Full text of Monthly Labor Review : May 1963, Vol. 86, No. 5
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Monthly
Labor
Review
KAÎ A M A700
JUN ?
1963
PUbLio LidKÂRY
MAY 19 6 3 Y O L. 86 N O .
Role of Labor Cost in Foreign Trade
1962 Labor Force Reports on—
Multiple Jobholders
Workers’ Educational Attainment
Employment and Unemployment
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W. W il l a r d W ir t z ,
Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E wan Claque, Commissioner of Labor Statistics
R obert J. M yers, Deputy Commissioner of Labor Statistics
P hilip A rnow, Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications
W. D uane E vans, Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis and Economic Growth
P aul R. K erschbaum, Associate Commissioner for Management and Field Operations
H erman B. B yer, Assistant Commissioner
J ack A lterman, Chief, Division of Economic Growth
G ertrude Bancroft, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
A rnold E. C hase , Assistant Commissioner for Prices and Living Conditions
H. M. D outy, Assistant Commissioner for Wages and Industrial Relations
J oseph P . G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold G oldstein, Assistant Commissioner for Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon Greenberg , Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technological Developments
P eter H enle , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
R ichard E. J ones, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Management
W alter G. K eim , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Field Operations
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Division of Publications (on leave)
H yman L. L ewis , Economic Consultant to the Commissioner
L eonard R. L insenmayer , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
A be R othman, Chief, Division of Statistical Standards
W illiam C. Shelton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
R obert B. Steffes, Departmental Statistical Officer
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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Lawrence R. K lein , Editor-in-Chief (on leave)
M ary S. B edell, Executive Editor
CONTENTS
Special Articles
485
491
491
497
504
516
The Role of Labor Cost in Foreign Trade
Union Disciplinary Powers and Procedures:
IV. Influence of the LMRDA on Constitutional Discipline Provisions
Special Labor Force Reports:
Labor Force and Employment, 1960-62
Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1962
Multiple Jobholders in May 1962
Summaries of Studies and Reports
524
530
533
536
An Inquiry Into Canada’s Unemployment Insurance System
Earnings in Electric and Gas Utility Systems, July 1962
Earnings in Wool Yarn and Broadwoven Fabric Mills, June 1962
Wage Chronology: International Shoe Co.'—Supplement No. 4—1962-64
Technical Note
538
International Comparisons of Unit Labor Cost: Concepts and Methods
Departments
hi
548
553
555
563
573
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in IndustrialRelations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
May 1963 • Voi. 86 • No. 5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Labor Month
in Review
I n m id -M a y , the longstanding dispute between
the railroads and the five unions representing
on-train employees reached a new critical point.
During the previous 30 days, the Emergency
Board appointed by President John F. Kennedy
under the Railway Labor Act procedures had
spent most of its time attempting to mediate
the issues—the usual factfinding mission of such
a board already having been undertaken by the
Presidential Railroad Commission, which had
reported over a year ago.
On May 13, the Board members, Nathan P.
Feinsinger, Clark Kerr, and Samuel I. Rosenman,
chairman, submitted their report to the President.
It pointed out that unless the dispute was resolved
within the 30 days during which the Railway
Labor Act prohibits unilateral action by any of
the parties, the Nation faces the renewed pros
pect of a strike or lockout. The Board, despite
its inability to report the signing of an agreement,
did conclude that considerable progress had been
made. “Positions have softened; the atmosphere
has improved; a climate which can support genuine
negotiation seems to have been created.” The
Board said that its recommendations, which are
summarized in the following paragraphs, were de
signed to “foster and stimulate” such bargaining.
T h e s e pr o po sa ls a r e , as the Emergency Board
said, “general directions rather than specific
solutions,” since it believed that bargaining
would more likely succeed in that framework.
The other general considerations permeating the
report are that the elimination of jobs should
be accompanied by procedures that assure the
safety of remaining employees and prevent an
undue burden upon them. Second, if the nego
tiations recommended in the proposals on such
issues as the fireman, the crew makeup, and the
combination of road and yard service do not
result in reasonably prompt resolution, the
Board said that “the disputes should be quickly
and definitively resolved by submission to a
special referee procedure.”
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The Fireman. The Board suggested that the
parties negotiate a procedure that might follow
these lines: A carrier may abolish a job when it
becomes vacant—if filling it means a new hire—
unless the union files a protest within 5 days of
notice that the job is to be eliminated, in which
case it should be prepared to establish in the
ensuing negotiations that discontinuance of the
job would “unduly endanger safety or unduly
burden other employees who would have to take
on some of the responsibilities formerly performed
by the fireman.” Should the dispute be un
resolved 15 days after receipt of the union protest,
it should be submitted to a special referee.
Settling one such grievance should be precedent
for all others in the same category.
The burden of dislocation resulting from the
elimination of fireman jobs should be partially
shared by management. Those employees with
10 years or more seniority should retain their
rights to firemen’s employment, with the pos
sibility of withdrawing and receiving an educa
tional or retraining scholarship, special severance
allowance, or a special early retirement plan for
which the carriers might make an additional
contribution to the pension plan.
Firemen hired after “some reasonable date
when it may be presumed that they were on
notice that their jobs might not be permanent”
may have their employment terminated, along
with those who have not been employed in recent
times. Those who have been employed irregularly
may have their rights terminated with severance
pay or choose to stay on the seniority list.
The remaining employees “should retain their
rights to firemen’s employment unless and until
offered, by the carrier involved, another compar
able job for which they are, or can become,
qualified.” This job offer should carry with it
relocation expenses if moving is involved, and
the continuation of accumulated seniority rights
toward such purposes as vacation and other ap
propriate benefits. A displacement allowance
similar to that provided by the Washington Job
Protection Agreement should be made to protect
such employees against loss of earnings for a
period not exceeding 5 years, with the option to
elect scholarships or retraining allowances.
Road and Yard Service Crews. At issue are the
mechanisms for adjusting any undermanning or
in
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
IV
overmanning of road and yard service crews. At
present, the crew complement varies in size, with
the most typical including three members, accord
ing to various local agreements, practices, rules
and regulations, and in some cases by State “fullcrew” laws.
The brotherhoods and the railroads should
establish national guidelines based on considera
tions of safety, efficiency, and undue burden on
the crew members to provide overall direction for
local negotiations on the composition of road and
yard train service crews. Should local negotiation
fail, a grievance may be handled under the special
referee procedure. The Board recommends that
no force reductions should be made except through
attrition. Scholarships, retraining provisions, and
severance options should be available “not only in
justice to the workers involved but also to accel
erate attrition.”
On issues related to the makeup of service crews,
the Board said that the parties should negotiate a
rule that would permit more flexible use of road
and yard crews, “while preserving the basic dis
tinctions which are reflected by the existence of
separate seniority rights.” If further said that
there should be negotiations limiting the manning
of self-propelled vehicles by operating personnel.
Dislocations and displacement of personnel likely
to be occasioned by new rules in these areas should
be subject to adequate protections, such as those
discussed earlier.
Interdivisional Runs. The carriers seek the right
to institute interdivisional runs; at present there is
a national rule concerning interdivisional runs, but
it establishes only a procedure for negotiating
them. The brotherhoods offered a proposal in
Chicago in mid-1962 which would establish guide
lines within which the carriers would have the right
to establish interdivisional runs. Although those
specific guidelines were not satisfactory to the
carriers, the Emergency Board found that the
basic procedure of establishing guidelines appears
sound.
Compensation. The Board, noting that a wage in
crease averaging about 2 percent is frequently a
part of a thorough wage structure revision, recom
mends that 2 percent be used in working out
adjustments in the railroad industry. To ensure
that individuals whose rates are reduced as a
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result of modernizing the pay structure are not
unduly affected, the Board suggests two ap
proaches: A very long service employee might be
allowed to elect to go on the new pay structure
or to remain on the old pay structure for the
duration of his employment, which would, of
course, maintain his earnings opportunities. Sec
ond, a monthly or other periodic guarantee might
be developed to allow the appropriately covered
employees to approximate their current earnings,
provided such earnings are not the result of unduly
long hours. However, the carriers should be given
significantly greater flexibility in making assign
ments so that this guarantee can be met through
actual work performed within a normal number of
hours.
the Board proposed that the overall
dispute might be resolved more easily if two ad
ditional issues were open for discussion. Noting
that the parties will shortly consider the matter
of a general wage increase, the Board suggested
that wage structure revision would probably be
accomplished more easily in the context of a gen
eral wage increase, in addition to the 2 percent
recommended as a concomitant of revision.
Second, if provisions for early retirement were
subject to current negotiation, the problems of
attrition might be more readily solved—especially
if the carriers were to contribute some additional
funds for this purpose.
Thus, as it had stated, the Emergency Board’s
report was in the nature of general recommenda
tions for settling this dispute rather than specific,
findings on the issues as had been put forth in the
report of the yearlong study by the Presidential
Railroad Commission, which had been rejected by
the unions.
In receiving the Emergency Board’s report,
President Kennedy urged the carriers and the
unions to accept its recommendations. The
parties have now exhausted the procedures of the
Railway Labor Act, which were formally brought
into motion in November 1959 with the carriers’
proposals to eliminate or revise “many longestablished and agreed-upon rules and existing
practices.” James E. Wolfe, chief railroad nego
tiator, said the railroads accepted the report and
were ready to start negotiations quickly. The
brotherhoods more cautiously said that “it could
be useful in the search for a fair settlement.”
F in a l l y ,
The Role of
Labor Cost in
Foreign Trade
William C. Shelton
J ohn H. Chandler *
and
I n r e c e n t y e a r s , differences in wages, supple
mentary employee compensation, and other costs
of production between the United States and
industrial nations have received renewed attention.
Such phenomena as the persistent gold outflow,
increased U.S. private investment abroad, in
creased imports of many manufactured goods,
and the relatively slow rate of U.S. economic
growth have caused observers with a variety of
interests to question whether some of these
matters do not reflect differences in labor cost
between U.S. enterprises and their foreign
counterparts.
In such discussions, labor costs have historically
tended to be singled out for attention because they
are an important part of total cost, because data
on hourly labor cost are available in many cases,
because these hourly labor cost data show large
differences between the United States and foreign
countries, and because labor costs can be controlled
to some extent by the addition of capital equip
ment. In addition, they have tended to be singled
out because of social considerations that attach
to costs which directly affect the well-being of
individuals.
Almost since its inception, the Bureau of Labor
Statistics has been concerned with international
cost and labor expenditure comparisons.1 The
current revival of interest in cost—especially
labor cost—comparisons has stimulated the
Bureau to examine this area of statistical investi
gation anew. This has been a particularly
difficult field of work because of gaps in and lack
of comparability of basic data both within coun
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tries and internationally. It has also been a
controversial and contentious field in economic
analysis. The present article discusses the re
lationship of labor cost to foreign trade. A more
technical statement of the concepts and the
methodological problems involved in making in
ternational comparisons appears in the technical
note on pages 538-547 of this issue.
Causes of Trade Flows
In examining the relationship between labor cost
and foreign trade, the labor research worker is
struck by two sets of facts and the seeming
contradiction between them. First, total U.S.
exports and imports have both risen persistently
and strongly in the last decade, and the difference
between them, while it has fluctuated, has shown
no definite trend, averaging about $5 billion excess
of exports over imports per year. Second, hourly
labor cost in U.S. industry is much higher than
in any other country, frequently two to four times
that of the countries of northern Europe and even
higher in relation to Italy and Japan.
Many discussions of comparative costs tend to
elaborate on and analyze one of these two facts
almost to the exclusion of the other. Many inter
national trade economists argue that the nature of
international trade under private enterprise, with
relatively little government regulation, guarantees
that (1) any country’s surplus or deficit in foreign
trade will change sharply if its overall costs get far
out of line from those of its trading partners and
stays that way for long and (2) the absence of such
sharp changes means there has been no major
change in relative costs. Many industrial econo
mists, on the other hand, argue that American
wage rates cannot remain as far above those of
other countries as they now are because (1) foreign
countries are rapidly expanding and modernizing
their plant and equipment to increase productivity
in many lines and (2) import competition is having
a seriously depressing effect on domestic produc
tion in industry after industry in the United States.
♦Of the Division of Foreign Labor Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1
See, for example, Sixth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1890,
Cost of Production: Iron, Steel, Coal,, etc.; and Seventh Annual Report, 1891,
Cost of Production: The Textiles and Glass. These reports were concerned
chiefly with aggregate and unit costs of production, employee earnings,
“efficiency” of labor, and cost of living in the United States, but included
similar data from England and continental Europe, many of which were
compiled in detail directly from plant records.
485
486
It is not the purpose of the present article to
present a complete theory of international trade
including the economic theory of comparative cost
advantage, but some of the major determinants of
international trade must be listed in order to under
stand the relevance of labor cost and put this
paradox in perspective.
1. Much foreign trade flows because of physical
and climatic advantages. For example, Malaya
and Bolivia export tin, and the United States and
Egypt export cotton. While these physical and
climatic factors are reflected in labor and other
costs to varying degrees, and cost differences
influence the proportions of the supply coming
from different sources, labor cost is not usually a
key question in an analysis of this tj^pe of trade.
2. Much trade flows because of new product
development, superior design, wider choice con
cerning specifications, and better quality. When
the British developed and produced commercial
turboprop aircraft before the United States did,
they captured most of the export market for new
aircraft until U.S. producers caught up with their
designs. Again, labor cost is of limited significance.
3. Other diverse factors that can decisively
influence trade flows have little or no direct rela
tionship to producer’s cost. One group of factors
involves the effectiveness of marketing practices,
such as advertising, salesmanship, packaging,
promptness of delivery, servicing, and general
catering to the preferences and tastes of the foreign
consumer. Other factors include political atti
tudes between countries, preferential trade prac
tices, warranties, financing arrangements, language
differences, adequacy of instructions for use of
equipment, availability of parts, and maintenance
of a full line of related merchandise.
4. Finally, a considerable volume of trade in
manufactured goods flows primarily on the basis
of cost as reflected in price. For many commodi
ties, costs of international transportation and
tariffs are fairly low, and it may not require very
large cost differences to cause a considerable
volume of trade to flow. It is in these cases that
cost differences may be important.
Labor Cost and Total Cost
Labor cost is, of course, only a part of total cost.
From the point of view of the individual industry
or firm, materials cost, capital cost (both deprecia
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
tion and interest), taxes, and other costs are usually
greater, frequently much greater, in the aggregate
than labor cost. Most data on this point are frag
mentary. Comprehensive data are available for
some countries on labor cost as a proportion of
value added by manufacture (which excludes
materials cost but includes profits). Census of
manufactures data for three countries show that
labor cost is about one-half of value added for
most industries in the United States, somewhat
less than one-half for most industries in the United
Kingdom, and one-third or less for a majority of
the industries in Japan. Thus, nonlabor costs are
usually larger than labor cost.
From the point of view of the economy as a
whole, however, labor is the primary cost factor in
production. The relevant figure is compensation
of employees as a proportion of gross national pro
duct, which, in the manufacturing sector, was 68
percent for the United States in 1960. Thus, the
competitiveness of U.S. exports of manufactured
goods depends heavily on unit labor cost in manu
facturing and mining, but the competitiveness of
U.S. exports of, say, furniture does not depend so
heavily on unit labor cost in furniture factories.
Furniture exports also depend upon unit labor
cost in the industries which supply materials for
furniture manufacture (lumber, steel, hardware,
textiles, etc.) because these costs are reflected in
materials prices.
Hourly and Unit Labor Cost
The cost of labor, as of other factors of produc
tion, can be expressed per unit of input (e.g.,
hours worked) or per unit of output (e.g., tons of
steel produced). Hourly labor cost data are avail
able for some industries and can be roughly calcu
lated for many industries in many countries from
average hourly earnings and estimated supple
ments. These data are useful for a number of
purposes. International comparisons of wage
compensation systems and the relative importance
of supplementary benefits are one example. Em
ployers who are considering establishment of a
plant in a foreign country have an obvious interest
in hourly earnings and supplements.
Comparisons of hourly labor cost do not, how
ever, throw much light on cost differences in
foreign trade. It is unit labor cost plus other
unit costs, such as the cost of materials, power,
THE ROLE OF LABOR COST IN FOREIGN TRADE
487
transport, capital, and profit per unit, which add
up to the price of a product. The factor relating
these two costs is, of course, output per hour of
labor input, or labor productivity. It has often
been said that employers in one country can afford
to pay higher wages than those in another country
because of higher labor productivity. For exam
ple, if tobacco industry wages in the United States
are three times as high as in Great Britain but
U.S. output per man-hour is also three times as
high as Britain’s, the unit labor cost would be
the same in the two areas. In practice, this
dictum has to be modified if the higher labor
productivity is achieved by using relatively larger
amounts of the nonlabor items such as materials
and capital, since in this case, materials cost and
capital cost are substituted for labor cost.
Chart 1. Hourly Labor Cost and Gross National
Product per Capita, Selected Countries,1 1960
A V E R A G E H O U R L Y E A R N IN G S
1
'
$ 2 .5 0
2 .2 5
From an economic standpoint, there is no reason
to expect that the average level of hourly labor
cost in industry as a whole in different countries
should determine the amount or direction of flow
of international trade. Because the value of
exports and imports of goods and services must
be in equilibrium in the long run and different
countries have different currencies, the average
level of wages, together with the prices of the
other factors of production and the level of pro
ductivity, tends to determine international ex
change rates. That is, in the absence of strict
government controls on international transactions,
the various currencies of the world are exchanged
for each other at rates which tend to equate prices
and unit total costs for internationally traded
commodities and services. At these exchange
rates, each country tends to have a cost advantage
in producing and exporting enough goods and
services to pay for the imports it demands.
When average hourly earnings in all manufac
turing published by the different countries of the
world were converted to dollars at international
exchange rates, they ranged in 1961 from $2.32 an
hour for the United States and $1.11 for Sweden,
the highest European country, to less than 20
cents an hour for some of the nonindustrial coun
tries. This wide range reflects, in large part, the
2 A Compendium of Papers on United Slates Foreign Trade Policy (U.S.
Congress, House Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Foreign
Trade Policy, 84th Cong., 2d sess., 1957).
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In
II C
n „ IU . c
U
1
-
i
o
| s u p p l e m e n t a r y b e n e fit s p a i d
1 b y e m p lo y e r .
2 .0 0
'
•
o A v e r a g e h o u rly e a m n g s
o
1.75
A u stra l a
1 .5 0
•
j Sw eden
o
1 .2 5
t
U n it e d
1 .0 0
K in g d o m
G e r m a n y (F.R.) •
It a l y
F r a n c e ‘ « B e lg iu m
.7 5
•
4
.5 0
Japan
|
•
°
O
.2 5 -
0
N e t h e r la n d s f 1
1o
•
o
O
1
0
Labor Cost and GNP Per Capita
1
• A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a n i n g s p lu s
$250
500
__l_______ f
750
1 ,0 0 0
!
1,250
1
1,500
___ I_______ I_______ t_______ j_______ I_______
1 ,7 5 0
2 ,0 0 0
2 ,2 5 0
2 ,5 0 0 2 ,7 5 0 3 ,0 0 0
G R O S S N A T IO N A L P R O D U C T P ER C A P IT A
1 For Canada, Germany, and United States, average earnings are per hour
paid for; for other countries, per hour worked. D ata in national currency
converted to U.S. dollars at yearend quotation of commercial exchange rates.
Soubce: International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics,
April 1963; United Nations, Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, March 1963; and
Institut National Statistiques Études Économiques, Étude et Conjonctures,
May 1960.
wide range in overall labor productivity levels
among countries. One impressive if rather crude
way to show this is a scatter diagram of average
earnings in manufacturing and gross national
product per capita for different countries. This
was done for a congressional committee some
years ago.2 The diagram presented here as chart
1 shows a similar relationship for the year 1960.
Comparisons for Two Countries
Data on average earnings for the principal
manufacturing industries are published in some
form by all the leading industrial countries of the
free world. By contrast, unit labor cost and
labor productivity data are not generally published
on a systematic basis, partly because of the tech
nical complexities of relating hours of labor input
to the physical output produced. Because hourly
labor cost data are more generally available,
labor cost comparisons—even in relation to inter
national trade—are often made in terms of hourly
labor costs or even hourly earnings in lieu of unit
labor cost data. That this can be misleading
may be demonstrated by citing the differences in
wages, output, and unit labor cost between the
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
488
United States and the United Kingdom, as shown
in a study by the Organization for European
Economic Cooperation.3 This study shows that
in 1950 average wage cost (which apparently
corresponds in U.S. terminology to average annual
Chart 2.
earnings) in U.S. industries ranged from 2.6 to
4.8 times average U.K. wage cost, but because
3 Deborah Paige and Gottfried Bombach, A Comparison of National
Output and Productivity of the United Kingdom and the United States (Paris,
Organization for European Economic Cooperation, 1959).
Labor Cost and Output per Employee and Unit Labor Cost in Selected Industries, United
States and United Kingdom,1 1950
[Ratio of U.S. Level to U.K. Level]
INDUSTRY
Labor Cost and Output Per Employee
Unit Labor Cost
Shipbuilding and repairing
Cement
Outerwear and underwear
Woolen and worsted
Metalworking machinery
Footwear, excluding rubber
Iron and steel foundries
Tires and tubes
Generators, motors, transformers
Fruit and vegetable canning,
preserving
Cotton spinning, weaving
Steelworks, rolling mills
Pulp, paper, and board
Tobacco manufactures
Wire drawing
Basic industrial chemicals
Metal cans
Radio
Agricultural machinery, excluding
tractors
Blast furnaces
Automobiles, trucks, tractors
i Labor cost and unit labor cost for the United Kingdom converted to dollars at the official exchange rate of £1=$2.80. Original data were annual
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totals per employee, with supplements presumably excluded from labor cost,
gouEcE; paige ^ Bombach
cit> (text footnote 3) p . 64.
THE ROLE OF LABOR COST IN FOREIGN TRADE
U.S. output per worker ranged from 1.1 to 5.6
times U.K. output per worker, the unit labor cost
in the United States ranged from 0.7 to 2.9 times
that of the United Kingdom.4 (See chart 2.)
Thus U.S. wages were substantially higher than
U.K. wages in every industry for which data were
available, but unit labor cost was actually lower
in the United States in 6 out of 21 industries. As
an extreme example, U.S. employees in the metal
can industry received average earnings nearly
5 times the U.K. average; yet the labor produc
tivity difference was even greater, with U.S.
productivity amounting to 5.6 times the U.K. level.
As a result, unit labor cost in the U.S. industry
was 15 percent below the U.K. cost. If compari
sons between the United States and Italy or
Japan could be made quantitatively, the figures
would no doubt be equally or even more striking.
Thus, international differences in unit labor costs
(that is, differences from unity in the country-tocountry ratios) are usually far smaller than
differences in hourly labor costs and are sometimes
in the opposite direction.
Although both output per employee and aver
age wage cost in each industry were higher in the
United States than in the United Kingdom,
according to the OEEC study, there was much
greater variation among the labor productivity
differences than among the wage cost differences.
In output per employee, the extreme ratios were
5.6 for metal cans, as mentoned above, and 1.1 for
shipbuilding and repairing, a ratio of 5.1 to 1.
In wage cost per employee, the extreme ratios
were 4.8 for metal cans and 2.6 for tobacco manu
factures, a ratio of 1.8 to 1. Studies showing all
three measures—hourly labor cost, output per
man-hour, and unit labor cost—are not available
for other countries, but it is quite easy to make
some type of hourly wage cost comparison among
all industrial countries of the free world, and
this will now be done for a few leading countries
by a somewhat different approach.
Wage Hierarchy by Industry
Average hourly earnings in different manu
facturing industries show remarkably similar
4 These ratios were calculated for the year 1950 and may, of course, be
materially changed in recent years.
4 See, for example, Faith M. Williams and Edgar I. Eaton, “ Payments
for Labor and Foreign Trade,” American Economic Review, September 1959,
pp. 584-601.
683 3 5 4 — 63------- 2
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489
relative positions within the major industrial
countries. Chart 3 shows data for eight major
industry groups in three countries. The iron and
steel industry has the highest worker earnings and
apparel the lowest in each country, and the rank
order of the other industries is surprisingly uni
form, with the heavy industries high and the light
industries low. If the comparison is extended to
more countries and more detailed industry groups,
the uniformity in ranking is less in some cases,
but it is nevertheless striking.5
The economic and sociological reasons for this
uniform hierarchy of wages by industry are not
germane to the present discussion. The imporChart 3. Ranking and Range of Average Hourly
Earnings 1 in Eight Manufacturing Industries, Three
Countries, 1960
Percent of All Manufacturing Average
180
Iron and
Steel
160
140
120
Iron and
Steel
Nonferrous
Metals
Chemicals
100
Chemicals
Iron and
Steel
Paper
Nonferreus
Metals
Nonferrous
Metals
Paper
Che
- Paper —
Food
Furniture
Furniture
Food
Food
Textile
80 Textile
Apparel
Apparel
Furniture
Textile
60 Apparel
4o
UNITED
STATES
J t GERMANY1 ^•JAPAN- ^ ^
(F.R.)
i For the United States and Germany, average earnings per hour paid for;
for Japan, per hour worked.
Source: United States—Monthly Labor Review, table C -l, pp. 588-599 of
this issue; Germany—Federal Statistical Office, Statistische Jahrbuch, 1962,
p. 521, International Labor Office, Year Book of Labor Statistics, 1962, and
European Economic Community, Information Statistiques, No. 1/2, 1962;
Japan—Ministry of Labor, Year Book of Labor Statistics, 1960, pp. 80-115.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
490
tant thing to note is that international trade does
not exist primarily because wages in one industry
are low in X country while wages in another
industry are low in Y country; it exists in spite
of a rather high degree of uniformity in the
hierarchy of wages by industry in different
countries.
No such uniformity exists, however, in the
percentage range of wages among industries from
country to country. In Germany (Federal Re
public), the range of average earnings between
industries expressed as percentages of the all
industry average is considerably narrower, whereas
in Japan, it is much wider than in the United
States. In the United States, the average for the
highest paying industry (iron and steel) is 91
percent above the average for the lowest (apparel).
In Germany, this spread amounts to 74 percent,
whereas in Japan, it amounts to about 230 percent.
This difference in the spread of wages may con
tribute somewhat to an economic basis for inter
national trade, because it does tend to set up
comparative cost advantages, but this factor is of
only modest importance.
Intercountry Differences in Productivity
Data are not available at present to make a
study of intercountry differences in productivity
for each manufacturing industry group compa
rable to the study of wage hierarchy by industry.
The Paige-Bombach study,6 other fragmentary
results, and indirect evidence, however, suggest
strongly that these intercountry differences in
labor productivity, industry by industry, are far
greater than intercountry differences in hourly
labor cost. If so, they are a more important
cause of world trade flows in manufactured goods
than are differences in hourly labor cost.
The relative importance of differences in output
per man-hour and hourly labor cost in interna
tional unit labor cost comparisons is a matter of
considerable theoretical and practical importance.
As careful methodology is applied to the actual
6 See footnote 3.
7 Philip Arnow, Foreign Labor Information: Foreign Trade and Collective
Bargaining (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1960), and Hal B. Lary, Problems of
the United States as World Trader and Banker (Princeton, N.J., Princeton
University Press, 1963), table 12, pp. 67-68.
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measurement of unit labor cost, by industry, it
will be important to estimate labor input at the
same time, so that unit labor cost can be broken
down into hourly labor cost and output per man
hour.
Conclusion
Regardless of the relative variability and conse
quent relative importance of hourly labor cost
and labor productivity, it is clearly the ratio of
these two quantities, namely, unit labor cost,
which affects foreign trade flows. The types of
data now available on unit labor cost are reviewed
in the technical note on pages 538-547. At best,
existing data are fragments of what is needed.
Final statistical answers to the questions raised
at the beginning of this article must await the
compilation of more systematic data.
It is quite clear, however, that hourly labor cost
in the United States is much higher than in other
industrial countries. In some cases, this higher
hourly cost seems to be fully offset or more than
offset by higher productivity; while in other cases,
it is partly, though not fully, offset. In many of
the latter cases, U.S. prices are nevertheless com
petitive in world markets, in some cases reflecting
lower nonlabor costs or profit per unit of output.
It also seems to be true that labor productivity
in other industrial countries has risen more rap
idly than in the United States during the last
decade. Summary analysis shows that hourly
labor cost in most of these countries has also risen
more rapidly than in the United States.7 Unit
labor cost in this country seems not to have risen
more rapidly in this period than in the average
of the industrial countries with which the United
States competes in international trade.
These generalizations are significant, but on
such an important subject, greater precision and
far greater detail are needed. More and better
information on hourly labor cost and output per
man-hour can serve important purposes. For
purposes of international trade, however, the need
is for better quality data comparing unit labor
cost by industry in the United States and foreign
countries both in absolute terms and in the form
of time series.
Union Disciplinary Powers and Procedures
s N ote.
This is the last of four articles based on Disciplinary Powers
and Procedures in Union Constitutions (B L S Bulletin 1350), which will be
published in the spring of this year. The preceding articles, in the Feb
ruary, March, and April issues (pp. 125-132, 255-261, and 378-38If),
covered grounds for trial of members and local officers, trial powers and
procedures at the local level, and rights of the accused. The bulletin also
covers summary discipline, trials at the international level, and discipline of
international officers, as well as the topics discussed in the four articles.
E dito r
IV. Influence of the LMRDA on
Constitutional Discipline Provisions
D avid A. Swankin *
T o d e t e r m i n e what changes had taken place since
the signing of the Labor-Management Reporting
and Disclosure Act1 on September 14, 1959, the
present study included an analysis of the constitu
tions of 70 national and international unions which
held conventions between that date and late 1961.2
Of the 70 unions studied, 55, covering over 9
million members, had amended one or more of
their constitutional provisions relating to disci
plining officers or members.3 The remaining 15
had not amended their constitutions in this area.
In several of these constitutions, the disciplinary
provisions appeared to contain most, if not all, of
the safeguards and guarantees introduced by other
unions to conform to the requirements of the 1959
act.
The nature of the constitutional amendments
varied in both substance and degree. In some
cases, for example, the changes involved a sentence
or two clarifying existing procedural provisions;
in others, detailed substantive changes were
adopted. A general saving clause was added in
a few instances; for example, the Papermakers
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adopted the following provision at their 1960
convention:
In the event any provision of this constitution shall
hereafter be determined to be inconsistent with the provi
sions of title I or title IV of the Labor-Management
Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959, the International
Executive Board may thereupon cease giving effect to
such provisions and may adopt a substitute provision
pending action by the next regular or special convention
of the international union.
Except where an amendment, as in the foregoing
clause, specifically mentioned the Labor-Manage
ment Reporting and Disclosure Act, it cannot
be inferred that all amendments in discipline
•Of the Division of Industrial and Labor Relations, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
i 73 Stat. 519.
s The 70 unions were not the only ones among the 158 included in the
overall study that held constitutional conventions between the passage of
the LM RDA and the time of the survey. At least 45 additional unions
were known to have held conventions, but their constitutions were not
available at the time this analysis was completed.
The dates of the constitutions used in the analysis are given in an appendix
to BLS Bulletin 1350.
3 This study was limited to constitutions of national and international
unions. The act is also applicable to subordinate bodies and their constitu
tions and bylaws.
491
492
procedures were adopted directly as a result of
the act.4 This assumption is more strongly sup
ported in some cases than in others. For instance,
there is little reason to doubt that the act was
primarily, if not entirely, responsible for the
adoption by some unions of a 4-month exhaustionof-remedies provision. The cause and effect rela
tionship is less certain, however, with regard to an
amendment adding, for example, a requirement
that witnesses testify under oath.
Few generalizations can be drawn as to the
nature of the amendments. Changes relating to
grounds for discipline, due process, and removal
of officers were prevalent, but no specific issue
was predominant. It can be said with certainty,
however, that the act provided a strong stimulus
for unions to review the disciplinary provisions
of their constitutions, in some unions for the first
time in many years. The overall result has been
a trend toward more formalized union disciplinary
procedures within a framework of broad guarantees
and prohibitions.
Applicable Provisions of the Law
At least 14 provisions of the act directly or
indirectly relate to the disciplinary process as
conceived in this study. These are cited briefly
in this section.5
Section 201(a) requires every labor organization
to adopt a constitution and bylaws, and subsec
tions 5(H) and 5(1) of this section require these
organizations to file reports with the Secretary of
Labor indicating their disciplinary procedures.
Title I, entitled “Bill of Bights of Members of
Labor Organizations,’’ has five relevant sections.
The first, section 101(a)(1), assures each member
equal rights in participating in union affairs and
elections. Section 101(a)(2), the so-called “free
speech” provision, guaranteeing members the right
to participate in union meetings and express
views on candidates, may affect union constitu
tional provisions which make union loyalty viola
tions a ground for discipline. Section 101(a)(4),
in protecting the right to sue, bears directly upon
union constitutional provisions which call for the
suspension, expulsion, or fining of any member who
resorts to a civil court before exhausting the in
ternal remedies of the union. A fourth section,
101(a)(5), focuses directly on disciplinary pro
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
cedures and encompasses the entire due process
area. Any constitutional provision which violates
or is inconsistent with these requirements (as well
as with any of the title I requirements) is declared
inoperative under section 101(b).
Title IV, which deals with union elections,
contains five relevant sections. Electioneering
as a ground for discipline has been somewhat
circumscribed by section 401(c), which guarantees
members who are candidates for union office the
right to distribute campaign literature; assurances
regarding the right to vote and participate in
election campaigns are set forth in section 401(e).
Section 401(h), providing for the removal of
officers guilty of serious misconduct, by vote of the
membership in cases where the constitution and
bylaws of the union provide no adequate removal
procedure, will probably have its greatest impact
after the Secretary of Labor promulgates minimum
standards as to what constitutes adequate pro
cedures, as provided in section 401 (i).6 Section
402(a) applies a 3-month exhaustion-of-remedies
time limit to title IV, thereby affecting this aspect
of union due process provisions.
Title V, section 504 prohibits persons who are
or have been members of the Communist Party,
or who have been convicted of specified major
crimes, from holding union office for a 5-year
period.
Section 609 prohibits the disciplining of mem
bers for exercising any right to which they are
entitled under the act, and thereby serves as an
overall check on grounds for discipline under
4
In a number of cases, although the amendments did not refer to the act,
convention proceedings and statements in union newspapers or other union
periodicals left no doubt as to the reason for the change. For instance, the
amendments to the Machinists constitution were prefaced with the statement
that “these amendments represent changes in our constitution so as to con
form to the requirements of the Landrum-Griffin Act.” (See preamble to
the resolution containing constitutional amendments presented to the 25th
Convention, September 1960.)
It m ust be emphasized in this regard that union statements that amend
ments “are required by the act,” etc., do not necessarily reflect official Gov
ernment interpretation, executive or judicial, of the act’s requirements.
Recognition of the lack of official endorsement is implicit in some union
statements, as, for example, the following issued by the Marble, Slate, and
Stone Polishers:
“ . . . our General Executive Council . . . following review of the perti
nent sections of our constitution and upon advice of our attorney, have con
cluded that the changes, alterations, amendments, and deletions noted herein
will satisfy the requirements of the law with respect to our constitution.”
* For information on the intent and scope of the law’s provisions, see “ Sum
mary of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act,” Monthly
Labor Review, October 1959, pp. 1110-1113.
6
Proposed procedures for the removal of union officers were published by
the Secretary of Labor in the Federal Register, November 7, 1962.
UNION DISCIPLINARY POWERS AND PROCEDURES
union constitutions. Finally, section 610 makes
it a Federal crime to use force or violence, or the
threat thereof, to interfere with the exercise of
rights of members provided by the act.
Amendments to Union Constitutions
Protection of the Right to Sue. The “protection of
the right to sue” provision of the law, section
101(a)(4), seems to have had a clear effect upon
union constitutions. Fifteen of the constitutions
studied, covering more than 2 million members,
had changes designed to conform with this
provision.
One method was to enact an interpretation
clause, as in the case of the Laundry Workers
(Ind.):
These bylaws shall not be construed as requiring any
member . . . to exhaust his remedies for a period more than
4 months after the date of service of charges.
A second approach was to withhold sanctions
if internal remedies were pursued for a 4-month
period without a final decision. For example,
the constitution of the Granite Cutters, prior to
the 1959 law, contained the following provision:
No officer or member of the association or any local
branch shall resort to court proceedings of any description
in any matter pertaining to this organization, its local
branches, or its membership until all remedies provided
for within the international constitution and the local
branch laws have been fully exhausted.
Constitutional amendments in 1960 retained this
clause, but added the following proviso:
Provided that a member or officer shall not be subject
to any charges hereunder if he has exhausted his remedies
for a period not to exceed 4 months.
The indirect effect of the two provisions just
cited was to make final the decision taken at
whatever stage of the disciplinary procedure had
been completed within 4 months.
In a third type of provision, the level of final
decision was dealt with directly. The Lathers
constitution, for example, contained the following
provision before the 1959 act:
The appellate body, whether it be the general president
and/or the Executive Council and/or the convention of the
[international], shall have the power to affirm, reverse,
modify, or amend any decision or to render such a new
decision or penalty as it, the appellate body, believes to be
fair and just.
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493
Following enactment of the Labor-Management
Reporting and Disclosure Act, the Executive
Council issued the following rule regarding the
interpretation and application of the above
provision:
If an appeal has not or cannot be heard or acted upon
by the convention of the [international] within the 4month period referred to and described in title I, section
101(a)(4) of the Labor-Management Reporting and Dis
closure Act of 1959, then, if litigated by the member or
members involved, the decision of the appellate body
which last heard and decided the matter shall be considered
as the final appellate decision on the merits of the question
or matter involved.
Finally, some unions adopted a general savings
clause, as, for example, the Firemen and Oilers:
Consistent with existing law, no member shall appeal
to the civil courts for redress until after exhausting all
rights of appeal provided in this constitution.
Some unions that did not amend their consti
tutions in this area may have changed their
procedures by administrative action. The follow
ing excerpt from a letter to local unions of the
Marble Polishers, for example, outlined a new
policy for expediting appellate hearings.
. . . In order to comply with the intent of the law it shall
be our policy that, where appeals are taken timely and
within the provisions of our constitution, the general
president secretary-treasurer may, within his discretion,
call a special meeting of the General Executive Council
for the purpose of hearing or deciding any appeal within
prescribed statutory period. It will not be necessary,
therefore, to amend, change, or alter the present provisions
of our constitution. (Circular letter from general presi
dent to all local unions, dated Feb. 26, 1960.)
Right to a Fair Trial. A number of constitutional
amendments could be traced to the specific
requirements of subsections A, B, and C of section
101(a)(5). In some, amendments took the form
of incorporating the language of section 101(a)(5).
This was true of unions which already had ex
tensive hearing provisions, such as the Typog
raphers, as well as those which previously had few
details, such as the Cigar Makers.
Fifteen unions adopted amendments to their
constitutions that fell within the scope of the
101(a)(5)(A) requirement that members be fur
nished with written specific charges. Of these, 12
were concerned with the specificity of the charges
(at either the local or international level, or both).
494
Five of the 12, as well as 3 others, dealt with the
medium for notifying the accused.
Most of the 12 constitutional changes concerning
specificity of charges stiffened existing require
ments. For instance, the Street, Electric Railway
and Motor Coach Employes’ union made the
following changes in its constitution in late
September 1959:
When any charge or charges are preferred against any
member or members, such charge or charges shall be
in writing and shall be specific. [Italicized words added
by amendment.]
In other unions, the amendments were more
detailed. For example, in 1960 the Operating
Engineers made the following change:
All changes must be preferred in writing, signed by the
complainant and filed with the recording-corresponding
secretary. . . . charges shall be specific, stating clearly,
concisely and as accurately as possible the time, place,
nature, and circumstances of the offense alleged. [Italicized
words added by amendment.]
Section 101(a)(5)(A) requires not only “specific
charges,” but also that these charges be “served”
on the accused. Most of the unions making
changes in this area required that charges be
served in person or by registered mail. Formerly,
most of these constitutions either contained no
specific requirements for service or merely stated
that the accused must be “notified.” There were
varying interpretations between unions as to how
best to implement the “service” requirements of
the act. For instance, the Commercial Teleg
raphers constitution formerly provided:
When such charges are preferred against any member,
the president or general chairman of the division shall
within 10 days mail a copy of such charges to the accused
member.
However, in 1959, after passage of the act, the
requirement that a copy of the charges be mailed
was dropped, and the words “shall furnish the
accused with a copy of the charges” were substi
tuted. On the other hand, although the Boiler
makers constitution formerly allowed service
either by personal delivery or by registered or
certified mail, since 1961, the constitution pro
vides only for service by registered or certified
mail.
Eighteen unions adopted amendments which
reflected the 101(a)(5)(B) requirement that an
accused member be “given a reasonable time to
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
prepare his defense.” There was a difference of
opinion, however, as to what constituted a
reasonable time, as the following tabulation
indicates:
Unions
D ays1
1 ______
2 ______
5_______
1 ______
3 _____ _
5.
7.
10.
14.
15.
1 _______
20 .
2 ______
2________
1________
30.
“A reasonable time.”
“A reasonable time, but in no event less than
10 days.”
i Where different time limits were specified for the local and international
trial levels, the local level provision is given.
Eight of these constitutions already had desig
nated specific periods of time for the preparation
of the accused’s defense, and in each instance the
period was increased.
The two unions which specified “a reasonable
time” previously contained no reference on this
matter. On the other hand, two unions which
formerly specified “a reasonable time,” changed
their constitutions by specifying the number of
days. For example, the Commercial Telegraphers
formerly specified a “reasonable time, not to ex
ceed 30 days,” but since 1959, the constitution
provides that “30 days shall be allowed [the
accused] in which to furnish a defense.”
The third requirement in section 101(a)(5),
namely, that an accused be “ (C) afforded a full
and fair hearing,” was also reflected in conform
ing constitutional amendments. Thirteen unions
incorporated the term “full and fair hearing” into
their constitutions; 10 applicable to trials at the
local level, 1 at the international level, and 2 at
both trial levels. In some of these constitutions,
such as that of the Typographers, the full and fair
hearing requirement was superimposed on a num
ber of existing specific safeguards, such as the right
to introduce evidence, to testify, and to require
witnesses to testify under oath. On other consti
tutions, such as the Cigar Makers, there had been
few, if any, specific safeguards.
In 12 other unions, where the term “full and
fair hearing” was not incorporated, a variety of
hearing safeguards were added. For example, the
Allied Industrial Workers amended its constitu
tion by providing a number of due process guar
antees, namely, the right to introduce evidence,
UNION DISCIPLINARY POWERS AND PROCEDURES
to testify, to invite witnesses, and to cross-examine
witnesses.
Two of the unions adding a full and fair hearing
clause, as well as two others, also adopted specific
provisions to assure an impartial trial board. By
far the most detailed of these was that of the
Masters, Mates and Pilots, adopted in 1960, which
stipulated two sets of rules for the selection of a
trial body, depending on the presence or absence
of the accused.
Summary Discipline. In addition to the positive
requirements of section 101(a)(5), the overall
effect of the section, it would seem, is to prohibit
or sharply limit summary discipline of members
for reasons other than nonpayment of dues.7
Twenty of the constitutions studied were
amended to abolish some or all forms of summary
discipline. The Furniture Workers, Boilermakers,
and Railway Carmen abolished summary disci
pline entirely. The constitution of the Printing
Pressmen was amended to abolish summary dis
cipline of members for reasons other than non
payment of dues by the addition, in 1961, of the
following section :
Notwithstanding any other article or section of this
constitution, any provision thereof which provides for the
imposition against an individual member of any penalty,
forfeiture, suspension, expulsion, revocation, or any other
disciplinary action, is hereby amended to require the filing
and service of written charges against any member of a
subordinate union charged with a violation of any article
or section of this constitution and laws, except nonpayment
of dues, a reasonable opportunity for such member or
subordinate union to prepare a defense which is defined
as not less than 15 days following the service of said writ
ten charges and a hearing thereon before an impartial
trial board constituted in accordance with this constitu
tion and laws . . . .”
Other unions abolished summary discipline for
certain offenses. For instance, the Auto Workers
7
The legislative history indicates that the 101(a)(5) requirements are ap
plicable only to members, and not to officers, in the following language: “In
paragraph (5), relating to safeguards against improper disciplinary action, it
should be noted that the prohibition on suspension without observing cer
tain safeguards applies only to suspension of membership in the union;
does not refer to suspension of a member’s status as an officer in the union.”
(H.R. Rep. 1147, 86th Cong., 1st sess., 1959.)
Some observers have questioned whether this section prohibits all sum
mary discipline of members. For example, Edward Joseph Hickey, Jr., has
said: “ On its face, section 101(a)(5) of the act would prohibit summary ac
tion of any kind, but possible correlation of its provisions with the right of
a union under section 101(a)(2) not only to adopt reasonable rules as to a
member’s responsibility to his union as an institution but also to ‘enforce’
such rules, may save the provision in section 101(a)(5) from this unrealistic
application.” (See “The Bill of Rights of Union Members,” Georgetown
Law Journal, Winter 1959, p. 236.)
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495
and Masters, Mates and Pilots constitutions no
longer permit summary discipline for resort to
court, while those charged with dual unionism
may no longer be punished summarily under the
constitution of the Hotel and Restaurant Employ
ees. On the other hand, the Potters appeared to
have added summary discipline for resort to court,
by adopting the following amendment, effective
July 1, 1960:
Any member or members . . . attempting to, or actually
resorting to court action in an attempt to redress an actual,
or so-called grievance against any member . . . or an act
of the convention or any authorized agent or agents there
to, without first exhausting every possible effort to redress
the grievance under the . . . constitution, shall be consid
ered as a (sic) violation of the constitution [and dealt with
under appropriate laws of the International Brotherhood
of Potters] a n d s u s p e n d e d b y th e E x e c u tiv e B o a r d . [Brack
eted words deleted; italicized words added by amendment.]
A third group of unions, which included the
Clothing Workers, Communications Workers, and
Bricklayers, amended their constitutional provi
sions relating to summary discipline for nonpay
ment of dues to conform to the 1959 law. The
nature of these amendments was to limit summary
discipline strictly to the nonpayment of dues, as
against nonpayment of fines and assessments.
Thus, for example, the Communications Workers
in 1960 made the following change in its
constitution:
A member in default, without good cause, in the pay
ment of any installment of dues [or any fine or assessment]
for 60 days from the day such amount becomes due, shall
be automatically suspended . . . [Bracketed words deleted
by amendment.]
Some of the summary discipline amendments
provided protections beyond the requirements of
the 1959 law. For example, the Clothing Workers
not only limited their summary discipline provision
to nonpayment of dues or assessments, but also
further specified that even nonpayment of dues
would not result in summary discipline if the
member “is unemployed because of a plant shut
down, inability to obtain work, or illness.” The
chairman of the Committee on Law and Constitu
tion reported to the Clothing Workers 1960 con
vention that the foregoing amendment “affords
our members greater protection than that required
by law.” In other unions, protections that ap
peared to go beyond the requirements of the law
were in the form of deleting summary discipline
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
---------------------------------------------------------I------------------------
496
for officers.8 For example, in 1960, the Railroad
Trainmen amended the provision of its constitu
tion dealing with the duties of the international
president, as follows:
He shall n o t have power to suspend or remove any sub
ordinate lodge officer or c o m m itte e o r b o a r d m e m b e r e x c e p t
w h e n th e y a r e c h a rg e d w ith v io la tio n o f th e c o n s titu tio n o r o f
t h e i r o b lig a tio n a s a n officer, a n d n o t th e n u n t i l s a i d officer
o r c o m m itte e o r b o a r d m e m b e r s h a ll h a v e h a d a f a i r t r i a l i n
h is o w n lo d g e .
[Italicized words added by amendment.]
Although numerous other changes in discipline
provisions were made in union constitutions, they
followed no particular pattern. In 1960 consti
tutions, changes were noted that were obviously
the result of the 1959 law. For instance, in 1960,
the Operating Engineers adopted the following
amendment:
. . . Any . . . member publishing or circulating litera
ture of a defamatory nature i n v io la tio n o f h is r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
to w a r d
th e i n te r n a tio n a l u n io n o r a n y
o f its
s u b o r d in a te
. . . may be disciplined . . . .
[Italicized words added by amendment.]
b o d ie s a s a n
in s titu tio n
It will be noted that this new language “responsi
bility . . . toward the [organization] as an insti
tution’’ is drawn from the “free speech” provision
of the 1959 act, section 101(a) (2). The Marble,
Slate and Stone Polishers constitution was also
amended to conform to the free speech provision,
in the following manner:
No . . . officer . . . or member . . . shall send out or
publish any circulars, letters, writings, or printed matter
of any kind or give out any interviews for general distribu-
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\
tion, either privately or publicly, villify/ng or impugning
the honesty or character of any officer or member . . .
[without first submitting such circulars, letters, writings,
printed matter, or interviews to the General Executive
Council and securing its consent and approval thereto . . .]
[Bracketed words deleted by amendment.]
Other Changes. In some constitutions, amend
ments could not be explained by specific require
ments of the LMRDA. On a number of subjects,
moreover, the direction of the changes differed
among unions. For instance, with regard to
whether a decision is stayed pending an appeal,
seven unions adopted new provisions authorizing
the appeal body to stay the decision at its discre
tion, while three unions adopted provisions pro
hibiting a stay. To indicate the divergence further,
with regard to five constitutions that previously
had no provision concerning the status of an
accused during appeal, two adopted “no stay”
provisions, two adopted “automatic stay” pro
visions, and one adopted an “optional stay”
provision.
Lack of uniformity was also noted in other areas.
For instance, the Airline Dispatchers adopted a
provision requiring charges to be filed within a
year of the date of the alleged offense; the Sea
farers, on the other hand, dropped a provision
which called for charges to be filed within 90 days
from the date “the grievance arose.”
8 Section 101(a)(5) applies to members only. See footnote 7.
Special Labor Force Reports
E ditor’s N ote.— The following three articles are parts of a series of reports on
special labor force subjects. Other articles in the series have covered such
subjects as employment of high school graduates and dropouts, work experience
of the population, marital and family characteristics of workers, and pro
jections of the labor force. Reprints of all articles in the series, including in
most cases additional detailed tables and explanatory notes, are available
upon request to the Bureau or to any of its regional offices {listed on the inside
cover of this issue).
Labor Force and
Employment, 1960-62
J ane L. M eredith *
D evelopments in the labor force and em
ployment during the early 1960’s largely rep
resented a continuation of trends which have
characterized the entire period since World War
II. Adult women, many of whom choose to work
part time, continued to account for most of the
growth in the labor force, while the participation
of older men and teenagers in the work force was
still declining. The expanding service-producing
industries continued to absorb most of the labor
force growth among women, mainly by providing
a growing number of white-collar jobs.
Overall growth in the labor force slackened
somewhat in the fall of 1961 and continued to
increase rather slowly during 1962. The annual
average increase in the work force between 1961
and 1962 was 700,000. This was somewhat less
than expected on the basis of long-term trends,
but projections of the labor force provide an esti
mate of the general magnitude of long-term
growth rather than precise year-to-year changes.
The yearly gain from 1947 to 1960 had averaged
about 850,000 and an additional increase was
expected from the rapid expansion in the popula
tion reaching working age and further advances in
the participation of women.1 During the past 2
years, however, there have been indications that
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women in the middle-age groups were entering the
labor market in fewer numbers, and that whitecollar employment was not increasing as rapidly as
in earlier years.
These recent developments may not have much
long-range significance, since uneven year-to-year
change has been part of the pattern of labor force
expansion during the last 15 years, but they have
prompted increased interest in the labor force
and the problem of its growth. This article dis
cusses some aspects of growth and decline in
employment and in various sectors of the labor
force during the past few years.2
Sources of Labor Force Growth
LI
The postwar period has been marked by a
general decline in labor force participation among
boys and older men, together with the entry of
more adult women into the labor market. The
labor force has increased along with the increase
in population, but its growth during the past 15
years has not been at a steady pace. Wide
•Of the Division of Employment and Labor Force Analysis, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
1 For projections of the labor force to 1975 and an analysis of longrun develop
ments, see “Interim Revised Projections of U.S. Labor Force, 1965-75,”
Monthly Labor Review, October 1962, pp. 1089-1099, reprinted as Special
Labor Force Report No. 24.
s This article, unlike the three previous annual reports in this series, does
not include a comprehensive description of employment and unemployment
developments during the latest calendar year. An extensive discussion of
those developments was contained in the December 1962 Monthly Report on
the Labor Force and the January 1963 issue of Employment and Earnings.
Earlier reports were published in the following issues of the Review: M ay
1960, pp. 491-500; April 1961, pp. 344-354; and June 1962, pp. 621-634. W ith
additional tables, these were published, respectively, as Special Labor Force
Reports Nos. 4,14, and 23.
497
498
Chart 1. Annual Average Increases in the Total Labor
Force, 1947-62 1
i Changes adjusted to allow for introduction of 1950 population data in 1953’
inclusion of data for Alaska and Hawaii in 1960, and 1960 population data
in 1962.
year-to-year fluctuations in the rate of growth
have characterized the whole period. The average
annual increase from 1947 to 1962 amounted to
850,000, but over-the-year growth in the labor
force during 1955-56 averaged 1.5 million, and
in some years, e.g., 1954 and 1957, the yearly
increase was as little as 400,000 (chart 1).
The labor force has continued to grow at a very
uneven pace so far during the 1960’s. On the
basis of long-term trends, its expansion during
these years would have amounted to a little better
than 1 million a year, with the worker rates for
adult women continuing upward. The labor force
did register very large over-the-year increases in
early 1961; however, the data for both the first
quarter of 1960 and the first quarter of 1961 were
affected by an unusually large amount of sampling
variability. During the next few months of 1961,
over-the-year labor force growth (about a million)
was in line with long-range trends; however, from
the fourth quarter of 1961 through the second
quarter of 1962,3 it dropped to an average of only
400,000 above the level of a year earlier. A
pickup later in the year brought the average gain
for 1962 as a whole up to 700,000, compared with
an annual increase of over 1 million for 1961.
During the last 2 years, the general slowdown in
labor force growth reflected especially large drops
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
in worker rates for teenage boys and older men as
well as a slowdown in the reentry of adult women
into the labor market.4
Teenage Boys. Labor force participation of teen
age boys dropped sharply during the 1960-61
business downturn, from 47 percent in the spring
of 1960 to about 43 percent in early 1961 (seasonal
ly adjusted). The rate then leveled off and at the
close of 1962 was about the same as a year earlier.
(See chart 2.)
Throughout the postwar period, labor force
activity of these youngsters was related to the
general level of business activity more closely
than that of other groups. Although their worker
rate has been falling generally throughout the
postwar period, the downtrend was accentuated
during periods of declining business activity, as
in 1954, 1958, and 1960. Moreover, the 1960-61
recession affected teenage employment somewhat
more severely than did previous downturns.
Older Men. The decline in the worker rate for
men past 65 was also accentuated during 1961
and 1962. Although this was a period of relatively
high unemployment, the work status of older
men has not been too closely associated with the
state of the economy in the past. For example,
rapid declines occurred in prosperous periods,
such as 1951-52 and mid-1956 to mid-1957, and
again when business turned down in 1958. Worker
rates for men between 60 and 64 showed the
impact of the 1961 social security legislation,
which lowered the minimum retirement age from
65 to 62. The worker rate for these men dropped
s These comparisons take account of the downward effect of revised popula
tion data on labor force estimates. Figures for periods prior to April 1962
are not strictly comparable with current data because of the introduction of
1960 Census data into the estimation procedure. The change primarily
affected the labor force and employment totals, which were reduced by
about 200,000 each. The unemployment totals were virtually unchanged.
4 Groups whose labor force rates are changing are the ones most difficult to
measure in the short run. Adult women, teenagers, and older men typically
have the largest month-to-month fluctuations in worker rates. Such variable
and temporary factors as weather, holidays, and the timing of school openings
and closings may have a marked eflect on their rates in a particular month.
Response error is also more of a factor for these groups simply because their
work patterns are more variable. Gross change data suggest the magnitude
of the measurement problem. During their period of publication, they
showed that teenagers had a 20-percent labor force turnover rate (average of
entrants and withdrawals between one month and the next as percent of
level in the base period), while turnover among women and older men ap
proximated 8 to 10 percent.
Month-to-month changes are also difficult to interpret because of the large
absolute sampling error associated with so large an estimate. In addition,
the rotation group system used in the household survey produces certain
short-term variations which tend to cancel each other out over time, but
which complicate cyclical and other short-run analyses.
LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT, 1960-62
from 82 percent in mid-1961 to 80 percent by
the end of 1962.
Men 20 to S4- Years oj Age. Almost all men in
the prime working years—between 25 and 54—
are permanent members of the work force.
Worker rates for these men remained at 97 per
cent in 1962, as they have for the past 15 years
regardless of the level of economic activity. Both
financial responsibilities and social customs make
gainful employment the central activity for most
adult men; those who lose jobs during business
downturns typically look for other work rather
than leave the labor force. The small proportion
not in the work force are mainly those unable
to work because of long-term illness and seasonal
workers not looking for work during the off
season in their industry.
Worker rates for young men between 20 and
24 were just under 90 percent in 1962. Thenlabor force participation had declined during
the mid-1950’s, but has shown only small reduc
tions since 1958.
Adult Women. The projected increase in labor
force participation among adult women did not
materialize in 1962. Only those aged 55 to 64
showed an annual increase consistent with longrange trends. The participation rate for women
between 35 and 44 showed no significant change
for the year as a whole. Worker rates for women
45-54 also remained about the same; in earlier
years, there had been large increases in their
rates. Participation rates for women 65 and
over actually declined. These last two groups
combined accounted for about half the deficit
in the expected labor force expansion between
1961 and 1962.
Plowever, such interruptions in the upward
trend are not unprecedented. Worker rates for
women aged 25-44 have shown no marked up
trend since the 1955-56 period of exceptional
labor force growth. Studies of family formation
patterns indicate that the proportion of women
age 25 to 34 having young children is somewhat
larger than previously, so that little increase in
labor force activity can be expected in this
group for the next few years.
The deviation from trend among older women
is somewhat more difficult to interpret. Labor
force participation of women 45 to 54 years old
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499
has not increased materially since mid-1960,
fluctuating around the 56-percent mark. This
slowdown follows a 6-year period of rapid increase
Chart 2. Labor Force Participation Rates, by A g e
and Sex, 1947-62
[Seasonally Adjusted Quarterly Averages]
LABOR FORCE AS PERCENT OF TOTAL
NONINSTITUTIONAL POPULATION
-
M E N 25-54
-
.r i J
---- 1---- 1— -1---- 1---- 1---- 1— -i---- h
L
^ -*+■1-11 ■ *»—»>»j—
»■ ■H-----1
■! »!» 11-111111I1LUJ1.1.I.LII1II till 1111. 1«»■ ■ ■ »»»■ >»
________ ^ ____________M E N 5 5 -64
o
cm 111 ' 11 ' ' i M1 1
' 11 ! i ' ' ! 111 ! 1
11h
11 ! 111 ! 1 1 1 ! 111 ! , 11 ! 1 1 , ! , 1 1 1 , ,
500
Chart 3. Labor Force Participation Rates of Women
Born in Specified Decades, by A g e
i Not available.
Source: Decennial census levels 1920-60. D ata for 1920-50, as published
by Gertrude Bancroft in The American Labor Force: Its Growth and Changing
Composition (New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1958), table D—la, p. 207;
for 1960, Employment Status, Weeks Worked, and Year Last Worked: 1960
(U.S. Bureau of the Census), Supplementary Reports PC(Sl)-35.
(from 40 percent in 1954). However, a similar
interruption occurred during 1951-54, even though
business activity during the early 1950’s was
spurred by the Korean hostilities.
Women age 55-64—the only group that entered
the labor force in expected numbers between
1961 and 1962—have also experienced earlier
periods of little change in labor force activity
(e.g., 1950-51 and 1956-57). Virtually all of the
1962 gain came in the first half of the year, with
no further growth since the second quarter after
allowance for seasonal fluctuations.
Women over 65 increased their labor force
activity slightly through the early 1950’s, main
tained a worker rate of about 10 to 11 percent
through 1961, and then decreased their partici
pation slightly. This decline in their worker
rate (when no change had been expected for
this group) may be associated with retirement of
their husbands at somewhat earlier ages. Legis
lation enacted in mid-1961 which provided a 10
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
percent increase in social security benefits to
widows, as well as higher minimum benefits for
retired workers, may also be a factor. It is too
early to tell whether recent developments repre
sent a change in trend or a temporary plateau.
In summary, while worker rates for women have
risen markedly during the postwar period, the
amount of increase has fluctuated substantially
from year to year. Moreover, these fluctuations
have shown no consistent relationship with the
business cycle. In fact, during previous reces
sions, such as 1948-49 and 1957-58, women in
older age groups showed very substantial increases
in labor force participation. In addition, the
timing of these fluctuations has varied among dif
ferent age groups, suggesting that whatever factors
determine labor force status do not influence all
groups simultaneously or to the same extent.
Although the focus of this article is on short
term variations in labor force behavior, an attempt
was also made to determine whether any of the
long-term factors that influence women’s entry
into the labor market might be changing in the
1960’s. For this purpose, data were compiled on
the possible relationship between the extent of
women’s work activity in the early years of thenworking life and the extent of their labor force
participation in middle age. While this relation
ship may not have been an important determinant
of specific developments during 1960-62, the data
do suggest that the way in which potential labor
force members reacted to a change in the oppor
tunity to work at any given time was influenced
by the pattern of their earlier work activity.
The sharp labor force expansion during World
War II and the subsequent increase in labor force
activity among women is an example of the influ
ence of previous work experience on later labor
force participation. From 1940 to 1945, large
numbers of women were drawn into the labor force
who might never have worked at all had not their
plans for marriage and child-raising been post
poned by the war, or an unusually large number
of jobs at attractive wages become available. The
women who participated in the unusual labor mar
ket activity of the war years have had substan
tially higher rates of labor force participation
throughout the rest of their working lives than
their older sisters had shown at comparable ages.
Worker rates for women who were already 45 to
54 years old in 1940 were not very much higher
LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT, 1960-62
than those for the cohort 10 years older at com
parable ages; they remained under 25 percent
from decade to decade during their working lives
(chart 3). In contrast, women who were between
25 and 44 in 1940 made dramatic gains in their
labor force activity through their subsequent work
ing years. About 28 percent of those between 35
and 44 were in the work force in 1940; 33 percent
of these same women were members of the labor
force in 1950, when they were 45 to 54 years old.
These women whose children had already reached
school age when World War II began were able to
respond fairly quickly to increased labor demand
and to maintain their higher rate of labor force
activity in the immediate postwar years.
Worker rates for women between 25 and 34 in
1940 were already higher at the outset of thenworking lives than were those for older cohorts at
the same ages. However, World War II brought
delays in marriages and child-raising to this group
and their worker rate in 1950 remained about the
same as in 1940—35 percent. The sharp increase
in their worker rate was only postponed; it rose to
nearly 47 percent in 1960, when the cohort reached
ages 45 to 54.
The youngest labor force members (those under
25 in 1940) showed almost the same rate of work
activity (about 32 percent) at age 25 to 34 as their
older sisters had at that age, despite the fact that
a great many more of them were married. This
group experienced a more typical pattern of family
formation, and by the time they reached age 35 to
44 in 1960, their worker rate had risen to nearly 43
percent. In the future, the impetus toward rapid
increase produced by the wartime job market will
taper off. However, younger generations might
be expected to maintain the higher levels of labor
force activity reached by their predecessors.
Further increases will probably continue as a
result of greater activity afforded by the expanded
job market of the 1950’s and by future manpower
needs.
Demand for an Expanded Labor Force
While the increased availability of adult women
as a source of labor supply has been an important
aspect of the labor market picture in recent years,
a growing demand for their services has been an
equally significant factor. Employment oppor
tunities in white-collar and service jobs have
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501
expanded greatly since World War II. In addi
tion, part-time working arrangements, so impor
tant to women with families, have become a
common feature of the labor market. Voluntary
part-time jobs appeared to be increasing as usual
in the early 1960’s, with virtually all the employ
ment slowdown occurring among full-time workers.
The current demand picture complements the
slowdown in supply already noted.
White-Collar and Service Jobs. Growth in the
number of white-collar jobs—an outstanding
feature of the labor market for many years now—
tapered off in 1961 but picked up again during
1962.
Even though the trough of the 1960-61 business
downturn was reached in early 1961, employment
gains in white-collar jobs ran well behind the usual
rate of increase through early 1962 while the
economy as a whole was in a recovery phase. For
women workers, the slackening showed up in
each of the four major categories of white-collar
work—professional, managerial, clerical, and sales;
among men, the slowdown was more pronounced
in the groups holding clerical and sales jobs. In
the last half of 1962, job gains seemed to return
to normal in most categories, although sales jobs
continued to show no growth at all. Considering
the 1960-62 period as a whole, the slowdown in
white-collar job growth was no greater than
during previous business downturns, although
the timing may have been somewhat different.
Service-Producing Industries. Much of the ex
pansion in the labor force has been associated
with the long-term growth of service-producing
industries. It is the service-producing sector,
encompassing those industries which provide
both public and private services (including the
distribution of goods), which has provided most
of’the 11.5 million additional nonfarm jobs created
since 1947. Employment in service and finance
has grown by 3.7 million—a 55-percent increase
over the past 15 years. State and local govern
ment employment—up by 3.3 million—has nearly
doubled over the same period; the majority of
the expansion was in education, but a large part—
1.4 million—was in a variety of other services
demanded by growing communities. Trade em
ployment has expanded by 2.6 million over the
same period, a 30-percent increase.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
502
Goods-producing industries, on the other hand,
have dropped from 42 to 36 percent of nonfarm
payroll employment during the same 15 years, as
employment in mining, construction, and manu
facturing combined rose by only 1.6 million.
Just as labor force growth was relatively slow
during the second half of 1961 and most of 1962,
employment gains in the service-producing in
dustries which had been absorbing much of this
growth were also below normal in that period.
(See chart 4.) The number on finance and service
payrolls showed little change during the first half
of 1962, remaining around 10.4 million (season
ally adjusted), then picked up strongly in the
second half of the year, reaching 10.7 million by
December. The past year’s developments differ
somewhat from the 1957-59 cyclical pattern.
While that recession had slowed the expansion in
service employment temporarily, this dampening
effect had occurred during the downturn phase
of the cycle; further, in the recovery phase,
finance and service had provided more than their
share of the pickup in employment. This time,
growth continued from the prerecession peak in
May 1960 until the trough in February 1961,
then resumed in April and began to taper off in
December 1961.
After recovery from the 1958 recession, trade
employment advanced sharply but fell off slight
ly in the 1960 downturn and then continued
unchanged through 1961. Employment finally
picked up during the first half of 1962, rising
Chart 4. Seasonally Adjusted Employment in Nonagricultural Establishments, 1956-62
MILLIONS
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LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT, 1960-62
above the prerecession high to 11.6 million by
midyear (seasonally adjusted). No further gain
was registered during the remainder of the year
in trade employment.
Taken together, these developments add up to
a weakened demand for labor during parts of
1961 and 1962 in those industries which had been
absorbing most of the new workers moving into
the labor force. (Recovery in manufacturing
did not have much effect on labor force growth,
since factory hiring consisted for the most part
of unemployed workers laid off during the down
turn rather than new labor force entrants.)
While the slowdown in service-producing indus
tries, as in the case of white-collar jobs, was not
basically different from that following previous
postwar recessions except in the timing pattern,
it should be emphasized that employment growth
in service-producing industries must accelerate if
the labor force is to grow in line with long-term
trends and without rising unemployment.
Conclusion
Developments during 1961 and 1962 were not
inconsistent with previous year-to-year fluctua
tions in labor force growth during the postwar
period, nor do they conclusively indicate any
changes in longrun trends. Growth had not pro
ceeded at an even pace in earlier years; substantial
year-to-year fluctuations had been a major charac
teristic of the upward movement.
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503
In part, these fluctuations reveal the marked
flexibility of the labor force. Experience in the
past has shown that in unusual demand situations,
such as World War II and the capital goods boom
of 1955-56, people respond to expanding oppor
tunities by entering the labor force in unusually
large numbers. Since the demographic, techno
logical, and social factors which influence the
supply of labor change in a fairly gradual fashion,
the immediate response during those situations
indicates that it was the large number of attractive
job opportunities which brought these workers
into the active labor market. While the longrun
changes had given more people the option of
working outside the home, it was a favorable
demand situation which prompted them to exercise
their option.
It is much less certain, however, that the labor
force responds similarly to moderate changes in
economic activity. To some extent, the shortrun variations in the statistics are the result of
technical problems of enumeration, response, and
estimation. For this reason alone, changes in
the labor force and employment over a period
of 1 or 2 years cannot be taken as a reversal or
acceleration of longrun trends. In fact, such
fluctuations have been the rule rather than the
exception. Unfortunately, as with a great many
other economic time series, the emergence of
changing patterns is only apparent over a longer
period of time.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
504
Educational Attainment of
Workers, March 1962
D enis F. J ohnston*
T he past two decades have witnessed a sub
stantial upgrading of the educational level of
American workers. This improvement is in part a
reflection of the pervasive advance of educational
levels in the population as a whole, as indicated
by the growing proportions of young people in
school and the longer average duration of formal
schooling. As the more educated youth enter the
work force, replacing the less educated older
workers who have died or reached retirement age,
the educational level of the working population
grows apace.
Further impetus to this growth has been added
by the accelerating demand for workers in occupa
tions requiring more skills and training and the
appearance of many new occupational specialties
which require high degrees of training and educa
tion. The response of American workers to these
demands can be seen in the growing proportions
of those graduating from high school and those
completing 4 years of college or more.
This article analyzes recent trends in the
educational attainment of American workers, the
relation between education and occupation, and
the association of education with employment and
income. Recent changes in the Nation’s occupa
tional structure and their implications for the
levels of training and education which will be
required of the Nation’s work force in the future
are also summarized.1
Trends in Educational Attainment
Long-Term Increases. The educational attain
ment of workers in the civilian labor force has
steadily improved since 1940 for both men and
women and for every age group. The most recent
data for 1962 suggest that the trend toward higher
levels is continuing unabated. (See table 1.)
The outstanding development in educational
attainment since 1940 has been the rise of 70
percent in the proportion of workers completing
4 years of high school or more. The more pro
nounced increase among men workers should be
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
viewed in the light of the higher proportion of
women workers who were high school graduates
in 1940. (As brought out later, the educational
level of women in the labor force is higher than that
of all women since the likelihood of participation
in the labor force increases with education.)
Although the proportion of workers completing
4 years of college or more was still small in 1962,
it had nearly doubled since 1940—from 6 to 11
percent. Here again the rise was more rapid for
men than for women workers.
From 1940 to 1962, men between the ages of
35 and 44 have made the most impressive gains
in educational attainment among persons in the
labor force. Both the proportions with at least
4 years of high school or more and 4 years or more
of college more than doubled. The younger of
the World War II veterans would now be in this
age group, but the operation of factors other than
the “G.I. Bill” in the upgrading of educational
levels is suggested by the substantial gains made
by men in other age groups.
The more modest increase in the educational
level of women workers since 1940 is associated
with the rapid growth of the number of women in
the work force. The labor market in 1940 was
more selective of better educated women than at
present, when substantial numbers of less-educated
women are also finding employment. Since 1940,
the rise in the proportion completing 4 years of
high school or more (an increase of 38 percent)
has been about half that of the men, but the pro
portion completing high school was still greater
than that of the men—61 percent versus 52 per
cent. The greatest increase among women work
ers completing 4 years of college or more was
found in the group 18 to 34 years old—from 6 to
10 percent. On the whole, the proportion of male
workers with college or graduate professional
*Of the Division of Employment and Labor Force Analysis, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
l This article is based on information from supplementary questions in the
March 1962 monthly survey of the labor force, conducted for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census through its Current Population
Survey. The data pertain to the civilian noninstitutional population,
including Alaska and Hawaii, and relate to the week of March 11 through 17.
Data for 1959 and earlier exclude Alaska and Hawaii.
The last similar survey, covering March 1959, appeared in the February
1960 issue of the Monthly Labor Review, pp. 113-122, and was published as
Special Labor Force Report No. 1. The results of earlier surveys on this
subject have been published in the Bureau of the Census Current Population
Reports, Series P-50, Nos. 14,49, and 78. D ata on the educational attainment of
the population in 1959 and 1962 are presented in Current Population Reports,
Series P-20, Nos. 99 and 121, respectively.
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF WORKERS, MARCH 1962
degrees has increased twice as rapidly as the
corresponding proportion among women workers
during the past 22 years.
Married Women. Recent trends in the employ
ment of married women with different amounts
of formal schooling suggest that further increases
in the educational level of women workers are in
prospect. Data for 1959 and 1962 on the labor
force participation rates of married women with
husband present, by years of school completed,
indicate a growing tendency for the more educated
women to enter the labor force while the pro
portion of the less-educated women in the labor
force remains nearly constant:
Labor force participation rates
of married women, husband present
18 to Si. years
Years of school completed
Elementary:
Under 5 years ____________
5 to 7 years...............................
8 years.................. ................. .
High school:
1 to 3 years________________
4 years............... . ................... .
College:
1 to 3 years.................................
4 years or more..........................
1959
1969
S5 years and over
1959
1962
22.3
24.1
25.0
21.7
22.5
24.1
17.5
24.6
28.4
20.1
26.0
27.6
26.7
30.8
28.0
30.4
33.5
35.8
34.6
38.4
29.3
36.9
30.9
44.6
34.3
46.0
36.9
52.3
Furthermore, in both years, the rates of labor
force participation rose with an increase in level
of education and were over twice as high for
women college graduates than for women with
less than 5 years of schooling. This relationship
holds among both younger and older married
women, indicating that the association between
education and labor force participation can be
found among married women of all ages.
Young Adult Population. The younger adult
population (persons 25 to 29 years old, both in
and out of the labor force) shows most clearly
the effects of recent trends toward longer school
ing. At the present time, nearly all persons in
this age group have completed their formal
schooling; they would be likely to have attained
higher levels of education, on the average, than
older groups in the population. In March 1962,
4 years of high school or more had been completed
by 69 percent of the whites in this age group and
1 year of college or more by 27 percent (table 2).
In 1940, the corresponding percentages were 41
and 14. The more rapid rise in the educational
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505
T able 1. E ducational A ttainment
Labor F orce 18 to 64 Y ears Old,
Selected Y ears, 1940-62
of the Civilian
by A ge and Sex ,
Percent completing 4
years of high school
or more
Percent completing 4
years of college or more
Both
sexes
Male
Fe
male
Both
sexes
18 to 64 years:
March 1962..............
March 1959..............
March 1957_______
October 1952______
April 1940________
54.9
50.9
48.5
44.5
32.0
51.9
47.8
45.3
41.2
27.8
60.6
57.0
55.0
51.4
44.0
18 to 34 years:
March 1962_______
March 1959............
October 1952............
April 1940................
66.1
61.9
55.8
40.5
63.0
58.3
51.5
35.5
35 to 44 years:
March 1962_______
March 1959_______
October 1952............
April 1940............. .
57.4
53.6
46.0
27.3
45 to 64 years:
March 1962_______
March 1959.______
October 1952............
April 1940...............
42.6
38.0
30.5
21.6
Age group and year
Male
Female
9.7
9.2
8.1
5.7
11.9
10.5
9.6
8.3
5.4
9.7
8.2
8.4
7.7
6.6
72.0
69.2
63.8
51.3
11.7
10.2
8.1
5.4
12.8
11.5
8.7
5.2
9.5
7.4
7.1
5.9
55.4
52.0
44.4
24.6
61.4
57.0
49.4
36.3
12.7
10.4
8.8
6.7
14.4
11.4
9.0
6.4
9.5
8.5
8.4
39.1
34.5
28.2
19.5
49.2
44.9
36.0
30.8
9.6
8.9
7.5
9.3
8.9
7.3
5.1
10.0
8.8
8.0
i l i
5.5
7.9
7.2
level of the male population during this period
parallels that of the male workers. By 1962, the
percent of white men completing a minimum of 4
years of high school was the same as that of
women, closing a gap of 4 percentage points that
existed in 1940 for this age group. At the higher
educational levels (1 year of college or more), the
men increased their lead over the women by a
substantial margin. By 1962, 33 percent of the
men and 22 percent of the women had completed
at least 1 year of college.
Since 1940, the upgrading of the educational
levels of the nonwhite population 25 to 29 years
old has been even more striking. Both propor
tions obtaining a high school education and com
pleting 1 year of college or more have at least
tripled. Among non whites as among all persons,
the men have shown greater advances in educa
tional level than the women.
Despite these substantial increases, the educa
tional level in 1962 of non whites 25 to 29 years
old was still considerably below that of the whites
in this age group. The difference between white
and nonwhite males in the proportion completing
4 years of high school or more was still substantial
in 1962—about 30 percentage points. For women,
the difference was somewhat smaller in 1962.
Furthermore, although the proportion of non
whites completing 1 year of college or more
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
506
had risen much more rapidly than among the
white population, the proportion of nonwhites
with that amount of schooling was still below the
level reached by whites in 1940 (14 percent).
T a b l e 3. M e d ia n Y ea r s op S chool C om pleted by the
P o pula tio n 18 Y e a r s O ld a nd O v e r , b y E m ploym ent
S t a tus and S e x , S elec ted Y e a r s , 195 2 -6 2
Year and Sex
The Labor Force. The close association between
the rising educational level of the adult population
as a whole and that of the civilian labor force can
be seen in the rise in median years of school com
pleted (table 3). Since October 1952, the median
years of school completed by the civilian popu
lation 18 years old and over has increased 1.3
years, while the corresponding increase for both
the total and the employed civilian labor force
has been 1.2 years. The gains in educational
level have been much smaller among adults not in
the labor force (up 0.7 years) and among the
unemployed (up 0.5 years).
It is clear that the upgrading in the educational
levels of the American work force has been con
centrated among the males during the past decade.
In 1952, the median years of school completed by
women workers was 12.0, as compared with 10.4
for the men. By 1962, these medians had risen
to 12.2 and 12.0, respectively. This development
is discussed in further detail later, where these
educational advances are analyzed by major occu
pation group for each sex separately.
The difference between employed and unem
ployed persons in regard to educational attainment
has remained fairly constant since 19 57 (table 4).
T able 2.
E ducational Attainment op the P opula
tion 25 to 29 Y ears Old, by Color and Sex , Selected
Y ears, 1 940-62
Year and color
Percent completing 4
years of high school or
more
Percent completing 1
year of college or more
Both
sexes
Both
sexes
Male
Fe
male
Male
Fe
male
W hite
March 1962__________
March 1959....................
March 1957______ ____
April 1950___________
April 1940___________
69.3
66.6
63.4
55.2
40.9
69.3
65.9
60.9
52.6
38.6
69.4
67.2
65.8
57.7
43.1
27.1
23.6
21.9
18.8
14.1
32.9
29.0
26.5
21.6
14.7
21.7
18.4
17.6
16.0
13.5
41.6
39.1
30.5
22.9
12.1
38.9
40.0
25.8
20.4
10.4
43.8
38.2
34.7
24.9
13.6
12.9
11.7
9.3
7.5
4.3
15.3
13.3
8.5
7.3
10.9
10.2
10.1
7.7
4.8
N onwhite
March 1962........-...........
March 1959..................March 1957_____ _____
April 1950........... ...........
April 1940........ ............. .
3.7
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census: U.S. Census of Population, 1950,
Characteristics of the Population, United States Summary, Vol. II, P t. 1, table
115 for 1940 and 1950 data; Current Population Reports, Series P-20, Nos.
77, 99, and 121 for 1957, 1959, and 1962 data, respectively.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Population
Labor Force
Total
Em
ployed
Unem
ployed
Not in
labor
force
B oth Sexes
March 1962........
March 1959______
March 1957...........
October 1952..........
11.9
11.4
11.0
10.6
12.1
12.0
11.6
10.9
12.1
12.0
11.7
10.9
10.6
9.9
9.4
10.1
10.7
10.5
10.2
10.0
11.6
11.1
10.7
10.1
12.0
11.5
11.1
10.4
12.1
11.7
11.2
10.4
10.0
9.5
8.9
8.8
8.7
8.5
8. 5
8 5
12.0
11.7
11.4
11.0
12.2
12.2
12.1
12.0
12.3
12.2
12.1
12.0
11.5
10.7
10.4
11.5
11.2
10.9
10.7
10.4
M ale
March 1962______
March 1959........
March 1957............
October 1952------F emale
March 1962............
Marsh 1959........
March 1957______
October 1952 ____
In March 1957, 52 percent of the employed and
71 percent of the unemployed (both sexes com
bined) had not completed a high school educa
tion—a difference of 19 percentage points. The
corresponding difference was 20 percentage points
in March 1959 and 18 percentage points in March
1962. The upgrading of educational levels among
both the employed and the unemployed has been
noteworthy during this period. The proportion
of the employed workers completing 4 years of
high school or more rose from 48 percent in 1957
to 55 percent in 1962. Among the unemployed,
the rise was from 29 to 37 percent in the same
period.
Among men, the trends in educational attain
ment of the employed and unemployed were
substantially similar. The proportion of the
employed with less than 4 years of high school
declined from 55 to 48 percent from 1957 to 1962,
while that of the unemployed fell from 74 to 67
percent—with the gap between the two groups
remaining nearly constant. Women workers pre
sent a somewhat different picture in this respect.
The proportion of employed women with less than
4 years of high school declined from 45 percent in
1957 to 40 percent in 1962, while the corresponding
proportion among the unemployed dropped more
sharply, from 64 to 54 percent.
On the basis of these findings, there is no evi
dence that unemployment was more heavily con
centrated among the less educated in 1962 than in
1957. Although both the employed and the
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF WORKERS, MARCH 1962
unemployed experienced considerable educational
improvement during that period, the difference in
educational level between the two groups remained
as large.
Education and Occupation
During the past decade, both the demand for
workers in different occupations (reflecting tech
nological and economic developments) and the
general upgrading of educational levels have
exerted a profound impact upon the occupational
distribution of the work force (table 5).
Among workers of both sexes, the largest decline
between 1952 and 1962 has been in the proportion
of workers employed in farm occupations, while
the largest gain has been in the proportion working
in the service and professional-technical occupa
tions. Broadly speaking, the proportion of work
ers in manual, farm, and service occupations has
declined, while the proportion employed in whitecollar work has increased. In 1952, less than 40
percent of the workers were employed in whitecollar occupations; by 1962, this proportion had
risen to 46 percent.
Changes in the occupational distribution of
working men since 1952 are similar to those for all
workers. The proportion of white-collar workers
rose from 33 to 40 percent, with the steepest rise
occurring in the professional and technical occu
pations. Among the blue-collar occupations, only
the service workers showed a proportional increase
in this 10-year period. The occupational dis
tribution of working men who have not completed
high school has been remarkably stable since 1952,
with the exception of the pronounced decline in
the number of farm workers. The proportion of
working men with 4 years of high school or more
has substantially increased since 1952, and from
this group has come the bulk of the movement
into the professional and managerial occupations.
Among women workers, the proportions
employed in professional-technical, clerical, and
service occupations have risen noticeably since
1952, while the proportions working as operatives
and in farm employment have dropped sharply.
The rise in service and clerical workers extends
through every educational level except for college
graduates, who show a substantially greater con
centration in professional and technical occupa
tions in 1962. The decline in the proportions of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
507
women working as operatives is concentrated
among those with 8 to 15 years of schooling.
The average educational attainment of workers
improved for most occupation groups during
1952-62 (table 6). The most substantial gains
occurred among persons employed in manual and
service occupations, while the educational level of
workers in white-collar occupations remained
high or edged upward slightly. Thus, the educa
tional levels of workers in occupations characterT able
4. E d uc a t io n a l A t t a in m e n t of E m ployed
a n d U nem plo yed P e r so n s 18 Y e a r s O ld a n d O v e r ,
b y S e x , M arch 1957, 1959, a n d 1962
[Percent distribution]
Years of school completed
and sex
March 1957
March 1959
March 1962
Em- Unem- Em- Unem- Em- Unemployed ployed ployed ployed ployed ployed
B oth Sexes
Total:
N um ber (th o u
sands)...............
Percent................
60,897
100.0
2, 595
100.0
60,801
100.0
4,014
100.0
63, 939
100.0
4,049
100.0
Less’than 4 years of high
school_______________
Elementary school:
52.0
70.8
49.1
68.7
45.3
63.0
6.0
10.9
16.0
19.1
11.7
16.3
18.6
24.2
5.1
9.8
14.8
19.4
8.5
16.1
17.0
27.1
4.4
8.9
13.1
18.9
7.5
12.7
16.0
26.8
48.1
29.9
29.2
21.5
51.0
31.2
31.2
23.8
54.8
32.4
37.1
27.7
8.7
9.5
6.1
1.6
9.6
10.2
5.2
2.2
10.9
11.5
6.7
2.7
41,328
100.0
1,755
1Ó0.0
40,839
100.0
2,725
100.0
42,332
100.0
2, 679
100.0
55.1
73.7
52.1
71.5
48.0
67.2
6.8
11.8
17.1
19.4
14.0
18.5
18.4
22.8
5.9
10.7
15.7
19.8
9.7
17.2
18.5
26.1
5.1
9.8
13.9
19.2
9.4
14.3
17.8
25.7
44.8
26.5
26.3
19.3
47.9
27.5
28.4
21.2
52.0
29.1
32.7
22.9
8.4
9.9
5.6
1.4
9.4
11.0
4.8
2.4
10.6
12.3
7.0
2.8
19, 569
100.0
840
100.0
19,962
1Ó0.0
1,289
100.0
21, 607
100.0
1,370
100.0
45.2
64.5
42.9
63.0
39.7
54.5
4.2
8.9
13.6
18.5
6.9
11.6
18.9
27.1
3.4
8.2
12.9
18.4
6.0
13.8
13.8
29.4
3.0
7.2
11.4
18.1
3.8
9.4
12.3
29.0
54.8
37.0
35.4
26.1
57.2
38.7
37.0
29.2
60.3
38.8
45.5
37.1
9.3
8.5
7.3
2.0
10.0
8.5
6.1
1.7
11.5
10.0
6.0
2.4
5 to 7 years.
8 years____
4 years of high school or
more________________
High school: 4 years...
College:
1 to 3 years..
4 years or more___
M ale
Total:
N um ber (thou
sands)________
Percent________
Less than 4 years of high
school........... .................
Elementary school:
Less than 5 years 1.
5 to 7 years. .
8 years_____
4 Years of high school or
more_________ ______
High school: 4 years...
College:
1 to 3 years..
4 years or more___
F emale
Total:
N um ber (thou
sands)___ ____
Percent________
Less than 4 years of high
school:............................
Elementary school:
Less than 5 years *.
5 to 7 years. .
8 years_____
High school: 1 to 3 years.
4 years of high school or
more_________________
High school: 4 y ears...
College:
1 to 3 years______
4 years or more___
1 Includes persons reporting no school years completed.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
508
ized by lower educational requisites moved
upward faster than those of workers in occupations
requiring more formal education.
These gains are especially significant in relation
to current and anticipated future changes in the
T a b l e 5.
O c cupation D ist r ib u t io n
op
and
occupational composition of the Nation’s labor
force. In March 1962, the five occupation groups
with the lowest educational attainment levels
were as follows: farm laborers and foremen, 8.5
years of school completed; private household
E m ployed P e r so n s 18 Y e a r s O ld a n d O v e r ,
S e x , O ctober 1952 a n d M arch 1962 1
by
E d uc a t io na l A t t a in m e n t
Percent distribution by occupation group
Total
Laborers,
Crafts Opera except
men and tives farm and
mine
foremen
Service
workers,
Farm
occupa including
private
tions 2
household
Per
cent
Profes
sional and
technical
workers
Managers,
officials, and
proprietors,
except farm
Clerical
workers
Sales
workers
58,910
63,939
100.0
100.0
8.9
12.8
10.5
11.8
13.4
15.6
5.8
6.1
15.1
12.9
21.0
17.6
5.4
4.6
10.0
6.4
9.9
12.3
11,612
8,494
100.0
100.0
0.3
1.0
5.1
5.9
1.9
2.8
1.9
2.3
13.3
13.8
27.9
26.8
12.2
11.6
21.9
15.9
15.5
20.0
21,706
20,426
100.0
100.0
1.5
2.3
9.1
9.9
7.8
9.2
4.8
5.0
19.8
17.1
28.6
26.2
6.1
6.0
10.4
7.8
11.9
16.5
15,876
20,688
100.0
100.0
5.2
6.7
13.0
12.4
26.3
27.3
8.5
7.5
15.2
13.7
16.0
14.8
2.8
3.0
5.7
4.2
7.3
10.4
4,950
6,981
100.0
100.0
22.3
21.7
16.5
18.5
22.8
23.1
9.9
9.4
10.3
8.4
7.7
6.8
.9
1.5
4.3
3.0
5.3
7.6
4,766
7,350
100.0
100.0
60.2
63.9
14.6
16.2
10.7
7.9
5.8
6.2
2.5
1.8
1.7
1.3
.7
.3
1.7
.8
2.1
1. 6
40,454
42,332
100.0
100.0
8.2
12.1
12.9
15.1
6.4
7.3
5.1
5.5
21.2
18.8
20.4
19.3
7.7
6.7
12.5
8.4
5.6
6.7
8,760
6,301
100.0
100.0
0.3
.9
6.0
6.6
1.8
2.3
1.7
1.6
17.6
18.3
25.4
25.8
15.3
15.3
23.6
19.3
9 .8
15,469
14,032
100.0
100.0
1.6
2.1
10.8
12.3
4.9
5.2
3.4
3.1
26.6
23.9
25.9
27.1
8.2
8.4
12.7
9.6
6.0
8.4
9,614
12,308
100.0
100.0
5.4
6.9
18.0
17.1
9.9
11.0
8.2
7.3
24.0
22.3
17.3
18.4
4.5
4.8
8.1
6.1
4.7
6.1
3,299
4,498
100.0
100.0
19.1
18.3
20.9
24.0
14.3
13.4
11.7
10.7
14.8
12.9
8.1
8.9
1.6
2.2
5.9
4.0
3.7
6.6
3,315
5,193
100.0
100.0
56.9
59.4
19.0
21.1
7.0
5.2
6.8
8.1
3.7
2.4
2.0
1.4
1.0
.4
2.3
1.0
1.4
1.0
18,456
21,607
100.0
100.0
10.1
14.1
5.7
5.3
27.4
31.7
7.3
7.2
1.4
1.2
20.4
14.3
.6
.5
6.7
2. 5
20.4
23.2
2,852
2,193
100.0
100.0
0.1
1.2
3.0
3.8
2.0
4.2
3 .3
0.8
.9
28.2
29.4
1.2
1.0
21.8
4.3
5.9
39.5
49.2
6,237
6,394
100.0
100.0
1.3
2.8
5.9
4.6
14.8
17.9
8.6
9.4
1.9
2.1
32.2
24.1
.9
.7
7.1
3.9
27.3
34. 5
6,262
8,380
100.0
100.0
5.1
6.4
6.2
5.5
50.6
51.2
9.0
7.7
1.6
13.4
9.6
.2
•4
2.0
1 .5
11.9
16.7
1,651
2,483
100.0
100.0
29.1
28.0
8.6
8.4
38.8
40.7
5.9
7.0
.7
6.2
3.1
2.2
.3
.3
1.1
8.5
11.0
1,451
2,157
100.0
100.0
67.2
74.6
4.6
4.5
18.2
14.4
3.2
1.6
.4
1.0
1.2
.4
4.2
3.1
Years of school completed, sex, and year Number
(thou
sands)
Both Sexes
Total employed:
October 1952___________________
March 1962........................................
Years of school completed:
E le m e n ta ry —less th a n 8 years:
O eto h er 1952
....
March 1962_______ __________
8 years elementary to 3 years high
school:
October 1952_________ ______
March 1962._____ _____ _____
High school—4 years:
October 1952________________
March 1962_________________
College—1 to 3 years:
October 1952..... ...........................
March 1962_________________
College—4 years or more:
October 1952................. ..............
March 1962............... ................
M ale
Total employed:
O eto h er 1052
March 1962____________________
Years of school completed:
Elementary—less than 8 years:
October 1952________________
March 1962___________ _____
8 years elementary to 3 years high
school:
October 1952...............................
March 1962_________________
High school—4 years:
October 1952.
March 1962......... ............. ...........
College—1 to 3 years:
October 1952________________
March 1962_________________
College—4 years or more:
October 1952________________
March 1962...................................
8.2
F emale
Total employed:
October 1952_________ _________
March 1962____________________
Years of school completed:
Elementary—less than 8 years:
October 1952________________
March 1962.____ ___________
8 years elementary to 3 years high
school:
October 1952________________
March 1962.___ _____ ______
High school—4 years:
October 1952________________
March 1962.______ __________
College—1 to 3 years:
O rto h p r 1Qfi2
March 1962_____ _____ _____
College—4 years or more:
March 1962_________________
i Data for 1952 include only persons 18 years old and over reporting school
years completed; in 1962, data for persons not reporting years of school completed were allocated according to the pattern for individuals reporting
this item.
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1.0
.1
1.2
1 Includes farmers and managers, laborers, and foremen on farms,
NoTE. Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal
totals
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF WORKERS, MARCH 1962
T a b l e 6.
M e d ia n Y e a r s
op
509
S chool C om pleted b y E m ployed P e r so n s 18 Y e a r s O ld
O ccupation G r o u p a nd S e x , 1 952-62
Both Sexes
Major Occupation Groups
October
1952
and
Male
March March March
1957
1959
1962
October
1952
Ov e r ,
by
M ajor
Female
March March M arch
1957
1959
1962
October
1952
March March M arch
1957
1959
1962
All occupation groups............................................
10.9
11.7
12.0
12.1
10.4
11.2
11.7
12.1
12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
Professional and managerial workers__________ ___
Professional, technical, and kindred workers____
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm-.
Farmers and farm managers, laborers, and foremen....
Farmers and farm managers__________________
Farm laborers and foremen............... .......................
Clerical and sales workers............ ............................ .
Clerical and kindred w orkers................................
Sales workers......................................................... .
Craftsmen, operatives, and laborers, except farm and
m in e........................................................................ ......
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers.............
Operatives and kindred workers..............................
Laborers, except farm and mine___ _____ _____
Service workers, including private household_______
Private household workers........................ ..............
Other service workers......................... ........ .............
12.9
16+
12.2
8.3
8.5
7.5
12.4
12.5
12.3
13.2
16+
12.4
8.5
8.6
8.2
12.4
12.5
12.4
13.5
16.2
12.4
8.6
8.7
8.3
12.5
12.5
12.4
13.9
16.2
12.5
8.7
8.8
8.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.8
16+
12.2
8.4
8.5
7.2
12.4
12.4
12.5
12.9
16+
12.4
8.4
8.6
7.4
12.5
12.4
12.5
13.2
16.4
12.4
8.6
8.7
7.7
12.5
12.5
12.6
13.5
16.4
12.5
8.7
8.8
8.3
12.6
12.5
12.7
14.0
16+
12.2
8.0
8.5
7.9
12.4
12.5
12.1
14.4
16+
12.3
14.0
15.9
12.2
8.7
14.7
16.1
12.4
8.9
«
(i)
(>)
(l)
9.2
9.7
10.1
10.5
9.1
9.5
8.3
8.5
8.8 . 9.0
8.1
8.3
9.2
9.6
10.0
11.0
9.9
8.6
9.7
8.4
10.3
10.4
11.2
10.1
8.9
10.2
8.7
10.8
9.1
10.1
9.0
8.3
9.7
10.5
9.6
8.5
10.1
11.0
10.0
8.5
(*)
(s)
(>)
(2)
«
(>)
10.4
11.2
10.2
8.9
10.3
9.4
11.5
9.3
8.5
8.8
8.1
9.7
1 N ot available.
workers, 8.7 years; farmers and farm managers,
8.8 years; laborers, except farm and mine, 8.9
years; and operatives and kindred workers, 10.1
years. Significantly, from 1947 to 1961, four of
these groups either declined in employment or
barely maintained their employment levels. Em
ployment in the exception—private household
workers—about kept pace with the rise in the
number of employed in the labor force during this
period. The remaining six occupation groups, all
characterized by higher educational requisites,
increased the size of their employment at a faster
rate than the growth of the Nation's labor force
as a whole.
The implications of these trends for the future
educational composition of the Nation’s work
force are unmistakable. With the sole exception
of service workers, the occupation groups requir
ing lower levels of educational attainment will not
offer the same proportional number of job oppor
tunities that they have in the past. The profes
sional and technical occupations, where the
requisite educational level is the highest, will
probably experience the most rapid increase in the
number of employment opportunities in the
future.2 The median educational attainment of
persons employed in this group has remained above
16 years throughout the 1952-62 period. Of the
1 See “Employment Projections to 1975,” Monthly Labor Review, March
1963, pp. 240-248.
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8.8
9.0
10.1
(>)
0
(»)
(2)
8.7
12.4
12.5
12.0
12.4
12.5
12.2
11.3
9.3
9.8
11.2
9.7
(2)
(?)
(‘ )
9.0
8.3
10.2
9.5
8.4
10.5
12.5
12.5
12.1
10.0
9.2
9.9
10.0
10.2
8.7
11.1
2 Median not shown where base is less than 150,000 in 1957 or less than 100,000
in other years.
remaining five groups that can be expected to
maintain or increase their share of future employ
ment opportunities, three have relatively high
levels of educational attainment: managers,
officials and proprietors, clerical and kindred
workers, and sales workers. Their average educa
tional attainment has remained slightly above the
level of high school graduation throughout this
period. The other two occupation groups have
experienced rapid improvement in their average
educational level: craftsmen, foremen, and kindred
workers, from 10.1 to 11.2 years; and other
service workers (excluding private household
workers) from 9.2 to 10.8 years.
A more sensitive indicator of the advancing edu
cational level of American workers is provided by
the percent completing 8 years of elementary
school or less, and the percent completing 4 years
of high school or more (table 7). The proportion
of male workers with 8 years of schooling or less
declined from 41 to 29 percent in the 1952-62
period, while the proportion completing 4 years of
high school or more rose by a like amount—from
40 to 52 percent. These changes were distributed
among all of the major occupation groups, espe
cially among workers in occupations requiring less
formal education, such as service workers, opera
tives, and laborers.
Among women workers, educational gains have
been less pronounced in this 10-year period—a
drop from 31 to 22 percent in the proportion com-
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
510
pleting 8 years or less of elementary schooling and
a rise from 51 to 60 percent in the proportion with
4 years of high school or more. Furthermore,
these changes were concentrated among farm
workers and service workers, with relatively minor
changes occurring in the other occupation groups.
Trends in the educational attainment of workers
from March 1959 to March 1962 indicate a con
tinuation of the gains registered up to 1959.
Among white working men (table 8), this 3-year
period has seen a continued decline in the propor
tion completing 8 years of school or less and a
further rise in the proportion completing 4 years
of high school or more. Corresponding changes
among nonwhite working men have been somewhat
sharper, particularly the increase in the proportion
of high school graduates. Despite this increase,
the median years of school completed by nonwhite
men in the broad group of professional and mana
gerial occupations3 dropped 2.0 years between
1959 and 1962. One factor in this decline may be
the movement of larger numbers of nowhite high
school graduates into technical occupations, some
of which require less education than the professions.
T a ble 7. E d u c a tio na l A t t a in m e n t of E m ployed
P e r so n s 18 Y ea r s O ld and O v e r , b y S e x a n d O c
c upatio n G r o u p , O ctober 1952 a n d M arch 1962
Percent completing Percent completing
8 years of elementary 4 years of high school
or more
school or less
Occupation group and sex
October March Differ- October March Differ
1952 i 1962 i ence 1952 i 1962 i ence
M ale
T able 8. E ducational Attainment of E mployed
P ersons 18 Y ears Old and Over, by M ajor Occupa
tion Group, Color, and Sex , M arch 1959 and
M arch 1962 1
Major occupation group, color, and
sex
Median
years of
school
completed
Percent
Percent
completing completing
8 years of
4 years of
elementary high school
school or
or more
less
Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar.
1959 1962 1959 1962 1959 1962
W hite M ale
All occupations.......................
12.0
12.1
29.3
26.6
49.6
54.5
Professional and m a n a g e r i a l
workers 2____________ ____ ____
Clerical and sales workers________
Manual occupations 3____________
Farm occupations A ____________
Service workers, including private
household........... -.................. ........
13.2
12.5
10.4
8.7
13.5
12.6
10.7
8.8
12.8
12.8
36.8
57.0
10.6
11.4
35.2
54.9
75.1
71.2
35.1
26.5
78.8
74.7
38.2
30.4
10.2
10.7
39.1
37.6
35.3
40.3
8.2
9.0
57.0
50.6
21.0
28.2
Professional a n d m a n a g e r i a l
workers2____________________ 14.8
Clerical and sales workers________ 12.4
Manual occupations3____________ 7.9
Farm occupations A- --- ________ 5.3
Service workers, including private
household____________________ 9.6
12.8
12.4
8.6
5.6
21.7
16.3
62.3
84.1
21.2
16.8
55.0
77.6
66.8
61.5
13.3
5.8
64.8
67.3
21.8
9.8
9.4
42.4
46.5
28.5
26.7
12.3
12.3
21.0
19.2
60.1
63.4
Professional a n d m a n a g e r i a l
workers 2____ _ --- ------------ 14.0
Clerical and sales workers________ 12.4
Manual occupations 3____________ 9.8
Farm occupations 4........................... 8.9
Service workers, including private
household...............— ................ - 10.0
14.6
12.5
9.9
9.3
7.2
8.1
40.8
52.6
6.6
8.3
41.1
48.3
84.9
76.1
27.7
31.4
85.9
76.9
30.3
33.8
10.7
40.4
36.4
32.3
39.4
9.4
10.5
46.1
38.2
29.9
37.7
Professional a n d m a n a g e r i a l
workers2____________________ 15.6
Clerical and sales workers...............- 12.5
Manual occupations3------------------ 9.5
Farm occupations 4......... ............. —- (5)
Service workers, including private
household........... ........... ................ 8.6
16.2
12.5
10.0
(5)
17.0
8.9
43.4
(5)
6.9
6.4
39.1
w
74.5
76.7
25.0
(5)
88.3
77.4
29.4
(5)
9.2
54.0
48.4
19.8
24.2
N on white M ale
All occupations____________
W hite F emale
All occupations-------- ------ —
N onwhite F emale
All occupations____________
41.0
28.8 -12.2
40.1
52.0
11.9
16.5
17.2
10.9
11.7
-5 .6
-5 .5
71.1
65.8
78.4
74.2
7.3
8.4
41.3
31.3 -10.0
34.0
43.4
9.4
50.4 38.7 -11.7
24.3
33.5
9.2
53.3
39.7 -13.6
27.3
37.1
9.8
67.4
67.1
51.5 -15.9
57.8 -9 .3
16.6
20.7
25.0
27.7
8.4
7.0
31.2
21.7
-9 .5
50.8
60.3
9.5
10.4
5.9
23.1
46.2
6.6
5.4
20.8
40.8
-3 .8
-0 .5
-2 .3
-5 .4
81.3
80.6
53.1
26.3
86.0
81.9
55.0
30.3
4.7
1.3
53.9
71.7
40.2 -13.7
52.5 -19.2
25.1
14.6
34.5
30.4
9.4
15.8
The increase in the number of both white and non
white workers in these occupations reflects the
heavy demand for such workers, and also suggests
that the more educated nonwhites are experiencing
a measure of success in their efforts to find employ
ment on a par with their educational attainment.
Among white women workers, the general trend
in educational levels has been in the same direction
i See footnote 1, table 5.
aExcludes private household workers, who comprised 1.3 percent of all
male service workers.
a Includes farmers, and managers, foremen, and laborers on farms.
*Includes craftsmen, operatives, nonfarm laborers, and kindred workers.
s This occupation group includes such occupations as clergymen, teachers,
welfare workers, musicians, and technicians in science, engineering, and
medicine.
All occupations________
Professional and managerial
workers_____________ ____
Clerical and sales workers........
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers..........................
Operatives and kindred workers______________________
Service workers, including private household 2---------------Laborers, except farm and
mine___________________
Farm occupations 3_________
F emale
All occupations________
Professional and managerial
w orkers_________________
Clerical workers........................
Sales workers______________
Manual occupations A..............
Service workers, including private household.......................
Farm occupations 3_________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.9
4.0
1 Data for 1959 include only persons reporting years of school completed;
in 1962, data for persons not reporting years of school completed were allocated
according to the pattern for individuals reporting this item.
a Includes professional and technical workers, and managers, officials, and
proprietors, except farm.
i Includes craftsmen, operatives, nonfarm laborers, and kindred workers.
* Includes farmers and managers, foremen, and laborers on farms.
« Median and percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF WORKERS, MARCH 1962
as that of the men, although the changes are of
smaller magnitude and not as evenly distributed
among the occupation groups. Nonwhite women
workers experienced sharp declines in the propor
tion completing 8 years of school or less and very
substantial gains in the proportion completing 4
years of high school or more during this 3-year
period, with the greatest changes concentrated in
the professional and managerial groups. The edu
cational upgrading of nonwhite women employed
in these occupations runs counter to the trend for
nonwhite men. This divergence may be due to the
types of occupations available to workers of each
sex in these broad occupation groups. Men with
less education may find employment as technical
assistants, while women in technical and manage
rial occupations would normally be working in
specialties requiring more formal education, such
as professional nurses, librarians, and teachers.
The March 1962 occupational distribution of
white and nonwhite workers with different amounts
of formal schooling suggests that nonwhite workers
are still at a relative disadvantage in the competi
tion for preferable occupations but that this dis
advantage is lessened considerably as they move
upward in educational attainment. These distri
butions also reveal the association between
occupation and level of schooling:
Employed men as percent of total employed men 18 years
old and over, March 1962
Less than b
years of high
school
b years of high
school
1 year of college
or more
White
Non- White Non- White
white
white
21.0
7.5
43.4
25.0
82.0
Non
white
59.6
White-collar workers.
Professional and
managerial___
Clerical and sales.
13.5
7.5
4.3
3.2
24.9
18.5
9.2
15.8
63.6
18.4
41.4
18.2
Blue-collar workers..
Craftsmen_____
Operatives..........
Service workers..
Laborers..............
Farm occupations.
79.0
24.3
26.9
7.5
8.0
12.3
92.5
9.4
25.6
17.1
25.9
14.5
56.6
23.1
18.0
5.3
3.9
6.3
75.0
9.3
24.2
18.3
20.1
3.1
18.1
7.3
4.6
2.8
1.1
2.3
40.4
7.3
11.2
11.0
5.2
5.7
N ote: Because of rounding, these percentages may not add to 100.
Of the men workers who had not completed high
school, 21 percent of the whites and 8 percent of
the nonwhites were employed in white-collar
occupations; 24 percent of the whites and 9
percent of the nonwhites were working as crafts
men; and 8 percent of the whites and 26 percent
of the nonwhites were employed as laborers.
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511
Part of the differences shown in the tabulation
for men may be due to the lower average educa
tional level of nonwhites within the broad
category “less than 4 years of high school.” But
the tendency for nonwhites to be concentrated in
the lower paid occupations is also borne out in
the distribution of men who have completed 4
years of high school, where 20 percent of the
nonwhites and 4 percent of the whites were
employed as laborers.
Although the majority of white and non white
men with 1 year of college or more was employed
in white-collar occupations in 1962, the proportion
was much higher among the whites—82 percent
as compared with 60 percent. Even at this
educational level, 27 percent of the non whites
were employed as operatives, service workers, or
laborers, as compared with 8 percent of the whites.
The occupational distribution of white and
nonwhite women workers reflects a similar associa
tion between occupation and educational attain
ment, with the nonwhites again concentrated in
the lower paid jobs:
Employed women as percent of total employed women
18 years old and over,iMarch 1962
Less than b
years of high
school
White
b years of high
school
Non White
white
6.5
73.7
1 year of college
or more
Non
white
37.9
White
90.9
Non
white
70.5
White-collar workers.
Professional and
managerial___
Clerical and sales.
35.0
8.1
26.9
1.9
4.6
12.4
61.3
6.2
31.7
56.6
34.3
53.7
16.8
Blue-collar workers..
Operatives_____
Service workers..
All other_______
65.0
27.7
30.1
7.2
93.5
16.2
72.0
5.3
26.3
9.2
14.2
2.9
62.1
14.3
45.3
2.5
9.1
2.1
5.8
1.2
29.5
4.2
24.8
.5
N ote: Because of rounding, these percentages may not add to 100.
In March 1962, 88 percent of the non white
women with less than 4 years of high school were
employed as operatives or service workers, as
compared with 58 percent of the whites. Among
high school graduates, 74 percent of the whites
and 38 percent of the nonwhites were employed
in white-collar occupations. The differences in
occupational distribution between white andfnonwhite working women with some college were less
pronounced. About half of the women in both
groups were employed in professional and mana
gerial occupations in March 1962. However, 30
percent of the nonwhites at this educational level
and 9 percent of the whites were employed in
blue-collar occupations.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
512
Education, Employment, and Income
Because jobs requiring less education are usually
more vulnerable to economic fluctuations, there is
a relationship between job regularity and educa
tional level. Both men and women workers with
less than a high school education were more likely
to be unemployed or working part time for eco
nomic reasons than those with more education
(table 9). In March 1962, half of the men 18
years old and over in the civilian labor force had
graduated from high school. The corresponding
proportions were 30 percent among men working
part time for economic reasons, 35 percent among
the short-term unemployed (without jobs for less
than 15 weeks), and 28 percent among the long
term unemployed (15 weeks or more). The same
relationship holds for men in the 25-54 age group.
T a b l e 9.
Among women, the main contrast in educational
levels is between the civilian labor force as a whole,
of whom 59 percent had completed 4 years of high
school or more, and those working part time for
economic reasons, with only 30 percent high school
graduates. The proportion completing 4 years of
high school or more was about the same among
the short-term unemployed (45 percent) and those
without jobs for a longer period (46 percent). The
differences in educational level between the civilian
labor force as a whole and those working part time
for economic reasons or the unemployed are about
the same among older women workers (35 to 64
years old) as among all working women 18 years
old and over.
In general, rates of unemployment declined
sharply as of March 1962 with increases in educa
tional attainment (table 10). The rate of un-
E d u c a tio n a l A t t a in m e n t of P e r so n s W o r k in g P a r t T im e for E conomic R e a so n s a n d U n em plo yed
P e r so n s , by D u r a tio n of U n em plo y m e n t , S elected A g es , a n d S e x , M arch I9b z
[Percent distribution]
Years of school completed
Total
Elementary school
Age, sex, and employment status
High school
College—
1 year
or more
(thousands)
Percent
67,988
100.0
13.7
13.3
19.3
32.1
21.6
2,310
2,617
L432
100.0
100.0
100.0
28.7
18.6
22.9
16.0
15.2
17.2
25.0
27.1
26.4
22.5
29.0
25.4
7.8
10.0
8.0
45,011
100.0
15.4
14.2
19.6
28.7
22.1
5.9
10.6
8.5
Less than
8 years 1
8 years
1 to 3
years
4 years
B oth Sexes , 18 Y ears Old And Oyer
Civilain labor force.....................- ........— ........... —
Part time for economic reasonss.
Unemployed less than 15 weeks.
Unemployed 15 weeks or m ore..
M ale, 18 Y ears Old
and
Over
Civilian labor force------------ ----------------------P art time for economic reasonsJ.
Unemployed less than 15 weeks.,
Unemployed 15 weeks or m ore...
1,280
1,647
1,032
100.0
100.0
100.0
29.5
21.5
27.2
15.6
16.9
19.4
24.4
26.2
24.9
24.5
24.8
20.0
30,623
100.0
13.3
12.4
19.8
30.2
24.3
831
992
561
100.0
100.0
100.0
29.8
22.3
26.4
15.3
18.3
19.8
24.1
25.7
26.4
24.3
22.9
17.8
6.5
10.8
9.6
22,977
100.0
10.3
11.5
18.8
38.7
20.7
25.8
28.6
30.2
20.0
36.1
39.5
10.2
9.1
6.8
Male, 25 to 54 Years Old
Civilian labor force-------------- -------------Part time for economic reasons 2.
Unemployed less than 15 weeks..
Unemployed 15 weeks or m ore..,
F emale, 18 Y ears Old
and
Over
Civilian labor force______________________ ____
Part time for economic reasons 2.
Unemployed less than 15 weeks..
Unemployed 15 weeks or m ore...
1,030
970
400
100.0
100.0
100.0
27.6
13.8
11.8
16.4
12.5
11.8
13,950
100.0
12.9
14.4
18.8
33.9
20.0
20.0
16.5
16.7
21.1
26.8
26.6
17.5
27.5
34.7
8.8
7.3
7.2
Female, 35 to 64 Years Old
Civilian labor force____________________
Part time tor economic reasonss.
Unemployed less than 15 weeks..
Unemployed 15 weeks or m ore...
i Includes persons reporting no school years completed.
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691
411
222
100.0
100.0
100.0
32.6
21.9
14.9
2 Persons working less than 35 hours per week because of inability to
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF WORKERS, MARCH 1962
T a b l e 10. U n em plo ym ent R a tes fo b S elected A ge
G r o u ps , by C olor , S e x , and E duc a tio na l A t t a in
m e n t , M arch 1962
[Percent of civilian labor force]
Years of school completed
Age group, color,
and sex
B oth
Elementary school
Less than
8 years1
8 years
20.4
21.5
18.5
19.5
15.9
32.7
8.8
8.5
9.6
7.5
6.9
12.2
High school
4 years
College—
1 year
or more
17.6
16.0
24.7
9.8
9.0
17.4
5.5
5.1
12.0
7.1
6.0
14.0
3.9
3.4
11.3
2.2
2.1
4.5
1 to 3
years
Sexes
18 to 24 years:
Total..................
White.................
Nonwhite...........
25 to 54 years:
Total..................
White________
Nonwhite_____
M a le
18 to 24 years...........
25 to 54 years______
25 to 34 years__
35 to 44 years__
45 to 54 years__
18.4
9.1
9.6
9.0
9.0
19.2
7.7
9.0
7.4
7.3
16.7
6.6
8.6
6.6
4.7
10.2
3.5
4.4
3.0
3.1
6.0
2.2
2.7
1.9
1.7
27.4
7.9
9.9
6.5
8.3
20.4
7.0
10.2
8.7
4.8
19.3
8.1
10.8
8.0
5.9
9.4
4.6
6.0
4.3
3.6
5.0
2.4
3.0
2.6
1.6
F em ale
18 to 24 years............
25 to 54 years............
25 to 34 years___
35 to 44 years__
45 to 54 years__
1 Includes persons reporting no school years completed.
employment among persons with some college was
about one-fourth as high as among those with less
than 8 years of schooling for both newer entrants
to the labor force (18 to 24 years old) and older
workers (25 to 54 years old). While this relation
ship held for total and white workers of each sex
and for successive age groups, it was not nearly so
pronounced among nonwhite workers. Except for
workers with less than 8 years of schooling, un
employment rates among nonwhites were generally
two to three times as high as among whites with
corresponding amounts of schooling. Further
more, the nonwhite unemployment rates for per
sons 18 to 24 years old were very high at all
educational levels. Among nonwhites 25 to 54
years old, unemployment rates did not decline
markedly with rising educational attainment until
the level of 1 or more years of college was reached.
Unemployment rates among women workers
display less uniformity in relation to educational
levels than they do among men. In general, the
chances of being hit by unemployment are not
greatly lessened by rising educational attainment
until a woman has reached the level of high school
graduation.
68 3354— 63------ 3
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513
Educational attainment does not bear as close a
relationship to the duration of unemployment. A
more educated person is less likely to become un
employed, but once he loses his job, he is almost
as likely to remain without work as long as the
person with less formal schooling. In March 1962,
the percent of the unemployed who were without
work 15 weeks or more showed a moderate decline
with advancing educational attainment:
Percent of total unemployed without work 15
weeks or more for persons with schooling of—
T o ta l
Both sexes, 18 years and
over....................................
Males, 18 years and over__
Males, 25 to 54 years__
Females, 18 years and over..
Less than
8 years 8 years
Ito 3 years 4 years 1 year or
of high
of high more of
school
school college
39.9
44.0
40.2
25.4
38.0
41.7
37.7
27.6
34.8
37.3
36.6
30.5
32.5
33.5
30.5
31.2
41.9
40.0
40.3
41.5
30.3
33.8
34.0
22.4
N on w h it e
Both sexes, 18 years and
over.....................................
0
i Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
In March 1962, the proportion of jobless male
workers unemployed 15 weeks or more declined
with a rise in years of school completed, but only
to the level of high school graduation. Among
women workers, the proportion of long-term unem
ployed rose slightly with increased educational at
tainment until the level with some college was
reached, where it dropped sharply.
Differences between total and nonwhite workers
in regard to the proportion of long-term unem
ployed are much less marked than the differences
in the incidence of unemployment discussed earlier.
In March 1962, about 40 percent of the unem
ployed nonwhites had been unemployed 15 weeks
or more, regardless of their educational level.
Among all workers, the proportion of long-term
unemployed declined moderately from about 40
percent at the lowest educational level to about
30 percent at the level with some college.
Postwar trends in the income that accompanies
different levels of formal schooling are indicative
of the growing material rewards being achieved
by the more educated workers. The average of
the mean annual income of males 25 to 34 years
old for 4 selected years between 1946 and 1958
ranged from a low of $2,975 for elementary school
graduates to a high of $5,205 for college grad-
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
514
T a ble 11. M e d ia n I ncome
a nd O v e r , by C olor , S e x ,
m e n t , 1958 a n d 1961
of P er so n s 14 Y ea r s O ld
a n d E d u c a tio na l A t t a in
Y ears of school completed
Elementary school
High school
4 years
College—
1 year or
more
Color, sex, and year
Less than 8 years
8 years
1 to 3
years
M a le
Total: 1958..........................
1961_____________
Percent change, 1958-61-----
$1,905
2,090
9.7
$3,214
3,452
7.4
$3,594
3,865
7.5
$4,548
5,052
11.1
$5,702
6,235
9.3
White: 1958.........................
1961____________
Percent change, 1958-61-----
$2,076
2,303
10.9
$3,276
3,617
10.4
$3,774
4,090
8.4
$4,654
5,155
10.8
$5,810
6,379
9.8
Nonwhite: 1958..................
1961_________
Percent change, 1958-61-----
$1,447
1,554
7.4
$2,328
2,505
7.6
$2,224
2,427
9.1
$2,994
3,381
12.9
$3,679
4,246
15.4
Total: 1958................ ..........
$711
$2,036
$2,429
994
1 ,9 3 8
2 ,3 4 2
11.3
$909
950
4.5
$867
791
Percent change, 1958-61-----
14.6
-4 .8
-3 .6
White: 1958.........................
1961____________
Percent change, 1958-61-----
$765
817
6.8
$924
955
3.4
$927
996
7.4
$2,095
1,965
- 6 .2
$2,394
2,395
(>)
Nonwhite: 1958_________
1961_________
Percent change, 1958-61-----
$663
709
6.9
$863
919
6.5
$839
988
17.8
$1,330
1,566
17.7
$2,365
2,410
1.9
F em ale
1961_____________
-
i Less than 0.05 percent.
S o u r c e : Current Population Reports, Income of Families and Persons in
the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census), Series P-60, Nos. 33 and 39.
uates—a gap of 75 percent.4 The correspondingrange among men 45 to 54 years old was from
$3,626 to $9,332—a gap of 157 percent. These
data suggest that the advantage enjoyed by the
more educated worker tends to grow as his age
advances. In addition, the more educated younger
worker initially enjoys a higher median income
than the less educated older worker. This point
is illustrated by the fact that younger male high
school graduates (25 to 34 years old) earned more
during this period than older men (45 to 54 years
old) who had only completed elementary school.
In other words, a 4-year investment in a high
school education is associated with higher average
annual incomes than the accumulation of over 20
years of work experience without such high school
training.
A similar discrepancy can be seen in comparing
the income of high school and college graduates.
During 4 selected years in the period 1946-58,
the average annual income of male college grad
uates 25 to 34 years old was about equal to that of
male high school graduates 45 to 54 years old—
despite the accumulation of at least 20 years’
additional work experience by the older group.
The great emphasis now being placed upon the
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completion of formal education beyond the elemen
tary school level is also reflected in the growing
differences over time between the incomes of the
less educated and more educated workers. In
1946, older workers with less education enjoyed
somewhat higher incomes than younger workers
with more education. However, by 1956, 4 years
of additional schooling at the high school level or
4 or more years at the college level appeared to
outweigh 20 to 25 years of additional work ex
perience in determining average income levels.
Differences in the income of male workers in
successive age groups with the same amount of
formal schooling reveal a similar pattern. In the
1946-58 period, the average income of male ele
mentary school graduates 45 to 54 years old was
only 22 percent more than that of males 20 years
younger with the same amount of schooling.
Among high school graduates, the income of the
older group was about 36 percent more than the
younger. Among college graduates, however,
this difference amounts to 79 percent, indicating
that the accumulation of work experience pos
sesses far greater economic value when it is based
upon an initially high level of formal education.
Increases between 1958 and 1961 in median
income, as shown in table 11, indicate a contin
uation of the gains that have occurred since
World War II. In 1961, the median income for
males with some college education was $6,235,
as compared with $2,090 for males with less than
8 years of schooling—a ratio of 3 to 1. The
corresponding medians for women yielded an
identical ratio, while those for whites and non
whites of each sex were of similar magnitude.
Dollar incomes rose by a considerable amount
during this 4-year period. Although some in
creases are apparent at every educational level
for both white and nonwhite male workers, only
the median income of nonwhite women with some
high school education has shown a substantial
improvement in this period; income levels for
other women workers have not changed markedly.
Although the median income of nonwhites with
higher levels of education has shown marked
improvement during this 4-year period as com
pared with whites, significant differences remain
between the income of whites and nonwhites
with equivalent amounts of education. In gen* Herman P. Miller, “Annual and Lifetime Income in Relation to Educa
tion: 1939-1959,” American Economic Review, December 1960, pp. 962-986.
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF WORKERS, MARCH 1962
eral, the median income of nonwhite men was
about two-thirds as high as that of white men at
each educational level in 1961. Among women,
the largest discrepancy in median income be
tween whites and nonwhites was in the group
completing 4 years of high school, where the
median income of the whites was one-fourth higher
than that of the non whites in 1961. At all other
educational levels, the income of white and non
white women workers does not differ substantially.5
Summary
n
~
^
^
-
--
c
The higher educational attainment of Ameri
can workers in March 1962 reflects a remarkable
response to the demands of our economy for
workers possessing high levels of skill and educa
tion. However, current changes in the occupa
tional structure of the economy, together with
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515
present trends in employment and income, portend
an accelerated demand for highly trained workers
in the future and a continued reduction in the
demand for workers with little education. But
educational advances alone cannot guarantee jobs.
The rapid rise in the number of younger workers
which can be anticipated during the next decade
poses an unprecedented challenge to the Nation’s
ability to match a growing number of jobseekers
with a corresponding increase in jobs. Since the
greatest increase in employment opportunities
can be expected to occur in occupations requiring
high levels of skill and education, this challenge
can partly be met by bringing the levels of train
ing and education of America’s present and future
workers into line with the needs of the economy.
8 The relative equality of income between white and nonwhite women
m ay of course reflect the greater prevalence of full-time work among the
latter group.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
516
Multiple Jobholders
in May 1962
J aco b S c h if f m a n *
A total of 3.3 million persons, or one-twentieth
of all those employed, held more than one job at
the same time in May 1962, according to the
latest national survey on dual jobholding. Re
sults of the survey, the first held in May, provided
further evidence that the amount of dual jobhold
ing is little affected by the month in which the
information is gathered and shows no consistent
relationship with the condition of the labor
market, as measured by the rate of unemploy
ment.1
Among those most likely to have more than one
job were, once more, persons whose primary job
(the one at which they worked the most hours
during the survey week) was in farming, in pro
tective service occupations, or in teaching and
other professions. According to industry and
class of worker of principal job, they were over
represented among self-employed farmers and
wage and salary workers in agriculture, construc
tion, educational services, entertainment and
recreation, and public administration, including
the postal service. Of the secondary jobs, dis
proportionately large numbers were in self-em
ployment, both in farm and nonfarm businesses,
and in the trade and service industries.
The total number of hours worked by dual
jobholders on both primary and secondary jobs
was higher than for workers with one job, but
dual jobholders were only a relatively small
proportion of all persons working overtime during
the survey week—one-seventh, or 2.2 million, of all
wage and salary workers employed 41 hours or
more in May 1962.
Men who had two jobs simultaneously at any
time during the year 1961 had almost as high wage
and salary earnings for a full week’s work on their
principal job as other men, and they were almost
as likely to have worked a full week on this job.2
Thus, at least for the weeks in the year that they
worked full time, their total earnings on their
primary jobs did not appear to be outstandingly
lower than for other men. Women who held two
jobs also had full-week earnings on their main
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jobs nearly as high as for other women, but they
were much less likely than other women to have
worked on full-time jobs. Compared with the
main job, both weekly earnings and hours worked
by the dual jobholder on his secondary job were
usually much smaller.
Stability in Multiple Jobholding
The rate of dual jobholding has shown consider
able steadiness. Any changes that have occurred
appear to be largely related to the amount of farm
activity at the time of the survey (table 1).
Since 1958, the rate of dual jobholding has
remained between 4.5 and 4.9 percent, while the
unemployment rate ranged from 5.4 to 7.5 percent.
The highest rates of multiple jobholding in the
past six surveys were in July 1956 and 1957,
when the numbers of dual jobholders at work in
agriculture were considerably greater than in
other survey periods. On the other hand, persons
with two jobs in nonagricultural industries repre
sented a stable small percentage of total nonfarm
employment, staying between 3.4 and 3.9 percent
since 1956. When both nonfarm jobs were wage
and salary, the comparable figures were even
lower and ranged only between 2.8 and 3.1 percent
over this period. Further evidence of this
stability is attested by the steadiness in the
proportion of factory workers with more than
one job (table 2), despite the considerable cyclical
changes in manufacturing employment.
*Of the Division of Employment and Labor Force Analysis, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
i The analysis is based primarily on information from supplementary
questions in the May 1962 monthly survey of the labor force, conducted
for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census through its
Current Population Survey. The data relate to the week of May 6 through
12.
Previous articles on this subject were issued as Special Labor Force Re
ports Nos. 9 and 18 and appeared in the October 1961 (pp. 1066-1073), October
1960 (pp. 1045-1051), and July 1959 (pp. 769-771) issues of the Monthly Labor
Review. Summaries of earlier survey findings were published by the Bureau
of the Census in Current Population Reports, Series P-50.
For purposes of this survey, multiple jobholders are employed persons who,
during the survey week, (1) had jobs as wage or salary workers with two
employers or more, (2) were self-employed and also held a wage or salary job,
or (3) worked as an unpaid family worker but also had a secondary wage or
salary job. Persons employed only in private households (as a maid, laun
dress, gardener, babysitter, etc.) who worked for two employers or more dur
ing the survey week were not counted as multiple jobholders. Working for
several employers was considered an inherent characteristic of private
household work rather than an indication of multiple jobholding. Also
excluded were self-employed persons with additional farms or businesses
and persons with any additional jobs as unpaid family workers.
3 Information in this paragraph was obtained from special questions on
job mobility in the February 1962 monthly survey of the labor force. Al
though the primary purpose of the questions was to obtain data on jobchangers, limited information was obtained for persons who held more than
one job at the same time during the year.
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS IN MAY 1962
T a b l e 1.
A gricu ltu ra l
and
517
N onag r ic u ltur a l E m ploym ent of P e r so n s W it h T wo J obs
m ent R a t e , 1 956-62
M ore
or
a nd
U nem plo y
P e r s o n s w it h t w o jo b s or m o re
T o ta l
U n e m p lo y e d
as p e r c e n t o f
c iv ilia n
la b o r force
(se a so n a lly
a d ju ste d )
Y ea r
M a y 1962.....................................
D e c e m b e r 1960 1____ ______
D e c e m b e r 1959____________
J u ly 1958......................................
J n lv 1957,_
J u ly 1956.....................................
A t le a st o n e jo b in a g ricu ltu re
T o ta l
N um b er
(th o u sa n d s)
5 .5
6 .6
5 .4
7 .5
4 .2
4 .4
P ercen t of
a ll e m p lo y e d
p erso n s
N um ber
(th o u sa n d s)
4 .9
4 .6
4 .5
4 .8
5 .3
5 .5
868
781
829
1,122
1,414
1,503
3,3 4 2
3,0 1 2
2,966
3,099
3,5 7 0
3,6 5 3
i D a t a for A la s k a a n d H a w a ii in c lu d e d b e g in n in g 1960.
and
Cla ss
N um ber
(th o u s a n d s)
P ercen t of
to ta l n o n
a g r ic u ltu r a l
e m p lo y m e n t
N um ber
(th o u s a n d s)
2,4 7 4
2,231
2,137
1,977
2,1 5 6
2,1 5 0
3 .9
3 .7
3 .5
3 .4
3 .6
3 .6
1,749
1,647
1,533
1,427
1,558
1,611
2 6 .0
25 .9
2 8 .0
3 6 .2
3 9 .6
41.1
P ercen t of
to ta l w a g e
a n d sa la r y
n o n a g r i
c u ltu r a l
e m p lo y m e n t
3 .1
3 .1
2 .9
2 .8
3 .0
3 .1
ment represented only one-thirteenth of total
employment at that time. For most dual job
holders, their farm employment was an extra
rather than a principal job. It is very likely that
farm work may once have been their main job, but
that they have since taken nonfarm jobs to
Dual jobholders with one or more of their jobs
in agriculture numbered about 850,000 in May
1962 (table 3). They accounted for one-fourth
of all dual jobholders, although total farm employ
I n d u stry G r o u p
P e r c e n t of
d u a l job
h o ld e r s
T w o w a g e a n d s a la r y jo b s
N o t e : E s t im a t in g p ro ce d u re m a d e u s e o f 1960 C e n su s d a ta for 1962; for
1956-60, 1950 C e n su s d a ta w e r e u s e d .
industry
T able 2.
T w o jo b s in n o n a g r ic u ltu r a l in d u str ie s
of
W or k er
of
P e r so n s W ith T wo J obs
or
M or e , M ay 1962
P e r s o n s w it h t w o jo b s or m o re
Industry group and class of worker
Percent distribution,
M ay 1962
Primary
job
All industries.................................................................................
Second
ary job
100.0
100.0
As percent of all employed persons in industry of;'prim aryjob
December
1960 1
December
1959
July 1958
4.9
4.6
4.5
4.8
5.3
6.7
7.7
7.2
2.5
9.3
13.2
8.1
6.9
11.0
12.1
10.7
10.0
4.3
4.6
7.7
5.7
4.3
5.0
3.4
4.4
3.2
3.8
3.0
1.6
3.3
4.6
3.8
4.2
2.1
2.6
7.5
7.0
5.2
8.6
12.6
7.6
2.8
2.0
4.2
4.4
5.4
6.6
3.9
4.1
3.7
4.2
3.9
4.5
3.7
3.0
3.9
3.9
3.3
5.3
1.4
2.4
10.5
5.9
3.9
7.1
8.5
6.8
3.1
2.2
4.6
4.7
6.7
5.9
4.3
4.2
4.3
4.2
3.9
4.1
3.8
3.2
4.0
4.6
4.5
4.7
2.3
4.0
9.7
6.1
4.7
8.4
9.6
8.2
3.7
3.9
M ay 1962
Agriculture........ .................................... ................... ............ -................
Wage and salary workers__ __________________ ____________
Self-employed workers____ _____________ _____ ____________
Unpaid family workers.................................................. ....................
10.9
3.1
6.3
1.6
19.3
5.3
14.0
(2)
6.7
6.2
7.5
5.2
6.7
6.7
7.6
3.6
Nonagricultural industries____ __________________ _____________
Wage and salary workers____________ _________ ___________ .
Forestry, fisheries, and mining_________________________
Construction_________________________________________
Manufacturing___________________________________ ____
Durable goods_______ ____________________________
Nondurable goods_________________________________
Transportation and public utilities................................ ...........
Wholesale and retail trade_____ _____ __________________
Wholesale________________________________________
Retail___________________________ ________________
Eating and drinking places______________________
Other retail trade______________________________
Service and finance____________________________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate___________________
Business and repair services__________________ ______
Private households___ _____ ______ _______________ _
Personal services, except private households... ________
Entertainm ent and recreation. _____________________
Educational services____ _______ ___________________
Professional services, except education________________
Public administration_____________________ __________
Postal service___ _ . . . ____ _______________ ______
Other public administration____________ ____________
Self-employed workers............... ............. ................... .......................
Unpaid family workers____________________________________
89.1
82.7
1.4
7.2
23.1
12.7
10.5
6.8
11.1
2.9
8.2
1.4
6.8
22.8
3.4
1.7
1.6
1.0
1.1
9.7
4.2
10.3
2.5
7.8
5.8
.6
80.7
65.1
.6
5.1
7.0
3.1
3.9
4.9
15.9
2.0
13.9
2.9
11.0
26.0
4.4
2.8
3.7
1.0
4.0
2.9
7.2
5.7
.6
5.1
15.6
(2)
4.7
5.0
7.6
6.7
4.6
4.5
4.6
5.2
3.7
4.7
3.4
2.9
3.5
4.7
4.2
4.2
1.9
2.4
7.3
8.9
3.6
9.7
13.7
8.9
3.0
2.9
4.4
4.6
5.6
5.6
4.0
4.4
3.6
4.8
3.9
4.9
3.6
4.6
3.4
4.8
4.2
5.0
1.6
2.1
8.8
8.2
4.7
7.7
10.8
7.0
2.8
1.1
1 D a t a for A la s k a a n d H a w a ii in c lu d e d b e g in n in g 1960.
! P e r so n s w h o s e o n ly e x tr a job w a s as a n u n p a id f a m ily w o r k e r w e r e n o t
c o u n te d as m u ltiD le jo b h o ld e r s.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
July 1957
N o t e : E s t im a t in g p ro ce d u re m a d e u s e o f 1960 C e n su s d a ta for 1962; for
1957-60, 1950 C e n su s d a ta w e r e u se d ,
B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to t a ls .
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
518
The disproportionately large amount of selfemployment among dual jobholders is particularly
significant in view of the recurrent criticism that
dual jobholders have jobs that would otherwise
be held by the unemployed. As earlier reports
have also shown, many dual jobholders are in
positions that are not suitable for unemployed
persons. This is particularly true for the large
number who are self-employed farmers on their
second job.
Among wage and salary workers, those in public
administration continued to be the most likely to
have extra employment. Approximately 10 per
cent had a second job in May 1962, with the pro
portion reaching about 14 percent among those
who were postal workers. The work schedules of
postal workers and of custodial and protective
workers (guards, firemen, and policemen) fre
quently allow them to take second jobs, and the
skills, education, and desire of professional and
other white-collar workers in government for a
standard of living commensurate with their occu
pational status probably explains why these work
ers have extra employment. All of these factors
presumably explain the high proportion—9 per
cent—of dual jobholders among workers in educa
tional services. High rates among construction
workers, hired farm workers, and entertainers and
recreation workers are apparently related to the
practice of working for several employers during
the course of a week in order to obtain a full week’s
work. The proportion of wage and salary workers
supplement declining cash incomes from farming
and now spend more hours per week in nonfarm
work. In both primary and secondary farm jobs,
self-employed farmers greatly outnumbered hired
farm workers.
Persons with two nonfarm jobs numbered 2.5
million, of whom 1,750,000 were wage and salary
workers on both jobs. Although dual jobholders
are popularly thought of as having two nonfarm
wage and salary jobs, this group represented
only about one-half of all the multiple jobholders.
Fully two-fifths of all dual jobholders were selfemployed on one job—about 1 million on their
second job and 400,000 on their primary job.
Approximately one-half of all the self-employed
jobs were in farming. That so many dual job
holders are self-employed on one job is under
standable, since apparently they have more
freedom than other workers in adjusting their
hours of work and many of them probably have
other family members who can help with the
farm or nonfarm business during their absence.
Also, some wage earners may prefer to keep a
wage and salary job while starting a business or
testing the possibilities of working for themselves.
Most of the dual jobholders in nonfarm selfemployment are either proprietors, professional
and technical workers, or, to a lesser degree,
craftsmen, and their capabilities probably increase
their opportunities for extra employment. As
mentioned previously, low cash income is probably
an important factor for farmers.
T a b l e 3.
T y pe
of
I n d u st r y
and
C lass
W or k er of P rim ary and S econdary J obs
J obs or M or e , M ay 1962
of
for
P e r so ns W ith T wo
[Numbers in thousands]
Type of industry and class of worker of secondary job
Persons with two jobs
or more
Type of industry and class of worker of
primary job
Total
employed
Nonagricultural industries
Agriculture
Number
Percent of
total
employed
Total
Wage and
salary
workers
Selfemployed
workers
Total
Wage and
salary
workers
Selfemployed
workers
521
Total.......................................................
68,203
3 ,342
4 .9
645
176
469
2,697
2,176
Agriculture________________ __________
364
102
210
52
6 .7
6 .2
7 .5
5 .2
141
76
39
26
109
44
39
26
32
32
Self-employed workers_______________
Unpaid family workers______________
5,4 2 8
1,632
2,7 9 8
997
223
26
171
26
218
21
171
26
(2)
Nonagricultural industries________ _____
Wage and salary workers______ _____
Self-employed workers_______________
Unpaid family workers______ _______
62,775
55,569
6,5 1 0
697
2,9 7 8
2,7 6 4
194
20
4 .7
5 .0
3 .0
2 .9
504
499
3
2
67
62
3
2
2,474
2,265
191
18
1,958
1,749
191
18
(')
(2)
W a rn an d «alary w orkers
1 Self-employed persons with a secondary business or farm, but no wage
or salary job, were not counted as multiple jobholders.
2 Persons whose primary job was as an unpaid family worker were counted
as multiple jobholders only if they also held a wage or salary job.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(»)
(2)
437
437
(9
(2)
5
5
0
)
516
516
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal totals,
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS IN MAT 1962
T a b l e 4.
519
O ccu pa tion al D is t r ib u t io n o r P er so n s W ith O ne J ob a n d W it h T wo J obs
M u l t ip l e J obh old in g , by O ccupation and S e x , M ay 1962
Percent distribution
Persons with
one job
Primary
job
M or e ,
and
R a te
op
Persons with two jobs or more as percent
of total employed in occupation group
of primary job
Persons with two
jobs or more
Occupation group
or
Secondary
job
Both sexes
Male
Female
All occupations..............................................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
4.9
6.4
2.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
Medical and other health workers...........
Teachers, except college................................................... ......... ........
Other professional, technical, and kindred workers_____________
Farmers and farm managers.............................. ......................................
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm....................................
11.3
1.9
2.6
6.8
4.0
11.1
17.8
1.8
4.2
1L'8
6.1
8.5
14.4
2.0
1.3
11.2
14.0
11.4
7.5
4.6
7.7
8.2
7.4
3.8
9.6
8.§
17.4
8.5
7.7
4.1
3.9
1.5
3.4
6.5
1.4
1.9
Clerical and kindred workers____ ________
Sales workers__________________________________________
Retail trade______________________________________________
Other sales workers........... ....................... ........ ................................
15.1
6.4
3.7
2.7
10.8
5.4
2.2
3.1
7.7
7.1
3.9
3.1
3.6
4.1
3.0
5.7
8.0
5.5
4.6
6.0
1.6
2.0
1.9
2.5
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers...............................................
Careenters and construction craftsmen........ .................
Mechanics and repairmen__________________________________
Other craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers___
12.9
3.8
3.1
6.0
14.6
4.8
3.6
6.2
10.4
4.4
3.3
2.7
5.5
6.1
5.7
5.1
5.7
6.1
5.7
5.3
(•)
(»)
Operatives and kindred workers________________________ . . .
Drivers and deliverymen_________________________________
Other operatives and kindred workers.............................................
17.5
3.3
14.2
16.6
4.3
12.3
12.7
6.4
6.3
4.7
6.2
4.3
6.2
6.2
6.2
9)
Private household workers.......................................................................
Service workers, except private household............ ...... .................. ........
Protective service workers____ _____________________
Waiters, cooks, and bartenders________________________
Other service workers_____________________________________
3.5
9.5
1.0
2.6
5.8
1.4
9.0
3.2
1.5
4.3
2.0
10.5
1.4
3.2
5.9
2.0
4.7
14.1
2.8
3.7
Farm laborers and foremen........ .................................................. .........
Laborers, except farm and m ine.. ..... ...... .
3.4
5.4
4.2
5.6
4.4
5.4
6.0
5.1
1 P e r c e n t n o t s h o w n w h e r e b a se is le ss t h a n
100,000.
in manufacturing who had a second job (less than
5 percent) was, as usual, somewhat lower than for
workers in most major industries.
The distribution of dual jobholders by the in
dustry and class of worker of their second job
differed substantially from the distribution by
primary job. The biggest difference was between
the proportions of dual jobholders who were selfemployed on the primary job (12 percent) and
on their secondary job (30 percent). Agriculture,
retail trade, entertainment and recreation, and
professional service, except education, were other
areas in which secondary jobs were more preva
lent. Although a relatively high proportion of
workers in public administration and educational
services had more than one job, these fields were
not nearly as important as sources of extra em
ployment.
Only 7 percent of all second jobs were in manu
facturing, compared with 23 percent of the prin
cipal jobs of multiple jobholders. The preference
in manufacturing for employees who can work a
regular full-time week appears to be one of the
main reasons why few persons can find extra jobs
in this industry. About 230,000 workers had
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N ote:
1.3
1.5
.7
(1)
7.6
14.8
4.5
5.4
7.0
5.2
(J)
.6
1.9
2.2
2.2
2.3
4.0
(9
B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta ls .
second wage and salary jobs in manufacturing,
including only 80,000 who were also factory
workers on their principal job.
Personal Characteristics
Men are much more likely to hold second jobs
than women. In May 1962, the percent of em
ployed men with more than one job (6.4 percent)
was about three times as great as for employed
women (2.0 percent)—a ratio which has remained
fairly constant in recent surveys. Men between
25 and 44 years of age had a higher rate of dual
jobholding (7.6 percent) than persons of other ages.
Most men in these ages are married and have
family responsibilities; their opportunities for
extra jobs may be good because of their skills and
experience. For all married men (spouse present)
the rate was 7.0 percent, compared with 4.2 per
cent for single men. Among employed women,
however, there was no significant difference in the
percentage with two jobs for married women (1.7
percent) and for single women (2.0 percent).
The dual jobholding rate for nonwhite men was
5.6 percent, compared with 6.5 percent for whit ft
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
520
T a b l e 5.
M ajor O c cupation G r o u p
of
S ec ondary J o b ,
With T wo J obs
b y M ajor O ccu pa tio n
or M ore, M ay 1962
G ro u p
of
P rim ary J ob
for
P er so n s
[Percent distribution]
Secondary job
Major occupation group of primary job
All occupation groups.....................
Professional, technical, and kindred
workers_________________________
F a rm e rs a n d farm m a n ag ers
Managers, officials, and proprietors,
except farm
Sales w o rk ers
___
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred
workers_________________________
O p erativ es an d k in d re d w orkers
........ .
Service workers, except private house
hold_____ _____________ _ ______
F a rm laborers and foremen___________
L ab o rers, eveept farm an d m in e
Labor
ers,
except
farm
and
mine
Profes
sional,
techni
cal, and
kindred
workers
Farmers
and
farm
man
agers
M an
agers,
officials,
and pro
prietors,
except
farm
Clerical
and
kindred
workers
100.0
14.4
14.0
11.4
7.7
7.1
10.4
12.7
2.0
10.5
4.4
5.4
100.0
100.0
52.7
3.4
8.9
1.0
12.4
9.3
4.9
9.3
8.2
4.4
2.9
13.2
2.5
30.9
1.2
3.9
3.9
0.5
17.2
2.0
7.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
13.4
9.1
14.0
14.4
9.1
7.3
27.1
12.5
14.5
13.7
30.5
11.7
10.2
8.3
17.9
3.5
2.8
5.6
9.5
10.0
10.1
1.8
3.3
3.9
3.5
12.5
5.6
100.0
100.0
(>)
4.5
4.7
20.0
24.1
11.9
7.4
3.1
2.9
6.7
5.8
33.5
12.0
8.4
23.0
.6
.9
5.7
9.4
1.4
4.0
4.1
5.9
4.0
7.7
20.7
20.9
7.0
.7
4 .3
3 7 .7
3.2
7.7
4.3
6.4
7 .3
7.5
20.9
2.1
2.1
4.3
13.4
2.3
45.0
4.3
7.7
9.3
17.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.7
l Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
men, and the rates for women were 3.1 percent
for nonwhites and 1.8 percent for whites.
Occupation
The two major occupation groups of professional
and technical workers and of farmers had the
highest proportions of dual jobholding in May
1962 (table 4). Together, they comprised about
25 percent of all dual jobholders but only 15 per
cent of all employed persons. These two occupa
tion groups include both persons whose cash in
comes are relatively high and others whose cash
incomes are low. Other groups of workers with
high rates of dual jobholding were drivers and
deliverymen, carpenters and construction crafts
men, and farm laborers; among protective service
workers, 1 out of 7 had a second job.
In all occupation groups for which information
was available, the proportions of dual jobholders
were higher for men than for women, and usually
the difference was very marked. Among clerical
workers (including postal workers) and among
teachers below the college level, the proportion of
multiple jobholders was about five times as great
for men as for women. As many as 1 out of 6
men teachers had a second job.
The occupational distribution of secondary jobs
was somewhat different from that of principal
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Service
Crafts
Opera Private workers, Farm
men,
labor
house except
Sales foremen,
tives
and
hold
private ers and
work and kin
kindred workers house
fore
dred
ers
hold
men
workers workers
All
occu
pation
groups
.7
N o te:
2.1
1.6
1 3 .7
1 1 .4
2.8
1.9
9.5
Because of rounding, sums o f individual items m ay not equal totals.
jobs. Fewer dual jobholders were professional
workers on their second than on their first job,
reflecting the large number of teachers with spare
jobs, compared with the number of secondary jobs
in this field. Similarly, fewer persons had second
jobs than first jobs in the clerical field, due partly
to the high proportion of postal workers with extra
employment. Likewise, more dual jobholders
were craftsmen and operatives (except drivers and
deliverymen) on their first than on their second
job. The opposite situation existed among retail
salesmen because of opportunities for extra parttime work in the selling field, and among farmers
and managers, officials, and proprietors because of
their opportunities for extra part-time work in
self-employment.
A strong relationship existed between the first
and second jobs of dual jobholders. Although
only 30 percent of all dual jobholders had their
primary and secondary jobs in the same major
occupation group, the second job was much more
likely to be in the same group as the first than in
any other single occupation group. A much
higher proportion of white-collar workers (pro
fessionals; managers, officials, and proprietors; and
clerical and sales workers) than other workers had
their secondary jobs in one of the white-collar occu
pations (table 5). About one-half of all profes
sionals had their second job in a profession, and
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS IN MAY 1962
521
most of the rest were in another white-collar
occupation; approximately three-fifths of all other
white-collar workers had second jobs in the whitecollar field. Craftsmen, operatives, and nonfarm
laborers were very likely to work in one of these
blue-collar occupation groups or as farmers.
Similarly, most farmers had their second jobs in
one of the blue-collar occupations. Approximately
half of the farm laborers with extra jobs had their
second jobs in the same occupation, and about the
same proportion of service workers (excluding
domestics) were service or private household
workers on their secondary jobs.
Hours of Work and Earnings
More than two-thirds of all multiple jobholders
worked full time (35 hours or more) on their princi
pal job and part time on their extra job; one-fourth
worked part time on both jobs and only a very few
(about 6 percent) had two full-time jobs (table 6).
Men dual jobholders were much more likely to
have at least one full-time job (four-fifths) than
were women (one-half). Full-time jobs were more
common for persons with primary jobs as wage
and salary workers in manufacturing, transporta
tion, and public administration; they were less
T able 6. P ersons
at oW rk on
T wo J obs
by
or
M
M ore
a jo r
I
by
common for the nonfarm self-employed and for
wage and salary workers in construction and
service.
The median number of hours worked by dual
jobholders on both jobs was 52. The workweek
ranged from 60 hours for dual-jobholding farmers
and 55 hours for wage and salary workers in manu
facturing to 46 and 48 hours for employees in con
struction and service, respectively.
Dual jobholders worked 12 hours on the average
on their secondary jobs during the May survey
week. Homs on second jobs were longest for
workers whose principal jobs were as farmers or
wage and salary workers in public administration
and durable goods manufacturing or whose extra
jobs were as farmers or factory employees. Men
averaged 13 hours on their second job as compared
with 10 hours for women.
About three-fourths of the dual jobholders
worked a total of 41 hours or more as against
about a third of the workers with one job. The
difference was greatest among wage and salary
workers with primary jobs in public administra
tion, where few single jobholders work over 40
hours, and in manufacturing, where nine-tenths of
the dual jobholders worked these long hours com
pared with about one-fourth of other factory
F ull-
nd u stry
G
and
P art-T ime Status 1 and M edian H ours Worked,
ro u p,
M
ay
1962
Percent distribution of persons at work on both jobs,
by full- and part-time status 1 by industry of primary job
Industry and class of worker
Total
Full time on
Full time on primary job, P art time on
both jobs
both jobs
part time on
secondary job
Median hours
On both
jobs,2 by
industry of
primary job
On secondary iob
By industry
of primary
job
By industry
of secondary
job
All industries______________ ___________________
100.0
5.7
69.2
25.0
52
12
12
Agriculture 3_______________________________________
Wage and salary w orkers______________ „ _______
Self-employed workers_____________________________
100.0
(*)
100.0
5.0
54.3
40.7
57
13
6.2
69.3
24.5
14
11
15
Nonagricultural industries______ _____________________
Wage and salary workers
_____________________
Construction________________________________
Manufacturing______________________________
Durable goods - _________________________
Nondurable goods _______________________
Transportation and public utilities______________
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
5.8
5.9
4.3
7.9
10.7
4.2
5.2
2.9
5.2
6.5
4.6
71.0
72.1
60.6
81.5
82.7
80.4
78.4
71.1
62.1
77.7
55.4
23.2
22.0
35.1
10.6
6.7
15.4
16.3
26.0
32.7
15.8
40.1
W holesale an d re ta iT tra d e
Service an d finance
Public administration_________________________
Self-employed and unpaid family workers 6__________
1 Workweeks of 35 hours or more were counted as full time; those of less
than 35 hours, as part time.
2 Includes dual jobholders not at work on secondary job during the survey
week.
3 Includes a small number of persons who were unpaid family workers on
their primary jobs, not shown separately.
< Percent and median hours not shown where base is less than 100,000.
3 Includes a small number of workers in forestry, fisheries, and mining,
notishown separately.
6 8 3 3 5 4 -6 3 -
4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(«)
60+
52
52
46
55
56
53
53
52
48
53
50
(9
16
12
12
12
13
15
11
13
12
11
15
11
12
12
13
16
(«)
14
14
13
9
12
U2
« Unpaid family workers comprise a very small proportion of this group.
7 Relates only to persons who were self-employed on secondary jobs.
Persons whose only additional job was in unpaid family work were not
counted as multiple jobholders.
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
522
workers. There was considerably less difference
in the hours of single and dual jobholders among
both the farm and nonfarm self-employed, since
persons operating their own farms or businesses
characteristically work long hours.
Although dual jobholders were much more likely
to work a large number of hours than other
workers, they accounted for a relatively small
proportion—less than one-seventh—of all persons
in May who worked a total of 41 hours or more
during the week.
A comparison of the hours worked on the pri
mary job by dual jobholders and by those with
only one job shows that the proportion who worked
35 hours or more on their primary job was some
what—but not markedly—lower for dual job
holders (75 percent) than for workers with only
one job (81 percent). At least with respect to
men, it would appear that a short workweek alone
does not explain why most workers take extra
jobs. The median workweeks were 38.5 hours for
T able 7. W ork S c h ed u le on S ec o n da r y J ob , 1 by
I n d u st r y a n d C la ss of W or k er of S ec o ndary J ob
for P e r so n s at W ork on T wo J obs or M o r e ,
M ay 1962
[Percent distribution]
Industry and class of worker of
secondary job
Total
at work
on two
jobs or
more
Work schedule 1 on
secondary job
Mostly Mostly Mostly
during
on
at
night week week
days
ends
All industries.....................- ..........
100.0
31.7
24.4
43.9
Agriculture........... ......... ......................
Wage and salary workers........ ........
Self-employed workers. _________
100.0
100.0
100.0
18.1
8.3
21.8
27.8
17.9
31.5
54.2
73.8
46.7
Nonagricultural in d u strie s.._____ _
Wage and salary workers 2_______
Construction_______________
Manufacturing_________ ____
Durable s;oods
Nondurable goods
Transportation and public
utilities___________ ____
Wholesale and retail trade........
Wholesale
Retail________ _______
Service and finance__________
Private households______
"Educational services
Other service and finance.Public administration_______
Postal service
Other public administration______ __________
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(3)
(3)
35.1
33.6
15.9
33.9
23.6
22.8
18.1
16.1
41.3
43.5
65.9
50.0
100.0
100.0
(3)
100.0
100.0
100.0
(3)
100.0
100.0
(3)
23.8
38.4
4.8
27.0
71.4
34.6
42.5
37.4
26.2
30.1
26.7
21.5
27.4
35.9
52.3
40.1
25.4
31.2
18.3
28.6
56.3
100.0
100.0
25.8
41.0
21.0
26.7
53.2
32.3
S elf-e m p lo y ed w o rk ers............................
1Nightwork refers to work done primarily between the hours of 6 p.m. and
6 a.m., Monday through Friday; weekday working hours relate to those
between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m., Monday through Friday; weekend work is done
on Saturday or Sunday, whether at night or during the day.
2 Includes workers in forestry, fisheries, and mining, not shown separately.
3 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.
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all dual and 38.8 for all single jobholders, 39.0 and
39.6 hours for men, and 32.1 and 37.3 hours for
women.
Information obtained for the first time on earn
ings of dual jobholders indicates that, for both
men and women, the median wage and salary
earnings on the primary job for a full week’s work
were only slightly smaller for dual than for single
jobholders:3
Median weekly
wage and salary
earnings in 1961
Male
Female
Dual jobholders:
$35
Secondary job______________________
Primary job, total__________________
94
Usually full tim e_________________
106
All wage and salary workers who worked
y e a r r o u n d f u l l t i m e 1 ---------------------------------------------
112
$22
36
64
66
i Data were obtained by dividing annual median wage or salary income
(unpublished data of the Bureau of the Census) by 51.
Furthermore, since male dual jobholders were
almost as likely as other men to have worked full
time on their principal jobs, their yearly earnings
for full weeks worked on their main job were
probably not markedly lower than for other men.
Earnings on second jobs were considerably lower
than on first jobs, if for no other reason than the
considerable difference in hours worked.
Work Schedule
Information obtained on the work schedules of
dual jobholders reaffirmed the preceding sur
vey’s finding that most dual jobholders are not
“moonlighters” on their extra jobs (table 7).
Only 32 percent of the dual jobholders in May
1962 were reported as working “mostly at night”
on these jobs; the largest proportion (44 percent)
worked mostly during weekday working hours,
and 24 percent worked mostly on weekends.
The proportion working mostly during weekday
working hours was highest among those with sec
ondary wage and salary jobs in farming and
construction, where most work has to be done
during the daylight hours', and in transportation.
Night schedules were more frequent in service
industries (hotels, entertainment, and so forth)
and trade, and among the nonfarm self-employed
who are more able than others to adjust their
hours on a second job. One-half of those with
3 See footnote 2.
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS IN MAT 1962
523
T a b l e 8. M ajor O c cupation G r o u p of S econdary
J ob for P e r so n s W ith T wo J obs or M ore and of
L a st F u ll -T im e J ob fo r U nem plo yed P e r s o n s ,
M ay 1962
[Thousands of persons]
Unemployment and Multiple Jobholding
Secondary job of persons
with two jobs or more
Major occupation group
Last
full time
Wage
job of
and
unem
salary ployed
on
persons 1
second
ary job
Total
Selfem
ployed
on sec
ondary
job
All occupations_______________ 3,342
990
2,352
3,121
862
482
360
127
502
355
224
121
380
233
147
103
170
11
31
67
21
1,843
247
206
279
403
2,892
331
164
427
923
23
15
2
395
167
146
509
460
78
460
7
5
Professional and technical workers,
managers, officials, and proprietors,
except farm........................ .........
Professional and technical workers.
Managers, officials, and pro
prietors, except farm_____
Clerical and sales workers, craftsmen,
operatives, service workers, and
laborers............................................
2,013
Clerical w orkers...........................
258
Sales workers______________
237
Craftsmen___________
346
Operatives______________
424
Service workers, including private
household_______________
418
Laborers, except farm and m in e...
182
Farm laborers....................................
148
Farmers and farm managers
467
1 D ata relate only to unemployed persons who at some time held a full-time
civilian job for a period of at least 2 weeks.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
secondary jobs in manufacturing worked mostly
during weekday working hours, and one-third
worked mostly at night.
Just as nightwork was most common among
persons with secondary wage or salary jobs in
trade and service industries or with extra jobs in
nonfarm self-employment, it was most likely
among persons whose occupations were more
common in these industries. Thus, nightwork
was performed more by persons with extra jobs
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in white-collar and service occupations than those
in blue-collar occupations.
Approximately 3.7 million persons were unem
ployed in May 1962. The question as to how
many of these persons would be employed if dual
jobholders relinquished their second jobs is
obviously important. However, a close examina
tion of the kinds of extra jobs held by dual job
holders and the kinds of jobs for which the un
employed are looking indicates that only a rela
tively small proportion of the second jobs would
be suitable for the unemployed. Approximately
500,000 persons had extra wage or salary jobs as
managers and professionals—about 300,000 more
than the number of unemployed who had had this
kind of job experience (table 8). There were also
about 1 million persons who had extra jobs
operating their own farms or businesses. Of the
approximately 2 million secondary jobs remaining,
those suited to the unemployed would probably
be cut considerably because of such factors as
locations of jobs and jobseekers, the matching of
jobs usually held only by men or by women, and
problems in qualifying for particular jobs. Also,
spare jobs are typically for only a small number
of hours (only 75,000 were full time) with commensurately low earnings, and the periods of
employment are often short and intermittent.
Furthermore, much of the extra employment that
would presumably be given up by dual jobholders
might be distributed as overtime work among
existing employees rather than given to unem
ployed persons.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
An Inquiry Into Canada’s
Unemployment Insurance System
history of Canada’s national system of
unemployment insurance parallels that of the
Federal-State system in the United States.1 Both
systems developed under the influence of the de
pressions of the 1930’s; during World War II and
in the prosperous years immediately following,
services under both of them were in little demand
because of low unemployment; the large accumu
lations of unemployment insurance funds during
wartime and the period of postwar prosperity
enabled the programs of the two countries to
weather the early postwar recessions without dif
ficulty; the funds then sharply declined as unem
ployment increased in recent years and became
more persistent. Furthermore, the systems of
both countries have built-in rigidities which have
prevented them from adjusting readily to chang
ing needs. In short, the unemployment insurance
financial experiences of Canada and the United
States are remarkably similar.
In July 1961, the Canadian Government appointed
a Committee of Inquiry, headed by Ernest C. Gill,
president of the Canada Life Insurance Co., and
charged it with “a thorough review and analysis
of the provisions of the Unemployment Insurance
Act and its relation to other social security pro
grams . . . in the light of developments . . .
since the act was passed in 1940”. The Com
mittee’s recently published report2 is the first
comprehensive review of the Canadian program
since its inception. The major recommendations
contained in the report are discussed in this article
and—where relevant—comparisons with corre
sponding elements in the U.S. system are drawn.
T he
Coverage
The report recommends that the unemployment
insurance plan cover all employees who are in an
524
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employer-employee relationship insofar as coverage
is administratively practicable. Judging from the
data contained in the report on covered workers
and the level of total employment, it would appear
that about one-fourth of those in an employeremployee relationship are presently excepted from
coverage, the same proportion that is excluded in
the United States. The excepted groups are
“permanent” employees of municipal and Federal
governments; employees of Provincial govern
ments (except those optionally covered), employees
of nonprofit hospitals and charitable institutions,
teachers, members of some police forces, members
of the Armed Forces, agricultural employees, and
domestic servants. The report recommends im
mediate or ultimate coverage of all these groups
except members of the Armed Forces and the
Koyal Canadian Mounted Police.
Of the specific groups presently excepted from
coverage under Canada’s program, only Federal
employees and members of the Armed Forces are
universally covered under the U.S. system. An
additional coverage exclusion in the United States,
employment in small firms (employing fewer than
four people), has no counterpart in the Canadian
system, but more than a third of our States do
cover this employment. A few States cover some
or all of the groups of employees which are ex
cepted from coverage under the Canadian system,
including domestic servants (two States) and
agricultural employees (one State).
Coverage is also recommended in the report for
another broad class—salaried employees, regard
less of industry or occupation, earning more than
$5,460 a year. Although the earnings exclusion
(originally $2,000) has been raised from time to
time by legislative enactment because of increased
earnings levels, the last such increase (1959) came
1 Basic legislation in Canada and the United States was enacted in 1935,
but the Canadian law was subsequently held unconstitutional. After con
stitutional difficulties were overcome, a law erecting the basic framework of
the present system was passed in 1940.
JR eport
o f th e C o m m itte e o f I n q u i r y I n t o th e U n e m p l o y m e n t I n s u r a n c e A c t
(Ottawa, Canada, Queen’s Printer, November 1962).
CANADA’S UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE SYSTEM
525
only after close to 10 years had elapsed. In the
interim, salary increases removed employees from
coverage and their contribution was lost to the
unemployment fund. The U.S. system does not
exclude employees from coverage on the basis of
earnings, but a similar rigidity, which affects the
financing of the program, does exist here and is
discussed under that subject.
The report recommends a new exemption from
coverage—persons under 18 years of age—because
“persons below this age are, for the most part,
still at school and their entry into the labor market
is likely to be on a part-time basis only, perhaps
during holidays, on Saturdays, or after school.”
The attempts of a few States in the United States
to exempt students from coverage have generally
been unsuccessful, due in part perhaps to em
ployers’ resistance or refusal to maintain separate
payroll records but mainly to their coverage in the
Federal law. In consequence, the emphasis here
has been placed on provisions which deny benefits
to students.
The contribution shared equally by employer
and employee is now determined upon the employree’s actual earnings. The amount paid by each
is determined by weekly earnings classes (in $6
intervals) up to a broad top class of $69-$105.
This ceiling is the statutory earnings limitation
on coverage. A lower percentage of wages is re
quired in contribution at higher earnings than at
lower; the rate of contribution ranges from about
1 to 2 percent of the earnings. This means a
combined employer-employee contribution of
about 2 to 4 percent of taxable earnings.
Also recommended is the addition of an open-end
weekly earnings class ($80 and up) as the top
earnings level, with a weekly contribution of $1.05
established for this class. In effect, this recom
mendation would transfer the rigidity that limited
coverage by a ceiling on earnings to the contribu
tion arrangement. A similar rigidity exists in the
United States system, created by the statutory
limitation on the amount of wages that may be
taxed. As noted, Canada has over the years
adopted legislation that raised the earnings limi
tation on coverage; no similar increases, except in
a few States, have been made in the ceiling on
taxable wages in the United States. In conse
quence, the proportion of total payroll supporting
the unemployment insurance system has substan
tially declined in this country.
The Committee estimated that the amended
contribution schedule will support an average
annual unemployment rate of 6 percent. It rec
ommended Government loans to the unemploy
ment fund when necessary to ward off insolvency
in a year when benefit payments exceed income.
The fund would be expected to repay the loan
from excess income in good years. With regard
to the merit rating of contribution rates on the
basis of unemployment experience by employer
or by industry, the Committee noted that this
practice prevailed under the plans in effect in the
United States but in no other country. The Com
mittee offered some cogent reasons for not adopting
merit rating and recommended that general pool
ing of the risk be continued.3
In Canada, the funds to finance the cost of
administering the unemployment insurance sys
tem and the national employment service come
from the general treasury. In the United States,
these programs are financed from a fixed portion
of the unemployment tax rate. The Committee
Financing
From the beginning, the cost of unemployment
insurance benefits in Canada has been financed
by equal contributions from employees and em
ployers, plus a Government contribution from
general taxation equal to one-fifth of the combined
employer-employee contribution. In contrast, the
United States system is financed entirely by con
tributions from employers except that three States
require employee contribution. The report recom
mends that the Government contribution be dis
continued, at least so far as the funds for benefits
are concerned, on the grounds that universal cov
erage for all employees in an employer-employee
relationship would ensure protection for nearly all
those who might suffer unemployment. Conse
quently, these groups should bear the entire cost,
and other members of the community, mainly the
self-employed, should not be required to share in
it.
>The major reasons which the Committee gave for recommending continu
ation of general pooling were that frictional unemployment for which un
employment insurance can be held responsible is normal and not the result
of management decisions; merit rating would put Canada’s basic industries,
where frictional unemployment is heaviest, at a competitive disadvantage
in international markets; merit rating would create serious administrative
problems in an employer-employee financed system; the arguments in favor
of merit rating contain inconsistencies; and the existence of merit rating would
encourage undesirable employment practices on the part of some employers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
526
of Inquiry recommended retention of the present
procedure of financing administrative costs from
general taxation.
Qualification for Benefit
Perhaps in few other features do the Canadian
and United States systems differ as sharply as
they do in the amount of employment required
to qualify an unemployed worker for regular
benefits.4 The Canadian requirement is much
more stringent and the report’s recommendations
would heighten the contrast. Originally, 180
days of contribution were required in the 2 years
preceding the establishment of a benefit period.5
Theoretically, this meant that the equivalent of
about 30 full weeks of employment were re
quired to qualify for benefits.
The present requirement, enacted in 1955, calls
for 30 weeks of contribution in the 2 years pre
ceding establishment of a benefit period, in
cluding 8 weeks of contribution in the immediately
preceding year. This requirement equates a week
of partial employment with a full week of work.
Even this modification of the original is more
stringent for some persons than present require
ments in the United States, which generally do
not exceed 20 weeks of employment in the base
year (or its equivalent in earnings) and are
much less than 20 weeks in some States.
The Committee of Inquiry recommends a re
turn to the original requirement of 30 full weeks
of employment in insured work (or the equivalent
in broken weeks) in the 2 years preceding the
claim, and the equivalent of 20 full weeks of
employment in the year preceding the claim.
The report recommends repeal of a special
program known as “seasonal benefit,” now sup
plementing the basic program of regular insurance.
The report points out that the program is erro
neously described as seasonal since it does not
apply exclusively to seasonal workers. Originally,
the program was in effect during the first 3 months
of the year. It now makes benefits available
during the period from December 1 to the sub
sequent May 15, under conditions which represent
a considerable reduction in the regular quali
fying requirement. Persons who can show some
attachment to insurable employment but cannot
meet the regular qualifying requirement and per
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
sons who have exhausted their benefits under
the regular program may be eligible for seasonal
benefit. The basic framework of this special
program was adopted in 1950. No permanent
program of this kind has been adopted in the
United States, although benefit duration has been
temporarily extended for those who exhausted
their regular benefit during recent business
recessions.
Rate of Benefit
The variation in the method of computing the
weekly rate of benefit in the Canadian program
has had a complex history, associated with adjust
ments in the contribution rates and the lifting of
the coverage ceiling on earnings over the years.
The benefit is set by earnings classes. At present,
it ranges from $6 to $27 for a single claimant
and from $8 to $36 for a claimant with any number
of dependents supported wholly or mainly by
the claimant.
The benefit represents about 50 percent of
average weekly gross earnings for those with
dependents and about 38 percent for single per
sons, although the percentage relationship for each
of these groups is somewhat higher in the lower
earnings classes. In contrast, the objective under
the U.S. system is to provide a weekly benefit
representing at least 50 percent of earnings for
the great majority of eligible claimants regardless
of dependency status. In most States, benefits
for claimants receiving less than the maximum
meet the objective. The goal has not yet been
reached for the great majority of States because
the maximum in most of them is too low. For
example, in 1962, nearly 45 percent of all eligible
claimants were concentrated at the maximum
weekly benefit amount. A few State laws pro
vide additional allowances based on the number
4 See “Unemployment Insurance Legislation in 1962,” Monthly Labor
Review, November 1962, pp. 1257-1261.
» To simplify this discussion, references to the additional requirements
imposed on those who had previously established entitlement to benefits
within the 2-year period are omitted. An additional requirement is in
tended to ensure that a claimant has had some employment in covered work
since he last received a benefit. Originally, the additional requirement in
Canada was 60 days of contribution since the last day of benefit in the last
preceding benefit year. The additional requirement is now 8 weeks of
contribution since commencement of the last benefit year. The same day
or week of contribution may be used in meeting the regular as well as the
additional requirement.
A number of States have similar additional
requirements.
CANADA’S UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE SYSTEM
527
of dependents and, in some cases, on the amount
of earnings.
The report of the Committee of Inquiry recom
mends that the weekly benefit for persons with
dependents be increased to 60 percent of earnings
and that of single persons be increased in a con
sistent manner—to about 45 percent. Under
this arrangement, and with the addition of a new
top earnings class ($80 and up), the maximum
weekly benefit for claimants with dependents
would amount to $48 and that of single persons to
$36. In the United States, the maximum without
dependents ranges from $30 to $55 and with
dependents (12 States), from $44 to $70.
The report recommends against relating the
weekly benefit to the number of dependents be
cause there exists a program of family allowances
within the general social security system which
provides an allowance for each child under a
specified age regardless of family income.
Under the present program, a Canadian claim
ant’s weekly benefit is reduced by any earnings he
receives in excess of one-half of his benefit rate.
The report recommends lowering this earnings
allowance to one-fourth of the benefit rate. It
also recommends that termination pay and pay
ments of supplemental unemployment benefits
(SUB) achieved through private arrangements
be treated as though they were earnings for pur
poses of computing the benefit payable in a week.
In this country, the States differ widely in their
treatment of part-week earnings and termination
payments, but most of them permit concurrent
receipt of SUB payments and the weekly benefit.
confined to unemployment that is insurable.”
It compensated to a large extent for the reduction
in maximum duration by recommending a special
program of extended benefit (discussed in greater
detail hereafter) which would replace the seasonal
benefit. The Committee also called for a tighten
ing of the duration formula, allowing 1 week of
benefit for each 2 full weeks (or the equivalent in
broken weeks) of contribution in the 52-week
period (rather than the present 2 years) preceding
the claim. Considering the qualifying require
ment recommended, this formula would yield a
minimum duration of 10 weeks. Retention of
the present waiting period of 1 week is rec
ommended.
Duration of Benefits
Except for the interval between 1955 and 1959,
when benefits could be drawn for only 36 weeks,
maximum benefit duration under the Canadian
system has seen little change. In the beginning,
maximum duration was 1 year, including a 9-day
waiting period; it is now 52 weeks, including a
1-week waiting period. In contrast, maximum
duration in the United States started at a very low
figure (12-15 weeks) and has advanced to 26
weeks or more in most States.
The Committee recommended that maximum
duration be reduced to 26 weeks, finding this
reduction “justifiable if the insurance plan is to be
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Extended Benefits and General Assistance
To compensate for its proposal that maximum
benefit duration be reduced from 52 to 26 weeks
and that the seasonal benefit be eliminated, the
Committee recommended a plan of extended
benefits to absorb the main impact of unemploy
ment continuing beyond the period covered by
unemployment insurance. The cost of the ex
tended benefits plan would be met by the National
Government from general taxation. The plan
would work parallel with a concerted effort,
through a national employment program, to re
move the causes of persistent unemployment.
It would occupy a middle position between un
employment insurance and public assistance.
In brief, under the Committee’s recommenda
tion, individuals who had exhausted their un
employment insurance benefits would be eligible
for extended benefits, as would also persons
affected by the seasonal regulation under special
conditions and limitations. However, extended
benefits would not be made available to married
women who are not the sole supporters of their
households, to persons over the age of 70 who are
receiving a pension under the Old Age Security
Act, and to persons under the age of 18. (Else
where in the report, special treatment for un
employed youth, outside the unemployment in
surance plan, is suggested.)
Duration of extended benefits would be related
to a claimant’s work record. The report recom
mends that a claimant be entitled to a maximum
period of extended benefits equal to 1% times his
528
unemployment insurance entitlement in the last
preceding insurance benefit period. Extended
benefits would thus vary from a minimum of 15
weeks to a maximum of 39 weeks. The maximum
possible duration in combined insurance benefits
and extended benefits would add to 65 weeks.
Under the extended benefits plan, the concept of
suitable employment would be broadened beyond
that appropriate to the insurance plan. In
general, a claimant would be expected to accept
employment for which he is “reasonably capable,
whether it is the same as his customary employ
ment or not.”
As already mentioned, the Committee noted
that an extended benefits plan should be accom
panied by vigorous efforts on the part of the
National Employment Service to solve the prob
lems of extended unemployment. It should give
its attention to such problems as that of adjust
ment to technological changes and occupational
shifts and to retraining programs. These recom
mendations resemble emphases in employment
security which have developed in the U.S. system
in the past few years.
The report notes that the general assistance
plan, in which the cost to the Provinces is shared
by the National Government under the Unem
ployment Assistance Act, has developed to the
point where it should serve as a program for any
residual unemployment. It calls for efforts to
continue the improvement and development of
the existing assistance plans toward this objective.
The United States does not have a comparable
program, although a few States do have a general
assistance program available to help the
unemployed.
Benefit Eligibility
Programs in both Canada and the United
States require that claimants be able to work and
be available for employment in order to be eli
gible for unemployment insurance. In the ab
sence of a job offer, the test of availability is
difficult to apply. Uncertainty regarding the
availability for work of certain categories of
claimants has given rise among various State
systems in the United States to provisions restrict
ing these categories’ eligibility for benefits. The
Committee of Inquiry singled out and recom
mended special treatment for four such groups—
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
married women, pensioners, seasonal workers,
and persons undergoing training.
Married Women. The report recommends that a
married woman with children below school age be
considered unavailable for employment unless she
can prove that she has made satisfactory arrange
ments for the care of the children.
At present, pregnant women are held to be
unavailable for work under the Canadian law for
6 weeks before expected confinement and for 6
weeks after confinement and may not receive
benefits during this period. The report recom
mends lengthening of the 6-week periods to 8
weeks each; termination of employment because
of pregnancy would commence the period of in
eligibility earlier than 8 weeks before expected
confinement. The Committee commented that
maternity benefits, if desirable as a social goal,
should be provided separately in the general social
security system and not by unemployment
insurance.
Pensioners. The Committee’s view is that “un
employment resulting from compulsory retire
ment pursuant to an employer-employee pension
plan is not a type of unemployment that was ever
intended to be covered by an insurance plan.”
Nevertheless, the report recognized that some per
sons with very small pensions are not relieved of
the economic necessity of earning a living. It
recommended that a pension received under an
employer-employee pension plan be treated as de
ductible earnings for purposes of determining the
unemployment insurance benefit.
Seasonal Workers. During the history of the
Canadian program, many efforts have been made,
through administrative procedures adopted under
statutory authority, to limit or avoid the payment
of benefits to persons in the off-season of their
normal employment. There are now no restric
tions on such payments. At present, 17 States
here regulate the payment of benefits to seasonal
workers.
The report recommends adoption of a procedure
similar to that in effect in Great Britain. Under
the procedure recommended, a claimant’s record
would be scanned for the 2-year period preceding
the claim. Any gap of 5 weeks or more in his
contribution during the first year of the period
CANADA’S UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE SYSTEM
529
that is matched by a corresponding gap at the
same place in the calendar during the year
preceding the claim would establish an off-season
for the claimant. He would be unable to receive
benefits in each off-season established for him
during his benefit period. This provision would
be modified to accommodate new entrants and
newly covered persons.
at the national level and the physical separation
of employment service and unemployment insur
ance activities in large cities. These actions
have sharply emphasized the distinctive roles of
unemployment insurance and the public employ
ment service, although the two programs remain
united in the same parent organization. Under
the recommendation of the Committee of Inquiry,
the local offices of the NES would continue to
administer the unemployment insurance plan, as
they do now, but operating as agent for the
Unemployment Insurance Commission in paying
insurance and extended benefits. The report
notes that an administrative organization of this
type is in effect in the United Kingdom and
appears to operate efficiently.
Claimants Taking Training. In recent years, a
number of States in this country have adopted
provisions permitting continued payment of un
employment insurance benefits to claimants taking
approved training courses when directed. Some
State action in this respect was influenced by pro
visions of the Federal Area Redevelopment Act
and the Manpower Development and Training
Act. Previously, the general practice had been to
hold claimants taking training unavailable for em
ployment. In Canada at present, claimants are
eligible for benefits while taking directed training.
The Canadian Committee of Inquiry recom
mended that claimants directed to take training
should cease receiving unemployment insurance
benefits, but that living allowances should be pro
vided for them as part of a general vocational
training program.
Administrative Organization
When the Canadian Unemployment Insurance
Commission was formed, a National Employment
Service (NES) was created and brought under the
Commission in a subordinate role. The Com
mittee of Inquiry recommended that the NES be
transferred to the Department of Labor, where
it can take a leading position in the design and
operation of national manpower policy. In the
past few years, somewhat similar results have
been achieved in the United States through a
reorganization of employment security activities
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Conclusion
The Committee of Inquiry made a number of
recommendations which have not been covered
here, many of them dealing with administrative
matters. Those included in this discussion ade
quately illustrate the considerable change that
their adoption would introduce into the Canadian
unemployment insurance system. This change
is designed to confine the unemployment insurance
system to the role of absorbing the first impact of
unemployment, with its financing put on the
basis of ‘‘insurance principles appropriate to a
social insurance schemed The newly proposed
extended benefits program and the recommended
expansion of general assistance, added to the
insurance plan, would, if enacted into law, provide
Canada with a relatively comprehensive program
of wage-loss protection for her unemployed
workers. The Committee’s recommendations
now await consideration by the Parliament.
— A lbert
B.
R a t c l if f
Bureau of Employment Security
530
Earnings in Electric and Gas
Utility Systems, July 1962
S t r a ig h t - t im e h o u r l y e a r n in g s of the estimated
405,300 nonsupervisory workers in privately op
erated electric and gas utility systems averaged
$2.73 an hour in July 1962, according to a study
conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1
The 290,115 physical (plant) workers,2 virtually
all men, averaged $2.86 an hour. Women, ac
counting for three-fifths of the office workers,3
averaged $2.16; the corresponding average for men
in office jobs was $2.80.
Data are presented separately for physical and
office workers in four types of utility systems:
electric, gas transmission, other gas systems in
cluding those engaged in both the distribution
and transmission of gas, and systems providing
both gas and electric services. Information is
also provided for selected regions, occupations, and
supplementary wage benefits, such as paid holidays
and vacations, life and health insurance, and
pension benefits.
Labor management agreements covering a ma
jority of the physical workers were in effect in
systems employing about four-fifths of such work
ers. About two-fifths of the office workers were
employed in systems having agreements covering
a majority of the nonsupervisory office workers.
Regionally, the proportion of office workers em
ployed under agreement terms ranged from less
than a tenth in the Southeast and Southwest to
two-thirds in the Middle Atlantic region.
Earnings
Average straight-time hourly earnings of all non
supervisory workers ranged from $2.29 in the
Southwest to $3.02 in the Pacific region. (See
accompanying table.) Average earnings of $2.87
an hour were recorded for the Great Lakes region,
which accounted for about one-fourth of the work
ers. In the other five regions for which wage data
are presented, average hourly earnings ranged from
$2.47 in the Southeast to $2.69 in New England.
Physical workers—seven-tenths of the nonsuper
visory work force within scope of the survey—
averaged $2.86 an hour. The earnings of indi
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
vidual workers ranged from less than $1.50 (1.6
percent) to $3.50 and over (13.2 percent). Re
gionally, average earnings for physical workers
ranged from $2.42 in the Southwest to $3.01 and
$3.13 an hour in the Great Lakes and the Pacific
regions, respectively. Among the four types of
systems surveyed, nationwide hourly averages
were highest ($2.98) in the combination (electric
and gas) systems and lowest ($2.60) in gas systems
other than gas transmission. Electric utilities,
however, provided the highest pay level for phys
ical workers in the Great Lakes, Middle West, and
Pacific regions.
Nonsupervisory office workers averaged $2.42 an
hour, with regional averages ranging from $2.03 in
the Southwest to $2.76 in the Pacific. Men office
workers averaged about 30 percent more than
women—$2.80 compared with $2.16 an hour.
Their earnings were more similar to those of phys
ical workers than to women office workers both
with respect to averages ($2.80-$2.86) and dis
tributions, as indicated in the following tabu
lation:
P e r c e n t o f w o r k e r s e a r n in g —
L ess
th a n
$1. 5 0
Office:
M en.........
W om en...
Physical_____
2.3
11.2
1.6
$ 1 .5 0
$2.00
$2.50
and
under
$2. 00
and
under
$2.5 0
and
under
$3 .0 0
$ 3 .0 0
and
under
$ 3 .5 0
17.6
33.4
16.5
33.6
18.5
35.8
27.7
6.1
27.7
8.3
29.7
5.2
$ 3 .5 0
and
o ver
10.7
1.1
13.2
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
1 The survey included privately operated systems employing 100 workers
or more and engaged in the production, transmission, and/or distribution of
electricity and/or gas (industry groups 491, 492, and 493, as defined in the
1957 edition of the S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l C l a s s if ic a t io n M a n u a l prepared by the
U.S. Bureau of the Budget).
The straight-time average hourly earnings presented in this article difier
in concept from the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bureau’s
monthly hours and earnings series. Unlike the latter, the averages presented
here exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts, and were calculated by summing individual hourly earnings
and dividing by the number of individuals. In the monthly series, the sum
of the man-hour totals reported by the establishments in the industry is
divided into the reported payroll totals.
A more comprehensive account of the study will be presented in a forth
coming bulletin.
2 In this survey, working foremen and other nonsupervisory workers en
gaged in nonoffice functions are called physical workers, in accordance with
industry nomenclature. Temporary or force-account construction employees
utilized as a separate work force and engaged in the construction of major
additions or alterations and workers employed in services other than gas or
electric were excluded.
3 Office workers include all nonsupervisory office workers employed in gas
and electric utilities and in other services.
EARNINGS IN ELECTRIC AND GAS UTILITY SYSTEMS
Earnings data for 14 physical and 5 office occu
pations are presented in the accompanying table.4
Journeymen, linemen, gas appliance servicemen,
and meter readers, the three numerically most
important occupations studied, averaged $3.33,
$2.94, and $2.52 an hour, respectively. Combined,
these occupations accounted for 15 percent of the
nonsupervisory physical workers. Load dispatch
ers, averaging $4 an hour, and watch engineers,
averaging $3.96, were the highest paid among the
physical worker occupations studied separately.
Main installation and service laborers and janitors,
4
T h e fo r th c o m in g b u lle tin w ill in c lu d e d a ta for 58 p h y s ic a l a n d 26 office
o c c u p a tio n s w h ic h to g e th e r a c c o u n te d for 50 p e r c e n t o f th e n o n s u p e r v iso r y
w o r k e r s in t h e s u r v e y .
N umber
and
531
porters, and cleaners received the lowest wages
(averaging $2.02, and $2.05, respectively).
Among the women's office occupations studied
separately, tabulating machine operators (class A)
and secretaries had the highest average hourly
earnings, $3.01 and $2.71, respectively. The
lowest level of hourly earnings, $1.56, was recorded
for office girls. Men's average earnings for the
office occupations for which comparisons could be
made were higher than the averages for women.
In most instances, however, the differences
amounted to less than 10 cents an hour. The
greater difference noted in overall averages for
men and women office workers is related, in large
part, to differences in employment distributions
of men and women among office jobs.
A verage Straight-T ime H ourly E arnings 4 of N onsupervisory W orkers
Utilities, by S elected Characteristics and R egions, 2 J uly 1962
Characteristic
T ype
of
in
E lectric
and
Gas
United States
New England
Middle A tlantic«
Border States
Southeast
Workers Earnings
Workers Earnings
Workers Earnings
Workers Earnings
Workers Earnings1
System
All systems:
Total nonsupervisory workers.......
Physical workers____ . . .
Office workers......................
405,302
290,115
115,187
$2.73
2.86
2. 42
25,583
19,272
6,311
$2.69
_____
—
Electric systems:
Total nonsupervisory w orkers...
Physical workers______
Office w o rk e rs ...____
Gas transmission systems:
Total nonsupervisory workers______________
Physical workers____ _ . . .
Office workers_________________________
Other gas systems: *
Total nonsupervisory workers___ _
Physical workers___________ .
Office workers________
Combination systems:
Total nonsupervisory workers__________
Physical workers___ ____ _
Office workers____________
148,635
108,279
40,356
24,897
17, 733
7,164
77,445
53,274
24,171
$2.76
2.89
2.42
15,102
11,472
3,630
r
31,377
22,368
9,009
95,634
69, 755
25,879
$2.57
2.66
2.34
-------------
$2.68
2. 84
2.17
2.54 ................ ................ ................ ................
2. 65
2.27
................ ................
2.51
4,946
2.55
2.60
3,655
2.70
2.32
1,291
2.14
154,325
110,829
43,496
2 .8 5
2 .9 8
2 .5 1
5,295
3 ,9 6 7
1,3 2 8
2 .8 8
3 .0 4
2 .4 0
4,4 7 2
6,4 9 0
2 0 ,087
1,109
2 ,7 2 2
2 .7 8
2 .2 8
3 .3 3
4 .0 0
3 .2 4
247
284
1,629
89
331
2.81
3 ,6 0 9
7 ,7 8 0
4 ,3 6 5
6 ,4 6 4
11,254
2 .4 2
2 .0 2
2 .9 4
282
170
167
847
2. 68
4 ,5 7 3
12,199
4 ,2 2 5
4 ,7 0 3
3 .3 5
2 .5 2
2. 66
2 .6 6
4,1 7 1
3,651
4 ,3 6 2
5, O il
1,951
1 .9 0
1.95
2. 71
2 .0 2
1 .7 7
...........
30,939
23,065
7,874
$2.47
2.56
2.21
---- ------- -
23,073
17,498
5,575
$2.60
2.69
2.31
................ ________ ................
5,026
$2.49
2.50
2.47
14,865
10,607
4,2 5 8
2 .6 2
2. 73
2. 36
5,376
3, 748
1,628
................
2. 01
2.05
1.9 0
S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t io n s — A l l S y s t e m s
Physical w o r k e r s —Men
Electricity:
Auxiliary equipment operators...........
Groundmen_____
Linemen, journeym en...
Load d isp atch ers..___
Substation operators___
Gas:
Compressor operators___
Gas-main fitters...
Gas-main fitters’ helpers_____
Laborers, main installation and service..
Servicemen, gas appliances
Miscellaneous:»
Electricians, maintenance_______
Meter readers__________
Stock clerks.....................
Truckdrivers___________
Office workers— Women
All systems:
Cashiers____ _______________
Clerks, accounting, class B ...............
Secretaries____
Stenographers, general........ .........................
Typists, class B.........................................
S ee fo o tn o tes a t e n d o f ta b le ,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2. 90
2 .3 2
2 .8 5
466
341
2. 60
2. 68
459
365
185
2 .0 8
1 .9 7
2 .6 0
1 .8 6
999
916
3,9 9 9
259
613
$ 2 .8 7
2 .3 7
3. 54
4.2 1
3 .4 2
303
597
1,139
66
166
2. 67
2 .1 2
3 .0 9
4 .3 7
3 .2 3
705
1,117
2,1 1 0
135
189
2.5 5
2 .0 4
3 .1 7
3 .6 6
2 .6 9
564
2,3 2 1
1,2 0 0
1,315
2 ,6 9 9
2 .8 3
2. 77
2 .4 5
2 .1 5
2. 95
386
355
294
574
553
2. 76
2. 57
2. 23
2 .0 0
3 .0 8
177
165
748
750
2 .4 5
1.7 5
1 .4 3
2 .6 0
665
2,8 2 6
856
1,106
3 .4 5
2. 56
2 .7 5
2 .8 1
180
813
197
337
3 .1 3
2 .4 2
2 .5 1
2 .3 9
485
1,0 1 3
235
186
3 .1 4
2 .3 8
2 .6 0
2 .3 3
463
258
/54
890
492
2 .3 2
2. 37
2 .9 9
2 .2 0
1.90
257
1.8 8
382
343
182
2. 63
1.90
1 ,6 7
590
496
339
512
53
2 .0 3
2 .1 3
2 .6 4
1.98
1 .7 3
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
532
N umber
and
A verage S traight-T ime H ourly E arnings 1 of N onsupervisory W orkers in E lectric
U tilities, by S elected Characteristics and R egions,2 J uly 1962— Continued
Characteristic
Great Lakes
Southwest
Middle West
Mountain
and
Gas-
Pacific
Workers Earnings1 Workers Earnings1 Workers Earnings1 Workers Earnings1 Workers Earnings1
T y pe o f S y stem
All systems:
Total nonsupervisory workers______________
Physical workers.................................- ..........
Office workers_________________________
45,015
3 0 ,248
14,767
$2.29
2. 42
2 .0 3
97,120
67,713
29,407
$2.87
3. 01
2 .5 4
29,337
21,678
7,659
$ 2 .68
2. 81
2. 30
14,749
11,158
3,591
$ 2 .65
2. 79
2.2 4
35,548
24,858
10,690
$3.02
3 .1 3
2 .7 6
Electric systems:
Total nonsupervisory workers.............................
Physical workers______________________
Office workers—............................— ........—
Gas transmission systems:
19,236
13,534
5,7 0 2
$ 2 .32
2 .4 9
1.91
41,716
29,465
12,251
$2. 98
3 .1 2
2 .6 7
7,927
5,818
2,1 0 9
$ 3 .06
3 .1 5
2 .8 2
3 ,439
2,593
846
$2 .6 2
2. 78
2 .1 3
10,880
7,545
3 ,3 3 5
$ 3 .0 5
3. 21
2 .6 8
11,851
439
4; 412
i,
2 .4 8
2.6 1
2 .2 7
9,315
6,096
3,219
1.87
1.9 2
1. 78
19,013
12,680
6 ,333
2 .7 5
2.8 7
2 .4 9
7,266
5,159
2,107
2 .6 7
2 .7 9
2 .3 8
1,894
1,358
536
2 .4 2
2 .5 3
2 .1 4
6,701
4 ,014
2,687
2 .9 0
2 .9 8
2 .7 8
4,613
3 ,179
1,434
2 .5 3
2. 64
2.3 1
3 3 ,178
23,151
10,027
2 .8 2
2. 98
2 .4 5
10,919
8,141
2 ,7 7 8
2 .4 8
2 .6 8
1.8 9
6,027
4,3 9 0
1,637
2 .7 3
2. 90
2 .2 8
17,551
12,987
4 ,5 6 4
3 .0 5
3 .1 3
2.81
432
1,105
1,839
101
124
2 .4 8
2.0 1
3 .0 3
3 .6 5
2 .5 8
1,229
839
4,769
231
865
2 .9 4
2. 47
3 .4 3
4.11
3. 36
305
381
1,648
101
104
2. 79
2. 44
3 .1 6
3 .4 7
3 .3 4
122
321
728
55
43
2 .7 5
2. 28
3 .2 7
3. /6
2.9 1
130
930
2,2 2 6
72
3.1 3
2 .6 5
3.5 5
4 .4 0
1,081
345
400
1,271
749
2 .8 5
2 .1 0
1.7 6
1. 51
2. 34
443
2,997
923
1,185
3,607
3 .0 5
2 .9 3
2 .6 5
2 .4 6
3 .1 2
394
729
339
408
781
2 .8 7
2 .7 1
2 .4 9
2 .1 0
2 .7 6
167
2 .9 5
224
288
2.1 3
2.7 7
161
407
771
572
980
3.4 8
3 .1 3
2 .6 2
2. 51
3 .1 5
439
1,038
482
1,029
3.1 1
1.9 4
2 .3 0
2 .4 2
1,376
3 ,206
1,371
852
3 .4 9
2 .6 7
2.7 5
2 .7 8
316
740
237
340
3 .3 9
2 .5 5
2. 55
2 .7 5
194
419
123
460
3 .2 7
2 .3 6
2 .4 8
2 .6 8
452
1,272
383
313
3. 65
2 .7 5
2. 86
2. 88
769
805
902
1 ,008
343
1.5 4
1 .7 8
2 .4 3
1.77
1.5 2
784
860
798
1,145
498
2. 08
1 .9 0
2 .8 3
2 .1 5
1.7 9
528
450
376
435
99
1 .6 0
1.8 4
2 .6 2
1.8 3
1.6 9
155
85
109
209
81
1.8 9
1.9 5
2 .6 2
2 .0 2
1.7 9
351
112
337
284
87
1.8 8
2.4 7
2. 94
2 .4 0
2 .0 0
Other gas system s:4
Total nonsupervisory workers.............................
Physical workers______________________
Office workers_________________________
Combination systems:
Total nonsupervisory workers.............................
Physical workers______________________
Office workers__________ . ----------------
'
S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t io n s — A l l S y s t e m s
Physical workers—Men
Electricity:
Auxiliary equipment operators--------------------Groundmen______________________________
Linemen, journeymen--------------------------------Load dispatchers_________________________
Gas:
Gas-main fitters---------------------------------------Laborers rnnin installation and service_______
Servicemen, gas appliances................ - .................
Miscellaneous:5
Electricians, maintenance__________________
Meter readers____________________________
Stock clerks______________________ _______
Truckdri vers....... .......................- ........... - ........—
Office workers—II omen
All systems:
Cashiers________________ __ __________ ——
Clerks, accounting, class B ............ ......... ...........
Secretaries_______________________________
Stenographers, general..........................................
Typists, class B ----- --------------------- ------------------------
i Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays
and late shifts..
, „
„ , , _
,, ,
s The regions used in this study include: N e w E n g la n d — Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
M i d d l e A t l a n t i c — New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; B o r d e r S ta te s —
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; S o u th e a s t— Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Caro
lina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; S o u th w e s t— Arkansas, Louisiana,
Oklahoma, and Texas; G re a t L a k e s — Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,
Ohio, and Wisconsin; M i d d l e West—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska,
North Dakota, and South Dakota; M o u n t a i n — Arizona, Colorado, Idaho,
Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; P a c i f i c —California, Nevada,
Oregon, and Washington. (Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the study.)
3 Earnings data for other than the selected occupations were insufficient
to justify publication of averages and earnings distributions for all non
supervisory workers.
<Includes systems engaged in gas distribution; gas transmission and dis
tribution; gas production; or gas production and distribution.
‘ Occupations in this group are common to all types of systems.
Establishment Practices
workers in each region received 7 days or more; the
most liberal provisions were recorded in New Eng
land and the Middle Atlantic regions, where vir
tually all workers received 9 paid holidays or more.
Paid vacations after qualifying periods of service
were also provided by all systems studied. Twoweek vacations were available to three-fifths of
the physical workers and seven-tenths of the office
workers after 1 year and to virtually all workers in
both groups after 2 years of service. Three weeks
were provided after 10 years of service to two-
A work schedule of 40 hours a week was in effect
in July 1962 for nearly all of the nonsupervisory
physical workers in electric and gas utilities.
Nine-tenths of the office employees also had 40hour schedules; most of the remainder worked
37% hours per week.
Paid holidays were provided by all systems
studied, the number of days ranging from 5 to 12
annually. A majority of the physical and office
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publi
cation criteria.
EARNINGS IN WOOL YARN AND BROADWOVEN FABRIC MILLS
533
thirds of the physical and office workers. Four
weeks of paid vacation were received by threefourths of the workers with 25 years of service.
Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance
benefits, for which employers paid at least part of
the cost, were available to more than nine-tenths
of the physical and office workers. An equally
high proportion of workers were covered by plans
that provide for payments during illness or acci
dent disability. Approximately four-fifths were
in systems providing medical insurance.
Retirement pension plans (other than benefits
available under Federal old-age, survivors, and
disability insurance), were provided by systems
employing virtually all of the workers.
Earnings in Wool Yarn and
Broadwoven Fabric Mills, June 1962
1962 than in September 1957, when the Bureau
conducted a similar study.3 In the Middle
Atlantic region, which accounted for 11 percent
of the industry’s work force, earnings averaged
$1.87 an hour at the time of the current study.
Integrated mills, which perform both spinning
and weaving operations, accounted for seventenths of the workers in the industry. Workers
in these mills averaged $1.68 an hour, compared
with $1.55 for workers in yarn (spinning) mills
and $1.78 in weaving mills which produce doth
from purchased yarn. The earnings differences
were partly due to the greater requirement for
skilled workers in the weaving than in the spinning
operations. In New England, workers in weaving
mills averaged 12 cents an hour more than workers
in integrated mills and 20 cents more than those
in yarn mills.
S tr a ig h t - tim e e a r n in g s of production and re
lated workers in wool yarn and broadwoven fabric
mills averaged $1.66 an hour in June 1962, accord
ing to a survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.1 In the earnings array, the middle
half of the 50,570 workers covered by the survey
earned between $1.44 and $1.82 an hour. Nearly
6 percent of the workers earned less than $1.25 an
hour, and 13.5 percent earned $2 or more.
Earnings data were also tabulated separately
by sex, type and size of establishment, and size of
community. The study also provides informa
tion on the earnings of workers in selected occupa
tions as well as the incidence of certain establish
ment practices, including hours of work, paid
vacations, paid holidays, and health, insurance,
and pension benefits.
Mills having agreements with labor organiza
tions accounted for 35 percent of the industry’s
workers. Forty-five percent of the workers in
New England and 6 percent in the Southeast
were in union establishments.
Earnings
Workers in New England,2accounting for nearly
half of the industry’s work force, averaged $1.71
an hour, compared with $1.51 for workers in the
Southeast, where a third of the workers were
employed. Earnings in both regions averaged
approximately 20 cents an hour more in June
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— F red L. B auer
Division of Occupational Pay
1 Earnings data in this article exclude premium pay for overtime and for
work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
The survey included establishments employing 20 workers or more and
primarily engaged in spinning, twisting, winding, or spooling yarn from wool
fibers (including carpet and rug yam), or in weaving woolen or worsted
fabrics over 12 inches in width. For purposes of the study, wool yams and
fabrics are those containing 25 percent wool or more by weight. Establish
ments primarily engaged in weaving carpets or rugs were excluded.
A more comprehensive account of the study will be presented in a forth
coming BLS bulletin. It will also include a summary of information on
wages and selected supplementary practices in wool dyeing and finishing
establishments (including shrinking and sponging plants) and in scouring
and combing establishments.
Separate reports providing information on earnings and supplementary
benefits in wool yarn and broadwoven fabric mills were previously issued
for Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, North CarolinaVirginia, and Philadelphia, Pa., and are available on request.
s For definition of the regions used in this study, see accompanying table,
footnote 2.
9 See “ Earnings in Wool Yam and Broadwoven Fabric Mills, 1957,”
Monthly Labor Review, May 1958, pp. 502-509. The scope of the 1962 study
differs slightly from the preceding one by the inclusion of 2,083 workers in
carpet and rug yam mills.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
534
ever, averages for the three groups were only
1 cent apart ($1.71 and $1.70).
Because of the interrelationship of the factors
discussed in the preceding paragraphs (and other
factors, such as extent of unionization), it is not
possible to determine the influence of each
characteristic on pay levels. In the Southeast,
for example, three-fifths of the workers in inte
grated mills were in establishments employing
500 workers or more, whereas only one-fifth
Nationwide and in each of the regions for which
separate data are provided, workers in metro
politan areas averaged somewhat more than
workers in smaller communities. Data were
also tabulated by mill-size groups. In the
Southeast, workers in mills with 500 employees
or more averaged $1.55 an hour—8 cents more
than in mills employing between 250 and 499
workers and 12 cents more than in mills with
fewer than 250 workers. In New England, how
N umber
and
A verage Straight-T ime H ourly E arnings 1 of P roduction W orkers in W ool Y arn
F abric Mills, by Selected Characteristics and R egions,2 J une 1962
United States 3 New England
Southeast
Middle
Atlantic
and
B roadwoven
Pacific
Great Lakes
Characteristics
Work
ers
Earn Work
ers
ings 1
Earn Work
ers
ings 1
Earn Work
ers
ings 1
Earn
ings i
Work
ers
Earn
ings i
Work
ers
Earn
ings »
$1.66
24,252
$1.71
5,721
$1.87
16, 659
$1. 51
1,963
$1.52
939
$1.90
29,259
21,311
1. 71
1. 58
14,813
9,439
1.76
1. 63
2,997
2,724
2.00
1. 72
9,361
7,298
1.55
1. 45
985
978
1.58
1.46
433
506
2.01
1.81
_________ 12,147
3 HO
Integrated_____________________________________ 35| 313
1. 55
1. 78
1.68
5,774
1,687
16,791
1.64
1.84
1. 72
2,213
513
2,995
1.63
1.97
2.03
3,341
1.37
627
1.37
12,502
1.54
1,336
1.59
725
1.94
16,388
34 182
1.78
1. 59
7,527
16,725
1.74
1.69
5,130
591
1.89
1.66
1.62
1.49
1.90
1.50
500
1.463
939
14,889
20,482
17 002
500 workers or more___— --------------------- -----------— 12’, 126
1.67
1. 64
1. 66
11,435
10,785
2,032
1. 71
1.71
1.70
4,244
1.76
2,254
1.43
1. 47
1. 55
1,383
1.49
580
1.84
8,535
1,199
491
813
2,887
774
2,113
2,199
1,489
710
552
1. 65
1.81
2.14
1.71
1.81
1.67
2.06
2.10
1.97
1. 58
750
204
438
1,838
507
1,331
1,374
1,023
351
318
1.65
1.64
2.15
1.76
1.81
1.74
2.12
2.13
2.11
1. 58
183
153
91
206
159
47
140
83
1.79
2.17
2.45
1.97
1.94
2.10
2.13
2. 27
167
78
185
656
1.51
1.70
1.93
1.47
1.91
1. 88
2.49
1.89
1.89
2.29
2.33
2.22
1.71
14
51
47
32
15
61
1.45
1.88
1.93
1.81
1.46
1.45
1.68
1.99
1. 59
1. 68
1.58
1. 64
1. 61
1. 65
1.31
18
9
25
51
565
382
226
156
100
46
30
36
59
6
53
103
26
90
676
329
347
381
1, 026
607
£53
1,444
1.65
1 48
1. 54
1.42
2.15
1 54
1 50
2 01
1.43
59
276
81
195
133
384
328
264
636
1.73
1.53
1. 76
1.43
2.23
1 73
1. 56
2.27
1.55
85
1.38
79
12
87
45
104
1.38
2.30
1.46
1.50
2.30
1.51
306
233
73
215
617
1.47
1.47
1.45
2.08
1.42
544
670
1.87
1.30
65
1.27
529
239
290
1.41
1.42
1.41
2 02
1.50
292
122
170
76
687
1.47
1.53
1.43
2.01
1.53
13
12
1.64
1.63
27
177
2. 52
1.69
197
94
103
114
384
1.31
1.25
1.37
1.92
1.36
32
1.
14
1 .8 6
All production workers_____________________ 50, 570
Sex
M*p.n
____________
Women______________ ________________________
T y p e o f M il l
Yarn
C o m m u n it y S iz e
"Metropolitan area«? 4
M il l S iz e
20-249 workers_________________________________
S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t io n s
Woolen
Card finishers 5 .
_______ ________________
_______ ________________
Fuller tenders 6
Loom fixers 6
_______ - ________________
Spinners, frame________________________________
Women
____________________
Weavers, box looms, automatic__________ — ------M en
__ _
_______________
W om en
______________
Worsted
Doilers, spinning frame——---- ——------- — -----------"Women
Spinners, frame, American system ®— -------------------Spinners, frame, Bi&dioid system —
—
—
—
—
—
—
--------- —
----Weavers, box looms, automatic - -----------------------Winders, cone and tube, high speed, nonautomatic7.-.
Miscellaneous
W om en
iV. •
~Z~~~
Truckers, hand (including bobbin boys) 9----------------
221
1,302
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 The regions used in this study include: New England—Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Southeast—
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Tennessee, and Virginia; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minne
sota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Pacific—California, Nevada, Oregon, and
Washington.
2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska
and Hawaii were not included in the study.
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33
77
45
1 The term “ metropolitan area” as used in this study refers to the Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Areas established under the sponsorship of the
U.S. Bureau of the Budget.
2 Workers were predominantly men.
« All workers were men.
2Almost all workers were women.
2 Workers were predominantly women.
• Almost all workers were men.
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet
publication criteria.
EARNINGS IN WOOL YARN AND BROADWOVEN FABRIC MILLS
of the yarn-mill workers were in establishments
of this size.
Earnings of nearly all workers were within a
range of $1.15 to $2.50 an hour; the middle half
had earnings between $1.44 and $1.82. Region
ally, the distribution of workers within specified
earnings classes varied considerably, as indicated
in the following tabulation:
P e r c e n t o f w o r k e r s w i th s p e c if ie d s tr a ig h t- tim e
h o u r ly e a r n in g s i n —
U n it e d
S t a te s 1
N ew
Eng
la n d
M id d le
A tla n
t ic
S o u th
e a st
G reat
L akes
U n d e r $1.25____ _____ _____
$1.25 a n d u n d e r $1.50_____
$1.50 a n d u n d e r $1.75___
$1.75 a n d u n d e r $2.00_____
$2.00 a n d u n d e r $2.25_____
$2.25 a n d o v e r
5 .9
2 6 .6
3 5 .5
18.4
8 .3
5 .2
1 .5
1 9 .6
4 2 .6
2 1 .5
9 .6
5 .2
0 .6
13.1
3 1 .3
2 2 .7
15.2
17.1
11.9
42 .9
29.5
11.2
3 .8
.7
2 3 .5
24 .9
30 .6
14.3
5 .3
1 .4
4 .5
4. 2
13.3
47. 2
13.7
17.1
T o t a l........... ...................
N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s.
100.0
50,570
100. 0
24,252
100.0
5,721
100.0
16,659
100.0
1,963
100.0
939
P a c ific
1Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
The occupational classifications for which earn
ings data are presented in the accompanying table
accounted for three-tenths of the production
workers within the scope of the survey.4 Among
these, average earnings ranged from $1.41 an hour
for battery hands to $2.14 for loom fixers in woolen
operations and $2.15 in worsted operations.
Frame spinners and automatic box loom weavers,
two numerically important occupations in the
production of woolens, averaged $1.71 and $2.06
an hour, respectively. In worsted operations,
frame spinners (American system) averaged $1.54
and automatic box loom weavers, $2.01 an hour.
Spinners and weavers were frequently paid on
an incentive basis. Approximately one-fourth of
all production workers were paid incentive rates;
individual piece-rate systems were typically
utilized.
Establishment Practices5
Work schedules of 40 hours a week were in
effect in June 1962 in mills employing approxi-
* Earnings data for additional occupations are presented in the forthcoming
bulletin.
5
Establishment practices for production and related workers are briefly
summarized in this article. Additional detail for these workers and informaion for office workers will be presented in the forthcoming bulletin.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
535
mately three-fifths of the production workers.
Nearly half of the workers in the Southeast region,
however, were scheduled to work 48 hours.
Two-fifths of the production workers were
employed on late shifts. About twice as many
were employed on second shifts as on third or
other late shifts. Premium pay for second shift
work was usually provided in New England, but
rarely in the Southeast; premium pay for third or
other late shift work, however, was common in
both regions.
Paid holidays were provided by establishments
with seven-tenths of the workers. In New
England, nine-tenths of the workers received paid
holidays, usually 6 days annually; in the Southeast,
about two-fifths were in establishments providing
paid holidays, most commonly 1 day a year.
Paid vacations to workers with qualifying
periods of service were provided by establishments
employing nearly all of the production workers.
A large majority of the workers were in establish
ments providing a week’s vacation pay after 1
year of service and 2 weeks after 5 years or more.
Provisions for vacations in excess of 2 weeks were
not common in the industry.
Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance, for
which employers paid at least part of the cost,
were provided by mills employing nine-tenths or
more of the workers. Accidental death and
dismemberment insurance was available to threefourths of the workers; sickness and accident
insurance, to seven-tenths ; and medical insurance,
to nearly half.
Pension plans providing regular payments to
workers upon retirement (other than those
available under Federal old-age, survivors, and
disability insurance) were reported by establish
ments employing slightly more than one-eighth of
the workers. A similar proportion of the workers
were in mills providing lump-sum payments at
retirement.
Nonproduction bonuses, usually paid at
Christmas or yearend, were provided by mills
employing two-fifths of the workers.
— C harles
M.
O ’C o n n o r
Division of Occupational Pay
536
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
Wage Chronology:
International Shoe Co.1
Supplement No. 4—1962-64
T wo- year contracts to replace those that expired
September 30, 1962, were agreed to on the follow
ing day by the International Shoe Co., and the
United Shoe Workers of America (USWA) and
the Boot and Shoe Workers (B&SW) after almost
2 months of negotiations. The new agreements,
which covered about 13,000 workers, provided
3-cent-an-hour general wage increases for all work
ers on January 1, 1963, and again on January 1,
1964.2 In addition, higher rates for some incen
tive operations, effective March 4 and September
3, 1963, will increase the earnings of one-third of
the company’s employees an average of 6 cents an
hour over the life of the contract.
Improvements in fringe benefits consisted of an
additional paid holiday and an increase in women’s
accident and sickness benefits to the level of the
men’s benefits. An actuarial study of the pension
fund was instituted to determine the feasibility of
an early retirement provision under existing financ
ing arrangements. As a result of this study, the
pension plan was amended to permit voluntary
retirement at age 62.
The following tables show the changes incorpo
rated in the 1962 agreements, which are to remain
in effect until September 30, 1964, without any
reopening.
1 See Monthly Labor Review, July 1952 (pp. 30-34), April 1953 (pp. 402-403),
July 1958 (pp. 765-766), October 1961 (pp. 1106-1108), or Wage Chronology
Series 4, No. 25.
2 An additional 3,000 to 4,000 unorganized workers were to receive the
same changes in wages and benefits.
A—General Wage Changes
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Jan. 1, 1963 (USWA and
B&SW—-agreements of
Oct. 1, 1962).
3 cents an hour increase__________ —
Weekly earnings of pieceworkers increased by
the general wage change times the number of
hours worked during the wreek.
Agreement also provided a deferred general wage
increase, effective Jan. 1, 1964, and increases
in incentive rates, effective Mar. 4 and Sept.
3, 1963.
Deferred increase of up to 5 cents per 100 piece
work points in some incentive operations,
amounting to 1 cent an hour when averaged
over entire bargaining unit.1
Deferred increase of up to 5 cents per 100 piece
work points in some incentive operations,
amounting to 1.5 cents an hour when aver
aged over entire bargaining unit.1
Minimum rate increased to $1.25 an hour as
required by 1961 amendment of Fair Labor
Standards Act; other rates in progression
schedule for lowest paid day-rate workers
increased to reflect new minimum.
Deferred wage increase. Weekly earnings of
pieceworkers increased by the general wage
change times the number of hours worked
during the week.
Mar. 4, 1963 (USWA and
B&SW—agreements of
above date).
Sept. 3, 1963 (USWA and
B&SW—agreements of
above date).
Jan. 1, 1964 (USWA and
B&SW—agreements of
above date).
3 cents an hour increase______________
1 Under the company’s incentive plan, 100 points is equal to approximately 100 m inutes of work for the average worker. The 5 cents would,
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therefore, be the equivalent of about a 3-cent-an-hour increase for the average
pieceworker.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY: INTERNATIONAL SHOE CO.
537
B—Minimum Hourly Rates for Nonincentive Workers, All Areas
Effective date
Rate
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Sept. 3, 1 9 6 1 __________
$1.15____________
J a n .1, 1963____________
Sept. 3, 1963
_______
1.25_____________
To comply with amendment of Fair Labor Standards Act, effective Sept.
3, 1961; other rates in progression schedule increased to reflect in
crease in minimum rate, although this was not included in the con
tracts.
By agreements of Oct. 1, 1962, automatic progression changed to rate
equal to the minimum rate plus at least two-thirds the difference
between the minimum and maximum rates.
To comply with 1961 amendment of Fair Labor Standards Act; other
rates in progression schedule increased to reflect increase in minimum
rate.1
P' l The progression schedule in effect since October 1958 provided for various
maximum rates, depending on the length of time necessary to attain the skill
required to perform a specific job. Examples of the progression schedule,
effective Sept. 3,1963, are shown in the following two jobs in the company’s
Springfield, 111. (Boot and Shoe Workers), plant:
C u tb a c k s h o e s :
Cutback shoes—Continued
Hourly rate
$1.40
After 24 weeks_______________________________________
After 28 weeks.................................... ........................................
1.425
1.45
After 32 weeks_______________________________________
Maximum________________ __________________________
1.635
H o u r l y r a te
Minimum......... ............................................................... ...........
After 4 w eeks............ ....................... ............................ .............
After 8 weeks________________________________________
After 12 weeks____ _______ _______ _____ _____________
After 16 weeks___ ______ ____________________________
After 20 weeks........................................................................... .
$1.25
1.275
1.30
1.325
1.35
1.375
B a c k sh o e b o y (.la stin g d e p a r tm e n t) :
Minimum___________
After 4 weeks_________________
After 8 weeks____ _____________
After 12 weeks________ ________
Maximum...................... ................
1.25
1.275
1. 30
1.325
1.365
C—Related Wage Practices
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Holidays
May 30, 1963 (USWA and
B&SW agreements of
Oct. 1, 1962).
Added: 1 paid holiday (total 7)_ ______
Holiday was Memorial Day, formerly an
unpaid holiday.
Technological Change Pay
Oct. 1, 1962 (USWA and
B&SW agreements of
same date).
Changed: Guarantee for operators trans
ferred to machine that represented a
technological change— Lesser of 60 points
per hour at class wage of new machine or
average pay of employee on previous job.
Guarantee applied for minimum of 120 hours
or until a piece rate was established,
whichever occurred later.
Group Insurance
Dec. 1, 1962 (USWA and
B&SW agreements of
Oct. 1, 1962).
Dec. 1, 1963 (USWA and
B&SW agreements of
Oct. 1, 1962).
Increased: Sickness and accident benefits for
women—to $20 a week.
Increased: Sickness and accident benefits for
women—to $25 a week.
Pension Plan
Oct. 1, 1962 (USWA and
B&SW agreements of
above date).
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Changed: Normal retirement benefits— age
requirement reduced to 62.
Agreement provided for lowering retirement
age if benefits would not increase com
pany contributions and Internal Revenue
Service would approve change for tax
purposes. Change in age requirement was
adopted.
Technical Note
International Comparisons of Unit
Labor Cost: Concepts and Methods
W illiam C. Shelton
J ohn H. C handler *
and
As i n d i c a t e d in the article, “The Role of Labor
Cost in Foreign Trade/’ on pages 485-490 of this
issue, international comparisons of labor cost are
needed for analysis of foreign trade. They are also
needed for a number of other purposes. This note
examines the measurement of labor cost in relation
to output and formulates guidelines for future
work in this field. First, a definition of unit
labor cost is needed.
Unit labor cost is the ratio of total labor cost
(or expenditure), in money terms, to total out
put produced by this labor (in concert with other
factors of production), in physical terms. The
unit of measurement may be expressed as, for
example, dollars per ton or francs per gallon.
The relationship of unit labor cost to hourly
labor cost and output per man-hour (labor
productivity) can be expressed algebraically as
follows:
Let C=quantity of output
I5=aggregate labor cost (or expenditure)
Z=man-hours of labor
Then,
E
Unit labor cost===—
•
l
Hourly labor cost=
E
L
Output per man-houn Q
L
Clearly, unit labor cost equals hourly labor cost
divided by output per man-hour.
538
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All three concepts, hourly labor cost, unit labor
cost, and output per man-hour, are useful in
international comparisons, but the present note
is concerned only with unit labor cost. The
various approaches to measurement of unit labor
cost are first taken up, followed by a discussion of
labor cost (the numerator) and output (the
denominator).
Approaches to Measurement
The greatest problem involved in measuring
unit labor cost stems from the fact that labor
cost data are available by industry while output
is reported by product, and since nearly all
industries produce a number of products, the
question of labor cost allocation (or product
synthesis) must be faced. Attempts have been
made to break down labor and other costs by
product to arrive at unit labor cost for individual
products, and studies of this type undertaken by
two different agencies are discussed later in this
section. Attempts have also been made to
combine product data Into industry aggregates
to arrive at unit labor cost for an industry, and
this method is also discussed below. Finally, it
is possible to prepare estimates for all manu
facturing industries combined.
The methodology described in this note relates
primarily to the industry approach and therefore
concerns only the cost of labor within the industry
or industry group. It thus excludes labor cost
in other industries, which would be embodied in
the materials cost for the industry under considera
tion.
Comparability of Data. In any approach to
measurement, two sorts of comparability are
needed. First, the labor cost used should be the
payment for the labor (both production and non*Of the Division of Foreign Labor Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF UNIT LABOR COST
production workers) which actually produced
the output. Second, the industry or product
covered in different countries should be the same.
In general, lack of comparability between labor
costs and output in the same country may be a
more serious data problem than lack of com
parability between countries in the definition of an
industry or product.
Thus, in the first instance, if labor cost data for
the petroleum refining industry in a country
cover all employees in primary refining and re
lated petrochemical operations while the output
data represent only the primary refinery products,
the ratio of these two quantities could seriously
overstate unit labor cost. An undetermined
number of employees in these establishments
spend part or all of their working hours converting
refinery products into petrochemical products
which are entirely omitted from the output
quantities. In the second instance, if data for
the primary iron and steel industry include
wiredrawing in Germany but not in the United
Kingdom, a lack of comparability between the
two countries may result. If wire output is
included in the German output data with a
proportionate weight and if labor cost per weighted
unit of wire output does not differ greatly from
labor cost per weighted unit of primary iron and
steel products, then the error is small; if this is
not the case, the error may be in either direction.
Clearly, both sorts of comparability should be
striven for, but special emphasis should be placed
on achieving comparability between labor cost
and output in each country.
Measurement by Product. One way of achieving
comparability is to conduct a special study of
individual establishments in different countries,
obtaining the necessary data for a selected pro
duction item which is regarded as illustrative or
1 C o m p a r a ti v e F a b r ic P r o d u c t io n C o s ts i n th e U n it e d S t a te s a n d F o u r O th er
(U.S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services
Administration, 1961).
2 Ibid., pp. 1-2.
* The principle of cost equalization through tariff-setting was introduced
in 1922, when provision was made for the Tariff Commission to conduct cost
investigations and make recommendations to the President for the raising
or lowering of duties to equalize costs. The provision was retained
as section 336 of the Tariff Act of 1930, and over 100 cost investigations were
conducted in the 1930-33 period. The Trade Agreements Act of 1934 retained
the cost equalization provision but made it inapplicable to any commodity
on which a tariff concession was made pursuant to a trade agreement. Con
sequently, only a small number of investigations have been ordered since
1933.
* B r o o m s M a d e o f B r o o m c o r n (U.S. Tariff Commission, January 1962),
Investigation No. 336-121.
C o u n tr i e s
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
539
typical. À recent example of this approach is
the 1961 study sponsored by the U.S. Department
of Commerce on comparative fabric production
costs.1 It was conducted by a private research
corporation and consisted of a plant-to-plant
comparison of production costs, including labor
costs, for selected fabrics in five countries. The
limitations of the study were carefully described
in the introduction :
The basic method used in the study was to obtain from
individual producers in each country data on their actual
cost experience in the production of a specific fabric.
These data were to be derived from the actual cost records
of the individual producers and were to be as complete
and detailed as these records would permit. Very early
in the study it was found that considerable variation
existed in the cost accounting procedures and the cost
classifications used by producers in the United States.
Even more variation existed in cost accounting between
producers in the United States and many of those abroad.
Furthermore, it was found that although some producers
in the United States, and in Japan as well, record and
analyze costs in great and careful detail, many producers
in all countries do not. Only to a limited degree do their
accounts record and distinguish inputs and costs of the
various factors of production by individual fabric. As
a result, the choice of reporting firms was greatly narrowed
and detail in which comparable data could be obtained
was reduced. These data do, however, reflect the actual
production and cost experience of producing plants.
One of the questions posed relates to the representative
character of the particular producing plants from which
data were obtained. Since no universe of any sort of
production cost data exists, it was not possible to select
plants which fit into or represent in any known way the
range of production costs in any of the countries.2
The U.S. Tariff Commission has attempted to
determine total cost of production and certain
major cost components by product in a number
of cases.3 The Commission achieved some useful
results in the studies as a whole but encountered
several difficulties in arriving at cost estimates,
including the limited number of companies from
which cost data on individual products could be
obtained and accounting problems in cost allo
cation. Rapid changes in industry conditions
during the early 1930’s and the instability of in
ternational exchange rates also limited the appli
cability of resulting cost information.
The most recent cost investigation made by the
Tariff Commission covered brooms made of broomcorn.4 In this case, the Tariff Commission found
a total cost and a labor cost for the United States
but concluded that the cost of production “for
540
brooms made of broomcorn produced in the prin
cipal competing country [Mexico] was not readily
ascertainable, and the Commission accepted the
weighted average invoice prices of Mexican brooms
made of broomcorn imported during the repre
sentative period as evidence of cost of production.”
It is clear that the difficulties under which
product studies are now being made cannot be
readily overcome. If cost accounting by product
becomes more widespread, more uniform, and
more available, studies by product may hold
more promise for overall economic analysis.
Measurement by Industry. A second way of
achieving comparability between labor cost and
output data is to combine the output of all the
different products of individual plants or of an
industry into an aggregate figure. Significant
studies in this field have been prepared on a de
flated value basis by Paige and Bombach5 and
Rostas.6
A comparison of individual plant costs in the
United States and abroad was conducted by the
National Industrial Conference Board in 1961.7
This study was confined to U.S. firms with operating
affiliates abroad, and data are presented in terms
of percentages of total cost rather than in absolute
terms.
It would seem that the industry approach offers
more hope for expanding quantitative knowledge
in international labor cost comparisons over the
next few years than does the product approach,
but in measuring output, as will be discussed
hereafter, emphasis needs to be shifted from value
to quantity terms. The basic information re
quired for this approach generally does exist at
the establishment level in industrial countries.
Many of these data have already been assembled
as national totals for basic industries in the United
States and some other countries through censuses
of manufactures and by other means, and over
the next few years substantial progress toward
assembling national totals in many countries can
be expected. In addition, the classification of
manufacturing industries is becoming reasonably
uniform among countries.8
Substantial technical difficulties do exist, how
ever. Probably the most serious of these stem
from quality differences and product diversity.
The quality factor is particularly important in
such consumer industries as apparel and shoes,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
where variations in standards of din-ability and
styling make it hard to compare the physical
volume of output of different countries in economic
terms. The diversity factor is particularly
important in, for example, the electrical machinery
industry, where the sheer number of types and
specifications of product renders summarization
difficult. For these two reasons it may be ex
pedient to study first the basic industries, where
quality differences and product diversity are far
less.
Industry or product cost comparisons are usually
limited to movable goods and the industries
producing them. Such comparisons are rarely
cited or requested for the distributive trades,
services, government, and construction, although
these would have to be included in comparisons
for whole economies. Agriculture, forestry, and
fisheries are concerned with foreign trade as
directly as are manufacturing and mining, but
since labor cost in the present context excludes
the income of owners and operators, labor cost is
not a very large part of total cost for most products
in this industry group. Thus, the concepts and
methods discussed in the present article will give
attention primarily to the problems encountered
in manufacturing and mining.
Measurement for All Manufacturing. To show the
overall comparison, and often in the absence of
specific industry data, international comparisons
of unit labor cost in all manufacturing industries
combined have been used. Such comparisons
have been made by the UN Economic Commission
1 Deborah Paige and Gottfried Bombach, A
C o m p a r is o n o f N a t i o n a l O u t
(Paris, Or
ganization for European Economic Cooperation, 1959).
6 Laszlo Rostas, C o m p a r a ti v e P r o d u c t iv i ty i n B r i ti s h a n d A m e r i c a n I n d u s t r y
(London, Cambridge University Press, 1948), National Institute of Economic
and Social Research, Occasional Papers X III.
7 Theodore R. Gates and Fabian Linden, C o s ts a n d C o m p e ti ti o n : A m e r i
c a n E x p e r i e n c e A b r o a d (New York, The National Industrial Conference
Board, 1961), Studies in Business Economics, No. 73.
8 In the United States, the generally accepted industrial classification
system is the S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r i a l C l a s s if ic a t io n M a n u a l , 1957 ed., prepared
by the Technical Committee on Industrial Classification, Office of Statistical
Standards, U.S. Bureau of the Budget. Many foreign countries have
adopted classification systems based upon the I n t e r n a t io n a l S t a n d a r d I n d u s
t r i a l C l a s s if ic a i to n o f A l l E c o n o m ic A c t i v i t i e s (New York, 1959), issued by
the Statistical Office of the United Nations. The UN system bears a close
conceptual resemblance to the U.S. system, although it presents less detail.
Both systems are intended primarily as an aid for preparing statistics by
establishment. It should be noted that the principal statistics on world
trade are classified on a commodity basis, rather than on an establishment
basis. A reconciliation between trade statistics and production statistics,
therefore, is difficult to achieve. For the United States, progress in this
respect has been made by the Bureau of the Census in its U . S . C o m m o d i t y
p u t a n d P r o d u c t iv i ty o f the U n it e d K i n g d o m a n d th e U n it e d S t a te s
E x p o r t s a n d I m p o r t s a s R e l a te d to O u t p u t , 1958.
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF UNIT LABOR COST
for Europe, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and
others.9 They relate to trends over time and in
some cases to the absolute level of costs.
The trend comparisons are most used in relation
to the overall economic problem of inflation and
changes in cost advantage and in discussions of
the valuation of currencies in international
exchange. They can be made on a rough basis
for many countries, since most industrial countries
and some underdeveloped countries prepare in
some form the necessary summary industrial
earnings and productivity data. Valid long-term
trends may be disclosed by this method, but
short-term fluctuations of a few percentage points
should be interpreted with caution, since more
work, requiring careful examination of the basic
statistics, needs to be done to establish com
parability in many cases.10
Unit labor cost has been described earlier as
the ratio between labor expenditure (the numera
tor) and production (the denominator). The
remainder of this technical note deals with these
two principal components in further detail and
also discusses the significance of the time factor
and the exchange rate factor in the study of unit
labor cost.
Labor Expenditure Components
Labor cost (or expenditure) may be defined as
the payments by employers for the employment
of labor as a factor of production. It includes (1)
the items covered in the average earnings statis
tics for production workers, such as those pub8 See, for example: (1) E c o n o m ic S u r v e y o f E u r o p e , 1 9 5 8 and 1 960 (Geneva,
UN, Economic Commission for Europe); (2) F o r e ig n T r a d e a n d C o lle c tiv e
B a r g a i n in g , an address by Philip Arnow, Assistant Commissioner of Labor
Statistics, to the Industrial Relations Research Association, M ay 1960,
excerpted in M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , July 1960, pp. 693-699; (3) Richard N.
Cooper, “ The Competitive Position of the United States,” in Seymour E.
Harris, ed., T h e D o l l a r i n C r i s is (New York, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.,
1961); (4) Faith M. Williams and Edgar I. Eaton, “Payments for Labor Mid
Foreign Trade,” A m e r i c a n E c o n o m ic R e v i e w , September 1959, pp. 584-601;
(5) M ary K. Baird and Frank Meissner, W a g e C o s ts A b r o a d (Menlo Park,
Calif., Stanford Research Institute, 1961); and (6) “ Chapter VIII: Labor
Standards,” S t a f f P a p e r s P r e s e n te d to th e C o m m i s s io n o n F o r e ig n E c o n o m ic
P o l i c y , pp. 427-439.
i» For further discussion of the problems of measuring production and
production trends, see T r e n d s i n O u t p u t p e r M a n - H o u r i n th e P r i v a t e
E c o n o m y , 1 9 0 9 -5 8 (BLS Bulletin 1249, 1960); M artin L. Marimont, “GNP
by Major Industries,” S u r v e y o f C u r r e n t B u s i n e s s , October 1962, pp. 6-20;
Jerome A. Mark, “Industry Indexes of Output Per Man-Hour,” M o n t h l y
L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1962, pp. 1269-1273; “Industrial Production—
1957-59 Base,” F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B u l l e t i n , October 1962, pp. 1267-1276; Victor
Perlo, “The Revised Index of Industrial Production,” with reply by Clayton
Gehman, A m e r i c a n E c o n o m ic R e v i e w , June 1962, pp. 496-522; and I n d e x
N u m b e r s o f I n d u s t r i a l P r o d u c t io n (New York, United Nations, 1950), Studies
In Methods, No. 1.
u L a b o r C o s ts i n E u r o p e a n I n d u s t r y (Geneva, ILO, 1959), NS 52, p. 26.
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541
lished monthly by the BLS, which include basic
wages, premium pay, paid leave, and sometimes
other items; (2) similar items for all employees
other than production workers (including execu
tives and managers); (3) legally required and
voluntary supplements provided in kind or paid
directly to the employee or into special employee
benefit funds. In making this definition opera
tional, it is necessary to take account of present
accounting practices.
Many types of payments commonly used in
one or more foreign countries are rare or unknown
in the United States. For several of these types,
satisfactory methods of measurement have not
yet been developed. In considering what supple
ments to add, special attention should be given
to the items covered in the International Labor
Office labor cost study covering the year 1955.11
General Guides. Taking account of the foregoing,
the following general guides are considered suit
able to provide a sound conceptual basis for inter
national comparisons.
1. Labor cost must represent actual payments
by employers within an industry.
2. Costs which are not usually allocated to a
single factor of production should be excluded.
3. Nonbenefit payments, such as recruitment
and training, which are for labor, although they
do not necessarily benefit labor, are included in
total labor cost but should be shown separately.
4. Payments in kind for labor should be
regarded as labor cost and should be valued at
their direct cost to the employer. Depreciation
of fixed assets, such as housing facilities, may be
considered as a payment in kind to the extent of
the subsidy involved, provided that the assets
are used for the direct and sole benefit of
employees.
The first guide draws an important definitional
boundary by confining the concept of labor ex
penditure to outlays by employers, as distinguished
from outlays by other institutions, such as private
welfare funds or government agencies. Employer
contributions to retirement and welfare funds
should be included. Excluded would be payments
of taxes by employers based on income, sales, or
other measures not related directly to employ
ment even if such revenues are later used to
finance social programs. This is a troublesome
point, since certain benefits may be directly
542
financed by employers in one country, by employ
ees in another, and by government in a third. A
notable example of a government benefit program
is the national health program in the United
Kingdom, financed out of general tax revenues.
The solution recommended here is the one fol
lowed in the ILO study, and while it is not entirely
satisfactory, no better one is at hand. The ILO
study distinguishes between social programs
financed by means of direct employer contribu
tions and programs financed from general tax
revenues, the former being regarded as labor costs
and the latter not.
The second guide excludes from labor cost pay
ments which are usually classified as factory
supply cost or general overhead, such as the
furnishing of in-plant employee needs. These
expenditures are closely associated with the work
environment. A few examples of this sort are
expenditures for uniforms, safety clothing, health
supplies, recreation equipment, and such plant
facilities as washrooms and parking lots. Studies
prepared by the BLS do not include these items12
but some of them may have been included in the
ILO study.
The third guide applies to payments which are
clearly a cost of employing labor from the mana
gerial viewpoint yet are not a measurable benefit
from the viewpoint of the worker.13 Examples of
these payments are recruitment expenses of
various types, training and testing of employees,
and payroll taxes for general revenue purposes,
such as the impôt cédulaire on wages and salaries
in France. Such expenditures are defined by the
ILO as “other payments related to labor cost,”
and are treated separately from the principal cost
items. Studies of supplementary benefits in the
United States, such as those conducted by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics and United States
Chamber of Commerce,14 of course, do not treat
these as employee benefits.
The fourth guide calls for the inclusion of pay
ments in kind to employees, including meals and
food, other commodities, and services provided
out of current funds for personal consumption.
The provision of such facilities as employee hous
ing, medical centers, and recreation facilities away
from the workplace would also be a labor cost.
The handling of such costs in practice often differs
among countries. The yardstick for estimating
the value of these items to be included in labor
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
cost is net cost to the employer. Items sold to
employees at cost should be omitted. Items sold
to employees at less than cost should be valued at
cost less sales. In the case of housing, the same
rule applies to total cost including depreciation.
In some instances, cash allowances are paid to the
employee or housing for other purposes. Such
payments, of course, are regarded as labor cost
items.
To be consistent with the basic criteria set
forth above, the cost of contract work, such as
plant maintenance, stenographic, or production
engineering services, would not be included among
labor expenditures, even when such work consists
exclusively of labor services, unless it is necessary
to do so in one country in order to achieve com
parability with other countries. Exclusion of such
expenditures may call for special explanation if the
practice is significant in particular industries or
countries. The existence of a contract to supply
labor suggests that the firm utilizing the labor has
partially relinquished its functions as employer,
and it also suggests that the expenditure involved
does not accrue entirely to labor but is allocable in
part to the contractor’s overhead and profits.
It is not possible to determine ail items that may
be included among labor expenditures. Decisions
about individual items or practices must await
actual country-by-country compilations of data.
Comparisons between the United States and
Japan, for example, will sometimes have to include
items (e.g., carfare for industrial workers) which,
because of their size, can safely be ignored in comBLS studies of supplementary pay practices are not intended to cover
all supplementary labor costs, so this exclusion is by no means conclusive.
1* In this connection it should be pointed out that comparisons of earnings
and labor expenditures among countries serve two purposes which are usually
distinct. The first of these, and the one which this article deals with, con
cerns cost comparisons, and for this end labor is treated as a factor of produc
tion. The second concerns real income comparisons, and for this purpose
workers are treated as consumers. If an employee in Amsterdam receives the
same salary as another in New York, his real income may be substantially
higher because of lower consumer prices in Amsterdam.
There are also differences in the items to be included in labor cost and those
to be included in income. The payment of recruitment expenses and other
nonbenefit labor costs should not be considered as income to the employee.
Employer social security taxes are a cost at the time of payment, but the
employee draws no income from these payments until he has left the payroll
for retirement. On the other hand, an employee draws benefits in some
countries from public sources such as a national medical plan, but at no direct
cost to his employer. Discussion of international comparisons of workers’
real income and welfare, the framework for such comparisons, and the relation
ship of such comparisons to cost comparisons will be the subject of a subse
quent study.
14 E m p l o y e r E x p e n d i t u r e s f o r S e le c te d S u p p l e m e n t a r y R e m u n e r a ti o n P r a c ti c e s
(BLS Bulletin 1308,
1961 and earlier years (United States Chamber of
f o r P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s i n M a n u f a c t u r i n g I n d u s t r i e s , 1959
1962); and F r in g e
Commerce).
B e n e f it s ,
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF UNIT LABOR COST
parisons between the United States and Germany.
The intent here is to lay down the guiding prin
ciples and to discuss illustrative individual items.
Categories oj Labor Expenditures. Detailed inter
national comparisons of individual items of labor
expenditure are not essential to comparisons of
overall cost. For example, in India and in those
countries suffering from chronic inflation, the costof-living bonus or “dearness allowance’’ is often
larger than the basic wage. This fact may be
important in a study of differences in pay practices
among countries, but it has little direct relevance
to international labor cost comparisons.
Two conceptually simple breakdowns, however,
do seem important if they can be obtained. The
first is a distinction among cash earnings, supple
mentary benefits, and employer expenditures for
nonbenefit payments. The second is a distinction
between production workers and nonproduction
workers. The two breakdowns should be crossclassified.
The most important reason for separating cash
earnings and supplementary payments is avail
ability of the data. Earnings data are available
more frequently and in greater industry detail
than are supplementary payments; hence, calculat
ing and updating require this distinction between
types of cost.
The basic distinction between production work
ers and nonproduction workers15 in manufacturing
is that the former are directly involved in the
production process and the latter are not. Much
data are still collected by the BLS for production
workers only. Most industrial and many develop
ing countries have a distinction of this general
character, but the classification varies greatly
from country to country. In some countries the
distinction is basically between hourly paid and
monthly paid employees. Indeed, in the United
Kingdom and many former British colonies, the
1SIn BLS terminology, the full title is production and related workers,
which is defined to include the following: Working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial and watchman
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g. powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.
Nonproduction workers include all employees other than production and
related workers, as defined above.
1« The International Standardization of Labor Statistics (Geneva, ILO,
959), NS 53, p. 72.
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543
term “employee” is practically confined to persons
who have a salaried position as distinguished from
“wage earners” who have a job. In most Latin
American countries, the distinction is basically
between manual workers (obreros) and workers not
doing physical labor (empleados).
Separate statistical treatment for wage earners
in manufacturing and mining (U.S. production
and related workers) is well established inter
nationally, but it has not been possible to reach
international agreement on the nature of the
distinction between wage earners and others. In
June 1938, the 24th International Labor Con
ference adopted Convention No. 63, concerning
Statistics of Wages and Hours of Work, calling
for member countries to compile earnings and
hours statistics for wage earners employed in each
of the principal mining and manufacturing in
dustries. In 1949, the ILO’s Seventh Inter
national Conference of Labor Statisticians con
sidered Convention No. 63 and made several
recommendations for improvement of wage and
hours statistics. One proposal requested that “in
presenting statistics of earnings and of hours of
work, countries should define the meaning of the
terms ‘wage earner’ and ‘salaried employee’ and
indicate, more particularly, whether working fore
men and persons holding positions of management
are covered; wherever possible separate informa
tion should be provided for the two latter cate
gories.” 16
For cost purposes, the most desirable measure
of labor expenditures would cover all employees.
However, for reasons of historical practice and
the relative abundance of data on production
workers, the breakdown between production and
nonproduction workers can be retained to advan
tage. Production workers’ hours and pay tend to
vary directly with the volume of output, whereas
nonproduction workers often come within the
overhead category. Advancing technology makes
the distinction more difficult and less meaningful,
but it still seems worthwhile to attempt it.
Computation of Total Output
In computing unit labor cost for an industry,
the major problems on the output side are (1) to
obtain output data, by product, on a basis com
parable to labor cost and (2) to combine these
output data into a single figure representing total
544
output for the industry. Output data are avail
able for many industries in the form of physical
production or shipments, as well as in value terms.
Data procurement problems relate principally to
comparability with labor cost, and they have been
discussed briefly above. I t remains to discuss the
concept of total output in the context of unit labor
cost and the methodology to be followed in com
puting it.
Weighting System.17 The usual measure of the
output of an industry in physical units is an
unweighted or weighted aggregate or an index of
such an aggregate. From a statistical point of
view, a weighted physical aggregate is preferable
since the weights adjust for shifts in composition
of product from, for example, low value-per-unit
to high value-per-unit products. In a general
purpose industrial production index, the weights
for each product are proportional to unit value
added by manufacture for that product.18 In a
productivity index, the weights should in theory
be proportional to labor input (man-hours) per
unit of product.19 Similarly, in unit labor cost
comparisons, the weights should approximate labor
cost per unit of product. Such a precise weighting
system would exclude the effect of changes in the
product mix in each of these cases.
Such precise weighting is seldom possible and is
not always necessary. Kelatively large changes
in weights cause only small changes in weighted
aggregates, provided that the weight changes are
not highly correlated with the trend differences
among the items being measured. Thus it is
quite common to develop weights from prices or
unit values, but this is justifiable only if investi
gation shows no serious bias arising from a quan
tity-value correlation among countries.
To cite an example of an appropriate use of this
technique in the domestic field, 1 gallon of avia
tion gasoline is regarded as equivalent to 1.6
gallons of kerosene for purposes of computing
productivity change in the petroleum refining in
dustry.20 This ratio is based upon value relation
ships in a reference year (1947). The extent to
which this technique can be used in international
comparisons must be determined as data of this
type are analyzed.
U.S. Versus Foreign Weights. The foregoing
discussion is stated in terms of comparisons over
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
time for a single country, but it is equally appli
cable to comparisons among countries for a single
year. International comparisons of output, how
ever, raise questions which are usually not of
great consequence in short-run time series com
parisons. The most important of these is the
weight-base problem. In international compari
sons, the weight-base can be data for any one
country or an average. In an extensive study of
national product comparisons, Gilbert and Kravis
found,21 for example, that 1950 real per capita
gross national product (GNP) in Germany was
33 percent of the U.S. level when valued at
European relative prices, but 43 percent of U.S.
when valued at U.S. relative prices.
The reason for this large difference is that
certain commodities and services that are pro
duced and consumed in relatively large volume in
Germany have much lower prices there than in
the United States. Similarly, items such as
electric refrigerators and cotton dresses which are
produced and consumed in large volume in the
United States are relatively cheaper here than in
Germany.22 To some extent, this is probably
true also for products within an industry. If so,
the selection of the country whose weights are to
be used may be an important problem in inter
national unit labor cost comparisons by industry.
One method of handling these differences is to
use a cross-weighting or “ideal index” formula,
which is equivalent to the geometric average of
the two ratios. In the case just cited, Gilbert
and Kravis concluded that German per capita
GN.P was 38 percent of U.S., based upon a
geometric average of the two sets of weights.
A cross-weighted measurement may offer the best
solution from an international standpoint in
studying an individual industry, but a U.S.weighted comparison would be operationally more
meaningful from the standpoint of the U.S.
industry.
17 For a more fundamental discussion of this general type of weighting
problem, see M ark, op. cit.
18 See Industrial Production (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve
System), 1959 revision, p. 30.
18 Irving H. Siegel, “Aspects and Meaning of Productivity Measurement,”
Productivity Measurement (Paris, Organization for European Economic
Cooperation, European Productivity Agency, 1955), Vol. I, p. 51.
20 See Indexes of Output per Man-Hour in the Petroleum Refining Industry,
1919-59 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1962).
21 Milton Gilbert and Irving B. Kravis, A n International Comparison of
National Products and the Purchasing Power of Currencies (Paris, Organization
for European Economic Cooperation, 1954), p. 39.
22 The time-series analogue of this problem is the question of using baseperiod (Laspeyres) weights versus current-period (Paasche) weights.
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF UNIT LABOR COST
In comparing unit labor costs, a desirable
preliminary step in dealing with the weighting
problem is to prepare at least two comparisons,
one based upon U.S. production and the other
upon European or other foreign area production.
The first step would represent the hypothetical
unit labor cost for each country to produce a
U.S. product mix, and the second would represent
the hypothetical cost for each country to produce
the foreign product mix.23
Quality Differences. Most industries produce not
only a number of different products but a variety
of sizes, specifications, and qualities of many of
these products. Usually, there are recognized
ways of totaling the physical volume of different
sizes and specifications of the same product, and
these in combination with value totals are fre
quently adequate for statistical purposes. Quality
differences, however, are often much more trouble
some. A case in point is open-hearth versus
Bessemer steel. Belgium produces a large pro
portion of high phosphorous basic Bessemer steel,
while U.S. output consists mainly of low phos
phorous open-hearth steel. For many products
and uses, Bessemer and open-hearth steels may
be interchangeable, but open-hearth steels typi
cally have greater tensile strength and cannot be
equated with typical Bessemer steel ton for ton
for steel products requiring tensile strength. In
such cases, an allowance for quality difference
should be contained in the weighting system.
23 To express these unit labor costs algebraically, let:
Qo=production in the United States,
Qe=production in a specified foreign country,
i?<,=labor expenditures in the United States,
E c= labor expenditures in the foreign country,
and let the summation extend over all products of the industry.
Then,
th# actual unit labor cost in the United States is:
2Eo
(1)
^
(2)
w.
20
the actual unit labor cost in the foreign country is:
2E,
the estimated labor expenditures required in the foreign country to
produce a composite unit of product of the United States is:
(3)
^
V S Q **
the estimated labor expenditures required in the United States to produce
a composite unit of product of the foreign country is:
545
and Related Adjustm ents. In some
cases, net shipments data are used in the absence
of adequate production data. In these cases, it
may be necessary to adjust for inventory changes,
intraindustry shipments, imports of semifinished
products for further processing, and shipments of
secondary products by other industries. Since
unit labor cost comparisons data usually cover a
full year, inventory adjustments may not be
large. Over one complete business cycle or more,
they tend to offset each other, but they can
significantly affect estimates of change between
successive years.
Inventory
Vertical Integration. The extent and the kind of
integration of the same industry may vary con
siderably among countries. More of the clay pits
may be operated as part of the brick plants in
one country than in another, or more of one of the
later stages of processing may be carried out by
plants in a given industry in one country than in
another. Or some of the services related to the
operation of the industry, such as guard service,
machine repair, and advertising, may usually be
contracted out in one country and performed by
plant employees in another country.
The best way of achieving comparability where
the necessary data exist is to adopt a standard
industry definition, indicating a clear point at
which industry operations are held to begin and to
end. It is necessary, then, to exclude production
and expenditure data connected with all prior
operations or subsequent operations which may
be performed within an integrated industry, and
this may prove to be a difficult adjustment.
An alternative is to adopt an additive weighting
system, divided into stages of production, which
can be used to determine the incremental cost
at each successive stage.24 In comparing the
primary iron and steel industry of Luxembourg
or of Italy with that of the leading steel countries,
additive weights are probably the best solution.
In Luxembourg, the industry has a high propor
tion of blast furnaces, while in Italy, it has a high
proportion of rolling and finishing mills.
Other Methodological Considerations
(4)
Thus, the two comparisons are (3) versus (1) and (4) versus (2).
24 Care must be taken to adjust for the gradual reduction of quantity of
yield at successive stages. See Man-Hours Per Unit of Output in the Basic
Steel Industry, 1939-55 (BLS Bulletin 1200,1956), p. 22.
683 3 5 4 — 63------- 5
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In addition to measuring labor expenditures
and output, unit labor cost estimates must take
account of the factors of time and currency con-
546
version. The treatment of these factors has a
bearing upon both numerator and denominator
of the cost ratio, as discussed below.
Time Periods and Time Trends. International
comparisons of unit labor costs should be made
from annual data and for a number of different
years rather than for only a single year. Com
parisons of unit labor cost are more dependable
if made for a number of years, since business
recessions affect different countries in different
degrees and sometimes in different years. Out
put per man-hour has been found to increase
most rapidly during periods of rising production
and plant utilization, and to decline or increase
less rapidly during periods of falling production.25
Similarly, there is evidence that unit labor cost
tends to rise less rapidly or to decline more rapidly
during periods of rising production than during
periods of falling production. The influence of
fluctuations in production upon unit labor cost
may vary between countries because of, for
example, different wage practices, layoff practices,
and technical production methods.
The necessary basic data are likely to be avail
able for different years in different countries.
In the United States, for example, much of the
basic data come from the Census of Manufactures,
which was taken most recently for 1958 and is to
be taken about every 5 years, and selected data
are kept current by the Annual Survey of Manu
factures, BLS employment and earnings reporting,
and other sources. In other countries, some of
the most important sources also are available
only for selected years and not usually the same
years as in the United States. Therefore, the
most practical method of making international
comparisons is to build up estimates for a series
of years in each country.
This solution offers the advantages of providing
comparisons at times of different levels of plant
utilization and total output from country to
country. Also it permits comparisons of the time
trends in cost in different countries as well as of
the level of cost in each country. From the dis
cussion of comparability and the adjustments
necessary to achieve it, it is clear that the degree
of approximation of unit labor cost comparisons
will vary greatly from industry to industry. In
many cases, comparisons of time trends will be
much more dependable than comparisons of level.
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The definition of the industry or the degree of inte
gration, for example, will often differ considerably
from one country to another but may not differ
greatly from year to year within each country.
Conversion to Dollars. Labor costs are paid in
each country, of course, in the currency of that
country, and it is best to calculate unit labor
cost for each country first in its own currency.
Only after the final figures are obtained should
conversion into dollars take place.
The principal purpose served in the conversion
of this one element of cost into a common currency
unit is for analysis of foreign trade. To the
extent that the products of an industry do not
move in international trade and are not likely
to do so, the conversion may not be of direct use.
Time trend comparisons may still be useful in
cases where products do not move in international
trade, but such comparisons can be made without
converting to dollars. The conversion into dollars
would be more meaningful if data were available
on unit total cost instead of merely unit labor cost.
For foreign trade analysis, conversion to dollars
should be made at commercial exchange rates,
which for most countries are close to official
exchange rates. Where commercial rates show
only minor deviations from official rates, it is
more convenient to use the stable official rate.
When one or more national currencies are
revalued in relation to the dollar, unit labor costs
in terms of dollars at the official exchange rate
usually show abrupt changes, at least temporarily.
It is sometimes objected that it is not proper to
show a reduction in foreign costs in terms of
dollars when there was no reduction in terms of
the national currency, as when the French franc
underwent a 16.7-percent devaluation in 1957
and a 14.3-percent devaluation in 1958. This
overlooks the fact, however, that both the pur
pose and the result of the devaluation were pre
cisely to lower the costs of French producers in
the international market.
It is true, however, that the abruptness of the
change is overstated by this procedure. Inter
national orders and deliveries may take many
months, contracts may be written in dollars or
in the currency of the supplier or the customer,
and adjustments may be made for currency
85 See Trends in Output per Man-Hour in the Private Economy, 1909-58,
op. cit., pp. 4-12, for a description of the historical trend in the United States.
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF UNIT LABOR COST
devaluation on delivery. Dollar prices of many
items may not be changed despite the devaluation.
This is likely to be particularly true of items
which have already established their market
position. Finally, in the case of France, a form
of export subsidy applied to most exports in
the middle 1950’s, and this has not been the
case since devaluation. It is impossible to allow
for contract terms when making international
comparisons, but allowances for export subsidies
should be made in some cases.
Conclusions and Limitations
It appears feasible to prepare international
comparisons of unit labor cost for some in dustries
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547
and some countries, but it is going to be hard
and time-consuming. These comparisons are
being made by many individuals and agencies,
and often without adequate attention to the
technical questions raised here. It seems clear
that comparisons of the absolute level of unit
labor cost among countries will be subject to a
considerable margin of error even in mining and
basic materials manufacturing industries and
to a still greater margin in most finished goods
industries. Time trend comparisons will be
subject to less error and therefore might be
attempted in more industries. Efforts should be
concentrated on the principal industrial countries,
and the possibility of appreciable error should
be clearly indicated in the resulting reports.
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
In two cases decided on
the same day, the National Labor Relations Board
struck down as illegal hot-cargo agreements
certain provisions in collective bargaining
contracts between the Teamsters union and
employers.
In the Patton Warehouse case,1 the Board con
sidered a “protection of rights” provision, which
stated that “It shall not be a violation of this
agreement and it shall not be a cause for discharge
or disciplinary action in the event an employee
refuses to enter upon any property involved in a
labor dispute or refuses to go through or work
behind any picket line, including the picket line
of unions party to this agreement and including
lines at the employer’s place or places of business.”
Section 8(e) of the Labor Management Rela
tions Act deems an unfair labor practice and voids
any agreement whereby the employer “ceases or
refrains or agrees to cease or refrain from handling,
using, selling, transporting, or otherwise dealing
in any of the products of any other employer or
to cease doing business with any other person.”
In discussing the legality of the contract pro
vision, the Board noted that section 8(b)(4), which
was a part of the LMRA before section 8(e)
became law, specifically provided that refusal by
a worker to cross picket lines of a duly authorized
strike was not unlawful. Prior to the enactment
of 8(e), it had been held that a contractual pro
vision whereby the employer agreed not to dis
cipline an employee for failing to cross a picket
line at another employer’s premises would be
legal, at least to the extent that it did not go
beyond the 8(b) proviso. Upon examining the
legislative history, the Board concluded that the
enactment of 8(e) was not intended to abrogate
this employee right. Hence, a contract clause
which grants immunity to individual employees
from disciplinary action for failure to cross a
Hot-Cargo Agreements.
548
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picket line would be valid under section 8(e) if it
did not go beyond the 8(b) proviso. Such clauses,
the Board held, must be limited to protected
activities engaged in by employees against their
own employer or activities against another em
ployer involved in a duly authorized strike.
The Board found that the disputed clause wen
beyond these requirements and was, therefore
invalid under 8(e). It noted that the provision
was broad enough to prevent an employer from
disciplining employees who refused to cross picket
lines at another employer’s place even where there
was no duly authorized strike. The effect of this
clause was to require the employer to “agree to
cease or to refrain from handling the products of,
or otherwise dealing with the employer whose
products or services are under the union’s ban.”
The Board also struck down another con
tractual provision which stated that “It shall not
be a violation of this agreement and it shall not
be a cause for discharge or disciplinary action if
any employee refuses to perform any service
which, but for the existence of a controversy
between a labor union and any other person
(whether party to this agreement or not), would
be performed by the employees of such person.”
The Board noted that it had been held lawful
under 8(b)(4)(B) for unions engaged in a labor
dispute to exert pressure on another employer
who, by arrangement with the primary employer,
knowingly does work which ordinarily would
have been done by the primary employees in the
absence of a dispute. The disputed provision
was illegal, in the Board’s opinion, because it
went further than the law permits. It would
have permitted pressures on a secondary employer
even where that employer did not receive the
work through an arrangement with the primary
employer.
The Board invalidated two further contract
clauses: The first of them provided generally that
sanctions will not be imposed upon employees
who voluntarily choose not to handle goods or
•Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or to
indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence
of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue pre
sented.
i Local 4-1S, Teamsters union and Patton Warehouse, Inc., 140 NLRB No.
136 (Feb. 26, 1963).
549
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
equipment involved in a labor controversy; the
second stated that the employer would continue
his business relationship with a struck employer
by any method which he deemed appropriate, so
long as he did not use employees who exercise
their individual rights under the agreement of
refusing to perform then* normal duties.
The Board reasoned that an employer may by
contract waive his right to discipline employees
for their refusal to cross a legitimate picket line
at a struck employer’s premises. But this does
not confer a corresponding right on a union to
insist that its policy against handling struck goods
be embodied in the bargaining agreement. The
inclusion of such clauses would violate section 8(e).
A clause which would have prohibited sub
contracting with any person who did not observe
the wages, hours, and conditions of employment
established by labor unions having jurisdiction
over the type of service performed was also
invalidated by the Board. It rejected the argu
ment that these provisions were designed to
preserve jobs of employees in the bargaining unit.
It was noted that the provision would dictate to
the employer the persons with whom he is per
mitted to do business rather than obliging him to
refrain from contracting out work previously
performed by employees in the bargaining unit.
The Brown Transport case 2 involved provisions
substantially similar to those in Patton Warehouse.
An additional feature of Brown Transport was a
contract clause providing that should a tribunal of
competent jurisdiction determine that employees
were required to make deliveries to, pick up from,
or enter the premises of persons involved in a labor
dispute, the employer would provide additional
benefits because of the additional difficulties and
hazards involved. These benefits included an in
surance policy providing life insurance, hospital
and medical benefits, and compensation for partial
and permanent disabilities at no less than three
times the rate of similar benefits provided under
the applicable workmen’s compensation law.
Where the employer was not covered by the work
men’s compensation law, he agreed voluntarily to
assume his obligations under the law and in addi
tion provide the stipulated benefits.
1 Local 728, Teamsters union and Brown Transport Corp., 140 NLRB No. 137
(Feb. 26, 1963).
3 Locomotive Engineers v. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 83 S. Ct. 691 (1963).
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The employer also agreed to provide wages at
no less than three times the normal rate of pay,
adequate protection against injury to the employee
or his family, and reimbursement to employees for
wages lost as a result of testimony before any
tribunal with regard to these matters.
The Board regarded these provisions as a
method for making it difficult, expensive, and un
likely for an employer under the agreement to
insist that his employees handle hot-cargo goods
or equipment. The provisions, therefore, were
found in violation of section 8(e) of the act.
Railway Labor Act
Work Buies. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 3that
railroads and unions, after exhausting procedures
prescribed by the Railway Labor Act for the
settlement of labor disputes, are free to resolve
their differences by any means suitable, subject
only to the President’s creation of an Emergency
Board under section 10 of the act.
In February 1959, the Association of American
Railroads proposed creation of a Presidential com
mission to investigate and report on the possibility
of work-rule changes in the industry due to techno
logical developments. This proposal was refused
by the union. On November 2 of that year, the
railroad carriers served notice, pursuant to section
6 of the Railway Labor Act, that they intended
to bring about certain changes in the agreements
affecting pay rates, rules, and working conditions.
Section 6 requires each party to give at least a
30-day notice of intended changes in such matters,
provides for conferences between the parties, and
forbids any changes until the controversy has been
acted upon by the National Mediation Board as
required by section 155 of the act, unless the
Board’s services are not requested or offered within
10 days following the conferences. After the con
ferences were terminated, the parties agreed to the
creation of a Presidential commission whose ac
tivities were to be in lieu of mediation and Emer
gency Board procedures provided by sections 5 and
10 of the act. No agreement was reached as a
result of the Commission’s activities, and the
unions asked the National Mediation Board
to intervene. This intervention was also unsuccessful.
On July 17, 1 day after the Mediation Board
terminated its services, the companies again
served notice that, as of August 16, 1962, they
550
intended to change rules, rates of pay, and
working conditions. On July 26, the unions
brought suit, alleging that the proposed changes
would violate the act. The carriers subsequently
received permission to substitute their November
2, 1959, notices for those issued July 17, 1962.
Both a Federal district court and court of
appeals held that the parties had exhausted the
procedures of the act and must now settle the
controversy between themselves, except insofar
as it might become necessary to invoke the
Emergency Board provisions of the act. The
unions contested the court rulings, alleging that
words used by the court of appeals in its decision
implied that the right of the carriers to issue the
notices under section 6 arose as a result of the
unions’ failure to bargain in good faith. The
court of appeals had characterized the unions’
actions as reducing negotiations to “ sterile dis
cussion.” The Supreme Court noted that no
evidence was introduced in this case regarding the
bad faith of either party, and it specifically dis
approved any contrary implication in the court of
appeals decision.
On the other hand, it upheld the circuit court’s
conclusion that the procedures provided by the
act had been exhausted and rejected the union
argument that the standards contained in the
notices about rule changes themselves violated the
act. The Court reasoned that the act does not
purport to regulate wages, hours, or working
conditions; it merely seeks to provide means by
which an agreement can be reached.
Reporting and Disclosure
Intraunion Grievance Procedure.
A Federal
district court in Tennessee held 4 that a union
had violated section 411(a)(4) of the LaborManagement Reporting and Disclosure Act by
fining a member for taking a legal action against
it without first exhausting union remedies as
required by union constitution. The statutory
provision forbids unions to discipline members for
instituting actions before courts or administrative
agencies.
The member filed charges on two separate
occasions with the local union, alleging that the
union had discriminated against him with respect
to job referrals. In the first instance, the union’s
executive board dismissed the charges as improp
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
erly drawn. In the second instance, the union,
by a vote of the membership, refused to accept
the charges. The member subsequently filed
charges with the National Labor Relations Board,
which declined to issue a complaint.
The union business agent then instituted charges
against the member for violating the union con
stitution by filing charges with the Board with
out having exhausted union remedies. A hearing
was held on the charges, at which the member
presented no witnesses and declined to make any
statement. His appeal of an adverse ruling was
denied by the International Executive Board after
he failed to make any additional statement and
declined to meet with a union investigator. The
matter will come before the international union’s
next general convention in 1966. When the mem
ber refused to pay the fine and the $1 reinstate
ment fee, his tender of dues was refused and he
was suspended from union membership and
activities.
The union contended that the court was barred
from considering the case by the statutory re
quirement that an aggrieved member exhaust
union remedies before instituting legal or admin
istrative proceedings against his union. The
court found that the statutory provision did not
prevent it from considering the matter, especially
since the law’s language is not mandatory but
merely says that union members “may be re
quired” to exhaust intraunion remedies before
further action.
The union also argued that although the mem
ber had taken advantage of the union procedure,
he had failed to make a good-faith presentation
of his cause and his exhaustion of remedies was,
therefore, only “technical.” It cited his failure
to make any effective statement before the local
union and his refusal to meet with the inter
national representative.
The court conceded that bad-faith use of union
procedure may be grounds for denying access to
the courts. It decided, however, that courts
should not be required to judge the skill with
which an aggrieved union member argues his
cause. Furthermore, in view of the permissive
language of the statute, the equities of each case
must receive thorough court scrutiny. In this
instance, the court held, a refusal to entertain
*McOraw v. United Association (D.C., E. Term., Feb. 11, 1963).
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
the action would, in effect, be an adjudication
on the merits of the case, since the member
would have no place to turn if the court denied
his plea. There was no evidence of bad faith on
his part which would justify such dismissal.
Although it did not challenge the fairness of
the union proceedings, the court found that the
imposition of the fine upon the member violated
section 411(a)(4). Furthermore, the union’s ac
tion in suspending the man’s membership, refus
ing his tenders of dues, and denying him the
right to participate in union activities constituted
a denial of freedom of speech and assembly in
violation of section 411(a) (1) and (2).
Unemployment Insurance
Strikers’ Qualifying Unemployment. The Supreme
Court of California held5 that striking employees
were entitled to unemployment compensation
benefits from the date of their permanent replace
ment, since their joblessness from that date was
no longer due to the trade dispute but to an inter
vening act of the employer.
After the expiration of a collective bargaining
agreement between the employer and claimants’
union and the failure of the parties to agree on a
new contract, the employees went on strike. The
employer subsequently notified the employees that
it intended to resume operations and that all em
ployees not returning to work by a certain date
would be permanently replaced. After the speci
fied date, the employer hired replacements for the
employees who did not return and notified the
latter of his action.
At various times during the strike, employees
filed claims for unemployment compensation.
The California Department of Employment grant
ed benefits for the period from the date of notice
of permanent replacement to the time claimants
became reemployed, and its decisions were affirmed
by the Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board.
The trial court held that the evidence did not
support the Board’s decision that their permanent
replacement was the direct and proximate cause
i Ruberoid Co. v. California Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board,
No. L.A. 62914, Jan. 31, 1963.
• Cal. 2d 321, 328 (1941).
r Mark Hopkins, Inc., v. California Employment Commission, 24 Cal.
2d 744 (1944). In this case claimants were denied benefits because their
subsequent employment was not permanent.
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551
of the claimants’ unemployment. The Board’s
decisions awarding benefits were set aside, except
in cases where claimants successfully applied for
reemployment between the hiring of permanent
replacements and the end of the strike.
The lower court disqualified claimants under
section 1262 of the California Unemployment
Insurance Code, which reads:
An individual is not eligible for unemployment compen
sation benefits, and no benefits shall be payable to him, if
he left his work because of a trade dispute. Such individ
ual shall remain ineligible for the period during which he
continues out of work by reason of the fact that the trade
dispute is still in active progress in the establishment in
which he was employed.
The Supreme Court, reversing the lower court,
construed disqualification under this section as
requiring two elements: volition and causation.
The worker must voluntarily leave or remain
away from his employment, and he must do so
because of a trade dispute, if he is to be considered
ineligible for benefit.
The Court cited its decision in Bodinson Manu
facturing Co. v. California Employment Com
mission as establishing the volitional test. It
held there that section 1262 was intended to dis
qualify workers who “voluntarily leave their work
because of trade dispute.” 6
The causational test, the Court held, is in
herent in the statutory definition of the dis
qualifying unemployment as being “by reason of
the fact that the trade dispute is still in active
progress.” To illustrate, the Court cited its ruling
in Mark Hopkins that subsequent permanent
employment of a claimant would break the con
tinuity of his disqualifying employment and the
causal connection between his employment and
the trade dispute.7
In the present case, the Court held, neither test
barred claimants from benefits. Claimants did
not remain away from their jobs voluntarily after
permanent replacements were hired, since they had
no job to which to return, and the causal connec
tion between claimants’ unemployment and the
trade dispute ceased when the employer severed
the employment relation by hiring permanent re
placements. Thus, the causal relation between
claimants’ unemployment and the trade dispute
was severed to the same extent as it would have
been had claimants obtained new permanent
employment.
552
The Court rejected the plaintiff’s contention
that the lower court’s decision found support in
Thomas* (There, the Supreme Court denied
benefits to striking employees who had refused
to heed the employer’s repeated calls to resume
8 Thomas v . California Employment Stabilization Commission, 39 Cal.
2d 501 (1952).
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
work.) In distinguishing between the two cases,
the Court pointed out that in Thomas the employer
did not hire replacements and the jobs remained
open to the striking employees.
The Court concluded that the Department of
Employment correctly granted benefits to claim
ants for the period of their unemployment from
the date they had been permanently replaced.
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
March 4
Wage reductions up to 9.2 percent agreed to by the
Rubber Workers union became effective for nearly 1,000
workers at the Dunlop Tire and Rubber Corp. in Tonawanda, N.Y. The same employees had received a 7-centan-hour wage increase in June 1962 but voted the reduc
tion in an attempt to improve the company’s competitive
position in the tire industry. (See also p. 557 of this
issue.)
T h e U .S . S u pr em e C o urt , finding that all procedures
under the Railway Labor Act had been exhausted, directed
five operating rail unions to rely on self-help to solve their
work-rules dispute with the carriers. The decision left
the carriers free to make proposed work-rules changes
and the unions free to strike, subject only to the creation
of a Presidential Emergency Board which would maintain
the status quo for 60 days. (See also pp. 549-550 and
557-558 of this issue.)
T he nominations of John H. Fanning, to a second
3-year term as a member of the National Labor Relations
Board, and Howard G. Gamser, to a 3-year term as a
member of the National Mediation Board, were confirmed
by the U.S. Senate.
T he 50th anniversary of the Department of Labor was
commemorated at assemblies and banquets addressed by
President John F. Kennedy and other speakers.
A n o r d e r by the Department of Labor directed the U.S.
Employment Service to promote employment on the
basis of ability regardless of sex, to promote employer
acceptance of women workers, and to insure that female
as well as male applicants needing specialized placement
services will receive them.
March 7
W ith respect to stipulations protecting employees
affected by mergers, the U.S. Court of Appeals in St. Louis
ruled that the Interstate Commerce Act (Sec. 5(11))
takes precedence over the Railway Labor Act. In
L o c o m o tiv e E n g in e e r s v. C h ic a g o & N o r th W e s te r n R R . C o .,
the court found that the Interstate Commerce Commission
has authority to provide for the adjustment of labor
disputes arising from approved mergers.
6 8 3 3 5 4 — 0 3 --------6
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March 11
I n C a r e y v. G e n e r a l E le c tr ic , the New York Court of Appeals
returned 12 grievances to arbitration over a company
argument that alleged defects in the union’s procedure,
contract language restricting arbitrator’s authority, and
conflict with NLRB jurisdiction exempted the cases from
arbitration. The court held (1) that the decision as to
procedural arbitrability was for the arbitrator to make,
(2) that despite the restrictive contract language he had
“jurisdiction to reach a decision on the merits,” subject to
an action to vacate any decision or remedy which exceeded
the bounds of his authority under the contract, and (3)
that the possibility of exercise of jurisdiction by the NLRB
was irrelevant.
T h e F irst A nnual report on national manpower policy
required under the Manpower Development and Training
Act, was submitted by President John F. Kennedy to the
Congress, accompanied by the report of Secretary of Labor
W. Willard Wirtz on manpower requirements, resources,
use, and training. (See MLR, March, 1963, pp. 237-254.)
A Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers Union petition on
behalf of 126 zinc workers for eligibility to apply for ad
justment assistance under the Trade Expansion Act of
1962 (Chron. item for Oct. 11, MLR, Dec. 1962) was
denied by the U.S. Tariff Commission. Noting that
imports of unmanufactured zinc have not increased since
1958, when absolute quotas were imposed, the Commission
found that the union’s claim for assistance on the basis of
an alleged increase in average annual imports for the
1959-62 period over 1946-50 was not applicable under the
act, because any import increases caused by trade con
cessions have been largely or completely offset by the
quotas. (See also p. 562 of this issue.)
March 13
T h e Builders Association of Chicago and the Carpenters
and Joiners union signed a 2-year contract which is to
provide about 35,000 carpenters in the area a wage in
crease of 20 cents an hour on June 1, 1963, and an addi
tional 17 cents June 1, 1964.
A P residential memorandum instructed heads of
Federal departments and agencies to insure that job
applicants in the Federal service are evaluated on the
basis of ability, not age. Personnel systems outside the
competitive service were directed to establish maximum
age limits only when absolutely necessary.
March 14
A U.S. court of appeals held that sections 101 and 102
of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act
give Federal district courts jurisdiction over union mem
bers’ suit to enjoin the counting of ballots in a box allegedly
different than the one in which ballots were deposited.
The court affirmed a lower court decision that the ballots
553
554
need not be counted before members seek relief under the
act. The case was B e c k m a n v. I r o n W o r k e r s .
March 15
A 2 ^ - y ear contract providing wage reopeners for July
1963 and August 1964 but no immediate wage increase was
agreed upon by General Electric Co. and the Sheet Metal
Workers for 2,500 employees at the company’s Hotpoint
Division plants in the Chicago area. (See also p. 556 of
this issue.)
March 16
T h e sig n in g op a n a g r eem en t generally limiting the
rate of job reductions to natural attrition partially settled
the dispute between the Southern Pacific Railroad and
the Brotherhood of Railway Clerks. (See also p. 558 of
this issue.) Five additional issues were resolved by a
three-man arbitration board appointed by President
Kennedy.
March 19
J am es L. M cD e v it t , director of the AFL-CIO Com
mittee on Political Education, died at the age of 64.
March 20
P ostm aster G e n e r a l J. E dw ard D ay signed contracts
making six unions—the Rural Letter Carriers (Ind.),
Post Office Maintenance Employes (Ind.), Postal Clerks,
Letter Carriers, Post Office Motor Vehicle Employees,
and the Messengers—the official bargaining agents for
about one-half million postal workers. The contracts are
the first departmentwide agreements concluded under
President Kennedy’s Executive Order (Chron. item for
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
Jan. 17, MLR, Mar. 1962) allowing recognition of Federal
employee unions. The agreements ban strikes and do
not cover wages or other matters under congressional
jurisdiction. On January 30, the Department of Labor
signed a contract with the American Federation of Govern
ment Employees representing the Department’s Washing
ton, D.C., employees. (See also pp. 559-560 of this
issue.)
T h e NLRB ordered a Bremerton, Wash., employers’
association to reinstate with backpay union members
locked out and replaced by all members of the association
when the union struck a single employer. The lockout
had been agreed on before the strike and no nonunion
employees were suspended. The case was I n d u s t r i a l C o n
f e r e n c e B o a r d a n d K i t s a p C o u n ty R e ta i l D r u s s i s t s ’ A s s o c ia
tio n a n d L o c a l 3 8 1 , R e ta i l C le r k s A s s o c ia tio n .
March 22
T h e NLRB held that an employer’s letter telling em
ployees how to resign from the union during an annual
“escape period” under a maintenance of membership
contract clause was not unlawful, because it was neutral,
noncoercive, and accurate. The case was P e r k i n s M a c h in e
C o . and L o c a l 2 2 3 , E le c tr ic a l, R a d i o a n d M a c h in e W o r k e r s .
March 31
T h e P hoto - E n g r a v e r s ’ U n io n , ratified a contract with
the Publishers’ Association of New York City, leading
to resumption of publication by eight New York City
newspapers. (See also p. 555 of this issue.) Of the 10
unions involved in the dispute which began December 8,
1962, 8 accepted settlements providing for increase pack
ages of $12.63 weekly, and 2 unions, the Machinists and
Electrical Workers (IBEW ), agreed to return to work
while contract negotiations continued.
Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Wages and Collective Bargaining
Newspapers. Most major newspapers went on
sale for the first time in 114 days in New York
City as soon as the striking Photo-Engravers’
Union ratified its contract on March 31 with the
Publishers’ Association. Seven of the ten unions
involved in the strike lockout had already ratified
contracts by this date; the Machinists and the
Electricians returned to work pending settlement
of their contracts.
The Photo-Engravers, last of the striking unions
to settle, voted 213 to 104 to accept the approxi
mately $12.63 package increase recommended by
New York City Mayor Robert F. Wagner. A
settlement of the same total cost had been rejected
March 27, and the package was then redistributed
to meet members’ demands. The ratified agree
ment called for a wage increase of $3.50 a week
the first year and $4.65 in the second. A fourth
week of vacation after 1 year’s employment was
added in the first year of the contract; in the
second, the weekly contribution to the welfare
fund will rise to $3.30, from $2.30, and weekly
hours of work on the “lobster” shift will go from
36% to 35.
The Typographical Union, which was the first
to strike the newspapers last December, ratified
its agreement on March 24 after having rejected
it on March 17. The proposed settlement had
first been submitted to the parties by Mayor
Wagner on March 7 and accepted by the pub
lishers and the leadership of the ITU the following
day.1
Rejection by ITU membership vote of 1,621 to
1,557 came at a meeting where the offer was de
fended by Local 6 President Bertram A. Powers
and International President Elmer Brown, as
having met the three essential demands of the
union. These were a common expiration date for
all union contracts, a reduction of the workweek
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
from 36% hours to 35 on the day and night shifts
and from 35 to 33% on the lobster shift, and a
sharing in cost savings resulting from the intro
duction of perforated tape typesetting for stock
market quotations. Several hundred members
were reportedly turned away from the meeting
because of lack of sufficient seating capacity.
The following Sunday at the regular monthly
meeting of the local in Madison Square Garden,
where the full membership could be accommo
dated, the same contract was ratified by a vote
of 2,562 to 1,763. It provided a $4-a-week in
crease in each of the 2 years, an increase in pre
mium pay for the second shift to $7 from $5 and
to $14 from $10 for the lobster shift, a 1%-hour
reduction in the workweek in the second year, a
$3-a-day premium for extra printers, an increase
in the contribution to the pension fund estimated
by the publishers at 38 cents a week, 3 days of
sick leave a year instead of 1, and a reduction in
the number of days substitute printers must work
in a year to be eligible for various benefits.
On March 15, officers of the American News
paper Guild agreed to submit a revised contract
proposal to union members at six of the affected
papers, where it was subsequently ratified. The
new proposal included an average pay increase of
$4.13 effective November 1, 1964, in return for
extending the contract expiration date to coincide
with the March 31, 1964, date included in contracts
with the other crafts.
Other unions involved in negotiations with the
Publishers’ Association and accepting the same
$12.63 package increase, were the Mailers, Stereo
typers, Printing Pressmen, Paperhandlers, and
Mail Deliverers. The percentage increase ranged
from an estimated 7.5 percent for Photo-Engravers
to 10 percent for Paperhandlers.
The 126-day Cleveland newspaper strike came
to an end April 5, when the Typographers Union
ratified a 26-month contract with the Plain Dealer
and Press News by a vote of 339 to 286. The
agreement provided a $13.95 weekly package in
crease. The Machinists also ratified their agree
ment the same day. During March, the Stereo
typers, Building Service Employees, Mailers,
Photo-Engravers, and Operating Engineers ac•Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
on the basis of currently available published material.
i See Monthly Labor Review, April 1963, p. 426.
555
556
cepted 2-year $10 weekly package increases, as
had four other unions the previous month.2
In mid-March, the Chicago Newspaper Pub
lishers Association renewed for 5 years an arbi
tration agreement with the Chicago Web Printing
Pressmen’s Union. The agreement—covering the
Daily News, the Sun-Times, the Tribune, and
American—was first entered into in 1902 and has
been renewed every 5 years since. It provides for
arbitration of all disputes arising out of existing
contracts or contracts in negotiation. The pub
lishers are protected against strikes or other inter
ference with pressroom operations and the union
is assured it will not be locked out.
Metalworking. General Motors Corp. and Ford
Motor Co. agreed to meet individually with the
United Automobile Workers to discuss establishing
joint study committees prior to contract bargain
ing. United Auto Workers President Walter P.
Reuther made the suggestion in letters to presi
dents of these companies and to five other makers
of autos and agricultural implements—Chrysler
Corp., American Motors Corp., Allis Chalmers
Manufacturing Co., International Harvester Co.,
and Deere & Co. He proposed that talks begin
a year prior to scheduled bargaining—that is, by
July 1, 1963, in the auto industry and August 1,
1963, in the implement industry. In past years,
the industry had not responded favorably to the
Auto Workers’ suggestions for advance discussion
of contract problems.
The General Electric Co., and the Sheet Metal
Workers’ International Association, Local 571,
representing 2,500 workers at the company’s Hotpoint Division plants in the Chicago area, reached
agreement in mid-March on a 30-month contract
with no immediate wage increase but wage re
openers scheduled in July 1963 and again in
August 1964. Other issues, including arbitration
procedures, were resolved in the settlement, which
ended a strike of about 3 weeks. The contract was
the first concluded with the company by the local,
which had secured bargaining rights in an NLRB
election on May 24, 1962.3
Elliott Co., a division of Carrier Corp., and the
United Steelworkers of America, representing
about 1,150 workers at Jeannette, Pa., agreed on
March 8 to extend the present contract through
March 31, 1965, with no increase in wages or sup
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
plementary benefits and no reopening clause.
Commenting on the extension, Glenn Myers,
president of the Steelworkers Local 1145, explained
‘W ith the company now undergoing a moderniza
tion program in an effort to cut costs and increase
its business, this will help management in its
attempts to operate at a profit.” The company
undertook a $9,300,000 modernization program
last spring. It had reported substantial operating
losses in four previous years.
In negotiations lasting less than a week, the
Bell Helicopter Co. and the UAW, representing
3,000 production workers and office employees in
the Fort Worth, Tex., area, negotiated in early
February 41-month contracts well in advance of
scheduled expirations of existing agreements; con
tracts were to expire July 7 for production workers,
and August 12 for office employees. The pact
covering production workers provided 5- to 8-centan-hour wage increases in each of 3 years, the first
effective June 3, 1963, and improvements in vaca
tion provisions and pension and insurance benefits.
Office employees will receive an annual pay increase
of 2.3 percent as well as the improved vacations
and insurance. Cost-of-living escalator clauses
were continued with 9 cents of the accumulated
11-cent allowance incorporated into base pay for
both salaried and hourly employees.
Other Manufacturing. The number of hours of
work guaranteed employees of George A. Hormel
and Co., in Austin, Minn., was reduced by agree
ment with the United Packinghouse, Food and
Allied Workers, representing approximately 3,500
employees.4 The company had guaranteed a 38hour week (1,976 hours a year) with overtime paid
at regular rates up to 2,000 hours. If hours ex
ceeded 2,000, extra half time was paid for hours
beyond 40 in any week. The new guarantee,
effective April 1, 1963, will be 36 hours a week,
a reduction of 104 hours yearly. This reduction
could result in an earnings loss to top-rated
workers of $300 a year. A union spokesman said
that in 1962, the company paid for 320,000
hours that were not worked and that the cut in
guaranteed hours will roughly “take care of that
excess.”
2 Ibid.
3 See Monthly Labor Review, August 1962, p. 913.
4 See also Monthly Labor Review, February 1963, p. 181.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
In March, Armour and Co. announced plans to
close the largest of its Sioux City, Iowa, meatpack
ing plants on June 16, 1963, as a result of heavy
losses caused by production costs higher than those
at other Armour plants and at competing plants.
Approximately 1,200 workers, represented by the
United Packinghouse, Food and Allied Workers,
are employed at the plant.
Basic Witz Furniture Industries, Inc., and the
United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of
America, representing workers in Staunton and
Waynesboro, Va., agreed to an extension of their
collective bargaining contract to February 1, 1964.
Wage increases of 5, 6, and 7 cents an hour, in
creased coverage under a company-paid insurance
plan, and a liberalized vacation schedule were
provided by the settlement.
Wage increases of approximately 5 percent were
put into effect for hourly employees by E. T. Barwick Mills and E & B Carpet Mills of Georgia in
early March. The increases were reportedly part
of a wage movement being effected by southern
tufted floor covering manufacturers.
About 30,000 of 47,000 Burlington Industries,
Inc., employees will be eligible for a profit-sharing
retirement program for hourly workers announced
by the company in March. Retroactive to Janu
ary 1, the company will invest a percentage of
its profits above a specified minimum to provide
retirement benefits for nonsalaried employees
with 3 years of continuous service.
The Dow Chemical Co., in March announced a
revised policy of job security for workers affected
by automation for its Midland, Mich., installation,
following consultations with officials of Local
12075, District 50, of the United Mine Workers.
The policy provides (a) that workers displaced
from their jobs as a result of automation will be
provided employment for at least 3 months, with
a plant labor pool to be established for the dis
placed workers if other work is not available, and
(b) for retention of the workers’ former rate of
pay, for a maximum of 185 days, if they are placed
in a lower paying occupation or in the labor pool.
The statement of intent also affirms that in every
case possible the company will make training
available to help employees qualify for an up
graded job or to assist them to move to jobs
providing equal remuneration to those lost.
s See Monthly Labor Review, April 1963, p. 428.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
557
Dow had issued a similar statement of intent in
1960, which, however, applied only to workers
directly displaced by automation. The new state
ment included workers displaced because of exer
cise of seniority rights by other employees directly
affected by introduction of automated equipment.
The revised policy also created an advisory board
to assure uniform administration and application
of the job security provisions.
The United Rubber Workers, representing nearly
1.000 employees at the Dunlop Tire and Rubber
Corp., in Tonawanda, N.Y., agreed to a revision
in the rate structure resulting in wage reductions
reportedly ranging up to 9.2 percent effective
March 1. The workers, who had received a
7-cent-an-hour wage increase in June 1962 after
a 27-day strike, voted the reduction to improve
the company’s competitive position in the tire
industry. In 1960, Dunlop had moved its golf
ball manufacturing from the Tonawanda plant
to Greenville, S.C. (See addendum, p. 562.)
In anticipation of an employment decrease re
sulting from modernization of equipment, the
American Oil Co.’s Sugar Creek Refinery (Mis
souri) offered its older employees early retirement
with severance allowance payments. The sever
ance allowance formula, based on age and length
of service, was worked out in a 6-month agreement
reached in February with the Oil, Chemical and
Atomic Workers, representing some 600 employees.
Transportation. On April 3, President John F.
Kennedy named New York attorney Samuel I.
Rosenman as chairman of an Emergency Board
to mediate the workrules dispute between the
Nation’s railroads and five operating brother
hoods, with Clark Kerr, president of the Uni
versity of California, and Nathan P. Feinsinger
of the University of Wisconsin Law School as
members.
The railroads had scheduled layoffs for about
40.000 firemen5 on April 8 before the President
intervened, but under the Railway Labor Act
neither party may act for at least 60 days after
appointment of such a board.
Earlier in March, leaders of the operating
brotherhoods had met with railroad representa
tives in Chicago for the first time since June 1962.
The meeting was initiated by the brotherhoods
in February and followed the Supreme Court’s
558
decision on March 4, calling for the parties to
rely on self help.
The Southern Pacific Co., and the Brotherhood
of Railway Clerks on March 16 signed an agree
ment covering about 11,000 employees in seven
Western States, thus settling their long job
security dispute. Five unresolved issues were
submitted to binding arbitration, at President
Kennedy’s request. The agreement provides that
“abolition of permanent positions shall be re
stricted in accordance with the principles of
natural attrition.” The company has the option
either to eliminate the position vacated by the
worker leaving or to eliminate some other job
it considers obsolete. The worker whose position
is eliminated and who cannot claim another
through seniority loses his job and, under terms
of the agreement, receives a furlough allowance
up to 70 percent of his normal pay for 1 year and
60 percent for an additional 4 years. He will
be entitled to job retraining under a program set up
by the railroad and the Federal Government.
Workers retained in service at lower paying
jobs will be provided a displacement allowance
for 5 years in order to guarantee them against
income loss. They will be provided moving and
travel expenses and guaranteed against loss from
sale of a home or disposal of a leased home. An
employee choosing to resign rather than accept
a new assignment would receive separation pay
ranging from 60 days if he has less than 1 year’s
service to 360 days if he has 5 years’ service or
more. The agreement was effective April 1, 1963,
but was to be applied retroactively to October 22,
1958, thus benefiting 4,000 employees laid off
since that time.
In addition to permitting reductions in the
number of positions by attrition, the contract
provides that if the carrier’s freight tonnage drops
more than 5 percent in any quarter compared with
the same quarter of the previous year, the number
of permanent clerks’ jobs may be cut by the per
centage in excess of 5 percent.
Extra boards, set up in 29 towns and cities, are
guaranteed at least 7 percent of total permanent
positions in each master seniority region. Extra
board employees, and assigned employees, will be
guaranteed 40 hours’ pay.
The arbitration award, issued March 23 and
covering the five unresolved issues, specified that
if business improves after a loss of more than 5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
percent of the road’s freight and a consequent
layoff, the road must restore a proportionate
number of jobs. Although jobs may be cut in
emergencies, the award holds that they must be
restored within 30 days after termination of the
emergency. If the cutbacks last more than 6
months, the employees affected would be entitled
to all the protective benefits provided workers
permanently laid off except separation allowances.
If the railroad introduces new methods or pro
cedures that require new skills for employees to
retain their jobs, it will provide on-the-job
training. If an extra board employee has to
travel out of town to his job, he is to be com
pensated for all waiting time beyond 1 hour at
the beginning and end of the shift; if he has to
stay overnight, he will be allowed $7.50 and daily
expenses for meals and lodging.
American Airlines, Inc., and the Air Line
Pilots Association’s Master Executive Council
for that airline agreed March 15 to an 18-month
contract covering about 1,600 pilots and 600 flight
engineers. The agreement represented a depar
ture from the parent union’s policy of having a
qualified pilot in the third seat of the cockpit by
accepting the principle that flight engineers need
not be qualified as pilots. Flight engineers in
the future would be represented by the pilot
group. The Pilots Association reportedly expelled
and fined the members of the American Airlines
Master Executive Council and requested a U.S.
district court in New York to enjoin the company
from signing the contract.
The requirement that the third man in the
cockpit be a qualified pilot has been a major
bargaining aim of the union since 1956; in Novem
ber 1962, the union signed its first agreement
(with Trans World Airlines, Inc.) that met this
demand.6
The American agreement provided pilots a
reduction in maximum flying hours from 85 to
75 per month on jet and 80 on piston planes with
no change in salary. The company also agreed
to assume pilots’ payments for certain insurance
and retirement benefits.
Other Nonmanufacturing. The New York Tele
phone Co. and the Communications Workers,
representing 24,000 plant employees in the State,
o See Monthly Labor Review, January 1963, pp. 70-71.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
reached agreement February 28 under a wage
reopener—the last in a 3-year contract scheduled
to expire in February 1964. The agreement called
for general increases ranging from $2 to $7 a week
with additional pay boosts, up to $4.50 a week,
for approximately 2,000 employees whose jobs
will be reclassified. Rezoning of certain cities
resulted in additional raises for another 2,100
employees. The CWA had won bargaining rights
for these workers in an NLRB election in 1961.
The union attributed the size of the wage increase
agreed to in 1963 to the fact that the workers had
fallen a year behind in wage adjustments when
they were represented by independent unions.
The Illinois Bell Telephone Co., on February 22
granted $2 to $4-a-week increases, effective Feb
ruary 24, to 1,900 accounting department employ
ees in Springfield, 111., and the Chicago metropoli
tan area. In a representation election held March
19, the International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers defeated the Federation of Telephone
Clerks (Ind.) and the no-union choice. In an
earlier election held February 6, on order of the
Superior Court of Cook County, the Telephone
Clerks defeated the IBEW; in November 1962,
they had defeated the Teamsters in an NLRB
election.7 The leadership of the Telephone Clerks
had sought Teamster affiliation while an opposing
membership faction favored affiliation with the
IBEW.
The Realty Advisory Board on Labor Relations,
Inc., and the Midtown Realty Owners Association
on March 13 signed 3-year agreements with the
Building Service Employees’ International Union
for about 21,000 commercial building employees.
The agreements called for a 7%-cent-an-hour in
crease retroactive to January 1, 1963, for the
Realty Advisory Board and to February 4, 1963,
for the Midtown group. Additional increases of
6 cents in 1964 and 7% cents in 1965 go into effect
on the anniversary dates. Handymen will receive
an additional 5 cents an hour in 1965, and night
workers will receive a paid 30-minute lunch period
within an 8-hour shift effective July 1, 1963.
Elevator operators terminated because of automa
tion will receive up to 11 weeks’ pay instead of
10 and other employees up to 10 instead of 7.
Pensions for employees with 25 years’ service or
more, including those workers already retired,
» I b i d ., p . 67.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
559
wifi be $50 a month instead of $45, effective
January 1, 1965. The union’s consent must be
obtained before the employer may contract out
work and the new contractor must become a
party to the agreement.
A unique feature of the agreement is the
establishment of an automation employment pool
to provide work opportunities in the industry for
long-term employees displaced by automation.
Preference will be given to those employees closest
to retirement.
On March 31, 1,400 employees of the St.
Joseph Lead Co., represented by the United
Steelworkers of America, ratified a 3-year contract
ending an 8-month strike at the company’s mines
and mills in southeastern Missouri. The con
tract, estimated by the company to increase hourly
employment costs by 31.3 cents, provides an
immediate 10-cent-an-hour wage increase and an
additional 5 cents in the third year. It also calls
for a job evaluation program, with resulting
changes in rates to be put into effect in the second
year. The company estimated hourly cost in
creases at 9 cents per upgraded employee, with
an additional 1.3 cents an hour earmarked to
maintain the pay of those whose jobs were classi
fied into lower categories. Also in the second year,
the company will pay the full cost of dependents’
health and welfare benefits. In the contract’s
third year, the company will pay an additional 3
cents an hour for pensions.
Wage-rate increases totaling 38 to 40% cents
an hour were provided by 2-year contracts con
cluded in mid-March by the New England Road
Builders Association and the Building Trades
Employers’ Association of Boston with the Inter
national Union of Operating Engineers, represent
ing 3,500 heavy equipment operators. Effective
March 1, 1963, rates were increased 15 cents; rates
will advance an additional 8 cents in September
1963 and 15 cents more in March 1964. At that
time, some workers will receive an additional 2%cent wage increase. Workers have the option of
using 2% cents of the 1964 advance for increased
medical and hospital benefits. Two cents a man
hour is to be paid to establish a training and
apprenticeship program.
The U.S. Post Office Department and six unions,
on March 20, signed their first collective bargain
ing agreement affecting 550,000 field service em
ployees throughout the Nation. The 1-year con-
560
tract was signed by Postmaster General J. Edward
Day with the Letter Carriers, Postal Clerks,
Motor Vehicle Employees, Special Delivery Mes
sengers, Rural Letter Carriers (Ind.), and the
Association of Post Office and General Service
Maintenance Employes (Ind.). It does not cover
salaries or supplementary benefits, which are fixed
by Congress, but includes a wide variety of items
such as the use of bulletin boards, a new griev
ance procedure, scheduling of vacations, and re
assignments. The agreement is a result of the
President’s labor-management program for the
Federal Government which outlined recognition
rights for Federal employee unions.
Union Developments
The AFL-CIO, through its legislative director,
Andrew J. Biemiller, announced March 10 that
it would not seek a 35-hour workweek in 1963
through amendment of the Fair Labor Standards
Act (FLSA). Mr. Biemiller also announced that
the AFL-CIO would not ask Congress in 1963
to extend coverage under that act to retailers
with sales of $500,000 or more or to raise the
minimum wage. Instead, it planned to concen
trate on obtaining extension of coverage to 4
million restaurant, laundry and dry cleaning,
motel and hotel, and hospital workers and a
reduction in the overtime exemption for workers
processing agricultural commodities.
AFL-CIO President George Meany, appearing
before the House Ways and Means Committee on
March 13, urged that Congress cut taxes immedi
ately by $10 billion instead of over 3 years as
the administration proposed. He further urged
that the cuts be made in the lower income brackets
to stimulate consumption, with postponement of
tax reforms, rate reductions on higher incomes,
and reduction of the 52-percent corporate income
tax. Mr. Meany opposed a major administration
reform that itemized tax deductions be limited
to amounts in excess of 5 percent of income and
proposals for elimination of tax credit on sick pay
and employer payment of workers’ group life
insurance policies in excess of $5,000.
A floor amendment offered by three Senators
(Morse of Oregon; Williams of New Jersey; and
McNamara of Michigan) resulted in withdrawal of
objections by the AFL-CIO and transit unions to
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
a bill providing for grants and loans to improve
facilities and equipment of commuter transit
systems. The unions and the AFL-CIO had
demanded that the subsidies provided by the bill,
as approved by the House Banking Committee,
be denied to any areawide transit system not
providing job security. The amendment required
subsidized public agencies taking over private
systems to agree to continue existing collective
bargaining arrangements. The floor amendment
also restricted the conditions under which Federal
aid could be provided to public agencies to buy
private operations, limiting such purchases to
bankrupt companies or companies connected with
existing publicly owned systems.
In early March, the AFL-CIO reported
favorable first results of its organizing campaign
aimed ultimately at 400 nonunion plants in the
Los Angeles area. The campaign reportedly had
resulted in card checks or National Labor Rela
tions Board elections in 25 bargaining situations.
As a result, the union had won representation
rights in 18 establishments with 1,500 employees,
but had been rejected in 4 establishments with
250 workers. Results were undetermined in 3
establishments with 850 workers.
The United Mine Workers of America was sued
in the Philadelphia Federal District Court on
March 11 by representatives of 16,000 pensioners
and 7,000 widows of miners for failure to collect
delinquent royalty payments owed to the
Anthracite Health and Welfare Fund by mine
operators in northeastern Pennsylvania. The
suit, claiming $10 million in damages, alleged
fault from union officials’ neglect of duty. William
Bruno, an attorney for the petitioning miners,
stated that pensioners had their monthly pension
reduced from $100 to $50 and then to $30. Death
benefits to widows have reportedly not been paid
in 6 years.
Pennsylvania Governor William Scranton, in
releasing March 13 a report by Lewis Evans, a
former Pennsylvania State Mines Secretary who
investigated the explosion at the Robena No. 3
mine in Greensboro, Pa., in which 37 were killed
on December 6, 1962, disagreed with the recom
mendation that three officials of the mine be
prosecuted for failure to comply with the State’s
mining code. The Governor said that ‘fit is
important to emphasize that the three men aren’t
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
charged in the report with any offenses which
caused or contributed to the explosion.” In
October 1962, two men had been killed by an
explosion at the same mine, which is operated by
the U.S. Steel Corp. and reportedly is the world’s
largest. In early January, miners refused to enter
without assurances that the mine was safe, and
in late January they struck for 4 days, protesting
the firing on January 29 of a fan attendant who
had ignored orders from a superintendent to leave
his post for other duties in another shaft 2% miles
away. Whether a fan attendant should be ordered
to do other jobs was a major issue in the investiga
tion of the explosion.
Commenting on the disaster W. A. Boyle,
president of the United Mine WTorkers, said it
“confirmed a belief I have held for some time—
that we may be mechanizing the coal industry
past the point of safety.” He also commented
that “This automation and mechanization has
gone far beyond what Mr. Lewis was talking about
back in the 1920’s when he urged the mines to
mechanize.”
In Washington, D.C., office employees of the
Wood, Wire and Metal Lathers International
Union represented by the Office Employees Inter
national Union struck on March 7. The office
employees were seeking seniority job rights,
grievance and arbitration procedures, and a revised
distribution of wage increases.
In late March, the NLRB ordered a new elec
tion to determine whether 8,000 truckdrivers and
helpers in the Philadelphia area will continue to
be represented by the International Brotherhood
of Teamsters. The Teamsters defeated the dis
sident VOICE group by less than 600 votes in a
November 1962 election.8 The election was set
aside, however, on grounds of violence, threats of
violence, and vandalism on the part of Teamster
supporters.
Three Teamster officials were sentenced in
Jersey City to prison terms ranging from 2 to 4
years for offering a substandard contract with the
Ornamental Iron and Brass Products Co. in ex
change for $10,000 by its owner. The sentenced
officials were Eustace Rober, president of Jersey
City Local 660, Nunzio Provenzano, vice presi
dent of Newark Local 522, and Salvatore Briguglio,
business agent of Union City Local 560.
8 See Monthly Labor Review, February 1963. p. 184.
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561
Civil Rights
President John F. Kennedy announced in his
civil rights message to Congress on February 28
that he had directed the Department of Justice
to participate in cases before the NLRB involving
charges of racial discrimination in labor unions
and to advocate appropriate action. The Presi
dent stated, “ It is my hope that administrative
action and litigation will make unnecessary the
enactment of legislation with respect to union
discrimination.”
Under Secretary of Labor John F. Henning an
nounced February 28 establishment of an Advisory
Committee for Equal Opportunity in Apprentice
ship and Training, consisting of representatives of
labor, management, education, minority groups,
and the public. The committee will formulate
and review policy regarding discrimination in
apprenticeship and training.
After a Negro worker complained that his
grievance concerning an apprenticeship bid was
not processed by the Metal Workers Union
(Ind.), Frederick U. Reel, a trial examiner for the
NLRB, recommended that the union be decerti
fied as bargaining agent for employees of the
Hughes Tool Co. of Houston, Tex. He recom
mended, on February 28, that a new certification
election be held and that the union be required to
follow a policy of nondiscrimination if it were
recertified. The trial examiner found that there
were separate locals of the union for Negro and
white workers, that the more desirable jobs were
reserved by agreement with the company for
white employees, and that the white local had
exclusive authority to handle grievances. He also
found that failure to process the grievance repre
sented a refusal by the union to bargain. The trial
examiner stated that the case should be continued
despite the fact that the union had amended its
constitution and bylaws to eliminate racial dis
crimination and had concluded a new contract
with the company that does not provide for such
discrimination. He stated that voluntary dis
continuance of illegal conduct after litigation has
begun does not end a case.
On March 7, the Council on Human Relations
and the Apprenticeship Council of the District of
Columbia announced a survey to identify appren
tices by race and trade to determine the existence
of patterns of discrimination in certain trades.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
562
Currently in the District of Columbia, 2,250
apprentices are enrolled in training programs in
130 different trades.
On March 21, Secretary of Labor W. Willard
Wirtz issued an order demanding that contractors
and unions engaged in constructing a gymnasium
at Howard University in Washington, D.C., end
racial discrimination in hiring practices or face
Justice Department action to enforce the nondiscriminatory clause in the contract awarded by
the General Services Administration. The Sec
retary’s action was the first of its kind since the
1961 Executive Order against discrimination on
Government contract work and came after student
protests over discriminatory practices of con
tractors and union. Howard University was
established in 1867 by Congress; while it has
both Negro and white students, it has historically
accepted a special responsibility for the education
of Negroes. On March 23, at the request of the
President’s Committee on Equal Employment
Opportunity and the AFL-CIO, the Washington
Urban League launched a campaign to recruit
Negro journeymen in 12 building trades to work
on the project.
8 See Monthly Labor Review, March 1963, p. 315.
Government
The United States Tariff Commission unan
imously rejected a claim of the Mine, Mill and
Smelter Workers Union on behalf of 126 zinc
workers at Hanover, N. Mex., for eligibility to
apply for adjustment assistance under the 1962
Trade Expansion Act.9 The criteria for approval
of such claims are determinations (1) that imports
of a commodity are entering the United States in
increased quantities, (2) that the increased im
ports are due “in major part” to trade agreement
concessions, and (3) that such increased imports
are “the major factor” in causing, or threatening
to cause, unemployment or underemployment of
a significant number of the employees of the firm
or subdivision of the firm involved. The Commis
sion found that although there have been reduc
tions in zinc tariff rates, their effect has been
offset by imposition of import quotas and
the quantity of zinc imported has not increased
since 1958. The Commission determined further
that general business considerations rather than
the claimed increase in imports were the major
factors leading to the shutdown of the Hanover
mine and mill.
Addendum
E ditor’s N ote.—The following details on the settlement at Dunlop Tire
and Rubber Co. supplement the information on page 557 and were
received after publication deadline.
The Rubber Workers agreed to a rate reduction for incentive workers of
9.2 percent. Rates of time workers were not reduced and the company
agreed to match pattern wage rate increases negotiated by the union with
the Big Four Rubber Companies. Under the United Rubber Workers’
Constitution, this action did not require International Union approval.
Wage rates being paid at Dunlop before the reduction were reportedly higher
than those in effect at plants of the major companies; it was also reported
that increased production following the reduction in wage rates had restored
earnings of some Dunlop workers to their previous level.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Book Reviews
and Notes
E ditor ’s N ote.—Listing of a publication in this
section is for record and reference only and does
not constitute an endorsement of point of view
or advocacy of use.
Special Reviews
America’s Forgotten Labor Organization: A Survey
of the Role of the Single-Firm Independent
Union in American Industry. By Arthur B.
Shostak. Princeton, N.J., Princeton Uni
versity, Industrial Relations Section, 1962.
140 pp., bibliography. (Research Report
Series, 103.) $3.75, cloth; $3, paper.
This is the first full-length book on unaffiliated
single-firm unions to appear in 35 years, ending a
long neglect of such unions in recent times. It is
difficult today to recall that before the passage of
the National Labor Relations Act in 1935, single
firm unions—or company unions, as they were
generally referred to—were considered a serious
threat to national unions. The Wagner Act, which
outlawed employer-dominated unions, the sub
sequent rise of the CIO in mass production
industries, and organizing successes scored by
AFL affiliates, all hastened the eclipse of the
single-firm union. Literature on labor since
World War II treats these organizations in only a
paragraph or two, usually predicting their ultimate
disappearance from the industrial scene.
Dr. Shostak’s interesting book reminds us that
these predictions have not come true, and while
he concludes that the future of these unions is not
auspicious, he adds that it is unlikely they will
become extinct.
This eminently readable volume is based
chiefly on personal interviews with officials of 36
blue-collar and 4 white-collar single-firm inde
pendent unions in New Jersey, officials of AFL-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CIO unions, and employers having contracts with
unafhhated unions. Extensively footnoted, the
work attests to the author’s familiarity with the
literature on trade unions and industrial sociology.
The bibliography on unafhhated unions is by far
the most comprehensive now in print.
The author classihes the blue-collar unions
according to their strength in collective bargaining
as either “weak” or “strong” unions, and while
these are polar types, there can be little quarrel
with this method as an analytical approach. The
former are small organizations (typically less than
100 members), and they conduct their affairs in
a manner commensurate with their resources.
Unlike small locals of national unions, they
are compelled to accept “ends set . . . by an
employer.” Although Shostak emphasizes repeat
edly that these weak single-firm unions are not
descendants of pre-Wagner Act company unions,
this would seem to be true only in a chronological
sense, because a comparison between these two
types of organizations reveals startling similarities.
The following statement appeared in an article
written in 1938 (“Characteristics of Company
Unions,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1938, p.
827), but it could be inserted verbatim in Shostak’s
present volume.
In negotiations concerning wages and hours of work,
. . . unions were handicapped by . . . their lack of
knowledge of the financial condition of the company and
of comparative wage scales in the industry. . . . Most
of them had to rely entirely upon the statement of the
situation as presented by the management. Practically
none of the company unions had hired outside experts for
assistance in negotiations. . . .
Nevertheless, unaffiliated local unions can be
as assertive and effective as their counterparts in
national unions, as Shostak demonstrates by
pointing to 18 of the unions in his sample. Made
up of larger bargaining units, they have the will
and the resources to engage in hard and carefully
prepared bargaining. The threat of affiliation
with a national union, particularly the Teamsters,
is often enough to secure desired gains. Unfortu
nately, the author does not speculate on how well
these unions would fare in the absence of strong
national unions in their respective industries.
Two chapters are devoted to single-firm unions
of white-collar workers. Neither clerical nor
563
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
564
professional employees have as yet shown a
marked interest in joining any type of labor
organization, although the author holds out the
hope that single-firm unions, by being “employer”
instead of “labor movement” centered, may suc
ceed where national unions have failed.
The problems which beset single-firm unions
when, paradoxically, they seek to surrender part
of their vaunted “independence” in an association
with similar organizations, present one of the
highlights of the book and also its major disap
pointment. The functions and shortcomings of
three types of associations—the intracompany
council, the industrywide association, and the
State association—are ably analyzed. In sharp
contrast, however, is the discussion of the two
national associations. For reasons not made
clear, the name of one is disguised as the National
Association of Independent Unions, which will be
rightly identified by anyone even slightly knowl
edgeable in the field, and the other federation is
relegated to a footnote—unidentified! Little is
said by the author regarding their activities or
accomplishments and the merit of their claim to
speak for “millions” of workers in unafliliated
unions.
In assessing the future of single-firm unions,
Shostak concludes that the weak rather than the
strong unions are more likely to survive, pri
marily because of their low visibility. He sees
a distinct value in the continued existence of the
single-firm union, since it “epitomizes an ideal of
Jeffersonian democracy,” but his own findings
lend little support to this promise.
— H arry P. C ohany
Division of Industrial and Labor Relations
Bureau of Labor Statistics
The Journal of Economic Abstracts. Cambridge,
Mass. (Littauer Center M-12, Harvard Uni
versity), Vol. I, No. 1, January 1963. 129 pp.
Published quarterly under the auspices of
the A m erican Econom ic A ssociation.
Annual subscription, $2; single issue, $1.
Economists who want to keep in touch with
the world literature of economics will welcome
the appearance of the first issue of the Journal of
Economic Abstracts. This long needed quarterly
is the product of 2 years’ planning by an ad hoc
committee of the American Economic Association
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(AEA) under the chairmanship of Professor Aaron
Gordon, University of California. It is being
published cooperatively by the contributing jour
nals under the auspices of the AEA and the
editorship of Professor Arthur Smithies, Littauer
Center, Harvard University. The project was
made possible by financial assistance from the
Ford Foundation, which is underwriting the first
2 years’ operation.
The Journal of Economic Abstracts covers jour
nals published in 16 counties and in 8 languages.
Abstracts are sufficiently lengthy to give not only
an elaboration of the title but also a brief state
ment of methods used and conclusions reached.
In most cases the abstracts have been prepared
by the original author, assuring correctness and
introducing variety in style. They are in con
trast with the terse summaries appearing in
Economic Abstracts, published at The Hague.
The new journal differs in a number of other
respects from the latter journal. It is limited to
general economic journals, whereas Economic
Abstracts dips widely into the special literature of
industry, management, labor, and finance, and
includes monographs as well as journal articles.
The new journal gives complete coverage of all
24 (subsequently 32) journals that it abstracts.
The Netherlands journal is necessarily selective.
Abstracts in the new journal appear in English;
in the other, in the language of the original
article.
Abstracts are arranged alphabetically by jour
nal, thus avoiding the unnecessary burden of
subject classification. There is a list of authors
but no subject index. While all but two of the
journals abstracted in the first issue are included
in one or more of three indexes (International
Index, P A IS, and Bibliographic der . . . Zeitschriftenliteratur), an annual author and subject
index in Journal of Economic Abstracts would
facilitate bibliographic searching.
It is hoped that the success of this carefully
planned abstracting journal in the field of eco
nomics will encourage similar projects in other
disciplines in the social sciences where the lack of
abstracting, accompanied by an expansion of
scholarly publishing, poses a real problem in
bibliographic control.
—R alph E. M cC oy
Director of Libraries
Southern Illinois University
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Governmental Manpower for Tomorrow’s Cities. A
Report of the Municipal Manpower Commis
sion. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Inc., 1962. 201 pp. $6.95.
Sometimes an ad hoc commission is asked to
find an answer to a problem on which there are
major differences of opinion, but sometimes, as in
this instance, the problem has either escaped gen
eral public awareness or been accorded widespread
indifference. The concern of the Municipal Man
power Commission, which was supported by a
Ford Foundation grant, was the manner in which
urban areas are likely to be meeting their needs
for future staff—administrative, professional, or
technical (APT). The members of the commis
sion were a group of distinguished students of
public affairs. Its first chairman, James E. Webb,
on becoming administrator of the National Aero
nautics and Space Agency, was succeeded by John
Corson, a professor of political science at Prince
ton University but better known as a management
consultant and administrator, under whose leader
ship the report was completed. Their colleagues
were William O. Baker, Edward W. Barrett,
William H. Draper, Jr., Luther Gulick, Robert E.
Merriam, Quigg Newton, and John A. Perkins.
The commission’s findings and recommendations
should be put into the hands of every civic leader
and city council member in America. The gist of
these is that, while the performance of local gov
ernments depends upon the abilities and zeal of
their personnel, few of our cities have done much
planning for their future manpower needs or have
even given much thought to the problem. The
city, the report points out, is coming off a very
poor fourth in comparison with private industry,
the Federal Government, and State governments,
in the contest for good people. The blame rests,
in large part, on the inadequacies of recruitment,
pay, and training policies. The report also
criticizes the independent local civil service com
mission, long supported as a requirement of “good
government,” for its inability to meet the needs of
the situation.
The commission concludes that “a direct, mas
sive effort must be launched to attract and hold
more and better equipped APT persons in local
governments,” but concedes that this cannot be
done apart from a concurrent effort to improve
governmental structure as it relates to the ful
filling of the needs of our burgeoning urban areas.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
565
Specifically, the report calls for the defining of
up-to-date metropolitan objectives; the formula
tion of total metropolitan plans; the development
of improved agencies and institutions for perma
nent and effective governmental teamwork and
action; and the partnership of local, State, and
Federal governments in the encouragement of
comprehensive metropolitan planning and action.
At the same time, it urges the following steps
be taken toward improving the quality of urban
manpower: (a) Granting of clear-cut authority to
the chief local executive for personnel administra
tion; (b) abolishment of the independent civil
service commission or its reduction to an advisory
function; (c) establishment of the merit principle
as the basis of appointment and advancement of
public personnel; (d) revitalization of current
urban personnel practices, including the raising of
salaries, the provision of career opportunities, and
the encouragement of employee mobility (transfer
between systems); and (e) assistance to univer
sities to help prepare personnel for the needs of
urban society.
— D avid S. B rown
Professor of Public Administration
George Washington University
The Law of Labor Relations in Sweden. By Folke
Schmidt. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Uni
versity Press, 1962. 343 pp. $6.
The author defines the topics of his book as
those which, in the classical system of common
law, are normally treated under the headings of
contract, master and servant, and associations.
He has assembled seemingly disparate elements
into one textbook—questions of the law of pro
cedure and other parts of public law; problems
outside the limits of legal studies, e.g., political
science, economics, or sociology—but all have a
common denominator, the collective bargaining
concept. It is the instrument used for introducing
the complicated modern relationship between
organized labor and organized management into
the sphere of law. Schmidt points out that the
book does not concern itself with the study of the
free action of the parties before the conclusion of
an agreement, the organization and structure of
unions, their ideology, and the economic conse
quences of agreements or disputes. They are the
task of economists, historians, and sociologists
rather than the concern of legal science.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
566
Within the legal framework of employment
relations, a distinction is made between three
main divisions: The law of the contract of em
ployment, the law of labor relations, and the
public labor law, which seeks to protect workers
in case of accidents, ill health, overstrain, or loss
of income in certain situations.
The history of the existing legislation, both in
theory and practice, gives the reader a vivid
picture of the unique system of the legal aspects
of labor-management relations in Sweden. Con
tinuous reference to specific court decisions makes
the book particularly valuable to the student of
labor law per se. To the American reader, the
chapter on the Organization and Jurisdiction of
the Labor Court is of particular interest, since
the institution of the special labor courts, with
the use of a combination of experienced judges
and of lay members representing management
and labor, has gained recognition in most European
countries.
In the chapter defining the white-collar or
manual employee, the tests are described which
have been established by the courts to distinguish
the employee from the independent contractor,
the partner, or the middleman. A chapter
devoted to the organization of the labor market
analyzes the relations between the trade union
and its members and between local unions and
confederations; the right of membership; and the
functions of the union in collective bargaining.
It states that industrial unions hold a predominant
position although several craft unions still exist.
In discussing the legal effects of the collective
agreement upon individual members of the organi
zation, reference is also made to German and
American doctrines.
The chapter on the Right of Association is a
textbook in itself. It includes an interesting
section on union security provisions. Other
chapters cover Negotiation and Mediation, Indus
trial Warfare, and Liability for Unlawful Actions.
The text, in spite of its scholarly approach and
content, makes easy reading, for which the author
must be highly complimented.
— A rnold L. S teinbach
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chief, Division of International
Trade Union Organizations
Bureau of International Labor Affairs
Employer Concentration in Local Labor Markets.
By Robert L. Bunting. Chapel Hill, N.C.,
University of North Carolina Press, 1962.
182 pp. $5.
To what extent do employers occupy a monopsonistic position in local labor markets so that they
can exert, deliberately or not, a downward pressure
on wage rates?
Professor Bunting’s original and systematic
study of the extent of concentration of employ
ment of the largest firm, the 4 largest, and the 10
largest firms in each of 1,774 different labor mar
kets in the United States furnishes part of the
answer. Because his definition of a labor market
is a standard metropolitan area or county where
the largest firm employs at least 100 workers, his
study accounts for about 93 percent of the Nation’s
employed labor force. Using employment data
from the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insur
ance (OASI) for March 1948, the author calculated
concentration ratios with respect to the estimated
total employment of each area and to nonagricultural employment minus professional, managerial,
and skilled workers. The latter he calls “maxi
mum ratios.”
Professor Bunting finds employer concentration
in local labor markets negligible. His distribu
tion shows that the largest employer hired less
than 50 percent of the total employment in 99.7
percent of all areas studied, and that the four larg
est employers employed less than 50 percent in
98.9 percent of the areas. Using maximum ratios,
he finds concentration only somewhat greater.
The author refrains from concluding unequivo
cally that these measures necessarily indicate a
low degree of monopsony power. He is too well
aware of the limitations of his data, including
problems of multiplant firms, statewide reporting,
and omission of firms not covered by OASI, such
as railroads and nonprofit institutions. What is
not pointed out, however, is that even if these
statistical problems were adequately resolved, the
concentration ratios would not be reliable indica
tors of the extent of monopsony because they
assume that all workers, irrespective of sex, age,
skill, or race, are in competition with each other
solely because they live in the same area. Further
more, the assumption that all employed workers
are “in the market” neglects a decade of research
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
revealing the unwillingness of employed workers
to change jobs.
Although even the maximum ratio probably
understates the extent of monopsony, the author
does find that concentration is associated with
smaller labor markets and with certain types of
industry structures, especially those dominated by
mining and textiles. These factors explain the
relatively greater concentration in the Mountain
and South Atlantic States.
—E verett J. B urtt , J r.
Chairman, Department of Economics
Boston University
Federal Fiscal Policy in the Postwar Recession.
By Wilfred Lewis, Jr. Washington, Brook
ings Institution, 1962. xv, 311 pp. (Studies
of Government Finance.) $6.75.
This volume represents the first of a series of
Studies of Government Finance sponsored by the
National Committee on Government Finance,
which was appointed by The Brookings Institu
tion and financed by the Ford Foundation. The
author, now with Robert Nathan Associates, Inc.,
completed the study while on leave from the U.S.
Bureau of the Budget.
Roughly the first third of the text evaluates the
actual effects of the built-in stabilizers upon
gross national product (GNP) and employment
during the period 1948-62. The direct stabilizers
(individual income tax, unemployment compensa
tion, and employment taxes) are found to have been
much more timely and effective countercyclical
devices than the indirect ones (corporation income
taxes and excises). Although the latter loom
large in amount, their effect may be perverse, as
for example, when the lag in corporate income tax
collections produces a Federal budget surplus
after a recession is already underway.
The greater part of the book is devoted to a
detailed analysis of the four notable lapses from
high employment and continued growth that oc
curred in 1948, 1953, 1957, and 1960. In each
case the economic magnitudes are broken down
and changes attributed to the passive stabilizers,
to active fiscal policy, or to exogenous factors.
Deliberate antirecession fiscal policy seems to
have been weakly conceived and tardily executed
during each of the four recessions. In retrospect,
the most powerful stimuli to recovery were the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
567
automatic and nondeliberate factors. Through
out this closely reasoned analysis the author focuses
attention on political realities that must determine
economic policies as long as men are human.
Most antirecession programs, for example, must
be justified on long-term considerations, and
spending programs are sometimes easier to justify
than tax cuts because the benefits are concentrated
rather than broadcast.
The implications for broad policy formation are
clear: (1) prime reliance on the automatic stabi
lizers for prompt action against recession and (2)
willingness to face political exigencies in dealing
with more severe declines in GNP, when the
built-in stabilizers become less effective. This is
not at all a forlorn hope. The past 15 years have
revealed a notable growth of sophistication in the
use of fiscal policy, and the greater prominence
and prestige of the professional economist bodes
well for the future.
The author is to be congratulated on reducing
his monumental task to a very readable and rea
sonable study, with statistical tables grouped in
four appendixes. He has done precisely what he
set out to do, without straying into related fields.
He has resisted the ever-present temptation to
create a whole new terminology, while using for
his thorough and competent analysis such newer
concepts as “implicit surplus.”
Inevitably, timely analyses quickly become
dated, but it is probably safe to say that no stu
dent of fiscal policy will be able to ignore Lewis’
work.
— W alter G. B ecker
College of Business Administration
Arizona State University
The Economy of British Central Africa: A Case
Study of Economic Development in a Dualistic Society. By William J. Barber. Stan
ford, Calif., Stanford University Press, 196L
271 pp., bibliography. $6.50.
Depth and breadth of scholarship, coupled with
an obviously deep felt interest in the economic
well-being of the African, makes this an absorbing
study of the history and the prospects for economic
development in the Central African Federation.
The skillful combination of fact and theory is
refreshing, and it is comforting to find case
studies do not necessarily have to be dry, devoid
568
of references to literature in the field, and over
cautious in analysis and conclusions.
The thesis of the study is readily stated.
Dualism is perhaps the major fact of social,
political, and economic life in central Africa. On
the one hand is a money economy, dominated by
Europeans, and on the other, an indigenous
economy to which the Africans are for the most
part restricted. Under what conditions can such
an economy be expected to develop? Barber
examines this question in detail after setting forth
his definition of development, which requires that
two conditions be met: (1) Expansion of real money
economy and (2) improvement in the per capita
real income of the indigenous population through
time. The conclusions, carefully documented,
are that, while the first condition has been met
by the rapid pace of expansion, the second goal
has not yet been met and may be more difficult
to achieve. In recent years the supply of native
labor at existing wage rates has become less than
perfectly elastic, so that the stage is now set for
rising real wage rates. If further expansion in the
money economy also involves expansion of the
areas of contact with the indigenous economy via
monetization of indigenous agriculture or expan
sion of employment opportunities for the native
population in the money economy, true develop
ment, as defined, will occur. But it is by no
means clear that this will be the pattern of
response to the new labor market conditions.
Such a response will, in fact, require substantial
modification of current social and perhaps political
institutions. Professor Barber sees signs that
some of the required changes are already under
way but that the ultimate response path is not
yet clearly established.
Any reviewer can, with diligence, find some
areas of disagreement or dissatisfaction. Some
what disappointing is the ‘Theoretical interpre
tation’’ chapter, perhaps mainly because here the
author is unwilling really to theorize. He insists
that his assumptions be so detailed and so close
to reality that his “theory” is, for the most part,
a restatement in condensed form of his earlier
presentation, which is both empirical and analyti
cal in content. In another context, Barber’s
rejection of the Keynesian consumption function
seems in error in the light of his own data. Par
ticularly if his data are modified—as he suggests—
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
to eliminate African income and consumption, the
Keynesian formulation would appear remarkably
applicable. Reference to others who have con
tributed to the discussion of dualism, such as
Boeke, Myint, and Higgins, would have been
welcome. These and other reservations are of
little importance when cast against the pains
taking logic and compassion of the argument.
— J o h n R . M oore
D epartment of Economics
University of Tennessee
The Income oj the Chinese Gentry. By Chung-li
Chang. Seattle, University of Washington
Press, 1962. 369 pp., bibliography. $7.75.
As part of the Modern Chinese History Project
at the University of Washington’s Far Eastern
and Russian Institute, this study is a specialized
sequel to the author’s broader work, The Chinese
Gentry, published in 1955. Together, these books
represent one of the most comprehensive treat
ments of this stratum (often labeled the “literati”)
of Imperial Chinese society and afford a wealth of
data for scholars concerned with socioeconomic
change. As in the first volume, Franz Michael
has written an insightful introduction that pro
vides a framework in Weberian terms to interpret
the impact of the gentry upon the social, political,
and economic fabric of China from the mid-17th
to the early part of the 20th century (the period
of the Ch’ing Dynasty). Any understanding of
contemporary China surely rests on the place of
this privileged elite in contributing to the transi
tion from the Empire to the Republic and, more
recently, to the Communist State.
Having identified in the earlier study the multi
faceted activities of the gentry, the author in this
present volume attempts to estimate the economic
value of these functions. The gentry acted, for
example, as civil, military, and clan administra
tors, teachers and scholars, doctors and lawyers,
dispensers of relief, and landlords and merchants.
Each function or service yielded important sup
port for the gentry, who came to their status not
through inheritance but through a highly com
petitive system of State-controlled examinations
that stressed Confucianist tenets as the basis of
Imperial Chinese society. (Only during the later
stages of the Empire did the examination system
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
deteriorate and give way to title purchasing, thus
undermining the role of this educated elite.)
The author’s method of deriving gentry income
is aggregative. Using various documentary
sources, especially biographies from local gazet
teers, he laboriously builds up income estimates
for each functional source. While these approxi
mations are crude, for the most part they check
out with other independent estimates and may be
accepted as reasonable. It is difficult to tell
whether the gentry share has been changing, how
ever, as the author focuses mainly on the latter
part of the 19th century.
While officeholding provided a substantial por
tion of gentry income, Dr. Chang finds that it
accounted, nonetheless, for less than one-fifth of
the total in the late 19th century. Other gentry
services—especially secretarial, teaching, and pro
fessional work in home communities—exceeded
this amount by 75 percent and almost equaled
landholding income. Mercantile activities also
produced income approaching that for office
holding. Although gentry members moved fairly
readily from one function to another, considerable
income differentials existed among them.
The pervasiveness and importance of the gentry
throughout Imperial China are also demonstrated
in the author’s attempt to estimate the proportion
of gentry income to gross national product
(GNP). This proves to be a bold effort (although
relegated to an appendix)—the first published
attempt to derive GNP for that period of Chinese
history. Dr. Chang finds that by the late 19th
century the gentry totaled 1.5 million and, with
wives and children, accounted for about 2 percent
of the Chinese population of more than 377
million. The gentry’s share of GNP reached
almost 25 percent, or, on a per capita basis, 16
times the average commoner income (the ratio of
disposable income per capita was even higher).
The author has provided a most valuable set of
data for understanding China on the eve of revolu
tion, a period to which social scientists concerned
with that nation today must pay increasing heed.
While much needs to be built upon Dr. Chang’s
study, he has provided a substantial foundation.
— S olomon B. L evine
Department of Economics and Social Science
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
569
Education and Training
Training for Jobs in Redevelopment Areas. Washington,
U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Manpower, Auto
mation and Training, 1963. 36 pp.
The Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962—
Its Significance for Rural Areas. By Frank T. Bachmura. (In Journal of Farm Economics, Menasha,
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Report of the Royal Commission on Labor-Management
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28 pp. (Bulletin 5.)
The Basic Wage and the Cost of Living [in Australia]. By
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Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.
—Employment
574
575
579
583
A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted
583 A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted
584 A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations
B.
585 B -l.
C.
—Labor Turnover
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group
—Earnings and Hours
588 O—l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
600 C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
600 C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing,
by major industry group
601 C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
603 C-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
603 C-6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing
D.
—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
€04 D -l. Consumer Price Index—All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
605 D-2. Consumer Price Index—All items and food indexes, by city
606 D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
608 D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
609 D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product
E. —Work Stoppages
610 E -l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F.—Work Injuries
F -l.
Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1
i This table Is included In the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
N ote: With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in Techniques of Preparing Major B L S Sta
tistical Series (BLS Bulletin 1168, 1954), and cover the United States without Alaska and Hawaii.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
573
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
574
A.—Employment
T able
A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over i
Employment status
1962
1963
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
Annual aver
age
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1961
1960
Total both sexes
Total labor force................ ........ .................. 74,382 73, 999 73,323 74,142 74,532 74,923 74,914 76, 554 76,437 76,857 74,797 73,654 73, 682 74,175
73,126
71, 650 71,275 70,607 71,378 71,782 72,187 72,179 73,695 73,582 74,001 71,922 70, 769 70, 697 71,603
4,501 4, 918 4, 672 3,817 3,801 3,294 3,512 3,932 4,018 4,463 3,719 3,946 4,382 4,806
70,612
3,931
5.6
1,553
963
598
696
691
67,148
62,812
48,669
7,588
4,119
2,436
4,337
2,587
1,042
467
241
5.6
1,799
823
353
502
454
66,681
60,958
46,388
8,249
3,279
3,042
5,723
3,811
1,279
444
190
Civilian labor force......................................
Unemployment............ .............................
Unemployment rate seasonally adjusted J-------------------- --------------Unemployed 4 weeks or less_________
Unemployed 5-10 weeks____________
Unemployed 11-14 weeks-----------------Unemployed 15-26 weeks. --------------Unemployed over 26 weeks__________
Employment_______________________
Non agricultural__________ „________
Worked 35 hours or m o re ..................
Worked 15-34 hours______________
Worked 1-14 hours_______________
With a job but not at work*............
Agricultural.----------- --------------------Worked 35 hours or more....................
Worked 15-34 hours______________
Worked 1-14 hours----------------------W ith a job but not at work *............ .
6.1
5.8
5.6
5.8
5.5
5.8
5.8
5.3
5.5
5.4
5.5
5.5
6.7
1,814 1, 996 1,697 1,960 1,546 1,681 1,702 1,805 2,536 1,523 1,527 1,578 1,897
1,315 1,162
684
654
630
840
940 1,037
664
709
744
629
964
485
292
212
307
361
300
229
295
358
255
230
576
411
612
684
525
469
418
341
428
345
449
608
764
750
728
453
397
447
619
541
477
593
584
576
666
719
734
804
66, 358 65, 935 67,561 67,981 68,893 68,668 69,762 69, 564 69,539 68,203 66,824 66,316 66, 796
62,309 61, 730 63,495 63,098 63,418 63,103 63,993 63,500 63,249 62,775 61, 863 61,533 61,333
47,063 48, 480 49,175 45; 107 48,047 49,684 47,264 46| 372 49,209 49,' 711 49,035 48,386 47,257
8, 573 7, 235 7,932 11,894 9,426 7,265 6,849 6, 598 6,927 7,209 7,213 7,304 7,522
4,238 3,845 4,143 4,074 3,811 3,475 3,222 3,185 3,365 3,912 3,794 3,915 3, 610
2, 432 2,172 2,243 2,021 2,133 2, 680 6,657 7,343 3,748 1,944 1,822 1,929 2,946
4,049 4, 206 4,066 4,883 5,475 5, 564 5, 770 6,064 6,290 5,428 4,961 4,782 5,463
2,261 2,522 2,352 3,262 3,688 3,693 3,900 4,270 4,377 3, 801 3,196 3, 032 3,540
1,040
907 1,069 1,232 1,310 1,285 1,215 1,346 1,149 1,116 1,118 1,245
987
483
444
490
398
426
462
404
447
446
432
477
388
475
316
153
182
122
267
249
129
101
133
172
89
201
200
Males
Total labor force-------- ------------------------- 49,675 49, 508 49,269 49,574 49,719 49,974 50,110 51,657 51,733 51,832 50,272 49, 568 49,436 49.918
49,507
Civilian labor force____________________
Unemployment_________________ ____
Employment_______________________
Nonagrieultural----- -------- --------------Worked 35 hours or more__________
Worked 15-34 hours_____ _________
Worked 1-14 hours_______________
W ith a job but not at work *---------Agricultural______________________
Worked 35 hours or more_________
Worked 15-34 hours______________
Worked 1-14 hours----------------------W ith a job but not at work *....... ......
47,378
3,060
44,318
39, 811
32.984
3,587
1,511
1,729
4,508
3,132
827
370
179
47,025
2,541
44, 485
39,807
32, 511
4,100
1,360
1,836
4,678
3,365
792
348
172
Total labor force______________________ 24,707 24, 492 24,054 24,568 24,812 24,949 24,804 24,897 24, 703 25,026 24,525 24,086 24,146 24,257
23,619
Civilian labor force____________________ 24, 675
Unemployment— ................... ................. 1,489
Employment_______________________ 23,186
N n n n p r ic n ltn r a l
22,560
Worked 35 hours or more__________ 15,022
Worked 15-34 hours______________ 4,149
Worked 1-14 hours_______________ 2,430
With a job but not at work *..............
960
Agricultural............................................
625
Worked 35 hours or more _________
204
Worked 15-34 hours______________
312
Worked 1-14 hours...............................
83
W ith a job but not at work *_______
26
23,587
1,390
22,196
46,975
3,013
43,962
40,251
33, 648
3,439
1,688
1,476
3, 711
2,383
730
384
216
46, 816
3,293
43, 523
39, 994
32, 710
4,026
1,779
1,481
3, 529
2,074
786
423
246
46,585
3,080
43,505
39,839
33,648
3, 251
1,593
1,351
3, 666
2,281
751
400
232
46,841
2,522
44,319
40,782
33,946
3,612
1,760
1,461
3,537
2,181
656
424
276
47,001
2,259
44,743
40, 703
31, 704
6,130
1, 618
1,250
4,040
2,908
692
307
133
47,269
1,881
45,387
41,131
33, 774
4,428
1,628
1,302
4,256
3,168
694
281
114
47,406
1,991
45,415
41, 052
34,769
3,261
1,433
1,588
4,363
3,180
780
309
92
48,830
2,327
46, 503
41.899
33,483
3,316
1,449
3,652
4, 604
3,327
819
293
165
48,911
2,406
46, 505
41,732
32,952
3,183
1,337
4,261
4,773
3,634
687
332
121
49,009
2,698
46.310
41,421
34, 624
3,244
1,518
2,035
4,889
3,743
733
305
109
47,430
2,296
45,134
40, 687
34, 579
3,223
1,713
1,171
4,447
3,365
706
291
85
46,717
2,534
44,183
39,925
34.043
3,282
1,578
1,021
4,258
2,916
781
400
161
46, 585
2, 888
43. 697
39, 553
33, 505
3,300
1,556
1,193
4,144
2, 792
821
343
188
Females
24,460
1,625
22,835
22, 315
14! 356
4, 547
2, 459
950
520
187
255
57
20
24,022
1,592
22, 430
21,890
14,835
3,983
2,252
820
540
243
236
44
17
24,537
1,295
23,242
22,714
15Í 228
4,319
2,383
782
528
172
252
66
40
24, 781
1, 543
23,238
22,395
13,404
5,763
2,457
771
843
355
377
91
27
1 Estimates are based on Information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total Includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
• Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
•Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
24,918
1,413
23,505
22,287
14,273
4,998
2,184
832
1,219
520
538
145
15
24, 773
1,520
23,253
22,051
14,914
4,004
2,042
1,092
1,201
512
529
152
9
24,865
1,605
23,260
22 094
13,782
3,533
1,773
3,005
1,166
573
466
110
17
24, 671
1,611
23, 059
21 768
13Í 420
3,415
1,848
3,082
1,291
636
530
116
12
24,993
1,764
23,228
21 827
14Í 583
3,682
1,847
1,713
1,491
634
613
141
13
24,492 24,052 24,112 24,225
1,423 1,411 1,493 1,747
23,069 22, 641 22,619 22,478
22 088 21 Q38 21 Q 80 21 5 2 3
15Í130 u , 9 9 3 14Í 882 H! 273
3,985 3.929 4,004 3,934
2,199 2, 216 2,358 2.098
773
801
736 1,217
982
703
638
955
438
281
241
408
443
335
297
419
97
75
89
107
4
22
11
13
21
151
13Í 627
4.149
1,919
1,206
1,045
445
486
96
17
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem
ployed.
N o t e : For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Employ
ment and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
current issues).
Figures for periods prior to April 1962 are not strictly comparable with
current data because of the introduction of 1960 Census data into the esti
mation procedure. The change primarily affected the labor force and em
ployment totals, which were reduced by about 200,000. The unemployment
totals were virtually unchanged.
A —EMPLOYMENT
T able
575
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In th o u sa n d s]
1963
1962
A nnual
a v er a g e
I n d u s tr y
M a r .2
F e b .2
Jan,
D ec.
N ov.
O c t.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar
1961
1960
55,035 54,778 54,833 56,444 56,214 56,333 56,252 55,709 55,493 55,777 55,209 54,849 54,056 54,077
54,347
Mining________
617
613
617
628
638
645
651
658
648
661
657
647
640
666
709
M e ta l m in in g .
80.
78.9
78.
79.
78.
80.
83.
87.
89.
88.
86.9
85.
87.1
93.3
Iro n o re s____
24.
23.3
24.
25.
25.
26.
28.
29.0
29.
29.
28.4
27.
27.5
33.2
C o p p e r o r e s.
27.
28.0
28.
27.
27.
27.9
28.
28.8
29.
28.
28.9
28.8
28.9
28.3
C o a l m in in g __________ _____ ______________
140.4 140.
139.
142.2 143.8 142.6 141.
129.9
142.
145.
146.5 149.2 155.5 182.2
B it u m in o u s ......................................
130.
131.9 131.
133.4 135.2 134.2 133.4 120.7 134.
135.
137.6 140.
145.1 168.2
C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d n a tu r a l g a s .............
295.
295.3 301.
300.1 303.0 307.2 309.2 310.1 307.
304.
302.0
301.5
308.9
313.9
C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d n a tu r a l g a s fields.
171.8 171.6 171.
172.1 172.8 175.5 178.0 178.0 177.
174.
173.8 173.2 176.8 181.7
O il a n d gas fie ld s e r v ic e s _______________
123.5 123.7 129.
128.0 130.2 131.7 131
132.1 130.
129.
128.2 128.3 132.2 132.2
Q u a rr y in g a n d n o n m e ta lllc m in in g ______
102.2 108.
116.4 119.1 121.0 122.9 120.2 120.6 119.3 111.7 103.7 114.9 119.5
Contract construction___________________
2,306 2,240 2,349 2,532 2,801 2,936 2,978 3,031 2,982 2,839 2,749 2,589 2,328 2,760
G e n e ral b u ild in g co n tr a c to r s_____________
694
731.4 786. “ 861.7 889.1 903.2 929.2 916.4 873.0 843.0 808.5 723.0 860.8 2,882
911.7
H e a v y c o n s tr u c tio n ___________________
383
409.6 471.
579. 3 648.4 667.6 685.4 675.0 624.5 594
506.6 419.5 565.6 581.3
H ig h w a y a n d s tr e e t c o n s tr u c tio n ______
184.9 201.4 244.9 326.9 379.0 394.5 405.2 393.6 359.6 335.4
202.4 302.8 302.4
O th er h e a v y c o n s tr u c tio n ______________
198.2 208.2 226.2 252.4 269.4 273.1 280.2 281.4 264.9 259.3 268.4
238.2 217.1 262.9 278.9
S p e c ia l tra d e co n tr a c to r s________________
1,162.4 1,207.8 1,274.4 1,360.4 1,398.8 1,407.1 1,416.5 1,390.9 1,341.0 1,311.2 1,273.8 1,185.
9 1,333.2 1,388.8
M anufacturing......... ..
16,605 16,545 16,551 16,727 16,891 17,028 17,127 16,931 16,782 16,870 16,682 16,636 16,525 16,267
16,762
D u r a b le g o o d s ____
9,432 9,400 9,407 9,473 9,533 9,562 9,571 9,402 9,463 9,547 9,475 9,422
9,042 9,441
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s .
7,173 7,145 7,144 7,254 7,358 7,466 7,556 7,529 7,319 7,323 7,207 7,214 9,339
7,186 7,225 7,321
Durable goods
T o t a l e m p lo y e e s .
Ordnance and accessories_______________
A m m un ition, except for sm all arm s___
Sighting and fire control eq u ip m en t___
Other ordnance and accessories________
L um ber and wood products, except
furniture........................................................
Logging cam ps and logging contractors.
Saw m ills and planing m ills.......................
M illw ork, p lyw ood, and
related
products........................................................
W ooden containers______________ I I I .I
M iscellaneous wood p r o d u c ts ...I .I I I I I
219.2
574.1
219.0
114.3
51.0
53.7
220.3
114.1
52.1
54.1
574.8
80.2
258.3
579.2
82.4
259.7
139.8
37.3
59.2
114.8
52.0
54.2
114.7
52.6
54.3
220.4
114.2
52.5
53.7
220.7
114.0
53.0
53.7
221.6
115.0
53.4
53.2
217.0
113.7
53.3
50.0
592.0
608.
194.0
269.2
620.7
97.2
273.9
629.9
261.9
277.1
639.6
104.5
280.1
632.9
103.7
279.0
281.6
140.6
37.5
59.0
143.6
38.7
59.7
146.4
39.0
60.0
148.9
40.0
60.7
150.7
39.6
61.3
152.9
40.5
61.6
149.2
40.8
60.2
221.0
88.1
221.6
101.2
211.8
211.0
108.2
52.5
50.3
209.5
107.3
52.5
49.7
200.6
103.1
51.1
46.5
187.3
93.9
50.0
43.4
609.6
90.3
272.5
591.3
82.6
266.5
572.6
77.3
259.6
600.5
91.5
268.9
636.8
92.6
294.7
149.6
41.2
61.6
145.8
40.3
60.7
142.6
39.4
60.2
137.3
38.9
59.5
141.3
40.8
58.0
146.6
43.2
59.6
110.7
52.5
48.6
635.8
101.8
211.6
108.5
62.4
50.7
Furniture and fixtures__________________
H ousehold furniture________________III
Office furniture____ _______ IIIIIIIIIII
Partitions; office and store "fixtures!!!!!
Other furniture and fixtures....................
376.5
377.9
270.9
28.8
35.1
43
379.5
270.3
30.0
35.4
43.8
383.3
273.5
30.5
34.9
44.4
387.1
275.8
30.7
35.7
44.9
388.2
276.9
28.5
37.8
45.0
388.0
276.0
28.2
38.0
45.8
387.6, 378.3
273.3 266.5
30.3
29.2
37.7
37.2
46.3
45.4
382.3
269.1
29.7
37.1
46.4
379.3
268.8
29.1
36.4
45.0
377.1
269.1
28.5
35.8
43.7
375.9
267.7
28.6
36.1
43.5
367.4
259.6
27.4
36.2
44.2
383.4
271.1
28.3
39.0
45.1
Stone, clay, and glass products....................
F la t glass_____ _____ _________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n!
C em ent, h ydraulic____________________
Structural clay products_____________
P o ttery and related products.................. I
Concrete, gypsum , and plaster products
Other stone and m ineral products..........
551.6
541.9
29.3
99.6
34.8
64. 9
43.1
136.6
119.0
545.2
29.2
98.4
36.3
65.9
43.4
138.3
118.8
560.3
30.3
99
37.9
578.2
31.0
100.4
40.3
70.6
44.5
154.7
121.4
588.0
30.5
592.8
30.4
595.6
30.1
103.1
41.7
73.1
44.2
165.1
123.5
589.5
29.6
103.9
41.3
71.8
43.9
162.2
122.4
679.1
28.6
566.2
29.0
100.3
39.0
69.5
43.9
149.3
546.1
29.2
566.8
27.9
595.3
31.1
102.9
42.8
76.1
47.1
155.4
124.0
68.6
43.7
144.9
120.2
101.8
40.8
71.4
45.3
160.7
122.2
102.8
41.4
72.5
44.8
163.2
122.7
590.1
29.7
103.0
41.5
72.1
43.5
163.0
123.0
101.8
40.0
71.0
43.5
157.9
122.0
123.1 , 136.4 , 134. 7 , 134. 7 , 166.0 , 193. 8 ,221.3
555.2 566.3 567.5 570.8 594.9 622.5 650.1
195.5 196.6 193.8 194.0 196.9 196.5 197.0
69.1
68.9
69.4
67.8
68.8
68.6
68.5
Fabricated m etal products________ _____ 1,113. 6 , 109. 0 ,111.3 1, 122.1 , 128.3
M eta l cans_______
*
59.5
58.3
57.6
57.9
C utlery, handtools, and general hard
w are_______________________________
140.9 141.0 141.5 141.3
H eatin g equipm ent and p lum bing
fixtures........................................................ .
77.2
76.0
77.0
77.8
Fabricated structural m etal products!!
314.7 317.0 322.3 325.8
Screw m achine products, bolts, etc___
88.5
88.0
87.9
87.8
M eta l stam pings...........................................
191.7 195.3 197.1 196.4
C oating, engraving, and allied services.!
66.2
66.0
67.3
70.0
M iscellaneous fabricatedwire products.
56.1
56.2
57.0
57.4
M iscellaneous fabricated m etal products.
114.2 113.6 114.3 113.9
134.1 , 135. 7 , 115. 5 ,115.8 , 129.0
61.0
65.4
65.3
65.7
65.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
177.5
67.1
59.5
176.8
67.1
60.6
177.3
64.7
60.1
178.0
66.0
61.4
36.3
66.8
43.2
136.2
120.8
Prim ary m etal industries............................... 1,150.1 1,137. 6 , 124. 2 1,124.4 ,118.7
B la st furnace and basic steel p rod u cts..
569.6 555.8 555.3 550.8
Iron and steel foundries______________
195. 9 195.3 195.3 194.9
N onferrous sm elting and refining!!!!!!"
66.
67.4
68.2
68.7
N onferrous rolling, draw ing, and
extruding....................................................
177.1 176.6 176.8 176.7
Nonferrous fou n d ries........................ I I I I .
68.1
68.4
68.4
67.5
M iscellaneous prim ary m etal industries!
60.1
60.7
60.4
60.1
177.5
67.1
58.7
100.0
177.6
67.4
61.2
177.5
, 121.2
62.9
,111.3
61.6
120.0
,
221.1
651. 2
195.9
68.6
177.1
67.0
61.3
66.6
61.6
,
100.6
40.0
70.7
43.4
150.2
119.5
142.3 1.228.7
599.9 652.5
186.0 203.6
67.4
70.8
169.9
61.4
57.8
175.6
65.1
61.1
102.2 ,076.4 1.128.6
59.7
60.6
62.5
140.0
138.4
134.7
133.6
138.7
138.4
137.7
137.9
129.7
136.0
79.0
330.9
87.7
196.4
69.6
57.7
78.6
335.1
87.0
193.2
69.2
56.8
76.7
334.4
111.8
78.8
333.7
87.0
180.2
67.8
55.7
112.1
112.2
112
77.0
76.3
332.3 326.9
87. 1 87.5
188.3 191.1
68.9
67.6
57.1
56.8
114.4 113.7
76.2
321.4
87.8
189.0
67.7
56.0
113.9
76.1
317.6
87.5
187.7
66.9
55.5
113.3
75.2
325.8
80.4
179.4
63.9
53.7
107.8
79.0
334.3
85.6
197.7
64.2
56.9
112.4
86. 1
184.3
67.4
55.6
.o!
576
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
T able
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
Mar.2 Feb.2
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1961
1960
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery................................................... 1,483.5 1,474.2 1,469.3 1,464.2 1,462.9 1,463.1 1,466.7 1,463.9 1,468.1 1,479.5 1,468.6 1,466.4 1,454.1 1,401.1 1,471.4
88.5
88.5
86.3
86.5
Engines and turbines_______________
86.8
86.8
85.7
86.6
87.0
86.7
86.5
85.4
80.0
86.8
Farm machinery and equipment_____
130.7 125.1 120.8 117.4 118.0 118.7 117.7 119.0 120.5 121.0 121.0 119.5 112.4 114.1
208.8 208.7 209.0 208.6 207.8 211.1 212.3 211.2 212.0 209.0 207.8 205.4 198.1 219.7
Construction and related m achinery...
Metalworking machinery and equip
260.1 259.5 259.5 258.3 256.4 255.0 253.1 256.7 259.7 260.5 260.8 257.6 243.8 258.2
m ent___________________________
169.1 169.9 170.8 170.8 171.6 171.6 172.4 172.9 173.5 171.5 170.9 169.4 167.9 173.8
Special industry machinery___ _____
General industrial machinery................ ...... 221.0 222.2 220.5 222.5 223.4 223.2 222.9 222.0 222.8 220.1 219.9 218.6 211.1 223.0
Office, computing, and accounting
149.2 149.6 150.0 150.4 150.5 151.9 152.1 151.0 151.8 151.7 151.9 151.7 149.3 145.7
machines_______________________
96.0
95.3
96.0
95.3
96.2
96.7
96.3
Service industry machines...... ...............
99.7 101.0
99.6
98.7
97.4
94.1
99.8
Miscellaneous machinery........... ........... ........... 150.8 150.5 151.3 152.6 152.7 151.7 150.3 149.9 151.6 148.5 148.9 149.1 144.6 150.4
Electrical equipment and supplies_____ 1,525. 5 1,533.2 1,543.5 1,556.0 1,561.1 1,561.2 1,556.7 1,538.9 1,529.1 1,534.2 1,513.1 1,505.2 1,498.2 1,436.0 1,445.6
160.5 161.9 163.1 163.5 163.5 163.3 163.2 161.7 162.2 159.3 159.8 159.3 160.9 163.2
Electric distribution equipment............
175.0 175.3 176.4 176.9 176.6 176.9 175.7 177.0 178.3 175.5 174.8 174.7 170.5 177.4
Electrical industrial apparatus..............
154.4 154. 6 155.2 154.8 155.6 155.0 151.9 150.7 154.3 154.8 154.5 153.5 151.0 157.2
Household appliances.............................
138.0 137.6 138.6 138.9 139.4 138.8 136.1 133.6 135.4 134.8 134.2 133.2 128.5 132.7
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
122.1 124.6 128.2 132.9 135.7 135.2 132.2 129.9 127.8 122.9 118.3 118.0 113.1 111.5
Radio and TV receiving sets_________
423.6 426.5 428.9 427.4 424.7 422.6 420.0 415.7 416.2 412.3 410.8 409.3 378.4 366.9
Communication equipment...................
Electronic components and accessories..
241.9 244.5 246.5 247.6 247.6 248.0 246.5 246.7 245.7 240.0 238.5 238.2 227.2 225.2
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
117.7 118.5 119.1 119.1 118.1 116.9 113.3 113.8 114.3 113.5 114.3 112.0 106.4 111.4
and supplies................... .............. ......
Transportation equipment.............. ...... . 1,701.9 1,701.4 1,709.2 1,705.6 1,695.4 1,683.9 1,668.7 1,536.2 1,647.4 1,660.4 1,650.6 1,632.2 1,629.0 1,522. 5 1,617.3
Motor vehicles and equipment_______ _
751.8 761.2 762.4 755.1 746.8 731.8 607.3 727.5 746.4 738.3 720.9 715.4 647.9 727.6
Aircraft and parts....................................
726.4 730.8 729.7 726.5 719.7 719.0 709.7 705.1 695.6 692.8 691.9 699.7 669.4 673.8
Ship and boat building and repairing..
150.5 148. 5 145.1 144.0 145.5 144.3 144.3 141.8 142.6 144.1 145.5 143.4 142.2 141.0
42.8
Railroad equipment___________ ____
44.4
42.0
43.2
44.8
45.5
43.6
45.5
41.9
44.4
43.8
42.5
35.8
43.8
Other transportation equipment........... ...........
28.3
27.8
28.7
29.4
30.3
25.9
26.5
28.8
29.4
31.0
30.1
28.0
27.3
31.1
Instruments and related products______ 362.9 361.0 361.3 362.0 362.1 361.6 361.3 361.3 357.4 358.2 355.8 355.2 354.6 346.4 354.2
Engineering and scientific instruments.
73.2 74.2
74.4
74.4
74.3
74.1
73.6
72.6
72.3
72.5
72.5
72.5
73.9
75.7
Mechanical measuring and control
97.0
97.4
95.8
95.7
95.9
95.0
devices---------- --------------------------96.5
96.3
94.7
95.2
95.2
95.3
91.8
95.1
Optical and ophthalmic g o o d s............ ...........
41.6
41.7
41.6
41.8
41.8
41.9
41.7
41.8
42.4
42.1
42.2
41.8
39.3
40.6
Surgical, medical, and dental equip
50.6
50.0
49.7
49.6
m ent___________________________
49.7
49.6
49.5
49.2
49.0
48.2
48.1
47.8
47.6
47.3
70.1
Photographic equipment and supplies..
70.6
71.0
71.1
71.2
71.0
71.8
71.4
70.5
69.2
69.1
68.6
68.4
69.0
Watches and clocks________________
29.0
27.8
29.0
29.1
27.9
28.6
28.8
27.7
29.0
28.6
28.1
28.6
25.3
26.6
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 373.2 370.0 363.9 382.4 409.0 418.1 414.5 407.3 392.4 399.9 391.8 384.8 375.2 381.6 392.1
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
41.1
42.8
42.6
40.9
41.8
42.3
41.5
40.0
41.2
41.2
41.3
41.5
41.8
43.2
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods.. ___
89.2
84.1
95.3 116.1 123.1 119.7 117.1 112.4 112.2 107.6 103.0
93.5 101.9 102.3
Pens, pencils, office and art m aterials..
33.4
33.5
34.9
35.1
34.2
34.6
34.1
32.6
33.2
32.6
32.6
32.2
31.0
31.2
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
53.1
52.8
55.2
57.1
56.9
56.8
56.0
53.1
56.3
53.9
55.1
54.6
54.0
57.5
Other manufacturing industries______
153.2 152.6 155.9 158.1 160.4 161.1 158.6 154.3 157.0 155.3 154.0 153.4 152.7 158.1
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products___________ 1,669.1 1,665.2 1,686.9 1,738.8 1,780.7 1,858. 5 1,931.1 1,910.5 1,829.6 1,777.9 1,711.5 1,699.1 1,672.0 1,780.2 1,792.7
Meat products___ ______ __________
301.0 304.1 311.5 316.0 315.9 312.7 314.7 313.4 314.4 307.7 305.2 301.1 317.0 321.1
Dairy products...... ................................
297.7 298.4 301.2 303.0 306.1 312.3 320.5 322.3 318.8 311.5 308.5 303.8 313.3 316.6
Canned and preserved food, except
meats__________________________
180.3 187.4 202.2 227.5 298.1 379.1 359.1 286.7 236.3 204.1 203.1 186.4 243.5 241.8
Grain mill products................................
123.8 124.4 124.8 124.9 128.2 130.5 131.1 131.0 128.7 127.4 123.8 124.1 128.6 128.4
Bakery products____ ______________
302.4 303.2 307.0 308.9 308.0 307.3 308.0 308.1 308.8 302.1 301.1 301.2 305.7 307.5
Sugar____________________________
28.3
34.8
44.1
45.7
45.1
30.0
32.1
29.3
28.8
27.2
28.2
25.5
34.3
36.9
Confectionery and related products___
78.9
84.0
87.5
85.1
83.0
76.9
79.9
69.1
73.2
73.8
76.1
77.3
80.0
79.6
Beverages________________________
210.1 212.2 217.9 219.7 223.5 228.6 227.2 229.1 227.7 217.8 212.2 211.7 216.5 218.2
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod
ucts.................................... ..................
142.7 142.5 146.1 147.5 148.5 145.5 143.0 140.6 141.2 139.9 140.9 140.9 141.4 142.8
Tobacco manufactures................ ...............
80.8
C igarettes..._____ ________________
C igars..' ........................ .................... ...........
Textile mill products_________________ 856.9
Cotton broad woven fabrics_________ ___
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______ __
Knitting_________________________ ___
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering_______ ________ _____
Yam and thread____ ______ _______
Miscellaneous textile goods__________ ......
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
85.3
36.8
22.1
88.3
37.1
22.0
94.1
37.2
23.0
96.2
37.0
22.9
111.2
37.0
22.6
117.6
37.9
22.8
102.6
37.9
22.6
76.9
37.9
22.0
76.2
37.6
22.9
75.7
37.0
23.1
77.0
36.6
23.3
80.5
36.7
23.5
90.5
37.0
24.8
94.1
37.2
27.9
854.9
239.3
69.9
49.9
26.5
198.8
70.7
34.3
101.1
64.4
855.2
240.2
70.1
48.6
26.6
198.1
70.6
34.6
100.7
65.7
867.5
242.2
70.6
48.8
27.3
203.5
71.6
35.0
102.2
66.3
876.2
243.1
70.3
49.6
27.5
210.3
71.5
35.1
102.3
66.5
881.3
243.2
70.1
50.8
27.2
214.4
71.6
34.7
102.9
66.4
883.7
244.2
70.5
51.5
27.4
215.3
71.2
34.2
103.0
66.4
885.8
245.0
70.6
52.2
27.3
217.2
71.1
33.1
103.8
65.5
872.9
243.4
68.7
52.2
26.6
213.0
70.6
33.0
101.3
64.1
890.9
247.0
70.4
52.9
27.4
217.6
72.2
33.4
103.6
66.4
884.4
246.1
69.7
52.2
27.6
214.2
71.8
33.5
103.1
66.2
883.2
247.2
69.3
52.0
27.6
212.1
72.1
33.8
103.1
66.0
881.8
248.4
69.7
51.4
27.6
209.6
72.2
34.1
102.9
65.9
879.8
251.2
69.8
52.3
26.6
211.1
70.8
33.1
100.4
64.6
914.6
260.4
73.4
56.0
27.6
214.4
74.3
35.9
103.7
69.0
A .— E M P L O Y M E N T
T
a b l e
577
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
Mar.3 Feb.3 Jan.
Dee.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1961
1960
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable good»—Continued
Apparel and related products................... 1,262. 7 1,248.3 1, 219.2 1,235.6 1,252. 7 1. 258. 1,264.2 1,266. 1,207.8 1,230. 1, 216.3
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats...........
118.3 118.5 119.1 118.5 119.3 120.2 119.8 115.2 119. ‘ 115.6
Men’s and boys’ furnishings................ .
331.0 327.5 331.8 334.9 335.2 336.4 336.1 324.7 331.2 324.7
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outer
wear___________________________
354.4 337.9 339.5 343.4 342.3 349.7 356.7 335. 5 342.2 355.5
Women’s and children’s undergar
ments__________________________
121.5 120.2 123.6 126.0 126.7 124.6 123.3 116.7 120.0 119.2
Hats, caps, and millinery........... ...........
36. 8 34 5 32. i
39.1
35 f
3fi '
Girls’ and children’s outerwear______ ___
79.3
76.3
75. Ì
76.8
77.2
77.2
78.6
78.2
79.2
75.3
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
64.7
62.9
68.2
72.3
73.3
72.2
71.6
67.8
68.7
66.2
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod
ucts.......... ...........................................
140.0 139.1 143.8 147.9 148.7 147.7 143.8 137.7 138.1 142.5
Paper and allied products.................... .
598.5 597.0 600.3 605.7 606.4 608.8 610. 7 610.4 602.2 607.3 598.7
Paper and pulp......... ........... .................
223.7 225.2 226.2 226.8 227.9 229. C 231.4 227.7 228.5 224.9
Paperboard_______________________
68.2
68.5
68.3
67.7
68.5
68.3
66.7
66.4
68.1
67.5
Converted paper and paperboard
products________________________
128.9 128.9 130.2 129.7 130.5 130.6 130.4 129.3 130.2 128.6
Paperboard containers and boxes.........
176.2 177.7 180.8 181.6 182.1 183.4 181.9 178.8 180.5 177.7
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries........ ............................................. 915.7 910.8 912.2 920.1 945.7 945.0 941.3 934.0 930.7 933.4 929.0
Newspaper publishing and printing__
321.3 320.6 323.7 348.5 346.6 345.1 345.5 343.1 343.7 341.0
69.1
Periodical publishing and printing___ —
69.2
69.5
69.4
68.9
68.3
66.1
66.4
66.4
68.5
75.4
Books.......................................................
74.8
75.4
75.7
76.0
76.4
76.1
75.8
75.4
74.4
294.7
Commercial printing............................... —
289.9 291.2
293.8 293.8 292.2 288.9 289.2 292.0 291.1
48. 4 48.4
Bookbinding and related industries___ —
48.0
47.9
48.7
49.3
49.5
48.3
48.0
47.3
Other publishing and printing indus
tries........................................................
107.7 107.5 108.8 109.9 111.0 110.0 108.2 107.6 107.9 106.7
Chemicals and allied products................
859.7 852.9 850.1 849.9 852.0 853.6 855.9 858.0 855.0 851.2 851.9
Industrial chemicals........ ...................... —
284.5 284.6 284.9 285.2 284.9 285.1 287.8 288.9 287.7 284.6
Plastics and synthetics, except glass__
163.2 163.4 162.9 163.3 163.2 164.3 163.4 162.9 158.4 159.7
Drugs............................ ........ ..................
111.8 111.6 111. 7 111.3 110. 6 110.5 111.4 110.7 110.0 108.7
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods............. —
100.0
99.9 100.2 101.2 101.8 101.8 101.2
99.2
99.4
98.0
61.7
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
62.0
61.6
62.0
62.8
63.6
64.7
64.5
64.2
63.0
42.3
Agricultural chemicals........... ................
45.4
43.5
41.6
42.9
42.7
40.7
40.6
43.3
52.5
Other chemical products................... . ...........
86.2
86.0
87.4
85.5
87.4
87.9
88.8
88.3
88.2
85.4
Petroleum refining and related Industries. 184.7 184.5 185.4 186.9 189.1 190.7 192.8 199.9 200.9 200.9 199.3
Petroleum refining_________________
153.1 153.0 153. 5 154.3 154.9 156.4 163.5 165.0 165.3 164.6
Other petroleum and coal products___ —
33.4
31.4
32.4
34.8
35.8
36.2
36.4
35.9
35.6
34.7
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod
ucts____________________________ 390.7 391.0 394.7 395.8 398.2 399.9 397.7 392.1 384.5 391.4 385.0
Tires and inner tubes______________ ________ 104.2 105.3 105.7 105.3 105.3 105.7 104.5 103.5 104.5 103.0
Other rubber products______________ ________ 160.7 163.9 164.4 164.4 164.7 164.3 161.4 157.1 161.5 158.8
Miscellaneous plastic products_______ —
126.1 125.5 125.7 128.5 129.9 127.7 126.2 123.9 125.4 123.2
Leather and leather products.................... 354.1 355.4 351.4 359.3 361.0 358.6 360.8 368.6 358.4 363.5 355.4
Leather tanning and finishing_______
33.1
32.3
33.1
32.9
32.9
32.8
32.8
31.6
32.7
32.2
Footwear, except rubber........... ............. —
238.1 236.1 238.4 235.8 233.4 236.9 243.5 239.2 241.7 236.6
Other leather products_____________ —
87.8
85.0
82.4
92.1
92.3
91.1
92.3
87.6
89.1
86.6
Transportation and public utilities______
Railroad transportation______________
Class I railroads.......................................
Local and interurban passenger transit__
Local and suburban transportation___
Taxicabs_________________________
Intercity and rural buslines...................
Motor freight transportation and storage..
Air transportation....................................
Air transportation, common carriers__
Pipeline transportation........ .....................
Other transportation_________________
Communication..........................................
Telephone communication.....................
Telegraph communication___________
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services_____
Electric companies and systems______
Gas companies and systems_________
Combined utility systems___________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems__
See footnotes at end of table.
6 8 3 3 5 4 — 6 3 --------7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3,877
—
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
.....
3,863
761. 9
664.4
269.0
86.3
110.8
46.8
887.9
211.3
189.6
19.9
301.0
811.7
682.8
35.0
92.0
600.2
247.4
150.3
172.8
29.7
3,794
760.4
663.4
270.0
86.5
110.2
48.2
884.8
212.4
190.8
20.2
233.8
811.5
683.3
34.9
91.4
600.5
247.4
150.5
172.8
29.8
3,937
786.7
681.6
269.3
86.9
109.4
47.9
925.4
210.5
189.1
20.5
306.0
815.8
685.9
35.7
92.3
602.5
247.7
151.2
173.6
30.0
3,934
781.8
683.1
266.9
87.1
107.0
47.9
939.0
209.2
188.3
20.6
296.6
816.9
687.5
35.7
91.8
603.4
247.7
151.7
174.0
30.0
3,959
792.5
692.9
267.0
87.7
105.7
48.4
947.9
210.8
189.5
20.8
296.0
818.8
688.3
35.8
92.8
604.9
248.3
151.8
174. 5
30.31
3,959
784.4
685.0
265.2
87.9
105.0
49.7
942.1
210.0
188.5
21.2
300.7
823. 6
693.2
36.2
92.3
612.1
251.4
153.4
176.8
30.5
3, 963
810.2
710.6
253.6
87.7
103.0
50.1
927.6
199.2
177.8
21.6
302.6
829.1
699.1
36.6
91.5
619.2
253.8
155.3
178.7
31.4
3,948
811.1
711.8
254.4
87.8
102.7
60.4
920.3
193.1
172.0
21.6
299.9
829.1
698.5
36.8
91.9
618.3
253.9
154.9
178.1
31.4
3, 965 3,924
819.2 815.1
719.0 715.0
261.0 266.0
88.6
88.6
104.2 105.5
49.6
48.7
919.2 893.2
207.6 206.7
185.0 184.0
21.6
21.3
301.2 302.6
822.3 816.9
692.5 687.9
36.7
36.6
91.2
90.5
612.7 602.3
251.6 247.6
153.7 151.1
176.5 173.2
30.9
30.4
1,232.4 1,241.2 1,199. 1,228.4
115.9 116.8 ' 116.
121.5
320.5 317.8 302.2 307.5
340.5
362.2
348.3
120.4
121.4
118. C 119. 7
74.0
67.3
78.4
66.8
361.3
«5 0 .
74.4
69.5
z
76.1
69.0
140.1
136.7
135.8
136.9
598.4
224.8
67.5
593.8
224.6
65.9
589.5
224.5
66.8
593.3
224.4
69.3
128.5
177.6
126.9
176.4
124.3
174.0
124.4
175.1
930.8
342.5
68.7
74.5
291.4
47.2
930.0
341.3
69.5
74.5
291.2
47.4
926.3
339.1
71.0
73.0
289.8
47.1
917.2
332.6
71.0
71.1
289.2
47.0
106.5
106.1
106.3
106.3
854.9
286.0
159.7
108.8
98.1
62.2
53.9
86.2
843.7
284.2
158.3
108.3
97.7
61.6
48.1
85.5
830.2
284.8
152.3
106.6
96.5
62.4
44.7
82.9
829.6
286.8
153.2
107.4
92.2
63.5
44.8
81.8
198.3
165.0
33.3
197.1
164.8
32.3
203.0
170.0
33.0
211.7
177.6
34.1
380.4
102.5
157.2
120.7
381.8
103.0
157.0
121.8
365.1
101.0
149.1
114.9
374.0
106.8
153.3
113.8
359.5
32.0
238.8
88.7
363.7
32.5
241.7
89.5
361.0
33.0
239.3
88.7
365.8
34.1
242.6
89.1
3,904
808.1
706.8
266.6
88.4
107.1
47.9
887.1
204.9
182.3
21.2
298.3
816.6
687.0
36.5
91.2
600.9
247.6
150.7
172.6
30.0
3,880
803.2
702.0
262.5
82.9
109.6
46.7
878.8
203.8
181.1
21.3
296.6
813.8
685.2
36.4
90.3
600.1
247.4
150.7
172.3
29.7|
3,923 4,017
819.5 886.9
717.4 780.5
270.0 282.6
91.5
94.6
109.5 120.4
48.2
47.2
875.2 873.8
197.3 191.0
175.6 171.6
22.2
23.1
302.1 308.0
826.2 838.7
694.8 706.0
37.1
38.3
92.4
92.4
610.7 613.0
252.2 254.3
153.1 153.4
175.3 175.0
30.1
30.3
578
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
T able
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1962
1963
Annual
average
Industry
M ar.2 Feb.3
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1961
1960
Wholesale and retail trade_____________ 11,466 11,419 11,520 12,401 11,842 11,682 11,627 11,558 11,540 11,582 11, 476 11,470 11, 223 11,368 11,412
Wholesale trade......... .............................. 3,078 3,079 3,086 3,129 3,1Í3 3,113 3,105 3,107 3,091 3,074 3,034 3,028 3,022 3,008 3,009
Motor vehicles and automotive equip
226.4 224.9 226 7 226.0 226.4 226.9 226.8 226.3 224.2 221.1 220.4 219.4 215.6 213.6
m ent_______________________ ___
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
197.8 197.4 199.3 199.2 198.4 196.8 196.9 195.4 194.4 193.2 192.5 191.6 188.3 183.8
Dry goods and apparel..........................
134.9 134.8 135.2 135.1 135.7 135.1 135.9 135.8 134.5 132. 5 132.1 131.9 130.7 130.8
G roceries and re la te d p ro d u cts.
487.2 491. 6 502.9 502.7 497.9 492.8 491.8 498.9 499.7 4Ü0.1 491.2 491.3 491.5 494.0
Electrical goods........2______________
217.8 217.2 216.5 215.8 215.2 214.1 215.3 215.2 213.5 210.2 210.1 209.4 204.8 208.1
Hardware, plumbing and heating
goods.....................................................
143.0 142.7 143.6 144.1 144.8 145.0 145.4 145.3 144.9 143.1 141.7 141.3 142.6 145.1
Machinery, equipment, and supplies..
519.3 514.8 514.8 512.2 511.9 514. 5 513.5 512.1 508.5 502.6 500.0 497.4 483.6 479.1
Retail trade'.....’. ............ ’............ 2.'.......... 8,388 8,340 8,434 9,272 8,729 8,569 8,522 8,451 8,449 8,508 8,442 8,442 8,201 8,361 8,403
General merchandise stores__________
1,469. 5 1,534.2 2,045.5 1,700.9 1,590.5 1, 556.8 1,512.8 1,501.5 1,526.8 1,523.9 1, 534.6 1,460.6 1,554.8 1,563.1
Department stores......... .....................
868.0 915.0 1,242.8 1,014.2 936.2 911.0 885.7 878.1 898.5 897.4 901.9 858.4 910.6 914.4
Limited price variety stores..... ..........
302.7 313.0 417.6 347.8 329. 7 326.9 311.5 308.4 312.3 317.9 324.5 304.4 330.0 335.4
Food stores________ _____ _________
1,396.1 1.386.4 1.417.5 1,396.7 1,383.6 1,368.7 1,365.0 1,376.6 1,374.9 1,370.1 1,373.8 1,363.6 1,358.3 1,356.1
1,221.7 1.218.4 1,239.1 1,226.2 1,216.5 1,204.0 1,202.2 1,211.3 1,208.8 1,201.4 1,198.7 1,197.2 1,186.9 1,181.6
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
Apparel and accessories stores...............
633.2 661.2 801.2 685. 7 674.6 663.3 630. 5 630.2 663.0 668.5 707.2 626.1 645.7 637.2
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores_____
109.4 117.3 146.3 117.1 111.0 108.9 106.6 107.9 113.2 108.9 111.3 103.1 107.7 104.3
Women's ready-to-wear stores______
244.4 252.7 304.1 268.4 259.9 252.8 241.1 242.0 251.7 256.9 264.3 240.9 246.2 243.1
99.6 102.2
95.7
95.8 100.3
95.0
96.8
94.7
Family clothing sto res...___ _____
97.0 102.6 130.9 106.7 101.6 100.8
Shoe stores____ _________ ________
110.3 113.7 132.2 119.4 119.7 121.7 114.7 114.7 120.5 123.5 140.3 110.4 116.0 119.0
Furniture and appliance stores..........
412.9 416.5 432. 4 419.6 414.5 413.0 409.1 407.8 410.0 407.6 409.8 408.5 405.4 409.2
Eating and drinking places .............. .
1,611.2 1,607.9 1.651.0 1,658.7 1, 670.5 1,686.0 1, 700.9 1,699.2 1, 706.3 1.663.7 1,634.2 1,582.3 1,617.6 1,626. 5
Other retail tr a d e ...................... ...........
2,817.5 2,828.1 2,924.4 2,857.6 2,834.8 2,834.3 2,832.7 2,833. 5 2,826.7 2,808. 5 2,782.3 2,760.0 2, 776.9 2,811.1
Motor vehicle dealers_____________
' 705.3 701.9 696.4 692.3 687.3 683.4 683.9 681.8 675.3 669.5 667.3 665.9 656. 5 674.6
Other vehicle and accessory dealers..
131.3 134.2 142.1 138.3 133.9 134.7 135.6 136.3 136.4 132.9 130.7 126.2 138.3 142.8
Drug stores.........................2................
378.9 383.2 402.7 386.9 384.7 382.2 382.5 378.0 379.5 377.1 375.1 374.7 372.9 369.6
Finance, insurance, and real e sta te ............
Banking___________________________
Credit agencies other than banks______
Savings and loan associations________
Personal credit institutions. ............
Security dealers and exchanges___ _____
Insurance carriers___________________
Life Insurance_____________________
Accident and health insurance..............
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance...
Insurance agents, brokers, and services...
Real estate_________________________
Operative builders__________ _____ _
Other finance, insurance, and real estate.
2,821
2,810
726. 4
270.7
88.6
142.0
120.0
873.5
476.4
52.7
301.9
203.0
541.4
28.3
74.5
2,803
722.7
270.3
.88.6
141.4
119.3
869.9
474.4
52.5
300.3
202.1
543.6
28.7
75.0
2,807
723.4
270.1
87.4
142.3
120.4
870.6
473.5
52.7
301.8
202.3
545.0
29.6
75.1
2,808
720.9
268.6
87.0
141.2
121.1
869.9
473.1
52.8
301.6
202.3
549.6
30.8
75.1
2,807
720.0
267.3
86.6
140.5
122.8
868.5
472.3
52.7
300.9
201.0
551.9
32.2
75.7
2,813
719.9
268.3
86.1
142.2
125.5
869.4
472.5
52.8
301.7
201.2
553.0
31.8
75.8
2, 841
729.0
271.2
86.6
143.9
130.8
875.0
474.0
53.3
304.2
204.0
554.9
32.4
76.0
2, 839
725.1
271.5
8L4,
143.5
132.4
871.7
472.3
53.2
302.8
203.0
559.4
32.7
75.7
2, 808
715.4
268.2
85.1
143.0
131.9
864.0
469.6
52.8
298.9
201.0
552.6
30.3
75.2
2,780
705.1
264.9
83.6
141.5
131.8
859.0
468.7
52.0
296.4
198.8
545.2
31.0
75.4
2. 770
704.2
265.0
83.9
141.2
133.0
860.4
469.9
52.2
296.4
198.9
533.3
29.9
75.0
2,754
702.8
264.2
82.9
141.6
133.1
860.5
469.9
52.0
296.8
198.6
520.0
27.0
74.9
2,748
695.1
262.5
78.6
145.2
126.8
856.7
468.4
51.6
295.1
199.8
531.4
32.5
75.9
2,684
674.7
256.2
72.4
146.0
114.2
839.0
459.0
50.9
287.3
196.2
527.3
36.1
76.7
Services and miscellaneous..........................
Hotels and lodging places..........................
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels______
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants
Miscellaneous business services:
Advertising_____________ _________
Motion pictures________________ _____
Motion picture filming and distribut
in g ...___ _________ _________ . . .
Motion picture theaters and services...
Medical services:
H ospitals................................................
7,808
7,782
606.9
565.8
7,761
599.6
558.5
7,805
603.1
560.5
7,830
605.9
562.1
7,870
616.5
570.1
7,856
654.1
597.9
7,867
745.6
640.3
7,884
742.1
638.9
7,881
672.6
612.7
7,769
604.6
554.4
7,690
584.2
539.0
7,573
565.7
524.0
7,516
587.7
531.3
7,361
567.7
511.1
487.5
492.8
494. 5
498.2
503.4
503.9
504.6
514.1
518.8
513.3
507.1
496.8
510.5
521.0
110.8
158.0
111.8
160.5
112.4
164.3
112.4
167.7
111.6
174.5
111.4
180.7
112.1
183.2
111.6
182.0
110.4
179.8
112.1
178.1
112.3
178.6
112.1
167.3
110.4
184.4
109.9
189.3
34.0
123.9
35. 5
124.9
36. 5
127.8
36.3
131.4
36.2
138.3
37.2
143.5
36.9
146.3
36.1
145.9
35.2
144.6
35.0
143.1
37.9
140.7
39.6
127.7
43.5
140.9
43.5
145.8
1,215.3 1,204.6 1,201.6 1,202.4 1,196.9 1,192.8 1,192.3 1,194. 5 1,186.5 1,174.2 1,173.3 1,170. 2 1,141.7 1,105.0
Government________ _____ ____________
9, 535 9,506 9.438 9,607 9,470 9. 406 9,241 8, 860 8.870 9,171 9,172 9,143 9,133 8,828 8,520
Federal Government3____ ______ _____ 2,335 2,332 2,327 2,492 2,348 2,333 2,336 2,365 2,368 2,354 2,313 2,306 2,294 2,279 2,270
Executive
2,302.3 2,297. 5 2,462.4 2,318.8 2,303.8 2,306.4 2,335. 5 2,338.5 2,324.2 2,284.0 2,276.9 2,264.8 2,250.9 2,242.6
Department of Defense___________
957.0 959.1 961.9 965.1 964.0 962.6 972.9 973.4 970.2 961.3 958.6 956.7 943.7 940.6
Post Office D epartm ent.....................
580.6 582.5 742.7 587.8 583.9 587.1 589.2 589.9 587.0 582.2 580.2 578.7 596.7 586.7
Other agencies___________________
764.7 755.9 757.8 765. S 755.6 756.7 773.4 775.2 767.0 740.5 738.1 729.4 710.5 715.3
24.1
23.4
23.9
23.9
23.3
23.5
23.2
22.6
23.7
23.9
23.9
Legislative________________________
23.8
23.6
24.0
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.4
5.1
4.9
5.6
5.5
5.5
Judicial__________________ _______
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
State and local government4.................... 7,200 7,174 7,111 7,115 7,122 7,073 6,905 6,495 6,502 6,817 6,859 6,837 6,839 6,548 6,250
State government__________________
1.793.4 1, 786.8 1.784.2 1.786.2 1,779.9 1,725.2 1,670.7 1,677. 6 1,729. f 1,731.8 1,721. 5 1, 716. 5 1.663.6 1, 592.7
T,oral g o v ern m en t
. . ..
5.380.1 5,324.2 5.330.3 5.336.0 5,293.0 5,180.1 4,824.3 4,824. 4 5,087.5 5,127.3 5,115.6 5,122.3 4,884. 5 4,657.0
Education__________________ _____
3.726.4 3,669. 2 3,674. 5 3.677.0 3,629.0 3,410.9 2,938.4 2,949.2 3,318.7 3,438.7 3,448.2 3,460.0 3,175.4 2,983.3
3.447.1 3,441. 8 3,440.0 3.445.2 3,443.9 3,494.4 3,556.6 3,552.8 3,498.7 3,420.4 3,388.9 3,378.8 3,373.9 3,266.4
Other State and local government........
« Beginning with the December 1961 issue, figures differ from those pre
viously published for three reasons. The industry structure has been con
verted to the 1957 Standard Industrial Classification; the series have been
adjusted to March 1959 benchmark levels indicated by data from government
social insurance programs; and, beginning with January 1959, the estimates
are prepared from a sample stratified by establishment size and, in some cases,
region. For comparable back data, see Employment and Earnings Statistics
{or the United States, 1909-fí0, (BLS Bulletin 1312). Statistics from April 1959
forward are subject to further revision when new benchmarks become avail
able.
In addition, data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in January 1959.
This inclusion increased the nonagricultural total by 212.000 (0.4 percent) for
the March 1959 benchmark month, with increases for industry divisions
ranging from 0.1 percent in mining to 0.8 percent in government.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment dur
ing the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are
excluded.
3 Preliminary.
* Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for. the
last day of the month.
4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
S o u r c e ; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is pre
pared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.
579
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able
A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1963
Annual
average
1962
Industry
Mar.* Feb.*
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1961
1960
Mining____ ________ _ . ____________
Metal mining_______________________
Iron ores__________ ______________
Copper ores_______________________
476
65.5
20.5
22.8
479
64.2
19.2
22.9
491
63.6
20.0
23.0
501
64.4
20.8
22.8
507
64.7
21.6
22.6
512
65.4
22.1
22.7
517
68.5
23.8
23.5
508
72.7
24.4
23.7
520
73.9
25.1
24.0
517
73.1
25.0
23.8
508
71.7
23.7
23.9
502
70.7
23.0
23.8
527
71.6
22.8
23.7
567
76.9
28.6
22.6
Coal mining________________________
Bituminous_______________________
122.7
115.3
123.6
116.2
123.4
115.8
125.0
117.3
128.6
118.9
125.0
117.6
124.7
117.3
113.7
105.6
125.0
117.4
127.1
119.1
128.6
120.8
131.6
123.6
136.7
127.5
161.2
148.9
Crude petroleum and natural gas.............
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services_____ _____ ............
208.7
102.7
106.0
209.0
102.5
106.5
215.0
102.5
112.5
214.0
103.0
111.0
215.8
103.2
112.6
219.8
105.2
114.6
221.2
107.2
114.0
221.5
107.0
114.5
220.1
107.2
112.9
216.4
105.0
111.4
214.5
104.0
110.5
214.9
104.2
110.7
223.1
108.4
114.6
229.1
113.8
115.3
82.6
89.1
97.2
99.6
101.3
102.8
100.2
100.8
99.9
92.8
84.9
95.4
99.6
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining_____
79.5
Contract construction___________________
1,841
575.1
317.3
154. 3
163.0
949.0
General building contractors.....................
Heavy construction__________________
Highway and street construction..........
Other heavy construction......................
Special trade contractors______________
1,947 2,128 2,397 2,529 2,570 2,621 2,573 2,431 2,344 2,186
611.4 666.1 742.0 769.2 784.2 809.4 796.5 753.4 724.6 690.7
342.1 402.6 510.0 577.8 596.1 612.2 602.3 552.9 523.6 436.5
170.4 213.6 295.2 346.6 361.8 372.4 361.2 327.8 303.7 237.5
171.7 189.0 214.8 231.2 234.3 239.8 241.1 225. 1 219. 9 199.0
993.0 1,059.1 1,145.2 1,181.6 1,189.6 1,199. 5 1,173.9 1,125.0 1,095.5 1,058.7
1,927 2,344 2,458
605.5 740.4 788.3
350.5 492.8 509.0
173.0 271.2 270.6
177.5 221.6 238.4
971.4 1,110.8 1,160.7
12,226 12,177 12,187 12,358 12,518 12,661 12,751 12,544 12,403 12,516 12,372 12,338 12,240 12,044 12,562
Durable goods.......................................... 6,876 6,852 6,862 6,929 6,994 7,027 7.034 6,862 6,925 7,025 6, 975 6,931 6, 857 6,613 7,021
5,325 5,325 5,429 5,524 5,634 5, 717 5,682 5,478 5, 491 5,397 5,407 5,383 5,431 5,541
5,350
N ondurable goods...................................
Manufacturing_________________________
Durable goods
99.1
40.7
21.7
36.7
100.2
40.8
22.2
37.2
101.0
41.5
22.0
37.5
101.7
41.7
22.4
37.6
100.9
41.5
22.2
37.2
101.3
41.8
22.2
37.3
101.5
42.7
21.8
37.0
98.6
43.0
21.9
33.7
96.7
41.7
21.8
33.2
97.5
40.5
22.1
34.9
97.5
40.6
22.3
34.6
96.4
40.0
22.3
34.1
94.3
39.6
22.5
32.2
89.4
37.0
22.7
29.7
513.3
74.8
235.1
518.0
77.3
236.7
529.9
82.7
238.8
546.9
89.2
245.7
558.4
92.3
250.1
567.2
96.3
253.1
576.0
99.5
255.6
568.4
98.3
254.3
571.4
96.4
256.9
546.0
84.8
248.3
527.4
77.0
242.6
509.3
71.2
235.7
534.8
85.2
243.4
570.3
87.1
268.5
118.4
33.7
51.3
119.3
33.8
50.9
121.9
34.9
51-6
124.7
35.3
52.0
127.0
36.3
52.7
128.6
35.9
53.3
130.4
36.9
53.6
126.7
36.9
52.2
127.3
37.5
53.3
123.9
36.5
52.5
120.3
35.5
52.0
115.9
35.1
61.4
119.4
36.8
49.9
124.1
39.1
51.4
Furniture and fixtures.............................. 312.4
Household furniture____________ ___
Office furniture____________________
Partitions, office and store fix tu re s .__
Other furniture and fixtures_________ ..........
313.3
231.1
22.8
26.3
33.1
315.2
230.8
24.1
26.7
33.6
318.9 322.5
233. 7 236.1
24. 6 24.7
27.0
26.3
34.3 34.7
323.7
237.3
22.6
28.9
34.9
323.0
235.9
22.4
29.1
35.6
322.7
233.8
24.4
28.8
35.7
313.3
226.9
23.2
28.3
34.9
316.9
229.4
23.9
27.8
35.8
314.1
229.3
23.3
27.0
34.5
312.7
229.9
22.8
26.5
33.5
311.0
228.2
22.9
26.7
33.2
303.9
221.5
21.8
26.6
34.0
318.9
232.3
22.8
29.2
34.5
Stone, clay, and glass products___ _____ 437.0
Flat glass_________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products..
Other stone and mineral products......... ..........
429.1
23.7
85.2
27.0
54.6
36.4
103.8
86.5
432.2
23.9
83.9
28.5
55.6
36.6
105.2
86.2
446.5
24.9
84.8
30.0
58.4
36.8
111.7
87.5
465.1
25.6
85.8
32.5
60.4
37.8
121.3
89.0
474.2
25.3
87.0
32.9
61.0
38.6
126.9
89.7
478.9
25.0
87.8
33.5
62.3
38.0
129.4
90.5
480.9
24.8
87.5
33.9
62.8
37.5
131.4
90.8
476.4
24.4
87.6
33.7
62.0
37.1
129.6
90.3
476.1
24.5
88.6
33.4
61.4
37.2
129.0
90.1
466.6
23.8
86.5
32.1
60.8
36.9
125.4
89.4
454.5
24.2
84.9
31.1
59.3
37.3
117.2
88.7
434.8
24.3
84.5
28.5
56.5
36.5
104.6
87.9
455.1
23.7
84.5
32.2
60.4
36.9
118.1
87.4
483.2
27.0
86.9
34.9
65.9
40.3
123.6
91.8
Prim ary metal industries_____________
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries_____________
Nonferrous smelting and refining_____
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex
truding_________________________
Nonferrous foundries_______________
Miscellaneous primary metal indus
tries____________________________
915.4
459.4
165.7
51.0
900.5
443.9
165.0
51.7
900.3
442.3
165.0
52.7
894.2
437.4
164.5
53.0
897.5
440.8
165.0
53.5
910.9
451.9
166.1
53.8
906.3
450.3
163.4
53.0
903.4
451. 9
163.1
51.8
935. 5
475.4
166.6
52.9
964.5
503.3
166.5
53.0
991.3
530.0
167.1
53.0
991.4
531.6
165.9
52.9
914.5
482.0
156.0
51.7
992.0
529.3
172.4
54.9
134.8
56.8
134.9
56.9
135.2
57.1
135.4
56.0
135.8
55.9
136.2
55.9
135.3
56.1
135.4
53.4
136.9
54.7
136.5
56.4
136.5
55.6
136.2
55.8
129.0
50.4
133.6
53.7
48.8
Ordnance and accessories_____________
99.0
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories_______ ............
Lumber and wood products, except fur
niture....................................................
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing mills....................
Millwork, plywood, and related prod
ucts____________________________
Wooden containers_________________
Miscellaneous wood products________
511.1
925.4
Fabricated metal products____________ 849.0
Metal cans________________________
Cutlery, handtools, and general hard
ware___________________________
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures_________________________
Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
\1 etal stampings___________________
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
ucts____________________________ . . . . . . . 1
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
47.7
48.1
48.0
47.9
46.5
47.0
48.2
47.8
49.0
49.1
49.0
45.4
48.2
845.7
49.0
848.2
47.8
859.2
47.3
864.7
47.5
870.7
50.4
872.1
54.8
850.9
54.9
851.6
55.2
867.6
55.0
860.7 851.2
52. S 51.7
842.8
50.0
819.6
51.7
869.0
54.1
111.0
111.3
111.8
111.8
110.6
108.8
105.1
104.4
109.4
109.4
108.6
108.8
101.4
107.3
57.5
218.7
69.7
155.3
54.9
44.4
56.3
221.3
69.3
158.2
54.9
44.6
58.1
57.2
226.3 229.0
69.4
69.2
160. 1 159.4
58.7
56.2
46.0
45.4
58.9
234.7
68. t
159.3
58.4
46.2
58.6
238.4
68.5
156.3
57.9
45.3
58.5
236.7
68.2
143.4
56.3
44.2
56.8
237.2
67.4
147.5
56.0
43.9
56.9
•236.2
68.8
152.3
57.6
45.3
56.3
56.0
231.3 226.8
69. 1 69.3
154.8 152.6
56.4
56.4
45.1
44.6
55.9
223.1
69.1
151.6
55.5
44.0
55.2
230.3
62.6
143.7
53.0
42.2
58.7
238.1
67.2
160.7
53.8
45.5
85.2
84.5
85.0 1 83.2
83.5
83.6
83.2
86.1
84.8
79.6
83.6
85.5
85.4
85.2
580
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
T able
A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[Id thousands]
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
Feb.2 Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1961
1960
Manu facturing—Con tinued
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery................................................... 1,030.8 1,024.2 1,020.9 1,017.5 1,016.7 1,018.1 1,020.7 1,015.3 1,019.6 1,034.5 1,026. 5 1,024.9 1,013.8 964.5 1,030.4
Engines and turbines_______________
59.1
59.5
58.0
57.5
57.7
58.2
57.5
57.8
56.8
58.6
58.6
57.4
51.2
56.1
Farm machinery and equipment_____
95.8
91.1
87.1
83.9
84.5
85.1
83.8
86.7
84.9
87.2
87. í
85.8
78.6
79.6
Construction and related m achinery...
138.8 138.6 138.7 138.3 137.6 140.8 141.3 140.3 141.7 139.5 138.2 135.8 128.2 144.5
Metalworking machinery and equip
m ent___________________________
193.9 193.2 193.5 192.5 191.2 189.8 187.4 191.1 194.2 195.2 195.6 192.4 180.1 194.0
Special industry machinery__________
116.0 116.8 118.1 117.9 119. ( 118.7 119.0 119.2 120.1 118.6 118.1 117.2 116.2 122.3
General industrial machinery________
148. 7 150.1 148.2 151.0 151.7 151.6 151.6 150.9 152.3 150.0 149.9 148.8 143.0 154.9
Office, computing and accounting ma
chines__________________________
90.9
91.9
92.8
93.3
93.4
94.4
95.2
94.3
93.1
94.9
95.7
95.7
94.5
95.2
Service industry machines......... ...........
65.1
64.2
64.5
64.8
65.3
66.0
65.3
68.7
70.1
69.1
68.3
67.2
69.7
63.8
Miscellaneous machinery___________
115.9 115.5 116.6 117.5 117.7 116.8 114.8 114.6 116.3 113.1 113.2 113.5 109.0 114.2
Electrical equipment and supplies........... 1,025.1 1,031.9 1,042.3 1,052.9 1,060.1 1.062.0 1,059.2 1,041.1 1,031.4 1,038.9 1,024. 7 1,018.8 1,013.5 963.3 986.9
Electric distribution equipment............
106.1 107.3 108.6 109.1 109.1 109. C 108.6 107.0 107.6 104.8 105.6 105.3 105.3 108.3
Electrical industrial apparatus_______
119.3 119.7 120. a 120. 8 120.2 120.7 119.5 120.6 122.0 119.7 119.5 119.3 114.8 121.5
Household appliances.............................
118.1 118.2 118.8 118.8 119. 5 118.8 115. 4 114. S 117. 7 118.6 118.2 117.1 114.8 120.7
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
107.5 107.8 108.5 108.9 109. 5 109.2 106.1 104.2 105. 8 105.6 104.9 104.1
99.9 103.6
Radio and TV receiving sets_________
89.3
91.5
95.5 100.2 102.7 102.3
99.7
86.2
97.6
95.4
90.8
86.0
82.6
82.2
Communication equipment_________
225.0 227.4 228.1 227.7 226.7 225.3 222.4 217.8 219.5 219.0 218.5 218.2 200.4 201.4
Electronic components and accessories..
176. S 179.8 182.0 183.4 183.8 184.5 183.4 183.1 183.3 179.6 178.2 178.0 165.5 164.4
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies____________________
89.7
90.6
91.2
91.1
90.4
89.4
86.0
87.6
86.8
86.6
87.7
85.5
79.9
84.9
Transportation equipment____________ 1,158.9 1,157.7 1,168. 3 1,167.8 1,159. 6 1,149.8 1,133.3 1,007. 7 1,120. 6 1,136.6 1,132.8 1,117.7 1,117.9 1,035.0 1,132.7
Motor vehicles and equipment______
584.5 592.8 595.8 589.3 581. C 566.3 441.2 561.3 580. C 573.1 557. C 551.1 491.7 566.5
Aircraft and parts_________________
391.2 398.7 398.7 396.4 391.4 389.3 388. C 384.2 378.4 380.4 381.9 392.9 378.7 392.5
Ship and boat building and repairing...
126.4 124.9 121.5 120.7 122.2 121.0 120.7 118.6 119.6 121.0 122.1 120.3 117.8 116.6
Railroad equipment_______________
33.0
31.3
30.8
30.7
31.9
33.3
33.8
32.5
33.9
33.0
31.1
32.3
24.8
32.0
Other transportation equipment_____
22.6
20.6
22.4
23.3
23.4
21.1
24.0
24.0
24.7
25.3
24.4
22.5
25.1
21.9
Instrum ent and related products.............
228.7 229.2 229.9 230.5 230.5 229.9 229.4 225.8 228.5 226.8 226.3 226.7 221.6 232.0
Engineering and scientific instruments.
38.5
39.3
39.4
39.3
39.5
38.6
38.2
39.1
37.7
38.4
38.2
38.5
40.4
42.8
Mechanical measuring and control de
vices___________________________
63.4
63.2
62.7
62.8
62.4
62.2
62.3
61.2
61.3
62.1
61.9
62.2
59.8
63.3
Optical and ophthalmic goods_______
30.0
30.3
30.2
30.5
30.2
30.1
30.4
30.3
31.1
30.8
31.0
30.8
29.1
30.7
Surgical, medical, and dental equip
m ent___________________________
35.1
34.6
34.5
34.3
34.4
34.5
34.3
33.8
33.2
33.9
33.0
33.0
33.0
33.1
Photographic equipment and supplies..
39.2
39.6
40.5
40.5
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.4
39.5
40.5
39.3
39.1
39.4
41.1
Watches and clocks_____ ____ _____ _
22.2
22.5
23.4
22.8
23.4
23.2
22.2
23.4
23.5
23.2
22.7
23.1
20.1
21.1
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 296.8 293.4 287.1 305.2 332.4 341.6 337.8 330.6 316.1 322.4 314.7 308.2 299.2 306.2 316.0
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware...
31.7
31.9
33.4
32.5
33.3
33.0
30.8
32.3
32.0
31.9
31.9
32.2
32.7
33.9
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods..
72.0
66.7
99.0 105.8 102.2
77.6
99.6
94.4
95.3
86.0
90.1
76.6
85.3
86.4
Pens, pencils, office and art materials__
24.8
24.8
26.3
26.6
25.7
26.2
25.8
24.3
24.9
24.3
24.2
23.8
23.0
23.0
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
44.0
43.7
47.8
47.5
45.8
47.4
46.7
43.8
46.5
45.6
44.5
45.1
44.5
47.3
Other manufacturing industries______
120.7 120.2 123.6 125.9 128.4 129.0 126.2 121.9 124.6 122.8 121.6 121.5 120.7 125.4
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products___________ 1,081.4 1,076.8 1,098.9 1,146. 6 1,187. 6 1.265.6 1,329. 7 1,303.5 1,223.8 1,175.8 1,121.0 1,110.9 1,086.0 1,190. 8 1,211.3
Meat products.........................................
240.0 243.3 250.9 254.7 255.0 251.0 253.1 251.5 253.0 246.4 243.5 239.1 254.3 257.9
Dairy products.................. .....................
146.0 146.3 148.3 149.9 152.1 156.9 162.4 164.8 163.2 1.58.6 155.8 152.6 163.0 169.7
Canned and preserved food, except
meats__________________________
143.6 150.6 165.2 190.4 260.6 338.1 318.2 246.4 197.8 166.5 166.0 149.7 206.2 206.1
Grain mill products________________
86.0
86.8
86.9
90.2
92.1
86.8
91.8
92.0
90.1
88.6
85.2
85.9
89.6
89.8
Bakery products....... _............................
173.4 173.6 176.7 178.7 179.2 177.8 177.2 177.3 176.4 172.6 171.8 171.3 174.7 176.6
Sugar........................................................
22.3
28.9
38.4
39.8
38.9
26.1
24.1
23.4
22.8
21.5
22.4
20.0
28.4
30.3
Confectionery and related products___
62.8
71.0
63.9
69.4
67.7
67.3
61.4
53.7
57.2
57.8
60.1
61.2
62.8
63.5
Beverages.................................................
107.2 110.0 114.2 115.7 118.9 122.4 119.3 121.4 120.9 114.7 110.5 110.6 115.6 118.3
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod
ucts.......................................................
95.5
95.5
98.4 100.5 101.3
98.3
95.7
93.3
94.4
94.3
95.6
95.6
96.2
99.0
Tobacco manufactures_______________
73.4
84.1
76.5
98.7 105.1
81.9
90.4
65.2
64.7
64.5
65.9
69.3
79.4
83.3
Cigarettes.......... .................................
30.8
31.0
30.9
31.1
30.8
31.7
31.8
31.7
31.5
31.0
30.8
30.8
31.5
32.2
Cigars......................................................
20.5
20.5
21.3
21.2
20.9
21.1
20.9
20.3
21.3
21.5
21.7
21.9
23.1
26.0
Textile mill products................................. 767.7 766.9 767.0 778.9 787.7 792.5 795.7 798.2 786.0 803.4 797.4 796.2 793.9 793.2 826.7
Cotton broad woven fabrics___ ____.1
222.0 223.0 224.8 225.4 225.5 226.5 227.8 226.0 229.7 228.8 229.9 231.2 234.7 244.1
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics'
63.1
63.4
63.8
63.6
63.3
62.1
63.9
63.9
63.7
63.1
62.8
63.2
63.1
66.9
Weaving and finishing broad woolens...
44.2
42.8
43.8
43.0
44.9
45.7
46.3
47.2
46.3
46.5
46.3
45.7
46.2
49.5
Narrow fabrics and smallwares............
23.2
24.2
23.4
24.0
23.9
24.1
23.9
23.3
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.2
23.2
24.1
Knitting......................................... ........
178.4 177.2 182.4 189.4 193.2 194.2 196.3 192.5 196.7 193.6 191.6 188.7 190.7 194.3
Finishing textiles, except wool and k n it'
00.4
60.3
61.2
61.3
61.2
61.1
61.0
60.5
62.1
61.6
62.0
61.8
64.1
60.9
Floor covering....................... ..................
28.2
29.2
28.6
29.2
28.8
28.4
27.4
27.4
27.8
27.9
28.2
28.4
27.8
30.4
Yarn and thread.................................
93.2
94.8
93.1
94.6
95.4
96.2
95.5
93.9
96.2
95.9
95.7
95.3
93.0
95.9
Miscellaneous textile goods............... ] '
54.2
55.2
56.2
55.91 56.1
56.3
55.4
54.0
55.9
55.8
55.4
55.4
53.7
57.5
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A.—EMPLOYMENT
581
T able A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
M ar.2 Feb.2
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1961
1960
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products................... 1,122.3 1,110.2 1,081. 3 1,096. 8 1,113.1 1,118.5 1,125.3 1,128. 7 1,071.2 1,092. 6 1,079.9 1,096.1 1,105.5 1,066. 8 1,094.2
M en's and boys’ suits and c o a ts ............. . . . . .
105.8 106.1 106.3 105.8 106.4 107.6 107.5 103.1 106.7 103.6 103. 7 104.6 104.3 108.9
M en’s and boys’ furnishings.................... ......... 300.3 297.2 300.5 303.7 304.4 305.7 305.8 294.2 300.6 294.7 290.4 288.0 273.7 279.6
Women’s, misses’ and juniors’ outer
wear_______________________ _______ ___ 318.7 301.9 304.4 307.5 305.7 313.5 320.9 300.2 306.7 305.0 319.9 327.0 313.7 325.8
107.2 106.0 109.3 111.5 112.0 110.2 109.2 103.0 106. 2 105.2 106.5 107.6 104.8 106.2
Women’s and children’s undergarments_______
Hats, caps, and millinery....................................
34.7
31.8
32.1
32.4
30.2
28.8
32.7
28.2
27.8
37.2
34.7
28.0
31.1
32.4
71.1
68.0
69.1
69.1
Girls’ and children’s outerwear_____________
67.2
68.7
70.5
69.9
70.5
70.2
67.1
66.1
66.4
67.5
56.4
54.5
59.4
63.2
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel________
64.1
62.3
63.0
58.8
59.4
57.5
58.5
57.7
60.2
60.2
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod
ucts.............................. ............................. ........ 116.0 115.2 119.5 123.9 125.0 124.1 119.8 113.8 114.7 118.8 116.3 113.2 112.6 113.6
Paper and allied products......................... 473.0
Paper and pulp__________________________
Paperboard_________ ________ ___________
Converted paper and paperboard prod
ucts___ _______________________________
Paperboard containers and boxes___________
471.7
180.0
54.5
474.4
181.3
54.8
479.5
182.5
54.9
480.8
183.1
54.8
483.9
183.9
54.9
485.3
184.9
54.4
484.0
186.6
53.4
476.3
183.0
52.8
482.7
183.9
55.2
475.4
181.2
54.6
475.1
181.1
54.6
470.9
181.2
53.0
469.5
181.4
54.0
474.0
181.9
56.4
96.9
140.3
96.8
141.5
97.6
144.5
97.5
145.4
98.6
146.5
98.6
147.4
98.3
145.7
97.5
143.0
98.7
144.9
97.3
142.3
97.3
142.1
95.7
141.0
94.9
139.1
95.7
140.1
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries........... ....................... ................... 581.2
Newspaper publishing and printing........ .........
Periodical publishing and printing__________
Books....................... .................................... ........
Commercial printing_____________________
Bookbinding and related industries..................
Other publishing and printing indus
tries...................................................... .............
576.6
160.7
28.1
45.6
227.4
38.4
579.2
160.8
28.0
45.9
229.3
38.7
587.3
163.7
27.9
45.7
232.8
39.1
604.3
179.9
28.2
46.2
232.0
39.1
605.6
178.9
28.2
46.7
232.3
39.3
602.6
177.9
27.8
46.7
231.4
39.8
595.9
177.4
26.7
46.0
228.0
40.1
592.1
175.0
26.4
46.4
228.0
39.0
596.8
177.1
26.4
46.1
230.8
38.5
594.6
176.4
27.4
45.6
230.2
38.0
596.1
177.0
27.6
45.6
230.8
38.0
596.1
176.7
28.7
45.3
230.5
38.2
595.7
175.5
29.7
44.4
230.3
38.0
591. 5
172.4
29.8
43.0
229.5
38.1
76.4
76.5
78.1
78.9
80.2
79.0
77.7
77.3
77.9
77.0
77.1
76.7
77.9
78.8
Chemicals and allied products_________ 524.0
* Industrial chemicals__________ ___________
Plastics and synthetics, except glass_________
Drugs........................ ............ ............................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_____________
Paints, varnishes, and allied products_______
Agricultural chemicals____________________
Other chemical p roducts..._______ _________
516.8
163.8
110.0
59.8
61.1
35.1
30.8
56.2
515.4
164.1
110.7
60.3
60.6
34.7
29.3
55.7
515.4
164.2
110.4
60.1
61.3
34.7
28.0
56.7
518.6
164.9
111.0
60.1
62.2
35.2
27.5
57.7
520.3
164.6
110.8
59.4
62.8
35.8
28.9
58.0
622.7
165.3
111.9
59.2
62.9
36.6
28.4
58.4
522.9
166.9
110.8
60.0
62.2
37.3
26.5
59.2
521.0
167.6
110.7
59.6
60.0
37.6
26.4
59.1
520. 4
167.3
107.0
59.6
60.9
37.3
29.0
59.3
524.6
165.8
108.9
58.7
59.4
36.3
38.4
57.1
527.1
166. 6
109.2
58.9
59.6
35.5
39.8
57.5
517.8
165.1
108.1
58.8
59.5
35.1
34.2
57.0
506.1
164.7
102.6
58.2
58.4
35.5
30.9
55.8
510.8
169.0
103.5
58.8
56.1
36.7
31.0
55.6
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries___________________________
Petroleum refining___ ______ _____
Other petroleum and coal products___
116.5
95.0
21.5
117.2
94. 9
22.3
118.7
95.4
23.3
120.4
95.8
24.6
121.3
95.9
25.4
122.5
96.8
25.7
128.4
102.6
25.8
129.7
104.2
25.5
129.9
104.5
25.4
128.7
104.1
24.6
128.4
105.1
23.3
126.9
104. 7
22.2
130.6
107.1
23.5
137.7
113.1
24.6
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod
ucts.............................. ........................ 301. 5
Tires and inner tubes.................... ....................
Other rubber products........................... .............
Miscellaneous plastic products...........................
301.4
75.5
126.1
99.8
304.8
76.7
129.0
99.1
306.4
76.9
129.8
99.7
308.9
76.5
130.1
102.3
310.9
76.5
130.7
103.7
308.5
77.0
129.9
101.6
303.4
75.8
127.5
100.1
296.1
75.0
122.9
98.2
303.5
76.1
127.7
99.7
297.6
74.8
125.1
97.7
293.5
74.2
123.7
95.6
294.9
74.8
123.7
96.4
280.2
73.0
117.0
90.2
288.7
78.2
120.8
89.7
Leather and leather products__________ 312.7
Leather tanning and finishing______________
Footwear, except rubber__________________
Other leather products.___________________
314.2
28.3
212.9
73.0
310.2
28.9
211.1
70.2
317.6
29.3
213.1
75.2
318.8
29.1
210.3
79.4
316.6
29.0
208.1
79.5
319.1
28.8
211.6
78.7
326.6
28.8
218.1
79.7
316.4
27.7
213.8
74.9
321.3
28.7
216.4
76.2
313.3
28.1
211.3
73.9
317.7
28.1
213.4
76.2
321.8
28.5
216.3
77.0
318.8
28.9
213.8
76.2
322.9
29.9
216.4
76.5
82.5
43.3
804.0
17.0
82.9
44.8
801.5
17.4
83.3
44.4
843.1
17.6
83.5
44.4
857.8
17.7
83.9
44.9
867.1
17.9
84.2
46.2
862.7
18.2
83.9
46.6
848.7
18.5
84.1
46.9
840.8
18.6
85.0
46.4
840.5
18.5
85.0
45.5
814.8
18.2
83.9
44.4
809.5
18.2
78.7
43.5
801.6
18.1
86.7
45.0
800.0
18.8
89.2
44.6
801.8
19.3
553.2
25.4
75.3
524.4
211.5
132.7
154.3
25.9
554.0
25.2
75.3
525. 9
211.7
133.1
155.1
26.0
556.8
25.9
75.4
528.5
212.2
133.9
156.2
26.2
558.2
26.0
76.1
530.1
212.6
134.5
156.8
26.2
559.1
26.0
77.3
531.7
213.2
134.5
157.5
26.5
563.5
26.4
76.8
538.7
216.1
136.0
159.9
26.7
569.3
26.7
76.6
545.8
218.6
137.9
161.9
27.5
568.7
26.9
76.1
544.8
218.0
137.9
161.4
27.5
563.3
26.7
76.4
539.3
215.7
136.6
160.0
27.0
560.2
26.6
75.4
529.3
211.8
134.1
156.9
26.5
559.5
26.5
76.1
527.4
211.6
133.6
156.2
26.0
557.8
26.5
75.6
526.8
211.6
133.5
156.0
25.7
568.7
26.9
78.3
538.7
216.8
136.4
159.4
26.1
581.9
27.9
77.9
543.6
220.2
137.3
159.4
26.7
117.2
Transportation and public utilities:
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation_________
Intercity and rural buslines................... .. .........
Motor freight transportation and storage______
Pipeline transportation_____________________
Communication :
Telephone communication_________________
Telegraph communication 3________________
Radio and television broadcasting__________
Electric, gas, and sanitary services____________
Electric companies and systems____________
Gas companies and systems________________
Combined utility systems_________________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems_________
Pee footnotes at end of table.
6 8 3 3 5 4 -6 3 -
-8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
582
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
T able A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1963
Annual
average
1962
Industry
Mar.2 Feb.2
Wholesale and retail trade <_____________
Wholesale trade_____________________
Motor vehicles and automotive equipm ent___________________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products-.
Dry goods and apparel...........................
Groceries and related products
Electrical goods....... ..............................
Hardware, plumbing and heating
goods__________________________
Machinery, equipment, and supplies
Retail trade *____1__________ . . . _____
General merchandise stores___ ______
Department stores_______________
Limited price variety stores________
Food stores__________ _______ _____
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
Apparel and accessories stores...............
M en’s and boy’s apparel stores_____
Women’s ready-to-wear stores______
Family clothing stores____________
Shoe stores______________________
Furniture and appliance stores
Other retail trade *___ _______________
Motor vehicle dealers
Other vehicle and accessory dealers___
Drug stores...................................... ........
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
Apr.
Mar.
1961
1960
8,712 8,822 9, G57 9,100 8,939 8,868 8,791 8,775 8,817 8,757 8,785 8,591 8,744 8,810
2,632 2,643 2,689 2,676 2,677 2,668 2,671 2,657 2,642 2,603 2,598 2, 593 2, 597 2,610
191.4
164.2
111.6
429.7
189.7
189. 9
163.8
111.4
433.8
189.5
191.3
166.1
112.0
445. 6
189.4
190. 7
166.2
112.3
445.5
188.8
191.4
165.4
113.0
440. 5
188.1
191.6
164.5
112.5
435.8
187.4
191.5
165.0
113.0
434.8
188.9
191.5
163.7
113.0
442.1
188.7
189.6
162.8
112.1
442.4
187.2
186.6
161.8
110.6
433.0
183.9
186.0
161.2
109.5
434.4
184.1
184.9
160.2
110.5
434.7
183.3
182.0
158.7
111.1
435.7
179.5
181.5
155.6
112.0
439.1
183.6
123.9 123.5 124.6 124.9 125.3 125. 7 126.2 125.9 125.6 123.4 122.6 122.2 124.0 127.7
439.3 438.5 438.8 437.2 437. 2 438.3 437.4 436.6 434.1 428.6 426.8 423.6 414.1 412.0
6,080 6,179 6,968 6,424 6, 262 6,200 6,120 6,118 6,175 6,154 6,186 5,998 6,147 6,201
1,339.4 1,404.0 1,910.3 1,567.6 1, 462.8 1,430. 2 1,388. 2 1,377.1 1,402.4 1,399.9 1,411.0 1,337.6 1, 433. 5 1,447.9
791.3 837.3 1,163. 8 935.2 859.3 834.7 810.2 802.5 823.0 822.4 827.2 784.4 837.6 843.6
278.1 289.0 390.8 322. 5 307.7 304.9 290. 4 287.3 291.9 297.5 303.9 284.0 309.3 316.8
1,301.1 1,292. 7 1,321.5 1,301.1 1,290.4 1,275. 2 1, 272. 6 1,283. 9 1, 283.1 1,279. 5 1,284. 5 1,274. 7 1, 273. 4 1,273.1
1,135.5 1,133.2 1,152. 4 1,139.9 1,131.8 1,119.1 1,118.5 1,127.6 1,126.0 1,119.7 1,118.6 1,116.6 1,109. 7 1,106.5
571.6 599. 3 737.7 632.7 611.9 601.0 569.5 569.5 601.9 607.3 645.6 565.0 686.9 582.3
93.0
97.9
95.6
96.2
98.0 103.1
98.9 101.2
99. 2 107.1 135.3 106.3 100. 5 98.6
221.9 230.0 281.0 245.2 236.6 229.9 218.4 219. 4 229.1 234.2 241. 4 218. 4 225.0 223.3
87.3
92.0
94.3
89.8
92.5
88.1
89. 4 95. 2 123. 2 99. 2
94. 2 93.1
88. 5 88.2
97.7 102.9 106.3
96. 9 100.1 118.6 105.9 106.4 108.3 101.5 101.6 107.5 110.6 127.4
367.3 370.4 387.2 373.9 368. 9 367.8 364.0 363. 4 365.4 362.7 365.7 363.5 364.2 368.9
2, 500.4 2,512.4 2, 611.4 2,548. 4 2,527. 7 2, 525.7 2, 526.1 2, 524. 2 2, 522.2 2,504. 9 2, 479. 6 2, 456. 9 2,489.7 2,528.3
614. 7 611. 8 607.0 603.6 600.0 596. 2 596. 8 594. 6 589.0 583.6 681.7 579.9 576.1 596.2
111. 1 113.5 122. 9 118.8 114.1 114.3 115.4 116.2 116.3 112.9 110.6 106.0 117.7 123.1
351.9 355.9 375.0 359.8 357.5 355.5 355.1 351.1 353.1 351.0 348.9 349.1 348.4 347.6
Finance, Insurance, and real estate:
B a n k in g ...____ ____________________
Security dealers and exchanges.................
Insurance carriers___________________
Life insurance_____________________
Accident and health insurance_______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance
May
612.9
110.4
783.8
430.1
46.9
270.1
610. 9
109.8
781. 0
429. 3
46.7
268.2
613.3
110.6
783.2
429.2
46.9
270.0
611.5
111. 5
782. 8
428.5
47.2
270.1
610.8
113.3
781. 6
428.2
47.2
269.2
610.7
116.1
783. 8
429. 5
47.3
270.2
619.9
121.4
789.7
431.3
47.8
272.7
616.8
123.1
786.3
429.2
47.8
271.4
607. 5
122.7
779.6
427.0
47.5
267.8
598.2
122.7
774. 9
426.0
46.9
265.4
598.3
123.8
776.7
427.8
47.0
265.4
596.5
124.0
777.4
428.3
46.8
265.8
592.0
119.0
777.0
428.8
46.4
265.2
575.9
107.0
763.9
420.7
46.0
260.3
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels____
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants.
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing
532.8
525.2
528.0
529.7
538.3
565. 4
606.3
605.0
579.9
521.9
507.4
493.2
503. 8
485.0
355.4
360.0
361.0
364.6
368.0
369.4
369.9
378.1
380.3
376.1
369.8
361.1
377.9
389.2
22.3
23.4
24.7
23.9
24.1
24.1
24.2
23.9
23.6
23.4
24.6
25.5
28.1
29.0
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961 and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining, manufacturing, and laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants,
data refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to
construction workers; and for all other industries, to nonsupervisory workers.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper
visory workers (including leadman and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., power plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.
Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,
repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
by members of the construction trades.
Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the working super
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
2 Preliminary.
>Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
* Excludes eating and drinking places.
The revised series on employment, hours and earnings, and labor turnover in non
agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior
to December 1961. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “ Technical Note, The 1961 Revision
of the BLS Payroll Employment Statistics,” M onthly Labor Review, January 1962,
pp. 59-62.) Moreover, if future benchmark adjustments require further revisions, the
figures presented in this issue should not be compared with those in later issues which
reflect the adjustments.
Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m ploym en t and Earnings
Statistics for th e United States, 1909-60 (BLS Bulletin 1312), which is available at
depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents
for $3. For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request to the
Bureau.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
583
A.—-EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e A - 4 . E m p lo y e e s in n on a g ricu ltu ra l e sta b lish m en ts, b y in d u str y d iv isio n and se lec te d grou p s,
se a so n a lly a d ju s te d 1
1962
1963
Industry division and group
M ar.5 Feb.5 Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
55,928 55,727 55, 536 55,580 55,597 55,647 55, 583 55, 536 55,617 55, 535 55, 403 55,260 54,901
654
656
659
652
648
640"
636
638~ 6 Ï T
623
625
624
630
M ining......................................................................................
2, 716 2,734 2,648
2,671
2,738
2,731
2,715
2,654
2,696
2,716
2,651
2,645
2,623
Contract construction----------------------------------------------Manufacturing................. ..........................—........... - ........... 16,764 16,663 16,632 16,681 16,695 16,781 16,805 16,795 16,908
470 9,486 9,461 9, 552
Durable goods................................................................... 9,479 9,423 9,399 9,418 9,413 9, 222
222
217
220
220
221
220
219
219
Ordnance and accessories-------------------------------607
603
609
605
602
603
610
608
611
Lumber and wood products, except furniture-----385
386
380
380
378
380
380
380
379
Furniture and fixtures-----------------------------------581
583
579
576
562
572
562
565
568
Stone, clay, and glass products------------------------1,141
1,149
Primary metal industries-------------------------------- 1,147 1,136 1,121 1,121 1,115 1,119 1,134 1,122 1,132
1,129
1,117
1,110
1,104
1,110
1,111
1,121
Fabricated metal products-------- --------- ----------1,480 1,474
Machinery_________________________________ 1,466 1,461 1,466 1,468 1,481 1,482 1,471
Electrical equipment and supplies--------------------- 1,538 1,533 1,533 1,535 1,527 1,546 1,528 1, 541 1,555
Transportation equipment------------ ------------------ 1,683 1,669 1,662 1,669 1, 652 1,674 1,694 1,619 1,688
362
362
358
359
360
358
361
359
363
Instruments and related products--------------------401
397
393
392
392
383
383
387
383
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries------------7,356
7,334
7,319
Nondurable goods.-------------- ------- ----------------------- 7,285 7,240 7,233 7,263 7,282 7,311
Food and kindred products----------------------------- 1,774 1,768 1,770 1,773 1,763 1,769 1, 770 1, 763 1,777
89
93
93
96
90
87
88
90
90
Tobacco manufactures-----------------------------------885
874
879
868
871
860
866
861
859
Textile mill products-------------------------------------1,249
1,243
1,246
1,242
Apparel and related products--------------------------- 1,249 1,226 1,220 1,229 1,231
606
603
606
603
602
601
602
604
6C4
Paper and allied products------------------------------937
937
938
937
938
913
913
914
917
Printing, publishing, and allied industries..............
858
855
853
855
855
856
853
853
858
Chemicals and allied products-------------------------199
198
191
189
191
187
187
189
187
Petroleum refining and related Industries..............
395
396
393
390
389
389
391
393
391
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products--------362
360
358
360
358
350
350
356
352
Leather and leather products— ............................
Transportation and public utilities....... ..................... .......... 3,924
3,914
3,836
3,921
3,918
3,935
3,928
3,932
3,913
16,923 16,891 16,848 16,682
9,555 9, 544 9,490 9,385
210.
211
213
213
610
611
609
611
379
382
387
386
562
571
579
581
1,163 1,199 1,223 1,217
1,131 1,135 1,124 1,109
1,470 1,460 1,453 1,437
1, 554 1,541 1,528 1, 510
1,687 1,663 1,637 1,611
355
356
359
359
385
394
399
400
7,368 7,347 7,358 7,297
1,774 1,776 1,788 1,777
90
88
88
87
889
886
890
891
1,257 1,248 1,258 1,227
599
602
604
606
931
934
935
937
842
847
849
853
199
199
384
392
399
362
369
365
366
3,934
3, 936
3,935
3,927
11, 460
Wholesale and retail trade___________________________ 11,753 11,683 11,637 11,573 11,600 11, 594 11,612 11,627 11,652 11,621 11, 596 11,546
3,106 3,094 3,083 3,074 3,076 3,085 3,090 3,082 3,100 3,096 3,077 3,062 3,049
8,411
8,
484
8,
519
8,552
8,
525
8,545
Retail trade------------------------------------------------------- 8,647 8,589 8,554 8,499 8,524 8,509 8,522
2,776
2,
786
2,
778
2,788
2,
792
2,844 2,836 2,828 2,821 2,822 2,813 2,799 2, 796
Service and miscellaneous....................................................... 7,919
9,471
2, 363
State and local................................................................... 7,108
1 For coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
2 Preliminary.
7,917
7,895
7,876
7,846
7,831
7,809
7,805
7,783
7,749
7,692
7,675
7,681
9,445 9,434 9,429 9,384 9,339 9,274 9,204 9,183 9,197 9.127 9,088 9,073
2,356 2,379 2,391 2,381 2.371 2,369 2,374 2,375 2,366 2,343 2,325 2,322
7,089 1 7,055 7,038 7,003 6,968 6, 905 6, 830 6,808 6, 831 6, 784 6, 763 6, 751
N o t e : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New Sea
sonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.
T able A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
[In thousands]
1962
1963
Major industry group
Manufacturing-................... — ........- ............................
Durable goods------ . ------------------------------------Ordnance and accessories_________________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture.
Furniture and fixtures----------------------------Stone, clay and glass products-----------------Prim ary metal industries-------------------------Fabricated metal products-----------------------Machinery..........................................................
Electrical equipment and supplies-------------Transportation equipment----------------------Instruments and related products-------------Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.........
Mar.2 Feb'2 Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
12,370 12,284 12,257 12,311 12,324 12,416 12,446 12,432 12,551 12, 581 12, 566 12,541 12,387
6,922 6,874 6,853 6,880 6,875 6,933 6,953 6, 925 7,024 7,035 7,037 7,000 6,903
96
98
98
97
103
100
102
101
101
100
99
99
99
644
547
546
543
546
545
541
543
539
541
547
548
547
314
321
318
321
315
320
320
315
317
315
317
315
314
450
460
467
467
467
462
468
465
459
451
448
448
453
995
989
972
934
920
910
892
906
885
898
898
923
914
849
864
873
871
868
858
854
866
847
842
849
848
855
998
1,015 1,011 1,016 1,021 1,031 1,035 1,026 1,034 1,029 1,027 1,018 1,012
1,036 1,032 1,032 1,034 1,029 1,047 1,032 1,045 1,057 1,058 1,051 1,040 1,025
1,141 1,126 1,122 1,131 1,119 1,139 1,160 1,090 1,164 1,161 1,142 1,122 1,100
227
227
230
231
231
231
228
228
228
228
228
'230
'229
309
321
317
322
325
321
316
317
316
306
310
306
307
541 5,484
5,448 5,410 5,404 5,431 5,449 5,483 5, 493 5,507 5,527 5, 546 5, 529 5,
Nondurable goods............... ............ ......................
1,176 1,169 lj 173 1,175 1,168 1,178 1,179 1,170 1,181 1,180 1,184 1,193 1,182
Food and kindred products_______________
77
77
76
76
77
84
81
82
79
78
76
77
75
Tobacco manufactures___________________
802
799
803
803
798
791
787
783
780
777
772
773
772
Textile mill products____________________
1,092
1,121
1,111
1,120
1,110
1,108 1,088 1,081 1,089 1,093 1,105 1,105 1,109
Apparel and related products-------------------476
479
482
479
481
481
477
478
476
478
476
'477
'478
Paper and allied products________________
697
598
599
600
599
598
599
598
597
582
580
581
582
Printing, publishing, and allied industries__
515
521
518
523
528
524
521
519
520
517
518
521
519
Chemicals and allied products------------------129
129
129
128
128
127
121
121
120
120
118
118
Petroleum refining and related industries___
119
297
297
304
312
307
306
304
301
300
301
300
304
301
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products...
327
320
323
322
318
320
316
318
316
315
308
310
311
Leather and leather products...........................
N o t e : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New Sea
i For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-3.
sonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components.” Monthly Labor
* Preliminary.
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
584
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
T a b l e A -6 . U n e m p lo y m e n t in su ran ce an d e m p lo y m e n t se rv ic e p rogram o p era tio n s
[All Items except average benefit amounts are In thousands]
1963
Item
Feb.
Employment service: 2
New applications for work.
Nonfarm placements_____
904
423
1962
Jan.
1,097
459
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
766
434
907
533
948
643
856
652
879
642
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
914
1,102
899
847
821
860
580
605
656
577
511
425
State unemployment Insurance programs:
Initial claims * 4_____________________
1,308
2,102
1,747
1,353
1,267
956
1,197
1,395
1,083
1,133
1,147
1,171
1,286
Insured unemployment * (average weekly
volume)______ ____________________
2, 546 2. 591
2,063
1,625
1,385
1,331
1,469
1,543
1,469
1,570
1,831
2,218
2
415
Bate of insured unemployment«_______
6. 2
6.3
5.1
4.0
3.4
3.2
3.6
3.8
3.6
75 5
3.9
4. 5
fi 0
Weeks of unemployment compensated__
9,025 10,002
5,702
6,307
5,207
4,695
5,781
5,563
5,507
6,391
7,088
9,121
8,509
Average weekly benefit amount for total
unemployment________________ ___
$35. 70 $35.52 $35.11 $34.95 $34. 69 $34. 42 $34.29 $34. 01 $34.20 $34. 04 $34. 52 $34.98 $84 78
Total benefits paid..................................... $313,272 $342,411 $214,203 $193,551 $176,608 $160,559 $197,414 $186,965 $188,871
$215,015 $239,562 $310,246 $287,245
Unemployment compensation for ex-service
men: 7 8
Initial claims
.........................................
27
39
Insured unemployment « (average weekly
volume)__________________________
77
77
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
306
338
Total benefits paid..................................... $10,027 $11,100
31
29
31
27
39
30
25
22
65
235
$7,679
57
222
$7,298
52
214
$7,019
52
200
$6,549
52
211
$6,934
46
175
$5,659
40
165
$5,420
40
177
$5, 703
Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees:8 «
Initial claimss______________________
Insured unemployment8 (average weekly
volume)__________________________
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
Total benefits paid___________________
25
26
21
45
49
19P
209
$6,036 $6,545
$6,121
49
IQfi
12
20
12
12
14
10
12
15
10
11
11
11
12
38
148
$5,433
37
156
$5, 744
31
116
$4,262
29
115
$4,282
27
111
$4,182
25
98
$3,797
26
114
$4,354
26
97
$3,653
24
107
$4,172
26
114
$4,297
29
128
$4, 711
34
152
$5,391
36
$4,947
Bailroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 10............................................
7
19
16
12
16
32
22
Insured unemployment (average weekly
volume)_______ __________________
64
73
61
61
60
65
50
Number of payments 77_______________
137
173
132
133
148
124
129
Average amount of benefit payment 72__ $80. 58 $79.97 $79. 56 $78. 73 $74.47 $83. 26 $78.53
Total benefits paid 71_________________ $10,881 $13, 732 $10,358 $10,373 $11,081 $10,134 $10,081
All programs: 74
Insured unemployment *.
2,726
2, 778 2,223
1,780
1,539
1,497
1,628
65
7
4
4
5
7
52
98
$75. 84
$7,256
44
108
$71.91
$7,825
1,699
1,614
7 Includes data for Puerto Rico, beginning January 1961 when the Com
monwealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system.
2 Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands.
8 Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims.
4 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands.
8 Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem
ployment.
6 The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
7 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
8 Includes the Virgin Islands.
» Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.
72
An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re
quired for subsequent periods in the same year.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
13Q
52
64
74
80
125
172
155
187
$73.03 $76. 76 $79.55 $ s n o s
$9,052 $11,807 $14,791 $13,696
1,719
1,986
2,381
2,581
77 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods
72 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not
adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
73 Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpay
ments.
* J
74 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and UOFE programs and the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act.
S o u r c e : U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.
585
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
B.—Labor Turnover
T a b l e B - l . L ab or tu rn over ra tes, b y m ajor in d u stry grou p 1
[Per 100 employees]
1963
Annual
average
1962
Major industry group
Feb.2 Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1961
1960
Accessions: T o ta l3
Manufacturing:
Actual___________________________
Seasonally adjusted------- ------------------Durable goods—..........................................
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except fur
niture....................................................
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products---------Prim ary metal industries.......................
Fabricated metal products---------------Machinery________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies-----Transportation equipm ent....................
Instruments and related products........
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries........................................................
Nondurable goods...........................- ..........
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures--------------------Textile mill products..............................
Apparel and related products................
Paper and allied products................. .
Printing, publishing, and allied in
dustries------------ ------------------------Chemicals and allied products----------Petroleum refining and related indus
tries.................. ....................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products________________________
Leather and leather products................
N onmanufaeturing:
Metal mining_____________________
Coal mining______________________
3.2
3.8
3.6
3.9
2.4
3.5
3.0
3.6
3.9
4.0
4.9
3.8
4.0
5.1
4.5
4.1
5.0
3.9
4.3
4.3
4.0
4-4
3.7
4.3
3.5
4.1
4.1
3.8
3.2
1.9
3.5
2.4
2.3
1.6
2.8
1.9
3.6
2.4
4.5
2.5
4.6
2.6
3.8
3.0
4.5
3.9
4.1
2.9
4.0
2.8
3.8
3.0
3.6
3.1
3.9
2.8
3.5
2.6
4.1
3.9
3.4
3.3
3.2
2.6
2.8
3.3
2.5
4.7
4.1
3.5
3.4
3.7
3.0
3.0
3.7
2.6
2.5
2.5
1.9
2.3
2.5
2.1
2.1
2.8
1.7
3.2
3.3
2.4
2.5
3.0
2.3
2.7
3.5
2.4
4.5
4.3
2.8
2.7
3.9
2.8
3.4
4.5
2.6
5.4
5.0
3.3
2.7
4.5
2.9
3.8
8.0
2.6
5.4
6.0
4.0
3.3
5.5
3.2
4.0
6.1
3.4
6.3
5.2
3.8
2.8
4.0
2.9
3.5
4.2
2.8
8.8
4.7
4.8
2.8
4.6
3.7
4.4
4.4
3.9
7.5
5.1
4.6
2.5
4.5
3.1
3.8
4.3
2.7
7.3
4.6
5.4
2.2
4.3
3.1
3.6
4.5
2.6
5.2
4.5
4.3
2.6
4.0
3.2
3.6
4.4
2.6
4.7
4.4
3.8
2.7
3.8
3.2
3.4
3.9
2.5
5.3
4.1
3.6
3.4
4.4
3.0
3.6
4.7
2.6
4.8
3.9
3.4
2.4
3.9
2.9
3.2
4.3
2.4
4.9
6.3
2.4
3.6
5.8
6.8
6.9
6.0
6.2
6.4
6,4
5.8
5.6
5.6
5.3
3.3
3.6
2.9
3.3
5.2
2.1
3.7
4.1
3.7
3.3
5.8
2.2
2.5
3.2
5.9
1.9
3.1
1.6
3.1
3.9
5.5
2.7
4.4
1.9
4.2
6.4
4.4
3.5
5.3
2.4
5.3
9.2
16.0
3.8
5.2
2.8
5.8
10.0
19.8
4.2
6.2
3.0
5.4
9.1
8.9
3.9
6.7
2.9
5.7
9.0
3.2
4.2
6.6
4.1
4.5
6.6
3.0
4.1
6.1
2.8
4.0
5.6
2.7
3.7
5.1
2.8
3.6
4.2
1.8
3.6
5.1
2.5
3.5
3.9
2.1
3.4
5.6
2.3
4.2
5.9
6.1
3.5
5.6
2.6
4.1
6.0
5.6
3.2
5.3
2.6
2.5
1.8
2.9
2.0
2.0
1.3
2.5
1.4
3.2
1.8
3.7
2.1
3.4
2.0
3.2
2.0
4.1
3.3
2.9
2.2
2.7
2.4
2.8
2.6
2.5
2.1
2.9
2.1
3.0
2.0
.8
1.3
.6
.8
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.5
2.7
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.2
2.9
4.0
3.1
5.9
2.2
3.5
3.0
4.4
3.7
4.8
4.5
4.7
4.3
5.5
4.1
6.1
4.4
6.1
4.1
5.3
3.6
4.2
3.4
4.3
2,9
4.3
3.8
5.0
3.1
4.8
2.5
2.0
3.2
2.2
2.0
1.4
2.9
1.5
2.7
1.7
2.9
2.5
2.4
2.5
2.4
1.4
3.8
1.2
3.4
1.8
4.1
1.6
2.4
1.6
2.6
1.4
2.7
2.1
3.4
1.6
Accessions: New hires
Manufacturing:
Actual-----------------------------------------Seasonally adjusted_________________
Durable goods.............- ............................ Ordnance and accessories-----------------Lumber and wood products, except
furniture-----------------------------------Furniture and fixtures--------------------Stone, clay, and glass products---------Prim ary metal industries----------------Fabricated metal products---------------Machinery_______________________
Electrical equipment and supplies-----Transportation equipment.....................
Instruments and related products-----Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries___________________________
Nondurable goods......................................
Food and kindred products......... .........
Tobacco manufactures_____________
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and related products................
Paper and allied products----------------Printing, publishing, and allied in
dustries________________________
Chemicals and allied products...........
Petroleum refining and related indus
tr ie s ........... .........................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products________________________
Leather and leather products________
N onmanufaeturing:
Metal mining_____________________
Coal mining.............................................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.8
3.1
1.9
3.3
1.2
3.3
1.8
3.3
2.5
3.3
3.1
3.3
3.2
3.4
2.9
3.5
3.4
3.5
2.8
3.9
2.4
3.7
2.2
3.7
2.0
3.4
2.2
2.2
1.7
1.2
1.7
1.4
1.1
.9
1.6
1.2
2.2
1.5
2.6
1.8
2.6
1.8
2.4
2.2
3.1.
2.9
2.6
2.0
2.3
2.0
2.2
1.9
2.0
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
2.6
2.6
1.5
.8
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.7
2.7
1.3
.9
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.5
.9
.6
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
2.5
2.5
1.3
.7
1.8
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.7
3.6
3.4
1.8
.9
2.6
1.7
2.2
2.4
2.0
4.4
4.3
2.1
1.0
3.0
1.9
2.7
2.9
2.0
4.6
4.8
2.5
1.0
2.9
1.9
2.6
2.1
2.2
4.7
4.2
2.5
.9
2.5
1.9
2.2
2.0
2.2
6.2
3.9
3.3
1.3
3.2
2.7
3.2
2.5
3.3
5.4
4.1
3.1
1.1
2.9
2.2
2.6
2.2
2.1
4.7
3.3
2.8
1.0
2.4
2.1
2.3
2.1
2.0
3.3
3.4
2.2
1.2
2.2
2.1
2.3
1.9
2.0
2.9
3.0
1.6
1.3
2.0
2.0
2.4
1.7
1.8
3.3
2.7
1.8
.9
2.1
1.6
2.0
1.6
1.7
3.4
2.8
2.0
.8
2.1
1.7
2.0
1.7
1.7
2.4
2.6
1.5
2.4
4.3
5.3
5.2
4.2
4.7
4.3
3.7
3.3
3.3
3.6
3.4
1.9
1.9
1.2
1.9
3.1
1.2
2.1
2.1
2.0
1.9
3.2
1.3
1.3
1.7
3.3
1.2
1.5
.9
1.9
2.2
2.3
1.8
2.7
1.2
2.8
4.1
3.1
2.5
3.6
1.8
3.7
6.0
10.5
2.8
3.8
2.2
3.9
6.5
7.8
3.2
4.5
2.2
3.5
5.8
2.5
2.7
4.2
2.1
3.9
6.0
1.6
3.1
4.0
3.2
2.9
3.9
1.3
3.0
3.9
2.0
2.5
2.9
.8
2.6
3.4
1.9
2.3
2.2
.9
2.3
3.3
1.6
2.1
1.9
1.4
2.2
3.3
1.4
2.5
3.4
3.2
2.2
3.1
1.7
2.5
3.5
2.9
2.0
3.2
1.8
1.8
1.1
2.1
1.2
1.3
.7
1.9
1.0
2.5
1.2
3.0
1.5
2.7
1.4
2.6
1.5
3.3
2.6
2.3
1.6
2.1
1.7
2.1
1.8
1.9
1.4
2.1
1.4
2.4
1.4
.5
.7
.4
.6
.9
1.1
1.3
1.2
2.2
1.2
.9
1.0
.7
.9
.8
1.6
2.5
1.6
3.3
1.1
2.1
1.7
2.8
2.5
3.1
3.3
3.2
3.0
3.9
2.3
3.7
3.1
4.1
2.6
3.2
2.1
2. 5
2.0
2.7
1.8
2.7
1.9
2.9
1.7
2.9
1.5
1.0
1.6
.6
1.1
.4
1.2
.6
1.4
.8
1.4
.7
1.3
.7
1.3
.5
2.8
.4
2.0
.5
1.8
.4
1.3
.5
1.0
.5
1.2
.6
1.9
.4
586
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
T able
B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Annual
average
1962
1963
Major Industry group
Feb.2 Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1961
1960
Separations: Total »
Manufacturing:
Actual.......................................................
Slpn.xnnnl.bj adjusted
Durable goods..................... ....................
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
fu rn itu re..............................................
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries......................
Fabricated metal products.....................
Machinery...............................................
Electrical equipment and supplies........
Transportation equipment.....................
Instruments and related products.........
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries.......................................................
Nondurable goods___________________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures............................
Textile mill products..............................
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries___________________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related industries.......................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products............................................ ...........
Leather and leather products.................
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining_________________
Coal mining________________________
3.2
3.7
3.9
5.9
3.8
3.9
4.0
3.9
4.3
3.8
5.0
4.1
5.2
4.8
4.4
4.6
3.8
4.3
3.8
4.1
3.6
3.7
3.6
3.8
3.4
3.9
4.0
4.3
3.1
3.4
3.7
3.2
3.4
2.1
3.6
2.7
3.9
2.7
4.3
3.4
5.4
2.9
4.4
2.2
3.8
2.7
3.6
2.5
3.3
2.5
3.5
2.1
3.2
2.6
3.9
2.3
4.3
2.4
4.9
3.6
3.3
2.1
3.5
2.2
3.3
3.3
2.8
5.0
4.5
4.9
2.6
4.2
2.8
3.6
3.7
2.6
5.5
3.6
5.1
2.5
3.5
2.1
2.8
3.0
2.1
6.2
4.2
4.0
2.9
3.9
2.6
3.1
3.4
2.8
5.6
4.6
4.1
3.5
4.7
2.9
3.4
3.8
3.0
6.7
5.2
4.9
3.8
4.9
3.5
4.0
4.1
3.3
6.8
5.7
4.5
3.6
4.7
3.8
3.9
10.6
3.1
5.7
5.2
3.5
4.1
5.4
3.0
3.3
6.5
2.4
4.7
4.6
3.3
4.4
4.1
3.0
3.2
3.9
2.6
4.7
4.7
3.7
4.5
3.6
2.9
3.1
3.6
2.3
5.0
4.2
3.3
3.2
3.4
2.6
2.9
3.5
2.1
6.1
4.9
3.4
2.3
3.9
2.8
3.4
3.8
2.6
4.8
3.9
3.3
2.0
4.0
2.3
3.1
3.9
2.1
5.5
4.3
3.8
2.8
4.5
3.2
3.2
5.0
2.6
6.1
4.6
4.1
4.0
4.8
3.4
3.5
5.2
2.7
3.8
5.6
12.2
8.2
5.6
5.6
6.1
5.4
5.2
4.8
4.6
5.1
4.0
5.8
5.9
3.2
4.4
10.6
3.1
4.0
2.3
4.3
6.3
7.0
3.9
5.4
2.8
4.3
6.2
10.8
3.4
5.9
2.5
4.5
6.8
16.9
3.7
5.1
2.7
5.0
8.2
10.8
3.8
5.7
2.8
5.8
9.3
5.4
4.5
5.9
4.2
4.8
6.7
2.9
4.5
5.8
3.4
4.3
5.9
2.3
3.9
6.3
2.5
3.8
5.0
2.4
3.4
5.2
2.4
4.1
5.1
2.7
3.6
6.2
2.6
4.0
5.1
5.4
3.6
6.0
2.5
3.6
4.5
9.5
3.6
4.9
2.3
3.6
5.1
5.8
3.3
5.0
2.1
4.2
5.9
5.9
3.4
5.7
2.7
4.4
6.0
5.9
3.7
6.1
2.9
2.3
1.3
2.9
1.7
2.7
1.6
2.9
2.0
3.1
1.8
4.1
3.1
3.5
2.4
2.5
1.9
3.0
2.3
2.9
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.6
1.8
2.3
1.6
2.9
2.0
2.8
2.1
1.4
1.8
2.1
2.2
1.8
2.7
2.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.8
3.6
3.5
5.2
2.8
5.4
3.5
4.5
3.9
5.4
4.5
5.9
4.1
5.9
4.0
5.3
3.2
4.2
3.2
5.2
3.2
5.7
3.4
4.7
3.3
4.3
3.5
5.0
3.9
5.0
2.4
1.7
3.5
2.1
5.6
1.8
3.8
3.2
3.6
2.6
6.0
2.0
4.9
2.3
3.2
5.2
3.2
3.4
2.6
4.5
2.5
2.1
2.3
1.8
1.9
2.1
3.1
2.5
3.8
3.6
Separations: Quits
Manufacturing:
Actual_______ ______ __________ _
Seasonally adjusted_________________
Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products except
furniture________________________
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products..
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products__
Machinery______ ________________
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment.............. ......
Instruments and related products.........
Miscellaneous manufacturing industrie s ..................... ...............................
Nondurable goods____ _
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures
Textile mill products..............................
Apparel and related products
Paper and allied products................. .
Printing, publishing, and allied industries............. ..........................................
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum refining and related industries.......................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products..... .... .. . .
Leather and leather p roducts...............
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining.............. ........................ .
Coal mining________________________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.0
1.4
1.1
1.4
0.8
1.2
1.1
l.S
1.5
1.4
2.4
1.4
2.1
1.5
1.4
l.S
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.3
l.S
1.2
1.5
1.1
1.5
1.2
1.3
.9
.8
.9
.9
.7
.6
.9
.8
1.2
1.0
2.0
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.5
.6
.4
.9
.8
1.1
.6
.9
1.7
1.7
.8
.4
.9
.8
1.0
.7
1.1
1.3
1.1
.6
.3
.6
.6
.8
.5
.8
1.9
1.6
.8
.4
.9
.8
1.1
.7
1.1
2.6
2.1
1.2
.5
1.3
.9
1.3
1.0
1.4
4.2
3.0
2.0
.9
2.2
1.5
2.2
1.6
1.9
3.7
3.1
1.9
.9
1.9
1.4
1.9
1.4
1.6
2.6
2.2
1.2
.6
1.2
.9
1.3
.9
1.2
2.5
2.1
1.2
.6
1.4
1.1
1.5
1.0
1.3
2.6
2.5
1.3
.6
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.0
1.2
2.6
2.2
1.1
.6
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.8
2.0
1.0
.6
1.1
1.0
1.3
.8
1.2
1.4
1.7
.8
.5
.9
.8
1.1
.7
.9
1.9
1.5
1.0
.5
1.0
.8
1.1
.8
1.0
2.3
1.7
1.1
.6
1.1
.9
1.2
.9
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.6
2.2
3.0
3.0
1.9
2.2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.8
1.9
1.2
1.2
.7
1.4
1.8
.7
1.3
1.3
.9
1.6
2.0
.8
1.0
1.1
.6
1.1
1.4
.6
1.3
1.3
.8
1.6
1.9
.8
1.8
2.1
.9
2.0
2.4
1.1
2.9
4.0
2.1
2.6
3.1
2.5
2.5
2.9
1.4
2.8
3.2
1.8
1.7
1.9
.8
2.1
2.6
1.0
1.7
1.8
.6
2.0
2.4
1.1
1.7
1.8
.6
2.1
2.5
1.1
1.5
1.4
.6
2.0
2.2
1.0
1.4
1.3
.8
1.8
2.1
.9
1.2
1.2
.6
1.6
1.9
.7
1.4
1.6
.9
1.6
2.0
1.0
1.6
1.7
1.0
1.6
2.3
1.2
1.1
.5
1.2
.6
.9
.5
1.3
.5
1.5
.7
2.5
1.8
2.1
1.2
1.4
.6
1.7
.8
1.5
.8
1.3
.8
1.3
.7
1.2
.6
1.4
.7
1.5
.8
.4
.4
.4
.6
.7
1.4
1.2
.6
.7
.6
.5
.5
.4
.5
.5
.9
1.5
1.0
2.0
.8
1.5
1.0
1.9
1.5
2.5
2.2
3.1
1.9
3.3
1.3
2.4
1.5
2.4
1.5
2.4
1.3
2.3
1.3
2.2
1.1
1.9
1.1
2.1
1.1
2.2
1.2
.3
1.2
.3
.8
.3
.9
.3
1.1
.4
2.2
.5
1.8
.6
1.3
.4
1.1
.3
1.2
.3
1.4
.3
.9
.3
.9
.3
1.0
.4
1.5
.3
587
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
T able
B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Annual
average
1962
1963
Major industry group
Feb.s
Jan,
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1961
1960
Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing:
Actual------------ ---------------------------- Seasonally adjusted--------------------------
2.3
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.9
2.4
2.6
1.6
A0
2.2
g.O
2.2
A4
1.7
1.8
2.0
1.3
1.8
1.1
1.6
1.1
2.8
1.0
2.4
.5
1.7
.7
1.6
1.0
1.4
.8
1.6
.6
1.6
1.0
2.2
.7
2.6
.9
3.5
2.0
2.7
2.0
2.4
1.2
1.3
1.9
LI
2.1
1.6
2.2
2.4
2.7
1.3
1.3
1.9
.9
1.6
1.4
2.1
2.3
2.0
1.3
1.0
1.8
.7
2.2
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.0
1.5
1.2
8.3
.8
2.2
2.2
1.7
2.8
3.4
1.4
1.3
4.4
.7
1.3
1.8
1.4
3.1
1.9
1.3
.9
2.0
.7
1.3
1.3
1.7
3.2
1.5
1.1
.9
1.7
.5
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.6
.9
.9
1.7
.5
3.6
2.2
1.8
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.3
2.0
.7
2.7
1.6
1.9
.8
2.3
.8
1.1
2.3
.7
2.8
2.1
2.2
1.7
2.9
1.7
1.4
3.5
.9
3.1
2.1
2.4
3.0
3.1
1.9
1.6
3.6
1.0
2.4
1.7
2.0
2.4
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.4
1.7
3.2
3.2
2.6
5.4
9.3
1.2
2.5
1.2
2.2
4.5
2.5
1.2
2.2
1.2
1.6
3.1
1.0
1.0
1.7
.9
1.9
3.2
1.1
1.2
2.9
.9
1.4
2.4
1.3
.8
2.1
.7
1.7
2.7
1.6
.9
2.9
.8
1.9
3.1
4.5
1.0
3.2
.8
1.6
2.6
8.3
1.2
2.1
.8
1.8
3.2
4.7
1.2
2.4
.9
2.2
3.7
4.6
1.3
3.1
1.1
2.2
3.6
4. 5
1.5
3.2
1.2
1.1
.8
.9
.7
.7
.8
.8
1.0
.9
1.2
.8
.7
.9
.6
.7
.7
1.0
.9
.9
.9
2.2
2.2
«.0
2.5
A0
2.3
1.8
Durable goods---------------------------------Ordnance and accessories-----------------Lumber and wood products, except
furniture-----------------------------------Furniture and fixtures...........................
Stone, clay, and glass products..............
Primary metal industries-----------------Fabricated metal pro d u cts...................
Machinery________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies........
Transportation equipment---------------Instruments and related products------Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries------- ----------------------------------
1.6
2.0
2.0
1.7
2.2
1.1
2
1
2
1
2
9
5
1
1
0
9
16
1 8
1.2
2. 6
2 1
3. 4
1 4
2. 5
13
1 8
2.1
.9
3.6
1.9
4 0
1.7
2.3
.9
1.4
1.8
.8
1.9
3.6
10.6
5.8
Nondurable goods----------------------------Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures-------- ------ -----Textile mill products.............................
Apparel and related products-----------Paper and allied products----------------Printing, publishing and allied indus
tries.................................... ..................
Chemicals and allied products...... ........
Petroleum refining and related indus-
1 6
2 7
9. 4
1 2
1 6
1.2
2 4
4 4
5.6
1. 6
2. 6
1.5
2.8
4.7
9.8
1.9
4.0
1.3
2.7
5.0
15.7
1.6
2.6
1.3
.7
.5
1. 2
.7
1.3
.8
1.2
1.1
1.1
.8
1.6
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
.6
.7
.6
.5
.3
.5
.5
.7
.8
.6
.6
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products________________________
Leather and leather products........ .......
13
1.5
18
2.5
1.6
3.4
1.9
2.0
1.6
2.3
1.5
2.0
1.4
1.6
1.9
1.9
1.0
.9
1.1
2.1
1.2
2.6
1.4
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.7
2.3
2.2
2.1
N onmanufacturing:
M etal mining..............................................
Coalmining------- -----------------------------
7
.9
14
4.2
2.3
1.8
1.7
3.0
2.4
1.4
1.2
4.2
1.4
2.6
.7
3.7
.4
1.0
.6
.9
.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.5
2.9
1.1
2.2
i Beginning with the December 1961 issue, figures differ from those pre
viously published. The industry structure has been converted to the 1957
Standard Industrial Classification, and the printing and publishing industry
and some seasonal manufacturing industries previously excluded are now
^ D etain elude Alaska and Hawaii beginning in January 1959; this inclusion
has not significantly affected the labor turnover rates.
Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and non
manufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not com
parable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the
following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes during the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.0
calendar month, while the employment series measures changes from mid
month to midmonth; and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel changes
caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence of such
stoppages.
* Preliminary.
.
, ,„ ,
. ,
>Beginning with January 1959, transfers between establishments of the
same firm are included in total accessions and total separations; therefore,
rates for these items are not strictly comparable with prior data. Transfers
comprise part of “ other accessions” and “ other separations,” the rates for
which are not shown separately.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
588
C.—Earnings and Hours
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
Feb.2 Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
M in in g ..___ _______________________ $112.75 $112.34 $112.07 $110.43 $111. 78 $112. 88 $111.90 $110.02 $111.10 $109. 61 $110.70 $110.84 $110.30 $107.18 $105.44
Metal mining............ ....................... ...... 117.83 116.16 116. 57 116.44 116.16 118.12 116. 00 116.88 118.86 119.28 118. 01 118.29 117. 59 113.44 111.19
Iron ores________________ _____ 116.42 118.95 115.36 119. 56 117.87 122. 61 119. 87 124.43 127. 51 126.28 125. 86 122.28 122. 80 115. 80 114.73
Copper ores___________________ 122.27 121.12 121.41 120.13 119.14 120.98 117.99 117. 46 121.24 120.40 119.84 124. 52 122.24 119.03 116. 77
Coal mining____________________ . 123.09 121.29 119. 57 111.24 114.39 113. 62 113.15 102.30 115. 69 108.15 116.12 117. 69 116.94 111.34 110.76
Bituminous___________________ 124.19 121. 76 120.71 111. 65 115.13 114. 39 114.25 103.60 117.06 109.47 117. 50 118. 76 118.63 112.73 112.77
Crude petroleum and natural gas.......... 110.09 110.51 112.04 109.30 109.20 110.99 109.56 110.83 107.74 108.52 109.20 108. 52 108. 52 105.75 103.32
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields__________________ _____ 117.33 120.38 118.28 114.37 113.00 118.69 113.98 118.14 112. 72 112.31 114.37 112. 84 113.24 113.15 108.54
Oil and gas field services________ 103.39 100. 67 105.71 104.40 105.90 103.82 104. 84 103. 82 102.67 105. 03 104.35 104. 84 104.16 98. 67 98.31
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___
99. 01 100.14
98.66 107.21 110.86 113. 24 113.01 110.66 107. 62 107.38 102.93
120. 88
113.34
117.61
115.02
121.13
127.45
126. 82
117.12
127. 20
126. 58
128. 86
133.16
128.21
117.81
129. 38
128. 62
129. 68
134.23
127.26
116.92
130. 50
129. 65
131. 04
132.38
89. 72
97.44
80.36
123.44
114.14
124.07
120. 70
128. 86
129.46
120. 01
112.10
116.33
110.09
124. 09
126.34
118.05
109. 55
114.36
105.76
122.80
123.90
113.37
106.30
109.16
99.41
117.95
119.37
96.58
97.20 97.44 98.42 97.36 96.72 97.68 95. 75 96.80 97.27 96.80 96. 56 95.91 95.20 92.34
Manufacturing_______________________
Durable goods______________ . . . 106.23 105.82 107. 53 106.19 105.37 105.88 103. 89 104. 45 105.47 105.22 105.22 104.45 103. 53 100.10
Nondurable goods______________ 86.02 86.24 86.94 86. 72 85.72 86.80 86.18 86.80 87.02 86.37 85.54 85.32 84.28 82.92
125. 57
115.92
127.67
126.44
128. 54
131. 65
121.45
111.91
122.13
119.13
126.48
127.72
96.33 100.09
112.67
103.72
114. 77
110. 00
119. 6C
118.11
120.01
111.11
113.54
107.16
120.05
128.13
117.97
108. 55
109.20
104.24
115. 63
127.41
99. 64
117. 71
108. 83
118. 48
113.40
125.11
123. 08
Contract construction...................................
General building contractors_________
Heavy construction...____ _________
Highway and street construction...
Other heavy construction________
Special trade contractors____________
117.63
109.53
108.49
99.44
116. 87
125.24
Average weekly hours
Mining_______________ ________ _____
Metal mining..... .....................................
Iron ores____________ _________
Copper ores___________________
41.0
41.2
37.8
42.9
41.0
40.9
39.0
42.8
40.9
40.9
37.7
42.9
40.9
41.0
39.2
42.6
41.4
40.9
38.9
42.1
41.5
41.3
40.2
42.3
41.6
40.7
39.3
41.4
40.9
41.3
40.4
41.8
41.3
42.0
41.4
43.3
40.9
42.0
41.0
43.0
41.0
41.7
40.6
42.8
40.9
41.8
39.7
44.0
40.7
41.7
40.0
43.5
40. G
41.4
38.6
43.6
40.4
41.8
39.7
44.4
Coal mining______________________
Bituminous______________ _____
39.2
39.3
39.0
38.9
38.2
38.2
36.0
35.9
36.9
36.9
36.3
36.2
36.5
36.5 ...........
37.2
37.4
35.0
35.2
37.1
37.3
37.6
37.7
37.6
37.9
35.8
35.9
35.5
35.8
Crude petroleum and natural gas........ .
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields. ..........................................
Oil and gas field services..............
41.7
41.7
42.6
42.2
42.0
42.2
42.3
42.3
41.6
41.9
42.0
41.9
41.9
41.8
42.0
40.6
42.9
41.8
41.6
41.5
43.5
40.7
43.5
40.5
43.4
41.5
42.9
41.0
43.5
41.6
42.9
40.4
42.6
40.4
43.4
40.7
43.3
40.3
43.5
40.3
43. 4
40.7
42.9
40.5
43.5
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___
41.6
41.9
40.6
44.3
46.0
46.6
46.7
46.3
45.6
45.5
43.8
42.4
41.7
43.9
43.7
Contract construction__________________
General building contractors_________
Heavy construction_______________
Highway and street construction...
Other heavy construction________
Special trade contractors....................
34.7
33.7
36.9
35.9
37.7
34.5
35.4
34.4
38.1
37.6
38.6
35.2
34.8
33.4
36.4
35.7
37.3
35.1
36.3
35.2
39.6
39.8
39.2
35.6
38.2
36.6
42.4
43.2
41.3
37.3
38.5
36.7
42.7
43.6
41.3
37.6
38.8
37.0
43.5
44.4
42. C
37.5
38.4
36.8
42.7
43.6
41.2
37.4
37.6
36.1
41.4
41.8
40.8
36.7
38.1
36.7
42.2
42.8
41.3
37.2
36.7
35.7
39.3
38.9
39.9
36.2
36.1
35.0
39.3
38.6
40. C
35.5
35.1
34.4
38.3
37.8
38.8
34.4
36.9
35.8
40.3
40.5
40.1
36.2
36.7
35. *
40.7
41.2
40. (
35.9
Manufacturing........ ......................................
Durable goods.................................
Nondurable goods........ ............. ......
40.0
40.7
39.1
40.1
40.7
39.2
40.5
41.2
39.7
40.4
41. C
39.6
40.3
41.0
39.5
40.7
41.2
40.0
40.4
40.9
39.9
40.5
40.8
40.0
40.7
41.2
40.1
40.5
41.1
39.8
40.4
41.1
39.6
40.3
40.8
39.5
40.0
40.6
39.2
39.8
40.2
39.3
39.7
40.]
39.2
$2.69
2. 8c
3.08
2.80
$2.68
2.84
3.08
2.80
$2.70
2. 81
3. It
2. 80
$2. 71
2. 8i
3.08
2.83
$2. 71
2.82
3. 07
2. 81
$2.64
2.
3.0(
2. 73
$2.61
2.6
2. 8C
2.6:
3.11
3.13
3. 09
3.11
3.13
3.15
3.13
3.15
3.11
3.13
3.11
3.14
3.12
3.1,
Average hourly earnings
Mining_________________ ____________
Metal mining_____________________
Iron ores___________________ . . .
Copper ores___________________
$2.75
2. 86
3.08
2.85
$2.74
2.84
3. 05
2.83
$2.74
2. 85
3.06
2.83
$2. 70
2. 8'
3.05
2.82
$2. 70
2. 8^
3.03
2.83
$2. 72
2. 86
3.05
2.86
$2, 69
2.85
3. 05
2. 85
Coal mining..................... ........ ..............
Bituminous____ ______________
3.14
3.16
3.11
3.13
3.13
3.16
3.09
3.11
3.10
3.12
3.13
3.19
3.10
3.13
Crude petroleum and natural gas____
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields_______________________
Oil and gas field services
2. 64
2.65
2.63
2. 59
2.6C
2.63
2. 59
2. 62
2. 59
2.59
2. 60
2. 59
2. 59
2. 53
2.4(
2.8S
2.4:
2. 88
2.42
2.85
2.4i
2.8:
2.4C
2.79
2. 4'
2. 89
2.41
2. 78
2. 4:
2. 8'
2.42
2. 7!
2. 4:
2. 78
2.42
2. 81
2.4]
2. 8(
2.41
2.8]
2. 4C
2.78
2.3C
2.6i
2.2
$2. 69
2. 82
3.08
2.81
Quarrying and nonmetallic m ining...
2.38
2.39
2.43
2.42
2.41
2.43
2.42
2.3S
2.36
2.36
2.35
2.35
2.31
2.28
2.2
Contract construction_________________
General building contractors________
Heavv construction_______________
Highway and street construction..
Other heavy construction
Special trade contractors___________
3.3!
3.2
2.94
2. 7"
3.11
3. 61
3. 39
3. 2:
2.98
2.8,
3.1
3.6c
3.39
3.25
3. or
2.92
3.1C
3.63
3.33
3.22
2.9"
2.89
3. 09
3.58
3.32
3. 29
3.0C
2.99
3.12
3. 5'
3.33
3. 21
3.03
2. Ot
3.13.5"
3.28
3. If
3.09
2.95
3.12
3. 52
3. 21
3. If
2.9?
2.99
3.12
3. 52
3.23
3.19
2.9£
2. 8£
3.19
3.45
3.24
3.11
2.94
2. 89
3.12
3.48
3.27
3.14
2.96
2. 83
3.1:
3.49
3.27
3.13
2.91
2. 74
3.07
3. 49
3.23
3. 09
2. 85
2. 66
3. 0‘
3. 47
3.19
3. Of
2.94
2.8C
3. 12.
3. 4C
3.0'
2.9,
2.8
2.6
2.9
3.2!
Manufacturing______________ _____ __
Durable goods________________
Nondurable goods........... ...............
2.41
2.61
2.2C
2.41
2. 6(
2.2(
2.4C
2.61
2. It
2.4]
2. 59
2.19
2. 49
2.5'
2.1'
2. 49
2. 5'
2.1"
2.3"
2. 51
2. If
2.39
2. 59
2.1"
2.39
2.59
2.1"
2.39
2. 59
2.1"
2.39
2. 56
2.16
2.38
2. 56
2.16
2. 38
2. 55
2. If
2. 39
2.49
2.11
2.2
2.4
2.0
See footnotes at end of table,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
589
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
Feb. 2 Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Aug.
Sept.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
D u r a b l e g o o d s—
1
Continued
Ordnance and accessories....................... $120. 64 $120. 64 $120.96 $118. 69 $117.01 $117.01 $115. 34 $115.18 $116.88 $117.16 $118.43 $117.31 $116. 47 $113.42
Ammunition except for small
arms............ .................................. 119.02 119.02 120. 06 118.37 116. 69 117.3É 116.0( 114.97 116.00 116.72 117. 26 116. 28 116.16 115.49
Sighting and fire control equipment___ ___________________ 128.85 128.35 131. 24 128.87 125.5? 125.4C 122. 78 122.36 126.48 126. 60 129. 60 129.3c 124. 09 117. 27
Other ordnance and accessories....... 117.59 117. 74 116.06 113.44 111. 79 112.06 110. 70 110. 70 112.19 111.65 112.88 111.37 111.76 108.39
$108.67
110. 29
113.16
103.17
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_____ ____ ______________
Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork, plywood, and related
products____________________
Wooden containers..........................
Miscellaneous wood products..........
76.83
70.43
76.83
70. 77
78.01
71.02
79.0C 79.60
72.31 72.98
82. 01
75.30
81.80
74. 48
80.40
73. 75
80.40
73.60
79. 59
73.12
77.82
70.59
75.08
68. 92
76.24
69. 06
77. 03
68. 99
73.71
67.20
86.48
65.40
72. 50
86.48
64.02
73.08
87.53
64.12
72.80
86. 9C 86.48
65. 76 67.06
73. 71 73. 44
88. 81
68.21
74. 62
88. 82
68. 30
73.49
87.12
68. 71
72.00
87. 56
67.89
73. 49
88.81
67. 73
72.85
87.13
66. 90
72.62
85. 88
65. 44
71.91
84.02
64.94
70.40
84.03
63.12
69.77
81.19
62.17
69.32
Furniture and fixtures______________
Household furniture____________
Office furniture...................... ..........
Partitions, office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures______
78.79 78. 60
75.14 74.19
91.88 94.07
99.43 101.85
81.39 80. 99
81.58 80.16 81.34 81.54 80.54 78.18 79. 95 78.38 78.76 78. 76 77. 59 76. 21
78.02 76.63 77.38 77.15 75. 99 73.38 74.85 73. 75 74.30 74.30 73.16 71.46
95.40 91. 77 91.39 92. 57 92.34 92. 52 93. 61 92.80 92. 57 92.84 91.98 90. 54
99.04 100. 65 107. 01 107. 87 108.38 105.16 106. 01 104.17 100.85 101. 75 101. 34 100. 53
82.21 81.20 81.61 82.41 81.79 80.39 83.43 81. 20 81.00 80. 39 80.39 80.20
75.20
70.45
90.42
96. 72
78.78
Average weekly hours
Ordnance and accessories____ _______
Ammunition except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equipment____ ___________________
Other ordnance and accessories.......
Lumber and wood products except
furniture___ _______ ___________
Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork, plywood, and related
products.____ _______________
Wooden containers_______ _____
Miscellaneous wood products.........
Furniture and fixtures______________
Household furniture____________
Office furniture__________ _____
Partitions, office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures______
41.6
40.9
41.6
40.9
42.0
41.4
41.5
41.1
41.2
40.8
41.2
40.9
40.9
40.7
40.7
40.2
41.3
40.7
41.4
41.1
41.7
41.0
41.6
40.8
41.3
40.9
40.8
41.1
40.7
41.0
42.8
41.7
42.5
41.9
43.6
41.6
43.1
41.1
42.0
41.1
41.8
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.2
41.0
42.3
41.4
42.2
41.2
43.2
41.5
43.4
41.4
41.5
41.7
40.3
40.9
41.0
40.3
39.2
38.7
39.2
39.1
39.2
38.6
39.5
39.3
40.0
40.1
40.8
40.7
40.9
40.7
40.4
40.3
40.4
40.0
40.4
40.4
39.5
39.0
38.9
38.5
39.3
38.8
39.5
39.2
39.0
39.3
40.6
39.4
40.5
40.6
38.8
40.6
40.9
39.1
40.0
40.8
40.1
40.5
40.6
40.4
40.8
41.5
40.6
41.0
41.7
40.9
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.0
41.3
40.9
40.6
41.5
40.8
40.7
41.1
40.3
40.8
40.7
39.9
40.4
40.2
39.6
40.0
40.4
39.7
40.1
39.8
39.6
40.3
40.2
40.4
40.3
39.3
39.7
40.1
40.1
40.9
40.1
39.7
41.2
41.5
41.3
39.3
40.3
40.9
41.2
39.9
40.1
40.2
41.5
41.6
40.8
41.8
40.4
41.6
41.7
40.6
42.3
41.0
41.3
41.3
40.5
42.5
41.1
40.3
40.1
40.4
41.4
40.6
41.0
40.9
40.7
41.9
41.3
40.4
40.3
40.7
41.5
40.2
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.5
40.1
40.6
40.6
40.9
40.7
39.6
40.2
40.2
40.7
40.7
39.6
39.9
39.7
40.6
40.7
40.3
40.0
39.8
41.1
40.3
40.4
Average hourly earnings
Ordnance and accessories______ ____ _
Ammunition except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equipment__________ _______ _____
Other ordnance and accessories___
$2.90
2.91
$2.90
2.91
$2.88
2.90
$2.86
2.88
$2.84
2.86
$2.84
2. 87
$2. 82
2.85
$2.83
2. 86
$2.83
2.85
$2.83
2.84
$2.84
2.86
$2.82
2.85
$2.82
2.84
$2.78
2.81
$2.67
2.69
3.01
2.82
3.02
2.81
3.01
2. 79
2.99
2. 76
2.99
2. 72
3.00
2.72
2.98
2. 70
2. 97
2. 70
2.99
2. 71
3.00
2.71
3.00
2.72
2.98
2. 69
2.99
2.68
2. 91
2.65
2.76
2.56
Lumber and wood products except
furniture________________________
Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork, plywood, and related
products................................. ......
Wooden containers_____________
Miscellaneous wood products____
1.96
1.82
1.96
1.81
1.99
1.84
2. 00
1. 84
1.99
1.82
2.01
1.85
2.00
1.83
1.99
1.82
1.99
1.84
1.97
1.81
1.97
1.81
1.93
1. 79
1.94
1.78
1.95
1.76
1.89
1.71
2.13
1.66
1.79
2.13
1.65
1.80
2.14
1.64
1.82
2.13
1.64
1.82
2.13
1.66
1.80
2.14
1.08
1.82
2.13
1.67
1.81
2.13
1.68
1.80
2.12
1.66
1.81
2.14
1.66
1.79
2.12
1.66
1.78
2.11
1.64
1. 78
2.09
1.64
1.76
2. 08
1. 59
1.74
2.04
1.57
1.72
Furniture and fixtures______________
Household furniture____________
Office furniture...... ..........................
Partitions, office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures______
1.96
1.86
2.28
2.53
2.05
1.96
1.85
2.30
2. 54
2.04
1.98
1.88
2.31
2.52
2.04
1.96
1.86
2. 30
2.51
2.02
1.96
1.86
2. 24
2. 56
1.96
1.85
2. 28
2. 55
2.01
1.95
1.84
2.28
2. 55
1.99
1.94
1.83
2.29
2. 54
1.98
1.95
1.83
2.30
2.53
2.02
1.94
1.83
2.28
2.51
2.02
1.94
1.83
2.28
2. 49
2. 02
1.94
1.83
2.27
2.50
2. 03
1.93
1.82
2. 26
2. 49
2.03
1.91
1.80
2.23
2. 47
1.99
1.88
1.77
2.20
2.40
1.95
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le .
G S 3354— 6 3 -------9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 .0 2
590
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1962
1963
Annual
average
Industry
Feb.3
Jan.
Deo.
Nov.
Oct.
Aug.
Sept.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products............
F lat glass..........................................
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown__________
_______ _
Cement, hydraulic............ ..............
Structural clay products.................
Pottery and related products........
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products____________________
Other stone and mineral products...
Primary metal industries.......................
Blast furnace and basic steel
products................................ ...
Iron and steel foundries_____ ____
Nonferrous smelting and refining...
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding___________________
Nonferrous foundries________ ____
Miscellaneous primary metal industries..................................... .
$97.36 $97.11 $97.84 $100.28 $100.85 $101.50 $101.57 $100. 67 $100.43 $99.60 $98.16 $95. 68 $94.33 $95.24 $92.97
130.37 129.26 130. 42 133.06 127. 59 126.94 125.78 126.81 127.92 125.02 120.01 123.00 122.06 122. 68 127.35
100. 65 100.15 99.14 99.14 98. 49 97. 76 98.09 98.00 100. 37 99.06
111.63 112.16 111.50 115.21 114.26 116. 62 115. 93 117. 60 114.12 113. 85
84. 77 85.41 85.81 86.90 87.56 87. 34 87. 97 87. 54 88.17 88.60
88.92 88.08 89.67 90.45 90.68 89. 82 87.64 87.69 86. 85 85. 58
93.77
99.14
94.40
98.15
95.60 102.96 105. 36 108.14 108. 66 105. 67 104. 28 103. 60
99.14 99.88 99. 55 99.80 100.12 100.60 99.87 99.29
98. 98
110. 02
87. 54
85.80
99. 64
99 05
97. 93 97. 53 95. 44 91.94
107. 46 105. 60 106. 52 102. 87
85. 65 84.59 84.45 82. 21
84.85 85. 46 82.30 81.37
93.61
97. 20
89. 72
97.44
97.10
96.05
93.04
93.79
121.91 120.80 120.39 117. 91 116.92 118.80 116.23 116. 62 119.10 118. 50 123.11 123. 41 122.81 114.95 109.69
129.89 128.44 126. 68 123.39 122.42 125.00 122. 68 121. 77 123. 71 124. 68 132. 84 133. 90 133. 90 122. 92 116.13
110. 83 108. 54 109.88 107. 73 106.52 107.45 103.34 106. 90 109. 41 106.90 106. 37 105.85 104. 40 98.81 96.61
115.49 116.20 117.04 116.47 114.52 116.47 116.03 114. 80 116.05 113. 85 113.02 112. 48 112. 48 109.48 108.09
115.64 116.47 118.00 116. 62 115.09 116.05 113.98 115.35 118. 80 115.90 117.85 116.18 114.11 111.76 105.01
105.22 105.88 105.73 103. 79 103. 94 103.12 101.30 101.25 104.42 103. 73 104.33 103.82 104.08 100.35 97.51
127.41 130.09 128.94 125.14 123.60 126.12 123.49
121.88 124.38
123.19 123. 79 125.82 123. 60 116.98 112.92
Average weekly hours
Stone, clay, and glass products..............
Flat glass_____ _______ ________
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown........ ......................... ..........
Cement, hydraulic__ _____ _____
Structural clay products_________
Pottery and related products........
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products____________________
Other stone and mineral products...
Primary metal Industries..................... .
Blast furnace and basic steel
products______________
Iron and steel foundries_________
Nonferrous smelting and refining..
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding_____ ________ _____
Nonferrous foundries____________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries...................... ...................
39.9
38.8
39.8
38.7
40.1
38.7
41.1
39.6
41.5
38.9
41.6
38.7
41.8
38.7
41.6
38.9
41.5
39.0
41.5
38.0
40.9
36.7
40.2
37.5
39.8
37.1
40.7
38.7
40.6
40.3
40.1
40.3
39.8
39.0
39.9
40.2
40.1
38.8
40.3
40.4
40.1
39.5
40.3
41.0
40.8
40.2
40.2
41.1
41.3
40.3
39.9
41.5
41.2
40.1
40.2
41.7
41.3
39.3
40.0
42.0
41.1
38.8
40.8
41.2
41.2
38.6
40.6
41.4
41.4
38.9
40.4
40.9
41.1
39.0
40.3
40.4
40.4
39.1
40.3
39.7
39.9
39.2
40.1
40.5
40.6
38.1
39.8
40.5
40.3
38.2
39.9
40.3
40.0
39.9
40.0
40.3
42.9
40.6
43.9
40.8
44.5
40.9
44.9
41.2
44.4
41.4
44.0
41.1
43.9
41.2
42.4
41.1
40.7
40.5
39.7
40.6
42.4
40.7
42.1
40.6
40.5
40.4
40.4
39.7
39.5
40.0
39.4
39.4
40.1
39.9
40.9
41.0
40.8
39.5
39.0
39.6
41.2
41.1
39.4
40.5
41.5
39.1
41.0
41.8
38.2
40.5
41.3
37.9
40.5
40.9
38.7
40.7
41.3
38.1
39.9
41.0
37.7
40.8
41.0
38.3
41.6
41.3
38.6
40.8
41.1
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.7
40.4
40.9
40.7
40.0
40.9
38.9
38.9
40.7
38.2
38.8
41.1
41.9
41.1
42.2
41.2
42.6
41.3
42.1
40.7
41.7
40.6
42.2
40.6
41.6
40.2
42.1
40.5
43.2
41.6
42.3
41.0
42.7
41.4
42.4
41.2
41.8
41.3
41.7
40.3
40.7
39.8
41.5
42.1
42.0
41.3
41.2
41.9
41.3
40.9
41.6
41.2
41.4
41.8
41.2
40.2
39.9
Average hourly earnings
Stone, clay, and glass products..............
F lat glass....... ........ ............ .............
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown___________________
Cement, hydraulic..........................
Structural clay products................
Pottery and related products..........
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products...............................
Other stone and mineral products...
$2.44
3.36
$2.44
3.34
$2.44
3.37
$2.44
3.36
$2.43
3.28
$2. 44
3.28
$2.43
3.25
$2. 42
3.26
$2.42
3.28
$2.40
3.29
$2.40
3.27
$2. 38
3.28
$2.37
3. 29
$2. 34
3.17
$2.29
3.16
2.51
2.77
2.13
2.28
2. 51
2.79
2.13
2.27
2. 46
2. 76
2.14
2.27
2. 46
2.81
2.13
2.25
2.45
2.78
2.12 2.12
2. 45
2.81
2.46
2. 77
2.14
2.25
2. 44
2. 75
2.14
2.45
2.69
2.13
2. 42
2. 66
2. 24
2. 45
2.80
2.13
2. 26
2.43
2. 66
2.25
2. 44
2.78
2.13
2.23
2.20 2.20
2.12 2.12
2.17
2.18
2.38
2. 63
2.08
2.16
2.31
2.54
2.04
2.13
2.35
2. 46
2.36
2.46
2. 39
2. 46
2. 40
2.46
2. 40
2.44
2.43
2. 44
2.42
2.43
2.38
2.43
2.37
2.43
2.36
2.41
2.35
2.41
2. 30
2.40
2.26
2.40
2.29
2.36
2.21
Primary metal industries______
Blast furnace and basic steel
products.......................................
Iron and steel foundries...................
Nonferrous smelting and refining..
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding_________ ____
Nonferrous foundries____________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries_____________________
3.01
2.99
2.98
2.97
2.96
2.97
2.95
2.96
2.97
2.97
3.01
3.01
3.01
2.91
2.81
3.28
2. 69
2.81
3.26
2. 68
2.80
3.24
2.23
2.80
2.68 2.66
2. 82
3. 23
2. 63
2.80
3.23
2. 64
2.82
3.22
2.59
2.83
3.23
2.62
2.80
3.23
2.63
2.81
3.23
2. 62
2.77
3.28
2.62
2.77
3.29
2.62
2.75
3.29
2.61
2.75
3.16
2. 54
2.69
3.04
2.49
2.63
2.76
2.56
2. 76
2. 57
2.77
2. 56
2.77
2.55
2. 76
2. 56
2.75
2. 54
2. 74
2.52
2.74
2.60
2. 75
2.51
2.74
2.53
2. 76
2.52
2.74
2.52
2.73
2.52
2.68
2.49
2.58
2.45
3.07
3.09
3.07
3.03
3.00
3.01
2.99
2.98
2.99
2.99
2.99
3.01
3.00
2.91
2.83
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.31
591
O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Industry
Feb.2
Annual
average
1962
1963
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Aug.
Sept.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products__________
Metal cans.......... .............................
Cutlery, bandtools, and general
hardware........................................
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures_____________________
Fabricated structural metal prod
ucts.................................................
Screw machine products, bolts, etc
Coating, engraving, and allied
services_____________________
Miscellaneous fabricated wire prod
ucts............... ............................... .
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products..................... ...................
Machinery______ ___________
Engines and turbines......................
Farm machinery and equipment...
Construction and related machinery.
Metalworking machinery and
S p e c ia l in d u s tr y m a c h in e r y _______
G e n e ra l in d u str ia l m a c h in e r y _____
O ffice, c o m p u tin g a n d a c c o u n tin g
m a c h in e s _________________________
S e r v ic e in d u s t r y m a c h in e s _________
M is c e lla n e o u s m a c h i n e r y ..________
Fabricated metal products_____
Metal cans____________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware____________________
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures..........................................
Fabricated structural metal prod
ucts.................................................
Metal stampings................... ...........
Coating, engraving, and allied
services_____________________
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products____________________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
p ro d u c ts ________________________
Machinery__________________
Engines and turbines___________
Farm machinery and equipm ent..
Construction and related machinery.
Metalworking machinery and
Special industrial machinery_____
General industrial machinery____
Office, computing, and accounting
Service industry m achines...
Miscellaneous machinery._______
Fabricated metal products__________
Metal cans____________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware____________________
Heating equipment and plumbing
$105.01 $105. 78 $106.30 $105. 63 $105. 73 $106.66 $105.32 $104.30 $106.75 $105. 73 $104.39 $103.48 $102. 72 $100.85 $98.82
121.29 122.29 122.48 119.99 123.26 133.11 131.50 133.15 131.67 127.02 125.28 122.54 121.95 121.80 114.68
101.34 102. 84 103.50 103.34 101.27 100.37
98.70
98.80
98.21
96.88
98.80 100.94 101.34 100.69
97.53 101.43 100.70
98.09
96.08
95. 76
93.93
93.03
97.27
96.14
96.62
95.26
94. 56
91.20
98.65 100.78
104.00 103.86 105.04 104. 75 106.19 107.38 107.49 105. 37 106.40 105.37 105.01 103.31 102. 66 102. 47 99.47
107.44 108.46 108.89 106.09 104. 75 107.60 105.00 104. 75 105.58 105.33 105.65 106.32 106. 25 98.90 96.58
112. 74 113.01 113.40 113.13 112. 56 112.56 111. 45 109.21 111.72 113.25 110. 92 110.24 108. 36 105.01 107.74
91.53
92.39
93.98
92.70
93.79
92.55
90.94
91.62
95. 57
94.02
95.49
93.94
92.57
90.32
86.43
97.34
98.06
97.70
96.17
96.64
97.29
96.64
95.94
98.65
97.53
97.11
97.53
96. 82
94.48
90.50
103.57
114.40
123.00
113. 30
113.44
104.49
113.98
120.58
112.07
112. 75
105.41
114. 26
121.99
110.84
112. 48
104.75
112.75
120.80
108.94
111. 66
105.41
112.61
120.80
108. 81
112. 75
105.67
112. 74
120.80
107.87
112. 61
102.51
112. 32
119. 69
107.33
112.88
100.15
112. 59
115.34
106. 67
113.42
104.30
114.09
120. 77
107. 46
113.42
102. 72
114.09
121.06
107.45
113.42
102.82
113.67
120. 54
109.03
111. 78
101.50
112. 71
118.61
109.15
111.90
101.40
111.49
117. 74
107. 53
110.56
100.19 96.96
107.16 104.55
114.11 109. 69
103 46 99. 85
106. 52 102.66
127. 89 126.58 126.44 123.25 122.26 123.12 123.12 125.86 128.04 128. 48 128. 62 127.02 124.42 116.90 117.27
107.26 108. 71 109. 06 106.43 106.43 108.38 106.01 106.43 108.46 108.03 106.42 106.85 104. 75 101.43 99.72
111.25 110.84 112.06 111. 52 111.79 111.38 111.24 111.37 112.86 112.17 111. 49 109.21 109.61 105.04 101. 71
114.90 113.81 114.09 112.84 112.31 113. 68 111.78 114. 96 112.06 111.78 111.78 112. 75 111.93 111.24 106.23
101.40 100. 50 100.35 100. 75 99. 94 100.04 99.55 102. 01 103. 57 99.87 100.04 98. 58 96. 96 95.84 93.43
109.62 110.66 112.14 109.72 109.82 109.39 108.29 108. 45 108. 29 108.63 108.54 107. 44 107. 44 104.00 101.26
Average weekly hours
40.9
40.6
40.5
40.5
41.1
41.3
41.5
41.3
40.9
41.7
40.7
41.3
41.0
41.2
41.1
41.2
42.0
41.4
41.4
41.9
42.2
43.5
43.6
43.4
43.8
40.7
40.9
40.4
41.5
41.1
40.7
41.3
41.4
41.5
41.0
40.8
40.2
40.3
41.4
41.1
40.7
40.2
39.9
39.8
40.1
40.6
40.1
40.8
39.7
39.4
39.6
39.2
39.4
39.0
41.5
42.0
41.9
41.0
41.9
40.6
41.4
42.4
42.0
41.0
42.3
42.1
40.7
42.6
41.7
40.2
42.7
41.6
40.1
42.5
41.2
40.5
40.7
40.7
40.6
40.5
41.6
39.8
40.0
39.6
40.0
40.7
40.7
40.0
42.3
41.6
40.1
42.7
41.7
40.4
42.7
42.0
40.6
42.1
41.9
41.0
41.9
42.0
41.3
42.7
42.0
41.2
41.5
41.5
40.6
40.9
42.1
41.6
41.7
41.2
40.6
40.5
40.2
41.3
41.0
41.8
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.2
40.9
40.4
40.5
40.7
41.4
40.9
41.2
41.4
41.1
41.3
41.4
40.3
41.6
41.0
41.2
41.1
40.5
41.6
40.6
40.9
41.0
40.7
41.7
40.8
40.6
40.9
40.6
41.3
40.4
40.2
40.9
40.7
41.4
40.4
40.3
41.3
40.8
41.6
40.4
40.4
41.4
40.2
41.6
40.3
40.5
41.5
39.9
41.7
39.5
40.1
41.7
40.9
42.1
40.8
40.4
41.7
40.6
42.1
40.9
40.7
41.7
40.8
42.1
41.0
41.3
41.4
40.6
41.9
40.9
41.5
41.6
40.4
41.6
40.6
41.2
41.1
40.4
40.9
39.9
40.1
40.5
39.9
41.0
39.6
40.1
40.1
43.5
41.9
40.9
43.2
42.3
40.9
43.3
42.6
41.2
42.5
41.9
41.0
42.6
41.9
41.1
42.9
42.5
41.1
42.9
41.9
41.2
43.4
41.9
41.4
44.0
42.7
41.8
44.0
42.7
41.7
44.2
42.4
41.6
43.8
42.4
40.6
43.2
41.9
40.9
41.9
41.4
40.4
42.8
41.9
40.2
40.6
40.4
42.0
40.5
40.2
42.4
40.6
40.3
42.8
40.3
40.3
42.2
40.4
40.3
42.4
40.5
41.1
42.6
40.5
41.0
42.4
41.0
40.4
42.3
40.7
39.9
42.3
41.2
40.1
41.6
40.7
40.1
41.5
$2.58
2.98
$2.58
2.99
$2.58
2.98
$2.57
2.97
$2.56
2.97
41.5
40.6
40.5
40.6
42.1
40.5
40.8
41.3
42.2
42.3
42.4
42.3
Average hourly earnings
$2.57 $2.55 $2. 55 $2. 56
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.06
$2.56
3.01
$2. 54
2. 99
$2.53
2.96
$2.53
2.96
$2.49
2.90
$2.44
2.77
2.49
2.49
2.50
2.49
2.47
2.45
2.41
2.39
2.40
2.36
2.32
2.44
2.43
2.40
2.34
2. 53
2. 43
2.58
2.45
2.36
2. 59
2.15
2.46
2.41
2.42
2.45
fixtures_________________________
2.48
2.47
2.48
2.47
2.48
2.49
2.48
2.46
2.47
2.45
2.44
M etal stam pings........ ....... ...................
2.60
2.54
2.71
2.59
2.54
2.71
2.60
2. 55
2.70
2. 58
2.52
2.70
2.59
2.50
2.68
2.60
2.52
2.68
2.59
2. 50
2.66
2. 57
2. 50
2. 69
2.57
2.49
2.66
2. 57
2.49
2. 69
2.58
2.48
2.66
2. 57
2.49
2. 65
2. 56
2.50
2.63
2.26
2.27
2.27
2.25
2.26
2.23
2.24
2.24
2.27
2.26
2 29
2.28
2.28
2.23
2.34
2.34
2.35
2.34
2.34
2.36
2.35
2.34
2.35
2.35
2.31
2.24
2.69
2. 71
2.99
2.67
2.72
2.55
2.70
2. 97
2.65
2.72
2.51
2.70
2.92
2. 66
2.72
2.55
2.71
2.96
2.66
2.72
2.53
2. 71
2.96
2. 64
2. 72
2.52
2.70
2.94
2.64
2.70
2.50
2. 69
2.90
2.63
2.69
2.51
2.68
2.90
2.61
2.69
2.48
2.62
2.86
2. 58
2.63
2.43
2.55
2. 77
2. 49
2.56
Fabricated structural metal prod
ucts................................................
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Coating, engraving, and allied
services_____________________
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products____ _______________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products____________________
Machinery_______________________
Engines and turbines_________ ...
Farm machinery and equipment_
Construction and related machinery.
Metalworking machinery and
equipment___ _______ _______
Special industry machinery______
General industrial machinery____
Office, computing, and accounting
machines......................... ..............
Service industry machines..
Miscellaneous m achinery...
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.38
2.38
2.36
2.57
2.75
3.00
2.75
2.76
2.58
2.74
2.97
2.74
2.75
2.59
2. 74
2.99
2.73
2. 75
2.58
2.73
2.99
2.71
2.73
2.59
2. 72
2.99
2.70
2.73
2.94
2.56
2.72
2.93
2.57
2.71
2.92
2.56
2.72
2.90
2.54
2.72
2.87
2. 51
2.72
2.87
2.55
2. 71
2.87
2.5c
2.70
2.90
2. 54
2.69
2.91
2.54
2.70
2.92
2.53
2.69
2.91
2.51
2.68
2. 90
2.52
2.69
2.88
2.50
2.68
2.79
2.45
2.60
2.74
2.38
2.53
2.83
2.51
2.61
2.81
2.5C
2. 61
2.81
2.49
2.62
2.8C
2.56
2.6C
2.78
2.48
2.59
2.80
2.47
2.58
2.76
2. 4<
2.56
2.77
2.47
2. 57
2. 76
2.46
2.56
2. 76
2.43
2.55
2.76
2.44
2.56
2. 75
2. 44
2.54
2.75
2. 43
2.54
2.70
2.39
2.50
2.61
2.33
2.44
592
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
T able
C 1. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1963
A nnual
average
I n d u s tr y
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
1961
1960
A v e r a g e w e e k ly ea r n in g s
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C on tln u e d
D u ra b le goods — C o n tin u e d
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ____
E le c tr ic d is tr ib u tio n e q u ip m e n t ___
E le c tr ic a l in d u s tr ia l a p p a r a tu s ____
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s ______________
E le c tr ic lig h tin g a n d w ir in g e q u ip
m e n t _____________________________
R a d io a n d T V r e c e iv in g s e t s . - .........
C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t _______
E le c tr o n ic c o m p o n e n ts a n d a cc es
so rie s_____________________________
M is c e lla n e o u s e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t
an d s u p p lie s ________________ _____
$ 97.93 $ 99.96 $ 98.66 $ 98 . 49 $ 99.22 $ 97.20 $ 96 . 72
$ 98.16 $ 97. 68 $ 97. 44 $ 96. 39 $ 95.91 $ 94 . 47
104.23 102.91 107.12 104. 75 104. 60 105. 22 102. 97 103. 94 104.81 102. 72 100. 50
99.70 99.10 101.00
105. 22 103.48 103.38 103. 63 103.07 103. 98 102. 41 102.16 104. 33 103. 57 103.32 101. 59
104. 92 104.14 108.36 105.41 105. 67 105. 67 106.08 105.04 105.15 103. 72 104.38 102.66 100. 69 99.38
102. 66 101.30
90. 52 90. 52 92.52 92.52 91.66 93.25 90.68 89.95 91.30 90. 45
90.68 89.02 88. 75 87. 91
86.41 85. 75 87.34 85. 67 87.64 89. 76 87. 67 85. 75 87.89 84.32 85.72 83. 46
83. 46 82. 50
106. 90 106.86 108.05 106. 86 107.12 107. 90 105.26 103. 94 105. 47 106.66 106.40 105.98 105. 73
102.31
82.35 82.37 83.20 82. 80 82.40 83.02 81.39 80. 58 83.03 82.82 82.21
81.61 81.00 80. 40
106.19 108.94 110.30 107.33 108.26 105.98 100.35 105. 41 105. 92 105. 41 104. 08 102.09 103.16 96.32
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t _____________
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d e q u ip m e n t ____
A ircraft a n d p a r ts __________________
S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d re
p a ir in g ____________________________
124.15 124. 74 129.73 128.27 126.10 124. 49 119.19 121. 93 121.09 121. 96 119. 97 118. 69
117.26
127.87 129. 63 138. 40 137.33 132. 24 131.02 121. 47 127. 25 125.38 128.01 124. 66 121. 06 119. 31
122.47 122. 64 123.94 123.09 122.80 120.38 119.11 118. 40 118. 56 118.14 118. 71 118. 58
118. 29
118.15 118.20 119.02 115. 49 116. 06 116.35 118. 49 116. 28 114. 74 113. 68 111. 72 112.16 110. 32
l i t ). 13 118.48 115.15 114. 07 115. 63 118. 89 119. 99 118. 60 121. 99 122. 70 120. 99 119.29 116. 42
86.33 85.46 86.51 83.85 88.07 88. 78 89. 01 86.24 89.24 87.33 87. 91 82.18 82.47
R a ilro a d e q u ip m e n t______________
O th er tr a n sp o r ta tio n e q u i p m e n t ...
$ 98.49
$ 90.
74
97. 77
95. 44
96.23
84. 71
80.11
98. 82
76.24
93.93
113. 81 111. 52
115. 09 115.21
115.09 110. 43
110. 92 103. 75
108. 39 107.86
83.71 80.13
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ____
E le c tr ic d is tr ib u tio n e q u ip m e n t __
E le c tr ic a l in d u s tr ia l a p p a r a tu s ____
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s ______________
E le c tr ic lig h tin g a n d w ir in g e q u ip
m e n t _____________________________
R a d io a n d T V r e c e iv in g s e t s ______
C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t _______
E le c tr o n ic c o m p o n e n ts a n d a cc es
so rie s_____________________________
M is c e lla n e o u s electrica l e q u ip m e n t
a n d s u p p lie s _____________________
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t_____ _____
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d e q u ip m e n t____
A irc ra ft a n d p a rts__________________
S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d
re p a ir in g _________________________
R a ilr o a d e q u ip m e n t _______________
O th er tr a n sp o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ..'
40.2
40.4
41.1
40.2
40.3
40. 2
40. 9
39.9
40.8
41.2
40.7
41.2
40.6
40.6
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.8
41.0
41.1
41.1
40.8
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.8
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.9
41.1
41.4
40.6
40.7
40.6
41.1
40.2
40.6
40.2
41.0
40.3
40.5
40.2
40.8
40.1
40.3
39.8
40. 6
40.1
40.2
40.4
40. 4
40.2
39. 8
40.4
40.1
39.6
39.7
39.1
40.8
39.7
38.8
41.1
40.4
39.7
41.4
40.4
39.3
41.1
40.2
40.2
41.2
40.9
40.8
41.5
40.3
40.4
40.8
39.8
39.7
40.6
40.4
40.5
41.2
40.2
39.4
41.5
40.3
39.5
41.5
40.1
39.0
41.4
39.8
39.0
41.3
39.6
39.1
40.6
39. 4
38.7
40.5
39.4
39.6
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.3
39.7
39.5
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.2
39.9
40.2
39.5
41.0
41.9
42.1
41.6
41.8
41.4
40.3
41.5
41.7
41.5
41.3
41.0
41.1
39.8
39.8
41.8
42.2
41.8
42.0
42 . 5
42.0
43.1
44.5
42.3
42.9
44.3
42.3
42.6
43.5
42.2
42.2
43.1
41.8
41.1
40.9
41.5
41.9
42.7
41.4
41.9
42.5
41.6
42.2
43.1
41.6
41.8
42.4
41.8
41.5
41.6
41.9
41.0
41.0
41.8
40. 5
40.1
41.4
40.7
41.0
40.9
40.6
39.5
39.6
40.9
40.3
39.2
40.9
39.3
39.5
40.1
39.2
39.0
40.3
39.6
40.4
40.4
40.3
41.1
41.0
40.4
41.4
40.8
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.8
41.7
40.6
40.9
41.0
39.9
40.6
40.7
40.2
40.3
38.4
39.4
39.6
38.9
39.9
38.3
39.3
39.3
38.8
38.9
40
2.50
2.52
2.59
$ 2.38
2 . 48
$ 2.38
2.49
2.56
2 . 49
2. 48
2.56
2.22
2.14
2.56
A v era g e h o u r ly ea r n in g s
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ____
E le c tr ic d is tr ib u tio n e q u ip m e n t ___
E le c tr ic a l in d u str ia l a p p a r a tu s ____
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s ____ _________
E le c tr ic lig h tin g a n d w ir in g e q u ip
m e n t ____ _________________________
R a d io a n d T V r e c e iv in g s e ts _____
C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t _______
E le c tr o n ic c o m p o n e n ts a n d acc es
so rie s_____ _______________________
M isc e lla n e o u s electrica l e q u ip m e n t
a n d s u p p lie s _____________________
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ....... ..................
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d e q u ip m e n t ____
A irc raft a n d p a r ts ________________
S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d re
p a ir in g ___________________________
R a ilr o a d e q u ip m e n t_______________
O th er tr a n sp o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ...
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$
2.45
2.58
2 . 56
2 . 61
$ 2.43
$ 2.45
$ 2.43
2.56
2.53
2 . 61
2.60
2 . 54
2.63
$ 2.42
2 . 57
2 . 52
2. 59
$ 2.42
$ 2.40
2.58
2.54
2 . 59
2.56
2.53
2 . 59
2.53
2 . 51
2.60
40
2.56
2 . 51
2.60
$ 2.40
2 . 55
2.52
2. 59
40
2.53
2.52
2. 58
2.28
2 . 21
2 . 62
2.28
2.29
2.20
2.61
2.29
2.18
2.60
2.28
2.18
2.60
2 . 28
2.20
2.60
2.25
2.17
2.58
2.26
2.16
2.56
2.26
2.17
2.56
2.25
2.14
2.57
2 . 25
2.17
2 . 57
m
Z. '¿1
2.60
$ 2.
$ 2.
$ 2.
$ 2.
2.
2.
35
50
46
2.52
$ 2.28
2 . 23
2.14
2 . 56
2.22
2.11
2.52
2.15
2.07
2. 44
2.42
2.38
2.43
2 . 09
2.08
2.08
2.07
2.06
2.06
2.05
2.04
2.05
2.05
2 . 04
2.03
2.03
2.00
1. 93
2.59
2.60
2.62
2.58
2.59
2. 56
2 . 49
2. 54
2.54
2 . 54
2.52
2 . 49
2 . 51
2 . 42
2 . 36
2 . 97
3.03
2.93
2.97
3 . 05
2.92
3.01
3.11
2.93
2.99
3.10
2.91
2 . 96
3.04
2.91
2.95
3. 04
2.88
2 . 90
2 . 97
2. 87
2 . 91
2 . 98
2.86
2.89
2 . 95
2.85
2.89
2 . 97
2.84
2.87
2 . 94
2.84
2.86
2 . 91
2.83
2 . 86
2 . 91
2.83
2 . 81
2 . 87
2 . 78
2. 74
2 . 81
2.70
2.91
2.94
2.18
2.89
2 . 94
2.18
2.91
2.93
2.19
2.88
2.91
2.15
2.88
2 . 92
2.18
2 . 88
2 . 95
2.16
2.89
2. 97
2.15
2.85
2.98
2.14
2 . 84
2 . 99
2.14
2.80
3.00
2.13
2.80
2.98
2.16
2. 79
2 . 96
2.14
2.80
2 . 94
2.12
2 . 78
2 . 83
2.13
2.64
2 . 78
2.06
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T
a b l e
593
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1
1963
industry—Continued
1962
Annual
average
I n d u s tr y
Feb.2
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
D u r a b l e g on ds — C o n tin u e d
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts _____
E n g in e e r in g a n d s c ie n tific in s tr u
m e n t s _____________________________
M e c h a n ic a l m e a s u r in g a n d c o n tr o l
d e v ic e s _____ ______________________
O p tic a l a n d o p th a lm ic g o o d s ______
S u r g ica l, m e d ic a l, a n d
d e n ta l
e q u ip m e n t ________________________
P h o to g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p
p l i e s . . ____________________________
W a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s_________ _____ _
M isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s
tr ie s _________ _________________________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
w a r e ...........................................................
T o y s , a m u s e m e n t a n d s p o r tin g
g o o d s _____________________________
P e n s , p e n c ils, a n d office a n d art
m a te r ia ls ____ _____________________
C o stu m e je w e lr y , b u tto n s , a n d
n o tio n s ___________________________
O th er m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s ___
$101.18 $100.28 $102.18 $101. 76 $100.61 $100.61 $100.04 $99. 55 $100.94 $99. 80 $100.04 $98. 42 $98. 82 $97.27 $93. 73
119.39 117. 71 118.71 119.28 119. 00 118. 43 118. 44 117.03 118.02 115. 79 114. 39 107.20 115.34 112. 48 110. 95
99.85 99.14 101.43 100.85 99.79 98.80 98. 98 99.23 98. 98 98. 74 98.82 98.58 98.09 95.91 92.00
93.02 92.80 92.60 90.64 91.30 89. 84 88.78 87.29 90. 27 89. 01 89. 87 89.01 87. 51 87.33 81.80
83. 79 83.37 85.05 85.47 84.42 85. 89 85. 69 85.27 86. 31 85. 47 85.27 84.24 83.82 82.21 80.40
117.59 115.08 118.02 119.14 115. 09 115.37 114.13 115.09 116. 06 116.06 116.62 117. 74 115. 79 111.61 106.14
83.95 82.29 83.13 83.82 83. 79 84.00 83. 41 82. 95 84.00 83.16 84.00 83.39 81.90 80. 58 76.83
79.98
79. 58
80.19
78.01
78.60
78. 60
77.42
77.03
78.60
78.60
78. 80
79.00
77.42
75. 84
85. 54
87.20
93.04
90.20
88.51
86.88
84.77
82.68
86.27
86.67
86.24
85.24
80.81
82.62
80.40
73. 54
73.15
71. 44
70. 77
72.07
71.28
70.35
69. 89
70.98
71.74
72.10
71.74
70.84
70.17
67. 73
78.78
76.44
76. 76
75.98
75. 55
75.52
74. 61
74.07
74. 82
74. 58
74. 99
75. 39
71.25
72.86
71.92
73.08
85.36
71.39
84.53
72. 47
86.22
69.30
84.80
70.98
85. 01
71.64
85.46
71.06
84.40
72.25
83. 79
74.07
85.03
72.72
84. 02
73.02
84.23
72.98
84.65
70. 25
84.02
68. 60
81.78
66.13
79.99
74. 28
A v era g e w e e k ly h o u rs
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p r o d u c ts ...........
E n g in e e r in g a n d s c ie n tific in s tr u
m e n t s _____________________________
M e c h a n ic a l m e a s u r in g a n d c o n tro l
d e v ic e s ____ ______________________
O p tic a l a n d o p h th a lm ic g o o d s ___
S u r g ica l, m e d ic a l, a n d
d e n ta l
e q u ip m e n t _______________________
P h o to g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d su p
p lie s ______________________________
W a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s________________
M isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s
tr ie s _____ _____________________________
J e w e lr y , silv e r w a r e , a n d p la te d
w a r e ______________________________
T o y s , a m u s e m e n t, a n d s p o r tin g
g o o d s _____________________________
P e n s , p e n c ils, a n d office a n d art
m a te r ia ls _______ __________________
C o stu m e je w e lr y , b u tto n s , a n d
n o tio n s ___________________________
O th er m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s ___
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.2
40.9
40.9
41.0
40.8
41.2
40.9
41.0
40.5
40.5
40.7
40.4
41.6
41.3
41.8
42.0
41.9
41.7
42.0
41.5
42.0
41.5
41.0
38.7
40.9
40.9
41.4
40.1
41.9
40.3
41.8
40.9
41.9
40.5
41.2
40.4
41. 5
40.0
41.4
40.4
41.1
40.5
40.6
40.4
41.6
40.3
41.4
40.5
41.8
40.4
41.4
40.2
40.7
40.3
41.0
40.0
40.1
39.9
39.7
40.5
40.7
40.2
40.9
41.0
40.8
41.1
40.7
40.8
40.5
40.3
40.3
40.0
41.7
39.6
41.1
39.0
42.0
39.4
42.4
40.3
41.4
39.9
41.5
40.0
41.5
40.1
41.7
39.5
41.9
40.0
41.6
39.6
41.8
40.0
42.2
39.9
41.8
39.0
41.8
39. 5
41.3
39.0
39.4
39.2
39.7
39.6
39.9
40.1
39.7
39.3
39.9
39.9
40.0
40.1
39.1
39.5
39.3
39.6
40.0
42.1
41.0
40.6
40.6
39.8
39.0
40.5
40.5
40.3
40.4
38.3
40.3
40.2
38.5
38.3
38.0
39.1
39.6
39.6
39.3
38.4
39.0
39.2
39.4
39.2
38.5
39.2
38.7
40.4
39.4
40.4
40.2
40.4
40.3
39.9
39.4
39.8
39.8
40.1
40.1
37.7
39.6
39.3
39.5
39.7
38.8
39.5
39.6
40.1
38.5
40.0
39.0
40.1
39.8
40.5
39.7
40.0
39.7
39.9
40.7
40.3
40.4
40.2
39.9
40.3
40.1
40. 5
38.6
40.2
39.2
39.7
38.9
39.6
Average hourly earnings
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts _____
E n g in e e r in g a n d s c ie n tific in s tr u
m e n t s ___ _____ ____________________
M e c h a n ic a l m ea su r in g a n d co n tro l
d e v ic e s ................................. ........
S u r g ic a l, m e d ic a l, a n d
d e n ta l
e q u ip m e n t _______________________
P h o to g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p
p lie s
W a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s .
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s
tr ie s ________ __________________________
J e w e lr y , silv e r w a r e , a n d p la te d
w a r e ______________________________
T o y s , a m u s e m e n t, a n d s p o r tin g
g o o d s _____________________________
P e n s , p e n c ils , a n d office a n d art
m a te r ia ls ______________ _____ ______
C o stu m e je w e lr y , b u tto n s , a n d
n o tio n s _________ ________________
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o i ta b le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.48
$2.47
$2.48
$2.47
$2.46
$2. 46
$2.44
$2.44
$2. 45
$2.44
$2.44
$2.43
$2. 44
$2.39
$2.32
2.87
2.85
2.84
2.84
2. 84
2. 84
2. 82
2.82
2.81
2. 79
2. 79
2. 77
2.82
2. 75
2.68
2.49
2.22
2.46
2.22
2.48
2.21
2.49
2.20
2. 47
2.20
2. 47
2.17
2. 45
2.16
2. 45
2.15
2. 45
2.17
2. 45
2.15
2. 44
2.15
2. 44
2.15
2. 44
2.15
2.38
2.13
2.30
2.04
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.09
2. 09
2.10
2.10
2.09
2.08
2.08
2. 04
2.01
2. 82
2.12
2.80
2.11
2.81
2.11
2.81
2.08
2. 78
2.10
2. 78
2.10
2. 75
2.08
2.76
2.10
2. 77
2.10
2. 79
2.10
2. 79
2.10
2. 79
2. 09
2. 77
2.10
2. 67
2.04
2.57
1. 97
2.03
2.03
2.02
1.97
1. 97
1. 96
1. 95
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.97
1.97
1.98
1.92
1.89
2.16
2.18
2.21
2. 20
2.18
2.14
2.13
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.14
2 .11
2 .11
2.05
2.00
1.91
1.91
1.88
1.81
1.82
1.80
1.79
1.82
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.83
1. 84
1.79
1. 75
1.95
1.94
1.90
1.89
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.84
1.83
1.85
2.15
1.84
2.14
1.83
2.15
1.80
2.12
1.82
2.12
1.80
2.11
1.79
2.11
1.82
2.10
1.82
2.11
1.80
2.09
1.83
2.09
1.82
2.09
1.82
2.09
1.75
2.06
1.70
2.02
594
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MAY 1963
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Industry
1963
Feb.3
1962
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Manufacturing—Continued
Sept.
Aug.
July
Annual
average
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
N o n d u r a b le g oods
Food and kindred products..,,........ .......
Meat products_________________
Dairy products................ ................
Canned and preserved food, except
meats.______________________
Grain mill products.. .... ... . .
Bakery products_______________
S u g ar................................................
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages_____________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products.........................................
Tobacco manufactures______________
Cigarettes_____________ _____ _
Cigars................................................
Textile mill products_______________
Cotton broad woven fabrics______
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics............................................
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens______________ ______
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
Knitting______________ _______
Finishing textiles, except wool and
knit________________________
Floor covering_________________
Yarn and thread__________
Miscellaneous textile goods_______
Food and kindred products_________
Meat products_________________
Dairy products.................................
Canned and preserved food, except
meats_____ _________________
Grain mill products_____________
Bakery products_______________
Sugar..................................................
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages_____________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products____________________
Tobacco manufactures______________
Cigarettes_____________________
Cigars.......................... ......................
Textile mill products___ ___________
Cotton broad woven fabrics______
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics.. .........................................
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens___ _________________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
Knitting.............. ................ .............
Finishing textiles, except wool and
knit____ ____________________
Floor covering_________________
Yarn and thread_______________
Miscellaneous textile goods______
$92. 63 $93.15 $94.12 $93.52 $91. 21 $92.80 $91. 46 $93.66 $92. 70 $92.48 $91.13 $90. 45 $90.00 $89.16
98.64 101.66 103.34 103.58 100. 86 100.04 98. 42 101.68 101.26 100.60 98.09 96.43 96.08 97.58
96. 79 97.29 97.10 96.64 95.79 98.01 95.63 98.08 96.54 95.63 94.53 94.53 93.66 92.65
74.03 73.50 72.36 70.88 72.96 79.07 76.00 75. 81 71.06 74.69 75.04 72. 56
103. 60 104.28 105.23 106. 65 104.41 105.33 103.51 104 20 101. 47 99 01 99 39 98 95
90.97 90.29 92.11 93. 20 91.71 93. 48 92. 21 92.89 92. 66 91.35 89. 65 89.20
108. 58 102.09 99.89 101. 23 91.76 108.36 108. 88 111.02 112.40 104.08 102.01 98.60
76.44 76.04 77.59 77.18 78.14 79. 71 77. 78 75.86 76. 82 76.63 74.68 75. 83
101.53 101.39 104.01 103.88 103.46 105.30 104.30 107. 94 104.81 103.02 101. 75 100. 98
91.80
69.67
85.51
58.51
68.00
65.84
91.81
73.15
90.32
59. 57
67.26
66. 66
92.45
75.39
95.53
59.14
68.45
67.49
92.00
72.35
95. 94
61. 23
68.45
67.16
90.50
68.17
86.56
60.60
68.45
67.16
91.37
70. 72
93.03
59. 82
67. 54
65.27
91.38
68.04
89.38
59.28
68. 21
66. 99
91.59
73.28
88.01
55.18
68. 21
66.99
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
89.68
75.65
91.77
56.06
69.12
67.49
71.42
71.04
68.71
88. 58
97.04
74.86
98.53
87.64
97.65
73.23
99.85
83.81
93.70
69.34
96.72
100 30
88. 41
74.10
90.00
55.85
68.38
67.24
89. 45
72.01
87.17
56.76
68. 54
67.57
89. 45
68. 82
84.67
55. 57
66.83
65. 44
87.13
69. 03
85. 72
56.02
65.04
63.20
83.95
64.94
80.29
53.86
63.60
62.56
73.18
73.35
74.99
74.47
74. 47
73.35
74.04
73.53
75.17
73.70
72. 76
72.16
70. 81
68. 72
68.31
76.49
70. 35
60. 43
75. 35
70. 69
59.57
74.80
70.69
60. 32
73. 67
70.07
61.82
74. 44
70. 07
61.99
76.80
71. 45
62.15
77. 96
70. 76
62.08
79. 06
71.10
62.24
80. 89
72.98
62. 56
80. 41
70.93
62.24
78.62
71.28
61.76
77.11
71.21
61.60
75.90
69. 49
60. 42
72.28
68.11
59. 21
69.83
66.07
56.93
79.15
75.23
61.54
80.15
75.48
72.45
60. 61
79.17
80.40
75.90
61.29
80. 73
80.04
77.33
61.69
81.12
77. 98
76. 72
62.00
79. 73
76. 59
75. 58
61.85
79.32
79. 55
72.16
63. 24
79.52
79.79
70. 75
62.99
77. 74
79.00
71.81
63. 29
78.31
76.99
72. 51
61.61
76.33
74.70
72. 04
59. 55
75.36
71.73
70.62
58.05
73.60
40.1
39.3
41.9
40.5
40.5
42.3
41.1
41.5
42.4
41.2
41.6
42.2
40.9
41.0
42.2
75.26 76.04 80. 97
74. 45 71.10 73. 69
62. 52 62. 22 63.55
78. 72 80.10 80.67
Average weekly hours
41.2
42.0
41.2
41.8
41.0
40.5
41.5
41.5
42.5
42.8
43.4
43.1
41.1
41.4
42.5
40.5
40.2
42.2
40.2
39.2
42.2
40.0
38.9
42.0
40.9
41.0
42.5
40.9
40.7
42.3
37.2
43.9
39.9
41.6
39.2
39.2
37.5
44.0
39.6
41.5
39.4
39.3
37.3
44.4
40.4
45.2
40.2
39.7
37.5
45.0
40.7
45.6
40.2
39.8
38.4
45.2
40.4
40.6
40.7
40.1
41.4
45.4
41.0
42.0
41.3
40.5
40.0
45.4
40.8
42.2
40.3
40.9
41.2
45.7
41.1
42.7
38.9
42.0
37.4
45.3
41.0
42.9
39.6
41.1
38.5
44.2
40.6
41.3
39. 5
40.4
37.9
43.4
40.2
41.3
39.1
39.9
37.4
43.4
40.0
39.6
39.7
39.6
37.2
43.8
39.9
40.1
39.4
39.1
38.4
44.8
40.2
43.4
39.8
40.1
38.6
44.2
40.1
44.2
39.4
40.3
42.5
36.1
36.7
36.8
40.0
39.9
42.7
38.5
39.1
37.7
39.8
40.4
43.2
40.1
41.0
38.4
40.5
40.9
43.6
38.9
41.0
39.0
40.5
40.7
43.3
40.1
37.8
38.6
40.5
40.7
43.1
41.6
40.1
38.1
40.2
39.8
42.7
37.8
39.2
38.0
40.6
40.6
42.8
37.2
38.6
35.6
40.6
40.6
42.3
38.4
39.7
36.9
41.1
41.0
42.3
38.4
39.9
36.4
40.9
40.9
42.3
38.0
39.3
36.5
40.7
41.0
42.8
37.7
38.4
37.1
40.8
41.2
42.8
37.4
37.8
36.8
40.5
40.9
42.5
39.0
39.5
37.6
39.9
40.0
42.4
38.2
38.6
37.4
39.5
40.1
42.3
42.4
43.1
42.8
42.8
42.4
42.8
42.5
43.2
42.6
42.3
42.2
42.4
41.4
41.4
41.8
40.9
37.3
41.4
41.1
37.0
41.1
41.1
37.7
40.7
40.5
38.4
40.9
40.5
38.5
42.2
41.3
38.6
42.6
40.9
38.8
43.2
41.1
38.9
44.2
41.7
39.1
43.7
41.0
38.9
43.2
41.2
38.6
42.6
41.4
38.5
42.4
40.4
38.0
41.3
40.3
38.2
40. €
39.8
37.7
42.1
42.5
39.7
41.1
40.8
40.7
39.1
40.6
42.8
42.4
39.8
41.4
42.8
43.2
39.8
41.6
41.7
43.1
40.0
41.1
41.4
42.7
39.9
41.1
40.9
41.1
43.0
43.3
42.3
40.4
41.4
41.0
40.4
40.6
41.0
40.8
41.0
41. 5 41.8
41.2
Average hourly earnings
$2. 22 $2. 22 $2.23 $2. 25 $2. 25
2. 44
2. 43
2. 45 2.44
2.43
2. 25
2. 26 2.24
2.29
2.25
42.9
40.2
40.9
40.7
42.7
40.8
41.1
41.0
42.3
41.2
40.8
40.6
41.5
40.7
39.7
40.3
40. <
39.9
38.7
40.0
$2.25
2. 44
2.24
$2. 25
2.46
2.24
$2. 25
2. 47
2.23
$2.18
2.38
2.18
$2.11
2.33
2.12
1.78
2 I?
2. OS
2.12
1.76
2.4C
Food and kindred products..________ $2.31 $2.30 $2.29 $2. 27 $2. 23
2. 51 2. 49
Meat products............................ .
2.51
2.49
2. 46
Dairy products------------------------- 2.31
2.30
2.29
2.29
2.27
Canned and preserved food, except
1.96
1.94
meats_______________________ 1.99
1.89
1.90
Grain mill products
............
. 2.36
2.37
2.37
2. 37 2.31
Bakery products_______ ________ 2.28
2.28
2.28
2.29
2. 27
Sugar_________________________ 2.61
2.46
2.21
2. 22 2.26
Confectionery and related products. 1.95
1.93
1.93
1.92
1.92
Beverages____ ________________
2.59
2.58
2.62
2.61
2.58
Miscellaneous food and kindred
2.16
products____________________
2.15
2.14
2 .11
2.09
1.90
Tobacco manufactures______________ 1.93
1.88
1.86
1.70
2.31
Cigarettes_____________________ 2.33
2.33
2. 34 2.29
Cigars
.................
1.59
1.58
1. 54
1.57
1.57
1.70
1.69
Textile mill products___ ___________
1.69
1.69
1.69
Cotton broad woven fabrics...........
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
Silk and synthetic broad woven
1.73
1.73
fabrics______________________
1.74
1.74
1.74
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens
1.82
1.83
1.82
1.81
1 .S2
1.72
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___ 1.72
1.72
1.73
1.73
K nitting______________________ 1.62
1.61
1.60
1 . 61
1.61
Finishing textiles, except wool and
k n it
1.88
1.85
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.77
Floor covering_________________
1.78
1.79
1.79
1.78
1.55
Yarn and thread_______________
1.55
1.54
1.55
1.55
1.95
1.95
Miscellaneous textile goods______
1.95
1.95
1.94
Bee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
90.10
76.03
91.31
57. 56
69.46
67.65
$86.30
94.83
89.68
1.91
2.32
2.28
2.58
1.93
2.60
1.90
2. 28
2.26
2. 58
1.93
2. 55
1.84
2. 28
2. 26
2.60
1.95
2.57
1.90
2.24
2.26
2.62
1.94
2. 55
1.94
2. 24
2.25
2. 52
1.94
2.55
1.98
2. 29
2. 23
2. 47
1.91
2.55
1.94
2 28
2.23
2.49
1.91
2.55
1.92
2 29
2.22
2. 42
1.90
2. 52
1.85
2 22
2.18
2.25
1.84
2. 49
2.12
1.70
2. 32
1.57
1.68
1.64
2.14
1.80
2.28
1.56
1.68
1.65
2.14
1.97
2. 28
1. 55
1.68
1. 65
2.13
1. 98
2.30
1. 56
1. 69
1. 65
2.12
1.97
2.30
1. 54
1.69
1.65
2.09
1. 95
2. 29
1. 53
1.68
1.64
2.09
1. 91
2. 27
1.53
1 68
1.64
2.09
1.84
2. 24
2 05
1 77
2 17
1 49
i
n
1 65
1.60
1 9?
1 7f
2 OS
1 44
1.58
1 61
1.5«
1 68
1. 73
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.67
1.66
1 . 6£
1.82
1.73
1.61
1.83
1.73
1.60
1.83
1. 73
1.60
1.83
1.75
1.60
1.84
1.73
1.60
1 82
1.73
1.60
1 81
1. 72
1.60
1 79
1. 72
1.59
1 75
1 69
1.55
17
1.85
1.77
1. 55
1.93
1. 84
1.76
1. 54
1.92
1.85
1.76
1. 54
1.93
1.87
1.78
1. 55
1.93
1 85
1.76
1 86
1 85
1.76
1.54
1.91
1
82
1.76
1 51
1.88
1 80
1 7?
1. 55
1.93
1.76
1. 54
1.91
1.77
1 50
1.87
1 6f
1.51
i>
1 5f
1 .8 1
595
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
A nnual
average
1962
1963
I n d u s tr y
F e b .2
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
A ug.
S e p t.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
1961
1960
A v e r a g e w e e k ly ea r n in g s
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s — C o n tin u e d
A p p a r e l a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts __________
‘ " M e n ’s an d b o y s ’"suits a n d c o a t s ___
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ fu r n is h in g s _______
W o m e n ’s , m is s e s ’, a n d "juniors’
o u te r w e a r _________________________
W o m e n ’s a n d c h ild r e n ’s u n d er g a rm e n t s _____________________________
H a t s , c a p s, a n d m illin e r y __________
G ir ls ’ a n d c h ild r e n ’s o u te r w e a r ____
F u r g o o d s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s a p p a r e l______________________________
M isc e lla n e o u s fa b r ic a te d t e x tile
p r o d u c ts __________________________
P n p e r ’an d allie d p r o d u c ts
* P a p e r a n d p u lp _____________________
P ap erboard
C o n v e r te d p a p e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd
p r o d u c ts ____________ _______ ______
P a p e r b o a r d c o n ta in e r s a n d b o x e s .P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u str ie s ___________________________________
N e w s p a p e r p u b lis h in g a n d p r in tin g .
P e r io d ic a l p u b lis h in g a n d p r in tin g .
B o o k s _______________________________
C o m m e r c ia l p r in tin g ...............................
B o o k b in d in g a n d r e la te d in d u s tr ie s .
O th er p u b lis h in g a n d p r in tin g in d u s tr ie s ___________ ________________
$60.82 $59.64
73.13
71.57
52. 77 52.85
65.74
63.46
$60.12
73.13
53.20
62.60
$60. 62 $59. 95 $61.32 $62.16 $60. 76 $61.09
74. 09
73. 89
73.53
74.09
72. 54 71.57
54.95
53.58
53. 77 53.77
54. 48
54.81
63.17
62 .3 2
65.23
67.16
65.74
$60. 59 $60. 96 $61.49
7 3 .50
72.17
71.39
53. 5S
5 3 .3C 63 .8 2
6 4 .7 3
6 6 .72
66.85
64.41
61.61
58.76
55.69
68.63
55.94
54.11
66. 80
55.18
53. 87
63.19
52. 75
51.91
60.54
51. 54
6 2 .78
61.06
60. 86
58.74
96
63. 71
61.92
62.04
61.09
61.45
96 101.34 101.10 101.15 100. 01 99.45
75 111.10 110. 85 110. 93 110. 93 109. 69
58 112.46 112.46 112. 01 110. 56 109.44
6 0 .48
9 5 .37
105.46
105.16
63.64
55.23
6 6 .40
5 6 .00
5 4 .32
64. 05
54 .6 7
55.18
65.34
52.15
57.22
62.46
53.61
5 6 .92
63. 68
5 3 .35
57.07
66. 79
54. 72
56. 47
69.00
55.69
5 5 .12
68.26
55.63
55 .0 2
65.70
5 6 .30
54.77
61.60
54.51
5 5 .3 9
66.07
54.36
59.98
61.05
64.61
64. 79
63.89
64.05
62. 5fi
62. 29
63.70
61.23
62.47
63.34
102.97
114.49
114.93
63.
64. 73
63.03
61.38
62. 53
64. 9C 64. 68 63. 96
103. 64 104.68 103.28 103. 28 104. 49 103. 82 103. 58 102.
113.
36
114.
58
112.
115.46 115.46 114.23 113.45 114.06
114.93 119. OS 115.01 113. 45 116. 77 117. 64 116. 59 115.
89.60
94.05
90. 69
94. 08
89. 60
9 2 .74
89. 40
91.88
8 8 .97
9 2 .77
109. 24
112.85
113.83
100. 01
111.50
87.01
108.49 107. 82 109. 62 108. 29 107. 34
113.04 111.08 111.38 109. 99 109. 87
111.83 114.11 118. 55 115. 83 111.95
98.64
97.64
98.11 102.16 101.18
110.37 109. 70 111.11 110. 54 109. 87
84.75
8 5 .63
88.53
8 7 .30
8 5 .19
107. 62
110 23
114. 62
100. 00
109. 87
85.31
107.90
110. 90
108. 58
101. 75
109. 87
8 6 .36
107.90
110. 23
110.15
99. 54
110. 04
85. 58
111.84
110.01
109. 35 110.11
110.11
109.16
36 .5
37 .5
3 8 .0
90.58
92.34
91.43
91.98
91.94
94.24
108. 30
107. 76
113.65
101.38
110.87
85.88
106. 88
107.10
106.92
100. 84
109. 52
86. 71
114. 55 113.30
90. 20
94.05
90. 42
95.15
91. 52
9 7 .13
108. 77 110. 21
9 1 .10
9 4 .73
$59. 95 $57. 70 $56.45
69.67
67. 78 68.27
53. 39
48.55
4 9 .87
8 8 .32
90.17
87.13
9 0 .47
8 3 .2 3
8 6 .1 0
107.42
107. 28
111. 44
101. 68
110. 21
8 4 .9 2
106. 68 105.05
107. 40 107.38
109. 09 110.09
99. 94 9 9 .06
108. 70 106. 20
8 3 .8 2
82.13
102. 80
105.33
109.18
95. 82
103.88
78.87
110.88
111.84
111.94
108.19
106.37
36 .5
3 7 .2
3 7 .8
3 6 .6
3 6 .8
3 7 .9
3 5 .9
36 .1
3 7 .6
35 .4
3 5 .3
3 6 .4
35 .5
3 6 .9
3 6 .5
A v e ra g e w e e k ly h ou rs
A p parel a n d r ela ted p ro d u c ts
36 .2
3 7 .5
" " M en ’s an d b o y s ’"suits a n d c o a ts ___
M e n ’s an d h o y s ’ fu r n ish in g s
3 6 .9
W o m e n ’s, m is s e s ’, a n d ju n io r s ’
3 4 .6
o u te r w e a r ...................................................
W o m e n ’s a n d c h ild r e n ’s u n d e r 36.1
g a r m e n ts __________________________
H a ts , c a p s, a n d m illin e r y
3 5 .7
3
6 .6
G ir ls ’ a n d c h ild r e n ’s o u te r w e a r ____
F u r good s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s a p 3
5 .7
p a r e l______________________________
M isc e lla n e o u s fa b r ic a te d t e x tile
3
7 .7
p r o d u c ts __________________________
P a p e r 'a n d a llied p r o d u c ts
4 2 .2
4
3
.7
" P a p e r an d p u lp _____________________
4 3 .7
P a p e r b o a r d _________________________
C o n v e r te d p aper a n d p a p e rb o a rd
4 0 .8
p r o d u c ts __________________________
4 0 .5
P a p e r b o a r d c o n ta in e r s a n d b o x e s__
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s 3 8 .0
t r ie s ___________________________________
N e w s p a p e r p u b lis h in g a n d p r in tin g . Î 3 5 .8
3 9 .6
P e r io d ic a l p u b lis h in g a n d p r in tin g .
3 9 .6
B o o k s _______________________________
3 8 .9
C o m m e r c ia l p r in tin g _______________
B o o k b in d in g " a n d r e la te d in d u s3 8 .0
t r ie s _______________________________
O th er p u b lis h in g a n d p r in tin g in 3 8 .7
d u s tr ie s ___ _____ __________________
36 .5
3 7 .8
38 .1
37 .0
3 7 .7
3 8 .6
3 6 .6
38 .1
3 8 .0
3 2 .8
3 3 .8
3 4 .8
3 4 .6
3 4 .4
3 4 .8
3 5 .3
3 5 .0
3 3 .9
3 3 .3
3 3 .2
3 7 .2
3 4 .8
35.1
3 7 .3
36 .3
3 6 .0
3 7 .4
37 .5
3 6 .4
3 6 .5
3 6 .5
3 6 .6
3 6 .2
3 6 .5
3 6 .8
3 5 .8
3 5 .0
36 .1
3 6 .2
3 6 .3
3 8 .0
3 6 .4
3 7 .3
3 6 .8
3 5 .6
3 6 .5
3 6 .3
3 6 .4
3 5 .7
3 5 .4
3 5 .8
3 5 .2
3 5 .3
3 6 .6
3 6 .6
3 5 .8
3 6 .4
3 5 .6
3 5 .9
3 6 .5
3 5 .5
3 5 .8
3 5 .6
3 8 .3
4 3 .0
4 3 .7
4 4 .4
3 8 .2
4 2 .9
43 .6
4 4 .9
3 7 .2
4 2 .8
4 3 .9
4 4 .5
3 8 .3
4 2 .9
4 3 .7
44 .8
3 7 .7
4 2 .4
4 3 .4
44 .1
3 7 .3
4 2 .3
4 3 .3
44.1
3 7 .6
4 2 .5
4 3 .5
44.1
3 6 .8
4 2 .2
4 3 .5
4 3 .7
3 7 .7
42 .5
4 3 .7
4 3 .6
3 7 .8
4 2 .2
4 3 .4
43 .1
4 1 .6
4 2 .6
4 1 .6
42 .1
41.1
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 2 .0
41.1
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
41 .0
41 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
41 .1
4 1 .5
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
38 .1
3 6 .3
3 9 .9
39 .4
3 8 .9
3 8 .6
3 6 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
3 9 .4
3 8 .4
36 .3
40 .5
4 0 .8
3 9 .2
3 8 .2
3 6 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
39 .1
3 8 .3
36 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .0
39 .1
3 8 .4
3 6 .6
3 9 .2
40 .7
39 .1
3 8 .4
3 6 .5
3 9 .2
4 0 .3
3 9 .3
3 8 .5
3 6 .0
3 9 .8
4 1 .0
3 9 .5
38.1
3 5 .8
39 .1
4 0 .3
39 .1
3 8 .2
3 6 .4
3 9 .6
4 0 .6
3 8 .9
3 8 .5
3 6 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .6
3 9 .2
3 8 .2
3 8 .4
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
3 8 .7
3 8 .6
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 8 .6
38 .1
3 8 .2
3 8 .1
3 8 .6
3 8 .3
3 8 .4
38.1
38 .1
3 8 .5
3 8 .3
3 8 .5
3 8 .7
3 8 .6
3 8 .5
3 8 .4
$ 1 .66
1 .9 6
1. 41
$1.67
1.94
1.41
$ 1 .68
1 .9 4
1 .4 2
$1.67
1 .9 3
1 .4 2
$1.63
1 .9 2
1.37
$1.59
1.8 5
1.33
36 .3
3 7 .2
3 7 .6
3 5 .9
3 6 .7
3 7 .6
3 3 .3
3 3 .6
3 5 .5
3 5 .0
3 5 .5
3 6 .3
36 .5
3 5 .0
3 7 .4
34 .7
3 5 .5
3 5 .7
3 6 .3
3 6 .4
3 6 .3
3 7 .0
4 2 .3
4 3 .9
4 3 .7
38 .3
42 .9
43 .9
4 4 .6
3 8 .4
4 2 .5
4 3 .6
4 3 .4
3 8 .5
4 2 .5
4 3 .3
4 3 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
41 .6
41 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .8
41.1
42 .1
37 .9
3 5 .7
3 8 .6
3 9 .7
3 8 .7
3 8 .6
3 7 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .4
3 8 .2
3 6 .7
39 .1
3 8 .9
3 9 .0
3 8 .2
38 .5
3 8 .8
3 8 .7
3 5 .5
3 6 .7
3 6 .7
36 .0
3 7 .5
3 7 .2
3 3 .4
3 6 .8
3 7 .8
3 8 .7
A v e r a g e h o u r ly ea r n in g s
A p p arel a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ,,
__
' " M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’"suits a n d c o a ts ___
M e n ’s an d b o y s ’ fu r n ish in g s
W o m e n ’s, m is s e s ’, a n d ju n io r s ’
o u te r w e a r _________________________
W o m e n ’s a n d c h ild r e n ’s u n d e r g a r m e n ts __________________________
H a ts , c a p s, and m illin e r v
G ir ls’ a n d c h ild r e n ’s o u te r w e a r ____
F u r g o o d s a n d m isc e lla n e o u s app a r e l______________________________
M is c e lla n e o u s fa b r ic a te d te x tile
p r o d u it s
P a p e r 'a n d a llied p r o d u c ts
P a p e r an d p u lp _____________________
P a p e r b o a r d _________________________
C o n v e r te d p ap e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd
p r o d u c ts __________________________
P a p e r b o a r d c o n ta in e r s a n d b o x e s__
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u str ie s
_________________________________
N e w s p a p e r p u b lis h in g a n d p r in tin g .
P e r io d ic a l p u b lis h in g a n d p r in tin g .
B o o k s _______________________________
C o m m e r c ia l p r in t in g _______________
B o o k b in d in g an d r e la te d in d u s tr ie s .
O th er p u b lis h in g a n d p r in tin g in d u s tr ie s ___________________________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.68
1.95
1.4 3
$1.68
1.95
1.4 4
$1.67
1.95
1.4 3
$1.67
1.95
1.43
$1 .6 7
1.9 5
1.4 3
$1.68
1.9 6
1.4 3
$ 1 .68
1 .9 6
1 .4 2
$1. 66
1.9 3
1.41
$ 1 .66
1.9 6
1 .4 2
1.9 0
1.9 0
1.88
1.8 8
1.9 0
1.9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 0
1.8 5
1 .8 6
1.8 9
1.9 0
1 .9 0
1.85
1.77
1.53
1.8 6
1 .5 3
1.5 3
1.8 3
1.5 4
1.5 2
1.79
1.4 9
1. 53
1.80
1.51
1.5 3
1.8 3
1 .5 2
1. 53
1.8 4
1 .5 2
1.51
1.84
1.5 3
1.51
1.8 7
1 .5 2
1 .5 2
1.8 0
1.5 3
1.5 3
1.76
1.51
1.5 3
1 .8 2
1.51
1 .5 3
1.8 4
1 .5 2
1 .5 2
1 .8 3
1 .5 2
1.4 8
1.77
1.49
1.45
1 .7 2
1 .4 6
1.6 8
1.7 1
1.7 8
1 .7 8
1. 76
1.7 5
1.71
1.7 4
1 .7 5
1 .7 2
1.7 4
1 .7 2
1 .7 2
1 .7 0
1.6 5
1.6 8
2 .4 4
2 .6 2
2 .6 3
1.6 9
2.4 5
2. 63
2 .6 3
1.69
2 .4 4
2 .6 3
2 .6 7
1.69
2. 43
2 .6 2
2 .6 5
1.6 8
2.4 3
2 .6 2
2 .6 2
1.67
2 .4 3
2. 61
2. 63
1.6 5
2. 42
2.6 0
2. 62
1.6 5
2. 42
2.61
2 .6 2
1.6 7
2. 40
2.5 8
2. 58
1.69
2. 39
2. 56
2.5 5
1.6 6
2 .3 9
2. 56
2.5 5
1 .6 5
2. 38
2. 55
2.5 4
1.6 6
2. 37
2. 55
2 .5 3
1 .6 3
2 .3 4
2.51
2.5 1
1 .6 0
2 .2 6
2. 43
2. 44
2 .2 0
2 .2 8
2 .2 3
2 .2 6
2.2 1
2 .2 6
2 .2 0
2 .2 5
2 .2 0
2.2 6
2 .2 0
2 .2 8
2.1 9
2.2 5
2.1 8
2.2 5
2.1 8
2. 24
2.1 8
2 .2 4
2 .1 7
2 .2 3
2 .1 7
2 .2 3
2 .1 7
2. 21
2 .1 2
2.1 8
2 .0 4
2 .1 0
2 .8 5
3.0 1
2 .8 7
2 .5 6
2.8 5
2 .2 6
2 .8 2
3 .0 0
2 .7 7
2 .5 4
2.8 3
2 .2 7
2. 83
3 .0 5
2 .8 6
2 .5 2
2 .8 3
2 .2 6
2. 84
3 .0 8
2. 86
2.5 1
2 .8 3
2 .2 3
2 .8 3
3 .0 6
2.8 6
2. 49
2. 82
2 .2 3
2 .8 4
3 .0 6
2. 92
2. 51
2. 82
2 .2 3
2. 82
3 .0 3
2. 86
2. 48
2. 82
2. 21
2.81
3 .0 1
2. 82
2. 51
2.81
2.1 9
2.81
3. 02
2. 83
2 .5 0
2. 81
2. 21
2.81
3 .0 3
2.7 7
2. 50
2.81
2 .2 2
2.81
3 .0 2
2.81
2 .4 7
2. 80
2. 20
2. 79
2 .9 8
2 .8 0
2.4 8
2 .7 9
2 .2 0
2 .8 0
3 .0 0
2. 79
2. 48
2. 78
2 .2 0
2. 75
2.9 5
2. 78
2. 44
2. 73
2 .1 5
2 .6 7
2 .8 7
2 .7 5
2 .3 6
2 .6 5
2 .0 7
2 .9 6
2 .9 2
2 .8 9
2. 85
2 84
2 87
2 87
2 8fl
2 86
2 85
O 8Q
9 «0
2 00
2 01
2 77
596
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MAY 1963
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
Feb.3
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial chemicals......................
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass.................................... ...........
Drugs___ _____________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
Paints, varnishes, and allied produets__ _____ ________________
Agricultural chemicals................
Other chemical products___ _____
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
$110.83 $111.16 $112.17 $111.37 $110.95 $110.81 $110.12 $110.81 $111.19 $109. 52 $108. 84 $108.05 $108.47 $106.81 $103.25
126.58 126.05 127.56 126. 65 126.05 125.52 124.09 124.80 125.16 123. 73 123.43 122.43 122.72 120.93 117.31
109.88 110.00 111.61 109. 86 109. 59 110.2 4 110. 24 111.41 112.52
101.02 100. 85 100. 6( 100.12 100.19 98.16 98.23 97.92 98.88
102.91 103. 02 103. T i 103.98 103.48 105.32 103.98 103.79 103. 73
102.21 101. 71 102.31 101.66 100. 75 101. 75 102.34 102.09 104. 25
89.68 89.89 90. 52 89.46 89.68 90.3Ì 86.72 88.20 87. 77
104. 66 106.24 107.52 105. 66 105.57 106.17 105.08 104.42 104. 75
109.62 109.62 108. 94 110.04 107. 74 104.17
98. 57 97.10 96.87 97. 58 93.96 90.68
101.50 101.59 100. 53 100.78 98.98 94.77
105.00 102.42 100.04 98.65 98.25
92.57 87.12 85.80 86. 25 84.15
103.09 102.67 102.09 101.43 101.19
Petroleum refining and related industries__________________ _________ 125. 55 130. 62 126. 99 127. 71 127.19 131.09 126. 35 129. 44 127.68 126.05 125. 55
Petroleum refining______________ 131.54 137.52 132. 48 132. 57 130.88 135.2 4 129.31 133. 5 4 131.65 130.60 129.97
Other petroleum and coal products. 100.10 102.50 105. 59 108.03 113. 48 115.57 113.40 113.70 111. 95 106.27 104.73
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products.............................................. . 100.69 101. 34 103.00 101. 84 101.02 101. 76 101.02 101.84 104. 58 101.19 99.63
Tires and inner tubes....................... 128.56 129. 52 134.55 132. 75 132.11 131.78 131. 7C 136. 83 138.13 130.19 125.83
Other rubber products__________
95.82 96.29 97. 47 96. 59 95.3C 96.46 94.42 93.90 98.05 96.05 95.17
Miscellaneous plastic products___
86. 30 86.51 36.10 85.26 85.48 86. 53 85. 28 85.89 87.36 85.90 85.08
Leather and leather products________ 64. 90 65.60 65.05 64.03 62. 63 64.36 65.53 65.84 65. 88 63. 98 63. 81
Leather tanning and finishing........ 88.36 88.84 88.84 87. 78 88.44 88.26 87.82 85.89 88.70 88. 29 86.80
Footwear, except rubber_________ 62.53 63.54 62.66 60.67 59.30 61.69 63. 67 64.46 64.01 61.66 61.32
Other leather p roducts................... 63.07 62.70 62.79 64. 05 61.79 62.75 62.37 62.21 63.08 61.55 62.37
95.65
82.37
97.06
123.32 123.02 124.42 118. 78
127. 58 128. 61 129.24 123.22
103.49 97. 77 102.10 99.26
98.25 97.28 96.72 92.97
122.45 121. 52 121.88 116.33
94.07 92.69 91.53 87. 82
85.08 84.05 82.82 79.40
65.36
85. 57
63.17
63.20
64.98
86.40
63.29
62.04
62.83
84.35
60.15
61.07
60.52
81.74
58.04
58.62
Average weekly hours
Chemicals and allied products............. .
Industrial chemicals____________
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass_____________________ _
Drugs___ . __________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
Paints, varnishes, and allied products__ ________ ____________
Agricultural chemicals. . _______
Other chemical products.................
41.2
41.5
41.3
41.6
41.7
42.1
41.4
41.8
41.4
41.6
41.5
41.7
41.4
41.5
41.5
41.6
41.8
42.0
41.8
41.8
41.7
41.7
41.4
41.5
41.4
41.6
41.4
41. 7
41.3
41.6
41.0
41.4
40.2
41.2
41.5
40.4
41.8
41.4
41.0
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.2
41.4
40.9
41.6
40.9
41.3
41.6
41.1
41.1
42.2
40.8
40.7
42.3
41.2
41.0
42.0
40.9
40.6
42.0
40.8
40.8
41.9
40.7
40.7
42.0
41.0
40.8
41.6
40.5
40.9
41.5
40.3
40. 5
40.4
42.5
41.2
40.2
42.4
41.5
40.6
42.1
42.0
40.5
42.0
41.6
40.3
42.5
41.4
40.7
42.6
41.8
41.1
41.1
41.7
41.0
42.2
41.6
41.7
42.4
41.9
42.0
45.6
41.4
41.3
44.0
41.4
40.5
42.9
41.0
40.1
42.7
40.9
40.6
42. 5
41.3
40. 7
42.9
41.3
Petroleum refining and related industr ie s ................................................... .
Petroleum refining_____________
Other petroleum and coal products.
40.5
40.6
40.2
41.6
41.8
41.0
41.5
41.4
41.9
41.6
41.3
42.7
41.7
40.9
44.5
42.7
42.0
45.5
41.7
40.8
45.0
42.3
41.6
45.3
42.0
41.4
44.6
41.6
41.2
43.2
41.3
41.0
42.4
40.7
40.5
41.9
40.6
40.7
40.4
41.2
40. 9
42.9
41.1
40.8
42.6
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products........................ .......................
Tires and inner tubes......................
Other rubber products__________
Miscellaneous plastic products
40.6
40.3
40.6
40.9
40.7
40.1
40.8
41.0
41.2
41.4
41.3
41.0
40.9
41.1
41.1
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.9
40.9
41.2
40.8
41.4
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.7
41.0
40.9
42.1
40.3
40.9
42.0
42.5
41.9
41.8
41.3
41.2
41.4
41.3
41.0
40.2
41.2
41.3
40.6
39.5
40.9
41.1
40.2
39.2
40.3
40.8
40.3
39. 7
40.5
40.6
39.9
39.3
40 1
40.1
Leather and leather products...... ..........
Leather tanning and finishing____
Footwear, except rubber_____ . . .
Other leather products__________
37.3
39.8
37.0
37.1
37.7
40.2
37.6
37.1
37.6
40.2
37.3
37.6
36.8
39.9
35.9
37.9
36.2
40.2
35.3
37.0
37.2
40.3
36.5
37.8
38.1
40.1
37.9
37.8
38.5
39.4
38.6
37.7
38.3
40.5
38.1
38.0
37.2
40.5
36.7
37.3
37.1
40.0
36.5
37.8
38.0
39.8
37.6
38.3
38.0
40.0
37. 9
37.6
37. 4
39.6
36 9
37.7
36 9
39. 3
36 5
37 1
Chemicals and allied products...
Industrial chemicals.........................
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass________________________
Drugs__________ ______________
Soap", cleaners, and toilet goods___
Paints, varnishes, and allied produ cts.._____ _________________
Agricultural chemicals__________
Other chemical products
$2.69
3.05
$2.69
3.03
$2.69
3.03
$2. 69
3.03
$2.68
3.03
$2.67
3.01
$2.66
2. 99
$2. 67
3.00
$2.66
2.98
$2. 62
2.96
$2.61
2. 96
$2.61
2.95
$2.62
2. 95
$2.58
2 90
$2 50
2 82
2.68
2.44
2.56
2.67
2.43
2.55
2.67
2.43
2.53
2.66
2.43
2.53
2.66
2.42
2. 53
2.65
2.40
2.55
2.65
2.39
2.53
2.64
2.40
2. 55
2. 66
2.40
2.53
2.61
2.41
2.50
2.61
2.38
2.49
2.60
2.38
2. 47
2.62
2.38
2.47
2. 59
2 32
2. 42
2.51
2 25
2 34
2.53
2 .11
2.54
2. 53
2.12
2.56
2.52
2.15
2. 56
2.51
2.13
2.54
2.50
2.11
2. 55
2.50
2.12
2. 54
2.49
2.11
2. 52
2. 49
2.09
2.51
2.50
2.07
2.50
2.50
2.03
2.49
2. 48
1.98
2.48
2.47
2.00
2.49
2.46
2.02
2.48
2. 42
1 98
2.45
2 35
1 Q?
2.35
Petroleum refining and related industries___________________________
Petroleum refining_______
.
Other petroleum and coal products.
3.10
3.24
2.49
3.14
3.29
2.50
3.06
3.20
2. 52
3.07
3.21
2. 53
3.05
3.20
2.55
3.07
3.22
2. 54
3.03
3.17
2.52
3.06
3.21
2.51
3.04
3.18
2.51
3.03
3.17
2. 46
3.04
3.17
2.47
3.03
3.15
2.47
3.03
3.16
2.42
3.02
3 16
2.38
2. 89
3 02
2.33
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_________ ______ ______
Tires and inner tubes
Other rubber products.. ________
Miscellaneous plastic products
2.48
3.19
2.36
2 .11
2.49
3.23
2.36
2.11
2. 50
3.25
2.36
2.10
2.49
3.23
2.35
2.10
2.47
3.23
2.33
2.09
2. 47
3.23
2.33
2.09
2.47
3. 22
2.32
2.08
2.49
3.25
2.33
2.10
2.49
3.25
2.34
2.09
2.45
3.16
2.32
2.08
2.43
3.13
2.31
2.06
2.42
3.10
2.30
2.07
2.42
3.10
2. 30
2.06
2. 40
3.07
2 26
2.04
2 33
2 96
1.74
2.22
1.69
1.70
1.74
2.21
1.69
1.69
1.73
2.21
1.68
1.67
1.74
2.20
1.69
1.69
1.73
2.20
1.68
1.67
1.73
2.19
1.69
1.66
1. 72
2.19
1.68
1.65
1. 71
2.18
1.67
1.65
1.72
2.19
1.68
1.66
1.72
2.18
1.68
1.65
1.72
2.17
1.68
1.65
1. 72
2.15
1.68
1.65
1.71
2.16
1.67
1.65
1 68
2.13
1 63
1.62
1 64
2 08
1 5Q
1. 58
Average hourly earnings
Leather and leather products________
Leather tanning and finishing
Footwear, except rubber_________
Other leather products.................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 19
1.98
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
597
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
Feb.2 Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Aug.
Sept.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3______ ________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines......... .
Motor freight transportation and
storage........................... ......................
Pipeline transportation_________ ____
Communication:
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication4...........
Radio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and svstems______
Combined utility systems _____
Water, steam, and sanitary systems.
$114.26 $118.21 $116.45 $115.33 $114.65 $112.02 $113.48 $117.12 $112.41 $108.84
$101.16 $99.42 $100.86 $100.62 $100.38 100.20 101.01 100.49 101.48 100.58 100.11 99. 30 99 9,9 98 24 94 82
122. 54 125.12 116.33 117.73 119.14 125. 65 129.44 126.62 121.80 117.85 115.37 112. 61 117.23 112.14 105.22
113. 83 111. 52 114.54 113.30 113. 30 115. 78 115.35 114.81 114. 39 112. 61 112.06 110.70 109.47 108 16 104 17
137. 76 138. 58 139. 52 131. 78 130.07 135.05 130.09 137.37 133. 50 130.17 129. 85 130.40 131.13 131. 78 124!
53
101. 35 99.94 101.35 103.07 102.06 102. 31 99.29 99. 54 97.66 96.14 95.65 95 89 06 14 93 38
108. 05 108. 05 106.97 105. 78 107. 74 109. 98 110.08 111.11 111.28 108.61 105.42 105. 00 106 00 104 08 100 01
130. 99 134.30 130.93 132.78 131.14 130. 81 126.10 127. 53 124.68 126.16 126.81 124.68 124.23 119 74 121 13
119.31 119. 60 121.18 119.48 118. 78 118.94 116. 85 117.14 115.87 115. 46 115. 46 115.34 114.65 112 48 108 6^
119. 72 120. 42 121.60 119.89 120.30 120.06 118.82 119.11 117.14 116. 31 116.03 117.58 114.65 112 76 109 46
113. 03 111.38 114.40 111. 11 110. 70 111.51 106. 92 107. 73 106.80 107.06 107.20 105.18 106.11 104 19 1QO 69
128. 33 128. 64 130.94 129.27 128.23 127. 82 125. 97 125. 87 125. 26 125.66 125.46 125.46 126
06 121 77
26
98. 71 97. 64 96.70 97. 34 95. 47 97. 29 95.06 96.59 94.37 93.96 94.37 93.09 94.02 93.02 117
89' 84
Average weekly hours
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3______________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines______
Motor freight transportation and
storage............ .................. ............ ......
Pipeline transportation_____________
Communication:
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication 4______
Radio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services.......
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems._____
Combined utility systems _____
Water, steam, and sanitary systems.
41.1
43.3
42.5
42.4
43.1
41.8
42.5
42.9
42.1
41.7
41.8
43.3
41.6
43.9
42.2
41.4
42.1
41.6
42.0
42.4
42.1
44.4
42.8
45.9
42.4
44.9
43.0
43.5
42.8
42.7
42.6
41.8
42 8
41.1
42 4
43.1
42 Q
42. 8
43 1
42.6
40.8
40.4
40.7
41.0
41.5
41.4
41.2
40.3
41.5
39.9
42.1
40.8
42.1
40.4
41.9
41.5
41.9
40.7
41.4
40.3
41.2
40.2
41 0
40.0
41 O
40.1
41 6
40^3
41 5
40.8
39.9
41. 4
39.1
41.0
41.0
41.1
41.0
41.3
39.5
41.4
39.5
41.1
41.1
41.1
41.1
41.2
39.9
41.3
39.2
41.5
41.5
41.6
41.7
40.8
40.9
41.0
39.4
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.3
40.9
40.5
41.6
39.5
41. 1
41.2
41.0
41.1
40.8
40.6
42.3
39.4
41.3
41.4
41.3
41.1
41.4
40.2
42.5
38.8
41.0
41.4
40.5
40.9
40.8
40.3
42.9
39.0
41.1
41.5
40.5
41.0
41.1
39.7
42.8
38.6
40.8
41.1
40.3
40.8
40.5
39.4
43.1
38.7
40.8
41.1
40.4
40.8
40.5
39.2
42.0
38.9
40.8
41.0
40. 3
41.0
40.5
39.3
42 0
38.6
40 0
41 4
40 3
41.0
40.3
39 4
42 0
38 7
40 8
40 8
40 6
41 O
40.7
39 4
41 8
38 6
40 9
41 0
40 7
41 0
40^8
38 7
41 0
41 3
40 6
41 0
41.4
39 6
Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3______ ________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines______
Motor freight transportation and
storage...................................................
Pipeline transportation_______ _____
Communication:
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication 4______
Radio and television broadcasting..
Electric, gas, and sanitary services____
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems______
Combined utility systems___ ____
Water, steam, and sanitary systems.
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.78
$2.73
$2.74
$2.72
$2.66
$2.68
$2. 67
$2.73
$2.67
$2. 61
$2.42
2.83
$2. 39
2. 85
$2.39
2.81
$2.39
2.83
$2.39
2.81
2. 38
2.83
2.36
2.82
2.37
2.82
2.36
2.80
2.35
2.76
2.35
2.76
2.32
2.74
2 34
2.72
2 29
2.62
2. 79
3. 41
2. 74
3. 38
2. 76
3.37
2. 75
3.27
2.73
3. 26
2.75
3.31
2.74
3.22
2.74
3.31
2.73
3.28
2.72
3.23
2. 72
3.23
2. 70
3.26
2 67
3.27
2 60
3.27
2 20
2.47
2 51
3.09
2. 54
2. 61
3. 35
2.91
2. 92
2. 75
3.13
2.39
2.53
2. 61
3. 40
2. 91
2. 93
2. 71
3.13
2. 37
2.54
2. 59
3.34
2.92
2.93
2. 75
3.14
2.37
2. 52
2.58
3.37
2. 90
2. 91
2.71
3.13
2.38
2. 52
2. 59
3. 32
2.89
2.92
2.70
3.12
2.34
2.52
2.60
3.32
2. 88
2. 90
2.70
3.11
2.35
2.47
2. 59
3.25
2.85
2.87
2.64
3.08
2.33
2.47
2. 59
3.27
2.85
2. 87
2. 66
3.07
2.35
2. 46
2.60
3.23
2. 84
2.85
2.65
3.07
2.33
2.44
2. 52
3.26
2. 83
2.83
2.65
3.08
2.32
2.44
2.61
3.26
2.83
2.83
2.66
3.06
2.33
2. 44
2.60
3.23
2. 82
2. 84
2.61
3 06
2.31
2 44
2 60
3 21
2 81
2 81
2 62
3 06
2.31
2 37
2 49
3 11
9 75
2 76
2 66
2 97
2.28
2 26
2 37
3 13
2 65
2 65
2 48
2 86
2.17
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MAY 1963
598
T able
0-1. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 b y industry—Continued
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
Feb.«
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Aug.
Sept.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trad e»..........................
Wholesale trade___________________
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment........................ ....... —
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod
ucts............................. ....................
Dry goods and apparel__________
Groceries and related products-----Electrical goods...............................
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods______________________
Machinery, equipment, and supEetail trade •..........................................General merchandise stores---------Department stores__________
Limited price variety stores—
Food stores___________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores----------------------------Apparel and accessories stores-----Men’s and boys’ apparel stores
Women’s ready-to-wear stores
Family clothing stores_______
Shoe stores------------------------
$76.03 $76.23 $75.47 $75. 65 $75.46 $76.05 $76.44 $76.44 $75. 86 $74.88 $74.31 $74.50 $73.92 $72. 94
97.53 97.36 98.74 97.44 97.03 98.09 96.87 97.10 96.87 96.22 95.82 95.18 94.30 93.56
92.96 92.96 93.83 93.41 93.86 93.86 93. 26 93.04 92.84 93.46 92.84 91.98 92.20 89.46
$70.98
91.13
86.53
99.45 99. 70 98.80 99.94 97.84 98.09 96.96 96.47 97.04 96. 24 96.32
92. 58 92.12 92. 74 93.25 92. 74 91.99 91.37 91.85 94. 96 94.35 92.10
92.20 91.96 91.30 92. 35 91. 96 91. 76 90.49 89. 66 88.60 87. 76 86. 69
103.48 102.97 102. 97 102.91 100.04 101.84 100.12 100.12 100.37 100.12 100.37
95.30 94. 54 94.60 94.83 92.92 93. 79 92.57 92.80 92.03 90.50 90.72
94.24
92. 86
87.14
97.53
91.20
90.68
84.67
95.11
89.91
86.86
106.19 105.93 108. 65 106.19 105.37 107.38 103. 98 103.66 106. 04 104.14 102.75 101.84 100.94
66.93 67. 30 66. 85 66.38 66. 55 66. 88 67. 55 67. 38 66. 85 65. 98 65.42 65.39 65. 22
52.36 52.86 54.06 51.68 52.67 53.48 53. 35 53. 55 53.09 52. 48 52.29 51.75 51.64
56.45 57.46 58.06 55.61 57.80 58. 82 58.12 58.12 58.13 57. 28 56.77 56. 07 55. 42
39.16 38.96 39. 56 38.32 38.20 39.15 40. 00 39.96 39.12 38.16 38. 44 38.96 38.16
64.54 64.91 64.95 65.66 64.94 65. 50 66.25 66. 43 65.16 63.88 63.35 63.00 63.00
66.12 66.69 66.36 67. 45 66. 53 66.95 67. 71 68.26 67.15 66.66 64. 77 64. 77 64. 77
54. 51 55.36 56.05 53. 54 53.35 54.13 54.82 54.87 54.13 53. 35 52.88 52. 63 53 32
65.14 66. 77 67.23 64.06 64. 59 65. 45 66. 70 67. 44 64. 93 65. 65 64. 75 63. 44 65. 65
48. 53 49.35 50.05 48. 10 48.05 48.33 48.23 48. S5 48.08 47. 57 47.24 46.84 46. 43
53. 55 53.94 54. 96 52. 55 52.00 53.04 53.58 53 64 53. 04 51.60 51.83 50. 69 51.10
56.28 56.45 57.61 54.28 53. 77 56.95 66.83 57.93 56.28 55.23 53.80 54.94 56.95
101. 59
64.01
50. 52
55.04
37. 28
63.01
99.80
62.37
48. 58
63.09
35. 53
60.98
64.44
52. 40
64. 67
46.24
51.98
52.81
62.95
61.30
63.29
44.41
51.01
52.33
38.5
40.3
38.8
40.5
39.0
40.5
98.95 98.40
90.99 91.10
90.98 91.05
102.72 102.56
93.50
94.66
Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade ‘-----------Wholesale trade------------------------ Mot.or vehicles and automotive
equipment---------------------------Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod
ucts________________________
Dry goods and apparel--------------Groceries and related products----Electrical goods------------------Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods.............- .............................. .
Machinery, equipment, and sup
plies_______________________
General merchandise stores.
Department stores____
Food stores___________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores----------------------------Apparel and accessories stores-----Men’s and boys’ apparel stores
Family clothing stores.
38.4
40.3
38.5
40.4
38.9
40.8
38.4
40.6
38.5
40.6
38.8
40.7
39.2
40.7
39.2
40.8
38.9
40.7
38.6
40.6
38.5
40.6
38.6
40.5
41.5
41.5
41.7
41.7
41.9
41.9
42.2
42.1
42.2
42.1
42.2
42.0
42.1
42.0
41.8
39.9
37.6
40.8
40.6
40.0
37.8
41.2
40.7
40.1
38.1
42.1
40.9
40.2
37.6
41.8
40.7
40.0
37.7
41.5
40.7
40.3
37.3
41.6
41.0
40.1
37.7
41.8
40.5
40.2
37.7
41.9
40.9
39.9
37.6
41.7
40.7
39.7
37.8
41.7
40.7
40.1
38.6
41.4
40.8
40.1
38.2
41.2
40.7
39.8
37.9
40.7
40.8
40.1
37. 9
41.3
40.3
40.0
38.1
41.3
40.3
40.3
40.8
40.9
40.4
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.9
40.4
40.5
40.5
40.4
41 3
3S. 5
35.0
34.8
33.3
36.5
41.1
38.2
34.7
34.6
32.6
35.8
41.0
37.7
34.3
34.3
31.8
35.1
41.1
37.6
34.4
31.2
32.3
35.0
40.9
37.8
34.5
34.4
32.2
35.0
40.7
37.7
34.2
34.0
31.8
35.0
40.8
38.1
34.6
34.4
32.7
35.8
40.9
38.6
34.7
34.7
32.6
36.3
36.7
35.4
38.1
34.4
36.0
34.9
38.1
34.7
37.1
34.1
35.6
33.3
35.3
34.2
37.3
33.5
35.1
32.3
35.2
33.9
37.0
33.5
35.5
31.1
35.2
34.4
37.1
33.7
35.2
33.5
35.2
34.4
37.3
33.4
35.0
34.1
36.0
34.7
37.6
34.0
36.1
32.8
36.6
34.9
37.9
33. 9
36.7
32.6
$1.94
2.37
$1.93
2.36
$1.93
2.35
$1.92
2. 34
$1.88
2.31
$1.82
2.25
41.0
37.6
34.0
33.6
32.1
34.7
40.9
37.6
34.1
33.6
32.2
34.9
41.0
38.2
35.8
35.4
34.1
35.3
41.0
37.5
34.0
33.5
32.2
35.3
41.0
37.6
34.2
34.0
32.1
35.1
41.3
38.0
34.5
34.4
32.9
35.6
41.1
38.6
35.1
34.8
33.9
36.4
34.8
34.5
36.8
33.7
35.0
33.7
35.1
34.6
37.3
33.8
34.8
33.4
35.3
35.7
38.2
35.0
36.4
33.3
35.5
34.1
36.4
33.4
34.8
32.5
35.2
34.2
38.7
33.6
34.9
32.2
35.8
34.7
37.4
33.8
35.6
33.5
36.6
35.6
37.9
34.7
36.2
35.3
Average hourly earnings
Wholesale trade.................... - ................
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment........ ...........................
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod-
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods..............................................
Machinery, equipment, and supEetail trade---------------------------------General merchandise stores______
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores..................- .................. .
Apparel and accessories stores-----Family clothing stores.
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.97
2.40
$1.96
2.39
$1.96
2.41
$1. 95
2.38
$1.95
2.38
$1.95
2.38
2.25
2.24
2. 24
2. 24
2.21
2.21
2.20
2.22
2.20
2.19
2.19
2.13
2.07
2.48
2.43
2.19
2.53
2.48
2.45
2. 20
2.53
2.47
2. 46
2.20
2.53
2. 48
2. 50
2.22
2. 51
2.44
2. 46
2.20
2. 47
2.44
2.44
2.19
2.49
2.43
2. 43
2.17
2.43
2. 43
2.43
2.15
2.46
2.42
2.46
2.14
2.46
2. 40
2. 47
2.13
2. 46
2.42
2.43
2.13
2.46
2.35
2. 45
2.11
2.42
2.28
2.38
2.05
2.36
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.33
2.33
2.30
2.31
2.28
2.28
2.25
2.24
2.24
2.22
2.15
2.59
1.79
1.55
1.71
1.21
1.86
2.65
1.75
1.51
1.64
1.16
1.84
2. 59
1.77
1.52
1.66
1.19
1.86
2. 57
1.77
1.54
1.70
1.19
1.85
2.60
1.76
1.55
1.71
1.19
1.84
2. 53
1.75
1.52
1.67
1.18
1.82
251
1.75
1.53
1.67
1.20
1.82
2. 68
1.75
1.53
1.68
1.20
1.82
2. 54
1. 75
1.63
1.67
1.20
1.82
2.50
1.74
1.52
1.66
1.19
1.81
2.49
1.73
1.50
1.63
1.21
1.80
2. 48
1.73
1. 51
1.63
1.20
1.80
2.49
1.68
1. 46
1.60
1.14
1.76
2.44
1.62
1.40
1. 63
1.09
1.68
1.90
1.60
1.79
1.46
1.55
1.69
1.88
1.57
1.76
1.43
1.51
1.73
1.90
1.57
1. 76
1. 44
1.51
1. 67
1.89
1.56
1. 76
1.43
1.49
1.67
1.87
1.56
1.75
1.43
1.49
1.70
1.85
1.54
1.76
1.39
1.48
1.61
1.86
1.55
1.77
1.42
1.49
1.66
1.86
1.56
1. 75
1.41
1.49
1. 69
1.86
1.56
1. 76
1.42
1.47
1.71
1.84
1.56
1. 75
1.41
1.46
1.73
1.84
1.53
1.71
1.39
1.44
1.64
1.84
1.55
1.76
1.39
1.46
1 67
1.79
1. 51
1.72
1.36
1.44
1.61
1.72
1.47
1.67
1.31
1.39
1.61
$1.98
2.42
$1.98
2.41
$1.94
2.42
2.24
2.24
2.48
2.42
2.23
2.53
2.46
2.41
2.21
2.52
2.32
2.59
1.78
1.54
1.68
1.22
1.86
1.90
1.58
1.77
1.44
1.53
1.67
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
599
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
Feb.J
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
\ \ holesale and retail trade 5—Continued
Retail trade 5—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores.......
Other retail trade_______
Motor vehicle dealers________
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers____________ . . .
Drug stores________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking....... ................ .............
Security dealers and exchanges
Insurance carriers________1’. .
Life insurance___ ________
Accident and health insurance___
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.......................
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels *
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants____________ _
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing____________________
Wholesale and retail trade ®—Continued
Retail trade 8—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___
Other retail trade________
Motor vehicle dealers_______
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers___________________
Drug stores________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking______
Security dealers and exchanges
Insurance carriers___
Life insurance____
Accident and health insurance .
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance................
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels «
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants___ _____
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distrib
u tin g .........................
$80.60 $82.21 $83.63 $81.39 $80.38 $81.38 $81.56 $82.17 $80. 54 $79.90 $79.93 $79.71 $79.10 $77.64
76.41 76.82 77.19 76. 63 76.22 75.76 76.68 76. 49 76.54 75.76 75.17 74. 57 73.98 73. 57
92.64 92.43 93.96 95.05 93.08 90.48 93.07 93.73 94.60 93.73 92.64 91.33 89.18 88.44
80. 91
57.88
82.47
58.40
81.84
58.30
78. 58
57.31
79.64
57.31
80.70
57.72
81.77
58.75
81.51
58.06
80. 70
57.13
80.15
56.58
79.82
56.06
79.02
56.06
77.25
56.21
$74.98
71.57
87.91
78.59
55.80
77.26
53.34
74.03 74.23 73.30 72. 72 72.54 71.97 71.80 72.56 71.80 71.42 71.62 71.62 71.23 69.19
118.26 117.26 116.09 112.66 109.10 111.25 110. 68 116.29 123. 73 117.09 120.03 119.37 121. 50 133.35
94.84 95.41 94.60 94.26 94.07 93.76 94.35 94.89 93.21 93.25 93.20 92.62 92 60 89.83
99.43 100. 98 100.14 99. 57 99.44 98.92 100. 61 100.82 98. 65 98.70 98. 55 98.00 97.99 95.11
81.11 81.77 80.20 79.14 78.20 78.45 78.30 77.97 78.00 78.42 78.34 78.34 77. 44 74.41
67.15
117.12
87.41
93.32
71.33
91.57
90.56
89.68
89.58
89.44
89.27
88.50
89.71
88.32
88.09
88.23
87.72
87.98
85.14
81.96
47.23
47.36
47.62
47. 99
47.72
46.05
45.89
45.94
47.64
46. 77
46.29
46.53
46.41
45. 54
43.89
50.29
50.69
51.08
50.70
50.83
50.83
50.83
50.70
51.35
51.87
50.83
49.41
48.64
49.28
48.11
119.25 120.13 124.01 116. 99 120.82 120.01 117. 50 115.37 114.19 111.97 115.92 114. 57 114.88 116.45
Average weekly hours
113.69
40.5
41.3
43.7
40.7
41.3
43.6
41.4
41.5
43.7
40.9
41.2
43.6
40.8
41.2
43.7
41.1
41.4
43.5
41.4
41.9
43.9
41.5
41.8
43.8
41.3
41.6
44.0
41.4
41.4
43.8
41.2
41.3
43.7
41.3
41.2
43.7
41.2
41.1
43.5
41.3
41.8
44.0
41.2
42.1
44.4
43.5
36.4
44.1
36.5
44.0
36.9
43.9
36.5
44.0
36.5
44.1
37.0
44.2
37.9
44.3
37.7
44.1
37.1
43.8
36.5
44.1
36.4
43.9
36.4
43.4
36.5
44.4
37.2
44.4
37.3
37.2
37.3
37.4
37.1
37.2
37.1
37.2
37.4
37.2
37.2
37.3
37.3
37.1
37.0
37.1
38.4
38.5
38.4
38.7
38.8
38.7
39.9
39.6
39.7
39.3
38.9
39.1
39.0
39.6
39.9
38.1
38.4
38.7
38.7
39.1
39.1
39.1
39.3
39.5
39.9
39.4
38.6
38.0
38.8
38.8
Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade •—Continued
Retail trade 8—Continued
Furniture and aDplianoa stores
$1.99
Other retail tra d e ...
1.85
Motor vehicle dealers
2.12
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers_____
1.88
Drug stores...................
1.59
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking__________
1.99
Security dealers and exchanges
Insurance carriers____
Life insurance...............
Accident and health insurance___
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance .
Services anci miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 8 1.23
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plan ts.......... ...................
1.32
Motion pictures:
Mot ion picture filming and distributing_______________
$2.02
1.86
2.12
$2.02
1.86
2.15
$1.99
1.86
2.18
$1.97
1.85
2.13
$1.98
1.83
2.08
$1.97
1.83
2.12
$1.98
1.83
2.14
$1.95
1.84
2.15
$1.93
1.83
2.14
$1.94
1.82
2.12
$1.93
1.81
2.09
$1.92
1.80
2.05
$1.88
1.76
2.01
$1.82
1.70
1.98
1.87
1.60
1.86
1.58
1.79
1.57
1.81
1.57
1.83
1. 56
1.85
1.55
1.84
1. 54
1.83
1.54
1.83
1.55
1.81
1.54
1.80
1.54
1.78
1.54
1.77
1.50
1.74
1.43
1.99
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.94
1.93
1.94
1.93
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.87
1.81
1.23
1.24
1.24
1.23
1.19
1.15
1.16
1.20
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.15
1.10
1.32
1.32
1.31
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.28
1.28
1.27
1.24
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
2 Preliminary.
8 Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICO
Group I).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
* Data relate to uonsuporvisory employees except messengers.
* Excludes eating and drinking places.
* Money payments only, additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
S ource: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
600
T a b l e C -2 .
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries1
1963
Industry division and group
1962
Feb.2 Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Mining............................... ....................................................-
41.7
41.3
40.6
41.1
41.1
41.3
41.2
40.9
40.6
41.0
41.5
41.3
41.4
Contract construction....... ......................................................
36.6
36.5
35.4
37.3
37.2
37.7
37.3
37.4
36.7
37.5
36.6
37.3
37.0
Manufacturing....... ........................... ....................................
40.3
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.1
40.5
40.2
40.5
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.5
40.3
41.1
41.4
39.7
40.6
40.9
40.1
41.3
41.7
40.5
42.9
40.9
39.3
40.7
41.1
39.4
40.5
41.0
39.7
41.1
41.5
40.5
42.2
40.7
39.4
41.0
41.2
40.2
40.8
41.3
39.9
41.0
41.7
40.6
42.4
40.8
40.0
40.9
41.4
40.3
40.5
41.2
39.7
41.0
41.9
40.5
41.5
41.0
39.7
41.0
40.9
40.4
40.6
41.4
39.6
41.1
41.8
40.7
42.1
40.8
39.8
41.0
41.5
39.6
41.3
41.0
39.6
41.4
41.8
40.7
41.9
41.1
39.9
41.1
41.3
40.2
41.3
41.2
39.9
41.3
41.9
40.7
42.2
41.1
40.1
41.3
41.8
39.7
41.5
41.1
40.9
41.5
42.0
41.1
42.1
41.2
40.3
41.0
41.5
39.3
40.9
40.9
40.9
41.3
41.7
40.7
41.5
40.6
40.1
40.9
41.3
40.1
40.6
40.6
40.9
41.1
41.7
40.5
41.2
40.7
39.2
Durable goods .................................................................
Ordnance and accessories____________________
Lumber and wood products except furniture.........
Furniture and fixtures........... ..................................
Stone, clay and glass p ro d u cts.._______________
Primary metal industries.........................................
Fabricated metal products....................................
Machinery______________ __________________
Electrical equipment and supplies______ ______
Transportation equipment.......................... .............
Instruments and related products_______ ______
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries________
41.0
41.6
40.0
40.6
40.7
40.6
41.2
41.7
40.4
42.1
41.0
39.6
40.7
41.2
40.0
40.5
40.4
40.2
41.2
41.6
40.3
41.6
40.6
39.4
41.1
41.6
39.7
40.4
40.5
40.2
40.8
41.6
40.3
42.3
41.2
39.5
Nondurable goods........ .................................... ..............
Food and kindred products___________________
Tobacco manufactures_______________________
Textile mill products.......................... ................... .
Apparel and related products_________________
Paper and allied products____________ ________
Printing, publishing and allied industries_______
Chemicals and allied products_________________
Petroleum refining and related industries ______
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______
Leather and leather products___ ______________
39.4
40.8
37.3
40.1
36.1
42.6
38.2
41.4
41.0
41.0
36.7
39.4
40.7
38.5
40.0
35.8
42.5
38.1
41.3
41.8
40.9
36.8
39.6
40.9
39.0
40.2
36.4
42.8
38.3
41.4
41.9
41.0
37.4
39.4
41.0
39.4
39.9
36.1
42.5
38.1
41.4
41.6
40.9
36.9
39.3
40.7
38.7
40.0
35.8
42.2
37.9
41.5
41.8
40.6
36.9
39.7
41.1
39.5
40.3
36.4
42.6
38.3
41.5
42.1
41.0
37.8
39.4
40.7
37.4
40.3
36.1
42.5
38.3
41.5
41.7
40.5
37.5
39.8
41.6
37.1
40.7
36.4
42.7
38.3
41.5
41.7
40.5
37.6
40.0
41.1
37.9
41.0
36.8
42.8
38.4
41.6
41.7
41.5
38.0
40.1
41.3
38.6
41.3
36.6
42.6
38.4
41.7
41.6
41.5
38.0
40.2
41.2
39.6
41.5
37.1
42.7
38.6
41.7
41.3
41.8
38.6
39.9
40.9
39.6
40.9
36.7
42.7
38.5
41.5
40.9
41.0
37.9
39.5
40.7
38.7
40.6
35.8
42.6
38.3
41.6
41.1
40.6
37.4
Wholesale and retail trade 3_________________ ________
Wholesale trade................. ........................................... .
Retail trade 3______________________ ______ ____
38.7
40.5
37.9
38.7
40.4
37.8
38.7
40.6
38.0
38.7
40.6
37.9
38.6
40.5
37.8
38.7
40.6
38.0
38.7
40.6
37.9
38.7
40.6
37.9
38.7
40.7
37.9
38.8
40.7
38.0
38.7
40.8
37.8
38.8
40.7
38.0
38.8
40. 5’
38.0
N ote: The sea so n a l a d ju s tm e n t m e th o d u se d is d escrib e d in “ New
S e a so n a l A d ju s tm e n t F a c to r s for L a b o r F o r ce C o m p o n e n ts ,” M o n t h l y L a b o r
R e v i e w , A u g u s t 1960, p p . 822-827.
i F o r e m p lo y e e s co v e r e d , see fo o tn o te 1, ta b le A -3 .
3 P r e lim in a r y .
s E x c lu d e s e a tin g a n d d r in k in g p la ce s.
T able C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group 1
1963
A nnual
averag e
1962
M a jo r in d u s try group
F e b .2
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
A p r.
M a r.
F eb .
1961
1960
M a n u fa c tu rin g ....................... ............................ . $2.36
$2.36
$2.35
$2.33
$2.32
$2.31
$2. 29
$2.31
$2.31
$2.31
$2.31
$2.31
$2.31
$2.25
$2.20
2. 53
2.81
2.52
2.81
2. 52
2.78
2.50
2.78
2.48
2. 76
2.48
2. 77
2.46
2.75
2.47
2. 75
2. 47
2.76
2. 47
2.76
2.48
2. 76
2.48
2. 75
2.47
2.74
2.42
2. 71
2.36
2.60
1.89
1.90
2.36
2.92
2.50
2. 66
2.39
2.86
2.42
1.89
1.90
2.36
2.91
2.49
2.65
2.38
2.86
2.40
1.92
1.90
2. 36
2.90
2.49
2.65
2.38
2. 86
2.40
1.93
1. 89
2.35
2. 89
2. 48
2. 64
2. 36
2.84
2. 40
1.91
1.89
2.33
2.89
2.47
2.63
2.35
2.83
2. 39
1.93
1.88
2.33
2. 89
2.48
2.62
2.35
2. 83
2 38
1.91
1.88
2.32
2.88
2.46
2.60
2.33
2.80
2.37
1.91
1.88
2.32
2. 88
2.47
2.60
2.34
2.80
2.37
1.91
1.88
2.32
2.88
2.46
2.60
2.34
2.78
2.37
1.89
1.89
2.30
2. 89
2.47
2.60
2.34
2. 78
2.38
1.90
1.88
2.31
2.92
2.46
2.60
2.34
2.77
2.37
1.87
1.88
2.30
2.92
2.45
2. 59
2.32
2. 77
2.36
1.87
1.87
2.29
2.92
2.45
2. 59
2.32
2.78
2.37
1.88
1.86
2.25
2.84
2.42
2.54
2.30
2.72
2.32
1.82
1.82
2. 20
2. 75
2.36
2. 47
2.23
2.65
2.26
D u ra b le goods......... ............... ...........................
O rd n an ce a n d accessories_____________
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts except
fu rn itu re ____________________________
F u rn itu re a n d fix tu res________________
S tone, clay, a n d glass p ro d u c ts ________
P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s trie s _____________
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts .........................
M a c h in e ry ___________________________
E le c tric a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s .........
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t______ _____
In s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _____
M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u strie s ________________________________
N o n d u ra b le goods ____________________
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts ___________
T obacco m a n u fa c tu re s ________________
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts __________________
A p p a re l a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _________
P a p e r a n d allie d p ro d u c ts _____________
P rin tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allie d in d u strie s ____ ______ ____________ _______
C hem icals a n d allie d p ro d u c ts ________
P e tro le u m refining a n d re la te d in d u st r i e s . . ________ __________ ____ _____
R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic
p ro d u c ts _____ _______ _____ _______
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts _________
1.98
1.98
1.96
1.92
1.91
1.90
1.90
1.92
1.91
1. 91
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.87
1.84
2.13
2.23
1.91
1.64
1.65
2.33
2.14
2.22
1.88
1.63
1.66
2.33
2.12
2.20
1.85
1.63
1.64
2.32
2.11
2.17
1.83
1. 63
1. 64
2.31
2.10
2.15
1.68
1.63
1.64
2.31
2.10
2.13
1.67
1.62
1.65
2. 30
2.09
2.13
1.78
1.62
1.64
2.30
2.10
2.13
1.95
1.62
1.63
2.29
2.10
2.16
1. 96
1.62
1.62
2.28
2.09
2.16
1.95
1.62
1.63
2. 27
2.09
2.17
1. 93
1.62
1.64
2.27
2.09
2.17
1.88
1.61
1.65
2. 27
2.08
2.17
1.83
1.59
1.64
2.26
2.05
2.09
1. 74
1. 57
1.61
2. 23
1.99
2.02
1.67
1.56
1.56
2.15
(3)
2.62
(3)
2.62
f3)
2.62
0
2. 61
0
2.60
0
2.59
0
2. 59
0
2.58
0
2.57
0
2. 54
2. 53
0
0
2.53
0
2. 54
0
2.51
0
2.43
3.04
3.07
2.99
2.98
2. 96
2. 96
2. 95
2. 97
2.95
2. 95
2. 97
2.97
2. 97
2.94
2.82
2.40
1.71
2.41
1.71
2.41
1.70
2.39
1. 71
2. 38
1.70
2.38
1.70
2.38
1.69
2.40
1.68
2.38
1.69
2.36
1.69
2. 35
1.69
2.34
1.68
2.34
1.68
2.32
1.65
2.26
1.61
1 F o r c o m p a r a b ility o f d a ta w it h th o se p u b lis h e d in iss u e s prior to D e c e m
b er 1961, see fo o tn o te 1, ta b le A -2 . F o r e m p lo y e e s c o v e red , see fo o tn o te 1,
ta b le A -3 . A v e r a g e h o u r ly ea r n in g s e x c lu d in g o v e r tim e are d e r iv e d b y as
s u m in g t h a t o v e r tim e h o u r s are p a id for a t t h e r a te o f tim e a n d o n e-h a lf.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 P r e lim in a r y .
8 N o t a v a ila b le b e c a u se a v er a g e o v e r tim e r a tes are s ig n ific a n tly above
tim e a n d o n e-h a lf. I n c lu sio n o f d a ta for t h e g ro u p in t h e n o n d u r a b le g o od s
to ta l h a s li t t le e fle c t.
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
601
C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
1963
Annual
average
1962
Industry
Manufacturing_______________ .
Durable goods_____________
Nondurable goods_________________
Feb.2
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1961
1960
2.5
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.9
3.1
2.7
2.9
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.9
2.7
3.0
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.1
2.8
2.9
2.7
2.4
2.9
2.9
3.1
2.7
4.0
2.9
2.6
2.0
3.4
2.7
2.4
2.1
2.8
2.5
2.2
1.7
2.7
2.5
2.2
1.9
2.8
2.1
2.3
2.0
3.0
2.2
2.1
1.8
2.4
2.4
2.1
1.9
2.4
2.2
2.5
2.0
3.1
2.6
2.4
1.6
3.2
2.7
2.2
1.6
2.9
2.4
1.9
1. 6
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.7
2.7
1.8
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.2
3.2
3.8
3.6
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.5
3.0
3.0
2.8
2.7
2.9
2.8
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.0
3.1
2.2
2.6
2.6
2.8
1.7
1.7
2.1
2.8
1.7
3.4
1.6
2.6
1.7
3.7
2.4
2.4
1.6
3.5
2.6
2.8
1.9
2.5
2.5
2.7
1.8
1.9
2.1
2.7
1.5
3.3
1.6
2.4
1.7
3.5
2.3
2.3
1.3
3.1
2.8
3.3
2.4
2.7
3.3
3.7
2.2
1.6
2.9
2.9
1.8
3.8
1.3
2.5
1.9
3.8
2.4
2.3
1.1
3.5
2.9
3.2
2.5
2.7
3.0
3.2
1.6
2.5
2.9
3.4
2.2
3.6
1.7
2.9
2.1
5.0
2.7
2.1
1.0
3.0
2.8
3.2
2.8
3.0
3.3
3.4
2.0
3.7
2.8
3.7
1.5
3.5
1.8
3.0
2.3
6.0
2.7
2.0
.9
2.9
2.3
3.8
3.2
3.1
3.4
3.4
2.4
4.6
3.2
3.9
2.0
3.4
2.3
3.1
2.0
6.4
2.9
2.2
1.3
2.7
3.0
3.7
3.3
3.1
3.2
3.2
2.0
4.0
3.4
3.9
1.6
3.4
2.1
3.2
2.1
6.7
2.8
1.9
.9
2.5
3.1
3.5
4.0
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.4
3.6
2.6
3.8
1.8
3.8
2.1
3.2
1.7
6.3
2.7
2.0
1.1
2.8
2.6
3.5
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.1
2.4
3.6
3.0
3.7
1.6
3.7
1.8
2.9
1.6
6.3
2.9
2.3
1.1
3.4
2.9
3.4
3.3
3.0
2.5
2.6
1.7
2.8
2.4
3.6
1.3
3.5
1.9
3.2
1.2
6.2
2.8
2.0
1.0
3.2
2.3
3.3
2.9
3.1
2.7
2.9
1.8
2.2
2.4
3.2
1.0
3.3
1.6
2.8
1.3
5.2
2.6
2.3
1.7
2.8
2.2
3.0
2.8
3.1
2.7
2.9
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.8
1.4
3.4
1.4
2.6
1.6
4.1
2.4
2.5
2.0
3.0
2.3
2.8
2.6
2.9
2.5
2.6
2.0
2.6
2.0
2.7
1.7
3.4
1.4
2.3
1.7
3.7
2.3
2.5
2.1
2. 6
2.5
2.8
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.0
2.4
2.5
3.1
2.1
3.6
1.5
2.7
1.5
5.0
2.3
1.9
1.3
2.1
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.7
3.1
2.4
3.6
1.6
2.7
1.5
4.8
2.4
1.8
1.3
2.1
3.0
3.5
3.1
2.9
2.5
2.1
3.5
3.2
3.3
2.7
2.7
3.9
3.3
3.8
2.9
2.4
3.8
2.9
3.2
3.0
2.5
3.4
2.9
3.2
3.0
2.8
3.7
3.0
3.5
3.3
4.9
3.2
2.6
2.9
3.1
4.3
3.3
2.8
2.7
2.9
4.7
4.1
3.2
3.4
3.1
4.0
3.4
2.9
2.8
2.9
3.5
3.8
2.9
2.9
2.8
3.4
3.6
2.9
3.3
2.6
3.0
3.3
3.0
3.0
2.6
2.9
3.1
2.3
2.3
2.4
3.2
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.6
2.8
2.4
2.9
3.1
3.1
2.4
2.5
2.1
2.3
2.9
2.8
2.3
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.1
1.7
2.1
3.7
2.7
2.8
2.7
1.8
2.0
4.0
3.4
3.2
2.9
2.0
2.3
4.3
3.6
3.5
3.0
1.9
2.5
3.7
3.8
3.3
2.9
2.5
2.6
3.6
3.8
3.6
3.1
2.5
3.0
4.2
4.1
3.6
3.2
2.2
3.0
3.6
3.7
3.1
3.0
1.9
2.8
3.6
3.2
2.8
2.7
2.2
2.8
4.0
3.4
3.7
3.1
1.6
2.6
3.8
3.6
3.3
2.9
1.4
2.3
4.0
3.3
3.6
3.0
1.4
2.0
4.1
3.4
3.0
2.9
1.4
2.0
4.4
3.2
3. 1
2.9
1.5
2.3
2.6
.2.9
2.8
2.7
1.4
2.4
2.5
3.7
2.7
2.6
2.4
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.3
2.4
2.8
2.0
2.0
2.2
2.6
3.1
2.5
1.9
2.3
2.6
2.8
1.9
1.6
2.2
2.7
2.9
1.9
1.8
2.5
2.7
3.0
2.3
2.1
2.7
2.5
3.0
2.3
1.9
2.8
2.2
3.2
2.1
1.7
3.0
2.7
3.4
2.3
2.1
2.9
2.6
3.3
2.5
2.2
2.8
2.6
3.3
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.4
3.2
2.4
2.7
2.7
2.5
3.1
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.5
1.7
1.6
1.9
1.9
2.7
1.8
1.9
1.8
4.5
3.2
2.4
4.4
3.5
2.2
4.7
3.7
2.6
4.3
3.3
2.5
4.1
3.3
2.6
4.2
3.6
2.6
4.5
3.3
2.7
4.9
3.4
3.0
5.2
3.8
3.2
5.3
3.5
2.9
5.4
3.6
2.9
5.0
3.6
2.8
4.7
3.5
2.8
3.4
2.8
2.0
4.3
3.3
2.1
1.6
1.9
3.8
1.9
1.8
2.4
1.6
1.6
1.2
2.3
1.8
1.3
1.6
4.1
1.9
1.5
2.1
1.3
1.7
1.2
2.2
1.7
1.5
1.7
4.3
2.4
2.5
2.2
2.3
2.0
2.1
2.5
2.1
1.3
1.6
4.2
2.3
2.2
2.3
1.9
2.1
1.7
2.4
2.1
1.4
1.8
4.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
1.8
2.1
2.5
1.9
1.4
2.0
4.4
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.1
2.4
2.6
3.0
2.1
1.3
2.1
4.1
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.2
1.8
2.4
2.3
1.9
1.6
2.5
4.2
2.0
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.6
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.5
3.0
4.0
2.3
2.2
2.6
2.0
1.9
2.5
1.5
2.2
4.0
2.1
1.9
2.4
1.6
1.7
1.6
2.5
2.1
1.4
2.2
4.0
2.1
1.6
2.3
1.6
1.8
1.4
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.9
4.0
2.1
1.6
2.3
1.5
1.8
1.3
2.7
2 .2
1.8
1.6
4.0
2.1
1.6
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.6
2.7
2.1
2.2
1.6
3.5
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.6
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.9
3.4
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.4
2.5
1.6
2.6
3.0
3.3
2.6
3.3
1.3
2.3
2.2
2.4
3.4
3.7
4.5
5.9
3.2
3.0
1.2
1.9
2.5
2.7
3.5
3.9
4.9
3.2
2.9
1.7
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.9
3.6
4.5
3.0
2.5
1.7
3.0
2.5
2.9
2.3
3.1
3.6
2.7
3.0
2.1
3.3
2.4
2.7
3.1
3.8
2.8
3.1
1.6
1.8
2.2
28
3.8
4.6
6.1
3.2
3.4
1.5
2.1
2.5
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.3
4.0
2.5
2.8
1.8
2.5
2.4
2.7
3.9
2.6
2.7
2.5
3.6
2.5
2.6
3.2
3.4
4.0
2.7
2.9
2.8
3.5
2.2
2.2
3.0
3.0
3.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.3
2.0
2.8
2.8
2.9
2.8
2.5
2.4
1.5
2.3
2.1
3.0
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
1.7
1.5
2.3
2.5
2.1
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.5
.9
1.8
2.1
2.2
1.9
2.7
3.2
2.2
2.4
1.2
1.7
2.1
2.8
2.5
1.9
2.0
2.6
2.1
2.5
1.7
2.3
2.5
2.3
2.5
2.3
2.0
2.5
2.1
2.3
2.5
1.9
2.2
1.9
2.3
2.0
2.1
2.1
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.9
3.1
1.9
1.6
2.2
3.1
3.0
1.5 1 1.8
2.2
3.4
2.0
2.4
2.7
2.1
2.5
2.7
2.1
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.4
2.6
1.6
2.3
2.8
2.3
2.1
2.9
1.7
2.5
3.2
2.1
3.5
1.8
2.3
2.9
1.8
2.1
2.9
1.5
2.2
2.5
D u r a b l e g oods
Ordnance and accessories .
Ammunition except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories
Lumber and wood products except
furniture______ ____
Sawmills and planing mills
........
Millwork, plywood, and related products____________ ______
Wooden containers__
Miscellaneous wood products______
Furniture and fixtures...
Household furniture................
Office furniture___________
Partitions; office and store fixtures........
Other furniture and fixtures
Stone, clay, and glass products. _ . _
Flat glass..............................................
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Cement hydraulic____________
Structural clay products__________
Pottery and related products.......... ......
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products__
Primary metal industries__________
Blast furnace and basic steel products...
Iron and steel foundries______ ______
Nonferrous smelting and refining
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extrading_________________________
Nonferrous foundries_______________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
Fabricated metal products____________
Metal cans___ _________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware______________________ _____
Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures____________ _______ . . .
Fabricated structural metal products.. .
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
Metal stampings_____________
Coating, engraving, and allied services..
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products____ _______ _____________
Machinery_____ ___________ _
Engines and turbines________
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction arid related riiachinery...
Metalworking machinery and equipment__________________ .
Special industry machinery_________
General industrial machinery_______
Office, computing and accounting machines_________________
Service industry machines
Miscellaneous riiachinery___________
Electrical equipment and supplies_____
Electric distribution equipment
Electrical industrial apparatus
Household appliances______________
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
Radio and TV receiving sets
Communication equipinent_________
Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and
supplies......................... . ...................
Transportation equipm ent.
Motor vehicles and eq u ip m ent____
Aircraft and parts_________
Ship and boat building and repairing__
Railroad equipment__
Other transportation equipment____
Instruments and related products
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control devices___ _______________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods_______
Surgical, medical, and dental equipment . . . _____ ___________
Photographic equipment and supplies..
Watches and clocks________________
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 .8
3.3
2 .2
2 .2
2 .2
2.2
2.2
1.0
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
602
T a b l e C -4 . A v era g e o v e r tim e h ours of
production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1—Continued
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
Feb.2 Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1961
2.1
2.4
1.6
2.0
2.3
2.2
2.0
2.5
1.7
1.9
1.7
2.3
2.4
4.1
1.5
2.1
2.2
2.5
2.3
3.4
2.1
1.8
1.9
2.5
2.5
3.4
2.3
3.1
2.0
2.6
2.6
3.2
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.9
2.3
2.7
1.9
2.2
2.4
2.5
1.9
2.2
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.1
2.3
2.9
2.0
1.6
3.0
2.4
2.4
3.1
2.2
1.9
2.5
2.3
2.2
2. 9
1.8
1.9
2.5
2.3
2.3
3.0
2.0
1.9
2.2
2.6
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.7
2.0
2.6
2.1
3.0
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.2
2.1
2.8
1.9
1.5
1.7
2.3
3.1
2.9
3.2
2.2
5.6
2.8
3.2
2.2
2.2
3.1
3.4
3.0
2.2
5.7
2.6
3.4
2.3
2.3
3.4
4.2
3.2
2.2
6.1
2.9
3.2
3.0
2.5
3.6
4.5
3.2
2.1
6.4
3.3
4.5
3.1
2.5
3.4
3.8
3.2
2.3
6.9
3.1
2.9
3.3
2.5
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.4
7.0
3.7
4.9
3.4
3.2
3.4
3.1
3.4
2.6
6.9
3.3
4.4
2.6
3.1
3.9
3.9
4.0
3.5
6.9
3.4
4.6
1.7
4.0
3.6
3.8
3.8
2.5
6.5
3.4
4.7
2.0
3.3
3.5
3.9
3.6
2.5
6.2
3.1
3.9
1.9
3.2
3.1
3.3
3.3
2.3
5.4
2.8
3.6
1.7
2.6
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.1
5.1
2.9
2.6
2.1
2.6
2.9
2.7
2.9
2.3
5. 6
2.7
3.2
2.1
2.3
3.3
3.7
3.1
2.4
6. 2
2.9
4.5
2.5
2.8
3.3
3.7
2.9
2.3
6.0
2.9
4.2
2.4
2.8
4.0
.6
.5
.9
3.0
3.0
3.8
3.8
3.2
1.7
4.1
4.4
2.9
3.6
1.2
1.3
.9
3.9
.6
.5
.7
2.8
3.0
4.0
3.4
3.3
1.6
3.1
3.3
2. 5
3.2
1.0
1.1
.9
4.3
1.1
1.2
1.0
3.0
3.0
4.3
3.1
3.2
1.7
4.4
4.5
2.6
3.7
1.2
1.3
1.0
4.3
1.2
1.5
1.6
3.3
3.2
4.5
3.2
3.3
2.2
4.7
5.1
2.8
3.8
1.4
1.1
1.3
4.1
1.2
1.0
1.4
3.2
3.1
4.4
3.4
3.4
2.3
4.2
5.0
3.1
3.5
1.4
1.3
1.3
4.1
1.6
1.4
1.3
3.0
2.8
4.2
3.7
3.2
2.3
3.7
4.7
2.8
3.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
4.0
1.0
.8
1.2
3.1
3.0
4.4
4.1
3.3
2.3
3.3
4.9
3.3
3.2
1.5
1.2
1.6
4.0
.6
.7
.4
3.1
2.9
4.2
4. 4
3.3
2.4
3.2
3.4
3.2
3.7
1.3
1.0
1.3
3.9
.9
.9
.9
3.5
3.1
4.6
6. 2
3.4
2.5
4.7
3.8
3.5
4.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
3.9
.7
.9
.5
3.3
3.3
4.3
4. 9
3.3
2.3
4.3
3.4
3.4
3.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
3.7
.7
.5
.9
3.3
3.4
4.3
4.6
3.3
2.2
4.4
3.2
3.4
3.0
1.4
1.4
1.1
3.9
1.0
1.2
.9
3.3
3.5
3.8
4. 6
3.4
2.1
4.5
3.8
3.5
3.3
1.4
12
1.2
4.0
.6
.5
.5
3.3
3.4
4.2
4. 6
3. 2
2.0
4.3
3.7
3.4
3.3
1.2
1.0
1.1
3.9
1.1
1.2
1.0
2.7
2.7
3.2
3.3
2.9
2.0
3.7
3.3
2.8
2.9
1.1
.8
.9
3.9
1.0
1.1
1.0
2.6
2.8
3.3
3.1
2.4
1.9
3.2
2.8
2.4
2.8
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.7
1.2
.9
.9
1.1
.8
.7
1.2
1.2
.7
1.1
1.7
1.2
.9
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.2
.9
1.3
1.8
1.4
1.1
1.4
2.2
1.4
1.2
1.0
1.8
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.4
4.2
5.2
5.7
1.3
4.2
5.3
5.4
1.8
4.5
5.2
6.3
2.0
4.5
5.2
6.0
2.2
4.5
5.1
5.5
2.1
4.8
5.3
6.4
1.8
4.6
5.2
5.9
1.5
4.7
5.5
6.8
1.8
4.5
5.2
6.1
1.7
4.4
5.4
5.4
1.4
4.3
5.2
5.7
1.5
4.3
5.2
5.7
1.3
4.2
5.2
5.4
1.6
4.3
5.0
5.6
1.7
4.1
5.1
5.1
2.8
3.2
2.5
1.9
3.4
2. 8
2.8
1.7
2.9
3.1
2.4
1.8
2.3
2.6
2.7
2.2
3.2
3.8
3.0
3.1
3.3
2.8
3.2
2.1
2.8
4.0
2.8
2.9
3.6
2.8
2.9
2.3
3.0
4.3
2.8
2.7
3.8
3.0
3.0
2.4
3.3
4.6
3.1
2.8
4.4
3.6
3.2
3.2
3.4
4.1
2.9
2.5
3.4
3.6
3.0
2.7
3.0
4.2
2.7
2.4
2.6
3.4
2.8
2.4
3.3
4.0
2.6
2.6
2.6
3.3
2.7
2.1
2.8
3.7
2.8
2.8
2.3
3.9
2.9
2.5
2.8
3.5
2.7
2.4
2. 5
3.6
3.0
2.4
2.9
3.7
2.8
2.0
3.3
3.8
3.2
2.4
2.9
3.2
2.6
1.8
3.0
3. 7
3.0
2.2
3.0
3.6
2.7
2.4
3.1
3.7
2.9
2.1
2.8
3.3
2.9
2.7
3.6
3.7
3.1
2.1
2.7
2.3
2.4
2.0
2.5
2.3
1.6
4.0
2.4
1.7
1.4
2.8
2.4
2.2
2.2
1.9
2.4
2.3
1.6
3.3
2.5
2.0
1.7
3.2
2.6
2.4
2.5
2.1
2.4
2.4
1.6
3.5
2.7
2.0
1.5
4.0
2.4
2.3
2.4
1.9
2.5
2.5
1.5
3.1
2.6
2.5
1.9
4.8
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.0
2.7
2.8
1.8
3.6
2.6
2.5
1.6
5.9
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.3
2.5
3.2
2.3
3.9
2.8
3.0
2.0
6.6
2.8
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.7
2.3
2.6
2.8
2.2
1.3
5.9
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.3
2.5
2.4
3.2
2.6
2.6
1.7
6.2
2.4
2.6
2.4
2.6
2.4
2.8
2.8
3.3
3.0
2.5
1.6
6.1
2.2
2.7
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.3
3.1
7.2
2.8
2.2
1.6
4.7
2.5
2.6
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.4
2.3
6.0
2.4
2.0
1.6
3.8
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.6
1.7
4. 4
2.5
1.6
1.2
3.7
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.6
2.9
1.5
3. 8
2.2
1.5
1. 3
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.0
1.9
2.6
1.9
3.8
2.5
2.0
1. 5
4.5
2.6
2.3
2.5
2.0
1.9
2.3
1.9
4.3
2.6
2.0
1.4
4.5
2.9
2.9
2.6
3.2
1.4
2.5
1.2
1.4
2.7
2. 8
2.6
3.0
1.2
2.4
1.1
1.2
3.2
3.5
3.1
3.0
1.3
2.5
1.1
1.6
3.1
3.3
3.0
3.2
1.4
2.5
1.0
2.1
3.0
3.3
2.8
3.1
1.3
2.7
.9
‘ 1.8
3.3
3.6
3.2
3.3
1.4
2.8
1.0
1.8
3.1
3.5
2.9
3.0
1.5
2.8
1.2
1.8
3.0
3.6
2.6
3.0
1.4
2.3
1.3
1.5
3.7
4.4
3.5
3.5
1.5
3.0
1.2
1.8
3.2
3.3
3.1
3.3
1.2
2.8
1.0
1.3
2.9
2.5
2.8
3.3
1.4
2.6
1.1
1.7
2.7
2.3
2.6
3.0
1.6
2.4
1.3
2.0
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.9
1.6
2.6
1.3
1.9
2.6
2.7
2.4
2.9
1.4
2.3
1.1
1.7
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.5
1.2
2.1
1.1
1.4
1960
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods..
Pens, pencils, office and art m aterials..
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries..........
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products___________
Meat products____________________
Dairy products........................................
Canned and preserved food, except meats.
Grain mill products________________
Bakery products................... .................
Sugar..___ ___________________ _
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages______________________ .
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod
ucts.......................................................
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes_____________________
Cigars__________________________
Textile mill products________________
Cotton broad woven fabrics___ _____
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______
K nitting........ .............. ........................
Finishing textiles, except wooland knit.
Floor covering____________________
Yarn and thread..... ............................
Miscellaneous textile goods
Apparel and related products .. . .....
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______
M en’s and boys’furnishings_________
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear__..................................................
Women’s and children’s undergarments....................................................
Hats, caps, and millinery___________
Girls’ and children’s outerwear______
F ur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products.......................................................
Paper and allied products ...... ...............
Paper and pulp______________ _____
Paperboard............ ................................
Converted paper and paperboard products___ _____ _____ _____ ______
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing___
Books_________________ ______ _
Commercial p rin tin g ... __________
Bookbinding and related industries__
Other publishing and printing industries........... ...................... ...................
C h em ica ls a n d allied p ro d u c ts , . .
Industrial chemicals_______ ________
Plastics and synthetics, except glass__
Drugs_______ _____ ________ _____
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods _____
Paints, varnishes and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals......... ........... ......
Other chemical products____ _______
Petroleum refining and related industries.
Petroleum refining_________________
Other petroleum and coal products___
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products____________________________
Tires and inner tubes.
O therrubber products_____ ________
M iscellan eo u s plastic, p ro d u c ts
Leather and leather products _________
Leather tanning and finishing...............
Poot.we.ar, except r n h h e r
O th e r le a th e r p ro d u c ts
» For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Over
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of pre
miums were paid are excluded.
2 Preliminary.
O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
603
C-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities1
[1957-59=100]
1963
Annual
average
1962
Activity
M ar.2 Feb.2 Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1961
1960
Man-hours
T o ta l...............................................................
Mining................ ...... .....................................
Contract construction__________________
M anufacturing..................... .......................
93.8
77.8
75.6
98.0
92.4
77.6
69.5
97.3
93.4
77.9
75.1
97.5
96.3
79.8
80.7
100.0
99.2
81.3
94.9
100.9
101.7
83.3
105.3
102.0
103.4
84.3
107.7
103.6
102.0
85.4
110.6
101.3
100.6
82.4
107.7
100.2
100.8
85.4
99.5
101.8
99.1
84.0
97.3
100.1
97.1
82.7
87.3
99.6
94.4
81.5
75.7
98.4
95.1
84.9
94.3
95.8
99.0
91.1
98.3
99.6
Durable goods..........................................
Ordnance and accessories...............
Lumber and wood products, except furniture_____ ___________
Furniture and fixtures______ ____
Stone, clay, and glass products.......
Primary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products_______
Machinery____________________
Electrical equipment and supplies..
Transportation e q u ip m e n t...___
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____________________
99.0
125.8
98.4
126.5
98.7
127.9
100.7
129.9
101.2
129.5
101.8
127.4
102.4
128.0
99.0
127.4
99.8
123.1
102.2
122.4
101.2
123.8
100.5
124.6
98.8
123.0
93.9
118.1
99.4
111.7
88.9
100.3
90.7
95.5
98.3
101.7
110.9
96.9
103.1
89.8
101.4
87.7
93.9
97.6
100.6
111.8
96.7
102.3
90.6
101.7
88.2
92.2
98.4
100.2
113.1
98.2
102.0
92.5
105.7
91.7
92.2
100.2
100.2
115.8
100.7
103.8
96.2
106.0
98.0
90.0
100.7
99.1
115.8
99.5
104.1
99.6
107.9
100.8
89.8
101.9
99.6
116.4
97.9
103.3
103.1
108.0
102.1
92.5
102.7
100.2
116.9
95.7
103.0
105. 0
107.3
103.0
90.5
99.6
99.6
113.4
82.9
103.1
102.3
101.6
101.6
90.3
98.8
100.4
111.8
93.9
101.0
102.7
104.5
101.3
95.2
102.6
102.8
114. 5
95.2
103.1
98.2
102.1
99.2
97.5
100.8
101.9
112.2
95.6
101.6
92.9
102.1
95.1
102.8
99.2
101.7
111.4
93.4
101.7
88.2
101.5
89.5
103.0
97.6
100.1
110.4
92.8
100.7
94.0
97.7
94.8
91.6
94.1
93.2
104.1
83.8
98.8
99.2
102.6
100.4
98.0
99.9
99.7
105.8
92.1
102.8
Nondurable g oods................ ................
Food and kindred products______
Tobacco manufactures__________
Textile mill p ro d u cts.....................
Apparel and related products____
Paper and allied products________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries___________ _________
Chemicals and allied products____
Petroleum refining and related
industries___________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products................ ........................
Leather and leather products_____
95.6
94.5
91.8
98.9
107.6
111.2
110.7
107.2
101.5
105.1
102.6
100.6
97.9
98.8
101.4
96.7
86.3
76.3
90.9
107.5
102.4
95.9
85.6
80.8
90.6
105.4
101.6
96.0
88.1
89. 7
90.2
100.7
102.6
99.1
93.3
100.0
93.2
103.5
105.0
100.6
96.8
99.6
94.4
105.8
104.4
102.2
102.5
120.5
94.8
105.4
105.1
105.2
110.0
133.2
94.6
107.8
106.6
104.3
106.4
104.1
95.7
109.5
106.1
100.8
101.8
74.0
94.2
102.7
104.1
101.2
95.9
75.6
97.7
105. 5
105.8
98.8
91.3
75.4
96.4
103.3
103.0
98.4
89.1
76.3
95.9
105.1
102.8
97.9
86.5
79.6
95.8
106.1
102.3
98.2
96.5
94.4
93.5
99.1
102.0
99.8
98.0
97.1
96.5
101.8
102.1
101.8
104.3
100.7
102.4
100.9
102.5
104.2
103.5
106.0
103.5
106.0
103.7
106.8
104.5
105.1
104.3
104.0
104.2
105.1
104.8
104.8
105.7
105.2
105.7
105.3
103.2
104.6
100.8
104.4
101.6
78.8
78.0
80.6
81.4
82.7
83.5
86.5
88.4
90.7
90.2
88.4
87.5
85.4
89.0
93.5
107.6
94.7
107.8
95.8
109.3
95.7
111. 1
97.8
111.3
95.9
112.0
93.7
112.0
97.0
109.2
101.7
106.8
99.5
112.3
100.6
108.2
95.3
105.9
96.4
105.5
99.9
99.5
97.4
101.5
97.5
88.8
124.8
113.2
92.0
114.0
115.1
90.3
111.6
113.2
89.7
101.2
112.6
88.7
87.6
110.9
89.9
106.4
105.2
95.2
106.9
106.6
Payrolls
Mining______________________________
Contract construction__________________
Manufacturing_______________________ 113.1
85.5
83.4
112.0
85.7
90.3
1Í2.1
87.6
96.9
115.0
87.9
111.9
115.3
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related workers
T able
90.2
123.9
115.7
92.0
127.0
117.4
92.2
128. 5
113.6
and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined in footnote
1, table A-3.
2 Preliminary.
C-6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing1
[In current and 1957-59 dollars]
1963
Annual
average
1962
Item
Feb.2 Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1961
1960
Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars____________________
1957-59 dollars........ ................ ................
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars________________
1957-59 dollars........ ...........................
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars________________
1957-59 d o llars.................................
$97.20 $97.44 $98. 42 $97.36 $96. 72 $97.68 $95. 75 $96. 80 $97.27 $96. 80 $96.56 $95. 91 $95.20 $92. 34
91.61 91. 92 93.02 91.85 91.25 92.06 90. 76 91. 75 92.37 92.02 91. 79 91.34 90. 84 88.62
$89. 72
87.02
77.91
73.43
78.11
73.69
79.35
75.00
78. 50 77.99 78.76
74.06 73. 58 74.23
77.21
73.18
78.05
73.98
78. 43
74.48
78.05
74.19
77. 86
74.01
77.34
73.66
76. 77
73.25
74.60
71.59
72. 57
70.39
85. 58
80. 66
85.78
80. 92
87.05
82.28
86.19
81.31
85.66
80.81
84.87
80. 45
85. 73 86.11
81.26 81.78
85. 73
81.49
85.53
81.30
85. 00
80.95
84. 41 82.18
80. 54 78.87
80.11
77.70
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings 8re based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table 0-1 less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
86.45
81.48
puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents,
and (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index.
2 Preliminary.
N ote: These series are described in “ The Calculation and Uses of the
Spendable Earnings Series,” Monthly Labor Revievj, January 1959, pp. 50-54.
604
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able
D -l. Consumer Price Index.1—All-city average: *A11 items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
[1957-59=100]
Annual
average
1962
1963
Group
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
All items........................................................
106.2
100.1
Food 3_________________________ ____
Food at home_____________________
Cereals and bakery products_____
Meats, poultry, and fish_________
Dairy products__________ _____
Fruits and vegetables___________
Other foods at home 3..................... -
104.6
103.0
109.1
100.7
103.5
109.6
96.7
105.0
103. 5
109.2
102.1
103.6
109.4
97.1
Housing *................................... ........... ........
Rent............... ...... ........................ ..........
Gas and electricity_________________
Solid and petroleum fuels_______
Housefurnishings__________________
Household operation_______________
105.7
106.4
108.0
104.8
98.6
109.7
Apparel__________ ___________ _______
Men’s and boys’___________________
Women’s and girls’.................................
Footwear__________________ ______
Other apparel5____________________
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
106.0
105.8
106.0
106.0
106.1
104.7
103.2
108.7
102.5
103.8
106.4
97.6
103.5
101.9
108.2
102.5
103.9
100.2
97.2
104.1
102.6
108.4
103.5
104.2
102.1
97.2
104.3
102.9
108.0
104.1
104.3
102.0
98.1
104.8
103,5
107.9
106.3
104. 2
102.2
97.8
105.4
106.4
108.0
104.8
98.3
109.3
105.4
106.3
108.2
104.9
97.9
109.3
105.2
106.2
103.1
104.8
98.6
108.1
105.1
106.2
108.1
103.6
98.7
107.8
105.0
106.1
108.0
102.4
98.8
107.6
103.6
103.9
101.1
110.0
101.1
103.3
103.7
100.7
109.9
100.9
103.0
103.5
100.2
109.8
100.3
103.9
104.3
101.5
109.9
101.3
104.3
104.3
102.5
109.7
101.1
Transportation_______________________ 107.0
Private____ ______________________ 105.6
116.4
Public.______ ____________ _____
106.8
105.3
116.3
106.6
105.3
115.7
108.0
106.8
115.7
Medical care.......................... ........ ............... 115.8
115.6
115.5
115.3
Apr.
Mar.
1962
1961
105.2
105.2
105.0
105.4
104.
103. 2
101.9
107.5
99.6
103.0
109.4
94.4
103.4
102.1
107.3
100.1
103.7
108.6
95.1
103.2
101.9
107.3
100.6
105.0
104.4
96.1
103.6
102.2
107.6
101.7
104.1
105.0
96.1
102.
101.
105.
99.
104.
104.
97.
104.7
105.5
107.7
100.1
99.0
107.4
104.6
105. 4
107.8
102.4
99.3
107.1
104. 6
105. 3
107.9
103.6
99.5
107.1
104.8
105.7
107.9
102. 1
98.9
107.4
103.
104.
107.
101.
99.
105.
102.8
103.1
100.5
109.1
100.4
102.7
103.1
100.0
109.1
100.6
102.7
102.9
100.3
109.2
100.3
102.7
102.8
100.4
109. 1
100.3
103.2
103.3
100.9
109.3
100.6
102.
102.
101.
107.
100.
106. 8
105.4
115.6
107.3
106.0
115.6
107.3
106.0
115.6
107.2
106.0
115.6
105.9
104.6
114.9
107.2
105. 9
115.4
105.
104.
111.
114.6
114.4
114.1
113.9
113.6
114.2
111.
106.3
105.9
July
June
105.5
105.5
105.3
103.8
102.3
107.8
102.6
103.9
105.2
95.2
103.8
102.4
107.9
100.8
103.5
109.9
94.1
103.5
102.1
107.4
99.7
102.7
111.9
93.4
104.9
105.9
108.0
101.3
98.7
107.6
104.8
105.8
108.0
100.1
98.5
107.4
104.8
105.7
108.0
99.7
99.0
107.5
104.8
105.6
107.7
99.4
99.1
107.4
104.9
104.2
104.0
109.6
101.6
104.6
104.0
103.6
109.5
101.2
102.5
102.9
99.9
109.3
100. 3
102.9
103.2
100. 4
109.2
100.8
108.3
107.2
115.4
108.1
106.9
116.0
107.8
106.7
115.7
107.4
106.2
115.7
115 0
114.9
114.7
114.6
May
Personal care...... ........................................... 107.3
107.3
107.4
107.6
107.1
106.9
106.8
106.8
106.8
106.1
106.4
106.5
104.
Reading and recreation................................. 110.1
110.0
110.2
110.0
110.1
109.5
110.0
110.3
110.0
109.2
109.5
109.4
109.2
109.6
107.
Other goods and services............................... 105.7
105.7
105.7
105. 6
105.6
105.6
105.6
105.5
105.6
105.2
105.1
105.1
105.1
105.3
104.
Special groups:
All items less food__________________ 106.8
All items less shelter_______________ 106.1
All commodities less food___________ 102.9
106.6
106.1
102.7
106.5
105.9
102.6
106.7
105.8
103.4
106.7
106.0
103.5
106.7
106.1
103.6
106.6
106.1
103.4
106.2
105.5
102.6
106.1
105.4
102.5
106.1
105.3
102.6
106.0
105.2
102.6
106.0
105. 2
102.8
105.7
105.0
102.4
106.1
105.4
102.8
104.
104.
102.
All commodities.... ........... ......................
Nondurables 8________ ____ _____
Non durables less food......................
Non durables less food and apparel..
Durables 7___________ _________
Durables less cars.............. ........
103.7 103.8
104.4 104.5
104.2 104.1
104.7 104.6
100.8 100.6
98. 5 98.4
103.6
104.3
104.0
104.7
100.4
98.5
103.6
104. 0
104.6
105.1
101.7
98.6
103.9
104.2
104.4
104.5
102.2
98.6
104.0
104.4
104.6
104.5
102.0
98.6
104.1
104.7
104.6
104.6
101.6
98.6
103.2
103.5
103.2
103. 7
101. 7
98.7
103.1
103.5
103.3
103.5
101. 5
98.7
103.1
103.4
103.4
103.8
101.6
98.8
103.0
103.2
103.5
104.0
101.5
98.9
103.1
103.5
103.8
104.4
101.4
98.9
102.8
103.2
103.5
104.0
100.9
99.0
103.2
103.6
103.8
104.2
101.5
98.8
102.
102.
103.
103.
100.
98.
All services 8______________________
All services less rent............... .........
Household operation services,
gas, and electricity.________
Transportation services______
Medical care services..._____
Other services..... .......................
110.8
111.6
110.5
111.2
110. 5
111.2
110.1
110.8
110.0
110.6
109.8
110.5
109.8
110.5
109.9
110.6
109.8
110.5
109.5
110.2
109.4
HO. 1
109.2
109.8
109.0
109.6
109.5
110.2
107.
108.
110.2
111.8
118.9
110.0
109.9
111.4
118.7
109.6
109.9
111.1
118.5
109.7
109.1
no. 9
1.08.8
110. 7
118.0
109.3
108.7
110.8
117.8
109.1
108.6
110.5
117.5
109.3
108.5
111.7
117.3
109.3
108.6
111.7
117.2
109.1
108.5
111.5
116.9
108.7
108.4
111.5
116.6
108.7
108.2
111.5
116.2
108.2
108.2
111.3
115.8
108.0
108. 5
111.2
116.8
108.7
107.
109.
113.
106.
118.2
109.3
‘ T h e C o n su m er P r ic e I n d e x for M a r ch 1963 c a lc u la te d from a 1947-49
= 100 b ase w as 130.3.
1 T h e C o n su m e r P r ic e I n d e x m ea su r e s th e a v er a g e ch a n g e in p rices of
good s an d se r v ic e s p u r c h a se d b y u rb a n w a g e-ea rn er a n d cleric a l-w o rk er
fa m ilie s. D a ta for 46 lar ge, m e d iu m -s iz e , a n d s m a ll c itie s are c o m b in e d for
th e a ll-c ity average.
s I n a d d itio n to su b g r o u p s s h o w n h ere , to ta l fo o d in c lu d e s r e sta u r a n t m e a ls
a n d o th e r fo o d b o u g h t a n d e a te n a w a y fro m h o m e .
* I n c lu d e s e g g s, fa ts a n d o ils, su g a r a n d s w e e ts , b ev er a g es (n o n a lc o h o lic ),
a n d o th e r m isc e lla n e o u s foo d s.
4 I n a d d itio n to su b g r o u p s s h o w n h ere , to ta l h o u s in g in c lu d e s th e p u r ch a se
p ric e o f h o m e s a n d o th e r h o m e o w n e r co sts.
8 I n c lu d e s y a r d g o o d s, d ia p ers, a n d m is c e lla n e o u s ite m s.
• I n c lu d e s food , h o u s e p a in t, s o lid fu e ls, fu el o il, te x tile h o u s e fu m is h in g s ,
h o u s e h o ld p a p e r, e le c tr ic lig h t b u lb s , la u n d r y s o a p a n d d e te r g e n ts , ap p a rel
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(e x c e p t sh o e r e p a ir s ), g a so lin e , m o to r o il, p r e sc r ip tio n s a n d d ru g s, t o ile t
g o o d s, n o n d u r a b le t o y s , n e w sp a p e r s , cig a r e tte s, cigars, b eer, a n d w h is k e y .
7 I n c lu d e s w a te r h e a te r s, c e n tra l h e a tin g fu rn a ces, k itc h e n s in k s , sin k
fa u c e ts, p o rch flo o rin g , h o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s, fu r n itu r e a n d b e d d in g , floor
co v e r in g s, d in n erw a re, a u to m o b ile s , tir es, ra d io a n d te le v is io n s e ts , d u r a b le
to y s , a n d s p o r tin g go o d s.
5 I n c lu d e s re n t, h o m e p u r ch a se , real e s ta te ta x es, m o r tg a g e , in te r e s t, p ro p
e r ty in su r a n c e , r e p a in tin g garage, r e p a in tin g r o o m s, r e s h in g lin g roof, re
fin is h in g floors, ga s, e le c tr ic ity , d r y c le a n in g , la u n d r y se r v ic e , d o m e stic
s e r v ic e , te le p h o n e , w a te r , p o sta g e , sh o e r e p a irs, a u to r e p a irs, a u to in su ra n ce,
a u to re g istr a tio n , tr a n s it fares, ra ilro a d fa res, p ro fessio n a l m e d ic a l s erv ices,
h o s p ita l se r v ic e s , h o sp ita liz a tio n a n d sur g ica l in su ra n ce, b a rb er a n d b e a u ty
s h o p ser v ic es, te le v is io n repa irs a n d m o tio n p ic tu r e a d m is sio n s.
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
605
D-2. Consumer Price Index 1—A ll items and food indexes, by city
1957-59=100]
1963
M ar.
Feb.
A nnual
a v er a g e
1962
C it y
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
1962
1961
M ar.
A ll I te m s
A ll-c ity a v er a g e 2_
106.2
A tla n ta , G a ________
B a ltim o r e , M d ..........
B o s to n , M a s s ............
C h ic a g o , 111.......... ..
C in c in n a ti, O h i o . . .
104.9
106.2
0
105.2
104.5
C le v e la n d , O h io ____
D e t r o it , M ic h _______
H o u s to n , T e x _______
K a n s a s C it y , M o ___
L o s A n g e le s , C a l i f ...
0
102.6
M in n e a p o lis , M i n n .
N e w Y o r k , N . Y ____
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a ___
P itts b u r g h , P a ______
P o r tla n d , O reg............
S t. L o u is , M o _______
S a n F r a n c isc o , C a lif.
S c r a n to n , P a ________
S e a ttle , W a s h ..............
W a s h in g to n , D . C . . .
106.1
0
(3)
(3)
104.7
«
(3)
104.3
102.6
105.0
0
107.7
107.8
(3)
107.6
106.4
(3)
(3)
105.8
108.4
(3)
(3)
(3)
106.0
105.8
106.0
106.0
106.1
105.5
105.5
105.3
105.2
105.2
105.0
105.4
104.2
130.3
0
0
108.6
104.7
0
104.5
105.7
0
104.7
104.0
0
0
0
105. 0
0
0
0
108.2
105.0
0
104.7
106.0
0
105.2
104.3
0
0
0
104.4
0
0
0
107.2
104.5
0
104.0
104.8
0
104.5
103.3
0
0
0
104.6
0
0
0
107.1
104.8
0
103.7
104.6
0
104.5
103.3
104.1
105.2
107.4
104.6
103.6
103.2
104.4
105.1
103. 6
102.6
129.9
131.8
0
132.7
127.2
0
102.5
103.7
102.6
104.5
0
107.1
0
102.8
0
107.1
107.2
0
102.8
0
0
107.2
103.8
102.3
104.6
0
106.6
0
101.9
0
106.0
106.8
0
101.8
0
0
107.0
103.5
102.0
104.7
0
106.9
0
102.2
0
105.7
106.3
0
102.0
0
0
106.1
103.5
102.2
104.6
106.1
106.6
103.2
101.9
102.6
104.5
105.4
0
126.5
0
0
134.3
105.9
107.2
105.8
106.3
105.3
0
107. 3
106.0
0
0
0
106.6
105.2
0
0
105.7
106.4
105.3
106.0
104.8
0
105.8
104.9
0
0
0
105.7
104.7
0
0
105.5
106.0
105.1
105.7
103.9
0
105.9
105.0
0
0
105.5
106.4
105.2
105.9
104.6
104.2
104.8
104.4
105.0
104.1
0
129.7
130.7
0
0
105.6
107.5
0
0
0
0
0
106.0
106.7
104.8
104.4
107.5
0
0
0
0
0
105.7
106.3
104.2
104.8
107.3
0
0
0
105.1
107.4
105.9
106.5
104.6
103.9
105.8
104.1
104.9
103.7
131.3
137.6
0
0
0
(3)
105.9
107.3
0
102.5
0
0
107.2
0
106.0
107.5
105.9
106.5
105.7
0
106.9
105.7
0
0
0
107.1
105.8
0
0
106.0
107.8
0
0
0
0
0
106.5
107.0
105.3
107.6
106.2
0
0
0
0
106.9
107.2
105.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Food
All-city average2___
104.6
105.0
104.7
103.5
104.1
104.3
104.8
103.8
103.8
103.5
103.2
103.4
103.2
103.6
102.6
Atlanta, Ga_______
Baltimore, M d_____
Boston, Mass______
Chicago, 111............
Cincinnati, Ohio___
103.8
103.7
106.5
105.7
102.6
104.2
103.9
106.3
105.4
103.7
104.0
104.6
106.4
105.6
103.1
102.7
103.4
105.7
104.3
101.7
103.1
103.6
106.4
105.7
102.8
103.9
104.2
105.7
105. 7
103.0
104.3
104.5
105.7
106.7
103.7
103.4
104.2
105.0
105.8
102.2
102.9
103.4
104.3
105.7
102.4
103.0
103.0
104.2
105. 2
101.5
103.1
102.7
103.7
104.6
101.2
102.7
102.7
103.5
105.6
101.J5
102.5
102.4
104.0
105.2
101.3
103.0
103.3
104.6
105.3
101.9
101.8
102.4
102.4
103.2
101.8
Cleveland, Ohio____
Detroit, Mich_____
Houston, Tex______
Kansas City, Mo___
Los Angeles, Calif__
101.7
101.1
102.3
103. 6
106.8
102.2
101.7
103.0
104.3
107.8
101.7
101.3
103.2
103.2
106.8
100.8
100.6
102.4
103.2
105.6
101.3
101.6
102.8
104.4
105.3
101.7
101.5
103.6
104.5
105.6
102.4
101.6
104.0
105.1
105.9
101.5
100.8
102.9
104.2
104.7
101.4
101.2
103.1
103.7
105.0
101.2
100.9
102.2
103.0
106.1
101.1
101.4
103.1
102.6
106.2
100.6
101.2
102.9
101.8
105.4
100.4
100.9
102.9
103.1
105.5
101.0
101.1
102.9
103.3
105.5
100.9
101.4
101.3
101.9
104.5
Minneapolis, M innNew York, N .Y ........
Philadelphia, P a___
Pittsburgh, P a_____
Portland, Oreg_____
101.8
106.6
104.1
104.1
104.6
101.7
106.8
104.4
104.3
105.2
101.5
106.6
104.5
103.2
105.3
100.8
104.9
103.0
101.7
103.9
100.9
105.8
103.5
102.5
104.1
101.5
106.3
104.8
102.8
104.5
102.5
107.0
104.8
103.4
104.8
101.8
105. 7
103.6
102.5
103.4
102.5
104.8
103.8
102.4
103.6
102.3
103.7
102.6
102.5
104.2
102.4
103.5
102.3
102.4
104.3
102.4
104.5
102.6
101.7
103.0
101.7
104.4
102.5
102.5
102.5
101.8
104.9
103.1
102.4
103.6
101.2
102. 9
101.9
102.3
103.0
St. Louis, Mo______
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, P a______
Seattle, Wash______
Washington, D .C__
104.5
106.9
103.3
107.3
103.6
105.0
107.0
104. 4
106.9
103.2
104.9
106.7
104.1
106.3
103.9
104.6
105.6
102.9
105.9
101.8
104.5
105.8
103.6
105.9
102.1
103.8
105.6
104.1
105.9
103.4
104. 2
105.0
103.8
106.6
103.0
102.7
104.3
102.3
106.0
102.6
102.8
105.5
103.1
106.1
102.2
102.3
105.9
103.5
106.5
101.1
102.3
105. 4
103.2
105.5
101.5
102.2
105. 4
102.9
106.3
101.6
102. 5
105.7
102. 6
105.0
101.7
103.0
105.4
103.1
105.7
102.0
102.0
104.0
101 3
104.5
101.6
1 S ee fo o tn o te 1, ta b le D - l . In d e x e s m e a su re tim e -to -tim e ch a n g es in
p ric es o f good s an d se r v ic e s p u r ch a se d b y u r b a n w a g e-ea rn er a n d clericalw o rk er fa m ilie s. T h e y d o n o t in d ic a te w h e th e r it c o sts m o re to liv e in one
c it y th a n in an o th e r.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 A v e r a g e o f 46 c itie s.
3 A ll ite m s in d e x e s are c o m p u te d m o n t h ly for 5 c itie s a n d o n c e e v e r y
m o n th o n a r o ta tin g c y c le for 15 o th e r c itie s.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
606
T able
D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified] *
1962
1963
Annual
Average
Commodity group
M ar.3 Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
19623 1961
All commodities_________ _____________
99.9
100.2
100.5
100.4
100.7
100.6
101.2
100.5
100.4
100.0
100.2
100.4
100.7
100.6
100.3
Farm products and processed foods----------
97.5
98.7
99.8
99.3
100.4
100.3
102.1
99.8
98.9
97.7
98.0
98.7
100.1
99.6
98.6
95.4
99.0
103.7
85.6
101.8
99.7
99.8
113.8
89.0
99.1
108.2
91.8
107.0
4 96. 5
4 96.5
103.0
89.5
100.8
4101.1
99.1
113. 5
89.1
100.5
4108. 6
95.6
108.0
98.5
104.0
102.0
94.1
99.3
101.3
100.1
111.9
87.4
100.8
107.4
97.9
107.8
97.3
88.5
101.1
96.2
98.1
101.9
99.3
108.2
89.0
100.9
107.6
99.4
108.1
99.3
96.4
99.5
98.3
97.6
102.1
112.4
106.9
90.1
101.3
107.7
100.1
108.0
98.7
97.5
98.5
98.6
97.5
102.5
103.1
103.1
89.7
101.5
107.6
100.0
107.7
100.6
94.9
98.6
104.4
97.4
101.6
110.7
99.8
90.8
103.3
107.6
106.8
106.0
97.6
90.9
98.1
98.5
98.4
100.8
98.0
105.2
89.9
101.5
107.8
101.0
106.1
96.5
92.2
99.1
95.8
99.3
99.8
86.2
105.3
92.5
100.8
107.9
99.0
105.7
95.3
98.7
99.9
91.6
99.6
97.0
80.0
106.3
92.5
99.8
107.6
95.7
105.0
96.2
107.1
101.0
91.4
98.9
96.7
75.3
107.6
93.4
99.6
107.4
95.5
104.5
96.9
99.0
98.5
94.1
98.9
98.8
91.7
107.4
93.2
100.2
108.0
95.6
106.0
98.4
106.0
97.4
95.7
98.5
102.7
90.8
105.5
93.6
101.6
107.4
98.4
108.0
97.7
97.7
98.8
96.2
98.4
101.2
95.2
105.4
91.8
101.2
107.6
99.1
106.9
96.0
93.7
95.6
92.5
94.8
103.9
99.0
107.2
93.2
100.7
105.1
95.4
107.5
101.4
106.1
80.2
79.8
83.4
90.0
90.5
101.5
100.4
100.6
100.1
100.2
100.8
93.7
150.9
101.4
114.9
100.0
105.1
80. 2
86.0
82.5
89.2
91.9
T01. 5
TOO. 6
TOO. 6
100.3
TOO. 5
100.7
4 93. 7
4151.1
100.0
105.0
80.2
82.8
81.0
88.4
91.9
100.2
100.7
100. 7
100.4
100.6
100.7
93.7
149.8
101.3
123.3
95.7
102.8
80.2
85.2
78.9
90.0
91.8
100.4
100.8
100.7
100.6
100.8
100.2
93.7
96.6
102.1
82.4
91.4
76.7
84.6
92.6
102.8
101.2
100.8
100.6
101.3
99.4
94.0
125.2
101.6
122.1
97.1
102.7
82.6
89.5
77.9
85.2
92.9
101.1
100.8
100.6
100.8
101.7
99.3
94.3
132.4
101.8
119.4
98.7
102.2
82.6
85.8
78.2
85.2
94.5
101.0
100.8
100.8
100.9
101.9
99.3
94.7
130.2
101.8
121.6
99.1
102.4
82.6
85.7
80.8
101.7
127.9
96.4
96.3
102.5 103.0
80. 2
80.2
95.2
92.2
80.9
79.8
86.2
88.7
90.9
91.8
101.2 104.6
100.8 100.8
100.7 100. 7
100.5 100.5
100. 7 101.0
100.1
99.6
93.6
93.6
129.5
130.3
101.7 101.7
127.8 121.6
100.1
101.8
100.6
100.7
100.8
102.0
99.1
94.6
130.7
101.5
123.9
98.6
102.1
82.6
87.7
87.1
89.9
101.9
100.7
100.7
100.9
100.7
102.1
98.9
94.5
126.4
101.4
119.7
99.0
102.3
82.6
86.2
91.4
94.9
101.9
101.2
100.8
100.9
100.5
102.4
98.6
93.7
121.6
101.3
118.5
99.3
101.7
82.4
89.1
92.9
104.5
102.5
102.7
100.9
100.8
100.5
102.4
98.3
93.5
116.3
101.3
122.3
98.0
102.2
81.9
88.4
84.5
93.1
97.3
101.8
100.9
100.8
100.6
101.7
99.1
93.9
125.9
101. 5
122.4
101.7
101.3
83.7
94.4
102.6
108.3
102.7
105.8
100.8
100.8
99.7
100.4
97.1
93.4
113.2
101.0
4123.3
97.1
496. 7
4 95. 2
103.8
93.0
95.1
72.7
T03.6
102.3
99.5
94.2
93.7
89.0
99.7
96.1
96.2
T02.3
90.5
99.1
89.4
96.1
102.2
94.1
106.0
95.2
105.2
108.5
104.9
100.4
98.3
103.6
120.8
102.5
<s)
98.2
96.9
96.0
103.8
93.0
95.2
71.7
103.0
100.8
99.6
94.3
94.1
89.0
99.7
95.9
95.9
102.3
90.5
99.0
89.4
94.7
102.2
94.1
106.9
101.6
106.1
108.7
105.5
100.8
98.3
103.6
123.1
102.7
98.1
98.6
96.8
95.9
103.8
92.9
94.8
72.8
102.8
99.6
99.5
94.4
94.7
89.0
99.7
95.8
95.8
102.1
90.4
99.0
89.4
94.6
102.2
94.1
107.3
107.1
106.8
108.6
105. 0
100.8
97.7
103.6
122.3
102.7
98.1
98.9
97.0
95.9
103.8
93.9
95.1
75.9
103.1
99.2
99.5
93.7
92.8
88.0
99.7
96.3
96.3
102.3
91.5
99.1
89.4
96.0
102.2
94.1
107.4
108.8
106.5
108. 6
104.8
100.8
97.2
103.6
122.7
102.7
98.1
98.9
97.1
96.1
103.8
93.9
95.1
76.7
103.4
99.0
99.5
93.1
92.7
86.4
100.0
96.6
96.7
102.3
91.9
99.3
91.3
96.1
102.3
94.0
107.5
110. 8
106.6
108.8
104.0
100.8
96.6
103.6
120.1
102.8
98.2
99.2
96.9
95.9
103.8
94.5
95.0
72.3
103.9
98.6
99.5
92.8
92.0
86.4
99.4
97.0
97.2
102.3
92.2
99.5
93.6
96.4
102.4
94.0
107.0
105.1
106.9
108.8
103.9
99.5
95.6
103.6
117.8
102.8
98.2
97.2
97.0
95.9
103.8
95.3
95.0
73.0
103. 9
98.4
99.4
92.7
92.3
86.4
99.1
97.4
97.7
102.7
92.1
99.7
93.6
95.1
102.6
94.0
107.5
104.2
108.4
108.8
105.0
100.0
95.3
103.6
119.7
102.8
98.2
98.0
97.2
96.1
103. 8
96.0
95.1
73.5
103.9
101.0
99.4
92.7
92.4
86.4
99.1
97.5
98.0
102.3
92.4
100.0
93.6
96.8
102.6
94.0
108.0
108. 5
110.0
108.7
104.9
99.6
94.6
103.6
113.8
102.8
98.2
98.1
97.6
96.2
103.8
96.2
97.0
73.4
103.9
103.6
99.4
93.0
93.5
86.4
99.4
97.3
97.6
101.9
92.9
100.5
93.6
96.4
103.1
93.8
107.2
105. 4
110.6
108.7
101.7
99.7
94.6
103.6
116.6
102.9
98.2
97.9
97.7
96.3
103.8
96.4
97.0
77.1
103.9
103.6
99.4
93.2
94.9
86.4
99.4
97.1
97.5
101.8
92.2
100.8
93.6
96.2
103.1
93.8
106.9
103.3
109.5
108.7
102.6
100.2
95.3
103.6
115.3
103.0
98.2
98.9
97.9
96.5
103.7
96.6
97.0
79.3
104.3
103.7
99.3
92.9
94.1
86.1
99.1
96.8
96.8
101.3
94.2
101.3
95.0
98.0
103.1
93.8
107.4
103.8
109.6
108.7
104.5
98.9
98.7
103.6
119.4
103.1
98.2
95.3
98.0
96.6
103.7
96.5
97.1
81.3
104.3
103.7
99.3
93.6
94.3
87.6
99.5
96.2
95.8
101.1
94.2
101.0
95.0
103.2
102.7
92.8
107.4
106.2
108.5
108.7
104.3
100.2
96.8
103.6
119.2
102.8
98.1
98.2
97.5
96.3
103.8
95.6
96.0
76.3
103.8
101.9
99.4
93.3
93.6
87.1
99.4
96.5
96.5
101.8
92.4
100.0
93.2
97.5
102.6
93.1
106.2
107.9
106.0
107.4
103.2
100.7
97.7
103.6
118.7
102.4
98.0
99.55
99.1
98.4
103.8
99.6
98. E
87. B
102.6
104.3
99.2
96.1
96.3
92.4
100.0
95.9
94.7
101.9
95.7
98.8
95.0
80.5
102.2
92.5
99.9 4 99. 9
93.9
95.5
99.6
95.6
99.6
96.2
99.7
96.6
100.0
96.3
100.0
97.1
100.4
97.1
101.0
96.3
101.6
95.5
102.1
97.7
103.0
97.9
102.5
98.2
101.0
97.2
99.5
100.8
Farm products............. ........... .................
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables..
Grains_____________ ______________
Livestock and live poultry....... .............
Plant and animal fibers....... ................
Fluid milk................................................
E ggs..___ _______________________
Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds...................
Other farm products........................ ......
Processed foods_____ _______________
Cereal and bakery products....... ...........
Meats, poultry, and fish........................
Dairy products and ice cream ..............
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables__________________________
Sugar and confectionery.........................
Packaged beverage materials________
Animal fats and oils________________
Crude vegetable oils_______________
Refined vegetable oils______________
Vegetable oil end products__________
Miscellaneous processed foods 8 ...........
All commodities except farm products____
All commodities except farm and foods___
Textile products and apparel__________
Cotton products___________________
Wool products.........................................
Manmade fiber textile products............
Silk products_____________________
Apparel___ _________________ _____
Miscellaneous textile products 8______
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products____________________________
Hides and skins.......................................
Leather__________________________
Footwear_________________________
Other leather products....... ........... . .
Fuel and related products, and power___
Coal.........................................................
Coke..___ ______________ ; ________
Gas fuels 7________________________
Electric power7__________ _________
Crude petroleum and natural gasoline..
Petroleum products, refined_________
Chemicals and allied products.................
Industrial chemicals________________
Prepared paint____________________
Paint materials____________________
Drugs and pharmaceuticals_________
Fats and oils, inedible______________
Mixed fertilizer____________________
Fertilizer materials........ ............. ...........
Other chemicals and allied products.. .
Rubber and rubber products....................
Crude rubber___ _________________
Tires and tu b e s .......... ................... ......
Miscellaneous rubber products 9_____
Lumber and wood products.....................
Lumber___ ______________ ______ _
Millwork_______________ _________
Plywood............ .....................................
Pulp, paper, and allied products..............
Woodpulp................................................
Waste paper..............................................
Paper____________________________
Paperboard_______________________
Converted paper and paperboard products_______ _______ ____________
Building paper and board....... ..............
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
n o i. 4
118.2
105.2 105.1
88.4 4 85. 9
103.7 104.7
108.5 108.4
104.7 104.8
100.8 100.3
98.1 4 98. 4
103.6 103.6
127.5 4127. 8
102.4 102.5
(s)
98.2
96.8
95.4
103.7
93.0
95.2
74.0
103.7
102.3
99.6
94.1
92.7
89.0
99.8
96.4
96.5
102.5
91.1
99.1
89.4
96.6
102.2
94.1
(3)
143.3
88.8
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
607
D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]3
1963
1962
Annual
Average
Commodity group
Mar.3 Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
1962»
1961
99.4
99.4
98.5
98.6
98.1
98.0
104.5 104.5
104.0 104.0
101.3 101.1
92.7 4 92.4
98.0
98.0
99.5
98.8
98.0
104.5
103.8
97.5
92.5
98.1
99.3
98.7
97.7
103.7
103.8
97.5
93.3
98.1
99.3
98.4
98.3
103.7
103.8
97.5
92.8
98.1
99.4
98.7
97.9
103.7
103.7
97.2
92.7
98.2
99.7
99.0
98.9
103.7
103.7
96.8
92.6
98.2
99.8
99.1
99.0
103.7
103.7
96.8
92.9
98.3
99.7
98.9
99.0
103.7
103.7
97.1
92.9
98.3
99.8
98.9
99.3
103.7
104.2
98.5
92.9
98.3
100.2
99.2
99.9
103.7
104.1
103.8
93.1
98.3
100.3
99.6
99.8
103.7
104.1
103.7
93.7
98.1
100.4
99.8
100.1
103.7
104.4
103.9
93.7
98.1
100.0
99.3
99.2
103.7
104.0
100.1
93.2
98.2
100.7
100.7
100.4
102.0
103.8
103.1
94.6
99.0
103.7 103.7
102.0 4102.2
111.0 110.8
103.7
102.3
110.8
103.8
102.3
110.5
103.9
102.2
110.2
103.8
102.2
109.6
103.9
102.3
109.4
103.9
102.3
109.4
103.9
102.3
109.5
103.9
102.4
109.5
104.1
102.3
109.3
104.4
102 3
109.2
104.1
102.3
109.4
103.9
102.3
109.5
103.1
102.3
107.4
All commodities except farm and foods—
Continued
Metals and metal products........................
Iron and steel...........................................
Nonferrous metals_________________
Metal containers.............. ................. .
Hardware.................................................
Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings__
Heating equipment................................
Fabricated structural metal products . .
Fabricated nonstructural metal prod
ucts_____ _______ _______________
Machinery and motive products_______
Agricultural machinery and equipmentConstruction machinery and equip
m ent___________ _______________
Metalworking machinery and equip
m e n t.....................................................
General purpose machinery and equip
m ent........ .............................................
Miscellaneous machinery___________
Special industry machinery and equip
ment 10____________________ _____
Electrical machinery and equipment__
Motor vehicles____________________
Transportation equipment, railroad
rolling stock 10___________________
Furniture and other household durables.
Household furniture________________
Commercial furniture______________
Floor coverings____________________
Household appliances______________
Television, radio receivers, and phonoOther household durable goods______
Nonmetallic mineral products_________
Flat glass....... ................... .................
Concrete ingredients_______________
Concrete products_________________
Structural clay products____ _______
Gypsum products______ ___________
Prepared asphalt roofing____________
Other nonmetallic minerals.. ._ ___
Tobacco products and bottled beverages.
Tobacco products__________________
Alcoholic beverages________________
Nonalcoholic beverages_____________
Miscellaneous products..............................
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, am
munition________ _______________
Manufactured animal feeds__________
Notions and accessories_____________
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipment____________ _________
Other miscellaneous products________
108.5
108.3
108.3
108.2
108.0
107.7
107.7
107.6
107.7
107.7
107.7
107.6
107.8
107.5
109.2 4109.1
109.2
109.3
109.3
109.3
109.3
109.5
109.6
109.7
109.5
109.4
109.2
109.3
107.0
103.4 4103. 6
103.7 4103.4
103.9
103.4
103.8
103.4
103.7
103.3
103.7
103.3
103.6
103.2
103.3
103.5
102.9
103.4
103.1
103.2
103.2
103.1
103.1
103.1
103.2
103.2
103.3
103.4
102.8
102.8
103.1 103.1
97.0 ‘ 97.8
100.3 100.4
102.9
98.0
100.4
102.8
98.1
100.4
102.5
98.1
100.4
102.2
98.4
100.4
102.0
98.4
100.9
102.0
98.0
100.9
102.0
98.1
100.9
101.8
98.4
100.9
101.8
98.6
100.1
101.7
98.6
100.1
101.5
98.7
100.1
101.9
98.4
100.5
100.4
100.0
100.7
100.5 100.5
98.2
98.2
104.5 4104. 5
102.3 102.3
96.0
95.9
92.3
92.3
100.5
98.3
104.5
102.3
96.2
92.3
100.5
98.4
104.2
102.3
96.4
93.0
100.5
98.6
104.1
102.5
96.8
93.1
100.5
98.5
104.0
102.5
96.8
93.0
100.5
98.6
103.9
102.5
96.7
93.2
100.5
98.7
104.0
102.5
96.7
93.6
100. 5
98.8
104.1
102.4
96.7
93.9
100.5
98.9
103.9
102.2
96.9
94.3
100.5
99.0
103.7
102.2
97.0
94.3
100.5
98.9
103.4
102.2
97.0
94.7
100.5
99.0
103.4
102.2
97.0
94.9
100.5
98.8
103.8
102.3
97.0
94.0
100.2
99.5
102.8
101.8
99.3
95.2
89.4
90.1
90.1
102.8 102.8 102.8
101.5 101.5 101.4
96.6
96.6
96.6
103.0 103.0 102.7
102.2 102.2 102.5
103.6 103. 6 103.7
105.0 105.0 105.0
94.1 4 94.1
89.4
101. 5 4101.5 4102.2
104.3 104.3 104.3
102.2 102.2 102.2
101.1 101.1 101.1
117.4 117.4 117.4
110.9 111.5 111.6
90.4
102.8
101.5
96.6
103.2
102.5
103.5
105.0
89.4
102.4
104.3
102.2
101.1
117.4
110.2
90.4
102.9
101.6
96.6
103.3
102.8
103.4
105.0
89.4
102.4
104.5
102.2
101.5
117.4
109.8
90.7
102.9
101.6
96.6
103.3
102.7
103.4
105.0
89.4
102.2
104.5
102.2
101.5
117.4
108.7
90.7
103.1
101.5
96.6
103.3
102.6
103.6
105.0
89.4
101.5
104.2
102.0
101.1
117.1
109.1
90.8
102.9
101.6
96.6
103.3
102.6
103.6
105.0
89.4
101.7
104.2
102.0
101.1
117.1
107.2
90.8
103.0
101.6
98.0
103.3
102.7
103.6
105.0
89.4
101.7
104.0
102.0
100.7
116.7
107. 6
90.9
103.2
101.9
98.0
103.2
102.5
103.6
105.0
95.3
102.0
104.1
102.0
101.1
116.7
105.4
92.3
103.2
102.1
98.0
103.2
102.5
103.6
105.0
99.0
102.0
104.1
102.0
101.1
116.7
106.0
91.2
103.2
102.4
97.9
103.1
102.6
103.6
105.0
101.4
102.8
104.0
102.0
100.8
116.7
106.0
91.4
103.2
102.2
96.2
103.1
102.6
103.6
105.0
101.4
102.8
104.0
102.0
100.8
116.7
105.6
91.1
103.1
101. 8
97.0
103.2
102.6
103.5
105.0
94.8
102.2
104.1
102.1
101.0
116.9
107.3
95.3
102.5
101.8
96.8
102.8
102.5
103.2
103.8
98.6
102.2
103.2
102.0
100.6
112.8
103.9
101.1
117.1
98.7
101.1
118.2
98.7
101.3
118.3
98.7
101.3
115.7
98.7
101.2
114.9
98.7
101.2
112.8
98.7
101.1
113. 7
98.7
101.0
110.2
98.7
101.0
111.0
98.7
100.7
107.2
98.7
100.5
108.2
98.7
100. 5
108.3
98.7
100.5
107.5
98.7
100.8
110.6
98.7
100.9
104.6
98.9
103.8
101.7
104.0
101.7
104.0
101.8
104.4
101.5
104.4
101.7
104.4
101.6
104.4
101.2
104 4
101.0
104.3
101.0
104.2
100.9
104.1
100.9
104.1
101.3
103.7
101.6
104.2
101.3
103.5
101.2
108.8
i As of January 1961, new weights reflecting 1958 values were introduced
Into the index. See “Weight Revisions in the Wholesale Price Index 18901960,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1962, pp. 175-182.
3
As of January 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base of
1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59=100. Technical details and earlier
data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau.
* Preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 Revised.
5 Formerly titled “other processed foods.”
* Formerly titled “other textile products.”
7January 1958=100.
* Discontinued.
* Formerly titled “other rubber products.”
10January 1961=100.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
608
T a b l e D - 4 . In d e x e s o f w h o lesa le p rices for sp ec ia l c o m m o d ity g ro u p in g s 1
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]1
1962
1963
Annual average
Commodity group
Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar.
Jan.
Dec. Nov. Oct.
99.1 4100.1
117.3 118.4
100.4 4100.6
98.3 4 98.4
100.8 101.5
98.2 97.1
98.9 98.9
98.6 88.6
97.7 97.9
90.7 90.7
95. 5 98.0
103.5 103.5
99.6 99.6
96.8 96.6
95.7 95.7
88. 5 88.5
100.6 100.6
112.5 112.5
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
100. 7 100.7
103.8 103.8
99. 6 99.6
100. 0 100.0
100. 8 100.8
108.8 108.8
101.8 101.8
100. 0 100.0
100. 7 100.7
88.1 88.1
101.4 101.0
100.3 100.3
100.1 100.1
103.8 101.7
101.9 101.3
100.0 100.0
102.3 102.3
101.7 101.7
100.1 100.1
95.3 94.9
95.5 95.3
101.1
121.9
100.7
98.4
101.5
98.2
98.9
94.4
97.9
91.7
97.6
103.5
99.6
96.6
95.7
88. 5
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.7
103. 8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100. 7
88.1
100.9
100.3
99.5
101.7
101.3
100.0
102.3
101.7
100.1
94.6
95.0
99.9
120.9
100.8
98.5
101.5
98.6
100.1
97.5
97.4
91.7
97.7
103.5
99.6
96.1
95.0
86.6
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
98.7
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.7
100.3
100.1
101.6
101.3
100.0
101.3
100.9
98.9
94.6
95.0
101.3
118.3
100.8
98.3
100.4
98.6
98.9
101.4
95.6
91.7
98.3
103.5
99.6
96.4
95.4
87.6
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
101.6
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.7
100.3
100.1
101.6
101.3
100.0
101.3
100.9
98.9
95.2
95.6
101.2
119.0
100.8
98.4
99.1
98.9
97.8
101.4
97.9
91.4
97.2
103.5
99.8
96.3
95.4
87.6
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100. 5
99.6
100.1
101. 6
101.3
100.0
100. 8
100.1
98.9
95.6
96.1
102.9
119.8
101.2
98.7
98.1
99.2
97.8
101.4
99.2
91.4
97.2
103.5
99.8
96.3
95.4
87.7
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101.8
100.0
100. 6
88.1
100.5
100. 3
100.1
101.6
101.1
100.0
100.7
100.1
98.9
96.1
96.8
100.5
121.6
100.8
99.0
95.9
97.2
97.8
101.4
99.2
91.4
87.0
102.2
99.8
96.3
95.4
87.7
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101. 8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100. 5
100.3
100.1
101.5
101.1
100.0
100.7
100.1
98. S
96.4
97.3
99.6
119.0
100.8
99.2
95.0
98.0
97.8
101.4
99.2
91.4
90.8
102.2
99.8
96.4
95.5
87.9
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
104.2
99.6
100.0
100.8
108. 5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.5
100.3
100.0
101.5
101.1
100.0
100.7
100.0
98.9
96.8
97.6
98.9
118.3
100.6
99.2
94.0
98.1
97.8
101.4
97.2
92.9
93.4
102.2
99.8
98.5
98.4
98.7
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
104.2
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.7
100.3
100.0
102.0
101.1
100.0
101.2
100.0
100.6
96.6
97. 1
99.3
119.4
100.7
99.2
93.6
97.9
99.0
98.6
96.0
92.9
95.9
102.1
99.8
98.4
98.4
98.7
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
104.2
99.6
100. 0
100.8
108.5
101. 8
100.0
100. 6
88.1
100.7
100.3
100.0
102.0
101.1
100.0
101.2
100.0
100. 6
96.4
67.0
99.7
118.9
100.8
99.0
95.4
98.9
100.0
99.4
97.9
89.3
98.4
102.1
99.8
98.3
98.3
98.7
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
104. 2
98.5
100.0
100.6
108.5
101.8
100.0
98.9
88.1
100.4
100.0
100.0
101.2
101.1
100.0
101.2
100.0
100.6
96.2
96.1
101.4
120.3
100.9
98.9
102.1
95.3
101.5
85.1
99.7
89.3
88.2
102.1
99.8
98.3
98.4
98.7
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
104.2
100.0
100.0
100.6
108.5
101.8
100.0
98.9
88.1
100.3
100.0
100.0
99.7
101.1
100.0
100.2
100.0
100.0
95.5
95.0
100.6
119.2
100.9
98.8
98.3
98.2
99.4
98.2
98.6
90.9
94.2
102.6
99.7
97.3
96.9
93.1
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100. 5
104.0
99.6
100.0
100.7
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.0
88.1
100.5
100.1
100.0
101.1
101.2
100.0
100.8
100.2
99.6
95.6
95.9
100.0
107.9
100.8
97.7
99.9
99.3
100.9
99.6
101.2
89.9
93.5
101.4
100.8
98.9
99.3
99.3
100.3
102.6
100.0
100.0
100.5
101.9
100.0
100.0
100.2
106.1
100.9
100.0
99.4
95.0
100.1
100.0
100.0
99.8
100.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.7
93.5
99. 3 499.3
100.1 100.2
101.2 101.3
Machinery and equipment_______ ______________ 102.6 4102.9
A gricultural m a c h in e ry (in c lu d in g tra cto rs)
112. 0 111.9
M e ta lw o rk in g m a c h in e ry
108. 5 4108. 5
All tractors_____________________________ ______ 110. 6 4100. 5
I n d u s tria l valv es
107.4 4107.4
Industrial fittings___ ____ ____________ _________
90.9 94.6
Antifriction bearings and components__________
90.8 90.8
Abrasive grinding wheels__________________ _____
97.7 97.7
Construction materials__________________________ 97.7 4 97.6
99.1
100.2
101.3
103.0
111.8
108.6
110.4
107.8
94.6
90.8
97.7
97.7
99.1
100.1
301.3
103.0
111.4
108.7
110.2
108.0
94.6
90.8
97.7
97.7
99.2
100.1
101.3
102.8
111.3
108.7
110.0
108.0
94.6
90.8
97.7
97.9
99.4
100.1
101.4
4103.0
110.7
108.8
109.5
108.0
94.6
90.8
97.7
98.0
99.6
100.4
101.3
102.8
110.5
108.7
109.2
107.7
93.9
90.8
97.7
98.1
99.9
100.5
101. 3
102.8
110.4
109.0
109. 1
107.3
93.9
90.8
97.7
98.3
100.2
100.5
101.4
102.9
110.5
109. 1
109.3
4104.6
93.9
90.8
97.7
98.4
100. 7
100. 5
101. 5
103.0
110.5
109. 2
109.4
101.0
100. 5
101.5
103. 1
110.3
109. 0
90.8
97.7
93.5
90.8
98.3
98.9
101.5
100.6
101.5
103. 1
110.2
109.0
109. 3
107.9
92.7
90.8
98.3
98.9
101.1
100.7
101. 5
103.1
110.4
108.8
109. 6
107.9
92.7
90.8
100.4
98.7
100.1
100.5
101.4
102.9
110. 5
108.8
109.4
107.4
93.0
90.8
98.5
98.3
98.7
101.0
101.7
102.9
108.3
106.6
108.0
108.7
88.2
92.5
96.2
98.6
M ar.3 Feb.
All foods______________________________________
All fish___ ____________________________________
All commodities except farm products......................... Textile products, excluding hard fiber products_____
Bituminous coal—domestic sizes____ 1........................
Refined petroleum products______________________
TfiftSt Coast markets
.. ..
Midcontinent markets_______________________
Gulf Coast markets__________________________
Pacific Coast m arkets_____________________ —
Midwest markets s
Soaps ______________________________________
Synthetic detergents____________________________
Pharmaceutical preparations_____________________
E thical preparations6________________________
Anti-infectlves6
A nti-arthritics5__________________________
Sedatives and hypnotics1_________________
Ataractics 5_____________________________
Anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinergics6........ —
Cardiovasculars and anti-hypertensives 5____
‘DIsAfret.irvi 5
,,
_
Hormones*_____________________________
Diuretics 6______________________________
Dermatologicals5________________________
Herm atinics5_____________________ _____
Analgesics 5_____________________________
Anti-obesity preparations 5__________ _____
Cough and cold preparations5_______ _____
Vitamins s. ____________________________
Proprietary preparations5____________________
V itam ins5. ____________________________
Cough and cold preparations 1__ ___________
Laxatives and elimination aids 5____________
Internal analgesics 1______________________
Tonics and alteratives 5
....................
E x te rn a ] analgesics 5
Antiseptics1____________________________
Antacids4__ _________ ________ __________
Lumber and wood products (excluding mill work)___
Softwood lumber_______________________________
Pulp, paper, and allied products (excluding building
paper and board)_____________________________
Special metals and metal products6_______________
Steel m ill p ro d u c ts
1 See footnote 1, table D-3.
3 See footnote 2, table D-3.
8 Preliminary.
4Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
109. 4
106. 6 107. 2
QO 7
92.7
19623
1961
* New series. January 1961 = 100.
» Metals and metal products, agricultural machinery and equipment, and
motor vehicles.
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
609
D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59=100] 1
1963
Commodity group
M ar.8 Feb.
All commodities.
Annual
average
1962
Jan.
Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar.
99.9 100.2 100.5 100.4 100.7 100.6 101.2 100.5 100. 4 100.0 100.2 100.4 100.7
1962 »
1961
100.6
100.3
97.1
96.8
97.4
96.1
94.9
97.9
Stage of processing
Crude materials for further processing_____________
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs_______________
Crude nonfood materials except fuel___________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
manufacturing________________________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for con
struction_____________________________
Crude fuel_______________ _________________
Crude fuel for manufacturing______________
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing__________
94.5
92.8
96.7
95.6
94.7
96.4
96.8
97.1
95.8
96.8
97.1
95.8
97.6
98.2
95.9
97.4 99.2
97.9 100.6
96.0 96.3
97.2
97.4
96.6
96.2
95.8
95.2
95.1
95.3
95.3
95.7
96.0
103.0
105.4
105.2
105.7
103.0
105.6
105.5
106.0
102.7
103.3
103.2
103. 5
103.2
104.0
103.9
104.3
103.3
103. <
103.
103.7
103.3
103.2
103.2
103.5
103.3
102.0
102. (
102.2
103.3
100.6
100.6
100.8
96.5
96.0
97.0
95.2
94.0
97.3
95.8
94.7
97.9
96.5
95.5
98.3
97.6
96.9
98.7
96.5
96.8
97.4
97.9
98.3
96.9
97.4
103.3 103.2 103.3 103.1 103.1
101.0 98.7 99.6 99.7 103.1
101.0 98.8 99.6 99.7 103.0
101.2 98.8 99.7 99.7 103.3
103.2
102.8
101.8
101.8
102.2
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components__
Intermediate materials and components for manu
facturing_____________ ___________ _______
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing.
Intermediate materials for nondurable manu
facturing__ __________________ _____
Intermediate materials for durable manu
facturing_____________________________
Components for manufacturing____________
Materials and components for construction______
Processed fuels and lubricants________________
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufac
turing............................................... ..............
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanu
facturing______ _______________________
Containers, nonreturnable____________________
Supplies.....................................................................
Supplies for manufacturing____ ___________
Supplies for nonmanufacturing____________
Manufactured animal feeds____________
Other supplies....................................
102.2 101.9 101.9 102.6 102.7 102.9 102.9 100.9 102.4 102.1 102.2
98.4 97.6 98.4 99.4 100.0 100.4 100.6 99.0 99.6 99.7 99.5
101.1 101.4 101.6 101.5 101.6 101.4 101. 4 101.6 102.1 102.6 102.7
106.4 106.7 106.6 105.9 105.6 105.0 105.2 104.3 104.7 103.8 104.2
105.7 105.8 105.7 105.9 105.9 106.1 106.0 105.8 105.9 105.9 105.7
106.2 106.5 106.4 105.3 104.9 104.0 104.3 103.2 103.7 102.4 103.0
110.5 111.4 111. 5 109.1 108.3 106.2 107.0 103.7 104.5 100. 8 101.8
101.6 101.5 101.3 101.1 101.0 100.9 100.8 101.1 101.3 101.6 101.9
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods
and fuels)________________________ ___________
Consumer finished goods_____________________
Consumer foods____ ____________________
Consumer crude foods________________
Consumer processed foods_____________
Consumer other nondurable goods____ ____
Consumer durable goods__________________
Producer finished goods_____________________
Producer finished goods for manufacturing__
Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing.
101.1
100.4
99.1
99.5
99.0
101.9
99.7
102.9
104.5
101.4
100.0 100.1 100.2 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.2 100.1 100.3 100.2 100.4 100.5 100.3
98.6 98.7 98.8 98.7 98.8 98.9 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 98.8 99.4 99.5
101.2 101.2 101.0 99.9 100.2 100.8 100.4 99.8 99.4 99.5 99.6 100.4 101.5
97.1 97.2 97.3 97.3 97.4 97.6 97.7 97.8 98.1 98.3 98.4 98.5 98.3
99.8 99.8 100.0 99.9 100.1 100.1 100.4 100.5 100.6 100.6 100.7 100.7 100.6
98.2 98.5 98.6 98.8 98.6 98.6 98.7 98.7 98.7 98.9 98.8 98.9 99.1
98.9 98.9 98.8 98.9 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.3 99.5 99.7 99.8 99.7
100.8 100.3 100.6 101.4 101.7 102.0 102.1 100.8 101.4 101.2 101.2 101.5 99.5
101.5
100.9
100.4
98.9
100.7
101.7
99.8
103.0
104.6
101.4
101.8
101.2
101.4
103.4
101.1
101.7
99.8
103.0
104.7
101.5
101.6
101.0
100.7
95.9
101.4
101.8
99.9
103.0
104.7
101.4
102.0
101.5
102.1
102.8
101.9
101.7
100.0
102.9
104.6
101.3
101.9
101. 5
101.9
100.9
102.0
101.8
99.9
102.8
104.5
101.3
102.4 101.1
99.9
103.4
104.2
105.5
103.1
101.9
102.1
96.8
103.1
103.9
105. 5
102.7
101.1
101.8
101.4
100.7
100.1
97.6
100.4
101.6
99.9
102.9
104.4
101.4
101.8
101.3
101.9
101.7
101.9
101.3
100.0
102.8
104.3
101.4
102.6
102.3
103.9
101.5
104.3
101.7
100.1
102. 9
104.5
101.3
101.7
101.1
101.3
96.3
102.1
101.4
100.1
103.0
104.5
101.5
101.5
100.8
100.3
93.4
101.4
101.5
100.2
103.0
104.6
101.5
Total durable goods___ _________________________ 100.6 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.9
Total nondurable goods.............. ...................................
99.2 99.7 100.2 100.0 100. 5 100.4 101.2
Total manufactures_____________________________ 100.2 100.4 100.6 100.6 100.7 100.7 101.1
Durable manufactures_______________________ 100.9 101.0 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.3
Nondurable manufactures....................................... 99.4 99.7 100.0 100.0 100.2 100.2 100.9
Total raw or slightly processed goods............................ 98.3 99.1 100.2 99.4 100.5 100.2 101.1
Durable raw or slightly processed goods________
88.7 88.6 87.9 86.4 85.4 86.3 87.8
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods_____
98.8 99.7 100.9 100.1 101.4 101.0 101.9
101.0
100.0
100.7
101.3
100.0
99.2
88.3
99.9
101.0 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.2
99.8 99.3 99.5 99.7 100.2
100.8 100.6 100.7 100.7 100.7
101.4 101.4 101.5 101.5 101.4
100.1 99.8 99.8 99.9 100.0
98.4 97.3 98.1 98.8 100.1
86.8 86.7 89.1 90.8 91.9
99.0 97.9 98.6 99.2 100.6
101.1
100.4
99.3
93.7
100.2
101.4
100.0
102.8
104.4
101.3
101.2
100. 5
99.5
96.7
99.9
101.5
100.0
102.9
104.4
101.4
102.0
102.3
102.4
100.2
100.3
99.2
100.5
102.6
99.8
98.0
98.6
100.4
98.8
99.3
100.5
99.6
99.7
101.2
101.6
102.3
102.5
99.4
100.1
102.2
100.9
102.3
105.2
104.5
105.7
103.5
104.1
101.3
101.7
101.2
101.3
98.6
101.7
101.6
100.0
102."9
104.4
101.4
100.6
97.5
100. 5
101.4
100.9
100.4
97.6
100.8
101.5
100.5
102.5
103.8
101.2
Durability of product
1 See footnote 1, table D-3.
» See footnote 2, table D-3.
8 Preliminary.
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100.8
101.3
99.6
100.7
100.1
101.4
100.0
100.1
98.3
95.2
98.5
101.0
100.1
101.3
99.5
89.2
N o t e : For description of the series b y stage of processing, see “ New BLS
Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices,” Monthly Labor Review.
December 1955, pp. 1448-1453; and by durability of product and data be
ginning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bul
letin 1235 (1958)
610
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MAY 1963
E.—Work Stoppages
T able
E -l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Number of stoppages
Month and year
1935-39 (average).
1947-49 (average).
1945
.................... .................... ....................
1946
........
1947
........
1948
........
1949
...
1950
........
1951
........
1952.....................
1953
........
1954
........
1955
........
1956
........
1957.
........
1958.
.................... .................... ....................
1959
........
1960
........
1961
........
Beginning in
month or year
Workers involved in stoppages
In effect during month
2,862
3, 573
4, 750
4, 985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4, 843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4,320
3,825
3,673
3,694
3,708
3, 333
3, 367
Beginning in
month or year
In effect during month
1,130,000
2,380,000
3.470, 000
4, 600, 000
2,170| 000
1,960, 000
3,030, 000
2, 410,000
2,220, 000
3, 540, 000
2, 400, 000
1,530,000
2,650.000
1. 900, 000
1,390, 000
2,060,000
1, 880.000
1,320,000
1,450,000
Man-days idle during month
or year
Number
16.900.000
39, 700,000
38.000. 000
116,000,000
34,600, 000
34.100.000
50, 500,000
38, 800, 000
22, 900, 000
59.100.000
28,300, 000
22.600.000
28,200,000
33.100.000
16, 500,000
23, 900,000
69.000, 000
19.100.000
16.300.000
1962: M arch___
April_____
M ay_____
June_____
Ju ly ...........
August___
September.
October__
November.
December..
305
340
442
436
355
352
297
261
230
133
482
537
653
695
621
617
541
506
442
331
89,800
114,000
212,000
151, COO
98,100
129,000
91,700
98,800
81,0C0
45, 200
134,000
146,000
262,000
311, 000
195, 000
196, 000
181,000
155,000
171, G00
146,000
1.070.000
1.130.000
2,520, C00
3,020,0C0
1963: January A.
February s.
March 2___
230
200
225
360
320
350
75.000
60, 000
45,000
185,000
120,000
90, C00
2.340.000
1 The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 or more
workers and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect
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Percent of
estimated
working time
2 . 020.000
1.940.000
1.590.000
1.350.000
981,000
1.330.000
.
1 100.000
1, 110,000
0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.4 1
.3 7
.59
.44
.2 3
.5 7
.2 6
.21
.2 6
.29
.1 4
.22
.61
.17
.1 4
.11
.12
.2 5
.31
.21
.1 8
.1 8
.13
.10
.14
.2 3
.1 2
.12
or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
2 Preliminary.
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