.8
.7

1.6
1.8
.9
1.9
2.2
1. 1

1.7
1.9
.9
1.9
2.3
1. 1

1.1
.6

1.4
.6

1.0
.4

1.1
.5

1.4
.7

2.2
1.9

2.0
1.3

1.3
.7

1.5
.7

1.5
.8

1.3
.7

1.2
.6

1.1
.5

1.4
.8

1.5
.8

Nondurable goods____ _______
Food and kindred products................
Tobacco manufactures__
Textile mill products__________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_____________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related industries____ ___________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______________________
Leather and leather products..................

.3

.4

.3

.4

.6

1.7

1.1

.7

.8

.7

.6

.5

.7

.7

1.1
1.9

1.1
2.0

.8
1.5

1.1
1.9

1.6
2.5

2.3
3.1

2.0
3.3

1.4
2.5

1.4
2.2

1.4
2.4

1.3
2.3

li

2.0

1.0
1.6

1.4
2.3

1.4
2.3

N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining_______ ______ _______
Coal mining_______________________

.9
.4

1.1
.4

.7
.3

.8
.4

1.2
.5

2.3
.6

1.9
.6

1.3
.5

1.4
.3

1.5
.4

1.4
.5

1.2
.4

1.2
.3

1.3
.4

1.2
.4

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.5

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

601

T able B - l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 596.

[Per 100 employees]
1964

Annual
average

1963

Major industry group
Feb.«

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

1963

1962

Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing:
Actual.....................................................
Seasonally adjusted_________________
Durable goods........... ......................... .
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture................................................
Furniture and fixtures...........................
Stone, clay, and glass products..............
Primary metal industires___________
Fabricated metal products....... .............
Machinery___ _______ ____________
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment__________
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................................................... .
Nondurable goods........... ...........................
Food and kindred products...............
Tobacco manufactures.......................... .
Textile mill products.............................
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries........... .........................................
Chemicals and allied products...............
Petroleum refining and related industires. ____________ _____ _______
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products......... .......................................
Leather and leather products................
N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining_________________ _____
Coal mining_____ __________________

1.5
1.7

2.0
1.8

2.3
1.8

2.1
1.8

1.9
1.7

1.8
1.8

1.9
2.0

2.0
1.9

1.4
1.7

1.5
1.8

1.6
1.8

1.7
1.8

1.6
1.8

1.8

2.0

1.4
1.9

2.0
2.3

2.1
1.0

1.8
1.1

1.6
.9

1.4
1.0

2.1
.9

2.1
.7

1.3
.9

1.3
.8

1.4
1.1

1.6
2.7

1.6
1.8

1.7
1.2

1.9
.9

2.6
1.5
1.9
.7
1.8
.7
1.6
1.5
1.4

3.3
2.0
3.1
1.1
2.3
.8
1.8
2.4
1.5

2.7
2.0
3.7
1.3
2.3
.7
1.5
2.3
1.2

2.9
1.6
2.4
1.6
2.3
.9
1.6
1.7
.9

1.7
1.7
2.0
2.1
2.1
1.1
1.2
1.6
.9

1.5
1.1
1.7
2.2
1.8
1.0
1.1
1.5
.8

1.4
1.3
1.6
2.3
1.7
1.3
1.1
5.4
.8

1.5
1.4
1.2
2.2
2.6
1.3
1.3
4.0
1.3

1.2
1.6
1.2
.7
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.7
.6

1.1
1.3
1.2
.8
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.9
.7

1.8
1.5
1.2
.8
1.7
1.0
1.3
2.2
.7

2.5
1.8
1.4
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.7
1.9
.7

2.3
1.7
2.1
1.1
2.1
.9
1.4
1.9
.9

1.9
1.6
1.9
1.5
2.0
1.1
1.4
2.4
.9

2.4
1.8
2.2
2.1
2.2
1.2
1.1
2.8
.7

1.9

3.7

8.6

4.7

2.1

1.6

1.7

2.6

1.7

2.0

2.4

2.0

1.8

2.9

3.1

1.7
3.2
5.5
1.0
1.8
1.0

2.1
3.4
5.4
1.5
2.6
1.3

2.6
3.9
9.9
1.6
3.8
1.4

2.4
4.5
10.7
1.5
2.8
1.2

2.3
4.6
7.0
1.2
2.5
.9

2.2
4.6
2.5
1.0
2.3
.9

1.7
2.9
2.2
1.1
1.9
.9

1.9
3.2
1.3
1.1
3.0
.8

1.5
2.5
1.2
.8
2.6
.6

1.7
2.4
2.7
1.1
2.6
.9

1.8
2.8
2.6
1.1
3.0
.9

1.7
2.9
5.8
1.2
2.1
1.1

1.6
2.9
8.1
1.1
1.8
1.2

2.0
3.5
5.0
1.2
2.6
1.0

2.1
3.7
5.3
1.2
2.7
1.0

.9
.7

1.2
.7

1.2
.9

1.1
.9

1.2
.7

1.0
.7

1.0
.7

.8
.7

.9
.9

1.1
1.4

.9
.8

1.0
.6

.8
.5

1.0
.8

1.0
.8

.6

.6

1.5

1.0

.8

.8

.6

.4

.3

.5

.5

.7

.9

.7

.6

2.1
2.3

1.2
1.1

1.3
1.7

1.2
2.9

1.8
2.0

1.3
1.6

1.6
2.0

1.5
2.1

.6
1.6

.4
1.0

.8
1.4

.9
1.8

1.4
1.6

.9
1.3

1.1
1.2

1.5
1.9

1.3
1.7

2.0
2.4

2.4
3.2

2.0
1.5

1.2
1.7

1.3
1.9

1.4
1.6

.6
1.2

.6
1.4

1.9
1.4

1.9
.7

1.2
.5

.8
.8

.5
.7

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series
for the following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes

728-329—64-

-8


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

during the calendar month, while the employment series measures changes
from midmonth to midmonth; and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel
changes caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence of
such stoppages.
« Preliminary.

602

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

C.—Earnings and Hours
T a ble

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
Revised series; see box, p. 596.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Mar.2 Feb.2

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
M in in g ....... ............. ................................................
M e ta l m in in g ___________________
Iro n ores______________________ H I
C o p p er o re s ......................... I I I I I I H I

$115.09 $115.36 $116.48 $113.99 $116.75 $117.04 $115.08 $112.06 $117.85 $114.39 $112.75 $110.97 $114.40 $110.70
121.96 123.09 122. 51 119.89 120. 60 121.06 118.08 116.69 118.85 117.71 117. 50 118.37 118.66 117.45
126.27 129.07 127.93 120.43 120.43 127.20 119.65 119. 50 124.14 120.08 117.80 116. 73 120.96
122.19
128.77 127.28 126.69 128.17 130.23 124.66 125.27 121.98 122.69 122.55 124.12 125. 71 124.56 120. 70
121.41 124.97 125.85 117.94 121.68 123.48 118.18 108.19 128.74 122.14 117.73 113.77 119.95 113.09
123.84 127.12 128.40 119.45 123.48 124.97 119.32 110.21 130.60 124.66 119.81 114. 56 121. 59 114. 50

C oal m in in g __________________________
B itu m in o u s ______________________
C ru d e p e tro le u m a n d n a tu ra l g a s_____
C ru d e p e tro le u m a n d n a tu r a l gas
fields___________________________
O il a n d gas field serv ic es__________

113.90 112. 71 113. 79 113.10 113.05 113.67 113. 32 112.36 113.36
121. 54 120.54 119.43 122.07 119.31 120.30 123.31
107.07 104.66 107.75 106.46 108.43 106.64 107. 56 105.46 105.04
105.47 102.34 105.33 108.24 115.04 114. 50 114.33 113.83 112.91

117. 74 120.30 118.26 120.01 115.46
104.49 103.52 104.25 105.35 103.63
110.32 106. 56

102.00

109.03 105.43

127.44
118.29
123.48
114.85
129.96
133.81

128.06
117.85
126.96
123.68
131.02
134.67

122.72
113.34
117.30
109.42
123.80
130.31

127. 57
117. 72
128.03
125.16
131. 54
133. 59

121.66 122.43

Q u a rry in g a n d n o n m e tallic m in in g ____
C o n tra c t c o n s tr u c tio n ......................... .............
G en eral b u ild in g co n tra c to rs__________
H e a v y co n stru c tio n ___________________
H ig h w a y a n d s tre e t c o n s tru c tio n ...
O th e r h e a v y c o n s tru c tio n _________
Special tra d e c o n tra c to rs______________

122.08 124.96 125.58
111.52 115.93 116. 53
118.95 118.17 124.00
110.88 109.08 119.99
124.69 126.92 128.38
129.24 133.48 131.38

134.98
124. 58
138.65
137.81
140.34
139.49

132.90 132.70 130. 90
121.88 122.02 120.62
136.85 137.03 135.22
135.96 134. 67 133.62
137. 78 140.68 136.92
137.64 137.25 136.14

129. 79
118.58
132.13
130.09
134.60
135.75

110.62 111.45 110.77 111.99 109.20

124.58
115.84
122.36
117.74
127.98
131.40

122. 47
112.50
122.31
118.37
126.48
128. 50

M a n u fa c tu rin g ___________________________ $101.40 101.15 99.90 102.41 100.85 100. 53 100.53 98.42 99.23 100.37
99.23 97.36 98.09 99.38 96.56
D u ra b le goods......... ......... ................. I
110. 56 109.88 109.21 111.90
109. 71 109.45 107.01 108.09 109.82 108.36 106.37 106.49 108.09 104.70
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s ............... ........... ..
9.44 89.04 87.85 90.17 89.10
. 98 89.38 88.40 88.36 88.36 87.52 85.97
87.91 85.54

110.00

88

86.68

Average weekly hours
Mining__________
Metal mining...
Iron ores__
Copper ores.

41.4
42.2
40.6
44.1

41.2
42.3
41.5
43.0

41.6
42.1
41.4
42.8

41.3
41.2
39.1
43.3

42.3
41.3
39.1
43.7

42.1
41.6
41.3
42.4

42.0
41.0
39.1
42.9

Coal mining___
Bituminous.

38.3
38.7

39.3
39.6

39.7
40.0

37.8
37.8

39.0
39.2

39.2
39.3

38.0
38.0

Crude petroleum and natural gas_______
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields____________________ ! _____
Oil and gas field services___________

42.5

41.9

42.3

42.2

42.5

42.1

42.6

42.4

41.1
43.7

41.5
42.2

41.2
43.1

41.0
43.1

40.9
43.9

41.1
43.0

41.0
43.9

41.2
43.4

41.2
40.8
38.8
42.8

42.7
41.7
40.7
42.9

41.9
41.3
39.5
43.0

41.3
40.8
38.0
43.4

40.5
41.1
37.9
43.8

41.6
41.2
39.4
43.1

41.0
41.5
39.8
42.8

41.0
41.2

39.4
39.7

38.1
38.4

36.7
36.6

38.8
38.9

36.6
36.7

42.3

41.9

41.9

41.8

42.1

42.0

41.8
42.7

40.6
43.0

41.2
42.6

40.5
42.9

41.1
43.0

40.8
43.0

Quarrying and nonmetallic m in in g

42.7

41.1

42.3

44.0

46.2

45.8

46.1

45.9

45.9

45.4

44.4

42.5

44.5

44.3

Contract construction__________________
General building contractors_______ I.
Heavy construction........... .................
Highway and street construction...
Other heavy construction.............
Special trade contractors______ ____

36.0
35.1
39.2
38.8
39.5
35.4

34.1
32.8
36.6
36.0
37.0
34.1

35.3
34.3
36.7
35.3
38.0
35.5

36.4
35.1
40.0
40.4
39.5
35.7

38.9
37.3
43.6
44.6
42.4
37.7

38.3
36.6
42.9
44.0
41.5
37.2

38.8
37.2
43.5
44.3
42.5
37.5

38.5
37.0
43.2
44.1
42.0
37.4

38.4
36.6
42.9
43.8
41.8
37.5

38.0
36.6
41.9
42.5
41.2
37.1

37.3
36.2
41.2
41.9
40.5
36.5

36.2
35.2
39.1
38.8
39.3
35.8

37.3
36.0
41.3
42.0
40.6
36.5

37.0
35.6
40.5
41.1
39.9
36.3

40.3
41.0
39.4

39.8
40.6
38.7

40.8
41.6
39.9

40.5
41,2
39.6

40.7
41.4
39.9

40.7
41.3
39.9

40.5
41.0
40.0

40.5
41.1
39.8

40.8
41.6
39.8

40.5
41.2
39.6

39.9
40.6
38.9

40.2
40.8
39.4

40.4
41.1
39.6

40.4
40.9
39.6

$2.76
2.85
3.05

$2.73

$2.74

$2.75

2.86

$2.73
2.85
3.04
2.85

$2.70
2.83
3.07
2.82

3.14
3.17

3.10
3.14

3.09
3.12

3.10
3.13

3.12
3.15

3.09
3.12

Manufacturing__________________
Durable goods........... ........II
Nondurable goods________

40.4
41.1
39.4

Average hourly earnings
Mining_____________________
Metal mining____________
Iron ores_____________
Copper ores......................

$2.78
2.89
3.11
2.92

$2.80
2.91
3.11
2.96

$2.80
2.91
3.09
2.96

$2.76
2.91
3.08
2.96

$2. 76
2.92
3.08
2.98

$2.78
2.91
3.08
2.94

Coal mining______________________
Bituminous______________H U H

3.17
3.20

3.18
3.21

3.17
3.21

3.12
3.16

3.12
3.15

3.15
3.18

Crude petroleum and natural gas____
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields........................................
Oil and gas field services________ ...........
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___

2.68

2.69

2.69

2.68 2.66

2.70

2.66

2.65

2.68

2.64

2.66

2.65

2.66

2.60

2.96
2.45

2.95
2.48

2.95
2.50

2.94
2.47

2.92
2.47

2.97
2.48

2.91
2.45

2.92
2.43

2.95
2.46

2.90
2.43

2.92
2.43

2.92
2.43

2.92
2.45

2.83
2.41

2.47

2.49

2.49

2.46

2.49

2.50

2.48

2.48

2.46

2.43

2.40

2.40

2.45

2.38

3.54
3.37
3.15
2.96
3.29
3.78

3.58
3.40
3.25
3.08
3.37
3. 79

3.54
3.38
3.22
3.09
3.34
3.76

3.45
3.32
3.10
2.97
3.25
3.68

3.47
3.34
3.18
3.09
3.31
3.70

3.47
3.33
3.19
3.09
3.32
3.70

3.42
3.28
3.15
3.04
3.31
3.66

3.40
3.26
3.13
3.03
3.26
3.64

3.38
3.24
3.08
2.97
3.22
3.62

3.37
3.22
3.03
2.91
3.18
3.63

3.34
3.20
2.97
2.81
3.16
3.60

3.39
3.22
3.00
2.82
3.15
3.64

3.42
3.27
3.10
2.98
3.24
3.66

3.31
3.16
3.02

2.51

2.51
2.69
2.27

2.51
2.69
2.26

2.49
2.67
2.25

2.47
2.65
2.23

2. 47
2.65
2.24

2.43
2.61

2.45

2.46

2.45

2.44

2.44

2.46

—

Contract construction_________________ _________
General building contractors________ —
Heavy construction________________
Highway and street construction."
Other heavy construction_______ —
Special trade contractors___________ ...........
M anufaeturing_________________ ____
$2.51
Durable goods......... ........ ........... II
2.69
Nondurable goods............................
2.27
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.68

2.26

$2.74

$2.72

3.06
2.92

3.08
2.85

2.88 2.86

3.11 ...........
3.14

2.88 2.88 2.88
3.08
3.07
2.86 2.87
2.89
3.10

2.64
2.63
2.62
2.61
2.21 2.63
2.22 2.22 2.21
2.21 2.20 2.63
2.22

2.88

3.17
3.54
2.39
2.56
2.16

603

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 596.
1964

Annual
average

1963

Industry
Mar. 2 Feb.2 Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Sept.

Oct.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods

Ordnance and accessories______ _____ $119.10 $119. 80 $121.18 $123. 26 $120. 36 $121.13 $121.01 $119.31 $117.74 $118. 24 $117. 67 $115.14 $118.20 $119. 60 $116.31
Ammunition, except for small arms. 120. 40 121.10 124.12 125. 63 122.51 122.89 121. 77 121.95 118.96 119. 65 117. 50 116. 24 117.86 120.25 116. 69
Sighting and fire control equip131. 05 128.15 129. 78 128. 75 129. 48 129.36 123.83 121.09 120.10 122. 01 119. 20 127. 98 125.36 126.18
ment _______________________
Other ordnance and accessories___ 114.17 114. 74 114.62 117.29 114. 77 116.05 116.90 114. 24 114.93 115.36 116.90 112.19 116.05 115. 77 112.34
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture..______________________
Sawmills and planing mills _____
Millwork, plywood, and related
products____________ _______
Wooden containers_____________
Miscellaneous wood products____
Furniture and fixtures_____________
Household furniture.........................
Office furniture________________
Partitions, office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures______

82.61
76.61

82.39
76.04

79. 90
73. 53

83.20
76.03

82.97
76.02

85.68
78.34

86. 50
79.15

84.45
77.36

82.42
74.96

82. 62
76.07

80. 60
73.97

78. 41
71.82

77.81
71.16

81.80
74.80

79.20
71.71

92. 32
67.42
75.92

91.65
66.18
75.92

89.02
64.84
74.24

91.72
68.17
76.14

90.83
67.49
75.74

90.64
70.18
76.07

91.27
70. 00
76. 45

90.06
69.64
74.89

89.66
70.14
74. 48

90.29
69.14
74.85

90.07
68.31
73.89

87. 94
66. 73
72.36

87.94
65. 01
73.12

89. 40
68. 04
74.30

87.12
66.17
72.54

82. 01
78. 74
97. 23
100. 63
86. 24 85.84

79. 59
75.25
94. 40
100. 62
83.71

83.20 81.19 81.39 79.60
78. 62 76. 52 76.70 74.99
96.23 94. 71 96.93 94. 71
109.10 107. 64 105. 37 101. 75
85.90 82.21 82.82 82.42

78. 01
74. 21
92.63
98.39
81.19

82.42
78. 55

85. 06 83. 43 84.03 84.03
81.87 79.68 80. 26 80. 06
99.17 94. 37 97.34 98. 47
102. 26 101.89 104.38 105. 67
87.56 86.30 85.68 86.11

79.19 81.39 79.37
75.36 77. 30 75. 07
93.15 95.35 92.57
101. 20 103.42 103.57
79. 98 83. 64 81.41

Average weekly hours
Ordnance and accessories...... ................
Ammunition, except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equipment. ______ _ . . . _________
Other ordnance and accessories___
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture........ ........................ ............
Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork, plywood, and related
products_______________ _ __
Wooden containers_____________
Miscellaneous wood products____
Furniture and fixtures______________
Household furniture____________
Office furniture______ __________
Partitions, office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures............

40.1
40.0

40.2
40.1

40.8
41.1

41.5
41.6

40.8
40.7

41.2
41.1

41.3
41.0

41.0
41.2

40.6
40.6

41.2
41.4

41.0
40.8

40.4
40.5

40.9
40.5

41.1
40.9

41.1
40.8

40.2

40.7
40.4

40.3
40.5

41.2
41.3

41.4
40.7

41.5
41.3

42.0
41.6

40.6
40.8

39.7
40.9

39.9
41.2

40.4
41.6

39.6
40.5

42.1
41.3

41.1
41.2

42.2
41.3

40.1
39.9

39.8
39.4

38.6
37.9

40.0
39.6

39.7
39.8

40.8
40.8

40.8
40.8

40.6
40.5

40.6
40.3

40.9
40.9

39.9
40.2

39.6
39.9

39.3
39.1

40.1
40.0

39.8
39.4

41.4
39.2
40.6

41.1
38.7
40.6

40.1
37.7
39.7

41.5
40.1
40.5

41.1
39.7
40.5

41.2
40.8
40.9

41.3
40.7
41.1

41.5
41.7
40.7

41.7
42.0
40.7

41.8
41.4
40.9

41.7
41.4
40.6

40.9
40.2
40.2

40.9
39.4
40.4

41.2
40.5
40.6

40.9
40.1
40.3

40.6
40.7

40.6
40.8
41. 2
38.9
40.3

39.4
39.4
40.0
39.0
39.3

41.9
42.2
42.2
40.1
41.3

41.3
41.5
40.5
39.8
40.9

41.6
41.8
41.6
40.3
40.8

41.6
41.7
41.9
40.8
41.4

41.6
41.6
41.3
41.8
41.9

40.8
40.7
41.0
41.4
40.3

40.9
40.8
41.6
41.0
40.8

40.2
40.1
41.0
39.9
40.4

39.8
39.9
40.1
39.2
39.8

40.2
40.3
40.5
40.0
39.4

40.9
40.9
41.1
40.4
40.6

40.7
40.8
40.6
41.1
40.3

40.3

Average hourly earnings
Ordnance and accessories............. ........
Ammunition, except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equipment. _____________________
Other ordnance and accessories___
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_____ _________________
Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork, plywood, and related
products......... ...............................
Wooden containers.......................
Miscellaneous wood products.........
Furniture and fixtures______________
Household furniture.........................
Office furniture_________ _______
Partitions, office and store fixtures..
Other furniture and fixtures______
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.97
3.01

$2.98
3.02

$2.97
3.02

$2.97
3.02

$2.95
3.01

$2.94
2. 99

$2.93
2.97

$2.91
2.96

$2.90
2. 93

$2.87
2.89

$2.87

2.88

$2.85
2.87

$2.89
2.91

$2.91
2.94

$2.83

2.84

3. 22
2.84

3.18
2.83

3.15
2.84

3.11
2.82

3.12
2.81

3.08
2.81

3.05
2.80

3.05
2.81

3. 01
2.80

3. 02
2.81

3. 01
2.77

3. 04
2.81

3.05
2.81

2.99
2.72

2.06
1.92

2.07
1.93

2.07
1.94

2. 08
1.92

2. 09
1.91

2.10 2.12

2.08
1.91

2.02 2.02
2.03
1.86 1.86 1.84

1.98
1.80

1.98
1.82

2.04
1.87

1.99
1.82

2. 23
1.72
1.87

2.23
1.71
1.87

2.15
1.67
1.83

2.15
1.67
1.83

2.16
1.65
1.82

2.15

2.15
1.65
1.81

2.17
1.83

2.13
1.65
1.80

2.03
1.93

2. 02

2.22 2. 21 2.21 2.20 2.21 2.17
1.72
1.72
1.67
1.72
1.70
1. 70
1.88 1.87 1.86 1.86 1.84
1.87
2.02 2.03 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.00

1.99

1.99

2.31
2.60
2.04

2.33
2.57
2.03

1.98
1.87
2.31
2.55
2.04

1.86

1.97
1. 87
2.30
2.53
2.03

1.99
1.89
2.32
2.56
2. 06

2. 28
2. 52
2.02

2.14

1.93
2.36
2. 58
2.13

1.91
2. 36
2.58
2.13

1.94
2.35
2.55

1.92
2.33
2.56

1.92

1.92
2.34
2.59

2.12 2.11 2.10

1.94

1.92
2.35
2. 59
2.08

1.89
2.33
2. 61
2.05

1.88 1.88

1.66

1.80

1.96

2.31
2. 51
2.04

1.68

2.86

1.95
1.84

604

MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW, MAY 1964

T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box p. 596.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
M ar.2 Feb.2

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
D u ra b le goods —Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products.______ $101.34 $101.50 $99.50 $101.50 $103. 75 $105.67 $104. 50 $104.33 $104.33 $104.41 $103.07 $101.11
Flat glass. ___________________
140. 56 137.9C 135. 74 143.45 142.35 139.06 133.00 133.45 139.40 133. 51 131.66
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown_______________________ 99.65 100.00 100. OC 98.39 100. 50 100.50 98.85 100. 90 100.25 101.00 100.10 98.00
Cement, hydraulic....... - .................. 117.26 115. 71 116.81 117.26 120.30 117.83 118.28 116 47 118.86 116.05 116.48 119.99
Structural clay products.................. 88.04 88.10 85.06 88. 29 90.45 91.12 90. 45 90. 69 90. 71 90.92 90. 71 90.27
Pottery and related products
92.80 90.02 92.10 92.23 90.09 89. 54 87.85 89.01 90.16 90.46 88.37
Concrete, gypsum,' and plaster
^
products......................................
101. 26 99.80 96.19 100.86 105. 78 112. 50 111.05 111.15 110.45 110. 01 108. 62 103. 92
P* Other stone and mineral products.. 105.00 104.08 102.82 104.33 103. 75 104. 92 104.25 103.25 104.00 102.92 102.26 100. 61
Prim ary metal industries___________
Blast furnace and basic steel products.................................................
Iron and steel foundries_________
Nonferrous smelting and refining—
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding......... ..................... ........
Nonferrous foundries__ _________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries_____________________

Mar.

1963

1962

$99. 47 $102.42 $98. 57
130. 65 135.20 126.01
100.40 99. 75 98.33
112.87 116. 60 112.75
86.67 89.40 86. 69
89.31 89. 77 86.85
99. 48 105. 65 100. 96
98.33

100.12 102.18

126. 48 126.18 125.77 126.38 123.42 122.41 123. 73 123.02 125. 77 129.55 127.30 127.82 122. 91 124.64 119.80
134. 20 133.46 133.06 131.41 128. 58 127. 59 130.35 130. 28 135.20 140. 70 138.28 141. 70 131.27 133. 06 127.40
1X7. 73 118.15 117.87 120.81 116. 20 115.08 114.39 111.49 111.78 115.45 112. 98 110.15 110.15 113. 01 106. 52
118. 69 118.69 120.25 119.97 119. 39 118.98 120. 25 119.11 118.12 117.45 118.43 120.12 117.31 118. 56 114.95
120.42 119.43 120. 98 123.12 120. 56 119.14 119.43 118.44 119.00 120.83 118.72 115.23 116.34 118.72 116. 05
109.30 108. 50 108. 50 110. 77 108. 62 108.21 107. 42 106. 71 105.41 107.38 106. 45 105. 01 106. 45 107.12 104. 55
133.88 131.15 130.41 134.19 130. 73 130.21 130. 52 125. 56 128.44 129.16 127.10 125. 05 126. 99 128. 54 124. 50
m
Average weekly hours

Stone, clay, and glass products..............
Flat glass____________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown____________________ . . .
Cement, hydraulic______________
Structural clay products_________
Pottery and related products .
Concrete, gypsum ,' and plaster
products________ ____________
Other stone and mineral products..
Primary metal industries____ _______
Blast furnace and basic steel products____ ____ ________ _______
Iron and steel foundries_________
Nonferrous smelting and refining...
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding____________________
Nonferrous foundries___________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries_____________________

40.7

40.6
41.1

39.8
40.8

40.6
40 4

41.5
41. 7

42.1
41.5

41.8
40.9

41.9
39.7

41.9
39.6

42.1
41.0

41.9
39.5

41.1
39.3

40.6
39.0

41.3
40.0

40.9
38.3

39.7
41.0
40.2

40.0
40.6
40.6
40.0

40.0
40.7
39.2
38.8

39.2
41.0
40.5
39. 7

40.2
41.2
41.3
40.1

40.2
41.2
41.8
39.0

39.7
41.5
41.3
39.1

40.2
41.3
41.6
38.7

40.1
42.0
41.8
38.7

40.4
41.3
41.9
39.2

40.2
41.6
41.8
39.5

39.2
42.1
41.6
39.1

40.0
40.6
40.5
39.0

39.9
41.2
41.2
39.2

40.3
41.0
40.7
39.3

41.5
41.5

40.9
41.3

39.1
40.8

41.0
41.4

43.0
41.5

45.0
41.8

44.6
41.7

45.0
41.3

44.9
41.6

44.9
41.5

44.7
41.4

43.3
40.9

41.8
40.7

43.3
41.2

42.6
40.8

41.2

41.1

41.1

41.3

40.6

40.4

40.7

40.6

41.1

42.2

41.6

41.5

40.7

41.0

40.2

40.3
42.5
41.5

40.2
42.5
41.5

40.2
42.4
41.9

39.7
43.3
41.8

39.2
42.1
41.6

38.9
42.0
41.6

39.5
4!.9
41.9

39.6
41.6
41.5

40.6
41.4
41.3

42.0
42.6
41.5

41.4
42.0
41.7

41.8
41.1
42.0

39.9
41.1
41.6

40.2
41.7
41.6

39.2
40. 5
41.2

42.4
41.4

42.2
41.1

42.6
41.1

43.2
41.8

42.6
41.3

42.4
41.3

42.5
41.0

42.3
41.2

42.5
40.7

43.0
41.3

42.4
41.1

41.6
40.7

42.0
41.1

42.4
41.2

42.2
41.0

42.5

41.9

41.4

42.6

41.9

41.6

41.7

40.9

41.3

41.8

41.4

41.0

41.5

41.6

41.5

Average hourly earnings
Stone, clay, and glass products....... .
Plat glass_____________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown..............................................
Cement, hydraulic______________
Structural clay products_________
Pottery and related products_____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products____________________
Other stone and mineral products...
Prim ary metal industries_______ ____
Blast furnace and basic steel prod­
ucts________________________
Iron and steel foundries_________
N onferrous smelting and refining...
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding........................................
Nonferrous foundries____________
Miscellaneous primary metal in­
dustries_____________________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$ 2 .4 9

$ 2 .5 0
3 .4 2

$2. 50
3 .3 8

$2. 50
3 .3 6

$2. 50
3 .4 4

$ 2 . 51
3. 43

$2. 50
3 .4 0

$ 2 .4 9
3 .3 5

$ 2 .4 9
3 .3 7

$ 2 .4 8
3 .4 0

$ 2 .4 6
3 .3 8

$ 2 . 46
3 .3 5

$ 2 .4 5
3 .3 5

$ 2 .4 8
3 .3 8

$ 2 .4 1
3 .2 9

2 . 51

2. 50
2 .8 5
2 .1 7
2 .3 2

2 .5 0
2 .8 7
2 .1 7
2 .3 2

2 . 51
2 .8 0
2 .1 8
2 .3 2

2. 50
2 .9 2
2 .1 9
2 .3 0

2 .5 0

2 .1 8
2 . 31

2 .4 9
2. 85
2 .1 9
2 .2 9

2 .5 1
2 .8 2
2 .1 8
2. 27

2. 50
2 .8 3
2 .1 7
2 .3 0

2. 50
2 .8 1
2 .1 7
2. 30

2 .4 9
2 .8 0
2 .1 7
2 . 29

2 .5 0
2. 85
2 .1 7
2 .2 6

2 .5 1
2 .7 8
2 .1 4
2 .2 9

2. 50
2 .8 3
2 .1 7
2 29

2. 4 4
2. 75
2 .1 3

2.21

2 .4 4
2 .5 3

2 .4 4
2 .5 2

2 .4 6
2 .5 2

2. 46
2. 52

2 .4 6
2. 50

2 .5 0
2 . 51

2. 49
2. 50

2 .4 7
2. 50

2. 46
2 . 50

2 .4 5
2 .4 8

2 .4 3
2 .4 7

2. 40
2 .4 6

2. 38
2 .4 6

2. 44
2 .4 8

2 .3 7
2 .4 1

3 .0 7

3 .0 7

3. 06

3 .0 6

3 .0 4

3. 03

3 .0 4

3 .0 3

3 .0 6

3 .0 7

3 .0 6

3 .0 8

3 .0 2

3 .0 4

2. 98

3 .3 3
2 .7 7
. 86

3 .3 2
2 .7 8

3 .3 1
2. 79
2 .8 7

3 .2 8
2. 76
2 .8 7

3. 28
2. 74

3 .3 0
2 .7 3
2 .8 7

2

3 .3 3
2. 70

2.86

3 .3 5
2 . 71
2 .8 3

3. 34
2. 69
2 .8 4

3 .2 9

2.68 2.68
2.86 2 . 8 2

3 .3 1
2 . 71
2 .8 5

3 .2 5
2. 63
2. 79

2 .8 4
2 .6 4

2 .8 3
2. 64

2 .8 4
2. 64

2. 85
2. 65

2 .8 3
2. 63

2.86
2. 81 2. 81
2. 6 2 2 . 6 2

3. 29
. 68
2 .8 7

3 .3 9

2.86

3 .3 1
2 .7 8
2 .8 7

2 .8 0
2 . 59

2 . SO
2. 59

. 81
2 .6 0

2 .8 0
2. 59

2. 77
2 .5 8

2. 77
2 .5 9

2 .8 0
. 60

2

2 .7 5
2 .5 5

3 .1 5

3 .1 3

3 .1 5

3 .1 5

3 .1 2

3 .1 3

3. 07

3 .1 1

3 .0 9

3. 07

3 .0 5

3 .0 6

3 .0 9

3. 00

—

2.86

2 .1 9

2

2.86

3 .1 3

2

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble

605

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 596.
1964

Industry

M ar.2 Feb.2

Annual
average

1963
Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
D u 'a b le goods — Continued
Fabricated metal products__________
Metal c a n s ........................................
Cutlery, handtools, and general
hardware....................... __.............
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures . ............................... ........
Fabricated structural metal products
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings_______________
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products............................ ............
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products................ ............. ...........

$110.3£ $109. IS $108. 7£ $111.04 $109.56 $109. 91 $110.2( $108.32 $107. 53 $108. 84 $108.32 $104. 7t $105. 6' $108.0. $104. 81
129. 02 128. 5r. 131.61 129.4‘ 129. 4-: 125. 61 132.0 135.3£ 132.07 131.94 128.6i 125. U 122. 5£ 128.1' 126.30
107. 07 106. 5E 105. 52 109.46 108. 42 105.32 104. 8: 101.5C 100. 35 103. 98 104. 24 99. 7( 101. 71 103. 7i 99.14
103. 2C
108. 92
112. se
120. 84
97. 75

102. 5‘ 99.9' 102. 87 102. 62 105. 06
107. 45 106. li 109. o; 108. 36 109.25
112. 56 110. 56 110. 24 107. 68 109. 56
119. 71 1 2 1 . i: 123. 26 119. 71 120. 25
96.39 95.27 97.34 96. 64 96. 7<

104.0' 102. s: 102. 47
109.93 109. 78 108. 58
109.65 108. 45 106. 75
117. 7( 112.74 113. 98
98.05 94. 89 93.73

103.22 100. IE 97.8C
108. 84 107. 53 104. 64
108.80 108.38 105.08
116. 75 116. 47 112.06
95.63 95.63 92.8C

98. 57 98. 57 97.36 99.84 97. 58 97.82 98.71 96.52 96.22 97.64 97.58
105. 71 104. 78 104.00 106. 75 104. 90 107. 53 108.05 106.08 105. 71 105. 93 106.45
Machinery________________________ 121.13 120.84 118. 71 120. 70 117.88 117.04 117.32 115.23 115. 51 117. 04 115. 79
Engines and turbines___________ 127.10 123. 82 123. 51 129. 79 127. 2C 123.93 126. 48 121. 50 122.21 123. 73 122. 41
Farm machinery and equipm ent...
119. 85 117.2£ 116. 31 112.16 113. 0C 112. 61 no
n o 9«
Construction and related"machinery. 119. 85 118. 29 118.14 119. 56 117.18 116. 90 116. 90 116.20 115.93 117.18 115.’ 93
Metalworking machinery and
equipm ent....... .................. ........... 140. 29 138. 91 134. 64 135. 28 130.33 128.44 127. 71 125.83 128.30 130. 52 128. 90
Special industry machinery______ 112. 63 112. 20 110. 62 114. 48 110. 56 110. 56 111. 09 108. 52 109. 20 110.33 109.13
General industrial machinery____ 118.14 118.14 116. 60 120.13 117.03 116. 62 117. 04 114.40 113.16 114. 54 112.61
Office, computing, and accounting
machines____________________ 115. 42 115. 89 113. 47 115. 02 118. 78 119. 07 119.07 116. 97 117.14 116.57 115. 59
Service industry machines_______ 107. 42 106. 90 104.12 106. 45 103. 57 103. 83 104. 86 104. 60 103. 22 103. 57 103.98
Miscellaneous machinery...... ........ . 114.97 114.17 112. 94 114.01 112. 25 112.46 111.51 110.83 110. 56 112.99 112.04

95.51

98. 6C
104.11
106. 26
113. 57
94.12
97.34

101.56 98.55
107. 27 104. 60
108.08 106. 00
116. 47 111.76
94.94 93.34
97.58

96. 64

104.23 104. 86 105. 67 103.53
113.85 115.51 116. 20 113. 01
119.30 124.23 123. 73 119. 88
107. 59
113.57 113.85 115. 79 112.34
128.17 130.52 129.33 125. 57
107.17 108.88 109.98 106. 77
110.16 110.98 113. 71 110.83
114.33 115. 30 116. 40 113.15
101. 15 102.31 103.12 100.12
109.36 110. 72 111. 51 109.13

Average weekly hours
Fabricated metal products__________
Metal cans...................................
Cutlery, handtools, and general
h ard w are......................... ......
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures_________
Fabricated structural metal products
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings_________
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products....................... .............. .
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products_____________________
Machinery_______________________
Engines and turbines___________
Farm machinery and equipm ent...
Construction and related machinery
Metalworking machinery and
equipment______ __________ .
Special industry machinery______
General industrial m achinery____
Office, computing, and accounting
machines___________________
Service industry machines_______
Miscellaneous machinery ___

41.5
42.3

41.2
42.0

40.9
42.6

41.9
42.3

41.5
42.5

41.8
41.6

41.9
43. C

41.5
44.1

41.2
43.3

41.7
43.4

41.5
42.6

40.6
41.3

40.8
41.0

41.4
42. 3

41.1
42 1

41.5

41.3

40.9

42.1

41.7

41.3

41.1

40.6

40.3

41.1

41.2

40.2

40. 7

41. 0

40. 8

40.0
41.1
42.8
42.4
40.9

39.9
40.7
42.8
42.3
40.5

39.5
40.2
42.2
42.5
40.2

40.5
41.3
42.4
43.4
41.6

40.4
41.2
41.9
42.6
41.3

41.2
41.7
42.3
43.1
41.7

40.8
41.8
42.5
42.8
41.9

40.8
41.9
42.2
41.6
40.9

40.5
41..6
41.7
41.6
40.4

40.8
41.7
42.5
42.3
41.4

39.9
41.2
42.5
42.2
41.4

39.3
40.4
41.7
41.2
40. 7

39.6
40.2
42.0
41.6
41.1

40.3
41.1
42.2
42. 2
41.1

80 9
40. 7
42.4
41 7
41 3

40.9

40.9

40.4

41.6

41.0

41.1

41.3

40.9

40.6

41.2

41.0

40.3

40. 9

41 0

41 8

40. 5
42.5
41.0

42.2

40.3
42.4
40.2
42.2
41.8

40.0
41.8
40.1
41.3
41.6

40.9
42.5
41.6
41.1
42.1

40.5
41.8
40.9
40.2
41.7

41.2
41.8
40.5
40.5
41.6

41.4
41.9
41.2
40.8
41.6

40.8
41.6
40.1
40.5
41.5

40.5
41.7
40.6
40.1
41.7

40.9
42.1
40.7
40.8
42.0

41.1
41.8
40.4
40.1
41.7

40.4
41.4
39.9
40.9
41.0

40.8
41.7
41.0
41.1
41.1

40.8
41.8
40. 7
40. 7
41. 5

40.6
41. 7
40. 5
40 6
41.3

45.4
42.5
41.6

45.1
42.5
41.6

44.0
41.9
41.2

44.5
43.2
42.3

43.3
42.2
41.5

43.1
42.2
41.5

43.0
42.4
41.8

42.8
41.9
41.3

43.2
42.0
41.0

43.8
42.6
41.5

43.4
42.3
41.1

43.3
41.7
40.5

43.8
42.2
40.8

43. 4
42. 3
41.2

43.3
42. 2
4L 2

39.8
41.0
42.9

40.1
40.8
42.6

39.4
40.2
42.3

39.8
41.1
42.7

41.1
40.3
42.2

41.2
40.4
42.6

41.2
40.8
42.4

40.9
40.7
42.3

41.1
40.8
42.2

40.9
41.1
42.8

40.7
41.1
42.6

40.4
40.3
41.9

40.6
40.6
42.1

40. 7
40. 6
42.4

40. 7
40. 7
42.3

$2. 66
3. 05

$2. 65
3.06

$2.66
3. 09

$2. 65
3.06

$2.64
3.06

$2.63
3.02

$2. 63
3.07

$2. 61
3.05

$2.61
3.04

$2.61
3.02

$2. 58
3.03

$2. 59
2. 99

$2. 61
3.03

$2. 55
3. 00

2. 58

2. 58

2. 58

2. 60 2. 60

2. 55

2. 55

2.50

2. 49

2.53

2.53

2.48

2.50

2. 53

2. 43

2. 58
2. 65
2. 63
2. 85
2.39

2. 57
2. 64
2. 63
2. 83
2. 38

2. 53
2.64
2. 62
2. 85
2.37

2.54
2. 64
2. 60
2. 84
2.34

2. 54
2.63
2.57
2. 81
2.34

2.55
2. 62
2. 59
2.79
2.32

2. 55
2.63
2.58
2.75
2.34

2. 52
2.62
2. 57
2. 71
2.32

2.53
2.61
2. 56
2.74
2.32

2. 53
2.61
2.56
2.76
2.31

2. 51
2.61
2. 55
2.76
2.31

2. 49
2. 59
2.52
2. 72
2.28

2.49
2. 59
2.53
2.73
2.29

2. 52
2.61
2. 56
2. 76
2.31

2. 47
2. 57
2. 50
2. 68
2. 26

2. 41

2. 41

2. 41

2.40

2.38

2.38

2. 61 2. 60

2. 61

2. 84

2. 84
3.12
2.83
2. 84

2. 59
2.82
3.11
2.70
2.81

2.61
2.80
3. 06
2. 79
2. 81

2. 39 2. 36
2. 61 2. 60

2.85
3.08
2. 84
2. 83

2.60
2. 84
3. 08
2. 84
2.84

2.80
3.07
2. 76
2.81

3. 09
2. 65
2.84

3.08
2.64
2. 84

3.06
2. 64
2. 83

3. 04
2. 65
2.84

3.01
2. 62
2.82

2.98
2. 62
2.81

2. 90
2. 62
2. 68

2.89
2.62
2. 68

2. 88

2. 89
2.59
2. 67

2.89
2.57

2. 89
2. 57
2.64

___

Average hourly earnings
Fabricated metal products
Metal cans________________ . . .
Cutlery, handtools, and general
hardware___________________
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures________
Fabricated structural metal prod ucts
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings______ _________
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products..................... .................
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products........................................
Machinery__________ ______ _____ _
Engines and turbines .....................
Farm machinery and equipment. .
Construction and related* machinery.
Metalworking machinery and
equipment___________
Special industry machinery
General industrial machinery____
Office, computing, and accounting
machines................ .......................
Service industry machines__
Miscellaneous machinery________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2. 85
3.10

2. 59
2. 67

2.66

$2. 61
3.07

2.37

2.37

2.38

2.37

2.38

2. 38

2.34

2. 77
3.03
2. 72
2. 80

2.61
2. 77
3. 01
2. 75
2.78

2. 59
2.78
3.04
2 74
2.79

2. 59
2. 77
3.03
V 72
2.78

2. 58
2. 75
2.99

2. 57
2. 77
3. 03

2.59
2. 78
3.04

2.55
2. 71
2.96

2. 77

2. 77

2. 79

2. 72

2. 97
2.62
2.80

2.94
2.59
2. 77

2.97
2. 60
2.76

2.98
2. 59
2.76

2.97
2.58
2.74

2.96
2.57
2.72

2.98
2. 58
2.72

2.98
2. 60
2.76

2.96
2.53
2.69

2.89
2. 57
2. 63

2. 86

2. 85
2.53
2.62

2. 85
2. 52
2.64

2.84
2.53
2.63

2. 83
2.51
2.61

2. 84
2.52
2.63

2.54
2.63

2.86

2.78
2.46
2. 58

2. 57
2.62

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

606
T a ble

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 596.
1963

1964

Annual
average

Industry
M ar.2 Eeb.2

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
D u ra b le goods— Continued

Electrical equipment and supplies........
Electric distribution equipment__
Electrical industrial apparatus,___
Household appliances.......................
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent__
Radio and TV receiving sets...........
Communication equipment______
Electronic components and accessories...............................................
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies.................................
Transportation equipment__________
Motor vehicle’s and equipment.......
Aircraft and parts______________
Ship and boat building and repairing______________________
Railroad equipment.........................
Other transportation equipment__

$101.40 $100. 65 $100.40
111. 10 109.34 107.33
107. 01 107. 01 106.49
107.07 106. 00 105.20

$102.41 $100.60 $100.28 $100. 53 $98. 74 $98.89 $99. 88 $98. 74 $96. 87
113. 97 109. 61 109.33 108.92 109.18 106.11 107.98 106.11 103.34
107. 79 104. 90 104. 60 106.30 . 104.04 105.63 105.73 104.81 102.36
109. 88 106. 93 108.39 110. 92 107. 71 110.68 111.22 108.39 106.25

$97.84
104. 78
102.97
107. 71

$99.38 $97.44
107. 04 102.87
104. 70 102.00
108.12 104. 23

94.64 94.64 93.14 96.70 94. 87 94.37 95. 06 93.32 92. 86 94. 02 93.09 90.00 91.14 93. 26 90.85
87. 08 85. 73 87.86 87. 25 86.63 86.72 86.33 85. 72 86. 76 86.33 86. 46 83. 00 85.36 85. 85 85. 75
109.35 109.08 108.95 110. 29 109. 08 108.26 108. 67 106. 67 105.60 106.92 105. 99 103.88 106.11 106. 92 106. 97

86.22 85.17
111. 11 110.84

83.67

84.16

84.19

84.40

82.97

82.37

81. 72

82.76

82.97

82.14

83.58

82. 76

82. 00

112. 74 114. 09 111. 64 110.39 108. 09 100.40 106.49 109.82 106. 23 102.94 103.34 107.83 106.66

126.68 127.71 127.41 133.30 132. 68 131. 52 127.80 121. 58 125. 58 126.90 125.76 121. 54 123.85 126. 42 122.22
132. 30 133. 67 133. 77 143.49 142. 20 139. 60 132.19 122. 51 130. 54 132. 62 131.89 125.44 128.29 132. 68 127. 67
122.81 123.11 123. 71 124.92 124. 20 124.38 124. 68 122.84 122.13 121. 72 120.30 118.90 120.18 122.43 119. 97
123.30 120.69 118. 80 120. 50 124. 01 123.30 124. 01 122.10 120.39 121. 77 122. 01 119. 25 119.95 121. 06 114.97
127. 00 123.82 124. 34 124. 22 122. 71 124.34 116. 79 125. 36 122.91 119. 80 119.10 121. 88 121. 71 118.10
90. 72 87.64 92.21 89.33 93.60 94.73 94.02 94.02 93.86 93. 21 91.17 88. 66 91. 84 86.22
Average weekly hours

Electrical equipment and supplies____
Electric distribution equipment__
Electrical industrial apparatus___
Household appliances___________
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent__
Radio and TV receiving sets_____
Communication equipment______
Electronic components and accessories_______________________
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies......... .........................

40.4
41.3
41.0
40.1

40.1
40.8
41.0
39.7

40.0
40.2
40.8
39.4

40.8
41.9
41.3
41.0

40.4
40.9
40.5
40.2

40.6
41.1
40.7
40.9

40.7
41.1
41.2
41.7

40.3
41.2
40.8
40.8

40.2
40.5
41.1
41.3

40.6
40.9
41.3
41.5

40.3
40.5
41.1
40.9

39.7
39.9
40.3
40.4

40.1
40.3
40.7
40.8

40.4
40.7
40.9
40.8

40.6
40.5
40.8
40.4

40.1
38.7
40.5

40.1
38.1
40.4

39.3
39.4
40.5

40.8
39.3
41.0

40.2
39.2
40.7

40.5
39.6
40.7

40.8
39.6
40.7

40.4
39.5
40.1

40.2
39.8
40.0

40.7
39.6
40.5

40.3
39.3
40.3

39.3
37.9
39.8

39.8
38.8
40.5

40.2
39.2
40.5

40.2
39.7
41.3

40.1

39.8

39.1

39.7

39.9

40.0

39.7

39.6

39.1

39.6

39.7

39.3

39.8

39.0

40.0

41.0

40.9

41.6

42.1

41.5

41.5

41.1

40.0

40.8

41.6

40.7

39.9

39.9

41.0

41.5

Transportation equipment__________
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts_________ _____
Ship and boat building and repairing............................................
Railroad equipment____________
Other transportation equipment__

41.4
42.0
40.8

41.6
42.3
40.9

41.5
42.2
41.1

43.0
44.7
41.5

42.8
44.3
41.4

42.7
43.9
41.6

41.9
42.1
41.7

40.8
40.3
41.5

42.0
42.8
41.4

42.3
43.2
41.4

42.2
43.1
41.2

41.2
41.4
41.0

41.7
42.2
41.3

42.0
42.8
41.5

42.0
42.7
41.8

41.1

40.5
41.1
40.5

40.0
40.2
39.3

40.3
40.5
40.8

41.2
40.2
39.7

41.1
40.1
41.6

41.2
40.9
42.1

40.7
38.8
41.6

40.4
41.1
41.6

41.0
40.7
41.9

41.5
40.2
41.8

40.7
40.1
40.7

40.8
40.9
40.3

40.9
40.3
41.0

40.2
39.9
40.1

Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipment and supplies........
Electric distribution equipment__
Electrical industrial apparatus........
Household appliances___________
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent___________________ ____
Radio and TV receiving sets...........
Communication equipment______
Electronic components and accessories_______________________
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies_________________

$2. 51
2.69
2. 61
2. 67

$2. 51
2. 68
2.61
2.67

$2.51
2. 67
2. 61
2. 67

$2.51
2. 72
2.61

$2.49

$2. 47

$2. 47

$2.45
2. 65
2. 55
2.64

$2. 46
2.62
2.57

$2.46
2.64
2. 56

$2.45
2.62
2.55
2.65

$2.44
2.59
2. 54
2.63

$2. 44
2.60
2. 53
2. 64

$2. 46
2.63
2. 56
2. 65

$2.40
2. 54
2.50
2. 58

2.36
2. 25
2.70

2.36
2. 25
2.70

2.37
2.23
2.69

2.37
2. 22
2.69

2.36
2. 21

2.33
2.19
2. 66

2.31
2.17
2. 66

2.31
2.18
2.64

2.31
2.18
2. 64

2.31

2.20

2.29
2.19
2.61

2.29

2.20

2.32
2.19
2.04

2.26
2.16
2. 59

2.15

2.14

2.14

2.71

2. 71

2. 71

2.68
2.12 2.11 2.11
2.69
2.66
2.71

2.33
2.18
2.67

Transportation equipment__________
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts___ __________
Ship and boat building and repairing_____________ __ _____
Railroad equipment
Other transportation equipm ent---

3.06
3.15
3.01

3.07
3.16
3. 01

3.07
3.17
3. 01

3.10
3.21
3.01

3.10
3. 21
3.00

3.00

2.98
3. 09
2.24

2. 97
3. 08
2.23

2.99
3. 07
2. 26

3.01
3.09
2. 25

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.68 2. 66 2. 65
2.59
2. 58
2.57
2.68 2. 66 2.65 2. 66

2.68 2.68

2.63

2.62

2.09

2.08

2.09

2.09

2.09

2.09

2.10

2.09

2.05

2.63

2.51

2.61

2. 64

2. 61

2.58

2.59

2.63

2. 57

3.08
3.18
2.99

3.05
3.14
2.99

2. 98
3. 04
2.96

2.99
3. 05
2.95

3.00
3. 07
2. 94

2. 98
3. 06
2. 92

2.95
3. 03
2.90

2. 97
3. 04
2.91

3. 01
3.10
2.95

2.91
2.99
2. 87

3. 00
3. 06
2. 25

3.01
3. 04
2.25

3.00
3. 01
2. 26

2.98
3. 05
2.26

2.97
3. 02
2.24

2. 94
2. 98
2.23

2.93
2.97
2.24

2.94
2.98

2. 96
3. 02
2.24

2. 86
2. 96
2.15

2.20

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

607

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series, see box, p. 596.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Mar.» Feb.»

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
D u ra b le goods— Continued

Instruments and related products........ . $101.81 $101.40
Engineering and scientific instru­
ments___ ___________________
116. 76
Mechanical measuring and control
devices______________________ 102. 62 103.02
Optical and ophthalmic goods___
93. 60 93.83
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment___________________ 85.79 85.81
Photographic equipment and sup­
plies....................... ......... ..............
116.57
Watches and clocks____ _______
81.83
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries___________________________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware_______________________
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods....................... ...... ...............
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials____________________
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions_____________________
Other manufacturing industries__

$99.90 $102.91 $102.91 $102. 75 $102. 75 $101. 34 $100.94 $101.84 $100.94 $99.14 $101.18 $101.59 $99.80
120. 06 119.65 120. 22 119.65 118.94 116. 85 119.11 115.87 114.86 118.69 118.53 115.64
100.30 103. 48 104. 24 104.14 104. 24 102. 41 101. 50 103.07 102. 56 100.10 101.09 102.16 98.98
92.21 95.15 94.05 95.15 94.28 92.32 92.13 93.44 94.08 93.02 93.66 93. 86 89.62
83.42 86.00 86.00 85. 60 87.10 85. 22 85. 65 86.30 84.21 82.58 83.39 85.01 84.45

115.31

115.75 118. 71 117.31 117. 31 116.33 113. 70 114. 80 113.40 113.15 111. 78 114. 26 115.08 114. 26
80.98 83.16 81.93 82.78 83.79 83.35 82.32 82.50 84.14 82.50 83.53 83.13 83.37

82.58

82.16

79.87

82.39

81.59

81.40

80.60

79.60

79.18

80.19

79.40

79.17

80.39

80.39

90.09

87.96

84.37

94.30

92.06

92.13

90.20

87.23

86.29

88.70

87.02

85 54

86.40

88. 70

84. 82

73.54

71.60

72.39

73.14

73. 68

72.71

71.74

71.42

72.17

72.37

71.63

73.14

72.37

71. 37

88.80

78.21

78. 21

75.24

78.39

78.00

78. 76

76.64

79.38

77.81

79.38

77.41

76.43

77.02

78.00

74.82

77. 57
88.36

72.96
86.85

76.57
89.02

75.01
87.82

75.76
88.04

75.55
87.20

73.23
86.80

71.16
86.15

74.19
86.58

72.89

71.97
85.10

73.05
86.40

73.45
86.58

71.68
84.82

86.00

Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products..!___
Engineering and scientific instru­
ments____________________ . . .
Mechanical measuring and control
devices______________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods........
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment___________________
Photographic equipment and sup­
plies________________________
Watches and clocks_____________

40.4

40.4
41.6
39.9
—

Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries________________________ ;___
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware________________________
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods...............................................
Pens, pencils, ofiice and art
materials____________________
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions_____________________
Other manufacturing industries___

40.4

39.8

41.0

41.0

41.1

41.1

40.7

40.7

40.9

40.7

40.3

40.8

40.8

40.9

40.4

39.9

41.4

41.4

41.6

41.4

41.3

41.0

41.5

40.8

40.3

41.5

41.3

41.3

40.4
41.7

39.8
40.8

40.9
42.1

41.2
41.8

41.0
42.1

41.2
41.9

40.8
41.4

40.6
41.5

40.9
41.9

40.7
42.0

40.2
41.9

40.6
42.0

40.7
41.9

40. 4
41.3

40.1

38.8

40.0

40.0

40.0

40.7

40.2

40.4

40.9

40.1

39.7

39.9

40.1

40.6

40.9
38.6

40.9
38.2

41.8
39.6

41.6
39.2

41.6
39.8

41.4
39.9

40.9
39.5

41.0
39.2

40.5
39.1

40.7
39.5

40.5
39.1

41.1
39.4

41.1
39.4

41.7
39.7

39.7

39.5

38.4

39.8

39.8

40.1

39.9

39.8

39.2

39.7

39.5

39.0

39.6

39.6

39.7

40.4

39.8

38.7

42.1

41.1

41.5

41.0

40.2

39.4

40.5

40.1

39.6

40.0

40.5

40.2

38.3

37.1

38.1

38.7

39.4

39.3

39.2

38.4

38.8

38.7

38.1

38.7

38.7

39.0

39.5

38.0

40.2

40.0

40.6

39.1

40.5

39.7

40.5

39.9

39.6

39.7

40.0

39.8

40.4
39.8

38.0
39.3

40.3
40.1

39.9
40.1

40.3
40.2

40.4
40.0

39.8
40.0

39.1
39.7

40.1
39.9

39.4
40.0

38.9
39.4

39.7
40.0

39.7
39.9

39.6
40.2

$2.44

40.0

Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products..........
Engineering and scientific instru­
ments___ ___________________
Mechanical measuring and control
devices........ .......................... ........
Optical and ophthalmic goods____
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment___________________
Photographic equipment and sup­
plies.............. ..................................
Watches and clocks_____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries____________________________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware________________________
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods_______ _____ __________
Pens, pencils, office and art materials.
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions______________________
Other manufacturing industries___
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.52

$2.51

$2.51

$2.51

$2.51

$2.50

$2.50

$2.49

$2.48

$2.49

$2.48

$2.46

$2.48

$2.49

2.89

2.89

2.90

2.89

2.89

2.89

2.88

2.65

2.87

2.84

2.85

2.86

2.87

2.80

2. 54
2. 25

2. 55
2.25

2.52
2.26

2.53
2.26

2.53
2.25

2.54
2.26

2.53
2.25

2.51
2.23

2. 50

2.52
2.23

2. 52
2.24

2.49

2.51
2.24

2.45
2.17

2.15

2.14

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.14

2.14

2.22
2.22
2.12 2.12 2.11 2.10 2.08

2.49
2.23
2.09

2.08

2.83

2.84

2. 82

2.12

2.85

2.09

2.82
2.08

2.81

2.78

2.80

2.80

2. 78
2.13

2. 76

2. 78

2.80

2.74

2.03

2.03

2.03

1.97

2.16

2.19

2.11

2.12 2.12 2.10

—

2.08

2.08

2.08

2.07

2.05

2.23

2. 21

2.18

2. 24

2.24

1.92
1.98

1.93
1.98

1.90
1.95

1.89
1.95

2.10 2.11 2.10 2.11

2.11 2.12 2.11 2.10

2.02 2.00 2.02 2.02 2.01 2.03
2. 22 2.20 2.17 2.19 2.19 2.17 2.16
1.87
1.85
1.83
1.86 1.86 1.87 1.88
1.94
1.96
1.96

1.92
1.92
1.88 1.88
2.22 2.22 2.21 21.90
.22 2.19 2.19

1.87
2.18

1.84
2.17

1.96

1.96

1.94

1.93

1.89
1.94

1.87
1.95

1.82
2.17

1.85
2.17

1.85
2.15

1. 85
2.16

1.84
2.16

1.85
2.17

1. 83

1.88
1. 81
2.11

608

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964
T a ble

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 596.
1964

Industry

Annual
average

1963

M ar.2 1Feb.2 Jan.

Dec. | Nov. j Oct. | Sept. | Aug. | July | June ¡ May

Apr. | Mar.

1963 | 1962

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods

Food and kindred products____ _____
Meat products,................................
Dairy products.................................
Canned and preserved food, except
meats_______________________
Grain mill products.................... . . .
Bakery products,..............................
Sugar.,.............. ............ .................
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages.................... .....................
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products.........................................
Tobacco manufactures...................... .
Cigarettes.........................................
Cigars................................................
Textile mill products.............................
Cotton broad woven fabrics______
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics______________________
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens_____________________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
Knitting....................................... . . .
Finishing textiles, except wool, knit..
Floor covering_________________
Yarn and thread_______________
Miscellaneous textile goods.............
Food and kindred products...................
Meat products............ .....................
Dairy products.................................
Canned and preserved food, except
meats_______________________
Grain mill products.........................
Bakery products________________
Sugar...............................................
Confectionery and related products,
Beverages_____________________
Miscellaneous food, kindred product.
Tobacco manufactures______________
Cigarettes..........................................
Cigars...................................... .........
Textile mill products_______________
Cotton broad woven fabrics______
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics______________________
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens_____________________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
Knitting............................................
Finishing textiles, except wool, knit.
Floor covering....................... ...........
Yarn and thread—......................
Miscellaneous textile goods______
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts .......................
M e a t p ro d u c ts ........................................
D a iry p r o d u c ts ................................. .
C a n n e d a n d p re se rv e d food, except
m e a ts ___________________________
G ra in m ill p ro d u c ts ........ .....................
B a k e ry p ro d u c ts __________________
S u g ar_____________________________
C o n fectio n ery a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts .
B e v e ra g e s.................................................
M iscellaneous food, k in d re d p ro d u cts.
T o b acco m a n u fa c tu re s ________________
C ig a re tte s ............................. ......... .........
C i g a r s . . . ..................................................
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts ____________ ____
C o tto n b ro a d w o v en f a b r i c s ,...........
S ilk a n d s y n th e tic b ro a d w o v en
fab rics....... .............................................
w eaving andfi ishing broad w oollens..
N a rro w fabrics a n d sm allw ares____
K n ittin g .......................................... .........
F in ish in g textiles, except wool, k n it..
F lo o r co v e rin g ____________________
Y a rn a n d th re a d __________________
M iscellaneous te x tile g o o d s _______

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$96.08 $95.68 $95.91 $96. 59 $95.94 $94.35 $95.68 $93.98 $95. 63 $95.17 $94.66 $92.40 $93. 32
103.94 101.63 105.11 108.20 107.95 101.84 104. 58 99.22 100.94 101. 43 101.11 97.66 98.85
100.67 101.16 100. 67 100.32 99. 66 99.48 101.15 98.79 99.92 99.92 98. 33 97.02 97.48
74.34 74.34 73.63 71.39 77.03 80.40 78.38 75.08 73.06 74.03 72.96 74. 84
103. 76 104. 54 108.09 106.28 108.38 108. 31 107. 81 105. 73 107. 87 105.33 103 01 99.49 101. 99
94.64 95.11 93.62 95.34 94.64 94.71 95.34 94.37 96.17 95.53 94.19 92.00 91.37
95.83 98.12 95.90 94.61 94. 50 104.09 107.87 107. 26 104. 49 110.14 105.18 104. 75
78.16 79.40 76.58 78.21 77.81 80.19 82.00 79.79 79.60 81.00 77. 62 75.64 77.62
106. 52 106. 65 103.88 106.13 107.20 108. 26 107. 59 108. 73 112. 25 111.25 107.30 106.11 105. 46
93.83
73.83

___

71.63
72.04

96.70
68. 25
75.13
65.51
71 98
72.73

95.18
72.69
91.26
57.73
70.40
72.31

96.13
74. 86
93. 67
63.24
72.69
73. 78

96.78
73.13
96. 82
63.18
72.28
73. 35

95. 27
71.46
89.55
63.73
71.04
69.97

94.37
71.46
93.06
61.85
69.83
67. 40

94. 53
73. 57
97.06
61.69
69.19
67.65

68.68
66.66

74.04

73.10

73.89 76.49
70. 47 71.28
63.90 62. 76
78.02 75. 89
75.60 73. 75
63.43 63.90
80. 75 80. 95
weekly hours

93.66
78.76
93.37
60.42

92. 57
81.81
98. 75
61.44
69.70
67. 32

$94.48 $91.62
101.93 98.66
98.75 96.05
75.45 73.53
105.02 101. 92
93.90 91.30
100. 74 97. 75
78.80 76.61
107.18 103. 31

92.60
78.17
96.29
58.46
69.02
66. 99

90.67
68. 71
82. 95
53. 72
67.26
66. 50

74.39

74.91

72.49

73.35

74. 65

73.44

77.04
72.04
63.41
80.89
75.30
64. 53
83.95

76. 31
71. 28
62. 37
79.29
72. 67
63. 65
80.95

74.21
69. 26
59.94
78.35
71.73
62.16
78.76

76. 86
69. 77
61.07
80.09
76.50
62. 56
79.73

75.40
71.34
62.65
79. 76
75.18
63.59
81.14

77.17
70.93
61.44
78.07
73.04
62.22
78.91

91.76
73.11

88.22
58.56
68. 51

66.33

93.70
73.73
92.20
60.64
69.43
68.30

91.38
71.41
89.54
57.82

68.21
66.75

77.22

77.76

76.68

79.20

78.84

75. 52

74.30

74.77
72. 57
64. 51
82.64
64.88
81.19

75.44
72.39
64.18
84.05
74.46
65.53
80.78

75.30
69.74
60.45
78.74
72.18
64.40
81.20

75.81
73.46
62.79
84.44
77.83
66. 33
83.80

71.94
72. 51
64.30
83.76
78. 74
66.08
83.20

73. 71
72.10
65.30
80. 51
77.15
64.94
82.96

74.85
71.58
64.80
78.73
78.01
63.67
80.95
Average

40.2
40.6
41.6

40.2
39.7
41.8

40.3
40.9
41.6

41.1
42.6
41.8

41.0
42.5
41.7

41.2
41.4
41.8

41.6
42.0
42.5

41.4
41.0
42.4

41.4
41.2
42.7

41.2
41.4
42.7

40.8
41.1
42.2

40.0
39.7
42.0

40.4
39.7
42.2

40.9
41.1
42.2

40.9
40.6
42.5

36.8
43.2
40.3
39.6
39.5
39.5
42.6
35.0
31.7
39.7
40.9
41.8

36.8
44.3
39.5
41.4
38.1
39.2
42.3
36.9
39.0
35.2
40.0
41.8

37.0
44.1
40.4
43.2
39.7
39.6
43.3
39.4
40.2
38.8
41.3
42.4

36.8
44.6
40.1
43.2
39.7
40.0
43.4
38.9
41.2
39.0
41.3
42.4

39.1
45.7
40.3
42.0
40.5
40.7
43.5
39.7
38.6
39.1
41.3
41.9

40.4
45.3
40.4
40.5
41.0
40.6
42.7
39.7
39.6
38.9
40.6
40.6

40.4
44.8
40.5
42.3
40.3
41.5
42.2
40.2
41.3
38.8
40.7
41.0

38.9
45.9
41.1
41.9
39.6
42.2
42.0
38.8
39.9
38.0
40.4
40.4

36.9
45.4
41.0
41.3
40.5
42.3
41.7
40.3
42.2
38.4
41.0
40.8

37.2
44.4
40.6
42.2
39.2
40.8
41.9
38.7
40 8
37.0
40.6
40.6

36.3
42.7
40.0
40.3
38.2
40.5
41.4
34.7
35.6
34.0
39.8
40.3

37.8
43.4
39.9
41.9
39.6
40.1
41.9
37.3
37.7
37.3
40.3
40.2

38.3
44.5
40.3
41.8
39.8
40.6
42.4
38.6
39.4
37.9
40.6
40.9

38.7
44.7
40.4
42.5
39.9
40.2
42. 7
38.6
39.1
37.3
40.6
40.7

42.7

42.8

42.7
40.1
38.5
39.6
41.7
37.1
40.7
41.4
42.9

43.2

42.6

44.0

43.8

43.4

42.5

43.0

43.3

41.9

42.4

42.9

42.7

40.2
41.0
38.4
42.6
40.3
40.8

41.0
40.9
38.2
43.1
41.6
40.7
40.8

40.7
39.4
36.2
40.8
40.1
40.0
40.6

41.2
41.5
37.6
43.3
43.0
41.2
41.9

39.1
41.2
38.5
43.4
43.5
41.3
41.6

40.5
40.9
40.6
41.8
41.2
40.9
40.5
41.2
39.1
38.8
39.2
38.5
42.6
42.1
41.5
40.8
43.1
43.1
42.0
41.2
41.1
40.3
40.4
40.7
41.9
41.3
41.2
41.3
Average hourly earnings

42.1
41.4
38.9
42.8
41.6
41.1
42.4

41.7
41.2
38.5
42.4
40.6
40.8
41.3

41.0
40.5
37.0
41.9
40.3
40.1
40.6

42.0
40.8
37.7
42.6
42.5
40.1
41.1

41.2
41.0
38.2
42.2
42.0
40.5
41.4

42.4
41.0
38.4
42.4
41.1
40.2
41.5

$2.39
2. 56
2.42

$2.38
2. 56
2. 42

$2.38
2. 57
2. 42

$2.35
2.54
2.40

$2.34
2.54
2.39

$2.29
2. 46
2.38

$2.30
2.49
2.38

$2.27
2.42
2.33

$2. 31
2. 45
2.34

$2. 31
2.45
2.34

$2. 32
2. 46
2.33

$2. 31
2.46
2.31

$2. 31
2.49
2.31

$2.31
2.48
2.34

$2.24
2.43
2.26

2.43
2.36

2. 42
2.36
2.42

2.02 2.02
2.44
2.37
2.37

1.97
2. 37
2.35
2.25
1.98

1.94
2.36
2. 33
2.55
1.98
2. 62
2.24
1.83
2.35
1.59
1.70
1.65

1.93
2.35
2.34
2. 56

1.98
2.32
2.33
2.53

2.01 2.00
2. 66 2.63
2. 22
2.23

1.99
2.32
2.32
2. 61
1.98
2.63
2. 21

2.01

2.65
2.25
1.97
2.34
1.64
1.76
1.73

1.94
2.43
2.36
2.19
1.96

1.99
2. 38
2.36
2. 57

2.70
2.27
1.95
2.37
1.65
1.76
1.74

1.99
2.41
2.36
2. 22
1.97

2.03
2.34
1.60
1.70
1.65

2.36
1.58
1.70
1.65

1.98
2.35
2.29
2.50
1.96
2. 63
2.19
1.96
2. 34
1.57
1.70
1.65

1.97
2.36
2.33
2. 41
1.98
2.64

2.03
2.34
1.59
1.70
1.65

2. 33
2.30
2. 61
1.98
2.62
2.19
1.98
2.33
1. 58
1.69
1.65

1.90
2.28
2.26
2.30
1.92
2.57
2.14
1.85
2.29
1.55

1.80

1.80
1.84
1.77

1.94

1.95
1.79
1.61
1.98

1.80
1.85
1.77
1.67
1.93
1.80
1.61

1.73
1.82
1.74
1.63

1.72
1.83
1.73
1.63

1.80
1.57
1.96

1.79
1.57
1.96

1.73
1.83
1.74
1.63
1.89
1.81
1.57
1.98

1.73
1.83
1.73
1.62
1.87
1.79
1 56
1.96

1.73
1.81
1.71
1. 62
1.87
1.78
1.55
1.94

2.03
2.69
2.25
1.99
1.76
1.74

2.01 2.01

1.86
1.77
1.68 1.68

1.61
1.99

2.00
2.68 2.68 2.66 2. 65
2.22 2. 23 2.19 2. 21
1.90
1.88 1.80 1.80
2.33
1.63
1.76
1.74

2.35
1.62
1.75
1.73

2.32
1.63
1.72
1.67

1.66

1.80
1.84
1.77
1.67
1.95
1.81
1.61

1.80
1.84
1.76
1.67
1.93
1.81
1.60

1.74
1.82
1.75
1.67
1.89
1.79
1.58
1.98

1.74
1.83
1.75
1.67
1.87
1.81
1.58
1.96

2.00 2.00 2.00

2.35
1.59
1.72

1.88 1.86

2.02

1.73
1.83
1.71
1.62

1.88

1.80
1.56
1.94

2.21

1.91
2.34
1.60
1.71
1.67
1.74
1.83
1.74
1.64
1.89
1.79
1.57
1.96

1.68
1.64

1.72
1.82
1.73
1.60
1.85
1.76
1. 54
1.92

609

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 596.
1964

Industry
M ar.2 Feb.2 Jan.
Manufacturing—Continued
N o n d u ra b le goods— Continued
Apparel and related products________
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__
Men’s and boys’ furnishings--------Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear____________________
Women’s and children’s undergarments----- ----------- ----------- -----Hats, caps, and millinery................
Girls’ and children’s outerwear.......
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparol ________ _______________
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products__________ _________
Paper and allied products----------------Paper and pulp____ ______- ..........
P a p e rb o a rd .._____ ____________
Converted paper and paperboard
products-------- ----------- ----------Paperboard containers and boxes..
Printing, publishing, and allied industries---------------- ----------------------Newspaper publishing and printing
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books .
___________________
Commercial printing____ ____ ___
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing industries......... ........................ ........
Apparel and related products________
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_____
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear____________________
Women’s and children’s undergarm ents____________ _________
Hats, caps, and millinery............. .
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
F ur goods and miscellaneous apparel________________________
Miscellaeouns fabricated textile products______ ____ _____________
Paper and allied products___________
Paper and p u lp .. ______________
Paperboard____________________
Converted paper and paperboard
products------------------------------Paperboard containers and boxes__
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_____ . . . ---------------------------Newspaper publishing and printing.
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books . . ____________________
Commercial printing____________
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing industries_____________________
Apparel and related products________
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__
Men’s and boys’ furnishings...........
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear___________________
Women’s and children’s undergarments_________ _____________
Hats, caps, and millinery................
Girl’s and children’s outerwear___
F ur goods and miscellaneous apparel . _____ _____ _______
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products................ .........................
Paper and allied products___________
Paper and pulp_________ ______
Paperboard______ _____________
Converted paper and paperboard
products_____________________
Paperboard containers and boxes..
Printing, publishing, and allied industries____________________________
Newspaper publishing and printing..
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books__ _______ ______________
Commercial printing____________
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing industries...................................... .
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Annual
average

1963
Dec. | Nov.

Oct. | Sept.

Aug.

July

June | M ay

j

Apr. | Mai

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
$64.79 $64. 61 $60.00 $63. 54 $63.01 $64. 25 $64. 25 $63.30 $61. 71 $61. 35 $61. 52 $60.16 $62. 59 $62. 09 $61.18
76.44 75.87 73.78 77.70 76.59 77.38 76.38 77.07 74.37 78.17 74.03 70.76 73.48 74. 87 72.54
56.54 56.24 53.00 55.57 54.96 55.87 56.17 55. 01 54. 58 54.05 53.91 52.48 53.28 54.31 53.53

68. S4 68. 25
59. 33
58.24

58.16
75.02
60.05
65.16

67. 26 67.84
106. 60 106. 85
118.86 118.86
121. 55 121. 99

61.50

64.80

63. 74

67.18

67.18

66. 97

53.61
66.35
53. 27

58.60
65.68
55.54

60.00
64.07
56.25

60.58
67.10
58.08

60.64
67.26
57.32

58. 59
68. 07
56. 27

62.61

67.66

69.73

69. 55

66.98

65.87

67.16 70.41 69.63
106.09 108.36 107.43
118.43 119.24 119. 41
121. 44 122. 54 120.12

69. 27 69.60 66. 78
108. 43 108.43 107.32
119. 51 119.34 119. 34
121. 76 121.11 121. 04

65.17

58. 47

62. 83

110.67
111. 38
114. 66
103.97
113.10
88.31

113.98
118. 24
116. 91
105.01
114.65
90.02

110. 78
114. 61
116. 51
101. 27
112.81
88.46

111. 74
114.30
118. 48
104.66
113. 68
88.17

112.71
113. 98
120. 60
107. 94
115.34
88.39

111. 27
112.89
116. 98
108. 52
112. 71
88.08

110. 02
111. 91
118. 78
105. 78
112. 03
87.40

117. 48 115. 71 115. 50 117. 41 113. 28 113.87 114.43 114.94 113.87
Average weekly hours

31.7

33.4

35.9
37.7
37.3

33.3
34.2
33.5

36.4
35.5
35.6

36.4

64.98

63.19

113. 28 111. 63
114.39 112. 73
117. 61
104.64
116. 72 114. 07
87.86 88.32

35.0

65.16

64.80

92.74
96.05

36.4

55. 48
65.52
54.72

64. 62

94.92
97. 67

35.3

57. 41
65.69
55.80

64. 53 66.85 66. 47 64.90 65.02 66.85 64.26
106.82 106. 21 104. 55 102.24 104.13 105. 90 102. 00
120.42 117.31 116.87 114.23 116. 42 117.75 112. 92
122. 03 119.97 117.48 115.01 117.40 118. 90 114.22

95.99
99. 64

35.8
36.3
36.4

64.45

53. 86
60.16
52.44

95. 76
99.88

35.9
37.0
36.8

65.32

56.15
62.48
55.85

95.49
98.05

33.9
35.3
35.1

68.35

56.00
64. 79
56.61

98.18
98.23

36.3
36.3
37.0

64. 67

55.94
66. 79
56.15

94. 71
95.58

36.4
36.4
37.2

64.33

56.52
69.38
55.54

94. 99
96.59

94.30
95.88

62.68

90.09
92.75

91.43
94.30

93.79
96. 28

90.64
94.24

110. 69 110. 21 108.97
113.20 113. 52 111. 19
115.49 112. 58 113. 58
105.97 106.14 103. 28
112. 32 112.22 110. 58
88.24 88.69 87.17

110. 21
109. 74
116.18
103. 57
113.18
88. 01

110.30
112. 53
115. 42
104. 49
112. 61

107. 62
110.35
111.95
99. 85
110.15
85.91

93. 60
97.44

91.84
94. 99

112. 60 112. 01

88.01

111.81 115. 71 113.96 110. 59

36.3
37.4
37.8

36.4
37.2
37.7

35.6
36.1
36.7

36.6
37.3
37.0

36.1
36.7
37.2

36.2
37.2
37.7

34.3

33.7

34.4

34.4

35.6

34.2

34.1

36.8
36.1
36.7

36.6
36.4
37.0

36.7
35.7
36.5

35.2
33.8
34.5

36.7
37.1
36.3

36.8
35.7
36.0

36.5
36.2
36.0

36.3
36.5
37.0

36.3
36.2
37.2

36.8
36.7
38.2

36.3
36.1
37.9

33.2

34.1

34.1

34.7

37.5
35.4
35.6

38.1
35.5
36.3

37.9
35.4
35.6

37.8
36.4
36.3

36.2

34.4

35.8

36.7

36.8

36.4

36.8

35.9

36.0

35.5

34.6

35.7

36.0

36.1

38.0
42. 3
43.7
44.2

37.9
42.4
43.7
44.2

36.5
42.1
43.7
44.0

38.9
43.0
44.0
44.4

38.9
42.8
43.9
44.0

38.7
43.2
44.1
44.6

39.1
43.2
44.2
44.2

38.6
43.1
44.2
44.5

37.3
42.9
44.6
44.7

38.2
43.0
44.1
44.6

38.2
42.5
44.1
44.0

37.3
41.9
43.6
43.4

37.8
42.5
44. 1
44.3

38.2
42.7
44. 1
44.2

37.8
42.5
43.6
44.1

41.0
40.8

41.3
41.1

41.0
40.5

42.5
41.8

41.7
41.9

42.0
42.5

42.1
42.4

42.0
42.1

41.4
41.4

41.6
42.0

41.0
41.3

40.4
40.5

41.0
41.0

41. 5
41.5

41.2
41.7

38.4
36.2
39.3
38.2

38.1
35.9
39.6
40.4
38.8
38.4

37.9
35.7
39.0
40.3
38.6
37.9

38.9
37.3
39.9
40.7
39.4
38.8

38.2
36.5
39.9
39.1
38.9
38.8

38.4
36.4
40.3
40.1
39.2
38.5

38.6
36.3
40.2
41.2
39.5
38.6

38.5
36.3
40.2
41.9
39.0
38.8

38.2
36.1
40.4
41.0
38.9
38.5

38.3
36.4
40.1
40.6
39.0
38.7

38.4
36.5
39.5
41.3
39.1
38.9

38.1
36.1
39.3
40.5
38.8
38.4

38.4
36.1
40.2
40.3
39.3
38.6

38.3
36.3
39.8
40. 5
39.1
38.6

38.3
36.3
39.7
40.1
39.2
38.7

38.9

38.7

38.5

39.4

38.4

38.3
38.6
38.4
38.7
Average hourly earnings

38.3

38.1

37.9

38.7

38.5

38.4

$1. 78

2.10

$1.78
2.09
1.52

$1.77
2.09
1.51

$1.77

$1. 76

$1.77

$1. 77

$1. 72

1. 52

1. 51

1.51

1. 51

1. 51

1. 44

$1. 70
2.06
1.44

$1.69
2.09
1.43

$1.69
1.99
1.43

$1.69
1.96
1. 43

$1. 71
1.97
1. 44

$1.72
2.04
1.46

$1.69
1.95
1. 42

1.95

1.95

1.94

1.94

1.92

1.97

1.97

1.93

1.90

1.86

1.87

1.88

1.92

1. 91

1.89

1.63

1.62
1.99
1.61

1.61
1.94
1. 59

1. 61
1.85
1.56

1.60
1.81
1.5S

1.59
1.89
1.60

1.60
1.90
1. 61

1.55
1.87
1.55

1.52
1.85
1.53

1.53
1.78
1.53

1.53
1. 75
1.53

1.53
1.78
1.52

1. 54
1. 87
1.53

1. 56
1.84
1. 55

1. 52
1.81
1.52

1.60

2.10 2.11 2.12 2.11 2.10

1.80

1.82

1. 8E

1.90

1.8E

1. 84

1.7S

1.80

1.8C

1.78

1.69

1.76

1.81

1.80

1.77
2. 52
2.72
2.75

1.7S
2. 52
2.72
2. 76

1.84
2. 52
2.71
2. 76

1.81
2.52
2.71
2.76

1.70
2. 51
2.72
2.73

1.7E
2.51
2.71
2.72

1. 78
2. 51
2.7C
2.74

1.73
2.4Ç
2.7C
2.72

1.73
2.49
2. 7C
2. 73

1. 75
2.47
2. 66
2.69

1.74
2.46
2. 65
2.67

1.74
2.44
2. 62
2.65

1.72
2. 45
2. 64
2.65

1.75
2.48
2.67
2.69

1.70
2.40
2. 59
2. 59

2.3C
2.35

2. 3C

2.31
2.36

2.31
2.35

2.2Ç

2.28
2.35

2.28
2.35

2. 26
2.32

2. 24
2.32

2.25
2.32

2.24
2.30

2.23
2.29

2.23
2.30

2.26
2.32

2. 20

2.35

2.95
3.16

2.92
3.12
2. 94
2.58
2.93
2.33

2.93
3.17
2.9;
2.55
2.91
2.32

2.9C
3. 14
2.92
2. 5i
2.90
2.28

2.91
3.14

3.11
2.91
2.5E
2.89
2.27

2.88

3.10
2.94
2.58

2.89
3.11

2.81
3. 04
2.82
2.49
2.81

2.27

2.28

3.08
2.89
2. 55
2.85
2. 27

2.87
3.04
2.89
2. 57

2.88

2.88
2. 61
2.88 2.88

2.87
3.11
2.85
2. 57
2.87
2.28

2.86

2.61
2.90
2.29

2.92
3.14
3.00
2.62
2.92
2.29

2.8E

2.97
2.30

2.9;
3.14
2.97
2.59
2. 94
2.30

3.02

2.99

3.00

2.98

2.95

2.95

2.98

2.97

2.96

2.94

2.94

2.95

2. 34

2.94

2.28

3.10
2.90
2. 58
2. 88
2.28

2.99

2.96

2.88

2.26

2.22
2.88

610

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964
T a ble

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 596.
1964

Annual
average

1963

Industry
Mar.

Feb.2

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
N o n d u ra b le goods —Continued
Chemicals and allied products_______ $114.82 $113.9 $113.8 $115.0 $113.8 $113.8 $114.1 $113.0 $113.9 $113.4i $112. 5'
Industrial chemicals____________ 130. 2 128. 7 128. 8 130.4 129.2 129.7 128.9 127.7 128.3 127.6( 126.58
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass.............. ............. ................. . 114.1 113.8- 112.8 114.6t 112. 7l 112.4 112. 8Í 112.3
113.94 111. 7(
Drugs................................................ 102. 0 101. 4, 101. 4( 101.7i 100. 6C 101. 18 100. 57 99.6; 114.0
99.5¿ 100.01 99.38
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods__ 106.8( 105.9£ 106.2' 107.81 106. 8( 106. 6( 108.6i 107.68 106.7, 107.2"
105. 4i
Paints, varnishes, and allied prod­
uets___ ______ ______________ 109. 2, 107.68 104. 78 106.45 105.93 106. 71 106.14 105.9; 107.8¿ 106. 5C 108.3f
Agricultural chemicals__________
96.7
94.61 93. 45 94.7S 93. 26 93. 2£ 94. If 91. H 91.74 92.44 97.88
Other chemical products________ 110.0c 110.66 111. 61 111. 83 110.46 109.6/ 110.2C 108.68 109.5f
107.94 107.5S
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries___________________________ 129.47 132.39 132.16 132.89 132.39 131. 77 134. 20 130.21 133.98 133. 25 131.57
Petroleum refining_____________ 134.61 138. ö9 138.69 139.86 139. 44 136.53 139. 70 134.3Í 138. 94 138. 53 137.03
Other petroleum and coal products. 107.02 105.75 102.56 103.63 105.83 114.04 113.26 115. 20 115.26 113.09 110.12
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts________ ______ ____________ 100.19 100. 85 101. 25 105.08 102.91 101.93 102. 67 100.86 100. 04 100.53
99.23
Tires and inner tubes...................... 124.61 126.04 130.54 141.19 137.53 134.06 134.97 132. & 130. 73 128.88 124.
66
Other rubber products__________
97. 77 98. 25 99. 06 100. 36 98.49 98. 81 99. 46 96.6c 94.4( 97. 27 96. 22
Miscellaneous plastic products___
88. 80 88.58 87. 74 90.09 88.17 87.98 89.25 88.62 87.76 87.56 87.13
Leather and leather products................ 67.32 68.58 66.95 69.63 66.59 67.66 67.13 67.41 66.12 66.70 64.42
Leather tanning and finishing____ 90.97 90.97 90.35 94.58 92. 57 93. 52 91.94 90.2Í 90. 23 93.75
Footwear, except rubber.................
64. 58 66.33 65. 25 67.12 63.51 64.21 64.03 65.15 64.39 64.30 91.76
Other leather products__________
65. 77 66.68 63.53 66.64 66.12 67.86 66.09 65.49 63.07 64.09 61.20
62. 56

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

$113.4( $111.3' $112. 88 $109 QS
130.8 126.4( 128.4c 124.68
113.5, 110.2' 112 3i 109 5 2
98.98 100. 7C ion ñr 93 40
103.88 104.4£ 106.08 IO3 ! 89
103.48 103.38 105. 27
99. 7C 91.08 93 5:
105.37 104. 45 108. 0C

101 5 9

33 3Q

103 ! 75

133. 77 128.61 131 7" 126 33
140.95 134.97 137 4r 131 43
104.83 99.10 108.28 107. 75
98. 25 100.12 inn 7s inn 04
126. 88 129.36 131.30 130 47
94. 40 96. 22 97 27 95 52
85.24 87.13 87. 56 85.90
62.13
89.38
59. 33
60.52

64.58
88. 58
61. 88
63.04

66 on
91 13
63 44
64.30

64 67
87 42
62 66
62.58

Average weekly hours
Chemicals and allied products____
Industrial chemicals_________
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass_______________________
Drugs_____ __________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods. .
Paints, varnishes, and allied prod­
ucts________________________
Agricultural chem icals....______
Other chemical products________

41.6
41.6

4.13
4.14

41.1
41.3

41.7
41.8

41.4
41.7

41.4
41.6

41.5
41.6

41.4
41.6

41.6
41.8

41.7
41.7

41.7
41.5

42.0
42.2

41. 4
41.6

41 5
41.7

41.7

41.8
40.5
40.3

41.7
40.1
40.3

41.5
40.4
39.8

42.0
40.7
41.0

41.6
40.4
41.1

41.5
40.8
41.0

41.5
40.7
41.3

41.6
40.5
41.1

42.1
40.3
40.9

42.2
40.5
41.1

41.7
40.4
40.7

41.9
40.4
40.4

41. 3
4L 1
40.5

41 6
40 7
40.8

41 8
41 0
4 0 !9

41.7
45.0
41. 7

41.1
43. 2
41. 6

40.3
42.3
41.8

41.1
42.7
42.2

40.9
42.2
42.0

41.2
42.6
41.7

41.3
42.8
41.9

41.4
41.6
41.8

41.8
41.7
42.3

41.6
42.6
42.0

42.0
45.5
41.7

40.9
48.4
41.0

40. 7
44. 0
40.8

41 1
43 5
41.7

42 7

Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries___________________________
Petroleum refining_____________
Other petroleum and coal products

41.1
40. 8
42.3

41.5
41.4
41.8

41.3
41. 4
40.7

41.4
41.5
40.8

41.5
41.5
41.5

41.7
41.0
44.2

42.2
41.7
43.9

41.6
40.6
45.0

42.4
41.6
45.2

42.3
41.6
44.7

41.9
41.4
43.7

42.2
42.2
42.1

40. 7
40.9
39.8

41 7
41 4
42.8

41 2
43! 1

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts_________ ______ ___________
Tires and inner tubes......... ........... .
Other rubber products__________
Miscellaneous plastic products___

40.4
38. 7
40. 4
41. 3

40.5
38.9
40.6
41.2

40.5
39.8
40. 6
41.0

41.7
42.4
41.3
41.9

41.0
41.3
40.7
41.2

41.1
40.5
41.0
41.5

41.4
40.9
41.1
41.9

41.0
40.5
40.6
41.8

40.5
40.1
40.0
41.2

40.7
39.9
40.7
41.3

40.5
39.2
40.6
41.1

40.1
39.9
40.0
40.4

40 7
40.3
40.6
41.1

40 3
40 4
40 7
41.3

41 0
41.1

Leather and leather products_______
Leather tanning and finishing........
Footwear, except rubber________
Other leather products__________

37.4
39.9
36.9
37. 8

38.1
39.9
37.9
38.1

37.4
39.8
37.5
36.3

38.9
41.3
38.8
38.3

37.2
40.6
36.5
38.0

37.8
41.2
36.9
39.0

37.5
40.5
36.8
38.2

38.3
40.1
38.1
38.3

38.0
40.1
38.1
37.1

37.9
41.3
37.6
37.7

36.6
40.6
36.0
36.8

35.5
39.9
34.9
35.6

36.9
39.9
36. 4

37 5
40 5
37 1

3 7 .3

3 7 .6

27 3
37! 7

41 5

40 8
41.5
41 6

41 0

40 Q

37 6
40 1

Average hourly earnings
Chemicals and allied products............. .
Industrial chemicals____________
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass.............................................. .
Drugs________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods__
Paints, varnishes, and allied prod­
ucts____________________ ___
Agricultural chemicals....................
Other chemical products................

$2.76
3.13

$2.76
3.11

$2. 77
3.12

$2.76
3.12

$2.75
3.10

$2.75
3.12

$2. 75
3.1®

$2.73
3. 07

$2.74
3.07

$2. 72
3.03

$2.70
3.05

$2.70
3.10

$2.69
3. 04

$2.72
3.08

$2.65
2.99

2. 73
2. 52
2. 65

2.73
2. 53
2. 63

2.72
2. 51
2.67

2.73
2.50
2.63

2.71
2.49
2.60

2.71
2.48
2. 60

2.72
2.47
2.63

2.70
2.46
2.62

2. 71
2. 47
2.61

2.70
2.47
2.61

2.68
2.46
2.59

2. 71
2.45
2.57

2. 67
2. 45
2. 58

2 70
2 47
2.60

2 40
2 .5 4

2.62
2.15
2. 64

2.62
2.19
2. 66

2.60
2. 21
2.67

2.59
2. 22
2.65

2.59
2. 21
2.63

2.59
2.19
2.63

2. 57
2.20
2.63

2.56
2.19
2.60

2. 58
2.20
2.59

2. 56
2.17
2.57

2.58
2.15
2.58

2.53
2.06
2.57

2. 54
2.07
2.56

2 15
2 .5 9

Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries.................... ..................... ............
Petroleum refining_____________
Other petroleum and coal products.

3.15
3. 30
2.53

3.19
3.35
2.53

3.20
3.35
2.52

3. 21
3.37
2.54

3.19
3.36
2.55

3.16
3.33
2.58

3.18
3.35
2.58

3.13
3. 31
2.56

3.16
3.34
2.55

3.15
3.33
2.53

3.14
3.31
2.52

3.17
3.34
2.49

3.16
3.30
2.49

3 16
3 32

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts____________________________
Tires and inner tubes___________
Other rubber products....................
Miscellaneous plastic products___

2.48
3. 22
2. 42
2.15

2.49
3. 24
2. 42
2.15

2.50
3. 28
2.44
2.14

2.52
3.33
2.43
2.15

2. 51
3.33
2.42
2.14

2.48
3.31
2.41

2.46
3.28
2.38

2.12

2.47
3.26
2. 36
2.13

2.47
3.23
2.39

2.12

2.45
3.18
2.37

2.12

2. 45
3.18
2.36

2.46
3. 21

2.12

2.48
3.30
2.42
2.13

2 47
3 25
2 39

Leather and leather products________
Leather tanning and finishing____
Footwear, except rubber................
Other leather products__________
S ee footnotes at end of table.

1.80
2.28
1. 75
1. 74

1.80
2. 28
1. 75
I .75!

1.79
2.27
1.74

1.79
2. 29
1.73
1.74

1.79
2.28

1.79
2. 27
1.74
1.74

1. 79
2.27
1.74
1.73

1.76
2.25
1.71
1. 71'

1.74
2.25
1.69
1.70

1.76
2.27
1.71
1.70

1.76
2.26
1.70
1.70

1.75
2.24
1.70
1.70

1 .7 5
2 .2 2


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1

. 75I

1.74

2 .11

2 .3 7
2 .1 2

1.70
1.69

2 56

2 .5 3

2 62

2 49
9. 07
2.50
3 05
3 19
2.50

9 44

3 IQ
2 33

2 .1 2

2.09

1.76
2 25
1.71
1.71

1 72
2 18

L68
1.66

611

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 596.
Annual
average

1963

1964
Industry
M ar.2 Feb.2

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Sept.

Oct.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3______________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation..
Intercity and rural buslines----------Motor freight transportation and stor­
age.......................... ——............- ........
Pipeline transportation..___________
Communication:

$119.54 $118.71 $120.01 $117.04 $118.53 $120.18 $116.48 $119.46 $118.25 $114.96 $118.40 $115.87
__________

—

Radio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services----Electric companies and systems—
Combined u tility systems...............
Water, steam, and sanitary sys­
tems................................................

....................

$101.68 $103.32 102.24 102.41 102.48 102.30 103.28 103.09 103.63 102.48
123. 81 130. 98 120.51 123.38 126.44 138.70 134.06 133.44 124.27 122.69
118.20 116.24 120.67 117.29 120.13 120.12 119.71 118.85 118.58 117.31
143. 79 142. 88 141.51 139.47 136.49 140.15 134.94 138.65 140.56 137.16
102.05
113.82
135. 72
122.89
124. 94
114.49
133.54

102.18
111.51
135. 68
124.09
125.25
116.90
135.66

98. 57

98.64

106.08
111. 90
134.85
123.79
123.41
117.16
135.34

105.04
112.17
137 07
122.96
123. 60
115.36
134.37

100.02 100.26

100.14

103.36
112. 59
137.86
124.92
125.55
117.16
136.18

105.30 102.26
112.86 112.71
135.93 132.10
123.37 121.42
124.01 123.26
116.47 111.93
134.92 132.07

102.36
112.98
132.10
121.13
124. 09
111.93
130.19

97.88

97.64

98.06

100.38 99.72 101.70 100.11
123.12 118.29 125.86 118.40
115.36 114.95 117.31 113.30
138.45 135.94 138.38 132.76

102.00 101.24
113.25
132.10
121.42
123.55
112.74
131.14
97.41

99.94
108.16
135.04
119.31
120.42
112.20 111.24
129.15 129.05

100.58
107.38
131.99
119. 02
120.13
112.07
128.43

102.40
110.92
133.96
121.13
122.36
113.57
131.65

98.95
107.78
127.20
11(5. 85
118.24
108. 53
126.59

96.70

96.93

98.29

94.66

110.30
131. 66
119.72
121. 66
95.94

Average weekly hours
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads
................... ......
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines............
Motor freight transportation and stor­
age.......... ..................... - ........... —.......
....................

Communication :
Radio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services---Electric companies and systems__
Water, steam, and sanitary sys­
tems__________________

43.0

42.7

43.8

42.1

43.1

43.7

41.9

43.6

43.0

41.5

42.9

42.6

41.5
42.4

42.0
44.4

41.9
41.7

41.8
42.4

42.0
43.6

42.1
46.7

42.5
45.6

42.6
45.7

43.0
43.3

42.7
42.9

42.0
42.9

41.9
41.8

42.2
43.7

42.6
42.9

40.9
41.2

40.5
41.9

41.9
40.9

41.3
40.9

42.3
40.5

42.0
41.1

42.3
40.4

41.7
40.9

42.2
41.1

41.6
40.7

41.2
40.6

41.2
40.1

41.6
40.7

41.5
40.6

39.4
42.0
39.0
41.1
41.1
40.6
41.6

39.3
41.3
39.1
41.5
41.2
41.6
42.0

39.6
41.7
39.5
41.5
41.3
41.4
41.9

40.8
41.6
39.2
41.4
41.0
41.4
41.9

40.4
41.7
39.5
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.6

40.5
41.8
39.4
41.4
41.2
41.3
41.9

40.1
41.9
39.2
41.3
41.5
40.7
41.4

40.3
42.0
39.2
41.2
41.5
40.7
41.2

40.0
42.1
39.2
41.3
41.6
40.7
41.5

39.7
42.1
39.3
41.0
41.1
40.8
41.0

39.5
41.6
39.6
41.0
41.1
40.6
41.1

39.6
41.3
39.4
40.9
41.0
40.9
40.9

40.0
41.7
39.4
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.4

39.9
42.1
38.9
41.0
41.2
4U. 8
41.1

40.9

41.1

41.5

41.6

41.9

41.2

41.3

41.2

41.1

41.0

40.8

40.9

41.3

40.8

Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3_________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines--------- ____________
Motor freight transportation and storPipeline transportation____________
Commun ication:
Telephone communication--------Telegraph communication i _____
Radio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services---Electric companies and systems—
Gas companies and systems-------Combined u tility systems---------Water, steam, and sanitary sys­
tems__________________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.78

$2.78

$2.74

$2.78

$2.75

$2.75

$2.78

$2.74

$2.75

$2.77

$2.76

$2.72

2.41
2.87

2.40

2.86

2.39
2.87

2.38
2.83

2.41

2.88

2.35
2.76

$2.45
2.92

$2.46
2.95

2.44
2.89

2.45
2.91

2.44
2.90

2.43
2.97

2.43
2.94

2.42
2.92

2.89
3.49

2.87
3.41

2.88
3.46

2.84
3.4J

2.84
3.37

2.86

2.83
3.34

2.85
3.39

2.81
3.42

2.82
3.37

2.80
3.41

2.79
3.39

2.82
3.40

2.73
3.27

2.59
2.71
3.48
2.99
3.04
2.82
3.21

2.60
2.70
3.47
2.99
3.04
2.81
3.23

2.61
2.70
3.49
3.01
3.04
2. 8£
3.25

2.60
2.69
3. 44
2.99
3.01
2.8:
3.23

2.60
2.69
3.47
2.97
3.00
2.80
3.23

2. 7(
3.45
2. 9i

2.60

2.54
2.69
3.37
2.99
2.75
3.16

2.55
2.69
3.37
2.94
2.97
2.77
3.16

2.55
2.62
3.35
2.92
2.96
2.75
3.15

2.53
2.60
3.41
2.91
2.93
2.74
3.14

2.54
2.60
3.35
2. 91
2.93
2.74
3.14

2.56

3.0J
2.82
3.22

2.55
2.69
3.37
2.9<
2.97
2.75
3.19

2.48
2.56
3.27
2.85
2.87

2.41

2.40

2.41

2.41

2.39

2.38

2.37

2.37

2.37

2.34

2.37

2.37

2.38

3.4]

2.9<

2.66
3.40
2.94
2.97
2.77
3.18

2.66

3.08
2.32

612

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 596.
1964

Annual
average

1953

Industry
M ar.2 Feb.2 Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Sept.

Oct.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade ®........................ ........... $78. 31 $78.11
Wholesale trade_____________ _____
100. 35 100.10
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment-. ________________
95.26 95. 26
Drugs* chemicals, and allied prod­
ucts ________________________
103. 06 103. 06
D ry goods and apparel__ _______
93.25 91.27
Groceries and related products___
94. 94 94. 53
Electrical goods____ !_____ _____
107.33 106. 80
Hardware,”plumbing, and heating
goods_______________________
95.11 96.22
Machinery, equipment, and sup­
plies ______________________
108. 81 107.33
69. 01 68.26
Retail trade ®__ ___________________
General merchandise stores______
56.09 54.76
Department stores................... . —
60. 66 59.10
Limited price variety stores__
40. 64 39.86
Food stores.!_________. . . ______
66. 69 66. 54
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores_________ ________
68.06 67. 77
Apparel and accessories stores____
54.42 54. 61
* 'M en ’s and boys’ apparel stores.
65. 88 66. 40
Women’s ready-to-wear stores.
48.14 49. 47
Fam ily clothing stores_____
54. 74 53.45
Shoe stores__ ________ _ . . .
54. 44 53.44

$77. 60 $77.75 $77.95 $78.36 $78. 79 $78.79 $78.19 $77.39 $76. 62 $76.42 $77.59 $75.08
101.43 100. 85 100.94 100. 69 99.72 99.55 100.12 99. 47 98.58 98. 58 99. 47 96.22
96. 79

96.14

96.33

96.33

95.11

94. 89

94. 66

94. 66

94.24

93.15

95.08

92.82

103.31 102. 51 102. 26 102.36 100. 65 100. 60 100. 65 99. 75 99. 50 99.75 101. 05 97.84
92.48 92. 63 93.99 94.49 92.37 90.86 90.86 90. 64 92.38 91.48 91.99 92.48
95.34 95.04 93. 75 94.43 93.83 94. 75 94. 47 93.38 92. 51 91.65 93.38 89. 86
109. 74 106. 52 105.04 104. 26 103.06 102.40 102. 77 101.85 101. 71 102.21 103. 83 101.59
97.34

97. 03

97.10

96.39

95.82

95. 65

96. 05

95.65

95. 00

93.96

95.41

92. 97

110.15 109.75 110.97 110. 56 108. 50 107.68 109. 06 108. 09 107.16 107.16 108. 65 104.14
68.40 68.26 68.25 68. 61 69.30 69.30 68.96 67.68 67.48 66. 75 68.04 65.95
56.32 53. 88 54. 54 54.86 55.22 55.38 54. 79 53. 51 53. 28 53.01 54.13 52. 59
59.49 57.94 59.31 59.84 60. 03 60.03 59.68 58.31 57.80 57.12 58. 65 57.10
40. 66 40.00 40.00 40.13 41.50 41.08 40.22 39.48 39.48 39. 36 39.98 38. 91
66.62 66. 59 66. 43 66.85 67. 68 67. 68 66.93 65.58 65.26 65.24 66.15 64. 78
67.82
56.32
67. 84
50. 75
54.76
56. 24

68.16
54. 42
48. 29
54. 01
54.21

67. 82
54. 08
66.24
48. 43
52.17
55.01

68.45
54. GO
67.33
48.38
53. 51
55. 53

69.14
55.11
67.82
48. 56
54.62
56.11

69. 50
55.77
68.96
49. 27
55. 34
56.45

68.74
54. 70
67.28
48. 76
54.32
54.15

66.82
54.06
66. 06
48.33
53.40
54. 78

66. 66
55.36
66. 39
49.13
54. 01
58.35

66.47
53.35
64. 40
47.52
52.10
55.26

67.74
54.70
66. 77
48.62
53. 75
55. 58

66.22
53.63
65.82
47.46
52. 45
55. 61

38.9
40.7

38.5
40.6

38.5
40.4

38.4
40.4

38.6
40.6

38.7
40.6

Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade®......... ................ ...........
Wh olesale trade________________ ..
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment__________ ______
Drugs! chemicals, and allied prod­
ucts________________________
Dry goods and apparel..... ............... ...........
Groceries and related products____
Electrical goods___ __________
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods ________ ___________ .
Machinery, equipment, and sup­
plies _________ __________ .
Retail*trade®____________________ .
General merchandise stores______
Department stores_________
Limited price variety stores . . .
Food stores.!____ ____'______ ..
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores__________ ________
Apparel and accessories stores____
" "Men’s and boys’ apparel stores.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores..
Fam ily clothing stores_______ ...........
Shoe stores____ ____________

38.2
40.3

38.1
40. 2

38.8
40.9

38.3
40.5

38.4
40.7

38.6
40.6

39.2
40.7

39.2
40.8

41.6

41.6

41. 9

41.8

41.7

41.7

41.9

41.8

41.7

41.7

41.7

41.4

41.7

42.0

40.1
37.6
41.1
40.2

40.1
37.1
4L 1
40.3

40. 2
37.9
42.0
41.1

40.2
37.5
41. 5
40.5

40.1
37.9
41.3
40.4

40.3
38.1
41. 6
40.1

40.1
37.7
41.7
40.1

40.4
37.7
42.3
40.0

40.1
37.7
41.8
40.3

39.9
37.3
41.5
40.1

39.8
37.4
41.3
40.2

39.9
37.8
41.1
40.4

40.1
37.7
41.5
40.4

40.1
37.9
41.6
40.8

40.3

40.6

40.9

40.6

40.5

40.8

40.6

40. 7

40.7

40.7

40.6

40.5

40. 6

40.6

40. 6
37.3
34. 2
33. 7
31.5
34.2

40.5
37.1
33.8
33.2
30.9
34.3

41.1
38.0
36.1
35.2
33.6
34.7

40.8
37.3
34.1
33.3
32.0
34.5

41.1
37.5
34.3
33.7
32.0
34.6

41.1
37.7
34.5
34.0
32.1
35.0

41.1
38.5
35.4
34.7
33.2
36.0

41.1
38.5
35.5
34.7
33.4
36.0

41.0
38.1
34.9
34.3
32.7
35.6

41.1
37.6
34.3
33.9
32.1
34.7

40.9
37.7
34.6
34.2
32.9
34.9

40.9
37.5
34.2
33.8
32.0
34.7

41.0
37.8
34.7
34.1
32.5
35.0

41.0
37.9
34.6
34.4
32.7
35.4

34.2
33.8
36. 0
33.2
34.0
32.6

34.4
33. 5
35.7
33.2
33.2
32.0

34. 6
35.2
37.9
35. 0
35.1
32.7

34.6
33.8
36.7
33.3
34.4
31.7

34.6
33.8
36.8
33.4
34.1
31.8

35.1
34.1
37.2
33.6
34.3
32.1

36.2
35.1
38.1
34.2
35.7
33.8

36.2
35.3
38.1
34.7
35.7
33.8

35.8
34.4
37.8
34.1
35.5
31.3

34.8
34.0
36.7
33.8
34.9
31.3

34.9
34.6
37.3
34.6
35.3
32.6

34.8
34.2
36.8
33.7
34.5
32.7

35.1
34.4
37.3
34.0
34.9
32.5

35.6
34.6
37.4
33.9
35.2
33.3

$2.01
2.46

$2.01
2. 45

$1.99
2. 44

$1.99
2. 44

$2. 01
2.45

$1.94
2.37

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade ®........................
Wholesale trade_______________ ____
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment___________________
Drugs,* chemicals, and allied prod­
ucts________________________
Dry goods and apparel.................. . ...........
Groceries and related products____
Electrical goods____ ! ___________
Hard ware,"plumbing, and heating
goods . . ___
Machinery, equipment, and sup­
plies......... ....................... ...............
Retail"trade5__ __________ _______
General merchandise stores______
Department stores__________
Limited price variety stores___ ...........
Food stores__________ !.________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores____________________
Apparel and accessories stores ___
" "Men’s and boys’ apparel stores. ...........
Women’s ready-to-wear stores
Family clothing stores_______
Shoe stores__ ______________
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 00
2. 48

$2.03
2. 49

2. 29

2.31

2.30

2.31

2.31

2.27

2.27

2.27

2. 27

2. 26

2.25

2.28

2.21

2. 57
2.46
2. 30
2. 65

2. 57
2. 44
2. 27
2.67

2. 55
2.47
2.29
2. 63

2. 55
2.48
2.27
2.60

2. 54
2. 43
2.27
2.60

2.51
2.45
2.25
2.57

2. 49
2.41
2.24
2.56

2. 51
2. 41
2. 26
2. 55

2. 50
2.43
2. 25
2. 54

2. 50
2.47
2. 24
2.53

2. 50
2. 42
2. 23
2. 53

2.52
2.44
2. 25
2. 57

2. 44
2.44
2.16
2.49

2. 36

2.37

2.38

2.39

2.38

2.38

2.36

2.35

2.36

2.35

2.34

2.32

2.35

2.29

2. 68
1.85
1.64
1.80
1.29
1. 95

2.65
1.84
1.62
1. 78
1.29
1.94

2. 68
1.80
1.56
1.69
1.21
1.92

2.69
1.83
1. 58
1.74
1.25
1.93

2.70
1.82
1.59
1.76
1.25
1.92

2.69
1.82
1.59
1. 76
1.25
1. 91

2. 64
1.80
1.56
1.73
1.25
1.88

2. 62
1. 80
1. 56
1.73
1.23
1.88

2. 66
1.81
1. 57
1.74
1.23
1. 88

2.63
1.80
1.56
1.72
1.23
1.89

2. 62
1. 79
1. 54
1. 69
1.20
1.87

2.62
1.78
1.55
1.69
1.23
1.88

2. 65
1.80
1. 56
1.72
1.23
1.89

2. 54
1.74
1. 52
1. 66
1.19
1.83

1.99
1.61
1.83
1.45
1.61
1.67

1.97
1.63
1.86
1.49
1.61
1. 67

1.96
1.60
1. 79
1.45
1. 56
1.72

1.97
1.61
1. 82
1.45
1. 57
1. 71

1.96
1.60
1. 80
1.45
1.53
1.73

1.95
1. 61
1.81
1.44
1. 56
1.73

1. 91
1.57
1.78
1.42
1.53
1.66

1.92
1.58
1.81
1.42
1.55
1. 67

1.92
1.59
1.78
1.43
1. 53
1.73

1.92
1.59
1.80
1.43
1.53
1.75

1.91
1.60
1. 78
1.42
1. 53
1. 79

1.91
1. 56
1.75
1.41
1.51
1.69

1.93
1.59
1.79
1.43
1. 54
1. 71

1.86
1. 55
1. 76
1.40
1.49
1.67

$2. 05
2. 49

$2.05
2. 49

2. 29
2. 57
2. 48
2.31
2. 67

$2. 03
2.48

$2.03
2.48

$2.01
2.45

$2. 01
2.44

613

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 596.
1964

Annual
average

1963

Industry
Mar.2 Feb.2

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Sept.

Oct.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued
Retail trade «—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores.......
Other retail trade.............................
Motor vehicle dealers________
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers_____ ______ ______
D ru g store?

_ _ _______

Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking.-___ __________________ Security dealers and exehfl^gPS.,
Insurance carriers________________
Life insurance.......... .....................
Accident and health insurance-----Fire, marine, and casualty insurance
- ___ _________
Serv ices and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels«.
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants7
____ _____________
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing........................................ —

$84.03 $83.81 $87.15 $84. 66 $83.22 $83.64 $84.05 $82.42 $82. 62 $81.40 $80. 60 $80. 79 $82. 62 $80. 75
78. 50 78.31 78.85 79.10 78. 69 78.25 79.19 79.19 78.81 78. 06 77. 64 76. 63 78. 25 75.70
95.48 94.83 96. 58 98. 76 97.45 93. 74 97.90 98.11 98.99 98.33 97.45 94.18 96. 58 93.08
82. 84
59.76

84.78
59.95

77.08

76.70

47.82

84. 55
60. 02

82.16
59.53

82.16
58.32

82.78
59. 29

83.10
60.54

84.23
60. 59

82.65
60.10

82.16
58.08

81.22
58.44

80.85
58.08

82. 53
58.93

80.08
57.41

76.13 75.35 74. 97 75.14 74. 40 71 77 74. 40 74. 40 74.23 74.23 74.97 71.80
127. 42 128.13 126.92 121. 55 115.80 118. 84 123. 77 124.19 119.06 116.34 121. 53 116. 95
97. 67 96.86 96. 79 96.72 96.66 96. 65 96.13 95. 57 95.44 95. 71 96.28 93.46
103. 38 102.14 102.14 102.15 102.57 102. 45 101.21 100.25 100.23 100.83 101.59 99.08
83.37 82.69 82. 92 82.56 81.84 81.86 82.06 81.97 81.36 81.18 82.10 78.33
92.89

92. 66

92.40

92.18

91.55

91.64

92. 20

92.07

91.80

91.70

91.95

88.61

47.72

47.86

47.72

48.09

48. 22

48.31

47. 96

47.36

47.86

46.0$

46.85

47. 58

46.14

55.38

52.13

51.99

51.87

52.00

51.48

52.00

52. 67

52. 54

52.40

50.95

51.87

50. 57

129. 60 129.48 134. 43 133.25 139. 96 132.89 132.65 130.01 128.89 121.25 124.33 123.98 129. 68 122.27
Average weekly hours

Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued
Retail trade «—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___
Other retail trade*.______________
Motor vehicle dealers________
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers _____ _____________
Drug stores. _______________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking__________________ _______

40.4
41.4
43.6

40.1
41.0
43.7

41.5
41. 5
43.7

40.7
41.2
43.7

40.4
41.2
43.7

40.6
41.4
43.4

41.0
41.9
43.9

40. S
41.9
43.8

40.9
41.7
43.8

40.7
41.3
43.7

40.5
41.3
43.7

40.6
41.2
43.6

40.7
41.4
43.7

41.2
41.4
43.7

43.6
36.0

43.7
35.9

44.5
36.6

43.6
36.3

43.7
36.0

43.3
36.6

44.2

44.1
37.4

44.2
37.1

43.7
36.3

43.9
36.3

43.7
36.3

43.9
36.6

44.0
36.8

37.6

37.6

37.5

37.3

37.3

37.2

37.2

37.2

37.2

37.2

37.3

37.3

37.3

37.2

39.2

38.8

38.6

38.8

39.1

39.2

40.6

40.3

38.5

38.6

38.4

38.4

39.0

39.1

38.0

38.9

38.8

39.0

39.1

39.0

39.1

39.6

39.5

39.4

38.6

39.0

38.9

Sftnnrit.y d ealers an d oxohangfts
Tnsnranue oarriors
Aouidont, an d h e a lth insn ran o o

Fire, marine, and casualty inServices and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels«.
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants 7_____________________
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distribii ting

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued
Retail trade «—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___
Other retail trade. . ___________
Motor vehicle dealers________
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers_____________ _____
Drug stores. _______ ______
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking. .
. ___ ___________

$2.08
1.91
2.19

$2. 09
1.91
2.17

$2.10
1.90
2.21

$2.08
1.92
2.26

$2.06
1.91
2.23

$2.06
1.89
2.16

$2.05
1.89
2.23

$2.02
1.89
2. 24

$2.02
1.89
2.26

$2.00
1.89
2 25

$1.99
1.88
2.23

$1.99
1.86
2.16

$2.03
1.89
2.21

$1.96
1.83
2.13

1.90
1.66

1.94
1.67

1.90
1.64

1.88
1.64

1.88
1.62

1.89
1.62

1.88
1.61

1.91
1.62

1.87
1.62

1.88
1.60

1.85
1.61

1.85
1.60

1.88
1.61

1.82
1.56

2.05

2.04

2.03

2.02

2. 01

2.02

2 00

2.01

2.00

2.00

1.99

1.99

2.01

1.93

1.22

1.23

1.24

1.23

1.23

1.23

1.19

1.19

1.23

1.24

1.20

1.22

1.22

1.18

1.41

1.34

1.34

1.33

1.33

1.32

1.33

1.33

1.33

1.33

1.32

1.33

1.30

Fire, marine, and casualty inServices and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels«..
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants 7. ____________________
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distrib-

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
2 Preliminary.
8 Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, ofhcials, and staff assistants (ICC
Group I).
4 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
8 Excludes eating and drinking places.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

8 Money payments only, additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
7 Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are
not comparable with the production worker levels of prior years.
Source: TJ.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class 1 railroads, (See footnote 3.)

614

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

T able C 2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
Revised series; see box, p. 596.
1964

Industry division and group

1963

Mar.2 Feb.2

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Mining___________________________________

41.3

42.0

41.6

41.5

41.4

41.8

41.8

41.5

40.9

42.2

41.9

41.6

41.0

Contract construction.............. ................................

37.7

37.6

35.6

36.6

36.9

37.6

37.3

37.2

37.3

37.6

37.5

37.5

37.3

Manufacturing..................... ............ .........

40.7

40.6

40.1

40.5

40.5

40.6

40.7

40.3

40.4

40.5

40.5

40.1

40.5

Durable goods___ ________________________
Ordnance and accessories_________________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture.
Furniture and fixtures___________________
Stone, clay, and glass products____________
Primary metal industries_________________
Fabricated metal products________________
Machinery______ :______________________
Electrical equipment and supplies_________
Transportation equipment....................... ........
Instruments and related products...................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries____

41.3
39.9
40.7
41.1
41. 5
41.0
41.9
42.4
40.6
41. 5
40. 6
39.7

41.3
40. 2
40. 5
41.3
41.6
41.1
41.8
42. 5
40.3
41.9
40.7
39.8

40.8
40.6
39.2
40.1
40.7
41.0
41.3
41.9
40.0
42.0
39.8
38.8

41.5
41.0
40.7
41.0
41.0
41.1
41.8
42.4
40.3
42.3
40.7
39.5

41.1
40.6
40.1
41.0
41.3
40.9
41.5
42.1
40.2
42.3
40.7
39.4

41.2
41.2
40.3
40.7
41.6
40.6
41.6
41.9
40.3
42.3
41.0
39.7

41.3
41.4
40.2
40.7
41.3
40.7
41.4
42.1
40.3
42.0
41.1
39.8

41.0
41.3
40.0
40.9
41.2
40.9
41.1
41.7
40.3
41.5
40.7
39.8

41.2
41.0
40.4
41.2
41.4
41.1
41.2
41.7
40.6
42.1
40.8
39.7

41.3
41.4
40.1
40.9
41.5
41.7
41.2
41.7
40.4
42.2
40.7
39.5

41.1
40.9
39.5
40.9
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.5
40.4
41.9
40.8
39.6

40.7
40.4
39.9
40. 5
41.3
41.3
40.9
41.2
40.1
41.4
40. 5
39.2

41.0
40.7
39.9
40.7
41.4
40.5
41.2
41.6
40.3
41.8
41.0
39.6

Nondurable goods_________________________
Food and kindred products___ ___________
Tobacco manufactures___________________
Textile mill products____________________
Apparel and related products.......... ........HI.I
Paper and allied products______ ____ _____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries__
Chemicals and allied products_____________
Petroleum refining and related industries___
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products...
Leather and leather products______________

39.8
40. 9
39.0
41.1
36.3
42.6
38.4
41.8
41.7
40.8
37.4

39.9
41.0
36.2
41.2
36.4
42.9
38.4
41. 5
42.3
41.0
37.8

39.1
40.7
37.6
40.4
34.7
42.5
38.1
41.2
41.4
40.7
36.5

39.6
41.0
38.2
41.1
36.0
43.0
38.4
41.7
41.9
41.5
38.2

39.5
40.9
39.2
40.8
35.7
42.8
38.1
41.4
41.5
40.9
37.4

39.8
41.0
38.1
41.0
36.4
43.0
38.4
41.5
41.6
41.0
38.9

39.7
40.9
37. 2
40.7
36.6
42.8
38.4
41.5
41.5
41.2
38.3

39.6
41.0
39.9
40.5
35.9
42.7
38.4
41.5
41.6
40.8
37.8

39.5
40.8
39.4
40.4
36.0
42.7
38.3
41.6
41.7
40.2
37.0

39.6
41.0
39.7
40.5
36.0
42.7
38.3
41.4
41.9
40.1
37.3

39.7
40.8
39.0
40.6
36.4
42.6
38.4
41.6
41.9
40.4
37.3

39.3
40. 7
35.6
40.2
35.9
42.2
38.3
41.8
42.3
40.7
36.8

39.8
41.1
39.2
40.7
36.5
42.8
38.4
41.6
41.3
41.1
36.9

38.5
40. 6
37.6

38.3
40.3
37.3

38.6
40.7
37.8

38.6
40.5
37.7

38.5
40.6
37.8

38.6
40.5
37.7

38.7
40.6
37.8

38.7
40.5
37.9

38.7
40.6
37.9

38.7
40.6
37.8

38.7
40.5
37.9

38.6
40.6
37.8

Wholesale and retail trade 3__________________
Wholesale trade_____________________ HI.II
Retail trade *_____________________________
1 For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3.
2 Preliminary.
8 Excludes eating and drinking places.

N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New
Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly
Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.

T able C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group 1
Revised series; see box, p. 596.
1964

1963

Annual
average

Major industry group
Mar.2 Feb.2 Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

M a n u fa c tu rin g ___________________________

$2.43

$2.42

$2.43

$2. 42

$2.40

$2.38

$2.38

$2.35

$2.37

$2. 37

$2.37

$2.37

$2.36

$2. 37

$2.31

D u ra b le goods................. ............... ................. .
O rd n an ce a n d accessories_____________
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts, except
fu rn itu re ___________________________
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu res________________
S to n e, play, a n d glass p ro d u c ts _______
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s trie s ............. ............
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ____________
M a c h in e ry ___________________________
E le c tric a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ..! ..
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t____________
I n s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _____
M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s ­
trie s ________________________________

2.60
—

2.60
2.92

2.60
2.90

2. 58

2. 57

2. 55
2. 85

2.55
2.84

2. 52
2.82

2.54
2.82

2.54
2.79

2.54
2.80

2.54
2.80

2.53
2.82

2. 54
2.82

2. 48
2.75

2.41
2. 96
2. 56
2. 72
2. 44
2.95
2.44

2.40
2. 96
2. 55
2. 72
2.44
2. 95
2.44

1.94
2. 39
2.95
2. 54
2.71
2. 42
2. 95
2.43

1.94
2.39
2.94
2.52
2.70
2.41
2.93
2.42

2. 03
1.94
2.39
2.94
2.52
2.69
2.40
2. 92
2. 42

1.99
1.92
2.37
2.94
2. 51
2. 67
2.39
2.87
2.42

1.95
1.92

—
—

1. 99
1. 96
2. 40
2. 97
2. 56
2.73
2. 45
2.95
2.45

2.96
2. 51
2. 67
2. 40

1.94
1.92
2.35
2.95
2. 52
2. 67
2.40

1. 96
1.92
2.37
2.95
2. 52

2.41

1.91
1.91
2.36
2.98
2.51
2.67
2.40
2. 86
2.41

1.90
1.91
2.36
2.93
2.50

2. 41

1.93
1.92
2. 37
2. 96
2.51
2. 67
2. 40
2. 87
2. 42

2.41

2.42

1.91
1. 88
2.31
2.90
2. 47
2. 61
2.34
2.80
2.37

2.02

2.03

2. 01

1.98

1.97

1.96

1. 95

1.97

1.97

1.96

1.98

1. 97

1. 97

1.92

2. 20

2. 29
1.95
1.69
1.75
2.40

2.19
2.26
1.87
1.69
1. 74
2.39

2.17
2.24
1.85

2.16

2.16

2.14
2.23
1.97
1.64

2.22 2.22
1. 99
2.00
1.64
1.63
1.66 1. 65 1.66
2.35

2.34

2.34

2.13
2. 22
1.94
1. 64
1. 68
2.33

2.15
2. 22

1.73
2.38

1.77
1.65
1.73
2.37

2.15
2. 21
1.99
1.64
1.67
2.36

2.14

1.78
1.65
1.74
2.37

2.13
2.18
1.80
1.64
1.69
2.36

2.14

—

2.19
2. 29
1.92
1.69
1. 74
2. 40

1.65
1.69
2. 35

2.09
2. Í5
1.83
1.62
1.65
2.29

...........

2(3). 68

(3)
2.69

(3)
2. 69

(3)
2. 67

(3)
2.67

2(3. )60

(3)
2.65

(3)
2.66

(3)
2.64

(3)
2.62

(3)
2.60

(3)
2.61

(3)
2. 64

(3)
2.57

3.11

3.12

3.13

3.11

3.07

3.08

3. 04

3. 05

3. 05

3.04

3.08

3. 09

3.07

2.97

2.41
1. 76

2.42
1. 75

2.42
1. 75

2.41
1.76

2.38
1. 75

2.38
1. 75

2.37
1. 72

2.38
1. 71

2.39
1.73

2.38
1. 73

2.38
1.73

2.38
1. 72

2. 39
1. 73

2.30
1.69

N o n d u ra b le goods______________________
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts ___________
T obacco m a n u fa c tu re s ________________
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts _________________
A p p a re l a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _________
P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts _____________
P rin tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allie d in d u s ­
trie s __________________ ______ ______
C hem icals a n d allie d p ro d u c ts ________
P e tro le u m refining a n d re la te d in d u s ­
trie s ________________________________
R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic
p ro d u c ts .......................................................
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts _________

—

2.20

—
—

2.88 2.88
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.01
1.95
1.94

‘
comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming
that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.68

2.20 2.20

2. 37

2.88

2.86

2.66 2.68
2.39
2.40
2. 86 2.89

1.88

2 Preliminary.
3 Not available because average overtime rates are significantly above
time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods
total has little effect.

615

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble

C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 596.
1964

Industry

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963

2.7
2.8
2.6

2.7
2.9
2.5

3.1
3.3
2.8

3.0
3.2
2.8

3.0
3.2
2.9

3.1
3.2
3.0

2.9
3.0
2.8

2.9
2.9
2.8

3.0
3.2
2.8

2.8
2.9
2.6

2.4
2.5
2.4

2.6
2.7
2.6

2.8
2.9
2.7

2.8
2.8
2.7

1.5
1.6
1.3
1.5

1.9
2.2
1.1
1.5

2.5
2.8
1.7
2.3

2.2
2.6
1.2
1.8

2.5
2.9
1.1
2.2

2.6
2.7
2.3
2.5

2.7
2.8
2.0
2.6

2.4
2.8
.5
2.1

2.4
2.7
.7
2.4

2.2
2.1
.9
2.6

1.6
1.6
1.2
1.6

2.1
1.9
2.1
2.4

2.3
2.5
1.6
2.3

2.2
1.9
3.0
2.5

3.2
3.2
3.6
2.1
2.6
2.8
3.0
2.2
1.3
2.4
3.2
3.6
3.7
1.6
2.7
1.5

2.9
2.7
3.2
2.1
2.6
2.5
2.8
1.7
1.3
2.1
3.0
3.4
3.4
1.9
2.4
1.6

3.2
3.2
3.6
2.6
2.8
3.6
4.0
2.5
1.8
3.0
3.3
3.4
3.1
1.8
2.8
2.3

3.3
3.3
3.6
2.6
3.0
3.4
3.6
1.9
2.2
3.2
3.8
4.5
3.2
1.8
3.4
2.2

3.6
3.5
3.5
3.0
3.1
3.5
3.7
2.6
2.7
3.0
4.1
3.2
3.5
2.0
3.5
2.2

3.8
3.6
3.9
3.2
3.3
3.7
3.8
2.8
3.2
3.9
4.0
2.6
3.4
2.2
3.3
2.4

4.0
3.9
4.2
3.7
3.2
3.5
3.4
2.7
3.4
4.1
4.0
1.9
3.5
2.2
3.4
2.0

3.7
3.8
4.0
4.2
2.7
2.9
2.9
2.3
3.1
3.0
4.0
2.2
3.4
2.4
3.6
2.0

3.9
3.9
3.9
3.5
3.1
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.3
2.8
4.0
2.7
3.5
2.3
3.5
1.9

3.2
3.2
3.5
3.5
3.1
2.5
2.6
1.8
1.8
2.5
3.9
1.9
3.6
2.1
3.4
2.0

2.9
3.0
3.1
2.8
2.6
2.2
2.4
1.3
1.2
1.9
3.4
1.6
3.3
2.3
2.8
1.6

3.0
3.0
3.2
2.6
2.9
2.6
2.9
1.8
1.3
2.1
3.1
1.3
3.3
2.0
2.6
1.8

3.4
3.3
3.5
3.0
2.9
3.0
3.2
2.2
2.2
2.8
3.6
2.4
3.4
2.1
3.1
2.0

3.2
3.1
3.3
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.0
2.1
3.0
2.6
3.4
1.7
3.5
1.8
2.8
1.8

4.2
2.8
2.6
1.5
4.4
3.0

3.5
2.8
2.9
1.7
4.7
3.2

4.3
3.0
2.8
1.4
4.7
2.9

5.6
3.0
2.5
1.2
4.2
2.7

6.6
3.4
2.4
1.2
3.8
3.1

6.2
3.4
2.7
1.8
3.8
3.4

6.5
3.2
2.4
1.5
3.5
3.2

6.4
3.0
2.7
2.1
3.3
2.9

6.5
3.1
3.3
2.7
4.3
2.9

6.2
3.0
3.1
2.8
3.9
2.9

5.6
2.5
2.8
2.8
3.1
2.9

4.5
2.8
2.5
1.8
3.5
2.9

5.6
3.0
2.7
1.9
3.7
3.0

5.4
2.7
2.3
1.4
2.9
2.7

3.4
2.8

4.0
3.1

4.2
3.4

3.9
3.1

3.7
3.1

3.8
2.9

3.8
2.8

3.7
2.8

4.3
3.0

3.7
2.8

2.5
2.7

3.4
3.1

3.7
3.0

3.6
2.9

3.3
2.9
3.2

3.6
2.9
4.1

3.8
3.3
3.0

3.5
3.2
3.4

3.5
3.4
2.9

3.8
3.5
4.1

2.9
3.3
5.1

3.3
3.1
4.1

3.3
3.3
4.2

3.3
3.0
3.3

2.7
2.4
3.1

3.0
2.7
2.3

3.3
3.0
3.4

3.2
2.9
3.5

3.0

3.0

3.4

3.5

2.9

2.8

2.4

2.1

2.8

3.0

2.0

2.6

2.7

2.5

1.9
2. 4
4.2
3.5
2.8
2.7
2.2
3.7
2.1
3.2
2.9

1.8
2.2
3.9
3.9
3.5
2,6
2.2
3.5
2.4
2.8
3.2

2.1
3.0
3.6
4.4
3.6
3.1
2.7
3.8
3.2
2.5
3.1

2.2
2.8
3.4
4.1
3.8
3.3
2.5
3.4
2.7
1.8
3.0

2.6
3.1
3.5
4.5
4.1
3.3
2.8
3.2
2.0
2.1
2.8

2.4
3.5
4.0
4.2
4.2
3.3
3.0
3.3
3.0
2.2
3.0

2.4
3.4
3.6
3.5
3.6
3.2
2.6
3.2
2.1
1.9
3.0

2.3
3.3
3.4
3.6
3.3
2.8
2.4
3.2
2.4
2.1
2.8

2.5
3.1
3.9
3.9
3.6
2.9
2.5
3.4
2.6
2.1
3.1

2.0
2.7
3.8
3.7
3.3
2.8
2.7
3.1
2.2
2.1
2.7

1.3
2.0
3.1
3.0
2.6
2.2
2.2
2.8
1.8
2.2
2.2

1.7
2.2
3.5
3.3
3.1
2.8
2.6
3.2
2.7
2.6
2.4

2.1
2.8
3.6
3.7
3.4
2.9
2.6
3.2
2.5
2.2
2.7

1.9
2.5
4.0
3.5
3.3
3.0
2.6
3.1
2.2
2.1
2.6

6.3
3.6
3.1

5.7
3.5
2.9

5.6
4.2
3.5

5.0
3.6
3.1

4.6
3.4
3.1

4.4
3.6
3.3

4.6
3.3
3.0

4.9
3.5
2.9

5.2
3.7
2.9

4.9
3.4
2.4

4.6
3.1
2.0

5.1
3.5
2.4

4. 8
3.5
2.8

4. 7
3.5
2.8

1.4
2.2
4.3
1.9
2.0
2.4
1.3
1.9
1.2
1.7
1.9

1.2
1.9
4.4
2.0
1.9
2.7
1.4
2.0
1.5
1.8
2.0

1.9
2.1
4.7
2.3
2.9
2.7
2.3
2.4
1.7
2.0
1.7

2.2
1.8
4.3
2.1
2.4
2.4
2.1
2.2
1.6
1.8
2.1

2.1
1.8
4.3
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.1
1.8
2.0

2.2
2.2
4.0
2.3
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.1
2.0
1.9

1.8
2.5
4.0
2.1
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.7

1.5
2.2
4.0
2.0
2.1
2.5
2.7
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.7

1.7
2.5
4.4
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.7
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.8

1.6
2.3
4.2
1.9
1.9
2.3
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.8

1.3
1.7
3.5
1.5
1.5
1.9
1.5
1.5
.8
1.3
1.6

1.7
2.3
4.1
1.9
1.8
2.2
2.2
1.7
1. 4
1.9
1.9

1. 7
2.1
4.1
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.8
1.8

1.5
2.0
4.1
2.2
2.0
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.5
2.0

2.5
3.2
3.9
2.3
3.1
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.7

3.2
3.6
4.6
2.5
2.7
1.9
2.4
2.1
2.5

3.6
4.6
6.3
2.7
3.0
2.1
3.0
2.5
3.0

2.8
4.5
6.1
2.6
3.5
2.0
• 2.5
2.5
2.9

3.0
4.2
5.4
2.8
3.2
1.8
3.2
2.7
2.6

2.5
3.7
4.2
2.9
3.6
2.4
4.0
2.7
2.8

1.9
3.1
3.5
2.6
2.5
2.0
3.2
2.3
2.3

2.2
3.3
4.0
2.5
2.4
2.5
3.8
2.2
2.1

3.0
3.7
4.5
2.5
3.3
2.3
3.7
2.4
2. Ö

2.4
3.5
4.3
2.2
3.5
1.9
3.5
2.3
2.2

1.6
2.7
3.3
1.9
2.8
2.0
2.7
1.9
1.8

1. 8
3.1
3. 7
2.3
2.9
2.3
2.8
2.3
2. 5

2.6
3.6
4. 4
2.6
3.2
2.1
3.1
2.3
2.5

3.2
3.5

2.3
2.4

2.0
2.0

2.3
2.7

2.7
2.5

2.7
2.8

2.6
2.7

2.5
2.1

2.5
2.3

2. 5
2.5

2.3
2.4

1.9
2.1

2.1
2.5

2.3
2.4

2.2

1.9
2.4
1.9

2.4
2.4
1.9

2.0
2.8
1.9

1.6
2.3
1.4

2.1
2.9
1.7

2.0
2.7

2.3
2.9

Mar.2 Feb.2
Manufacturing...............................................
Durable goods..-____ _____________
Nondurable goods...................................

2.7
2.8
2.6

Annual
average

1963

1962

Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories_____________
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories_______
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture.. _____________________
Sawmills and planing mills....................
Millwork, nlywood, related products___
Wooden containers_______' _________
Miscellaneous wood products________ _____
Furniture and fixtures................... .........
Household furniture________________
Office furniture__ ____ _____ _______
Partitions; office and store fixtures____
Other furniture and fixtures..... ............. _____
Stone, clay, and glass products___ _ . . .
Flat glass_________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and related products.......... ..
Concrete., gypsum, and plaster products_______ _____________ _____
Other stone and mineral products____
Primary metal industries__ ___________
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries__________ _
Nonferrous smelting and refining_____
Nonferrous rolling,“ drawing, and extrading_________ _______________
Nonferrous foundries_______ _______
Miscellaneous primary metal industries........ ............. .................................
Fabricated metal products........................
Metal cans___________ ______ ___ . . .
Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware________________ _________
Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures__________________ ________
Fabricated structural metal uroducts _
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
_ ______ . . .
Metal stampings____
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous,fabricated metal products.
Machinery... ___________________ ..
Engines and turbines_______________
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction and related machinery...
Metalworking machinery and equipment___________________________
Special industry machinery___ _____
General industrial machinery________
Office, computing, and accounting machines__________ _______________
Service industry machines . . . . ____
Miscellaneous machinery___________ ___
Electrical equipment and supplies_____
Electric distribution equipment______
Electrical industrial apparatus..............
Household appliances. _____________
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
Radio and TV receiving s e ts ________
Communication equipment_________
Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies___________ _________
Transportation equipment____________
Motor vehicles and equipm ent..____
Aircraft and parts... . . . . ___________
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Railroad equipment______ _________
Other transportation equipment_____ .......
Instruments and related products______
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control devices___________________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods_______
Surgical, medical, and dental equipment__ ___ _______ ___
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks________________
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.6
2.1
1.2

1.6
2.6
1.5

2.0
2.8
2.2

2.1
2.9
1.7

2.1
3.2
2.2

2.3
3.1
2.3

2.1
2.0
2.2

2.9
2.8
2.0
2.5
2.4

616

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , M A Y 196 4

Table C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 596.
Industry

1964
Mar.2 Feb.2

Annual
average

1963
Jan

Dec.

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries__
2.2
1.9
2.4
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware___
2.8 2.1 4.4
Toys, amusement and sporting goods___
1.7
1.3
1.3
Pens, pencils, office and art materials___
1.4
1.5
2.6
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. ..
2.9
2.1
2.6
Other manufacturing industries_______
2.3 2. 2 2.4
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products________________
3.1
3.3
3.4
Meat products............ ......... ..................... I___
3.9
3.0
4.9
Dairy products....................................................
2.9
2.9
2.7
Canned and preserved food, except
meats........................ ....................... ......... ........
2.2
2.1
2.0
Grain mill products..............................................
5.2
5.5
6.2
Bakery products______________________ ___
3.1
2.8
2.9
Sugar......... ............................. .................... ........
2.9
4.1
3.0
Confectionery and related products......... .1___
2.4
2.0
2.6
Beverages_______________________________
2.8
2.3
2.6
Miscellaneous food and kindred products______
4.4
4.2
3.9
Tobacco manufactures_________ _____________
1.2
1.3
.8
Cigarettes........ .................. ..................................
.5
.7
1.2
Cigars..________________________ _______ _
2.0
1.5
1.1
Textile mill products_______________________
3.4
3.2
3.5
Cotton broad woven fabrics________________
4.0
4.0
4.0
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics_______
4.7
4.6
4.9
Weaving and finishing broad woolens________
3.1
2.8
3.1
Narrow fabrics and smallwares..........................
2.9
3.2
2.8
Knitting________________________________
2.0
1.4
1.7
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit__ I___
4.5
3.6
4.6
Floor covering___________________________
3.7
3.6
5.0
Yarn and thread________________________ I
3.1
3.0
3.2
Miscellaneous textile goods____________ I___
3.0
3.3
3.9
Apparel and related products_________ ______
1.3
1.2
1.0
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats....... ..................
1.1
1.0
.9
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_______________
1.0
.7
1.0
Women’s, misses’, juniors’ outerw ear.._____
1.5
1.1
1.0
Women’s and children’s undergar­
ments................................................................
1.2
.9
1.4
Hats, caps, and millinery_____________ I .I ..
1.9
1.2
1.1
Girls’ and children’s outerwear_____________
1.5
1.2
.9
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel________
1.0
1.2
.7
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod­
ucts................................... .................
1.3
1.6
2.2
Paper and allied products___________________
4.3
4.5
4.3
Paper and pulp................ ......................
5.5
5.5
5.3
Paperboard_____________________________ ~
6.0
5.9
5.9
Converted paper and paperboard
products______________________________
3.1
3.0
3.6
Paperboard containers and boxes. I.II* IIIIIII
3.4
3.2
3.7
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries __________________________________
2.5
3.2
2.5
Newspaper publishing and printing_________
2.0
3.2
1.8
Periodical publishing and printing___
3.6
3.3
3.2
Books______________________________ I .I l l
3.2
3.4
3.6
Commercial printing................IIIIIIII II
2.7
3.3
2.8
Bookbinding and related industries_____ I ___
2.2
2.5
2.3
Other publishing and printing indus­
tries........................................
2.3
3.0
2.5
Chemicals and allied products_______________
2.4
2.4
2.4
Industrial chemicals...........................
HH”
2.4
2.4
2.4
Plastics and synthetics, except glass.......... ’ II"’
2.2
2.2
2.1
Drugs__________________________________
2.1
1.9
1.9
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_____________
1.9
2.2
2.6
Paints, varnishes, and allied products.............
2.3
1.9
1.7
Agricultural chemicals____________________
4.2
3.7
3.9
Other chemical products_______________I ...I
2.7
2.8
2.9
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries__________________________________
2.1
2.1
1.9
Petroleum refining............................... I IIIIIII
1.7
1.7
1.8
Other petroleum and coal products_________
3.6
3.3
2.9
Rubber, miscellaneous plastic products ..
2.5
3.2
2.8
Tires and inner tu b es.........................................
1.5
2.2
3.6
Other rubber products........................... __I___
2.4
2.8
2.7
Miscellaneous plastic products_____________
3.2
3.2
3.4
Leather and leather products________________
1.7
1.8
1.6
Leather tanning and finishing........ ............ ......
2.6
3.2
2.7
Footwear, except rubber............................ ........
i[ 6
1.6
1.6
Other leather products____________ ________
1 ,’ 8
1.3 I 1.9
For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
n)63, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963

2.5
4.1

2.0
2.0

2.5
2.6

2.7
4.0
2.4
2.5
2.8
2.7

2.6
3.4
2.3
2.6
2.6
2.6

2.2
2.7
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.1

1.9
2.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.0

2.1
2.7
1.6
2.1
2.4
2.3

2.0
2.8
1.6
1.7
2.1
2.2

1.9
2.4
1.5
1.4

2.0
2.0

2.2
2.7
1.7
1.8
2.3
2.5

2.2
3.1
1.8
2.1
2.3
2.3

3.5
4.9
2.5

3.5
4.0
2.7

3.8
4.5
3.2

3.5
3.5
3.2

3.8
3.8
3.6

3.7
3.9
3.5

3.4
3.6
3.3

2.9
2.9
3.2

3 .1
3. 2
3. 2

1.7
6.2
2.9
3.3
2.7
2.9
4.2
1.4
1.6
1.7
3.7
4.3
5.2
2.4
3.4
2.2
4.7
5.0
3.6
3.9
1.3
.9
.9
1.1

2.4
7.5
3.0
4.4
2.9
3.1
4.1
1.1

2.8
6.6
3.2
3.5
2.5
3.6
4.1
1.4
1.9
1.3
3.3
3.4
4.3
3.3
2.7
2.4
3.7
4.5
3.1
3.7
1.5
1.1
1.5
1.4

2.5
7.5
3.5
3.8
2.1
4.4
4.0
1.4

1.8
3.6
4.0
4.7
2.9
3.3
2.4
4.3
5.1
3.4
4.0
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.3

3.2
7.2
3.3
3.9
3.4
3.3
4.0
1.4
1.6
1.4
3.3
3.4
4.4
3.4
2.7
2.3
3.9
5.4
3.0
3.3
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.3

2.3
6.9
3.4
3.5
2.6
4.1
3.8
1.5
2.0
1.2
3.4
3.1
4.4
4.0
3.1
2.4
4.5
4.2
3.5
4.2
1.3
1.0
1.3
1.3

2.3
6.3
3.2
4.4
1.8
3.2
3.8
1.0
1.3
.9
3.2
3.2
4.4
3.7
3.4
2.0
4.1
3.5
3.2
3.3
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.4

1.9
4.7
2.9
3.9
1.7
2.9
3.4
.3
.4

1.8
1.0
1.1
1.6
2.1

2.0
1.4
1.2
1.6
2.1

2.0
1.6
1.2
1.2
2.2

1.6
1.6
1.5
1.2

4.6
5. 5
5.9

4.8
5.5

3.3
3.9
2.7
2.4
3.7
2.7
2.9
2.4

4.1
3.3
3.1
2.3

2.4
2.4
2.4

2.5
2.5
2.5

2. 5
1.9
3. 5

2.7
2.4
3.8

2.1
2.0

.8

6.2

5.0
5.8
6.3

1.9
4.8
5.6
6.4

3.4
4.4

3.8
4.5

3.6
4.1

2.9

3.1
2.4
3.9
4.4
3.5
2.4

3.3
4.5
2.9

2.6

2.2
2.2

2.8

2.8

2.3
1.9
3.6
3.2
3.7

2.5
1.7
5.4
3.3
3.5
2.9
3.5
1.7
3.2

2.8

2.9

2.6

2.4
2.3
1.9
3.0
2.4
3.8
3.0
2.7

2.0

5.2
3.5
3.7
3.0
3.8

2.8
2.2

2.1

2.9
2.5

2.6
2.3
1.8
2.7
2.6

2.9
3.1
2.4
1.4

6.1

3.2
3.3
2.5
3.8
1.7
2.7
1.5

1.8

1.1
3.1
2.9
3.9
3.8
3.2
2.4
3.3
4.1
3.1
3.5
1.3

.8

1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5

1.2
1.0

1.3

1.0

1.5
.9

1.5
4.8
5.9

1.8

1.2
1.0
1.8

6.8

4.6
5.4
6.3

3.2
3.8

3.2
4.1

2.6

2.7

2.3
3.3
3.9
2.7

2.6
2.8
3.5
2.8

2.4

2.4

2.1

2.6
2.6
2.5
2.2

2.3
2.9
3.0
2.9
2.9

2.0
6.2
2.9
3.2
2.3
3.5
1.3

2.4

2.6

2.5
2.7

2.2
2.4
2.8
3.6
2.8
2.7
1.9
5.6
2.9

2.8
2.6

1.3

.1

2.8
3.0
3.7
3.0
2.9
1.6
3.8
3.6
2.9
2.8
1.1
.9
.9
1.4

1.0
1.0
.7
.7

3 .4
3 .8
3. 1

2.3 2.4
5 .4
2 .8
3 .3
2 .3
2 .8
3. 6

6 .3
3. 0
3. 6
2. 5
3 .1
3. 9

.8 1 . 1
1.0 1 . 2
.8 1.1
3 .1
3 .0
3. 9
3. 6
3. 0
.8
4. 6
4 .8
3 .1
3 .3

1

3. 2
3. 4
4 .3
3 .4
3.1
2 .0
4 .1
4 .4
3.1
3. 5

1. 4
1 .3
1. 1
1 .8

1 .3
1 .0
1. 1
1.3

1.4

1.4
1.4

2.0
1.2
.9

1.2
1.1
1.8

1962

2.3
3.0
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.5

3.4
3.6
3.4
2.6
6.3
3.1
3.7
2.5
2.8
3.9
1.0
.9
.9
3.2
3.2
4.3
4.2
3.3
2.2
4.2
4.1
3.2
3.5
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.5

1.2
1.2

4.3
5.3
5.5

1.5
3.8
4.8
5.0

1.5
4.3
5.4
5.9

4.5
5.4
5.9

1.7
4.4
5.2
5.9

2.9
3.6

3.1

2.6

2.9
3.3

3.2
3.7

3.0
3.9

2.8
2.0

2.7
2.3
3.3
3.5
3.0

2.8

2.7
2.7
3.9
2.9

2.2
2.1
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.1
3.1
6.8
2.6
2.6
1.9
5.1
2.5

2.1

2.4

2.0

3.0
3.1
2.7

4.0
3.6
3.2

1.9
3.1

2.5
2.5
2.3

2.1

2.8
2.6
2.0
2.2
2.0
9.6
2.2
2.5

2.1

4.0
2.4
2.3

2.2

2.2

2.0
2.6
2.4
2.0

5.6
2.4
1.7
1.5
2.5
2.9

2.8

2.2

2.5
2.5
2.4
2.3

2.2

2.5
2.3
4.7
2.7
2.3

1.8

4.5
3.0
3.0

2.8

2.5
3.1
3.4
3.0
2.4

2.6
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.7

2.1
2.6

4.1

2.3

1.6

4.8
3.1
3.3
2.9
3.2
1.4

2.5
2.6
2.5
3.4
3.3
1.6
1.1 .9 1.3 1.4
2.6
2.8 2.4 2.4 2.8 2.6
1.1 1.2 3.0
1.3
1.2
1.2
.9
.7
1.2 1.2 1.1
1.8 2.4 1.9 2.0 1.3 1.4 1.0
.9
1.4
1.6 1.8
either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week­
end or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
were paid are excluded.
workers during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Over­
2 Preliminary.
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.3
1.4
2.9

3.3
1.4
3.2

2.3
3.1

617

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table C-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities

Revised series; see box p. 596.

[1957-59=100]
Annual
average

1963

1964
Activity
Mar.2 Feb.2

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

Man-hours
98.7
Total___________________ ____________
77.0
Mining_____ ________________________
Contract construction-------------- ------------ 90.8
Manufacturin g........................... .................... 101.3

97.8
78.1
87.0
100.8

95.5
78.1
80.8
99.0

101.2
81.5
95.0
103.3

103.0
81.7
107.8
103.2

106.5
83.8
121.8
104.9

106.7
84.3
121.7
105.0

105. 4
84.7
125.6
102.8

103.9
82.6
121.9
101.7

104.4
86.7
116.1
103.1

101.6
84.2
107.6
101.3

98.0
81.3
97.4
99.0

95.8
77.4
83.3
99.0

101.3
82.1
104.8
101.6

99.8
83.6
99. 3
100.6

103.3
139.0

102.5
140.5

101.2
147.1

105.0
150.5

104.5
148.5

105.3
150. 8

104.9
150.2

101.1
147.6

102.4
146.5

104.7
148.8

103.1
147.8

100.5
144.8

99.6
149.6

102.4
149.2

100.3
150.3

89.8
107.0
99.5
100.9
104.8
110.6
112.4
95.8
104.9

89.3
106.3
98.0
99.9
104.2
108.4
112.5
95.8
104.9

86.5
102.6
95.0
98.5
103.3
106.7
112.9
95.6
103.6

93.0
111.1
100.8
98.4
107.2
107.8
116.7
100.2
107.8

94.6
110.2
106.4
95.6
106.7
104.4
115.6
99.2
108.0

98.9
111.6
108.5
95.2
108.1
104.3
117.1
98.2
108.1

100.4
111.6
109.1
97.2
107.9
104.4
116.8
94.3
108.2

99.2
110.8
110.6
97.3
104.7
102.4
113.5
80.3
106.9

95.6
105.3
109.8
101.0
102.7
102.3
112.6
92.4
105.4

95.3
106.0
109.3
105. 2
105.7
104.9
115.5
95.0
106.9

94.9
102.6
106.4
102.3
103.4
103.8
113.7
94.7
104.7

90.2
101.8
101.4
100.2
99.8
103.0
111.8
92.2
103.5

87.8
102.7
94.9
95. 8
98.9
103.5
113.4
92.2
104.2

93. 7
106.6
103.4
97. 9
103. 6
103.8
114.7
93. 7
105.9

93.3
104.8
100.3
95.3
100. 6
101.9
115.8
88.7
103.2

99.9

97.9

92.4

101.8

109.4

112.1

111.2

107.8

99.9

102.6

100.7

97.2

97.2

102.3

102.1

104.4
101.8
113.5
98.1
112.4
108.6

105.1
105.8
114.7
96.3
112.2
109.1

104.9
104.2
107.7
96.6
114.1
108.9

100.8
97.5
74.6
94.4
107.7
106.7

101.0
93.4
78.4
97.1
108.5
107.8

99.0
88.7
76.5
95.5
108.9
105.1

97.0
85. 5
70.9
93.5
105.9
103.3

98.3
86.4
78.3
94. 4
110.9
104. 5

100.6
93. 5
90. 9
95.6
109.1
106.4

101.1
95.3
93.2
97.4
106.9
105.5

105.8
105.0

105.9
105.4

104.8
105.3

103.5
105.2

104.4
105.9

104.1
106.4

102.9
107.7

102.3
103.9

104.0
104.9

104. 7
103.5

Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories____________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture________________________
Furniture and fixtures____ ________
Stone, clay, and glass products----------Primary metal industries.. -------------Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment---------------Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries........ ...............................................
Nondurable good s.....................................
Food and kindred products........... ........
Tobacco manufactures________ _____
Textile mill products_____ _________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products_____ _____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
________________________
Chemicals and allied products............
Petroleum refining and related industries_____________ ___________ —
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products________________________
Leather and leather products________

98.7
83.9
79.1
95.9
112.4
104.7

98.5
84.6
78.6
96.1
111.6
104.6

96.3
86.3
85.9
93.2
101.1
104.1

101.1
91.7
100.1
96.9
108.1
107.8

101.6
94.8
103.4
97.9
109.0
107.4

105. 4
106.1

104. 2
103.9

103.1
102.8

107.6
104.7

105.1
104.3

77.4

78.2

77.7

79.1

80.8

82.6

84.5

84.6

85.5

84.9

83.4

83.0

78.9

82.2

86.1

112.3
95.9

111.6
93.1

115.7
98.1

114.9
94.1

114.5
95.6

114.6
95.4

111.9
99.1

109.2
96.3

114.3
96.2

112.9
90.2

111.3
87.3

112.4
93.6

113.1
94.8

113. 4
98.1

90.2
146.8
118.1

95.9
138.9
119.9

92.1
128.3
117.4

89.2
115.5
114.4

85.0
100.2
114.1

90.6
127.0
118.0

112.2
93.9

Payrolls
Mining __________________ _________
Contract construction_____________ - ___
Manufacturing............... ................................ 120.2

87.2
109.1
119.4

87.8
102.4
117.7

91.4
119.2
122.4

90.5
131.5
121.5

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related

92.8
149.7
122.6

94.0
149.5
122.6

93.1
152.2
118.2

90.5
116.4
113.7

workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined
in footnote 1, table A-3.
2 Preliminary.

Table C-6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing 1
Revised series; see box p. 596.
Annual
average

1963

1964
Item
Feb.2

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

1963

1962

Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars___ __________________ $101.15 $99. 90 $102.41 $100.85 $100. 53 $100. 53 $98.42 $99. 23 $100.37 $99.23 $97.36 $98.09 $97. 20
1957-59 dollars
................ ........ ............. 94.01 92.76 95.18 93.90 93. 78 93.87 91.90 92. 65 94.16 93.44 91. 68 92.36 91.61
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars____________________ 82.97 81.98 81.95 80. 75 80.51 80. 51 78. 89 79. 51 80.38 79.51 78.04 78.63 77.92
77.11 76.12 76.16 75.19 75.10 75.17 73.66 74.24 75.40 74.87 73.48 74.04 73. 44
1957-59 dollars
. _______________
Worker with 3 dependents:
85.58
Current dollars ___________________ 90.68 89.65 89.86 88. 58 88. 31 88.31 86. 58 87. 25 88.18 87. 25 85.72 86.31 80.66
1957-59 d ollars...................................... . 84.28 83.24 83. 51 82.48 82. 38 82. 46 80. 84 81.47 82. 72 82.16 80.72 81. 27
----——
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C-l less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com-


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$99.38 $96. 56
93.14 91.61
79.63
74.63

77. 86
73.87

87. 37
81.88

85. 53
81.15

and (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index.
2 Preliminary.
N ote: These series are described in “ The Calculation and Uses of the
Spendable Earnings Series,” Monthly Labor Review, January 1959, pp. 50-54.

618

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , M A Y 19 6 4

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D -l. Consumer Price I n d e x U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers
(including single workers) all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
1964
March

Group

All items (1947-49=100).
Food................. ............................
Food at home_______ IIIIIIIII
Cereals and bakery products
Meats, poultry, and fish
Dairy products...................~
Fruits and vegetables................
Other foods at home *_______
Food away from home__II_..IIIII
Housing_____________
Shelter«......................
Rent....................
IIIIIIIII
Homeownership J____
Fuel and utilities«_______ “ “
Fuel oil and coal 7______
Gas and electricity_________
Household furnishings and opera­
tion 8.................... ................
Housefurnishings____ IIIIIIIIII!
Household operation______
Apparel and upkeep «..................
Apparel__________________ '
M en’s and boys’_____ IIIIIII!
Women’s and girls’............
Footwear________________
Other apparel io___________ !
Transportation_______________
Private___________________
Public_____ ______
Health and recreation__________
Medical care u _____________
Personal care..................................
Reading and recreation................
Other goods and services 12_____
Special groups:
A ll items less shelter________
A ll items less food_____________
Commodities w..................................
Nondurables 14_............. ......” 1111!
Nondurables less food............ II!
Apparel commodities______
Apparel less footwear_____
Nondurables less food and
apparel_________
Durables 13 is.........................
'
New cars__________ III.IIIII
Used cars_________
Household durables «IIIIIIIIIII
Commodities less food 13________
Services1317 is____________
Services less rent 13 ^IIIIIIIII
Household services ’13___ III.!
Transportation services______
Medical care services 11______
Other services 1319________

1964
Feb. Jan.

1963

Old
series

New New
series series

New
series

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sep.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

107.8
132.3

107.7
182.1

107.6
182.0

107.7
132.1

107.6
132.0

107.4
131.8

107.2
131.5

107.1
131.4

107.1
131.4

107.1
131.4

106.6
130.8

106.2
130.3

106.2
130.3

106.2
130.3

106.7
131.0

105.4
129.3

105.6
103.8
109.1
97. 6
104. 7
111. 8
101. 3
114. 9
107.2

105.7
IO4 .O
108.8
97.2
104.5
115.1
100.9
114.7
107.1

106.0
104.4
109.0
98.3

105.8

107.5
108.9
107.8
106.1
107.1

105.4
103.8
109.1
101.5
104.3
108.1
99.5
113.6
106.2
107.1
107.0
107.2
107.0
103.7
108.0

106.0 106.2
104.5 104.8
109.1 109.2
101.4 100.2
104.2 103.3
114.2 118.7
98.0
97.8
113.3 113.1
106.0 106.0
107.0 107.0
106.8 106.7
107.1 107.1
106.4 106.7
102.6 102.3
107.2 108.1

105.0 104.2 104.3
103.4 102.5 102. 6
109.2 109.3 109.2
98.4
98.0
98.3
102.8 102.8 102.9
115.6 113.9 112.0
96.9
94.5
96.2
113.0 112.9 112.8
105.9 105.7 105.8
106.8 106.7 106.8
106.7 106. 6 106.5
106.8 106.7 106.9
106.7 106.4 106.9
102.1 102.4 104.2
108.1 107.4 107.5

104. 6
103.0
109.1
100.7
103.5
109.6
96.7
112.6
105.7
106.5
106.4
106.5
107.2
104.8
108.0

102.2

107. 5

105.1 104.9
103.4 103.2
109.1 109.1
99.7 100.4
104.8 104.6
108.2 106.3
99.5
99.6
114.0 114.0
106.6 106.3
107.7 107.3
107.2 107.1
108.0 107.4
107.5 107.3
105.4 104.5
108.0 108.1

105.1
103.5
109.1

113.9
101.7
U4-4
106.9
108.8
107.5
108.8
106.8
106.6
106.2

105.4
103.7
109.0
99.2
105.0
109.8
100.2
114.3
106.9
108.0
107.3
108.4
107.6
105.8
108.1

102.8

102.7

102.7 102.9
98.8
110.9
105.0 106.1
105. 5
105.2 106.2
101.4 103.3
110.9 111.2
102.1
109.4 108.9
108.0 107.5
118.8 118.3
112.7 112.7
118.2 117.9
108.6 108.8
113.1 113.1
108.8 108.3

102.7"
98.8
110.7
106.1
105.6
106.1
103.5
111.1
102.0
109.1
107.8
117.6
112.4
117.9
108.4
112.8
108.3

102.6
98.7
110.5
105.9]
105.4
105.7
103.5
110.9
101.8
109.0
107.7
117.6
112.3
117.7
108.4
112.7
108.2

102.7
98.6
110.7
105.4
104.8
105.2
102.5
110.7
101.4
107.9
106.5
117.1
112.1
117.5
108.2
112.3
108.0

102.5
98.3
110.6
104.7
104.0
104.7
101.2
110.6
101.1
108.3
106.9
117.1
111.9
117.4
108.0
112.1
108.0

102.4
98.5
110.3
104.5
103.9
104.5
101.2
110.5
101.1
107.8
106.4
116.6
111.7
117.3
108.0
111.5
108.0

102.4
98.5
110.2
104.5
103.9
104.4
101.2
110.6
101.0
107.4
106.1
116.6
111.4
117.2
107.8
110.9
107.6

102.3
98.4
110.0
104.3
103.7
104.2
101.1
110.3
100.9
107.4
106.0
116.5
110.7
116.7
107.8
110.7
106.0

102.3
98.5
109.9
104.4
103.8
104.1
101.4
110.2
100.9
107.0
105.5
116.5
110.7
116.4
107.6
111.0
105.8

102.3
98.6
109.7
104.2
103.6
103.9
101.1
110.0
101.1
107.0
105.6
116.4
110.2
116.1
107.3
110.1
105.7

107.6 107.5
108.4 108.5
104.9 104.9
105. 7 105.6
105.6 105.9
104.2 105.4
102.8 104.2

107.4
108.4
104.7
105.4
105.8
105.4
104.3

107.2
108.1
104.5
105.2
105.6
105.3
104.2

107.1
107.8
104.4
105.3
105.2
104.6
103.4

107.2
107.6
104.6
105. 5
105.0
103.8
102.5

107.1
107.5
304.6
105.5
104.8
103.7
102.4

106.6
107.3
104.0
104.8
104. 5
103.7
102.4

106.1
107.0
103.5
304.2
104.2
103.5
102.2

106.1
107.0
103. 6
104. 2
104.3
103.6
102.3

106.1
106.8
103.6
104.4
104.2
103. 4
102.1

106.5
102.9
102.3
119.6
98.7

106.0
103.1
103.2
121.0
98.8
104.5
113.9
115.5
113.8
113.3
121.3
116.6

105.8
102.7
103.1
120.0
98.7
104.2
113.7
115.3
113.5
113.1
121.1
116.5

105.5
102.2
99.8
120.1
98.6
103.7
113.5
115.1
113.4
112.9
120.9
116.2

—

106. 5
106.8
98.9
111. 7
104.4
105.4
101 5
111.2
101.4
108.9
107.3
119.4
118.8
109.0
113.9
108. 5
107.6
108.7
104.8
105. 6
105.6
104.2
102.9
106.4

108.4

104.8

105.8

105.1

105.2

105.0

102.1

101.8

110.7

110.7

108.9 108.6
107.4 107.2
118.3 118.4
118.1 112.9
118.7 118.5
108.7 108.4
US. 6 113.8
108.5 108.4
107.5
108.6
104.8
105. 6'
105. t>
104.5

107.5
108.4
IO4.8
105.6
105.3
104.2

103.2

102.9

106.2
102. 9

106.0
102.9

102. 0 101.8
117. 9 119.6
98.7
98.7
........... 104.3
114.5
116.3
114.3
114. 8 114.1
122.3 122.8
—
117.7

102.2

119.0
98.6
104.1
114.3
116.0
113.9
II 4 .2

104.2

109.1
98.3
105.0
112.4

101.8
114.8

106.9
108.1
107.3
108.5
107.7
106.6
108.1

104.8
114.2

106.2
103.0
102.1
120.3
98.9
104.5
114.1
115.8
114.0
113.7
121.3
117.1
services

116.0
114.1
114.1
122.1 121.7
117.4 117.1
rmr»W nTd,VA
^
cnange m prices 01 gooas ana
. y urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families.
1 ?°ual7 1964, the Consumer Price Index structure has been
1 oriVo oiu
^ l311!71.11? patterns of wage earners and clerical workers in the
vir-n 1’ 1 le new sen®s” indexes shown here are based on expenditures of all
urDan wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers, including single workers
living alone, as well as families of two or more persons. Separate indexes for
°nly (excluding single persons) for the U.S. city average are available
on request. The old series” indexes will be discontinued after -Tune 1964.
includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and
prepared and partially prepared foods.
Also includes hotel and motel room rates not shown separately,
includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and main­
tenance and repairs.
I (Vi?
telephone, water, and sewerage service not shown separately.
Galled Solid and petroleum fuels” prior to 1964.
Includes housefurnishings and housekeeping supplies and services, but
excludes telephone, water, and laundry and dry cleaning of apparel, included
under household operation in the old series.
Includes dry cleaning and laundry of apparel, formerly included in house­
hold operation.
10 Includes infants’ wear, sewing materials, jewelry, and miscellaneous
apparel. Not shown separately in the new series.
j* Corrected indexes for January through December 1963.
12 Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank
service charges.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Annual
average

100.2

103.8

111.0

97.8
113.2
106.0
106.9
106.8
107.0
107.0
104.0
107.9
102.4

1.5

110.2

104.8
104.2
104.7

103.6
107.6
101.7
104.1
105.0
96.1
110.7
104.8
105.6
105.7
105.6
106.1
102.1

107.9
101.5
98.9
107.4
103.6
103.2
103.3
100.9
109.3
100.6

107.2
105.9
115.4
109.4
114.2
106.5
109.6
105.3
105.4
106.1
103.2
103.6
103.8
103.0
101.8

105.7 105.5 105.0 104.7 104.7 104.7
104.2
102.1 102.1 102.0 101.8 101.8 101.5
101.8
100.2 100.5 101.2 101.1 101.1 101.4
102.1
119.0 118.1 117.7 115.7 115.4 113.3
115.2
98.5
98.5
98.4
98.3
98.4
98.5
98.8
103.6 103.5 103.3 103.0 103.1 102.9 103.5 102.8
113.3 113.1 112.9 112.6 112.5 112.3
110.9
114.8 114.6 114.4 114.0 114.0 113.7
112.1
113.1 113.1 113.0 112.6 112.6 112.5
110.6
112.7 112.4 112.3 112.2 112.0 111.8
111.2
120.8 120.6 120.5 119.9 119.6 119.3
116.8
116.0 135.3 114.8 114.4 114.6 114.2
112.6
^ i 3 Recalculated group—indexes prior to January 1964 have been recomput-

14 Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household
textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drugs and
pharmaceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, newspapers,
magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages.
18Includes home purchase, which was classified under services prior to
1964, building materials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household
appliances, dinnerware, tableware, cleaning equipment, power tools, lamps,
Venetian blinds, hardware, automobiles, tires, radios, television sets, tape
recorders, durable toys, and sports equipment.
is Called “Durables less cars” prior to 1964. Does not include auto parts,
durable toys, and sports equipment.
17 Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading
prior to 1964.
78 Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property,
home maintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, water,
sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni­
ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto insurance,
registration and license fees, parking and garage rent, local transit, taxicabs,
airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services,
health insurance, barber and beauty shop services, movies, fees for sports,
television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services.
18 Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and
recreation, and other goods and services. Not comparable with series pub­
lished prior to 1964.

619

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

T able D-2. Consumer Price Index.—U.S. city average and selected cities for urban wage earners and
clerical workers (including single workers)1
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1964
March
City3

1964
Feb.

Annual
average

1963

March 1964
(1947-49=
100)

Jan.

Old New New Now Dec. Nov. Oct.
series series series series

Sep. Aug. July June May April Mar. 1963

1962

Old New
series series

All Items
105.4 132.3

m.i

104.1 132.2
105.2 133.8
107.4 (9

iss.o

109.4 109.1 109.0 109.6 108.7 109.3 109.1 108.6 108.4 108.0 107.4 107.6 108.0 107.7 108.2 106.6 136.4
107.0 105.5 (9
106.5 (9
107.7 ( 9
(9
107.4 (9
(9
(9
(9
«
110.1 110.0 110.1 109.1 109.9 109.7 109.4 109.3 109.3 109.2 108.7 107.8 107.9 107.6 108.7 106.4 132. 7
107.2 105.2 133.2
106.4
108.5 108.4 108.1 108.6 108.5 108.3 108.2 107.6 107.5 107.4 107.2 106.2 106.4
107.1 105.9 ( 9
106.3 (9
107.9 (9
(9
107.4 (9
(9
w ( 9 (9 101.1 (9 ( 9 107.1
106.6 104.6 (9
106.2 (9
106.8 (9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
m
105.8 106.2 105.1 132.9
105.6 (9
(9
106.5 (9
107.3 (9
(9
(9
107.1 101.6 (9
(9
108.4 108.9 107.4 139.3
108.9 (9
(9
109.2 (9
109.9 (9
(9
(9
109. 109.9 (9
(9
107.3 105.9 ( 9
106.7 (9
(9
107.0 (9
107.9 (9
(9
(9
(9
(9
108.2 106. 5 ( 9
107.4
(9
109.1
(9
109.3
(
9
(9
109.
4
(9
(9
i9
(9
(9
(9
104. 6 (9
106.4
« (9 101.3 (9 (9 107.1 (9 (9 106.8 (9 (9 106.1 ( 9 (9
Food

1S6.8

101.1 101.6 101.1 107.6

U.S. city average3.................................
Atlanta, Ga.....................................
Baltimore, Md.............................. .
Boston, Mass................................. .
Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963=100) —
Chicago, IU.-Northwestern Ind.L
Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky.........
Cleveland, Ohio________________
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963=100)____
Detroit, Mich___ ______________
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963=100).
Houston, Tex....................................
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas_______
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif____
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn______
New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J.
Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J___________
Pittsburgh, Pa__________________
Portland, Oreg.-Wash.......................
St. Louis, Mo.-IU__________
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif.
Scranton, Pa..............................
Seattle, Wash______________
Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va__
U.S. city average3.............................

106.8 106.6
107.8 101.5

(9
(9
(9

(*)

1(910.1

105.8
107.5
(9

107.4 107.2 107.1 107.1 107.1 106.6 106.2 106.2 106.2 106.7
104.9 105.1
104.9 ( 9
(9
105.2 (9
(9
(9
(9
106.2 106.8
106.8 ( 9
(9
107.1 (9
(9
(9
(9
109.5
109.2
109.8
(9
110.0
(9
(9
(
9
(9
(9

(9

105.6 105.1 106.0 105.8 105.4

104.6 104 .0 104.0 104 . 4 103.8 103.7
Atlanta, Ga____________________
106.5 106.2 106.3 105.9 105.7 104.4
Baltimore, Md__________________
108.8 108.8 108.5 108.5 108.4 108.0
Boston, Mass___________________
101.1 100.8 IO
O.4
Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963=100)____
105.3 105.1 105.1 105.8 105.2 105.4
Chicago, Xll.-Northwestem Ind___
102.7 102.5
103.4
Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky_______
101.5 101.5 102.1 102.3 101.9
Cleveland, Ohio________________
99.1 100.1 •100.0
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963=100)_____
101.2 101.1 101.4 101 . 4 100. ! 100.9
Detroit, Mich__________________
100.5 100.3 99.9
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963=100)..
105.5 105.0
105.1
Houston, Tex___________________
105.3 105.2
105.7
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas________
107.8 107.6
108.1
108.0
107.3
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif____
103.4 103.0
103.3
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn______
108.1
107.8 107.4
108.1
101.6
107.5
New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J.
4.3 105.5 105.2 104.3 103.9
104.7 IO
Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J____________
103.3 102.
103.8
IO
4
.8
IO
4
.8
104.3
Pittsburgh, Pa__________________
105.6 105.4
106.0
Portland, Oreg.-Wash___________
105.8 106.1 106.1 106.1 105.9 105.1
St. Louis, Mo.-Ill_______________
107.7 108.0 108.0 101.3 106.5 107.0
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif_____
104.7 103.8
104.7
Scranton, Pa___________________
107.6 108.4 108.1 108. 107.9 107.4
Seattle, Wash__________________
4.9 IO4.6, 103.9 104.0
105.1 105.0 IO
Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va_______
1 See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than
in another.
2 The designation “city” refers not only to the central city but to the
entire Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1960 Census
of Population. The Standard Consolidated Area is used for New York and
Chicago.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

m

15?.6
155.1
(9

135.4
139.5

105.4 106.0 106.2 105.0 104.2 104.3 104.6 105.1 103.6
104.0 104.1 104.8 105.0 103.7 102.3 102.7 103.8 103.8 103.0
104.7 105.4 105.7 106 0 104.8 103.5 103.5 103.7 104.7 103.3
108.1 108.1 109.0 108.6 106.6 106.2 106.6 106.5 107.4 104.6
105.8 106.1 107.6 107.5 105.9 104.7 105.0 105. 7 105.8 105.3
102.6 103.2 103.7 103.5 102.9 102.3 102.2 102.6 102.9 101.9
101.7 101.8 101.0
102.6
102.2
100.7 101.3

103.4

100.7

101.1 101.5

104.8 105.3 104.7 104.6 103.1 102.0 101.8 102.3 103.8 102.9
105.1 105.0 105.2 105.1 103.9 102.1 103.3 103.6 104.3 103.3
107.5 107.0 107.1 107.7 106.3 105.9 106.6 106.8 107.1 105.5
103.2 102. 102.4 103.7 102.1 101.7 102.0 101.8 102.5 101.8
106. 107.4 108.1 108.2 106.9 106.3 106.3 106.6 107.1 104.9
104.3 104.3 105.2 105.1 104.5 103.2 103.1 104.1 104.2 103.1
102.9 103.6 104. 104.6 103.7 103.2 103.1 104.1 103.6 102.4
105.2 105.5 106.2 105.8 104.8 104.1 104.5 104.6 105.2 103.6
105.1 105.3 105.5 105.7 104. 103.1 104.0 104.5 104.9 103.0
106.6 107.2 107.1 107.6 107.0 105.9 106.5 106.9 106.8 105.4
104.4 104.8 104.4 105.0 104.6 103.1 103.1 103.3 104.1 103.1
107.4 107.6 107.8 107.8 107.1 106.7 107.3 107.3 107.3 105.7
104.6 105.0 105.5 105.5 104.6 103.3 102.9 103.6 104.2 102.0
3 Average of 50 cities in the “new series”; 46 cities in the “old series.”
4 All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for other cities.
s Corrected indexes, January through December 1963.
®Corrected indexes, January 1964.

The initial publication of the “new series” CPI appeared in the March 1964 issue of the Monthly
The “new series” index, which results from the revision project announced earlier, is
based on up-to-date samples of cities, retail stores, and service establishments. The list of goods and
services priced for the index has also been modernized and the expenditure weights reflect the 1960—61
spending patterns of urban wage earners and clerical workers, including single persons. For the U.S.
as a whole, an index is also available for families only. The “new series” indexes are issued as continu­
ations of the “old series” with no change in the base period, 1957-59 = 100. Both the “old” and
“new series” indexes will be published through June 1964, after which the old series will be
discontinued.
Labor Review.

m . 4

(0
(9 100.1 (9
105.8 105.1 105.1 105.8 106.1 105.8 106.0 106.0 106.0 106.3 105.5 105.3 105.4 105.5 105.3 104.6 133.4 133.5
128.5
103.6
104.7
104.5
104.6 (9
105.1 (9
(9
105.1 (9
(9
105.
(9
104.7 103.5 (9
(9
104.3 (9
105.1 (9
(9
105.0 ( 9
(9
105.2 (9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
91.1 (9
(9
103.2 102.2 128.0 m.i
102.1
102.6
10378 103.6 103.1 103.1 103.6 103.7 103.5 103.3 104.4 103.9 103.5 102.4
100.5
(9
105.7 104.6 (9
104.4 ( 9
(9
106.2 (9
106.7 ( 9
(9
(9
(9
(9
107.2 106.1 (9
106.4 (9
107.1 (9
108.7 (9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9

620

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , M A Y 19 6 4

T

able

D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]»
1964

1963

Annual
average

Commodity group
Mar.»
All commodities______ ________________.
Farm products and processed foods______
Farm products_________ ______________
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables..
Grains______________________ _____
Livestock and live poultry__________
Plant and animal fibers_____________
Fluid milk______________ _______
Eggs........................ .................................
Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds...................
Other farm products_______________
Processed foods..................... .....................
Cereal and bakery products_________
Meats, poultry and fish_____________
Dairy products and ice cream.............. I
Canned and frozen fruits and vege­
tables__________________________
Sugar and confectionery____________
Packaged beverage materials________
Animal fats and oils________________
Crude vegetable oils.............. ................
Refined vegetable oils______________
Vegetable oil end products__________
Miscellaneous processed foods________
All commodities except farm products____
All commodities except farm and foods___
Textile products and apparel__________
Cotton products......................................
Wool products______________ _____
Manmade fiber textile products______
Silk products___________ __________
Apparel__________________________
Miscellaneous textile products_______
Hides, skins, leather, and leather prod­
ucts____________________________
Hides and skins____________________
Leather............................................... .
Footwear..................................................
Other leather products______________
Fuel and related products, and power...
Coal............................... ............ ............
Coke_____________________________
Gas fuels»________________________
Electric power »____________________
Petroleum products, refined_________
Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial chemicals................................
Prepared paint____________________
Paint materials____________________
Drugs and pharmaceuticals....................
Fats and oils inedible_______________
Mixed fertilizer____________________
Fertilizer materials........................
Other chemicals and allied products__
Rubber and rubber products..... ...............
Crude rubber......... .................. ...............
Tires and tubes___________ ________
Miscellaneous rubber products_______
Lumber and wood products___________
Lumber....................... ....................... .
Mill work_______________________ ""
Plywood_________________________
Pulp, paper, and allied products............
Woodpulp_________________
_
Wastepaper_____________________ ’’
Paper_________________________
Paperboard_____________________
Converted paper and paperboard prod­
ucts.................. ........ ....................... .
Building paper and board......................
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Feb.

100.4 100.5
8.2 8.1
95.3
104.9
99.1
83.8

100.7
100.4
106.8
88.7
107.2

94.5
97.9
102.0
82.8
101.7
102.3
89.7
113.9
96.4
100.9
4107.4
4 88. 9
107.5

107.5
117.3
98.1
89.1
75.1
75.9
87.6
107.7

4107.4
122.9
4 94.6
4 91.0
4 73.7
74.8
88.1
106.6

102.1

101.5
90.5
112.0

101.0 101.2
101.1 «101.2
101.2
101. 0 101.2
101.2

103.4
95.5
116.6
102.3
116.5

103.3
95.1
116.8
102.3
117.3

102.6

101.4
107.3
94.3
99.3
96.1
91.9
103.5
96.5

102.5
4 74.0
99.7
4108. 2
«101.9
99.0
98.1
103.6
4126.8
101.3
95.3
96.4
«94.2
«104.8
91.5
95.3
4 83.2
4103.8
4 ICO. 2
4 99.1
93.6
89.5
91.3
97.6
4 99.9
100.3
106.9
4 92.2
99.9
96.1
91.1
103.1
96.5

93.0

100.1
95.0

75.9
99.6
108.2
101.7
97.4
97.1
103.6
123.6
101.3
92.9
96.5
94.4
104. 9
91.8
95.3
85.8
103.8
100.2

99.1
93.9
91.2
91.3
97.8

101.0

Jan

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963

1962

101.0

100.3

100.7

100.5

100.3

100.4

100.6

100.3

100.0

99.7

99.9

100.3

100.6

99.7

97.2

99.7

99.1

98.5

98.9

99.8

99.1

98.4

97.6

97.4

98.7

99.6

96.3
95.9
103.9
84.7
101.5

93.3
94.8

95.1
89.1

95.5

79.9
101.4
103.4
99.8
114.6
90.6
100.4
106.9
87.7
108.1

96.2
96.1
100.3
87.9
99.8
103.2
102.4
117.5
90.7
102.5
107.3
91.7
107.9

96.3
92.5
98.5
93.5
99.6

96.8
97.0
99.5
94.4

94.4
99.8
102 9

95.4
99.6
105.1

95.7
96.1
101.9

101.7
97.3
77.1
112.5
89.5
101.7
107.6
91.9
106.8

95.4
99.0
103.7
85.6

97. 7
97.7
98.8
96.2
98.4

110.7
89.4
99.3
108.1
90.3
106.9

113.8
89.0
99.0
108.0
91.8
107.1

94.0
113.0
89.3

95.2
105.4
91.8

107.3
93.3
107.5

107.6
99.1
106.9

106.8
124.9
85.7
88.4
76.7
77.4
87.9
107.4

106.4
131.2
84.1
93.5
84.0
84.1
87.4
107.8

102.9
113.9
80.9
79.1
83.3
84.1
87.2
101.4

101.3
106.1
79.1
80.0
83.8
90.0
90.5
101.5
100.4

103.9
118.4
81.2
83.9
82.0
84.2

102.2

102.8

106.3
115.5
99.0
102.5
107.0
91.8
108.0
107.2
130.3
90.6
88.2

74.4
74.8
87.9
107.4
101.5
101.3
101.2

101.3
103.2
94.7
121.6

102.3
118.3

101.8

101.1
101.2

101.2

101.5

101.3

101.2
102.8

94.6
126.3
102.3
116.0

100.9
101.1

101.6

94.4
130.5
102.3
119.0

107.7
93.2
107.4

107.0
94. 2
108.0

106 0
95.2
107.9

106.4
96.3
107.3

94.9
97.1
101.4
89.3
101.4
97.9
79.2
113.8
89.3
102.4
107.0
94.1
106.6

105.8
125.4
81.8
90.2
84.8
82.3

105.3
112. 5
80.9
84.1
78.6
80.8

1104.8
11.2

105.7
120.3
81.1
82.7
83.6
84.3
87.0
104.5

104.6
132.1
81.1
79.2
83.3
84.4
87.0
103.9

103.4
133.6
80.9
77.2
84.2
85.8
87.0

93.8

93.8

101.8
88.0

99.4
102.6

97.9
114.1
90.4
102.2

86.0

108.7
101.2

100.9
100.7
100.2
100.6

94.2
126.1
102.5
116.9

102.7 103.0 103.5 103.4
76.1
76.3
82.7
80.5
99.5
99.5
99.7
99.5
108.3 108.2 108.2 108.4
101.9 103.3 103.2 103.4
99.5
99.3
97.9
98.8
98.3
98.3
98.3
97.7
103.6 103.6 103.6 103.6
124.8 124.8 122.3 122.0
101.3 101.3 101.3 101.4
96.6
96.1
93.8
95.6
96.3
96.2
96.3
96.2
94.3
94.3
94.2
94.2
105.3 105.3 105.1 103.9
91.2
91.1
91.0
90.8
95.4
95.0
95.0
94.9
83.1
90.2
85.0
88.5
103.6 103.5 103.7 103.8
99.4
98.4
98.4
97.1
99.2
99.1
99.0
99.0
93.7
93.8
94.2
94.2
89.4
89.9
91.6
91.5
91.3
91.4
91.7
91.7
97.9
97.9
97.9
97.9
99.0
99.1
99.2
99.2
99.2
99.2
99.3
99.3
106.7 108.3 106.2 106.2
91.1
92.4
92.5
92.4
99.8
99.4
99.4
99.5
96.1
94.4
94.4
95.0
91.1
90.8
91.0
90.7
103.1 102.9 102.9 102.8
96.5
96.5
96.6
96.6
100.0

95.2

99.5
95.2

99.4
96.9

88.0
88.6
99.4
100.2
101.8 100.6 99.8
107.8
96.0
87.5
110. 5 111.3 111.1
89.0
88.4
89.1
100.9 100.9 102.2
102.9

80.9
84.3
77.4
79.6

86.8 88.2
102.0 101.8 188.8
00.6
98.3
99.6 100.6 101.2
81.3
99.8

86.2 86.1
106.5
101.8
100.8 100.8 101.1 101.0 100.7
100.7 100.8 100.8 100.7 100.5
100. 5 100.4 100.4 100.3 100.2
99.9
99.7
99.8
99.7
99.7
100.6 100.6 100.5
ICO. 8 100.6
94.0
93.9
93.7
106. 5

130.1
102.3
116.9

0 144.4
102.2 102.2 148
102.0 101.6
116.5 115.1

136.6

134.5

103.1
77.3
99.5
108. 4
103.4
99.0
97.2
103.6
121.7

103.6
80.5

104.3
83.5

108.4
103.5
98.9
96.2
103.6
120.9
101.9
96.1
96.0
94.6
103.9
89.0
95.0
81.7
103.6
96.9
98.9
93.7
90.7
91.2
97.5

108.4
104.0
100.4
95.8
103.6

117.4

118.2

104.5
85.8
102. 5
108.2
104.3
100.9
94.9
103.6
120.3

104.8
87.4
103. 2
108.2
104.4
100.4
94.2
103.6

95.9
99.9
96.0
96.0
96.3
94. 5
94.7
95.0
103.9
103.0 103.0
89.2
89.2
91.1
94.9
95.1
95.2
81.3
81.4
80.6
103.8
103.6 103.6
97.2
99.8 100.8
98.9
98.7
98.6
93.4
93.0
93.1
88.9
91.6
92.5
91. 7
89.1
89.1
97.2
97.5
97.5
99.9 102.6 101.6 98.3
100.7 102.7 102.1 99.2
105. 6 104.9 104.2 103.0
92.6 104.1 100.9
92.6
99.1
99.1
99.0
99.4
91.7
91.7
91.7
91.3
90.9
91.2
91.4
90.8
102.2 102.2 102. 2 102.2
94.1
94.1
94.1
94.1

99.1
96.4
95.0
103.0
91.7
95.2
78.6
103.6
102.3
98.6
93.2
92.6
89.1
97.5
97.5
98.4
102.4
90.9
99.1
91.3
89.8

101.8

99.8
97.6

100.1 102.2

99.8
97.5

121.2
102.0 102.2 110202.1
.2
98.7

99.6
97.5

100.3
97.5

102.2
94.1

99.9
96.2

100.2
100.4
100.1
100.1
100.8

101.1 101.2
98.0

81.7
88.4
84.5
93.1
97.3

88.0
101.8
100.8 100.9
100.8 100.7 100.8
100.2 100.5
100.2 100.3 100.6
100.8 100.9 101.7
99.1
104.3

93.8
150.9
101.3
116.3

93.8
150.9
101.4
114.9

93.9
139.9
101.9
117.4

93.9
125.9
101.5
122.4

104.5
85.0

105.1
88.4
103. 7
108.3
104. 7

104.2
84.0
101.9
108.3
104.0
99.8
96.9
103.6

107.4
106.2
108.5
108.6
104.3

102.8

108.2
104. 5
100.3 100.8
95.0
98.1
103.6 103.6
124.1 127.8 122.8
102.4 102.4 102.0
98.2
98.2
97 2
96.3
96.8
96.3
95.0
95.4
94.8
103.7 103.7 103.8
91.5
93.0
91.1
95.1
95.2
95.1
77.7
74.5
80.3
103.7 103.6 103.6
102.3 102.3
99.9
98. 6 99.5
99.0
94.1
94.1
93.8
92.8
92.7
91.9
89.0
89.0
90.1
99.8
99.8
98.3
97.0
96.5
98.6
97.6
96.6
98.9
102.4 102. 5 104.0
91.0
91.2
93.5
99.0
99.0
99.2
91.3
89.4
91.7
92.5
96.6
92.2
102.2 102.2 102.4
94.1
94.1
94.7
99.7
95.5

99.7
94.1

99.7
96.2

100.2
96.8
103.6
119.2

102.8

98.2
97.5
96.3
103.8
95.6
96.0
76.3
103.8
101.9
99.4
93.3
93.6
87.1
99.4
96.5
96.5

101.8
92.4
100.0
93.2
97.5

102.6
93.1

101.0
97.2

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

621

D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
{1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified 1J
1964

1963

Annual
average

Commodity group

All commodities except farm and foods—
Continued
Metals and metal products____________
Iron and steel_____________________
Nonferrous metals_____ _____ ______
Metal containers...___ _______ _____
Hardware..._________ ____________
Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings__
Heating equipment________________
Fabricated structural metal products..
Fabricated nonstructural metal prod­
ucts__________________________
Machinery and motive products______
Agricultural machinery and equipment.
Construction machinery and equip­
ment____________ ____________
Metalworking machinery and equip­
ment____ ________________
General purpose machinery and equip­
ment______________________ . . .
Miscellaneous machinery___________
Special industry machinery and equip­
ment 8......... ........... ................... ......
Electrical machinery and equipment...
Motor vehicles__________________
Transportation equipment, railroad
rolling stock 8....................... .............
Furniture and other household durables..
Household furniture________________
Commercial furniture_____________
Floor coverings____________________
Household appliances................... ........
Television, radio receivers, and phono­
graphs______ _____ ___________
Other household durable goods.............
Nonmetallic mineral products_________
Flat glass_____ ___________________
Concrete ingredients...............................
Concrete products...................................
Structural clay products...... ..................
Gypsum products............. ...............
Prepared asphalt roofing____________
Other nonmetallic minerals__________
Tobacco products and bottled beverages..
Tobacco products_____________
Alcoholic beverages___________
Nonalcoholic beverages_____________
Miscellaneous products_______________
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, am­
_______
munition
Manufactured animal feeds_____
Notions and accessories.................
Jewelry, watches and photographic
equipment_____ _____ .
Other miscellaneous products.

Mar.3 Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

101.9 101.8
100.2 100.2
102.8 101.7
105.6 *105.6
104.7 104.6
100.4 *100.4
92.0 *91.8
99.1
93.9

101.7
100.2
101.4
104.6
104.6
100.5
92.0
99.0

109.0 *109.4
102. 7 102.7
112.6 *112.5
112.0

Nov.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

1963

101.3
100.0
101.0
104.6
104.3
100.6
92.7
99.0

101.0 100.9 100.3 100.1 100.0
99.9
99.9
99.1
99.0
99.0
100.2 '99.9
99.6
99.4 ’99.0
104.6 104.6 104.7 ¿105.0 , 105.0
104.4 ¡104.4 104.2 104.1 104.1
100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6
92.8
93.1
93.1
93.1
93.3
98.9
98.9
98.7
98.4
98.3

100.0
99.0
98.7
104.9
104.0
100.6
93.3
98.2

99.9
99.3
98.7
104.6
103.9
100.8
93.0
98.2

99.4
98.5
98.2
104.5
103.9
100.8
92.9
97.6

99.4
98.4
98.1
104.5
103.9
101.3
92.6
97.8

100.1
99.1
99.1
104.7
104.1
100.5
92.9
98.3

100.0
99.3
99.2
103.7
104.0
100.1
93.2
98.2

109.3
102.5
112.1

108.2
102.6
111.9

107.1
102.5
111.4

107.0
102.3
111.2

105.0
102.2
110.9

105.0
102.1
110.9

105.0
102.1
110.9

104.9
102.0
111.0

104.0
102.0
110.9

103.8
101.9
110.9

103.7
102.0
111.0

105.1
102.2
111.1

103.9
102.3
109.5
107.8

1962

111.8

111.8

111.2

110.9

110.4

110.1

110.0

109.7

109.6

109.2

108.8

108.8

109.6

111.3 *111.0

110.8

110.8

110.5

110.3

110.2

110.2

109.9

109.6

109.4

109.4

109.1

109.8

109.3

104.9 *104.8
104.4 104.3

104.8
104.1

104.8
103.7

104.7
103.7

104.5
103.5

104.3
103.5

103.9
103.4

103.9
103.4

103.5
103.4

103.4
103.3

103.4
103.4

103.4
103.7

103.9
103.5

103.3
103.2

105.2
97.5
99.8

105.2
*97.4
99.8

105.2
96.9
99.8

105.0
97.7
99.9

104.7
97.5
99.9

104.8
*97.4
99.9

104.6
97.2
99.3

104.2
97.2
99.5

104.1
97.2
99.8

103.9
97.7
99.3

103.9
97.5
99.8

103.9
97.0
100.2

103.1
96.9
100.7

104.0
97.4
100.0

101.9
98.4
100.8

100.5
98.5
105.0
103.1
100.1
91.7

100.5
*98.5
105.0
103.1
100.1
*91.8

100. 5
98.4
105.0
103.1
100.1
*91.5

100.5
98.0
104.7
103.1
98.0
91.1

100.5
98.1
104.8
103.1
97.9
91.2

100.5
98.1
104.8
103.1
97.4
91.2

100.5
98.1
104.8
103.0
96.8
91.4

100.5
98.1
104.6
103.0
96.6
91.7

100.5
98.0
104.5
102.8
96.6
91.7

100.5
98.1
104.5
102.8
95.9
91.9

100.5
98.0
104.4
102.3
95.7
92.0

100.5
98.1
104.4
102.3
95.9
92.1

100.5
98.2
104.6
102.3
96.0
92.3

100.5
98.1
104.6
102.7
96.6
91.8

100.5
98.8
103.8
102.3
97.0
94.0

87.2
87.2
87.2
87.3
103.7 103.7 103.6 103.3
101.3 101.2 101.1 101.3
101.7 101.0 101.0 101.0
102.7 102.7 102.7 103.1
100.7 101.0 101.2 101.4
103.9 *103. 8 103.5 103.5
108.6 *108.6 106.1 106.1
88.7
87.4
87.4
87.4
101.3 101.3 101.3 101.4
107.1 107.1 107. 6 107.5
106.0 105.9 105.9 105.9
100.7 101.0 101.0 101.0
125.3 *125.3 127.7 127.7
109.9 110.9 112.6 112.2

87.8
103.4
101.2
101.0
102.9
101.4
103.5
106.1
87.4
101.4
107.5
105.9
100.9
127.7
110.9

87.8
103.4
101.3
101.6
102.9
101.3
103.4
106.1
87.4
101.4
107.5
105.9
100.9
127.7
111.2

87.8
103.5
101.1
100.0
103.0
101.3
103.4
106.1
88.2
100.9
107.5
105.7
101.0
127.7
111.8

87.7
103.3
101.0
98.9
103.0
101.2
103.6
105.8
88.2
100.7
107.5
105.7
101.0
127.7
111.1

87.7
103.4
100.9
96.6
103.2
101.2
103.5
105.0
88.2
101.2
107.5
105.7
101.0
127.7
110.4

88.9
103.2
101.2
96.6
103.2
101.9
104.0
105.0
89.1
101.3
105.8
105.7
101.0
118.2
108.1

88.9
102.9
101.3
96.6
103.0
101.9
104.0
105.0
92.7
101.4
105.2
104.5
101.0
117.4
107.6

89.4
103.0
101.5
96.6
103.0
102.2
103.8
105.0
94.1
101.4
104.4
102.3
101.1
117.4
108.0

89.4
102.8
101.5
96.6
103.0
102.2
103.6
105.0
94.1
101.5
104.3
102.2
101.1
117.4
110.8

88.6
103.2
101.3
98.3
103.0
101.7
103.6
105.4
90.0
101.4
106.1
104.5
101.0
122.6
110.4

91.1
103.1
101.8
97.0
103.2
102.6
103.5
105.0
94.8
102.2
104.1
102.1
101.0
116.9
107.3

101.1
115.3
99.1

100.9
117.4
99.1

100.9
120.4
99.1

101.1
119.7
99.1

101.0
117.2
99.1

101.1
117.9
99.1

101.1
119.0
99.1

101.2
117.7
98.7

101.0
116.3
98.7

100.7
112.1
98.7

100.7
111.2
98. 7

100.7
111.9
98.7

100.5
117.1
98. 7

101.0
116.4
98.8

100.8
110.6
98.7

103.3
102.4

103.3
101.7

103.6
101.7

103.6
101.4

103.6
101.4

103.5
101.1

103.4
101.1

103.5
101.1

103.9
100.9

103.8
101.3

103.9
101.4

103.8
101.4

103.9
101.7

103.7
101.4

104. 2
101.3

1 As of January 1961, new weights reflecting 1958 values were introduced
into the index. See “ Weight Revisions in the Wholesale Price Index 18901960,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1962, pp. 175-182.
2 As of January 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base of
1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59=100. Technical details and earlier


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Oct.

data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau.
2 Preliminary.
4 Revised.
4January 1958=100.
8 lanuary 1961=100.

622

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964
T able

D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings1
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]3

Commodity group

1964
M ar.3 Feb.

All foods............................ ..............................................
All fish_______________ _____ __________________
All commodities except farm products_____________
Textile products, excluding hard fiber products_____
Bituminous coal—domestic sizes__________________
Refined petroleum products............................. . . . . . .
East Coast m arkets.................................................
Midcontinent m ark ets............................................
Gulf Coast markets______ _____ _ . . . _______
Pacific Coast markets________________________
Midwest markets 5__________ _____________ _
Soaps______ ___________ _______ _____________
Synthetic detergents....... ........... ..................................
Pharmaceutical preparations_____________________
Ethical preparations 5______ . . . ________ .
-Anti-infectives 5_________ . _________ _ .
Anti-arthritics 4____ _____________ ______
Sedatives and hypnotics 5_________________
Ataractics 5_____________________ _____
Anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinergics 4______
Cardiovasculars and anti-hypertensives 5____
Diabetics 5______________________________
Hormones s. ______________ . . . ______
Diuretics 4________________ ____________
Dermatologicals 6_______ . . . ____. . . . . . .
Hermatinics »_________________ __________
Analgesics A. _________ ______________
Anti-obesity preparations 4__________ ______
Cough and cold preparations 5___________ .
Vitamins 5 . . . . . . . ______________ _____
Proprietary preparations 5___________________
Vitamins 4______________________________
Cough and cold preparations 4_____ _______
Laxatives and elimination aids 4___________
Internal analgesics 4„ _________________ .
Tonics and alteratives 4___________________
External analgesics 4 . _________________
Antiseptics 4 ______ . . . ________________
Antacids 0______________________________
Lumber and wood products (excluding millwork)___
Softwood lumber._____________ ________________
Pulp, paper, and allied products (excluding building
paper and board)_____ . ____________________
Special metals and metal products 8_______________
Steel mill products_____________________________
Machinery and equipment_____________________ _
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)________
Metalworking machinery. _____________________
All tractors_____________ _____________________
Industrial valves_______ _ ____________________
Industrial fittings______________________________
Antifriction bearings and components____ _______
Abrasive grinding wheels________________________
Construction materials________________________ _

1See footnote 1, table D-3.
3See footnote 2, table D-3.
3Preliminary.
4Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1963
Jan.

100.4 100.3 102.1
104.1 109.0 109.8
101.0 101.2 101.5
99.5 99.4 99.4
97.9 4100.6 101.1
92.9 95.3 96.6
95.1 97.8 97.8
88.5 89.7 94.5
95.4 96.5 96.7
84.1 87.7 87.7
88.3 93.7 95.5
105.4 105.4 105.4
99.4 99.4 99.4
97.5 97.5 97.5
96.2 96.2 96.2

Annual average

Dec. Nov. Oct. S ept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. Mar.
99.9 101.9 101.0 100.2 100.1 101.3 101.1 100.7 98.7
107.5 106.1 106.8 107.1 105.5 110. C 114.4 115.9 113.6
101.1 101.2 101.2 100.8 100.8 101.1 101.0 100.7 100.2
99.4 99.1 98.3 98.1 98.0 97.9 98.0 98.0 98.2
101.0 100. £ 100.6 99. C 97.2 96.3 94.2 92.9
95.5
96.1 93.8 95.6 95.9 96.1 98.7 99.9 99.1 98.2
97.8 95.1 93.4 93.4 96.2 96.2 96.2 96.2 98.9
93.0 85.4 96.8 99.7 95.4 99.7 105.4 102.6 99.7
96.1 96.1 95.4 95.4 97.1 100.1 99.7 99.7 97.7
89.2 89.2 89.2 89.7 87.2 88.2 89.7 90.7 90.7
94.6 90.8 92.1 90.9 92.1 94.6 95.8 93.3 94.5
105.4 105.4 105.4 105.4 105.4 103.5 103.5 103.5 103.5
99.4 99.4 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6
97.1 96.9 96.7 96.7 96.8 96.9 96.8 96.9 96.8
95.8 95.8 95.5 95.5 95.8 95.8 95.7 95.7 95.7
88.2 88.2 88.2 88.3 88.3 88.3 88.3 88.5 88.5

99.0
117.3
100.4
98.3

100.6

98.2
98.9
98.6
97.7
90.7
95.5
103.5
99.6
96.8
95.7
88.5

1963
100.4

112.0
100.8

98.3
98.4
97.2
96.7
96.6
97.6
89.7
94.2
104.3
99.5
96.8
95.7
88.4

1962

100.8

119.2
100.9
98.8
98.3
98.2
99.4
98.2
98.6
90.9
94.2

102.6
99.7
97.3
96.9
93.1

88.2 88.2 88.2
100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6
112.5
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 .0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1113.0
00.0 100.0
100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 110000.0
.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 110000.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0
.0
1
0
0.0
1
0
0
.1
100
.0
97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 97.6 101.3 101.3 101.3 101.3 100.7 100.7
99.9
100.5
103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8
103.8
104.0
100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 106.6 100.6 100.6 .0 100.0 100.0 99.6 99.6 100.1 99.6
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 110000.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 100.8 100.8 100.8 100.8 103.3
100.7
108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8
108.5
101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 108.8
1
0
1
.8
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 110001.8
.0
104.0 104.0 104.0 96.8 96.8 96.8 97.0 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.7 100.7 100.7
99.3
100.0
87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 87.7 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1
87.9
88.1
102.7 102.7 102.6 102.1 101.6 101.6 101.5 101.2 101.5 101.5 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.5
100.5
100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3
100.3
100.1
100.5 100.5 99.9 99.2 99.2 99.2 98.6 98.6 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.1
99.6
100.0
104.7 104.7 104. 7 104.4 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8
103.5
1
102.1 102.1 102.1 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.9 101.8 10011.1
100.2 100.2 100.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.2
.0
102.8 102.8 102.8 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 100.8
106.8 106.8 106.8 104.9 104.9 104.9 104.9 102.9 102.9 102.9 102.9 102.9 102.9
103.5
100.4
103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 100.1 100.1 100.1
99.7
99.6
99.8 498.5 97.4 97.6 97.8 97.8 98.9 102.8 101.7 97.7 96.7 96.1 95.4
97.7
95.6
100.4 499. 2 97.7 97.8 97.9 98.1 99.9 102.6 101.9 98.5 97.5 96.5 95.6
98.0
95.9
99.5 100.1 100.0 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.2 99.2 99.1 99.5 99.2 99.2 99.2
99.3
100.1
101.8 101.7 101.6 101.4 101.1 101.1 100.5 100.4 100.4
100.2 100.2 100.0 100.1 100.5 100.5
103.2 4103. 2 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.0 102.0 102.0 102.1 102.1 102.0 101.2 101.1 102.0 101.4
103.9 103.8 103.5 103.7 103.5 103.3 103.2 103.0 103.0 103.1 103.0 102.7 102.6 103.1
102.9
114.0 4113.8 113.4 113.2 112.6 112.4 112.1 112.1 112.0 112.2 112.2 112.1 112.0 112.2 110.5
111.4 4111. 1 110.8 110.8 110.4 110.1 109.9 109.9 109.5 109.1 108.9 108.8 108.4
109.4
108.8
114.0 113.9 113.9 113.1 112.6 111.9 111.3 111.2 110.9 111.3 111.1 110.7 110.6 111.3
109.4
107.9 4107. 9 107.6 107.8 107.8 107.8 107.2 106.7 107.5 107.4 107.4 107.4 107.4
107.4
107.5
96.3 498.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.2 96.9 95.4 91.7 91.1 90.9 90.9
95.4
93.0
91.3 90.8 90.8 90.8 90.8 90.8 90.8 90.8 90.8 90.8 90.8 90.8 90.8
90.8
90.8
96.8 496.8 96.5 96.5 96.3 96.3 96.3 96.3 96.3 96.3 96.4 96.4 97.7
96.7
98.5
99.4 499.1 98.8 98.8 98.8 98.8 99.0 99.7 99.3 98.3 98.1 97.8 97.7
98.3
98.5
113.4 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 112.5 112.5

4New series. January 1961=100.
8Metals and metal products, agricultural machinery and equipment, and
motor vehicles.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T a ble

623

D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59=100] 2
1964

Commodity group

Mar.3 Feb.
All commodities........ ............. ........... ............. .............. . 100.4

1963
Jan. Dec. Nov.

100.5 101.0 100.3

Annual average

Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar.

100.7 100.5 100.3 100.4

100.6 100.3 100.0

1963

1962

99.7

99.9

100.3

100.6

95.0
94.0
96.2

97.1
96.8
97.4

Stage of processing
Crude materials for further processing__
Crude foodstuffs and feedstufls..... ............. . ___
Crude nonfood materials except fu e l____ ______
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
m anufacturing..._______ _______
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for construction____ _____________ . . . ________
Crude fuel.............. ........ ........... ...............................
Crude fuel for manufacturing______________
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing___________
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components___
Intermediate materials and components for manufacturing____________________________
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing.
Intermediate materials for nondurable manufacturing________________ ________
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing____________________ _______
Components for manufacturing........................
Materials and components for construction______
Processed fuels and lubricants_________________
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing_______ _ ___________ ________
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufacturing__________ ___________ .
Containers, nonreturnable____________________
Supplies........... ....................................................
Supplies for manufacturing__________ _____
Supplies for nonmanufacturing_______
Manufactured animal feeds_______ _____
Other supplies_______________________
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods
and fu e ls)..______________________
Consumer finished goods___________
Consumer foods........ ...... ....................
Consumer crude foods..... .......................
Consumer processed foods_______
Consumer other nondurable goods.........
Consumer durable goods________
Producer finished goods_________________
Producer finished goods for manufacturing___
Producer finished goods forjnonmanufacturing.

94.4
92.7
97.1

494.0

92.2
96.6

95.1
94.0
96.6

92.6
90.1
96.3

95.1
94.2
96.1

96.6

96.1

96.1

95.7

95.5

102.7
103.4
103.2
103.7

102.7
4105.1
104.9
4105. 5

102.7
104.5
104.4
104.9

103.1
104.6
104.4
104.9

103.0
103.7
103.6
104.1

100.9

94.8
93.8
96.1

94.8
94.0
95.6

95.7
95.4
95.6

96.1
96.1
95.9

94.8
93.7
96.4

94.2
92.8
96.6

95.0
93.9
96.5

94.5
92.8
96.7

95.5

94.9

94.9

95.3

95.8

96.0

95.9

96.2

95.6

96.9

102.9 103.0 103.0 103.2 103.2 103.0 103.0 103.1
103.3 102.9 102.0 101.9 101.0 100.5 102.3 105.4
. 103.3 102.8 102.0 101.8 101.0 100.5 102.3 105.3
103.6 103.1 102.2 102.1 101.2 100.7 102.5 105.8

103.0
103.0
103.0
103.3

103.2

101.2 101.3 101.1 101.0 100.9 100.5
100.6 100.2 100.4 100.1 99.1
110.2 107.1 110.6 108.8 103.7

100.4 100.4
105.4 107.2
97.8

97.6

102.3 101.9
99.9 499. 8
100.5 100.3
98.1 99.3
99.9 100.9
95.2 96.7
99.1 99.9
105.6 106.6
105.3 4105.4
105.1 106.5
108.6 110.8

97.6

97.5

97.4

97.2

96.6

100.5

100.0

100.5

99. 7

110.2

98.8
103.5

98.6

101.2

99.4
105.5

99.2
100.5

97.1

97.1

97.1

100.6 100.6 100.5

99.1 99.4 99.7
102.9 106.4 109.8
96.6

99.9

101.8
101.8
102.0
100.2

96.8

97.0

101.8 101.6 101.4 101.3 100.8 101.0 100.8 100.4 100.1 99.6 99. 7
99.5 99.6 99.4 99.2 99.0 98.7 98.6
98.6 98.2 98.2
100.1 100.1 100.0 100.0 99.8 100.4 100.1 98.7
99.4 99.2 99.0 98. 9
99.8 99.7 98.3 99.4 99.9 99.8 101.4 101.8 101.4 100.8 100.8
101.2 101.1 100.0 100.8 101.2 101.1 102.3 102.6 102.4 102.0 102.2
97.3
99.6
107.4
105.3
107.7
113. 6

101.1 102.0 102.1

97.3 95.5 97.1 97.6 97.6
100.4 100.6 100.6 100.9 101.0
107.0 106.3 106.5 106.6 106.2
105.3 105.4 105.4 105.1 105.0
107.1 106.0 106.3 106.6 106.1
112.9 110.6 111.2 112.2 110. 9
101.6 101.4 101.4 101.3 101.3

99.7 100.3
100.8 101.4
105.8 105.0
105.0 105.1
105.6 104.3
109.7 105.6

99.7

101.2
104.7
105.2
104.0
104.8

98.6
100.9
105.1
105.9
104. 2
105.4

101.2 101.6 101.6 101.6

97.1

98.0

100.5
98.8
99.6
100.3

100.4
98.8
99.3

101.7

102.3

98.4

98.1

105. 7
106.1
110.5
101.5

105.4
105.8
109.7
101.4

101.2

101.1 101.0 199.4
02.2
106.4
106.1
104.5
105.7
103.5
104.1
101.3

101.6 102.1 101.4 101.8 101.6 101.5 101.4 101.8
101.1 100.8 01.1 101.4 101.7
4100.8 101.5 100.6 .1 100.9 100.8 100.8 101.2 101.5
100.8 100.4 99.9 1100.3
100.7
101.2
100.2 499. 9 101.4 99.4 110011.0
100.4 100.3 100.3 101.0 100.1 99.4 98.2 99.0
0.1 101.3
100.1 97.5 100.9 98.8 100.2 95.4 97.1 95.7 95.4 92.5 93.2 94.2 99.5 1097.0
98.6
100.2 100.2 101.5 99.4 101.2 101.2 100.8 101.0 101.9 101.3 100.3 98.9 98.9 100.6 101.7
101.6 102.1 102.4 102.2 101.7 102.0 101.9 101.9 102.3 102.1 101.8 101.6 101.8 101.9 101.6
99.6 99.6 99. 5 99.5 99.6 99.6 99.4 99.3 99.4 99.3 99. 4 99. 5 99 7
99.5
100.0
103.7 103.7 103.5 103.6 103.4 103.2 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 102.9 102.9 102.9
103.1
102.9
105.8 105.7 105.6 105.6 105.5 105.3 105.1 105.1 105.0 104.9 104. 7 104. 7 104. 5
105.0
104.4
101.7 101.7 101.5 101.5 101.3 101.1 100. 9 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.1 101.2 101.4
101.2 101.4
101.5
100.7

Durability of product
Total durable goods___ ______
102.04101. 8
Total nondurable goods_________
99.2 499. 5
Total manufactures_________
100.9 101.1
Durable manufactures____________________
102.3 102.1
Nondurable manufactures_________________
99.6 100.0
Total raw or slightly processed goods__
98.0 97.8
Durable raw or slightly processed goods_____ 93.1 92.1
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods__ 98.3 98.2

1See footnote 1, table D-3.
2See footnote 2, table D-3.
3Preliminary.
4Revised.


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101.7 101.6
100.3 99.2
101.3 100.9
101.9 101.9
100.5 99.9
99.4 97.1
92.1 91.2
99.8 97.4

101.5 101.4 101.1 101.2
100.0 99.8 99.5 99.6
100.9 100.9 100.7 100.8
101.8 101.7 101.4 101.5
100.1 100.2 99.9 100.0
99.2 98.4 98.0 98.2
90.5 90.7 90.5 90.0
99.7 98.8 98.5 98.7

101.1 100.9 100.8 100.6 100.6 101.0
100.1 99.8 99.4
99.2
99.6
101.0 100.8 100.4 199.0
00.0 100. 2 100.6
101.5 101.2 101.1 100. 9 100.9
101.3
100.4 100.2 99.5 99.0 99.3
99.8
98.9 98.2 98. 4 98.4 98
98.5
89.3 89.3 89.9 89.4 88. 7
89.6
P,

99.5

98.7

98.9

98.9

98.9

99.1

101.0
100.1
100.8
101.3
100.1
99.5
89.2

100.1

N o t e : For description of the series by stage of processing, see “New BLS
Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices,” Monthly Labor Review
December 1955, pp. 1448-1453; and by durability of product and data be­
ginning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bul­
letin 1235 (1958).

624

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1964

E.—Work Stoppages
T a ble

E -l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Workers involved in stoppages

Number of stoppages
Month and year

1935-39 (average)
.........................
1947-49 (average)
1945
1946............................................................................................
1947
1948
1949
.............................
1959
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
....
. ............. .
1958...........................................................................................
19*9
1969
1961
1969

Beginning in
month or year

In effect dur­
ing month

2,862
3,573
4, 750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4,320
3,825
3| 673
3', 694
3,708
3,333
3,367
3,614

Beginning in
month or year

In effect dur­
ing month

1,130,000
2,380,000
3,470,000
4,600,000
2,170,000
1,960,000
3,030,000
2,410,000
2,220,000
3,540,000
2,400,000
1, 530,000
2,650,000
1,900’, 000
390,000
2,060,000
1,880,000
P320; 000
1,450,000
1,230,000

Man-days idle during month
or year

Number

Percent of
estimated
working time

16,900,000
39, 700.000
38' 000.000
116,000, 000
34' 600j 000
34| lOOj 000
50,500,000
38,800,000
22, 900' 000
59,100,000
28| 300,000
22,600,000
28^ 200^ 000
33,100,000
16,500,000
23^900', 000
69,000,000
19,100,000
16' 300' 000
18Ì 600,000

0.27
.46
.47
1.4 3

.41
.37
. 59
.44
.23
. 57
. 26
. 21
.26
.29
. 14
.22
.61
. 17
. 14
. 16

1963: March.................. ...................................... ..................
April................................................................................
May________________________________________
June________________________________________
July-------------- ------------ - ............................................
August______________________________________
September___________________________________
October______________________________________
November_________ _________________ ______
December____________________________________

214
291
377
380
372
312
287
346
223
132

348
423
543
593
606
545
500
574
467
336

40,100
89, 200
118,000
128,000
94,400
67,000
81,400
95, 700
79,900
27,300

89,500
119,000
148,000
181,000
183,000
167,000
155,000
153,000
152,000
82,-400

984,000
937,000
1,430,000
1, 550,000
1,810,000
1,350,000
985,000
1,420,000
1,410,000
977,000

.10
.09
.14
.16
.17
.13
.10
.13
.15
.10

1964: January2____________________________________
February2___________________________________
March 2__.__________ ______________ _________ _

210
225

370
375
360

60,000
80,000
65,000

100,000
125,000

1,010,000
1,130, 000
800,000

.10
.12

220

1The data include all known strikes or lockouts ‘¡involving 6 workers or
more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab­
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect


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.0 8

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are made idle as a result of material or service shortage.
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