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MONTHLY LABOR RE\$ U.S. Department of Labor / Bureau of Labor Statistics / March 1980 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis DEPOSITOR^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Ray Marshall, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212. Phone: (202) 523-1327. Subscription price per year — $18 domestic; $22.50 foreign. Single copy $2.50. Subscription prices and distribution policies for the Monthly Labor Review (ISSN 0098-0818) and other Government publications are set by the Government Printing Office, an agency of the U.S. Congress. Send correspondence on circulation and subscription matters (including address changes) to: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents. The Secretary of Labor has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this Department. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through October 31, 1982. Second-class postage paid at Riverdale, MD., and at additional mailing offices. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 15 - 26485 Regional Commissioners for Bureau of Labor Statistics Region I — Boston: W endell D. M acdonald 1603 JFK Federal Building, Government Center, Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: (617) 223-6761 Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Region II — New York: Sam uel M. Ehrenhalt 1515 Broadway, Suite 3400, New York, N.Y. 10036 Phone: (212) 944-3121 New Jersey New York Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Region III — Philadelphia: A lvin /. M argulis 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309, Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Phone: (215) 596 -11 54 Delaware District of Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia Region IV — Atlanta: D onald M. Cruse 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E., Atlanta, Ga. 30309 Phone: (404) 881 -4 4 1 8 Alabama Florida Georgia Kentucky Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Region V — Chicago: W illiam E. Rice 9th Floor, Federal Office Building, 230 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. 60604 Phone: (312) 3 5 3 -18 80 Illinois Indiana Michigan Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin Region VI — Dallas: Bryan Richey Second Floor, 555 Griffin Square Building, Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: (214) 767-6971 Arkansas Louisiana New Mexico Oklahoma Texas Regions VII and VIII — Kansas City: E llio tt A. B row ar 911 Walnut Street, Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 VII Iowa Kansas Missouri Nebraska VIII Colorado Montana North Dakota South Dakota Utah Wyoming March covers: Photos by Earl Dotter, from in Mine and Mill: A Photographic Portfolio o f Coal Miners and Textile Workers, 20 plates, 1 1 ' x 1 7 ', copyright by Earl Dotter, Pilgrim Press, 132 West 31st Street, New York, N.Y. 10001, $15. Dotter’s workplace photos, emphasizing both the dignity and the dehumanizing aspects of work, have been widely exhibited and have been compared to those of Lewis Hine. Most recently, the coal and textile photographs were selected for exhibition at Gallery 1199, New York City, and at the Venezia la Fotografia 7 9 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Regions IX and X — San Francisco: D. Bruce H anchett 450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017, San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: (415) 556 -46 78 IX American Samoa Arizona California Guam Hawaii Nevada Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands X Alaska Idaho Oregon Washington % 3EFE1EHCE MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW MARCH 1980 VOLUME 103, NUMBER 3 ^ Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor J. N. Hedges, D. E. Taylor 3 Recent trends in worktime: hours edge downward Changing composition of work and the work force, union contracts, and Federal laws contributed to reductions in weekly hours in 1968-79; vacations and holidays increased Philip L. Rones 12 Moving to the sun: regional job growth, 1968 to 1978 In a decade, sunbelt economies grew fastest; favorable business climates, U.S. spending helped expand job opportunities that, with the environment, attracted Northern workers Richard Rosen 20 Identifying States and areas prone to high and low unemployment States and localities with heavy concentrations of manufacturing employment were likely to experience higher jobless rates during a recession, analysis of 1974-75 data confirms James D. York 25 Folding paperboard box industry shows slow rise in productivity More efficient equipment and production techniques contributed to an increase in output per hour in 1963-78 that was smaller than for manufacturing as a whole REPORTS Joseph H. Pleck and others Julia E. Stone Dixie Sommers, Carin Cohen Barbara Cottman Job Anne McDougall Young Mary A. Andrews https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 29 32 36 40 43 48 Conflicts between work and family life Age Discrimination in Employment Act: a review of recent changes New occupational rates of labor force separation Employment and pay trends in the retail trade industry Work experience of the population in 1978 Mine Workers’ new president wins dues increase, right to name VP DEPARTMENTS 2 29 49 51 53 55 59 65 Labor month in review Research summaries Conventions Significant decisions in labor cases Major agreements expiring next month Developments in industrial relations Book reviews Current labor statistics Labor M onth In Review MINORITIES REPORT. The Bureau of Labor Statistics published the first in a new series of fact sheets on employment and unemployment of blacks and Hispanics. Commissioner of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood explained that the new series, to be issued quarterly, “is part of the Bureau’s continuing effort to increase public understanding and awareness of the special employment problems of blacks and Hispanics.” Forthcoming issues will deal with such topics as occupations of black and Hispanic workers, the earnings gap between minorities and whites, minor ity labor force participation trends, and the differences in employment status among Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Mexicans, and other Hispanics in the U.S. workforce. Here are excerpts from the first issue of Employment in Perspective: Minority Workers: Minority unemployment. Blacks and Hispanics-the Nation’s two largest minorities-are much more likely than whites to be unemployed. In the fourth quarter of 1979, the jobless rates for blacks, 11.4 percent, and Hispanics, 8.6 percent, were both sub stantially higher than for white work ers, 4.9 percent. Age-sex breakdowns provide more insight into the high unemployment rates among minorities vis-a-vis whites. For teens, young adults, and men 25 years and over, black unemployment rates were more than double the com parable white rates, with the largest disparity occurring among workers under 25. Unemployment rates for Hispanics were also above those for whites, but lower than those for blacks. Hispanics 25 years and over, however, experienced higher unem ployment rates relative to their white counterparts than those under 25. 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Unemployment rate ratios for black and Hispanic workers by age relative to their white counterparts for the fourth quarter of 1979 are as follows: Black/white Hispanic/white ratio ratio Total, 16 years and o ver............ Men, 16 and over 16-19 . 20-24 . 25 and over. . 2.3 1.8 . . . . . . 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.6 1.2 1.4 . . 2.5 1.7 . . . 2.1 2.9 2.9 2.0 1.8 1.8 . 1.7 2.0 Women, 16 and over. . 16-19 . . 20-24 . . 25 and over. . . The incidence of joblessness varied substantially among the three main Hispanic ethnic groups. Both Puerto Ricans and Mexicans had unemploy ment rates (10.5 and 9.1 percent, re spectively) above the overall Hispanic rate, while the Cuban rate (6.6 per cent) was the lowest among workers of Hispanic descent. These variations re flect differences in age composition, educational level, and residential pat terns of the three groups, as well as other factors. Thus, Cubans, who are, on the average, older and have com pleted more years of schooling than other Hispanics, generally had the lowest unemployment rates among the specific minority age-sex groups. Reason for unemployment. The dis tribution of unemployment according to reason (status at the time a person became unemployed) differed substan tially, between the minority groups. A greater proportion of unemployed blacks than Hispanics were new en trants or reentrants into the labor force. On the other hand, Hispanics were much more likely than blacks to be job losers. Among the Hispanic sub groups, about half of the unemployed Puerto Ricans and Mexicans were job losers. In contrast, the proportion of unemployed Cubans who were job losers was essentially the same as for blacks. Duration of unemployment. Differ ences between blacks and Hispanics are also evident in their duration of unemployment (the length of a current spell of unemployment). As shown in the following tabulation for the fourth quarter of 1979, blacks were considerably more likely to ex perience long-term unemployment (over 15 weeks) than were Hispanics, and more than half of the unemployed Hispanics were jobless for less than 5 weeks. Black and other Hispanic White Total (percent). . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 5 weeks . . . 5-14........... 15 or more. 15- 26 . . . . 27 or more 42.0 34.3 23.7 11.8 11.8 52.4 33.6 14.0 10.6 3.2 50.0 32.4 17.6 10.4 7.2 Median (in weeks)......... 7.1 4.8 5.0 Employment in Perspective: Minor ity Workers is available without charge from the Office of Publications, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washing ton, D.C. 20212, and from the Bu reau’s regional offices. Recent trends in worktime: hours edge downward Changing composition of work and the work force, union contracts, and Federal laws all contributed to reductions in weekly hours from 1968 to 1979; time offfor vacations and holidays increased Ja n ic e N e ip e r t H e d g e s and D a n ie l E. T a y l o r Weekly hours of full-time workers averaged about onehalf hour less per week in May 1979 than 11 years ear lier. For both men and women, workweeks of 35 to 39 hours were a little more prevalent and those of 41 to 48 hours less prevalent than in 1968. And, when part-time workers are included in the average, the workweek de clined slightly more. These modest reductions reflect a variety of factors, including changes in the labor force, shorter work schedules, and the growth of paid leave. The average number of vacation days taken by work ers increased only marginally during this period. Be cause vacation leave generally is based on length of service, the influx of women and youth— groups with less than average job tenure—as well as the earlier re tirement of senior workers postponed the full effect of liberalized benefits. This article examines movements in worktime from 1968 to 1979 for answers to these questions: Are aver age weekly hours for U.S. workers static or changing? Are trends the same for men and women, young and old, white and black? What do comparisons among oc cupations and industries show? What are the trends in scheduled hours, overtime or extra hours, and in paid leave? What are the average hours of work per year? Unless noted, data are from the Current Population Survey, a national survey of households which collects information monthly on the labor force.1Included in the data on hours at work are hours on second jobs, with Janice Neipert Hedges and Daniel E. Taylor are economists in the Office of Current Employment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis total hours credited to the principal job. (Workers ab sent from their jobs for the entire survey week are excluded from the computation of averages or distribu tions of hours worked.) The data refer to nonagricultural wage and salary workers, except where specified. Work-leisure tradeoff A brief look at the economic theory generally used to examine hours of work may help to put changes in worktime in perspective. The basic theory rests on the premise that gains in productivity are available for dis tribution to workers in the form of higher earnings or fewer hours, or in some combination of the two. The concept of a tradeoff that workers make between work and leisure as wages rise was formalized by Lionel Rob bins in 1930 and developed by H. G. Lewis and others.2 According to this theory, a rise in the real wage rate has two effects on the number of hours that workers supply, effects that pull in opposite directions. One effect is for workers to use the additional money to “purchase” more leisure time, along with other goods and services— the income effect. The other is for work ers to seek to increase their worktime, because time off costs more in earnings forgone— the substitution effect. Dividing time solely into market time and leisure time, however, ignores other categories, such as time spent on household duties and child care. Gary Becker and others have integrated this category (“time spent producing goods and services in the household for household consumption”) into the basic theory.3 This concept sheds light on the work-hours decisions of 3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Trends in Worktime women, who continue to spend more time on household production than men,4and helps to explain the relation ship between the hours worked by various members of a household: Members who are relatively more efficient at market activi ties would use less of their time at consumption activities than would other members. Moreover, an increase in the relative market efficiency of any member would effect a reallocation of the time of all other members toward con sumption activities in order to permit the former to spend more time at market activities.5 . , . most Americans live in family units where some pool ing of income and sharing of home tasks occurs, and where decision-making on labor supply involves some degree of joint consultation.6 Although estimates of the relative impact of the in come and substitution effects vary, Lewis observed a general agreement that among married men, a 1-percent increase in the wage rate would result in the long run in about a 0.15-percent decrease in hours. That is, this group has tended to purchase additional time off with about 15 percent of a potential pay increase.7 In con trast, women devote additional time to market work when wages rise, drawing from both leisure and house hold worktime.8 The income and substitution effects vary in response to changes in family formation and size, value systems and tastes, occupation and industry structure, and other factors. Since 1968, full-time employees have reduced their workyear by about 39 hours, or one-sixth of the reduction made possible by productivity gains.9A recent national survey on the preferences of workers for higher earnings versus fewer hours indicated that the majority expressed greater interest in additional leisure time than in a 10-percent gain in earnings.10 The complex interplay between wages and hours of work is described by Sherwin Rosen: . . . working hours become part of the nonpecuniary aspects of employment that affect its net attractiveness in the mar ket . . . there must be a different hourly wage struck for each possible work schedule. That is, there is not a single labor market at all . . . but rather a spectrum of closely interconnected markets geared to different work schedules . . . one market for long hours, one for full-time jobs, one for short hour jobs, one for part-year jobs, and so on.11 The flexibility of schedules is an important aspect of employment for many exployees: . . . rigid schedules mean that workers are supplying more time or at least a distribution of time that imposes more costs upon them than would hours freely chosen by them selves.12 The demand for hours of work is affected by the cost of labor in relation to the cost of other inputs, such as machines and materials. The length of work schedules is 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis affected by technological requirements of the job and the need for hours convenient to customers. Also, pub lic laws and collective bargaining agreements that call for premium pay over a maximum number of hours per day or per week or for late-shift or weekend work have an impact on work schedules. Historical experience. From 1900 to 1946, the average workweek shrank from about 53 to 44 hours. Produc tivity growth and declining agricultural employment un derlay this trend, which was rapid in some periods and arrested, or even reversed, in others. For example, the average workweek declined substantially during the Great Depression, as work-sharing efforts led to Federal legislation which set the standard workweek and work day (beyond which premium pay was required) below the pre-Depression level. During World War II, average weekly hours lengthened, but government controls on wages coupled with competition for workers resulted in substantial gains in paid vacations.13 Since the 1940’s, worktime has been further reduced by the growth of service industries and the continued decline of agriculture and the increased employment of women and youth. Rising expectations and inflation probably have exerted counter pressures. On balance, hours reductions have proceeded slowly. Some analysts, considering only the hours of men have concluded that little or no change in weekly hours has occurred in the United States in the post-World War II era.14 Recent trends The average workweek for nonagricultural wage and salary employees who usually work full time declined from 43.0 to 42.6 hours, or nearly half an hour between May 1968 and May 1979. The decline reflected a de crease of almost 3 percentage points in the proportion of persons at work 41 to 48 hours, with a commensu rate increase in the proportion at work from 35 to 39 hours. The increased prevalence of women and youth in the work force and the growth of industries with shorter than average workweeks contributed to the reduction in weekly hours. Other factors included changes in the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and in collective bargaining agreements and an increase in unemploy ment.15 Average weekly hours reported by all nonagricultural wage and salary workers (including part-time workers) declined from 39.1 to 38.5 hours, or a little more than half an hour. This reduction reflected the shorter hours for workers on full-time schedules and the more rapid growth of part-time than of full-time workers. Both men and women were more likely to work part, time in 1979 than in 1968. The largest group of parttime employees—those who usually work part time by choice—increased from 13.0 to 13.8 percent of all workers. The other groups of part-timers, those who usually work full time but fell into the part-time catego ry during the reference week because of time off and those who worked part time for economic reasons (such as slack work or material shortages), also grew faster than full-time workers. All part-timers increased from 19.4 to 22.2 percent of all employees. Partially offsetting the relative growth in part-time work was an increase (from 17.5 to 18.9 hours per week) in the average hours of those who usually work part time, a pattern which was similar for men and women. The downward trend in hours worked reported by the household survey is corroborated by other data se ries. For example, payroll data for the same period showed a decline from 37.7 to 35.5 in hours paid all production and nonsupervisory workers in private in dustry. Wage survey data on the average length of ma jority schedules in establishments in metropolitan areas showed a decline from 40.5 to 40.1 hours for plantworkers and from 38.9 to 38.7 hours for officeworkers from 1968 to 1976. Although economic systems and labor force statistics vary by country, available information on workweeks in Canada and Western Europe also shows hours reduc tions in the past decade. For example, manufacturing workers in Canada averaged 38.9 hours of work per week in May 1979, down from 40.6 hours in May 1968. The workweek in manufacturing industries declined from 41.8 to 40.0 hours in Great Britain during this pe riod; in Germany, the workweek in manufacturing aver aged 32.8 hours in 1978, down from 36.4 hours in 1970. Average weekly hours of all nonagricultural wage and salary workers in Sweden decreased from 39.0 hours in 1968 to 35.4 hours in 1978. And in France, scheduled weekly hours for full-time workers in private nonagri cultural industries declined from about 45 hours in 1970 to 41 hours in 1978.16 At the same time, European workers have maintained their traditional advantage over U.S. workers in regard to holidays and vacations. For example, a minimum 1 month of annual vacation for all workers is required by law in France and Ger many. Men and women, by age. Among full-time U.S. workers, both men and women in most age groups worked slightly shorter workweeks in 1979 than their counter parts in 1968. Men 25 to 34 years of age reported larger declines of more than one-half hour per week. (See table 1.) Because this group represented almost one-fifth of all full-time employees in May 1979, their hours reduc tion figured importantly in the reduced overall average. Men in their early 20’s who worked full time in 1979 reported about the same weekly hours as their counter parts in 1968. A decline in the hours of this group may https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis have been averted by the declining proportion enrolled in school (from 19.3 to 16.0 percent), because nonenrollees are almost 3 times more likely than enrollees to work more than 40 hours per week. When part-time workers are included, the average workweek of all men 25 to 34 declined even more, by nearly 1 hour. However, all men in the 20 to 24 and 16 to 19 age brackets experienced increases of 0.4 and 2.1 hours, again probably due to decreased school enroll ments. An increase of a little less than a half hour in the workweek of women ages 25 to 34 (who account for more than one-fourth of all women workers) was offset by decreases among women ages 20 to 24 and those over 45. Changes in the sex and age composition of workers also impacted on hours. The growth in the employment of women and the entry into employment of exception ally large numbers of youth—as the population born in the decade following World War II came of age—both contributed to the decline in the length of both full-time workweeks and all workweeks. During the period, women increased their labor force participation rate from 41.6 to 50.1 percent, and the median age for all workers declined from 39.5 to 35.4 years. . . . and marital status. Among married workers on full time schedules (including the self-employed), weekly hours were down by nearly one-half hour for men and a little more than that for women. The increasing preva lence of working couples, with their higher family in comes, may have contributed to the decline in hours for husbands. Married and single (never-married) women also worked slightly shorter weeks in 1979 than in 1968, while no trend was apparent in the hours of sin gle men. The trends are similar when all workweeks are con sidered, except for an increase of more than 2 hours in the workweek of single men, a group mostly consisting of young men. Again, declining school enrollment for this group may largely account for their additional hours. Following are average weekly hours of married and never-married men and women in May 1968 and 1979: Men Never married Married Women Never married Married Full-time schedules: 1968 ............. 1979 ............. 42.5 42.6 45.5 45.1 40.8 40.3 40.8 40.2 All schedules: 1968 ............. 1979 ............. 33.5 35.9 44.5 43.8 32.9 32.6 34.9 34.4 Race. Black workers who were employed full time 5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Trends in Worktime worked almost 1 hour less per week on average in May 1979 than 11 years earlier, compared with a decline of little more than one-quarter hour for their white coun terparts.17 The increased share of jobs held by women was a factor in shorter hours for full-time workers of ei ther race. Nonetheless, the workweek declined substan tially for both black men and women. The relatively large, although declining, represen tation of black workers in the service occupations, in which average weekly hours declined more than in any other occupation, was a factor in the hours reductions for the race. However, an increased proportion of black employees in professional and managerial positions, oc cupations having higher than average workweeks, par tially countered this effect. When all schedules are considered, the average workweeks of white men and women decreased only slightly. Workweeks for black men were reduced by nearly 1 hour. The lengthened workweeks of black women may be partially explained by the 1970-78 in crease of nearly two-thirds in the number heading fami lies. Occupation and industry. Service employees at work full time reported a decline of about 2 hours in their work week from 1968 to 1979. In May 1968, they worked about one-half hour more per week than all full-time workers; 11 years later they worked 1 hour less. (See ta ble 2.) The workweek of full- and part-time service employ ees combined also declined. In 1968, the average workweek for all service workers was about 5.6 hours shorter than the all-occupation average; in 1979, the gap was 6.5 hours. Amendments to the FLSA in 1974 and 1977 which brought about 7 million additional workers,18 many of them service employees, under the overtime provisions of the act, contributed to shorter hours for this occupa tional group. The 1977 amendments also lowered cer tain overtime exemptions for employees of hotels, Table 1. Average hours worked by wage and salary workers except agriculture, by sex, age, and race, May of 1968, 1973, 1978, and 1979 [Numbers in thousands] All schedules Characteristic Number of workers, 1979 Full-time schedules Average weekly hours 1968 1973 1978 1979 82,207 6,899 12,543 22,405 15,886 13,414 9,110 1,949 39.1 24.7 38.1 41.6 41.4 40.9 39.7 32.4 38.8 25.9 38.0 41.0 41.0 40.8 39.5 30.4 38.4 25.9 37.6 40.4 40.8 40.5 39.1 28.1 38.5 26.0 38.1 40.4 40.8 40.5 39.3 28.4 46,867 3,596 6,671 13,131 9,085 7,894 5,397 1,092 41.9 25.1 39.8 44.4 44.8 43.7 42.2 33.7 41.7 27.4 39.8 43.9 44.8 43.9 42.1 31.0 41.4 27.5 39.4 43.5 44.6 43.6 42.0 29.2 35,340 3,303 5,872 9,274 6,801 5,520 3,713 857 34.6 24.1 36.1 35.7 35.4 36.3 35.9 30.5 34.3 24.2 35.8 35.7 35.0 36.1 35.5 29.5 72,588 41,834 30,754 9,619 5,033 4,586 39.4 42.2 34.7 37.5 39.8 34.4 39.0 42.1 34.2 37.2 38.9 34.9 Number of workers, 1979 Average weekly hours 1968 1973 1978 1979 63,260 2,453 9,633 18,593 13,172 11,214 7,392 803 43.0 40.5 41.9 43.7 43.8 42.9 42.4 43.6 42.9 40.3 41.9 43.4 43.7 43.0 42.3 42.8 42.6 40.2 41.5 42.9 43.5 42.8 42.2 42.2 42.6 40.0 41.9 42.8 43.4 42.8 42.3 41.4 41.6 27.2 40.2 43.5 44.7 43.7 42.2 30.3 39,751 1,384 5,400 11,880 8,409 7,310 4,849 519 44.4 41.6 43.4 45.1 45.3 44.2 43.1 43.3 44.3 41.0 43.1 44.9 45.4 44.5 43.2 41.6 44.0 41.4 42.7 44.5 45.2 44.1 43.2 41.7 44.1 41.0 43.1 44.4 45.2 44.3 43.6 42.2 34.3 24.3 35.4 36.0 35.4 35.9 35.0 26.8 34.5 24.6 35.6 36.1 35.7 35.8 35.0 25.9 23,511 1,069 4,234 6,712 4,765 3,905 2,542 283 40.4 39.4 40.2 40.1 40.3 40.4 41.0 44.1 40.3 39.2 40.2 40.2 40.1 40.4 40.5 43.0 40.2 38.7 40.0 40.2 40.4 40.4 40.3 43.1 40.1 38.7 40.2 40.1 40.3 40.1 39.8 40.1 38.5 41.7 34.2 37.0 38.9 35.0 38.7 41.9 34.4 37.2 39.0 35.1 55,844 35,611 20,233 7,416 4,138 3,278 43.2 44.6 40.4 41.5 42.2 40.4 43.1 44.6 40.4 40.8 41.6 39.6 42.9 44.3 40.3 40.6 41.5 39.6 42.9 44.4 40.2 40.6 41.8 39.1 ALL WORKERS Total, 16 years and over .. 16 to 1 9 ...................... 20 to 2 4 ...................... 25 to 3 4 ...................... 35 to 4 4 ...................... 45 to 5 4 ...................... 55 to 6 4 ...................... 65 and o v e r ............... MEN Total, 16 years and over .. 16 to 1 9 ...................... 20 to 2 4 ...................... 25 to 3 4 ...................... 35 to 4 4 ...................... 45 to 5 4 ...................... 55 to 6 4 ...................... 65 and o v e r ............... WOMEN Total, 16 years and over .. 16 to 1 9 ...................... 20 to 2 4 ...................... 25 to 3 4 ...................... 35 to 4 4 ...................... 45 to 5 4 ...................... 55 to 6 4 ...................... 65 and over ............... RACE White, total ........................ M en............................. Women ...................... Black and other races, total M en............................. Women ...................... NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis motels, and restaurants from 46 to 44 hours per week, effective January 1, 1978, and to the general 40-hour standard, effective January 1, 1979.19 Collective bar gaining agreements were another factor in shorter hours, especially in reducing the very long workweeks for protective service workers, such as police and fire fighters.20 The particularly rapid growth of food service jobs, in which shorter weeks are the norm, also played a part in reducing average hours for the service group. Smaller changes were reported for factory and other operatives, professional and technical workers, and salesworkers. For these groups, average full-time work weeks declined from one-half to one hour from 1968 to 1979. Hours for all employees, including part time, trended down in clerical and craft occupations. The most accurate national data on trends in the workweek by industry are provided by the payroll sur vey. As noted earlier, data from this survey show that production and nonsupervisory workers in private in dustry averaged 35.5 paid hours in May 1979, down 2.2 hours since May 1968. See table 3.) The sharpest re ductions occurred in trade and in services, down 3.3 and 2.0 hours. Hours paid in manufacturing declined by .8 hour. Scheduled hours, as distinguished from paid hours, declined substantially in trade and services for nonof fice, but not for office workers in metropolitan areas. In most industries, however, the length of scheduled work weeks edged down. The following wage survey data show scheduled weekly hours for selected industries: Office______ 1967-68 1972- 73 1976 All industries Manufacturing . . Wholesale trade . Retail trade . . . . Services................ 38.9 39.4 39.1 39.3 38.5 38.7 39.3 39.1 39.3 38.3 38.7 39.3 39.1 39.2 38.3 Nonoffice 1967- 68 1972- 73 1976 40.5 40.4 40.8 40.5 40.6 40.1 40.2 40.5 39.9 40.2 40.1 40.3 40.4 39.7 39.6 Extra hours Overtime work or multiple jobholding extends the workweek for some employees. Management initiates Table 2. Average hours worked by wage and salary workers, except farm, by sex and occupation, May of 1968, 1973, 1978, and 1979 [Numbers in thousands] All schedules Sex and occupation Number of workers, 1979 Full-time schedules Average weekly hours 1968 1973 1978 1979 42,980 13,527 8,340 4,851 16,262 28,296 10,884 13,087 4,326 11,342 39.6 40.8 46.0 36.5 37.4 40.5 42.3 40.8 35.0 33.5 39.3 40.6 46.0 38.8 35.9 40.3 42.0 40.5 35.5 33.0 39.1 40.5 45.2 36.2 35.8 39.9 41.7 40.3 34.6 31.9 39.3 40.5 45.5 36.9 35.7 40.0 41.6 40.2 34.9 32.2 19,748 7,511 6,294 2,746 3,197 23,000 10,248 8,903 3,850 4,417 43.4 43.0 47.1 42.5 39.8 41.2 42.4 42.2 35.0 39.2 43.6 43.2 47.1 42.5 39.6 41.0 42.1 42.0 35.6 37.5 43.4 43.5 46.6 41.7 39.2 40.6 41.9 41.9 34.6 36.3 23,232 6,017 2,045 2,105 13,065 5,296 636 4,184 476 6,925 35.5 37.4 39.7 29.8 35.3 37.4 38.7 37.3 35.4 30.4 35.0 37.0 41.1 28.4 34.7 37.1 38.7 37.3 33.1 30.2 35.3 36.8 40.3 29.2 34.8 37.0 38.5 37.1 34.1 29.2 Number of workers, 1979 Average weekly hours 1968 1973 1978 1979 34,112 11,253 7,702 3,331 11,825 23,226 9,553 10,819 2,854 6,214 43.1 44.0 46.9 44.5 40.1 42.8 43.2 42.8 41.4 43.6 43.1 43.4 47.0 44.4 40.1 42.7 43.1 42.8 41.4 42.6 42.9 43.6 46.2 43.8 40.0 42.5 42.9 42.7 40.9 41.7 42.9 43.3 46.6 43.9 39.9 42.4 43.0 42.4 40.8 41.7 43.7 43.4 47.1 42.5 38.8 40.7 41.8 41.8 35.1 36.7 17,666 6,771 5,976 2,328 2,591 19,274 9,045 7,649 2,579 3,030 45.3 44.8 47.7 46.2 42.3 43.4 43.3 44.1 41.4 45.7 45.5 44.7 47.8 46.1 42.3 43.3 43.2 44.1 41.5 44.2 45.3 45.0 47.2 45.4 42.3 43.0 42.9 43.9 40.8 43.4 45.4 44.7 47.7 45.6 41.9 43.0 43.1 43.7 41.1 43.8 35.5 36.9 40.6 29.7 34.9 36.7 38.5 37.0 32.6 29.3 16,446 4,482 1,727 1,003 9,235 3,952 508 3,171 274 3,184 40.3 42.4 42.2 40.0 39.2 39.7 40.3 39.6 40.5 41.9 40.2 41.5 43.3 39.8 39.3 39.7 41.2 39.6 40.2 41.2 40.2 41.5 42.4 40.0 39.3 40.2 41.6 39.9 41.2 40.2 40.3 41.3 42.9 40.0 39.3 39.7 41.3 39.5 39.0 39.8 ALL WORKERS White collar, to ta l............................................................ Professional, technical and kindred workers ......... Managers and administrators................................. Salesworkers ....................................................... Clerical w o rkers..................................................... Blue collar, total ............................................................ Craft and kindred workers...................................... Operatives.............................................................. Nonfarm la borers................................................... Service workers.............................................................. MEN White collar, to ta l............................................................ Professional, technical and kindred workers ......... Managers and administrators................................. Salesworkers ....................................................... Clerical w o rkers..................................................... Blue collar, total ............................................................ Craft and kindred w orkers...................................... Operatives.............................................................. Nonfarm la borers................................................... Service workers.............................................................. WOMEN White collar, to ta l............................................................ Professional, technical and kindred workers ......... Managers and administrators................................. Sales workers ....................................................... Clerical w o rkers..................................................... Blue collar, total ............................................................ Craft and kindred w orkers...................................... Operatives.............................................................. Nonfarm la borers................................................... Service workers.............................................................. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Trends in Worktime overtime work, although the right of workers to refuse overtime has been the subject of collective bargaining, as has their right to a fair share of overtime.21 Manage ment may order overtime to meet temporary or sporad ic demands for products or services, but the decision often is based on the cost of premium pay versus the cost of hiring, training, and providing fringe benefits to additional employees. Data from the household survey show that of the al most 19 million full-time wage and salary workers who worked 41 hours or more a week in May 1979, about 8 million were on overtime for which they received premi um pay. Workweeks in excess of the standard were more prevalent than in 1975 or 1976 but below 1973 levels, the first year for which comparable data are available.22 Overtime hours in manufacturing, from the payroll series, averaged 3.6 hours per worker in 1978, the same as in 1968.23 About 4.3 million nonagricultural wage and salary employees in May 1979 extended their workweek by moonlighting.24 Some worked only part time on both jobs; however, about three-fourths worked 35 hours or more on their primary jobs and about 8 percent worked full time on both jobs. For all moonlighters, median hours on a second job were 13 a week and hours on both jobs, about 51. The proportion of nonagricultural wage and salary workers holding more than one job was 4.9 percent in May 1979, about the same as in May 1969. There was no change in hours on the second job, but average worktime for multiple jobholders on all jobs declined by about 2 hours. The decrease is explained by the higher proportion of multiple jobholders who were women, as well as decreases in hours of moonlighting men. The stability in multiple jobholding rates over the pe riod masks some striking changes in the characteristics Table 3. Average hours paid production and nonsupervisory workers in the private nonagricultural economy, by industry, May of 1968, 1978, and 1979 Industry All industries .......................................... Mining ............................................ Construction................................... Manufacturing................................. Durable g o o d s........................ Nondurable goods .................. Transportation and public utilities .. Trade .............................................. W holesale............................... Retail ...................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate . Services.......................................... Number of workers (in thousands) 1968 1978 1979 1968 1978 1979 46,057 468 2,803 14,379 8,432 5,948 3,682 12,386 3,094 9,292 2,622 9,717 57,942 669 3,370 14,630 8,743 5,887 4,138 17,104 4,060 13,044 3,566 14,465 60,371 708 3,737 15,061 9,129 5,932 4,293 17,682 4,228 13,454 3,756 15,134 37.7 42.7 37.6 40.9 41.7 39.8 40.6 35.7 39.9 34.3 37.0 34.5 35.7 43.4 36.7 40.4 41.1 39.3 39.9 32.7 38.6 30.9 36.2 32.7 35.5 42.8 37.2 40.1 40.8 39.1 39.6 32.4 38.9 30.4 36.1 32.5 SOURCE: Current Employment Survey of establishments. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Average weekly hours of the group. In 1979, women accounted for 30 percent of multiple jobholders, up from 17 percent in 1969. This change was the result of a rise in women’s multiple jobholding rate (from 2.3 to 3.6 percent) and a decline in the rate for men (from 7.2 to 5.8 percent). Rates were up for women irrespective of their marital status but declined for men, except those who were single. (Particularly rapid declines in multiple jobholding for men 25 to 34 years and for black men contributed to the shorter weekly hours for these groups.) Time off On the other side of the ledger, hours are affected by absences of various types, including sick and personal leave, holidays, and vacations. Although not all ab sences are paid, paid leave hours accounted for 7.6 per cent of all paid hours in 1977, up from 6.2 percent in 1968.25 Among full-time wage and salary workers, absences for illnesses and injuries amounted to the loss of 2.3 percent of usual hours in May 1978. Part-week absences accounted for 0.8 percent; full-week absences for 1.5 percent. Both figures were about the same as 5 years earlier, when data on hours lost as a result of illnesses and injuries were first available. Workers in the goodsproducing sector reported a greater proportion of time lost than those in the service-producing sector, women lost a greater proportion than men, and older workers, more than youth.26 Other personal reasons accounted for additional ab sences and lost worktime. These include illnesses and injuries of family members, maternity leave, funerals, and leave for jury duty, court witness, or military ser vice. In May 1978, absences for such reasons were about 1.2 percent of aggregate usual hours, with the loss distributed equally between part- and full-week absences.27 Time lost because of illnesses and injuries and per sonal reasons combined appears to fluctuate with the economic cycle and the seasons.28 Part-week absences declined during the 1974-75 recession and have since resumed their prerecession level. Monthly data on the incidence of absences show a seasonal pattern, with ab sences most prevalent in January and least in Septem ber. Payment for absence from work because of illnesses or injuries was available to 8 of 10 plantworkers and officeworkers in 1976, about the same as in 1968, ac cording to the wage survey. Paid personal leave also is available to many workers: of 1,570 major collective bargaining agreements in 1976, two-thirds provided fu neral leave, and the same proportion provided leave for jury duty. The agreement negotiated by the United Auto Workers and the automobile industry in 1979 provided for 26 personal days off, spread over 3 years.29 Paid holidays also have increased in recent years. Ac cording to data from the wage survey, average holidays provided office and other workers in metropolitan areas increased by 1.3 days from 1968 to 1976, bringing paid holidays to 9.4 days for officeworkers and 8.9 days for other workers. Manufacturing employees experienced the largest gains, with an increase from 7.9 to 9.6 days for plantworkers and from 8.2 to 10.0 days for officeworkers.30 Vacations lengthen. By 1968, virtually all plantworkers and officeworkers in metropolitan areas worked in es tablishments that provided paid vacations. The major development since then has been the liberalization of vacation provisions. In 1976, 35 percent of the plantworkers were eligible for a vacation of 2 weeks or more after 1 year of service, up from 25 percent in 1968, according to data from the wage survey. Among officeworkers, the proportion eligible for 2 weeks or more vacation after that length of service increased from 78 to 82 percent.31 According to the household data, the average length of vacations received by workers in the United States in 1979 was slightly higher than in 1968, increasing from 1.9 to 2.0 weeks.32 Length of service— the basis for va cation eligibility in the United States— declined from 3.8 years in 1968 to 3.6 years in 1978 as a result of the flow of youth and women into the labor force, together with a trend toward earlier retirement.33 In 1978, the proportion of the employed with 1 year or less on the job was 27 percent, up from 25 percent in 1968. The growth in annual vacation benefits apparently has not kept pace with workers’ desires for vacation time. From 1968 to 1979, full-week vacations taken without pay rose as a percent of all full-week vacations from about 14 to 20 percent for men and from 34 to 39 percent for women, based on household data. The sea sonal distribution of vacations has shifted in recent years. June, July, and August accounted for about 60 percent of all vacations in 1979, down from 70 percent a decade earlier. The number of vacations still tapered off toward winter, reaching the lowest point in January, then gradually increasing in the spring. (See table 4.) Extended vacations, usually from 10 to 13 weeks taken at regular intervals (for example, every 5 years), supplement annual vacations for some long-service em ployees. Such vacations or “sabbaticals” were first used in higher education. About 5 percent of all major col lective bargaining agreements in 1976 included provi sions for extended vacations, with most of the covered workers employed in primary metals industries.34 The workyear The growth in time off for vacations, holidays, per sonal and other types of leave may eventually require https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 4. Number of vacation weeks, by seasonal distribution, 1968 and 1979 Item Number of weeks, in m illions.......................................... Average weeks of vacation per full-time w orker............. Percent distribution .......................................................... January..................................................................... February................................................................... M arch....................................................................... April ......................................................................... May ......................................................................... J u n e ......................................................................... July ......................................................................... August ..................................................................... September .............................................................. October .................................................................. November................................................................ December................................................................ 1968 1979 106.6 147.8 1.9 100 2 2 2 3 4 13 30 27 7 4 3 3 2.0 100 3 4 4 4 4 13 26 23 6 5 4 3 NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. that worktime be measured in hours per year. Further more, average weekly hours are increasingly difficult to interpret as work schedules that vary in length from week to week without affecting total hours over a long er period become more prevalent. Flexitime systems that permit workers to bank extra hours in one week for use in another are but one new element in a mix of workweeks that already included full-time schedules, part-time schedules of several types, and part-year schedules. Limited data on annual hours are available. A Bu reau of Labor Statistics survey of establishments, con ducted to obtain data on work-related injuries and illnesses, indicates that annual worktime in 1977 for all workers averaged 1,735 hours in private nonagricultural industries and 1,914 hours in manufacturing.35 Annual hours for those wage and salary employees who work full time, year round can be roughly estimated from household data, using usual weekly hours adjusted for vacations, holidays, and sick and personal leave, togeth er with the number of weeks worked per year.36The re sult suggests that in 1977 the average full-time, yearround employee worked about 2,060 hours. Estimates for men averaged nearly 200 more hours than for wom en. However, male-female differences varied by age, in creasing for consecutive age groups through the late thirties and early forties, then diminishing as the work week remained constant for women and decreased for men. The United Auto Workers reports that scheduled hours per year for full-year workers in unionized auto mobile factories averaged 1,752 hours in 1979, a de crease of more than 6 percent from 1967 figures.37 Time worked can be viewed in an even broader perspective, that of years of work over the life span. In 1970, the estimated length of worklife, based on labor force participation rates by age, was about 40 years for men and a little more than half that for women. Esti mated worklife a decade earlier, using the same method9 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Trends in Worktime ology, was 1 year longer for men and 3 years shorter for women. W o r k t i m e s i n c e 1968 for wage and salary employees in the United States has declined slightly, because of shorter weekly schedules and more time off. Among the groups with larger than average reductions in weekly hours were men age 25 to 34 years, black men, and workers employed in service occupations, and in the re tail trade and service industries. Changes in industry and occupational structure, in the composition of the labor force, as well as in Federal laws and collective bargaining agreements contributed to the gradual de cline in worktime over the period. □ FOOTNOTES ACKNOWLEDGMENT: Shirley Smith of the Office of Current Em ployment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics provided tabulations from her research on the worklife of men and women, which the au thors adjusted to obtain estimated annual work hours for year-round, full-time workers. Rosanna P. Sockwell and Bernadine F. Finstad provided statistical assistance. 1The Current Population Survey is conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics, using a national sample of households, numbering about 56,000 in 1979. The primary question on hours worked is: How many hours did . . . work LAST WEEK at all jobs? Household data on hours at work are supplemented with data from other surveys conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The best known of these is the Current Employment Survey (or the payroll se ries), a monthly survey of business firms conducted in cooperation with State Employment Security agencies. This survey’s coverage in terms of hours is limited to production and nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls. (For a detailed discussion of the dif ferences between the household survey and the payroll series, see Richard M. Devens, Jr., “The average workweek: two surveys com pared,” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , July 1978, pp. 3 -8 .) Another source for data on workhours is the Area Wage Survey, which provides data on the average scheduled workweek in metropolitan areas. The scope and methods of this survey are described in A rea W age Survey, M etro politan Areas, U n ited S ta tes a n d R e g io n a l Su m m aries, 1976, Bulletin 1900-82 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1979), pp. 110-14. Although the level of hours reported from these several sources varies because of differences in concepts, coverage, and other details, the trends have been similar. 2Lionel Robbins, “On the Elasticity of Demand for Income in Terms of Effort,” Econom ica, June 1930, pp. 123-29; H. G. Lewis, “Hours of Work and Hours of Leisure,” Proceedings o f the N in th A n n u a l M eetin g o f the In d u stria l R ela tio n s R esearch Association, 1956, pp. 196-206; and Franklee Gilbert and Ralph W. Pfouts, “A Theory of the Responsiveness of Hours of Work to Changes in the Wage Rate,” R eview o f E conom ics a n d Statistics, May 1958, pp. 116-21. 3See Gary S. Becker, “A Theory of the Allocation of Time,” The E conom ic Journal, September 1965, pp. 493-517, and Jacob Mincer, “Labor Force Participation of Married Women: A Study of Labor Supply,” A spects o f L a b o r E conom ics (Princeton, N.J., Princeton Uni versity Press, 1962), pp. 63-97. For a discussion of schooling and hours worked, see Robert W. Bednarzik, A M icro M o d e l o f L a b o r S u p p ly f o r P a rt-tim e W orkers Using M a tc h e d C P S D ata, Staff Paper 10 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1979), pp. 15-18, and Glen G. Cain and Howard W. Watts, “Toward a Summary and Synthesis of the Evi dence,” in Glen G. Cain and Howard W. Watts, eds., In co m e M ain te nance a n d L a b o r S u p p ly (Chicago, Rand McNally College Publishing Co., 1973), pp. 328-67. 4 See John P. Robinson, C hanges in A m erica n s’ Use o f Tim e: 1 9 6 5 1975, A Progress R e p o rt (Cleveland, Ohio, Communication Research Center, Cleveland State University, 1977). 5Becker, “A Theory of the Allocation,” p. 512. 6 Edward Kalacheck, “Workers and the Hours Decision,” W ork T im e a n d E m ploym en t, Special Report 28 (National Commission for Manpower Policy, 1978), p. 178. 7H. G. Lewis, “Economics of Time and Labor Supply,” A m erican E conom ic Review , May 1975, p. 29. 10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8 Reuben Gronau, “Leisure, Home Production, and Work— The Theory of the Allocation of Time Revisited,” Jou rn al o f P olitical E conom y, 1977, pp. 1099-1123. ’ This estimate is based on a methodology similar to that used by Peter Henle in “Recent Growth of Paid Leisure for U.S. Workers,” M o n th ly L a b o r Review , March 1962, pp. 249-57 and by Geoffrey Moore and Janice Hedges in, “Trends in labor and leisure,” M o n th ly L a b o r Review , February 1971, pp. 3 -1 1 . Essentially, the increase in output per hour over the period is translated into a potential reduc tion of annual hours, holding total output levels the same in each year. The 39 hours decrease in annual hours since 1968 is distributed as follows: shorter workweek ................................................................ 25 hours additional vacation ............................................................. 4 hours additional holidays ................................................................ 10hours Henle suggested an alternative methodology, comparing the actual output in the last year of a period with the output that would have been produced given the productivity level in the first year in the peri od. This method involves comparing average annual hours in both years. He noted that either methodology resulted in essentially the same outcome for the period he was concerned with, 1940 to 1960. However, the changing labor force composition in the 1960’s and 1970’s has meant a reduction in average hours resulting not only from additional leisure but also from the increase in the relative importance of the part-time work force. For instance, women entering the labor force often obtain jobs which require shorter schedules than those of men. 10Fred Best, E xchanging E arnings f o r Leisure: F indings o f an E x p lo ra to ry N atio n a l S u rvey on W ork T im e Preferences (Washington, Na tional Commission for Employment Policy, 1978). The national sample consisted of 1,560 persons, representative of all workers age 17 years and older in the civilian population. 11 Sherwin Rosen, “The Supply of Work Schedules and Employ ment,” W ork T im e a n d E m ploym en t, Special Report 28 (Washington, National Commission for Manpower Policy, 1978), p. 171. 12John D. Owen, W orking H ou rs (Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Company, 1978), p. 48. 13For a discussion of these trends, see John D. Owen, P rice o f L ei su re (Montreal, McGill-Queens’ University Press, 1970), pp. 69-71. 14See John D. Owen, “Workweeks and leisure: an analysis of trends, 1948-75,” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , August 1976, pp. 3 -7 , and Thomas J. Kniesner, “The Full-Time Workweek in the United States, 1900-1970,” In d u stria l a n d L a b o r R elation s R eview, October 1976, pp. 3-1 5 . 15The rise in the unemployment rate from 3.8 percent in May 1968 to 5.8 percent in May 1979 shows a general decline in the equilibrium of labor demand and supply. The relationship between unemployment and hours can be made clearer by considering those working part time for economic reasons. See, for example, Robert W. Bednarzik, “Involuntary part-time work: a cyclical analysis,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e view, September 1975, pp. 12-18. Involuntary part-time workers have increased from 2.1 percent of all wage and salary workers in May 1968 to 3.3 percent in May 1979. 16Canadian data are from E m ploym en t, E arnings a n d Hours, J u ly 1 979 and M an -H ou rs a n d H o u rly Earnings, M a y 1968, published by Statistics Canada. Data for Europe were prepared for this article by the Office of Productivity and Technology, Bureau of Labor Statistics. They are not comparable among countries. 17In this report, the term black refers to blacks and others who identified themselves in the enumeration process as other than white. At the time of the 1970 Census of Population, 89 percent of the group were black; the remainder included American Indians, Alaskan natives, and Asian and Pacific Islanders. 18M in im u m W age a n d M a x im u m H ou rs S ta n d a rd s U nder the F air L a b o r S ta n d a rd s A ct, an economic effects study submitted to the U.S. Congress (U.S. Department of Labor, Employment Standards Admin istration, 1978), pp. 55-56. 19 The F a ir L a b o r S ta n d a rd s A c t o f 1938, as A m e n d e d (U.S. Depart ment of Labor, Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division), WH Publication 1318, revised August 1978, p. 18. 20 C ollective B argaining A greem en ts f o r Police a n d Firefighters, Bulle tin 1885 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1976), pp. 37-38. 21 See C haracteristics o f M a jo r C ollective B argaining A greem ents, J u ly 1, 1976, Bulletin 2013 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1979), table 4. 22 Forthcoming Bureau of Labor Statistics study on long hours and premium pay in May 1979. 23 E m p lo y m e n t a n d E arnings (Bureau of Labor Statistics, March is sues, 1968 to 1979), table C -2 . 24 Forthcoming Bureau of Labor Statistics study on multiple jobholding in May 1979. 25 E m p lo yee C om pensation in the P rivate N o n fa rm E conom y, 1968, Bulletin 1722 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1971), p. 40. Unpublished data for 1977. 26 Daniel E. Taylor, “Absent workers and lost work hours, May 1978,” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , August 1979, pp. 49-53. 27Taylor, “Absent workers . . . ” 28 See for example, Steve Allen, A bsenteeism a n d the L a b o r M arket, prepared under a grant from the U.S. Department of Labor, Employ ment and Training Administration, pp. 16-31. 29United Auto Workers publication, R eport on the U A W -G eneral M otors 1979 T entative Settlem en ts, Sept. 18, 1979. 30A rea W age Survey, pp. 100-01. 31 A rea W age Survey, pp. 102-03. “ These estimates were calculated for full-time workers who re sponded to the following questions by stating they were on vacation: What is the reason . . . worked less than 35 hours LAST WEEK? Why was . . . absent from work LAST WEEK? 33 Edward S. Sekscenski, “Job tenure declines as work force chang es,” M o n th ly L a b o r Review , December 1979, pp. 48-50. 34 C haracteristics o f M a jo r C ollective B argaining A greem ents, J u ly 1, 1976, table 5.5. 35Unpublished data. Annual hours p a id per job in nonagricultural industries were reported as 1,903 in 1977, down from 1,981 in 1968. See Norman C. Saunders, “The U.S. economy to 1990: two projec tions for growth,” M o n th ly L a b o r Review , December 1978, p. 36-46. “ The calculations of annual hours were based on tabulations pre pared in conjunction with Bureau of Labor Statistics research on the work life of men and women. These data were adjusted to exclude es timated hours on vacation, holiday or other leave. Two weeks vaca tion, 7 holidays, and an absence rate of 2.3 percent of usual hours for illnesses and injuries and 1.2 percent for miscellaneous personal rea sons were assumed per worker. 37 Howard Young, “Jobs, Technology, and Hours of Labor: the Fu ture of Work in the U.S.,” a paper presented at hearings of the Joint Economic Committee’s Special Study on Economic Change, June 14, 1978. Unpublished UAW data for 1979. Better working conditions bring on shorter hours? A number of explanations can be and have been offered for the leveling off in hours of work. Some argue simply that the achievement of an 8-hour day has so reduced the marginal gain from additional leisure as to make future re ductions in hours unlikely. This view has some merit in a discussion of daily hours, but does not afford an explana tion of the present interest in reducing hours by obtaining more days off per year. Others believe that while the number of hours worked has shown little change, there has been a reduction in the intensity of work and an improvement in working condi tions, reducing the demand for further cuts in hours sched uled. It is extremely difficult to make meaningful com https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis parisons over time of the intensity of work, partly because the necessary data are not collected, partly because the na ture of work demands has itself been influenced by techno logical change, so that less emphasis is now placed on the intensity of physical effort and more on responsible, depend able behavior. On the other hand, there is little doubt that there has been an improvement in working conditions, and that this has been an additional factor influencing the level of working hours. — Jo h n D . O w e n W orking H ours: A n E conom ic A nalysis, (Lexington, Mass., D. C. Heath and Company, 1979), pp. 2 6 -2 7 11 Moving to the sun: regional job growth, 1968 to 1978 In a decade, sunbelt economies grew fastest: favorable business climates and increased Federal contract dollars helped expand job opportunities that, along with environmental factors, created a large migration from the North P h ilip L. R o n e s Interregional migration has been one of the dominant forces associated with economic progress in the United States. At the heart of the great interregional migrations in this country has always been the search for economic advantage. This was true whether the search was made by the family moving to Ohio to farm in the 1800’s, the entrepreneur leaving New York to drill for oil in Texas in 1900, or the children of poor blacks who left the South to work in northern factories during the 1940’s. The most recent major population shift also has had the search for financial reward as its principal catalyst and sustainer. But the causes and repercussions of the movement towards the sun—from the “industrial heart land” of the North to the South and West— go beyond economics. Many have moved for reasons that tradi tional human capital theory does not explain: for “qual ity of life” reasons. And the growth and development of the sunbelt States has both created and been nurtured by a shift in regional political power.1The net result of these factors—economic, sociological, and political— has been a population and employment boom in the South and West, largely at the expense of the North Central and Northeast regions. This article has two main objectives. The first is to present data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) on industry employment growth by region over the past decade. These data, in conjunction with those from oth er sources, will be utilized to demonstrate both the change in industrial makeup of the national economy during this period and the regional patterns of industrial growth and decline. The second objective is to briefly examine the factors which have led to the industrial exPhilip L. Rones is an economist in the Office of Current Employment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis pansion of both the South and West and the relative de cline in the North, including those factors which af fect the location of business firms, individuals, and fam ilies. Tracking the flows The CPS is a sample survey conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics, consisting of approximately 56,00c)2 households nationwide. In 1978, these households represented 614 areas in 1,113 counties and independent cities, with cov erage in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. One advantage of using CPS data is that coverage is not re stricted to certain industries or types of employees. La bor force data are collected for all persons age 16 and over, and each employed person is counted only once— in the principal job. The CPS data are adjusted to take account of birth, death, and migration estimates each year and are benchmarked to census data. The years chosen for this analysis, 1968 and 1978, were at or near the peak of their respective business cy cles. These years were selected in order to reduce, as much as possible, the effect of cyclical fluctuations on industry employment patterns, as well as to emphasize a relatively short period of time. Also, 1968 closely cor responds to the start of net immigration to the South. Industry employment. Trends in industry employment for the Nation as a whole have been fairly well docu mented. Table 1 shows the proportion of total employ ment attributable to each major industry group in 1968 and 1978. Not unexpectedly, the big losers were agricul ture, where almost half a million jobs were lost, and manufacturing, which added only 700,000 during a peri od when employment grew by almost 20 million. Indus- T a b l e 1. D is t r ib u t io n o f e m p lo y m e n t b y m a jo r in d u s t r y , 1968 a n d 1978 a n n u a l a v e ra g e s Employment 1968 1978 Total (in thousands)............................................... Percent ..................................................................... Agriculture ....................................................................... Nonagricultural wage and s a la ry ...................................... Private household..................................................... Government.............................................................. Other private ............................................................ Mining .............................................................. Construction ..................................................... Manufacturing................................................... Durable g o o d s .......................................... Nondurable goods ................................... Transportation and public utilities............................. Trade ....................................................................... Wholesale.......................................................... R e ta il................................................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate ........................ Services .................................................................. Self-employed.................................................................. 75,926 100.0 5.0 87.6 2.5 15.3 69.8 .7 4.4 26.8 15.8 11.0 5.6 16.1 3.1 13.0 4.3 11.9 6.7 94,373 100.0 3.5 89.3 1.4 16.2 71.6 .9 4.6 22.3 13.0 9.0 5.4 18.2 3.6 14.6 5.2 15.1 6.7 tries with the fastest rates of growth were all outside of the goods-producing sector. Services experienced by far the most impressive rate of growth—from 12 percent of total employment to 15 percent. Medical and hospital services led the performance of this industry group, al most doubling its proportion of total employment. Oth er service industries also posted very strong gains, most notably “other” professional, business and repair, and entertainment and recreational services. Wholesale and retail trade, finance, insurance and real estate, and gov ernment all posted relative employment gains, with the last concentrated in State and local jurisdictions. gions, it should be recognized that the experience of some subregions (divisions) was often much better or much worse than regional totals indicated. Despite this limitation, regional totals are used because they provide a more statistically reliable measure of significant indus try employment trends. Growth factors. Regional employment growth for each industry can be divided into several components. One approach sometimes used in regional analysis is the shift and share technique, which evaluates regional growth based on three factors—national share, industry mix, and regional share.3National share indicates an in dustry’s expected regional growth based on its national growth rate. The industry mix component shows the amount of regional employment growth attributable to an above or below average proportion of fast growth in dustries. Regional share indicates whether an industry in a particular region is growing at a faster or slower rate than the industry nationwide, thus indicating some comparative regional advantage or disadvantage in that industry. The industry mix and regional share compo nents can reinforce each other, when a region benefits from both a positive industry mix—higher than average representation of fast-growing industries—and faster than average industry growth. However, these factors Table 2. States Regions and geographic divisions of the United Northeast Regional movements. Table 2 shows the states that make up the four major census regions and their divi sions. All regions experienced absolute employment gains over the decade. But, as shown in table 3, the Northeast region experienced a large decline in its share of total employment, from 25 to 22 percent, reflecting relative reductions in virtually all of the major industry groups. The North Central region also experienced rela tive job losses; the South and West posted strong gains in overall employment as well as in most industries. In the two regions where the employment share fell, the largest loss occurred in areas most dependent on manufacturing— the Middle Atlantic and the East North Central divisions. (See table 4.) Employment in New England, which is only about a fourth of the Northeast total, also declined relative to the rest of the Nation, but at a much slower rate than in the Middle Atlantic area; the less densely populated West North Central division showed a relative rise in employment. The West exhibited a similar pattern, as the sparsely populated Mountain States had employment gains al most twice those of the Pacific States. In the South, the big gainer was the West South Central division, which includes Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Thus, when interpreting data for the four major re https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis South New England Connecticut Maine New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont South Atlantic Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Maryland North Carolina South Carolina Virginia West Virginia Middle Atlantic New Jersey New York Pennsylvania East South Central Alabama Kentucky Mississippi Tennessee North Central East North Central Illinois Indiana Michigan Ohio Wisconsin West North Central Iowa Kansas Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota South Dakota West South Central Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas West Mountain Arizona Colorado Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Utah Wyoming Pacific Alaska California Hawaii Oregon Washington 13 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Regional Job Growth can also counteract each other, such as when a region has a growing share of an industry with a below aver age growth rate. Discussion of interregional employ ment changes in this article involves primarily the regional share component—that is, the effects of a com petitive advantage of one region over another. CPS data can be used to examine regional shifts in the major industry groups. Manufacturing may be the best industry to examine, not because its regional shifts were the most dramatic (indeed, growth rates of several other industry groups in the South and West were more so), but because manufacturing is most often associated with the shift in economic growth from the North to the South. Nationwide, manufacturing employment grew by less than 700,000 from 1968 to 1978. To put that number in perspective, had manufacturing employment grown at the same rate as all other private, nonagricultural wage and salary employment during that period, the gain would have been almost 5 million. Although factory employment increased in the South and West by more than 900,000 and 300,000, respectively, it declined in the Northeast by almost 800,000. A gain of 200,000 in the North Central region reflected growth in the histori cally less industrialized States west of the Mississippi River. One important difference among the four regions is the nature of manufacturing employment. The West, for example, had twice as many workers in durable goods as it had in nondurable goods industries; durables also had a 70-percent employment edge in the North Central region. The South, conversely, had slightly more work ers in nondurable goods industries. Employment Structure. Factory employment in the South has been dominated by low-wage, relatively labor Table 3. Table 4. Total employment by census region and division, annual averages 1968 and 1978 Region 1968 employment 1978 employment Percent change 75,976 8,943 4,802 14,141 21,926 15,750 6,176 22,547 11,349 4,581 6,616 12,510 2,789 9,721 94,373 20,961 5,589 15,372 26,044 18,175 7,869 29,892 14,942 5,671 9,278 17,476 4,403 13,073 24.3 10.7 16.4 8.7 18.8 15.4 27.4 32.6 31.7 23.8 40.2 39.7 57.9 34.5 Total ...................... Northeast: New England ............. Middle Atlantic ........... North Central: East North Central . . . West North Central . . . South: South Atlantic............. East South Central . . . West South Central. . . West: Mountain .................... Pacific ........................ intensive industries. Data from the BLS establishment survey indicate that although 34 percent of factory em ployment in the South in 1978 was in industries with hourly earnings below the national average for all pro duction or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls ($5.69), only 21 percent of the factory workers in the rest of the Nation were in these industries.4 Correspond ingly, 51 percent of manufacturing employees nation wide were in industries with average wages above $6.50 an hour, but only 32 percent of those in the South were so employed. In durable goods, the South had the smallest percentage of industry employment in those in dustries which have the highest average hourly wage— primary metals, transportation equipment, machinery, and fabricated metals. Those durable goods industries with high employment concentrations in the South— lumber and furniture, for example—are relatively lowpaying industries. (However, the South was well repre sented in several high-paying nondurable goods indus tries— the chemical industry and relatively small petroleum industries.) Distribution of industry employment by region, 1968 and 1978 annual averages [In percent] Total ....................................................... Agriculture ..................................................... Nonagricultural wage and s a la ry .......................... Private household................................. Government..................................... Other private ............................... Mining ................................. Construction ................................... Manufacturing............................ Durable g o o d s ............................. Nondurable goods ............................. Transportation and public utilities ...................... Trade .............................................. W holesale..................................... Retail ............................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate......... Services.......................................... Self-employed..................................... 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis North Central Northeast Employment South 1968 1978 1968 1978 24.9 22.2 28.9 7.7 26.2 16.5 23.0 27.2 12.6 22.1 29.8 28.7 31.3 26.1 24.0 24.3 23.9 31.0 27.7 22.5 8.6 22.7 18.0 21.6 23.4 10.1 16.1 25.1 25.3 24.8 23.3 21.2 21.0 21.2 26.4 25.5 19.6 39.7 28.5 23.6 24.2 29.6 16.7 26.8 32.4 37.4 25.2 28.4 29.2 28.3 29.5 25.5 27.4 26.2 West 1968 1978 27.6 29.7 31.7 16.5 18.5 37.2 27.2 25.1 25.0 28.2 15.3 25.3 32.3 36.6 26.1 25.6 28.1 28.3 28.1 24.0 26.2 24.3 36.9 29.0 44.1 32.8 27.7 51.6 35.3 25.1 19.2 33.6 28.5 29.5 30.3 29.3 25.9 27.1 32.2 34.8 31.6 40.0 34.2 30.6 55.6 38.7 28.8 22.8 37.5 31.8 31.2 32.2 31.0 29.6 28.9 33.3 15.6 16.3 15.7 20.1 15.5 19.1 15.8 12.7 14.7 9.8 17.0 17.3 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.8 19.1 194 185 169 19.7 17.8 18.9 20.0 138 153 11 6 19.3 19.5 18.5 19.7 20.6 194 22.8 1968 1978 More than two-fifths of all nondurables employment in the South was in two industries— textiles and appar el—compared with only about 1 in 8 in those industries in the rest of the country. Textiles and apparel are tra ditionally low-paying industries; the combined average wage in 1978 was only slightly more than $4 an hour, compared with more that $5.70 for all other nondurables. Firestine, for instance, conclude that Southern States probably pay (in lost tax revenues) for relocations that would have occurred anyway.8 Of much greater impor tance than special tax benefits are the supply and pro ductivity of labor, proximity to markets, wage levels, and access to raw materials or transportation.9It should be kept in mind that these factors were not included in the Fantus study. Climates for growth The Federal role. The allocation of Federal funds has been one of the most important factors contributing to economic development in both the South and West. Most notably, defense spending patterns over the last several decades have intensified the shift of both popula tion and manufacturing out of the Northeast and North Central regions and into the South and West.10 This can be seen most dramatically from data on military prime contract awards. From 1951 to 1976, the South in creased its share of these awards from 11 to 25 percent of the national total; the West’s increase was just as dramatic, from 16 to 31 percent. Allowing for popula tion shifts, the percentage change in prime military con tracts per capita for each region was as follows: Northeast (—29.5), North Central ( —45.8), South (109.0), and West (32.1).11 These data reflect, to a large extent, changing defense requirements. Aerospace and other high technology in dustries have developed largely in California and in sev eral areas of the South. The growing dependence on high technology industries for defense needs has led to the channeling of funds to these areas. Similarly, funds for the space program have gone largely to both the South and West: with program headquarters in Hous ton; the launching station in Cape Canaveral; the rocket center in Huntsville, Alabama; and the research arm in California. Research and development supported by de fense and space program funds have led to many tech nological advances that have become commercially successful. Thus, the areas and firms that benefited from such Federal funds have become the manufacturing cen ters for products such as computers, calculators, semi conductors, scientific instruments, and many others. Response of firms. The movement of firms from the in dustrial North to the sunbelt has been less important to regional employment growth than widely thought. Sev eral studies have shown that, in the South, creation of new firms and expansion of existing firms tend to be the dominant causes of employment growth.5 In the North, the closure of existing firms tends to be of primary im portance. Certainly many factors are considered in the decision to start, expand, or to relocate a firm in a particular re gion. In 1975, the Fantus Company, a locational con sulting firm, assessed the business climate of the 48 contiguous States on the basis of 15 criteria. States with low taxes, low levels of public assistance, restrictive la bor legislation, and a low level of government debt had low scores indicating more favorable environments.6The firm’s lists of 12 “best” and “worst” States are provided below, along with a numerical score: The Best Texas Alabama Virginia South Dakota South Carolina North Carolina Florida Arkansas Indiana Utah North Dakota Mississippi Score The Worst Score 192 210 214 230 236 239.5 244 248 251 279 286 287 New York California Massachusetts Michigan Delaware Connecticut Pennsylvania Minnesota Oregon Washington Vermont New Jersey 628 581 547 532 520 516.5 506 505.5 499 495 489 483 To test the Fantus criteria as a measure of business climate, Weinstein and Firestine compared the Fantus rankings with the change in manufacturing employment from 1970 to 1977.7 This comparison supported the State rankings, with some exceptions. For instance, In diana experienced a factory job decline despite a high ranking, and California and Oregon experienced strong gains despite allegedly unfavorable business climates. The inclusion of the corporate tax components in the Fantus study is interesting. Although State and local governments use tax incentives as their primary induce ment to attract industry, researchers have almost unani mously found corporate tax programs to have no signi ficant impact on industrial location. Weinstein and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Varied effect on industries. Considerable publicity has been focused on the transfer of manufacturing jobs out of the older industrial areas of the North and into the South and West. But if manufacturing employment were held constant, the relative job growth of the four regions would be affected only slightly. In general, man ufacturing has been losing its dominance as an employ er. Hence, although its relative demise is a key to the slow growth rate in the Northeast, manufacturing em ployment can only be seen as a relatively small part of the economic expansion of the South and West. The activities of the service-producing sector are pri15 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Regional Job Growth manly concerned with local consumption. The rise of the trade and service industries in the South and West for instance, is largely the result of population shifts to these areas; changes in employment in retail trade, as one might expect, closely matches the regional shift in total employment. This relationship is shown in table 3. Although construction is not a service, it, too, is an industry where demand is largely dependent on popula tion pressures. It is, in fact, the industry that had the greatest relative decline in the Northeast and growth in the West; construction employment shifted less dramati cally out of the North Central region and into the South. In both the South and West, expansion of the construction work force has resulted from rapid urban and suburban development, construction of interstate highways, as well as the need for industrial structures that accompanied growth in manufacturing.12 The concentration of finance, insurance, and real es tate employment also shifted towards the growth re gions at a faster rate than did total employment. The Northeast still had the largest concentration of major insurance companies in 1978. However, there was a substantial expansion of financial institutions in the de veloping areas during 1968-78 (as the demand for these services grew), and real estate, primarily a local activity, grew most where population and employment increased. Transportation and public utilities followed the same pattern. Employment in transportation depends on the need to move people and goods and, hence, responded immediately to the regional shifts in population and business activity; jobholding in public utilities had a similar predictable reaction to commercial and residen tial growth. The response of workers The factors that lead to an individual’s decision to move to a new region certainly overlap with those that cause a business to either relocate or to expand in one area instead of another. Lower personal income taxes or good weather, for instance, might influence the deci sions of both individuals and businesses to relocate. In fact, the two decisions are partly a function of each oth er; businesses may move to utilize a growing labor pool, and people may move to take advantage of new busi ness opportunities. However, it may be useful to look at the relative employment growth in the South and West from the individual’s (or family’s) perspective, separate from the firm’s perspective. The following discussion should be viewed as a summary only, borrowing from the extensive literature on interregional migration pat terns. As the rate of increase in total population (the excess of births over deaths) declined in recent years, inter regional migration accounted for an increasing share of population change, particularly in the South. In fact, 16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis during 1970-75, net migration accounted for about half of the population gain in both the South and West. In the previous 5-year period, migration accounted for only about 12 percent of the population rise in the South; the West, on the other hand, experienced a strong immigration throughout the postwar period.13 During 1968-78, the four major regions experienced the following net migration:14 Northeast ( —2,384,000); North Central ( —2,034,000); South (2,655,000); and West (1,763,000). The South was a net loser of more than 230,000 per sons during the first year (March 1968 to March 1969). By the following year, the region posted a slight net gain and has posted strong migration gains ever since. (These data relate only to persons moving from one re gion to another. Immigration from other countries, which has been particularly important in the South and West, is not included in this analysis.) Characteristics of migrants. On average, regional mi grants (and migrants in general) tend to be better edu cated than the nonmigrants at both the place of origin and destination. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the relationship between migration and edu cation:15 persons in professional occupations respond to a geographically broader job market than do those in blue-collar and service occupations; educated persons are better at obtaining and processing job market infor mation and, thus, are better able to deal with economic disequilibria; the effects of distance tend to decline with higher levels of education; and investment in occupa tion-specific training often precludes occupational mo bility as a method of increasing income, making geo graphic mobility more attractive. Using CPS data for men over age 25, Larry Long found a strong positive relationship between the level of education and migration rates for all age groups.16 However, he also observed that migration rates tended to be higher at the lowest education levels (0-7 years) than in the middle levels (8-12 years), although not nearly as high as in those groups that included persons with at least some college. Although Long was report ing on interstate rather than interregional migrants, oth ers have found a similar relationship for interregional migrants. Moreover, higher education appears correlat ed with a greater average distance of migration.17 The propensity of highly educated persons to migrate has most likely aided the fairly recent development of the high technology industries in the South and West. The ability to attract an adequate supply of skilled la bor is often cited as the most important factor in the lo cational decision of a firm. Age is another determinant of the propensity to move between States or regions. The highest rate of migration occurs at age 23, with rates steadily declining as per- sons age.18(The propensity to migrate appears not to in crease among the oldest age groups, despite the in creased mobility often associated with retirement.) When migration is seen solely as an economic decision, the relationship between age and migration becomes clearer. A younger person has more time to maximize the benefits of migration. The costs of moving (actual moving expenses, loss of seniority or pension coverage, and so on) become more difficult to recoup the older the person becomes. And, certainly, the younger person faces less cost in moving to begin with— he or she is less likely to have a family, accumulated possessions, and, of course, job-related costs. It is not coincidental, then, that the peak migration age corresponds closely to the usual age of graduation from college. The migration of the young, which often follows an investment in hu man capital, is generally governed by the search for em ployment and is constrained by the fewest number of costs, both economic and personal. It is interesting to note that although educational at tainment and age have been almost universally cited as critical determinants of migration, Julie DaVanzo, using person and family data from the University of Michi gan’s Study of Income Dynamics, found no correlation between these factors and migration when other factors (many of which vary with age and education) were held constant.19 One possible explanation for this result might be that the data set included only persons who were married in both survey years, 1971 and 1972. The author pointed out that typically reported migration tendencies may reflect, in large part, persons who are not yet married. Economics— the primary factor. Economic factors are the most critical to the migration decision. Certainly the differences in propensity to migrate based on age and education are strongly linked to economic consider ations. Long and Kristen Hansen, using results from the 1974, 1975, and 1976 Annual Housing Surveys, found that 59 percent of all interstate migrants cited job-related factors as their major reason for moving, when only their major reason could be reported.20These job-related factors included job transfer, new job, looking for work, entering or leaving Armed Forces, and others. Although these results emphasize the im portance of employment factors in the decision to move, they also demonstrate, as the authors note, that eco nomic reasons fail to account for the movements of a sizable proportion of the population.21 Table 5 shows the reasons given by persons moving to and from each of the four major regions. The link between migration for job reasons and net interregional migration (derived from top line) can easily be seen. Data for the South show the clearest link between economic opportunity and migration during the past https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis decade. One way to view economic development in the South, and, hence, the region’s attractiveness to poten tial migrants, is by looking at changes in per capita in come. In 1950, per capita income in the South was only three-fourths the national average. This differential re flected, more than any other factor, the relatively undeveloped nature of the South’s economy in 1950, particularly its heavy emphasis on agriculture. In the last 3 decades, increased development resulted in an in dustry mix that is quite similar to that of the Nation as a whole. As a result, by 1975, per capita income in the South slightly exceeded the national average, although only Delaware, Maryland, and the District of Columbia had per capita incomes above the national average. (But these areas have had economies quite different than what has existed in the rest of the South.) Most South ern States had per capita incomes 50 to 70 percent of the national average in 1950, reaching 80 to 90 percent by 1975.22 Moreover, regional differences in the cost of living (generally lower in the South) tend to equalize discrepancies in real per capita income. Although regional income data serve as evidence of the narrowing gap in economic opportunity between the South and the Nation as a whole, the individual re sponds less to average income in a region or State than to specific job-market opportunities. DaVanzo found that families with heads who are looking for work were more likely to move than other families, supporting Long and Hansen’s findings that job search factors are a key determinant of migration.23 Of those looking for work, the unemployed were more likely to move than those who were employed. In fact, unemployment sta tus was found to be the single largest determinant of migration (including interregional migration). Among those who moved, persons looking for work were more Table 5. Persons moving to and from each region, 1973-76, according to reason for moving Reasons for moving Northeast To Number of migrants (in thousands) . . . 1,058 Percent distribution . 100.0 Job transfer.................... 31.0 New job or looking for work .......................... 23.7 Other employment reason 2.1 Enter or leave Armed Forces........................ 7.8 Attend school.................. 3.8 Wanted change of climate 2.6 Retirement...................... 2.5 To be closer to relatives . 6.8 Other family reason . . . . 7.3 All other reasons........... 9.0 Not reported .................. 3.5 SOURCE: North Central South West From To From To From To From 1,829 100.0 25.6 1,935 100.0 26.4 2,400 100.0 23.8 3,254 100.0 25.6 2,407 100.0 30.2 2,106 100.0 27.9 1,718 100.0 28.5 20.0 1.9 26.5 3.0 24.4 3.1 20.8 3.8 22.1 2.6 20.3 2.0 22.6 4.5 4.4 4.7 11.0 3.9 6.2 6.9 13.7 1.9 7.3 5.6 1.3 1.9 8.2 8.0 10.2 1.7 4.6 2.1 9.9 4.4 9.4 6.0 11.0 1.2 5.1 2.1 8.5 4.1 9.3 7.9 11.5 1.4 6.9 4.9 3.4 3.1 8.8 6.9 9.3 1.7 5.2 4.4 10.6 4.4 7.3 5.0 11.6 1.5 8.2 3.1 1.9 2.3 8.0 8.8 9.8 2.2 Larry H. Long and Kristen A. Hansen, R easons fo r In terstate M igration, Cur Special Studies, Series P-23, No. 81 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, re n t P opulation R eports, March 1979), p. 24. 1Data represent all three 12-month periods preceding the 1974,1975, and 1976 Annual Housing Surveys. 17 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Regional Job Growth likely to move greater distances than those not looking. DaVanzo also attempted to assess the effects of un employment rates at the place of origin and at the desti nation. Families with employed heads were found to be insensitive to the unemployment rate at the place of ori gin. When the family head was unemployed, then the unemployment rate at the place of origin and at the possible destinations influence the occurrence and desti nation of a move. Also, high levels of nonwage income tend to induce persons to stay, particularly the unem ployed. Persons who migrated and were unable to find acceptable work tend to move again, often returning to their place of origin. Various methods have been used to attempt to meas ure the financial returns to migration, including match ing the migrants to persons with similar characteristics at the place of origin (if the person’s origin wage rate or income is unknown) and at the destination. Greenwood warns, however, that financial returns attributable to migration can easily be overstated.24 First, migration of ten involves a change in occupation. Thus, to attribute the increase in earnings to migration itself may be un reasonable. Also, migration frequently follows an in vestment in human capital; as indicated earlier, migrants tend to be relatively young and well educated. Thus, the measured income or wage differences may be attributable more to the investment in education than to migration. But the importance of financial consider ations should not be minimized: three-fifths of migrants identify job factors as their main reason for moving, and some unidentified proportion of the rest are in fluenced, at least partly, by economic factors.25 Noneconomic factors. If almost 60 percent of interstate migrants cited job-related factors as their major reason for moving, then, of course, 2 out of 5 persons moved principally for noneconomic reasons. Note from table 6 that the Northeast was a net loser among family heads who moved because they were attending school, were retiring, wanted to be closer to relatives or for other family-related reasons, and because they wanted a change of climate. Family considerations appear to be important to a sizable group of interregional migrants. Almost 2 out of 5 women who head households cited family factors as their primary reason for moving. Also, of interstate movers age 55 and over, one-third cited family reasons; 15 percent or less of the younger groups did so. Those moving for family reasons (whether females or males) were often return migrants. The South, which had a net outmigration until the late 1960’s, most likely has re ceived the largest share. In fact, it was the only region to have a net inflow of persons who cited family factors as their main reason for moving. Climate is also an important noneconomic factor in 18 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 6. Proportion of persons desiring to live elsewhere with interregional migrants excluded, by census areas Area Percent indicating desire to live elsewhere Middle Atlantic ....................................................................... East North Central ................................................................ West North C e ntral................................................................ New England ......................................................................... East South Central ................................................................ West South Central................................................................ South Atlantic......................................................................... Mountain ................................................................................ Pacific .................................................................................... NOTE: 30.8 30.2 29.2 20.9 17.1 17.1 14.0 13.0 12.8 Data include all those wishing to live in another State. SOURCE: David J. Morgan, Patterns o f Population Distribution: A Residential Preference M odel and its Dynamics. (Chicago, University of Chicago, Department of Geography, 1976, p. 22.) the migration decision. Table 6 shows the results from a national sample survey conducted in 1973-74 by David Morgan and the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago. These indicate that a much higher proportion of persons in the Northeast and North Central areas wanted to change their area of resi dence than those in the West and South.26 And, as previously shown in table 5, the South and West have been net gainers among persons who move primarily because of a desire to change climate. Interestingly, in absolute numbers, more young persons (age 20-34) move for reasons of climate than do those age 55 and older. Long and Hansen propose that people are becoming increasingly able to assign a high priority to environ mental quality in deciding where they live.27Some of the causal factors include smaller families and more singleperson households and households comprising un related persons (large families and the presence of school-age children tend to impede migration).28 Also, in some cases, wives who work outside the home— whose numbers are growing rapidly—may give their husbands greater flexibility to choose their place of resi dence according to criteria other than maximization of his income (although, certainly, a wife’s career may im pede other families from moving). Summarizing the factors that influence the migration decision, it has been shown that: 1. Age and education (or, at least, factors associated with age and education) are critical determinants of the propensity to migrate; 2. The individual’s employment status is of primary im portance, and the job market conditions at the place of ori gin and at the destination may serve to “push” or “pull” persons, particularly the unemployed, into migrating; 3. The decision to migrate is a family decision, depen dent on the current and potential income of both wife and husband; and 4. Individuals and families have become increasingly able to base their migration decisions on noneconomic fac tors— particularly, the search for a better living environ ment (of which climate is only a part). Increasing economic opportunity in the sunbelt States, coupled with the perception that many of these areas can provide a better quality of life has resulted in a somewhat dramatic migration of both people and jobs from the North (particularly the most industrialized areas) to the South and West. BLS data document rapid employment growth among a broad range of industries in the sunbelt States during 1968-78, reflecting the di versity of both the firms and jobseekers attracted to these areas, as well as the variety of resources and other natural advantages that contribute to economic growth. Changing patterns: altered policies Regional growth and decline occur not only because of changes in comparative advantage between regions but also as a result of public policy, of which defense expenditures, mentioned earlier, are a primary example. Much of the regional impact of Federal policy, for ex ample, results from programs and policies that are largely unrelated to regional development. Defense poli cies probably did more for recent economic growth in the West than did any other factor. Science and re search policies also have resulted in providing economic advantage to selected regions. Federal welfare policy, energy policy, transportation and water resources poli cy, and virtually all Federal programs have definite re gional impacts. Thus, the migration of population and employment is much more than a demographic curiosity. With recent migration have come changes in the locus of both eco nomic and political power, and a shift of concern from the future of the South to that of the North. The prob lem of urban decline in the northern industrial areas in the 1970’s is just as compelling an issue as were the problems of poverty and economic backwardness in the rural South which have been a national concern throughout much of this century. To address adequately the regional imbalances in growth and development, policymakers must understand not only the economic, but also the personal or sociological factors that have resulted in this imbalance. □ FOOTNOTES ' For an in-depth study of the shift in political and economic power towards the sunbelt, see Kirkpatrick Sales, P ow er S h ift (New York, Random House, 1975). 2The CPS sample in 1968 comprised only about 50,000 households. 3For an application of shift-share analysis, see M. F. Petrulis, R e g ion al M a n u fa ctu rin g E m p lo ym en t G rowth Patterns, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Development Research Report No. 13, June 1979. 4 Wage data are from the BLS survey of business establishments. National data are published regularly in E m p lo ym en t a n d Earnings. 5See C. L. Jusenius and L. C. Ledebur, A M y th in the M aking: Southern E conom ic C hallenge a n d N orthern E conom ic Decline, Eco nomic Development Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, November 1976; and Peter Allaman and David L. Birch, “Compo nents of Employment Change for States by Industry Group, 197072,” Harvard University-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Center for Urban Studies, Working Paper No. 5, Cambridge, Mass., September 1975. 6 Illinois Manufacturers Association, C om parative Business C lim ate S tu d y (Chicago, November 1975). 7 Bernard L. Weinstein and Robert E. Firestine, R eg io n a l Growth a n d D ecline in the U n ited S ta tes (New York, Praeger Publishers, 1978), p. 137. 1 Ibid ., p. 139. 9 Factors affecting firms location decision are in F. F. Foltman, Business C lim a te in N e w York State: Perception o f L a b o r a n d M an age m en t O fficials (Ithica, N.Y., New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, March 1976). Responses were received from 318 firms (goods and service-producing) in New York State. Results from this study are also shown in Weinstein and Firestine, p. 138. 10For a discussion of the impact of defense spending on regional development and population movements, see: Sale, P ow er Shift, ch. 1., and Maureen McBreen, “Regional Trends in Federal Defense Expen ditures: 1950-76,” in P attern s o f R egion al C hange — The Changes, the F edera l Role, a n d the F ederal Response: S elected E ssays (Washington, D.C., Congressional Research Service, October 1977). " McBreen, “Regional Trends,” p. 515. 12William H. Miemyk, The C hanging S tru ctu re o f the Southern https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis E conom y (Research Triangle Park, N.C., Southern Growth Policies Board, January 1977), p. 10. 13 Population E stim ates a n d Projections, C u rren t Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 640, Bureau of the Census, November 1976, p. 1. '‘ Migration data from the Bureau of the Census from 1975-78 in clude persons age 3 and older; 1970-75, age 5 and older; 1968-70, age 1 and older: C u rren t P opulation R eports, Series P-20, Nos. 188, 193, 285, 331. 15 Michael J. Greenwood, “Research on Internal Migration in the United States: A Survey,” Jou rn al o f E conom ic L iterature, June 1975, p. 406. 16Larry H. Long, “Migration Differentials by Education and Occu pation: Trends and Variations,” D em ography, May 1973, p. 245. 17Ibid. 18 Larry H. Long, “New Estimates of Migration Expectancy in the United States,” Jou rn al o f the A m erican S ta tistica l Association, March 1973, pp. 37-43. 19Julie DaVanzo, W hy F am ilies M ove, R & D Monograph 48, Em ployment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 1977, pp. 76-79. 20 Larry H. Long and Kristen A. Hansen, “Reasons for Interstate Migration,” C u rren t Population Reports, Special Studies, Series P-23, No. 81, Bureau of the Census, March 1979, pp. 5 -6 . 21 Ibid., p. 5. 22 DaVanzo, W hy F am ilies M ove, pp. 39-45. 23 Barbara O. Maffei, “Regional and State Trends in Per Capita In come, 1970-75,” P attern s o f R egion al C hange — The Changes, The F ederal Role, a n d The F ederal Response: S elected E ssays (Washington, D.C., Congressional Research Service, October 1977), pp. 215-25. 24 Greenwood, “Research on Internal Migration,” p. 402. 25 Long and Hansen, “Interstate Migration,” p. 6. 26 David P. Morgan, P attern s o f Population D istribution: A R esiden tia l P reference M o d e l a n d its D yn a m ic (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1976), p. 22. 27 Long and Hansen, “Interstate Migration,” p. 28. 28 Larry H. Long, “The Influence of Number and Ages of Children on Residential Mobility,” D em ography, August 1972, pp. 371-82. 19 Identifying States and areas prone to high and low unemployment An analysis of employment and unemployment changes during the 1974-75 recession confirms that States and areas with heavy concentrations of manufacturing employment were more likely to have higher jobless rates; construction employment was also a factor R ic h a r d R o se n Analysis of unemployment trends in specific States and metropolitan areas over the last business cycle confirms the generally acknowledged fact that the goods-producing sector—especially manufacturing and construction—are more adversely affected during a re cession than the service-producing sector. Northeast and North Central industrial areas were hardest hit by the 1974-75 recession. Vacation and resort areas were also adversely affected by the economic slowdown, not only because of the decrease in construction activities, but because of changes in consumers’ spending on dis cretionary items such as leisure. Smaller more agricul tural States in the Western North Central region were affected to a much lesser extent, as were the Western States. Researchers and analysts are debating whether the Nation is headed toward or is already in a recession. Their discussions focus on the movements of various key economic indicators, including the unemployment rate. While it is not possible to forecast which parts of the country would be hardest hit by an economic slow down, a look at changes in unemployment rates during the last recession provides some insight about which States or areas could be affected most by rising unem ployment. This article examines monthly over-the-year changes in the unemployment rates of the 50 States from the first half of 1974 to the first half of 1975— the period with the largest increase in unemployment nationally in the last recession. It also looks at unemployment rates in some 200 metropolitan areas, representing about two-thirds of the Nation’s labor force. Because the rates are not seasonally adjusted, over-the-year comparisons, Richard Rosen is an economist in the Office of Employment Structure and Trends, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Digitized for20 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis which minimize the effect of seasonal fluctuations, are used. National employment-unemployment changes In the 1973-75 recession, the national unemployment rate peaked during the first half of 1975—averaging about 8.9 percent. From the first half of 1974 to the first half of 1975, it increased more than 3.5 percentage points, and total payroll employment declined by about 1.7 million. Virtually all the decrease in employment oc curred in the goods-producing industries— primarily manufacturing and construction. The number of jobs in construction was lower by 610,000, and manufacturing employment dropped by more than 2 million. In con trast, the service-producing industries had a net gain of more than 850,000 jobs, as decreases in transportation, public utilities, and wholesale trade were more than off set by continued growth in retail trade, the finance, in surance, and real estate group, services, and in govern ment. Sharp declines in manufacturing employment have characterized almost all postwar recessions. Declines in construction also have occurred during most of the ear lier slowdowns but generally were not as large as in 1974-75. The high interest rate structure which pre vailed in the last recession was primarily responsible for this unusually sharp decline.1 The 1974-75 downturn was the most severe in terms of employment losses since 1948, except for the 1957-58 decline. Although the 1957-58 drop in manufacturing was not as great as in the 1974-75 recession, service sector employment de clined by 78,000 during 1958 while incresing by 874,000 in 1975. As a result, the net total employment loss was larger in the earlier recession than in 1974-75. Total annual average payroll employment has de clined 5 times in the postwar period— 1949, 1954, 1958, 1961, and 1975. An employment drop in durable goods manufacturing preceded the 1949 overall slowdown; re ductions in nondurable goods occurred prior to the 1958 and 1975 recessions; and a drop in construction employment preceded the 1954, 1958, 1961, and 1975 recessions. Service employment growth has generally slowed during years when overall employment declined, but has declined only nee during the 1948-78 period. Employment in the mining industry displayed a down ward trend from 1948 to 1971 until the energy crisis of Table 1. Characteristics of States prone to high and low unemployment, 1974-75 Average overthe-year change in unemployment rate, January June 1974 to JanuaryJune 1975 Average unemploy ment rate, January June 1975 Construction Manufacturing United S ta te s ............. 3.7 8.9 5.1 25.7 High unemploymentprone States: Arizona ............... Arkansas ........... Florida ............... Georgia ............. Indiana............... M aine.................. Massachusetts .. Michigan............. Mississippi ......... New Hampshire . New Jersey . . . . North Carolina . . . O h io .................... Pennsylvania . . . . Rhode Island . . . . South Carolina .. Tennessee ......... 5.7 5.7 5.6 4.4 4.0 4.8 4.3 7.1 4.5 5.0 5.2 6.6 4.8 3.9 6.9 4.7 4.9 12.1 10.6 10.7 9.0 9.5 11.3 11.4 13.9 8.8 10.2 11.2 10.4 9.5 8.7 12.3 9.7 9.0 7.8 5.6 9.6 6.0 4.4 5.3 4.1 3.8 6.2 5.2 4.2 6.0 4.1 4.4 3.6 7.5 5.6 15.1 31.8 13.1 26.5 36.3 29.1 26.8 34.0 31.0 31.3 29.7 38.6 34.0 32.4 34.3 37.0 32.9 2.8 -2.2 3.1 3.0 2.7 3.6 8.0 7.8 10.1 7.0 8.8 10.2 6.3 10.3 4.3 6.4 4.3 7.3 30.2 7.7 21.7 14.3 34.1 30.4 1.2 -0.4 1.4 3.6 2.0 1.1 3.1 0.4 2.5 1.6 2.6 1.3 1.6 2.9 2.6 3.0 -0.4 2.7 3.6 1.3 1.7 1.8 2.9 3.2 1.8 2.4 2.9 1.2 7.1 7.6 7.1 7.6 4.4 4.6 7.5 7.6 7.0 6.4 7.1 7.0 4.2 10.4 10.7 9.1 4.3 6.8 11.3 4.2 5.6 6.8 9.7 7.1 9.5 9.1 7.6 4.9 3.8 8.3 6.0 4.0 4.8 4.9 5.1 7.8 7.1 4.4 4.1 5.8 5.3 6.1 7.2 3.7 6.6 5.6 4.7 5.4 6.9 5.6 5.3 7.4 4.8 5.5 3.9 10.3 2.9 6.8 18.0 29.5 24.9 21.4 27.2 15.8 17.0 23.0 25.1 10.5 16.6 4.8 8.2 22.2 7.6 17.7 23.5 10.1 19.1 16.2 26.3 22.3 21.2 23.1 32.1 6.2 State Low unemploymentprone States: Alabama............. Alaska ............... California ........... Colorado ........... Connecticut......... Delaware ........... District of Columbia . . . . Hawaii ............... Idaho .................. Illinois.................. Io w a .................... Kansas ............... Kentucky ........... Louisiana ........... Maryland ........... Minnesota........... Missouri ............. M ontana............. N ebraska........... Nevada ............... New Mexico . . . . New Y o rk ........... North Dakota . . . Oklahoma........... O regon............... South Dakota . . . Texas .................. U ta h .................... V erm ont............. Virginia............... Washington......... West Virginia . . . . Wisconsin........... Wyoming ........... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Percent of 1974 nonagricultural employment in — the 1970’s spurred a turnabout. The impact of the recession is, of course, felt differ ently across the Nation. Because of the large role of manufacturing in previous recessions, areas with a rela tively large share of manufacturing employment are more likely to experience higher unemployment rates than areas with relatively large service economies. Areas with substantial construction employment— often rap idly growing areas—may also experience more severe economic downturns. However, because construction employment generally accounts for less than 7.5 percent of State or area employment, major declines are neces sary to substantially affect total employment. In con trast, manufacturing employment accounts for more than one-fourth of total employment in a majority of the States. During the 1974-75 recession, employment declines in manufacturing, along with construction in some areas, were major factors in the economic down turn, and States and areas with relatively large propor tions of employment in manufacturing generally expe rienced the largest increases in unemployment rates. ‘Unemployment-prone* States The national unemployment rate increased by an average of 3.7 percentage points from the first half of 1974 to the first half of 1975. The following changes in the unadjusted unemployment rates occurred during this period: Unemployment rate January February March April May June 1974 1975 5.6 5.7 5.3 4.8 4.6 5.8 9.0 9.1 9.1 8.6 8.3 9.1 Percentage point change + + + + + + 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.3 States with increases above the national average may be classified as “cyclically high unemployment prone” and States with increases below the national average can be classified as “cyclically low unemployment prone.”2(See table 1.) Only 17 States had above-average over-the-year un employment rate increases, including 6 of the 10 largest States with over 5 million inhabitants— Florida, Massa chusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio, and Pennsylva nia. However, the two largest States— California and New York— had increases of 3.1 and 3.0 percentage points, somewhat below the national change. The pri mary reason so few States had above-average increases is that the changes are clustered in the largest States, which have the heaviest weight in the national average. In contrast, 15 States had increases of less than 2.0 per centage points, and only six States had increases of 5.5 21 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Unemployment-Prone States and Areas percentage points or more. Of the 15 States with rela tively small increases, eight had fewer than 1 million in habitants; Texas was the only large State. States where unemployment rose most sharply were concentrated in Northeastern and North Central indus trial areas and in the South; Arizona was the only Western State with a substantial rise in unemployment. Fifteen of the 17 States with above-average rate in creases also had an above-average proportion of jobs in manufacturing, compared with only 6 of the 34 States with below-average rate increases. The proportion of total employment in the construc tion industry in each State varied much less than the share in manufacturing— between 3.8 and 10.3 percent, compared with 2.8 to 38.6 percent in manufacturing. In only seven States (Alaska, Louisiana, Wyoming, Arizo na, Florida, North Carolina, and Hawaii) was construc tion more than 7.5 percent of total employment. Changes in construction activity in these States was a major factor in determining whether it was a high or low Table 2. . . . and metropolitan areas Although State unemployment rates may be useful in identifying broad regions of the Nation which are af- Characteristics of metropolitan areas prone to high unemployment, 1974-75 Area Change in un Average employment unemploy rate, Januaryment rate, June 1974 to January-June January-June 1975 1975 Percent of 1974 nonagricultural em ployment in — Con struction United States ................................. 3.7 8.9 5.1 25.7 5.4 4.8 4.7 5.7 8.4 8.3 4.7 5.7 9.8 7.9 10.2 12.7 14.1 11.2 9.1 14.0 3.2 4.7 4.6 12.1 2.9 5.6 6.2 5.2 36.4 45.0 28.9 '50.1 30.6 37.5 16.4 15.2 Battle Creek, Mich. ........................ Bay City, Mich................................... Brockton, Mass................................. Buffalo, N Y....................................... Canton, O h io ................................... Charlotte-Gastonia, N.C.................... Chattanooga, Tenn........................... Cleveland, O h io ............................... 6.7 7.5 4.2 3.7 5.2 6.9 3.8 3.8 13.0 15.3 11.5 10.3 9.6 9.3 8.0 7.9 2.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 6.6 4.4 3.7 40.7 30.2 25.7 31.1 40.9 30.3 37.9 32.7 Columbus, O h io ............................... Dayton, O h io ................................... Detroit, Mich...................................... Erie, Pa.............................................. Eugene-Springfield, Oreg.................. Fall River, Mass................................ Fayetteville-Springdale, Ark.............. Flint, Mich.......................................... 3.7 3.8 6.7 4.0 4.3 5.2 4.6 5.4 7.7 8.9 13.0 8.5 12.7 12.7 9.6 18.0 4.7 4.0 3.5 3.5 4.7 '2.9 5.2 2.8 22.8 33.8 35.1 43.2 25.0 41.0 34.0 42.7 Ft. Lauderdale, Fla............................ Ft. Smith, Ark.................................... Ft. Wayne, Ind................................... Grand Rapids, Mich.......................... Greensboro-Winston-SalemHigh Point, N.C.............................. Greenville-Spartanburg, S.C............. Harrisburg, Pa................................... Jackson, Mich................................... 8.4 6.9 6.9 6.5 13.3 11.6 10.9 12.5 13.6 4.7 4.3 4.7 11.1 38.2 38.3 35.9 5.4 5.3 4.2 6.8 8.5 8.9 6.9 11.7 5.2 7.7 5.4 3.3 41.7 43.6 20.3 35.1 Jersey City, N.J................................. Kalamazoo-Portage, Mich................. Lancaster, Pa.................................... 6.3 6.1 4.0 14.5 11.4 7.2 1.9 4.4 5.7 35.7 36.1 42.2 1Data are for 1975. 2 Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Area Manu facturing Akron, O h io ...................................... Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, Pa. .. Altoona, Pa........................................ Anderson, Ind.................................... Ann Arbor, Mich................................ Asheville, N.C.................................... Atlanta, Ga........................................ Atlantic City, N.J................................ 22 unemployment-prone State during the 1974-75 period. High levels of construction activity aided the econo mies of Alaska, Louisiana, and Wyoming, bolstered by increased activities related to energy-construction of the oil pipeline in Alaska, mining in Wyoming, and oil and gas extraction in Louisiana. Major declines in construc tion employment adversely affected Arizona, Florida, and North Carolina. Construction in Arizona and Flor ida was primarily for vacation and retirement resi dences, activity especially sensitive to cyclical fluc tuations and money market conditions. The first three States were classified as “low unemployment prone” during the period, while the latter three were classified as “high unemployment prone.” Hawaii had a relatively modest drop in construction (6 percent) and was classi fied as low unemployment prone. Change in un Average employment unemploy rate, Januaryment rate, June 1974 to January-June January-June 1975 1975 Percent of 1974 nonagricultural em ployment in — Con struction Manu facturing Lansing-E. Lansing, Mich..................... Little Rock-N. Little Rock, Ark............. Long Branch-Asbury Park, N.J............ Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif........... Lowell, Mass........................................ 5.8 4.6 4.6 3.7 5.1 13.0 7.6 10.4 10.1 12.4 3.5 6.6 5.1 3.4 4.4 22.9 20.4 17.1 26.8 36.3 Miami, Fla............................................. 6.2 5.6 12.5 11.3 7.1 3.7 15.1 35.2 7.8 7.7 4.6 15.2 15.0 10.9 3.8 3.1 3.8 41.3 42.1 51.6 New Brunswick-Perth AmboySayreville, N.J.................................. Newark, N.J......................................... 5.4 5.1 10.5 11.1 4.0 3.9 37.2 29.5 Northeast-Pennsylvania, Pa................. Orlando, Fla......................................... Owensboro, Ky.................................... Patterson-Cifton-Passaic, N.J.............. Philadelphia, Pa.................................... Phoenix, Ariz........................................ Providence, R.l..................................... Reading, Pa.......................................... 5.6 6.3 4.1 6.2 4.1 7.2 7.0 4.3 11.5 11.4 9.2 13.9 9.5 13.5 12.3 7.5 5.2 10.7 ( 2) 3.7 4.7 7.5 3.7 4.1 34.4 12.6 ( 2) 38.0 27.2 19.0 37.6 40.7 Saginaw, Mich...................................... Santa Rosa, Calif................................. Springfield-Chicopee-Holyoke, Mass. Syracuse, N.Y...................................... Tampa-St. Petersburg, Fla.................. Toledo, Ohio ...................................... Trenton, N.J......................................... Tucson, Ariz......................................... 5.9 4.6 5.1 3.7 6.6 5.4 3.8 3.9 13.0 13.8 11.6 8.5 9.7 11.0 9.0 6.5 3.2 6.3 3.5 5.1 9.8 4.7 2.2 8.3 40.5 14.9 30.9 25.5 14.6 31.4 26.5 8.7 Vineland-Milville-Bridgeton, N.J............ Waterbury, Conn.................................. West Palm Beach-Boca Raton, Fla. . Williamsport, Pa................................... Wilmington, Del.................................... Worcester, Mass.................................. York, Pa............................................... Youngstown-Warren, Ohio ............... 8.6 4.5 6.5 5.7 3.7 4.9 5.5 6.2 16.8 10.7 12.0 10.8 10.6 11.2 8.8 11.7 3.6 3.5 11.9 4.1 7.7 3.5 5.4 3.5 38.4 44.1 13.7 41.7 32.1 32.3 43.7 43.1 Muskegon-Norton ShoresMuskegon Heights, Mich.................. New Bedford, Mass............................. NOTE: Data for metropolitan areas in four States— Illinois, Wisconsin, West Virginia, and New Hampshire — are not available. fected by rising unemployment, a look at changes in un employment at the area level can pinpoint, more directly, places where unemployment is most severe. Al most all metropolitan areas had over-the-year increases in unemployment during the first half of 1975; fewer than 5 percent experienced declines. (See table 2.) Data for metropolitan areas in four States, Illinois, Wiscon sin, West Virginia and New Hampshire, are not avail able.3 About 1 of every 3 metropolitan areas for which data are available had over-the-year increases in their unem ployment rate in excess of the national increase during the first half of 1975. Areas with the largest increases (5.0 percentage points or more) included the 11 metro politan areas in Michigan, where auto production pre dominates; older industrial areas such as Lowell, Fall River, and New Bedford, Massachusetts, Providence, Rhode Island, York and the Northeast Pennsylvania area— where the recession may have accelerated an al ready declining economy—and resort and retirement areas such as Ft. Lauderdale, Miami, Orlando, and West Palm Beach, Florida, and Phoenix, Arizona. The majority of the areas with large increases in un employment had a heavy concentration of manufactur ing employment. In many instances, employment declines occurred primarily in durable goods manufac turing industries such as motor vehicles, primary met als, and fabricated metals. These industries predominate in North Central metropolitan areas. In other cyclically high unemployment-prone areas, nondurable goods manufacturing suffered most, particularly textiles and apparel. This was the primary cause of higher unem ployment in metropolitan areas of North Carolina and Pennsylvania and in Providence, Rhode Island. Although many resort areas in Florida were severely affected by the recession, actual declines in service-relat ed employment were slight. However, most of these areas had experienced large employment gains in service industries in the years prior to the recession, so that the relatively modest changes indicate a significant break in trend. Much greater declines occurred in construction employment, as many of these areas had experienced construction booms resulting from the purchases of re tirement and vacation residences. Phoenix was also in this category. Declines in manufacturing, particularly in durable goods, also were a contributing factor in em ployment losses in both Miami and Orlando. Forty-nine metropolitan areas had unemployment rate increases of 2.0 percentage points or less from the first half of 1974 to the first half of 1975— a relatively modest increase compared with the national average. (See table 3.) These cyclically low unemployment-prone areas were scattered among 21 States. All of the metro politan areas in Washington and Louisiana were rela tively less affected by the recession, as were 10 of the 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis areas in Texas. Virginia had three such areas, and Connecticut, California, Alabama, South Carolina, Ne braska, Kansas, and Montana had two areas each.4 These less unemployment-prone areas had a relatively low proportion of employment in manufacturing. Only 7 of the 49 areas had more than one-fourth of employ ment in manufacturing in 1974, the national average proportion. (In contrast, almost three-fourths of the high unemployment-prone areas had manufacturing em ployment above the national average.) Changes during 1979 Compared with the first 6 months of 1978, the na tional unadjusted unemployment rate declined by 0.5 Table 3. Characteristics of metropolitan areas prone to low unemployment, 1974-75 Area Alexandria, La............................ Amarillo, Tex.............................. Austin, Tex................................. Baton Rouge, La........................ Beaumont-Port ArthurOrange, Tex........................... Billings, Mont.............................. Birmingham, Ala......................... Boise City, Idaho...................... Charleston-N. Charleston, S.C. Columbia, S.C............................ Corpus Christi, Tex.................... Des Moines, Io w a .................... El Paso, Tex.............................. Galveston, Tex........................... Great Falls, Mont....................... Hartford, Conn........................... Honolulu, H awaii...................... Houston, Tex.............................. Johnstown, Pa........................... Lafayette, La.............................. Lake Charles, La....................... Lexington-Fayette, Ky................ Lincoln, Nebr.............................. Lubbock, Tex............................. Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn. . . . Mobile, Ala................................. Monroe, La................................. New Orleans, La........................ Norfolk-Virginia BeachPortsmouth, Va...................... Omaha, Nebr............................. Oxnard-Simi ValleyVentura, Calif......................... Petersburgh-Colonial HeightsHopewell, Va......................... Poughkeepsie, N.Y.................... Richmond, Va............................ St. Joseph, Mo........................... Salem, Ore.......................... Salt Lake City-Ogden, Utah . . . San Antonio, Tex....................... Seattle-Everett, Wash................ Shreveport, La........................... Sioux Falls, S.D......................... Spokane, Wash......................... Stamford, Conn......................... Tacoma, Wash........................... Topeka, Kans............................. Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa, Calif. .. Washington, D.C........................ Wichita, Kans............................. Wichita Falls, Tex...................... Percent of 1974 Change in un Average nonagricultural em employment unemploy ployment in — rate, January ment rate, June 1974 to January-June Con Manu January-June 1975 struction facturing 1975 1.8 0.4 1.2 0.0 10.2 3.6 4.1 6.5 6.7 7.0 6.9 12.3 14.0 11.1 9.2 14.8 0.8 1.2 1.5 0.7 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.9 1.9 0.5 0.9 1.7 -0 .4 0.7 2.0 -0 .9 -1 .3 1.8 1.3 1.1 1.8 1.0 1.7 0.1 6.7 5.8 6.4 5.6 7.4 3.7 6.3 4.2 8.7 5.2 6.8 7.2 7.3 4.0 7.7 4.7 8.0 4.4 3.3 4.2 5.5 6.4 8.7 7.6 8.7 6.1 6.6 7.7 7.6 7.1 9.0 5.1 6.9 6.5 5.6 4.0 8.4 10.0 3.1 8.4 10.7 5.9 5.5 5.8 4.2 7.7 9.1 6.6 32.6 10.5 23.7 10.1 13.8 17.0 12.3 17.7 228 18.9 6.4 26.5 6.0 18.0 29.5 6.0 22.2 24.3 15.5 15.3 24.7 21.8 16.7 12.8 2.0 2.2 6.6 5.7 8.0 5.1 11.7 16.3 2.0 9.1 3.9 15.5 1.7 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.7 0.8 0.9 1.9 1.2 1.3 0.7 1.1 1.1 6.0 5.0 4.6 5.9 10.7 6.7 7.0 8.8 7.6 4.1 9.9 6.3 9.7 5.5 7.4 4.9 5.1 4.4 4.9 3.9 6.9 5.2 5.2' 5.5 7.2 4.1 6.8 5.1 5.2 3.9 5.0 4.0 4.2 6.7 5.4 5.9 32.2 34.4 18.9 26.9 18.7 15.2 12.5 23.0 20.5 16.2 13.7 32.5 18.0 14.5 10.0 3.8 31.2 15.7 23 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Unemployment-Prone States and Areas Table 4. Metropolitan areas with over-the-year increases in unemployment rates, January-June 1978 to JanuaryJune 1979 Area Change, Change January-June during 1978 to January - previous June 1979 recession1 Major industry group affected Akron, O h io ............................. Albuquerque, N.M..................... Altoona, Pa................................ 0.4 0.1 1.1 High Medium High Anderson, Ind............................ 0.2 High Ann Arbor, Mich........................ Ashville, N.C.............................. Bay City, Mich........................... Birmingham, Ala........................ Boise City, Idaho .................... 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.6 1.5 High High High Low Low Cincinnati, Ohio ...................... Columbus, Ga........................... Columbus, O h io ...................... Dayton, Ohio .......................... Detroit, Mich.............................. Erie, Pa...................................... Eugene-Springfield, Oreg. .. . Evansville, Ind............................ Fargo-Moorehead, N.D............. Flint, Mich.................................. Ft. Smith, Ark............................ Grand Rapids, Mich................... Huntsville, Ala........................... Jackson, Mich........................... Kalamazoo-Portage, Mich. . . . Layfayette-West Layfayette, Ind.......................................... Lansing-East Lansing, Mich. .. Las Vegas, Nev......................... Lewiston-Aubum, Maine ......... Long Branch-Asbury Park, N.J. Mobile, Ala................................ Montgomery, Ala....................... Muskegon-Norton ShoresMuskegon Heights, Mich. .. Northeast Pennsylvania, Pa. .. Owensboro, Ky......................... Parkersburg-Marietta, W.Va. .. Patterson-Clifton, Passaic, N.J. 0.1 0.7 0.2 1.1 0.9 0.6 1.3 0.5 0.2 0.6 1.3 0.6 0.8 1.1 0.4 Medium Medium High High High High High Medium Medium High High High High High High 0.3 0.1 0.2 1.0 0.2 0.5 0.5 Medium High High Medium High Low Medium Durable ( 2) No declines Nondurable Nondurable Manufacturing3 Nondurable 0.9 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.1 High High High Medium High Pensacola, Fla........................... Portland, Maine ...................... Portland, Oreg........................... Saginaw, Mich........................... Salem, Oreg.............................. Savannah, Ga............................ 0.5 0.2 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.2 Medium Medium Medium High Low Medium Sioux City, Io w a ...................... 1.3 Medium Nondurable Construction, nondurable Nondurable No declines Wholesale and retail trade Nondurable No declines Nondurable ( 2) Durable, construction Durable, construction, services Durable, construction, wholesale and retail trade Wholesale and retail trade No declines Construction No declines No declines Nondurable, durable No declines Sioux Falls, S.D......................... 0.3 Low South Bend, Ind......................... Spokane, Wash......................... Toledo, Ohio ........................... Topeka, Kans............................ Trenton, N.J.............................. Williamsport, Pa........................ 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.5 Medium Low High Low High High Nondurable, durable Nondurable Construction, nondur able, and public utilities Nondurable, durable, construction ( 2) Construction, nondurable Nondurable, construction Nondurable, construction Nondurable, construction, services No declines Nondurable No declines Durable ( 2) Services Nondurable, durable Durable, construction No declines ( 2) Durable ( 2) No declines Construction ( 2) 1High denotes rate change in excess of the national increase (3.7 percentage points); me dium denotes rate change between 2.1 and 3.7 points; low denotes a change of 2.0 points or less. 2 Data not available since March 1979. 3 Data are not available separately for durable and nondurable goods. percentage points, from a 6.4- to 5.9-percent average for the first half of 1979. However, during this period, 50 metropolitan areas had over-the-year increases in unem ployment rates. (See table 4.) More than one-half of these were cyclically high unemployment-prone areas 24 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis during the last recession, while only about one-seventh were cyclically low unemployment-prone areas. Nearly all of the areas experienced over-the-year em ployment declines in one or more industry sectors.5 Re ductions were about evenly divided between con struction, durable goods, and nondurable goods. The most prominent declines were in the industrial metropolitan areas of Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio, generally high unemployment-prone areas in the 197475 recession. Four areas in Pennsylvania and three in New Jersey also experienced increases in unemployment in 1979. These also were high unemployment-prone areas during 1974-75. Areas less prone to increases in unemployment dur ing the 1974-75 period but whose rate increased in 1979 include Birmingham and Mobile, Alabama; Boise City, Idaho; Salem, Oregon; Sioux Falls, South Dakota; Spokane, Washington; and Topeka, Kansas. In most of these areas, employment declined in nondurable goods and, in a few instances, in durable goods manufactur ing; Salem also experienced construction declines. Thus, changes in construction and manufacturing em ployment continue to influence the economies of many States and metropolitan areas. As the concentration of employment shifts geographically, States and areas which gain employment in cyclically-sensitive industries may increase their incidence of unemployment, while States and areas with broadening service economies may decrease their incidence of cyclical unemployment. □ --------- F O O T N O T E S ---------- ' The average yield of new FHA mortgages rose from 8.62 percent in the second half of 1973 to 8.92 percent in the first 6 months of 1974 and to 9.82 percent in the second half of 1974, before easing to 9.04 percent during the first half of 1975. E conom ic R e port o f the Pres ident, 1976, p. 239. 2Percentage point changes are used in this analysis because they are believed to be most comparable to the national average. If the percent change in the rate of unemployment were used, one State (Massachu setts) would be shifted from the high to low recession-prone category, and four States (Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, and Kentucky), would be shifted from the low to high recession-prone category. 3Nationally, the unemployment rate increased 2.9 percentage points on an annual basis from 1974 to 1975. The increase in Illinois was the same as the national increase; while the rise in New Hampshire was above average (3.6 percentage points), but the increases were below average in Wisconsin (2.4 percentage points) and in West Virginia (1.6 percentage points). It is, therefore, likely that many of the eight large metropolitan areas in Illinois, Manchester, New Hampshire, and some of the seven areas in Wisconsin experienced above-average increases in the rate of unemployment. 4The Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, which includes the Northern Virginia suburbs, also had a relatively small increase in un employment. 5Industry employment data are not available for Michigan metro politan areas since March 1979. However, the rise in unemployment rates in most of the Michigan area is clearly automobile-related. Folding paperboard box industry shows slow rise in productivity More efficient equipment and production techniques contributed to an increase in output per hour and a decline in work hours in 1963-78; the advance was smaller than fo r manufacturing as a whole Ja m e s D . Y ork Productivity in the folding paperboard boxes industry has risen at nearly the same rate as for manufacturing generally. A major contributor was the introduction of more efficient equipment and production methods. As measured by output per employee-hour, produc tivity in the industry increased at an average annual rate of 2.0 percent during 1963-78, compared with 2.2 percent for all manufacturing industries.1 In this period, output rose at an average annual rate of 0.3 percent and employee-hours declined at an average annual rate of 1.7 percent. (See table 1.) Productivity gains have been boosted by advances in printing technology, widespread adoption of power equipment for finishing operations, and faster gluing machinery. Long-term growth in the industry’s productivity has not been steady and declined slightly during 1973-78. From 1963-69, output per employee-hour increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent. This period was characterized by rising output, and stable employment and work hours. Output increased at a rate of 2.1 per cent while employee-hours showed no overall change. Declines in productivity occurred in 1965 and 1969. The decline of 5.2 percent in 1965 was offset by in creased growth during the next two years. The produc tivity decline of 2.8 percent in 1969 was the result of a 6.2-percent increase in output, outpaced by a 9.3-percent increase in employee-hours. The largest increase in James D. York is an economist in the Division of Industry Productiv ity Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis productivity occurred in 1967, when output fell 0.9 per cent, but employee-hours fell 9.5 percent. The resulting increase in productivity was 9.5 percent. During 196976, productivity increased at a rate of 3.5 percent. The period was characterized by a slight dip in output and a rapid decline in hours. Output decreased at an average annual rate of 0.4 percent, while hours decreased at a rate of 3.8 percent. Competition from substitute packag ing materials adversely affected the industry’s market and encouraged efforts to achieve greater efficiency. Im proved equipment, such as faster printing presses, per mitted the industry’s producers to maintain output, while reducing employment and work hours. Productiv ity increased in five years of this 7-year period. The 1970 decline of 7.2 percent was more than offset by the large gains of 9.2 and 8.4 percent that occurred during the next two years. A 0.4-percent decline occurred in 1975 (a recession year) when output fell 10.9 percent and work hours, 10.6 percent. In 1977, productivity fell 5.1 percent; employee-hours had increased 6.9 percent but output rose only 1.4 per cent. In an effort to work off a backlog of orders from the preceding year, and to ensure meeting customer de mand, more employees were added during 1977. Antici pated demand did not materialize, however. Frequent changes in production runs, associated with order back logs, led to reduced efficiency. In 1978, productivity continued to decline as an increase in employee-hours, 7.7 percent, outpaced the increase in output, 3.9 per cent. 25 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Productivity in Paperboard Box Industry Industry serves a broad market Folding paperboard boxes are used to package a vari ety of consumer products, including beverages, cos metics, and detergents. Because the range of products is great, the industry’s market is strongly influenced by the entire economy, rather than by the sales of only a few products. Competition from substitute packaging materials, such as plastic, has limited the growth of the markets for various types of folding paperboard boxes, contrib uting to the lack of long term growth over the 15-year period covered by the study. The largest use of paperboard boxes is in packaging dry foods.2 More box tonnage is used for this than for any other item. Dry food’s share of the market for pa perboard boxes has increased slightly, from 25 percent of tonnage shipped during 1963 to over 27 percent dur ing 1978. Of the various dry foods packaged in paperboard boxes, cereals and pet foods have shown the most growth in recent years. Beverage carriers and soap containers are two other important uses. Output of beverage carriers increased rapidly during 1963-68. During 1968-72, however, output declined. It began to increase again in 1973, and by 1978 the output of beverage carriers passed the peak reached 10 years earlier. Substitute packaging was prob ably a factor in the decline of 1968-72, as sales of malt beverages, and bottled and canned soft drinks increased rapidly. Shipments of soap cartons showed no discern ible trend over the 1963-78 period. Changing market conditions have dampened the de mand for retail boxes during recent years. Many fastfood chains have introduced substitute packaging mate Table 1. Productivity and related indexes for the folding paperboard boxes industry, 1963-78 [1967 = 100] Employee-hours Output per employee-hour Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Produc All tion employees workers 93.6 95.7 90.7 91.3 100.0 105.9 103.0 95.5 104.3 113.1 114.1 120.4 119.9 124.4 118.0 113.8 93.0 94.9 90.1 90.7 100.0 104.7 101.7 95.3 104.9 113.1 114.0 121.8 122.8 126.1 119.0 113.8 Nonpro duction workers Output 96.8 99.3 93.4 94.2 100.0 111.5 109.4 96.3 101.7 113.0 114.5 114.8 108.2 117.6 114.1 113.7 96.8 97.1 95.5 100.9 100.0 104.1 110.6 91.6 92.2 101.9 102.0 102.3 91.1 101.5 102.9 106.9 All employees Produc tion workers Nonpro duction workers 103.4 101.5 105.3 110.5 100.0 98.3 107.4 95.9 88.4 90.1 89.4 85.0 76.0 81.6 87.2 93.9 104.1 102.3 106.0 111.2 100.0 99.4 108.8 96.1 87.9 90.1 89.5 84.0 74.2 80.5 86.5 93.9 100.0 97.8 102.2 107.1 100.0 93.4 101.1 95.1 90.7 90.2 89.1 89.1 84.2 86.3 90.2 94.0 Average annual rates of change (in percent) 1963 - 78 1973-78 26 2.0 -.1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.2 -.1 1.4 .1 0.3 1.0 -1 .7 1.1 -1 .9 1.2 -1.1 .9 rials, such as styrofoam, which have cut into the con tainer market.3 Available data indicate that shipments of retail boxes (including laundry boxes) increased by 33 percent during 1971-74, after fluctuating somewhat in preceding years. Since 1974, however, shipments have resumed the irregular movements of earlier years. The production of paperboard box containers for tex tile and candy products increased during 1963-68, but has been declining since. In contrast, the production of boxes for medicinal products nearly doubled over the 1963-78 period. Employment declines Total employment in the folding paperboard box in dustry declined 8.4 percent between 1963 and 1978, an average of 1.5 percent per year. In 1963, there were 51,300 employees, but by 1978 there were only 47,000. Industry employment, however, did not decline steadily. During 1963-69, total employment fluctuated, but there was no downward trend. The two largest movements were a 9.2-percent decrease in 1968 and a 10-percent in crease in 1969. During 1969-78 there was a signi ficant downward trend. Employment declined 12.1 per cent, equivalent to an average annual rate of 1.8 percent. The two largest decreases occurred in 1970 and 1975, periods of strong cyclical contraction. The 1970 decline was nearly 9 percent, and in 1975, more than 11 percent. Conversely, employment rose in 1972 and 1976 as a result of increased economic activity. Employment continued to grow during 1977 and 1978. The number of production workers fell more rapidly from 1963-78 than did the number of nonproduction workers. The average annual rate of decline for produc tion workers was 1.6 percent, compared to a rate of 1.1 percent for nonproduction workers. The many techno logical advances in production equipment appear to have contributed to the more rapid decline in the num ber of production workers. Average hourly earnings have risen steadily since 1972, the first year for which such data are available. From 1972 to 1978, average hourly earnings rose 65 percent, from $3.70 to $6.09. In terms of both absolute levels and trends, the average hourly earnings for the period closely paralleled those for all manufacturing. Improvements in technology The traditional method of producing folding paperboard boxes consists of several stages. Paperboard, in the form of a roll, is fed to a sheeter which cuts the roll into discrete sheets. These sheets are fed through a press which performs the desired printing. After print ing, the paperboard passes to the cutter and creaser, which cuts out the carton blanks and puts creases at points where the carton is to be folded. The cut and creased cartons, which are still held in the paperboard sheets by small connections left by the cutting blades, proceed to the finishing operation. At this stage, the scrap is removed by a process known as stripping. This is the last step in producing many types of folding car tons, which are then ready for delivery to the user. Oth er types are glued together before being shipped. Improvements have been made in all stages of the production process. For longer production runs, many plants now bypass the sheeter altogether and feed the paperboard sheet directly to the printing press, speeding production. This means increased efficiency for long production runs, when setup time is unimportant. In shorter runs, however, setup time is an important con sideration because these operations require more fre quent changes in the production line. Consequently, sheeters continue to be used for runs of shorter length; their brief setup time requirements more than offset their lack of production speed. Significant changes have taken place in printing. The offset lithography process has supplanted the older, let terpress process throughout much of the industry. Li thography is based on the principle that oil and water do not mix. Image and non-image areas on lithographic plates are separated by chemical means, rather than by a height differential, as in the letterpress method. In ad dition, the letterpress plates make direct contact with the paperboard, often requiring an exacting preparation to compensate for height irregularities in the image car riers. Much less preparation is needed for lithographic plates, however, because they lack significant height dif ferentials, and make contact with a resilient rubber blanket rather than the actual paperboard.4 Another change in printing is the greater use of presses which apply many colors in a single pass, elimi nating the need for multiple passes. Faster drying inks and ink-drying equipment have be come available, eliminating the long production delays associated with older, slower drying inks.5 Newly devel oped ultraviolet inks, for example, dry almost instantly when exposed to ultraviolet light, permitting the paperboard to pass quickly to the cutting and creasing pro cess.6 With conventional inks, the printed paperboard often had to be held for hours or days before being cut and creased. Some manufacturers are now purchasing inks in pre mixed form, eliminating the hours otherwise required to mix the inks at the plant. Part of the problem in maintaining color uniformity in production runs stems from the need to control the thickness of the ink layer, which is applied to the car ton. In an effort to insure effective control of the ap plied ink layer, some manufacturers have adopted computerized color control systems, which enable the ink application specifications for a certain production run to be dialed at a central control console.7 The ink https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis fountains on the press are then automatically adjusted to apply the ink layer at the proper thickness. By re-en tering the same specifications at the console, reprints can be easily produced. This system greatly reduces the amount of adjustment work required to control the thickness of the ink. After printing, the paperboard is cut and creased. Platen cutters are now available which perform this op eration faster than cylinder cutters. Afterward, the scrap must be removed from the cartons. Platen cutters remove some and reduce the amount of finishing re quired. Some new platen cutters can remove all of the scrap on certain jobs, eliminating the need for a sepa rate finishing operation. Power hammers have greatly improved the efficiency of the stripping process, when used in separate finishing operations, after cutting and creasing is complete. Many of these operations can be performed in a con tinuous process, rather than in separate stages. Gravure presses make such continuous processing possible. Al though not economical for short-runs, gravure equip ment provides great economies in very large-scale production. The gravure press is web fed, and the entire carton-making process, printing, cutting, creasing, and stripping is carried out in one continuous, on-line oper ation. As the length of production runs increases to meet the needs of large customers, many producers have adopted the gravure presses, for greater efficiency. Large runs are required to justify their adoption, however, be cause of the time and expense involved with the setup work. After the scrap has been stripped away, many types of cartons are ready for shipment, but others must first pass through a gluing operation. There have been many improvements in glues and gluing equipment. Some new glues dry quicker. Greater drying speed and faster glu ing equipment have resulted in speedier production.8 Mechanical feeders have been adopted which increase the rate at which the glue machines can be fed. Their benefits have been largely confined to long runs, howev er, due to the setup time they require. The adoption of automatic quality control equipment for use on the glu ing line has also contributed to increased production speed. The equipment can inspect cartons and reject the faulty ones much more quickly than can human inspec tors. The final step in the production operation involves putting the finished cartons into containers for ship ment. Many producers have adopted automatic machin ery for this task, resulting in greater speed and reduced labor time. Once packed in shipping containers, the boxes are transferred to storage or shipping areas. Vari ous types of materials handling equipment have facili tated this task. Automatic conveyor systems can 27 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Productivity in Paperboard Box Industry transfer the packed containers to the warehouse in pre determined group sizes for easier palletizing.9 Fork trucks then handle the palletized containers. Continued gains likely Productivity should continue to increase as improved production equipment is adopted by more manufactur ers. The trend toward faster printing presses is likely to continue. Ultraviolet ink printing, which eliminates the lag in drying time, can be expected to become more popular as the technology is improved and more pro ducers find it affordable. Faster equipment for cutting and creasing, and gluing operations has increased productivity and should con tribute to future improvements. Further improvements in quality control equipment may speed production. A number of manufacturers with long production runs have found it economical to adopt the more efficient gravure presses, continued adoption of which appears likely and should add to overall efficiency in the indus try. Computer technology will also contribute to future gains in productivity. Computerized control of ink ap plication has already been adopted by some manufac turers and will likely spread. Computers can also be applied to the process of making dies for the cutting and creasing process. New applications for computers should, in time, aid further advances in productivity.10 Another operation which may become more efficient in the future is warehousing. The technology for auto mated warehousing already exists but represents an ex pensive investment. However, the gains which might be realized could induce producers to use it. Continued competition from substitute packaging ma terials should be an incentive for producers to reduce costs, resulting in widespread adoption of the best avail able technologies, and the development of improved production equipment. Measurement techniques and limitations The productivity indexes in this study measure the change over time in industry output per unit of labor input. These indexes do not measure the specific contri bution of labor, but reflect the influence of many fac tors, such as changes in technology, capital investment, capacity utilization, and the skill and effort of the work force. The preferred output index for manufacturing indus tries would be obtained from data on quantities of the various goods produced by the industry, each weighted (multiplied) by the employee-hours required to produce one unit of each good in some specified base period. Thus, those goods which require more labor time to produce would be given more importance in the index. The annual output index for the folding paperboard box industry is based on quantity data published by the Paperboard Packaging Council in the annual issues of the Marketing Guide. Because unit labor weights are not available at the detailed product level, substitute unit value weights, assumed to be proportional to unit em ployee-hour weights, have been used to combine the products. The annual output indexes have been adjusted to levels based on data reported in the Census of Manu facturers. The most current adjustments presented in this study reflect data from the 1972 economic census. Employment and employee-hour indexes were derived from data published by the Bureau of the Census. Em ployees and employee-hours are each considered homo geneous and additive, and thus, do not reflect changes in the qualitative aspects of labor, such as skill and ex perience. A technical note describing the methods used to develop the indexes is available from the Division of Industry Productivity Studies, Bureau of Labor Statis tics. □ FOOTNOTES 1The folding paperboard box industry is composed of establish ments primarily engaged in manufacturing folding paperboard boxes from purchased paperboard. It is designated as industry 2651 in the 1972 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual. All average an nual rates of change are based on the linear least squares trend of the logarithms of the index numbers. Extension of the indexes will appear in the annual BLS Bulletin, P ro d u ctivity In d ex es f o r S elected Industries. 2 Based on data from the Paperboard Packaging Council. 3 Marketing Guide, Paperboard Packaging Council, 1976, p. 2. 4 See The F olding Carton, Paperboard Packaging Council, 1975, pp. 30-31. 5See “Prospects for Radiation Cured Inks are Best in Paperboard Packaging,” P aperboard P ackaging, May 1974, pp. 20-26. Also, see 28 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis “First U.S. Installation of Dutch Infrared System Speeds Printing of High-Quality Drug Cartons,” P aperboard P ackaging, February 1978, pp. 66, 67. 6 The F olding Carton, p. 33. 7 Ibid., p. 34. 8See “Tripling of Speed, Increase in Design Versatility Made Possi ble with Straight-Line Gluer,” P aperboard Packaging, February 1978, pp. 62-65. 9 See “Production Rolling at Container’s Newest, Biggest Carton Plant,” P aperboard P ackaging, January 1964, p. 58. '“See “Computer-Aided Package Design Yields Major Savings in Distribution Costs,” P aperboard P ackaging, September 1978, pp. 8 5 87. Research Summaries Conflicts between work and family life Jo seph H. P l e c k , G r a h a m L St a in e s , a n d Lin d a La n g How prevalent is the conflict between work and family life in the general population of workers? What forms does it take? What working conditions exacerbate it? For the first time, the Quality of Employment Survey, conducted for the U.S. Department of Labor by the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan, provides some data on the extent to which work inter feres with family life.1 The survey results suggest that a substantial minority of workers living in families experienced conflict be tween work and family life. These conflicts most often concerned excessive work time, schedules, and fatigue and irritability caused by work. Parents reported more conflict than other couples, but, surprisingly, women did not report more conflict than men although the kinds of conflicts reported by the two sexes differed. Specific working conditions, such as excessive hours at work, scheduling, and physically or psychologically de manding work were associated with experiencing workfamily conflict, which, in turn, was related to dimin ished job satisfaction, and contentment with life in gen eral. Prevalence and types of interferences Workers in the survey2who were currently married or living with a child under 18 were asked: “How much do your job and your family life interfere with each other — a lot, somewhat, not too much, or not at all?” Table 1 shows the responses of various groups of workers. More than 10 percent of the entire sample said that work-family conflict occurred “a lot” (severe con flict) and another quarter indicated that it occurred “somewhat” (moderate conflict). Altogether, more than a third of all workers living in families experienced ei- Joseph H. Pleck is program director, Wellesley College Center for Re search on Women; Graham L. Staines is study director at the Survey Research Center, University of Michigan; and Linda Lang is a gradu ate student at the University of Massachusetts— Amherst. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis i a P O 01 a a o ther moderate or severe work-family conflicts. As expected, parents experienced conflict significantly more often than other workers. Being a parent increased the incidence of moderate or severe conflict by about 7 percentage points among husbands in two-earner fami lies, 14 points among breadwinning husbands, and 13 percent among wives of employed husbands. Working parents of preschool children also reported more con flict than did parents of school-age children. However, several expected differences were not con firmed by the data: the employment status of the spouse was unrelated to work-family conflict and employed women did not, on average, report work-family conflict significantly more often than did employed men. Among all employed women (including wives and those heading single-parent families), about 35 percent report ed moderate or severe conflict, compared with 34 per cent for employed husbands. The margin was somewhat greater if employed wives were compared with em ployed husbands— 37 versus 34 percent— but still was not significant. Employed women who headed one-par ent families actually reported work-family conflict some what less often than did men. Thus, work-family conflict is evident among a sub stantial minority of workers. It appears heightened among parents, compared with other couples; but not among women, compared with men. Employed women and men experienced work-family conflicts to a similar degree. It is possible that these data underestimate sex differences. For example, employed women may be less willing than men to acknowledge conflicts, because they feel others will use these conflicts as evidence that they should not be working. Also, employed women with se vere work-family conflict may have more freedom than employed men to leave the labor force. Nonetheless, the data suggest that working men encounter work-family conflicts to an extent more similar to women than is usually thought. Workers who reported “somewhat” or “a lot” of in terference between their work and family life were asked how these roles interfered with each other. The three most common responses were “excessive work time,” “schedule conflicts,” and “fatigue and irritability.”3The frequencies of these conflicts are shown in table 2. Half the sample with moderate or severe interference report ed excessive time spent at work as a specific problem, MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Research Summaries and slightly more than a quarter reported incompatibili ty between their work and family schedules (sometimes resulting from other family members’ work schedules). Nearly 15 percent reported negative physical or psycho logical consequences from work, such as fatigue and ir ritability. When these specific types of work-family interference problems were examined, sex differences became evi dent. Employed men were significantly more likely than women to report excessive work time as a problem, while employed women were more likely than men to report schedule incompatibilities and fatigue and irrita bility (resulting from their work) as impinging on their family life. Thus, while men and women reported to the same degree all forms of work-family conflict combined, they experienced this conflict in different ways. Men more of ten reported excessive work time, at least in part be cause they worked more hours than women. Women more often reported schedule conflicts, presumably be cause women more often have to see that family respon sibilities are met and have to arrange their work schedule accordingly. Women’s greater family responsi bilities may also be the reason for their more frequent reports that physical and psychological consequences of work caused family problems. Fatigue and irritability brought home from work may make it more difficult for a woman to perform her family tasks, and thus, may cause a problem for her family. These same feelings may not have this effect for the husband because he generally has fewer home tasks to perform. Contributing job characteristics What job characteristics seem to cause work-family conflict? Other information in the survey makes it possi ble to analyze several working conditions as potential Table 1. Frequency of work-family conflict [In percent] Group Total sam ple....................................................... Employed husbands............................................ Wife employed............................................ No children.......................................... Youngest 0 - 5 y e a rs .......................... Youngest 6 -1 7 years ........................ Wife not employed ..................................... No children.......................................... Youngest 0 - 5 y e a rs .......................... Youngest 6 -1 7 years ........................ Employed wives ................................................ Husband employed..................................... No children.......................................... Youngest 0 - 5 y e a rs .......................... Youngest 6 -1 7 years ........................ Husband not employed............................... Employed women in one-parent families ........... Youngest 0 - 5 y e a rs .......................... Youngest 6 -1 7 years ........................ Not at all Not too much Some what A lot 24.3 25.9 26.7 35.1 22.9 20.0 25.0 35.0 20.4 20.3 22.5 22.9 37.1 11.8 16.3 18.6 17.0 18.6 15.6 41.3 40.4 41.8 37.1 41.3 46.8 38.7 38.7 32.8 45.6 40.5 39.1 33.7 40.3 43.5 55.8 58.0 55.8 60.0 24.0 23.6 21.0 20.3 22.9 20.7 26.6 20.0 37.1 20.9 26.5 27.7 18.5 36.1 31.0 14.0 13.6 9.3 17.8 10.4 10.1 10.5 7.4 12.8 12.3 9.7 6.3 9.7 13.3 10.5 10.4 10.7 11.8 9.2 11.6 11.4 16.3 6.7 NOTE: The total sample size Is 1,084; percentages are based on weighted sample. 30 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 2. Frequency of common types of work-family conflicts [In percent] Group Excessive work time Schedule incompat ibility Total sample .......................................... Employed husbands............................... Wife employed ............................... No children................................. Youngest 0 - 5 y e a rs .................. Youngest 6 -1 7 years ............... Wife not employed ........................ No children................................. Youngest 0 - 5 y e a rs .................. Youngest 6 -1 7 years ............... Employed wives, husband employed . . . No children................................. Youngest 0 - 5 y e a rs .................. Youngest 6 -1 7 years ............... Employed female single parents ........... 50.0 59.1 62.8 52.8 65.8 69.2 55.8 57.5 53.1 58.8 38.7 36.4 26.4 49.3 10.0 28.0 20.4 22.4 31.4 42.1 12.3 18.6 22.5 19.8 13.7 38.7 31.8 41.5 40.8 50.0 Fatigue and irritability 14.8 8.8 10.9 15.1 10.5 7.7 7.0 5.0 7.4 7.8 27.4 43.2 26.4 18.3 15.0 NOTE: The total sample size is 372; percentages are based on weighted sample among those experiencing moderate or severe conflict. sources of these conflicts. The specific job characteris tics4are shown in table 3. The characteristics most strongly and significantly as sociated with all work-family conflict were number of hours worked; frequent overtime; the work schedule, particularly the afternoon shift; and physically or psy chologically demanding work. Having to work with an irregular starting time, having low control over whether one works overtime, and having little flexibility to change one’s work schedule or take time off from work for personal or family matters were also significantly as sociated with work-family conflict, though to a lesser degree. This pattern of correlates of work-family con flict is intuitively plausible. Interestingly, being selfemployed, holding a second job, and time spent or problems experienced in commuting to work were un related to conflict. The three types of work-family conflict also had an expected pattern of correlates. Reporting that excessive work time interfered with one’s job and family life was related to excessive hours spent working, as well as to the frequency of overtime and number of hours worked. Schedule incompatibilities between work and family de mands were uniquely related to afternoon, evening, and irregular work shifts. Reporting that fatigue and irrita bility generated at work interfered with family life was associated with describing one’s work as physically or psychologically demanding. The analysis of specific types of conflict reveals cer tain unexpected correlates as well. The various job char acteristics concerning overtime were not associated with reporting schedule conflicts between work and family, although they were associated with perceiving excessive time at work as causing problems for the family. It may be that workers subject to overtime, particularly men, perceive its effects on their families less in terms of disrupting their families’ schedules and more in terms of simply taking time away from their families. Holding a job which makes high physical or mental demands was associated not only with perceiving workgenerated fatigue and irritability as causing problems for the family, but also with reports of excessive time spent at work. In these workers’ descriptions of their work-family problems, it may be that the boundary be tween saying that their job makes them tired and that they work too much is a subtle one: having a demand ing job can produce either. Surprisingly, inability to alter one’s schedule or to take time off was unrelated to workers’ reporting sched ule conflicts between work and family life, though it is related to the two other conflicts. Other evidence indi cated that the majority of workers in the survey felt their work schedule suited them.5 Having a schedule that cannot be easily changed caused problems only if the schedule was unsuitable to begin with. When such a schedule did cause problems for the family, workers perceived these problems as their working too much or their job leaving them too tired, rather than in terms of conflicts with the schedules of other family members. Correlation with overall satisfaction When work-family conflict occurs, does it have any consequences? One kind of evidence on this point con cerns the relationship between reports of conflict and measures of workers’ satisfaction with their jobs and family life, and their satisfaction with life in general. Ta ble 3 shows the correlation coefficients between these measures6 and work-family conflict. Workers who said their job and family lives interfered with each other re ported significantly lower satisfaction with both their jobs and their family life. They also reported signifi cantly lower contentment with life in general. The three specific types of work-family conflict had the same correlates, with one important exception: per ceiving one’s work time as excessive and interfering with family life was not associated with diminished family satisfaction. To reduce workers’ satisfaction with their family life, time at work has to do more than simply take the worker away from the family; it has to con flict with others’ schedules or leave the worker tired. M i n i m i z i n g c o n f l i c t s between work and family life can be only one of many goals in the design of work schedules. Just as working conditions which may be desirable for employers or workers may reduce family well-being, working conditions that reduce work-family conflicts may be costly in other ways. The survey re sults do not suggest that working conditions be changed in any particular way to benefit the family; rather, they show that the scheduling and demands of work do affect workers’ lives, and imply that these ef- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 3. Correlation coefficients between work-family conflicts and job characteristics and satisfaction Work-family conflicts Job characteristics and satisfaction Job characteristics: Main job hours1 ........................ Total job hours1 ........................ Day shift3 ................................... Afternoon shift5 ........................ Night shift6 ................................. Irregular shift ............................. Overtime frequency7 .................. Overtime hours2 ........................ Low overtime control8 ............... Schedule inflexibility9 ............... Work demands10 ...................... Self-employed ........................... Second jo b ................................. Commuting time ........................ Commuting problems ............... Satisfaction: Job satisfaction........................... Family satisfaction...................... Life satisfaction........................... All conflicts Excessive Schedule Fatigue and work time conflict irritability 2 0.24 2.25 2 -.1 9 2.13 .05 4.07 2.13 .10 4.09 2.12 2.25 .00 .01 -.0 4 .05 2 -.1 9 2 -.1 5 2 -.1 8 2 0.27 2.30 4 -.07 .02 .00 .01 2.11 2.18 .07 2.09 2.19 -.0 4 .07 -.0 5 .00 11 -.08 -.0 2 2 -.1 0 -0.02 -.0 2 2 -.21 2.22 2.09 2.11 .03 .01 .10 .03 .03 -.04 .01 -.0 2 .00 11-.0 9 2 -.1 0 2 -.1 0 0.01 .03 .03 -.01 -.0 2 .03 .04 -.0 5 -.04 4.07 2.15 4 -.0 8 .02 -.0 2 .06 2 -.11 11 -.0 8 11 -.0 9 1 Per week. 2 Significant at 0.001. 3Jobs with regular starting times between 3:30 and 11:59 a.m. (90 percent of which had starting times between 6 and 10 a.m.). 4 Significant at 0.05. 5Jobs with starting times between noon and 5:59 p.m. 6Jobs with starting times between 6 p.m. and 1:30 a.m. 7 Overtime frequency was classified by workers as occurring “ never,” "sometimes but less than weekly,” or “ weekly or more often,” and assigned values of 1,2, and 3. 8 Low overtime control was assessed by an index of items concerning whether the worker or employer decided whether the worker put in overtime hours, and whether the worker could refuse overtime without penalty. 9The schedule inflexibility index is constructed from items concerning difficulty in changing work days, in changing work hours, and in taking time off from work for personal or family matters. 10The work demands index was based on the physical effort required by one's job; whether the job required one to work fast, and whether the job required one to work hard. 11 Significant at 0.01. NOTE: The sample size varies from 942 to 1084. Correlations are Pearson’s r or pointbiserial correlations. fects should be examined, together with other factors, when policies about working conditions are consid ered. □ --------- F O O T N O T E S ---------1This report is condensed from one submitted to the Assistant Sec retary of Labor for Policy, Evaluation, and Research under contract No. J-9-M-7-0119. For a general summary of the survey’s results, see Graham L. Staines and Robert P. Quinn, “American workers evaluate the quality of their jobs,” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview, January 1979, pp. 3-12. 2Information on the sample drawn for this survey appears in Rob ert P. Quinn and Graham L. Staines, The 1977, Q u ality o f E m p lo ym en t S u rvey (Ann Arbor, Mich., Survey Research Center, 1978), Ch. 2. ’ The other 4 general categories were time (not further specified); schedule uncertainty; work travel; and vacation-related problems. The category “time” was reported by 14 percent of workers with moderate or severe conflict; the other categories were evident in fewer than 5 percent each. ’ Further details are in Joseph H. Pleck, Graham L. Staines, and Linda Lang, W ork a n d F a m ily L ife: First R eports on W ork-F am ily In terference a n d W orkers' F orm al C hildcare A rrangem ents, fr o m the 1 9 7 7 Q u ality o f E m p lo ym en t S u rvey (Wellesley, Mass., Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, 1978). 31 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Research Summaries 5Quinn and Staines, The 1 9 7 7 Q u a lity o f E m p lo ym en t Survey, pp. 82-86. 6Job satisfaction is based on items concerning satisfaction with both general and specific features of one’s job. The family satisfaction index is based on items concerning how happy one’s marriage is, how satisfied individuals are with their marriage, and how satisfied they are with their family life. Life satisfaction is based on the items “Tak ing all things together, how would you say things are these days? Would you say you’re very happy, pretty happy, or not too happy these days?” “In general, how satisfying do you find the ways you’re spending your time these days? Would you call it completely satisfy ing, pretty satisfying, or not very satisfying?” and 8 other items assessing specific feelings or words that can characterize a person’s life (for example, full versus empty, and hopeful versus discouraging). De tails on job and life satisfaction are in Robert P. Quinn and Linda J. Shepard, The 1 9 7 2 - 73 Q u a lity o f E m p lo y m e n t S u rvey (Ann Arbor, Mich., Survey Research Center, 1974), pp. 4 7 -69. For family satisfac tion, see Pleck, Staines, and Lang, W ork a n d F a m ily Life, pp. 15-16. Age Discrimination in Employment Act: a review of recent changes Ju l ia E. St o n e As originally enacted, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 required the Secretary of Labor to conduct a study of age discrimination in employment. The study led, 3 years later, to enactment of the Age Discrimina tion in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) to prohibit employment discrimination against persons age 40 to 65. These age limits were chosen to focus coverage on workers especially likely to experience job discrimina tion because of their age. The “upper age limit” was set at 65 because it was a common retirement age in U.S. industry. In 1978, the act was amended to extend pro tection beyond age 65— without any upper age limit in the Federal sector and until age 70 for most other workers in the United States. The law prohibits discrimination on the basis of age in such matters as hiring, job retention, compensation and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employ ment. Employers, employment agencies, and labor orga nizations are covered by the act.1 They are prohibited from using employment-related advertisements that in dicate any preference, limitation, specification, or dis crimination based on age. Employment agencies and labor organizations may not use age as a basis for clas sifying or referring persons for employment. There are certain exceptions to the application of the act’s prohibitions. An employer may discharge or other wise discipline an individual for good cause. The law’s prohibitions also do not apply where age is a bona fide occupational qualification reasonably necessary to the normal operation of a particular business, or where difJulia E. Stone is a labor economist in the Division of Legislative Analysis, Employment Standards Administration. 32 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ferentiation is based on reasonable factors other than age. Also, employers are allowed to make some age dis tinctions in providing fringe benefits to facilitate the em ployment of older workers. Mandatory retirement age The major issue addressed by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act Amendments of 1978 was manda tory retirement. Data from a 1973 Employment Prac tices Survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics indicated that approximately half of the pri vate nonagricultural work force was subject to manda tory retirement provisions.2 Most of the provisions set the mandatory retirement age at 65, some used a higher age, and a very few stipulated a lower age. In the Congressional deliberations which led to enact ment of the 1978 ADEA amendments,3 the following themes were advanced in support of action to restrict mandatory retirement. Individual ability to perform a job, rather than arbitrary age distinctions, should be the basis for continued employment. Public opinion, as evi denced in a 1974 Harris survey, is opposed to forced re tirement based on age. As Americans experience greater longevity and the number of older persons grows, those who are capable of working beyond age 65 should be permitted to do so. Because of widespread retirement before age 65, a relatively small portion of the work force has actually been forced to retire between age 65 and 70; and the availability of fully accrued pension and social security benefits at age 65 should continue to facilitate voluntary retirement at age 65. Medical evi dence has indicated that mandatory retirement can have a detrimental effect on a person’s physical, emotional, and psychological health, and even on his or her life span. Following retirement, many people experience fi nancial difficulties because of various factors. These in clude considerable decreases in income which often ac company retirement, difficulty in finding reemployment, longer life spans over which to stretch savings, erosion of fixed pensions by inflation, and—especially for wom en who have entered the labor force after raising a fami ly or being widowed or divorced—restricted accrual of eligibility for significant retirement benefits as a result of mandatory retirement. It was also suggested that forced retirement of capable older workers results in unneces sary demands on governmental programs, such as the social security system and various assistance programs at State and local levels, as well as the Federal level. Concerns regarding possible adverse effects of elimi nating mandatory retirement were also discussed during the legislative process. Three major areas of concern were identified: (1) the possibility of an adverse impact on employment opportunities for young people and on promotional opportunities for midlevel employees—in cluding minorities and women; (2) uncertainty regard- ing workers’ productivity beyond age 65 and potential administrative burdens in evaluating employees’ perfor mance; and (3) possible implications for pension ar rangements. New coverage and limited exemptions Rather than entirely remove the act’s upper age limit, Congress agreed to extend age discrimination protection without an upper age limit for almost all Federal em ployment (effective September 30, 1978) and until age 70 for most private and nonfederal public employment (effective January 1, 1979). The extension of coverage to age 70 for private sector and State and local government employment was ac complished by raising the law’s upper age limit from 65 to 70. Also, new language was added to Section 4(f)(2) of the law to clearly prevent mandatory retirement of covered workers under employee benefit plans such as retirement, pension, or insurance plans.4 On April 6, 1978, this protection against mandatory retirement took effect for employees under age 65. On January 1, 1979, it took effect for workers up to age 70—along with the new age-70 limit on coverage. However, for workers employed under collective bargaining agreements, the protection against mandatory retirement under Section 4(f)(2) was phased in and became generally applicable on January 1, 1980. Mandatory retirement at ages 65 through 69 was also allowed to continue for tenured faculty in institutions of higher education until July 1, 1982, and indefinitely for certain high-level executives and policymakers. The deferred application of the newly stated restric tion of mandatory retirement under employee benefit plans affected employees working under collective bargaining agreements in effect on September 1, 1977. Mandatory retirement of such employees at ages 65 through 69 was allowed to continue until termination of their agreement or January 1, 1980, whichever came first.5 The delay was provided to give maximum defer ence to collective bargaining agreements negotiated be tween labor and management, because the contracts had been negotiated in good faith with reciprocal agree ments and concessions made on various issues, includ ing mandatory retirement. This avoided undue disturbances in labor-management relations while pen sion plan agreements were clarified. A provision in the Equal Pay Act of 1963, allowing a similar delay where there were collective bargaining agreements in effect, was cited as a precedent for this temporary exemption. The 1978 amendments also included an exemption allowing mandatory retirement of tenured employees in institutions of higher education at ages 65 through 69 until July 1, 1982,6in response to concern regarding de clining enrollments and faculty reductions resulting from demographic trends. Advocates of the exemption https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis asserted that the prohibition against mandatory retire ment until age 70 could result in the faculty reductions having a disproportionate impact on recently hired, untenured faculty— particularly women and minorities. There was also some concern that current financial dif ficulties of colleges and universities could be exacerbat ed by requiring retention of highly paid senior faculty beyond age 65 without allowing for budgetary planning. In addition, concern was expressed that the nature of tenure agreements, designed to protect the academic freedom of faculty, would be compromised without the exemption. The exemption allowing the mandatory retirement of high-level executives and policymakers at ages 65 through 69 applies only when the individual has been employed in “a bona fide executive or a high policy making position” for the 2 years prior to mandatory re tirement and is entitled to an immediate nonforfeitable annual retirement benefit provided by the employer equivalent to a straight-life annuity of at least $27,000.7 This amount excludes retirement benefits attributable to contributions of prior employers or to employee contri butions. It also excludes retirement income from social security. The definition of “bona fide executive” set forth in regulations under the Fair Labor Standards Act8 should be met for an individual to come within the scope of the exemption as an executive. Employees in high policymaking positions were placed in the exemp tion to encompass high-level personnel whose positions and responsibilities give them a significant role in the de velopment and implementation of corporate policies though they may have little or no line authority.9 The reasons cited for this exemption were the need to assure promotional opportunities—especially for midlevel em ployees and for achieving affirmative action goals—and the difficulty involved in evaluating the performance of top executive personnel. Federal workers In extending age discrimination protection for Federal workers, coordination of the 1978 amendments with provisions under various other statutes governing em ployment in the Federal sector was a significant concern. Thus, effective September 30, 1978, along with providing for application of the ADEA to Federal employment without any upper age limit, the 1978 amendments also repealed a statutory civil service provision that required the mandatory retirement of Federal workers when they reached age 70 and had 15 years of Federal service. A prohibition against Federal hiring of workers age 70 or older on a permanent basis was also repealed. The amendments did not repeal mandatory retirement provi sions applicable to Federal employees in certain specific occupations— air traffic controllers, law enforcement of ficers, firefighters, employees of the Alaska Railroad, the 33 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Research Summaries Panama Canal Company, the Canal Zone Government, the Foreign Service, and the Central Intelligence Agen cy.10However, Congressional committees which have ju risdiction over such employment in the Federal Government agreed to review the remaining mandatory retirement provisions to determine if they should be con tinued The 1978 amendments also clearly specified that the Federal sector is only subject to the age-40 coverage lim it and the provisions contained in Section 15 of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. Section 15 was add ed to the act in 1974 to extend coverage to Federal em ployment. The 1978 language makes clear, for example, that the Federal sector coverage is not affected by the exemptions allowing continued mandatory retirement of certain employees under collective bargaining agree ments, in institutions of higher education, or in executive and high-level policymaking positions. Procedural amendments Two amendments modified the procedural require ments involved in private individuals’ lawsuits and gov ernmental enforcement of the act. These amendments were a response to concern about frequent dismissal of lawsuits by the courts on procedural grounds, without consideration of the substance of the age discrimination complaints involved. A third procedural amendment concerned the right of aggrieved individuals to a jury trial. All three went into effect on April 6, 1978. Filing of charges. Before going to court with a private lawsuit, an individual who believes that he or she has suffered discrimination in violation of the ADEA is re quired to notify the Federal enforcement agency11 of the alleged violation within 180 days of its occurrence (or within 300 days if the alleged violation occurs in a State which has an agency empowered to grant or seek relief from age discrimination).12 The notification required by the 1978 amendments is in the form of a “charge alleg ing unlawful discrimination.” This charge may be filed in the form of a written statement which identifies the potential defendant and describes the action believed to be discriminatory. This replaced a requirement that a “notification of intent to sue” be filed within the 180- (or 300-) day period.13 The new language parallels the 180-day charge language under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. In many instances, age discrimination is not discov ered by the victim until some time after the alleged un lawful practice has occurred. In some instances, a potential plaintiff may take time to attempt to resolve an issue directly with the employer or may take time to ob tain an informed legal opinion as to the likelihood of a successful lawsuit. In the past, courts that interpreted the “notice of intent to sue” as a jurisdictional require 34 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ment observed the 180- or 300-day time limits rigidly. Congressional conferees on the 1978 amendments explained that the “charge” requirement should not be construed as a jurisdictional prerequisite to judicial con sideration, and therefore, equitable modification would be possible. Thus, if a court concludes that a plaintiff had a legitimate excuse for failing to give notice within the 180- or 300-day period, the lawsuit need not be dismissed.14 Tolling the statute o f limitations. Before instituting court action to enforce the act, the Federal enforcement agen cy is required to attempt to eliminate alleged discrimina tory practices and gain voluntary compliance through “informal methods of conciliation, conference, and per suasion.” The 1978 amendments provide that the statute of limitations— 2 years for non willful violations and 3 years for willful violations—may be tolled for up to a year while informal conciliation is being attempted un der this provision. The purpose of providing for tolling of the statute of limitations during the conciliation process was to assure that, especially in large and complex cases, the enforce ment agency should not be forced to go to court simply to protect the right to action without having first had adequate time to complete the conciliation process. This amendment was also designed to prevent those who may have violated the law from delaying or postponing the conciliation process with the possibility of avoiding backpay liabilities because of the statute of limitations. The rationale for placing a time limitation on the tolling provision was to avoid placing an inequitable burden of potential liabilities on employers through prolonged conciliation during which claimants’ rights would also go unsatisfied. As indicated during the legislative pro cess, an enforcement agency need not complete concilia tion prior to going to court; the courts may stay lawsuits pending before them to permit completion of the conciliation process. Right to a jury trial. The 1978 amendments clearly pro vide that the option of a jury trial is available to individ uals in cases where there are factual issues regarding alleged discrimination involving potential monetary lia bilities, such as backpay.15As indicated during legislative consideration of this amendment, the liquidated dam ages remedy available under the act is in the nature of legal, rather than punitive relief, and is therefore within the scope of the provision. Study requirements The 1978 amendments required that the effects of the new coverage provisions be studied. A Department of Labor study of involuntary retirement must include an examination of the effects of raising the upper age limit to 70 and a determination as to the feasibility of further extending or eliminating the age-70 limit on coverage for private sector and nonfederal public employment. The report must also examine the effects of the exemptions allowing age 65 through 69 mandatory retirement of tenured teaching personnel in institutions of higher edu cation and of certain executives and high-level policy makers. A final report is required by January 1, 1982, preceded by an interim report by January 1, 1981.16 A report on the effects in the Federal sector by the Office of Personnel Management was required by Janu ary 1, 1980. Administration of the act In 1979, the Equal Employment Opportunity Com mission assumed administrative responsibility for en forcement of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. On January 1, 1979, this commission took charge of Federal sector enforcement activities for which the Civil Service Commission had been responsible; on July 1, 1979, it assumed ADEA enforcement responsibilities for private sector and State and local government em ployment, previously carried out by the Department of Labor.17 Thus, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has become generally responsible for enforcing antidiscrimination protection for older work ers covered under this law, as well as the protection, un der Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, against discrimination in employment on the basis of race, col or, religion, national origin, and sex. The transfer of ADEA enforcement responsibility to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the important changes made in the act by the 1978 amendments mark an important juncture in the evolu tion of the Nation’s efforts to deal with discrimination in employment as it affects older workers. The experience of workers, employers, and others affected by the 1978 amendments, the required studies of the impact of the new amendments, EEOC experience in enforcing the law, and continuing public attention to the employment needs of older Americans can be expected to contribute valuable information and insights as to whether further modifications of the law may be appropriate in the fu ture. □ --------- F O O T N O T E S ---------1The ADEA applies to private employers of 20 or more persons, to State and local government agencies, to public and private employ ment agencies servicing such employers, and to labor organizations if they have 25 or more members or represent the employees of covered employers or refer persons to covered employers for employment. 2The Employer Policies and Practices Survey was conducted in Sep tember of 1973 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the Employment Standards Administration of the Department of Labor. Results of this survey were reported in: Department of Labor, Employment Stand ards Administration, A ge D iscrim ination in E m p lo ym en t A c t o f 1967, A R eport Covering A ctivities U nder the A c t D u rin g 1976, Submitted to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Congress in 1977 in Accordance with Section 13 of the Act, pp. 7 2 -7 3 and pp. 34-37. 3 House of Representatives Report No. 95-527, July 25, 1977; Sen ate Report No. 95-493, Oct. 12, 1977; House of Representatives Re port No. 95-950, Conference Report, Mar. 14, 1978; and Congressional R ecord, September 13 and 23, and October 19, 1977, and Mar. 21 and 23, 1978. ’ The 4(f)(2) exception, as amended in 1978, stipulates that while it is not unlawful for an employer, employment agency, or labor organi zation “to observe the terms of a bona fide seniority system or any bona fide employee benefit plan such as a retirement, pension or insurance plan, . . . no such seniority system or employee benefit plan shall re quire or permit the involuntary retirement of any individual [within the Act’s age group coverage] because of the age of such in dividual.” The clarification of the 4(f)(2) provision in effect overruled the Su preme Court’s decision in U n ited A ir Lines, Inc. v. M cM ann, 434 U.S. 192 (1977), which permitted application of a mandatory retirement re quirement (before age 65) in observance of the terms of an employee benefit plan that predated the original enactment of the law. For a dis cussion of the case, see M o n th ly L a b o r Review , February 1978, p. 57. 5As the extended grace period does not apply to mandatory retire ment under nonunion employee benefit plans, mandatory retirement of employees at ages 65 through 69 under nonunion pension plans has been prohibited under section 4(f)(2) of the ADEA since Jan. 1, 1979, when the age 70 upper age limit on coverage took effect. 6The language of the exemption, contained in Section 12(d) of the act, is as follows: “Nothing in this Act shall be construed to prohibit compulsory re tirement of any employee who has attained 65 years of age but not 70 years of age, and who is serving under a contract of unlimited tenure (or similar arrangement providing for unlimited tenure) at an institution of higher education . . .” 7The language of the exemption, contained in Section 12(c) of the Act, is as follows: “Nothing in this Act shall be construed to prohibit compulsory re tirement of any employee who has attained 65 years of age but not 70 years of age, and who, for the 2-year period immediately before retirement, is employed in a bona fide executive or a high policy making position, if such employee is entitled to an immediate nonforfeitable annual retirement benefit from a pension, pro fitsharing, savings, or deferred compensation plan, or any combina tion of such plans, of the employer of such employee, which equals, in the aggregate, at least $27,000. “In applying the retirement benefit test, . . . if any such retirement benefit is in a form other than a straight-life annuity (with no ancil lary benefits), or if employees contribute to any such plan or make rollover contributions, such benefit shall be adjusted in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary, after consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, so that the benefit is the equivalent of a straight-life annuity (with no ancillary benefits) under a plan to which employees do not contribute and under which no rollover contributions are made.” 8See 29 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 541, Section 541.1. ’ A detailed discussion of the intended scope of the exemption is contained in House of Representatives Report No. 95-950, Conference Report, Mar. 14, 1978, pp. 9-1 0 . 10 Maximum age requirements for entry into Federal employment in certain occupations— for law enforcement officers, firefighters and traf fic controllers— were also left unchanged. It should be noted, as well, that under section 15(b) of the ADEA, reasonable exemptions may be established in the Federal sector where it is determined that age is a bona fide occupational qualification necessary to performance of a job. " The U.S. Department of Labor was the agency responsible for en forcement activities under the ADEA until July 1, 1979, when, under 35 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Research Summaries Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1978, this authority was transferred to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 12In O scar M e yer <6 Co. v. Evans, 99 S. Ct. 2066 (May 21, 1979), the Supreme Court ruled that workers who seek relief from alleged dis crimination under the ADEA must first resort to available State reme dies before bringing suit in Federal court. See M o n th ly L a b o r Review, Sept. 1979, p. 59. 13A parallel requirement applicable to Federal employment was not modified by the 1978 amendments to the ADEA and continues to re quire filing of a notice of intent to sue within the 180-day period. 14A 2-year— or in the case of a willful violation, a 3-year— statute of limitations on the recovery of back wages continues to be applicable under section 7(e)(1) of the ADEA. 15 In L o rilla rd v. Pons, 434 U.S. 575 (1978), the Supreme Court ruled that a jury trial was available under the original language of the ADEA, based on its similarity to the Fair Labor Standards Act, which permits jury trials. See M o n th ly L a b o r Review , April 1978, p. 51. 16Section 5 of the ADEA, as enacted in 1967, stipulated— without a time limit— that: “The Secretary of Labor is directed to undertake an appropriate study of institutional and other arrangements giving rise to involuntary retirement, and report his findings and any appropriate legislative recommendations to the President and to the Congress.” 17Under Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1978, which authorized these transfers, the Department continues to be responsible for research (in cluding studying the effects of the 1978 amendments) and for educa tional and informational activities relating to the expansion of the employment opportunities for older persons. New occupational rates of labor force separation D ix ie S o m m er s and Ca r i n Co h e n The Bureau of Labor Statistics has recently revised its estimates of labor force separation rates by occupation. These rates represent the net annual rates at which peo ple withdraw from the labor force to retire or because of disability, family responsibility, or death. They, there fore, account for a significant proportion of total job openings in specific occupations. Because data that differentiate separation rates for specific occupations and States are not available, the Bu reau develops proxy rates by applying national age- and sex-specific separation data to the age and sex distribu tion of employment in specific occupations for the Na tion and by State. The newly revised estimates are for 1970, 1980, and 1985. They update those published by the Bureau in 1974.1 Table 1 displays the new occupational rates. In almost every occupation, the new 1970 rates are lower than the earlier estimates. Changes in the 1985 rates vary, howev er, depending on whether more men or more women are expected to be in an occupation. The predominantly male occupations show rate increases, while the predomDixie Sommers is an economist, formerly in the Division of Occupa tional Outlook, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Carin Cohen is an econo mist in the division. 36 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis inantly female occupations show declines. The new occupational rates reflect changes in the ageand sex-specific rates upon which the Bureau bases its occupational estimates. The new 1970 age-specific sepa ration rates for men differ slightly from the previous es timates, reflecting more comprehensive 1970 mortality and labor force participation data. The new 1985 male rates show similar change at ages less than 55 years but increase markedly at 55 years and over because of the significant downward shift in labor force participation. Rates for all but older women, however, decreased markedly from earlier rates, reflecting the declining like lihood of female labor force separation because of chil dren and a decline in female mortality rates between 1960 and 1970. Separation rates for older women were higher than the previous estimates, as generally higher labor force participation for younger women has result ed in more labor force separation among women ap proaching retirement age. Projecting job availability Separation rates are used primarily to estimate the number of job openings expected as a result of workers leaving the labor force. Of course, these replacement needs are only one source of future job openings in an occupation; other sources include growth in employment and the need to replace workers who transfer to other occupations or who move to other areas. State separation rates by occupation are used in the Bureau’s State and area projections activities which are part of its Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) program. The State and area projections effort provides information on current and projected employment by in dustry and occupation, projected job openings resulting from employment growth, and projected openings re sulting from labor force separations. This information is developed for States and labor market areas using meth ods and data from the two other parts of the OES pro gram: the National/State Industry-Occupation Matrix system and the Occupational Employment Statistics sur vey. State employment security agencies use these data to develop State and area occupational employment esti mates and projections. Current and projected occupational employment and estimates of future job openings are used at the national, State, and local levels for a variety of activities. Projec tions are used in vocational guidance and employ ment counseling. Current occupational employment data are used in job development activities and for analysis of current labor market conditions. Current employment and projections are also used extensively, particularly at the State and local levels, in planning occupational training activities, including vocational education pro grams and training programs sponsored under the Com prehensive Employment and Training Act. T a b l e 1. E s t im a t e d a n d p r o je c t e d n a t io n a l la b o r f o r c e s e p a r a t io n r a te s , b y o c c u p a t io n , 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 8 0 , a n d 1 9 8 5 [Separations per 1,000 persons] Occupation 1970 1980 1985 Professional, technical, kindred: Engineers, aero-astronautic................................................. Engineers, chemical ............................................................ Engineers, c iv il..................................................................... Engineers, electrical ............................................................ Engineers, industrial ............................................................ Engineers, mechanical ....................................................... Engineers, metallurgical ..................................................... Engineers, m ining................................................................ Engineers, petroleum .......................................................... Engineers, s a le s .................................................................. 10.9 12.2 20.2 12.2 15.0 15.5 14.7 24.2 12.9 17.4 13.0 15.0 27.6 15.0 18.7 20.1 18.3 34.9 16.2 23.5 13.6 15.7 28.7 15.6 19.5 20.9 19.1 36.2 16.9 24.4 Engineers, o th e r.................................................................. Agricultural scientists .......................................................... Atmospheric, space scientists ............................................ Biological scientists.............................................................. Chemists.............................................................................. Geologists ........................................................................... Marine scientists.................................................................. Physicists and astronomers................................................. Life, physical scientists, not elsewhere classified (n.e.c.) .. Actuaries.............................................................................. 16.5 23.1 17.8 17.7 15.6 15.6 15.4 10.6 15.3 18.8 22.3 30.9 20.9 21.3 19.7 20.5 20.1 13.1 17.9 24.0 23.2 32.0 21.7 22.1 20.5 21.2 20.8 13.6 18.7 25.0 Mathematicians .................................................................. Statisticians ......................................................................... Agriculture, biological technicians, except health ............... Chemical technicians ......................................................... D rafters................................................................................ Electrical, electronic technicians.......................................... Industrial engineering technicians........................................ Mathematical technicians ................................................... Mechanical engineering technicians ................................... Surveyors ........................................................................... 13.1 26.6 21.0 13.4 12.0 9.6 14.7 9.4 14.1 13.6 14.9 30.2 24.8 15.9 15.1 11.2 17.3 10.4 16.7 18.2 15.5 31.2 25.8 16.6 15.7 11.7 18.1 10.8 17.4 18.9 Engineering, science technicians, n.e.c................................. Chiropractors....................................................................... Dentists................................................................................ Dietitians .............................................................................. Optometrists ....................................................................... Pharmacists......................................................................... Physicians, MD osteopaths ................................................ Podiatrists ......................................................................... Registered nurses .............................................................. Therapists ........................................................................... 14.1 42.7 11.5 42.0 31.9 35.4 9.2 38.2 37.0 26.2 16.7 63.1 18.1 41.8 48.0 51.8 13.5 52.5 37.5 29.3 17.4 64.6 18.6 42.5 49.4 53.5 13.9 54 4 38.4 30.4 Veterinarians ....................................................................... Other medical and health practitioners, n.e.c....................... Clinical laboratory technologists, technicians...................... Dental hygienists ................................................................ Health record technologists, technicians............................. Radiologic technologists, technicians ................................. Therapy assistants .............................................................. Other health technologists, technicians............................... Airplane pilots ..................................................................... Air traffic controllers............................................................ 17.4 44.3 23.8 30.8 44.8 24.5 27.6 22.4 8.8 10.4 24.4 51.7 26.9 34.8 43.7 28.2 30.4 26.1 10.3 12.0 25.2 52.4 28.1 36.3 44.4 29.5 31.4 27.1 10.6 12.5 Embalmers ......................................................................... Flight engineers .................................................................. Radio operators .................................................................. Tool programmers, numerical ............................................ Other technicians, except health ........................................ Computer programmers ..................................................... Computer systems analysts .............................................. Other computer specialists ................................................. Economists ......................................................................... Political scientists ................................................................ 20.3 10.6 25.8 9.6 16.4 9.2 8.8 9.1 16.8 19.6 29.8 12.7 33.7 11.2 19.3 10.6 10.0 10.4 21.9 25.7 30.8 13.1 34.9 11.7 20.1 11.1 10.4 10.8 22.7 26.6 Psychologists....................................................................... Sociologists ......................................................................... Urban and regional planners .............................................. Other social scientists......................................................... Adult education teachers..................................................... College and university teachers.......................................... Elementary school teachers .............................................. Preschool, kindergarten teachers........................................ Secondary school teachers................................................. Teachers, except college and university, n.e.c..................... 19.0 19.6 13.0 32.4 26.7 20.7 37.7 32.7 23.8 47.3 21.2 25.8 16.5 39.2 29.8 24.6 38.4 33.5 26.1 47.6 21.8 26.7 17.1 40.1 30.6 25.4 39.2 34.4 26.9 48.0 A c to rs .................................................................................. Athletes and kindred workers ............................................ Authors ................................................................................ Dancers................................................................................ Designers ........................................................................... Editors and reporters ......................................................... Musicians and composers................................................... 22.7 19.0 29.7 27.0 20.3 28.5 27.0 27.3 24.4 36.7 32.1 24.8 340 30.6 28.2 25.3 37.5 33.8 25.6 35.0 31.2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Occupation 1970 1980 1985 Painters and sculptors ......................................................... Photographers....................................................................... Public relations specialists ................................................... 25.1 20.5 25.9 30.6 26.6 32.9 31.6 27.5 34.0 Radio, TV announcers .......................................................... Writers, artists, entertainers, n.e.c.......................................... Accountants ......................................................................... Architects .............................................................................. Archivists and curators......................................................... Clergy .................................................................................... Religious, except clergy ....................................................... Farm management advisors ................................................. Foresters, conservationists................................................... Home management advisors .............................................. 9.5 22.7 25.6 22.0 37.2 31.9 52.0 18.6 19.5 35.2 11.3 28.7 32.4 31.5 45.8 47.7 55.8 22.4 25.5 37.2 11.6 29.6 33.5 32.6 46.8 49.3 56.4 23.3 26.6 38.4 Judges .................................................................................. Lawyers ................................................................................ Librarians .............................................................................. Operations, systems research.............................................. Personnel, labor relations..................................................... Research workers, n.e.c......................................................... Recreation workers .............................................................. Social workers....................................................................... Vocational, education counselors.......................................... 65.3 32.1 42.2 12.9 21.4 16.6 23.6 30.0 25.0 2.4 48.2 42.3 15.2 24.9 20.0 27.5 32.7 27.5 5.6 49.7 43.0 15.8 25.8 20.8 28.4 33.6 28.3 Managers, officials, proprietors: Bank, financial managers ..................................................... Credit managers .................................................................. Buyers, shippers, farm products .......................................... Buyers, wholesale, re ta il....................................................... Purchasing agents, buyers, n.e.c............................................ Sales managers, retail tra d e ................................................. Sales managers, except retail trade ................................... Assessors, controllers, local public administration............... Construction inspectors, public administration...................... Health administrators............................................................ 23.4 24.4 34.4 32.2 22.9 20.9 17.3 57.2 38.5 38.3 30.5 29.3 50.7 39.7 28.3 24.7 22.0 76.7 55.2 41.9 31.6 30.3 52.5 40.9 29.5 25.5 22.9 78.6 57.4 42.8 Funeral directors .................................................................. Managers, superintendants, building ................................... Office managers, n.e.c............................................................ Ship officers, pilots, pursers ................................................. Officials of lodges, unions..................................................... Railroad conductors.............................................................. Restaurant, cafe, bar managers .......................................... Other managers, administrators .......................................... 25.8 32.4 46.2 26.4 ?8 8 34.4 62.2 28.5 22.5 32.1 29.9 31.2 29.0 34.1 42.2 52.4 31.9 8? 8 48.2 75.9 32.9 29.7 41.9 38.9 36.7 38.3 35.5 43.6 53.8 33.0 88 8 49.8 77.3 33.9 31.0 43.4 40.8 37.8 39.6 Salesworkers: Advertising agents, salesworkers.......................................... Auctioneers........................................................................... Demonstrators....................................................................... Hucksters and peddlers ....................................................... Insurance agents, brokers, etc ............................................ Newspaper carriers and vendors.......................................... Real estate agents, brokers ................................................. Stock and bond sales agents .............................................. Sales and salesworkers, n.e.c................................................ 24.6 35.4 29.8 37.4 23.9 17.2 45.9 27.4 29.5 33.5 52.2 31.7. 41.1 32.4 23.5 61.7 40.1 39.7 34.6 53.9 32.7 41.9 33.4 24.1 63.3 41.3 40.7 Clerical workers: Secretaries, le g a l.................................................................. Secretaries, medical.............................................................. Secretaries, other ................................................................ Stenographers....................................................................... Typists .................................................................................. Bookkeeping, billing operators.............................................. Calculating machine operators ............................................ Computer, peripheral equipment operators........................... Duplicating machine operators ............................................ Keypunch operators.............................................................. 36.0 33.2 33.6 36.9 33.0 29.2 39.3 11.2 27.7 25.1 38.0 35.4 36.0 38.8 35.7 32.0 39.7 12.6 31.6 29.0 39.2 36.6 37.3 40.0 36.9 33.3 40.6 13.1 32.6 30.4 Tabulating machine operators.............................................. Other office machine operators............................................ Bank telle rs ........................................................................... Billing clerks ......................................................................... Bookkeepers......................................................................... C ashiers................................................................................ Clerical assistants, social welfare ........................................ Clerical supervisors, n.e.c....................................................... Collectors, bill and account................................................... Counter clerks, except food ................................................. Dispatchers, starter, vehicle ................................................. 18.5 31.3 26.4 31.5 36.9 31.0 35.1 26.5 28.7 35.9 22.9 20.7 34.8 29.8 34.7 39.6 33.9 39.3 29.8 36.5 41.4 28.8 21.5 35.8 31.1 35.8 40.5 34.9 40.3 30.8 37.6 42.5 30.0 Inspectors, except construction, public administration ......... Officials, administrators, public administration...................... Postmasters and mail superintendents................................. School administrators, college.............................................. 37 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Research Summaries T a b l e 1. C o n t in u e d — E s t im a t e d a n d p r o je c t e d n a t io n a l la b o r f o r c e s e p a r a t io n r a te s , b y o c c u p a t io n , 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 8 0 , a n d 1 9 8 5 [Separations per 1,000 persons] Occupation 1970 1980 1985 Clerical workers: — continued Enumerators and interviewers ............................................ Estimators, investigators, n.e.c.............................................. Expeditors, product controllers............................................ File clerks ........................................................................... Insurance adjusters, examiners .......................................... Library attendants, assistants ............................................ Mail carriers, post office ..................................................... Mail handlers, except post office ........................................ Messengers and office helpers .......................................... 29.9 26.4 19.0 33.5 18.3 34.2 17.0 30.6 40.2 34.0 32.2 22.4 36.6 22.4 35.6 21.3 37.1 63.6 34.9 33.3 23.4 37.7 23.3 36.5 22.1 38.3 65.4 Meter readers, utilities......................................................... Payroll, timekeeping clerks ................................................. Postal clerks ....................................................................... Proofreaders ....................................................................... Real estate appraisers ....................................................... Receptionists....................................................................... Shipping, receiving clerks ................................................... Statistical c le rk s .................................................................. Stock clerks, storekeepers ................................................. Teachers aides, except monitors ........................................ 15.1 31.2 22.6 43.7 35.0 37.3 20.0 31.3 21.8 22.0 19.8 34.9 26.0 48.3 53.5 39.3 25.2 35.2 26.9 24.2 Telegraph messengers ....................................................... Telegraph operators............................................................ Telephone operators............................................................ Ticket station, express agents ............................................ W eighers............................................................................. Miscellaneous clerical workers, n.e.c.................................... 17.3 28.7 36.0 20.6 25.9 30.6 Crafts and kindred workers: Carpenters and apprentices .............................................. Brick and stonemasons and apprentices............................. Bulldozer operators ............................................................ Cement and concrete finishers .......................................... Electricians and apprentices .............................................. Excavating, grading, machine operators ............................. Floor layers, except tilesetter.............................................. Painters and apprentices..................................................... Paperhangers....................................................................... Plasterers and apprentices ..................................... ........... Plumbers, pipefitters and apprentices................................. Roofers and slaters ............... Structural metal craft w o rkers................. Tilesetters .............................................................. Blue-collar worker supervisors, n.e.c.................................... Blacksmiths .......................................... 1970 1980 1985 Power station operators ....................................................... Telephone installers, repairers ............................................ Telephone line installers, splicers ........................................ Bankers ................................................................................ Cabinetmakers .................................................................... Carpet installers .................................................................. Crane, derrick, and hoist operators ..................................... Decorators, window dressers .............................................. Dental laboratory technicians .............................................. Furniture and wood finishers................................................. 20.9 8.7 6.7 31.6 28.8 9.6 18.1 34.8 22.5 30.5 25.0 10.0 7.7 37.3 41.3 12.0 22.5 37.5 29.6 42.1 26.4 10.4 8.0 38.4 42.8 12.4 23.5 38.3 30.8 43.7 20.6 36.0 27.0 49.5 55.3 40.5 26.3 36.3 27.9 -25.1 Furriers.................................................................................. Glaziers ................................................................................ Inspectors, log and lumber ................................................... Inspectors, other .................................................................. Jewelers and watchmakers ................................................. Millers, grain, flour, fe e d ....................................................... Motion picture projectionists ................................................. Opticians, lens grinders, polishers........................................ Piano, organ tuners, repairers.............................................. Shipfitters ............................................................................. 62.2 15.4 25.8 26.5 38.3 26.3 44.5 22.3 47.3 18.1 87.0 20.5 34.7 34.2 56.3 35.2 71.8 29.0 75.8 22.8 89.4 21.3 36.2 35.7 58.3 36.7 74.0 30.1 78.1 23.9 21.6 34.3 37.9 24.8 32.6 34.6 22.4 35.5 39.0 25.8 33.9 35.7 Shoe repairers....................................................................... Sign painters and letterers ................................................... Stationary engineers ............................................................ Stone cutters, stone carvers................................................. Tai'ors.................................................................................... Upholsterers ......................................................................... Crafts, kindred workers, n.e.c................................................. 52.3 34.6 28.4 24.5 45.2 27.4 13.1 79.4 50.0 38.3 33.7 59.8 36.8 25.4 81.7 51.8 40.0 35.0 61.3 38.1 26.4 24.8 16.8 17.0 16.4 17.9 18.0 16.8 27.4 42.7 23.5 34.6 21.9 21.7 21.6 23.2 23.0 22.5 38.1 59.5 32.2 36.0 22.9 22.7 22.5 24.3 24.0 23.4 39.7 61.5 33.6 Operatives: Drill press operatives ............................................................ Furnace tenders, smelters, pourers...................................... Grinding machine operatives................................................. Heaters, m eta l....................................................................... Lathe, milling machine operatives ........................................ Metalplaters ......................................................................... Other precision machine operators ..................................... Punch stamping press operatives ........................................ Solderers ............................................................................. Welders and flame cutters ................................................... 20.7 17.7 19.5 24.1 18.3 16.6 18.0 19.6 26.3 15.7 25.1 22.0 24.9 29.7 23.4 20.9 22.3 22.7 28.6 19.4 26.1 23.0 26.0 31.2 24.4 21.8 23.2 23.6 29.6 20.3 20.7 134 160 14 9 20.9 42 0 28.8 18 3 21 2 20 4 27.0 67 0 28 5 23 0 22.4 Carding, lapping, combing operators ................................... Knitters, loopers, and to p p e rs .............................................. Spinners, twisters, and winders............................................ W eavers................................................................................ Other textile operatives ....................................................... Checkers, examiners, and so forth, manufacturing ............. Graders and sorters, manufacturing...................................... Meat wrappers, retail tra d e ................................................... Packers, wrappers, except meat, produce ........................... Producers, graders, packers, except factory, farm ............. 26.9 28.0 27.8 29.0 24.7 24.9 31.5 25.0 26.1 35.8 32.5 30.6 29.8 32.5 28.2 27.7 34.4 26.5 28.8 39.0 33.8 31.5 30.7 33.5 29.2 28.7 35.3 27.3 29.7 40.0 13.1 16.1 23.9 168 24.8 Heat treaters, annealers, and so forth ............................... Forge and hammer operators ............................................ Job and die setters, m e ta l................................................... 22.1 17.7 17.3 27.6 176 20 3 196 25.9 64 8 31 0 27 1 22 0 21.4 Machinists and apprentices................................................. Millwrights .............................................................. Metal molders and apprentices .......................................... Pattern and model makers ........................................ Rollers and finishers, m e ta l................................................ Sheetmetal workers and apprentices................................. Tool and diemakers and apprentices ................................. Air conditioner, heating, refrigerator mechanics............... Aircraft mechanics ................................................... Auto accessories installers ........................................ 20.3 20.7 16.1 23.2 21.0 16.2 20.1 17.0 13.8 12.5 26.3 25.7 19.7 30.6 25.2 20.8 26.3 22.6 16.6 16.6 27.5 27.0 20.6 31.9 26.5 21.6 27.4 23.5 17.4 17.3 Bottling, canning operatives ................................................. Surveyor helpers.................................................................. Clothing ironers and pressers.............................................. Cutting operatives, n.e.c......................................................... Dressmakers, except factory .............................................. Drillers, ea rth ......................................................................... Dry wall installers, lathers..................................................... 25.5 11.7 36.3 23.4 79.5 17.5 8.6 28.7 15.3 38.6 27.9 71.6 22.6 10.6 29.8 15.9 39.6 28.9 71.2 23.6 11.0 Auto body repairers ................................................... Auto mechanics and apprentices........................................ Data processing machine repairers ........................ Farm implement mechanics.......................................... Heavy equipment mechanics, including d ie s e l.................... Household appliance mechanics ................................... Loom fixers ....................................... Office machine repairers................................... Radio, television repairers............................... Railroad, car shop repairers ...................................... 12.8 16.3 5.5 22.4 18.9 18.3 22.3 11.5 15.9 25.9 16.5 21.4 6.0 31.4 24.3 24.2 28.2 15.1 20.8 33.1 17.1 22.3 6.2 32.6 25.4 25.2 296 15.6 21.6 34.8 Dyers .................................................................................... Filers, polishers, sanders, and buffers ................................. Garage workers, gas station attentants ............................... Laundry, dry cleaning operators, n.e.c................................... Meat cutters, butchers, except manufacturing...................... Meat cutters, butchers ......................................................... Milliners ................................................................................ Mine operatives, n.e.c............................................................. Mixing operatives.................................................................. Oilers, greasers, except automobile..................................... 17.5 22.7 14.2 40.5 23.9 20.7 76.4 15.6 16.3 22.2 22 2 28.7 20.3 44.0 33.1 24.8 68.0 19.4 20.4 28.0 23 2 29.9 21.0 44.9 34.3 25.8 67.7 20.3 21.3 29.3 Other mechanics and apprentices ............................. Bookbinders.............................................. Compositors and typesetters................................. Electrotypers, stereotypers ........................ Engravers, except photoengravers............................. Photoengravers, lithographers........................ Printing press operators and apprentices ........................... Electric power line installers, repairers.................... Locomotive engineers..................................... Locomotive engineer helpers.................... 20.0 31.7 25.2 30.1 24.9 18.3 16.4 10.6 34.3 16.7 27.5 35.0 33.5 41.6 32.5 23.7 21.1 12.5 46.2 21.8 28.6 35.9 34.7 43.3 336 24.7 21.9 13.0 48.3 22.7 Painters, manufacturing articles............................................ Photographic process workers ............................................ Riveters and fasteners......................................................... Sailors and deckhands......................................................... Sawyers ................................................................................ Sewers and stitchers ............................................... ......... Shoemaking machine operatives.......................................... Furnace tenders, stokers, except m e ta l............................... Winding operatives, n.e.c........................................................ Miscellaneous machine operatives........................................ 17.1 23.7 21.0 17.0 22.7 38.8 30.7 29.0 22.3 20.5 20.9 27.2 23.6 21.5 29.7 39.4 34.1 39.0 24.9 24.0 21.8 28.2 24.5 22.5 31.0 40.3 35.1 40.7 25.8 25.0 ?3 9 38 Occupation https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3? 4 Asbestos, insulation workers................................................. Assemblers........................................................................... 21.1 19 4 ?4 4 Table 1. Continued— Estimated and projected national labor force separation rates, by occupation, 1970, 1980, and 1985 [Separations per 1,000 persons] Occupation 1970 1980 1985 21.7 23.8 26.3 17.8 15.8 12.4 18.8 35.3 17.4 17.9 31.5 15.4 25.7 33.2 34.6 22.1 21.1 15.0 23.5 57.9 21.7 22.3 45.2 19.6 26.6 34.5 36.1 23.1 21.9 15.7 24.6 59.5 22.7 23.4 46.9 20.4 Food workers, except private household, n.e.c..................... 47.6 46.0 41.0 31.7 89 38.0 27 9 31.7 28 7 38.3 46.5 50.9 57.8 43.5 10.6 39.3 31 7 33.6 31 5 39.4 47.1 51.8 59.7 45.0 10.9 40.0 32 3 34.4 32 5 40.0 Dental assistants ................................................................ Health aides, except nursing ............................................... Health trainees..................................................................... Lay m idwives....................................................................... Nurses aides, orderlies ....................................................... Practical nurses ................................................................... Flight attendants................................................................... Attendants, recreation, amusement ................................... Attendants, personal service, n.e.c....................................... Baggage porters and bellhops............................................ 31.4 32.6 32.3 40.8 35.0 42.3 32.0 25.8 50.9 25.4 34.8 34.7 37.9 40.4 36.4 42.2 38.5 37.3 59.6 36.2 36.2 35.8 39.8 41.1 37.3 43.0 40.7 38.4 60.7 37.5 B a rbe rs................................................................................ Boarding, lodging housekeepers ........................................ Bootblacks............................................................................ Child care workers, except private household.................... 39.6 94.0 55.7 54.5 62.0 93.2 56.0 52.4 64.0 93.1 56.2 52.8 Operatives:— continued Operatives, n.e.c.................................................................... Boat operators..................................................................... Bus drivers........................................................................... Conductors and operators, urban rail tra n s it...................... Delivery and route w o rke rs ................................................. Fork lift, tow motor operatives............................................ Rail vehicle operators, n.e.c.................................................. Parking attendants .............................................................. Railroad brake operators..................................................... Railroad switch operators ................................................... Taxicab drivers, chauffeurs ................................................. Truckdrivers......................................................................... Lodging quarters cleaners, except private household......... Building interior cleaners, n.e.c.............................................. Janitors and sextons............................................................ Cooks, except priva te .......................................................... Rate construction The national age- and sex-specific data the Bureau uses to derive its labor force separation estimates are from the “working life” tables it constructs for the total U.S. population. The working life table is an actuarial device that summarizes the labor force activity and mor tality experience of the population. It applies death and labor force participation rates to a hypothetical popula tion for each year of age. Increases in the labor force with population age are interpreted as net labor force ac cessions, decreases as net labor force separations. Net la bor force separations for each year of age are divided by the total population for that age to derive its net separa tion rate. BLS constructs working life tables for each of several population groups known to have differing labor force participation patterns: all men and four marital and family-status groups for women (never married, married with no children, married and in the labor force after birth of last child, and divorced, widowed, or separated). Comparison of separation rates among marital status groups for women allows estimation of labor force sepa rations resulting from marriage and birth of children.2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1970 1980 1985 Elevator operators................................................................ Hairdressers, cosmetologists ............................................... Housekeepers, except private............................................... School monitors..................................................................... Ushers, recreation, amusement............................................ Welfare service aid e s............................................................ 54.5 33.9 48.4 23.3 16.3 35.2 77.1 36.1 48.0 24.5 20.4 36.7 79.4 37.3 48.6 25.1 21.0 37.4 Crossing guards, bridgetenders Firefighters ........................................................................... Guards .................................................................................. Marshals and constables ..................................................... Police and detectives............................................................ Sheriffs and bailiffs................................................................ Child care workers................................................................ Cooks, p riv a te ....................................................................... Housekeepers, private .......................................................... Launderers, private household ............................................ Private household cleaners, servants.................................... 58.7 11.8 48.3 44.0 12.2 29.2 62.6 90.5 82.6 86.7 71.3 62.9 14.3 73.8 69.5 15.8 43.1 58.4 81.5 74.6 85.2 65.2 65.0 14.9 76.3 71.6 16.4 44.5 58.6 81.0 74.2 84.5 65.1 Laborers except farm: Animal caretakers, except fa rm ............................................ Carpenters, h e lp e rs .............................................................. Construction laborers, except carpenters’ helpers............... Fishers, hunters and trappers ............................................... Freight, material handlers..................................................... Garbage collectors................................................................ Gardeners, groundkeepers, except farm ............................. Longshore workers, stevedores............................................ Timbercutting, logging workers ............................................. Stock handlers ..................................................................... Teamsters.............................................................................. Vehicle washers, equipment cleaners ................................. Warehouse laborers, n.e.c...................................................... Other laborers....................................................................... 26.5 16.2 18.1 24.9 15.6 18.0 38.1 21.9 17.1 13.1 18.8 17.2 16.4 24.1 35.5 22.2 24.1 34.9 19.6 24.8 59.7 28.2 23.0 15.9 25.7 22.0 21.0 31.3 36.7 23.1 25.1 36.2 20.4 25.8 61.6 29.5 23.9 16.3 26.8 22.8 21.9 32.7 Farmers and farmworkers: Farmers (owners and tenants) ............................................ Farm m anagers..................................................................... Farm labor supervisors.......................................................... Farm laborers, wage w o rkers............................................... Farm laborers, unpaid family workers ................................. Farm laborers, self-employed ............................................... 47.4 32.8 28.9 28.3 28.2 31.3 72.6 48.2 40.0 40.7 35.7 42.8 75.0 49.9 41.5 42.0 36.4 44.3 Occupation . . . and revision. There are two major data requirements for using the working life table to calculate separation rates—mortality rates and labor force participation rates. Separation rates are, therefore, revised periodically to reflect changes in death and labor force participation patterns. Working life tables are also projected for esti mates of future rates of mortality and labor force partic ipation by age and sex. The revised separation rates now available are based on 1970 mortality rates published by the U.S. Public Health Service3 and on labor force participation rates from the 1970 Census of Population, replacing the 1960 rates for women and preliminary 1970 rates for men used for earlier estimates. Projected working life tables for 1980 and 1985 are based on the same comprehensive 1970 data on mortality used for the 1970 tables but on projected labor force participation rates by age and sex, developed by the Bureau’s Division of Special Labor Force Studies.4 Limitations. The working life table has a number of limi tations when it is used to develop occupational sep aration rates. A major drawback is that the method as sumes that mortality and labor force participation rates 39 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Research Summaries do not vary by occupation for workers of the same age and sex. This is a limitation in calculating labor force separation for occupations having highly educated work ers, because labor force attachment generally is stronger for the highly educated than for most workers. In the case of two occupations, physicians and dentists, the Bu reau has developed more accurate, alternative rates from data sources other than the working life table. O c c u p a t i o n a l s e p a r a t i o n r a t e s are useful in a number of applications in addition to preparing projec tions of job openings. Researchers may obtain the rates by contacting the Chief, Division of Occupational Out look, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212. □ --------- F O O T N O T E S ---------1See Tom orrow 's M an pow er N eeds, Supplement 4, “Estimating Occu pational Separations from the Labor Force for States” (Bureau of La bor Statistics, 1974). The revised rates are available upon request from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The proxy national labor force separation rates by occupation (shown in table 1) are used in the Bureau’s occupational outlook pro gram to estimate the replacement needs published in the O ccupational O u tlook H andbook, 1 9 7 8 -7 9 , Bulletin 1955 (Bureau of Labor Statis tics, 1978), O ccupational Projections a n d Training N eeds, Bulletin 2020 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1979), and related publications. 2 1970 working life tables were published in Howard N Fullerton, Jr., and James J. Byrne, “Length of working life for men and women, 1970,” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , February 1976, pp. 31-35. 3 V ital S ta tistics o f the U n ited States, 1970, Volume II, Part A (U.S. Public Health Service, 1974), Section 5. These data update the 1970 death rates used in Tomorrow's, Supplement 4. 4Projected labor force participation rates are those used in prepar ing labor force projections published in Howard N Fullerton, Jr., and Paul O. Flaim, “New labor force projections to 1990,” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , December 1976, pp. 3-1 3 . Employment and pay trends in the retail trade industry kinds of hour and pay arrangements do they work? In 1978, the industry employed 15.6 million persons in a wide range of activities, such as selling clothing, furniture, fuels, food, and automobiles.1About one-third of the Gross National Product passes through the retail trade sector.2 Sales often serve as a bellwether of the Nation’s economic well-being. Retail trade provides the major outlet for personal consumption items and is the major provider of new jobs for young people and wom en. More than three-fifths of the 2.2-million growth in the number of teenage workers between 1968-78 was in retail trade. During the same period, the industry also accounted for nearly one-third of the growth in the number of working young adults age 20-24 years. Of the 11-million overall increase in women’s employment, nearly one-fourth was in retail trade. (See table 1.) In 1968, about 27 percent of persons working in the indus try were under 25 years of age, but by 1978, nearly 40 percent were under 25. Women increased their share of employment in the industry from about 45 percent in 1968, to 50 percent in 1978. All of the employment growth in the industry was among wage and salary earners, their numbers increas ing by nearly 40 percent during the decade, from 9.9 million to 13.9 million. About half of the growth was among part-time workers. The number of self-employed and unpaid family workers remained essentially un changed at 1.7 million. Paid hours of wage and salary workers grew by only 26 percent.3 By 1978, 35 percent of those employed in retail trade worked less than 35 hours per week, up from 29 percent in 1968 (only enter tainment and recreation services used a comparable share of part-time workers in 1978). Further, a reduc tion in the average workweek of full-time employees was only partially offset by increases for part-time workers.4Thus, not only were more people in the indus try working at part-time jobs, but even many full-time workers were on the job fewer hours. Accordingly, the average workweek in retail trade declined from 37.2 to Table 1. Total employment and retail trade employment, by age and sex, 1968 and 1978 B a r b a r a C o t t m a n Jo b [Annual averages in thousands] 1968 As the demand for consumer goods and customer con venience has risen, so has employment in retail trade, advancing by 4 million workers between 1968 and 1978. Only service businesses and State and local govern ments have added a comparable number of workers over the same period. Who are the workers in the retail trade industry, what are their jobs, and under what Barbara Cottman Job is an economist formerly with the Office of Current Employment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 40 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1978 Age and sex Total Both sexes, 16 years and over ............. 16-19 years .. 20 - 24 years .. 25 years and o v e r.................. Men, 16 years and over .................... Women, 16 years and over .................... Retail trade Total Retail trade Change in re tail trade em ployment as percent of Retail change in total trade employment 1968 to 1978 change: Total 75,920 11,585 94,373 15,636 18,453 5,780 1,841 7,981 3,221 2,201 8,762 1,287 13,498 2,772 4,736 4,051 1,380 1,485 22.0 62.7 31.4 61,379 8,457 72,894 9,643 11,515 1,186 10.3 48,114 6,409 55,491 7,772 7,377 1,363 18.5 27,807 5,176 38,881 7,865 11,074 2,689 24.3 35.1 hours between 1968 and 1978. Despite the decline in the average workweek, retail trade establishments have generally extended their hours of operation to include longer evening and Sun day service, through their heavy reliance upon part-time workers and flexible work schedules. One indication of the industry’s flexibility in work scheduling is that it is a primary employer of “moonlighters“ (multiple job holders). In May 1978, of the 4.5 million persons work ing at two or more jobs, about 1 in 6 was in retail trade as a second job.5 Only agriculture provided a similar share of secondary employment opportunities. To some degree, the industry has extended both its operating hours and output without corresponding in creases in per-employee hours. Labor-saving innova tions, such as self service in gas stations, reduced the number of employee hours required per sale. In retail food stores, changes in equipment reduced the time spent in completing sales transactions, and affected the way employees use their time in preparing to serve cus tomers’ needs. For example, the introduction of elec tronic scales and cash registers substantially reduced the customer’s checkout time. These machines are often part of computerized inventory control systems, which eliminate much of the manual work associated with or dering, monitoring, and maintaining stocks. Fast defrosting and self-defrosting refrigerators, centralized poultry processing plants and centralized warehouses, conveyor belts and overhead “railway” systems to load and unload in warehouses, and the increased use of pre packaged meat and produce, have all helped reduce on-site employee-hours. Even the installation of special surfaces in meat departments has helped; the new floors require less time and effort to clean up. In the area of labor-saving management practices, the move to simplify work processes has received a major impetus from the fast-food chains. Their refinement of the steamlined and standardized approach to managing a largely unskilled work force, subject to high turnover, is likely to set the pattern for continued productivity advances in the food service industry for many years to come. The chains will no doubt spur the increased use of off-premise food preparation, standardized (uniform and frozen portions) food products, limited menu choices, shortened food preparation time, self-service, and higher ratios of equipment to workers. All of these developments have tended to hold down the industry’s demand for employee-hours. They shift certain work ac tivities, such as food processing and preparation, from retail employees on-site, to employees either in related industries such as food processing, or to goods-producing industries such as small appliance manufacturing. Certain other work activities, such as cleaning tables, have been shifted to the unpaid labor of consumers. Moreover, these developments have not only reduced https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the demand for labor time in retail trade, but probably have reduced the labor time needed for the final prod uct.7 Lastly, these innovations have tended to transform the type of work done in the retail trade industry. Some jobs which once required specialized skill or knowledge have been restructured to require little knowledge or training. This trend is widespread throughout retail trade, but especially in the food service industry. An ex ample is fast-food restaurants, with their stocks of sim ple equipment, standardized menus, and heavy reliance upon self service. These innovations have reduced the need for qualified cooks and chefs, and for knowledge able trained service personnel such as waiters, wait resses, and stewards. With the widespread introduction of advanced electronic computing machines and the growing standardization of consumer products, even the need for knowledgeable sales clerks, cashiers, and book keepers will decline accordingly. Equipment and prod ucts are being designed to be operated (or sold) by minimally trained, unskilled persons, of whom high turnover rates are expected.8 Turnover and tenure Frequent turnover is a characteristic feature of em ployment in retail trade. It seems that the industry relies heavily on intermittent, short-term workers.9 Only about half of the persons who worked in retail trade during 1977 had year-round experience, either full time or part time. This proportion was among the lowest of all industry groups, and it differed markedly by sex. About half of the work experience of women in retail trade during 1977 was part time, and little was year round. A comparable proportion of work experience for men was both full time and year-round. To some extent, the variations between men and women in the duration and type of experience reflect occupational dif ferences. Retail employment for women tends to be concentrated in three occupational groups, clerical, ser vice, and sales, which in 1978 accounted for nearly four-fifths of the retail jobs held by women. Men’s em ployment, by contrast, tends to be more varied, encompassing most of the occupational spectrum. (See table 2.) Two of the occupations in which women are concentrated, service and sales, are characterized by very low rates of full-time, year-round employment. For example, only 20 percent of all food service workers and about 30 percent of retail trade sales workers were employed both year-round and full time during 1977. However, even in these two occupations, the proportion of women working year-round, full time tended to be lower than that for men. Not only do workers in retail trade tend to work less than year-round, they also tend to work for shorter pe riods for any specific employer. As of January 1978, half of the women in the industry had worked for their 41 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Research Summaries current employers for less than 1.5 years, about 1 year less than the median tenure for all women employees. Half of the men had worked less than 2.5 years, about 2 years less than the median tenure for all men employ ees. The comparatively short tenure for both men and women in retail trade reflects the use of many tempo rary workers. Earnings below average The relative instability of retail trade employment may be associated with the industry’s low earnings pro file.10In May 1978, the median usual weekly earnings of workers in the industry were only 59 percent of those for all wage and salary workers.11 (See table 3.) This ra tio has changed little since 1967, the earliest year for which data are available. About three-fifths of the retail trade workers reported usual weekly earnings of less than $150, while only 30 percent of workers in other in dustries reported earnings that low.12Three-fifths of per sons working in other industries were in the $150-400 per week range. Only one-third of wage and salary workers in retail trade reported such earnings. The differences in earnings between retail trade work ers and those in other industries reflect, in part, the in dustry’s greater employment of young, relatively inexperienced persons and heavy reliance on part-time workers, occupational structure, and extent of unioniza tion.13 In 1978, about 1 in 5 retail trade workers was under 20 years of age. In all other industries combined, less than 1 in 20 was in that age group. Because young workers generally earn less regardless of industry, the concentration of the young in retail trade tends to re sult in lower than average wages. Although the industry employs many part-time workers, even among full-time workers a substantial difference in earnings persists. Earnings of full-time retail trade workers averaged about 73 percent of those for full-time workers in all in dustries. About 65 percent of retail trade employees were in relatively low-skilled, low-paying occupations, such as service, sales, unskilled labor, and clerical work. Table 2. Employment in nonfarm retail trade by occupation and sex, 1978 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] Men Occupation Women Number Percent Number Percent ................................................... Professional and technical........... Managers and administrators. . . . S ales............................................ 7,772 163 2,080 1,157 100.0 2.1 26.8 14.9 7,865 89 835 2,015 100.0 1.1 10.6 25.6 Clerical ........................................ 370 4.8 2,220 28.2 Craft and kindred ........................ Operatives, except transport equipment ............................... Transport equipment operatives .. Laborers ...................................... Service ........................................ 991 12.8 160 2.0 622 338 797 1,253 8.0 4.3 10.3 16.1 200 22 133 2,191 2.5 .3 1.7 27.9 Total 42 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers in all industries and retail trade, by sex, full- and part-time status, and union coverage, May 1978 [Workers in thousands] Category All industries Retail trade Total wage and salary w o rk e rs............................... Total reporting usual weekly earnings............. 84,968 66,246 13,765 10,773 Both sexes ............................................... Full-time............................................ Part-time .......................................... $195 227 61 $116 166 57 Covered by a union contract ........... Not covered by a union contract . . . 265 165 179 111 Men .......................................................... Full-time............................................ Part-time .......................................... 255 272 58 167 217 57 Covered by a union contract ........... Not covered by a union contract . . . 296 229 237 160 W om en..................................................... Full-time............................................ Part-time .......................................... 138 166 62 95 124 58 Covered by a union contract ........... Not oovered by a union contract . . . 198 125 137 92 Only 37 percent of workers in other industries were in these occupations. Thus, given the occupational mix in retail trade, and assuming that service, sales, unskilled labor, and clerical jobs are generally low-paying regard less of industry, it is not unexpected that average earn ings in retail trade are lower than in other industries. In both retail trade and all industries combined, workers covered by union contracts tended to earn substantially more than those who were not. However, a much smaller proportion of retail trade workers was covered by union contracts than in other industries. In May 1978, about 1 in 4 wage and salary workers reported that they were covered by a union contract. In retail trade the proportion was 1 in 9. There were marked differences in the earnings of male and female workers, both full-time and part-time. The usual weekly earnings for women were about 57 percent of those for men. Women working part time tended to earn about the same as men working part time. Thus, the overall disparity in female-male earnings appears to stem primarily from differences in the earnings paid to full-time workers. As with the inter-industry earnings differential, one possible explanation is occupational differences. Whether they work full time or part-time, women tended to be employed in relatively low-paying sales, service, and clerical jobs. Nearly 80 percent of women working full time and about 85 percent of those working part time were in these three occupations. Men, however, not only engage in a wider array of oc cupations, but their employment also shows more occu pational variation between full-time and part-time workers. For example, nearly 30 percent of full-time male workers were employed as craftworkers and opera tives, relatively well-paying occupations, but only 15 percent of part-time male workers were in such occupa tions. About 37 percent of men were working full time in the low-paying occupations of sales, service, and un skilled labor. Half of the part-timers, however, were in those occupations. This greater proportion of men working full time in better paying occupations may have contributed to the greater difference in pay be tween men and women working full-time. □ --------- F O O T N O T E S ---------' The data in this article are based primarily on the Current Popula tion Survey (CPS) and its supplements. The Bureau of Labor Statistics regularly publishes industry employment estimates based on the results of two separate surveys, the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program and the CPS. The CES program is generally recog nized as the major source of information on employment by industry. CES statistics are derived from a sample survey of business establish ments, scientifically selected to represent the industrial structure of the nonagricultural economy. However, CPS results are used in this article. CPS not only provides estimates of employment, hours, and earnings of workers, by industry, but unlike the CES, also yields data on full- and part-time status, occupation, and demographic character istics of workers, by industry. The differing CPS and CES estimates of employment, hours, and earnings are due to differences in the con cepts and coverage of the two surveys. For a comprehensive discus sion of this, see Gloria P. Green, “Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,“ M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , Decem ber 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . For the period of this study 1968-78, employ ment growth in retail trade as measured by the CES was 4.2 million, comparable to the CPS at 4.1 million. The retail trade industry includes establishments engaged in selling merchandise for personal or household consumption, and for render ing incidental services. In general, retail establishments are classified by type of business, according to the principal lines of commodities sold (groceries, hardware, etc.), or the usual trade designation (drug store, cigar store, etc.). Gasoline service stations and eating and drinking places are included in this industry group. Although indus tries are not always classified in the CPS according to the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual, its designation of retail trade closely parallels what is included in SIC codes 52-59. See U.S. Bu reau of the Census, 1970 Census of Population, C lassified In d e x o f In dustries a n d Occupations. nomic Committee, Special Study of Economic Change, Washington, D.C., June 14, 1978. 8See Carnes and Brand, “Eating and drinking places,” p. 14, and Labor Information Network, E m ployers' Views a n d Training: A N on statistical A pproach to D a ta Gathering. (New York, 1978). 9Work experience data are based on the March 1978 supplement to the CPS. Job tenure data are derived from the January 1978 supple ment. 10See Carey and Otto, “Retail food stores,” p. 44, for a study deal ing with the food service industry. " These earnings data for wage and salary workers are derived from the May 1978 supplement to the CPS; they may differ somewhat from the data derived from the CES for reasons noted in footnote 1. The term “usual” as applied to weekly earnings is vague. The reference pe riod applied is not a specific calendar week; the CPS respondents de termine the proper application period. It is vital to note that the data may not include earnings from tips. Because the subject is not system atically explored in the CPS interview, the decision whether to include tips is left to each respondent. To the extent that the data do not in clude earnings from tips, earnings of workers in retail trade, especially those of food service workers, are understated. For a fuller discussion of these earnings data, see Janice N. Hedges and Earl F. Mellor, “Weekly and hourly earnings of U.S. workers, 1967-78,” M on th ly L a b o r R eview , August 1979, pp. 31-41. 12The distributions of earnings were computed only for persons who reported their earnings. In May 1978, about 22 percent of all wage and salary earners and a similar proportion of workers in retail trade, did not report their usual weekly earnings. Among workers paid by the hour, in industry as a whole and in retail trade in particu lar, about 14 percent did not report their earnings in May 1978. 13Other factors relating to demand for products and services, the structure of employer-employee relationships, profit margins and equipment usage, etc., contribute to the earnings differentials among industries. Most of these factors are beyond the scope of a research summary; they are mentioned only to round out the range of possible factors underlying the inter-industry gaps in earnings. Since no statis tical analysis of these data was performed, no attempt is made to de termine the relative contributions of various factors to the rather low earnings in the industry. Work experience of the population in 1978 2See S u rvey o f C u rren t Business, Bureau of Economic Analysis, April 1979, pp. 11 and S - 12. 3The data on paid hours of wage and salary workers in the retail trade industry are based largely on the CES estimates of average A n ne M cD o u g all Y oung weekly hours for production or nonsupervisory workers, and employ ment data for all employees. For the retail trade industry, these CES data are supplemented by other sources, including the Census, CPS, More than 110 million persons were employed at and the Internal Revenue Service. See B L S H a n d b o o k o f M eth ods f o r some time during 1978, 3.2 million more than in 1977, Surveys a n d Studies, BLS Bulletin 1910-Chapter 31, Output per em ployee-hour measures: Industries and the Federal Government. with women accounting for two-thirds of the increase. * Average workweeks as measured in the CPS. Among women who worked, the proportion who 5 See M u ltip le Jobholding, in M a y 1978, Special Labor Force Report worked all year at full-time jobs rose to a record 44 221, (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1979). percent (table 1). The proportion of men who worked ‘ Most of the information in this section was obtained from studies year round, full time also rose in 1978, returning to the of trends in output per employee-hour, in various segments of the re tail trade industry. See Brian L. Friedman and John L. Carey, “Pro level prevailing before the 1974-75 recession. ductivity in gasoline stations, 1958-73,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e As in previous years, millions of Americans contin view, February 1975, pp. 32-37; John Duke, “New car dealers ued to move into and out of the labor force during experience long-term gains in productivity,” M o n th ly L a b o r Review , March 1977, pp. 29-33; John L. Carey and Phyllis Flohr Otto, “Out 1978. Many persons were employed only for short peri put per unit of labor input in the retail food store industry," M on th ly ods to fit school or household schedules or seasonal de L a b o r R eview , January 1977, pp. 4 2 -47, and Richard B. Carnes and mands. Others entered or left military service, and there Horst Brand, “Productivity and new technology in eating and drink ing places,” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , September 1977, pp. 9-1 5 . Anne McDougall Young is an economist in the Office of Current 7See Howard Young, “Jobs, Technology, and Hours of Labor: The Employment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Future of Work in the U.S.,” presented at hearings of the Joint Eco https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 43 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Research Summaries was the normal replacement resulting from death, re tirement, and disability.1The work force also included a total of 17.7 million persons who encountered some un employment during 1978, about 1.8 million fewer than in 1977. Most of these persons worked during part of the year. As in earlier years, the proportion of white and His panic men who worked during 1978 (82 and 83 percent) was larger than that for black men (73 percent). His panic men were the least likely to have worked year round, full time. Among women, the proportion who Table 1. worked during the year differed little by race or Hispan ic origin—averaging about 55 to 57 percent. Black women were more likely than white and Hispanic wom en to have worked all year at full-time jobs. Trends in year-round employment Since 1968, about two-thirds of the increase in the number of women with work experience has been among women who worked all year (table 2). The ex pansion in year-round employment was greatest among women ages 25 to 34. These are the young women— Work experience during the year of persons 16 years of age and over, by extent of employment, sex, and race, [Numbers in thousands] Both sexes Extent of employment 1977 1978 Men Women 1977 1978 1977 White Black 1978 1977 1978 1977 Hispanic origin' 1978 1977 1978 Population............................................ Worked during the year2 ............. Num ber........................ Percent of population .. 158,188 160,756 74,814 76,070 83,374 84,686 138,999 140,999 16,449 16,794 7,518 7,543 107,096 67.7 110,290 68.6 60,717 81.2 61,917 81.4 46,379 55.6 48,373 57.1 94,991 68.3 97,603 69.2 10,198 62.0 10,655 63.4 4,938 65.7 5,091 67.5 Worked during the y e a r............... Full time3 ............................. 50 to 52 weeks ............... 1 to 49 w e e k s .................. Part time4 ............................. 50 to 52 w e e k s ............... 1 to 49 w e e k s .................. 100.0 78.6 54.9 23.7 21.4 7.2 14.3 100.0 78.9 56.8 22.1 21.1 7.2 13.9 100.0 79.4 52.6 26.7 20.6 6.6 14.0 100.0 80.7 52.5 28.1 19.4 6.2 13.2 100.0 83.3 52.0 31.3 16.7 5.2 11.5 100.0 83.2 53.8 29.3 16.8 5.4 11.5 Percent distribution 100.0 79.1 56.4 22.8 20.9 7.0 13.8 100.0 87.5 64.7 22.7 12.5 4.1 8.3 100.0 87.9 66.3 21.7 12.1 4.0 8.1 100.0 67.0 42.1 24.8 33.0 11.2 21.9 1Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. 2 Time worked includes paid vacation and sick leave. Table 2. 100.0 67.8 43.7 24.2 32.2 10.9 21.2 100.0 78.5 55.2 23.3 21.5 7.2 14.2 3 Usually worked 35 hours or more per week. 4 Usually worked 1 to 34 hours per week. Persons who worked during the year and who worked 50 to 52 weeks, by sex, age, and occupation, 1968 and 1978 [16 years and over] MEN Category Total ..................................................... Worked during the year WOMEN Worked 50 to 52 weeks Number Percent of total who worked Worked during the year Worked 50 to 52 weeks Number Percent of total who worked 1968 1978 1968 1978 1968 1978 1968 1978 1968 1978 1968 1978 53,312 61,917 39,251 43,562 73.6 70.4 36,918 48,373 18,803 26,387 50.9 54.5 5,221 5,698 10,962 10,704 10,463 7,461 2,803 5,704 8,797 15,767 11,274 10,215 7,625 2,534 1,413 2,954 9,076 9,287 8,927 5,945 1,649 1,434 4,551 12,119 9,433 8,617 6,062 1,347 27.1 51.8 82.8 86.8 85.3 79.7 58.8 25.1 51.7 76.9 63.6 84.4 79.5 53.2 4,177 5,791 6,710 6,860 7,127 4,762 1,491 5,100 8,111 12,220 8,684 7,420 5,213 1,626 765 2,398 3,221 3,918 4,639 3,115 747 1,121 3,699 6,751 5,331 5,105 3,602 778 18.3 41.4 48.0 57.1 65.1 65.4 50.1 22.0 45.6 55.2 61.4 68.8 69.1 47.8 7,024 6,759 2,868 3,780 10,529 8,103 2,671 4,314 65 3,871 3,328 9,115 8,185 3,593 3,749 12,755 7,318 3,673 5,157 27 5,844 2,500 5,844 6,092 2,219 2,847 7,981 5,530 1,985 1,955 33 2,439 2,326 7,415 7,248 2,721 2,768 9,000 4,668 2,435 2,206 17 3,356 1,729 83.2 90.1 77.4 75.3 75.8 68.2 74.3 45.3 (’ ) 63.0 69.9 81.3 88.6 75.7 73.8 70.6 63.8 66.3 42.8 (’ ) 57.4 69.2 4,845 1,424 2,696 12,104 382 5,366 100 206 2,365 6,246 1,184 7,431 2,822 3,464 16,442 802 5,435 283 657 1,421 8,952 664 2,770 1,062 1,116 6,966 242 2,583 26 85 929 2,536 408 4,598 2,049 1,568 10,170 446 2,682 88 256 516 3,727 288 57.2 74.6 41.4 57.6 63.4 48.1 26.0 41.3 39.3 40.6 34.5 61.9 72.6 45.3 61.9 55.6 49.3 31.1 39.0 36.3 41.6 43.4 AGE 16 to 19 ye a rs................................................... 20 to 24 ye a rs................................................... 25 to 34 ye a rs................................................... 35 to 44 y e a rs................................................... 45 to 54 ye a rs................................................... 55 to 64 ye a rs................................................... 65 years and o v e r ............................................ OCCUPATION Professional, technical and kindred workers .. . Managers and administrators, except farm . . . . Sales w o rkers................................................... Clerical and kindred workers .......................... Craft and kindred workers ............................... Operatives, except transport............................. Transport equipment operatives ...................... Laborers, except farm ...................................... Private household w o rke rs ............................... Service workers, except private household . . . Farmers and farmworkers ............................... 44 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 3. Women who worked year round, full or part time, as proportion of total who worked during the year, by age and race, 1968 and 1978 1968 16 years and over, total ........................ 16 to 19 years ............................... 20 to 24 years ............................... 25 to 34 years ............................... 35 to 44 years ............................... 45 to 64 years ............................... 65 years and o v e r........................... 1978 White Black1 and other races White Black1 and other races 51.1 18.8 41.9 47.3 56.9 65.4 50.6 50.1 14.6 37.7 51.6 58.4 63.4 45.9 54.2 23.0 46.4 54.5 60.4 68.6 60.4 56.8 12.5 40.5 60.0 67.5 71.1 54.9 Age ’ According to the 1970 census, 89 percent of this group were black. The others were American Indians, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and other nonwhite races. These data differ slightly from data in table 1 which are for black only. born in the baby boom which followed World War II — who have established a new pattern of labor force par ticipation for their age group. Today they are marrying later, often after several years in the labor market, and returning to work following the birth of children much sooner than did their mothers. In March 1979, 46 per cent of all mothers under age 35 with a child under age 6 were in the labor force. Among women of all ages with children under 6 years, 43 percent were in the la bor force during all of 1978 (50 to 52 weeks). Since the early 1970’s, black women have—in general —been more likely to work all year full time than white women and that difference persisted in 1978.3 If women who work all year at part-time jobs are included with year-round, full-time workers, the black-white difference narrows slightly. However, black women under age 25 have consistently been less likely to work all year than white women in that age group, and the difference in proportions increased substantially over the decade (ta ble 3). One of the reasons for this is that more black than white teenagers left school before graduating, and therefore lacked an important credential for jobs which provide steady employment. Also, among young women in the labor force, a higher percentage of blacks than whites had children under age 6. In the 25-to-34 age group, the proportions of both white and black women with year-round employment rose by 7 to 8 percentage points and that for black women ages 35 to 44 jumped even more. The proportions of white and black women with young children were about the same at these ages. In contrast to the upward trend over the decade in year-round employment among women, the proportion of men with such steady work declined by 3 percentage points and dropped sharply among white and black men 25 to 34 years old—the “baby boom” cohort. Giv en that men in this age group have traditionally had high labor force participation rates, the decline in yearround employment may indicate some generational crowding with respect to the so-called “good” jobs https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis which offer steady employment.4 Less year-round work also reflects the larger proportion of men in the age group with some unemployment during 1978 than dur ing 1968 (15.9 versus 11.6 percent); in 1968, the Viet nam war took a large group of men out of the civilian economy, and there was also a high level of business ac tivity. The over-all figures obscure the sharp decline in yearround work among black men under age 25, in contrast to little change among young white men. Reasons for the deterioration in the employment situation of young blacks have been extensively explored in other reports with reference to their higher school dropout rate, their lack of vocational training, the scarcity of jobs in the inner city, and the range of socioeconomic factors which influence behavior in the labor market.5 During the past 25 years, the employment situation of young blacks has continued to deteriorate even in times of general economic improvement.6 In that context, the lower proportion of black teenagers and young adults with year-round work is further evidence of the extent of change. Table 4. Occupational distribution of persons who worked 50 to 52 weeks, by race and sex, 1968 and 1978 [Numbers in thousands] Black and other races1 White Category 1968 1978 1968 1978 Number ........................ Percent ........................ 35,681 100.0 39,504 100.0 3,570 100.0 4,058 100.0 Professional, technical and kindred workers ............................................ Managers and administrators, except f a r m ................................................... Sales workers........................................ Clerical and kindred workers ............... Craft workers ........................................ Operatives, except transport ............... Transport equipment operatives........... Laborers, except farm ........................... Private household w o rkers.................... Service workers, except private household.......................................... Farmers and farmworkers .................... 15.6 17.5 7.6 12.3 16.6 6.0 7.2 20.9 13.5 4.8 3.9 .1 17.5 6.6 6.2 20.9 10.3 5.3 4.6 5.0 2.4 7.5 14.7 20.0 7.5 16.1 .3 7.9 2.5 8.1 17.8 15.2 8.7 9.1 .1 5.5 6.0 6.9 4.1 13.6 5.2 15.6 2.7 16,463 100.0 22,897 100.0 2,340 100.0 3,490 100.0 15.2 17.7 11.8 15.9 6.2 6.5 39.5 1.3 13.5 .1 .4 2.3 8.3 6.5 39.9 1.8 9.6 .3 .9 1.2 2.1 1.9 19.7 .9 15.3 .1 .9 23.0 4.2 2.4 29.1 1.0 14.2 .3 1.5 7.0 12.1 2.8 12.6 1.2 23.2 1.1 24.0 .6 MEN Total: WOMEN Total: Number ........................ Percent ........................ Professional, technical and kindred workers ............................................ Managers and administrators, except f a r m ................................................... Sales workers........................................ Clerical and kindred workers ............... Craft workers ........................................ Operatives, except transport ............... Transport equipment operatives........... Laborers, except farm ........................... Private household w o rkers.................... Service workers, except private household.......................................... Farmers and farmworkers .................... 1See footnote 1, table 3. 45 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Research Summaries Table 5. Persons 16 years and over who experienced some unemployment during year, by sex, 1977 and 1978 Both sexes Men Extent of unemployment 1977 1978 1977 Women 1978 1977 White 1976 1977 Black Hispanic origin1 1978 1977 1978 1977 1978 Numbers (in thousands) Persons who worked or looked for work during the year . Percent with unemployment ................................. 109,663 17.8 112,362 15.8 61,675 17.4 62,680 15.3 47,989 18.3 49,683 16.4 96,734 16.7 98,985 14.7 10,972 27.1 11,304 25.0 5,097 23.9 5,240 21.3 Persons with unemployment................................. Did not work but looked for w o rk ...................... With work experience........................................ 19,512 2,568 16,944 17,738 2,072 15,666 10,727 958 9,770 9,572 763 8,809 8,785 1,610 7,175 8,166 1,310 6,856 16,150 1,743 14,407 14,548 1,382 13,166 2,973 774 2,200 2,831 649 2,182 1,218 159 1,059 1,116 149 967 Percent distribution Did not work but looked for work ........................ 1 to 14 weeks ................................................... 15 weeks or more ............................................ 100.0 57.7 42.3 100.0 59.6 40.4 100.0 42.7 57.3 100.0 48.2 51.6 100.0 66.7 33.3 100.0 66.2 33.7 100.0 59.8 40.2 100.0 60.6 39.4 100.0 52.6 47.4 100.0 57.2 42.8 100.0 46.5 53.5 100.0 59.7 40.3 Unemployed persons with work experience......... Year-round workers2 unemployed 1 to 2 weeks Part-year workers3 unemployed ...................... 1 to 4 weeks ................................................. 5 to 14 weeks .............................................. 15 weeks or more ........................................ 100.0 3.8 96.2 24.7 33.8 37.7 100.0 4.3 95.7 25.9 35.7 34.1 100.0 4.3 95.7 20.5 35.1 40.1 100.0 5.0 95.0 20.8 37.7 36.5 100.0 3.2 96.8 30.4 31.9 34.4 100.0 3.4 96.6 32.4 33.1 31.1 100.0 4.0 96.0 25.6 34.6 35.8 100.0 4.5 95.5 27.5 35.8 32.2 100.0 3.0 97.0 19.0 28.8 49.2 100.0 3.2 96.8 16.2 35.3 45.3 100.0 3.3 96.7 21.1 32.7 42.9 100.0 3.4 96.6 26.1 33.3 37.2 With 2 spells of unemployment or m o re ........... 32.6 32.5 36.2 35.0 27.8 29.3 32.2 31.7 35.7 37.3 36.1 32.4 1See footnote 1, Table 1. 2Worked 50 or 51 weeks. Occupational changes The increase in year-round, full-time employment among women reflected movement into occupations which are likely to require a more regular work com mitment. Most women who worked all year—both white and black—were employed as professional and technical workers, managers, clerical workers, or service workers. Since 1968, the proportion of women employed year round in professional and technical jobs rose by almost 5 percentage points, was unchanged among managers, and rose 4 percentage points among both sales and clerical workers. Occupational shifts over the decade were especially dramatic for black women. For example, their yearround employment as private household workers dropped from 23 to 7 percent between 1968 and 1978 (table 4). At the same time, the proportion of black women in clerical work expanded from 20 to 29 per cent, and there were substantially more employed in the higher paying white-collar occupations, such as profes sional and managerial work. Among white women, the proportion in white-collar positions rose from 68 to 72 percent, while the percentage of operatives declined. The decline in year-round employment among men showed a similar occupational pattern for whites and blacks, with the sharpest drop among transport equip ment operatives. Although the number of men in this occupation increased by more than a million from 1968 to 1978, more than half of the increase was among partyear or part-time workers. In 1978, 36 percent of the men in this occupation worked part of the year, com 46 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Worked less than 50 weeks. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. pared with 28 percent in 1968. The proportion of men who worked year round in service occupations also de clined substantially, as two-thirds of the 2-million in crease in employment was among part-year or part-time workers. By 1978, 52 percent of the men in service oc cupations worked less than year round, up from 45 per cent in 1968. The 17.7 million persons who encountered some unemployment during 1978 represented 15.8 percent of those who were in the labor force for either all or part of the year—the lowest such proportion since the mid decade recession. In 1977, unemployment had reached 17.8 percent of the persons who were in the labor force (table 5). About 15.7 million, or 9 out of 10 of the per sons with some unemployment during 1978, were also employed during part of the year. The number who never held a job—although they engaged in some jobseeking— was about 2.1 million, down from 2.6 mil lion in 1977. The decline in the incidence of unemployment affect ed all major labor force groups. The proportion of the work force with some unemployment fell by almost 2 percentage points for men and women, to 15.3 and 16.4 percent respectively. The proportion of white workers encountering unemployment during 1978 was 14.7 per cent, while the percentages for blacks and Hispanic workers were, respectively, 25.0 and 21.3, all lower than in 1977. The number of persons accumulating 15 weeks of unemployment or more decreased substantially from 1977 to 1978—from 7.5 to 6.2 million— while the num ber with comparatively short spells of unemployment was down only slightly. □ FOOTNOTES ' The data for this report are based on responses to special “work experience” questions included in the March 1979 Current Population Survey (CPS), conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census. The work experience questions refer, retroac tively, to the civilian work experience of persons during the entire pre ceding year. Because many persons enter and leave the labor force during the course of the year, the number of persons with employ ment and with unemployment as determined through the work experi ence questions is much greater than the annual average for the same year based on the monthly survey conducted during the year. Persons who reached age 16 during January, February, or March 1979 are in cluded. However, the work experience of persons who were in the ci vilian labor force during 1978 but were not in the civilian noninstitutional population in March 1979 is not included; similarly data on persons who died in 1978 or in 1979, before the survey date, are not reflected. Special Labor Force Report 224 for 1977 and Special Labor Force Report 201 for 1976, both reprints of research summaries in the M o n th ly L a b o r Review. 3In this discussion of year-round employment and occupational changes, “black” refers to black and other races. Data for black, only, were not available for 1968. 4 Daniel E. Hecker, “The Jam at the Bottom of the Funnel: The Outlook for College Graduates,” O ccupational O u tlook Q uarterly, Spring 1978, pp. 37-39. See also Richard Freeman and Holloman J. Herbert, “The Declining Value of College Going,” Change, The M a g azine o f H igh er L earning, September 1975, pp. 2 4 -31, 64; Michael Omstein, “Entry into the American Labor Force,” Academic Press, Inc. 1976, p. 183; Lewis C. Solomon, “Higher Education and Good Jobs,” N atio n a l R eview , October 15, 1976, p. 1122. 5For example: Norman Bowers, “Young and Marginal: An over view of youth employment,” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , October 1979, This is the latest in a series of reports on this subject. Data from pp. 4-18; Beacham, Herbert C., “Background and Training Needs of the March 1978 survey were published in the M o n th ly L a b o r R eview Persistently Unemployed Negroes,” Jou rn al o f In d u stria l T eacher E d in March 1979 (pp. 53-57) and issued with additional tabular data ucation, Winter 1971, pp. 4-11; “Hardcore Personality and Industrial and explanatory notes as Special Labor Force Report 224. This report Illness and Accidents,” In d u stria l M edicine, Vol. 39, No. 4, April will be reprinted with additional data from the March 1979 survey as 1970, pp. 33-37. See also “Young, Black and Unemployed,” The a Special Labor Force Report later this year. N ew York Tim es, March 11-14, 1979. 6 Morris J. Newman, “The labor market experience of black youth, 2 The rise in the proportion of women who work during the year 1954-78,” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , October 1979, pp. 19-27. has been documented in previous work experience reports such as https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Erratum In the article “ The political and legal issues of binding arbitration in govern ment,” appearing in the September issue of the Review, the representative o f a police bargaining unit in Buffalo was incorrectly identified on p. 39. At the time of the challenged arbitration award, the unit was represented by the Police Benevolent Association. 47 Conventions Mine Workers’ new president wins dues increase, right to name VP Mary A. A ndrew s The United Mine Workers of America saw its new pres ident, Samuel Morgan Church, Jr., gavel his way to vic tory at the union’s triennial convention in Denver, Colo. In the tradition of John L. Lewis, Church won on a number of important issues, including a dues increase, a newly established strike fund, and presidential author ity to appoint a vice president. More than 1,200 delegates, representing 230,000 ac tive and retired members, adopted as a basic theme for the December 10-19 meeting, “unity and rebuilding of the UMW.” They revised a number of significant provi sions of the union’s constitution and formulated guide lines for the 1981 negotiations with the Bituminous Coal Operators Association. For the first time, members of working committees were elected by the delegates, rather than appointed by the president. In his keynote address, Church invoked the spirit of Lewis, who headed the union for more than 40 years, by urging unity and stressing that “we must once again become the mighty power that we were. With your help, I will see to it that America and its leaders know we are strong, and above all united for the common good of the union. Unity is important to the future of the UMW, the labor movement, and the future of the United States and Canada.” All UMW members are in these countries. Credentials fight A floor debate erupted during the delegates’ consider ation of a partial report of the credentials committee, which established the number of votes that were to be cast by the delegates. The convention first rejected this report by a voice vote. This meant that the convention could not formally seat the delegates and begin its busi ness. Accordingly, Church told the delegates they had two options: to recess until the credentials committee Mary A. Andrews is an economist in the Division of Industrial Rela tions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Digitized for 48 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis report was complete and updated; or to have a roll-call vote on the partial report. The delegates chose a rollcall vote. When it became apparent to Church that the vote would be in favor of accepting the committee’s partial report, he suspended the roll-call vote and asked for a voice vote, which resulted in the adoption of the entire report. It was generally agreed by convention del egates that in winning the credentials report battle Church passed his first test of leadership. Church expressed a desire to appoint his own succes sor to the post of vice president, citing a need for com patibility. The post had become vacant when President Arnold Miller resigned because of poor health, turning the leadership of the union over to Church.1 After a brief but spirited debate, the delegates en dorsed a resolution from the floor to waive a provision of the union’s constitution requiring a general election to fill the vacancy.2 Some of the opposing delegates ar gued that such a waiver was not in the spirit of the democratic process and represented a loss of autonomy for them as representatives of the rank and file. The ma jority, however, upheld the president’s right to pick a vice president. Another consideration was a saving of about $750,000, the cost of running an election. Church chose not to fill the vacancy during the convention. At a press briefing, however, he mentioned that he had narrowed the list of prospective candidates down to about five persons. Shrinking assets Willard A. Esselstyn, secretary-treasurer, told the del egates about the union’s current financial difficulties, pointing to a decline in the union’s liquid assets, from $46 million in 1970 to $2 million in 1979. Loans made by the union to its districts, costly legal settlements, and aid given to striking miners, combined with in flation, have brought the union to its current financial condition. With $2 million left in the bank, approxi mately the cost of holding the convention, Esselstyn said the union would soon be at the “zero level” unless a dues increase were approved. Dues increase. On a roll-call vote, following a sharp de bate, the delegates approved a constitutional amend ment to increase working miners’ dues by more than 100 percent. The last increase was in 1973. The dues will be about $48 million a year and will be divided equally among the locals, the districts, and the interna tional union. Dues will be raised from the current flat rate of $12 a month to $26.67. Working miners will pay an amount equivalent to 3 hours’ wages a month assessed at the grade 1 underground miner wage scale of $8.89 per hour. Linking the dues structure to the hourly wage will automatically raise dues when wages increase. The hourly formula was used to tie dues to in flation and a member’s ability to pay. The higher dues level was considered a major victory for Church, who saw it as another test of his leadership. “Give me a chance, give me what I need to work with, and if you don’t like my performance, in just 3 years you can get rid of me,’’ he told the delegates. Some who opposed the change in the dues structure acknowledged that an increase might be needed but asserted that 3 hours’ pay a month was too much. They argued that its adoption would make it too difficult to face their members back home, particularly when some of their locals and districts also were having financial troubles. They were also critical of what they called ex cessive spending by the union’s officers, and called upon Church to curtail it. In response, Church promised to review the union’s spending and staffing and said that money may be saved. The dues increase also will provide the UMW with the necessary funds to increase its organizing activities. The organizing committee recommended that specific funds be earmarked for the organizing department, in order to launch an intensive campaign to bring thou sands of miners and millions of tons of coal under the UMW’s banner. The committee called for an increase in the number of organizers from about 40 to about 150. The present organizing staff has been operating on a budget of about $500,000 a year. Church told the delegates that his proposal for 50 more Western organizers (currently there are nine) will be a top priority of his administration. Major orga nizing efforts will be planned in the coal-rich Rocky Mountain West, an area where the UMW is weak and threatened by an increasing number of nonunion opera tions. But he warned the delegates that such efforts will not be cheap. “If our organizing in the West is to be thorough, we must realize the cost will be huge. ‘Big money’ will be needed to help organize the rich West.” Strike fund and assessments. The convention approved another constitutional change to establish a strike fund. The International Executive Board will be authorized to call selective strikes against one or more companies which are not members of the Bituminous Coal Opera tors Association. This will be a major change in UMW’s strategy, which usually relies on industrywide work https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis stoppages. The adopted measure calls for the executive board to assess working miners $25 a week to raise the money for striking miners. The new strategy is primari ly directed at the Consolidation Coal Co. (Consol) which, last May, withdrew from the association, the coal industry’s bargaining arm for 30 years. Consol, which employs about 20,000 of the union’s members, plans to negotiate separately with the union during 1981. In the early days of the convention, the delegates re turned to the constitution committee a proposed amendment which would have permitted unlimited yearly assessments to provide for posting of bonds and payment of legal judgments against the UMW. Toward the end of the convention, the delegates authorized the executive board to assess working miners $10 a year for this purpose. The assessment authority is necessary, union officials said, because of the $16 million in poten tial court judgments facing the union during 1980. The lawsuits were filed by some of the coal operators, large ly because of the rash of wildcat strikes that marked Miller’s tenure. Some delegates who spoke asserted that the large dues increase and establishment of a selective strike fund obviated the need for any assessment. During the convention, it was announced that the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled the UMW International Union is not automatically liable for wildcat strikes.3 The decision supported a lower court ruling that denied damages to the Carbon Fuel Co. of West Virginia for losses suffered from 48 wildcat strikes by three of Dis trict 17’s locals during 1969-73. In a unanimous deci sion written by Justice William Brennan, the Supreme Court ruled that the Taft-Hartley Act, under which the suit was filed, does not impose liability on a parent union for strikes of locals the union did not authorize. In 1947, when Taft-Hartley was enacted, the interna tional union deleted a clause in the national agreement requiring it to take disciplinary or other action to end unauthorized strikes. Because the contract only called for arbitration of disputes and for the union, to preserve the integrity of the contract, the court ruled that neither the international nor District 17 could be held liable. Bargaining goals for 1981 In preparing for UMW’s 1981 bargaining rounds, the negotiators may be faced with rapidly changing eco nomic conditions, along with a weakening demand for coal. The Bituminous Coal Operators Association con tract, scheduled to expire in March 1981, covers 125,000 workers and has set the pattern for the union’s three other major contracts: the Western Surface Coal Agreements (12,000 workers) which expire April 1981,4 the National Coal Mine Construction Agreement (14,000 workers) which expires March 1981, and the 49 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Conventions Anthracite Wage Agreement (2,000 workers) which ex pires May 1981. The delegates adopted the collective bargaining com mittee’s report (which is intended as a guide to the ne gotiators) and asked for higher pay differentials on both the afternoon and midnight shifts, and for an uncapped cost-of-living increase of 1 cent per .3 percentage-point rise in the Consumer Price Index. In addition, a shorter workweek will be sought, aimed at expanding the number of jobs for miners. Presently, an estimated 20,000 union miners are unem ployed, and thousands more are on reduced work schedules because of lagging coal sales. The committee also proposed that the negotiators of the contract explore the possibility of placing arbitra tors under contract. This is intended to ensure that an arbitrator’s fee would not be raised during the term of the contract; that bench decisions (usually oral and handed down immediately after a hearing, without re course to further argument or evidence) be issued when they are mandated by the wage agreement; and that the use cf post-hearing briefs be limited to emergency situa tions only. The committee felt the proposal would “give the parties more control over arbitrators’’ and possibly ensure that they would uphold the “integrity’’ of the union’s wage agreement. A broad set of collective bargaining goals designed to protect workers from hazardous and unhealthful work was also adopted. Proposals for the new contract pro vide that a full-time union safety inspector and a full time nurse be employed at every mine; the right to strike over unsafe working conditions; the quadrupling of the annual protective clothing allowance paid by the opera tors to $500; postponement of any new rules disputed by workers for safety reasons until ruled on by an arbi trator; and, safety and health training of employees. Other floor action The office of Vice President for Pensioners’ Affairs was abolished, to become effective at the end of the in cumbent’s term in December 1982. Because retirees have the right to vote for local union presidents and vice presidents, they are considered to have adequate representation, making the vice president’s job unneces sary. Also approved was a resolution stripping membership from a worker taking a temporary supervisory job, and requiring payment of a new initiation fee to rejoin the union upon return to the regular job. Church and other UMW leaders accused the Govern ment of neglecting coal in the U.S. energy program. Church indicated that increasing coal production could free the United States from dependence on the Organi zation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel and provide work for unemployed coal miners. The del egates endorsed a legislative committee report reaffirm ing legislative goals of the 1976 convention, including a national coal development policy, a curb on nuclear power, breakup of multinational oil companies, and continued regulation of gasoline and domestic oil prices to benefit miners in rural areas. Guest speakers at the convention included Sen. Ed ward Kennedy, D-Mass., U.S. Assistant Secretary of Labor, William Hobgood (who delivered Secretary Ray Marshall’s speech), and Congressman Nick J. Rahall, D-W.Va. □ FOOTNOTES ' The resignation was accepted by the UMW International Execu tive Board, and Samuel Morgan Church, Jr., was sworn in on No vember 16, 1979. Under terms of the resignation, Arnold Miller will be designated “president emeritus” and will receive his full salary ($42,000 a year) until the expiration of his term in December 1982. At that time, the International Executive Board will determine wheth er to continue his salary. Miller won the union presidency in Decem ber 1972, defeating W. A. “Tony” Boyle, who subsequently was convicted of conspiracy to murder an earlier rival, Joseph A. Yablonski. 2Article V., Section 2(a), UMW Constitution provides that the Pres ident shall fill by appointment all vacancies occurring in any Interna tional office. However, if at the time a vacancy occurs in the office of vice president, secretary-treasurer, or executive board member, if 50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis more than 2 years of the term remains, he shall call for an election to fill the vacancy, the election to be held as promptly as possible. The amendment to Article V., Section 2(a) reads as follows: (b) Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 2(a) above, the President shall fill by appointment the vacancy existing in the office of Vice President which was created by the elevation of former Vice President Samuel Morgan Church, Jr. 3 Carbon F u el C om pan y vs. U nited M in e W orkers o f A m erica, 48 U.S.L.W. 4059 (U.S. December 10, 1979); for a further discussion of the case, turn to p. 51. 4 Separate agreements expiring at different dates are to be negotiat ed with individual companies in 1981. Significant Decisions In Labor Cases Long leash for wildcats In one of its first opinions of the 1979-80 term, the Supreme Court clarified the legal responsibility of par ent unions when their local affiliates are involved in an unauthorized strike. Unanimously, the Court concluded that, under the National Labor Relations Act, a parent union may be held liable for damages resulting from such strikes when it can be proved that the local acted with the express or implied authority of the parent union. The Court also ruled that the terms of a collec tive bargaining contract determine whether and to what extent a parent union has an obligation to attempt to resolve unauthorized strikes; failure to fulfill such an obligation also could result in damage liability. Because the United Mine Workers International Union did not instigate, support, ratify, or encourage a series of wild cat strikes between 1969 and 1973 and because the UMW had no contractual obligation to resolve the strikes, it could not be held liable for resulting strike damages, the Court ruled. (Carbon Fuel Co.1) The Carbon Fuel Co. claimed that a UMW contract provision specifying arbitration of grievances required the international to use “all reasonable means” to end unauthorized strikes. Congressional policy favoring ar bitration imposes such an obligation when an arbitra tion clause exists, the company urged. Writing for the Court, Justice William Brennan rejected this argument, which had created a conflict among the Circuit Courts of Appeals.2 The “agency” test of union liability for unauthorized strikes established by Congress, he reasoned, precluded an ex tension of the policy in favor of arbitration which would impose an obligation on parent unions to inter vene. However, Brennan noted that this result did not affect the content of arbitration clauses. Carbon Fuel also claimed that a contract provision requiring the UMW to “maintain the integrity” of the contract obligated the international to attempt to end unauthorized strikes as part of its responsibility under the arbitration clause. On this issue, Brennan relied on elements of the Court’s decisions in the Steelworkers “Significant Decisions in Labor Cases” is written by Gregory J. Mounts of the M o n th ly L a b o r R eview staff. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Trilogy.3 Essentially, he emphasized that when a con tractual agreement is specific the courts may not substi tute a different result. Thus, when the parties have agreed not to arbitrate, Federal policy in favor of arbi tration cannot impose such an obligation. Brennan not ed that, in 1952, specific contract language requiring the UMW to attempt to end unauthorized strikes was de leted. Because such a requirement to intervene had been purposefully negotiated out of the agreement, it could not now be covered by the contract’s arbitration provi sion. Although the full scope of the UMW’s responsibil ity to “maintain the integrity” of the contract was left unsettled, the Court ruled that in light of the parties’ bargaining history the union no longer had any obliga tion to resolve wildcat strikes. The Court’s decision in Carbon Fuel made clear that a parent union is not liable for wildcat strike damages when (1) the local did not act as the agent of the parent “in accordance with their fundamental agreement of as sociation”; and (2) the parent has fulfilled its responsi bility under the collective bargaining agreement to resolve such unauthorized strikes. Thus, where contract language is unclear, a parent union could be held liable for wildcat strike damages if it failed to fulfill obliga tions found (by a court or an arbitrator) to be con tained in the contract. Landbased longshoring The availability of compensation for both disability and death suffered by longshoremen and harbor work ers was substantially broadened by Congress in 1972. Court interpretations of earlier laws had limited com pensation to the disabilities or death that occurred “on navigable waterways.” This distinction resulted in cases where workers injured in falls were awarded compensa tion depending on where they landed— over water or on land.4 The 1972 law corrected this type of inequity by extending coverage to certain land areas and by cov ering “any person engaged in maritime employment.” In a 1977 case,5 the Supreme Court explained that one of the congressional reasons for expanding coverage was the increased use of containerized shipping— which permits traditional longshoring tasks to be performed in a variety of locations. Thus, the Court ruled that work ers involved in packing and unpacking containers or 51 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Significant Decisions in Labor Cases those who, at least part of the time, could be assigned to perform such “indisputable” longshoring tasks were covered by the 1972 law. However, the Court left unresolved whether Congress meant to include other workers who handle ships’ cargo within the definition of “maritime employment.” Late in 1979, clear occupational boundaries for cover age under the 1972 law were finally established. Con gress meant to include all workers involved in moving cargo between ship and land transportation when it provided injury compensation for maritime employ ment, the Supreme Court unanimously held.6The Court explained that Congress was more concerned with the nature, not the location, of employment. Thus, the en tire process of moving cargo from one form of transpor tation to another remains longshoring even though some intermediate— and integral—steps are now performed away from the water’s edge. The Court’s decision approved a ruling by the 5th Circuit that two injured workers— one while fastening vehicles onto railroad flatcars and another while unloading cotton into a pier warehouse— were covered by the law because of the nature of their work. Howev er, specifying both the nature and location of employ ment makes clear that not all who work within the land areas designated in the law are covered. Persons whose responsibility is only to pick up cargo for further trans shipment are not covered despite the fact that they work at a marine situs, the Court emphasized. The costs of discrimination In another case decided early in its 1979-80 term, the Supreme Court ruled that Federal funds available under the Emergency School Aid Act may be denied to elementary and secondary schools based on statistical evidence of a disparate racial impact in the hiring, pro motion, or assignment of employees.7 Congress made funds available under the law to de fray the costs associated with the “elimination of minority group discrimination” and to encourage the adoption of such desegration programs. Schools com pete for a limited amount of total funds, but become in eligible if they have engaged in certain discriminatory employment practices specified by the law. However, the ambiguity of the law’s ineligibility provision had left it unclear whether schools could be denied aid based on the discriminatory impact of their practices or whether denial could be based only on proof of discriminatory intent. The Court reasoned that Congress intended to pro vide financial assistance to schools, in part, as an entice ment to encourage voluntary elimination of de facto as well as de jure minority group segregation and isolation. To disqualify only those applicants with a conscious in tent to perpetuate racial isolation would defeat the con gressional objective of ending both forms of dis crimination, the Court declared. In approving the use of an impact test, the Court explained that a school could possibly rebut the dispa rate effect shown by statistical evidence by proof of “ed ucational necessity,” analogous to the “business necessity” justification applied under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Finally, the Court addressed the question of denying antidiscrimination aid to some of the actual victims of discrimination: There is no force in the suggestion that a decision adverse to the Board here will serve to harm or penalize the very children who are objects of the beneficial provisions of the act. A ruling of ineligibility does not make the children who attend New York City schools any worse off; it does serve to deny them benefits that in theory would make them bet ter off. The funds competed for, however, are not wasted, for they are utilized, in any event, to benefit other similarly disadvantaged children. It is a matter of benefit, not of deprival, and it is a matter of selectivity. □ FOOTNOTES ' Carbon F uel Co. v. U nited M in e W orkers o f A m erica, 48 U.S.L.W. 4059 (U.S., Dec. 10, 1979). 2The Third and Eighth Circuits had ruled that a parent union was liable under a no-strike clause for failure to use best efforts to end unauthorized strikes: E a zo r Express, Inc. v. Team sters, 520 F. 2d 951 (3d Cir. 1975); U nited S ta tes S teel v. U M W A , 534 F. 2d 1063 (3d Cir. 1976); B itu m in ou s C oal O perators v. U M W A , 585 F. 2d 586 (3d Cir. 1978); R ep u b lic S teel Corp. v. U M W A , 570 F. 2d 467 (3d Cir., 1978); and W agner Elec. Corp. v. L o ca l 1104, 496 F. 2d 954 (8th Cir. 1974). The Fourth Circuit (in this and earlier cases) and the Sixth Circuit had both reached a contrary result: U n ited C onstruction W orkers v. H aislip B a k in g Co., 223 F. 2d 872 (4th Cir. 1955); U M W A v. Carbon F u el Co., 582 F. 2d 1346 (4th Cir. 1978); and Southern Ohio C oal Co. 52 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis v. U M W A , 551 F. 2d 695 (6th Cir. 1977). 3 U n ited S teelw orkers v. A m erican M fg. Co., 363 U.S. 564 (1960); U n ited S teelw orkers v. W arrior & G u lf N avigation Co., 363 U.S. 574 (1960); and U n ited S teelw orkers v. E nterprise W heel & C a r Corp., 363 U.S. 593 (1960). 4See N acirem a O perating Co. v. Johnson, 396 U.S. 212 (1969). 5N orth east M arin e T erm in al Co. v. C aputo, 432 U.S. 249 (1977). b P. C. P feiffer Co., Inc. v. Ford, 48 U.S.L.W. 4018 (U.S., Nov. 27, 1979). 7B oard o f Ed., C ity o f N ew Y ork v. H arris, 48 U.S.L.W. 4035 (U.S., Nov. 28, 1979). M ajor Agreements Expiring Next M onth This list of collective bargaining agreements expiring in April is based on contracts on file in the Bu reau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. E m p lo y e r and lo c a tio n U n io n 1 In d u stry N u m b er o f w o rk ers Area Grocery C ontract (M innesota and W isconsin)2 ...................................... Associated C ontractors of Ohio, Inc., 2 agreements (Ohio and Kentucky) . Associated General Contractors of America: Central Illinois Builders Chapter ................................................................ C hattanooga Chapter (Alabama, Georgia, and T e n n e ss e e )................... M id-Florida, and 1 other a sso ciatio n ........................................................... New Orleans Chapter (L o u isian a)................................................................ Retail trade ................................ C o n stru ctio n ................................ Food and Commercial W o r k e r s ........... Carpenters; and Operating Engineers . 1,200 5,500 C o n stru ctio n ................................ C o n stru ctio n ................................ C o n stru ctio n ................................ C o n stru ctio n ................................ 1,600 1,200 2,200 7,350 Northeastern Florida Chapter (Florida and G e o rg ia ).............................. Ohio Building Chapter, 2 agreements ........................................................ St. Louis Chapter, 2 agreements (Missouri) ........................................... C o n stru ctio n ................................ C o n stru ctio n ................................ C o n stru ctio n ................................ Carpenters ................................................ Carpenters ................................................ Carpenters ................................................ Building and Construction Trades Council Carpenters ................................................ Carpenters; and Laborers ...................... Carpenters; and Laborers ...................... 1,500 4,500 7,700 Bendix Corp., M aster Agreement ( I n te r s ta te ) ................................................... Borg-W amer Corp., York Division (Decatur, 111.)........................................... Builders of Tazewell County and 5 others (Peoria, 111.)................................... Transportation equipment . . . . Machinery ................................... C o n stru ctio n ................................ A uto Workers ( I n d .) ................................ Allied Industrial Workers ...................... Carpenters ................................................ 6,900 1,200 4,300 California Conference of Mason Contractors Association, Inc. (Los Angeles, Calif.) Caterpillar Tractor Co. (C alifo rn ia)...................................................................... Charmin Paper Products Co. (Green Bay, Wise.) ........................................... Chicago Lithographers Association (Illin o is)...................................................... Cities Service Co., Copperhill Operations (Copperhill, Tenn.) ..................... Clark Equipment Co., Industrial Truck Division (Battle Creek, Mich.) . . . Clark Equipment Co., Transmission Division (Jackson, Mich.) ................... Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co. ( O h io )........................................................ Construction Employers Association, Inc. (Kentucky and Indiana) ........... Construction Employers Association, Inc. and 2 others (K e n tu c k y )........... C ontractors’ Association of Eastern P e n n sy lv a n ia ........................................... C o n stru ctio n ................................ Bricklayers ................................................ 1,000 Machinery ................................... P a p e r .............................................. Printing and publishing ........... M in in g ........................................... Machinery ................................... Transportation equipment . . . . Utilities ........................................ C o n stru ctio n ................................ C o n stru ctio n ................................ C o n stru ctio n ................................ Machinists ................................................ Paperworkers ........................................... G raphic A r t s .............................................. Chemical Workers ................................... Allied Industrial W orkers ...................... Allied Industrial W o r k e r s ...................... Utility W o r k e r s ........................................ Carpenters ................................................ L a b o re rs ...................................................... Carpenters; Laborers; and Teamsters (Ind.) 1,400 1,500 4,800 1,200 2,000 1,500 2,700 2,000 3,000 4,500 Dayco Corp., Southern Division (Waynesville, N . C . ) ...................................... D ayton Tire & Rubber Co. (Dayton, Ohio) ...................................................... Denver M etropolitan Retail Grocers (C olorado)2 ........................................... Rubber ........................................ Rubber ........................................ Retail trade ................................ Rubber Workers ...................................... Rubber Workers ...................................... Food and Commercial W o r k e r s ........... 1,600 1,350 1,200 ESB Inc., Automotive Division (Interstate) ...................................................... Exxon Corp., Exxon Co., U.S.A., Refinery and Chemical plants (Baytown, Tex.) P e tro leu m ...................................... Gulf Coast Industrial Workers Union (Ind.) Fischer & Porter Co., and 2 others (Pennsylvania)........................................... Instruments 1,500 ................................ 1,000 1,500 Formica Corp. (Cincinnati, O h i o ) ......................................................................... Rubber ........................................ Independent Union of Rotam aster Workers Electrical Workers (IBEW) ................... General Public Utilities Corp., M etropolitan Edison Co. (Pennsylvania) . . Gould, Inc. (I n te r s ta te )...................................................................................... G reat Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., Inc., Grocery Division (Horseheads, N.Y.) Utilities ........................................ Electrical products ................... Food products ........................... Electrical Workers (IBEW) ................... Electrical Workers (IBEW) ................... Teamsters (Ind.) ...................................... 1,550 1,200 1,700 Heavy Constructors Association (Kansas and M isso u ri)................................ Home Builders Association (St. Louis, M o .) ...................................................... Hoover Co. (Canton, O h i o ) ................................................................................... Food products ........................... C o n stru ctio n ................................ Electrical p ro d u c ts ..................... Operating E n g in e e rs ................................ Carpenters ................................................ Electrical W orkers (IBEW) ................... 1,750 2,200 3,200 Keystone Consolidated Industries, National Lock Division (Rockford, 111.) Fabricated metal products A uto Workers (I n d .) ................................ 1,200 Luggage and Leather Goods Manufacturers Association (New York, N.Y.) Leather ........................................ Leather Goods, Plastic and Novelty Workers 1,500 Mason C ontractors Association of Baltimore, Inc. (M aryland) ................... Meat Drivers (Chicago, 111.)2 ...................................................................................... C o n stru ctio n ................................ Food products ........................... Bricklayers ................................................ Teamsters (Ind.) ........................... 1,000 1,200 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . . . 1,050 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Major Agreements Expiring Next Month Continued— Major Agreements Expiring Next Month E m p lo y er and lo c a tio n N u m b er of w ork ers U n io n 1 In d u stry M etropolitan Edison Co. (Pennsylvania).............................................................. Minneapolis Automobile Dealers Association (M innesota) ........................... Utilities ........................................ Retail t r a d e ................................... Electrical W orkers (IBEW) ................... Teamsters ( I n d .) ........................................ Nevada Resort Association, 2 agreements (Las Vegas, N e v .) ........................ Northern Illinois Ready Mix and Materials Association (Illin o is )................ Hotels ........................................... Wholesale t r a d e ........................... Hotel and R estaurant Employees Ohio C ontractors Association, and 1 other, 2 agreements (Ohio and Kentucky) Owens-Illinois Inc. (Interstate) .............................................................................. C o n stru c tio n ................................ 12,100 R u b b e r ........................................... Bricklayers; Plasterers’ and Cement Masons; and Operating Engineers Glass Bottle Blowers Association . . . . Pipe Line C ontractors Association, National Agreement (I n te rsta te )........... Printing Industry of Twin Cities M innesota (Minneapolis and St. Paul, M inn.)2 Public Service Electric and Gas Co., 2 agreements (New J e rse y )................... C o n stru c tio n ................................ Printing and p u b lish in g ............. P lu m b e rs ...................................................... Graphic A r t s .............................................. 10,000 1,500 Utilities 2,800 Retail M eat Cutters C ontract (Kansas and M issouri)2 ................................... Retail M eat M arkets (M ichigan)2 ......................................................................... Rock Hill Printing and Finishing Co. (Rock Hill, S.C.) ................................ Rock Products and Ready Mixed Concrete Employers (Southern California) Retail t r a d e ................................... Retail t r a d e ................................... T e x tile s........................................... M in in g ........................................... Electrical W orkers (IBEW); and Plumbers Food and Commercial Workers ........... Food and Commercial W orkers ........... Textile W orkers ........................................ Teamsters ( I n d .) ........................................ 1,000 4,000 1,800 5,000 Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association, Inc. (St. Louis, Mo.) Stanadyne Inc. (Chicago, 111.)................................................................................. Standard Brands, Inc., Planters Peanuts Division (Suffolk, V a . ) ................... Store Fixture and A rchitectural Woodwork Institute (C a lifo rn ia )................ C o n s tru c tio n ................................ Sheet Metal W o rk e rs ................................ 1,150 Fabricated metal products . . . . Food p ro d u c ts .............................. Furniture ...................................... Auto Workers ( I n d .) ................................ D istributive Workers (Ind.) ................... C a rp e n te rs ................................................... 1,000 1,500 2,000 ........................................ .... 'Affiliated with A F L -C IO except where noted as independent (Ind.). ’ Industry area (group of companies signing same contract). 54 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 18,800 1,800 United Airlines, Inc., Pilots (Interstate)3 ........................................................... Washington Metal Trades, Inc. (Seattle, W a s h .)................................................ Washington Metal Trades, Inc.................................................................................. West Penn Power Co. (P ennsylvania)................................................................... White M otor Corp., Farm Equipment Co. (Charles City, I o w a ) ................... Wholesale-Retail Milk Agreement (Illinois)2 ...................................................... 1,550 1,250 1,650 7 ^00 Fabricated metal products . . . . M achinery...................................... Utilities ........................................ M achinery...................................... Boilermakers .............................................. M ac h in ists................................................... Utility Workers ........................................ A uto W orkers ( I n d . ) ................................ ’ Information is from newspaper reports. 2,500 2,500 1,100 1,700 1,200 Developments in Industrial Relations Anti-inflation unit urges higher pay lid The Council on Wage and Price Stability received the recommendations of the Pay Advisory Committee, the 18-member body established as part of the “national ac cord” between the Administration and organized labor. (Sze Monthly Labor Review, February 1980, p. 12.) The Pay Advisory Committee’s most important rec ommendation was that the 7-percent standard for annu al pay increases be replaced by a 7.5- to 9.5-percent standard. Apparently, this figure was a compromise be tween labor and business members of the committee. A FL-C IO President Lane Kirkland indicated that unions could accept the standard, saying, “If it had been any worse we couldn’t have taken it, and if it had been any better, we wouldn’t have gotten it.” Commit tee member R. Heath Larry, former vice chairman of United States Steel Corp., called the new standard “re alistic.” The council did not begin applying the new standard to wage settlements and determinations, pending development of criteria for assessing the size of par ticular settlements and determinations. Other proposals ease the rule under which employees may receive pay increases above the guidelines if they have traditionally maintained a “tandem” relationship with those of other workers. The major aspects of this policy include: • Permitting employee units not covered by automat ic cost-of-living clauses to maintain historic pay re lationships with units that have such clauses. • Allowing employers to implement above-guidelines increases themselves, rather than seeking council ap proval. However, employers should be able to prove a tandem relationship. • No longer requiring identical increases in a tandem relationship, but employers must be able to justify the difference. “Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben and other members of the staff of the Division of Trends in Employee Compensation, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is largely based on in formation from secondary sources. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • No longer requiring the leader in a tandem rela tionship to be in the same industry or geographic area. However, the leader must be exempt from or in compli ance with the guidelines. The latter requirement was first applied in January, when the council ruled that the September agreement between General Motors Corp. and the Auto Workers could not serve as the basis for a tandem exception to the guidelines for other companies because the accord exceeded the pay standards. (However, the council did not press General Motors to renegotiate the contract because the company had pledged to adhere to the price standard during the second year of the program, rather than use the alternative profit-margin standard that could permit larger increases.) The January ruling was in response to “numerous inquiries,” particularly from the auto parts manufacturers which have traditionally followed the bargaining lead of the major auto compa nies. Also, the committee recommended that the cost of contracts with wage escalator clauses be determined as suming that the Consumer Price Index will rise 7.5 per cent a year. The council accepted the committee’s recommen dation that longevity pay raises be excluded when calculating whether a unit of employees is in compliance with the pay standards. Previously, longevity increases were considered, while pay raises resulting from “legiti mate promotions and qualification increases” were ex cluded. A council official said the change was made because employers were having difficulty distinguishing between raises based on length of service and those based on increased skills. Another change accepted by the council permits all employees in units with average hourly earnings of $5.35 or less to be excluded from the pay standards. The existing regulation, which permits the exclusion of any worker earning less than $4 an hour, was retained. In the committee’s view, pay adjustments below the low end of the range may occur depending on criteria such as industry practice, prevailing competitive condi tions, ability to pay, and prior levels of settlements. Pay adjustments above the range may occur in circumstan55 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Developments in Industrial Relations ces involving criteria such as productivity improve ments, acute labor shortage, gross inequity, or undue hardship. workers in the United States, agreed to a total of $16.5 million in concessions, similar to that in the UAW set tlement. Chrysler employees accept pay concessions U.S. Steel plans plant closings Chrysler Corp.’s bleak financial outlook was im proved when the Auto Workers acceded to the requirements of emergency Federal legislation (the Chrysler Corporation Loan Guarantee Act of 1979) and agreed to a cut in the cost of its 3-year contract with Chrysler. The concessions of $243 million from the pat tern of settlements with General Motors Corp. and Ford Motor Co. were in addition to the $203-million concessions in the October Chrysler accord. (See Monthly Labor Review, December 1979, pp. 55-57.) As a result, the Federal Government agreed to back loans obtained by the company. Under the second agreement, Chrysler employees rep resented by the Auto Workers will receive 3-percent wage increases in March of 1980, 1981, and 1982. (The October settlement provided for increases in March 1980 and January and November of 1981.) There was no change in the 24-cents-an-hour cost-of-living “trav el” increase, which was effective September 17, 1979. Another concession is that employees will not receive any paid personal holidays during the 3-year contract which ends September 14, 1982. The UAW-represented workers will not receive their December 1980 bonus payment—equal to one day’s pay—although they did receive the bonus in December 1979 and will receive an other in December 1981. Under the October settlement, the workers would have received 9 paid personal holi days in 1981 and 11 in 1982, plus all three of the De cember bonuses. The loan guarantee act also obligated Chrysler to give $162.5 million in company stock to its employees. The distribution will be made over a 4-year period, scheduled to begin in July 1980. (This was in addition to a stock ownership plan negotiated in October.) Stock distributed to employees will equal the value of Federal tax credits on certain investments for machinery and equipment. Employees also may invest in additional shares, up to certain limits, with the company matching the amount. These additional cost concessions and the stock dis tribution do not apply to the Chrysler employees the UAW represents in Canada. In a separate vote, the Ca nadian workers rejected the further concessions. Be cause of this, Chrysler agreed that all of the additional savings resulting from the second accord will be spent in the United States. The union also informed Chrysler that in 1982 it will bargain separately with the company for its members in the two countries. Seven other unions, representing 4,000 Chrysler Plant closings and resulting losses of jobs loomed as an even more important issue in the 1980 steel negotia tions, after U.S. Steel Corp. announced that it was clos ing more than a dozen plants in eight States and permanently laying off about 13,000 workers. The action was described as “an economic tragedy” by United Steelworkers President Lloyd McBride, who called for immediate Government steps to aid the termi nated workers. He said the union would attempt to head off any further closings in the industry by initiat ing negotiations with management whenever it believes that efforts to modernize and maintain facilities are in adequate. U.S. Steel Board Chairman David M. Roderick said the facilities scheduled for closing had “become non competitive for a variety of reasons, including operating costs, unfairly priced imports, or excessive environmen tal spending requirements.” The impact was particularly severe in the Youngs town, Ohio, area, where the decision to lay off 4,000 employees was followed by Jones & Laughlin’s decision to close a plant with 1,300 employees. (In 1977, Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. closed a Youngstown plant that had 4,000 employees.) American Bridge Division plants in Ambridge and Lawrenceville, Pa., were saved from closing after em ployees reversed their earlier decision and agreed to wage concessions the company said were necessary to make the plants competitive with other steel fabricators. U.S. Steel said that a cost disparity had developed be cause the two fabrication plants, and a third in Gary, Ind., were covered by the company’s contract for basic steel production units, where wages and benefits sub stantially exceed those at the other fabricators. The concessions provided that employees of the Ambridge and Lawrenceville plants will receive all ben efit improvements included in the 1980 basic steel settle ment, but they will not receive the specified wage in creases, and their wage escalator adjustments will be limited to 25 cents for each contract year. U.S. Steel announced that the Gary plant, which was not on the original closing list, would be shut down in 1980. Plant employees again voted to reject the compa ny’s request for cost relief. 56 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Government unveils plan to control carcinogens The Department of Labor announced the first com prehensive Federal policy to identify and protect workers from cancer-causing substances. The new ap proach, scheduled to become effective in April, is subject to legal challenges by several industry groups, which generally contended that the rules were unclear, exces sively rigid, and would be too costly to the industry. Eula Bingham, assistant secretary of labor for occu pational safety and health, said the change would per mit at least 10 additional workplace carcinogens to be controlled each year, in contrast to the previous caseby-case approach, which brought 21 carcinogens under controls during the agency’s 9-year existence. The sub stances to be brought under control would be selected from a list of about 500 agents that are suspected of causing cancer. Substances will be designated as “cate gory 1” if scientific testing indicates that they pose a grave danger to workers and “category 2” if there is ev idence “suggestive” of the danger of cancer. Under the new procedures, employers would be re quired to reduce worker exposure to category 1 substances to “the lowest feasible level,” primarily through engineering and work practice controls. If there is a suitable substitute, category 1 substances could be banned entirely. Category 2 substances would be sub ject to additional testing, but the Occupational Safety and Health Administration could issue temporary emer gency standards governing the use of substances in ei ther category. The industries complained that the new regulations do not require a “cost-benefit” analysis before a stand ard is imposed. However, OSHA officials said that they do consider the impact on an industry before making a decision. A Federal Circuit Court of Appeals had ruled in favor of the cost-benefit approach in a case in volving the benzene standard. A Supreme Court appeal was pending. (See Monthly Labor Review, March 1979, p. 68.) Another objection was OSHA’s approach to “nega tive” evidence produced by studies on humans. Previously, OSHA had ignored such studies. Under the new approach, it will consider the results of negative studies, but only if they examine evidence over a 30-year period, including 20 years of worker exposure, and if the sample studied is large enough to minimize the impact of “confounding variables.” Barbers and Beauticians union plans merger The Barbers and Beauticians union tentatively agreed to merge into the Food and Commercial Workers union. President Richard A. Plumb of the Barbers and Beauticians said the major reason for the move was that his union did not have the resources to organize the chain beauty shops and barber shops that are supplant ing independent shops. The Food and Commercial Workers already represent employees in many shopping https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis malls and department stores in which the new shops are located. The Barbers and Beauticians, with 35,000 members in 417 locals in the United States and Canada, dates back to the 1800’s. The Food and Commercial Workers, which resulted from the 1979 merger of the Retail Clerks and the Meat Cutters, is the AFL-CIO’s largest affiliate. It has 1.3 million members, and also dates back to the 1880’s. Plumb said that the merger was expected to be effec tive in April, after completion of a vote by the union’s members. Under the proposal, Plumb would be a vice president of the Food and Commercial Workers and head its new Barbers and Cosmetologists Division. In another merger development, the International Ty pographical Union and the Newspaper Guild an nounced agreement on the structure and authority of leaders of their new organization, as well as on major elements of the method for sanctioning strikes. Union officers participating in the negotiations said they expected the merger to be effective in January 1981. Forest products workers form new federation In a move to strengthen their organizing and bargaining, four unions in the West Coast forest prod ucts industry have formed the United Federation of In dustrial and Tidewater Labor Organizations. The units, with a total membership of 300,000, are the Interna tional Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union (ILWU); the Western Council of the Lumber Produc tion Industrial Workers; Region 3 of the International Woodworkers of America (a unit of the Carpenters and Joiners); and the Association of Western Pulp and Pa per Workers. ILWU President Jim Herman, who was elected chair man of the new organization, said it was formed in response to the unified approach of employers in 1978 bargaining with the Paper Workers, which prevented the union from attaining its goal of 2-year contracts at all companies. He stressed that each of the four organi zations will be “fully, completely and totally autono mous.” New contract for New York State employees About 47,000 scientific, professional, and technical employees of the State of New York were covered by a 3-year initial contract negotiated by the Public Employ ees Federation, an affiliate of both the Service Employ ees and the American Federation of Teachers. The settlement ended 8 months of negotiations that began after the Federation was certified as bargaining agent for the employees. The Federation had defeated an in cumbent Civil Service Employees Association in a 1978 57 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Developments in Industrial Relations representation election. The contract provides for three annual raises of 7 percent each, a single 9-percent increase for employees hired after April 1, 1979; establishment of a joint com mittee financed by the State to “assist employees in de veloping their full professional potential;” establishment of a “prevailing wage” concept for registered nurses un der which their salary scales will be linked to those in private industry in the area; lifting of a moratorium on the reclassification of jobs; improvements in hospital, medical, optical, and prescription drug benefits; and a provision for a study of “deferred compensation” for employees. Cleveland teachers approve contract, end strike Cleveland’s 5,000 public schoolteachers ended an 11-week strike by approving a new 2-year contract that provided for an immediate salary increase of 10 percent, a 4-percent increase in September 1980, and 5 percent in January and April of 1981. The teachers, members of the Cleveland Teachers Union (an affiliate of the Ameri can Federation of Teachers), had earlier rejected two 58 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis offers, and the strike developed into the longest in the system’s history. In the wake of the settlement, the school board began discussions with the teachers on how to attain the re quired 180 days a year of school for the 92,000 students without resorting to overtime, which would cost $200,000 for each Saturday session. Women workers at Kellogg get back pay The Kellogg Co. agreed to settle charges of alleged job discrimination against women at its Omaha, Neb., plant. Under the settlement, the company will give $155,950 in back pay to 287 women employees; 140 of this group will get an additional $141,750 in “incentive pay” as an encouragement to work in “nontraditional job areas.” The cereal maker also agreed that 40 per cent of the people the company hires as laborers and mechanics will be women. The Department of Labor’s charges of job discrimi nation were based on the assertion that women at the facility were concentrated in lower paying jobs and were not given a chance to compete for jobs usually held by men. □ Book Reviews Global economic guidelines— take your pick Challenges to a Liberal International Economic Order. Edited by Ryan C. Amacher, Gottfried Harberler, and Thomas D. Willett. Washington, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1979. 448 pp. Rich and Poor Nations in the World Economy. By Al bert Fishlow, Carlos F. Diaz-Alejandro, Richard R. Fagen, and Roger D. Hansen. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co. for 1980’s Project/Council on Foreign Relations, 1978. 264 pp. Although these two collections are linked by a com mon issue, the proper structure for the international economic system, they are very different in style, eco nomic substance, and political ideology. At the stylistic level, Challenges to a Liberal International Economic Or der is a more massive book, both in volume and tone. The conference papers presented are academic in char acter, intended for someone with a specialized policy in terest in the international economic order. Rich and Poor Nations in the World Economy is, in contrast, a collection of prescriptive essays that could be read by a well-informed general reader with an interest in foreign economic policy. The papers in Challenges to a Liberal International Economic Order tie together three broad themes. First, the best structure for an international economic regime is the free trade, open market, floating exchanges world that is the subject of neoclassical trade and payments theory. While the contributions stop short of advocat ing complete laissez faire, it is the logical ultimate in liberal economic orders. Second, liberalized economic regimes, and especially the relatively liberal postwar system of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and Bretton Woods, are mutually beneficial to all par ticipants. The third is that the relatively liberal order is under attack and in certain critical areas is crumbling. Two sources of antiliberal pressure are identified, a “new protectionism” on the part of the industrialized developed countries, and the demands for a New Inter national Economic Order. The argument against the latter, to the extent that such a program involves illiberal international economic https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis practices, is based on empirical work. Jagdish N. Bhagwati’s commentary suggests: . . . one must go to the evidence to choose the desirable policy framework and that here, ‘by and large,’ ‘more or less’ (two splendid English phrases!), the lessons are clear. The outward-looking or export-promoting countries have done better than others cross-sectionally; the shift from pro tectionist to liberal trade and payments policies has also helped individual countries, according to time series evi dence. For a more complete statement of this position, Gottfried Harberler’s paper, “The Liberal Economic Order in Historical Perspective,” is recommended as one of the centerpieces of the collection. My reading of the basic sense of this conference on the liberal order is that the ascendance of a “new pro tectionism” on the part of the advanced industrial mar ket economies is a far more serious problem for the liberal order than the demands of a New International Economic Order. Jan Tumlir’s urgent essay entitled “The New Protectionism, Cartels, and the International Order” is the key to understanding this point of view. Tumlir first outlines the two major economic forms the new protectionism takes: Cartel, especially popular among Europeans; and proposals for the “fair organiza tion” of the international trade order. Tumlir next de velops a very perceptive political model; he sees domestic politics being increasingly fragmented by strong interest groups and domestic politicians re sponding by defining an increasingly large array of na tional objectives. In Tumlir’s words, “Our political life consists largely of politicians making promises to orga nized groups. Because each promise entails a function for government, our political life consists largely of gov ernment soliciting additional functions for itself.” Even domestically, Tumlir sees that this form of poli tics can lead to mutual incompatibilities, and, as a result, even domestic economic planning (“organiza tion”) breaks down into “. . . political negotiation, an endless series of tests of power, the corporate state— a mutant incapable of survival because it cannot live at peace with its neighbors.” The implications of this for the international order are clear: There are objectives in the national array for which the international order is a necessary condition, in the sense that it prevents the MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Book Renews predations of others on the array of national objectives; and there are objectives for which it is an impediment, in the sense that it proscribes the export of domestic economic problems. The problem is to construct an in ternational order whose principles are such that univer sal compliance would not lead to the contradictions that are present now. Two conditions must be met be fore such an international order may be obtained. First, democratic governments must reject the view that they are merely passive conduits for the objectives of orga nized political groups, and policymakers must again de fine their role as reconciling and mediating the interests of various groups in such a way as to build some con sensus on a truly national interest. Second, the interna tional order must be constructed in such a way that it actually forces nations to adopt optimal policies. In the field of international economic transactions, theory leads us to believe that this policy is nondiscriminatory noninterference, that is, liberal trade. Tumlir believes that in this manner we would construct an international economic order such that national interest could always be equated to the development and support of the internationl trade and transactions regime. Rich and Poor Nations in the World Economy presents the centrist, left-liberal, and radical leftist views on the need for, and shape of, a New International Economic Order. Albert Fishlow’s essay is the most moderate piece offered. The economic paradigm that he centers his work on is an orthodox vision of international mar ket forces straining to achieve the efficiency of the per fectly competitive equilibrium. While there are ad mittedly major institutional obstacles in the way (and Fishlow will admit to much more than the contributors to Challenges to a Liberal International Order), the ideal is still the free interplay of economic forces, guided by the maximization motive. Fishlow’s policy prescription follows easily from this outlook; he offers a very gener ous package of institutional reforms, commodity fund finance, and other ad hoc measures that would add up to “. . . a limited reform modifying some of the objec tionable features of the present system which could sat isfy the limited objectives of all.” Politically, Fishlow sees a world of sovereign nation state actors engaged in policymaking exercises designed to maximize the national interest. In this political mod el, the maximizing solution is quite probably a policy package similar to Fishlow’s, assuming that all the ac tors define their interest in and around what Tumlir would call the “array” of economic objectives. I think that this is an overly naive and optimistic analysis of the international politics of the New International Eco nomic Order. Perhaps the most ironic example of his misreading of the politics of the less developed countries, especially his assumption that their goals are reform, not rejection, of the current order, is his use of 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a short quote from the Shah of Iran’s oil minister to support his contention of moderation in the less devel oped countries. A year later, of course, the Shah himself was violently replaced by virulently rejectionist forces. Carlos F. Diaz-Alejandro takes a much less sanguine view of the economics and politics of the New Interna tional Economic Order. His economics draws heavily on the literature of industrial organization and oligopo ly. In his view, oligopolistic “centers” take exploitative advantage of their “peripheries” in a chain that runs in ternationally from the developed centers to the hinter lands of the less developed countries through the institution of the transnational corporation. In his polit ical model, these same multinationals undermine the sovereignty of states, especially less developed states, to such an extent that reform is a politically impractical solution to the problem of a new order. His prescription stops short of what he terms “complete delinking” from, or rejection of, the current system, noting that the most recent example of complete delinking has been Cambodia. The scenario he favors he calls “selective delinking,” which involves guaranteeing the less devel oped countries the political sovereignty necessary to dis engage from, or engage minimally in, an international market that is oligopolistically organized in a manner disadvantageous to those countries involved. Converse ly, the less developed countries should selectively enter markets that are organized competitively (or, better yet, in ways that favor them). Diaz-Alejandro’s political analysis seems to me to be much shrewder than Fishlow’s, but the reader might take issue with much of his economics, especially the automatic assumptions about the malevolence of the transnational corpora tions. Richard R. Fagen has written an essay profoundly pessimistic of the possibility of reform of the interna tional economic order in any way that will meaningfully address the issues of international or intranational equi ty. His economics and politics both draw heavily on a Marxist base, and, therefore, are difficult, to the point of impossibility, to analyze separately. Fagen proposes that the world is dichotomous— on one hand a hierar chy of capitalist bourgeois elites, on the other an exploited (mainly) less-developed subproletariat. In his analysis, the structural incentives in, and institutional framework of, the current order provide little hope for a policy that would meaningfully alleviate either the prob lem of absolute poverty among members of the subproletariat or of maldistribution of income between the classes. Implicit in his views are an economic model similar to, but far more radical than Diaz-Alejandro’s, and a political viewpoint dominated by the perception that sovereign national policies are shaped entirely by the concerns of the financial and commercial interests within the state. I happen to disagree with both analy- ses, but one must recognize that these ideas do exist, and are much more favorably received by analysts in the less developed countries than by economists in the advanced capitalist nations. Fagen must be commended for the force and clarity with which he presents his al ternative paradigm. — R ic h a r d M. D e v e n s , Jr . Economist Bureau of Labor Statistics A union’s struggle in the South The Knights o f Labor in the South. By Melton Alonza McLaurin. Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press, 1978. 232 pp. (Contributions in Labor History, 4.) $16.95. The Southern States are usually thought of as antiunion in a rather sweeping sense, referring to atti tudes of both employers and employees. Recent events are changing this image somewhat, but for many years it was a widely held stereotype. How wrong such com mon stereotypes can be is vividly illustrated in this fas cinating history, The Knights of Labor in the South. In 1885, the first district of the Knights in the South was formed in Richmond, and there had been some successful organizing activity in Georgia and Alabama as early as the 1870’s. While the Knights functioned very briefly in the South as a large organization with significant impact, the history of their organizing work and local activities shows a clear interest on the part of Southern workers in banding together to obtain better wages and working conditions. The author’s careful, detailed account begins with an interesting sketch of general economic conditions in the post-Civil War South, describing the newly developing industries and burgeoning cities. Textiles, lumber, to bacco, mining, and iron became important early; em ployment in these industries grew, creating many of the same industrial relations problems that arose also in the North. Another background chapter, “The Southern Labor Force,” delineates differences between the South and the North, pointing out that the South continued to be ba sically an agricultural region for many years, even into the 20th century, with close to 90 percent of its popula tion living in rural areas. Therefore, industrialization and related labor union growth could not possibly par allel that in the North. The author presents statistics on wages and gives oth er information on the long hours and bleak conditions commonly endured by Southern workers of the period. The power of the employer and the near-hopeless situa tion of many of the workers is brought out graphically. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The main part of the book traces the growth of the Knights of Labor in the Southern States and describes their activities in several fields: organizational work; re lationships with black members; strikes and boycotts undertaken by Knights’ members in the South; political activities; work in educational and cooperative endeav ors. Only the latter two activities were truly consistent with the original objectives of the national organization; the author explains how the circumstances of the work ers, however, inevitably drew them into conflict with their employers, led to strikes and boycotts, and into ef forts to better themselves through political means. The Knights of Labor was not, because of limitations imposed by its national leaders, an organization wellsuited to the needs of Southern industrial workers, but it offered the first hope to many of them for improve ment and they joined, trying to adapt the organization to serve their interests. They were disappointed time af ter time when, in desperation, they asked for strike aid, or even speakers and organizers from the national orga nization, and received nothing. What the Knights’ organization did accomplish in the South was to introduce the idea of a union among the workers and give them some practical experience in op erating one. There were more failures than successes in the history of the Knights in the South, and some of the failures, such as the lost strike at the textile mill in Augusta, Ga., described in the book, were tragic. The author has assembled an impressive amount of detailed information about the activities of the various local groups of the Knights, and the people who partici pated. He has organized the subject matter in a logical way, pointing up the significance of the events from sev eral perspectives. Many of the problems that faced the early organizers of the Knights remain, in some degree, today. This book provides excellent historical background for the study of industrial relations in the South today; in addi tion it is an absorbing tale about the aspirations and struggles of some very brave workers of an earlier era. The author is a professor of history at the University of North Carolina, Wilmington, and has written a pre vious volume on labor history, Paternalism and Protest: Southern Cotton Mill Workers and Organized Labor, 1875-1905. His new book is a scholarly work based mainly on extensive research in primary sources, such as the Terence Powderly and John W. Hayes papers. There are many footnotes and a full bibliography. It is by no means dull, however, and is recommended for general reading as well as for reference use by special ists. — E l iza be t h K. V a n St a a v e r e n Chief Bibliographer, U.S. Department of Labor Library 61 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Book Reviews Publications received Agriculture and natural resources Odell, Peter R., “World Energy in the 1980s: The Significance of Non-OPEC Oil Supplies,” Scottish Journal of Political Economy, November 1979, pp. 215-31. Stobaugh, Robert and Daniel Yergin, “The energy outlook: combining the options, ” Harvard Business Review, January-February 1980, pp. 57-73. Economic and social statistics Gutmann, Peter M., “Statistical Illusions, Mistaken Policies,” Challenge, November-December 1979, pp. 14-17. Guzzardi, Walter, Jr., “Demography’s Good News for the Eighties,” Fortune, Nov. 5, 1979, beginning on p. 92. Health Insurance Institute, Source Book of Health Insurance Data, 1978-1979. 20th ed. Washington, Health Insurance Institute, 1979, 96 pp. Levenson, Mark, “Equal Opportunity: A Scorecard,” Dun's Review, November 1979, pp. 106-10. Montero, Darrel, Vietnamese Americans: Patterns o f Re settlement and Socioeconomic Adaptation in the United States. Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1979, 218 pp., bibliography. $17.50. North, David S., Analyzing the Apprehension Statistics of the Immigration and Naturalization Service: Final Report, Phase One. Washington, New TransCentury Foundation, Center for Labor and Migration Studies, 1979, 59 pp. Takeuchi, Hirotaka and Allan H. Schmidt, “New promise of computer graphics,” Harvard Business Review, JanuaryFebruary 1980, pp. 122-31. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Capital Stock Estimates for Input-Output Industries: Methods and Data. Washing ton, 1979, 125 pp. (Bulletin 2034.) Stock No. 029-001-02397-9. $4, Superintendent of Documents, Washington 20402. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Transportation Statistics Annual Report, August 1979. Washington, U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Pro grams Administration, Transportation Systems Center, 1979, 204 pp., bibliography. Stock No. 050-000-00154-7. $5.50, Superintendent of Documents, Washington 20402. U.S. Railroad Retirement Board, Railroad Retirement Board 1978 Annual Report for Fiscal Year Ending September 30 and Statistical Supplement. Chicago, 111., 1979, 94 and 140 pp., respectively. $3.50, Superintendent of Docu ments, Washington 20402. Health and safety Campbell, B. C. and others, “Occupational Lead Exposure and Renin Release,” Archives of Environmental Health, November-December 1979, pp. 439-43. Crapnell, Stephen, “Accident prevention: Your key to control ling surging workers’ compensation costs,” Occupational Hazards, November 1979, pp. 35-38. Engel, Paul G., “The fight to control medical costs,” Occupa tional Hazards, November 1979, pp. 41-45. Hurst, George A. and others, “The Tyler Asbestos Workers Program: I, A Medical Surveillance Model and Method,” Archives of Environmental Health, November-December 62 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1979, pp. 432-39. Luria, S. M. and Christine McKay, “Visual Processes of Smokers and Nonsmokers at Different Ages,” Archives of Environmental Health, November-December 1979, pp. 449-54. Viscusi, W. Kip, Employment Hazards: An Investigation of Market Performance. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univer sity Press, 1979, 311 pp., bibliography. $20. Industrial relations Antos, Joseph R., Mark Chandler, Wesley Mellow, “ Sex Dif ferences in Union Membership,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, January 1980, pp. 162-69. Beattie, A. C., “Access of Public Servants to Australian In dustrial Tribunals: Attitudes of Governments and Gov ernment Employers,” The Journal of Industrial Relations, June 1979, pp. 229-42. Brauer, Mary A., “Limitations on Use of an Impartial Um pire to Resolve Deadlocked Disputes Between TaftHartley Trustees,” Labor Law Journal, December 1979, pp. 741-47. Burawoy, Michael, Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the La bor Process Under Monopoly Capitalism. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1979, 267 pp., bibliography. $ 20. Center to Protect Worker’s Rights, From Brass Knuckles to Briefcases: The Changing Art of Union-Busting in Ameri ca. Washington, Center to Protect Worker’s Rights, 1979, 90 pp. Chermesh, Ran, “Strikes: The Issues of Social Responsibility,” British Journal of Industrial Relations, November 1979, pp. 337-46. Edwards, P. K., “The Social Determination of Strike Activity: An Explication and Critique,” The Journal of Industrial Relations, June 1979, pp. 198-216. Gill, David, “Industry Unions—-Policy or Pipe Dream?” The Journal o f Industrial Relations, June 1979, pp. 184-97. Grady, John S., “Statistics in Employment Discrimination,” Labor Law Journal, December 1979, pp. 748-53. Hirsch, Barry T., “The Determinants of Unionization: An Analysis of Interarea Differences,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, January 1980, pp. 147-61. Lagather, Robert B., “The Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977,” Labor Law Journal, December 1979, pp. 723-31. Maurice, Marc and Francois Sellier, “Societal Analysis of In dustrial Relations: A Comparison Between France and West Germany,” British Journal of Industrial Relations, November 1979, pp. 322-36. Pati, Gopal C. and John I. Adkins, Jr., “Hire the handi capped— compliance is good business,” Harvard Business Review, January-February 1980, beginning on p. 14. Rosenthal, Rhoda, “Arbitral Standards for Absentee Dis charges,” Labor Law Journal, December 1979, pp. 73240. Sheridan, T., “Democracy Among the Aristocrats: Participa tion of Members in the Affairs of the AEU (Australian Section) 1900-1972,” The Journal of Industrial Relations, June 1979, pp. 161-83. Singh, Davinder and C. Glyn Williams, “A Model of Collec tive Bargaining for U.K. and U.S. Manufacturing: A Comparative Study,” British Journal of Industrial Rela tions, November 1979, pp. 386-89. Somers, Gerald G., ed., Collective Bargaining: Contemporary American Experience. Madison, Wis., Industrial Relations Research Association, 1980, 588 pp. $20. “The Uneasy Boundary: Church and State,” The Annals, The American Academy of Political and Social Science, No vember 1979, pp. 1-161. Tyler, Gus, “Labor in the 1980’s: A New Challenge,” The AFL-CIO American Federationist. November 1979, pp. 3 7. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Analysis of Work Stoppages, 1977. (Prepared by Marcy Freedman.) Washington, 1979, 77 pp. (Bulletin 2032.) Stock No. 029-001-02392-8. $3.50, Superintendent of Documents, Washington 20402. Industry and government organization American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Government Regulation: Proposals for Procedural Reform. Washington, 1979, 56 pp. (AEI Legislative Analyses, 9.) $3. --------- Limiting Presidential and Congressional Terms. Wash ington, 1979, 33 pp. (AEI Legislative Analyses, 4.) $3. --------- Proposals to Reform Drug Regulation Laws. Washing ton, 1979, 50 pp. (AEI Legislative Analyses, 8.) $3. Inside Congress. 2d ed. Washington, Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1979, 194 pp., bibliography. $6.95. National Party Conventions, 1831-1976. Washington, Congres sional Quarterly, Inc., 1979, 227 pp. $6.95. International economics U.S. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, Country Labor Profile: Columbia. By Martha R. Lowenstem. Washing ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 1979, 8 pp. 60 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, 20402. --------- Country Labor Profile: Thailand. By Donald S. Harris. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Inter national Labor Affairs, 1979, 5 pp. 60 cents, Superinten dent of Documents, Washington, 20402. Stem, Andrew, “The impact of world price changes under alternative exchange rate regimes,” Journal of Economics and Business, Fall 1979, pp. 79-85. Labor force Freeman, Richard B., “Employment Opportunities in the Doctorate Manpower Market,” Industrial and Labor Re lations Review, January 1980, pp. 185-97. Frost, Murray, Survey of Nebraska Women’s Employment Par ticipation, Attitudes, and Needs. Omaha, University of Ne braska at Omaha, Center for Applied Urban Research, 1979, 97 pp. Great Britain, Department of Employment Gazette, “The de velopment of special employment measures,” Employment Gazette, November 1979, pp. 1122-25. Greenhalgh, Christine A., “Male Labour Force Participation in Great Britain,” Scottish Journal of Political Economy, November 1979, pp. 275-86. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Herrnstadt, Irwin L., Morris A. Horowitz, Andrew Sum, The Transition from School to Work: The Contribution of Cooperative Education Programs at the Secondary Level. Boston, Mass., Northeastern University, Department of Economics, 1979, 378 pp. MacKay, R. Ross and Lydia Thomson, “Important Trends in Regional Policy and Regional Employment— A Modified Interpretation,” Scottish Journal o f Political Economy, November 1979, pp. 233-60. Management and organization theory Alber, Antone F., “How (and How Not) to Approach Job Enrichment,” Personnel Journal, December 1979, begin ning on p. 837. Carnes, William T., “Effective Meetings for Busy People: L et’s Decide It and Go Home,” New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1980, 348 pp. $13.95. "Drucker on Management,” Management Review, December 1979, pp. 40-41. Drucker, Peter F., “Planning for ‘Redundant’ Workers,” The Personnel Administrator, January 1980, pp. 32-34. Grove, George, “Information Management in the Office of the Future,” Management Review, December 1979, pp. 4 7 50. Higgins, C. Wayne and Billy U. Philips, “Keeping Employees Well: How Company-Sponsored Fitness Programs Keep Employees on the Job,” Management Review, December 1979, pp. 53-55. Hill, Christopher T. and James M. Utterback, “The Dynamics of Product Process Innovation,” Management Review, January 1980, pp. 14-20. Hyde, Albert C. and Jay M. Shafritz, eds., “Special Issue: Symposium on Training and Development— Current Themes and Prospects,” Public Personnel Management, November-December 1979, pp. 344-428. Kantrow, Alan M., “Why read Peter Drucker?” Harvard Business Review, January-February 1980, pp. 74-82. Karp, H. B., “From the Gestalt Perspective: A Tool for In creasing Individual Effectiveness,” Management Review, January 1980, pp. 58-61. Klingenberg, Ronna, “Decision Making and the Forces of Change,” Management Review, December 1979, pp. 1316. Kovach, Kenneth A., “Do We Still Need Labor Unions?” Personnel Journal, December 1979, pp. 849-50. Kowalski, Edita, “Why Women Are Not Going into In-house Management Training Programs,” The Canadian Person nel and Industrial Relations Journal, November 1979, pp. 17-24. “Listening and responding to employees’ concerns: An inter view with A. W. Clausen,” Harvard Business Review, Jan uary-February 1980, pp. 101-14. McNamara, Carlton P„ “Management Productivity: How to Uncover a Hidden Corporate Asset” Management Re view, December 1979, pp. 20-23. Norwood, John M., “But I can’t work on Saturdays,” The Personnel Administrator, January 1980, pp. 25-30. Rowney, J. I. A. and C. W. Nemeth, “Educational Programs for Professionalism,” The Canadian Personnel and Indus63 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Book Reviews trial Relations Journal, November 1979, pp. 10-14. Sawyer, Sandra and Arthur A. Whatley, “Sexual harassment: a form of sex discrimination,” The Personnel Administra tor, January 1980, beginning on p. 36. Schuler, Randall S., “Managing Stress Means Managing Time,” Personnel Journal, December 1979, pp. 851-54. Smith, Ward C , “Product Life-Cycle Strategy: How to Stay on the Growth Curve,” Management Review, January 1980, pp. 8-13. Woodworth, Warner and Reed Nelson, “Witch Doctors, Messianics, Sorcerers, and OD Consultants: Parallels and Paradigms,” Organizational Dynamics, Autumn 1979, pp. 16-33. Wages and compensation American Chemical Society, Starting Salaries and Employment Status of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Graduates: 1979 Survey Report. Washington, American Chemical So ciety, 1979, 61 pp. $5. Barth, Peter S. with H. Allan Hunt, Workers' Compensation and Work-Related Illnesses and Diseases. Cambridge, Mass., The MIT Press, 1980, 343 pp. $27.50, paper. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Area Wage Surveys: Toledo, Ohio-Michigan, Metropolitan Area, May 1979 (Bulletin 2050-16, 30 pp., $1.10); San Antonio, Tex., Metropolitan Area, May 1979 (Bulletin 2050-17, 27 pp., $1); Wichita, Kans., Metropolitan Area, April 1979 (Bulletin 2050-18, 28 pp., $1); San Jose, Calif, Metropolitan Area, March 7979 (Bulletin 2050-19, 36 pp., $1.10); Atlanta, Ga., Met ropolitan Area, May 1979 (Bulletin 2050-20, 42 pp., $1.30); Chicago, III, Metropolitan Area, May 1979 (Bulle tin 2050-21, 47 pp., $1.75); Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Portsmouth, Virginia-North Carolina Metropolitan Area, May 1979 (Bulletin 2050-22, 40 pp., $1.75); Worcester, Mass., Metropolitan Area, April 1979 (Bulletin 2050-23, 27 pp., $1.50); Richmond, Va., Metropolitan Area, June 1979 (Bulletin 2050-24, 31 pp., $1.50); Fresno, Calif, Metro politan Area, June 1979 (Bulletin 2050-25, 27 pp., $1.50); Patterson-Clifton-Passaic, New Jersey Metropolitan Area, June 1979 (Bulletin 2050-26, 28 pp., $1.50); Portland, 64 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Oregon-Washington Metropolitan Area, May 1979 (Bulle tin 2050-27, 38 pp., $1.75); Northeast Pennsylvania Met ropolitan Area, August 1979 (Bulletin 2050-32, 43 pp., $1.75); Corpus Christi, Tex., Metropolitan Area, July 1979 (Bulletin 2050-33, 39 pp., $1.75); Poughkeepsie, N.Y., Metropolitan Area, June 1979 (Bulletin 2050-34, 24 pp., $1.50); Poughkeepsie-Kingston-Newburgh, New York Area, June 1979 (Bulletin 2050-35, 27 pp., $1.50). Available from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 20402, GPO bookstores, or BLS regional offices. --------- Wage Chronologies: The Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. and the B. F. Goodrich Co., (Akron Plants) and the Rub ber Workers, 1939- 79; International Paper Co., Multiple Mill Group, and the Paperworkers and the Electrical Workers (IBEW), 1937— 79. Washington, 1979, 50 and 30 pp., respectively. (Bulletins 2011 and 2023.) Stock Nos., 029-001-02379-1 and 029-001-02393-6. $2.50 and $1.75, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, 20402. Varghese, K. Thomas, “Wage indexation, inflation, and unem ployment,” Journal of Economics and Business, Fall 1979, pp. 51-55. Worker training and development Ayres, Mary Ellen, “More Than Just a Summer Job: An Un dergraduate Internship,” Occupational Outlook Quarterly, Winter 1979, pp. 24-26. Martin, Gail M., “Drawing Salaries: Jobs for Artists,” Occu pational Outlook Quarterly, Winter 1979, pp. 8-17. --------- “Taming Toxins: Toxicologists,” Occupational Outlook Quarterly, Winter 1979, pp. 18-21. Miller, Ernest C., “College Recruiting Pay Practices,” Occupa tional Outlook Quarterly, Winter 1979, pp. 32-33. MirengofF, William and others, The New CETA: Effect on Public Service Employment Programs: A Preliminary Re port. Washington, National Academy of Sciences, 1979, 82 pp. Norwood, Janet L., “The Job Outlook for College Graduates Through 1990,” Occupational Outlook Quarterly, Winter 1979, pp. 2 -7 . Current Labor Statistics Notes on Current Labor Statistics ..................................... Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series Employment data from household survey. Definitions and notes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ............................................................. Employment status of noninstitutional population, selected years,1950-78 .................................................................. Employment status by age, sex, and race, seasonally adjusted ........................................................................................ Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted ........................................................................................................ Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted ..................................................................................................... Unemployment rates, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................ Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted ..................................................................... Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................................ Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Employment by industry, 1949-78 ........................................................................................................................................ Employment by State ............................................................................................................................................................... Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group ................................................................................ Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ........................................ Labor turnover rates in manufacturing, 1976 to date ........................................................................................................ Labor turnover rates in manufacturing, by major industry group ................................................................................... Hours and earnings, by industry division, 1947-78 .......................................................................................................... Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing g r o u p ............................................................................. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ..................................... Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ........................................................................ Hourly Earnings Index, by industry division ........................................................................................................................ Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ........................................................................ Gross and spendable weekly earnings in current and 1967 dollars,1960 to date .......................................................... Unemployment insurance data. Definitions and notes 67 67 68 69 70 71 71 71 72 73 73 74 75 76 76 77 78 79 80 80 81 82 ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ 83 Price data. Definitions and notes ...................................................................................................... 84 21. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Consumer Price Indexes, 1967-78 Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, general summary and selected items ........................................................... Consumer Price Index, cross classification of region and population size class ........................................................... Consumer Price Index, selected areas ..................................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing .................................................................................................................. Producer Price Indexes, by commodity grouping ................................................................................................................ Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings ................................................................................................ Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ................................................................................................................ Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries ....................... Productivity data. Definitions and notes 31. 32. 33. 34. Indexes Annual Indexes Percent ....................................................................................................................... of productivity and related data, 1950-78 percent change in productivity and related data, 1968-78 ................................................................................ of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs ........................................................................................ change in productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs ........................................................................... Labor-management data. Definitions and notes ........................................................................................................ 35. Wage and benefit settlements in major collective bargaining units ................................................................................ 36. Effective wage rate adjustments going into effect in major collective bargaining units ............................................. 37. Work stoppages, 1946 to date ............................................................................................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 83 85 85 91 92 93 94 96 96 96 99 99 100 100 101 102 102 103 103 65 NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS This section of the Review presents the principal statistical se ries collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A brief introduction to each group of tables provides defi nitions, notes on the data, sources, and other material usually found in footnotes. Readers who need additional information are invited to consult the BLS regional offices listed on the inside front cov er of this issue of the Review. Some general notes applicable to several series are given below. Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of such factors as climatic conditions, industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short term movements of the statistical series. Tables containing these data are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are com puted each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for sev eral preceding years. For a technical discussion of the method used to make seasonal adjustments, see “Appendix A. The BLS Seasonal Fac tor Method,” BLS Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies, Bul letin 1910 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1976), pp. 272-78, and X -ll Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjustment Program, Techni cal Paper No. 15 (Bureau of the Census, 1967). Seasonally adjusted la bor force data in tables 2 - 7 were last revised in the February 1980 is sue of the Review to reflect the preceding year’s experience. Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifications in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure called X - l l / ARIMA, which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X -ll method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in The X -ll ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E, September 1979). The second change is that seasonal factors are now being calculated for use during the first 6 months of the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are calculated at mid-year for the July-December peri od. Revisions of historical data continue to be made only at the end of each calendar year. Annual revision of the seasonally adjusted payroll data in tables 11, 13, 16, and 18 was last introduced in the November 1979 issue of the Review. New seasonal factors for productivity data in tables 33 and 34 are usually introduced in the September issue. Sea sonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 X 100 = $2). The resulting values are described as “real,” “constant,” or “ 1967” dollars. Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety of sources. Press releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule given below. The Handbook of Labor Statis tics 1978, Bulletin 2000, provides more detailed data and greater his torical coverage for most of the statistical series presented in the Monthly Labor Review. More information from the household and es tablishment surveys is provided in Employment and Earnings, a monthly publication of the Bureau, and in two comprehensive data books issued annually— Employment and Earnings, United States and Employment and Earnings, States and Areas. More detailed informa tion on wages and other aspects of collective bargaining appears in the monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. More detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals, the CPI Detailed Report and Producer Prices and Price Indexes. Symbols p = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series, preliminary figures are issued based on representative but incomplete returns. r = revised. Generally this revision reflects the availability of later data but may also reflect other adjustments, n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series Title and frequency (monthly except where indicated) Release date Period covered Release date Period covered MLR table number Employment situation.................................................................. Producer Price Indexes................................................................ Consumer Price Index ................................................................ Real earnings ............................................................................ Productivity and costs: Nonfarm business and manufacturing ...................................... Work stoppages.......................................................................... Labor turnover in manufacturing .................................................. March 7 March 7 March 25 March 25 February February February February April 4 April 4 April 22 April 22 March March March March 26-30 22-25 14-20 February February April 25 April 29 April 30 1st quarter March 28 March 31 66 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis March March 1-11 31-34 37 12-13 EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY m p l o y m e n t d a t a in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 65,000 households beginning in January 1980, selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. E Definitions Employed persons are (1) those who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The civilian labor force consists of all employed or unemployed persons in the civilian noninstitutional population; the total labor force includes military personnel. Persons not in the labor force are 1. those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes persons retired, those engaged in their own housework, those not working while attending school, those unable to work because of longterm illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy. Full-time workers are those employed at least 35 hours a week; part-time workers are those who work fewer hours. Workers on parttime schedules for economic reasons (such as slack work, terminating or starting a job during the week, material shortages, or inability to find full-time work) are among those counted as being on full-time status, under the assumption that they would be working full time if conditions permitted. The survey classifies unemployed persons in full-time or part-time status by their reported preferences for full-time or part-time work. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the comparability of historical data presented in table 1. A description of these adjustments and their effect on the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of E m p lo ym en t a n d Earnings. Data in tables 2 - 7 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal experience through December 1979. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-79 [Numbers in thousands] Total labor force Year Total non institutional population Civilian labor force Employed Number Percent of population Total Unemployed Total Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Number Percent of labor force Not in labor force 1950 1955 1960 1964 1965 ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ 106,645 112,732 119,759 127,224 129,236 63,858 68,072 72,142 75,830 77,178 59.9 60.4 60.2 59.6 59.7 62,208 65,023 69,628 73,091 74,455 58,918 62,170 65,778 69,305 71,088 7,160 6,450 5,458 4,523 4,361 51,758 55,722 60,318 64,782 66,726 3,288 2,852 3,852 3,786 3,366 5.3 4.4 5.5 5.2 4.5 42,787 44,660 47,617 51,394 52,058 1966 1967 196« 1969 1970 ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ 131,180 133,319 135,562 137,841 140,182 78,893 80,793 82,272 84,240 85,903 60.1 60.6 60.7 61.1 61.3 75,770 77,347 78,737 80,734 82,715 72,895 74,372 75,920 77,902 78,627 3,979 3,844 3,817 3,606 3,462 68,915 70,527 72,103 74,2% 75,165 2,875 2,975 2,817 2,832 4,088 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5 4.9 52,288 52,527 53,291 53,602 54,280 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ 142,596 145,775 148,263 150,827 153,449 86,929 88,991 91,040 93,240 94,793 61.0 61.0 61.4 61.8 61.8 84,113 86,542 88,714 91,011 92,613 79,120 81,702 84,409 83,935 84,783 3,387 3,472 3,452 3,492 3,380 75,732 78,230 80,957 82,443 81,403 4,993 4,840 4,304 5,076 7,830 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6 8.5 55,666 56,785 57,222 57,587 58,655 1976 1977 1978 1979 ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ 156,048 158,559 161,058 163,620 96,917 99,534 102,537 104,9% 62.1 62.8 63.7 64.2 94,773 97,401 100,420 102,908 87,485 90,546 94,373 96,945 3,297 3,244 3,342 3,297 84,188 87,302 91,031 93,648 7,288 6,855 6,047 5,963 7.7 7.0 59,130 59,025 58,521 58,623 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6.0 5.8 67 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 2. Employment status by sex, age, and race, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Annual Average 1979 1980 Employment status 1978 1979 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. 161,058 102,537 158,941 100,420 94,373 3,342 91,031 6,047 162,448 104,155 160,353 102,061 96,157 3,260 92,897 5,904 5.8 58,292 162,633 104,473 160,539 102,379 96,496 3,307 93,189 5,883 5.7 58,160 162,909 104,595 160,819 102,505 96,623 3,320 93,303 5,882 5.7 58,314 163,008 104,280 160,926 102,198 96,254 3,215 93,039 5,944 5.8 58,728 163,260 104,476 161,182 102,398 96,495 3,246 93,249 5,903 5.8 58,784 163,469 104,552 161,393 102,476 96,652 3,243 93,409 5,824 5.7 58,917 163,685 105,475 161,604 103,093 97,184 3,267 93,917 5,909 5.7 58,511 163,891 105,218 161,801 103,128 97,004 3,315 93,689 6,124 5.9 58,673 164,106 105,586 162,013 103,494 97,504 3,364 94,140 5,990 5.8 58,519 164,468 105,688 162,375 103,595 97,474 3,294 94,180 5.9 58,780 164,682 105,744 162,589 103,652 97,608 3,385 94,223 6,044 5.8 58,937 164,898 106,088 162,809 103,999 97,912 3,359 94,553 6,087 5.9 58,810 165,101 106,310 163,020 104,229 97,804 3,270 94,534 6,425 58,521 163,620 104,996 161,532 102,908 96,945 3,297 93,648 5,963 5.8 58,623 67,006 53,464 51,212 2,361 48,852 2,252 4.2 13,541 68,293 54,486 52,264 2,350 49,913 2,223 4.1 13,807 67,726 54,191 52,024 2,303 49,721 2,167 4.0 13,535 67,816 54,349 52,211 2,329 49,882 2,138 3.9 13,467 67,939 54,315 52,151 2,350 49,801 2,164 4.0 13,624 67,997 54,239 52,049 2,295 49,754 2,190 4.0 13,758 68,123 54,288 52,158 2,301 49,857 2,130 3.9 13,835 68,227 54,370 52,201 2,305 49,896 2,169 4.0 13,857 68,319 54,579 52,325 2,327 49,998 2,254 4.1 13,740 68,417 54,597 52,311 2,375 49,936 2,286 4.2 13,820 68,522 54,735 52,453 2,377 50,076 2,282 4.2 13,787 68,697 54,760 52,443 2,371 50,072 2,317 4.2 13,937 68,804 54,709 52,374 2,438 49,936 2,335 4.3 14,095 68,940 54,781 52,478 2,427 50,051 2,303 4.2 14,159 69,047 54,855 52,279 2,387 49,892 2,577 4.7 14,192 75,489 37,416 35,180 586 34,593 2,236 76,228 38,207 36,012 596 35,416 2,195 5.7 38,021 76,332 38,399 36,197 593 35,604 76,476 38,574 36,362 595 35,767 38,073 76,860 38,910 36,698 591 36,107 2,213 5.7 37,949 5.7 37,933 5.7 37,902 76,532 38,415 36,216 572 35,644 2,199 5.7 38,117 76,670 38,619 36,411 577 35,834 2,208 5.7 38,051 76,784 38,653 36,457 583 35,874 2,196 5.7 38,131 76,897 39,033 36,873 585 36,288 2,160 5.5 37,864 77,006 39,304 37,000 600 36,400 2,304 5.9 37,702 77,124 39,239 37,075 628 36,447 2,164 5.5 37,885 77,308 39,362 37,112 572 36,540 2,250 5.7 37,946 77,426 39,445 37,248 612 36,636 2,197 5.6 37,981 77,542 39,659 37,402 582 36,820 2,257 5.7 37,883 77,656 39,878 37,574 540 37,034 2,304 5.8 37,778 16,447 9,540 7,981 395 7,586 1,559 16.3 6,907 16,379 9,512 7,984 356 7,628 1,528 16.1 6,867 16,400 9,663 16,404 9,616 361 7,760 1,542 16.0 6,737 16,391 9,631 8,088 385 7,703 1,543 16.0 6,760 375 7,735 1,506 15.7 6,788 16,397 9,544 7,989 348 7,641 1,555 16.3 6,853 16,389 9,491 7,926 368 7,558 1,565 16.5 6,898 16,381 9,453 7,994 355 7,639 1,459 15.4 6,928 16,387 9,481 7,986 355 7,631 1,495 15.8 6,906 16,377 9,227 7,693 340 7,353 1,534 16.6 7,150 16,367 9,520 7,976 359 7,617 1,544 16.2 6,847 16,370 9,473 7,919 351 7,568 1,554 16.4 6,897 16,360 9,498 7,986 335 7,651 1,512 15.9 6,862 16,326 9,559 8,032 350 7,682 1,527 16.0 6,767 16,317 9,497 7,952 344 7,608 1,545 16.3 6,820 139,580 88,456 83,836 4,620 5.2 51,124 141,614 90,602 86,025 4,577 5.1 51,011 140,683 89,973 85,434 4,539 5.0 50,590 140,825 90,250 85,786 4,464 4.9 50,430 141,063 90,260 85,754 4,506 5.0 50,648 141,123 89,996 85,497 4,499 5.0 51,200 141,331 90,120 85,632 4,488 5.0 51,313 141,492 90,215 85,775 4,440 4.9 51,213 141,661 90,659 4,539 5.0 51,107 141,822 90,759 85,976 4,783 5.3 51,161 141,981 91,082 86,425 4,657 5.1 50,900 142,296 91,147 86,454 4,693 5.1 51,149 142,461 91,242 86,571 4,671 5.1 51,219 142,645 91,579 86,894 4,685 5.1 51,066 142,806 91,852 86,895 4,957 5.4 50,954 19,361 11,964 10,537 1,427 11.9 7,397 19,918 12,306 10,920 1,386 11.3 7,612 19,670 19,714 12,177 10,746 1,431 19,755 12,238 10,860 1,378 11.3 7,504 19,802 12,191 10,767 1,424 11.7 7,627 19,850 12,219 10,816 1,403 11.5 7,674 19,901 12,260 10,887 1,373 19,943 12,386 11,023 1,363 19,979 12,343 10,982 1,361 20,032 12,404 11,063 1,341 7,579 7,639 7,264 20,128 12,391 11,044 1,347 10.9 7,737 20,163 12,432 11,024 1,408 11.3 7,731 20,214 12,453 10,979 1,474 7,629 20,079 12,512 11,076 1,436 11.5 7,567 Jan. TOTAL Total noninstitutional population’ .......................... Total labor force ...................................... population' ...................... Civilian labor force ................................ Employed ...................................... Agriculture .............................. Nonagricultural industries ........ Unemployed .................................. Unemployment rate ........................ Not in labor force .................................. Civilian noninstitutional 6.0 6,121 6.2 58,791 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population' ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Agriculture .................................... Nonagricultural industries ................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not in labor force ........................................ Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population' ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Agriculture .................................... Nonagricultural industries ................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not In labor force ........................................ 6.0 2,202 2,212 Both sexes, 1 6-19 years Civilian noninstitutional population' ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Agriculture .................................... Nonagricultural industries ................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not in labor force ........................................ 8,121 8,110 White Civilian noninstitutional population' ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not in labor force ........................................ 86,120 Black and other Civilian noninstitutional population' ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not in labor force ........................................ 12,101 10,736 1,365 11.3 7,593 11.8 7,486 ’ As in table 1, population figures are not seasonally adjusted. NOTE: The data In this table have been revised to reflect seasonal experience through 1979. 68 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11.2 11.0 11.0 10.8 11.8 7,761 3. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted [ In th o u s a n d s ] Annual average 1979 Selected categories 1978 1979 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June 1980 July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. Jan. CHARACTERISTIC ................................... T o ta l e m p lo y e d , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r 9 4 ,3 7 3 9 6 ,9 4 5 9 6 ,1 5 7 9 6 ,4 9 6 9 6 ,6 2 3 9 6 ,2 5 4 9 6 ,4 9 5 9 6 ,6 5 2 9 7 ,1 8 4 9 7 ,0 0 4 9 7 ,5 0 4 9 7 ,4 7 4 9 7 ,6 0 8 9 7 ,9 1 2 5 5 ,4 9 1 5 6 ,4 9 9 5 6 ,3 2 6 5 6 ,4 7 6 5 6 ,4 4 9 5 6 ,2 9 4 5 6 ,3 7 2 5 6 ,4 7 7 5 6 ,5 7 0 5 6 ,4 0 8 5 6 ,7 1 4 5 6 ,6 2 9 5 6 ,5 8 0 5 6 ,7 3 4 5 6 ,4 8 6 W o m e n ...................................................... 3 8 ,8 8 2 4 0 ,4 4 6 3 9 ,8 3 1 4 0 ,0 2 0 4 0 ,1 7 4 3 9 ,9 6 0 4 0 ,1 2 3 4 0 ,1 7 5 4 0 ,6 1 4 4 0 ,5 9 6 4 0 ,7 9 0 4 0 ,8 4 5 4 1 ,0 2 8 4 1 ,1 7 8 4 1 ,3 1 8 M a r r ie d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t 3 8 ,6 8 8 3 9 ,0 9 0 3 9 ,1 3 9 3 9 ,2 9 1 3 9 ,1 9 3 3 8 ,9 1 0 3 9 ,0 4 5 3 9 ,0 7 9 3 9 ,1 7 6 3 9 ,1 8 0 3 9 ,1 9 8 3 9 ,1 2 4 3 8 ,8 4 5 3 8 ,9 2 4 3 8 ,7 4 9 2 1 ,8 8 1 2 2 ,7 2 4 2 2 ,3 7 2 2 2 ,5 2 2 2 2 ,6 0 5 2 2 ,3 7 6 2 2 ,5 4 7 2 2 ,6 6 4 2 2 ,9 0 8 2 2 ,8 6 9 2 2 ,9 3 7 2 2 ,9 1 9 2 2 ,9 4 0 2 3 ,0 2 7 2 3 ,1 1 1 4 7 ,2 0 5 4 9 ,3 4 2 4 8 ,3 0 3 4 8 ,8 3 6 4 8 ,9 9 6 4 9 ,0 6 1 4 9 ,1 3 6 4 9 ,1 9 2 4 9 ,5 3 6 4 9 ,6 6 3 4 9 ,8 1 6 4 9 ,7 3 8 4 9 ,9 1 2 4 9 ,9 1 1 5 0 ,3 1 3 1 4 ,2 4 5 1 5 ,0 5 0 1 4 ,7 3 4 1 4 ,9 5 0 1 5 ,0 1 2 1 5 ,0 9 1 1 5 ,1 0 0 1 5 ,0 1 0 1 5 ,0 5 7 1 5 ,0 6 8 1 5 ,1 4 1 1 5 ,0 5 7 1 5 ,1 3 1 1 5 ,2 7 2 1 5 ,3 3 7 1 0 ,1 0 5 1 0 ,5 1 6 1 0 ,3 1 2 1 0 ,3 7 9 1 0 ,3 9 2 1 0 ,3 9 8 1 0 ,4 2 7 1 0 ,5 3 4 M en ...................................................... ................................... M a r r ie d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ............................. 9 7 ,8 0 4 OCCUPATION W h ite -c o lla r w o r k e r s ......................................................... P ro fe s s io n a l a n d t e c h n ic a l ............................................ M a n a g e r s a n d a d m in is tra to rs , e x c e p t fa rm ............................................................................ S a l e s w o r k e r s ...................................................................... 1 0 ,6 1 2 1 0 ,6 9 8 1 0 ,6 5 9 1 0 ,6 3 9 1 0 ,6 1 7 1 0 ,5 3 5 1 0 ,6 0 8 5 ,9 5 1 6 ,1 6 3 6 ,0 4 8 6 ,0 9 0 6 ,0 5 5 6 ,0 8 4 6 ,1 0 1 6 ,1 0 3 6 ,1 6 3 6 ,1 4 5 6 ,1 8 1 6 ,2 6 1 6 ,3 6 2 6 ,3 4 6 6 ,4 5 2 C le r ic a l w o r k e r s ...................................................................... 1 6 ,9 0 4 1 7 ,6 1 3 1 7 ,2 0 9 1 7 ,4 1 7 1 7 ,5 3 7 1 7 ,4 8 8 1 7 ,5 0 8 1 7 ,5 4 5 1 7 ,7 0 4 1 7 ,7 5 2 1 7 ,8 3 5 1 7 ,7 8 1 1 7 ,8 0 2 1 7 ,7 5 8 1 7 ,9 1 5 B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s ......................................................................... 3 1 ,5 3 1 3 2 ,0 6 6 3 2 ,2 9 0 3 2 ,1 7 6 3 2 ,0 4 1 3 1 ,7 0 5 3 1 ,9 0 4 3 1 ,9 9 2 3 2 ,0 5 1 3 1 ,8 4 9 3 2 ,2 0 9 3 2 ,2 0 5 3 2 ,1 1 0 3 2 ,3 0 2 3 1 ,8 8 2 ............................................ 1 2 ,3 8 6 1 2 ,8 8 0 1 2 ,8 0 7 1 2 ,8 9 8 1 2 ,7 9 2 1 2 ,7 0 3 1 2 ,8 2 0 1 2 ,9 4 4 1 2 ,8 7 6 1 2 ,7 6 1 1 2 ,9 9 3 1 3 ,0 0 1 1 2 ,9 2 5 1 3 ,0 4 1 1 2 ,8 1 4 O p e r a t iv e s , e x c e p t t r a n s p o r t ......................................... 1 0 ,8 7 5 1 0 ,9 0 9 1 0 ,9 5 8 1 0 ,9 0 1 1 0 ,9 9 1 1 0 ,7 7 0 1 0 ,7 5 5 1 0 ,8 0 4 1 0 ,8 8 4 1 0 ,9 0 9 1 0 ,9 6 4 1 0 ,9 6 7 1 0 ,9 6 3 1 1 ,0 4 2 1 0 ,6 7 8 3 ,5 4 1 3 ,6 1 2 3 ,6 5 1 3 ,6 0 2 3 ,5 6 9 3 ,5 6 4 3 ,6 4 4 3 ,6 0 5 3 ,6 2 7 3 ,6 0 4 3 ,6 1 7 3 ,5 9 3 3 ,6 2 8 3 ,6 3 5 3 ,6 1 6 C r a f t a n d k in d r e d w o r k e r s T ra n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t o p e r a tiv e s ................................ N o n fa r m l a b o r e r s ............................................................ S e r v ic e w o r k e r s ......................................................... F a r m w o r k e r s ...................................................... 4 ,7 2 9 4 ,6 6 5 4 ,8 7 4 4 ,7 7 5 4 ,6 8 9 4 ,6 6 8 4 ,6 8 5 4 ,6 3 9 4 ,6 6 4 4 ,5 7 5 4 ,6 3 5 4 ,6 4 4 4 ,5 9 4 4 ,5 8 4 4 ,7 7 4 1 2 ,8 3 9 1 2 ,8 3 4 1 2 ,8 1 7 1 2 ,8 0 4 1 2 ,8 4 7 1 2 ,9 0 7 1 2 ,7 7 2 1 2 ,8 0 5 1 2 ,7 6 6 1 2 ,6 2 1 1 2 ,8 5 9 1 2 ,9 3 7 1 2 ,8 9 9 1 2 ,9 7 0 1 2 ,9 7 9 2 ,7 9 8 2 ,7 0 3 2 ,7 6 4 2 ,7 4 6 2 ,7 7 4 2 ,6 5 9 2 ,6 2 8 2 ,6 7 9 2 ,6 7 8 2 ,7 0 7 2 ,7 2 2 2 ,6 9 5 2 ,7 1 8 2 ,6 9 4 2 ,6 6 0 MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER A g ric u ltu re : W a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s ................................................ 1 ,4 1 9 1 ,4 1 3 1 ,3 8 7 1 ,4 2 5 1 ,4 1 5 1 ,3 7 9 1 ,4 2 4 1 ,4 2 3 1 ,4 1 9 1 ,3 8 4 1 ,3 9 9 1 ,3 8 1 1 ,4 7 5 1 ,4 5 1 1 ,4 2 8 S e lf -e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s ...................................................... 1 ,6 0 7 1 ,5 8 0 1 ,5 6 4 1 ,5 5 8 1 ,5 8 3 1 ,5 5 3 1 ,5 1 9 1 ,5 3 9 1 ,5 5 8 1 ,6 1 4 1 ,6 4 2 1 ,6 0 2 1 ,6 2 2 1 ,5 9 6 1 ,5 5 4 ...................................................... 316 304 295 334 314 291 283 291 291 310 325 313 310 310 293 W a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s ................................................ 8 4 ,2 5 3 8 6 ,5 4 0 8 6 ,0 2 9 8 6 ,1 9 2 U n p a id fa m ily w o r k e r s N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u s trie s : G o v e rn m e n t 8 6 ,4 3 9 8 6 ,1 0 5 8 6 ,2 3 2 8 6 ,3 0 9 8 6 ,4 5 4 8 6 ,4 2 1 8 6 ,9 1 2 8 6 ,9 8 2 8 7 ,0 2 0 8 7 ,3 8 4 8 7 ,5 7 8 ................................................................... 1 5 ,2 8 9 1 5 ,3 6 9 1 5 ,2 5 1 1 5 ,3 2 2 1 5 ,2 8 1 1 5 ,3 5 9 1 5 ,6 1 6 1 5 ,3 1 8 1 5 ,3 9 3 1 5 ,2 7 9 1 5 ,4 0 7 1 5 ,4 2 3 1 5 ,3 5 8 1 5 ,3 9 7 1 5 ,4 1 4 P r iv a te i n d u s t r i e s ......................................................... 6 8 ,9 6 6 7 1 ,1 7 1 7 0 ,7 7 8 7 0 ,8 7 0 7 1 ,1 5 8 7 0 ,7 4 6 7 0 ,6 1 6 7 0 ,9 9 1 7 1 ,0 6 1 7 1 ,1 4 2 7 1 ,5 0 5 7 1 ,5 5 9 7 1 ,6 6 2 7 1 ,9 8 7 7 2 ,1 6 3 ......................................... 1 ,3 6 3 1 ,2 4 0 1 ,2 4 7 1 ,3 2 8 1 ,2 6 2 1 ,1 7 2 1 ,1 9 5 1 ,2 3 5 1 ,2 1 9 1 ,2 1 1 1 ,3 1 3 1 ,2 6 1 1 ,2 1 1 1 ,2 2 8 1 ,1 3 2 ............................................... 6 7 ,6 0 3 6 9 ,9 3 1 6 9 ,5 3 1 6 9 ,5 4 2 6 9 ,8 9 6 6 9 ,5 7 4 6 9 ,4 2 1 6 9 ,7 5 6 6 9 ,8 4 2 6 9 ,9 3 1 7 0 ,1 9 2 7 0 ,2 9 8 7 0 ,4 5 1 7 0 ,7 5 9 7 1 ,0 3 1 6 ,3 0 5 6 ,6 5 2 6 ,4 9 7 6 ,5 9 1 6 ,5 4 2 6 ,4 6 3 6 ,6 0 8 6 ,6 2 9 6 ,7 5 2 6 ,6 8 9 6 ,7 3 1 6 ,8 1 2 6 ,7 8 1 6 ,7 3 7 6 ,7 5 2 472 455 475 455 446 465 460 474 519 450 449 430 417 409 379 P riv a te h o u s e h o ld s O t h e r in d u s trie s S e lf -e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s ................................................... U n p a id fa m ily w o r k e r s ...................................................... PERSONS AT WORK1 ......................................................... 8 5 ,6 9 3 8 8 ,1 3 3 8 7 ,5 2 0 8 7 ,5 4 3 8 7 ,8 4 7 8 6 ,6 0 8 8 7 ,7 8 5 8 7 ,7 4 9 8 8 ,7 6 9 8 8 ,8 5 5 8 8 ,7 2 3 8 8 ,6 3 8 8 8 ,6 1 7 8 9 ,1 8 0 8 9 ,4 5 4 ............................................................ 7 0 ,5 4 3 7 2 ,6 4 7 7 2 ,1 7 6 7 2 ,2 1 2 7 2 ,5 2 9 7 1 ,6 5 9 7 2 ,4 9 6 7 2 ,2 4 3 7 2 ,9 1 5 7 3 ,0 5 3 7 3 ,1 5 9 7 3 ,2 0 4 7 2 ,9 9 7 7 3 ,1 3 7 7 3 ,2 2 3 P a rt tim e fo r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s ................................... 3 ,2 1 6 3 ,2 8 1 3 ,2 0 3 3 ,2 8 3 3 ,2 8 4 3 ,5 1 9 3 ,5 1 3 N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u s trie s F u ll-tim e s c h e d u le s 3 ,1 7 6 3 ,2 1 1 3 ,2 7 9 3 ,2 7 4 3 ,2 9 8 3 ,1 6 7 3 ,3 1 5 3 ,3 9 2 U s u a lly w o rk full t i m e ......................................... 1 ,2 4 9 1 ,3 2 5 1 ,2 5 2 1 ,2 4 6 1 ,2 5 4 1 ,2 8 7 1 ,2 7 3 1 ,3 2 2 1 ,3 3 4 1 ,4 0 1 1 ,2 7 3 1 ,3 5 4 1 ,4 1 3 1 ,4 9 1 U s u a lly w o rk p a r t t i m e ............................................ 1 ,9 6 7 1 ,9 5 6 1 ,9 5 1 1 ,9 3 0 1 ,9 5 7 1 ,9 9 2 2 ,0 1 0 1 ,9 6 2 1 ,9 4 0 1 ,8 9 7 1 ,8 9 4 1 ,9 6 1 1 ,9 7 9 2 ,0 2 8 1 ,9 6 4 P a r t t im e f o r n o n e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s ......................... 1 1 ,9 3 4 1 2 ,2 0 5 1 2 ,1 4 1 1 2 ,1 5 5 1 2 ,1 0 7 1 1 ,6 7 0 1 2 ,0 0 6 12222 1 2 ,5 8 0 1 2 ,5 0 4 1 2 ,3 9 7 1 2 ,1 1 9 1 2 ,2 2 8 1 2 ,5 2 4 1 2 ,7 1 8 E x c lu d e s p e rs o n s w ith a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k d u rin g t h e s u r v e y p e rio d f o r s u c h r e a s o n s a s 1 ,5 4 9 N O T E : T h e d a t a In th is t a b le h a v e b e e n re v is e d to re fle c t s e a s o n a l e x p e r ie n c e th ro u g h 1 9 7 9 v a c a tio n , illn e s s , o r in d u s tria l d is p u te s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 69 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted 1980 1979 Annual average Employment status 1978 1979 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. Jan. CHARACTERISTIC T o ta l, 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................................ 6 .0 5 .8 5 .8 5 .7 5 .7 5 .8 5 .8 5 .7 5 .7 5 .9 5 .8 5 .9 5 .8 5 .9 6 .2 M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .................................................. 4 .2 4.1 4 .0 3 .9 4 .0 4 .0 3 .9 4 .0 4.1 4 .2 4 .2 4 .2 4 .3 4 .2 4 .7 W o m e n , 2 0 ye a rs an d o ve r ......................................... 6 .0 5 .7 5 .7 5 .7 5 .7 5 .7 5 .7 5 .7 5 .5 5 .9 5 .5 5 .7 5 .6 5 .7 5 .8 ............................................ 1 6 .3 1 6 .1 1 6 .0 1 6 .0 1 5 .7 1 6 .3 1 6 .5 1 5 .4 1 5 .8 1 6 .6 1 6 .2 1 6 .4 1 5 .9 1 6 .0 1 6 .3 ................................................................................ 5 .2 5.1 5 .0 4 .9 5 .0 5 .0 5 .0 4 .9 5 .0 5 .3 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5 .4 3 .7 3 .6 3 .5 3 .4 3 .4 3 .5 3 .4 3 .5 3 .6 3 .7 3 .7 3 .7 3 .7 3 .7 B o th s e x e s , 1 6 - 1 9 y e a r s W h ite , to ta l M e n , 2 0 ye a rs an d o v e r ...................................... W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................................ B o th s e x e s , 1 6 - 1 9 y e a r s ................................... 4.1 5 .2 5 .0 5 .0 5 .0 5 .0 5 .0 5 .0 4 .9 4 .8 5 .2 4 .8 5 .0 4 .9 5 .0 5.1 1 3 .9 1 3 .9 1 3 .8 1 3 .6 1 3 .6 1 3 .9 1 4 .2 1 3 .2 1 3 .8 1 4 .8 1 4 .3 14 .1 1 3 .9 1 3 .9 1 4 .0 1 1 .7 1 1 .5 1 1 .2 1 1 .0 1 1 .5 1 0 .9 1 1 .3 1 1 .8 1 1 .0 1 0 .8 ...................................... 8 .6 8 .4 8 .0 8 .6 8 .7 8 .6 8 .4 8.1 8 .4 8.1 8 .0 8 .6 8 .4 8 .6 W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................................ 1 0 .6 1 0 .1 1 0 .5 1 0 .4 1 0 .0 1 0 .5 1 0 .0 1 0 .4 1 0 .0 1 0 .3 9 .8 1 0 .2 9 .5 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 B o th s e x e s , 1 6 - 1 9 y e a r s 3 6 .3 3 3 .5 3 3 .0 3 4 .9 3 1 .5 3 4 .3 3 6 .1 3 3 .5 3 1 .5 3 2 .6 3 2 .3 3 5 .1 3 2 .8 3 4 .3 3 4 .6 3 .4 B la c k a n d o th e r, t o t a l ......................................................... M en , 2 0 y e a rs an d o ve r ................................... 1 1 .9 1 1 .3 1 1 .3 1 1 .8 1 1 .3 9 .6 M a r r ie d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ...................................... 2 .8 2 .7 2 .6 2 .6 2 .6 2 .7 2 .5 2 .7 2 .8 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 2 .8 M a r r ie d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ................................ 5 .5 5.1 5 .3 5 .3 5 .2 5 .2 5 .2 5.1 4 .9 5 .3 4 .8 5 .2 4 .8 5 .0 5 .2 W o m e n w h o h e a d f a m i l i e s ............................................ 8 .5 8 .3 8 .0 8 .3 8 .2 8 .3 8 .6 9 .0 8.1 7 .9 7 .7 8 .4 8 .4 8 .4 9 .2 F u ll-tim e w o r k e r s .................................................................. 5 .7 P a r t-tim e w o r k e r s 5 .5 5 .3 5 .2 5 .2 5 .2 5 .3 5 .2 5 .2 5 .3 5 .4 5 .3 5 .4 5 .4 5 .4 ............................................................... 9 .0 8 .7 9.1 8 .8 9 .0 8 .7 9 .3 8 .6 8 .3 8 .8 8 .4 8 .9 8 .3 8 .5 U n e m p lo y e d 1 5 w e e k s a n d o v e r ................................ 1 .4 1 .2 1 .2 1 .2 1 .3 1 .2 1 .2 1.1 1 .0 1.1 1.1 1 .2 1.1 1 .2 1 .3 L a b o r f o r c e t im e lo s t1 6 .5 6 .3 6 .2 6 .2 6 .2 6 .4 6 .3 6 .3 6 .4 6 .4 6 .2 6 .4 6 .4 6 .4 6 .7 ................................................................... 3 .5 3 .3 3 .4 3 .4 3 .3 3 .3 3 .2 3 .4 3 .3 3 .5 3 .3 3 .4 3 .2 3 .3 3 .4 ............................................ 2 .6 2 .4 2 .5 2 .4 2 .2 2 .3 2.1 2 .5 2 .5 2 .5 2 .4 2 .7 2 .4 2 .3 2 .2 2.1 2.1 2 .0 2 .0 2.1 2 .3 2 .2 2.1 2 .0 2 .3 2 .2 2 .2 1 .9 2 .0 1 .9 4.1 3 .9 4 .0 4 .2 4.1 4 .0 4 .0 4 .4 3 .5 4 .0 3 .8 3 .8 3 .7 3 .8 4 .4 ...................................................... 8 .7 OCCUPATION W h ite -c o lla r w o r k e r s P ro fe s s io n a l a n d t e c h n ic a l M a n a g e r s a n d a d m in is tra to rs , e x c e p t fa rm ......................................................................................... S a le s w o r k e r s ......................................................................... .................................................................. 4 .9 4 .6 4 .7 4 .7 4 .8 4 .5 4 .5 4 .6 4 .5 4 .9 4 .5 4 .7 4 .4 4 .6 4 .8 ...................................................................... 6 .9 6 .9 6 .5 6 .5 6 .6 6 .9 6 .8 6 .6 6 .8 7 .3 7.1 7 .2 7 .5 7 .2 8 .0 ............................................ 4 .6 4 .5 4 .4 4 .5 4 .5 4 .4 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4 4 .7 4 .3 4 .6 4 .9 4 .4 4 .9 8.1 8 .4 7 .8 7 .8 7 .8 8 .5 8 .2 7 .7 8 .3 8 .9 9 .0 9.1 9 .0 9 .0 5 .6 5 .2 5 .0 6 .9 1 0 .7 1 2 .2 1 2 .2 1 2 .3 C le r ic a l w o r k e r s B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s C r a f t a n d k in d r e d w o r k e r s O p e r a t iv e s , e x c e p t tr a n s p o r t ...................................... ................................ 5 .2 5 .4 5 .0 5 .0 5 .2 5 .9 5 .4 5 .7 5.1 6 .2 6.1 ............................................................... 1 0 .7 1 0 .8 9 .7 9 .7 1 0 .2 1 0 .6 1 1 .1 1 0 .6 1 1 .0 1 1 .3 1 1 .0 T r a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t o p e r a tiv e s N o n fa r m la b o r e r s 9 .9 S e r v ic e w o r k e r s ............................................................................... 7 .4 7.1 7 .7 7 .3 7 .3 7 .3 7 .2 7 .2 7.1 7.1 6 .7 6 .8 6 .6 6 .6 6 .9 F a r m w o r k e r s ..................................................................................... 3 .8 3 .8 2 .9 3 .4 3 .3 3 .4 3 .6 3 .2 4 .2 3 .9 4.1 4 .3 4 .5 4 .3 4 .4 INDUSTRY 5 .9 5 .7 5 .7 5 .6 5 .6 5 .7 5 .7 5 .6 5 .7 6 .0 5 .9 5 .8 5 .8 6 .2 ............................................................................ 1 0 .6 1 0 .2 1 0 .3 1 0 .9 10 .1 1 0 .5 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 10 .1 9 .6 9 .9 1 0 .2 1 0 .3 1 0 .8 M a n u f a c t u r i n g ......................................................................... 5 .5 5 .5 5.1 4 .9 5 .2 5 .3 5 .4 5 .4 5 .7 5 .9 6 .0 6 .0 5 .9 5 .9 6 .7 4 .9 5 .0 4 .4 4 .2 4 .4 4 .7 4 .4 4 .9 5 .4 5 .4 5 .3 5 .5 5 .6 5 .5 6 .7 6 .8 N o n a g ric u ltu ra l p r iv a te w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s 2 C o n s tru c tio n D u r a b le g o o d s ............................................................ 6 .3 6 .4 6.1 5 .9 6 .4 6 .3 6 .9 6 .3 6 .2 6 .8 7.1 6 .8 6 .3 6 .4 ............................ 3 .7 3 .7 3 .5 3 .2 3 .9 3 .0 3 .6 3.1 3 .8 3 .7 4 .0 3 .8 4 .2 4.1 4 .4 W h o le s a le a n d re ta il t r a d e ............................................ 6 .9 6 .5 6 .6 6 .5 6 .3 6 .6 6 .4 6 .7 6 .3 6 .5 6 .4 6 .4 6 .5 6 .4 6 .6 F in a n c e a n d s e r v ic e in d u s trie s 5.1 4 .9 5.1 4 .8 4 .8 4 .8 4 .9 4 .7 4 .9 5 .2 4 .7 4 .9 4 .6 4 .7 3 .9 3 .7 3 .9 3 .8 4.1 3 .7 3 .6 3 .6 3 .6 3 .7 3 .3 4 .0 3 .6 3 .6 3 .8 8 .8 9.1 7 .5 8 .6 8 .0 8 .7 9 .3 7 .8 9 .7 9 .9 1 0 .0 9 .9 1 0 .1 9 .4 1 0 .3 N o n d u r a b le g o o d s ...................................................... T r a n s p o rta tio n a n d p u b lic utilitie s G o v e rn m e n t w o rk e rs ................................... .................................................................. A g ric u ltu ra l w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s ............................. 1 A g g r e g a t e h o u rs lo s t b y t h e u n e m p lo y e d a n d p e rs o n s o n p a r t tim e f o r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s a s a p e r c e n t o f p o te n tia lly a v a ila b le la b o r fo r c e h o u rs . 70 5 .8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 .6 2 In c lu d e s m in in g , n o t s h o w n s e p a r a te ly , N O T E : T h e d a t a in th is t a b le h a v e b e e n re v is e d to re fle c t s e a s o n a l e x p e r ie n c e th ro u g h 1 9 7 9 . 5. Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Sex and age Annual average 1978 T o ta l, 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................................ 1979 Jan. Feb. Mar. 6 .0 5 .8 5 .8 5 .7 5 .7 1 6 .3 16 .1 1 6 .0 1 6 .0 1 5 .7 Apr. 5 .8 May 5 .8 June 1980 July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. Jan. 5 .7 5 .7 5 .9 5 .8 5 .8 5 .9 1 6 .3 1 6 .5 1 5 .4 1 5 .8 1 6 .6 1 6 .2 1 6 .4 1 5 .9 1 6 .0 1 6 .3 1 6 to 1 7 y e a r s ............................................................ 1 9 .3 18 .1 1 8 .6 1 8 .5 1 8 .5 1 8 .7 1 8 .9 1 7 .5 1 7 .3 1 8 .5 1 6 .9 1 8 .4 1 7 .3 1 8 .0 1 9 .0 1 8 to 1 9 y e a r s ............................................................. 1 4 .2 1 4 .6 1 3 .8 1 4 .3 1 3 .5 1 4 .3 1 5 .0 1 4 .4 1 4 .5 1 5 .4 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s ...................................................................... 2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s ................................................................... 2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................................................................ 2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s 5 .9 6 .2 1 5 .6 1 5 .0 1 4 .7 1 4 .5 1 4 .0 9 .5 9 .0 8 .7 8 .6 8 .8 8 .6 8 .9 8 .9 9.1 9 .3 9 .2 9 .6 8 .8 9 .8 10 .1 4 .0 3 .9 3 .9 3 .9 3 .9 4 .0 3 .9 3 .9 3 .9 4 .0 3 .9 4 .0 3 .8 4 .0 4 .2 ............................................................. 4 .2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4 .2 4 .0 4.1 4 .0 4 .2 4.1 4 .2 4 .3 4.1 4 .4 5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ...................................................... 3 .2 3 .0 3 .0 3 .0 3.1 3.1 3.1 2 .9 3 .2 3.1 2 .9 3 .0 2 .7 2 .7 3 .5 M e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................................................... 5 .2 5.1 5.1 5 .0 5 .0 5.1 5 .0 4 .9 5.1 5 .2 5 .2 1 5 .7 1 5 .8 1 6 .2 16 .1 1 5 .8 1 6 .0 16 .1 1 4 .5 1 5 .4 1 6 .3 16 .1 1 5 .7 1 5 .8 1 5 .6 1 6 .2 1 6 t o 1 7 y e a r s ................................................... 1 9 .2 1 7 .9 1 9 .2 1 9 .2 1 8 .9 1 7 .9 1 8 .9 1 6 .8 16 .1 1 8 .0 1 6 .7 1 7 .1 1 7 .8 1 7 .9 1 9 .0 1 8 to 1 9 y e a r s ................................................... 1 4 .2 1 3 .6 14 .1 1 4 .0 1 4 .0 1 4 .8 1 5 .1 1 5 .3 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s ...................................................... 5 .2 5 .2 5 .2 5 .7 1 3 .2 1 4 .2 1 3 .7 1 4 .4 1 4 .0 1 3 .6 1 3 .9 ............................................................. 9.1 8 .6 8 .4 8.1 8 .3 8 .0 8 .2 8 .3 8 .8 8 .8 8 .8 9 .5 8 .4 9 .4 1 0 .4 2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ...................................................... 3 .3 3 .3 3 .2 3 .2 3 .2 3 .3 3.1 3 .2 3 .3 3 .4 3 .3 3 .4 3 .5 3 .2 3 .7 2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s ................................................... 3 .4 3 .4 3 .3 3 .3 3 .3 3 .3 3 .2 3 .2 3 .4 3 .5 3 .6 3 .5 3 .8 3 .4 3 .8 5 5 ye ars and o ve r ......................................... 3.1 2 .9 2 .9 2 .8 2 .8 3 .0 2 .8 3.1 3 .3 3.1 2 .8 2 .8 2 .6 2 .6 3 .5 W o m e n , 16 ye ars an d o ve r ......................................... 7 .2 6 .8 6 .8 6 .8 6 .8 6 .9 6 .9 6 .8 6 .6 7 .0 6 .6 6 .9 6 .6 6 .8 6 .8 1 5 .9 1 5 .5 1 6 .6 1 6 .9 1 6 .5 1 6 .2 1 7 .0 1 6 .4 1 7 .2 16 .1 1 6 .4 1 6 .3 2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s ............................................................ 1 7 .0 1 6 .4 1 5 .7 1 6 to 1 7 y e a r s ................................................... 1 9 .5 1 8 .3 1 7 .8 1 7 .7 1 8 .0 1 9 .6 1 8 .8 1 8 .3 1 8 .6 1 9 .0 1 7 .2 1 9 .8 1 6 .7 1 8 .0 19 .1 1 8 to 1 9 y e a r s ................................................... 1 5 .3 1 5 .0 1 4 .0 1 4 .5 1 3 .3 1 4 .5 1 6 .0 1 4 .9 1 4 .2 1 5 .7 1 5 .9 1 5 .6 1 5 .5 1 5 .5 1 4 .2 10 .1 9 .6 9.1 9 .3 9 .5 9 .4 9 .7 9 .7 9 .4 9 .8 9 .6 9 .7 9 .3 1 0 .2 9 .8 4 .9 4 .8 4 .7 4 .9 4 .6 4 .9 4 .7 4 .7 4 .9 2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s ............................................................ 2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ...................................................... 5.1 4 .8 5 .0 5 .0 4 .9 4 .9 2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s ................................................... 5 .4 5 .2 5 .4 5 .4 5 .3 5 .3 5 .2 5 .2 5 .0 5 .3 5 .0 5 .2 5 .0 5.1 5 .2 ......................................... 3 .3 3 .2 3 .2 3 .3 3 .6 3 .2 3 .6 2 .8 3.1 3 .2 2 .9 3 .4 2 .9 2 .9 3 .4 5 5 y e ars an d o ve r 6. 1979 Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted [ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ] 1979 Reason for unemployment 1980 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. Jan. 2 ,4 4 1 2 ,4 7 5 2 ,4 5 7 2 ,5 2 0 2 ,3 5 6 2 ,4 4 9 2 ,5 2 6 2 ,6 8 0 2 ,6 3 2 2 ,7 3 1 2 ,7 2 9 2 ,7 2 8 2 ,9 8 8 752 779 791 839 725 816 797 915 855 929 987 944 1 ,0 1 9 1 ,6 8 9 1 ,6 9 6 1 ,6 6 6 1 ,6 8 1 1 ,6 3 1 1 ,6 3 3 1 ,7 2 9 1 ,7 6 5 1 ,7 7 7 1 ,8 0 2 1 ,7 4 2 1 ,7 8 4 1 ,9 6 9 900 828 864 847 940 857 846 875 825 835 845 800 779 ................................ 1 ,7 2 1 1 ,7 6 6 1 ,7 6 6 1 ,7 7 8 1 ,7 6 7 1 ,7 5 3 1 ,7 6 2 1 ,7 8 8 1 ,7 6 0 1 ,7 6 2 1 ,6 9 8 1 ,7 7 1 1 ,7 9 7 S e e k in g firs t j o b ................................................ 824 858 808 800 824 781 726 745 801 804 736 858 811 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 4 1 .5 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 4 2 .4 4 0 .0 4 1 .9 4 3 .1 4 4 .0 4 3 .7 4 4 .5 4 5 .4 4 4 .3 4 6 .9 1 2 .8 1 3 .1 1 3 .4 1 4 .1 1 2 .3 1 4 .0 1 3 .6 1 5 .0 1 4 .2 1 5 .2 1 6 .4 1 5 .3 1 6 .0 2 8 .7 2 8 .6 2 8 .3 2 8 .3 2 7 .7 2 8 .0 2 9 .5 2 9 .0 2 9 .5 2 9 .4 2 9 .0 2 9 .0 3 0 .9 1 5 .3 1 4 .0 1 4 .7 1 4 .2 1 6 .0 1 4 .7 1 4 .4 1 4 .4 1 3 .7 1 3 .6 1 4 .1 1 3 .0 1 2 .2 2 9 .2 2 9 .8 3 0 .0 2 9 .9 3 0 .0 3 0 .0 3 0 .1 2 9 .4 2 9 .2 2 8 .7 2 8 .3 2 8 .8 2 8 .2 1 4 .0 1 4 .5 1 3 .7 1 3 .5 1 4 .0 1 3 .4 1 2 .4 1 2 .2 1 3 .3 1 3 .1 1 2 .3 1 3 .9 1 2 .7 2 .4 2 .4 29 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED L o s t la s t |O b ................................................................... O n la y o ff ................................................................... O t h e r jo b lo s e rs ...................................................... L e ft la s t j o b ................................................................ R e e n te r e d la b o r fo r c e PERCENT DISTRIBUTION T o ta l u n e m p lo y e d ......................................................... J o b l o s e r s ...................................................................... O n la y o ff ............................................................... O t h e r jo b lo s e rs J o b le a v e r s R e e n tr a n ts ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... N e w e n t r a n t s ................................................................ UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE J o b l o s e r s ................................................................ J o b l e a v e r s ................................................... R e e n tr a n ts ............................................................................ N e w e n t r a n t s ...................................................... 7. 2 .4 2 .5 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .5 2 .6 2 .6 26 .9 .8 .8 .8 .9 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 8 8 7 1 .7 1 .7 1 .7 1 .7 1 .7 1 .7 1 .7 1 .7 1 .7 1 .7 1 .6 1 .7 1 .7 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 .7 .7 .8 .8 .7 .8 .8 Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted [ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ] Weeks of unemployment Annual average 1978 1979 1979 1980 Jaa Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. Jaa 2 ,9 5 5 L e s s th a n 5 w e e k s ................................................... 2 ,7 9 3 2 ,8 6 9 2 ,7 5 1 2 ,7 7 9 2 ,7 6 9 2 ,8 7 6 2 ,8 2 3 2 ,8 8 0 2 ,8 2 0 3 ,1 6 8 2 ,7 7 8 2 ,9 1 9 2 ,9 1 6 3 ,1 8 4 5 to 1 4 w e e k s 1 ,8 7 5 1 ,8 9 2 1 ,8 8 1 1 ,8 7 7 1 ,8 6 0 1 ,8 8 4 1 ,9 1 9 1 ,8 0 8 1 ,9 3 4 1 ,7 3 8 2 ,0 3 5 1 ,9 6 3 1 ,8 6 9 1 ,9 6 6 1 ,9 0 7 1 ,3 7 9 1 ,2 0 2 1 ,2 2 9 1 ,2 3 9 1 ,2 9 1 1 ,2 2 3 1 ,2 1 2 1 ,1 5 2 1 ,0 6 7 1 ,1 8 5 1 ,1 5 2 1 ,1 9 5 1 ,1 9 1 1 ,2 3 0 1 ,3 3 4 1 5 to 2 6 w e e k s ............................................................ .7 4 6 684 708 700 729 687 705 656 615 658 644 678 660 711 2 7 w eeks and over 633 518 521 539 562 536 507 496 452 527 508 517 531 519 539 1 1 .9 1 0 .8 1 1 .2 1 1 .3 1 1 .8 1 1 .0 1 0 .9 1 0 .5 10 .1 1 0 .7 1 0 .7 1 0 .5 1 0 .6 1 0 .5 1 0 .5 ................................................ 15 w eek s and over ......................................................... ......................................................... A v e r a g e ( m e a n ) d u ra tio n , in w e e k s ................................... 795 N O T E : T h e d a t a in t h e s e ta b le s h a v e b e e n re v is e d to r e fle c t s e a s o n a l e x p e r ie n c e th ro u g h 1 9 7 9 . S e e p a g e s 7 4 - 5 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 71 EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a volun tary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperat ing State agencies by 162,000 establishments representing all industries except agriculture. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An estab lishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from establishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures between the household and establishment surveys. E m pl o y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n in g s d a t a L a b o r t u r n o v e r d a t a in this section are compiled from per sonnel records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies. A sample of 40,000 establishments represents all industries in the manufacturing and mining sectors of the economy. Definitions Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holi day and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 per cent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establish ment which reports them. Production workers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with production operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 14-20 in clude production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transporta tion and public utilities, in wholesale and retail trade, in finance, in surance, and real estate, and in service industries. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to eliminate the effects of price change. The Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from aver age hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes and seasonal factors in the proportion of workers in high-wage and lowwage industries. Spendable earnings are earnings from which estimat ed social security and Federal income taxes have been deducted. The Bureau of Labor Statistics computes spendable earnings from gross 72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis weekly earnings for only two illustrative cases: (1) a worker with no dependents and (2) a married worker with three dependents. Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the por tion of gross average weekly hours which were in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. Labor turnover is the movement of all wage and salary workers from one employment status to another. Accession rates indicate the average number of persons added to a payroll in a given period per 100 employees; separation rates indicate the average number dropped from a payroll per 100 employees. Although month-to-month changes in employment can be calculated from the labor turnover data, the re sults are not comparable with employment data from the employment and payroll survey. The labor turnover survey measures changes dur ing the calendar month while the employment and payroll survey measures changes from midmonth to midmonth. Notes on the data Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are periodically adjusted to comprehensive counts of employment (called “benchmarks”). The latest complete adjustment was made with the re lease of September 1979 data, published in the November 1979 issue of the Review. Consequently, data published in the R eview prior to that issue are not necessarily comparable to current data. Complete compa rable historical unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in a Supplement to Employment and Earnings (unadjusted data from April 1977 through June 1979 and-seasonally adjusted data from Jan uary 1974 through June 1979) and in E m p lo ym en t a n d Earnings, U nit e d States, 1 9 0 9 -7 8 , BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods). Data on recalls were shown for the first time in tables 12 and 13 in the January 1978 issue of the Review. For a detailed discussion of the recalls series, along with historical data, see “New Series on Recalls from the Labor Turnover Survey,” E m p lo ym en t a n d Earnings, Decem ber 1977, pp. 10-19. A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll sur veys,” M o n th ly L a b o r Review, December 1969, pp. 9-2 0 . See also B L S H a n d b o o k o f M eth ods f o r Surveys a n d Studies, Bulletin 1910 (Bu reau of Labor Statistics, 1976). The formulas used to construct the spendable average weekly earn ings series reflect the latest provisions of the Federal income tax and social security tax laws. For the spendable average weekly earnings formulas for the years 1977-79, see E m p lo ym en t a n d Earnings, Sep tember 1979, pp. 6 -8 . Beginning with data for January 1978, real earnings data are adjusted using the revised Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers. Data prior to January 1978 are based on the unrevised Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers. i Employment by industry, 1949 -n I OO 8. [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] Total Mining Construetion Manufacturing Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Government Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Total Federal State 1949 ............................................................................................ 4 3 ,7 5 4 930 2 ,1 9 4 1 4 ,4 4 1 4 ,0 0 1 9 ,2 6 4 2 ,6 0 2 6 ,6 6 2 1 ,8 2 8 5 ,2 4 0 5 ,8 5 6 1 ,9 0 8 3 ,9 4 8 1950 ............................................................................................ 4 5 ,1 9 7 901 2 ,3 6 4 1 5 ,2 4 1 4 ,0 3 4 9 ,3 8 6 2 ,6 3 5 6 ,7 5 1 1 ,8 8 8 5 ,3 5 7 6 ,0 2 6 1 ,9 2 8 4 ,0 9 8 1951 ............................................................................................ 4 ,2 2 6 9 ,7 4 2 2 ,7 2 7 7 ,0 1 5 1 ,9 5 6 5 ,5 4 7 6 ,3 8 9 2 ,3 0 2 4 ,0 8 7 1952 ............................................................................................ 4 8 ,7 9 3 898 2 ,6 6 8 1 6 ,6 3 2 4 ,2 4 8 1 0 ,0 0 4 2 ,8 1 2 7 ,1 9 2 2 ,0 3 5 5 ,6 9 9 6 ,6 0 9 2 ,4 2 0 4 ,1 8 8 1953 ............................................................................................ 5 0 ,2 0 2 866 2 ,6 5 9 1 7 ,5 4 9 4 ,2 9 0 4 7 ,8 1 9 929 2 ,6 3 7 1 6 ,3 9 3 1 0 ,2 4 7 2 ,8 5 4 7 ,3 9 3 2 ,1 1 1 5 ,8 3 5 6 ,6 4 5 2 ,3 0 5 4 ,3 4 0 1954 ............................................................................................ 4 8 ,9 9 0 791 2 ,6 4 6 1 6 ,3 1 4 4 ,0 8 4 1 0 ,2 3 5 2 ,8 6 7 7 ,3 6 8 2 ,2 0 0 5 ,9 6 9 6 ,7 5 1 2 ,1 8 8 4 ,5 6 3 1955 ............................................................................................ 5 0 ,6 4 1 792 2 ,8 3 9 1 6 ,8 8 2 4 ,1 4 1 1 0 ,5 3 5 2 ,9 2 6 7 ,6 1 0 2 ,2 9 8 6 ,2 4 0 6 ,9 1 4 2 ,1 8 7 4 ,7 2 7 1956 ............................................................................................ 5 2 ,3 6 9 822 3 ,0 3 9 1 7 ,2 4 3 4 ,2 4 4 1 0 ,8 5 8 1957 ............................................................................................ 5 2 ,8 5 3 828 2 ,9 6 2 1 7 ,1 7 4 4 ,2 4 1 1 0 ,8 8 6 3 ,0 2 8 7 ,8 5 8 2 ,4 3 8 6 ,7 0 8 7 ,6 1 6 2 ,2 1 7 5 ,3 9 9 1958 ......................................................................................... 5 1 ,3 2 4 751 2 ,8 1 7 1 5 ,9 4 5 3 ,9 7 6 1 0 ,7 5 0 2 ,9 8 0 7 ,7 7 0 2 ,4 8 1 6 ,7 6 5 7 ,8 3 9 2 ,1 9 1 5 ,6 4 8 1959' 1960 1961 3 ,0 1 8 7 ,8 4 0 2 ,3 8 9 6 ,4 9 7 7 ,2 7 8 2 ,2 0 9 5 ,0 6 9 ......................................................................................... 5 3 ,2 6 8 732 3 ,0 0 4 1 6 ,6 7 5 4 ,0 1 1 1 1 ,1 2 7 3 ,0 8 2 8 ,0 4 5 2 ,5 4 9 7 ,0 8 7 8 ,0 8 3 2 ,2 3 3 5 ,8 5 0 ............................................................................................ 5 4 ,1 8 9 712 2 ,9 2 6 1 6 ,7 9 6 4 ,0 0 4 1 1 ,3 9 1 3 ,1 4 3 8 ,2 4 8 2 ,6 2 9 7 ,3 7 8 8 ,3 5 3 2 ,2 7 0 6 ,0 8 3 ............................................................................ 5 3 ,9 9 9 672 2 ,8 5 9 1 6 ,3 2 6 3 ,9 0 3 1 1 ,3 3 7 3 ,1 3 3 8 ,2 0 4 2 ,6 8 8 7 ,6 2 0 8 ,5 9 4 2 ,2 7 9 6 ,3 1 5 1962 ............................................................................................ 5 5 ,5 4 9 650 2 ,9 4 8 1 6 ,8 5 3 3 ,9 0 6 1 1 ,5 6 6 3 ,1 9 8 8 ,3 6 8 2 ,7 5 4 7 ,9 8 2 8 ,8 9 0 2 ,3 4 0 6 ,5 5 0 1963 ............................................................................................ 5 6 ,6 5 3 635 3 ,0 1 0 1 6 ,9 9 5 3 ,9 0 3 1 1 ,7 7 8 3 ,2 4 8 8 ,5 3 0 2 ,8 3 0 8 ,2 7 7 9 ,2 2 5 2 ,3 5 8 6 ,8 6 8 1964 ...................................................................................... 5 8 ,2 8 3 634 3 ,0 9 7 1 7 ,2 7 4 3 ,9 5 1 1 2 ,1 6 0 3 ,3 3 7 8 ,8 2 3 2 ,9 1 1 8 ,6 6 0 9 ,5 9 6 2 ,3 4 8 7 ,2 4 8 1965 ............................................................................................ 6 0 ,7 6 5 632 3 ,2 3 2 1 8 ,0 6 2 4 ,0 3 6 1 2 ,7 1 6 3 ,4 6 6 9 ,2 5 0 2 ,9 7 7 9 ,0 3 6 1 0 ,0 7 4 2 ,3 7 8 7 ,6 9 6 1966 ......................................................................................... 6 3 ,9 0 1 627 3 ,3 1 7 1 9 ,2 1 4 4 ,1 5 8 1 3 ,2 4 5 3 ,5 9 7 9 ,6 4 8 1967 ............................................................................................ 6 5 ,8 0 3 613 3 ,2 4 8 1 9 ,4 4 7 4 ,2 6 8 1 3 ,6 0 6 3 ,6 8 9 9 ,9 1 7 3 ,1 8 5 1 0 ,0 4 5 1 1 ,3 9 1 2 ,7 1 9 8 ,6 7 2 1968 ............................................................................... 6 7 ,8 9 7 606 3 ,3 5 0 1 9 ,7 8 1 4 ,3 1 8 1 4 ,0 9 9 3 ,7 7 9 1 0 ,3 2 0 3 ,3 3 7 1 0 ,5 6 7 1 1 ,8 3 9 2 ,7 3 7 9 ,1 0 2 3 ,0 5 8 9 ,4 9 8 1 0 ,7 8 4 2 ,5 6 4 8 ,2 2 0 1969 ............................................................................................ 7 0 ,3 8 4 619 3 ,5 7 5 2 0 ,1 6 7 4 ,4 4 2 1 4 ,7 0 5 3 ,9 0 7 1 0 ,7 9 8 3 ,5 1 2 1 1 ,1 6 9 1 2 ,1 9 5 2 ,7 5 8 9 ,4 3 7 1970 ................................................................................... 7 0 ,8 8 0 623 3 ,5 8 8 1 9 ,3 6 7 4 ,5 1 5 1 5 ,0 4 0 3 ,9 9 3 1 1 ,0 4 7 3 ,6 4 5 1 1 ,5 4 8 1 2 ,5 5 4 2 ,7 3 1 9 ,8 2 3 1971 ......................................................................................... 1972 ............................................................................... 7 3 ,6 7 5 628 3 ,8 8 9 1 9 ,1 5 1 4 ,5 4 1 1 5 ,9 4 9 4 ,1 1 3 1 1 ,8 3 6 3 ,9 0 8 1973 ............................................................................................ 7 6 ,7 9 0 642 4 ,0 9 7 2 0 ,1 5 4 4 ,6 5 6 1 6 ,6 0 7 4 ,2 7 7 1 2 ,3 2 9 4 ,0 4 6 7 1 ,2 1 4 609 3 ,7 0 4 1 8 ,6 2 3 4 ,4 7 6 1 5 ,3 5 2 4 ,0 0 1 1 1 ,3 5 1 3 ,7 7 2 • 1 1 ,7 9 7 1 2 ,8 8 1 2 ,6 9 6 1 0 ,1 8 5 1 2 ,2 7 6 1 3 ,3 3 4 2 ,6 8 4 1 0 ,6 4 9 1 2 ,8 5 7 1 3 ,7 3 2 2 ,6 6 3 1 1 ,0 6 8 1974 ............................................................................................ 7 8 ,2 6 5 697 4 ,0 2 0 2 0 ,0 7 7 4 ,7 2 5 1 6 ,9 8 7 4 ,4 3 3 1 2 ,5 5 4 4 ,1 4 8 1 3 ,4 4 1 1 4 ,1 7 0 2 ,7 2 4 1 1 ,4 4 6 1975 ............................................................................................ 7 6 ,9 4 5 752 3 ,5 2 5 1 8 ,3 2 3 4 ,5 4 2 1 7 ,0 6 0 4 ,4 1 5 1 2 ,6 4 5 4 ,1 6 5 1 3 ,8 9 2 1 4 ,6 8 6 2 ,7 4 8 1 1 ,9 3 7 ............................................................................................ 7 9 ,3 8 2 779 3 ,5 7 6 1 8 ,9 9 7 4 ,5 8 2 1 7 ,7 5 5 4 ,5 4 6 1 3 ,2 0 9 1977 ................................................................................... 8 2 ,4 2 3 813 3 ,8 5 1 1 9 ,6 8 2 4 ,7 1 3 1 8 ,5 1 6 4 ,7 0 8 1 3 ,8 0 8 4 ,4 6 7 1 5 ,3 0 3 1 5 ,0 7 9 2 ,7 2 7 1 2 ,3 5 2 1978 1976 ............................................................................... 8 6 ,4 4 6 851 4 ,2 7 1 2 0 ,4 7 6 4 ,9 2 7 1 9 ,4 9 9 4 ,9 5 7 1 4 ,5 4 2 4 ,7 2 7 1 6 ,2 2 0 1 5 ,4 7 6 2 ,7 5 3 1 2 ,7 2 3 4 ,2 7 1 1 4 ,5 5 1 1 4 ,8 7 1 2 ,7 3 3 1 2 ,1 3 8 ' D a t a in c lu d e A la s k a a n d H a w a ii b e g in n in g in 1 9 5 9 . 9. Employment by State [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] Alabama .............. Alaska.................. Arizona ................ Arkansas .............. California.............. Colorado .............. Connecticut .......... Delaware.............. District of Columbia. Florida.................. Georgia................ Hawaii.................. Idaho1 .................. Illinois.................. Indiana ............... Io w a .................... Kansas ............... Kentucky............. Louisiana............. M a in e .................. Maryland............. Massachusetts . . M ichigan............. Minnesota........... Mississippi........... Missouri ............. Dec. 1978 Nov. 1979 Dec. 1979 p 1 , 3 6 1 .3 1 , 3 6 4 .7 1 ,3 6 7 .2 State M o n ta n a 1 ......................................................... Dec. 1978 Nov. 1979 Dec. 1979 p 2 8 3 .9 2 9 0 .1 2 8 9 .5 1 5 6 .6 1 6 2 .1 NA N e b r a s k a ......................................................... 6 0 5 .4 6 1 9 .5 6 1 8 .5 9 3 3 .6 9 8 6 .3 9 9 1 .6 N evada 3 6 6 .5 3 8 3 .9 3 8 2 .7 7 3 4 .9 7 5 0 .3 7 4 9 .0 N e w H a m p s h ir e 3 7 2 .3 3 8 7 .9 3 8 6 .9 9 , 5 3 6 .3 9 , 8 2 7 .7 9 , 8 9 2 .6 3 , 0 1 5 .4 3 , 0 5 8 .0 3 , 0 6 5 .5 1 ,1 6 8 .3 1 ,2 0 6 .5 1 ,2 1 1 .3 1 , 3 9 6 .6 1 , 4 2 2 .9 1 ,4 3 1 .5 2 5 1 .5 2 4 8 .2 2 5 2 .1 ............................................................................ N e w Je rs e y ...................................................... ............................................................ N e w M e x i c o ................................................... N e w Y o r k ...................................................... N o rth C a r o lin a ................................................... 5 9 1 .3 5 9 8 .8 6 0 1 .5 3 , 2 5 9 .3 3 , 3 5 3 .5 3 , 3 9 9 .2 2 , 0 2 7 .0 2 , 0 3 7 .5 2 , 0 3 9 .6 3 9 8 .3 3 9 8 .1 4 0 8 .3 O re g o n 3 3 9 .0 3 4 3 .6 3 4 0 .5 P e n n s y lv a n ia ...................................................... ................................................................... N o rth D a k o t a 1 ......................................... O h io ............................................................................ O k la h o m a ...................................................... ......................................................................... 4 , 8 4 3 .9 4 , 8 3 7 .9 4 , 8 3 3 .8 R h o d e Is la n d 2 , 2 3 3 .7 2 , 2 4 8 .7 2 , 2 4 3 .4 S o u th C a r o lin a 1 , 1 4 8 .0 1 , 1 4 4 .0 1 , 1 2 4 .0 9 3 4 .1 9 6 4 .2 9 6 8 .1 1 , 2 7 2 .0 1 ,2 9 7 .2 1 ,2 9 7 .8 1 ,4 4 2 .9 1 ,4 6 9 .1 1 , 4 7 2 .0 4 1 0 .2 4 1 3 .1 4 1 2 .4 ................................................ S o u th D a k o t a 1 ................................................................... Tennessee ............................................................ Texas ............................................................ U ta h 1 ...................................................................................... V e r m o n t 1 ............................................................ 1 , 6 3 3 .6 1 , 6 3 5 .0 1 ,6 4 3 .5 V irg in ia 2 ,5 6 8 .1 2 , 6 1 4 .0 2 , 6 2 5 .0 W a s h in g to n 3 , 6 4 6 .8 3 , 5 8 1 .4 3 , 6 0 2 .3 W e s t V irg in ia 1 ,7 2 5 .3 1 ,7 9 5 .8 1 ,7 9 0 .1 W is c o n s in ......................................................................... 8 3 5 .6 8369 8 3 8 .0 1 ,9 5 2 .1 1 ,9 6 5 .8 1 ,9 6 7 .8 ............................................................................ W y o m in g 1 ............................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................... 4 5 6 .9 4 7 4 .1 4 7 6 .5 7 , 1 4 3 .4 7 , 1 7 2 .7 7 , 1 8 1 .0 2 , 3 1 8 .9 2 ,3 7 6 .1 2 , 3 7 7 .5 2 3 8 .5 2 4 9 .3 2 4 7 .4 4 , 4 9 5 .0 4 , 5 2 1 .5 4 , 5 2 5 .5 1 ,0 5 1 .8 1 ,0 9 8 .1 1 , 1 0 5 .2 1 ,0 3 2 .7 1 ,0 7 5 .3 1 , 0 6 5 .3 4 , 7 3 4 .8 4 ,7 4 8 .1 4 , 7 4 2 .0 4 0 8 .3 4 0 6 .5 4 0 5 .9 1 ,1 5 3 .2 1 ,1 7 4 .4 1 , 1 7 7 .0 2 4 0 .5 2 4 1 .8 2 4 0 .0 1 , 7 4 9 .6 1 , 7 3 8 .3 1 , 7 3 8 .3 5 , 4 0 7 .7 5 , 6 2 1 .2 5 , 6 3 8 .8 5 4 3 .5 5 7 3 .8 5 7 4 .2 1 9 7 .4 1 9 9 .8 2 0 2 .6 2 , 0 9 2 .3 2 , 1 2 7 .8 2 , 1 3 0 .3 1 ,5 6 2 .1 1 , 6 3 9 .5 1 , 6 4 0 .8 6 3 6 .9 6 3 9 .1 6 3 5 .6 1 ,9 3 0 .1 2 ,0 0 3 .1 1 ,9 9 9 .1 1 9 0 .2 2 1 3 .3 2 1 3 .8 1 R e v is e d s e rie s ; n o t s tric tly c o m p a r a b le w ith p re v io u s ly p u b lis h e d d a ta . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 73 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 10. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group [ N o n a g r i c u l t u r a l p a y r o ll d a t a , in t h o u s a n d s ] 1980 1979 Annual average Industry division and group 1977 1978 Jan. TOTAL .............................................................. 8 2 ,4 2 3 8 6 ,4 4 6 8 7 ,1 2 8 MINING ................................................................... 813 851 910 CONSTRUCTION MANUFACTURING P ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s ............................................................ Durable goods P ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s ............................................................ May June 8 9 ,6 7 1 9 0 ,5 4 1 July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. 8 9 ,6 1 8 8 9 ,6 7 3 9 0 ,2 1 1 9 0 ,6 7 8 9 0 ,9 0 2 Dec.» Jan.» 9 1 ,0 0 0 8 9 ,1 7 6 Mar. Apr. 8 7 ,3 3 1 8 8 ,2 0 7 8 8 ,8 2 0 915 926 932 944 968 976 986 980 982 984 985 977 4 ,8 8 1 4 ,9 9 3 5 ,0 4 8 4 ,9 8 4 4 ,9 7 6 4 ,8 7 9 4 ,7 0 8 4 ,3 0 5 2 0 ,6 7 7 Feb. 3 ,8 5 1 4 ,2 7 1 3 ,9 9 8 3 ,9 5 7 4 ,2 2 6 4 ,4 1 3 4 ,6 6 2 1 9 ,6 8 2 2 0 ,4 7 6 2 0 ,7 6 3 2 0 ,7 7 5 2 0 ,8 8 7 2 0 ,9 0 7 2 0 ,9 8 8 2 1 ,2 3 4 2 0 ,9 6 5 2 0 ,9 9 6 2 1 ,1 9 2 2 1 ,0 9 4 2 0 ,9 6 6 2 0 ,9 0 5 1 4 ,1 3 5 1 4 ,7 1 4 . 1 4 ,9 1 0 1 4 ,9 0 8 1 4 ,9 9 3 1 5 ,0 0 2 1 5 ,0 6 1 1 5 ,2 4 0 1 4 ,9 4 6 1 4 ,9 6 0 1 5 ,1 7 2 1 5 ,0 8 2 1 4 ,9 5 4 1 4 ,9 0 0 1 4 ,6 7 3 1 1 ,5 9 7 1 2 ,2 4 6 1 2 ,5 6 1 1 2 ,5 7 9 1 2 ,6 6 4 1 2 ,6 9 7 1 2 ,7 3 9 1 2 ,8 7 7 1 2 ,7 1 2 1 2 ,5 9 8 1 2 ,8 0 5 1 2 ,7 3 7 1 2 ,6 6 1 1 2 ,6 4 5 1 2 ,5 1 8 8 ,3 0 7 8 ,7 8 6 9 ,0 1 6 9 ,0 1 8 9 ,0 8 1 9 ,1 0 5 9 ,1 2 9 9 ,2 2 3 9 ,0 3 1 8 ,9 0 7 9 ,1 1 6 9 ,0 5 8 8 ,9 8 3 8 ,9 6 9 8 ,8 2 2 7 6 3 .8 7 8 3 .2 7 7 6 .8 7 8 0 .0 7 7 6 .3 7 7 1 .3 7 4 8 .9 7 3 0 .8 7 0 9 .8 ......................................... 7 2 1 .9 7 5 2 .4 7 3 9 .0 7 3 7 .7 7 4 5 .5 7 4 8 .8 F u rn itu r e a n d f i x t u r e s ......................................................... 4 6 4 .3 4 9 1 .1 4 9 7 .0 4 9 5 .2 4 9 1 .8 4 8 7 .8 4 8 3 .9 4 8 4 .2 4 7 5 .5 4 8 3 .5 4 8 5 .3 4 8 7 .6 4 8 8 .7 4 8 6 .6 S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p ro d u c ts 6 6 8 .7 6 9 8 .0 6 8 1 .6 6 8 0 .6 6 9 7 .2 7 0 6 .6 7 1 8 .6 7 3 3 .1 7 2 7 .1 7 2 8 .2 7 2 3 .6 7 2 1 .0 7 1 2 .9 6 9 9 .7 6 7 5 .6 1 , 2 0 4 .5 1 , 1 9 9 .5 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts ... : ................... P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s t r ie s ................................................... 1 , 1 8 1 .6 1 , 2 1 2 .7 1 ,2 4 3 .8 1 ,2 4 4 .8 1 ,2 5 1 .1 1 , 2 5 9 .0 1 , 2 5 8 .6 1 8 7 4 .3 1 , 2 6 0 .7 1 , 2 4 4 .5 1 , 2 4 4 .3 1 ,2 2 5 .1 1 , 2 1 6 .7 4 8 3 .8 ............................................. 1 , 5 8 2 .8 1 , 6 7 3 .4 1 , 7 1 6 .0 1 , 7 1 5 .6 1 , 7 1 9 .8 1 , 7 2 3 .7 1 ,7 2 7 .8 1 , 7 4 9 .0 1 , 7 1 5 .7 1 ,7 1 6 .1 1 , 7 3 5 .3 1 , 7 3 8 .3 1 , 7 3 8 .2 1 , 7 2 8 .7 1 , 7 0 5 .8 M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ......................................... 2 , 1 7 4 .7 2 , 3 1 9 .2 2 , 4 2 8 .7 2 , 4 4 6 .4 2 , 4 5 9 .5 2 , 4 6 8 .0 2 , 4 6 3 .6 2 , 4 9 1 .2 2 ,4 8 5 .1 2 ,4 6 7 .1 2 , 4 9 6 .4 2 , 4 4 7 .2 2 , 4 4 0 .9 2 , 4 5 4 .6 2 , 4 9 9 .4 E le c tr ic a n d e le c tr o n ic e q u i p m e n t ............................ 1 , 8 7 8 .0 1 , 9 9 9 .5 2 , 0 6 0 .9 2 , 0 7 1 .0 2 , 0 8 2 .6 2 ,0 8 6 .1 2 , 0 9 5 .2 2 , 1 2 8 .2 2 , 1 1 1 .7 2 , 0 8 9 .5 2 ,1 3 6 .1 2 , 1 4 3 .7 2 , 1 4 6 .3 2 , 1 5 4 .7 2 , 1 4 7 .8 T ra n s p o r ta tio n e q u i p m e n t ............................................... 1 , 8 7 1 .5 1 , 9 9 1 .7 2 , 0 7 5 .2 2 , 0 6 2 .7 2 , 0 8 3 .9 2 , 0 8 2 .2 2 , 0 9 1 .8 2 , 0 7 7 .9 2 , 0 2 7 .7 1 ,9 3 3 .2 2 , 0 5 1 .0 2 , 0 4 0 .9 2 , 0 0 9 .7 2 , 0 3 8 .6 1 , 9 6 3 .2 6 8 6 .5 6 9 8 .8 6 9 2 .9 6 9 5 .3 6 9 2 .7 6 9 5 .4 6 9 5 .9 6 9 9 .2 6 9 8 .3 4 5 7 .4 4 3 8 .6 4 6 0 .6 4 6 3 .8 4 6 6 .9 4 6 2 .8 4 4 7 .2 4 3 4 .4 F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ............................. 6 1 5 .1 6 5 3 .5 6 7 7 .5 6 8 0 .2 6 8 3 .2 6 8 6 .5 ...................................... 4 3 8 .4 4 5 4 .0 4 4 1 .2 4 4 4 .8 4 4 9 .0 4 4 8 .0 4 4 8 .9 Nondurable goods ............................................ In s tru m e n ts a n d r e la t e d p ro d u c ts M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g 8 ,0 8 6 8 ,2 3 0 8 ,2 0 2 8 ,1 9 6 8 ,2 2 3 8 ,2 1 0 8 ,2 4 9 8 ,3 5 7 8 ,2 5 3 8 ,3 9 8 8 ,3 8 7 8 ,3 5 7 8 ,3 0 5 8 ,2 6 0 8 ,1 5 9 ............................................................ 5 ,8 2 8 5 ,9 2 8 5 ,8 9 4 5 ,8 9 0 5 ,9 1 2 5 ,8 9 7 5 ,9 3 2 6 ,0 1 7 5 ,9 1 5 6 ,0 5 3 6 ,0 5 6 6 ,0 2 4 5 ,9 7 1 5 ,9 3 1 5 ,8 5 1 F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ............................................ 1 , 7 1 1 .0 1 ,7 2 1 .2 1 , 6 7 8 .0 1 ,6 5 8 .1 1 , 6 6 6 .9 1 ,6 5 7 .3 1 , 6 6 9 .6 1 , 7 1 6 .6 1 , 7 3 7 .8 1 , 8 1 0 .0 1 ,8 1 4 .1 1 , 7 6 6 .8 1 , 7 2 5 .0 1 , 6 9 9 .2 1 , 6 4 5 .8 P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s 7 0 .7 6 9 .6 6 8 .8 6 6 .4 6 4 .4 6 2 .5 6 1 .9 6 2 .1 6 2 .1 6 9 .0 7 2 .2 7 1 .9 6 4 .8 6 6 .5 6 5 .0 9 1 0 .2 9 0 0 .2 8 9 6 .3 8 9 6 .4 8 9 4 ,4 8 9 0 .4 8 9 2 .5 9 0 0 .4 8 7 5 .5 8 9 0 .4 8 8 8 .9 8 8 9 .8 8 9 3 .9 8 9 3 .7 8 8 7 .8 ......................... 1 ,3 1 6 .3 1 , 3 3 2 .5 1 , 3 1 3 .6 1 , 3 2 0 .6 1 , 3 2 6 .6 1 , 3 2 3 .7 1 , 3 2 7 .5 1 ,3 3 3 .1 1 , 2 7 8 .7 1 , 3 0 8 .9 1 ,3 0 9 .1 1 , 3 1 7 .0 1 , 3 0 6 .2 1 , 2 9 3 .7 ............................................ 6 9 1 .6 7 0 0 .9 7 0 0 .0 7 0 3 .4 7 0 8 .8 7 1 0 .8 7 1 2 .7 7 2 4 .6 7 1 9 .6 7 2 3 .3 7 1 8 .5 7 1 7 .7 7 1 5 .9 7 1 5 .1 7 1 2 .7 1 , 2 4 5 .8 1 , 2 4 5 .4 1 ,2 4 6 .1 1 , 2 5 4 .5 1 , 2 6 5 .6 1 , 2 7 2 .8 1 , 2 6 6 .9 1 , 1 2 3 .0 1 , 1 2 1 .2 1 , 1 1 4 .9 1 , 1 1 5 .0 1 , 1 1 5 .2 1 , 1 1 5 .7 1 , 1 1 4 .3 2 1 8 .3 2 1 8 .1 2 1 5 .1 2 1 1 .8 ................................................... T e x tile m ill p r o d u c t s ............................................................ A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r te x tile p ro d u c ts P a p e r a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts 1 ,2 7 6 .9 P rin tin g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ...................................................... 1 , 1 4 1 .4 1 ,1 9 3 .1 1 , 2 2 1 .0 1 , 2 2 5 .7 1 , 2 2 9 .5 1 , 2 3 1 .0 1 ,2 3 4 .7 1 ,2 4 3 .4 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts ................................... 1 , 0 7 3 .7 1 ,0 9 6 .3 1 , 1 0 0 .0 1 , 0 9 9 .7 1 ,1 0 3 .9 1 ,1 0 6 .7 1 ,1 1 0 .9 1 , 1 2 6 .6 ...................................... 2 0 2 .3 2 0 8 .7 2 0 5 .8 2 0 6 .4 2 1 2 .9 2 1 6 .8 2 1 8 .1 2 1 7 .2 7 1 3 .5 7 5 1 .9 7 7 1 .0 7 7 3 .8 7 7 4 .4 7 7 2 .0 7 7 7 .0 7 7 9 .4 7 6 7 .4 7 6 5 .8 7 6 2 .0 7 6 2 .6 7 5 7 .6 7 4 6 .9 7 4 3 .4 2 4 5 .1 2 4 5 .7 2 4 5 .1 2 4 9 .2 2 5 3 .7 2 2 4 .7 2 4 5 .8 2 4 3 .1 2 4 3 .1 2 4 3 .2 2 4 1 .0 2 3 4 .7 P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p ro d u c ts R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p ro d u c ts L e a th e r a n d le a t h e r p ro d u c ts ...................................... TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES 2 0 8 .3 2 1 0 .8 2 1 8 .0 2 5 4 .8 2 5 5 .6 2 4 6 .3 4 ,7 1 3 4 ,9 2 7 5 ,0 1 0 5 ,0 2 8 5 ,0 6 0 4 ,9 8 9 5 ,1 2 5 5 ,2 3 1 5 ,2 0 0 5 ,2 1 0 5 ,2 4 2 5 ,2 4 4 5 ,2 5 5 5 ,2 3 7 5 ,1 7 3 1 9 ,7 6 5 1 9 ,5 4 8 1 9 ,6 9 0 1 9 ,9 5 7 2 0 ,1 1 9 2 0 ,2 2 2 2 0 ,1 1 8 2 0 ,1 3 7 2 0 ,2 6 0 2 0 ,3 1 4 2 0 ,5 8 0 2 0 ,9 2 3 2 0 ,1 7 5 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRA DE...................... 1 8 ,5 1 6 1 9 ,4 9 9 WHOLESALE TRADE ............................................ 4 ,7 0 8 4 ,9 5 7 5 ,0 6 6 5 ,0 6 7 5 ,0 9 8 5 ,1 1 2 5 ,1 4 6 5 ,2 1 1 5 ,2 0 8 5 ,2 1 1 5 ,2 0 6 5 ,2 3 5 5 ,2 5 1 5 ,2 3 8 5 ,2 0 7 1 3 ,8 0 8 1 4 ,5 4 2 1 4 ,6 9 9 1 4 ,4 8 1 1 4 ,5 9 2 1 4 ,8 4 5 1 4 ,9 7 3 1 5 ,0 1 1 1 4 ,9 1 0 1 4 ,9 2 6 1 5 ,0 5 4 1 5 ,0 7 9 1 5 ,3 2 9 1 5 ,6 8 5 1 4 ,9 6 8 RETAIL TRADE........................................................ FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE .. SERVICES GOVERNMENT 74 4 ,7 2 7 4 ,8 2 9 4 ,8 4 5 4 ,8 7 0 4 ,9 0 0 4 ,9 3 6 5 ,0 0 3 5 ,0 3 2 5 ,0 5 3 5 ,0 0 2 5 ,0 1 3 5 ,0 2 9 5 ,0 3 9 5 ,0 3 0 1 6 ,2 2 0 1 6 ,3 5 3 1 6 ,5 4 5 1 6 ,7 4 9 1 6 ,8 9 7 1 7 ,0 3 9 1 7 ,2 3 9 1 7 ,3 1 4 1 7 ,3 1 2 1 7 ,2 2 5 1 7 ,2 9 2 1 7 ,2 8 1 1 7 ,2 7 3 1 7 ,0 8 3 1 5 ,4 7 6 1 5 ,5 0 0 1 5 ,7 1 8 1 5 ,7 9 9 1 5 ,8 2 5 1 5 ,8 5 8 1 5 ,7 6 3 1 5 ,0 2 0 1 4 ,9 3 1 1 5 ,3 2 6 1 5 ,7 6 3 1 5 ,9 2 8 1 5 ,0 7 9 F e d e r a l ......................................................................................... S t a t e a n d lo c a l 4 ,4 6 7 1 5 ,3 0 3 ...................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 5 ,9 3 0 1 5 ,7 5 6 2 ,7 2 7 2 ,7 5 3 2 ,7 3 0 2 ,7 3 8 2 ,7 4 0 2 ,7 5 0 2 ,7 7 3 2 ,8 2 4 2 ,8 3 8 2 ,8 4 4 2 ,7 5 1 2 ,7 5 6 2 ,7 6 0 2 ,7 7 0 2 ,7 5 4 1 2 ,3 5 2 1 2 ,7 2 3 1 2 ,7 7 0 1 2 ,9 8 0 1 3 ,0 5 9 1 3 ,0 7 5 1 3 ,0 8 5 1 2 ,9 3 9 1 2 ,1 8 2 1 2 ,0 8 7 1 2 ,5 7 5 1 3 ,0 0 7 1 3 ,1 6 8 1 3 ,1 6 0 1 3 ,0 0 2 11. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [ N o n a g r i c u l t u r a l p a y r o l l d a t a , in t h o u s a n d s ] 1979 Industry division and group TOTAL .............................................................. MINING ................................. CONSTRUCTION MANUFACTURING...................................... P ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s ............................................................ 1980 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 8 8 ,4 3 3 8 8 ,7 0 0 8 9 ,0 3 9 927 937 940 4 ,4 9 7 4 ,4 8 6 4 ,6 1 4 4 ,5 5 9 4 ,6 4 8 4 ,6 6 2 4 ,6 8 8 4 ,6 7 4 4 ,6 7 1 4 ,6 9 4 4 ,7 1 4 4 ,7 8 0 4 ,8 4 3 2 0 ,9 5 8 2 1 ,0 2 5 2 1 ,0 7 3 2 1 ,0 6 6 2 1 ,0 5 9 2 1 ,0 6 3 2 1 ,0 7 9 2 0 ,9 5 7 2 0 ,9 4 9 2 0 ,8 9 9 2 0 ,8 3 6 2 0 ,8 8 2 2 0 ,8 6 7 May June 8 9 ,0 3 6 8 9 ,3 9 8 8 9 ,6 2 6 940 944 949 July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec." Jan.p 8 9 ,7 1 3 8 9 ,7 6 2 8 9 ,8 0 3 8 9 ,9 8 2 9 0 ,1 0 0 9 0 ,2 3 1 9 0 ,5 3 6 956 968 973 979 983 992 995 1 5 ,0 8 5 1 5 ,1 2 8 1 5 ,1 5 3 1 5 ,1 3 4 1 5 ,1 1 2 1 5 ,0 9 6 1 5 ,0 9 0 1 4 ,9 5 6 1 4 ,9 5 7 1 4 ,8 9 4 1 4 ,8 2 9 1 4 ,8 7 3 1 4 ,8 4 4 1 2 ,6 4 0 1 2 ,7 1 5 1 2 ,7 5 1 1 2 ,7 5 2 1 2 ,7 3 9 1 2 ,7 6 0 1 2 ,7 8 6 1 2 ,7 1 4 1 2 ,7 3 7 1 2 ,6 5 0 1 2 ,5 8 7 1 2 ,6 1 0 1 2 ,5 9 4 9 ,0 8 5 9 ,1 3 8 9 ,1 5 8 9 ,1 4 6 9 ,1 1 9 9 ,1 2 3 9 ,1 2 4 9 ,0 4 4 9 ,0 6 6 8 ,9 7 2 8 ,9 0 8 8 ,9 2 9 8 ,8 8 7 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ...................................................... 768 768 769 761 762 752 758 760 751 741 738 F u rn itu r e a n d f i x t u r e s ................................................................... 497 496 493 490 487 485 488 484 480 482 483 482 484 S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p ro d u c ts 709 712 718 714 715 715 711 710 708 709 704 706 702 Durable goods .................................... P ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s ................................................................... ............................................ P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r ie s ................................................ 1 ,2 5 0 1 ,2 5 6 1 ,2 5 9 1 ,2 6 0 1 ,2 5 4 757 1 ,2 4 5 1 ,2 3 6 1 ,2 2 6 1 ,2 2 3 1 ,2 0 8 1 ,2 0 6 F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ................................................ 1 ,7 2 5 1 ,7 3 3 1 ,7 3 2 1 ,7 3 2 1 ,7 3 0 1 ,7 3 7 1 ,7 3 0 1 ,7 1 4 1 ,7 1 6 1 ,7 2 3 1 ,7 2 6 1 ,7 2 4 1 ,7 1 4 M a c h in e ry , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ...................................................... 2 ,4 1 9 2 ,4 3 7 2 ,4 5 0 2 ,4 6 6 2 ,4 7 1 2 ,4 8 4 2 ,5 0 0 2 ,4 9 2 E le c tric a n d e le c tr o n ic e q u ip m e n t ............................................ T r a n s p o rta tio n e q u i p m e n t ................................... 1 ,2 5 7 753 1 ,2 5 6 2 ,4 9 6 2 ,4 5 5 2 ,4 3 8 2 ,4 4 2 2 ,4 8 9 2 ,0 6 5 2 ,0 7 9 2 ,0 9 3 2 ,1 0 1 2 ,1 0 6 2 ,1 2 4 2 ,1 3 1 2 ,0 9 2 2 ,1 1 7 2 ,1 2 5 2 ,1 2 5 2 ,1 4 2 2 ,1 5 2 2 ,0 6 9 2 ,0 9 4 2 ,0 9 4 2 ,0 8 4 2 ,0 7 7 2 ,0 5 7 2 ,0 7 3 2 ,0 7 9 2 ,0 8 6 2 ,0 2 5 1 ,9 9 4 2 ,0 1 4 1 ,9 5 7 In s tru m e n ts a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ...................................... 679 682 685 689 688 693 694 695 692 696 694 698 700 M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g 459 458 458 455 449 451 450 451 448 449 449 453 452 ................................... Nondurable goods ...................................... P ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s ......................................................... F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ................................................................ T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s ............................................ T e x tile m ill p r o d u c t s ......................................................... A p p a r e l a n d o th e r te x tile p ro d u c ts P a p e r a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts ...................................................... ................................................... 8 ,3 1 8 8 ,3 1 0 8 ,3 2 2 8 ,3 1 4 8 ,3 2 0 8 ,3 0 3 8 ,2 9 3 8 ,2 4 3 8 ,2 1 2 8 ,2 4 9 8 ,2 4 9 8 ,2 7 2 8 ,2 7 3 6 ,0 0 0 5 ,9 9 0 5 ,9 9 5 5 ,9 8 8 5 ,9 9 3 5 ,9 7 3 5 ,9 6 6 5 ,9 1 2 5 ,8 9 1 5 ,9 2 2 5 ,9 2 1 5 ,9 4 4 5 ,9 5 7 1 ,7 3 5 1 ,7 2 9 1 ,7 3 6 1 ,7 2 8 1 ,7 0 2 1 ,7 2 5 1 ,7 2 0 1 ,7 0 7 1 ,6 9 6 1 ,6 9 1 1 ,7 0 7 1 ,7 1 0 1 ,7 1 8 68 68 69 69 70 69 68 64 65 65 60 62 64 900 899 897 892 893 892 892 886 884 887 889 893 891 1 ,3 3 9 1 ,3 2 7 1 ,3 2 4 1 ,3 2 5 1 ,3 2 4 1 ,3 1 2 1 ,3 2 4 1 ,3 0 2 1 ,2 9 4 1 ,2 9 9 1 ,2 9 2 1 ,2 9 9 1 ,3 0 2 706 711 716 717 714 715 718 717 714 715 714 714 718 1 ,2 2 5 1 ,2 2 9 1 ,2 3 2 1 ,2 3 4 1 ,2 3 6 1 ,2 4 2 1 ,2 5 0 1 ,2 4 7 1 ,2 4 5 1 ,2 5 2 1 ,2 6 2 1 ,2 6 4 1 ,2 7 1 1 ,1 0 9 1 ,1 0 8 1 ,1 0 8 1 ,1 1 1 1 ,1 1 4 1 ,1 1 9 1 ,1 1 6 1 ,1 1 1 1 ,1 1 0 1 ,1 1 3 1 ,1 1 4 1 ,1 1 9 1 ,1 2 3 211 212 213 213 213 212 212 213 215 217 217 217 217 774 779 780 781 784 775 777 764 751 751 749 744 746 ............................................ 251 248 247 244 247 247 229 243 243 243 242 242 239 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBUC UTILITIES ......... 5 ,0 7 1 5 ,0 9 4 5 ,1 1 6 5 ,0 2 4 5 ,1 3 0 5 ,1 9 0 5 ,1 6 9 5 ,1 9 4 5 ,1 8 0 5 ,2 1 8 5 ,2 2 9 5 ,2 0 6 5 ,2 3 6 1 9 ,9 6 5 2 0 ,0 1 6 2 0 ,0 5 4 2 0 ,0 8 8 2 0 ,1 2 9 2 0 ,1 1 6 2 0 ,1 2 2 2 0 ,1 2 6 2 0 ,1 6 9 2 0 ,2 4 3 2 0 ,3 0 8 2 0 ,2 4 6 2 0 ,3 7 8 5 ,1 0 2 5 ,1 1 8 5 ,1 3 4 5 ,1 3 8 5 ,1 5 6 5 ,1 8 0 5 ,1 8 2 5 ,1 8 5 5 ,1 9 0 5 ,2 0 9 5 ,2 3 5 5 ,2 2 2 5 ,2 4 4 1 4 ,8 6 3 1 4 ,8 9 8 1 4 ,9 2 0 1 4 ,9 5 0 1 4 ,9 7 3 1 4 ,9 3 6 1 4 ,9 4 0 1 4 ,9 4 1 1 4 ,9 7 9 1 5 ,0 3 4 1 5 ,0 7 3 1 5 ,0 2 4 1 5 ,1 3 4 4 ,8 6 8 4 ,8 8 4 4 ,8 9 9 4 ,9 1 5 4 ,9 3 6 4 ,9 5 8 4 ,9 7 2 5 ,0 0 3 4 ,9 9 7 5 ,0 1 8 5 ,0 3 9 5 ,0 5 4 5 ,0 7 1 1 6 ,6 7 0 1 6 ,7 6 3 1 6 ,8 3 3 1 6 ,8 8 0 1 6 ,9 5 4 1 7 ,0 5 1 1 7 ,0 9 2 1 7 ,1 4 1 1 7 ,1 9 1 1 7 ,2 5 7 1 7 ,2 9 8 1 7 ,3 6 0 1 7 ,4 1 4 1 5 ,7 3 2 P rin tin g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ...................................................... C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p ro d u c ts ................................... ............................................... R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p ro d u c ts L e a th e r a n d le a t h e r p ro d u c ts ......................................... WHOLESALE AND RETAIL T RA DE................................. WHOLESALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE ...................... SERVICES GOVERNMENT 1 5 ,4 7 7 F e d e r a l ...................................................................... S t a t e a n d lo c a l ...................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 5 ,4 9 5 1 5 ,5 1 0 1 5 ,5 6 4 1 5 ,5 9 8 1 5 ,6 3 7 1 5 ,6 3 5 1 5 ,6 9 9 1 5 ,6 7 3 1 5 ,6 7 4 1 5 ,6 9 3 1 5 ,7 1 1 2 ,7 5 8 2 ,7 5 7 2 ,7 5 7 2 ,7 5 8 2 ,7 7 0 2 ,7 8 8 2 ,7 8 5 2 ,8 1 3 2 ,7 6 2 2 ,7 7 0 2 ,7 7 1 2 ,7 7 1 2 ,7 8 2 1 2 ,7 1 9 1 2 ,7 3 8 1 2 ,7 5 3 1 2 ,8 0 6 1 2 ,8 2 8 1 2 ,8 4 9 1 2 ,8 5 0 1 2 ,8 8 6 1 2 ,9 1 1 1 2 ,9 0 4 1 2 ,9 2 2 1 2 ,9 4 0 1 2 ,9 5 0 75 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 12. Labor turnover rates in manufacturing, 1976 to date [ P e r 1 0 0 e m p lo y e e s ] Annual average Year Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. June May July Aug. Oct Sept Nov. Dec. 2 .9 2 .2 Total accessions 1 9 7 6 ........................................................................ 3 .9 4 .8 4 .2 5.1 4 .4 1977 ........................................................................ 4 .0 3 .7 3 .7 4 .0 3 .8 4 .6 4 .9 4 .3 5 .3 4 .6 3 .9 3.1 2 .4 1978 ........................................................................ 4.1 3 .8 3 .2 3 .8 4 .0 4 .7 4 .9 4 .4 5 .4 4 .9 4 .3 3 .3 2 .4 1979 ......................................................................... 4 .0 3 .4 3 .8 3 .9 4 .7 4 .8 4 .3 4 .9 4 .4 4.1 2 .9 p 2 .2 3 .9 4 .2 3 .5 3 .9 4 .5 3 .5 New hires 1976 ......................................................................... 2 .6 2.1 2.1 2 .7 2 .6 3.1 3 .6 2 .9 3 .6 3 .2 2 .5 1 .9 1 .3 1977 ......................................................................... 2 .8 2 .2 2.1 2 .6 2 .7 3 .5 3 .7 3 .0 4 .0 3 .5 3 .0 2 .2 1 .6 2 .5 2 .2 2 .7 2 .9 3 .6 3 .9 3 .3 4 .2 3 .9 3 .5 2 .6 1 .7 2 .8 2 .5 2 .8 2 .9 3 .6 3 .8 3.1 3 .7 3 .4 3.1 2 .2 p 1 .5 3.1 1978 ......................................................................... 1979 ......................................................................... 1976 ......................................................................... 1 .0 1 .4 1 .0 1 .2 1 .0 1 .0 .9 1.1 1.1 .8 .7 .7 1977 ......................................................................... .9 1 .2 1 .3 1.1 .9 .8 .8 .9 1 .0 .8 .6 .6 .6 Recalls .7 1978 ......................................................................... 1 .0 .7 .8 .8 .8 .7 .8 .9 .7 .6 .5 .5 1979 ......................................................................... .9 .7 .7 .7 .8 .7 .9 .9 .8 .7 .5 p .6 1976 ......................................................................... 3 .8 3 .7 3 .0 3 .5 3 .6 3 .4 3 .6 4 .3 4 .9 4 .7 4.1 3 .4 3 .5 1977 ......................................................................... 3 .8 3 .9 3 .4 3 .4 3 .4 3 .5 3 .5 4 .3 5.1 4 .9 3 .8 3 .4 3 .4 1978 ......................................................................... 3 .9 1979 ......................................................................... .7 Total separations 3 .6 3.1 3 .5 3 .6 3 .7 3 .8 4.1 5 .3 4 .8 4.1 3 .5 3 .4 3 .8 3 .2 3 .6 3 .6 3 .8 3 .9 4 .3 5 .7 4 .7 4 .2 3 .8 » 3 .4 1 .0 Quits 1976 ......................................................................... 1 .7 1 .3 1 .2 1 .6 1 .7 1 .7 1 .8 1 .9 2 .8 2 .5 1 .7 1 .2 1977 ......................................................................... 1 .8 1.4 1 .3 1 .6 1 .7 1 .9 1 .9 1 .9 3.1 2 .8 1 .9 1 .5 1978 ......................................................................... 2.1 1 .5 1.4 1 .8 2 .0 2.1 2 .2 2.1 3 .5 3.1 2 .3 1 .7 1 .3 1 .6 » 1 .1 1979 1 .9 1 .6 1 .8 ......................................................................... 2 .0 2.1 2.1 2 .0 2 .7 3 .3 2.1 1 .2 Layoffs 1976 ......................................................................... 1 .3 1 .6 1 .0 1.1 1.1 .9 .9 1 .6 1.1 1 .3 1 .5 1 .5 1 .8 1977 ......................................................................... 1.1 1 .7 1 .4 1 .0 .9 .8 .8 1 .5 1 .0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1 .5 1978 ......................................................................... .9 1979 ......................................................................... 13. 1 .2 .9 .9 .8 .7 .7 1 .0 .8 .8 .9 1 .0 1 .4 1.1 .8 .8 .9 .7 .8 1 .4 1 .3 1.1 1 .2 1 .5 p 1 .7 Labor turnover rates in manufacturing, by major industry group [ P e r 1 0 0 e m p lo y e e s ] Separation rates Accession rates Dec. 1978 Nov. 1979 Recalls New hires Total Major industry group Dec. 1979» Dec. 1978 Nov. 1979 Total Dec. 1979» Dec. 1978 Nov. 1979 0 .5 0 .5 Dec. 1979» Dec. 1978 Nov. 1979 Dec. 1979» Dec. 1978 Nov. 1979 Dec. 1979» 3 .8 3 .4 1 .3 1 .6 1.1 1 .4 1 .5 1 .7 4.1 3 .9 2 .2 2 .0 1 .9 .9 1 .3 1 .2 3 .5 3.1 1.1 1 .3 .9 1.1 1 .4 1.6 6 .7 5 .9 2 .3 2 .6 1 .8 1 .7 3.1 3 .3 3 .5 2.1 2 .3 1 .6 .9 1.1 1 .2 3 .0 2 .9 2 .2 1 .7 2 .2 1 .5 4 .5 3 .9 4 .0 3 .5 3 .0 3 .0 2 .2 2 .6 2 .0 1 .6 1 .9 1 .3 .4 .4 .5 2 .9 3 .2 3 .3 2 .4 2 .6 2 .7 1 .7 .4 .5 .7 4 .9 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ................ Dec. 1978 4 .0 2 .4 S e a s o n a lly a d j u s t e d ...................... Durable goods Dec. 1979» 3 .4 MANUFACTURING...................................... 0 .6 Nov. 1979 Layoffs Quits 3.1 3 .9 2 .6 2 .6 3 .2 1 .8 .3 .6 .7 4 .0 4 .6 ... 2 .2 2 .7 2 .0 1 .6 2 .0 1 .3 .4 .6 .6 4 .7 4 .2 4 .8 1 .3 1 .5 1.1 2 .6 2 .0 ...................... 1 .7 1 .9 1 .9 1 .0 1.1 .7 .5 .6 .9 1 .8 3 .2 3 .2 .6 .7 .5 .6 1 .8 1 .9 F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ................... 2 .4 3 .0 2 .2 1 .8 2 .3 1 .5 .4 .5 .5 3 .2 3 .9 3 .4 1 .4 1 .5 1.1 1.1 1 .6 1 .6 .2 .2 .4 1 .8 2 .5 1 .9 .8 1.1 .7 .3 .7 .6 .2 .3 .3 2 .4 2 .8 2.1 1.1 1 .3 .9 .5 .7 .6 .4 .7 2 .8 3 .3 .7 .9 1 .4 1 .8 .6 4 .7 F u rn itu r e a n d fix tu re s ............................. S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p ro d u c ts P r im a r y m e ta l In d u s trie s M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ................ 2 .0 2 .3 1 .9 1 .6 1 .8 1 .3 E le c tric a n d e le c tro n ic e q u ip m e n t . . 2.1 2 .5 2 .0 1 .5 1 .9 1 .5 T r a n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t 1 .8 2 .4 1.1 1.4 ................... .. 2 .0 2 .5 1 .7 1 .6 2 .0 1 .4 .2 .2 .1 2.1 2 .2 1 .9 1 .0 1.1 .8 .3 .4 M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............. 2 .7 3 .5 2 .3 1 .8 2 .7 1 .6 .7 .6 .5 8 .0 6 .6 6 .8 1 .8 2 .5 1 .4 5.1 3 .0 Nondurable goods............................... 2 .7 3 .4 2 .6 1 .9 2 .5 1 .7 .6 .7 .7 4.1 3 .9 4 .5 3 .4 2 .7 3 .2 2 .2 1 .0 1.1 .9 T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e r s ......................... 2 .5 4.1 .8 1.4 1 .2 2 .3 T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts ................................ 2 .4 3 .7 2 .4 1 .9 2 .9 1 .9 .3 .5 A p p a r e l a n d o th e r p r o d u c t s ................ 3 .0 4 .5 3.1 1 .8 3.1 1 .8 1 .0 1 .2 In s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts ................ 1 .6 1 .8 3 .5 2 .9 3 .4 4 .6 4 .4 4 .3 3 .9 1 .6 1 .9 1 .4 6 .5 6 .2 6.1 2 .3 2 .5 1 .9 5 .7 5 .5 .5 .4 1 .8 .3 3 .5 4 .0 3 .4 1 .8 2 .4 1 .6 .9 .8 1.1 1.1 5 .4 5 .6 5 .3 1 .9 2 .6 1 .8 2 .8 2 .3 2 .9 .7 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 .7 ................... 1 .8 1 .9 1 .7 1 .2 1 .4 1 .0 .5 2 .5 2 .7 2 .3 .9 1 .0 P rin tin g a n d p u b lis h i n g ............................. 2 .6 3 .2 2 .7 2.1 2 .6 2.1 .4 .4 .5 3 .0 3 .0 2 .8 1 .6 1 .9 1 .6 8 .5 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts 1.1 1 .3 1.1 .9 1 .0 .9 .1 .2 .2 1 .5 1.4 1 .4 .5 .6 .5 .4 .4 4 1 .2 1 .5 1.1 .9 1 .3 .9 .1 .1 .1 2.1 1 .9 1 .8 .6 .7 6 1.1 .7 .8 p la s tic s p r o d u c t s ................................... 2 .7 3 .5 2 .6 2.1 2 .6 1 .6 .4 .6 .8 3 .7 5 .2 4 .2 1 .8 2 .2 1 .6 1.1 2.1 1 .8 L e a th e r a n d le a t h e r p r o d u c t s ............. 4 .0 5 .4 4 .3 2 .8 4.1 2 .6 1 .0 1.1 1 .5 7 .9 6 .7 6 .2 3 .0 3 .2 2 .3 3 .9 2 .6 3.1 P a p e r a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts ... . P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ............. .4 .4 R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s 76 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 14. Hours and earnings, by industry division, 1947-78 [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls] Year Average weekly earnings Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Total private Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Mining Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Construction Average weekly hours Average hourly earnings Manufacturing 1947 ............................. $ 4 5 .5 8 4 0 .3 $ 1 .1 3 1 $ 5 9 .9 4 4 0 .8 $ 1 .4 6 9 $ 5 8 .8 7 3 8 .2 $ 1 .5 4 1 $ 4 9 .1 7 4 0 .4 $ 1 .2 1 7 1948 ............................. 4 9 .0 0 4 0 .0 1 .2 2 5 6 5 .5 6 3 9 .4 1 .6 6 4 6 5 .2 7 3 8 .1 1 .7 1 3 5 3 .1 2 4 0 .0 1 .3 2 8 1949 ............................ 5 0 .2 4 3 9 .4 1 .2 7 5 6 2 .3 3 3 6 .3 1 .7 1 7 6 7 .5 6 3 7 .7 1 .7 9 2 5 3 .8 8 3 9 .1 1 .3 7 8 1950 ............................ 5 3 .1 3 3 9 .8 1 .3 3 5 6 7 .1 6 3 7 .9 1 .7 7 2 6 9 .6 8 3 7 .4 1 .8 6 3 5 8 .3 2 4 0 .5 1 .4 4 0 1951 ............................ 5 7 .8 6 3 9 .9 1 .4 5 7 4 .1 1 3 8 .4 1 .9 3 7 6 .9 6 3 8 .1 2 .0 2 6 3 .3 4 4 0 .6 1 .5 6 1952 ............................. 6 0 .6 5 3 9 .9 1 .5 2 7 7 .5 9 3 8 .6 2 .0 1 8 2 .8 6 3 8 .9 2 .1 3 6 6 .7 5 4 0 .7 1 .6 4 1953 ............................. 6 3 .7 6 3 9 .6 1.61 8 3 .0 3 3 8 .8 2 .1 4 8 6 .4 1 3 7 .9 2 .2 8 4 0 .5 1 .7 4 1954 ............................. 6 4 .5 2 3 9 .1 1 .6 5 8 2 .6 0 3 8 .6 2 .1 4 8 8 .9 1 3 7 .2 2 .3 9 7 0 .4 9 3 9 .6 1 .7 8 1955 ............................. 6 7 .7 2 3 9 .6 1.71 8 9 .5 4 4 0 .7 2 .2 0 9 0 .9 0 3 7 .1 2 .4 5 7 5 .3 0 4 0 .7 1 .8 5 1956 ............................. 7 0 .7 4 3 9 .3 1 .8 0 9 5 .0 6 4 0 .8 2 .3 3 9 6 .3 8 3 7 .5 7 8 .7 8 4 0 .4 2 .5 7 7 0 .4 7 1 .9 5 1957 ............................ 7 3 .3 3 3 8 .8 1 .8 9 9 8 .2 5 4 0 .1 2 .4 5 1 0 0 .2 7 3 7 .0 2 .7 1 8 1 .1 9 3 9 .8 2 .0 4 1958 ............................. 7 5 .0 8 3 8 .5 1 .9 5 9 6 .0 8 3 8 .9 2 .4 7 1 0 3 .7 8 3 6 .8 2 .8 2 8 2 .3 2 3 9 .2 2 .1 0 ••9 5 9 ' 1960 ......................... 7 8 .7 8 3 9 .0 2 .0 2 1 0 3 .6 8 4 0 .5 2 .5 6 1 0 8 .4 1 3 7 .0 2 .9 3 8 8 .2 6 4 0 .3 2 .1 9 ............................. 8 0 .6 7 3 8 .6 2 .0 9 1 0 5 .0 4 4 0 .4 2 .6 0 1 1 2 .6 7 3 6 .7 3 .0 7 8 9 .7 2 3 9 .7 2 .2 6 2 .3 2 1961 ............................ 8 2 .6 0 3 8 .6 2 .1 4 1 0 6 .9 2 2 .6 4 1 1 8 .0 8 3 6 .9 3 .2 0 9 2 .3 4 3 9 .8 1962 ............................ 8 5 .9 1 3 8 .7 2 .2 2 1 1 0 .7 0 4 1 .0 2 .7 0 1 2 2 .4 7 3 7 .0 3 .3 1 9 6 .5 6 4 0 .4 2 .3 9 1963 ............................ 8 8 .4 6 3 8 .8 2 .2 8 1 1 4 .4 0 4 1 .6 2 .7 5 1 2 7 .1 9 3 7 .3 3 .4 1 9 9 .2 3 4 0 .5 2 .4 5 1964 ............................ 9 1 .3 3 3 8 .7 2 .3 6 1 1 7 .7 4 4 1 .9 2 .8 1 1 3 2 .0 6 3 7 .2 3 .5 5 1 0 2 .9 7 4 0 .7 2 .5 3 2 .9 2 1 3 8 .3 8 3 7 .4 3 .7 0 1 0 7 .5 3 4 1 .2 2 .6 1 4 0 .5 1965 ............................. 9 5 .4 5 3 8 .8 2 .4 6 1 2 3 .5 2 4 2 .3 1966 ............................. 9 8 .8 2 3 8 .6 2 .5 6 1 3 0 .2 4 4 2 .7 3 .0 5 1 4 6 .2 6 3 7 .6 4 1 .4 2 .7 1 1967 ............................. 1 0 1 .8 4 3 8 .0 2 .6 8 1 3 5 .8 9 4 2 .6 3 .1 9 1 5 4 .9 5 3 7 .7 4 .1 1 1 1 4 .4 9 4 0 .6 2 .8 2 1968 ............................. 1 0 7 .7 3 3 7 .8 2 .8 5 1 4 2 .7 1 4 2 .6 3 .3 5 1 6 4 .4 9 3 7 .3 4 .4 1 3 .8 9 1 2 2 .5 1 1 1 2 .1 9 4 0 .7 3 .0 1 1969 ............................ 1 1 4 .6 1 3 7 .7 3 .0 4 1 5 4 .8 0 4 3 .0 3 .6 0 1 8 1 .5 4 3 7 .9 479 1 2 9 .5 1 4 0 .6 3 .1 9 1970 ............................ 1 1 9 .8 3 3 7 .1 3 .2 3 1 6 4 .4 0 4 2 .7 3 .8 5 1 9 5 .4 5 3 7 .3 5 .2 4 1 3 3 .3 3 3 9 .8 3 .3 5 1971 ............................ 2 1 1 .6 7 3 .5 7 3 6 .9 3 .4 5 3 7 .2 5 .6 9 1 4 2 .4 4 3 9 .9 1972 ............................ 1 3 6 .9 0 3 7 .0 3 .7 0 1 8 9 .1 4 4 2 .6 4 .4 4 2 2 1 .1 9 3 6 .5 6 .0 6 1 5 4 .7 1 4 0 .5 1973 ............................. 1 4 5 .3 9 1 2 7 .3 1 3 6 .9 3 .9 4 2 0 1 .4 0 1 7 2 .1 4 4 2 .4 4 .7 5 2 3 5 .8 9 3 6 .8 6 .4 1 1 6 6 .4 6 4 0 .7 4 .0 9 1974 ............................. 1 5 4 .7 6 3 6 .5 4 .2 4 2 1 9 .1 4 4 1 .9 5 .2 3 2 4 9 .2 5 3 6 .6 6 .8 1 1 7 6 .8 0 4 0 .0 4 .4 2 4 .8 3 4 2 .4 4 .0 6 1975 ............................. 1 6 3 .5 3 3 6 .1 4 .5 3 2 4 9 .3 1 4 1 .9 5 .9 5 2 6 6 .0 8 3 6 .4 7 .3 1 1 9 0 .7 9 3 9 .5 1976 ............................. 1 7 5 .4 5 3 6 .1 4 .8 6 2 7 3 .9 0 4 2 .4 6 .4 6 2 8 3 .7 3 3 6 .8 7 .7 1 2 0 9 .3 2 4 0 .1 3 .8 2 5 .2 2 1977 ............................. 1 8 9 .0 0 3 6 .0 5 .2 5 3 0 1 .2 0 4 3 .4 6 .9 4 2 9 5 .6 5 3 6 .5 8 .1 0 2 2 8 .9 0 4 0 .3 5 .6 8 1978 ............................. 2 0 3 .7 0 3 5 .8 5 .6 9 3 3 2 .1 1 4 3 .3 7 .6 7 3 1 8 .3 2 3 6 .8 8 .6 5 2 4 9 .2 7 4 0 .4 6 .1 7 Transportation and public utilities Finance, insurance, and real estate Wholesale and retail trade Services 1947 ............................ $ 3 8 .0 7 4 0 .5 $ 0 .9 4 0 $ 4 3 .2 1 37 9 $ 1 .1 4 0 1948 ............................ 4 0 .8 0 4 0 .4 1 .0 1 0 45 48 37 9 1 .2 0 0 1949 ............................ 4 2 .9 3 4 0 .5 1 .0 6 0 47 63 3 7 .8 1 .2 6 0 1950 ............................ 4 4 .5 5 4 0 .5 1 .1 0 0 5 0 52 37 7 1 .3 4 0 1 9 5 1 ............................. 4 7 .7 9 4 0 .5 1 .1 8 54 67 3 7 .7 1 .4 5 1952 ............................. 4 9 .2 0 400 1 .2 3 57 08 3 7 .8 1 .5 1 1953 ............................. 5 1 .3 5 3 9 .5 1 .3 0 5 9 .5 7 37 7 1 .5 8 1954 ............................. 5 3 .3 3 3 9 .5 1 .3 5 62 04 37 6 1 .6 5 1955 ............................. 5 5 .1 6 3 9 .4 1 .4 0 63 92 37 6 1 .7 0 1956 ............................ 5 7 .4 8 3 9 .1 1 47 65 68 3 6 .9 1 .7 8 1957 ............................. 5 9 .6 0 3 8 .7 1 .5 4 6 7 53 36 7 1 .8 4 1958 ............................ 6 1 .7 6 3 8 .6 1 60 7 0 .1 2 37 1 1 .8 9 .......................... 6 4 .4 1 3 8 .8 1 .6 6 7 2 .7 4 37 3 1 95 1960 ............................ 6 6 .0 1 3 8 .6 1.71 7 5 14 37 2 2 .0 2 1961 ............................. 6 7 .4 1 3 8 .3 1 .7 6 7 7 12 3 6 .9 1959' 2 .0 9 1962 ............................. 6 9 .9 1 3 8 .2 1 .8 3 8 0 94 37 3 2 .1 7 1963 ............................. 7 2 .0 1 3 8 .1 1 89 84 38 3 7 .5 2 .2 5 1964 ............................ $ 1 1 8 .7 8 4 1 .1 $ 2 .8 9 7 4 .6 6 3 7 .9 1 .9 7 8 5 .7 9 3 7 .3 2 .3 0 $ 7 0 .0 3 3 6 .1 1965 ............................ 1 2 5 .1 4 4 1 .3 3 .0 3 7 6 .9 1 3 7 .7 2 .0 4 8 8 .9 1 3 7 .2 2 .3 9 7 3 .6 0 3 5 .9 2 .0 5 1966 ............................. 1 2 8 .1 3 4 1 .2 3 .1 1 7 9 .3 9 3 7 .1 2 .1 4 9 2 .1 3 3 7 .3 2 .4 7 7 7 .0 4 3 5 .5 2 .1 7 $ 1 .9 4 1967 ............................. 1 3 0 .8 2 4 0 .5 3 .2 3 8 2 .3 5 3 6 .6 2 .2 5 9 5 .7 2 3 7 .1 2 .5 8 8 0 .3 8 3 5 .1 2 .2 9 1968 ............................. 1 3 8 .8 5 4 0 .6 3 .4 2 8 7 .0 0 3 6 .1 2 .4 1 1 0 1 .7 5 3 7 .0 2 .7 5 8 3 .9 7 3 4 .7 2 .4 2 1969 ............................ 1 4 7 .7 4 4 0 .7 3 .6 3 9 1 .3 9 3 5 .7 2 .5 6 1 0 8 .7 0 3 7 .1 2 .9 3 9 0 .5 7 3 4 .7 2 .6 1 1970 ............................ 1 5 5 .9 3 4 0 .5 3 .8 5 9 6 .0 2 3 5 .3 2 .7 2 1 1 2 .6 7 3 6 .7 3 .0 7 9 6 .6 6 3 4 .4 2 .8 1 1971 ............................ 1 6 8 ,8 2 1 1 7 .8 5 3 6 .6 1972 ............................ 1 8 7 .8 6 4 0 .4 4 .6 5 1 0 6 .4 5 3 4 .9 3 .0 5 1 2 2 .9 8 3 6 .6 3 .3 6 1 1 0 .8 5 3 3 .9 3 .2 7 1973 ............................ 2 0 3 .3 1 4 0 .5 5 .0 2 1 1 1 .7 6 3 4 .6 3 .2 3 1 2 9 .2 0 3 6 .6 3 .5 3 1 1 7 .2 9 3 3 .8 3 .4 7 1974 ............................ 21748 4 0 .2 5 .4 1 1 1 9 .0 2 3 4 .2 3 .4 8 1 3 7 .6 1 3 6 .5 3 .7 7 1 2 6 .0 0 3 3 .6 3 .7 5 1975 ............................ 2 3 3 .4 4 3 9 .7 588 1 2 6 .4 5 3 3 .9 3 .7 3 1 4 8 .1 9 3 6 .5 4 .0 6 1 3 4 .6 7 3 3 .5 4 .0 2 4 0 .1 4 .2 1 1 0 1 .0 9 3 5 .1 2 .8 8 3 .2 2 1 0 3 .0 6 3 3 .9 3 .0 4 1976 ............................. 2 5 6 .7 1 3 9 .8 6 .4 5 1 3 3 .7 9 3 3 .7 3 .9 7 1 5 5 .4 3 3 6 .4 4 .2 7 1 4 3 .5 2 3 3 .3 4 .3 1 1977 ............................. 2 7 8 .9 0 3 9 .9 6 .9 9 1 4 2 .5 2 3 3 .3 4 .2 8 1 6 5 .2 6 3 6 .4 4 .5 4 1 5 3 .4 5 3 3 .0 4 .6 5 1978 ............................. 3 0 2 .8 0 4 0 .0 7 .5 7 1 5 3 .6 4 3 2 .9 4 .6 7 1 7 8 .3 6 3 6 .4 4 .9 0 1 6 3 .6 7 3 2 .8 4 .9 9 1 D a t a in c lu d e A la s k a a n d H a w a ii b e g in n in g in 1 9 5 9 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 77 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 15. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] 1980 1979 Annual Average Industry division and group Dec.p Jan.p 1977 1978 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. TOTAL PRIVATE............................................... 3 6 .0 3 5 .8 3 5 .2 3 5 .4 3 5 .7 3 5 .1 3 5 .5 3 5 .9 3 6 .0 3 6 .0 3 5 .8 3 5 .7 3 5 .6 3 6 .0 3 5 .1 MINING ..................................................................... 4 3 .4 4 3 .3 4 2 .4 4 2 .6 4 2 .9 4 2 .6 4 2 .8 4 3 .3 4 1 .7 4 3 .1 4 3 .5 4 3 .7 4 3 .7 4 3 .9 4 3 .6 CONSTRUCTION..................................................... 3 6 .5 3 6 .8 3 4 .6 3 5 .4 3 7 .0 3 5 .5 3 7 .2 3 7 .9 3 7 .7 3 8 .0 3 7 .9 3 7 .6 3 6 .5 3 7 .1 3 5 .1 MANUFACTURING 4 0 .3 4 0 .4 4 0 .1 4 0 .2 4 0 .6 3 8 .9 4 0 .1 4 0 .4 3 9 .9 4 0 .0 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 4 0 .4 4 1 .0 3 9 .9 O v e r t im e h o u r s ............................................................ 3 .5 3 .6 3 .5 3 .5 3 .6 2 .5 3 .3 3 .4 3 .2 3 .3 3 .6 3 .4 3 .4 3 .4 3.1 Durable goods ................................................... 4 1 .0 4 1 .1 4 0 .9 4 1 .1 4 1 .4 3 9 .3 4 0 .8 4 1 .0 • 4 0 .4 4 0 .4 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 4 1 .7 4 0 .4 O v e r t im e h o u r s ............................................................ 3 .7 3 .8 3 .8 3 .9 3 .9 2 .6 3 .6 3 .6 3 .4 3 .4 3 .6 3 .5 3 .5 3 .5 3.1 4 0 .1 3 9 .8 3 8 .8 3 9 .4 3 8 .1 3 8 .4 ......................................... 3 9 .8 3 9 .8 3 9 .7 3 9 .1 3 9 .6 4 0 .2 3 9 .4 3 9 .9 ......................................................... 3 9 .0 3 9 .3 3 8 .3 3 8 .1 3 9 .0 3 7 .5 3 8 .2 3 8 .8 3 8 .0 3 8 .6 3 9 .0 3 9 .3 3 9 .2 3 9 .9 S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ................................... 4 1 .3 4 1 .6 4 0 .5 4 0 .6 4 1 .8 4 1 .1 4 1 .9 4 2 .1 4 1 .5 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .9 P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s t r i e s ................................................... 4 1 .3 4 1 .8 4 2 .2 4 2 .1 4 1 .9 4 1 .7 4 1 .4 4 1 .6 4 1 .3 4 0 .8 4 1 .3 4 0 .9 4 0 .7 4 0 .9 4 0 .3 4 0 .8 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 2 .0 4 0 .6 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts F u rn itu r e a n d fix tu re s 3 8 .5 3 9 .0 4 0 .7 ............................................ 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 0 .8 4 0 .9 4 1 .3 3 8 .8 4 0 .7 4 1 .0 4 0 .3 4 0 .5 M a c h in e r y e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ............................................ 4 1 .5 4 2 .0 4 2 .1 4 2 .5 4 2 .6 4 0 .3 4 1 .7 4 2 .0 4 1 .2 4 1 .3 E le c tric a n d e le c tr o n ic e q u ip m e n t 4 0 .4 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 4 0 .5 4 0 .7 3 8 .8 4 0 .2 4 0 .5 3 9 .6 3 9 .7 4 0 .5 4 0 .3 4 0 .9 4 1 .4 4 0 .3 4 0 .5 4 0 .7 4 1 .3 4 0 .8 4 2 .6 4 0 .5 4 0 .1 F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ............................. 4 1 .9 4 1 .6 4 1 .9 4 2 .9 4 1 .6 T r a n s p o rta tio n e q u i p m e n t ................................................ 4 2 .5 4 2 .2 4 1 .9 4 2 .1 4 2 .3 3 7 .9 4 1 .6 4 1 .3 4 0 .9 In s tru m e n ts a n d r e la t e d p ro d u c ts ............................. 4 0 .6 4 0 .9 4 0 .6 4 1 .0 4 1 .3 4 0 .0 4 0 .8 4 0 .7 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 4 0 .7 4 0 .8 4 1 .4 4 1 .7 ...................................... 3 8 .8 3 8 .8 3 8 .6 3 8 .6 3 9 .2 3 7 .6 3 8 .5 3 9 .0 3 8 .7 3 8 .9 3 9 .3 3 9 .3 3 9 .6 3 9 .6 3 9 .2 3 8 .2 3 9 .1 3 9 .4 3 9 .2 3 9 .4 3 9 .6 3 9 .4 3 9 .6 4 0 .0 3 9 .2 2 .5 2 .9 3 .0 3 .0 3 .2 3 .5 3 .2 3 .3 3 .2 3 .0 M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g Nondurable goods ............................................ O v e r t im e h o u rs ............................................................ 3 9 .4 3 9 .4 3 8 .9 3 8 .9 3 9 .3 3 .2 3 .2 3 .0 3 .0 3.1 F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ............................................ 4 0 .0 3 9 .7 3 9 .5 3 9 .2 3 9 .6 3 9 .0 3 9 .6 3 9 .8 4 0 .1 4 0 .3 4 0 .6 4 0 .0 4 0 .4 3 9 .6 T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ...................................................... 3 7 .8 3 8 .1 3 6 .1 3 6 .2 3 8 .1 3 7 .6 3 8 .9 3 9 .0 3 6 .1 3 7 .6 3 9 .1 3 8 .8 3 9 .0 3 9 .9 3 8 .0 T e x tile m ill p r o d u c t s ............................................................ 4 0 .4 4 0 .4 3 9 .9 3 9 .9 4 0 .4 3 8 .6 4 0 .1 4 0 .6 3 9 .9 4 0 .3 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 4 1 .3 4 0 .2 4 1 .6 4 1 .1 A p p a r e l a n d o th e r te x tile p r o d u c t s ............................. 3 5 .6 3 5 .6 3 4 .6 3 4 .9 3 5 .4 3 3 .9 3 5 .1 3 5 .6 3 5 .4 3 5 .6 3 5 .4 3 5 .5 3 5 .6 3 6 .0 3 4 .9 4 2 .6 4 2 .9 4 3 .6 4 2 .8 3 8 .1 P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ............................................... 4 2 .9 4 2 .9 4 2 .6 4 2 .2 4 2 .6 4 1 .6 4 2 .4 4 2 .8 4 2 .5 4 2 .6 4 2 .7 P rin tin g a n d p u b lis h in g ...................................................... 3 7 .7 3 7 .6 3 7 .1 3 7 .3 3 7 .7 3 6 .8 3 7 .3 3 7 .4 3 7 .4 3 7 .9 3 7 .9 3 7 .5 3 7 .9 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ...................................... 4 1 .7 4 1 .9 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .9 4 1 .9 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 4 2 .1 4 2 .3 4 1 .5 4 2 .8 4 2 .7 4 3 .8 4 3 .9 4 3 .7 4 3 .4 4 4 .1 4 3 .6 4 4 .7 4 4 .1 4 4 .8 4 4 .2 4 3 .1 3 7 .5 4 2 .7 4 3 .6 R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p ro d u c ts 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 1 .1 4 1 .2 4 1 .4 3 9 .4 4 0 .5 4 0 .7 4 0 .2 4 0 .0 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .3 4 0 .7 4 0 .0 L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts 3 6 .9 3 7 .1 3 6 .3 3 5 .9 3 5 .9 3 5 .3 3 6 .4 3 7 .1 3 6 .9 3 6 .6 3 6 .8 3 6 .5 3 6 .8 3 7 .2 3 6 .7 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES 3 9 .9 4 0 .0 3 9 .6 3 9 .9 3 9 .8 3 9 .0 3 9 .6 4 0 .0 4 0 .0 4 0 .3 3 9 .9 3 9 .9 4 0 .2 4 0 .2 3 9 .6 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE ...................... 3 3 .3 3 2 .9 3 2 .0 3 2 .1 3 2 .4 3 2 .5 3 2 .4 3 2 .9 3 3 .3 3 3 .2 3 2 .7 3 2 .5 3 2 .4 3 2 .9 3 1 .8 WHOLESALE TRADE............................................... 3 8 .8 3 8 .8 3 8 .4 3 8 .4 3 8 .9 3 8 .6 3 8 .9 3 9 .0 3 9 .0 3 8 .9 3 8 .8 3 8 .9 3 8 .9 3 9 .1 3 8 .3 RETAIL T R A D E ....................................................... 3 1 .6 3 1 .0 2 9 .9 3 0 .1 3 0 .3 3 0 .6 3 0 .4 3 1 .0 3 1 .5 3 1 .4 3 0 .7 3 0 .4 3 0 .4 3 1 .0 2 9 .7 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE ................................................................ 3 6 .4 3 6 .4 3 6 .4 3 6 .4 3 6 .3 3 6 .4 3 6 .1 3 6 .2 3 6 .4 3 6 .2 3 6 .3 3 6 .3 3 6 .4 3 6 .4 3 6 .4 3 2 .8 3 2 .4 3 2 .4 3 2 .6 3 2 .5 3 2 .5 3 2 .9 3 3 .3 3 3 .2 3 2 .7 3 2 .6 3 2 .6 3 2 .8 3 2 .4 P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p ro d u c ts SERVICES 78 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ...................................... ...................................... 3 3 .0 16. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] 1979 1980 Industry division and group Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec.» Jan.p TOTAL PRIVATE ................................................... 3 5 .8 3 5 .7 3 5 .9 3 5 .3 3 5 .7 3 5 .6 3 5 .6 3 5 .6 3 5 .7 3 5 .6 3 5 .7 3 5 .7 3 5 .7 MINING .......................................................................... 4 3 .4 4 3 .1 4 3 .1 4 2 .9 4 2 .8 4 3 .0 4 1 .6 4 3 .2 4 3 .1 4 3 .1 4 3 .2 4 3 .9 4 4 .6 CONSTRUCTION 3 7 .1 3 6 .6 3 7 .1 3 5 .5 3 7 .1 3 7 .2 3 6 .8 3 7 .2 3 7 .5 3 6 .6 3 6 .8 3 7 .1 3 7 .6 MANUFACTURING........................................................ 4 0 .6 4 0 .6 4 0 .6 3 9 .1 4 0 .2 4 0 .1 4 0 .2 4 0 .1 4 0 .2 4 0 .2 4 0 .1 4 0 .3 4 0 .4 O v e r t im e h o u r s ...................................................................... 3 .7 3 .7 3 .7 2 .7 3 .5 3 .4 3 .3 3 .2 3 .2 3 .2 3 .3 3 .2 3 .3 Durable goods .......................................................... 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 3 9 .5 4 0 .9 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 4 0 .8 4 0 .6 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 O v e r t im e h o u r s ...................................................................... 4.1 4.1 4 .0 2 .7 3 .8 3 .6 3 .5 3 .3 3 .3 3 .3 3 .4 3 .3 3 .3 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts ................................................... 3 9 .9 3 9 .6 4 0 .0 3 9 .1 3 9 .4 3 9 .4 3 9 .3 3 9 .4 3 8 .9 F u rn itu r e a n d f i x t u r e s ................................................................... 3 8 .9 3 8 .8 3 9 .1 3 8 .1 3 8 .5 3 8 .5 3 8 .4 3 8 .3 3 8 .6 3 8 .8 3 8 .9 3 9 .0 3 9 .0 S t o n e , d a y , a n d g la s s p ro d u c ts ......................................... 4 1 .8 4 1 .6 4 2 .0 4 1 .2 4 1 .7 4 1 .6 4 1 .4 4 1 .3 3 9 .5 4 1 .5 3 9 .7 4 1 .3 4 1 .5 4 1 .7 4 2 .0 P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s t r ie s ............................................................. 4 2 .3 4 2 .2 4 2 .0 4 1 .8 4 1 .4 4 1 .2 4 1 .3 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 1 .1 4 0 .7 4 0 .6 4 0 .4 F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ...................................................... 4 1 .1 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 3 9 .1 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 4 0 .8 4 0 .6 4 0 .7 4 0 .9 4 0 .7 4 1 .1 4 0 .9 M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ................................................... 4 2 .3 4 2 .5 4 2 .4 4 0 .5 4 2 .0 4 2 .0 4 1 .9 4 1 .6 4 1 .9 4 1 .6 4 1 .6 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 3 9 .2 3 9 .5 E le c tric a n d e le c tr o n ic e q u i p m e n t ...................................... 4 0 .5 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 3 9 .0 4 0 .4 4 0 .3 4 0 .2 3 9 .8 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 4 0 .6 4 0 .6 4 0 .5 T ra n s p o r ta tio n e q u i p m e n t ......................................................... 4 2 .8 4 2 .7 4 2 .3 3 7 .9 4 1 .5 4 0 .8 4 0 .9 4 1 .7 4 0 .6 4 1 .3 4 0 .6 4 1 .0 4 1 .4 in s tru m e n ts a n d r e la t e d p ro d u c ts ...................................... 4 1 .1 4 1 .2 4 1 .2 4 0 .3 4 0 .8 4 0 .6 4 0 .7 4 0 .5 4 0 .6 4 0 .7 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 0 .6 ................................................ 3 9 .0 3 9 .0 3 9 .0 3 7 .6 3 8 .6 3 8 .9 3 9 .3 3 9 .1 3 9 .1 3 9 .1 3 9 .1 3 9 .1 3 9 .6 Nondurable g o o d s ................................................... 3 9 .5 3 9 .3 3 9 .4 3 8 .6 3 9 .2 3 9 .2 3 9 .2 3 9 .2 3 9 .3 3 9 .3 3 9 .4 3 9 .5 3 9 .7 O v e r t im e h o u r s ...................................................................... 3 .2 3 .2 3 .3 2 .7 3 .0 3 .0 3 .0 3 .0 3.1 3 .0 3 .2 3.1 3 .2 F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ...................................................... 4 0 .0 3 9 .8 4 0 .0 3 9 .6 3 9 .8 3 9 .8 3 9 .8 3 9 .7 4 0 .0 3 9 .9 4 0 .0 4 0 .0 4 0 .1 M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g ............................................................. 3 7 .2 3 6 .9 3 8 .0 3 7 .6 3 8 .9 3 7 .6 3 8 .5 3 8 .0 3 8 .6 3 8 .3 3 7 .8 3 9 .2 3 9 .1 T e x tile m ill p r o d u c t s ...................................................................... T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu re s 4 0 .7 4 0 .1 4 0 .3 3 8 .8 4 0 .0 4 0 .1 4 0 .1 4 0 .1 4 0 .6 4 0 .8 4 1 .1 4 1 .1 4 1 .9 ................................... 3 5 .3 3 5 .4 3 5 .4 3 4 .2 3 5 .2 3 5 .2 3 5 .5 3 5 .3 3 5 .3 3 5 .3 3 5 .3 3 5 .7 3 5 .6 4 2 .5 4 2 .5 4 2 .6 4 2 .4 4 2 .6 4 2 .7 4 3 .0 4 3 .0 A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r te x tile p ro d u c ts ...................................................... 4 2 .8 4 2 .7 4 2 .8 4 1 .8 4 2 .6 P rin tin g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ................................................................ 3 7 .7 3 7 .7 3 7 .7 3 7 .1 3 7 .4 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts ............................................. 4 2 .0 4 2 .0 4 1 .9 4 1 .7 4 1 .9 4 1 .7 4 1 .9 4 2 .0 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .9 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 ................................................ 4 3 .5 4 3 .6 4 4 .0 4 3 .9 4 3 .7 4 3 .3 4 3 .6 4 3 .7 4 4 .1 4 3 .7 4 4 .4 4 4 .3 4 3 .8 P a p e r a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p ro d u c ts R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p ro d u c ts 3 7 .4 3 7 .5 3 7 .7 3 7 .5 3 7 .4 3 7 .6 3 7 .4 3 8 .1 ............. 4 1 .4 4 1 .2 4 1 .3 3 9 .7 4 0 .9 4 0 .7 4 0 .6 4 0 .2 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 4 0 .0 3 9 .9 4 0 .3 L e a th e r a n d le a t h e r p r o d u c t s ................................................ 3 6 .8 3 6 .4 3 6 .3 3 5 .6 3 6 .1 3 6 .4 3 6 .6 3 6 .5 3 7 .0 3 6 .5 3 6 .7 3 6 .8 3 7 .2 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBUC UTILITIES ........... 4 0 .0 4 0 .0 4 0 .0 3 9 .2 3 9 .8 3 9 .8 3 9 .7 3 9 .9 3 9 .9 3 9 .9 4 0 .2 4 0 .0 4 0 .0 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRA DE............................. 3 2 .5 3 2 .5 3 2 .7 3 2 .8 3 2 .6 3 2 .6 3 2 .6 3 2 .5 3 2 .6 3 2 .6 3 2 .7 3 2 .6 3 2 .4 WHOLESALE TRADE ................................................... 3 8 .7 3 8 .7 3 9 .0 3 8 .7 3 9 .0 3 8 .6 3 8 .8 3 8 .7 3 8 .7 3 8 .8 3 8 .9 3 8 .9 3 8 .6 RETAIL TRADE 3 0 .6 3 0 .6 3 0 .7 3 0 .9 3 0 .6 3 0 .6 3 0 .6 3 0 .5 3 0 .7 3 0 .6 3 0 .7 3 0 .6 3 0 .4 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE ..................................................................... 3 6 .3 3 6 .4 3 6 .4 3 6 .5 3 6 .1 3 6 .2 3 6 .3 3 6 .1 3 6 .4 3 6 .2 3 6 .5 3 6 .4 3 6 .3 SERVICES ..................................................................... 3 2 .6 3 2 .6 3 2 .8 3 2 .7 3 2 .7 3 2 .7 3 2 .8 3 2 .7 3 2 .7 3 2 .6 3 2 .7 3 2 .9 3 2 .6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 79 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 17. Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] 1979 Annual average 1980 Industry division and group 1977 1978 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec.p Jan.p TOTAL PRIVATE........................................................ $ 5 .2 5 $ 5 .6 9 $ 5 .9 7 $ 6 .0 0 $ 6 .0 2 $ 6 .0 3 $ 6 .0 9 $ 6 .1 2 $ 6 .1 6 $ 6 .1 9 $ 6 .3 1 $ 6 .3 2 $ 6 .3 5 $ 6 .3 8 $ 6 .4 1 M INING .............................................................................. 6 .9 4 7 .6 7 8 .2 0 8 .2 1 8 .2 7 8 .5 4 8 .4 5 8 .4 9 8 .5 2 8 .4 8 8 .5 7 8 .5 7 8 .7 0 8 .7 2 8 .7 0 CONSTRUCTION.............................................................. 8 .1 0 8 .6 5 8 .9 8 9 .0 2 8 .9 7 9 .0 2 9 .1 4 9 .1 3 9 .2 4 9 .3 2 9 .5 1 9 .4 9 9 .5 0 9 .5 6 9 .5 3 MANUFACTURING .......................................................... 5 .6 8 6 .1 7 6 .4 9 6 .5 2 6 .5 6 6 .5 4 6 .6 3 6 .6 6 6 .7 1 6 .6 9 6 .8 0 6 .8 2 6 .8 6 6 .9 6 6 .9 5 6 .9 6 6 .9 9 6 .9 5 7 .0 7 7 .1 1 7 .1 5 7 .1 2 7 .2 4 7 .2 5 7 .2 9 7 .4 1 7 .3 7 Durable goods 6 .0 6 6 .5 8 6 .9 2 ............................................ 5 .1 0 5 .6 0 5 .7 9 5 .8 3 5 .8 4 5 .9 0 5 .9 7 6 .1 6 6 .2 3 6 .2 3 6 .3 2 6 .2 4 6 .2 3 6 .2 3 6 .2 2 F u rn itu r e a n d f i x t u r e s ............................................................. 4 .3 4 4 .6 8 4 .8 7 4 .9 3 4 .9 5 4 .9 4 4 .9 7 5 .0 5 5 .0 4 5 .1 0 5 .1 8 5 .2 0 5 .2 3 5 .2 8 5 .3 0 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts ................................... 5 .8 1 6 .3 2 6 .5 7 6 .5 8 6 .6 4 6 .7 3 6 .7 8 6 .8 5 6 .8 9 6 .9 0 6 .9 8 7 .0 0 7 .0 7 7 .1 0 7 .0 7 P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s t r ie s ...................................................... 7 .4 0 8 .2 0 8 .6 2 8 .7 5 8 .7 5 8 .9 2 8 .8 3 8 .9 1 9 .0 4 9 .1 0 9 .1 6 9 .1 0 9 .2 6 9 .3 0 9 .2 6 F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts 5 .9 1 6 .3 4 6 .6 0 6 .6 5 6 .7 2 6 .6 2 6 .7 7 6 .8 1 6 .8 0 6 .8 3 6 .9 3 6 .9 6 6 .9 9 7 .1 1 7 .0 4 S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p ro d u c ts ............................................... 7 .1 0 7 .1 6 7 .1 9 7 .1 0 7 .2 5 7 .3 4 7 .3 5 E le c tric a n d e le c tr o n ic e q u i p m e n t ................................ 5 .3 9 5 .8 2 6 .1 1 6 .1 3 6 .1 6 6 .1 1 6 .2 1 6 .2 5 6 .2 7 6 .3 6 6 .4 6 6 .4 8 6 .5 1 6 .6 2 6 .6 1 T ra n s p o r ta tio n e q u i p m e n t ................................................... 7 .2 8 7 .9 1 8 .3 4 8 .3 5 8 .4 2 8 .2 6 8 .5 6 8 .5 3 8 .5 5 8 .4 4 8 .5 9 8 .6 7 8 .6 8 8 .9 0 8 .8 0 In s tru m e n ts a n d r e la t e d p ro d u c ts 6 .7 7 6 .2 6 M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ............................................ 7 .3 5 7 .4 8 7 .4 5 7 .5 1 7 .6 3 7 .6 3 ................................ 5 .2 9 5 .7 1 5 .9 9 6 .0 2 6 .0 4 6 .0 3 6 .1 1 6 .1 1 6 .1 6 6 .1 4 6 .2 1 6 .3 2 6 .3 9 6 .4 9 6 .4 4 ......................................... 4 .3 6 4 .6 9 4 .9 3 4 .9 5 4 .9 5 4 .9 6 5 .0 0 4 .9 9 5 .0 3 5 .0 4 5 .0 7 5 .1 2 5 .1 5 5 .2 2 5 .3 2 Nondurable g o o d s ................................................... 5 .1 1 5 .5 3 5 .8 1 5 .8 2 5 .8 5 5 .9 0 5 .9 1 5 .9 4 6 .0 3 6 .0 4 6 .1 1 6 .1 4 6 .2 1 6 .2 6 6 .3 1 F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ................................................ 5 .3 7 5 .8 0 6 .0 9 6 .1 0 6 .1 2 6 .1 9 6 .2 2 6 .2 2 6 .2 8 6 .2 8 6 .3 3 6 .3 6 6 .5 1 6 .5 5 6 .6 1 M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ......................................................... 5 .5 4 6 .1 3 6 .3 6 6 .5 3 6 .6 4 6 .8 0 6 .8 3 6 .8 2 6 .8 3 6 .5 9 6 .5 4 6 .4 3 7 .0 1 7 .0 4 7 .1 0 T e x tile m ill p r o d u c t s ................................................................ 3 .9 9 4 .3 0 4 .5 2 4 .5 1 4 .5 2 4 .4 8 4 .5 2 4 .5 4 4 .6 5 4 .7 7 4 .8 2 4 .8 3 4 .8 6 4 .8 8 4 .8 9 A p p a r e l a n d o th e r te x tile p ro d u c ts ............................. 3 .6 2 3 ,9 4 4 .1 7 4 .1 7 4 .1 9 4 .1 9 4 .2 0 4 .2 1 4 .2 3 4 .2 1 4 .2 8 4 .3 2 4 .3 2 4 .3 9 4 .4 1 P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................................... 5 .9 6 6 .5 2 6 .8 0 6 .8 3 6 .8 8 6 .9 2 6 .9 6 7 .0 5 7 .1 7 7 .2 2 7 .3 2 7 .3 4 7 .4 2 7 .4 9 7 .5 2 P rin tin g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ......................................................... 6 .1 2 6 .5 0 6 .7 2 6 .7 3 6 .7 7 6 .7 2 6 .8 3 6 .8 8 6 .9 0 6 .9 4 7 .0 4 7 .0 6 7 .0 9 7 .1 5 7 .2 1 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts 6 .4 3 7 .0 1 7 .3 2 7 .3 2 7 .3 6 7 .5 0 7 .4 7 7 .5 3 7 .6 0 7 .6 5 7 .7 3 7 .8 2 7 .8 7 7 .8 9 7 .9 5 ...................................... 7 .8 3 8 .6 3 9 .0 1 9 .1 0 9 .3 1 9 .4 4 9 .3 9 9 .3 2 9 .3 9 9 .3 5 9 .5 1 9 .4 9 9 .5 7 9 .4 4 9 .7 7 ... 5 .1 7 5 .5 2 5 .8 2 5 .8 4 5 .8 6 5 .8 2 5 .9 0 5 .9 1 5 .9 5 5 .9 4 6 .0 3 6 .1 2 6 .1 4 6 .2 2 6 .2 4 ......................................... 3 .6 1 3 .8 9 4 .1 3 4 .1 4 4 .1 7 4 .1 8 4 .1 8 4 .1 9 4 .1 9 4 .2 2 4 .2 9 4 .3 1 4 .3 4 4 .4 0 4 .5 3 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES............... 6 .9 9 7 .5 7 7 .9 0 7 .9 2 7 .9 0 7 .8 8 7 .9 4 8 .0 3 8 .2 3 8 .3 2 8 .4 5 8 .4 5 8 .5 2 8 .5 5 8 .5 5 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE ............................... 4 .2 8 4 .6 7 4 .9 6 4 .9 7 4 .9 8 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 5 .0 2 5 .0 5 5 .0 6 5 .1 3 5 .1 5 5 .1 8 5 .1 7 5 .3 0 P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p ro d u c ts ......................................... R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p ro d u c ts L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts WHOLESALE TRADE........................................................ 5 .3 9 5 .8 8 6 .1 8 6 .2 1 6 .2 3 6 .3 0 6 .2 9 6 .3 4 6 .3 9 6 .4 1 6 .5 1 6 .5 1 6 .5 7 6 .6 6 6 .6 8 RETAIL T R A D E ................................................................. 3 .8 5 4 .2 0 4 .4 7 4 .4 7 4 .4 7 4 .4 9 4 .4 9 4 .5 0 4 .5 1 4 .5 2 4 .5 8 4 .5 9 4 .6 2 4 .6 0 4 .7 4 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE .......................................................................... 4 .5 4 4 .9 0 5 .1 3 5 .1 9 5 .1 6 5 .2 3 5 .2 2 5 .2 2 5 .2 9 5 .2 9 5 .3 8 5 .3 7 5 .4 2 5 .4 8 5 .5 2 SERVICES.......................................................................... 4 .6 5 4 .9 9 5 .2 3 5 .2 7 5 .2 6 5 .2 9 5 .2 7 5 .2 7 5 .2 9 5 .3 0 5 .4 5 5 .4 8 5 .5 4 5 .6 0 5 .6 5 18. Hourly Earnings Index for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, by industry division [Seasonally adjusted data: 1967 = 100] 1980 1979 Industry Jan. TOTAL PRIVATE (in current dollars) . Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec.p Jan.p Percent change Dec. 1979 to Jan. 1980 Jan. 1979 to Jan. 1980 0 .2 7 .7 2 2 2 .6 2 2 4 .0 2 2 5 .2 2 2 6 .8 2 2 7 .5 2 2 9 .0 2 3 0 .9 2 3 2 .2 2 3 4 .3 2 3 4 .9 2 3 7 .3 2 3 9 .3 2 3 9 .8 M i n i n g ................................................................... 2 5 2 .1 2 5 3 .7 2 5 6 .1 2 6 4 .1 2 6 2 .7 2 6 4 .9 2 6 6 .9 2 6 5 .6 2 6 6 .1 2 6 8 .0 2 7 1 .6 2 7 2 .8 2 7 0 .6 -.8 7 .3 C o n s tru c tio n ................................................... 2 1 3 .8 2 1 6 .7 2 1 6 .5 2 1 8 .1 2 2 0 .4 2 2 0 .4 2 2 2 .1 2 2 3 .1 2 2 4 .4 2 2 4 .0 2 2 5 .8 2 2 7 .4 2 2 6 .2 -.5 5 .8 ............................................... 2 2 5 .4 2 4 4 .7 2 3 2 .3 2 3 3 .9 2 3 5 .4 2 3 6 .9 2 3 8 .7 2 4 0 .0 2 4 2 .1 2 4 4 .1 .2 8 .5 T ra n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic utilitie s . . . 2 4 0 .8 2 4 1 .7 2 4 3 .1 2 4 1 .7 2 4 3 .7 2 4 6 .4 2 5 1 .3 2 5 2 .6 2 5 5 .6 2 5 5 .8 2 5 8 .9 2 6 0 .5 2 6 1 .0 .2 8 .4 W h o le s a le a n d re ta il t r a d e 2 1 7 .7 2 1 8 .1 2 1 9 .4 2 2 0 .9 2 2 1 .0 2 2 2 .6 2 2 3 .8 2 2 5 .4 2 2 7 .0 2 2 7 .4 2 2 9 .5 2 3 0 .9 2 3 3 .2 1 .0 F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s t a t e 2 0 2 .4 2 0 4 .2 2048 2 0 7 .5 2 0 7 .0 2 Û 8 .0 2 1 0 .8 2 1 1 .5 2 1 4 .4 2 1 3 .1 2 1 6 .2 2 1 8 .4 2 1 7 .5 -.4 S e r v ic e s 2 2 0 .8 2 2 2 .2 2 2 3 .3 2 2 5 .0 2 2 4 .3 2 2 5 .7 2 2 7 .0 2 2 8 .4 2 3 1 .5 2 3 2 .3 2 3 4 .7 2 3 7 .8 2 3 7 .6 -.1 1 0 8 .5 1 0 7 .8 1 0 7 .3 1 0 6 .9 1 0 6 .1 1 0 5 .7 1 0 5 .6 1 0 5 .1 1 0 4 .9 1 0 4 .2 1 0 4 .2 1 0 3 .9 I 1) M a n u fa c tu r in g ................... ............................................................ TOTAL PRIVATE (in constant dollars) 1 N o t a v a ila b le . 80 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 2 7 .2 2 2 8 .7 2 3 1 .0 <1 ) 7.1 7 .5 7 .6 ( 1) 19. Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [ G r o s s a v e r a g e s , p ro d u c tio n o r n o n s u p e rv is o ry w o r k e r s o n p r iv a t e n o n a g ric u ltu r a l p a y ro lls ] Annual average 1979 1980 Industry division and group 1977 TOTAL PRIVATE.......................................... $ 1 8 9 .0 0 1978 Jan. $ 2 0 3 .7 0 $ 2 1 0 .1 4 Feb. $ 2 1 2 .4 0 Mar. $ 2 1 4 .9 1 Apr. $ 2 1 1 .6 5 May June $ 2 1 6 .2 0 $ 2 1 9 .7 1 July O ct Nov. Dec.p Aug. Sept Jan.» $ 2 2 1 .7 6 $ 2 2 2 .8 4 $ 2 2 5 .9 0 $ 2 2 5 .6 2 $ 2 2 6 .0 6 $ 2 2 9 .6 8 $ 2 2 4 .9 9 3 8 0 .1 9 3 8 2 .8 1 3 7 9 .3 2 MINING ..................................................................... 3 0 1 .2 0 3 3 2 .1 1 3 4 7 .6 8 3 4 9 .7 5 3 5 4 .7 8 3 6 3 .8 0 3 6 1 .6 6 3 6 7 .6 2 3 5 5 .2 8 3 6 5 .4 9 3 7 2 .8 0 3 7 4 .5 1 CONSTRUCTION ...................................................... 2 9 5 .6 5 3 1 8 .3 2 3 1 0 .7 1 3 1 9 .3 1 3 3 1 .8 9 3 2 0 .2 1 3 4 0 .0 1 3 4 6 .0 3 3 4 8 .3 5 3 5 4 .1 6 3 6 0 .4 3 3 5 6 .8 2 3 4 6 .7 5 3 5 4 .6 8 3 3 4 .5 0 MANUFACTURING ................................................... 2 2 8 .9 0 2 4 9 .2 7 2 6 0 .2 5 2 6 2 .1 0 2 6 6 .3 4 2 5 4 .4 1 2 6 5 .8 6 2 6 9 .0 6 2 6 7 .7 3 2 6 7 .6 0 2 7 4 .0 4 2 7 4 .8 5 2 7 7 .1 4 2 8 5 .3 6 2 7 7 .3 1 Durable goods........................................................ 2 4 8 .4 6 2 7 0 .4 4 2 8 3 .0 3 2 8 6 .0 6 2 8 9 .3 9 2 7 3 .1 4 2 8 8 .4 6 2 9 1 .5 1 2 8 8 .8 6 2 8 7 .6 5 2 9 5 .3 9 .......................................... 2 0 2 .9 8 2 2 2 .8 8 2 2 2 .9 2 2 2 7 .3 7 2 3 1 .8 5 2 3 0 .6 9 2 3 6 .4 1 2 4 7 .6 3 2 4 5 .4 6 2 4 8 .5 8 2 5 3 .4 3 2 4 8 .3 5 2 4 1 .7 2 2 4 5 .4 6 2 3 6 .9 8 ......................................................... 1 6 9 .2 6 1 8 3 .9 2 1 8 6 .5 2 1 8 7 .8 3 1 9 3 .0 5 1 8 5 .2 5 1 8 9 .8 5 1 9 5 .9 4 1 9 1 .5 2 1 9 6 .8 6 2 0 2 .0 2 2 0 4 .3 6 2 0 5 .0 2 2 1 0 .6 7 2 0 3 .5 2 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts F u rn itu r e a n d fix tu re s S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ................................... 2 3 9 .9 5 2 9 7 .4 3 3 0 9 .0 0 2 9 7 .7 5 2 6 6 .0 9 2 6 7 .1 5 2 8 8 .3 9 2 8 5 .9 4 2 9 7 .4 9 2 8 7 ,7 5 P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s ................................................... 3 0 5 .6 2 3 4 2 .7 6 3 6 3 .7 6 3 6 8 .3 8 3 6 6 .6 3 3 7 1 .9 6 3 6 5 .5 6 3 7 0 .6 6 3 7 3 .3 5 3 7 1 .2 8 3 7 8 .3 1 3 7 2 .1 9 3 7 6 .8 8 3 8 0 .3 7 3 7 3 .1 8 F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts 2 4 2 .3 1 2 5 9 .9 4 2 6 9 .2 8 2 7 1 .9 9 2 7 7 .5 4 2 5 6 .8 6 2 7 5 .5 4 2 7 9 .2 1 2 7 4 .0 4 2 7 6 .6 2 2 8 2 .7 4 2 8 5 .3 6 2 8 6 .5 9 2 9 8 .6 2 2 8 5 .8 2 3 0 9 .9 2 3 1 4 .6 7 ............................................. M a c h in e r y e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ............................................. 2 7 7 .5 5 2 7 6 .6 0 2 8 4 .0 8 2 8 7 .7 3 2 9 1 .0 7 2 9 1 .9 0 2 9 4 .8 2 2 8 4 .3 4 2 9 8 .9 1 3 0 4 .3 0 3 0 6 .2 9 2 8 6 .1 3 3 0 2 .3 3 3 2 7 .3 3 3 1 7 .4 1 ............................. 2 1 7 .7 6 2 3 4 .5 5 2 4 6 .2 3 2 4 8 .2 7 2 5 0 .7 1 2 3 7 .0 7 2 4 9 .6 4 2 5 3 .1 3 2 4 8 .2 9 2 5 2 .4 9 2 6 1 .6 3 2 6 1 .1 4 2 6 6 .2 6 2 7 4 .0 7 2 6 6 .3 8 T ra n s p o r ta tio n e q u i p m e n t ................................................ 3 0 9 .4 0 3 3 3 .8 0 3 4 9 .4 5 3 5 1 .5 4 3 5 6 .1 7 3 1 3 .0 5 3 5 6 .1 0 3 5 2 .2 9 3 4 9 .7 0 3 4 1 .8 2 3 4 9 .6 1 3 5 8 .0 7 3 5 4 .1 4 3 7 9 .1 4 3 5 6 .4 0 In s tru m e n ts a n d r e la t e d p ro d u c ts ............................. 2 1 4 .7 7 2 3 3 .5 4 2 4 3 .1 9 2 4 6 .8 2 2 4 9 .4 5 2 4 1 .2 0 2 4 9 .2 9 2 4 8 .6 8 2 4 8 .2 5 2 4 7 .4 4 2 5 2 .7 5 2 5 7 .8 6 2 6 4 .5 5 2 7 0 .6 3 2 5 8 .2 4 ...................................... 1 6 9 .1 7 1 8 1 .9 7 1 9 0 .3 0 1 9 1 .0 7 1 9 4 .0 4 1 8 6 .5 0 1 9 2 .5 0 1 9 4 .6 1 1 9 4 .6 6 1 9 6 .0 6 1 9 9 .2 5 2 0 1 .2 2 2 0 3 .9 4 2 0 6 .7 1 2 0 8 .5 4 E le c tric a n d e le c tr o n ic e q u ip m e n t M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g 2 5 9 .7 9 2 6 2 .9 1 2 9 5 .8 0 3 0 8 .2 8 3 0 2 .8 2 3 0 3 .5 6 3 1 3 .4 1 Nondurable goods................................................. 2 0 1 .3 3 2 1 7 .8 8 2 2 6 .0 1 2 2 6 .4 0 2 2 9 .9 1 2 2 5 .3 8 2 3 1 .0 8 2 3 4 .0 4 2 3 6 .3 8 2 3 7 .9 8 2 4 1 .9 6 2 4 1 .9 2 2 4 5 .9 2 2 5 0 .4 0 2 4 7 .3 5 F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ............................................. 2 1 4 .8 0 2 3 0 .2 6 2 4 0 .5 6 2 3 9 .1 2 2 4 2 .3 5 2 4 1 .4 1 2 4 6 .3 1 2 4 7 .5 6 2 5 1 .8 3 2 5 3 .0 8 2 5 7 .0 0 2 5 4 .4 0 2 6 1 .7 0 2 6 4 .6 2 2 6 1 .7 6 T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ...................................................... 2 2 9 .6 0 2 3 6 .3 9 2 6 5 .6 9 2 4 7 .7 8 2 5 5 .7 1 2 6 9 .8 0 2 0 9 .4 1 2 3 3 .5 5 2 5 2 .9 8 2 5 5 .6 8 2 6 5 .9 8 2 4 6 .5 6 2 4 9 .4 8 2 7 3 .3 9 2 8 0 .9 0 T e x tile m ill p r o d u c t s ............................................................ 1 6 1 .2 0 1 7 3 .7 2 1 8 0 .3 5 1 7 9 .5 0 1 8 2 .6 1 1 7 2 .9 3 1 8 1 .2 5 1 8 4 .3 2 1 8 5 .5 4 1 9 2 .2 3 1 9 6 .6 6 1 9 7 .0 6 2 0 0 .7 2 2 0 3 .0 1 A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r te x tile p r o d u c t s ............................. 1 2 8 .8 7 1 4 0 .2 6 1 4 4 .2 8 1 4 5 .5 3 1 4 8 .3 3 1 4 2 .0 4 1 4 7 .4 2 1 4 9 .8 8 1 4 9 .7 4 1 4 9 .8 8 1 5 1 .5 1 1 5 3 .3 6 1 5 3 .7 9 1 5 8 .0 4 1 5 3 .9 1 P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................................ 2 5 5 .6 8 2 7 9 .7 1 2 8 9 .6 8 2 8 8 .2 3 2 9 3 .0 9 2 8 7 .8 7 2 9 5 .1 0 3 0 2 .7 4 3 0 4 .7 3 3 0 7 .5 7 3 1 2 .5 6 3 1 2 .6 8 3 1 8 .3 2 3 2 6 .5 6 3 2 1 .8 6 P rin tin g a n d p u b lis h in g 2 0 0 .9 8 ...................................................... 2 3 0 .7 2 2 4 4 .4 0 2 4 9 .3 1 2 5 1 .0 3 2 5 5 .2 3 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ...................................... 2 6 8 .1 3 2 9 3 .7 2 3 0 5 .2 4 3 0 5 .2 4 3 0 8 .3 8 3 1 4 .2 5 3 1 2 .2 5 3 1 4 .7 5 3 1 6 .9 2 3 1 9 .7 7 3 2 3 .1 1 3 2 6 .0 9 3 3 1 .3 3 3 3 3 .7 5 3 2 9 .9 3 P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p ro d u c ts ...................................... 3 3 4 .3 4 3 7 6 .2 7 3 8 5 .6 3 3 8 8 .5 7 4 0 7 .7 8 4 1 4 .4 2 4 1 0 .3 4 4 0 4 .4 9 4 1 4 .1 0 4 0 7 .6 6 4 2 5 .1 0 4 1 8 .5 1 4 2 8 .7 4 4 1 7 .2 5 4 2 1 .0 9 p la s tic s p r o d u c t s ................................................................ 2 1 1 .9 7 2 2 5 .7 7 2 3 9 .2 0 2 4 0 .6 1 2 4 2 .6 0 2 2 9 .3 1 2 3 8 .9 5 2 4 0 .5 4 2 3 9 .1 9 2 3 7 .6 0 2 4 4 .2 2 2 4 7 .8 6 2 4 7 .4 4 2 5 3 .1 5 2 4 9 .6 0 1 3 3 .2 1 1 4 4 .3 2 1 4 9 .9 2 1 4 8 .6 3 1 4 9 .7 0 1 4 7 .5 5 1 5 2 .1 5 1 5 5 .4 5 1 5 4 .6 1 1 5 4 .4 5 1 5 7 .8 7 1 5 7 .3 2 1 5 9 .7 1 1 6 3 .6 8 1 6 6 .2 5 2 4 7 .3 0 2 5 4 .7 6 2 5 7 .3 1 2 5 8 .0 6 2 6 3 .0 3 2 6 6 .8 2 2 6 4 .7 5 2 6 8 .7 1 2 7 2 .4 2 2 7 0 .3 8 R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s L e a th e r a n d le a t h e r p ro d u c ts ...................................... TRANSPORTATION AND PUBUC UTILITIES . 2 7 8 .9 0 3 0 2 .8 0 3 1 2 .8 4 3 1 6 .0 1 3 1 4 .4 2 3 0 7 .3 2 3 1 4 .4 2 3 2 1 .2 0 3 2 9 .2 0 3 3 5 .3 0 3 3 7 .1 6 3 3 7 .1 6 3 4 2 .5 0 3 4 3 .7 1 3 3 8 .5 8 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRA DE........................ 1 4 2 .5 2 1 5 3 .6 4 1 5 8 .7 2 1 5 9 .5 4 1 6 1 .3 5 1 6 2 .5 0 1 6 2 .0 0 1 6 5 .1 6 1 6 8 .1 7 1 6 7 .9 9 1 6 7 .7 5 1 6 7 .3 8 1 6 7 .8 3 1 7 0 .0 9 1 6 8 .5 4 WHOLESALE TRADE 2 0 9 .1 3 2 2 8 .1 4 2 3 7 .3 1 2 3 8 .4 6 2 4 2 .3 5 2 4 3 .1 8 2 4 4 .6 8 2 4 7 .2 6 2 4 9 .2 1 2 4 9 .3 5 2 5 2 .5 9 2 5 3 .2 4 2 5 5 .5 7 2 6 0 .4 1 2 5 5 .8 4 RETAIL TRADE.......................................................... 1 2 1 .6 6 1 3 0 .2 0 1 3 3 .6 5 1 3 4 .5 5 1 3 5 .4 4 1 3 7 .3 9 1 3 6 .5 0 1 3 9 .5 0 1 4 2 .0 7 1 4 1 .9 3 1 4 0 .6 1 1 3 9 .5 4 1 4 0 .4 5 1 4 2 .6 0 1 4 0 .7 8 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE . . . 1 6 5 .2 6 1 7 8 .3 6 1 8 6 .7 3 1 8 8 .9 2 1 8 7 .3 1 1 9 0 .3 7 1 8 8 .4 4 1 8 8 .9 6 1 9 2 .5 6 1 9 1 .5 0 1 9 5 .2 9 1 9 4 .9 3 1 9 7 .2 9 1 9 9 .4 7 2 0 0 .9 3 SERVICES ................................................................. 1 5 3 .4 5 1 6 3 .6 7 1 6 9 .4 5 1 7 0 .7 5 1 7 1 .4 8 1 7 1 .9 3 1 7 1 .2 8 1 7 3 .3 8 1 7 6 .1 6 1 7 5 .9 6 1 7 8 .2 2 1 7 8 .6 5 1 8 0 .6 0 1 8 3 .6 8 1 8 3 .0 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 81 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 20. Gross and spendable weekly earnings, in current and 1967 dollars, 1960 to date [Averages for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] Private nonagricultural workers Gross average weekly earnings Year and month Manufacturing workers Spendable average weekly earnings Gross average weekly earnings Married worker with 3 dependents Worker with no dependents Current dollars 1967 dollars Current dollars 1967 dollars Current dollars 1967 dollars Current dollars 1967 dollars Spendable average weekly earnings Worker with no dependents Married worker with 3 dependents Current dollars 1967 dollars Current dollars 1967 dollars $ 9 0 .3 2 1960 ................................................................... $ 8 0 .6 7 $ 9 0 .9 5 $ 6 5 .5 9 $ 7 3 .9 5 $ 7 2 .9 6 $ 8 2 .2 5 $ 8 9 .7 2 $ 1 0 1 .1 5 $ 7 2 .5 7 $ 8 1 .8 2 $ 8 0 .1 1 1961 ................................................................... 8 2 .6 0 9 2 .1 9 6 7 .0 8 7 4 .8 7 7 4 .4 8 8 3 .1 3 9 2 .3 4 1 0 3 .0 6 7 4 .6 0 8 3 .2 6 8 2 .1 8 9 1 .7 2 1962 ................................................................... 8 5 .9 1 9 4 .8 2 6 9 .5 6 7 6 .7 8 7 6 .9 9 8 4 .9 8 9 6 .5 6 1 0 6 .5 8 7 7 .8 6 8 5 .9 4 8 5 .5 3 9 4 .4 0 7 1 .0 5 7 7 .4 8 7 8 .5 6 8 5 .6 7 9 9 .2 3 1 0 8 .2 1 7 9 .5 1 8 6 .7 1 8 7 .2 5 1963 ................................................................... 9 6 .4 7 8 8 .4 6 9 5 .1 5 1964 ................................................................... 9 1 .3 3 9 8 .3 1 7 5 .0 4 8 0 .7 8 8 2 .5 7 8 8 .8 8 1 0 2 .9 7 1 1 0 .8 4 8 4 .4 0 9 0 .8 5 9 2 .1 8 9 9 .2 2 1965 ................................................................... 9 5 .4 5 1 0 1 .0 1 7 9 .3 2 8 3 .9 4 8 6 .6 3 9 1 .6 7 1 0 7 .5 3 1 1 3 .7 9 8 9 .0 8 9 4 .2 6 9 6 .7 8 1 0 2 .4 1 1966 ................................................................... 9 8 .8 2 1 0 1 .6 7 8 1 .2 9 8 3 .6 3 8 8 .6 6 9 1 .2 1 1 1 2 .1 9 9 9 .3 3 1 0 2 .1 9 1967 ................................................................... 1 0 1 .8 4 1 0 1 .8 4 8 3 .3 8 8 3 .3 8 9 0 .8 6 9 0 .8 6 1 1 4 .4 9 1 1 4 .4 9 9 2 .9 7 9 2 .9 7 1 0 0 .9 3 1 0 0 .9 3 1968 ................................................................... 1 0 7 .7 3 1 0 3 .3 9 8 6 .7 1 8 3 .2 1 9 5 .2 8 9 1 .4 4 1 2 2 .5 1 1 1 7 .5 7 9 7 .7 0 9 3 .7 6 1 0 6 .7 5 1 0 2 .4 5 1969 ................................................................... 1 1 4 .6 1 1 0 4 .3 8 9 0 .9 6 8 2 .8 4 9 9 .9 9 9 1 .0 7 1 2 9 .5 1 1 1 7 .9 5 1 0 1 .9 0 9 2 .8 1 1 1 1 .4 4 1 0 1 .4 9 1970 ................................................................... 1 1 9 .8 3 1 0 3 .0 4 9 6 .2 1 8 2 .7 3 1 0 4 .9 0 9 0 .2 0 1 3 3 .3 3 1 1 4 .6 4 1 0 6 .3 2 9 1 .4 2 1 1 5 .5 8 9 9 .3 8 1971 ................................................................... 1 2 7 .3 1 1 0 4 .9 5 1 0 3 .8 0 8 5 .5 7 1 1 2 .4 3 9 2 .6 9 1 4 2 .4 4 1 1 7 .4 3 1 1 4 .9 7 9 4 .7 8 1 2 4 .2 4 1 0 2 .4 2 1972 ................................................................... 1 3 6 .9 0 1 0 9 .2 6 1 1 2 .1 9 8 9 .5 4 1 2 1 .6 8 9 7 .1 1 1 5 4 .7 1 1 2 3 .4 7 1 2 5 .3 4 1 0 0 .0 3 1 3 5 .5 7 1 0 8 .2 0 1973 ................................................................... 1 4 5 .3 9 1 0 9 .2 3 1 1 7 .5 1 8 8 .2 9 1 2 7 .3 8 9 5 .7 0 1 6 6 .4 6 1 2 5 .0 6 1 3 2 .5 7 9 9 .6 0 1 4 3 .5 0 1 0 7 .8 1 1974 ................................................................... 1 5 4 .7 6 1 0 4 .7 8 1 2 4 .3 7 8 4 .2 0 1 3 4 .6 1 9 1 .1 4 1 7 6 .8 0 1 1 9 .7 0 1 4 0 .1 9 9 4 .9 2 1 5 1 .5 6 1 0 2 .6 1 1975 ................................................................... 1 6 3 .5 3 1 0 1 .4 5 1 3 2 .4 9 8 2 .1 9 1 4 5 .6 5 9 0 .3 5 1 9 0 .7 9 1 1 8 .3 6 1 5 1 .6 1 9 4 .0 5 1 6 6 .2 9 1 0 3 .1 6 1976 ................................................................... 1 7 5 .4 5 1 0 2 .9 0 1 4 3 .3 0 8 4 .0 5 1 5 5 .8 7 9 1 .4 2 2 0 9 .3 2 1 2 2 .7 7 1 6 7 .8 3 9 8 .4 3 1 8 1 .3 2 1 0 6 .3 5 1977 ................................................................... 1 8 9 .0 0 1 0 4 .1 3 1 5 5 .1 9 8 5 .5 0 1 6 9 .9 3 9 3 .6 3 2 2 8 .9 0 1 2 6 .1 2 1 8 3 .8 0 1 0 1 .2 7 2 0 0 .0 6 1 1 0 .2 3 1978 ................................................................... 2 0 3 .7 0 1 0 4 .3 0 1 6 5 .3 9 8 4 .6 9 1 8 0 .7 1 9 2 .5 3 2 4 9 .2 7 1 2 7 .6 3 1 9 7 .4 0 1 0 1 .0 8 2 1 4 .8 7 1 1 0 .0 2 1 9 7 9 : J a n u a r y ............................................. 2 1 0 .1 4 1 0 2 .6 6 1 7 0 .8 8 8 3 .4 8 1 8 7 .2 2 9 1 .4 6 2 6 0 .2 5 1 2 7 .1 4 2 0 6 .4 0 1 0 0 .8 3 2 2 5 .4 8 1 1 0 .1 5 F e b r u a r y ......................................... 2 1 2 .4 0 1 0 2 .5 6 1 7 2 .5 3 8 3 .3 1 1 8 8 .9 8 9 1 .2 5 2 6 2 .1 0 1 2 6 .5 6 2 0 7 .6 9 1 0 0 .2 8 2 2 6 .8 9 1 0 9 .5 6 1 1 5 .4 2 9 1 .4 5 9 4 .0 8 M a r c h ................................................ 2 1 4 .9 1 1 0 2 .6 8 1 7 4 .3 5 8 3 .3 0 1 9 0 .9 3 9 1 .2 2 2 6 6 .3 4 1 2 7 .2 5 2 1 0 .6 5 1 0 0 .6 5 2 3 0 .1 0 1 0 9 .9 4 A p ril ................................................... 2 1 1 .6 5 9 9 .9 3 1 7 1 .9 8 8 1 .2 0 1 8 8 .3 9 8 8 .9 5 2 5 4 .4 1 1 2 0 .1 2 2 0 2 .3 2 9 5 .5 2 2 2 1 .0 5 1 0 4 .3 7 M ay ................................................... 2 1 6 .2 0 1 0 0 .8 9 1 7 5 .2 9 8 1 .8 0 1 9 1 .9 3 8 9 .5 6 2 6 5 .8 6 1 2 4 .0 6 2 1 0 .3 2 9 8 .1 4 2 2 9 .7 4 1 0 7 .2 0 J u n e ................................................... 2 1 9 .7 1 1 0 1 .3 0 1 7 7 .8 5 8 2 .0 0 1 9 4 .6 7 8 9 .7 5 2 6 9 .0 6 1 2 4 .0 5 2 1 2 .5 1 9 7 .9 8 2 3 2 .1 7 1 0 7 .0 4 J u l y ...................................................... 2 2 1 .7 6 1 0 1 .0 8 1 7 9 .3 5 8 1 .7 5 1 9 6 .2 6 8 9 .4 5 2 6 7 .7 3 1 2 2 .0 3 2 1 1 .6 1 9 6 .4 5 2 3 1 .1 6 1 0 5 .3 6 August 2 2 2 .8 4 1 0 0 .6 0 1 8 0 .1 3 8 1 .3 2 1 9 7 .1 1 8 8 .9 9 2 6 7 .6 0 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 1 .5 2 9 5 .4 9 2 3 1 .0 6 1 0 4 .3 2 1 0 5 .4 7 ............................................. ................................... 2 2 5 .9 0 1 0 0 .9 8 1 8 2 .3 6 8 1 .5 2 1 9 9 .4 2 8 9 .1 5 2 7 4 .0 4 1 2 2 .5 0 2 1 5 .8 9 9 6 .5 1 2 3 5 .9 4 O c t o b e r ............................................. 2 2 5 .6 2 1 0 0 .0 1 1 8 2 .1 6 8 0 .7 4 1 9 9 .2 1 8 8 .3 0 2 7 4 .8 5 1 2 1 .8 3 2 1 6 .4 4 9 5 .9 4 2 3 6 .5 6 1 0 4 .8 6 N o v e m b e r ...................................... 2 2 6 .0 6 9 9 .3 2 1 8 2 .4 8 8 0 .1 8 1 9 9 .5 4 8 7 .6 7 2 7 7 .1 4 1 2 1 .7 7 2 1 7 .9 9 9 5 .7 8 2 3 8 .3 0 1 0 4 .7 0 D e c e m b e r p ................................... 2 2 9 .6 8 9 9 .8 6 1 8 5 .0 4 8 0 .4 5 2 0 2 .2 9 8 7 .9 5 2 8 5 .3 6 1 2 4 .0 7 2 2 3 .5 7 9 7 .2 0 2 4 4 .5 3 1 0 6 .3 2 1 9 8 0 : J a n u a r y ? ......................................... 2 2 4 .9 9 ( 1> 1 8 1 .7 0 V) 1 9 8 .7 3 ( ’ ) 2 7 7 .3 1 ( ’ ) 2 1 8 .1 1 2 3 8 .4 3 ( ') S e p te m b e r ' N o t a v a ila b le . NOTE: The e a r n in g s C a lc u la tio n " , e x p re s s e d in 1967 d o lla rs have been a d ju s te d fo r c h a r g e s in p ric e le v e l a s m e a s u r e d b y t h e B u r e a u 's C o n s u m e r P ric e In d e x f o r U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s (r e v is e d ). T h e s e s e r ie s a r e d e s c r ib e d in " T h e 82 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis S p e n d a b le E a rn in g s S e rie s : A T e c h n ic a l N o te o n its Employment and Earnings and Monthly Report on the Labor Force, * ° ? S 7 q ~ 1 3 6S ^ 979, ^ 6 ( ’ ) 8' F eb ru a ry 19 6 9 , " S p e n < la b le E a m in 9 S F o rm u la S ' 1 9 7 7 ' 7 9 " E m p k 5 y m e n t a n d E a m i n f l 8 ’ S e p ,e m b e r UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA ployed. Persons not covered by unemployment insurance (about onethird of the labor force) and those who have exhausted or not yet earned benefit rights are excluded from the scope of the survey. Ini tial claims are notices filed by persons in unemployment insurance programs to indicate they are out of work and wish to begin receiv ing compensation. A claimant who continued to be unemployed a full week is then counted in the insured unemployment figure. The rate of insured unemployment expresses the number of insured unem ployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a 12-month period. d a t a are compiled monthly by the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. De partment of Labor from records of State and Federal unem ployment insurance claims filed and benefits paid. Railroad unemployment insurance data are prepared by the U.S. Rail road Retirement Board. U n e m p l o y m e n t in s u r a n c e Definitions An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the be ginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no ap plication is required for subsequent periods in the same year. Num ber of payments are payments made in 14-day registration periods. The average amount of benefit payment is an average for all com pensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or set tlement of underpayments. However, total benefits paid have been adjusted. Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the State, Ex-Servicemen, and UCFE programs, and the Railroad Insurance Act. Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs for civilian employees, insured workers must report the completion of at least 1 week of unemployment before they are defined as unem 21. Unemployment Insurance and employment service operations [All items except average benefits amounts are in thousands] 1979 1978 Item July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Sept Aug. Dec. Nov. Oct A ll p r o g ra m s : In s u r e d u n e m p l o y m e n t ................................... 2 ,5 6 7 3 ,1 9 8 3 ,2 0 9 2 ,9 2 1 2 ,6 1 0 2 ,2 3 0 2 ,1 1 9 2 ,4 2 9 2 ,3 7 7 2 ,1 6 4 2 ,2 3 6 2 ,5 5 9 1 ,8 8 2 2 ,4 2 1 1 ,5 7 6 1 ,3 9 6 1 ,5 8 9 1 ,3 0 9 1 ,4 0 0 1 ,9 7 6 1 ,5 4 5 1 ,2 1 9 1 ,6 4 1 1 ,8 3 7 3 ,0 4 7 S t a t e u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e p ro g ra m :1 In itia l c la im s 2 ......................................................... In s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e r a g e 2 ,4 2 1 3 ,0 3 7 3 ,0 5 3 2 ,7 5 0 2 ,4 4 0 2 ,0 7 8 1 ,9 9 1 2 ,3 0 0 2 ,2 4 5 2 ,0 2 4 2 ,0 5 7 2 ,3 8 4 2 ,8 6 4 ................ 3 .2 3 .9 4 .0 3 .6 3.1 2 .6 2 .5 2 .8 2 .7 2 .4 2 .4 2 .8 3 .4 ................................................... 7 ,9 0 7 1 1 ,3 7 1 1 0 ,7 6 2 1 1 ,1 0 5 8 ,9 5 6 8 ,4 4 2 7 ,1 9 7 7 ,8 8 9 8 ,8 3 0 6 ,9 9 3 7 ,6 3 8 8 ,1 5 1 $ 9 0 .5 9 $ 9 2 .2 3 w e e k ly v o lu m e ) ............................................ R a t e o f in s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d A v e r a g e w e e k ly b e n e fit a m o u n t f o r to ta l u n e m p l o y m e n t ............................. T o ta l b e n e fits p a id ............................................ $ 8 5 .3 4 $ 8 8 .2 8 $ 9 0 .3 1 $ 9 0 .2 8 $ 8 9 .2 5 $ 8 8 .3 7 $ 8 7 .2 5 $ 8 6 .4 0 $ 8 8 .5 6 $ 8 9 .0 7 $ 6 4 5 ,0 8 4 $ 9 7 2 ,8 2 0 $ 9 1 5 ,1 4 6 $ 9 7 5 ,6 4 1 $ 7 7 7 ,6 9 9 $ 7 2 5 ,2 2 9 $ 6 1 0 ,2 6 9 $ 6 6 5 ,6 8 7 $ 7 6 7 ,0 2 5 $ 6 0 6 ,0 9 5 $ 6 7 3 ,9 6 5 $731 ¿ 7 3 24 24 21 21 20 20 24 28 28 23 26 24 50 54 53 52 48 45 45 51 52 52 52 54 U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a tio n f o r e x s e r v ic e m e n : 3 In itia l c la im s 1 ......................................................... In s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e r a g e w e e k ly v o lu m e ) ............................................. 56 W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d ................................................... T o ta l b e n e fits p a id ............................................ 228 262 219 241 207 214 193 216 234 211 236 232 $ 2 1 ,0 4 0 $ 2 4 ,4 2 5 $ 2 0 ,4 8 9 $ 2 2 ,7 9 4 $ 1 9 ,6 1 7 $ 2 0 ,4 4 0 $ 1 8 ,6 2 3 $ 2 0 ,9 6 5 $ 2 2 ,5 5 0 $ 1 9 ,6 3 4 $ 2 3 ,3 2 5 $ 2 3 ,1 4 3 18 21 13 12 12 12 13 16 13 13 18 15 34 37 35 33 27 24 23 2 .5 25 25 28 29 U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a tio n fo r F e d e r a l civ ilia n e m p l o y e e s : 4 In itia l c l a i m s ............................................................ In s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e r a g e w e e k ly v o lu m e ) ............................................ 31 W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d 136 158 133 143 112 106 91 96 107 91 109 118 $ 1 2 ,1 7 4 $ 1 4 ,2 2 2 $ 1 2 ,2 5 6 $ 1 3 ,1 6 8 $ 1 0 ,3 4 5 $ 9 ,3 3 0 $ 8 ,3 4 1 $ 8 ,8 0 2 $ 9 ,8 2 9 $ 8 ,4 5 6 $ 1 0 ,0 9 3 $ 1 1 ,0 8 8 10 8 6 5 3 3 9 15 8 13 11 10 ............................................ 17 26 24 23 18 10 8 11 12 21 18 20 19 ...................................... 30 50 50 23 40 29 19 20 26 32 51 36 41 $ 1 8 9 .5 9 $ 2 0 0 .8 0 $ 2 0 0 .5 4 $ 2 0 4 .7 2 $ 1 9 5 .5 5 $ 1 7 7 .3 9 $ 1 8 3 .1 3 $ 1 9 0 .1 0 $ 1 9 5 .6 1 $ 1 8 9 .0 8 $ 1 8 9 .6 1 $ 1 8 3 .3 8 $ 1 9 7 .2 2 $ 5 ,6 7 8 $ 9 ,6 3 4 $ 9 ,8 7 1 $ 1 0 ,5 3 8 $ 7 ,2 7 6 $ 5 ,6 8 1 $ 3 ,3 1 4 $ 3 ,6 9 9 $ 3 ,7 6 7 $ 5 ,7 4 7 $ 8 ,0 0 3 $ 6 ,4 6 2 $ 8 ,0 8 5 414 5 ,6 3 0 8 ,0 5 9 9 ,1 8 0 1 0 ,4 5 2 1 1 ,9 0 7 1 3 ,1 8 6 1 4 ,4 7 9 1 ,1 2 0 1 ,4 1 4 1 ,9 9 1 2 ,2 9 1 2 ,6 1 6 3 ,0 5 1 3 ,4 8 2 3 ,9 3 5 ................................................... T o ta l b e n e fits p a id ............................................ R a ilr o a d u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u ra n c e : A p p lic a t io n s ............................................................ 11 In s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e r a g e w e e k ly v o lu m e ) N u m b e r o f p a y m e n ts A v e r a g e a m o u n t o f b e n e fit p a y m e n t ............................................................... T o ta l b e n e fits p a id ............................................ E m p lo y m e n t s e r v ic e : 5 N e w a p p lic a tio n s a n d re n e w a ls N o n fa r m p la c e m e n t s ...................................... 11nitial c la im s a n d S t a t e in s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t in c lu d e d a t a u n d e r th e p r o g r a m f o r P u e rto R ic a n s u g a rc a n e w o rk ers . 2 In c lu d e s in te rs ta te c la im s f o r th e V irg in Is la n d s . E x c lu d e s tra n s itio n c la im s u n d e r S t a t e p ro g ra m s . 3 E x c lu d e s d a t a o n c la im s a n d p a y m e n t s m a d e jo in tly w ith o t h e r p ro g r a m s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 In c lu d e s t h e V irg in Is la n d s . E x c lu d e s d a t a o n c la im s a n d p a y m e n t s m a d e jo in tly w ith S t a t e p ro g ra m s . 5 C u m u la tiv e to ta l f o r fis c a l y e a r (O c t o b e r 1 - S e p te m b e r 3 0 ). N O T E : D a t a f o r P u e r to R ic o in c lu d e d . D a s h e s in d ic a te d a t a n o t a v a ila b le . 83 PRICE DATA P r i c e d a t a are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100, unless otherwise noted). Definitions The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the average change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and ser vices. Effective with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics began publishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. One index, a new CPI for All Urban Consumers, covers 80 percent of the total noninstitutional population; and the other index, a revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, covers about half the new index population. The All Urban Consumers index includes, in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional, manageri al, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctor’s and dentist’s fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quali ty of these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revi sions so that only price changes will be measured. Prices are collected from over 18,000 tenants, 24,000 retail establishments, and 18,000 housing units for property taxes in 85 urban areas across the country. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the expendi tures of two population groups in 1972-73, they may not accurately reflect the experience of individual families and single persons with different buying habits. Though the CPI is often called the “Cost-of-Living Index,” it mea sures only price change, which is just one of several important factors affecting living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the level of prices among cities. They only measure the average change in prices for each area since the base period. Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received in primary markets of the United States by producers of commodities in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these in dexes contains about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all com modities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The universe includes all commodities produced or imported for sale in commercial transactions in primary markets in the United States. Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or by commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products by degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or semifinished goods, and crude materials). The commodity structure organizes products by similarity of end-use or material composition. To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price In dexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the Unit ed States, from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. 84 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Most prices are obtained directly from producing companies on a vol untary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the vari ous commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net selling value of all com modities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain in dexes for stage of processing groupings, commodity groupings, dura bility of product groupings, and a number of special composite groupings. Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries, as defined in the S ta n d a rd In d u stria l Classification M a n u a l 1972 (Washington, U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These indexes are derived from several price series, combined to match the economic activity of the specified industry and weighted by the value of shipments in the industry. They use data from comprehensive in dustrial censuses conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Notes on the data Beginning with the May 1978 issue of the Review, regional CPI’s cross classified by population size, were introduced. These indexes will enable users in local areas for which an index is not published to get a better approximation of the CPI for their area by using the appropri ate population size class measure for their region. The cross-classified indexes will be published bimonthly. (See table 24.) For further details about the new and the revised indexes and a comparison of various aspects of these indexes with the old unrevised CPI, see F acts A b o u t the R evised C onsum er Price Index, a pamphlet in the Consumer Price Index Revision 1978 series. See also The C onsum er Price In dex: Concepts a n d C ontent O ver the Years. Report 517, revised edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978). For interarea comparisons of living costs at three hypothetical stan dards of living, see the family budget data published in the H an dbook o f L a b o r Statistics, 1977, Bulletin 1966 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1977), tables 122-133. Additional data and analysis on price changes are provided in the C P I D e ta iled R eport and P roducer Prices a n d Price Indexes, both monthly publications of the Bureau. As of January 1976, the Wholesale Price Index (as it was then called) incorporated a revised weighting structure reflecting 1972 val ues of shipments. From January 1967 through December 1975, 1963 values of shipments were used as weights. For a discussion of the general method of computing consumer, producer, and industry price indexes, see B L S H an d b o o k o f M ethods f o r S urveys a n d Studies, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1976), chapters 13-15. See also John F. Early, “Improving the mea surement of producer price change,” M on th ly L a b o r Review, April 1978, pp. 7 -1 5 . For industry prices, see also Bennett R. Moss, “In dustry and Sector Price Indexes,” M o n th ly L a b o r Review, August 1965, pp. 974-82. 22. Consumer Price index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, annual averages and changes, 1967-78 [1967 = 100] Food and beverages All Items Year Index 1967 ............................. 1 0 0 .0 1968 ............................. 1 0 4 .2 1969 ............................. Percent change Index Percent change 1 0 3 .6 Index Percent change 3 .6 1 0 4 .0 Index Transportation Percent change 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 4 .2 Apparel and upkeep Housing 4 .0 Index Percent change 1 0 3 .2 Percent change 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 5 .4 1 0 5 .4 Index 3 .2 1 0 6 .1 Other goods and services Entertainment Medical care Index Percent change 5 .7 1 0 5 .2 1 1 0 .4 4 .9 1 1 6 .8 5 .8 1 0 9 .8 5 .4 1 0 8 .8 5 .0 1 1 0 .4 6 .2 1 1 1 .5 5 .8 1 0 7 .2 3 .9 1 1 3 .4 6 .9 1 1 1 .0 5 .9 1 1 4 .7 5 .4 1 1 8 .2 7.1 1 1 6 .1 4.1 1 1 2 .7 5.1 1 2 0 .6 6 .3 1 1 6 .7 5.1 4 .4 1970 ............................. 1 1 6 .3 ............................. 1 2 1 .3 5 .2 1 0 5 .7 5 .0 1971 Percent change 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 6.1 Index 1 1 9 .8 3 .2 6 .5 1 2 2 .9 5 .3 1 2 2 .4 4 .8 1972 ............................. 1 2 5 .3 3 .3 1 2 3 .2 4.1 1 2 8 .1 3 .8 1 2 2 .3 2.1 1 1 9 .9 1.1 1 3 2 .5 3 .2 1 2 6 .5 2 .9 1 2 7 .5 4 .2 1973 ............................. 1 3 3 .1 6 .2 1 3 9 .5 1 3 .2 1 3 3 .7 4 .4 1 2 6 .8 3 .7 1 2 3 .8 3 .3 1 3 7 .7 3 .9 1 3 0 .0 2 .8 1 3 2 .5 3 .9 4 .3 1 1 8 .3 3.1 1 2 3 .4 1 1 8 .6 5 .2 1 2 8 .4 1974 ............................. 1 4 7 .7 1 1 .0 1 5 8 .7 1 3 .8 1 4 8 .8 1 1 .3 1 3 6 .2 7 .4 1 3 7 .7 1 1 .2 1 5 0 .5 9 .3 1 3 9 .8 7 .5 1 4 2 .0 7 .2 1975 ............................. 1 6 1 .2 9.1 1 7 2 .1 8 .4 1 6 4 .5 1 0 .6 1 4 2 .3 4 .5 1 5 0 .6 9 .4 1 6 8 .6 1 2 .0 1 5 2 .2 8 .9 1 5 3 .9 8 .4 1976 ............................. 1 7 0 .5 5 .8 1 7 7 .4 3.1 1 7 4 .6 6.1 1 4 7 .6 3 .7 1 6 5 .5 9 .9 1 8 4 .7 9 .5 1 5 9 .8 5 .0 1 6 2 .7 5 .7 1977 ............................. 1 8 1 .5 6 .5 1 8 8 .0 6 .0 1 8 6 .5 6 .8 1 5 4 .2 4 .5 1 7 7 .2 7.1 2 0 2 .4 9 .6 1 6 7 .7 4 .9 1 7 2 .2 5 .8 1978 ............................. 1 9 5 .3 7 .6 2 0 6 .2 9 .7 2 0 2 .6 8 .6 1 5 9 .5 3 .4 1 8 5 .8 4 .9 2 1 9 .4 8 .4 1 7 6 .2 5.1 1 8 3 .2 6 .4 1979 ............................. 2 1 7 .7 1 1 .5 2 2 8 .7 1 0 .9 2 2 7 .5 1 2 .3 1 6 6 .4 4 .3 2 1 2 .8 1 4 .5 2 4 0 .1 9 .4 1 8 7 .6 6 .5 1 9 6 .3 7 .2 23. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers and revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, U.S. city average— general summary and groups, subgroups, and selected items [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised) All Urban Consumers General summary 1979 1978 1979 1978 Dec. July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. Dec. July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. All item s................................................................................................ 2 0 2 .9 2 1 8 .9 2 2 1 .1 2 2 3 .4 2 2 5 .4 2 2 7 .5 2 2 9 .9 2 0 2 .9 2 1 9 .4 2 2 1 .5 2 2 3 .7 2 2 5 .6 2 2 7 .6 2 3 0 .0 Food an d b ev era g es ............................................................................................................ 2 1 4 .1 2 3 0 .7 2 3 0 .2 2 3 1 .0 2 3 2 .1 2 3 3 .1 2 3 5 .5 2 1 4 .0 2 3 0 .9 2 3 0 .4 2 3 1 .2 2 3 2 .3 2 3 3 .1 2 3 5 .7 H o u s i n g ............................................................................................................................................ 2 1 1 .5 2 2 8 .4 2 3 1 .5 2 3 4 .6 2 3 7 .7 2 4 0 .8 2 4 3 .6 2 1 1 .2 2 2 8 .4 2 3 1 .5 2 3 4 .5 2 3 7 .7 2 4 0 .7 1 7 1 .7 1 7 2 .2 1 6 3 .3 1 6 4 .5 1 6 6 .2 1 6 9 .3 1 7 0 .8 1 7 1 .3 1 7 1 .4 2 2 4 .9 2 2 7 .7 1 9 3 .1 2 1 7 .8 2 2 0 .7 2 2 2 .4 2 2 3 .4 2 2 5 .7 2 2 8 .3 2 5 0 .7 2 2 8 .0 2 4 0 .5 2 4 2 .6 2 4 3 .6 A p p a r e l a n d u p k e e p ............................................................................................................... 1 6 3 .2 1 6 4 .3 1 6 6 .3 1 6 9 .8 1 7 1 .0 T r a n s p o rta tio n ........................................................................................................................... 1 9 2 .6 2 1 6 .6 2 1 9 .6 2 2 1 .4 2 2 2 .7 ............................................................................................................................... 2 2 7 .8 2 3 9 .9 2 4 1 .8 ........................................................................................................................... 1 8 0 .9 1 8 9 .1 1 9 0 .2 1 9 1 .1 1 9 2 .0 1 9 2 .8 1 9 3 .4 1 8 1 .0 1 8 8 .6 1 8 8 .9 1 9 0 .2 1 9 1 .4 1 9 2 .0 1 9 1 .5 O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s .................................................................................................. 1 8 9 .1 1 9 5 .2 1 9 7 .0 2 0 1 .7 2 0 2 .3 2 0 2 .9 2 0 4 .0 1 8 8 .4 1 9 5 .1 1 9 7 .2 2 0 0 .6 2 0 1 .4 2 0 2 .0 2 0 3 .0 C o m m o d i t i e s ............................................................................................................................... 1 9 4 .2 2 1 0 .5 2 1 2 .2 2 1 4 .1 2 1 5 .6 2 1 7 .4 2 1 9 .4 1 9 4 .1 2 1 1 .0 2 1 2 .6 2 1 4 .4 2 1 5 .8 2 1 7 .4 2 1 9 .4 1 8 2 .4 1 9 8 .4 2 0 0 .9 2 0 3 .3 2 0 4 .9 2 0 6 .9 2 0 8 .8 1 8 2 .3 1 9 8 .8 2 0 1 .3 2 0 3 .5 2 0 5 .0 2 0 6 .9 2 0 8 .7 1 8 2 .3 2 0 5 .6 2 1 0 .5 2 1 4 .8 2 1 6 .6 2 1 8 .1 2 2 0 .5 1 8 0 .9 1 9 2 .2 1 9 2 .9 1 9 3 .5 1 9 4 .8 1 9 6 .9 1 9 8 .2 M e d ic a l c a r e E n te r ta in m e n t C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ......................................................... 2 4 3 .7 2 4 5 .9 2 4 8 .0 N o n d u r a b le s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ...................................................... 1 8 2 .0 2 0 4 .2 2 0 8 .8 2 1 3 .2 2 1 4 .9 2 1 6 .6 2 1 9 .0 D u r a b le s 1 8 1 .2 1 9 2 .6 1 9 3 .6 1 9 4 .5 1 9 6 .0 1 9 8 .4 1 9 9 .8 2 3 4 .7 2 3 7 .6 2 4 6 .2 2 4 9 .3 S e r v ic e s ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 2 1 9 .2 2 4 0 .7 2 4 3 .6 2 1 9 .1 2 3 5 .1 2 3 7 .9 2 4 4 .7 2 4 1 .0 2 4 7 .2 2 4 4 .0 2 4 9 .1 2 4 6 .7 2 5 1 .7 2 4 9 .6 R e n t, r e s i d e n t i a l ........................................................................................................ 1 6 9 .5 1 7 5 .9 1 7 7 .5 1 7 9 .0 1 8 1 .4 1 8 2 .1 1 8 2 .9 1 6 9 .4 1 7 5 .8 1 7 7 .3 1 7 8 .9 1 8 1 .2 1 8 1 .9 1 8 2 .7 H o u s e h o ld s e r v ic e s le s s re n t 2 4 5 .0 2 6 8 .6 2 7 2 .8 2 7 6 .7 2 8 0 .7 2 8 4 .6 2 8 9 .2 2 4 5 .1 2 6 9 .8 2 7 4 .1 2 7 8 .2 2 8 2 .3 2 8 6 .3 2 9 1 .1 ......................................................................... 2 2 4 .2 2 0 3 .7 2 5 8 .5 2 6 0 .6 2 6 2 .8 2 6 5 .3 2 6 7 .6 2 7 0 .7 2 4 4 .8 2 5 8 .8 2 6 1 .2 2 6 3 .8 2 6 6 .8 2 6 8 .8 2 7 1 .8 1 9 1 .5 1 9 9 .3 2 0 0 .5 2 0 4 .7 2 0 5 .7 2 0 6 .5 2 0 7 .1 1 9 1 .8 2 0 0 .1 2 0 1 .2 2 0 4 .9 2 0 6 .4 2 0 7 .3 2 0 6 .7 2 1 8 .5 2 2 1 .5 2 1 6 .8 2 2 4 .0 2 1 2 .6 2 4 4 .8 2 1 6 .6 2 1 5 .3 2 2 1 .5 2 0 3 .3 M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ............................................................................................ O t h e r s e r v i c e s ............................................................................................................ 2 1 4 .9 2 1 3 .3 2 1 8 .6 T ra n s p o r ta tio n s e r v i c e s ......................................................................................... Special Indexes: A ll ite m s le s s fo o d .................................................................................................................. A ll ite m s le s s m o r t g a g e in te re s t c o s ts ...................................................................... 1 9 8 .6 2 1 4 .2 2 1 6 .9 2 1 9 .6 2 2 1 .8 2 2 4 .1 2 2 6 .4 1 9 8 .4 2 1 4 .6 2 1 7 .3 2 1 9 .8 2 2 2 .0 2 2 4 .2 2 2 6 .4 1 9 8 .7 2 1 3 .0 2 1 4 .7 2 1 6 .7 2 1 8 .3 2 1 9 .8 2 2 1 .7 1 9 8 .7 2 1 3 .7 2 1 5 .3 2 1 7 .2 2 1 8 .7 2 2 0 .1 2 2 2 .0 2 0 1 .1 2 0 5 .4 2 0 9 .6 2 1 1 .3 2 1 2 .9 2 1 5 .2 1 8 0 .3 2 0 2 .5 2 0 7 .0 2 1 1 .0 2 1 2 .9 2 1 4 .4 2 1 6 .7 2 2 2 .8 2 2 8 .3 2 3 2 .7 2 3 4 .8 2 3 6 .8 2 4 0 .1 1 9 2 .0 2 2 3 .9 2 2 9 .7 2 3 4 .2 2 3 6 .3 2 3 8 .2 2 4 1 .5 1 8 1 .3 1 9 7 .0 1 9 9 .5 2 0 1 .8 2 0 3 .4 2 0 5 .4 2 0 7 .2 1 8 1 .2 2 0 3 .5 2 0 7 .1 1 9 9 .9 1 8 0 .0 1 9 1 .7 C o m m o d itie s le s s f o o d ......................................................................................................... N o n d u r a b le s le s s fo o d 2 0 2 .0 2 0 5 .4 1 9 7 .4 ........................................................................................................ N o n d u r a b le s le s s fo o d a n d a p p a r e l ............................................................................ 2 2 0 .4 2 2 3 .1 2 2 4 .5 2 2 5 .8 2 2 8 .2 1 9 9 .0 2 1 9 .2 2 2 1 .3 2 2 3 .9 2 2 5 .3 2 2 6 .5 2 2 9 .0 .................................................................................................................. 2 2 8 .2 2 4 5 .6 2 4 8 .8 2 5 2 .1 2 5 5 .1 2 5 8 .2 2 6 1 .6 2 2 8 .1 2 4 6 .1 2 4 9 .2 2 5 2 .6 2 5 5 .7 2 5 8 .8 2 6 2 .1 S e r v ic e s le s s m e d ic a l c a r e ............................................................................................... 2 1 5 .0 2 3 0 .6 2 3 3 .6 2 3 6 .7 2 3 9 .6 2 4 2 .3 2 4 5 .3 2 1 4 .9 2 3 1 .0 2 3 3 .9 2 3 6 .9 2 3 9 .9 2 4 2 .6 2 4 5 .5 ............................................................................ 2 0 7 .7 2 2 5 .9 2 2 3 .5 2 2 3 .7 2 2 4 .1 S e le c t e d b e e f c u t s .................................................................................................................. 2 1 6 .6 2 6 7 .8 2 5 3 .0 2 5 5 .3 2 5 7 .3 2 5 6 .5 2 6 3 .2 2 1 7 .8 2 7 0 .1 2 5 5 .5 2 5 8 .0 2 5 9 .1 2 5 9 .2 2 6 5 .2 3 0 7 .5 3 0 7 .8 3 1 3 .7 2 2 8 .5 2 8 9 .2 2 9 8 .8 3 0 7 .0 3 1 0 .2 3 1 0 .7 3 1 7 .0 N o n d u r a b le s ............................................................................................................................... S e r v ic e s le s s re n t D o m e s tic a lly p ro d u c e d f a r m fo o d s E n e rg y ........................................................................................................................................... A ll ite m s le s s e n e r g y ............................................................................................................ A ll ite m s le s s fo o d a n d e n e r g y ...................................................................... 1 9 8 .8 2 2 8 .3 2 1 8 .3 3 0 4 .3 2 2 4 .5 2 3 0 .8 2 0 7 .6 2 2 5 .8 2 2 3 .4 2 2 3 .6 2 2 4 .0 2 2 4 .4 2 2 7 .5 2 8 7 .1 2 9 6 .3 2 0 1 .3 2 1 3 .8 2 1 5 .4 2 1 7 .3 2 1 9 .2 2 2 1 .4 2 2 3 .6 2 0 1 .2 2 1 3 .9 2 1 5 .3 2 1 7 .0 2 1 8 .8 2 2 1 .0 2 2 3 .0 1 9 6 .0 2 0 7 .3 2 0 9 .4 2 1 1 .5 2 1 3 .6 2 1 6 .1 2 1 8 .1 1 9 5 .8 2 0 7 .2 2 0 9 .0 2 1 1 .0 2 1 3 .0 2 1 5 .4 2 1 7 .3 C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d a n d e n e r g y ......................................................... 1 7 7 .0 1 9 2 .6 1 7 6 .8 1 9 0 .4 1 9 1 .4 E n e r g y c o m m o d itie s ......................................................................................... 2 2 3 .3 3 0 0 .8 3 1 4 .5 3 2 5 .3 3 2 9 .0 3 3 2 .5 3 4 0 .0 2 2 3 .6 3 0 1 .9 3 1 5 .8 3 2 6 .5 3 3 0 .2 3 3 3 .8 3 4 1 .5 S e r v ic e s le s s e n e r g y ......................................................................................... 2 1 7 .9 2 3 2 .4 2 3 5 .4 2 3 8 .4 2 4 1 .3 2 4 4 .6 2 4 7 .6 2 1 7 .8 2 3 2 .7 2 3 5 .7 2 3 8 .7 2 4 1 .7 2 4 5 .1 2 4 8 .0 $ 0 ,4 9 3 $ 0 ,4 5 7 $ 0 ,4 5 2 $ 0 ,4 4 8 $ 0 ,4 4 4 $ 0 ,4 4 0 $ 0 ,4 3 5 $ 0 ,4 9 3 $ 0 ,4 5 6 $ 0 ,4 5 1 $ 0 ,4 4 7 $ 0 ,4 4 3 $ 0 ,4 3 9 $ 0 ,4 3 5 P u rc h a s in g p o w e r o f th e c o n s u m e r d o lla r, 1 9 6 7 = https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $1 ................................ 1 8 5 .6 1 8 6 .8 1 8 8 .2 1 8 9 .6 1 9 1 .4 1 8 5 .4 1 8 6 .4 1 8 7 .5 1 8 8 .7 85 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 23. [1 9 6 7 Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c i f ie d ] All Urban Consumers General summary 1978 Dec. Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised) 1979 July Aug. Sept 1978 Oct Nov. Dec. 1979 Dec. July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. FOOD AND BEVERAGES 2 1 4 .1 2 3 0 .7 2 3 0 .2 2 3 1 .0 2 3 2 .1 2 3 3 .1 2 3 5 .5 2 1 4 .0 2 3 0 .9 2 3 0 .4 2 3 1 .2 2 3 2 .3 2 3 3 .1 2 3 5 .7 Food ..................................................................... 2 1 9 .4 2 3 6 .9 2 3 6 .3 2 3 7 .1 2 3 8 .2 2 3 9 .1 2 4 1 .7 2 1 9 .3 2 3 7 .1 2 3 6 .5 2 3 7 .3 2 3 8 .3 2 3 9 .1 2 4 1 .8 Food at hom e 2 1 7 .9 2 3 5 .5 2 3 3 .9 2 3 4 .7 2 3 5 .4 2 3 6 .0 2 3 8 .7 2 1 7 .6 2 3 5 .0 2 3 3 .5 2 3 4 .2 2 3 4 .8 2 3 5 .4 2 3 8 .3 2 0 7 .9 2 2 0 .1 2 2 3 .7 2 2 5 .6 2 2 7 .0 2 2 8 .7 2 3 1 .6 2 0 8 .8 2 2 1 .1 2 2 4 .1 2 2 6 .6 2 2 7 .9 2 2 9 .7 2 3 2 .3 1 1 1 .2 1 1 6 .6 1 1 8 .5 1 2 0 .0 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .1 1 2 2 .9 1 1 1 .4 1 1 7 .0 1 1 9 .0 1 2 0 .6 1 2 1 .4 ............................................................................... C e r e a l s a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s ...................................................... C e r e a l s a n d c e r e a l p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................ F lo u r a n d p r e p a r e d flo u r m ix e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = C e re a l (1 2 /7 7 = 100) R ic e , p a s ta , a n d c o m m e a l ( 1 2 / 7 7 = B a k e r y p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ ...................................................................... 100) 100) ...................................... .................................................................. W h ite b r e a d ............................................................................ O th e r b re a d s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) ...................................................................... F r e s h b is c u its , ro lls , a n d m u ffin s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = F re s h c a k e s a n d c u p c a k e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = C o o k ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = i 00) 1 2 2 .1 1 2 3 .8 1 1 1 .1 1 1 9 .4 1 2 2 .5 1 2 3 .4 1 2 4 .0 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .8 1 1 2 .4 1 2 0 .3 1 2 3 .3 1 2 5 .1 1 2 5 .0 1 2 4 .6 1 2 5 .1 1 1 0 .5 1 1 7 .0 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .8 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .7 1 2 2 .8 1 1 0 .4 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .5 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .9 1 2 2 .9 1 2 0 .4 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .6 1 1 5 .7 1 1 8 .6 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .4 1 0 9 .6 1 1 6 .4 1 1 8 .3 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .9 1 2 1 .0 1 2 2 .4 1 1 0 .2 1 1 7 .0 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .7 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .3 1 2 2 .7 1 8 3 .0 1 9 4 .2 1 9 8 .4 2 0 0 .7 2 0 2 .5 2 0 4 .5 2 0 7 .4 1 8 3 .4 1 9 4 .3 1 9 8 .0 2 0 0 .5 2 0 2 .3 2 0 3 .9 2 0 6 .6 1 1 0 .4 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .2 1 1 5 .8 1 1 9 .1 1 2 0 .8 1 2 2 .7 1 2 3 .9 1 1 6 .2 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .6 1 2 1 .3 1 2 3 .3 1 1 2 .1 1 1 8 .5 1 2 0 .8 1 2 2 .5 1 2 3 .8 1 2 4 .2 1 2 6 .0 1 0 0 ) ............................. 1 0 9 .4 1 1 6 .1 1 1 8 .1 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .4 1 2 1 .2 1 2 3 .1 1 0 9 .5 1 1 5 .8 1 1 7 .7 1 1 8 .6 1 1 8 .7 1 2 0 .8 1 2 2 .3 ...................................... 1 0 7 .9 1 1 4 .8 1 1 6 .6 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .6 1 1 9 .4 1 2 0 .3 1 0 8 .7 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .8 1 1 8 .1 1 1 9 .1 100) ......................................................................... C r a c k e r s a n d b r e a d a n d c r a c k e r p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = F re s h s w e e tr o lls , c o f f e e c a k e , a n d d o n u ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .1 1 0 8 .5 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .6 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .8 1 0 9 .5 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .4 1 1 9 .6 .. 1 0 7 .4 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .7 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .0 1 1 4 .5 1 1 6 .2 1 0 7 .8 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .9 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .0 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .3 ... 1 0 8 .0 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .8 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .9 1 2 1 .5 1 0 9 .4 1 1 7 .8 1 1 9 .3 1 2 1 .6 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .9 1 2 3 .4 ................ 1 1 1 .2 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .5 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .8 1 1 0 .6 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .1 1 1 8 .6 1 1 8 .8 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .4 100) 100) F r o z e n a n d re fr ig e r a te d b a k e r y p ro d u c ts a n d fre s h p ie s , ta r ts , a n d tu rn o v e rs ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) M e a ts , p o u ltr y , fish , a n d e g g s ............................................................................................ 2 1 6 .5 2 3 9 .0 2 3 0 .2 M e a ts , p o u ltr y , a n d f i s h ............................................................................................... 2 1 9 .8 2 4 5 .0 2 3 5 .8 2 3 6 .0 2 3 5 .9 2 3 5 .2 2 3 9 .8 2 1 9 .4 2 4 4 .2 2 3 5 .3 2 3 5 .4 2 3 5 .3 2 3 5 .0 2 3 9 .2 2 1 9 .4 2 4 8 .0 2 3 7 .8 2 3 8 .1 2 3 8 .6 2 3 7 .4 2 4 2 .3 2 1 9 .0 2 4 7 .4 2 3 7 .6 2 3 7 .7 2 3 8 .1 2 3 7 .3 2 4 1 .8 M e a ts ..................................................................................................................... B e e f a n d v e a l ..................................................................................................... G ro u n d b e e f o th e r th a n c a n n e d C h u c k ro a s t 2 6 6 .4 2 5 1 .9 2 5 4 .2 2 3 0 .3 2 5 6 .2 2 3 0 .2 2 5 5 .5 2 3 5 .5 2 6 2 .2 2 1 6 .2 2 1 6 .5 2 3 8 .3 2 6 8 .4 2 2 9 .6 2 5 4 .1 2 3 0 .5 2 5 6 .4 2 2 9 .7 2 5 7 .5 2 3 0 .0 2 5 7 .7 2 3 5 .1 2 6 3 .7 ...................................................... 2 1 7 .1 2 7 4 .5 2 6 0 .3 2 6 1 .4 2 6 3 .4 2 6 4 .2 2 7 1 .2 2 1 7 .8 2 7 4 .7 2 6 1 .9 2 6 3 .5 2 6 5 .8 2 6 6 .0 2 7 3 .0 .................................................................................................. 2 1 8 .5 2 8 0 .5 2 5 7 .5 2 6 1 .0 2 6 3 .3 2 6 3 .1 2 6 8 .1 2 2 4 .7 2 8 8 .7 2 6 4 .0 2 6 7 .9 2 6 8 .3 2 7 3 .1 2 7 4 .2 R o u n d ro a s t .................................................................................................. 2 2 2 .2 2 2 9 .2 2 3 0 .3 2 2 9 .1 2 3 8 .1 1 9 7 .1 2 4 2 .7 2 2 5 .9 2 3 1 .0 2 3 3 .0 2 3 2 .7 2 4 0 .5 R o u n d s te a k .................................................................................................. 2 0 2 .6 2 4 8 .1 2 3 8 .1 2 3 9 .2 2 4 2 .2 2 4 1 .9 2 4 7 .5 2 0 0 .9 2 4 6 .4 2 3 5 .4 2 3 5 .7 2 3 9 .4 2 3 9 .7 2 4 6 .2 S irlo in s t e a k .................................................................................................. 2 1 4 .3 2 6 0 .7 2 4 7 .5 2 5 1 .0 2 5 0 .4 2 4 7 .0 2 5 0 .8 2 1 3 .7 2 6 0 .7 2 4 7 .3 2 5 3 .9 2 4 9 .6 2 4 7 .4 2 5 3 .5 O th e r b e e f an d v e a l ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) ............................................ 1 9 6 .7 2 3 9 .1 1 2 5 .3 1 5 1 .8 1 4 5 .0 1 4 5 .6 1 4 7 .1 1 4 6 .3 1 5 0 .2 1 2 5 .7 1 5 2 .8 1 4 6 .0 1 4 6 .6 1 4 7 .0 1 4 6 .6 1 4 9 .9 2 2 3 .4 2 1 5 .1 2 0 7 .4 2 0 6 .5 2 0 4 .3 2 0 1 .0 2 0 5 .0 2 2 2 .6 2 1 4 .9 2 0 7 .6 2 0 6 .1 2 0 4 .7 2 0 1 .5 2 0 5 .6 B a c o n .................................................................................................................. 2 2 1 .8 2 0 0 .0 1 9 2 .5 1 9 4 .0 P o rk ch o p s P o r k ........................................................................................................................ 1 9 0 .5 1 8 6 .3 1 9 3 .6 2 2 3 .1 2 0 1 .6 1 9 5 .0 1 9 5 .6 1 9 4 .4 1 8 8 .7 1 9 5 .8 2 0 7 .1 2 0 7 .7 1 9 5 .3 1 9 8 .1 1 9 5 .1 1 8 8 .8 1 8 7 .8 2 0 5 .3 2 0 9 .2 1 9 6 .2 1 9 6 .1 1 9 4 .9 1 8 8 .1 1 8 9 .1 1 0 0 ) ...................................... 1 1 1 .9 9 7 .2 9 6 .4 9 5 .2 9 4 .8 9 5 .9 1 0 2 .5 1 1 1 .1 9 6 .1 9 4 .9 9 4 .3 9 4 .0 9 5 .4 1 0 0 .9 ............................................................................................................ 2 7 1 .7 2 7 0 .4 2 6 3 .8 2 5 8 .4 2 5 7 .6 2 5 4 .5 2 5 6 .5 2 6 9 .5 2 6 9 .5 2 6 3 .2 2 5 8 .4 2 5 8 .1 2 5 5 .8 2 5 8 .3 C a n n e d h a m .................................................................................................. 2 3 1 .2 2 2 4 .4 2 2 1 .1 2 1 6 .6 2 1 8 .2 2 1 4 .8 2 3 1 .7 2 2 2 .3 2 1 8 .9 2 1 5 .3 2 1 5 .8 2 1 4 .6 2 1 9 .1 ..................................................................................................... H a m o t h e r th a n c a n n e d ( 1 2 / 7 7 = Sausage O t h e r p o rk ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 2 1 8 .9 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... 1 2 0 .3 1 2 4 .2 1 1 8 .3 1 1 7 .4 1 1 5 .2 1 1 2 .9 1 1 2 .6 1 1 9 .7 1 2 3 .2 1 1 8 .4 1 1 7 .5 1 1 5 .1 1 1 2 .7 1 1 2 .7 O t h e r m e a t s ......................................................................................................... 2 1 9 .8 2 4 5 .1 2 4 3 .5 2 4 0 .2 2 4 0 .7 2 4 2 .0 2 4 3 .0 2 1 7 .3 2 4 1 .0 2 3 9 .9 2 3 6 .6 2 3 8 .0 2 3 8 .5 2 3 9 .5 2 1 2 .5 2 4 3 .2 2 4 1 .9 2 3 5 .9 2 3 6 .8 2 3 8 .9 2 3 9 .3 2 1 2 .2 2 4 3 .0 2 4 2 .6 2 3 6 .1 2 3 7 .7 2 3 7 .2 2 3 8 .7 F r a n k fu r te r s .................................................................................................. B o lo g n a , liv e r w u rs t, a n d s a la m i ( 1 2 / 7 7 = O t h e r lu n c h m e a ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = ................... 1 2 2 .2 1 3 5 .4 1 3 4 .3 1 3 3 .2 1 3 4 .2 1 3 3 .4 1 3 4 .4 1 2 0 .1 1 3 2 .3 1 2 9 .7 1 2 9 .5 1 3 0 .7 1 3 0 .4 1 3 0 .8 1 0 0 ) ................................................... 1 1 5 .6 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .7 1 2 1 .6 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .6 1 2 1 .5 1 1 3 .4 1 1 9 .4 1 2 0 .8 1 1 9 .0 1 1 8 .8 1 1 9 .5 1 1 9 .4 1 0 0 ) ...................................... 1 1 8 .4 1 4 1 .0 1 3 7 .6 1 3 5 .6 1 3 7 .7 1 3 8 .3 1 4 0 .0 1 1 8 .4 1 4 1 .1 1 3 7 .9 1 3 6 .9 1 3 8 .8 1 3 9 .8 1 4 1 .7 1 7 3 .9 L a m b an d o rg a n m e a ts ( 1 2 /7 7 = P o u ltry 100) ........................................................................................................................ F re s h w h o le c h ic k e n ............................................................................... F re s h a n d fr o z e n c h ic k e n p a rts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = F is h a n d s e a fo o d 1 8 6 .2 1 7 7 .1 1 7 4 .8 1 7 0 .3 1 7 1 .6 1 7 6 .2 1 7 5 .9 1 8 4 .0 1 7 4 .3 1 7 2 .8 1 6 8 .3 1 7 0 .1 1 8 4 .1 1 7 1 .3 1 6 9 .9 1 5 9 .7 1 6 6 .7 1 7 5 .2 1 7 3 .4 1 7 9 .6 1 6 6 .7 1 6 5 .8 1 5 7 .7 1 6 3 .3 1 6 9 .8 ................... 1 1 2 .5 1 1 9 .4 1 1 2 .1 1 1 1 .8 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .3 1 1 2 .7 1 1 9 .1 1 1 1 .1 1 1 0 .9 1 0 8 .4 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .8 1 1 8 .7 1 2 3 .6 1 2 3 .0 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .3 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .5 1 2 3 .2 1 2 2 .1 1 1 9 .8 1 1 9 .8 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .4 .................................................................................................. 2 8 6 .5 3 0 4 .3 3 0 6 .5 3 0 9 .7 3 1 1 .5 3 1 2 .2 3 1 2 .6 2 8 4 .4 3 0 4 .4 3 0 6 .5 3 0 7 .5 3 0 9 .1 100) 100) 1 7 7 .6 1 7 6 .7 ............................................................ O t h e r p o u ltr y ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 2 9 8 .3 3 0 1 .4 1 0 7 .9 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .9 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .1 1 0 6 .9 1 1 0 .2 1 1 1 .5 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .5 1 1 6 .0 1 0 0 ) ............. 1 0 9 .8 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .4 1 2 0 .7 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .2 1 0 9 .2 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .1 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .5 E g g s ..................................................................................................................... 1 7 9 .5 1 6 5 .8 1 6 1 .8 1 7 0 .7 1 6 1 .3 1 7 0 .1 1 8 5 .9 1 8 0 .6 1 6 5 .4 1 6 0 .5 1 7 0 .5 1 6 0 .3 1 6 9 .6 1 8 6 .6 2 1 7 .4 C a n n e d fish a n d s e a fo o d ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................... F r e s h a n d fr o z e n fis h a n d s e a fo o d ( 1 2 / 7 7 = D a ir y P ro d u c ts ..................................................................................... 1 1 6 .5 1 9 6 .4 2 0 6 .3 2 0 8 .6 2 1 1 .3 2 1 3 .3 2 1 6 .0 2 1 6 .9 1 9 6 .7 2 0 6 .7 2 0 8 .9 2 1 2 .0 2 1 4 .0 2 1 6 .3 ................................................... 1 1 0 .6 1 1 6 .1 1 1 7 .7 1 1 9 .0 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .7 1 1 0 .7 1 1 6 .3 1 1 7 .9 1 1 9 .5 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .8 1 2 2 .6 F re s h w h o le m i l k ............................................................................................... 1 8 1 .2 1 9 0 .0 1 9 2 .8 1 9 5 .4 1 9 7 .6 2 0 0 .4 2 0 1 .2 1 8 1 .4 1 9 0 .3 1 9 3 .0 1 9 5 .6 1 9 7 .4 1 9 9 .7 2 0 0 .9 O t h e r fre s h m ilk a n d c r e a m ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 1 0 .4 1 1 6 .3 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .1 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .6 1 2 2 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 1 6 .5 F re s h m ilk a n d c r e a m ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) P r o c e s s e d d a iry p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ................................ 1 0 0 ) ............................................ 1 1 7 .7 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .8 1 2 1 .1 1 2 2 .2 1 1 1 .5 1 1 7 .3 1 1 8 .2 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .9 1 2 2 .3 1 2 2 .5 1 1 1 .9 1 1 7 .6 1 1 8 .4 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .7 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .3 B u t t e r ........................................................................................... 1 9 5 .4 2 0 0 .6 2 0 3 .0 2 0 9 .9 2 1 3 .3 2 1 4 .4 2 1 4 .0 1 9 6 .7 2 0 2 .6 2 0 5 .7 2 1 2 .3 2 1 6 .6 2 1 7 .1 2 1 6 .6 C h e e s e (1 2 /7 7 = 1 1 1 .7 1 1 7 .7 1 1 8 .4 1 2 0 .1 1 2 2 .7 1 2 2 .6 1 1 1 .4 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .4 1 2 0 .2 1 2 1 .1 1 2 2 .5 1 2 2 .7 1 0 9 .9 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .8 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .4 1 2 2 .6 1 1 1 .5 1 1 8 .4 1 1 8 .1 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .9 1 2 3 .4 1 2 4 .3 1 0 9 .3 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .4 1 1 5 .5 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .8 1 1 7 .9 1 0 9 .7 1 1 4 .3 1 1 5 .4 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .9 1 1 8 .2 1 1 8 .3 2 0 9 .7 1 0 0 ) ......................................... Ic e c r e a m a n d re la t e d p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = O t h e r d a iry p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = F ru its a n d v e g e t a b le s 100) 1 0 0 ) .......................... ......................................... ............................................ F re s h fru its a n d v e g e t a b l e s .................................................. F re s h f r u i t s ............................................................ A p p le s 1 2 1 .0 2 3 8 .1 2 3 7 .8 2 3 1 .8 2 3 2 .0 2 2 9 .5 2 3 0 .2 2 0 7 .7 2 3 6 .6 2 3 7 .0 2 2 9 .6 2 3 0 .2 2 2 6 .7 2 2 8 .3 2 0 3 .2 2 4 9 .4 2 4 7 .5 2 3 4 .7 2 3 5 .5 2 3 0 .1 2 3 0 .1 2 0 1 .2 2 4 8 .1 2 4 7 .9 2 3 2 .9 2 3 3 .6 2 2 6 .7 2 2 8 .5 2 0 2 .5 2 7 8 .2 2 8 6 .9 2 7 1 .6 2 6 0 .4 2 4 2 .7 2 3 4 .9 1 9 9 .4 2 7 8 .2 2 8 8 .9 2 7 1 .2 2 6 0 .6 2 3 8 .3 2 3 3 .3 2 4 4 .7 2 1 2 .7 2 0 7 .2 2 2 1 .8 1 9 7 .3 2 4 8 .4 2 7 5 .9 2 4 3 .1 2 1 2 .9 2 0 7 .7 2 2 0 .2 2 2 2 .0 ..................................................................... 2 0 0 .7 2 5 0 .2 2 7 5 .2 B ananas .................................................................. 1 8 4 .8 2 2 1 .0 2 0 2 .3 2 1 0 .3 2 0 6 .6 2 0 9 .0 2 2 5 .2 1 8 5 .1 2 1 8 .5 2 0 2 .5 2 0 8 .4 1 9 9 .7 2 0 6 .5 O ra n g e s ............................................................ 2 3 3 .5 3 1 3 .5 3 1 6 .2 3 1 2 .3 3 0 6 .7 2 9 3 .9 2 5 6 .7 2 2 4 .5 3 0 6 .1 2 9 8 .6 2 9 1 .8 2 9 0 .3 2 8 3 .3 1 0 0 .8 1 5 1 .3 1 5 7 .5 1 4 7 .1 1 4 3 .9 1 2 7 .5 1 2 1 .1 9 9 .8 1 5 4 .2 1 6 3 .5 1 5 2 .3 1 4 9 .7 1 2 5 .7 1 2 1 .6 2 0 3 .8 2 2 2 .4 2 1 0 .7 2 0 0 .3 2 1 2 .2 2 1 8 .4 2 2 5 .7 2 0 2 .9 2 2 1 .0 2 1 1 .0 1 9 8 .4 2 0 9 .4 2 1 6 .4 2 2 4 .2 1 9 0 .0 2 2 5 .7 2 1 1 .4 1 9 9 .3 1 9 1 .1 1 9 5 .7 2 0 7 .0 193 9 2 2 7 .9 2 1 2 .1 1 9 3 .4 1 8 3 .8 L e t t u c e .................................................. 2400 2 0 0 .0 2 3 5 .7 2 1 9 .6 2 6 2 .9 2 4 4 .2 2 2 7 .5 2 3 3 .2 1 9 5 .9 2 4 0 .3 2 2 2 .9 2 6 4 .2 2 3 9 .0 2 3 1 .3 T o m a to e s 1 8 9 .9 1 8 5 .8 1 8 7 .0 1 7 8 .5 1 9 4 .4 2 2 5 .3 2 2 7 .9 1 8 8 .9 1 8 9 .4 1 8 5 .6 1 7 9 .2 1 9 4 .1 2 2 5 .4 2 2 4 .8 1 0 9 .8 1 3 2 .1 1 1 3 .8 1 0 9 .5 1 1 4 .0 1 1 9 .1 1 2 8 .0 1 0 9 .5 1 3 0 .2 1 1 3 .3 1 0 8 .0 1 1 2 .5 1 1 8 .9 1 2 8 .1 2 1 8 .9 2 2 7 .8 2 2 9 .2 2 3 0 .6 2 3 0 .1 2 3 1 .0 2 3 2 .3 2 1 6 .8 2 2 5 .8 2 2 6 .9 2 2 7 .9 2 2 8 .3 2 2 8 .6 2 3 0 .0 O t h e r fre s h fru its ( 1 2 / 7 7 = F re s h v e g e t a b le s P o ta to e s 100) ............................................ ............................................ ............................................... ......................................... O t h e r fre s h v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = P r o c e s s e d fru its a n d v e g e t a b le s P ro c e s s e d fru its ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ................................ ................................... 1 0 0 ) ................ F r o z e n fru it a n d fru it ju ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) F ru it ju ic e s a n d o th e r th a n fr o z e n ( 1 2 / 7 7 = C a n n e d a n d d rie d fru its ( 1 2 / 7 7 = P r o c e s s e d v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = F r o z e n v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 86 2 1 5 .4 2 3 1 .0 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100) 199 6 1 1 3 .3 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .7 1 2 0 .6 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .2 1 2 1 .8 1 1 2 .7 1 1 8 .1 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .1 1 2 1 .3 . . 1 1 2 .4 1 1 4 .3 1 1 5 .5 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .6 1168 1 1 1 .9 1 1 3 .6 1 1 4 .4 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .7 1 1 5 .9 1 0 0 ) ................ 1 1 0 .6 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .9 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .8 1 2 2 .1 1 2 3 .6 1 1 0 .7 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .7 1 2 0 .7 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .4 1 1 6 .9 1 2 3 .8 1 2 5 .0 1 2 5 .5 1 2 4 .6 1 2 4 .2 1 2 4 .2 1 1 5 .6 1 2 2 .7 1 2 3 .8 1 2 3 .9 1 2 4 .0 1 2 4 .0 1 2 3 .5 1 0 6 .7 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .2 1 1 0 .9 1 1 0 .9 1 1 1 .7 1 0 5 .6 1 0 9 .3 1 0 9 .5 1 0 9 .9 1 0 9 .8 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .5 1 0 6 .1 1 0 9 .6 1 0 9 .7 1 0 9 .8 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .6 1 0 5 .6 1097 1 0 9 .9 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .2 1 0 9 .6 1 1 0 .8 100) . . . 100) 1 9 1 .7 2 4 9 .5 .. . . ............................................... 23. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised) All Urban Consumers General summary Dec. July Aug. Sept. 1979 1978 1979 1978 Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. FOOD AND BEVERAGES— Continued Food — Continued F o o d a t h o m e — C o n tin u e d F ru its a n d v e g e t a b l e s — C o n tin u e d C u t c o rn a n d c a n n e d b e a n s e x c e p t lim a ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ... 1 1 0 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .7 1 1 3 .6 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .4 1 0 8 .8 1 1 2 .4 1 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .6 1 1 1 .9 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .0 O t h e r c a n n e d a n d d rie d v e g e t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ................... 1 0 5 .2 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .1 1 0 9 .9 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .9 1 0 3 .6 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .1 1 0 8 .7 1 0 8 .5 1 0 8 .1 1 0 9 .1 O t h e r f o o d s a t h o m e ............................................................................................................... 2 5 7 .4 2 6 9 .5 2 7 2 .8 2 7 6 .0 2 7 8 .0 2 7 9 .6 2 8 1 .1 2 5 6 .7 2 6 8 .7 2 7 1 .8 2 7 4 .7 2 7 6 .5 2 7 8 .3 2 7 9 .9 S u g a r a n d s w e e t s ...................................................................................................................... 2 6 4 .9 2 8 2 .0 2 8 3 .1 2 8 3 .2 2 8 4 .6 2 6 4 .4 2 8 1 .2 2 8 2 .2 2 8 1 .9 2 8 4 .1 2 7 9 .4 2 8 1 .0 2 7 8 .3 2 7 9 .9 1 1 1 .6 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .4 1 1 9 .7 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .1 1 1 1 .4 1 1 8 .1 c 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .6 1 1 9 .8 1 1 9 .9 S u g a r a n d a rtific ia l s w e e te n e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ................................... 1 1 0 .6 1 1 5 .4 1 1 5 .6 1 1 5 .9 1 1 9 .0 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .2 1 1 1 .1 1 1 5 .4 1 1 5 .5 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .9 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .6 O t h e r s w e e ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) 1 0 8 .2 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .3 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .5 1 0 7 .1 1 1 2 .6 1 1 3 .6 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .8 1 1 4 .6 1 1 6 .6 C a n d y a n d c h e w in g g u m ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ......................................................................... ...................................................................................... 2 1 7 .6 2 2 7 .4 2 2 8 .9 2 3 1 .5 2 3 1 .9 2 3 2 .3 2 3 3 .0 2 1 8 .4 2 2 7 .6 2 2 8 .9 2 3 0 .7 2 3 1 .9 2 3 2 .8 2 3 3 .7 .................................................................................................................. 2 3 3 .2 2 4 0 .2 2 4 0 .3 2 4 5 .5 2 4 4 .4 2 4 6 .2 2 4 7 .7 2 3 3 .3 2 3 9 .7 2 3 9 .8 2 4 2 .8 2 4 4 .9 2 4 6 .7 2 4 7 .8 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .5 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .0 1 1 5 .8 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .0 1 2 1 .3 1 2 1 .5 F a t s a n d o ils ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) M a r g a r in e ......................................................... ................ 1 0 8 .2 1 1 3 .7 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .7 1 0 8 .2 1 1 3 .6 ...................... 1 1 2 .6 1 1 8 .3 1 1 9 .7 1 2 0 .6 1 2 1 .1 1 2 1 .0 1 2 1 .1 1 1 3 .2 1 1 8 .5 N o n d a iry s u b s titu te s a n d p e a n u t b u tte r ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) O t h e r fa ts , o ils , a n d s a la d d re s s in g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................ 3 4 1 .7 3 5 4 .6 3 6 1 .8 3 6 7 .7 3 7 2 .1 3 7 4 .3 3 7 5 .4 3 4 0 .6 3 5 3 .6 3 6 0 .0 3 6 5 .0 3 6 8 .2 3 7 0 .7 3 7 2 .3 C o la d rin k s , e x c lu d in g d ie t c o l a ................................................................... 2 2 5 .4 2 3 8 .3 2 3 9 .2 2 4 2 .7 2 4 6 .4 2 4 7 .5 2 4 7 .2 2 2 3 .9 2 3 6 .5 2 3 6 .9 2 4 0 .1 2 4 2 .0 2 4 3 .6 2 4 3 .4 1 1 8 .7 1 0 7 .6 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .2 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .1 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .4 4 1 8 .2 4 2 4 .4 4 3 0 .8 4 3 5 .3 3 6 5 .3 3 6 9 .3 3 7 2 .9 N o n a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s C a r b o n a t e d d rin k s , in c lu d in g d ie t c o la ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ................... 1 1 0 .0 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .5 1 1 8 .4 R o a s te d c o f f e e ..................................................................................................... 3 6 8 .6 3 7 6 .5 4 1 1 .7 4 2 5 .9 4 3 2 .4 4 3 8 .1 4 4 0 .7 3 6 6 .7 3 7 5 .1 4 0 6 .1 F r e e z e d rie d a n d in s ta n t c o f f e e ................................................................... 3 4 3 .2 3 3 5 .6 3 4 9 .5 3 5 9 .9 3 6 6 .5 3 7 0 .2 3 7 4 .3 3 4 3 .0 3 3 6 .2 3 4 9 .4 O t h e r n o n c a r b o n a te d d rin k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ......................................... 1 0 9 .3 1 1 3 .1 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .3 1 0 8 .9 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .0 1 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .5 2 1 3 .4 2 1 5 .3 2 1 7 .4 1 9 7 .6 2 0 8 .8 2 1 0 .4 2 1 2 .4 2 1 3 .4 2 1 5 .7 2 1 7 .2 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .3 1 1 5 .9 1 0 6 .9 1 1 3 .1 1 1 3 .3 1 1 3 .3 1 1 3 .3 1 1 4 .8 1 1 6 .3 .................................................................................................. 1 9 7 .8 2 0 9 .1 2 1 0 .5 2 1 2 .6 C a n n e d a n d p a c k a g e d s o u p ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ......................................... 1 0 6 .5 1 1 3 .2 1 1 3 .2 1 1 3 .1 O th e r p re p a re d fo o d s 3 5 8 .9 F r o z e n p r e p a r e d f o o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... 1 1 1 .4 1 2 1 .4 1 2 0 .7 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .1 1 2 4 .5 1 2 5 .6 1 1 0 .4 1 1 9 .5 1 1 8 .7 1 2 1 .1 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .9 1 2 3 .9 S n a c k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ......................................................................................... 1 0 7 .1 1 1 4 .0 1 1 5 .7 1 1 8 .4 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .3 1 0 7 .7 1 1 4 .8 1 1 6 .4 1 1 9 .0 1 2 0 .6 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .2 1 1 8 .8 1 1 8 .9 1 2 0 .1 1 1 1 .2 1 1 4 .2 1 1 5 .4 1 1 6 .3 1 1 7 .6 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .0 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .8 1 1 9 .5 1 0 8 .2 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .5 1 1 7 .0 1 1 8 .5 1 2 0 .2 S e a s o n in g s , o liv e s , p ic k le s , a n d re lis h ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................... 1 1 1 .3 1 1 5 .0 1 1 5 .9 1 1 7 .4 ............................................................... 1 0 8 .5 1 1 4 .3 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .9 O t h e r c o n d im e n ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) 1 1 0 .3 1 1 5 .3 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .2 1 1 9 .0 1 1 8 .9 1 1 0 .5 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .7 1 1 8 .6 1 1 8 .7 .. 1 1 1 .0 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .8 1 1 6 .7 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .7 1 1 8 .6 1 1 0 .2 1 1 5 .3 1 1 6 .7 1 1 6 .7 1 1 6 .9 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .6 F o o d a w a y fro m h o m e ..................................................................................................................... 2 2 7 .4 2 4 4 .9 2 4 6 .5 2 4 7 .6 2 4 9 .6 2 5 1 .3 2 5 3 .4 2 2 7 .6 2 4 6 .5 2 4 8 .3 2 4 9 .3 2 5 1 .3 2 5 2 .7 2 5 5 .1 1 1 0 .9 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .3 1 2 2 .3 1 2 3 .3 1 1 0 .9 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .3 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .2 1 2 3 .2 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .4 1 1 0 .3 1 1 9 .7 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .0 1 2 4 .2 M is c e lla n e o u s p r e p a r e d fo o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................... O th e r c a n n e d an d p a c k a g e d p re p a re d fo o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) Lunch ( 1 2 /7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................................... 1 2 4 .0 ............................................................................................................... 1 1 0 .1 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .6 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .9 O t h e r m e a ls a n d s n a c k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................... 1 0 9 .8 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .5 1 2 0 .2 1 2 1 .4 1 0 9 .7 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .9 1 2 2 .5 1 6 4 .8 1 7 2 .7 1 7 3 .3 1 7 4 .2 1 7 6 .0 1 7 7 .4 1 7 8 .0 1 6 5 .1 1 7 3 .3 1 7 3 .6 1 7 4 .9 1 7 6 .9 1 7 8 .0 1 7 8 .7 1 1 6 .0 D in n e r ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) Alcoholic beverages A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s a t h o m e ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................... 1 0 7 .0 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .3 1 0 7 .8 1 1 3 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 1 5 .7 B e e r a n d a l e .................................................................................................................................. 1 5 9 .6 1 7 0 .3 1 7 0 .6 1 7 2 .3 1 7 5 .1 1 7 6 .9 1 7 7 .8 1 6 0 .5 1 7 0 .5 1 7 0 .3 1 7 1 .8 1 7 5 .2 1 7 6 .9 1 7 7 .6 1 2 9 .0 1 2 9 .4 1 3 0 .7 1 3 0 .8 1 2 4 .5 1 2 9 .2 1 2 9 .9 1 3 0 .4 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .9 1 3 2 .0 2 0 4 .0 W h is k e y ............................................................................................................................................ 1 2 4 .1 1 2 7 .4 1 2 8 .4 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .6 1 1 3 .4 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .0 W i n e ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 8 3 .9 1 9 4 .1 1 9 6 .0 1 9 5 .2 1 9 8 .0 1 9 8 .1 1 9 9 .1 1 8 9 .2 1 9 7 .8 1 9 9 .4 2 0 2 .7 2 0 2 .5 2 0 1 .5 O t h e r a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... 1 0 3 .9 1 0 5 .2 1 0 5 .4 1 0 5 .5 1 0 5 .9 1 0 7 .0 1 0 6 .9 1 0 3 .1 1 0 5 .0 1 0 5 .1 1 0 5 .3 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .2 1 0 6 .4 A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s a w a y fro m h o m e ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................... 1 0 9 .7 1 1 4 .5 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .8 1 0 7 .4 1 1 2 .3 1 1 2 .8 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .2 HOUSING...................................................................................................... 2 1 1 .5 2 2 8 .4 2 3 1 .5 2 3 4 .6 2 3 7 .7 2 4 0 .8 2 4 3 .6 2 1 1 .2 2 2 8 .4 2 3 1 .5 2 3 4 .5 2 3 7 .7 2 4 0 .7 2 4 3 .6 2 4 8 .2 2 5 2 .4 2 5 6 .9 2 6 0 .4 S helter........................................................................................................... 2 2 1 .0 2 4 0 .1 2 4 3 .9 2 4 7 .4 2 5 1 .5 2 5 5 .9 2 5 9 .4 2 2 1 .0 2 4 0 .7 2 4 4 .5 R e n :, r e s i d e n t i a l ..................................................................................................................................... 1 6 9 .5 1 7 5 .9 1 7 7 .5 1 7 9 .0 1 8 1 .4 1 8 2 .1 1 8 2 .9 1 6 9 .4 1 7 5 .8 1 7 7 .3 1 7 8 .9 1 8 1 .2 1 8 1 .9 1 8 2 .7 2 1 6 .4 2 3 5 .2 2 3 7 .6 2 3 8 .6 2 4 1 .3 2 4 2 .6 2 4 4 .4 2 5 6 .9 ............................................................................................................................... 2 1 6 .6 2 3 6 .0 2 3 8 .2 2 3 9 .3 2 4 1 .6 2 4 3 .1 2 4 4 .9 L o d g in g w h ile o u t o f t o w n ..................................................................................................... 2 2 3 .3 2 4 8 .8 2 5 1 .2 2 5 1 .8 2 5 4 .2 2 5 6 .2 2 5 8 .4 2 2 2 .7 2 4 6 .7 2 4 9 .5 2 4 9 .9 2 5 3 .0 2 5 4 .6 T e n a n t s ’ in s u r a n c e ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) 1 0 4 .5 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .7 1 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .1 1 0 4 .5 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .6 1 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .0 1 1 5 .5 2 6 7 .6 2 7 1 .9 2 7 6 .7 2 8 2 .4 2 8 6 .9 2 3 9 .7 2 6 4 .2 2689 2 7 3 .3 2 7 8 .3 2 8 4 .1 2 8 8 .7 O t h e r re n ta l c o s ts .................................................................................. 2 3 9 .5 2 6 3 .0 H o m e p u r c h a s e ............................................................................................................................ 2 0 7 .1 2 2 4 .0 2 2 6 .9 2 2 9 .8 2 3 3 .4 2 3 7 .3 2 3 9 .9 2 0 6 .8 2 2 4 .0 2 2 7 .0 2 3 0 .0 2 3 3 .6 2 3 7 .7 2 4 0 .2 F in a n c in g , ta x e s , a n d in s u r a n c e 2 7 3 .1 3086 3 1 6 .4 3 2 3 .0 3 3 0 .5 3 4 0 .1 3 4 8 .3 2 7 4 .3 3 1 0 .6 3 1 8 .7 3 2 5 .6 3 3 3 .5 3 4 3 .5 3 5 1 .6 3 1 4 .2 3 1 8 .5 H o m e o w n e r s h i p ..................................................................................................................................... P r o p e r ty in s u r a n c e ...................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 2 9 0 .3 3 1 2 .6 3 1 4 .6 3 1 6 .7 3 1 9 .9 3 2 0 .8 3 2 3 .1 2 8 9 .8 3 1 2 .1 3 2 1 .9 3 2 2 .6 3 2 4 .5 .................................................................................................................. 1 7 9 .3 1 8 1 .8 1 8 3 .1 1 8 4 .7 1 8 5 .1 1 8 5 .1 1 8 6 .0 1 8 0 .7 1 8 3 .3 1 8 4 .6 1 8 6 .1 1 8 6 .5 1 8 6 .6 1 8 7 .4 C o n tr a c t e d m o r t g a g e in te re s t c o s t ...................................................................... 3 2 3 .1 3 7 5 .6 3 8 7 .2 3 9 6 .7 4 0 8 .1 4 2 3 .1 4 3 5 .3 3 2 2 .9 3 7 5 .8 3 8 7 .4 3 9 7 .1 4 0 8 .8 4 2 4 .2 4 3 6 .1 P r o p e r ty t a x e s M o r tg a g e in te re s t r a t e s ...................................................................................... M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a irs ..................................................................................................... M a in t e n a n c e a n d re p a ir s e r v ic e s ......................................................................... M a in t e n a n c e a n d re p a ir c o m m o d itie s ............................................................... 1 5 3 .6 1 6 4 .9 1 6 7 .7 1 6 9 .7 1 7 2 .0 1 7 5 .4 1 7 8 .3 1 5 3 .6 1 6 4 .9 1 6 7 .8 1 6 9 .7 1 7 2 .0 1 7 5 .6 1 7 8 .4 2 4 3 .3 2 5 7 .9 2 5 9 .7 2 6 2 .5 2 6 4 .7 2 6 6 .4 2 6 8 .3 2 4 2 .0 2 5 9 .1 2 6 0 .8 2 6 3 .4 2 6 5 .3 2 6 6 .5 2 6 8 .9 2 6 2 .6 2 8 0 .0 2 8 1 .8 2 8 4 .4 2 8 7 .0 2 8 8 .8 2 9 0 .4 2 6 1 .5 2 8 2 .8 2 8 4 .2 2 8 7 .2 2 8 9 .4 2 9 0 .3 2 9 2 .8 198 4 2 0 6 .1 2 0 8 .1 2 1 1 .5 2 1 2 .5 2 1 4 .0 2 1 6 .6 1 9 8 .0 2 0 6 .5 2 0 9 .0 2 1 0 .8 2 1 1 .9 2 1 3 .6 2 1 5 .8 1 2 1 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 1 2 .8 1 1 5 .0 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .6 1 1 8 .1 1 2 0 .3 1 1 5 .4 1 0 9 .8 1 1 4 .4 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .2 1 1 8 .1 P a in t a n d w a llp a p e r , s u p p lie s , to o ls , a n d ............................................................................ 1 0 8 .6 1 1 2 .5 1 1 4 .3 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .8 L u m b e r , a w n in g s , g la s s , a n d m a s o n r y ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ................... 1 0 9 .2 1 1 3 .7 1 1 3 .7 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .0 1 1 5 .5 e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) P lu m b in g , e le c tr ic a l, h e a tin g , a n d c o o lin g 1 0 4 .9 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .8 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .7 1 0 5 .2 1 1 0 .2 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .6 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .5 1 0 6 .8 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .1 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .3 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .3 1 0 4 .8 1 0 9 .5 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .3 Fuel and other utilities................................................................................ 2 1 9 .9 2 4 3 .5 2 4 7 .2 2 5 1 .2 2 5 2 .9 2 5 2 .0 2 5 5 .1 2 2 0 .1 2 4 4 .1 2 4 7 .7 2 5 1 .7 2 5 3 .4 2 5 2 .4 2 5 5 .7 F u e ls ........................................................................................................................................................... 2 5 2 .7 2 9 3 .8 2 9 9 .7 3 0 6 .6 3 1 0 .3 3 0 7 .0 3 1 1 .8 2 5 2 .9 2 9 3 .9 2 9 9 .8 3 0 6 .6 3 1 0 .1 3 0 6 .9 3 1 1 .8 F u e l o il, c o a l, a n d b o ttle d g a s ............................................................................................ 3 1 1 .8 4 1 2 .9 4 3 8 .6 4 6 1 .6 4 7 0 .8 4 7 7 .4 4 8 8 .0 3 1 2 .0 4 1 3 .5 4 3 9 .0 4 6 2 .5 4 7 1 .7 4 7 8 .2 4 8 9 .0 F u e l o i l ..................................................................................................................................... 3 1 3 .5 4 2 9 .5 4 5 8 .2 4 8 2 .5 4 9 1 .2 4 9 7 .2 5 0 7 .3 3 1 3 .6 4 3 0 .0 4 5 8 .5 4 8 3 .3 4 9 1 .9 4 9 7 .7 9 9 .3 1 0 6 .2 1 0 9 .3 1 1 4 .4 1 1 8 .5 1 2 1 .7 1 2 6 .0 9 9 .5 1 0 6 .5 1 0 9 .4 1 1 4 .6 1 1 8 .8 1 2 2 .2 1 2 6 .6 2 7 2 .5 2 6 7 .3 2 7 0 .8 2 3 6 .3 2 6 4 .6 2 6 6 .5 2 6 9 .9 2 7 2 .2 2 6 7 .1 2 7 0 .7 s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................... M is c e lla n e o u s s u p p lie s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 - 1 0 0 ) O t h e r fu e ls ( 6 / 7 8 - 100) ......................................................................................... 5 0 8 .1 ................................................................................................... 2 3 6 .2 2 6 4 .5 2 6 6 .5 2 7 0 .1 E l e c t r i c i t y ............................................................................................................................... 2 0 2 .0 2 2 7 .4 2 2 9 .2 2 3 0 .6 2 2 8 .7 2 2 1 .5 2 2 4 .7 2 0 2 .5 2 2 8 .0 2 9 9 .7 2 3 1 .1 2 2 8 .8 2 2 1 .5 2 2 4 .9 U tility ( p ip e d ) g a s 2 7 7 .0 3 0 7 .7 3 0 9 .7 3 1 7 .5 3 2 9 .1 3 2 8 .9 3 3 2 .6 2 7 6 .1 3 0 6 .5 3 0 8 .5 3158 3 2 7 .4 3 2 7 .8 3 3 1 .1 G a s (p ip e d ) a n d e le c tric ity ............................................................................................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 87 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 23. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c i f ie d ] All Urban Consumers General summary 1978 Dec. Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised) 1979 July Aug. Sept. 1978 Oct Nov. Dec. Dec. 1979 July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. HOUSING-Continued Fuel and other utilities — Continued O t h e r u tilitie s a n d p u b lic s e rv ic e s T e le p h o n e s e rv ic e s ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... L o ca l c h a rg e s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) ................................................................................... In te r s ta te to ll c a lls ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ......................................................................... In tr a s ta te to ll c a lls ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 1 6 0 .1 1 5 9 .4 1 5 9 .8 1 5 9 .8 1 5 8 .8 1 5 9 .8 1 5 8 .9 1 3 3 .3 1 3 2 .1 1 3 2 .5 1 3 2 .4 1 3 1 .2 1 3 3 .3 1 3 4 .3 1 3 3 .4 1 3 2 .2 1 3 2 .5 1 3 2 .4 1 3 1 .3 1 3 3 .3 1 3 4 .2 1 0 1 .5 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .4 9 8 .7 1 0 1 .8 1 0 3 .2 1 0 1 .6 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .5 9 8 .8 1 0 1 .8 1 0 3 .2 9 9 .2 9 8 .4 9 8 .5 9 8 .4 9 8 .4 9 8 .4 9 8 .4 9 9 .3 9 8 .5 9 8 .5 9 8 .4 9 8 .4 9 8 .4 9 8 .4 1 6 1 .0 1 6 1 .9 1 6 0 .1 1 5 9 .4 1 5 9 .8 1 6 0 .9 1 6 1 .8 ......................................................................... 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .7 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .3 .................................................................................. 2 4 1 .1 2 4 4 .0 2 4 4 .6 2 4 5 .3 2 4 5 .6 2 4 7 .1 2 4 7 .2 2 4 0 .8 2 4 4 .0 2 4 4 .6 2 4 5 .5 2 4 5 .8 2 4 7 .2 2 4 7 .3 Household furnishings and operations ..................................................... 1 8 4 .0 1 9 0 .4 1 9 1 .2 1 9 2 .2 1 9 3 .3 1 9 5 .1 1 9 5 .8 1 8 3 .0 1 8 9 .0 1 8 9 .8 1 9 0 .6 1 9 1 .7 1 9 3 .2 1 9 3 .9 H o u s e fu rn is h in g s 1 5 8 .6 1 6 2 .9 1 6 3 .2 1 6 4 .1 1 6 5 .2 1 6 6 .6 1 6 6 .9 1 5 8 .1 1 6 2 .5 W a t e r a n d s e w e r a g e m a in te n a n c e ............................................................................................................................ T e x tile h o u s e fu r n is h in g s ............................................................................................................ H o u s e h o ld lin e n s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ............................................................................ C u rta in s , d r a p e s , s lip c o v e rs , a n d s e w in g m a te r ia ls ( 1 2 / 7 7 = F u rn itu r e a n d b e d d in g B e d r o o m fu rn itu re ( 1 2 / 7 7 = S o fa s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) . ............................................................................................................... 100) 100) ......................................................................... ...................................................................................................... 1 6 3 .0 1 6 3 .5 1 6 4 .4 1 6 5 .5 1 6 5 .9 1 6 8 .4 1 7 3 .6 1 7 2 .8 1 7 5 .3 1 7 7 .8 1 7 8 .9 1 7 8 .6 1 7 0 .1 1 7 1 .6 1 7 3 .0 1 7 4 .9 1 7 7 .2 1 7 8 .4 1 7 7 .3 1 0 3 .8 1 0 4 .3 1 0 3 .6 1 0 6 .7 1 0 7 .7 1 0 8 .8 1 0 8 .3 1 0 4 .6 1 0 3 .1 1 0 3 .7 1 0 6 .3 1 0 7 .4 1 0 8 .3 1 0 7 .2 1 0 6 .2 1 1 2 .4 1 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .0 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .4 1 1 4 .6 1 0 7 .7 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .7 1 1 2 .2 1 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .5 1 1 4 .4 172 0 1 7 6 .8 1 7 7 .1 1 7 8 .3 1 8 0 .0 1 8 2 .2 1 8 2 .8 1 7 1 .1 1 7 7 .2 1 7 7 .3 1 7 8 .5 1 8 0 .3 1 8 2 .1 1 8 2 .7 1 0 8 .8 1 1 3 .2 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .8 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .7 1 1 8 .3 1 0 7 .7 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .0 1 1 1 .6 1 0 3 .5 1 0 6 .2 1 0 6 .3 1 0 7 .1 1 0 7 .3 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .7 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .6 1 1 1 .7 ................................................ 1 0 3 .4 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .9 1 0 5 .1 1 0 6 .2 1 0 7 .7 1 0 8 .1 1 0 3 .3 1 0 6 .2 1 0 6 .1 1 0 6 .7 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .2 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................... 1 1 0 .2 1 1 3 .3 1 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .9 1 1 5 .0 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .1 1 0 8 .8 1 1 2 .5 1 1 2 .5 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .3 1 1 5 .9 A p p lia n c e s in c lu d in g T V a n d s o u n d e q u i p m e n t ......................................................... 1 3 3 .1 1 3 5 .4 1 3 5 .8 1 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .9 1 3 7 .5 1 3 7 .5 1 3 2 .3 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .5 1 3 5 .7 1 3 5 .7 1 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .9 L iv in g ro o m c h a irs a n d t a b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = O t h e r fu rn itu re ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) T e le v is io n a n d s o u n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = T e le v is io n 1 0 4 .5 ......................................... 1 0 3 .2 1 0 3 .9 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .7 1 0 4 .9 1 0 5 .0 1 0 5 .3 1 0 2 .4 1 0 3 .3 1 0 4 .0 1 0 4 .4 1 0 4 .1 1 0 4 .4 104 8 ...................................................................................................... 1 0 2 .7 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .8 1 0 2 .9 1 0 3 .4 1 0 3 .6 1 0 3 .6 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .9 1 0 1 .9 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .2 1 0 4 .8 1 0 6 .1 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .4 1 0 7 .4 1 0 7 .8 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .7 1 0 7 .4 1 0 6 .9 1 0 7 .1 1 0 8 .0 1 5 7 .1 S o u n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 100) 1 0 8 .2 ............................................................... H o u s e h o ld a p p l i a n c e s ..................................................................................................... 1 5 1 .1 1 5 5 .1 1 5 5 .5 1 5 5 .8 1 5 6 .9 1 5 8 .2 1 5 7 .9 1 5 0 .3 1 5 4 .9 1 5 5 .1 1 5 5 .2 1 5 5 .6 1 5 6 .2 R e fr ig e r a to r s a n d h o m e f r e e z e r ...................................................................... 1 4 9 .9 1 5 2 .9 1 5 4 .6 1 5 4 .1 1 5 5 .3 1 5 6 .0 1 5 6 .7 1 5 2 .3 1 5 7 .3 1 5 7 .9 1 5 6 .5 1 5 7 .9 1 5 8 .1 1 5 9 .0 L a u n d ry e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 6 .3 1 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .1 1 1 3 .1 1 1 3 .6 1 0 5 .6 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .2 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .3 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .8 1 0 6 .3 1 0 8 .7 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .1 1 0 9 .8 1 1 0 .8 1 0 9 .9 1 0 4 .6 1 0 7 .1 1 0 7 .1 1 0 7 .2 1 0 7 .2 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .2 100) ............................................................ O t h e r h o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................... S to v e s , d is h w a s h e rs , v a c u u m s , a n d s e w in g m a c h in e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................................................... 1 0 8 .1 1 0 9 .0 1 0 8 .5 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .0 1 0 9 .7 1 0 8 .6 1 0 5 .3 1 0 7 .6 1 0 7 .7 1 0 7 .7 1 0 6 .9 1 0 7 .1 1 0 8 .1 1 0 4 .1 1 0 8 .5 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .7 1 1 2 .1 1 1 1 .4 1 0 3 .7 1 0 6 .5 1 0 6 .4 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .3 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .8 O f f ic e m a c h in e s , s m a ll e le c tr ic a p p lia n c e s , a n d a ir c o n d itio n e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = O t h e r h o u s e h o ld e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................... 1 0 0 ) ................................................................ 1 0 6 .1 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .9 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .4 1 1 3 .0 1 0 5 .9 ................................... 1 0 5 .7 1 0 9 .1 1 0 9 .5 1 1 1 .1 1 0 9 .8 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .7 1 0 1 .3 1 0 4 .6 1 0 5 .9 1 0 5 .8 1 0 5 .5 1 0 7 .7 1 0 7 .4 ......................................... 1 0 3 .0 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .1 1 0 8 .0 1 0 8 .6 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .1 1 0 4 .4 1 0 7 .2 1 0 6 .7 1 0 7 .0 1 0 7 .1 1 0 8 .2 1 0 7 .3 F lo o r a n d w in d o w c o v e rin g s , in fa n ts ’ la u n d ry c le a n in g a n d o u td o o r e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = C lo c k s , la m p s , a n d d e c o r ite m s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 100) T a b le w a r e , s e rv in g p ie c e s , a n d n o n e le c tric k itc h e n w a r e ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) .................................................................................. L a w n e q u ip m e n t, p o w e r to o ls , a n d o t h e r h a r d w a r e ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) . H o u s e k e e p in g s u p p l i e s ............................................................................................................... S o a p s a n d d e t e r g e n ts ......................................................................................................... O t h e r la u n d ry a n d c le a n in g p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ......................................... C le a n s in g a n d to ile t tis s u e , p a p e r to w e ls a n d n a p k in s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = S ta tio n e r y , s ta tio n e ry s u p p lie s , a n d g ift w r a p ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) . . ...................... 1 1 4 .4 1 1 5 .1 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .4 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .2 1 0 8 .4 1 1 4 .1 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .5 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .2 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .5 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .5 1 0 9 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 0 6 .4 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .5 1 0 9 .5 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .1 1 1 2 .5 2 1 3 .8 2 2 2 .3 2 2 3 .4 2 2 4 .1 2 2 4 .8 2 2 8 .3 2 2 9 .2 2 1 4 .1 2 2 0 .7 2 2 1 .6 2 2 2 .6 2 2 3 .9 2 2 6 .7 2 2 7 .2 2 0 8 .1 2 1 0 .9 2 1 2 .5 2 1 5 .1 2 1 7 .9 2 2 0 .6 2 2 1 .2 2 0 6 .8 2 1 0 .5 2 1 0 .9 2 1 4 .5 2 1 6 .3 2 1 8 .2 2 1 9 .7 1 0 7 .6 1 1 1 .3 1 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .7 1 1 4 .1 1147 1 0 7 .5 1 1 1 .3 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .4 1 1 3 .5 1 1 3 .7 1 1 4 .5 1 1 1 .2 1 1 6 .5 1 1 6 .2 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .2 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .5 1 1 1 .5 1 1 6 .9 1 1 6 .3 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .9 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .9 1 0 4 .4 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .5 1 0 9 .9 1 0 9 .5 1 1 1 .3 1 0 8 .5 1 0 8 .3 1 0 0 ) ................................................ 1 0 8 .7 1 1 2 .3 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .9 1 0 7 .2 1 1 0 .5 1 1 1 .3 1 1 1 .6 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .7 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... 1 0 4 .6 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .8 1 1 2 .7 1 1 0 .0 1 1 3 .8 1 1 2 .5 1 0 7 .6 1 1 0 .4 1 1 1 .3 1 0 9 .9 1 0 8 .8 1 1 3 .2 1 0 9 .9 M is c e lla n e o u s h o u s e h o ld p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = L a w n a n d g a r d e n s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 1 0 8 .5 1 0 5 .2 H o u s e k e e p in g s e r v i c e s ......................................................................................................................... 1 1 1 .9 1 0 4 .2 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .2 1 0 9 .3 2 3 8 .1 2 4 9 .7 2 5 1 .6 2 5 3 .4 2 5 4 .6 2 5 6 .6 2 5 8 .1 2 3 7 .4 2 4 8 .6 2 5 0 .4 2 5 2 .1 2 5 3 .9 2 5 5 .9 2 5 7 .5 2 5 7 .3 2 5 7 .3 2 5 7 .3 2 5 7 .3 2 5 7 .3 2 5 7 .3 2 5 7 .3 2 5 7 .2 2 5 7 .2 2 5 7 .2 2 5 7 .2 2 5 7 .2 2 5 7 .2 2 5 7 .2 1 0 8 .8 1 1 6 .3 1 1 7 .3 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .8 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .2 1 0 9 .5 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .7 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .7 1 2 1 .2 1 2 2 .3 1 0 5 .8 109 5 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .7 1 1 2 .3 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .4 1 0 5 .4 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .1 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .4 APPAREL AND UPKEEP.......................................... 1 6 3 .2 1 6 4 .3 1 6 6 .3 1 6 9 .8 1 7 1 .0 1 7 1 .7 1 7 2 .2 1 6 3 .3 1 6 4 .5 1 6 6 .2 1 6 9 .3 1 7 0 .8 1 7 1 .3 1 7 1 .4 Apparel commodities.......................................... 1 5 8 .9 1 5 8 .6 1 6 0 .6 1 6 4 .2 1 6 5 .2 1 6 5 .9 1661 1 5 9 .1 1 5 9 .1 1 6 0 .7 1 6 3 .9 1 6 5 .3 1 6 5 .7 1 6 5 .7 1 5 7 .0 1 5 5 .6 1 5 7 .7 1 6 1 .5 1 6 2 .3 1 6 2 .9 1 6 3 .0 1 5 7 .4 1 5 6 .0 1 5 7 .9 P o s ta g e ............................................................................................................ M o v in g , s to r a g e , fre ig h t, h o u s e h o ld la u n d ry , a n d d r y c le a n in g s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ................................................................... A p p lia n c e a n d fu rn itu re r e p a ir ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ......................................................... A p p a r e l c o m m o d itie s le s s f o o t w e a r ......................................................... M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ ......................................................................................... M e n ’s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ...................................................................................... S u its , s p o rt c o a ts , a n d ja c k e t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = C o a t s a n d ja c k e t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 1 6 0 .6 1 6 1 .1 1 6 3 .2 1 6 4 .4 1 6 5 .3 1 6 5 .0 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .9 1 0 3 .2 1 6 1 .2 1 0 3 ,8 1 6 2 .4 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .9 9 5 .5 9 6 .5 9 7 .8 9 8 .1 9 8 .0 1 0 0 .8 9 7 .6 9 9 .2 9 9 .1 9 9 .5 9 9 .7 9 9 .1 1 0 5 .1 1 0 8 .4 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .6 1 0 9 .9 1 1 2 .4 1 1 2 .3 1 0 4 .4 1 0 6 .6 1 0 7 .0 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .0 1 0 9 .9 100) ................................ 100) 1 0 3 .5 ................................ 100) ...................... ................................................................... 100) ............. 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................... C o a t s a n d ja c k e t s 1 6 0 .3 1 0 1 .9 9 7 .1 .................................................................................................................. W o m e n ’s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 6 5 .4 1 0 4 .3 9 6 .8 S u its , tro u s e r s , s p o rt c o a ts , a n d ja c k e t s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = W o m e n ’s a n d g ir ls ’ 1 6 5 .4 1 0 4 .3 9 4 .4 C o a t s , ja c k e t s , s w e a te r s , a n d s h irts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 1 6 4 .2 1 0 3 .5 9 9 .3 ............................................................................ F u rn is h in g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 6 2 .7 1 0 2 .7 9 9 .9 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... 100) 1 5 9 .6 1 0 0 .6 ................................... D u n g a r e e s , je a n s , a n d tr o u s e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = B o ys’ ( 1 2 /7 7 = 162 6 1 5 9 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 ) ............................................................... F u rn is h in g s a n d s p e c ia l clo th in g ( 1 2 / 7 7 = S h ir ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 6 2 .7 1 6 0 .2 1 0 1 .6 1 0 0 .9 1 0 3 .2 1 0 7 .2 1 0 1 .6 1 0 8 .5 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .5 9 8 .2 1047 9 5 .8 1 0 4 .1 9 6 .2 9 9 .1 9 8 .7 9 6 .8 1 0 7 .1 1 0 8 .3 1 0 0 .3 9 9 .0 9 8 .1 9 9 .0 9 9 .5 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .4 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .9 1 0 2 .5 1 0 2 .8 1 0 4 .0 1 0 3 .4 1 0 1 .2 1 0 4 .2 1 0 3 .3 1 0 4 .8 1 0 6 .3 1 0 6 .6 1 0 6 .6 1 0 0 .6 1 0 3 .5 1 0 2 .7 1 0 3 .9 1 0 5 .3 1 0 5 .6 1 0 5 .8 9 6 .6 1 0 1 .7 1 0 1 .1 1 0 2 .7 1 0 3 .9 1 0 3 .2 1 0 2 .4 9 6 .1 1 0 4 .9 9 8 .3 1 0 9 .4 1 1 1 .5 1 0 1 .3 1 0 0 .3 1 0 2 .0 1 0 3 .8 1 0 3 .4 1 0 3 .1 1 0 6 .2 1 0 8 .0 1 0 7 .9 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .5 1 1 1 .9 1 0 5 .8 1 0 7 .1 1 0 7 .0 1 0 8 .8 1 1 0 .1 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .2 1 0 2 .8 1 0 4 .8 1 0 3 .1 1 0 4 .5 1 0 6 .5 1 0 7 .4 1 0 7 .8 1 0 2 .0 1 0 3 .9 1 0 2 .9 1 0 3 .5 1 0 4 .7 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .2 1 5 1 .7 1 4 7 .8 1 5 1 .3 1 5 5 .9 1 5 5 .5 1 5 5 .1 1 5 4 .6 1 5 1 .9 1 4 7 .5 1 5 0 .5 1 5 4 .4 1 5 4 ,8 1 5 4 .5 1 5 3 .5 1 0 1 .0 9 8 .4 1 0 0 .7 1 0 3 .9 1 0 3 .4 1 0 3 .0 1 0 2 .8 1 0 1 .3 9 8 .7 1 0 0 .4 1 0 3 .0 1 0 3 .3 1 0 3 .0 1 0 2 .3 1 6 7 .9 .................................................................................................. 1 6 6 .0 1 6 2 .1 1 7 0 .4 1 7 4 .1 1 7 3 .9 1 7 3 .3 1 7 0 .0 1 7 0 .4 1 6 6 .8 1 7 3 .1 1757 1 7 4 .1 1 7 2 .4 D r e s s e s ............................................................................................................................ 1 6 2 .4 1 5 7 .2 1 6 2 .8 1 7 1 .1 1 6 7 .2 1 6 4 .3 1 6 5 .3 1 6 1 .9 1 5 2 .8 1 5 2 .8 1 5 8 .5 1 5 9 .1 1 5 6 .8 9 9 .8 9 5 .0 9 6 .3 9 9 .8 9 9 .6 9 9 .2 9 8 .6 9 8 .5 9 8 .7 9 7 .7 1 0 0 .4 1 0 0 .4 1 0 0 .7 9 9 .5 1 0 3 .4 1 0 5 .6 1 0 6 .2 1 0 6 .2 1 0 6 .6 1 0 8 .1 1 0 8 .2 1 0 3 .9 1 0 6 .1 1 0 7 .0 1 0 7 .4 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .9 1093 S e p a r a te s a n d s p o r ts w e a r ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................ U n d e r w e a r , n ig h tw e a r, a n d h o s ie ry ( 1 2 / 7 7 = S u its ( 1 2 / 7 7 = G irls ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... 1 0 0 ) ......................................................................... 100) 9 4 .6 8 7 .3 8 9 ,8 9 6 .7 9 1 .0 9 8 .1 9 9 .9 9 7 .5 9 7 .7 1 0 0 .4 9 8 .1 1 0 0 .5 1 0 2 .4 1 0 3 .6 1 0 3 .9 1 0 2 .8 9 9 .7 9 5 .5 988 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .7 1 0 1 .4 1 0 0 ) ............................. 9 8 .4 9 8 .7 1 0 0 .8 1 0 2 .8 1 0 2 .8 1 0 2 .2 1 0 0 ,3 9 7 .8 9 4 .6 9 5 .9 9 8 .5 9 7 .9 9 7 .5 9 7 .7 1 0 0 ) ............................................ 1 0 0 .9 9 3 .9 9 8 .3 1 0 0 .3 1 0 2 .5 103 6 1 0 2 .6 9 9 .9 9 2 .5 9 9 .7 1 0 2 .1 1 0 3 .5 1 0 4 .3 1 0 2 .9 1 0 0 ) ......................................................................... 1 0 2 .8 1 0 4 .6 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .7 1 0 6 .7 1 0 7 .2 1 0 7 .3 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .0 1 0 1 .8 1 0 3 .5 1 0 3 .9 1 0 4 .2 1 0 4 .4 ......................................................................................................... C o a t s , ja c k e t s , d r e s s e s , a n d s u its ( 1 2 / 7 7 = S e p a r a te s a n d s p o r ts w e a r ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 9 7 .1 1 5 5 .7 9 5 .2 9 5 .8 9 5 .9 8 7 .9 U n d e r w e a r , n ig h tw e a r, h o s ie ry , a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 88 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 23. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] All Urban Consumers General summary 1978 Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised) 1979 1978 1979 Dec. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. In fa n ts ’ a n d t o d d le r s ’ ............................................................................................................... 2 1 9 .2 2 3 0 .5 O t h e r a p p a r e l c o m m o d itie s APPAREL AND UPKEEP-Continued Apparel commodities— Continued A p p a r e l c o m m o d itie s le s s f o o t w e a r — C o n tin u e d 2 1 9 .0 2 2 1 .2 2 2 3 .4 2 2 4 .8 2 2 6 .3 2 2 7 .1 2 1 5 .5 2 2 1 .9 2 2 4 .2 2 2 6 .0 2 2 8 .7 2 2 8 .7 1 6 2 .0 1 6 7 .9 1 6 9 .8 1 7 2 .6 1 7 5 .5 1 7 7 .8 1 8 0 .9 1 6 4 .7 1 6 8 .4 1 7 0 .2 1 7 4 .9 1 7 8 .7 1 7 9 .8 ............................................ 9 9 .1 1 0 1 .3 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .2 1 0 0 .8 1 0 2 .4 9 9 .4 9 5 .6 9 6 .8 1 0 0 .4 1 0 0 .8 9 9 .7 1 0 0 .8 ............................................................... 1 0 7 .2 1 1 1 .7 1 1 3 .0 1 1 5 .6 1 1 8 .3 1 2 1 .0 1 2 3 .1 1 0 9 .8 1 1 4 .9 1 1 6 .1 1 1 8 .9 1 2 2 .3 1 2 3 .8 1 2 6 .2 1 6 9 .6 1 7 6 .6 1 7 7 .5 1 8 0 .1 1 8 2 .6 1 8 3 .8 1 8 4 .3 168 8 1 7 6 .6 1 7 6 .9 1 7 9 .4 1 8 1 .9 1 8 3 .2 1 8 3 .8 1 0 7 .2 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .0 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .7 1 1 7 .3 1 0 6 .9 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .3 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .4 ............................................................................................... S e w in g m a te r ia ls a n d n o tio n s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = J e w e lr y a n d lu g g a g e ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 100) F o o t w e a r ..................................................................................................................................................... M e n ’s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ............................................................................................................ B o y s ’ a n d g irls ’ ( 1 2 / 7 7 = W o m e n s ’ ( 1 2 /7 7 = 100) 1 8 2 .9 ...................................................................................... 1 0 5 .5 1 1 1 .0 1 1 2 .0 1 1 1 .6 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .0 1 1 5 .8 1 0 5 .7 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .4 1 1 1 .6 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .5 1 1 4 .7 1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................................... 1 0 5 .9 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .1 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .5 1 1 3 .9 1 1 3 .8 1 0 4 .7 1 0 6 .9 1 0 6 .5 1 0 9 .6 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .8 1 9 2 .5 2 0 5 .7 2 0 7 .7 2 1 0 .2 2 1 2 .5 2 1 4 .2 2 1 6 .6 1 9 1 .9 2 0 4 .9 2 0 6 .7 2 0 8 .7 2 1 0 .8 2 1 2 .0 2 1 3 .4 Apparel services L a u n d ry a n d d ry c le a n in g o th e r th a n c o in o p e r a te d ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................... 1 1 1 .2 1 2 0 .6 1 2 2 .1 1 2 3 .6 1 2 5 .2 1 2 6 .3 1 2 7 .1 1 1 1 .3 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .8 1 2 3 .2 1 2 4 .7 1 2 5 .7 1 2 6 .6 ............................................................................... 1 0 7 .1 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .9 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .7 1 1 7 .0 1 0 6 .2 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .3 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .3 1 1 3 .7 TRANSPORTATION 1 9 2 .6 2 1 6 .6 2 1 9 .6 2 2 1 .4 2 2 2 .7 2 2 4 .9 2 2 7 .7 1 9 3 .1 2 1 7 .8 2 2 0 .7 2 2 2 .4 2 2 3 .4 2 2 5 .7 2 2 8 .3 P riv a te ........................................................................................................... 1 9 2 .5 2 1 7 .4 2 2 0 .4 2 2 2 .0 2 2 3 .1 2 2 5 .0 2 2 7 .5 1 9 2 .8 2 1 8 .3 2 2 1 .2 2 2 2 .7 2 2 3 .7 2 2 5 .7 2 2 8 .2 N e w c a rs 1 5 9 .8 1 6 6 .7 1 6 6 .6 1 6 6 .1 1 6 7 .5 1 7 0 .6 1 7 1 .7 1 5 9 .4 1 6 6 .6 1 6 6 .3 1 6 5 .9 1 6 7 .4 1 7 0 .9 U s e d c a r s .................................................................................................................................................. 1 9 4 .0 2 0 9 .2 2 0 7 .0 2 0 2 .9 1 9 9 .9 1 9 8 .4 1 9 8 .2 1 9 4 .0 2 0 9 .2 2 0 7 .0 2 0 2 .9 1 9 9 .9 1 9 8 .4 1 9 8 .3 G a s o lin e ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 0 6 .2 2 8 0 .0 2 9 2 .0 3 0 1 .0 3 0 3 .8 3 0 6 .9 3 1 3 .9 2 0 6 .5 2 8 1 .0 2 9 3 .3 3 0 2 .3 3 0 5 .2 3 0 8 .3 3 1 5 .6 A u to m o b ile m a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a i r ......................................................................................... 2 2 9 .3 2 4 4 .0 2 4 5 .7 2 4 7 .1 2 4 9 .1 2 5 0 .8 2 5 2 .6 2 2 9 .5 2 4 4 .2 2 4 6 .0 2 4 7 .5 2 4 9 .4 2 5 1 .1 2 5 3 .4 1 0 9 .5 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .4 1 2 0 .6 1 2 1 .6 1 2 3 .3 1 1 0 .0 1 1 7 .6 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .7 1 2 3 .1 1 1 0 .1 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .1 1 1 9 .4 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .6 1 1 0 .7 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .0 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .8 O t h e r a p p a r e l s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) .................................................................................................................................................. B o d y w o rk ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................................................. 1 7 1 .7 A u to m o b ile d riv e tra in , b r a k e , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s m e c h a n ic a l re p a ir ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ............................................................................ M a in t e n a n c e a n d s e rv ic in g ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ............................................................ 1 0 8 .9 1 1 5 .9 ............................................................................... 1 0 8 .1 1 1 4 .8 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .2 1 0 8 .5 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .3 1 1 7 .0 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .6 ........................................................................................................ 1 9 0 .6 1 9 8 .5 2 0 0 .5 2 0 1 .7 2 0 3 .7 2 0 5 .5 2 0 7 .5 1 9 1 .0 1 9 9 .1 2 0 1 .0 2 0 2 .3 2 0 4 .0 2 0 6 .3 2 0 8 .4 ............................................................... 1 6 4 .2 1 7 3 .3 P o w e r p la n t re p a ir ( 1 2 / 7 7 = O t h e r p r iv a te tra n s p o rta tio n 100) 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .4 1 1 9 .2 1 0 8 .2 1 1 5 .3 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .3 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .3 1 7 5 .1 1 7 7 .7 1 8 2 .0 1 8 3 .4 1 8 5 ,6 1 6 6 .4 1 7 4 .4 1 7 6 .1 1 7 8 .7 1 8 1 .6 1 8 3 .9 1 8 6 .4 ......................... 1 0 5 .2 1 1 0 .5 1 1 2 .2 1 1 4 .4 1 1 5 .9 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .1 1 0 4 .6 1 0 9 .9 1 1 2 .0 1 1 4 ,5 1 1 5 .9 1 1 8 .1 1 1 9 .3 1 0 0 ) ...................................... 1 0 6 .2 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .9 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .7 1 2 0 .3 1 0 8 .0 1 1 3 .2 1 1 4 .1 1 1 5 .7 1 1 7 .6 T i r e s ............................................................................................................................... 1 4 6 .0 1 5 3 .7 1 5 4 .7 1 5 6 .4 1 6 0 .7 1 6 1 .5 1 6 3 .8 1 4 9 .1 1 5 5 .7 1 5 6 .1 1 5 8 .1 1 6 1 .1 1 6 3 .0 1 6 5 .7 O t h e r p a rts a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 7 .6 1 1 4 .8 1 1 6 .7 1 1 9 .1 1 2 1 .8 1 2 3 .0 1 2 4 .4 1 0 8 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 1 6 .8 1 1 8 .6 1 2 0 .0 1 2 1 .5 1 2 2 .4 O t h e r p r iv a te tra n s p o rta tio n c o m m o d itie s M o to r oil, c o o la n t, a n d o th e r p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = A u to m o b ile p a rts a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 100) ...................................... O t h e r p riv a te tra n s p o rta tio n s e r v i c e s ............................................................................ A u to m o b ile in s u r a n c e 1 2 0 .6 1 9 9 .4 2 0 7 .1 2 0 9 .1 2 1 0 .1 2 1 1 .4 2 1 3 .4 2 1 5 .3 1 9 9 .4 2 0 7 .6 2 0 9 .6 2 1 0 .6 2 1 1 .9 2 1 4 .3 2 1 6 .3 2 2 2 .2 2 2 9 .1 2 3 2 .3 2 3 3 .5 2 3 3 .8 2 3 3 .9 2 3 5 .3 2 2 2 .2 2 2 9 .0 2 3 2 .3 2 3 3 .5 2 3 3 .7 2 3 3 .9 2 3 5 .2 1 0 9 .4 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .7 1 2 0 .4 1 2 4 .6 1 2 7 .2 1 0 8 .5 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .0 1 1 9 .4 12 4 .1 1 2 6 .5 ... 1 0 4 .2 1 0 6 .9 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .8 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .5 1 0 4 .4 1 0 7 .3 1 0 8 .1 1 0 8 .4 1 0 8 .6 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .2 .................................................................................................. 1 4 3 .8 1 4 3 .9 1 4 3 .9 1 4 3 .9 1 4 4 .0 1 4 4 .0 .................................................................................................. A u to m o b ile fin a n c e c h a r g e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ................................................ A u to m o b ile re n ta l, re g is tra tio n , a n d o th e r fe e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = S t a t e re g is tra tio n 1 1 9 .0 D r iv e r s ’ lic e n s e ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) V e h ic le in s p e c tio n ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) .................................................................. 100) ............................................................ O t h e r v e h ic le re la te d f e e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ......................................... 1 4 4 .0 1 4 4 .0 1 4 4 .0 1 4 4 .1 1 4 3 .6 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .2 1 0 4 .2 1 1 0 .2 1 1 4 .6 1 1 4 .6 1 1 4 .6 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .6 1 1 7 .5 1 1 1 .4 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .5 1 1 6 .5 1 1 8 .3 1 0 7 .8 1 1 4 .0 1 1 5 .5 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .6 1 0 9 .5 1 1 6 .9 1 1 9 .3 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .3 1 2 2 .2 2 1 9 .1 1 4 4 .0 1 4 4 .1 1 4 3 .9 1 0 4 .2 Public................................................................................................ 1 8 9 .1 1 9 7 .1 2 0 0 .8 2 0 5 .2 2 0 9 .1 2 1 6 .5 2 2 3 .0 1 9 0 .0 1 9 7 .6 2 0 0 .6 2 0 4 .1 2 0 7 .3 2 1 4 .0 A irlin e ‘ a r e ........................................................................................................................................... 1 8 8 .8 1 9 8 .5 2 0 5 .2 2 1 4 .1 2 2 0 .6 2 3 2 .1 2 4 5 .5 1 8 8 .3 1 9 8 .4 2 0 5 .2 2 1 4 .2 2 2 0 .7 2 3 2 .4 2 4 5 .8 In te rc ity b u s f a r e 2 6 3 .0 2 6 8 .0 2 7 5 .5 2 7 9 .9 2 8 2 .3 .................................................................................................................................. 2 4 3 .3 2 5 8 .8 2 6 3 .2 2 6 8 .0 2 7 6 .0 2 7 9 .8 2 8 2 .2 2 4 3 .6 2 5 8 .5 ........................................................................................................................ 1 8 5 .7 1 8 9 .8 1 9 0 .5 1 9 0 .5 1 9 1 .3 1 9 5 .6 1 9 6 .4 1 8 5 .5 1 8 9 .7 ..................................................................................................................................................... In tra c ity m a s s tra n s it T a x i fa re 1 9 0 .2 1 9 0 .2 1 9 1 .0 1 9 5 .1 1 9 5 .7 2 0 7 .6 2 2 0 .6 2 2 4 .7 2 2 8 .5 2 3 3 .6 2 3 7 .0 2 3 8 .5 2 1 1 .8 2 2 6 .5 2 3 0 .3 2 3 3 .9 2 3 8 .7 2 4 2 .4 2 4 3 .9 In t e r c t y tra in f a r e ............................................................................................................................... 1 9 2 .8 2 1 6 .1 2 2 0 .6 221 0 2 2 1 .1 2 3 1 .0 2 3 6 .3 1 9 2 .8 2 1 7 .1 2 2 0 .8 2 2 1 .3 2 2 1 .4 2 3 2 .1 2 3 6 .6 2 5 1 .7 MEDICAL CARE .................................................................................. 2 2 7 .8 2 3 9 .9 2 4 1 .8 2 4 3 .7 2 4 5 .9 2 4 8 .0 2 5 0 .7 2 2 8 .0 2 4 0 .5 2 4 2 .6 2 4 4 .7 2 4 7 .2 2 4 9 .1 Medical care commodities......................................................................... 1 4 8 .0 1 5 4 .1 1 5 5 .0 1 5 5 .8 1 5 6 .6 1 5 7 .8 1 5 9 .2 1 4 8 .7 1 5 5 .3 1 5 6 .2 1 5 6 .7 1 5 7 .4 1 5 8 .5 1 5 9 .9 P re s c rip tio n d ru g s 1 3 6 .2 1 4 1 .9 1 4 2 .8 1 4 3 .5 1 4 4 .5 1 4 5 .5 1 4 6 .4 1 3 6 .9 1 4 3 .0 1 4 3 .7 1 4 4 .4 1 4 5 .2 1 4 6 .2 1 4 7 .4 ............................................................................................................................... A n ti-in fe c tiv e d ru g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... T r a n q u illiz e r s a n d s e d a tiv e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = C irc u la to rie s a n d d iu re tic s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 7 .1 1 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .5 1 1 3 .1 1 1 3 .5 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .2 1 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .5 1 1 6 .8 1 0 0 ) ............................................................ 1 1 0 .6 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .6 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .8 1 1 7 .1 1 1 8 .4 1 1 0 .0 1 1 4 .4 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .0 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .9 1 1 8 .3 1 0 0 ) ............................................................... 1 0 5 .0 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .3 1 0 9 .3 1 0 9 .7 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .4 1 0 5 .9 1 0 9 .1 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .6 1 1 2 .3 H o r m o n e s , d ia b e tic d ru g s , b io lo g lc a ls , a n d p re s c r ip tio n a n d s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) P a in a n d s y m p to m c o n tro l d ru g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = ............................................................ 100) ............................................... 1 1 2 .3 1 1 8 .9 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .9 1 2 2 .5 1 2 3 .2 1 2 3 .8 1 1 2 .7 1 1 9 .3 1 2 0 .4 1 2 0 .8 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .6 1 2 3 .1 1 0 8 .3 1 1 3 .1 1 1 3 .7 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .8 1 0 8 .7 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .3 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .2 S u p p le m e n ts , c o u g h a n d c o ld p re p a ra tio n s , a n d re s p ir a to r y a g e n ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................ N o n p r e s c rip tio n d ru g s a n d m e d ic a l s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = E y e g la s s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 100) ................................ ............................................................................................... In te rn a l a n d r e s p ira to ry o v e r - th e -c o u n t e r d ru g s ................................................... N o n p r e s c rip tio n m e d ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............. 1 0 6 .1 1 0 9 .5 1103 1 1 0 .9 1 1 1 .3 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .1 1 0 6 .8 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .7 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .6 1 1 2 .8 1 1 3 .7 1 0 6 .5 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .5 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .6 1 0 7 .1 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .5 1 1 2 .8 1 1 3 .2 1 1 4 .0 1 1 5 .1 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .4 1 0 4 .0 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .7 - 1 0 9 .2 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .9 1 1 0 .9 1 0 4 .4 1 0 8 .5 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .3 1 7 1 .3 1 7 2 .2 1 7 3 .0 1 7 3 .7 1 7 5 .4 1 7 7 .9 1 6 5 .1 1 7 3 .2 1 7 4 .3 1 7 4 .7 1 7 5 .2 1 7 6 .6 1 7 8 .5 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .1 1 0 6 .6 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .3 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .2 2 7 1 .8 Medical care services ................................................................................ 2 4 4 .8 2 5 8 .5 2 6 0 .6 2 6 2 .8 2 6 5 .3 2 6 7 .6 2 7 0 .7 2 4 4 .8 2 5 8 .8 2 6 1 .2 2 6 3 .8 2 6 6 .8 2 6 8 .8 P ro fe s s io n a l s e r v ic e s 2 1 5 .9 2 2 7 .6 2 2 8 .9 2 3 0 .3 2 3 1 .6 2 3 3 .0 2 3 5 .9 2 1 6 .8 2 2 9 .3 2 3 1 .1 2 3 3 .1 2 3 4 .9 2 3 5 .9 ........................................................................................................................ 1 1 0 .5 1 6 4 .1 1 0 6 .0 2 3 8 .3 P h y s ic ia n s ’ s e r v i c e s .................................................................................................................. 2 3 0 .9 2 2 4 .7 2 4 6 .6 2 4 8 .4 2 4 9 .7 2 5 0 .8 2 5 2 .5 2 3 0 .9 2 4 6 .8 2 4 8 .7 2 5 1 .5 2 5 4 .4 2 5 5 .5 2 5 6 .5 D e r .ta s e r v i c e s ............................................................................................................................ 2 0 4 .7 2 1 5 .2 2 1 6 .0 2 1 7 .2 2 1 8 .5 2 2 0 .7 2 2 4 .5 2 0 7 .4 2 1 7 .1 2 1 9 .0 2 2 0 .7 2 2 1 .2 2 2 2 .7 2 2 6 .1 O t h e r p ro fe s s io n a l s e rv ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................ 1 0 7 .2 1 1 1 .5 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .4 1 1 2 .7 1 1 2 .8 1 1 5 .1 1 0 6 .5 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .5 1 1 1 .7 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .2 1 1 4 .8 O t h e r m e d ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ........................................................................................................ 2 7 9 .8 2 9 5 .8 2 9 9 .0 3 0 2 .0 3 0 6 .2 3 0 9 .5 3 1 2 .8 2 7 9 .0 2 9 4 .9 2 9 8 .1 3 0 1 .3 3 0 5 .9 3 0 9 .3 3 1 3 .0 H o s p ita l a n d o th e r m e d ic a l s e rv ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................... 1 1 1 .3 1 1 7 .3 J 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .6 1 2 1 .3 1 2 2 .6 1 2 3 .8 1 1 1 .1 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .9 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .8 1 2 3 .2 H o s p ita l r o o m ..................................................................................................................... 3 5 0 .5 3 6 9 .7 3 7 4 .2 3 7 6 .4 3 8 0 .2 3 8 5 .1 3 8 9 .4 3 5 0 .1 3 6 7 .5 3 7 1 .7 3 7 4 .1 3 7 9 .4 3 8 3 .6 3 8 8 .7 O t h e r h o s p ita l a n d m e d ic a l c a r e s e rv ic e s 1 1 0 .4 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .8 1 2 0 .8 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .9 1 1 0 .1 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .7 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .5 1 2 0 .8 1 2 2 .1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ...................................................... 89 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 23. [1 9 6 7 Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c i f ie d ] All Urban Consumers General summary 1978 Dec. July Aug. ENTERTAINMENT......................................................................................... 1 8 0 .9 1 8 9 .1 Entertainment commodities....................................................................... 1 8 1 .3 1 8 9 .7 R e a d in g m a te r ia ls ( 1 2 / 7 7 = N ew s p ap e rs 1978 1979 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. 1 9 0 .2 1 9 1 .1 1 9 2 .0 1 9 2 .8 1 9 3 .4 1 8 1 .0 1 8 8 .6 1 9 1 .0 1 9 2 .0 1 9 3 .1 1 9 4 .0 1 9 5 .2 1 8 0 .9 1 8 8 .2 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 1 8 8 .9 1 9 0 .2 1 9 1 .4 1 9 2 .0 1 9 1 .5 1 8 8 .4 1 8 9 .9 1 9 0 .7 1 9 1 .3 1 9 2 .4 Dec. 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................ 1 0 6 .4 1 1 0 .0 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .9 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .1 1 0 6 .1 1 0 9 .5 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .4 1 1 3 .3 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .8 .................................................................................................................................. 2 0 4 .5 2 1 2 .6 2 1 4 .0 2 1 4 .5 2 1 7 .7 2 2 2 .4 2 2 3 .5 2 0 3 .9 2 1 2 .2 2 1 3 .7 2 1 4 .2 2 1 7 .4 2 2 2 .2 2 2 3 .3 1 0 0 ) ............................................ 1 0 9 .2 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .7 1 1 5 .0 1 1 7 .2 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .8 1 0 9 .4 1 1 1 .7 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .8 1 1 7 .2 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .6 1 0 0 ) ............................................................... 1 0 3 .8 1 0 7 .7 ......................................................................................... M a g a z in e s , p e rio d ic a ls , a n d b o o k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = S p o rtin g g o o d s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .4 1 1 1 .3 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .7 1 1 2 .2 1 0 2 .7 1 0 7 .0 1 0 5 .4 1 0 7 .5 1 0 6 .7 1 0 6 .9 1 0 3 .5 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .3 1 1 2 .3 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .9 1 0 2 .8 1 0 6 .9 1 0 3 .9 1 0 6 .7 1 0 4 .6 1 0 4 .8 1 0 0 ) ......................... 1 0 4 .9 1 0 6 .7 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .1 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .8 1 0 7 .5 1 0 1 .6 1 0 4 .7 1 0 4 .7 1 0 4 .7 1 0 6 .0 1 0 6 .1 1 0 6 .3 ........................................................................................................................................... 1 5 3 .1 1 6 2 .2 1 6 3 .8 1 6 5 .6 1 6 7 .1 1 6 7 .1 1 6 7 .1 1 5 1 .9 1 6 1 .8 1 6 2 .9 1 6 4 .7 1 6 6 .9 1 6 7 .4 1 6 7 .0 S p o r t v e h ic le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) In d o o r a n d w a r m w e a t h e r s p o r t e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = B ic y c le s Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised) 1979 O t h e r s p o rtin g g o o d s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = T o y s , h o b b ie s a n d o th e r e n te r ta in m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ...................................... 1 0 3 .3 1 0 7 .8 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .0 1 0 2 .2 1 0 6 .5 1 0 7 .2 1 0 8 .5 1 0 9 .8 1 1 0 .2 1 1 1 .3 ............................................ 1 0 4 .6 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .1 1 0 5 .1 1 0 9 .6 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .4 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .8 1 0 0 ) ......................................... 1 0 5 .0 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .5 1 1 1 .2 1 0 5 .0 1 0 9 .1 1 0 9 .8 1 0 9 .6 1 1 0 .1 1 0 9 .8 100) T o y s , h o b b ie s a n d m u s ic e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 5 .8 P h o to g r a p h ic s u p p lie s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 9 .9 1 0 0 ) ...................................... 1 0 4 .6 1 0 8 .4 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .9 1 0 9 .7 1 0 4 .3 1 0 7 .7 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .3 1 0 9 .6 1 1 0 .1 ............................................................... 1 0 4 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .8 1 1 1 .6 1 1 2 .1 1 1 3 .5 1 1 5 .5 1 0 5 .7 1 1 1 .6 1 1 2 .6 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .6 1 1 6 .1 Entertainment services .............................................................................. 1 8 0 .7 1 8 8 .6 1 8 9 .4 1 9 0 .2 1 9 0 .8 1 9 1 .5 1 9 1 .1 1 8 2 .1 1 9 0 .1 1 9 0 .7 1 9 1 .8 1 9 3 .5 1 9 4 .3 1 9 0 .9 F e e s f o r p a rtic ip a n t s p o rts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 6 .4 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .2 1 1 3 .8 1 1 3 .8 1 0 7 .4 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .2 1 1 2 .8 P e t s u p p lie s a n d e x p e n s e ( 1 2 / 7 7 = A d m is s io n s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) 1 0 0 ) ......................................................................... 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................................ O t h e r e n t e r ta in m e n t s e rv ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... OTHER GOODS AND SERVICES................................................................ 1 0 8 .5 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .6 1 0 9 .5 1 1 5 .3 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .8 1 0 7 .2 1 0 9 .1 1 0 9 .7 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .0 1 0 8 .6 1 0 6 .5 1 1 0 .5 1 1 0 .9 1 1 0 .9 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .0 1 0 9 .0 1 8 9 .1 1 9 5 .2 1 9 7 .0 2 0 1 .7 2 0 2 .3 2 0 2 .9 2 0 4 .0 1 8 8 .4 1 9 5 .1 1 9 7 .2 2 0 0 .6 2 0 1 .4 2 0 2 .0 2 0 3 .0 Tobacco products ....................................................................................... 1 8 0 .9 1 8 6 .8 1 8 9 .9 1 9 0 .9 1 9 1 .3 1 9 1 .5 1 9 2 .1 1 8 0 .6 1 8 6 .9 1 9 0 .1 1 9 0 .9 1 9 1 .2 1 9 1 .4 1 9 2 .1 C i g a r e t t e s .................................................................................................................................................. 1 8 3 .5 1 8 9 .2 1 9 2 .6 1 9 3 .6 1 9 3 .8 1 9 4 .0 1 9 4 .7 1 8 3 .4 1 8 9 .4 1 9 3 .1 1 9 3 .7 1 9 3 .9 1 9 4 .1 1 9 4 .8 O t h e r to b a c c o p ro d u c ts a n d s m o k in g a c c e s s o r ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = Personal care 1 0 0 ) ................... 1 0 5 .9 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .1 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .0 1 1 2 .8 1 1 3 .2 1 0 4 .8 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .0 1 1 1 .0 1 1 2 .3 1 1 2 .4 1 1 2 .7 ............................................................................................. 1 8 7 .3 1 9 6 .4 1 9 7 .5 1 9 9 .0 1 9 9 .8 2 0 0 .9 2 0 3 .0 1 8 6 .8 1 9 6 .0 1 9 7 .6 1 9 8 .4 1 9 9 .4 2 0 0 .5 2 0 2 .3 T o ile t g o o d s a n d p e rs o n a l c a r e a p p lia n c e s . . . . : ......................................................... 1 8 0 .9 1 8 8 .6 1 8 9 .7 1 9 1 .4 1 9 2 .5 1 9 3 .1 1 9 5 .8 1 8 0 .7 1 8 8 .1 1 9 0 .2 1 9 1 .0 1 9 1 .6 1 9 2 .4 1 0 0 ) ............................. 1 0 5 .2 1 0 9 .4 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .0 1 0 3 .8 1 0 8 .5 1 1 0 .5 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .4 1 0 0 ) ......................................................... 1 0 6 .6 1 1 3 .2 1 1 3 .6 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .1 1 1 5 .6 1 1 7 .3 1 0 6 .4 1 1 1 .0 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .5 1 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .7 P ro d u c ts f o r th e h a ir, h a irp ie c e s a n d w ig s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = D e n ta l a n d s h a v in g p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 9 4 .5 C o s m e tic s , b a th a n d n ail p re p a ra tio n s , m a n ic u re a n d e y e m a k e u p im p le m e n ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) ................................................... O t h e r to ile t g o o d s a n d s m a ll p e r s o n a l c a r e a p p lia n c e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) P e r s o n a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ..................................................................................................................... 1 0 3 .7 1 0 9 .5 1 0 8 .9 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .4 1 1 3 .0 1 0 3 .5 1 0 9 .0 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .2 1 1 2 .1 1 0 5 .1 1 0 6 .2 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 1 0 .9 1 0 9 .9 1 1 2 .1 1 0 6 .9 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .7 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .1 1 9 3 .7 2 0 3 .9 2 0 5 .0 2 0 6 .4 2 0 7 .0 2 0 8 .5 2 1 0 .0 1 9 3 .0 2 0 4 .0 2 0 5 .0 2 0 5 .8 2 0 7 .3 2 0 8 .6 2 1 0 .2 B e a u ty p a r lo r s e r v ic e s f o r w o m e n ................................................................................... 1 9 5 .3 2 0 5 .2 2 0 6 .1 2 0 7 .7 2 0 8 .3 2 1 0 .3 2 1 2 .1 1 9 5 .8 2 0 5 .9 2 0 6 .7 2 0 7 .4 2 0 9 .1 2 1 0 .2 2 1 2 .0 H a ir c u ts a n d o th e r b a r b e r s h o p s e rv ic e s f o r m e n ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 8 .0 1 1 4 .1 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .8 1 0 6 .3 1 1 3 .6 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .4 1 1 6 .3 1 1 7 .1 2 2 4 .8 100) .. . . Personal and educational expenses ........................................................ 2 0 6 .7 2 0 9 .3 2 1 0 .8 2 2 3 .3 2 2 4 .0 2 2 4 .2 2 2 4 .6 2 0 6 .9 2 0 9 .8 2 1 1 .2 2 2 3 .5 2 2 4 .2 2 2 4 .4 S c h o o l b o o k s a n d s u p p l i e s ............................................................................................................ 1 8 7 .7 1 9 1 .6 1 9 2 .6 2 0 1 .5 2 0 2 .3 2 0 2 .3 2 0 2 .5 1 8 9 .6 1 9 4 .2 1 9 5 .2 2 0 5 .0 2 0 5 .8 2 0 5 .9 2 0 6 .0 P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a tio n a l s e r v i c e s ............................................................................................ 2 1 1 .4 2 1 3 .8 2 1 5 .4 2 2 8 .6 2 2 9 .4 2 2 9 .6 2 2 9 .9 2 1 1 .4 2 1 4 .0 2 1 5 .5 2 2 8 .4 2 2 9 .0 2 2 9 .3 2 2 9 .7 T u itio n a n d o th e r s c h o o l f e e s C o lle g e tu itio n ( 1 2 / 7 7 = ............................................................................................ P e rso n a l e x p e n s e s ( 1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 8 .4 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .4 1 1 7 .7 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .1 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .4 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .2 1 1 8 .2 1 1 8 .2 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .2 1 0 9 .7 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .3 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .2 1 0 9 .7 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .3 ................................ 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .3 1 2 0 .9 1 2 0 .9 1 2 0 .9 1 2 0 .9 1 0 7 .4 1 0 7 .4 1 0 8 .4 1 2 0 .7 1 2 0 .7 1 2 0 .7 1 2 0 .7 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... 1 0 8 .5 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .3 1 1 7 .3 1 0 8 .7 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .4 1 1 4 .4 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .5 1 1 6 .3 100) ............................................................................... E le m e n ta r y a n d h ig h s c h o o l tu itio n ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 100) Special Indexes: G a s o lin e , m o to r o il, c o o la n t a n d o th e r p ro d u c ts ............................................................ 2 0 4 .6 2 9 9 .8 3 0 2 .9 3 0 9 .7 2 0 4 .8 2 7 7 .5 2 8 9 .5 2 9 8 .3 3 0 1 .2 3 0 4 .3 3 1 1 .4 ..................................................................................................................... 2 4 6 .6 2 7 2 .8 2 7 8 .7 2 8 3 .5 2 8 8 .9 2 9 6 .0 3 0 2 .1 2 4 6 .4 2 7 2 .5 2 7 8 .3 2 8 3 .1 2 2 8 .5 2 9 5 .8 3 0 1 .6 U tilitie s a n d p u b lic t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ............................................................................................... 2 0 1 .7 2 1 5 .3 2 1 7 .0 2 1 9 .3 2 2 0 .7 2 2 0 .5 2 2 3 .5 2 0 2 .1 2 1 5 .9 2 1 7 .4 2 1 9 .5 2 2 0 .7 2 2 0 .3 2 2 3 .0 H o u s e k e e p in g a n d h o m e m a in te n a n c e s e r v ic e s 2 5 7 .4 2 7 2 .5 2 7 4 .4 2 7 6 .6 2 7 8 .7 2 8 0 .6 2 8 2 .2 2 5 6 .4 2 7 3 .7 2 7 5 .3 2 7 7 .8 2 7 9 .9 2 8 1 .3 2 8 3 .4 In s u r a n c e a n d fin a n c e 90 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ............................................................ 2 7 6 .6 2 8 8 .2 2 9 7 .1 24. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Cross classification of region and population size class by expenditure category and commodity and service group [D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 7 = 100] Size class A (1.25 million or more) Size class B (385,000-1.250 million) Size class C (75,000 - 385,000) Size class D (75,000 or less) Category and group 1979 Aug. I Oct. 1979 I Dec. Aug. I Oct. 1979 [ Dec. Aug. I Oct. 1979 I Dec. Aug. Oct. Dec. 1 2 1 .8 Northeast EXPENDITURE CATEGORY A ll Ite m s ........................................................................................................................................ Food and b ev e ra g e s H o u s in g ..................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................................. A p p are l an d u p k e e p ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1 5 .0 1 1 7 .3 1 1 9 .0 1 1 7 .3 1 2 0 .2 1 2 2 .2 1 2 0 .2 1 2 3 .0 1 2 5 .7 1 1 6 .9 1 1 9 .2 1 1 7 .9 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .6 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .6 1 2 1 .9 1 2 1 .7 1 2 1 .9 1 2 3 .2 1 2 0 .4 1 1 9 .4 1 2 1 .2 1 1 4 .8 1 1 7 .9 1 1 9 .8 1 1 6 .7 1 2 1 .3 1 2 3 .7 1 2 2 .5 1 2 7 .7 1 3 2 .1 1 1 6 .1 1 1 9 .9 1 2 3 .2 1 0 4 .9 1 0 7 .7 1 0 8 .9 1 0 6 .1 1 0 9 .2 1 0 9 .0 1 0 4 .3 1 0 7 .8 1 0 8 .5 1 0 3 .4 1 0 8 .3 1 0 9 .8 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 9 .6 1 2 1 .1 1 2 3 .7 1 2 3 .4 1 2 5 .0 1 2 7 .6 1 2 3 .6 1 2 4 .9 1 2 7 .0 1 2 2 .5 1 2 4 .5 1 2 7 .3 M e d ic a l c a r e ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 1 3 .6 1 1 5 .4 1 1 7 .3 1 1 5 .3 1 1 8 .5 1 2 0 .0 1 1 4 .8 1 1 7 .0 1 1 8 .9 1 1 4 .8 1 1 6 .3 1 1 9 .0 E n te r ta in m e n t ..................................................................................................................................... O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s ............................................................................................................ 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .4 1 1 1 .5 1 1 0 .9 1 1 3 .6 1 1 3 .5 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .0 1 0 9 .8 1 1 3 .6 1 1 4 .1 1 1 5 .1 1 0 8 .3 1 1 1 .7 1 1 2 .7 1 1 1 .4 1 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .3 1 1 3 .0 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .3 1 0 9 .2 1 1 2 .5 1 1 3 .1 COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP C o m m o d i t i e s ........................................................................................................................................... C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s S e rv c e s ............................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 6 .6 1 1 8 .6 1 2 0 .5 1 1 9 .0 1 2 1 .8 1 2 3 .7 1 2 0 .8 1 2 5 .1 1 1 7 .7 1 1 5 .8 1 1 8 .3 1 2 0 .4 1 1 9 .0 1 2 2 .8 1 2 4 .6 1 2 0 .4 1 2 3 .2 1 2 6 .0 1 1 6 .5 1 2 0 .4 1 2 3 .2 1 1 3 .0 1 1 5 .6 1 1 7 .2 1 1 4 .6 1 1 7 .8 1 1 9 .9 1 1 9 .1 1 2 3 .3 1 2 6 .6 1 1 5 .7 1 1 7 .9 1 2 0 .7 1 2 3 .0 1 2 2 .8 1 2 0 .0 1 2 2 .5 North Central EXPENDITURE CATEGORY A ll ite m s ........................................................................................................................ Food an d b ev era g es H o u s in g ..................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ A p p are l a n c u p k e e p ..................................................................................................................................... 1 2 1 .0 1 2 3 .2 1 2 6 .3 1 2 0 .5 1 2 2 .3 1 2 4 .6 1 1 9 .0 1 2 1 .9 1 2 3 .7 1 1 9 .5 1 2 2 .0 1 2 0 .2 1 2 1 .2 1 2 3 .2 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .6 1 2 3 .4 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .8 1 2 4 .8 1 2 5 .8 1 2 8 .7 1 3 3 .1 1 2 4 .1 1 2 5 .7 1 2 9 .3 1 2 0 .3 1 2 4 .5 1 2 5 .9 1 2 0 .5 1 2 4 .0 1 2 3 .6 1 0 2 .8 1 0 5 .3 1 0 5 .6 1 1 0 .9 1 0 5 .3 1 0 7 .4 1 0 9 .0 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ........................................................................................................................................... 1 2 2 .8 1 2 5 .0 1 2 7 .9 1 2 2 .9 1 2 5 .2 1 2 7 .5 1 2 3 .7 1 2 6 .0 1 2 9 .1 1 2 3 .2 1 2 4 .3 1 2 7 .3 M e d ic a l c a r e ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1 5 .0 1 1 5 .9 1 1 9 .6 1 1 7 .2 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .3 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .5 1 1 9 .7 1 1 7 .5 1 1 9 .1 1 2 1 .8 E n te r ta in m e n t ..................................................................................................................................................... O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s ..................................................................................................................... 1 0 4 .6 1 0 9 .9 1 0 4 .0 1 1 0 .0 1 1 1 .9 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .6 1 1 3 .9 1 0 9 .2 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .0 1 1 0 .5 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .4 1 1 1 .3 1 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .8 1 0 9 .0 1 1 2 .5 1 1 3 .6 1 1 4 .9 1 1 7 .8 1 1 7 .7 1 1 0 .0 1 1 2 .3 1 1 4 .0 1 1 2 .7 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .1 1 2 2 .5 1 1 9 .1 COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP C o m m o d i t i e s .............................................................................................................................................................. C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e ............................................................................................... S e r v ic e s .................................................................................................................................................. 1 2 0 .7 1 2 2 .5 1 2 5 .4 1 1 9 .4 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .7 1 2 3 .5 1 1 8 .9 1 2 1 .1 1 2 2 .5 1 2 0 .9 1 2 3 .0 1 2 6 .4 1 1 9 .7 1 2 1 .5 1 2 3 .5 1 1 8 .5 1 2 1 .7 1 2 3 .6 1 1 7 .6 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .6 1 2 1 .5 1 2 4 .3 1 2 7 .7 1 2 2 .4 1 2 4 .7 1 2 8 .0 1 1 8 .8 1 2 2 .2 1 2 4 .1 1 2 0 .4 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .8 South EXPENDITURE CATEGORY A li ite m s ............................................................................................................ Food an d b e v e ra g e s H o u s in g ............................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... A p p a re l an d u p k e e p ........................................................................................................... 1 1 8 .7 1 2 0 .7 1 2 3 .1 1 2 0 .1 1 2 2 .4 1 2 4 .6 1 2 2 .1 1 2 4 .3 1 2 1 .1 1 2 2 .2 1 2 3 .5 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .3 1 2 2 .9 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .1 1 2 3 .9 1 2 0 .0 1 2 1 .0 1 2 2 .5 1 1 9 .9 1 2 2 .0 1 2 5 .0 1 2 2 .4 1 2 5 .8 1 2 8 .4 1 2 2 .7 1 1 9 .9 1 2 5 .9 1 2 8 .4 1 1 9 .3 1 2 1 .6 1 2 3 .9 1 1 8 .5 1 2 0 .6 1 2 2 .5 1 0 7 .5 1 1 1 .2 1 0 4 .5 1 0 6 .4 1 0 5 .7 1 0 3 .9 1 0 4 .8 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .............................................................................................................................................. 1 2 2 .6 1 2 4 .2 1 2 7 .6 1 2 3 .5 1 2 4 .5 1 2 7 .8 1 2 1 .8 1 2 3 .2 1 2 6 .4 1 2 2 .4 1 2 4 .4 1 2 6 .3 M e d ic a l c a r e .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1 3 .3 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .7 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .9 1 1 8 .3 1 1 5 .5 1 1 7 .6 1 2 0 .7 1 1 8 .5 1 2 2 .5 1 2 4 .9 E n te r ta in m e n t ..................................................................................................... O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s ............................................................................... 1 1 2 .3 1 0 7 .3 1 1 0 .8 1 1 0 .3 1 0 2 .8 1 0 8 .1 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .5 1 1 1 .9 1 1 3 .2 1 1 3 .9 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .6 1 1 3 .8 1 1 5 .9 1 1 7 .1 1 1 9 .4 1 1 1 .5 1 1 4 .4 1 1 5 .8 1 1 0 .8 1 1 4 .0 1 1 5 .1 1 1 1 .4 1 1 4 .2 1 1 5 .5 1 1 4 .3 1 1 7 .3 1 1 8 .3 COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP C o m m o d i t i e s .................................................................................. C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s S e r v ic e s ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... 1 1 8 .9 1 2 2 .6 1 1 9 .3 1 2 1 .2 1 1 9 .3 1 2 0 .7 1 2 2 .7 1 1 8 .6 1 2 0 .2 1 2 1 .9 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .8 1 2 2 .2 1 1 8 .9 1 2 1 .2 1 2 3 .2 1 1 8 .3 1 2 0 .1 1 2 2 .2 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .9 1 2 1 .6 1 1 8 .4 1 2 1 .0 1 2 0 .5 1 2 3 .8 1 2 1 .2 1 2 4 .3 1 2 6 .8 1 2 0 .8 1 2 4 .2 1 2 6 .7 1 1 8 .5 1 2 1 .1 1 2 3 .5 1 2 4 .5 1 1 8 .8 1 2 3 .1 West EXPENDITURE CATEGORY A ll ite m s ..................................................................................................... Food an d b ev era g es H o u s in g ............................................................................... .................................................................................................................. A p p are l an d u p k e e p ........................................................................................................ 1 1 8 .7 1 2 0 .8 1 2 4 .8 1 2 0 .9 1 2 3 .6 1 2 6 .6 1 1 9 .5 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .8 1 2 4 .3 1 1 9 .4 1 2 1 .2 1 2 3 .4 1 2 1 .4 1 2 3 .1 1 2 5 .8 1 2 0 .1 1 2 1 .1 1 2 2 .9 1 2 1 .6 1 2 1 .5 1 2 3 .7 1 1 9 .0 1 2 1 .2 1 2 7 .0 1 2 2 .4 1 2 6 .2 1 3 0 .2 1 2 0 .5 1 2 4 .8 1 2 7 .8 1 1 7 .8 1 2 4 .8 1 2 5 .4 1 0 4 .8 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .8 1 1 1 .0 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .9 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ..................................................................................................................... 1 2 5 .3 1 2 7 .2 1 2 9 .9 1 2 4 .8 1 2 6 .7 1 2 8 .8 1 2 5 .0 1 2 6 .3 1 2 9 .0 1 2 3 .1 1 2 4 .6 1 2 8 .2 M e d ic a l c a r e ........................................................................................................................... 1 1 6 .8 1 1 9 .8 1 2 1 .9 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .8 1 2 1 .3 1 1 6 .5 1 1 8 .4 1 1 9 .9 1 1 9 .0 1 2 0 .7 1 2 2 .7 E n te r ta in m e n t ......................................................................................................... O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s ...................................................................... 1 1 0 .0 1 1 1 .5 1 0 3 .9 1 0 4 .4 1 0 4 .4 1 0 9 .5 1 0 9 .3 1 0 9 .3 1 1 1 .1 1 1 4 .4 1 1 5 .6 1 1 5 .9 1 1 2 .6 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .7 1 1 7 .8 1 1 9 .2 1 1 2 .4 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .5 1 1 2 .5 1 1 5 .3 1 1 6 .5 1 1 0 .7 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .6 1 1 4 .4 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .4 1 2 0 .5 1 2 3 .1 1 2 1 .7 1 2 3 .0 COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP C o m m o d i t i e s ........................................................................................................ C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e S e r v ic e s ............................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 1 8 .7 1 2 0 .8 1 2 3 .1 1 2 5 .3 1 2 3 .6 1 1 9 .1 1 2 0 .7 1 1 8 .3 1 2 0 .2 1 2 3 .0 1 2 0 .6 1 2 3 .1 1 2 5 .1 1 1 9 .1 1 2 1 .9 1 2 3 .8 1180 1 2 0 .4 1 2 2 .7 1 1 8 .8 1 2 1 .3 1 2 6 .9 1 2 1 .0 1 2 4 .4 1 2 8 .4 1 1 9 .6 1 2 2 .8 1 2 5 .9 1 1 8 .5 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .3 1 1 9 .4 91 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 25. [1 9 6 7 Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average, and selected areas = 1 0 0 u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c i f ie d ] Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised) All Urban Consumers Area1 U .S . c ity a v e r a g e 2 .................................................................................................. A n c h o r a g e , A la s k a ( 1 0 / 6 7 = 1978 1979 1978 Dec. July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. Dec. July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. 2 0 2 .9 2 1 8 .9 2 2 1 .1 2 2 3 .4 2 2 5 .4 2 2 7 .5 2 2 9 .9 2 0 2 .9 2 1 9 .4 2 2 1 .5 2 2 3 .7 2 2 5 .6 2 2 7 .6 2 3 0 .0 2 2 3 .3 1 9 9 .2 1 0 0 ) ................................................................ A tla n ta , G a ....................................................................................................................... 1979 2 0 7 .4 2 1 3 .2 2 1 6 .9 1 8 4 .5 2 0 6 .4 2 1 3 .7 2 2 0 .8 2 1 0 .9 2 1 9 .0 2 1 1 .8 2 2 3 .5 2 2 7 .0 B a ltim o re , M d ................................................................................................................. 2 2 1 .0 2 2 4 .9 2 2 7 .2 2 2 1 .4 2 2 4 .9 2 2 7 .9 B o s to n , M a s s .................................................................................................................. 2 1 4 .2 2 1 8 .1 2 2 2 .7 2 1 3 .7 2 1 7 .9 2 2 2 .5 B u ffa lo , N . Y ...................................................................................................................... 1 9 9 .7 C h ic a g o , lll.- N o r t h w e s t e m In d .............................................................................. 1 9 8 .6 C in c in n a ti, O h io -K y .-In d ............................................................................................ C le v e la n d , O h io 2 1 8 .6 ........................................................................................................ 2 0 5 .7 2 0 1 .6 D e n v e r - B o u ld e r , C o lo ................................................................................................ 2 2 1 .4 2 1 9 .5 2 2 1 .8 2 2 8 .2 2 2 3 .7 2 2 1 .2 1 9 9 .5 2 2 8 .4 1 9 8 .5 2 3 3 .4 2 4 0 .8 2 2 2 .2 2 2 5 .9 2 2 4 .7 2 2 2 .9 2 3 6 .5 2 0 2 .2 2 1 8 .7 2 2 1 .3 2 2 9 .0 2 2 4 .8 D a lla s -F t . W o r th , T e x ................................................................................................ D e tro it, M ic h .................................................................................................................... 2 1 4 .6 2 1 7 .4 2 2 7 .2 2 3 1 .3 2 1 8 .2 2 2 6 .5 2 3 2 .5 2 0 6 .0 2 3 4 .1 2 0 1 .2 2 4 5 .9 2 0 1 .9 2 2 0 .6 2 2 2 .6 2 3 3 .2 2 2 5 .5 2 2 3 .5 2 2 7 .8 2 3 5 .6 2 3 3 .3 2 4 8 .6 2 4 3 .6 2 2 2 .6 2 2 0 .7 2 2 5 .6 2 2 8 .0 2 2 3 .0 2 1 9 .8 2 2 1 .7 2 3 0 .8 2 3 9 .3 2 3 3 .2 2 1 8 .6 2 1 5 .3 2 1 6 .8 2 2 6 .9 2 3 0 .8 2 3 2 .2 H o n o lu lu , H a w a i i ......................................................................................................... 1 9 1 .3 2 0 7 .2 2 1 0 .5 2 1 4 .8 1 9 1 .2 2 0 7 .2 2 1 1 .1 2 1 5 .5 H o u s to n , T e x ................................................................................................................... 2 1 9 .7 2 4 0 .6 2 4 4 .2 2 4 8 .7 2 1 8 .3 2 3 9 .0 2 4 1 .8 2 4 6 .0 .................................................................................. 1 9 8 .8 L o s A n g e le s -L o n g B e a c h , A n a h e im , C a li f ................................................... 1 9 7 .1 K a n s a s C ity , M o .-K a n s a s M ia m i, F la . ( 1 1 / 7 7 = 100) 2 1 7 .5 1 1 5 .7 ............................................................................... M in n e a p o lis -S t. P a u l, M in n .-W is ......................................................................... 2 0 8 .6 N e w Y o r k , N .Y .-N o r t h e a s t e r n N .J ..................................................................... 2 0 1 .5 ................................................................................... 2 1 4 .0 2 0 1 .1 P itts b u rg h , P a ................................................................................................................. 2 0 5 .2 P o rtla n d , O r e g .- W a s h ............................................................................................... 2 1 6 .1 2 2 1 .8 2 1 5 .4 2 1 8 .1 2 1 7 .7 2 1 9 .5 2 1 9 .1 2 3 3 .7 1 9 8 .9 2 2 8 .0 1 9 7 .0 2 1 9 .9 2 2 1 .3 2 2 0 .1 2 2 2 .4 2 2 6 .0 2 1 9 .6 2 0 9 .2 2 2 2 .9 2 0 0 .9 2 1 5 .3 2 1 3 .4 2 2 3 .7 2 0 2 .4 2 2 9 .2 2 0 4 .2 2 3 6 .6 2 1 6 .9 2 1 7 .8 2 1 8 .1 2 2 0 .3 2 2 0 .0 2 2 5 .7 2 1 7 .4 2 2 2 .5 2 4 7 .8 2 3 3 .1 2 3 7 .7 S e a t t le - E v e r e t t, W a s h ............................................................................................... 2 1 7 .5 2 2 2 .6 W a s h in g to n , D . C .- M d .- V a ....................................................................................... 2 2 0 .4 2 2 2 .9 ' T h e a r e a s lis te d in c lu d e n o t o n ly t h e c e n tr a l c ity b u t th e e n tir e p o rtio n o f th e S t a n d a r d M e tr o p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A r e a , a s d e fin e d f o r th e 1 9 7 0 C e n s u s o f P o p u la tio n , e x c e p t t h a t th e S t a n d a r d C o n s o lid a te d A r e a is u s e d f o r N e w Y o r k a n d C h ic a g o . 92 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 3 0 .2 2 0 0 .4 2 1 8 .6 2 2 1 .3 2 2 3 .8 2 2 4 .6 2 2 9 .7 2 4 4 .8 2 2 9 .0 2 2 0 .8 2 2 7 .6 2 1 5 .9 2 2 1 .0 2 2 5 .5 2 2 5 .4 2 2 1 .9 2 2 4 .4 2 2 6 .7 2 A v e r a g e o f 8 5 cities . 2 2 2 .4 2 2 1 .1 2 2 6 .3 2 2 2 .2 2 4 0 .4 2 2 1 .5 2 3 4 .8 2 2 0 .7 2 3 6 .7 2 1 6 .9 2 1 8 .3 2 1 9 .3 2 2 6 .1 2 3 6 .1 2 0 0 .8 2 3 2 .5 2 3 2 .6 S t. L o u is , M o .-lll............................................................................................................ 2 2 9 .9 1 2 0 .5 2 1 7 .1 2 2 7 .9 2 2 5 .8 2 3 3 .0 S a n D ie g o , C a lif ............................................................................................................ S a n F r a n d s c o - O a k la n d , C a li f .............................................................................. 2 2 4 .0 2 2 8 .7 2 2 8 .5 2 1 4 .1 2 3 2 .4 2 2 7 .9 2 2 3 .0 1 1 8 .7 2 2 5 .0 2 3 4 .0 2 2 0 .0 2 3 2 .2 2 2 3 .1 2 1 6 .8 1 1 6 .9 2 2 9 .8 2 3 1 .2 2 1 5 .4 2 2 7 .4 2 2 4 .2 1 1 9 .4 2 2 6 .0 2 2 7 .0 2 1 1 .7 P h ila d e lp h ia , P a .- N . J .................................................................................................. 2 2 9 .9 2 2 0 .7 1 1 7 .4 2 2 2 .7 M ilw a u k e e , W is .............................................................................................................. N o r th e a s t, P a . (S c r a n t o n ) 2 2 4 .6 2 1 4 .7 26. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1 9 6 7 = 100] Annual average 1978 Commodity grouping 1979 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June 1980 July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. 2 3 2 .1 FINISHED GOODS F in is h e d g o o d s ............................................................................................................ 1 9 4 .6 2 0 5 .4 2 0 7 .7 2 0 9 .1 2 1 1 .4 2 1 2 .7 2 1 3 .7 2 1 6 .2 2 1 7 .3 2 2 0 .7 2 2 3 .7 2 2 5 .9 2 2 7 .8 F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s ......................................................................... 1 9 2 .6 2 0 3 .7 2 0 6 .3 2 0 7 .9 2 1 0 .2 2 1 1 .6 2 1 2 .7 2 1 5 .6 2 1 7 .5 2 2 1 .7 2 2 4 .1 2 2 6 .6 2 2 8 .8 .................................................................. 2 0 6 .7 2 2 0 .2 2 2 5 .1 2 2 6 .3 2 2 7 .8 2 2 6 .6 2 2 3 .6 2 2 4 .9 2 2 3 .5 2 2 8 .1 2 2 6 .7 2 3 0 .5 2 3 2 .0 2 3 1 .4 ........................................................................................................ 2 1 5 .5 2 3 6 .7 2 5 7 .2 2 4 4 .6 2 4 1 .8 2 2 6 .7 2 2 7 .1 2 2 4 .9 2 3 1 .7 2 1 4 .0 2 1 5 .4 2 2 8 .0 2 2 7 .8 2 2 5 .9 F in is h e d c o n s u m e r fo o d s C ru d e P ro c e s s e d ............................................................................................... 2 3 3 .2 2 0 4 .1 2 1 6 .9 2 2 0 .5 2 2 2 .8 2 2 4 .6 2 2 4 .4 2 2 1 .3 2 2 2 .8 2 2 0 .7 2 2 7 .0 2 2 5 .4 2 2 8 .6 2 3 0 .1 2 2 9 .7 O t h e r n o n d u ra b le g o o d s ...................................................................... 1 9 5 .4 2 0 5 .4 2 0 7 .2 2 0 9 .8 2 1 3 .1 2 1 7 .1 2 2 1 .7 2 2 7 .1 2 3 3 .4 2 3 8 .9 2 4 3 .0 2 4 5 .2 2 4 7 .8 2 5 4 .4 D u r a b le g o o d s ............................................................................................ 1 6 5 .8 1 7 5 .2 1 7 6 .2 1 7 6 .8 1 7 8 .4 1 7 9 .5 1 8 0 .4 1 8 1 .6 1 8 1 .6 1 8 2 .9 1 8 7 .4 1 8 8 .5 1 9 1 .2 1 9 8 .2 C a p it a l E q u i p m e n t ......................................................................................... 1 9 9 .1 2 0 9 .3 2 1 0 .8 2 1 1 .7 2 1 4 .0 2 1 5 .1 2 1 5 .8 2 1 7 .2 2 1 6 .5 2 1 7 .8 2 2 2 .5 2 2 3 .8 2 2 5 .1 2 2 9 .1 INTERMEDIATE MATERIALS In t e r m e d ia te m a te r ia ls , s u p p lie s , a n d c o m p o n e n t s ............................ 2 1 5 .5 2 2 5 .7 2 2 8 .5 2 3 1 .5 2 3 5 .8 2 3 8 .2 2 4 0 .3 2 4 4 .6 2 4 7 .5 2 5 1 .0 2 5 4 .6 2 5 6 .1 2 5 8 .4 2 6 5 .6 M a t e r ia ls a n d c o m p o n e n ts f o r m a n u f a c t u r in g ............................ 2 0 8 .3 2 1 8 .6 2 2 1 .6 2 2 4 .5 2 2 9 .0 2 3 0 .9 2 3 2 .1 2 3 6 .0 2 3 8 .0 2 4 0 .7 2 4 3 .9 2 4 5 .2 2 4 7 .5 2 5 5 .2 M a t e r ia ls f o r fo o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g ................................................... 2 2 6 .7 2 2 5 .1 2 2 8 .9 2 2 5 .3 2 2 7 .7 2 3 0 .5 2 2 5 .8 2 0 2 .3 2 1 4 .4 2 1 7 .3 2 1 9 .6 2 2 2 .2 2 2 2 .5 2 2 2 .3 M a t e r ia ls f o r n o n d u ra b le m a n u f a c t u r i n g ................................... 1 9 5 .8 2 0 3 .2 2 0 5 .3 2 0 8 .7 2 1 3 .7 2 1 6 .7 2 1 8 .1 2 2 2 .5 2 2 5 .3 2 2 7 .6 2 3 1 .2 2 3 3 .1 2 3 5 .1 2 4 0 .6 M a t e r ia ls f o r d u r a b le m a n u f a c t u r in g ............................................ 2 3 7 .2 2 5 2 .0 2 5 6 .8 2 6 0 .0 2 6 6 .0 2 6 7 .2 2 6 8 .9 2 7 3 .3 2 7 5 .2 2 7 8 .8 2 8 4 .5 2 8 4 .2 2 8 7 .5 3 0 3 .5 2 0 5 .3 2 0 7 .7 2 0 9 .3 2 1 1 .3 2 1 2 .5 2 1 4 .5 2 1 5 .9 2 1 8 .9 C o m p o n e n ts f o r m a n u fa c tu r in g ...................................................... 1 8 9 .1 1 9 7 .2 1 9 9 .0 2 0 0 .3 2 0 3 .1 2 0 4 .5 ................................ 2 2 4 .4 2 3 6 .1 2 3 9 .0 2 4 1 .3 2 4 4 .5 2 4 5 .2 2 4 5 .6 2 4 7 .4 2 4 9 .2 2 5 2 .5 2 5 4 .4 2 5 3 .8 2 5 3 .6 2 5 7 .5 P r o c e s s e d f u e ls a n d l u b r i c a n t s ............................................................ 2 9 6 .4 3 0 2 .0 3 0 4 .8 3 1 2 .9 3 2 3 .9 3 3 6 .8 3 4 9 .5 3 6 4 .8 3 8 4 .6 3 9 9 .3 4 1 0 .5 4 1 6 .5 4 2 4 .6 4 4 3 .9 M a n u fa c tu rin g i n d u s t r i e s ...................................................................... 2 7 0 .4 2 6 8 .3 2 6 9 .0 2 7 5 .4 2 8 0 .7 2 8 7 .4 2 9 3 .8 3 0 4 .0 3 1 1 .2 3 1 7 .2 3 2 2 .5 3 2 5 .3 3 3 2 .3 3 4 0 .6 N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s t r i e s ............................................................ 3 2 0 .0 3340 3 3 9 .1 3 4 8 .9 3 6 5 .9 3 8 5 .5 4 0 4 .9 4 2 5 .5 4 5 8 .8 4 8 3 .0 5 0 0 .4 5 0 9 .7 5 1 8 .8 5 4 9 .8 ........................................................................................................ 2 1 2 .5 2 2 3 .9 2 2 4 .3 2 2 9 .3 2 3 1 .8 2 3 4 .5 2 3 4 .9 2 3 5 .4 2 3 7 .6 2 3 7 .9 2 4 0 .8 2 4 3 .5 2 4 6 .1 2 5 0 .9 S u p p l i e s ............................................................................................................... 1 9 6 .9 2 0 7 .4 2 0 9 .6 2 1 1 .1 M a t e r ia ls a n d c o m p o n e n ts fo r c o n s tru c tio n C o n ta in e r s 2 1 3 .7 2 1 6 .1 2 1 9 .6 2 2 1 .2 2 2 4 .4 2 2 6 .0 2 2 8 .4 2 3 2 .2 M a n u fa c tu rin g i n d u s t r i e s ...................................................................... 1 8 3 .6 1 9 3 .1 1 9 4 .3 1 9 7 .4 1 9 9 .4 2 0 1 .5 2 0 2 .7 2 0 4 .2 2 0 8 .6 2 0 9 .4 2 1 1 .8 2 1 3 .1 2 1 5 .3 2 2 0 .9 N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s t r i e s ............................................................ 2 0 4 .0 2 1 5 .0 2 1 7 .7 2 1 8 .4 2 1 9 .9 2 2 0 .3 2 2 3 .2 2 2 7 .8 2 2 5 .4 2 2 7 .5 2 3 1 .1 2 3 2 .9 2 3 5 .3 2 3 8 .2 M a n u f a c t u r e d a n im a l f e e d s O t h e r s u p p lie s 2 1 2 .8 2 1 9 .6 ......................................................... 2 0 0 .2 2 1 5 .9 2 2 1 .6 2 1 9 .3 2 1 9 .5 2 1 4 .6 2 2 6 .2 2 4 1 .3 2 2 0 .8 2 2 4 .0 2 2 9 .2 2 2 7 .3 2 3 0 .8 2 2 4 .2 ..................................................................................... 2 0 1 .9 2 1 1 .6 2 1 3 .6 2 1 5 .0 2 1 6 .8 2 1 8 .3 2 1 9 .2 2 2 1 .5 2 2 3 .1 2 2 4 .9 2 2 8 .1 2 3 0 .7 2 3 2 .9 2 3 7 .8 CRUDE MATERIALS C r u d e m a te r ia ls fo r fu r th e r p r o c e s s i n g ...................................................... 2 4 0 .1 2 6 0 .2 2 7 0 .4 2 7 6 .6 2 7 9 .9 2 8 2 .3 2 8 3 .0 2 8 7 .1 2 8 1 .7 2 8 8 .3 2 8 9 .2 2 9 0 .8 2 9 6 .7 2 9 6 .9 F o o d s tu ffs a n d f e e d s t u f f s ......................................................................... 2 1 5 .3 2 3 3 .0 2 4 3 .7 2 4 7 .4 2 5 1 .5 2 5 1 .9 2 4 8 .2 2 5 4 .1 2 4 3 .7 2 4 8 .7 2 4 7 .1 2 4 6 .4 2 4 9 .7 2 4 3 .0 N o n fo o d m a t e r i a l s ......................................................................................... 2 8 6 .7 3 1 1 .5 3 2 0 .7 3 3 1 .6 3 3 3 .3 3 3 9 .6 3 4 8 .7 3 4 9 .3 3 5 3 .6 3 6 3 .1 3 6 8 .9 3 7 4 .8 3 8 5 .8 3 9 9 .0 N o n fo o d m a te r ia ls e x c e p t f u e l ......................................................... 2 3 5 .4 2 5 5 .6 2 6 4 .7 2 7 5 .5 2 7 6 .5 2 7 6 .6 2 8 6 .6 2 8 5 .2 2 8 6 .1 2 9 3 .3 2 9 8 .6 3 0 4 .6 3 1 1 .5 3 2 9 .9 3 0 8 .5 3 1 4 .9 3 2 2 .5 3 4 2 .0 ............................................................... 2 4 0 .8 2 6 1 .8 2 7 1 .9 2 8 3 .8 2 8 4 .8 2 8 4 .7 2 9 5 .9 2 9 4 .0 2 9 4 .9 3 0 2 .8 C o n s t r u c t i o n ............................................................................................ M a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s 1 8 5 .7 1 9 8 .8 2 0 0 .4 2 0 1 .9 2 0 3 .6 2 0 4 .5 2 0 5 .4 2 0 7 .2 2 0 8 .6 2 0 9 .9 2 1 2 .2 2 1 4 .6 2 1 6 .6 2 2 5 .7 C r u d e (u e ' ..................................................................................................... 4 6 3 .7 5 0 4 .3 5 1 3 .9 5 2 5 .2 5 2 9 .2 5 5 6 .8 5 6 3 .1 5 7 0 .7 5 8 6 .2 6 0 4 .0 6 1 1 .4 6 1 6 .8 6 4 1 .8 6 3 7 .2 M a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s ............................................................... 4 8 1 .9 5 2 9 .6 5 4 1 .6 5 5 5 .4 5 6 0 .0 5 9 3 .8 6 0 1 .3 6 1 0 .4 6 2 9 .2 6 5 1 .8 6 6 0 .5 6 6 7 .0 6 9 7 .7 6 9 1 .7 4 5 9 .6 4 9 4 .9 5 0 2 .7 5 1 2 .1 5 1 5 .8 5 3 8 .8 5 4 4 .3 5 5 0 .7 5 6 3 .6 5 7 7 .8 5 8 4 .4 5 8 9 .0 6 0 9 .7 6 0 6 .2 1 8 8 .9 1 9 8 .8 2 0 0 .2 2 0 1 .7 2 0 4 .2 2 0 6 .3 2 0 8 .5 2 1 1 .4 2 1 3 .2 2 1 6 .2 2 2 0 .6 2 2 2 .2 2 2 4 .3 2 3 0 .1 1 8 3 .7 1 9 3 .3 1 9 4 .9 1 9 6 .7 1 9 9 .3 2 0 2 .1 2 0 5 .2 2 0 8 .4 2 1 2 .3 2 1 6 .3 2 2 0 .6 2 2 2 .4 2 2 5 .0 2 3 1 .8 ......................................................... 2 1 6 .4 2 2 6 .5 2 2 9 .1 2 3 2 .3 2 3 6 .7 2 3 8 .8 2 4 1 .3 2 4 5 .4 2 4 9 .0 2 5 2 .5 2 5 6 .4 2 5 7 .8 2 6 0 .1 2 6 8 .1 ......................................................................... 2 0 1 .0 2 1 4 .3 2 1 8 .2 2 1 8 .9 2 2 0 .7 2 1 9 .3 2 2 3 .0 2 3 1 .0 2 2 3 .1 2 2 6 .6 2 2 6 .0 2 2 7 .0 2 3 0 .0 2 2 4 .7 3 1 6 .6 3 4 4 .2 3 5 6 .4 3 7 0 .6 3 7 2 .4 3 7 9 .2 3 8 9 .5 3 9 1 .7 3 9 6 .9 4 0 8 .6 4 1 6 .5 4 2 3 .9 4 3 7 .1 4 5 3 .0 N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s ...................................................... SPECIAL GROUPINGS F in is h e d g o o d s e x c lu d in g f o o d s ...................................................................... F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s e x c lu d in g Foods ............................................................................................................... In te r m e d ia te m a te r ia ls , s u p p lie s , a n d C o m p o n e n ts , e x c lu d in g in te r m e d ia te m a te r ia ls f o r fo o d m a n u fa c tu r in g a n d m a n u fa c tu r e d a n im a l f e e d s In t e r m e d ia te f o o d s a n d f e e d s C r u d e m a te r ia ls fo r fu rth e r p ro c e s s in g e x c lu d in g c r u d e fo o d s tu ffs a n d f e e d s tu ffs , p la n t a n d a n im a l fib e rs , o ils e e d s , a n d le a f to b a c c o ..................................................................... | N O T E : D a t a f o r S e p te m b e r 1 9 7 9 h a v e b e e n re v is e d to re fle c t t h e a v a ila b ility o f la te re p o rts a n d c o r r e c tio n s b y re s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a t a a r e s u b je c t to re v is io n 4 m o n th s a f t e r o rig in a l p u b lic a tio n . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 93 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 27 . [1 9 6 7 Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings1 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c i f ie d ] Code Commodity group and subgroup Annual average 1978 1980 1979 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. All commodities ................................................................................ All commodities (1957 - 59 - 100) ................................................. 2 0 9 .3 2 2 0 .8 2 2 4 .1 2 2 6 .7 2 3 0 .0 2 3 2 .0 2 3 3 .5 2 3 6 .9 2 3 8 .3 2 4 2 .0 2 4 5 .2 2 4 6 .9 2 4 9 .4 2 5 4 .7 2 2 2 .1 2 3 4 .2 2 3 7 .7 2 4 0 .5 2 4 3 .7 2 4 5 .7 2 4 7 .7 2 5 1 .4 2 5 2 .8 2 5 6 .7 2 6 0 .2 2 6 2 .0 2 6 4 .6 2 6 7 .3 Farm products and processed foods and fe e d s ........................... industrial commodities ..................................................................... 2 0 6 .6 2 2 1 .1 2 2 7 .2 2 2 9 .0 2 4 4 .0 2 3 0 .8 2 2 9 .0 2 3 2 .2 2 2 7 .5 2 3 1 .8 2 3 0 .6 2 3 2 .3 2 3 4 .5 2 3 1 .9 2 0 9 .4 2 2 0 .0 2 2 2 .5 2 2 5 .4 2 2 9 .0 2 3 1 .6 2 3 4 .0 2 3 7 .5 2 4 0 .6 2 4 4 .2 2 4 8 .5 2 5 0 .2 2 5 2 .8 2 6 0 .3 2 4 5 .4 2 4 2 .8 2 4 6 .8 2 3 8 .5 2 4 1 .0 2 3 9 .5 2 4 0 .2 2 4 2 .5 2 3 6 .4 FARM PRODUCTS AND PROCESSED FOODS AND FEEDS 2 1 2 .5 2 3 0 .4 2 4 0 .9 2 4 2 .8 2 2 3 .3 0 1 -1 F re s h a n d d rie d fru its a n d v e g e t a b le s ............................................................... 2 1 6 .5 2 3 3 .7 2 6 3 .0 2 3 5 .7 2 3 4 .7 2 2 8 .2 2 2 6 .4 2 2 6 .7 2 4 1 .7 2 0 8 .3 2 1 7 .8 2 1 6 .4 2 1 0 .5 2 1 8 .9 0 1 -2 G r a i n s ........................................................................................................................................ 1 8 2 .5 1 8 4 .4 1 8 9 .3 1 9 2 .0 1 9 8 .3 2 1 0 .3 2 1 8 .7 2 4 7 .4 2 2 9 .1 2 2 4 .4 2 2 9 .0 2 2 6 .6 2 2 7 .9 2 1 4 .6 0 1 -3 L iv e s to c k ............................................................................................................................... 2 2 0 .1 2 4 7 .3 2 6 6 .5 2 7 5 .8 2 8 4 .0 2 8 0 .7 2 6 4 .0 0 1 -4 L iv e p o u l t r y ............................................................................................................................ 1 9 9 .8 2 0 6 .0 2 1 7 .8 2 1 7 .6 2 0 9 .4 2 1 6 .3 1 8 2 .9 1 8 3 .8 1 7 1 .9 1 7 3 .5 1 6 2 .0 1 9 5 .5 1 9 4 .7 1 9 5 .2 2 1 3 .6 2 0 5 .1 1 9 7 .8 1 9 7 .8 2 0 7 .6 2 1 9 .5 2 0 7 .6 2 0 7 .9 2 1 1 .3 2 1 2 .9 2 1 5 .4 2 2 2 .0 2 3 9 .0 2 4 1 .8 2 4 4 .6 2 4 3 .7 2 4 2 .4 2 4 2 .0 2 4 3 .8 2 4 7 .6 2 5 0 .0 2 5 8 .5 2 5 8 .5 2 6 2 .5 2 6 4 .0 2 6 2 .3 01 F a r m p ro d u c ts ......................................................................................................................... 0 1 -5 P la n t a n d a n im a l f i b e r s .................................................................................................. 1 9 3 .4 0 1 -6 F lu id m ilk 2 1 9 .7 0 1 -7 E g g s ........................................................................................................................................... 0 1 -8 H a y , h a y s e e d s , a n d o ils e e d s 0 1 -9 ............................................................................................................................... O t h e r f a r m p ro d u c ts 2 4 0 .2 2 5 6 .4 2 5 1 .7 2 4 8 .3 2 5 2 .5 1 9 8 .4 2 4 7 .8 1 7 8 .5 1 7 6 .7 1 9 9 .9 1 8 5 .5 1 6 7 .6 1 6 6 .8 1 7 5 .4 1 5 5 .9 1 7 8 .7 .................................................................................. 2 1 5 .8 2 4 0 .1 2 4 6 .1 2 4 9 .5 2 4 8 .3 2 4 0 .7 2 5 8 .4 2 6 0 .1 2 5 1 .9 2 4 0 .9 2 3 5 .1 2 2 9 .8 2 3 0 .3 2 1 8 .1 ..................................................................................................... 2 7 4 .9 2 6 9 .7 2 5 3 .6 2 5 4 .6 2 5 5 .1 2 6 4 .1 2 8 1 .0 3 1 1 .9 3 1 0 .8 3 1 5 .9 3 1 7 .6 3 1 8 .3 3 1 9 .4 3 0 1 .1 2 0 2 .6 2 1 5 .2 2 2 0 .6 2 2 3 .3 1 5 8 .6 1 6 3 .8 1 7 0 .7 2 5 6 .0 1 6 5 .6 2 1 8 .9 2 2 0 .5 2 2 2 .3 2 2 2 .0 2 2 7 .1 2 2 9 .2 0 2 -1 C e r e a l a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s ...................................................................................... 1 9 0 .3 1 9 7 .2 1 9 9 .1 2 0 0 .1 2 0 3 .0 2 0 4 .9 2 0 6 .3 2 1 2 .4 2 1 6 .0 2 1 8 .7 2 1 9 .2 2 2 2 .3 2 2 3 .7 2 2 5 .4 0 2 -2 M e a ts , p o u ltr y , a n d fis h 2 1 7 .1 2 4 0 .3 2 4 8 .5 2 5 0 .6 2 5 3 .0 2 5 0 .4 2 4 1 .4 2 3 7 .7 2 2 5 .5 2 3 9 .9 2 3 4 .4 2 3 9 .5 2 4 2 .8 2 3 9 .5 02 P r o c e s s e d f o o d s a n d f e e d s ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................... 2 2 0 .5 2 2 5 .8 2 2 4 .8 2 2 8 .5 0 2 -3 D a ir y p r o d u c t s ..................................................................................................................... 1 8 8 .4 2 0 3 .5 2 0 3 .2 2 0 4 .9 2 0 7 .1 2 0 7 .9 2 0 8 .4 2 0 9 .0 2 1 5 .2 2 1 8 .3 2 1 8 .2 2 1 9 .0 2 1 9 .6 2 2 1 .4 0 2 -4 P r o c e s s e d fru its a n d v e g e t a b l e s ............................................................................ 2 0 2 .6 2 1 8 .5 2 1 9 .5 2 1 9 .6 2 2 0 .5 2 2 1 .4 2 2 1 .5 2 2 3 .6 2 2 4 .6 2 2 5 .1 2 2 3 .3 2 2 2 .5 2 2 2 .3 2 2 2 .8 0 2 -5 S u g a r a n d c o n fe c tio n e ry ............................................................................................ 1 9 7 .8 2 0 4 .8 2 0 8 .4 2 0 8 .4 2087 2 0 7 .6 2 1 1 .1 2 1 5 .7 2 1 8 .3 2 1 7 .2 2 1 8 .6 2 2 2 .7 2 3 4 .4 2 3 4 .8 0 2 -6 B e v e r a g e s a n d b e v e r a g e m a t e r i a l s ...................................................................... 2 0 0 .0 2 0 0 .9 2 0 1 .1 2 0 1 .2 2 0 1 .5 2 0 5 .3 2 0 8 .5 2 1 4 .1 2 1 6 .5 2 1 7 .9 2 1 9 .2 2 2 1 .4 2 2 1 .9 2 2 4 .1 0 2 -7 F a t s a n d o i l s ........................................................................................................................ 2 2 5 .3 2 2 9 .7 2 3 7 .5 2 3 8 .6 2 4 6 .2 2 4 1 .8 2 4 3 .6 2 5 3 .2 2 5 1 .7 2 5 3 .3 2 4 6 .2 2 4 2 .1 2 3 5 .8 0 2 -8 M is c e lla n e o u s p ro c e s s e d fo o d s 1 9 9 .0 2 0 6 .7 2 0 8 .0 2 1 7 .5 2 1 9 .3 2 2 0 .2 2 1 1 .1 2 1 2 .7 2 1 7 .6 2 1 9 .0 2 2 0 .6 2 2 2 .1 2 2 2 .0 2 2 5 .4 2 1 6 .2 2 1 9 .2 2 2 4 .3 2 2 2 .7 2 2 5 .3 2 1 9 .5 0 2 -9 M a n u f a c t u r e d a n im a l f e e d s ............................................................................ ...................................................................................... 1 9 7 .4 2 1 1 .3 2 1 7 .2 2 1 5 .7 2 1 5 .6 2 1 0 .8 2 2 0 .5 2 3 4 .9 2249 INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES 03 ......................................................................................... 1 5 9 .8 1 6 4 .1 1 6 4 .2 1 6 5 .2 1 6 6 .4 1 6 7 .2 1 6 8 .4 1 6 9 .3 1 7 0 .5 1 7 1 .3 1 7 1 .9 1 7 2 .4 1 7 2 .8 1 7 4 .9 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... 1 0 9 .6 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .5 1 1 3 .6 1 1 5 .1 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .5 1 2 0 .6 1 2 3 .6 1 2 5 .6 1 2 4 .9 1 2 4 .5 1 2 6 .9 T e x tile p ro d u c ts a n d a p p a r e l 0 3 -1 S y n th e tic fib e rs ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 0 3 -2 P r o c e s s e d y a rn s a n d th r e a d s ( 1 2 / 7 5 - 0 3 -3 G r a y f a b ric s ( 1 2 / 7 5 - 0 3 -4 F in is h e d f a b ric s ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 1 2 3 .1 1 2 4 .5 1 2 4 .7 1 2 5 .4 1 2 8 .3 1 2 8 .7 1 2 8 .7 1 2 9 .8 1 3 0 .6 1 3 2 .5 1 3 2 .2 10 4 .1 1 0 5 .4 1 0 5 .9 1 0 7 .0 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .2 1 0 9 .0 10 9 .1 1 0 8 .7 1 0 8 .5 1 0 9 .3 1 0 9 .8 0 3 -8 1 A p p a r e l ..................................................................................................................................... 1 5 2 .4 1 5 7 .4 1 5 7 .6 1 5 8 .3 1 5 9 .8 1 5 9 .8 1 6 0 .2 1 6 0 .3 1 6 1 .4 1 6 1 .6 16 2 .1 1 6 2 .9 1 6 2 .3 1 6 5 .3 0 3 -8 2 T e x tile h o u s e fu r n is h in g s ............................................................................................... 1 7 8 .6 1 8 1 .8 1 8 6 .0 1 8 7 .4 1 8 8 .0 1 8 8 .0 1 8 9 .3 1 8 9 .9 1 9 0 .5 1 9 3 .9 1 9 4 .6 1 9 4 .8 1 9 7 .0 1 9 9 .2 ......................................................... 2 0 0 .0 2 2 3 .4 2 3 2 .2 2 5 3 .3 2 5 8 .9 2 6 9 .6 2 6 8 .0 2 6 1 .9 2 5 7 .9 2 5 1 .1 2 5 3 .6 2 4 8 .5 2 4 8 .9 2 5 5 .3 4 6 5 .3 4 7 8 .8 04 H id e s , s k in s , le a t h e r , a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts 0 4 -1 ............................................ 1 0 5 .3 1 0 7 .0 5 6 6 .5 4 4 7 .6 1 1 3 .1 4 4 3 .9 4 6 8 .8 H id e s a n d s k i n s .................................................................................................................. 3 6 0 .5 4 5 2 .8 4 9 7 .8 6 3 9 .6 L e a th e r ..................................................................................................................................... 2 3 8 .6 2 9 2 .8 3 0 9 .2 3 7 1 .9 3 9 3 .6 4 2 9 .4 4 1 4 .6 3 8 5 .2 3 6 5 .9 3 3 0 .0 3 4 3 .6 3 1 9 .8 3 2 4 .8 3 4 7 .6 .............................................................................................................................. 1 8 3 .0 1 9 6 .4 2 0 3 .0 2 0 9 .9 2 1 2 .0 2 1 6 .3 2 2 1 .1 2 2 1 .8 2 2 5 .4 2 2 6 .9 2 2 6 .9 2 2 7 .3 2 2 7 .3 2 2 8 .5 0 4 -4 O t h e r le a t h e r a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ...................................................................... 1 7 7 .0 1 9 0 .7 1 9 2 .2 1 9 5 .9 2 0 0 .4 2 0 9 .1 2 1 2 .3 2 1 2 .1 2 1 0 .9 2 1 0 .1 2 0 9 .8 2 0 8 .5 2 0 8 .1 2 1 3 .2 3 3 8 .1 3 4 2 .5 3 5 0 .9 3 6 1 .5 3 7 7 .6 4 7 6 .7 4 8 8 .7 3 2 2 .5 3 9 3 .7 4 1 1 .8 5 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .2 F o o tw e a r ................................................................... 6 1 1 .0 1 1 0 .6 0 4 -3 F u e ls a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts a n d p o w e r 6 6 6 .9 1 0 9 .5 0 4 -2 05 6 4 2 .2 1 0 8 .6 1 1 4 .4 1 2 3 .2 1 0 3 .5 100) 1 0 5 .3 1 1 3 .0 1 0 7 .8 1 2 5 .6 1 0 3 .8 100) 1 0 2 .4 1 1 1 .7 1 0 6 .8 1 1 8 .6 ............................................................................ 1 0 0 ) ................... .................................................................. 4 3 2 .8 4 5 4 .8 4 6 8 .8 5 0 7 .8 0 5 -1 C o a l ........................................................................................................................................... 4 3 0 .0 4 4 3 .6 4 4 4 .0 4 4 5 .3 4 4 7 .1 4 5 0 .8 4 5 2 .0 4 5 2 .5 4 5 4 .2 4 5 2 .5 4 5 4 .9 4 5 5 .4 4 5 7 .8 4 5 8 .1 0 5 -2 C oke 4 1 1 .8 4 2 1 .2 4 2 3 .7 4 2 8 .5 4 3 0 .1 4 3 0 .6 4 3 0 .6 4 3 0 .6 4 3 0 .6 4 3 0 .6 4 3 1 .2 4 3 1 .2 4 3 1 .2 4 3 0 .6 4 2 8 .7 4 4 9 .9 4 5 8 .1 4 7 1 .0 0 5 -3 ........................................................................................................................................ G a s f u e l s ' ............................................................................................................................... 4 7 7 .4 5 0 7 .2 5 2 2 .3 5 4 8 .4 5 7 2 .4 6 0 3 .4 6 1 9 .1 6 3 7 .1 6 7 0 .5 6 7 9 .6 0 5 -4 E le c tric p o w e r ..................................................................................................................... 2 5 0 .6 2 5 1 .0 2 5 1 .1 2 5 7 .3 2 6 0 .6 2 6 5 .9 2 6 9 .9 2 7 4 .8 2 7 8 .8 2 8 0 .5 2 8 3 .6 2 8 2 .1 2 8 7 .2 2 9 0 .7 0 5 -6 1 C r u d e p e tr o le u m 2 3 0 0 .1 3 1 6 .4 3 2 2 .3 3 2 4 .2 3 2 6 .2 3 3 5 .7 3 5 6 .4 3 7 0 .6 3 8 5 .7 4 2 2 .1 4 3 6 .7 4 5 0 .4 4 7 0 .8 5 1 3 .6 0 5 -7 P e tr o le u m p ro d u c ts , r e fin e d 3 3 2 1 .0 3 4 3 .9 3 5 0 .0 3 6 0 .3 3 7 8 .6 4 0 0 .0 4 2 3 .6 4 4 9 .8 4 8 2 .8 5 1 3 .7 5 3 4 .4 5 4 4 ,9 5 5 4 .8 5 8 2 .4 2 1 5 .1 2 1 8 .0 2 3 0 .8 2 3 3 .5 2 3 5 .6 2 3 8 .1 2 4 5 .5 3 0 2 .6 06 ............................................................................................................ .................................................................................. 1 9 8 .8 2 0 5 .0 2 2 5 .0 2 2 8 .5 ..................................................................................................... 2 2 5 .6 2 3 4 .0 2 3 7 .4 2 3 9 .7 2 4 8 .2 2 5 5 .6 2 5 9 .3 2 7 0 .4 2 7 7 .1 2 8 0 .0 2 8 4 .2 2 8 7 .2 2 9 1 .6 1P r e p a r e d p a i r : ..................................................................................................................... 1 9 2 .3 1 9 8 .9 2 0 2 .3 2 0 2 .3 2 0 3 .3 2 0 1 .3 2 0 1 .3 2 0 5 .3 2 0 5 .3 2 0 6 .0 2 0 6 .7 2 0 6 .9 2 1 0 .7 2 2 3 .1 2 5 8 .9 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..................................................................................... 0 6 -1 0 6 -2 1 In d u s tria l c h e m ic a ls 4 0 6 -2 2 P a in t m a te r ia ls 0 6 -3 D ru g s a n d p h a r m a c e u tic a ls 0 6 -4 F a t s a n d oils , in e d ib le 0 6 -5 .................................................................................................................. 2 0 9 .9 2 1 9 .2 2 1 2 .7 2 2 2 .5 2 2 4 .3 2 2 7 .0 2 3 1 .6 2 3 6 .1 2 3 9 .5 2 4 6 .7 2 4 7 .9 2 5 2 .0 2 5 3 .5 2 5 4 .8 2 5 5 .4 ..................................................................................... 1 4 8 .1 1 5 5 .4 1 5 6 .2 1 5 6 .6 1 5 7 .5 1 5 7 .7 1 5 9 .0 1 5 9 .2 1 5 9 .6 1 6 1 .0 1 6 2 .9 1 6 3 .0 1 6 4 .4 1 6 6 .5 .................................................................................................. 3 1 5 .8 3 3 6 .1 3 6 7 .9 3 9 8 .5 4 4 8 .7 4 1 8 .3 3 7 4 .1 3 8 1 .6 3 7 6 .4 3 7 9 .9 3 6 6 .9 3 4 4 .3 3 2 7 .1 3 2 5 .6 1 9 8 .4 2 3 2 .7 2 3 8 .1 2 0 1 .7 2 0 3 .1 2 0 6 .3 2 0 9 .8 2 1 0 .0 2 0 9 .2 2 1 1 .2 2 1 5 .3 2 1 9 .4 2 2 3 .7 2 2 9 .2 1 9 9 .8 2 0 4 .2 2 0 6 .3 2 1 0 .9 2 2 0 .6 2 2 8 .5 2 3 0 .1 2 4 4 .5 2 5 0 .1 2 5 2 .0 2 5 9 .2 2 6 1 .7 2 6 2 .7 2 7 0 .0 .................................................................. 1 8 1 .8 1 8 4 .3 1 8 4 .7 1 8 6 .5 1 8 6 .9 1 8 8 .9 1 9 0 .5 1 9 1 .8 1 9 4 .4 1 9 5 .8 1 9 6 .5 1 9 9 .3 2 0 1 .9 2 0 9 .6 ......................................................................................... A g ric u ltu ra l c h e m ic a ls a n d c h e m ic a l p ro d u c ts 0 6 -6 P la s tic re s in s a n d m a te r ia ls 0 6 -7 O t h e r c h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts 07 2 0 7 .3 R u b b e r a n d p la s tic p ro d u c ts ............................................ ..................................................................................... 1 8 5 .3 1 9 4 .7 1 9 7 .6 1 9 9 .4 2 0 1 .2 2 0 2 .6 2 0 4 .8 2 0 9 .5 2 1 4 .6 2 1 7 .1 2 1 9 .7 2 2 3 .3 2 2 3 .9 2 2 7 .1 ..................................................................................................................... 1 8 7 .2 1 9 7 .9 2 0 1 .1 2 0 4 .8 2 1 1 .6 2 1 4 .2 2 2 2 .0 2 2 6 .1 2 3 3 .0 2 3 2 .2 2 3 5 .2 2 3 6 .4 2 3 9 .4 2 5 1 .9 0 7 -1 2 T ir e s a n d t u b e s .................................................................................................................. 1 7 9 .2 1 9 1 .5 1 9 4 .1 1 9 5 .0 19 6 .1 1 9 7 .3 1 9 8 .9 2 0 6 .2 2 1 1 .6 2 1 5 .0 2 1 7 .9 2 2 2 .7 2 2 2 .7 2 2 4 .7 0 7 -1 3 M is c e lla n e o u s r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ............................................................................... 1 8 9 .6 1 9 5 .1 1 9 8 .1 2 0 0 .3 2 0 1 .3 2 0 2 .6 2 0 3 .5 2 0 5 .4 2 0 9 .4 2 1 1 .9 2 1 4 .2 2 1 6 .9 2 1 7 .4 2 1 9 .1 1 0 2 .3 1 0 3 .5 1 0 5 .7 1 0 8 .0 1 0 9 .5 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .6 1 1 3 .8 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .2 2 7 6 .0 2 9 0 .2 2 9 3 .9 3 0 0 .5 3 0 4 .9 3 0 2 .8 2 9 9 .8 3001 3 0 4 .7 3 0 9 .7 3 0 8 .8 2 9 9 .0 2 8 9 .8 2 9 0 .0 08 P la s tic p ro d u c ts ( 6 / 7 8 = 100) ............................................................................... L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................ 0 8 -1 L u m b e r ..................................................................................................................................... 3 5 4 .8 1 9 3 .1 3 5 4 .8 1 9 5 .5 3 5 5 .0 1 9 8 .8 2 0 4 .3 2 0 5 .7 2 0 8 .2 3 3 9 .9 3 5 0 .5 3 6 5 .3 3 7 3 .9 3 7 0 .2 3 5 5 .5 3 3 8 .9 3 3 6 .3 M iliw o r x .................................................................................................................................. 2 3 5 .4 2 4 4 .5 2 5 1 .5 2 5 7 .8 2 6 6 .0 2 6 1 .6 2589 2 5 2 .5 2 4 9 .6 2 5 0 .9 2 5 5 .6 2 5 2 .3 2 5 0 .3 2 5 4 .1 P ly w o o d .................................................................................................................................. 2 3 5 .6 2 5 7 .4 2 5 7 .1 2 5 4 .7 2 5 2 .4 2 4 9 .3 2 3 8 .6 2 4 9 .7 2 5 4 .3 2 5 7 .9 2 5 4 .4 2 4 2 .9 2 3 7 .7 2 3 8 .2 0 8 -4 O t h e r w o o d p r o d u c t s ..................................................................................................... 2 1 1 .8 2 2 3 .2 2 2 6 .2 2 3 2 .2 2 3 5 .5 2 3 8 .4 2 3 8 .5 2 3 7 .6 2 3 7 .4 2 3 8 .0 2 3 7 .7 2 3 9 .9 2 4 0 .5 2 4 2 .2 94 3 5 5 .4 1 9 0 .8 0 8 -2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 3 6 .6 1 8 8 .8 0 8 -3 S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le . 3 2 2 .4 1 8 5 .9 2 0 2 .4 1 8 0 .8 R u b b e r a n d r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ...................................................................................... C r u d e ru b b e r 0 7 -2 1 8 3 .2 2 0 0 .7 1 7 4 .8 0 7 -1 0 7 -1 1 27. [1 9 6 7 Continued— Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings1 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c i f ie d ] Code Annual average 1978 Commodity groups and subgroups 1979 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June 1980 July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. Jan. 2 3 7 .4 INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES - Continued 09 P u lp , p a p e r , a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................................................................... 1 9 5 .6 2 0 7 .0 2 0 8 .8 2 1 2 .3 2 1 5 .0 2 1 6 .2 2 1 6 .6 2 1 8 .3 2 2 2 .2 2 2 3 .0 2 2 7 .2 2 2 9 .3 2 3 1 .0 ... 1 9 5 .6 2 0 7 .7 2 0 9 .5 2 1 3 .2 2 1 6 .0 2 1 7 .2 2 1 7 .8 2 1 9 .6 2 2 3 .6 2 2 4 .3 2 2 8 .6 2 3 0 .9 2 3 2 .6 2 3 9 .1 0 9 -1 1 W o o d p u l p ............................................................................................................................... 2 6 6 .5 2 9 1 .3 2 9 1 .4 2 9 4 .3 3 0 3 .8 3 0 6 .9 3 0 8 .3 3 2 0 .3 3 2 0 .6 3 2 0 .6 3 3 9 .4 3 3 9 .9 3 3 9 .9 3 5 8 .8 0 9 -1 2 W a s te p a p e r ......................................................................................................................... 1 9 1 .2 1 9 2 .9 1 9 4 .1 2 0 3 .2 2 0 6 .5 2 0 6 .2 2 0 7 .2 2 0 7 .9 2 0 6 .6 2 0 6 .7 2 0 6 .7 2 2 0 .0 2 2 1 .2 2 2 2 .7 0 9 -1 P u lp , p a p e r , a n d p ro d u c ts , e x c lu d in g b u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a r d 0 9 -1 3 Paper ......................................................................................................................................... 2 0 6 .1 2 1 7 .9 2 2 1 .2 2 2 3 .3 2 2 6 .3 2 2 7 .2 2 2 7 .5 2 2 8 .2 2 2 9 .5 2 3 0 .3 2 3 9 .0 2 4 2 .1 2 4 3 .0 2 4 5 .5 0 9 -1 4 P a p e r b o a r d ............................................................................................................................ 1 7 9 .6 1 8 8 .5 1 9 0 .2 1 9 2 .9 1 9 7 .9 1 9 9 .2 1 9 9 .8 2 0 1 .7 2 0 6 .4 2 0 9 .6 2 1 1 .2 2 1 2 .8 2 1 5 .4 2 2 1 .8 0 9 -1 5 C o n v e r te d p a p e r a n d p a p e r b o a r d p r o d u c t s ................................................... 1 8 5 .6 1 9 8 .3 1 9 9 .8 2 0 4 .1 2 0 5 .8 2 0 7 .0 2 0 7 .6 2 0 9 .0 2 1 4 .4 2 1 4 .6 2 1 6 .5 2 1 8 .4 2 2 0 .3 2 2 7 .5 0 9 -2 B u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a r d ............................................................................................ 1 8 7 .4 1 8 4 .1 1 8 3 .6 1 8 2 .6 1 8 3 .4 1 8 3 .3 1 8 0 .8 1 7 8 .0 1 7 9 .1 1 8 2 .6 1 8 5 .5 1 8 3 .6 1 8 4 .4 1 8 6 .0 2 2 7 .1 2 4 1 .9 2 4 7 .3 2 5 1 .7 2 5 6 .0 2 5 6 .2 2 5 8 .2 2 6 0 .8 2 6 1 .8 2 6 3 .7 2 6 9 .4 2 7 0 .9 2 7 3 .5 2 8 4 .5 10 M e t a ls a n d m e ta l p ro d u c ts 1 0 -1 Iro n a n d s te e l ............................................................................................ ...................................................................................................................... 2 5 3 .6 2 7 2 .4 2 7 4 .9 2 7 9 .9 2 8 0 .2 2 7 9 .5 2 8 3 .2 2 8 6 .8 2 8 6 .1 2 8 5 .5 2 8 9 .0 2 9 1 .6 2 9 2 .7 2 9 7 .3 1 0 -1 3 S t e e l m ill p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................................ 2 5 4 .5 2 7 1 .5 2 7 1 .8 2 7 2 .5 2 7 5 .0 2 7 6 .7 2 7 7 .3 2 8 4 .6 2 8 4 .7 2 8 4 .8 2 8 8 .4 2 8 8 .7 2 8 9 .3 2 9 3 .7 1 0 -2 N o n fe rro u s m e t a l s ............................................................................................................ 2 0 7 .8 2 2 3 .5 2 3 9 .2 2 4 6 .6 2 5 9 .6 2 5 8 .2 2 5 9 .7 2 6 2 .3 2 6 3 .1 2 6 9 .3 2 8 2 .8 2 8 3 .7 2 9 1 .2 3 2 6 .1 1 0 -3 ............................................................................................................... 2 4 3 .4 2 7 6 .7 2 8 0 .7 2 8 0 .7 2 8 3 .3 1 0 -4 H a rd w a re ............................................................................................................................... 2 0 0 .4 2 1 1 .7 2 1 3 .3 2 1 4 .2 2 1 5 .8 2 1 6 .9 2 1 7 .1 2 1 8 .5 2 2 0 .1 2 2 1 .5 2 2 3 .8 2 2 5 .4 2 2 6 .5 2 2 8 .4 1 0 -5 P lu m b in g f ix tu re s a n d b r a s s f i t t i n g s ...................................................................... M e t a l c o n ta in e r s 1 9 9 .1 2 0 4 .3 2 0 7 .8 2 0 9 .7 2 1 2 .0 2 1 3 .8 2 1 7 .0 2 1 9 .6 2 2 2 .4 2 2 3 .0 2 2 3 .4 2 5 6 .8 2 5 6 .8 2 6 4 .5 2 7 0 .1 2 6 8 .5 2 6 7 .3 2 6 7 .2 2 6 8 .4 2 6 8 .7 2 2 5 .4 2 2 6 .4 2 2 9 .7 1 0 -6 H e a tin g e q u i p m e n t ............................................................................................................ 1 7 4 .4 1 8 0 .1 1 8 0 .9 1 8 3 .4 1 8 3 .8 1 8 5 .7 1 8 5 .2 1 8 6 .0 1 8 8 .1 1 9 1 .3 1 9 1 .9 1 9 2 .7 1 9 5 .2 1 9 7 .3 1 0 -7 F a b r ic a te d s tru c tu ra l m e ta l p r o d u c t s ................................................................... 2 2 6 .4 2 3 8 .4 2 4 0 .5 2 4 1 .3 2 4 3 .8 2 4 7 .0 2 4 8 .2 2 5 0 .5 2 5 2 .2 2 5 3 .7 2 5 5 .6 2 5 6 .6 2 5 7 .7 2 5 8 .8 M is c e lla n e o u s m e ta l p r o d u c t s ................................................................................... 1 0 -8 2 1 2 .0 2 2 2 .0 2 2 3 .4 2 2 5 .2 2 2 7 .0 2 2 8 .5 2 3 0 .1 2 3 1 .8 2 3 5 .6 2 3 6 .7 2 3 9 .1 2 3 9 .4 2 3 9 .9 2 4 1 .5 ............................................................................................... 1 9 6 .1 2 0 5 .1 2 0 6 .5 2 0 7 .9 2 0 9 .8 2 1 1 .4 2 1 2 .4 2 1 4 .8 2 1 6 .0 2 1 7 .7 2 1 9 .6 2 2 1 .0 2 2 2 .9 2 2 7 .1 1 1 -1 2 2 4 .8 2 2 9 .4 2 3 1 .2 2 3 3 .3 2 4 7 .6 11 M a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t A g ric u ltu ra l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ................................................................ 2 1 3 .1 2 2 2 .8 2 2 6 .4 2 2 8 .3 2 3 7 .4 2 3 8 .8 2 4 1 .4 2 4 3 .2 1 1 -2 C o n s tru c tio n m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ............................................................ 2 3 2 .9 2 4 5 .5 2 4 7 .9 2 4 8 .7 2 5 1 .7 2 5 3 .7 2 5 4 .0 2 5 7 .0 2 5 8 .5 2 5 8 .9 2 6 2 .9 2 6 4 .5 2 6 8 .2 1 1 -3 M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t ......................................................... 2 1 7 .0 2 3 0 .4 2 3 2 .0 2 3 3 .0 2 3 5 .3 2 3 7 .6 2 3 9 .1 2 4 1 .4 2 4 3 .5 2 4 6 .4 2 4 9 .1 2 5 1 .4 2 5 4 .6 2 5 8 .7 1 1 -4 G e n e r a l p u rp o s e m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ................................................... 2 1 6 .6 2 2 6 .3 2 2 7 .7 2 3 0 .4 2 3 2 .6 2 3 4 .0 2 3 5 .1 2 3 7 .1 2 3 8 .3 2 4 0 .2 2 4 2 .1 2 4 3 .7 2 4 6 .1 2 4 9 .6 S p e c ia l in d u s try m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t 2 2 3 .0 2 6 0 .7 1 1 -6 ................................................... 2 3 6 .2 2 2 3 .9 2 3 7 .0 2 3 9 .1 2 4 3 .4 2 4 6 .1 2 4 9 .8 2 5 1 .0 2 5 1 .2 2 5 3 .9 2 5 5 .3 2 5 6 .2 1 1 -7 E le c tric a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t ................................................................... 1 6 4 .9 1 7 1 .2 1 7 2 .8 1 7 3 .8 1 7 5 .0 1 7 6 .5 1 7 7 .6 1 7 9 .9 1 8 1 .2 1 8 2 .5 1 8 4 .1 1 8 5 .0 1 8 6 .5 1 9 0 .5 1 1 -9 M is c e lla n e o u s m a c h i n e r y ............................................................................................ 1 9 4 .7 2 0 2 .7 2 0 3 .4 2 0 4 .0 2 0 5 .4 2 0 7 .1 2 0 7 .4 2 0 9 .7 2 0 9 .7 2 1 2 .0 2 1 2 .9 2 1 4 .5 2 1 5 .7 2 2 0 .0 12 F u rn itu r e a n d h o u s e h o ld d u r a b le s ............................................................................ 1 6 0 .4 1 6 6 .6 1 6 7 .9 1 6 8 .3 1 6 8 .7 2 4 5 .1 2 7 5 .4 1 6 9 .6 1 7 0 .2 1 7 0 .7 1 7 2 .7 1 7 4 .1 1 7 5 .6 1 7 7 .0 1 8 2 .1 1 2 -1 H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e ......................................................................................................... 1 7 3 .5 1 8 1 .0 1 8 1 .3 1 8 1 .8 1 8 2 .7 1 8 4 .8 1 8 5 .3 1 8 5 .8 1 8 6 .2 1 8 8 .5 1 8 9 .3 1 9 2 .4 1 9 4 .3 1 9 5 .4 1 2 -2 C o m m e r c ia l f u r n i t u r e ...................................................................................................... 2 0 1 .5 2 1 4 .4 2 2 1 .2 2 2 1 .2 2 2 1 .7 2 2 1 .9 2 2 1 .8 2 2 2 .7 2 2 2 .7 2 2 2 .7 2 2 3 .3 2 2 7 .1 1 2 -3 F lo o r c o v e rin g s 1 2 -4 H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... 1 2 -5 H o m e e le c tr o n ic e q u ip m e n t 1 2 -6 O t h e r h o u s e h o ld d u r a b le g o o d s 13 ...................................................................................... ............................................................................ N o n m e t a llic m in e ra l p r o d u c t s ......................................................................................... 1 7 1 .5 2 2 3 .3 2 2 5 .1 1 4 1 .6 1 4 3 .4 1 4 3 .6 1 4 4 .0 1 4 4 .4 1 4 6 .0 1 4 6 .5 1 4 9 .1 1 5 0 .0 1 5 0 .4 1 5 1 .8 1 5 2 .8 1 5 2 .9 1 5 9 .8 1 5 3 .0 1 5 7 .0 1 5 8 .3 1 5 8 .8 1 5 8 .7 1 5 9 .3 1 6 0 .0 1 6 1 .1 1 6 2 .2 1 6 2 .7 1 6 3 .2 1 6 4 .5 1 6 5 .2 1 6 6 .6 9 0 .2 9 2 .2 9 2 .3 9 2 .3 9 2 .3 9 2 .4 9 2 .8 9 0 .2 9 0 .2 9 0 .3 8 7 .8 8 7 .9 8 8 .1 8 8 .5 2 0 3 .1 2 1 6 .0 2 1 6 .6 2 1 7 .9 2 1 8 .6 2 1 9 .5 2 2 0 .6 2 2 3 .7 2 2 6 .6 2 3 1 .0 2 4 4 .1 2 4 6 .6 2 5 2 .1 2 8 3 .1 2 6 8 .0 2 2 2 .8 2 3 8 .3 2 4 0 .5 2 4 0 .8 2 4 3 .4 2 4 5 .6 2 4 6 .9 2 4 9 .5 2 4 9 .9 2 5 4 .6 2 5 5 .6 2 5 7 .1 2 5 9 .2 1 3 -1 1 F la t g la s s 1 7 2 .8 1 8 1 .1 1 8 3 .1 1 8 3 .1 1 8 3 .1 1 8 3 .1 1 8 4 .0 1 8 4 .1 1 8 4 .1 1 8 4 .5 1 8 4 .7 1 8 5 .4 1 8 6 .4 1 9 0 .9 1 3 -2 C o n c r e te in g re d ie n ts ...................................................................................................... 2 1 7 .7 2 3 5 .9 2 3 8 .2 2 3 9 .8 2 4 2 .0 2 4 2 .5 2 4 3 .3 2 4 5 .1 2 4 5 .9 2 4 6 .7 2 4 6 .9 2 4 8 .4 2 4 9 .9 2 6 3 .5 1 3 -3 C o n c r e te p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................................ 2 1 4 .0 2 3 5 .6 2 3 6 .4 2 3 7 .8 2 4 0 .5 2 4 1 .6 2 4 3 .7 2 4 5 .2 2 4 6 .3 2 4 8 .7 2 4 9 .4 2 5 0 .5 2 5 3 .2 2 6 4 .9 1 3 -4 ............................................................................................................................... S tr u c tu r a l c la y p ro d u c ts e x c lu d in g r e f r a c t o r i e s ............................................ 1 9 7 .2 2 0 9 .7 2 1 0 .7 2 1 2 .8 2 1 4 .8 2 1 5 .7 2 1 6 .5 2 2 0 .3 2 2 2 .3 2 2 3 .7 2 2 1 .1 2 2 1 .1 2 2 6 .8 2 2 9 .6 1 3 -5 R e f r a c t o r ie s 2 1 6 .5 2 2 7 .5 2 2 7 .8 2 2 8 .3 2 2 8 .4 2 2 8 .5 2 3 2 .6 2 4 0 .8 2 4 1 .7 2 4 2 .4 2 4 5 .0 2 4 8 .2 2 4 8 .7 2 4 9 .3 1 3 -6 A s p h a lt ro o fin g 2 9 2 .0 3 0 6 .8 3 1 7 .8 3 0 3 .1 3 1 6 .4 3 1 7 .9 3 2 3 .0 3 2 8 .4 3 2 5 .9 3 3 4 .0 3 4 5 .9 3 4 2 .9 3 5 6 .5 1 3 -7 G y p s u m p ro d u c ts ............................................................................................................ 2 2 9 .1 2 4 7 .6 2 5 0 .6 2 5 1 .0 2 5 2 .2 2 4 8 .8 2 5 1 .3 2 5 1 .8 2 5 2 .3 2 5 4 .9 2 5 5 .3 2 5 6 .2 2 5 5 .0 2 5 5 .4 1 3 -8 G la s s c o n ta in e r s ............................................................................................................... 2 4 4 .4 2 5 0 .7 2 5 0 .7 2 5 0 .7 2 5 0 .7 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .5 2 6 5 .5 2 7 3 .6 2 7 4 .5 1 3 -9 O t h e r n o n m e ta llic m i n e r a l s ......................................................................................... 2 7 5 .6 2 8 8 .8 2 9 3 .7 2 9 4 .5 3 0 0 .0 3 0 3 .0 3 0 2 .0 3 1 0 .5 3 0 9 .9 3 3 6 .0 3 4 1 .2 3 4 2 .2 3 4 2 .2 3 5 1 .6 1 7 3 .5 1 8 2 .7 1 8 3 .5 1 8 3 .8 1 8 6 .8 1 8 7 .2 1 8 7 .5 1 8 8 .4 1 8 5 .9 1 8 6 .6 1 9 3 .6 1 9 4 .4 1 9 5 .1 1 9 8 .3 1 8 6 .1 1 8 9 .4 1 8 9 .8 1 9 0 .1 1 9 0 .8 1 8 7 .8 1 8 8 .6 1 9 6 .3 1 9 7 .0 1 9 7 .6 2 0 0 .3 14 ......................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... T ra n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 6 8 = 1 4 -1 M o to r v e h ic le s a n d e q u ip m e n t 1 4 -4 R a ilro a d e q u ip m e n t 15 1 0 0 ) ............................................................. 3 3 3 .0 ................................................................................ 1 7 6 .0 1 8 5 .0 1 8 5 .9 ......................................................................................................... 2 5 2 .8 2 6 6 .4 2 6 8 .0 2 6 8 .9 2 7 1 .7 2 7 1 .6 2 7 4 .7 2 8 0 .6 2 8 0 .9 2 8 1 .6 2 8 6 .3 2 8 8 .2 2 8 9 .0 2 9 5 .0 M is c e lla n e o u s p r o d u c t s ...................................................................................................... 1 8 4 .3 1 9 7 .7 1 9 9 .8 2 0 0 .6 2 0 1 .4 2 0 3 .3 2 0 5 .2 2 0 7 .0 2 0 8 .9 2 1 3 .1 2 1 6 .8 2 1 9 .0 2 2 7 .2 2 4 2 .2 1 5 -1 T o y s , s p o rtin g g o o d s , s m a ll a r m s , a m m u n i t i o n ............................................. 1 6 3 .2 1 7 0 .4 1 7 1 .0 1 7 1 .5 1 7 3 .2 1 7 4 .3 1 7 4 .7 1 7 6 .9 1 7 7 .6 1 7 9 .8 1 8 1 .2 1 8 1 .7 1 8 3 .5 1 9 0 .4 1 5 -2 T o b a c c o p ro d u c ts ............................................................................................................ 1 9 8 .5 2 1 3 .5 2 1 3 .6 2 1 4 .0 2 1 4 .4 2 1 4 .4 2 1 4 .4 2 1 4 .8 2 2 1 .3 2 2 1 .9 2 2 1 .9 2 2 1 .9 2 2 6 .3 2 3 6 .3 1 5 -3 N o t i o n s ..................................................................................................................................... 1 8 2 .0 1 8 8 .2 1 8 8 .2 1 9 0 .2 1 9 0 .2 1 9 0 .6 1 9 0 .6 1 9 2 .0 1 9 1 .9 1 9 1 .9 1 9 5 .8 1 9 6 .0 1 9 7 .0 2 0 3 .1 1 5 -4 P h o to g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ................................................................ 1 4 5 .7 1 5 0 .1 1 5 0 .2 1 5 0 .2 1 5 0 .1 1 5 0 .6 1 5 1 .6 1 5 2 .0 1 5 2 .2 1 5 4 .3 1 5 7 .3 1 6 1 .3 1 6 4 .5 1 6 6 .0 1 5 -5 1 M o b ile H o m e s ( 1 2 / 7 4 = 100) ................................................................................ 1 2 6 .4 1 3 1 .7 1 3 2 .5 1 3 3 .8 1 3 5 .2 1 3 7 .2 1 3 7 .9 1 3 8 .2 1 3 9 .5 1 4 0 .7 1 4 2 .5 1 4 3 .5 1 4 3 .6 1 4 4 .2 1 5 -9 O t h e r m is c e lla n e o u s p ro d u c ts ............................................................................... 2 1 0 .6 2 3 7 .8 2 4 4 .0 2 4 5 .5 2 4 6 .1 2 5 0 .6 2 5 5 .8 2 6 1 .4 2 6 1 .4 2 7 2 .5 2 8 0 .9 2 8 4 .9 3 0 7 .9 3 4 9 .7 1 P ric e s f o r n a tu ra l g a s a r e la g g e d 1 m o n th . 5 N o t a v a ila b le . 2 In c lu d e s o n ly d o m e s tic p ro d u c tio n . 3 M o s t p ric e s f o r re fin e d p e t r o le u m p ro d u c ts a r e la g g e d 1 m o n th . 4 S o m e p ric e s f o r in d u s tria l c h e m ic a ls a r e la g g e d 1 m o n th . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N O T E : D a t a f o r S e p te m b e r 1 9 7 9 h a v e b e e n re v is e d to r e fle c t t h e a v a ila b ility o f la te r e p o rts a n d c o rr e c tio n s b y re s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a t a a r e s u b je c t to re v is io n 4 m o n th s a f t e r o rig in a l p u b lic a tio n . 95 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 28. Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Annual 1980 1979 Commodity grouping 1978 Jan. Feb. 2 1 9 .3 2 2 2 .0 Mar. May Apr. June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. Jan. All commodities— less farm products.................................. All fo o d s ..................................................................................... Processed foods ...................................................................... 2 4 4 .9 2 4 6 .7 2 4 9 .2 2 1 9 .3 2 0 6 .4 2 1 9 .9 2 2 5 .0 2 2 5 .9 2 2 7 .7 2 2 6 .4 2 2 3 .8 2 2 5 .4 2 2 4 .7 2 2 8 .5 2 2 6 .8 2 2 9 .9 2 3 2 .1 2 1 9 .9 2 0 6 .7 2 1 9 .8 2 2 3 .5 2 2 5 .6 2 2 7 .8 2 2 7 .5 2 2 4 .7 2 2 6 .4 2 2 4 .8 2 3 0 .8 2 2 8 .9 2 3 1 .8 2 3 4 .1 2 1 9 .8 In d u s tria l c o m m o d itie s le s s f u e ls 1 9 7 .2 2 0 7 .3 2 0 9 .6 2 1 1 .9 2 1 4 .7 2 1 6 .0 2 1 7 .0 2 1 9 .0 2 2 0 .3 2 2 2 .0 2 2 5 .4 2 2 6 .4 2 2 8 .1 2 0 7 .3 2 0 8 .4 ................................................................... 2 2 4 .7 2 2 8 .0 2 3 0 .1 2 3 5 .4 2 3 2 .0 2 3 7 .5 2 4 1 .4 ............................. 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .6 1 1 2 .3 1 1 2 .8 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .0 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .1 1 1 7 .0 1 0 9 .8 ............................................................................................................................ 1 0 6 .3 1 1 0 .1 1 0 9 .9 1 1 0 .5 1 1 2 .5 1 1 2 .5 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .1 1 1 3 .0 1 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .3 1 1 0 .1 U n d e r w e a r a n d n i g h t w e a r ................................................................................... 1 5 8 .9 1 6 4 .6 1 6 6 .3 1 6 7 .1 1 6 7 .3 1 6 7 .7 1 6 8 .3 1 6 8 .5 1 7 0 .8 1 7 0 .8 1 7 1 .2 1 7 1 .6 1 7 2 .9 1 6 4 .6 ................................................................ 1 9 0 .5 1 9 6 .3 1 9 8 .0 2 0 0 .0 2 0 4 .1 2 0 7 .6 2 0 9 .5 2 1 5 .0 2 1 8 .6 2 2 0 .9 2 2 3 .7 2 2 6 .0 2 2 8 .6 1 9 6 .3 ............................................................................ 1 4 0 .6 1 4 8 .1 1 4 9 .0 1 4 9 .4 1 5 0 .0 1 5 0 .1 1 5 1 .7 1 5 1 .7 1 5 2 .0 1 5 3 .6 1 5 5 .6 1 5 5 .4 1 5 6 .9 1 4 8 .1 3 1 0 .3 3 1 4 .8 S e le c t e d t e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts ( D e c . 1 9 7 5 = H o s ie r y 100) C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts , in c lu d in g s y n th e tic r u b b e r a n d m a n m a d e f ib e rs a n d y a m s P h a r m a c e u t ic a l p r e p a r a tio n s L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts , e x c lu d in g m illw o rk a n d o t h e r w o o d p ro d u c ts ............................................................. 3 2 3 .7 3 2 6 .4 3 2 5 .1 3 3 7 .4 3 2 3 .5 2 9 8 .3 3 1 4 .8 3 1 7 .0 3 2 1 .7 3 2 5 .3 3 3 3 .9 3 4 1 .0 2 0 9 .6 2 2 0 .0 2 2 5 .6 2 2 8 .2 2 3 2 .7 2 3 2 .4 2 3 3 .7 2 3 5 .5 2 3 4 .9 2 3 6 .4 2 4 2 .9 2 4 4 .2 2 4 5 .9 2 2 2 .0 2 3 2 .9 2 3 4 .6 2 3 5 .7 2 3 7 .4 2 3 9 .8 2 4 1 .1 2 4 3 .7 2 4 4 .8 2 4 5 .6 2 2 7 .0 ......................................................................................... S p e c ia l m e ta ls a n d m e ta l p ro d u c ts F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ................................................................................... 2 1 6 .2 2 2 7 .0 2 2 8 .6 2 3 0 .6 C o p p e r a n d c o p p e r p r o d u c t s ............................................................................ 1 5 5 .6 1 6 8 .8 1 8 8 .2 1 9 7 .9 2 1 2 .1 1 9 9 .0 1 9 3 .0 1 9 1 .9 1 9 7 .1 2 0 0 .5 2 1 1 .5 2 1 3 .6 2 1 6 .1 1 6 8 .8 M a c h in e r y a n d m o tiv e p r o d u c t s ...................................................................... 1 9 0 .4 1 9 9 .6 2 0 0 .8 2 0 1 .7 2 0 4 .1 2 0 5 .3 2 0 6 .0 2 0 7 .7 2 0 7 .2 2 0 8 .5 2 1 2 .8 2 1 4 .0 2 1 5 .4 1 9 9 .6 2 2 4 .9 ......................................... 2 1 4 .3 2 2 4 .9 2 2 6 .1 2 2 7 .7 2 3 0 .0 2 3 1 .8 2 3 2 .6 2 3 5 .1 2 3 6 .2 2 3 8 .2 2 4 0 .2 2 4 2 .0 2 4 4 .1 ................................................ 2 1 6 .3 2 2 7 .6 2 2 8 .5 2 2 9 .6 2 3 0 .8 2 3 2 .1 2 3 3 .8 2 3 5 .8 2 3 8 .4 2 4 3 .6 2 4 4 .7 2 4 7 .9 2 5 0 .0 2 2 7 .6 ...................................................................................... 2 2 8 .8 2 4 5 .2 2 4 7 .4 2 4 8 .9 2 5 1 .2 2 5 4 .3 2 5 6 .8 2 6 0 .1 2 6 1 .7 2 6 5 .6 2 6 9 .5 2 7 2 .5 2 7 6 .2 2 4 5 .2 2 0 8 .7 2 0 9 .0 2 1 1 .3 188 9 M a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t, e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l A g ric u ltu ra l m a c h in e r y , In c lu d in g tr a c to r s M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y _____ 1 7 9 .1 1 8 8 .9 1 9 0 .9 1 9 2 .6 1 9 2 .7 1 9 5 .7 1 9 5 .8 2 0 2 .2 2 0 4 .2 2 0 6 .5 T o ta l t r a c t o r s ................................................................................................................ 2 2 8 .7 2 4 0 .8 2 4 2 .5 2 4 3 .1 2 4 5 .4 2 4 7 .7 2 4 8 .2 2 5 1 .2 2 5 3 .8 2 5 6 .0 2 5 9 .4 2 6 0 .9 2 6 4 .9 2 4 0 .8 A g ric u ltu ra l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t le s s p a r t s ................................ 2 1 2 .7 2 2 3 .5 2 2 4 .4 2 2 5 .5 2 2 6 .7 2 2 8 .1 2 2 9 .5 2 3 1 .4 2 3 3 .7 2 3 8 .4 2 3 9 .5 2 4 2 .4 2 4 4 .6 2 2 3 .5 F a r m a n d g a r d e n tr a c to r s le s s p a r ts 2 1 6 .1 2 2 5 .6 2 2 5 .8 2 2 6 .7 2 2 8 .5 2 3 0 .5 2 3 1 .8 2 3 3 .9 2 3 7 .6 2 4 4 .1 2 4 6 .3 2 4 8 .8 2 5 0 .4 2 2 5 .6 N u m e r ic a lly c o n tro lle d m a c h in e to o ls ( D e c . 1 9 7 1 = 100) ......................................................... A g ric u ltu ra l m a c h in e r y e x c lu d in g tr a c to r s le s s p a r t s .......................... 2 1 6 .7 2 2 9 .5 2 3 0 .9 2 3 2 .1 2 3 3 .0 2 3 3 .6 2 3 5 .7 2 3 7 .6 2 3 9 .2 2 4 3 .5 2 4 3 .7 2 4 7 .4 2 5 0 .0 Industrial valves ................................................................................ 232.3 245.4 247.8 249.5 252.4 255.0 255.8 257.0 258.2 260.1 260.3 261.1 265.2 245.4 In d u s tria l fittin g s 2 3 2 .7 2 4 9 .9 2 4 9 .9 2 5 2 .0 2 5 5 .5 2 5 9 .3 2 6 0 .4 2 6 0 .8 2 6 2 .3 2 6 4 .3 2 7 1 .7 2 7 6 .8 2 7 6 .8 2 4 9 .9 A b r a s iv e g rin d in g w h e e l s ...................................................................................... 2 0 8 .1 2 2 0 .2 2 2 0 .2 2 2 0 .3 2 2 0 .3 2 2 1 .6 2 2 2 .8 2 2 2 .8 2 2 4 .6 2 2 4 .6 2 3 5 .3 2 3 5 .3 2 3 9 .0 2 2 0 .2 C o n s tru c tio n m a te r ia ls 2 2 8 .3 2 4 1 .4 2 4 4 .1 2 4 6 .9 2 5 0 .0 2 5 0 .3 2 5 0 .3 2 5 2 .3 2 5 4 .3 2 5 6 .6 2 5 8 .2 2 5 6 .5 2 5 5 .3 2 4 1 .4 Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................... 2 2 9 .5 N O T E : D a t a f o r S e p t e m b e r 1 9 7 9 h a v e b e e n re v is e d t o r e fle c t t h e a v a ila b ility o f la te r e p o rts a n d c o rr e c tio n s b y re s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a t a a r e s u b je c t to re v is io n 4 m o n th s a f t e r o rig in a l p u b lic a tio n . 29. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product [1967 = 100] Annual 1980 1979 Commodity grouping 1978 Jan. Feb. Jan. ............................................................................................ 2 0 4 .9 2 1 6 .3 2 1 8 .9 2 2 1 .0 2 2 3 .9 2 2 4 .7 2 2 5 .8 2 2 7 .6 2 2 8 .0 2 3 0 .1 2 3 4 .0 2 3 4 .9 2 3 6 .6 2 4 3 .4 T o ta l n o n d u r a b le g o o d s ...................................................................................... 2 1 1 .9 2 2 3 .4 2 2 7 .3 2 3 0 .4 2 3 4 .1 2 3 6 .9 2 3 8 .8 2 4 3 .7 2 4 5 .8 2 5 1 .1 2 5 3 .5 2 5 6 .0 2 5 9 .2 2 6 3 .0 2 4 8 .2 T o ta l d u r a b le g o o d s T o ta l m a n u f a c t u r e s ................................................................................................ 2 0 4 .2 2 1 5 .0 2 1 7 .5 2 1 9 .7 2 2 3 .1 2 2 5 .0 2 2 6 .5 2 2 9 .8 2 3 1 .7 2 3 5 .2 2 3 8 .6 2 4 0 .2 2 4 2 .3 D u r a b l e ................................................................................................................ 2 0 4 .7 2 1 5 .8 2 1 8 .0 2 1 9 .8 2 2 2 .7 2 2 3 .8 2 2 4 .6 2 2 6 .6 2 2 7 .2 2 2 9 .4 2 3 3 .3 2 3 4 .1 2 3 5 .8 2 4 2 .2 N o n d u r a b le 2 0 3 .0 2 1 3 .4 2 1 6 .1 2 1 9 .0 2 2 2 .8 2 2 5 .6 2 2 7 .8 2 3 2 .5 2 3 5 .9 2 4 1 .0 2 4 3 .7 2 4 6 .3 2 4 8 .8 2 5 3 .8 2 8 7 .5 ...................................................................................................... ................................................... 2 3 4 .6 2 5 0 .2 2 5 8 .5 2 6 3 .3 2 6 6 .1 2 6 8 .2 2 6 9 .7 2 7 4 .3 2 7 2 .1 2 7 6 .9 2 7 8 .6 2 8 1 .1 2 8 6 .4 D u r a b l e ............................................................................................................... 2 0 9 .6 2 3 5 .4 2 5 3 .9 2 7 3 .6 2 7 2 .5 2 6 2 .9 2 7 2 .8 2 6 5 .4 2 5 9 .8 2 5 5 .7 2 5 9 .0 2 6 5 .8 2 6 7 .8 2 8 2 .7 N o n d u r a b le 2 3 5 .6 2 5 0 .4 2 5 8 .0 2 6 1 .6 2 6 4 .7 2 6 7 .6 2 6 8 .5 2 7 4 .0 2 7 2 .0 2 7 7 .5 2 7 9 .1 2 8 1 .3 2 8 6 .8 2 8 6 .9 T o ta l r a w o r s lig h tly p ro c e s s e d g o o d s ...................................................................................................... N O T E : D a t a f o r S e p te m b e r 1 9 7 9 h a v e b e e n re v is e d t o r e fle c t t h e a v a ila b ility o f la te r e p o rts a n d c o r r e c tio n s b y re s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a t a a r e s u b je c t t o re v is io n 4 m o n th s a f t e r o rig in a l p u b lic a tio n . 30. Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC Industries [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Annual 1972 SIC code 1979 1980 Industry Description Apr. May June July Sept Oct Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. 1 2 1 .9 1 2 7 .3 1 2 7 .3 1 2 7 .3 1 3 1 .9 1 3 1 .9 1 3 6 .0 1 3 6 .0 1 3 8 .8 1 3 8 .1 1 4 0 .2 1 4 0 .2 1 4 2 .0 1 4 2 .0 1 2 6 .6 1 5 3 .3 1 6 8 .7 1 7 8 .3 2 0 2 .1 2 3 7 .5 2 7 7 .0 2 7 0 .8 2 4 5 .8 2 5 2 .1 2 7 5 .0 2 5 2 .1 3 0 0 .0 3 0 8 .3 4 4 4 .0 4 4 4 .4 4 4 5 .7 4 5 4 .8 4 5 2 .9 1978 Mar. Aug. Jan. MINING 1011 Iro n o r e s ( 1 2 / 7 5 - 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................ 1092 M e rc u ry o re s ( 1 2 /7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... ...................................................................... 4 3 0 .2 4 5 5 .4 4 5 5 .8 4 5 8 .1 4 5 8 .0 1311 C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d n a tu ra l g a s ......................................................... 3 5 8 .2 3 8 8 .2 3 9 7 .2 4 0 3 .8 4 0 7 .6 4 2 7 .2 4 4 4 .1 4 5 7 .5 4 7 6 .0 5 0 8 .4 5 2 2 .0 5 3 3 .5 5 5 3 .3 5 8 3 .2 1442 C o n s tru c tio n s a n d a n d g r a v e l ................................................................ 1 9 4 .6 2 0 8 .0 2 1 0 .4 2 1 0 .9 2 1 4 .1 2 1 6 .0 2 1 7 .0 2 1 9 .3 2 2 0 .1 2 2 1 .0 2 2 3 .5 2 2 4 .3 2 2 5 .7 2 3 8 .0 1455 K a o lin a n d b a ll c la y ( 6 / 7 6 - ...................................................... 1 1 1 .8 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .5 1 2 5 .5 1 2 5 .5 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .7 1 1 4 .7 1 1 9 .7 1 2 8 .5 1211 B itu m in o u s c o a l a n d lig n ite 100) 4 4 7 .5 4 5 1 .3 4 5 2 .5 4 5 3 .1 MANUFACTURING 2 1 6 .7 2 4 3 .6 2 5 0 .8 2 5 6 .6 2 6 5 .0 2 5 9 .2 2 4 9 .1 2 4 3 .8 2 2 9 .3 2 4 7 .2 2 3 9 .1 2 4 1 .6 2 4 3 .9 2 4 0 .7 ................................................ 2 1 5 .2 2 2 3 .8 2 3 0 .4 2 3 5 .6 2 2 4 .4 2 2 7 .7 2 1 7 .1 2 1 4 .7 2 0 3 .4 2 1 1 .7 2 1 3 .0 2 1 4 .2 2 1 9 .9 2 1 1 .5 ................................................................................ 1 9 2 .5 1 9 4 .6 2 0 4 .6 2061 1 9 9 .7 2 0 3 .5 1 7 7 .8 1 7 8 .4 1 6 9 .6 1 7 1 .2 1 6 3 .1 1 8 8 .3 1 8 8 .5 1 8 6 .1 C r e a m e r y b u t t e r ................................................................................................ 2 0 5 .2 2 1 1 .9 2 1 1 .1 2 1 6 .1 2 2 4 .7 2 2 5 .3 2 2 5 .3 2 2 7 .5 2 3 7 .9 2 4 0 .6 2 4 0 .1 2 4 1 .7 2 4 3 .1 2 4 1 .9 2011 M e a t p a c k in g p la n ts 2013 S a u s a g e s an d o th e r p re p a re d m e a ts ...................................................................................... 2016 P o u ltry d re s s in g p la n ts 2021 S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le . 96 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 30. Continued— Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC Industries [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1972 SIC code Annual 1979 Industry description 1980 Jan. Feb. 1 6 9 .6 1 8 4 .2 1 7 9 .4 1 8 2 .5 1 8 6 .8 1 8 5 .2 1 8 5 .6 1 8 6 .3 1 9 5 .4 2 0 0 .8 1 9 6 .8 1 9 3 .4 1 9 2 .6 1 9 7 .1 1 5 4 .8 1 6 6 .2 1 6 6 .7 1 6 6 .7 1 6 7 .3 1 7 1 .0 1 7 1 .5 1 7 1 .5 1 7 5 .0 1 7 6 .1 1 7 7 .5 1 7 8 .4 1 8 0 .2 1 8 0 ,9 1 9 3 .2 2 0 3 .3 2 0 4 .4 2 0 5 .2 2 0 6 .2 2 0 7 .2 2 0 7 .5 2 0 9 .9 2 1 0 .5 2 1 2 .0 2 1 3 .0 2 1 2 .4 2 1 2 .0 2 1 3 .5 1978 Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. Jan. MANUFACTURING - Continued 2022 C h e e s e n a tu ra l a n d p r o c e s s e d ( 1 2 / 7 2 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... 2024 Ic e c r e a m a n d fr o z e n d e s s e r ts ( 1 2 / 7 2 = 2033 C a n n e d fru its a n d v e g e t a b l e s ............................................. 2034 D e h y d r a t e d fo o d p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 3 = 2041 F lo u r m ills ( 1 2 / 7 1 2044 R ic e m i l l i n g ................................................................ 2048 P r e p a r e d fo o d s , n .e .c . ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 2061 R aw can e sugar 2063 B eet sugar = 100) 100) ...................... 1 0 0 ) ................................... 1 3 1 .3 1 7 9 .6 1 8 1 .2 1 8 0 .9 1 8 1 .7 1 8 2 .1 1 8 1 .0 1 8 2 .0 1 8 0 .7 1 7 0 .0 1 5 8 .2 1 5 6 .3 1 5 7 .3 ...................................................................... 1 4 7 .0 1 5 5 .8 1 6 0 .5 1 5 7 .5 1 5 8 .1 1 6 6 .7 1 7 4 .6 1 9 0 .9 1 7 6 .9 1 8 3 .5 1 8 4 .6 1 8 4 .9 1 8 4 .9 1 8 1 .7 2 0 7 .6 1 6 3 .6 1 6 6 .6 1 7 1 .0 2 0 6 .8 2 0 6 .8 2 0 6 .8 2 0 6 .8 2 1 8 .7 2 2 3 .5 2 2 7 .3 2 3 1 .8 2 1 8 .1 2 1 7 .5 1 0 0 ) ............................. 1 0 7 .3 ............................................................ ............................................................................ 1 1 5 .6 1 1 8 .4 1 1 8 .3 1 1 7 .5 1 5 7 .6 1 1 5 .2 1 1 8 .9 1 2 8 .1 1 1 9 .4 1 9 0 .7 1 9 1 .6 1 9 8 .2 1 9 5 .7 1 9 7 .5 1 9 5 .6 2 0 7 .0 2 0 9 .0 2 1 6 .8 2 1 6 .7 2 2 4 .3 2 2 3 .3 2 4 8 .4 2 6 0 .5 1 8 8 .5 1 9 7 .0 1 9 7 .0 1 9 8 .6 1 9 9 .3 1 9 9 .7 1 9 9 .7 2 0 2 .0 1 9 9 .4 2 0 0 .0 2 0 2 .6 2 0 9 .6 2 2 3 .4 2 2 3 .5 2 6 2 .3 1 2 0 .9 1 2 3 .9 1 2 4 .6 1 2 5 .3 1 2 2 .3 2067 C h e w in g g u m 2180 2 4 1 .6 2 4 2 .5 2 4 2 .5 2 4 2 .6 2 4 2 .2 2 4 2 .2 2 4 2 .9 2 4 2 .9 2 4 2 .9 2 4 2 .9 2 6 2 .2 2 6 2 .2 2074 C o tt o n s e e d oil m i l l s ......................................................................... 1 8 3 .1 1 9 8 .7 2 0 4 .5 2 0 2 .8 1 9 8 .5 1 9 2 .5 2 1 0 .4 2 2 4 .5 2 1 4 .1 2 1 7 .9 2 1 4 .9 2 0 4 .7 2 0 5 .6 1 8 2 .2 2075 S o y b e a n oil m i l l s ...................................................................................... 2 2 5 .6 2 3 3 .1 2 4 1 .2 2 4 2 .0 2 4 4 .7 2 3 7 .7 2 5 1 .1 2 6 2 .8 2 5 0 .0 2 4 8 .6 2 4 4 .8 2 4 2 .6 2 4 1 .8 2 3 0 .2 2077 A n im a l a n d m a r in e f a t s a n d o ils 2 8 7 .9 3 0 5 .0 3 4 4 .5 3 6 2 .6 3 9 3 .1 ............................................................................................... ................................................ 2083 M a lt 2085 D is tille d liq u o r, e x c e p t b r a n d y ( 1 2 / 7 5 = ...................................................................................... 2091 C a n n e d a n d c u r e d s e a fo o d s ( 1 2 / 7 3 = 2092 F re s h o r fr o z e n p a c k a g e d fis h 100) 100) .......................... ............................. ...................................................... 3 6 3 .8 3 3 5 .3 3 5 2 .0 3 2 1 .4 3 3 3 .8 3 3 3 .7 3 1 5 .2 3 0 0 .7 2 9 6 .0 1 8 1 .5 1 9 0 .8 1 9 0 .8 1 9 0 .8 1 9 0 .8 1 9 0 .8 2 0 1 .4 2 0 1 .4 2 0 1 .4 2 1 4 .9 2 1 4 .9 2 2 8 .2 2 2 8 .2 2 4 4 .1 1 0 6 .7 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .4 1 1 3 .6 1 1 3 .6 1 1 3 .6 1 1 5 .7 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .1 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .6 1 3 6 .4 1 3 7 .3 1 3 7 .9 1 3 8 .5 1 3 9 .2 1 4 0 .9 1 4 2 .1 1 4 8 .5 1 4 8 .2 1 5 4 .0 1 5 1 .1 1 5 5 .6 1 5 9 .8 1 6 0 .9 3 0 3 .8 3 3 8 .1 3 6 1 .9 3 5 9 .4 3 7 5 .8 3 8 2 .4 3 9 7 .6 3 9 1 .5 3 8 9 .2 1 0 0 ) ................................................... 2 6 2 .3 2 2 9 .4 2 2 2 .5 2 2 1 .6 2 2 0 .5 2 3 1 .7 2 4 4 .2 2 7 1 .0 2 7 9 .2 2 7 9 .2 2 8 0 .0 2 8 7 .5 2 8 7 .5 2 8 1 .3 ...................................................................... 1 7 6 .9 1 8 4 .7 1 8 4 .7 1 8 4 .7 1 8 4 .7 1 8 6 .6 1 8 8 .6 2 0 3 .5 2 1 0 .4 2 1 0 .4 2 1 0 .4 2 2 1 .5 2 2 7 .7 2 2 7 .7 2 4 5 .8 4 0 3 .7 4 0 0 .9 3 9 2 .4 3 8 9 .3 3907 2095 R o a s te d c o f f e e ( 1 2 / 7 2 = 2098 M a c a r o n i a n d s p a g h e tti 2111 C i g a r e t t e s ......................................................................................................... 2 0 4 .6 2 2 1 .1 2 2 1 .2 2 2 1 .3 2 2 1 .4 2 2 1 .4 2 2 1 .4 2 2 1 .5 2 2 8 .9 2 2 9 .1 2 2 9 .2 2 2 9 .2 2 3 4 .3 2121 C ig a r s ............................................................................................ 1 4 1 .4 1 4 2 .8 1 4 3 .0 1 4 5 .0 1 4 5 .4 1 4 5 .4 1 4 5 .3 1 4 9 .8 1 5 0 .1 1 5 0 .1 1 4 7 .4 1 4 7 .2 1 4 7 .2 1 4 7 .9 2131 C h e w in g a n d s m o k in g t o b a c c o ............................................................ 2 2 2 .0 2 3 5 .3 2 3 6 .4 2 4 0 .9 2 4 5 .9 2 4 5 .9 2 4 5 .9 2 4 6 .4 2 4 6 .4 2 5 5 .8 2 6 0 .4 2 6 0 .8 2 6 0 .8 2 6 0 .9 2211 W e a v in g m ills , c o tto n ( 1 2 / 7 2 = 1 8 1 .1 1 8 8 .8 1 9 0 .1 1 9 0 .4 1 9 1 .8 1 9 2 .7 1 9 4 .3 1 9 6 .1 1 9 6 .5 1 9 8 .7 2 0 0 .7 2 0 0 .1 2 0 0 .8 2 0 3 .1 ...................................... 1 0 9 .0 1 1 4 .5 1 1 2 .7 1 1 2 .4 1 1 3 .3 1 1 3 .6 1 1 4 .1 1 1 6 .2 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .2 1 1 6 .9 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .3 1 0 0 ) ...................... 9 1 .5 9 5 .1 9 4 .3 9 4 .4 9 7 .3 9 7 .3 9 7 .6 9 9 .6 9 8 .1 9 7 .5 9 8 .0 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .2 1 0 3 .6 ................................................................................... 1 6 4 .1 1 6 9 .3 1 6 9 .9 1 7 2 .6 1 7 2 .8 1 7 3 .1 1 7 3 .3 1 7 2 .9 1 7 4 .0 1 7 4 .0 1 7 4 .3 1 7 4 .6 1 7 8 .2 1 8 2 .9 100) ............................................ 2221 W e a v in g m ills , s y n th e tic ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 2251 W o m e n 's h o s ie ry , e x c e p t s o c k s ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 2254 K n it u n d e r w e a r m ills 100) 1 1 7 .6 2257 C ir c u la r kn it fa b r ic m ills ( 6 / 7 6 = 2261 F in is h in g p la n ts , c o tto n ( 6 / 7 6 = 2262 F in is h in g p la n ts , s y n th e tic s , silk ( 6 / 7 6 = 2271 W o v e n c a r p e t s a n d ru g s ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .8 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .1 ( ’ ) <1) ( ’ ) ( 1) 2272 T u ft e d c a r p e t s a n d r u g s ................................................................... 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .8 1 2 6 .0 1 2 6 .5 1 2 7 .0 1 2 7 .7 1 2 8 .1 1 2 7 .6 1 2 8 .6 1 2 9 .0 2281 Y a r n m ills , e x c e p t w o o l ( 1 2 / 7 1 = 1 0 0 ) 1 6 7 .4 1 7 0 .9 1 7 1 .4 1 7 2 .3 1 7 3 .1 1 7 4 .5 1 7 5 .7 1 7 7 .5 1 7 7 .4 2282 T h ro w in g a n d w in d in g m ills ( 6 / 7 6 = 9 9 .2 1 0 3 .1 1 0 2 .7 1 0 6 .0 1 0 4 .4 1 0 6 .3 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .5 2284 T h r e a d m ills ( 6 / 7 6 = 1 1 4 .6 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .4 1 2 0 .4 1 2 0 .4 1 2 0 .5 2298 C o r d a g e a n d tw in e ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................... 9 9 .3 9 8 .5 9 8 .6 9 8 .6 1 0 1 .7 1 0 2 .8 1 0 5 .4 1 0 5 .4 1 1 3 .5 1 1 5 .1 1 1 4 .9 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .0 1 1 5 .0 2311 M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u its a n d c o a t s ......................................................... 1 9 4 .3 1 9 9 .3 1 9 9 .6 1 9 9 .9 2 0 3 .9 2 0 4 .2 2 0 4 .5 2 0 5 .8 2 0 6 .5 2 0 6 .5 2 0 6 .6 2 0 6 .8 2 0 6 .6 2 0 7 .5 2321 M e n 's a n d b o y s ' s h irts a n d n ig h tw e a r 2322 M e n ’s a n d b o y s ' u n d e r w e a r ...................................................... 2323 M e n 's a n d b o y s ' n e c k w e a r ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ............................. 100) ................................... 100) .......................... 1 0 0 ) ...................................... ......................................... 100) ................................ 1 0 0 ) ......................................................... ............................................ 9 8 .5 9 1 .2 9 1 .7 9 3 .9 1 1 1 .0 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .0 1 2 0 .8 1 2 0 .9 1 2 2 .5 1 2 3 .2 1 2 4 .0 1 2 6 .1 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .4 1 2 4 .9 1 0 1 .4 1 0 4 .6 1 0 5 .0 1 0 5 .2 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .3 1 0 7 .0 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .3 1 0 9 .2 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .2 1 0 9 .8 1 2 9 .5 1 3 0 .0 1 3 0 .1 1 3 5 .6 1 7 9 .4 1 8 1 .2 1 8 2 .9 1 8 4 .6 1 8 8 .3 1 0 9 .7 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .0 1 0 9 .2 1 0 9 .3 1 2 8 .1 1 2 8 .1 1 2 8 .3 1 2 8 .4 9 3 .2 9 4 .1 9 5 .8 9 6 .1 9 6 .4 9 6 .2 9 6 .4 9 6 .4 9 8 .4 1 2 8 .5 9 6 .8 1 2 8 .7 1 8 0 .8 1 9 1 .2 1 9 1 .4 1 9 1 .6 1 9 1 .8 1 9 2 .4 1 9 3 .5 1 9 5 .9 1 9 6 .0 1 9 4 .5 1 9 4 .7 1 9 4 .5 1 9 8 .8 1 8 0 .6 1 8 4 .5 1 8 4 .6 1 8 8 .7 1 8 8 .7 1 8 8 .7 1 8 8 .7 1 8 8 .7 1 9 0 .0 1 9 0 .0 1 9 0 .0 1 9 0 .0 1 9 4 .0 2 0 0 .0 ............................ 1 0 2 .3 1 0 3 .4 1 0 3 .4 1 0 3 .4 1 0 3 .4 1 0 3 .4 1 0 3 .4 1 0 3 .4 1 1 0 .9 1 1 0 .9 1 1 0 .9 1 1 0 .9 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .4 2327 M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s e p a r a t e t r o u s e r s ................................................ 1 5 2 .7 1 5 7 .7 1 5 7 .8 1 5 7 .8 1 6 2 .3 1 6 2 .3 1 6 2 .5 1 6 2 .5 1 6 2 .7 1 6 2 .7 1 6 2 .9 1 6 3 .4 1 6 3 .4 1 6 4 .2 2328 M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ w o r k c lo th in g 1 9 5 .2 1 9 8 .5 1 9 9 .8 2 0 0 .0 2 0 6 .5 2 0 6 .5 2 0 9 .0 2 0 8 .9 2 1 0 .7 2 1 0 .9 2 1 3 .1 2 1 8 .9 2 1 9 .4 2 2 5 .3 100) ...................................................... 2331 W o m e n ’s a n d m is s e s ’ b lo u s e s a n d w a is ts ( 6 / 7 8 = 2335 W o m e n 's a n d m is s e s ’ d r e s s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 2341 W o m e n ’s a n d c h ild r e n ’s u n d e r w e a r ( 1 2 / 7 2 = 100) . 9 9 .1 9 9 .2 991 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .5 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .8 1 0 3 .0 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .0 1 0 0 ) .......................... 1 0 0 .7 1 0 5 .0 1 0 4 .9 1 0 6 .6 1 0 6 .6 1 0 5 .9 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .4 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .7 1 0 8 .8 1 0 8 .8 1 1 2 .9 ............. 1 3 2 .1 1 4 1 .2 1 4 2 .3 1 4 2 .3 1 4 2 .6 1 4 3 .3 1 4 3 .3 1 4 4 .2 1 4 5 .3 1 4 5 .3 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .4 1 4 7 .7 1 4 9 .4 1 1 9 .7 100) 2342 B r a s s ie r e s a n d a llie d g a r m e n t s ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 100) 2361 C h ild r e n ’s d r e s s e s a n d b lo u s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... 2381 F a b ric d r e s s a n d w o r k g l o v e s ................................................... 2394 C a n v a s a n d r e la t e d p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 2396 A u to m o tiv e a n d a p p a r e l tr im m in g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 2421 S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m ills ( 1 2 / 7 1 W o o d h o u s e h o ld fu rn itu re ( 1 2 / 7 1 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .5 1 1 7 .5 1 1 7 .8 1 1 7 .8 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .8 1 0 5 .5 1 0 6 .7 1 0 6 .7 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .4 1 0 3 .7 1 0 5 .7 1 0 5 .7 1 0 5 .6 1 0 6 .1 2 3 2 .2 2 4 1 .5 2 4 3 .9 2 4 3 .9 2 4 5 .4 2 4 5 .4 2 4 5 .4 1 1 7 .8 2 4 5 .4 2 4 6 .9 2 4 6 .9 2577 9 9 .6 1 0 5 .9 1 0 5 .9 1 0 5 .9 1 0 5 .9 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .9 1 0 8 .4 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .4 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .1 1 2 0 .1 1 2 2 .1 1 0 7 .1 1 0 7 .1 1 0 7 .1 1 0 7 .1 1 0 7 .1 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .3 2 3 9 .5 2 4 1 .9 2 4 9 .5 2 5 2 .5 2 5 1 .6 2 5 0 .9 2 5 1 .3 2 5 9 .1 2 6 5 .6 2 6 2 .2 2 5 0 .1 2 3 7 .5 2 3 4 .8 W o o d p a lle ts a n d s k id s ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 2511 1 1 6 .1 1 0 5 .4 2 3 2 .2 1 0 6 .3 2448 1 0 0 ) .......................... 100) ................ 1 0 0 ) ............................. 1 0 0 ) ...................................... 100) 1 1 6 .0 1 0 5 .4 2 2 7 .3 2 2 8 .9 S o ftw o o d v e n e e r a n d p ly w o o d ( 1 2 / 7 5 = M o b ile h o m e s ( 1 2 / 7 4 = 1 1 6 .0 ( ’ ) 2 1 4 .4 1 0 0 ) ................ S tru c tu ra l w o o d m e m b e r s , n .e .c . ( 1 2 / 7 5 = P a r tic le b o a r d ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 1 1 3 .5 1 0 2 .7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................... 2436 2451 1 1 1 .7 1 0 0 ) ............................. 2439 2492 ............. 1 0 2 .6 1 9 4 .7 ............................................. = 10 0) ................................... 1 5 0 .1 1 6 4 .2 1 3 6 .2 1 4 2 .3 1 4 8 .1 1 4 8 .3 1 5 0 .1 1 5 0 .1 1 5 0 .0 1 5 0 .0 1 4 9 .9 1 5 0 .8 1 5 8 .2 1 5 8 .2 1 5 8 .2 1 5 8 .2 1 4 9 .4 1 6 0 .6 1 6 1 .8 1 6 3 .8 1 6 6 .8 1 6 6 .7 1 6 7 .0 1 6 6 .9 1 6 6 .8 1 6 7 .9 1 6 7 .9 1 7 1 .0 1 7 0 .5 1 6 9 .8 1 3 2 .5 1 6 2 .2 1 6 0 .1 1 5 7 .3 1 5 1 .1 1 4 0 .7 1 4 8 .1 1 5 3 .4 1 5 6 .0 1 5 3 .3 1 4 3 .3 1 3 8 .7 1 3 8 .5 1 2 6 .5 1 3 1 .8 1 3 3 .8 1 3 5 .3 1 3 7 .3 1 3 8 .0 1 3 8 .2 1 3 9 .6 1 4 0 .7 1 4 2 .5 1 4 3 .5 1 4 3 .6 1 4 4 .2 1 5 9 .7 1 4 3 .0 1 4 1 .9 1 4 2 .7 1 4 3 .8 1 4 1 .6 1 3 7 .4 1 3 4 .3 1 3 4 .7 1 3 8 .5 1 3 9 .6 1 3 6 .9 1 3 4 .1 1 3 6 .5 1 5 2 .4 1 6 0 .3 1 6 0 .3 1 6 0 .9 1 6 2 .7 1 6 4 .6 1 6 4 .0 1 6 4 .5 1 6 4 .6 1 6 8 .0 1 6 8 .1 1 7 1 .3 1 7 3 .6 1 7 5 .7 1 4 3 .1 1 4 6 .9 1 4 6 .9 1 4 7 .6 1 4 7 .4 1 4 9 .2 1 4 9 .4 1 5 0 .0 1 5 0 .2 1 5 1 .6 1 5 1 .8 1 5 3 .9 1 5 5 .8 1 5 5 .9 1 5 6 .3 1 6 2 .3 1 6 2 .9 1 6 2 .9 1 6 3 .1 1 6 3 .2 1 6 4 .1 1 6 4 .5 1 6 5 .8 1 6 5 .8 1 6 8 .8 1 7 2 .1 1 7 2 .1 1 6 9 .7 W o o d o ffic e f u r n i t u r e ............................................. 1 9 4 .4 2 0 7 .2 2 1 3 .1 2 1 3 .1 2 1 4 .2 2 1 4 .3 2 1 4 .2 2 1 6 .8 2 1 6 .8 2 1 6 .8 2 1 7 .6 2 1 7 .6 2 2 1 .9 2 2 6 .2 P u lp m ills ( 1 2 / 7 3 = 1 7 8 .5 1 8 7 .1 1 8 7 .3 1 8 9 .9 1 9 2 .5 1 9 5 .2 1 9 6 .6 2 0 5 .4 2 0 5 .7 2 0 5 .8 2 1 5 .2 2 1 5 .6 2 1 5 .6 2 2 7 .2 2512 U p h o ls te r e d h o u s e h o ld fu rn itu re ( 1 2 / 7 1 2515 M a t tr e s s e s a n d b e d s p r in g s ...................................................... 2521 2611 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... 1 0 0 ) ................................................ 2621 P a p e r m ills , e x c e p t b u ild in g ( 1 2 / 7 4 = 2631 P a p e r b o a r d m ills ( 1 2 / 7 4 = 2647 S a n ita r y p a p e r p r o d u c t s ............................................................ 100) 1 0 0 ) ................... ................................ 2654 S a n it a r y fo o d c o n ta in e r s 2655 F ib e r c a n s , d ru m s , a n d s im ila r p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 2812 A lk a lie s a n d c h lo r in e ( 1 2 / 7 3 = 2821 P la s tic s m a te r ia ls a n d re s in s ( 6 / 7 6 = 2822 S y n th e tic ru b b e r 2824 O r g a n ic fib e r, n o n c e llu lo s i c ................................................................... 2873 N itro g e n o u s fe rtiliz e rs ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 2874 P h o s p h a tic fe rtiliz e rs 2875 F e rtiliz e rs , m ix in g o n ly 2892 E x p lo s iv e s ................................................ . . 1 0 0 ) ...................... ............................................................... 1 0 0 ) ............................. ................................................ ...................................................... ......................................................... 2911 P e tr o le u m re fin in g ( 6 / 7 6 = P a v in g m ix tu re s a n d b lo c k s ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 2952 A s p h a lt f e lts a n d c o a tin g s ( 1 2 / 7 5 ) = 3011 T ire s a n d in n e r tu b e s ( 1 2 / 7 3 = https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100) ................ 100) 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .7 1 2 6 .0 1 2 8 .5 1 2 9 .3 1 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .9 1 1 4 .4 1 1 7 .1 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .7 1 2 1 .9 1 2 3 .4 1 2 5 .4 1 2 6 .4 1 2 7 .7 1 3 1 .4 2 5 1 .4 2 6 7 .4 2 6 7 .6 2 6 9 .2 2 7 0 .8 2 7 1 .7 2 7 1 .9 2 7 6 .4 2 8 5 .9 2 8 5 .4 2 8 6 .4 2 8 6 .5 2 8 9 .1 2 9 4 .0 1 7 0 .8 100) 1 0 0 ) ............................ 2951 1 1 5 .7 1 0 6 .4 1 7 8 .8 1 7 9 .4 1 7 9 .5 1 8 4 .1 1 8 9 .1 1 2 9 .5 1 8 9 .1 1 3 0 .2 1 8 9 .6 1 3 1 .0 1 8 9 .6 1 3 1 .4 1 9 1 .8 1 3 5 .2 1 9 5 .8 1 3 6 .7 1 9 8 .1 1 3 7 .0 1 9 9 .9 1 3 9 .2 2 0 2 .6 1 2 3 .0 1 3 0 .0 1 3 0 .4 1 3 0 .8 1 3 0 .9 1 3 2 .2 1 3 4 .0 1 3 6 .6 1 3 6 .6 1 3 6 .6 1 3 6 .6 1 3 7 .2 1 4 0 .9 1 4 3 .2 1 9 8 .8 2 0 2 .4 2 0 3 .2 2 0 1 .8 2 0 3 .7 2 0 4 .9 2 0 6 .3 2 0 9 .5 2 1 2 .2 2 1 3 .1 2 1 3 .6 2 1 6 .5 2 1 7 .1 2 2 0 .3 1 0 3 .8 1 0 6 .0 1 0 6 .9 1 0 9 .2 1 1 3 .8 1 1 7 .7 1 1 8 .6 1 2 4 .9 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .9 1 3 2 .5 1 3 3 .9 1 3 4 .3 1 3 8 .2 1 8 0 .5 1 8 9 .4 1 9 1 .4 1 9 2 .7 1 9 6 .5 2 0 0 .9 2 0 6 .6 2 1 4 .2 2 2 3 .4 2 2 3 .8 2 2 4 .4 2 2 7 .0 229 4 2 4 0 .0 1 0 7 .6 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .0 •1 1 1 .5 1 1 3 .1 1 1 5 .9 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .8 1 2 3 .5 1 2 4 .7 1 2 4 .1 1 2 3 .5 1 2 4 .3 9 6 .6 9 5 .4 9 6 .6 9 8 .0 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .9 1 0 1 .4 1 0 2 .8 1 0 4 .1 1 0 6 .1 1 0 7 .9 1 1 1 .7 1 1 3 .6 1 1 4 .5 1 6 6 .0 1 6 7 .8 1 7 3 .3 1 7 9 .1 1 8 5 .2 1 8 5 .1 1 8 4 .2 1 8 8 .9 1 9 9 .4 2 0 4 .3 2 1 1 .9 2 2 1 .2 2 2 3 .4 2 3 0 .0 1 8 1 .9 1 8 5 .2 1 8 7 .5 1 9 2 .8 1 9 7 .3 1 9 7 .8 1 9 7 .8 1 9 8 .1 2 0 5 .6 2 1 1 .1 2 1 8 .4 2 2 6 .9 2 2 7 .1 2 3 3 .8 2 1 7 .3 2 2 6 .6 2 2 7 .1 2 2 6 .9 2 2 7 .9 2 3 9 .0 2 3 9 .3 2 4 0 .1 2 4 0 .7 2 5 0 .3 2 5 0 .6 2 5 1 .8 2 5 2 .7 2 5 3 .9 1 3 2 .8 1 3 8 .8 1 4 6 .6 1 6 5 .5 1 7 6 .6 1 8 8 .9 1 9 6 .3 2 0 0 .9 2 0 4 .8 2 1 3 .6 1 1 9 .6 1 2 7 .3 1 2 9 .3 1 1 7 .1 1 2 3 .5 1 2 4 .8 1 2 5 .9 1 2 8 .5 1 3 0 .1 1 3 1 .2 1 3 4 .4 1 3 4 .9 1 4 1 .6 1 4 5 .5 1 4 5 .6 1 4 5 .7 ................... 1 2 8 .2 1 3 4 .7 1 3 9 .3 1 3 2 .8 1 3 8 .6 1 3 9 .3 1 4 1 .6 1 4 3 .6 1 4 2 .7 1 4 5 .8 1 4 6 .1 1 5 1 .6 1 5 0 .4 1 5 6 .1 ................................ 1 5 4 .0 1 6 4 .0 1 6 6 .2 1 6 7 .1 1 6 8 .0 1 6 9 .2 1 7 0 .6 1 7 6 .8 1 8 1 .2 1 8 4 .2 1 8 6 .5 1 9 0 .9 1 9 1 .0 1 9 2 .7 1 0 0 ) .......................... 100) 1 5 5 .1 1 5 0 .0 97 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 30. Continued— Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC Industries [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1972 SIC code Annual average 1978 Industry description May June Nov. Dec. Jan. 1 7 3 .7 1 6 8 .7 1 6 9 .0 1 6 9 .0 1 6 9 .0 1 6 9 .5 1 6 9 .6 1 7 1 .0 1 7 3 .4 1 7 3 .4 1 7 3 .4 1 7 3 .4 1 7 3 .4 1 6 1 .3 1 6 1 .3 1 6 2 .1 1 6 4 .5 1 6 7 .6 1 6 9 .1 1 6 9 .2 1 6 9 .2 1 7 7 .7 1 7 1 .7 1 7 7 .1 1 7 7 .4 1 7 7 .6 1 0 2 .1 1 0 3 .4 1 0 5 .4 1 0 7 .5 1 0 9 .0 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .1 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .1 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .6 1 8 1 .8 M is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic p ro d u c ts ( 6 / 7 8 = = 100) 3111 L e a th e r ta n n in g a n d fin ish ing ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 3142 H o u s e s lip p e rs ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................................... ......................................................... 1 1 9 .1 1 3 5 .9 1 4 3 .7 1 7 3 .8 1 8 2 .9 2 0 1 .3 1 9 5 .8 1 7 2 .9 1 5 5 .2 1 6 1 .9 1 5 0 .8 1 5 3 .5 1 6 4 .3 ......................................................................................... 1 2 2 .5 1 2 9 .6 1 3 4 .7 1 3 6 .3 1 3 6 .3 1 3 8 .5 1 4 2 .0 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .0 1 3 6 .9 1 3 7 .0 1 3 7 .0 1 4 4 .8 1 5 5 .4 1 5 8 .2 1 6 0 .1 1 5 9 .3 1 5 9 .2 1 5 9 .2 1 5 9 .3 1 9 8 .7 2 0 1 .5 2 0 1 .6 2 0 2 .3 2 0 4 .0 2 0 4 .0 2 0 5 .7 100) ................................................... 1 2 7 .1 1 3 5 .2 1 4 1 .0 1 4 5 .6 1 4 7 .6 1 5 2 .8 1 5 5 .4 ............................................................................... 1 6 4 .1 1 7 6 .3 1 7 8 .4 1 8 9 .2 1 9 0 .3 1 9 2 .2 1 9 5 .4 ................................................... 1 1 1 .4 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .0 1 3 1 .7 ...................................................................................................... 1 4 2 .7 1 4 9 .0 1 5 0 .8 1 5 0 .8 1 5 0 .8 1 5 0 .8 1 5 1 .8 1 5 1 .9 1 5 1 .9 1 5 2 .3 1 5 2 .6 1 5 3 .3 1 5 3 .9 1 5 7 .4 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .4 2 6 5 .5 2 7 3 .6 2 7 4 .5 3143 M e n 's fo o t w e a r , e x c e p t a th le tic ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 3144 W o m e n 's f o o t w e a r , e x c e p t a th le tic 3171 W o m e n 's h a n d b a g s a n d p u r s e s ( 1 2 / 7 5 - 3211 F la t g la s s ( 1 2 / 7 1 100) 100) 1 3 1 .8 1 3 1 .8 1 3 1 .8 1 3 1 .8 1 3 1 .8 1 3 1 .8 1 3 1 .8 1 3 1 .9 ......................................................................................................................... 2 4 4 .3 2 5 0 .7 2 5 0 .7 2 5 0 .7 2 5 0 .7 ...................................................................................................................... 2 5 1 .2 2 7 5 .4 2 7 8 .8 2 8 0 .3 2 8 3 .1 2 8 3 .2 2 8 3 .7 2 8 5 .4 2 8 5 .4 2 8 5 .4 2 8 2 .8 2 8 2 .9 2 8 3 .6 3 0 2 .8 2 3 0 .8 2 4 8 .9 2 5 0 .9 2 5 2 .8 2 5 6 .7 2 5 8 .3 2 5 9 .7 2 6 1 .0 2 6 3 .3 2 6 5 .9 2 6 0 .4 2 6 1 .3 2 6 2 .7 2 6 8 .3 3221 G la s s c o n ta in e rs 3241 C e m e n t, h y d ra u lic 3251 B ric k a n d s tru c tu ra l c la y tile 3253 C e r a m ic w a ll a n d flo o r tile ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 3255 C la y r e fr a c to r ie s ............................................................................................... 1 0 0 ) ................................................................ 1 0 7 .7 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .6 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .0 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .2 1 3 0 .3 1 3 0 .4 ........................................................................................................................ 2 2 1 .4 2 3 3 .4 2 3 3 .2 2 3 4 .1 2 3 4 .4 2 3 4 .6 2 3 6 .9 2 4 6 .5 2 4 6 .7 2 4 7 .1 2 5 1 .7 2 5 4 .4 2 5 5 .4 2 5 6 .5 1 8 8 .2 1 9 2 .1 1 9 2 .1 1 9 3 .2 1 9 2 .6 1 9 6 .9 1 9 6 .7 2 1 0 .1 2 1 2 .4 2 1 3 .1 2 1 4 .5 2 1 5 .7 2 1 7 .3 2 1 9 .2 3 0 7 .9 S tr u c tu r a l c la y p ro d u c ts , n .e .c ............................................................................................... 3259 Apr. Oct. 1 5 4 .3 3079 100) Mar. Sept. 1 5 8 .7 R e c la im e d r u b b e r ( 1 2 / 7 3 = - Feb. Aug. ......................................................... R u b b e r a n d p la s tic f o o t w e a r ( 1 2 / 7 1 3031 100) Jan. July .................................................................................. 3021 100) 1980 1979 3261 1 7 6 .3 1 8 4 .1 1 8 4 .4 1 8 6 .7 1 8 6 .8 1 8 6 .8 1 8 7 .8 1 8 9 .7 1 9 5 .1 1 9 8 .6 1 9 8 .9 2 0 1 .6 2 0 4 .6 2 0 6 .4 3262 V itre o u s c h in a fo o d u t e n s i l s ................................................................................................... 2 6 8 .8 2 8 4 .4 2 9 0 .6 2 9 0 .6 2 9 0 .6 2 9 0 .6 2 9 0 .6 2 9 7 .5 2 9 7 .5 2980 2 9 7 .9 3 0 5 .3 3 0 7 .9 3263 F in e e a r t h e n w a r e fo o d u te n s ils 2 2 8 .1 2 4 2 .4 2 3 7 .0 2 3 7 .1 2 3 7 .1 2 3 7 .1 2 3 6 .4 2 3 8 .8 2 3 8 .8 2 4 6 .0 2 4 5 .8 2 4 6 .9 2 9 0 .3 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .0 1 3 3 .3 1 3 3 .2 1 3 5 .0 1 4 8 .8 1 4 8 .8 ......................................................................................... 1 2 2 .2 1 2 9 .6 1 2 9 .2 1 2 9 .2 1 2 9 .2 1 2 9 .2 ...................................................................................................... 2 0 2 .0 2 2 3 .0 2 2 3 .1 2 2 7 .0 2 3 0 .8 2 3 2 .6 2 3 2 .7 2 3 2 .7 2 3 5 .7 2 3 7 .8 2 4 0 .0 2 4 0 .0 2 4 0 .1 2 4 9 .5 2 7 0 .1 P o tte r y p ro d u c ts , n .e .c . ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 3269 C o n c r e te b lo c k a n d b ric k 3271 2 9 0 .3 ...................................................................... 1 2 9 .0 100) 3273 R e a d y - m ix e d c o n c r e t e ............................................................................................................ 2 1 7 .6 2 4 0 .0 2 4 1 .1 2 4 1 .7 2 4 4 .5 2 4 5 .2 2 4 7 .5 2 4 9 .6 2 5 0 .5 2 5 2 .4 2 5 3 .0 2 5 4 .5 2 5 7 .0 3274 L im e ( 1 2 / 7 5 - 1 0 0 ) .................................................................................................................. 1 2 9 .5 1 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .6 1 3 7 .5 1 3 9 .9 1 3 9 .8 1 4 0 .1 1 4 1 .8 1 4 2 .9 1 4 4 .2 1 4 4 .7 1 4 4 .4 1 4 4 .7 1 4 9 .6 3275 G y p s u m p r o d u c t s ......................................................................................................................... 2 2 9 .5 2 4 8 .1 2 5 1 .1 2 5 1 .5 2 5 2 .7 2 4 9 .4 2 5 1 .9 2 5 2 .3 2 5 2 .8 2 5 5 .4 2 5 5 .9 2 5 6 .8 2 5 5 .6 2 5 5 .9 1 8 2 .2 1 8 2 .4 1 8 4 .0 1 8 5 .1 1 8 5 .8 1 8 7 .7 1 8 8 .6 1 9 0 .4 1 9 3 .9 1 9 4 .7 1 9 7 .1 1 9 9 .2 A b r a s iv e p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 1 3291 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................... 1 7 2 .3 1 8 1 .1 3297 N o n c la y r e fr a c to r ie s ( 1 2 / 7 4 = 100) ............................................................................ 1 3 3 .6 1 3 9 .8 1 4 0 .3 1 4 0 .4 1 4 0 .5 1 4 0 .5 1 4 3 .9 1 4 8 .1 1 4 9 .1 1 4 9 .7 1 5 0 .1 1 5 2 .3 1 5 2 .4 1 5 2 .6 3312 B la s t f u r n a c e s a n d s te e l m ills ............................................................................................ 2 6 2 .3 2 7 9 .9 2 8 0 .3 2 8 1 .1 2 8 3 .5 2 8 5 .3 2 8 5 .8 2 9 2 .8 2 9 3 .0 2 9 3 .2 2 9 6 .3 2 9 7 .0 2 9 7 .6 3 0 2 .3 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .5 1 1 7 .6 1 1 7 .8 ......................................................... 9 4 .8 1 0 3 .5 1 0 4 .0 1 0 4 .0 1 0 6 .8 1 1 1 .7 1 1 2 .3 1 1 6 .5 1 1 6 .5 1 1 6 .0 ............................................................................................ 2 4 1 .0 2 5 8 .1 2 5 8 .3 2 5 8 .4 2 5 9 .1 2 5 9 .8 2 6 1 .3 2 7 0 .6 2 7 0 .8 2 7 0 .9 2 7 1 .9 2 7 3 .2 2 7 3 .9 2 7 4 .2 3317 S t e e l p ip e s a n d t u b e s ............................................................................................................... 2 5 5 .2 2 6 5 .0 2 6 5 .1 2 6 5 .8 2 6 5 .0 2 6 4 .5 2 6 4 .5 2 7 1 .9 2 7 1 .3 2 7 1 .3 2 7 2 .8 2 7 2 .8 2 7 3 .0 2 8 0 .9 3321 G r a y iro n fo u n d rie s ( 1 2 / 6 8 = 2 3 3 .5 2 4 4 .9 2 4 4 .7 2 4 9 .4 2 5 3 .9 2 5 3 .3 2 5 4 .5 2 5 3 .9 2 5 3 .8 2 5 4 .8 2 6 5 .6 2 6 6 .0 2 6 8 .3 2 7 2 .3 2 2 3 .2 2 4 3 .2 2 6 0 .6 2 6 0 .9 2 7 4 .2 2 7 4 .5 2 7 5 .2 2 8 1 .4 2 6 5 .5 2 6 4 .2 2 6 5 .2 2 5 7 .9 2 6 5 .7 2 6 6 .1 3313 E le c tr o m e ta llu r g ic a l p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 3316 C o ld fin is h in g o f s te e l s h a p e s 100) 100) ............................................................................... 3333 3334 P r im a r y a lu m in u m ..................................................................................................................... 2 1 7 .4 2 2 0 .3 2 2 6 .1 2 3 2 .4 2 3 5 .8 2 3 7 .4 2 3 8 .5 2 4 4 .9 2 4 7 .4 2 4 8 .2 2 5 6 .0 2 6 3 .2 2 6 6 .6 2 6 7 .0 3351 C o p p e r ro llin g a n d d r a w i n g .................................................................................................. 1 7 0 .2 1 8 4 .2 1 9 9 .9 2 1 1 .0 2 2 0 .1 2 1 5 .6 2 1 1 .7 2 1 1 .2 2 1 3 .6 2 1 6 .7 2 2 3 .3 2 2 2 .7 2 2 5 .1 2 3 1 .1 A lu m in u m s h e e t p la te a n d fo il ( 1 2 / 7 5 = ...................................................... 1 3 7 .6 1 4 5 .8 1 4 6 .4 1 4 6 .5 1 4 8 .0 1 4 8 .7 1 4 8 .8 1 4 9 .6 1 4 9 .8 1 5 0 .0 1 5 0 .8 1 5 1 .5 1 5 1 .9 1 5 3 .4 3353 3354 A lu m in u m e x tr u d e d p ro d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 5 = ......................................................... 1 3 4 .3 1 4 1 .1 1 4 1 .6 1 4 2 .5 1 4 6 .1 1 4 7 .5 1 4 7 .6 1 5 0 .3 1 5 1 .9 1 5 1 .9 1 5 3 .5 1 5 7 .3 1 5 7 .8 1 3 3 .1 1 3 3 .5 1 3 6 .8 1 3 9 .9 1 4 0 .3 1 4 0 .5 2 6 2 .9 2 6 3 .5 2 7 0 .2 2 7 3 .8 2 7 3 .9 2 7 6 .6 3355 100) 100) A lu m in u m ro llin g , d ra w in g , n .e .c . ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................... 3411 1 1 9 .7 1 2 5 .2 1 2 6 .5 1 2 7 .5 1 2 9 .6 1 3 1 .5 1 3 1 .6 1 3 2 .7 2 3 8 .5 2 5 2 .7 2 5 3 .9 2 6 0 .9 2 6 4 .4 2 6 3 .8 2 6 2 .2 2 6 2 .2 1 5 8 .8 1 0 0 ) ............................................................. 1 4 7 .9 1 5 7 .7 1 5 7 .8 1 5 7 .9 1 5 9 .6 1 6 1 .9 1 6 2 .5 1 6 2 .8 1 6 6 .3 1 6 6 .4 1 6 6 .9 1 6 9 .4 1 6 9 .6 1 7 3 .0 .................................................................................................................. 2 0 9 .1 2 1 4 .7 2 1 7 .4 2 1 9 .2 2 2 0 .8 2 2 2 .2 2 2 4 .1 2 2 6 .4 2 2 8 .9 2 2 9 .2 2 3 0 .1 2 3 1 .7 2 3 2 .9 2 3 7 .3 1 2 6 .2 1 2 7 .0 1 2 7 .1 1 2 7 .8 1 3 0 .9 1 3 1 .6 1 3 2 .7 1 3 2 .7 1 3 2 .7 1 3 2 .8 3425 H a n d s a w s a n d s a w b la d e s ( 1 2 / 7 2 = 3431 M e t a l s a n ita ry w a r e ......................................................................... 1 1 8 .8 1 2 3 .6 1 2 5 .0 1 2 5 .7 ...................................................................... 1 1 9 .5 1 2 9 .3 1 2 9 .3 1 2 5 .9 1 2 8 .3 1 3 0 .4 1 3 1 .4 1 3 4 .0 1 3 4 .0 1 3 4 .0 1 3 7 .5 1 3 7 .9 1 4 9 .2 1 4 7 .9 3493 S t e e l s p rin g s , e x c e p t w i r e ...................................................................................................... 2 0 4 .6 2 1 0 .9 2 1 2 .6 2 1 6 .7 2 1 8 .1 2 1 8 .7 2 2 0 .5 2 2 1 .6 2 2 2 .1 2 2 2 .8 2 2 3 .5 2 2 3 .9 2 2 5 .4 2 2 6 .0 3494 V a lv e s a n d p ip e fittin g s ( 1 2 / 7 1 ...................................................................... 1 8 5 .5 1 9 6 .1 1 9 7 .6 1 9 9 .0 2 0 1 .4 2 0 3 .6 2 0 4 .2 2 0 5 .3 2 0 6 .2 2 0 7 .5 2 0 9 .5 2 1 1 .6 2 1 3 .9 2 1 6 .5 3498 F a b r ic a te d p ip e a n d f i t t i n g s ................................................................................................... 2 6 5 .5 2 7 6 .6 2 7 6 .7 2 7 6 .8 2 8 4 .9 2 8 8 .2 2 9 0 .7 2 9 4 .8 2 9 4 .8 2 9 4 .9 2 9 7 .0 2 9 7 .4 2 9 7 .4 3 0 1 .7 3519 In te rn a l c o m b u s tio n e n g in e s , n .e .c ...................................................................................... 2 2 0 .1 2 3 2 .7 2 3 3 .8 2 3 4 .0 2 3 7 .1 2 3 9 .0 2 3 9 .2 2 4 2 .3 2 4 5 .7 2 5 1 .8 2 5 2 .8 2 5 3 .7 2 5 3 .7 2 5 9 .2 3531 C o n s tru c tio n m a c h in e r y ( 1 2 / 7 6 - 100) ...................................................................... 1 1 4 .0 1 2 0 .0 1 2 1 .1 1 2 1 .6 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .9 1 2 4 .0 1 2 5 .6 1 2 6 .3 1 2 6 .5 1 2 8 .4 1 2 9 .0 1 3 0 .7 1 3 4 .2 3532 M in in g m a c h in e r y ( 1 2 / 7 2 = ................................................................................... 2 0 9 .5 2 2 2 .5 2 2 3 .4 2 2 4 .2 2 2 8 .0 2 2 8 .4 2 2 6 .4 2 3 1 .2 2 3 1 .5 2 3 2 .7 2 3 3 .1 2 3 4 .7 2 3 5 .8 2 4 3 .1 2 8 8 .4 2 9 0 .0 2 9 2 .0 2 9 3 .3 2 9 6 .8 3 0 0 .5 3 0 1 .3 3 0 8 .0 3 1 4 .0 3465 A u to m o tiv e s ta m p in g s ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 3482 S m a ll a r m s a m m u n itio n ( 1 2 / 7 5 = 3533 100) 100) = 100) 100) O ilfie ld m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t 2 7 9 .5 2 8 1 .4 2 8 1 .8 2 8 3 .5 2 0 4 .2 2 1 1 .7 2 1 4 .1 2 1 3 .4 2 1 3 .8 2 1 3 .6 2 1 4 .2 2 1 5 .4 2 1 4 .6 2 1 9 .1 2 1 6 .8 2 2 0 .6 2 2 0 .9 2 2 3 .9 1 0 0 ) ............................................. 2 1 3 .6 2 3 1 .6 2 3 3 .3 2 3 4 .1 2 3 7 .9 2 3 8 .8 2 4 0 .6 2 4 4 .6 2 4 5 .1 2 4 7 .9 2 4 9 .6 2 5 3 .5 2 5 6 .7 2 6 6 .0 ................................................................... 1 1 1 .1 1 1 5 .4 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .7 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .7 1 2 4 .2 1 2 6 .2 ................................................................................... 1 7 9 .9 1 8 9 .0 1 8 9 .6 1 9 0 .4 1 9 1 .6 1 9 1 .7 1 9 2 .6 1 9 5 .0 1 9 7 .5 1 9 8 .2 1 9 9 .2 2 0 0 .6 2 0 0 .6 2 0 2 .7 1 8 3 .2 1 8 4 .5 1 8 5 .9 1 8 7 .7 1 9 0 .0 1 9 3 .0 1 9 3 .1 1 9 3 .3 2 0 1 .7 ................................................................................... 3534 E le v a t o r s a n d m o v in g s ta ir w a y s 3542 M a c h in e to o ls , m e ta l fo rm in g ty p e s ( 1 2 / 7 1 3546 P o w e r d riv e n h a n d to o ls ( 1 2 / 7 6 - 100) 3552 T e x tile m a c h in e ry ( 1 2 / 6 9 - 3553 3576 ' 3592 3612 ...................................................................................... 100) - 2 4 6 .2 1 7 9 .2 1 8 1 .0 S c a l e s a n d b a la n c e s , e x c lu d in g l a b o r a t o r y ................................................................ 1 7 9 .7 1 8 8 .8 1 9 1 .1 1 9 1 .1 1 9 1 .3 1 9 2 .8 1 9 3 .7 1 9 4 .8 1 9 5 .4 1 9 5 .4 1 9 2 .9 1 9 6 .6 1 9 7 .7 2 0 0 .9 C a r b u r e to r s , p is to n s , rin g s , v a lv e s ( 6 / 7 6 - 1 2 8 .2 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .7 1 3 6 .9 1 3 7 .6 1 3 8 .6 1 3 8 .7 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .6 1 4 0 .7 1 4 1 .5 1 4 3 .5 1 4 4 .6 1 4 7 .3 1 7 3 .0 2 0 0 .6 W o o d w o r k in g m a c h in e r y ( 1 2 / 7 2 - 100) ................................................................... 100) ................................................ T r a n s f o r m e r s .................................................................................................................................. 3623 W e ld in g a p p a r a t u s , e le c tr ic ( 1 2 / 7 2 - 100) 3631 H o u s e h o ld c o o k in g e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 5 - 3632 H o u s e h o ld re fr ig e r a to r s , f r e e z e r s ( 6 / 7 6 - ............................................................ 1 6 8 .1 1 5 8 .3 1 7 8 .1 1 7 7 .9 1 6 3 .2 1 8 4 .8 1 7 7 .3 1 6 7 .0 1 6 8 .5 1 6 8 .0 1 6 8 .5 1 6 7 .9 1 6 7 .6 1 6 8 .4 1 7 1 .4 1 7 0 .5 1 7 1 .7 1 8 6 .0 1 8 6 .6 1 8 7 .3 1 9 1 .5 1 9 1 .9 1 9 3 .5 1 9 4 .1 1 9 5 .1 1 9 6 .2 1 9 7 .9 1 9 9 .6 1 6 5 .4 ...................................................... 1 1 4 .8 1 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .7 1 2 0 .9 1 2 2 .0 1 2 3 .4 1 2 4 .3 1 2 4 .3 1 2 5 .8 1 2 6 .1 1 2 8 .6 1 0 0 ) ................................................... 1 0 9 .6 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .5 1 1 2 .7 1 1 1 .8 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .6 1 1 3 .6 1 1 4 .3 1 1 5 .1 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .3 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .6 1 5 5 .2 100) 3633 H o u s e h o ld la u n d ry e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 3 - ...................................................... 1 4 1 .0 1 4 5 .4 1 4 6 .3 1 4 6 .9 1 4 6 .9 1 4 7 .0 1 4 7 .2 1 4 8 .8 1 4 9 .9 1 5 0 .6 1 5 2 .1 1 5 3 .5 1 5 4 .7 3635 H o u s e h o ld v a c u u m c l e a n e r s ............................................................................................... 1 3 5 .5 1 3 8 .1 1 3 8 .1 1 4 0 .4 1 4 0 .4 1 4 1 .2 1 4 1 .5 1 4 1 .6 1 4 1 .7 1 4 1 .9 1 4 4 .3 1 4 4 .7 1 4 5 .8 1 4 6 .2 3636 S e w in g m a c h in e s ( 1 2 / 7 5 - ................................................................................... 1 1 1 .2 1 1 9 .8 1 1 9 .8 1 1 9 .8 1 2 1 .1 1 2 1 .1 1 2 1 .1 1 2 1 .8 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .0 ............................................................................................................................... 2 1 4 .7 2 2 6 .6 2 2 6 .8 2 2 7 .1 2 2 9 .8 2 2 9 .8 2 2 9 .7 2 4 0 .8 2 4 4 .3 2 4 2 .7 2 4 4 .8 2 4 0 .8 2 4 0 .5 2 4 8 .3 1 8 5 .8 1 9 6 .1 1 9 7 .1 1 9 8 .0 2 0 0 .4 2 0 2 .6 2 0 3 .0 2 0 3 .3 2 0 7 .7 2 0 9 .1 2 1 2 .8 2 1 4 .2 2 1 7 .3 2 1 5 .2 1 3 0 .3 1 3 2 .0 1 3 2 .3 1 3 3 .9 100) 100) 3641 E le c tric a m p s 3644 N o n c u rre n t-c a rry in g w irin g d e v ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 2 - 3646 100) ............................................ ............................................................ 1 1 2 .7 1 1 7 .6 1 1 9 .6 1 2 1 .2 1 2 4 .3 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .4 1 2 7 .9 1 2 7 .9 1 3 0 .5 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... 1 1 4 .6 1 2 1 .2 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .3 1 2 3 .5 1 2 4 .0 1 2 4 .6 1 2 7 .6 1 2 8 .2 1 2 8 .5 1 2 9 .3 1 2 9 .8 1 3 0 .5 1 3 3 .0 ............................................................................................ 2 0 0 .9 2 1 0 .8 2 1 0 .9 2 1 1 .0 2 1 1 .2 2 1 1 .3 2 2 6 .4 2 2 6 .5 2 2 6 .6 2 2 7 .2 2 2 7 .2 2 2 7 .3 2 2 7 .6 2 2 9 .1 C o m m e r c ia l lig h tin g fix tu re s ( 1 2 / 7 5 - 3648 L ig h tin g e q u ip m e n t, n .e .c . ( 1 2 / 7 5 - 3671 E le c tro n tu b e s re c e iv in g t y p e 3674 S e m ic o n d u c to r s a n d re la te d d e v ic e s 3675 E le c tro n ic c a p a c ito rs ( 1 2 / 7 5 - 100) ............................................................................ 8 5 .3 8 4 .1 8 4 .2 8 4 .4 8 4 .7 8 4 .7 8 4 ,7 8 4 .2 843 8 4 .7 8 4 .7 8 5 .0 8 6 .0 8 6 .6 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................ 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .4 1 1 5 .9 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .1 1 2 2 .1 1 2 6 .7 1 2 9 .3 1 3 4 .1 1 3 4 .0 1 3 4 .9 1 3 7 .9 1 4 7 .7 1 1 8 .3 1 2 2 .7 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .2 1 2 3 .2 1 2 3 .2 1 2 4 .0 1 2 4 .6 1 2 5 .2 1 2 7 .8 1 2 7 .8 1 2 7 .3 1 2 7 .4 3676 E le c tro n ic re s is to rs ( 1 2 / 7 5 - 3678 E le c tro n ic c o n n e c to rs ( 1 2 / 7 5 - 100) 100) ............................................................................... ......................................................................... 1 1 8 .9 1 2 3 .7 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .8 1 2 6 .6 1 2 6 .9 1 3 3 .4 1 3 4 .1 1 3 7 .6 1 3 8 .4 1 4 0 .7 1 4 1 .0 1 4 3 .6 3692 P r im a r y b a tte r ie s , d ry a n d w e t ......................................................................................... 1 6 2 .0 1 6 2 .4 1 6 2 .7 1 6 4 .8 1 6 7 .9 1 7 2 .1 1 7 2 .7 1 7 2 .8 1 7 2 .8 1 7 2 .8 1 7 3 .1 1 7 3 .1 1 7 4 .1 1 7 4 .2 1 3 2 .5 1 2 1 .2 3711 M o to r v e h ic le s a n d c a r b o d ie s ( 1 2 / 7 5 - ...................................................... 1 1 5 .9 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .3 1 2 2 .3 1 2 4 .5 1 2 4 .6 1 2 4 .8 1 2 5 .1 1 2 2 .1 1 2 2 .5 1 2 9 .6 1 2 9 .8 1 3 0 .0 3942 D o lls ( 1 2 / 7 5 - ............................................................................................................... 1 0 3 .2 1 0 7 .8 1 0 9 .0 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .3 1 0 9 .3 1 0 9 .3 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .6 1 1 2 .6 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .0 3944 G a m e s , t o y s , a n d c h ild re n ’s v e h i c l e s ............................................................................ 1 7 2 .3 1 7 7 .3 1 7 8 .8 1 7 9 .2 1 7 9 .6 1 8 2 .3 1 8 3 .1 1 8 3 .5 1 8 4 .4 1 8 5 .1 1 8 5 .7 1 8 6 .3 1 8 6 .6 1 9 5 .5 3955 C a r b o n p a p e r a n d in k e d rib b o n s ( 1 2 / 7 5 - 1 0 5 .1 1 0 9 .3 1 1 4 .3 1 1 5 .5 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .2 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .1 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .7 1 2 1 .5 1 2 5 .5 1 2 5 .6 1 2 6 .5 1 2 4 .8 1 2 4 .8 1 2 4 .8 1 2 8 .3 1 3 1 .0 1 3 4 .1 1 3 4 .1 1 3 8 .6 100) 3995 B u ria l c a s k e t s ( 6 / 7 6 - 3996 H a r d s u r f a c e flo o r c o v e rin g s ( 1 2 / 7 5 - 1 njo t a v a j|a b ie 98 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100) 1 0 0 ) ................................................... 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................... 100) ......................................................... 1 1 3 .0 1 1 7 .8 1 2 0 .9 1 2 0 .9 1 2 1 .0 1 2 1 .7 1 2 1 .7 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .8 1 2 4 .8 1 1 6 .3 1 2 0 .7 1 2 0 .7 1 2 0 .7 1 2 0 .7 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .5 1 2 8 .3 1 2 8 .3 1 2 8 .3 N O T E : D a t a f o r S e p te m b e r 1 9 7 9 h a v e b e e n re v is e d t o re fle c t th e a v a ila b ility o f la te r e p o rts a n d c o rr e c tio n s b y re s p o n d e n ts . A ll d a t a a r e s u b je c t to re v is io n 4 m o n th s a f t e r o rig in a l p u b lic a tio n . PRODUCTIVITY DATA P roductivity data are compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from establishment data and from estimates of com pensation and output supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Federal Reserve Board. Definitions Output is the constant dollar gross domestic product produced in a given period. Indexes of output per hour of labor input, or labor pro ductivity, measure the value of goods and services produced per hour of labor. Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of em ployees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in which there are no self-employed. Real com pensation per hour is compensation per hour adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor cost measures the labor compensation cost required to produce one unit of output and is derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, in terest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting compensation of all persons from the current dollar gross domestic product and dividing by output. In these tables, Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits and invento ry valuation adjustments per unit of output. The implicit price deflator is derived by dividing the current dollar estimate of gross product by the constant dollar estimate, making the deflator, in effect, a price index for gross product of the sector reported. 31. The use of the term “man-hours” to identify the labor component of productivity and costs, in tables 31 through 34, has been discontin ued. Hours of all persons is now used to describe the labor input of payroll workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers. Output per all-employee hour is now used to describe labor productiv ity in nonfinancial corporations where there are no self-employed. Notes on the data In the private business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the basis for the output measure employed in the computation of output per hour is Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product. Computation of hours includes estimates of nonfarm and farm proprietor hours. Output data are supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual estimates of output (gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Beginning with the September 1976 issue of the Review , tables 3 1 34 were revised to reflect changeover to the new series— private busi ness sector and nonfarm business sector— which differ from the previously published total private economy and nonfarm sector in that output imputed for owner-occupied dwellings and the household and institutions sectors, as well as the statistical discrepancy, are omitted. For a detailed explanation, see J. R. Norsworthy and L. J. Fulco, “New sector definitions for productivity series,” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview, October 1976, pages 40-42. Indexes of productivity and related data, selected years, 1950-79 [1967 = 100] Item 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 P r iv a te b u s in e s s s e c to r: O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e rs o n s ...................................... 6 1 .0 7 0 .3 7 8 .7 9 5 .0 1 0 4 .2 1 1 1 .4 1 1 3 .6 1 1 0 .1 1 1 2 .4 1 1 6 .4 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .2 1 1 8 .1 ...................................................... 4 2 .4 5 5 .8 7 1 .9 8 8 .7 1 2 3 .1 1 3 9 .7 1 5 1 .2 1 6 4 .9 1 8 1 .3 1 9 7 .2 2 1 3 .0 2 3 1 .2 2 5 2 .8 R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................ 5 8 .9 6 9 .6 8 1 .1 9 3 .6 1 0 5 .8 1 1 1 .5 1 1 3 .6 1 1 1 .7 1 1 2 .5 1 1 5 .6 1 1 7 .3 1 1 8 .3 1 1 6 .3 1 9 4 .0 2 1 4 .1 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r U n it a b o r c o s t ............................................................................ 6 9 .6 7 9 .4 9 1 .3 9 3 .3 1 1 8 .2 1 2 5 .4 1 3 3 .1 1 4 9 .8 1 6 1 .3 1 6 9 .4 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ...................................................... 7 3 .2 8 0 .5 8 5 .5 9 5 .9 1 0 5 .8 1 1 9 .0 1 2 4 .9 1 3 0 .4 1 5 0 .4 1 5 8 .0 1 6 5 .6 1 7 4 .3 1 8 4 .4 ............................................................ 7 0 .8 7 9 .8 8 9 .3 9 4 .2 1 1 3 .9 1 2 3 .2 1 3 0 .3 1 4 3 .1 1 5 7 .5 1 6 5 .5 1 7 4 .8 1 8 7 .2 2 0 3 .8 1 0 8 .5 Im p lic it p ric e d e f la to r 1 7 9 .6 N o n fa r m b u s in e s s s e c to r: O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e rs o n s ...................................... 6 6 .9 7 4 .3 8 0 .9 9 5 .9 1 0 3 .0 1 1 0 .1 1 1 2 .0 1 1 0 .5 1 1 4 .4 1 1 6 .2 1 1 6 .8 1 1 5 .5 ...................................................... 4 5 .4 5 8 .7 7 4 .2 8 9 .4 1 2 1 .7 1 3 8 .4 1 4 9 .2 1 6 2 .8 1 7 8 .9 1 9 3 .8 2 0 9 .3 2 2 7 .3 2 4 7 .6 R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................ 6 3 .0 7 3 .2 8 3 .7 9 4 .6 1 0 4 .6 1 1 0 .4 1 1 2 .1 1 1 0 .2 1 1 1 .0 1 1 3 .7 1 1 5 .3 1 1 6 .3 1 1 3 .9 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r U n it la b o r c o s t ............................................................................ 6 7 .9 7 9 .1 9 1 .7 9 3 .2 1 1 8 .1 1 2 5 .7 1 3 3 .2 1 5 0 .0 1 6 1 .8 1 6 9 .4 1 8 0 .1 1 9 4 .5 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts 7 1 .5 8 0 .1 8 4 .5 9 5 .8 1 0 6 .0 1 1 7 .5 1 1 7 .8 1 2 4 .7 1 4 6 .0 1 5 6 .0 1 6 3 .9 1 6 9 .9 1 7 8 .8 6 9 .1 7 9 .4 8 9 .2 9 4 .1 1 1 4 .0 1 2 2 .9 1 2 7 .9 1 4 1 .4 1 5 6 .4 1 6 4 .8 1 7 4 .5 1 8 6 .1 2 0 2 .2 ( ’ ) ( ’ ) 8 0 .2 9 6 .8 1 0 3 .5 1 1 0 .5 1 1 2 .8 1 0 8 .5 1 1 5 .5 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .9 ( 1) ( ’ ) ( ’ ) 7 5 .7 9 0 .0 1 2 1 .5 1 3 6 .7 1 4 7 .5 1 6 1 .4 1 7 7 .4 1 9 2 .2 2 0 7 .6 2 2 4 .8 ( ’ ) C ) 8 5 .4 9 5 .3 1 0 4 .4 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .8 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .1 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .4 1 1 5 .0 ( ’ ) ( ') ( ’ ) 9 4 .3 9 3 .0 1 1 7 .4 1 2 3 .7 1 3 0 .7 1 4 8 .8 1 5 8 .6 1 6 6 .4 1 7 7 .7 1 9 0 .6 ( ') ( ’ ) ( ’ ) 9 0 .8 1 0 0 .1 1 0 3 .5 1 1 4 .8 1 1 6 .8 1 2 4 .8 1 4 8 .1 1 5 6 .8 1 6 4 .4 1 7 0 .6 ( ') ( ’ ) ( ’ ) 9 3 .1 9 5 .5 1 1 2 .5 1 2 0 .5 1 2 5 .8 1 4 0 .2 1 5 4 .9 1 6 3 .0 1 7 3 .0 1 8 3 .5 ( ’ ) 6 5 .0 7 4 .1 7 8 .9 9 8 .3 1 0 4 .5 1 1 5 .7 1 1 8 .8 1 1 2 .6 1 1 8 .2 1 2 3 .4 1 2 7 .2 1 2 8 .0 1 3 0 .2 1 3 6 .6 1 4 6 .4 1 6 1 .1 1 8 0 .2 1 9 5 .1 2 1 2 .0 2 2 9 .5 2 5 0 .5 Im p lic it p ric e d e f la to r ................................................... ............................................................ 2 1 4 .4 N o n fin a n c ia l c o rp o ra tio n s : O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p lo y e e s C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ................................ ...................................................... R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................. U n it la b o r c o s t ............................................................................ U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts Im p lic it p ric e d e fla to r ...................................................... ............................................................ 1 1 1 .9 ( ’ ) M a n u fa c tu rin g : O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e rs o n s C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ...................................... ...................................................... 4 5 .1 6 0 .5 7 7 .1 9 1 .0 1 2 1 .8 R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................ 6 2 .5 7 5 .4 8 7 .0 9 6 .3 1 0 4 .7 1 0 9 .0 1 1 0 .0 1 0 9 .1 1 1 1 .8 1 1 4 .5 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .5 1 1 5 .2 U n it la b o r c o s t ............................................................................ 6 9 .4 8 1 .6 9 7 .7 9 2 .6 1 1 6 .5 1 1 8 .1 1 2 3 .2 1 4 3 .1 1 5 2 .4 1 5 8 .2 1 6 6 .6 1 7 9 .4 1 9 2 .4 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ................................................ 8 2 .4 8 8 .6 9 2 .4 1 0 3 .3 9 6 .2 1 0 7 .4 1 0 6 .4 1 0 5 .6 1 2 8 .4 1 3 9 .6 1 4 7 .4 1 5 2 .4 ( ') ............................................................ 7 3 .3 8 3 .8 9 6 .1 9 5 .9 1 1 0 .3 1 1 4 .8 1 1 8 .0 1 3 1 .6 1 4 5 .1 1 5 2 .5 1 6 0 .7 1 7 1 .1 C ) Im p lic it p ric e d e f la to r 1 N o t a v a ila b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 99 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW March 1980 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity 32. Annual percent change in productivity and related data, 1969-79 Annual rate of change Year Item 1972 1973 1974 1970 1971 ............................................ 0 .2 0 .7 3 .3 3 .5 1 .9 -3 .0 2.1 ............................................................ 6 .8 7.1 6 .7 6 .3 8 .2 9.1 9 .9 1979 1950-78 1960-78 1977 1978 3 .5 1 .9 0 .5 -0 .9 2 .6 2 .2 8 .8 8 .0 8 .5 9 .3 5 .8 6 .8 1976 1975 1969 P r iv a te b u s in e s s s e c to r: O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e rs o n s C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r 2.1 R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ................................................... 1 .4 1.1 2 .4 2 .9 1 .9 -1 .7 .7 2 .8 1 .5 0 .8 -1 .7 2 .6 U n it l a b o r c o s t ................................................................................... 6 .6 6 .4 3 .3 2 .8 6 .2 1 2 .5 7 .7 5 .0 6 .0 8 .0 1 0 .4 3 .2 4 .5 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ............................................................. 1 .0 1 .2 6 .8 5 .2 5 .0 4 .4 1 5 .3 5 .1 4 .8 5 .3 5 .8 2 .8 4 .0 Im p lic it p ric e d e f la to r 4 .7 4 .7 4 .4 3 .6 5 .8 9 .8 1 0 .1 5 .0 5 .6 7.1 8 .9 3.1 4 .3 0 .5 ................................................................... N o n fa r m b u s in e s s s e c to r: O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e rs o n s C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................. ............................................................. -.3 6 .3 .1 3.1 3 .7 1 .7 3 .5 1 .6 6 .7 6 .7 6 .5 7 .8 9.1 9 .9 8 .3 8 .0 8 .6 -1 .7 .7 2 .4 1 .4 0 .9 1 2 .7 7 .9 4 .7 6 .3 8 .0 -3 .1 1 .9 - 1 .2 8 .9 2 .2 2 .0 5 .5 6 .5 2 .3 1 .9 1 0 .2 3 .2 4 .5 - 2 .1 R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ................................................... .9 .7 2 .3 3.1 1 .5 U n it la b o r c o s t ................................................................................... 6 .7 6 .5 3 .5 2 .8 6 .0 .4 1 .6 6 .7 3 .8 .3 5 .9 1 7 .1 6 .9 5 .0 3 .7 5 .2 2 .8 3 .9 4 .5 4 .9 4 .5 3.1 4 .1 1 0 .5 1 0 .6 5 .4 5 .9 6 .6 8 .7 3.1 4 .3 3 .4 3 .3 2 .1 - 3 .8 3.1 3 .2 1.1 1 .0 ( ') ( 1) 2 .0 6 .2 5 .9 7 .9 9 .4 1 0 .0 8 .3 8 .0 8 .3 ( ') ( ') ( 1) ( ') 1 .7 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ............................................................. Im p lic it p ric e d e f la to r ................................................................... N o n fin a n c ia l c o rp o ra tio n s : .3 O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p l o y e e s ...................................... -.1 6 .3 ............................................................. 6 .7 6 .7 R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ................................................... 1 .2 .7 1 .9 2 .5 1 .6 - 1 .4 .7 2 .4 1 .5 0 .6 6 .8 2 .7 2 .5 5 .7 1 3 .8 6 .6 4 .9 6 .8 7 .3 ( ') ( ’ ) 4 .2 .5 7 .3 3 .3 1 .8 6 .8 1 8 .7 5 .8 4 .9 3 .8 ( ') ( 1) 3 .4 4 .6 4 .2 2 .8 4 .4 1 1 .5 1 0 .5 5 .2 6.1 6.1 ( 1) ( ') 5 .3 5.1 2 .7 -5 .2 4 .9 4 .4 3.1 .6 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r U n it la b o r c o s t ................................................................................... 6 .3 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ............................................................ 0 Im p lic it p ric e d e f la to r 4.1 ................................................................... 3 .9 M a n u fa c tu rin g : 2 .6 ............................................ 1.1 ............................................................. 6 .4 6 .9 6 .3 5 .5 7 .2 1 0 .1 1 1 .8 8 .3 8 .6 8 .3 9.1 R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ................................................... 1 .0 .9 2 .0 2.1 .9 -.8 2 .4 2 .4 2 .0 .6 -1 .9 2 .2 1 .6 3 .6 O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e rs o n s C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r -.3 2 .6 1 .8 5 .4 6 .3 U n it la b o r c o s t ................................................................................... 5 .2 7 .2 .9 .4 4 .3 1 6 .1 6 .6 3 .8 5 .3 7 .7 7 .2 2 .7 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ............................................................ -4 .4 -3 .2 9 .2 2 .3 -1 .0 -.7 2 1 .6 8 .8 5 .5 3 .4 N .A . 1 .8 2 .3 2 .3 4 .2 3.1 1 .0 2 .8 1 1 .5 1 0 .2 5.1 5 .4 6 .5 N .A . 2 .5 3 .3 III IV Im p lic it p ric e d e f la to r ................................................................... 1 N o t a v a ila b le . 33. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted [1 9 6 7 = 10 0] Quarterly indexes Annual average Item 1978 1979 II III 1979 1978 1977 IV I II III IV I II P r iv a te b u s in e s s s e c to r: ............................................. 1 1 9 .2 1 1 8 .1 1 1 7 .9 1 1 9 .4 1 1 8 .8 1 1 8 .4 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .7 1 1 9 .8 1 1 8 .9 1 1 8 .2 1 1 7 .8 1 1 7 .3 ............................................................ 2 3 1 .2 2 5 2 .8 2 1 0 .8 2 1 5 .3 2 1 8 .5 2 2 4 .2 2 2 8 .5 2 3 3 .6 2 3 8 .4 2 4 4 .8 2 5 0 .3 2 5 5 .6 2 6 0 .0 R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ................................................... 1 1 8 .3 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .6 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .7 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .2 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .0 1 1 6 .9 1 1 5 .8 1 1 4 .2 U n it la b o r c o s t .................................................................................. 1 9 4 .0 2 1 4 .1 1 7 8 .8 1 8 0 .2 1 8 3 .8 1 8 9 .4 1 9 2 .1 1 9 5 .2 1 9 9 .0 2 0 5 .9 2 1 1 .7 2 1 7 .0 '2 2 1 .5 1 7 3 .9 1 7 7 .0 1 8 1 .3 1 8 0 .8 1 8 3 .7 1 8 5 .6 '1 8 8 .2 1 8 5 .8 1 8 8 .9 1 9 2 .9 1 9 7 .2 2 0 2 .0 2 0 6 .1 '2 1 0 .0 O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e rs o n s C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ............................................................ 1 7 4 .3 1 8 4 .4 1 6 4 .7 1 6 7 .9 1 6 8 .6 1 6 4 .8 Im p lic it p ric e d e f la to r 1 8 7 .2 2 0 3 .8 1 7 3 .9 1 7 6 .0 1 7 8 .6 1 8 0 .9 ................................................................... N o n fa r m b u s in e s s s e c to r: ............................................ 1 1 6 .8 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .7 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .6 1 1 6 .6 1 1 5 .4 1 1 5 .0 1 1 4 .9 ............................................................ 2 2 7 .3 2 4 7 .6 2 0 7 .3 2 1 1 .2 2 1 4 .8 2 2 0 .6 2 2 4 .6 2 2 9 .4 2 3 4 .3 2 4 0 .2 r 2 4 4 .4 2 4 9 .9 2 5 5 .2 R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ................................................... 1 1 6 .3 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .4 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .8 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .0 1 1 5 .8 1 1 4 .3 1 1 3 .2 1 1 2 .1 U n it la b o r c o s t ................................................................................... 1 9 4 .5 2 1 4 .4 1 8 4 .7 1 9 0 .2 1 9 2 .7 1 9 9 .3 2 0 6 .0 2 1 2 .1 2 1 7 .3 2 2 2 .2 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ............................................................ 1 6 9 .9 1 7 8 .8 1 6 3 .2 1 6 7 .1 1 6 6 .0 1 6 1 .1 1 6 9 .2 1 7 3 .0 1 7 6 .1 1 7 4 .3 1 7 7 .6 1 8 0 .5 1 8 3 .3 2 0 2 .2 1 7 3 .6 1 7 6 .2 1 7 8 .3 1 8 0 .2 1 8 4 .7 1 8 7 .8 1 9 1 .4 1 9 5 .1 2 0 0 .3 2 0 4 .7 2 0 8 .9 O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e rs o n s C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r Im p lic it p r ic e d e f la to r ................................................................... 1 8 6 .1 1 7 9 .0 1 8 0 .9 1 9 5 .6 N o n fin a n c ia l c o rp o ra tio n s : O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p l o y e e s ...................................... 1 1 7 .9 ( ') 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .4 1 1 6 .7 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .4 1 1 8 .8 1 1 8 .1 1 1 7 .3 r 1 1 7 .2 ( 1) C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................................. 2 2 4 .8 ( ') 2 0 5 .7 2 0 9 .5 2 1 2 .8 2 1 8 .5 2 2 2 .3 2 2 6 .9 2 3 1 .3 2 3 7 .4 2 4 2 .1 2 4 7 .1 ( ’ ) ( ’ ) 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .5 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .7 1 1 4 .9 1 1 4 .8 1 1 4 .5 1 1 4 .5 1 1 3 .1 r 1 1 2 .0 ( ') R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ................................................... 1 1 5 .0 1 9 3 .3 ( 1) 1 8 0 .5 1 8 2 .4 1 8 6 .3 1 9 0 .8 1 9 1 .6 1 9 4 .0 1 9 6 .8 2 0 2 .3 2 0 8 .0 '2 1 3 .2 ( ’ ) ...................................................................... 1 9 0 .6 ( ') 1 7 6 .6 1 7 8 .4 1 8 2 .3 1 8 7 .3 1 8 8 .7 1 9 1 .5 1 9 4 .8 2 0 1 .0 2 0 6 .4 '2 1 0 .8 ( ') U n it n o n la b o r c o s t s ............................................................ 2 0 1 .8 ( ') 1 9 2 .4 1 9 4 .8 1 9 8 .7 2 0 1 .5 2 0 0 .8 2 0 1 .6 2 0 3 .1 2 0 6 .5 2 1 3 .2 '2 2 0 .5 ( ') ( ’ ) 1 2 3 .3 1 3 0 .9 1 2 2 .2 1 0 7 .1 1 2 9 .2 1 3 2 .7 1 3 8 .7 1 3 0 .3 1 2 9 .2 '1 2 7 .5 ( ’ ) ( ') 1 7 2 .0 1 7 4 .7 1 7 6 .8 1 7 8 .3 1 8 2 .3 1 8 4 .9 1 8 8 .2 1 9 1 .6 1 9 6 .3 '2 0 0 .4 ( ’ ) T o ta l u n it c o s ts ............................................................................... U n it la b o r c o s t U n it p ro fits ......................................................................................... Im p lic it p ric e d e f la to r ................................................................... 1 2 7 .2 1 8 3 .5 M a n u fa c tu rin g : O u tp u t p e r h o u r f o r a ll p e r s o n s ............................................. 1 2 8 .0 1 3 0 .2 1 2 7 .3 1 2 8 .4 1 2 7 .8 1 2 5 .7 1 2 7 .2 1 2 9 .2 1 2 9 .8 1 2 9 .0 1 3 0 .0 1 3 1 .1 1 3 0 .6 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ............................................................. 2 2 9 .5 2 5 0 .5 2 0 9 .7 2 1 4 .1 2 1 7 .5 2 2 3 .2 2 2 6 .6 2 3 1 .4 2 3 6 .5 2 4 2 .4 2 4 8 .2 2 5 3 .0 2 5 8 .0 R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ................................................... 1 1 7 .5 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .1 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .1 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .1 1 1 6 .9 1 1 5 .9 1 1 4 .6 1 1 3 .3 U n it la b o r c o s t .................................................................................. 1 7 9 .4 1 9 2 .4 1 6 4 .7 1 6 6 .7 1 7 0 .2 1 7 7 .5 1 7 8 .1 1 7 9 .1 1 8 2 .2 1 8 7 .9 1 9 0 .9 1 9 3 .0 1 9 7 .6 100 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 34. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted at annual rate [1967 = 100] Quarterly percent change at annual rate I11978 to III 1978 Item III 1978 to IV 1978 IV 1978 to I 1979 11979 to II 1979 I11979 to III 1979 Percent change from same quarter a year ago III 1979 to IV 1979 III 1977 to III 1978 IV 1977 to IV 1978 11978 to 11979 I11978 to I11979 III 1978 to III 1979 IV 1978 to IV 1979 P r iv a te b u s in e s s s e c to r: O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e rs o n s ................................ 2 .4 0 .3 -3 .0 0 .2 0 .8 ................................................ 9 .2 8 .5 1 1 .1 9 .3 8 .8 6 .9 8 .5 9.1 R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ...................................... .3 -.7 .1 - 3 .8 -3 .6 -5 .6 0 .4 .1 U n it la b o r c o s t ...................................................................... 6 .6 8.1 1 4 .6 1 1 .8 1 0 .3 8 .7 8 .3 8 .3 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s Im p lic it p ric e d e f la to r -2 .2 -1 .3 -1 .6 0 .4 9 .2 -.6 8 .7 -0 .6 - 1 .6 -2 .0 9 .5 9 .4 9 .0 -1 .0 -2 .0 - 3 .2 1 0 .2 1 1 .2 1 1 .3 ............................................... 7 .4 9 .9 - 1 .0 6 .5 4 .1 5 .9 5 .4 7 .5 9 .7 5 .6 4 .8 3 .9 ...................................................... 6 .9 8 .7 9 .3 10 .1 8 .3 7 .8 7 .4 8 .0 9 .0 8 .7 9.1 8 .9 .8 -3 .2 - 4 .1 8.8 1 0 .4 N o n fa r m b u s in e s s s e c to r: O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ................................ 2 .7 ................................................ 8 .8 R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ...................................... .0 U n it la b o r c o s t ...................................................................... 6 .0 C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts Im p lic it p ric e d e f la to r -.4 -.6 8 .0 1 4 .0 - 1 .4 -1 .2 5 1.1 '.5 -1 .0 -2 .0 7 .9 8 .5 8 .9 8 .7 9.1 8 .9 9 .0 8 .9 -5 .0 -3 .9 3 .8 .6 .1 -1 .5 - 2 .5 - 3 .3 1 2 .5 1 0 .1 9 .3 8.1 7 .9 10 .1 1 1 .1 '1 1 . 1 -.8 8 .3 - 2 .3 8 .9 ............................................... 9 .4 7 .3 -4 .0 7 .8 6 .6 6 .4 3 .5 6.1 8 .2 5 .0 4 .3 4.1 ...................................................... 7 .0 7 .8 8.1 1 1 .0 9 .0 8 .4 6 .6 7 .3 8 .3 8 .5 9 .0 9 .1 ' — 1 .0 N o n fin a n d a l c o rp o ra tio n s : O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p lo y e e s C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ......................... ............................................... R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ...................................... T o ta l u n it c o s ts ................................................................... 2 .0 8 .4 -.4 1.1 -2 .1 -2 .8 ' - 0 .2 ( 1) 0 .8 1 .8 1 .3 .5 8.1 1 1 .0 8 .0 '8 .6 ( 1) 8 .3 8 .7 8 .7 8.9 -1 .0 .0 -4 .9 '- 3 .8 ( 1) .2 6 .4 -.3 -1 .0 -1 .6 ( 1) 8 .9 ( ’ ) - 2 .5 ( 1) 5.1 5 .9 1 1 .7 1 1 .8 '1 0 .2 ( ’ ) 6 .1 8 .6 '9 .9 ............................................................ 6 .2 6 .9 1 3 .4 1 1 .2 '8 .8 ( 1) 7 .4 6 .8 7 .3 9 .4 '1 0 . 1 ( 1) U n it n o n la b o r c o s t s ...................................................... 1 .7 2 .9 6 .8 1 3 .5 '4 .6 n 3 .5 2 .2 2 .5 6 .2 '9 .4 ( 1) 1 1 .4 1 9 .5 (M 1 .4 1 3 .6 2 1 .7 0 '- 3 .9 ( 1) 5 .7 7 .3 ( ’ ) 5 .8 6 .4 ( ’ ) 6 .3 2 .0 -2 .4 8 .7 9 .3 1 0 .3 U n it la b o r c o s ts U n it p r o f i t s ............................................................................... Im p lic it p ric e d e f la to r ...................................................... - 2 2 .1 7 .6 5 .6 -3 .4 '- 5 .3 1 0 .2 '8 .6 7 .5 7 .7 '8 .4 2 .9 3 .5 -1 .5 .6 1 .6 2 .6 2 .2 1 .5 8 .7 8 .6 9 .5 9 .4 ( 1) M a n u fa c tu rin g : O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e rs o n s C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ................................ ............................................... R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ...................................... U n it la b o r c o s t ...................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis -.1 2 .2 0 7.1 -.6 1 3 .0 9 .8 8.1 8 .2 8.1 -3 .4 - 4 .3 4 .5 0 -.3 6 .7 4 .4 9 .8 7 .4 7.1 -1 .1 5 .9 -1 .0 7 .2 - 2 .1 7 .8 0 .6 9.1 '- 3 .2 8 .5 101 LABOR-MANAGEMENT DATA M a j o r c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g d a t a are obtained from contracts on file at the Bureau of Labor Statistics, direct contact with the parties, and from secondary sources. Addi tional detail is published in Current Wage Developments, a monthly periodical of the Bureau. Data on work stoppages are based on confidential responses to questionnaires mailed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to parties involved in work stoppages. Stoppages initially come to the attention of the Bureau from reports of Federal and State mediation agencies, newspapers, and union and industry publications. Definitions Data on wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry agree ments covering 1,000 workers or more. Data on wage and benefit changes co m b in ed apply only to those agreements covering 5,000 workers or more. First-year wage settlements refer to pay changes go ing into effect within the first 12 months after the effective date of 35. the agreement. Changes over the life of the agreement refer to total agreed upon settlements (exclusive of potential cost-of-living escalator adjustments) expressed at an average annual rate. Wage-rate changes are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earnings, while wage and benefit changes are expressed as a percent of total compensation. Effective wage-rate adjustments going into effect in major bargaining units measure changes actually placed into effect during the reference period, whether the result of a newly negotiated increase, a deferred increase negotiated in an earlier year, or as a result of a costof-living escalator adjustment. Average adjustments are affected by workers receiving no adjustment, as well as by those receiving in creases or decreases. Work stoppages include all known strikes or lockouts involving six workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Data cover all workers idle one shift or more in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material or service shortages. Wage and benefit settlements in major collective bargaining units, 1975 to date [ In p e r c e n t ] Quarterly average Annual average Sector and measure 1979 1978 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 II III IV I II III IV W a g e a n d b e n e fit s e ttle m e n ts , a ll in d u strie s: F ir s t-y e a r s e ttle m e n ts 1 1 .4 8 .5 9 .6 8 .3 8 .9 6 .8 7 .2 6.1 2 .5 1 0 .6 9 .0 8.1 ................................... 8.1 6 .6 6 .2 6 .3 6 .6 6 .0 5 .9 5 .2 5 .2 7 .7 6 .0 6 .0 ......................................................... ......................................................... A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n tr a c t W a g e r a te s e ttle m e n ts , a ll in d u strie s: 1 0 .2 8 .4 7 .8 7 .6 7 .4 6 .9 7 .5 7 .4 4 .8 9 .0 6 .6 6 .3 ................... 7 .8 6 .4 5 .8 6 .4 6 .0 6 .2 6 .4 5 .9 6 .6 7 .0 4 .8 4 .9 F ir s t-y e a r s e t t l e m e n t s .................................................. 9 .8 8 .9 8 .4 8 .3 7 .0 7.1 8 .4 9 .5 8 .7 9 .9 6 .2 5 .9 A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n tr a c t 8 .0 6 .0 5 .5 6 .6 5 .4 5 .8 7 .2 7 .4 8 .6 8.1 4 .6 4 .2 F ir s t-y e a r s e ttle m e n ts A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n tr a c t M a n u fa c tu rin g : ......................... N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g (e x c lu d in g c o n s tru c tio n ): 1 1 .9 8 .6 8 .0 8 .0 7 .5 7 .7 7 .4 6 .4 2 .3 8 .5 9.1 7 .2 ......................... 8 .0 7 .2 5 .9 6 .5 5 .9 6 .9 5 .9 5.1 5 .6 5 .7 5 .8 7 .5 F ir s t-y e a r s e t t l e m e n t s .................................................. 8 .0 6.1 6 .3 6 .5 8 .9 6 .4 7 .0 8 .4 1 1 .0 9.1 1 0 .4 7 .9 A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n tr a c t 7 .5 6 .2 6 .3 6 .2 8 .4 6 .0 7 .2 7.1 7 .7 8 .2 9.1 7.1 F ir s t-y e a r s e t t l e m e n t s .................................................. A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n tr a c t C o n s tru c tio n : 102 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ......................... 36. Effective wage adjustments going into effect in major collective bargaining units, 1975 to date [ In p e r c e n t ] Average annual changes Average quarterly changes Sector and measure 1975 T o ta l e f f e c tiv e w a g e r a te a d ju s tm e n t, a ll i n d u s t r i e s ...................... 1976 1977 1978 1979 1977 1978 IV 1 1979 II III IV I II III IV 8 .7 8.1 8 .0 8 .2 8 .8 1.1 1 .3 2 .6 2 .7 1 .4 1 .4 2 .6 3 .2 1 .5 2 .8 3 .2 3 .0 2 .0 2 .8 0 .5 0 .5 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .2 1.1 1 .0 0 .4 3 .7 3 .2 3 .2 3 .7 3 .0 .3 .6 1 .4 1 .2 .5 .6 .9 1 .0 .4 2 .2 1 .6 1 .7 2 .4 3 .0 .3 .3 .6 1 .0 .5 .6 .5 1 .2 .6 C h a n g e re s u ltin g f r o m — C u r r e n t s e t tle m e n t P rio r s e t tle m e n t ......................................................................... ............................................................................... E s c a la to r p ro v is io n ......................................................................... M a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................................... 8 .5 8 .5 8 .4 8 .6 9 .2 1 .4 1 .4 2 .2 2 .9 1 .9 1 .4 2 .3 3 .1 2 .2 N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ...................................................................................... 8 .9 7 .7 7 .6 7 .9 8 .5 .8 1 .3 2 .9 2 .5 1.1 1 .4 2 .8 3 .4 .9 N O T E : B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g a n d c o m p o u n d in g , t h e s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta ls . 37. Work stoppages, 1947 to date Number of stoppages Month and year Beginning in month or year 1947 3 ,6 9 3 In effect during month Workers involved Beginning in month or year (thousands) Days idle In effect during month (thousands) Number (thousands) Percent of estimated working time 2 ,1 7 0 3 4 .6 0 0 1946 3 ,4 1 9 1 ,9 6 0 3 4 .1 0 0 1949 3 ,6 0 6 3 ,0 3 0 5 0 .5 0 0 .4 4 1950 4 ,8 4 3 2 ,4 1 0 3 8 ,8 0 0 .3 3 1951 4 ,7 3 7 2 ,2 2 0 2 2 .9 0 0 1952 5 ,1 1 7 3 ,5 4 0 5 9 .1 0 0 .4 8 1953 5 ,0 9 1 2 ,4 0 0 2 8 .3 0 0 .22 1954 3 ,4 6 8 1 ,5 3 0 2 2 .6 0 0 .1 8 1955 4 ,3 2 0 2 ,6 5 0 2 8 ,2 0 0 .22 1956 3 ,8 2 5 1 ,9 0 0 3 3 .1 0 0 .2 4 1957 .3 0 .2 8 .1 8 3 ,6 7 3 1 ,3 9 0 1 6 .5 0 0 .12 1958 3 ,6 9 4 2 ,0 6 0 2 3 .9 0 0 .1 8 1959 3 ,7 0 8 1 ,8 8 0 6 9 ,0 0 0 .5 0 1960 3 ,3 3 3 1 ,3 2 0 1 9 .1 0 0 .1 4 1961 3 ,3 6 7 1 ,4 5 0 1 6 .3 0 0 .11 1962 3 ,6 1 4 1 ,2 3 0 1 8 ,6 0 0 .1 3 1963 3 ,3 6 2 941 1 6 .1 0 0 .11 1964 3 ,6 5 5 1 ,6 4 0 2 2 .9 0 0 .1 5 1965 3 ,9 6 3 1 ,5 5 0 2 3 .3 0 0 .1 5 1966 4 ,4 0 5 1 ,9 6 0 2 5 ,4 0 0 .1 5 1967 4 ,5 9 5 2 ,8 7 0 4 2 ,1 0 0 .2 5 1968 5 ,0 4 5 2 ,6 4 9 4 9 ,0 1 8 .2 8 1969 5 ,7 0 0 2 ,4 8 1 4 2 ,8 6 9 .2 4 1970 5 ,7 1 6 3305 6 6 ,4 1 4 .3 7 1971 5 ,1 3 8 3 ,2 8 0 4 7 ,5 8 9 .2 6 1972 5 ,0 1 0 1 ,7 1 4 2 7 ,0 6 6 .1 5 1973 5 ,3 5 3 2 ,2 5 1 2 7 ,9 4 8 .1 4 1974 6 ,0 7 4 2 ,7 7 8 4 7 ,9 9 1 .2 4 1975 5 ,0 3 1 1 ,7 4 6 3 1 ,2 3 7 .1 6 1976 5 ,6 4 8 2 ,4 2 0 3 7 ,8 5 9 .1 9 1977 5 ,5 0 6 2 ,0 4 0 3 5 ,8 2 2 .1 7 1978: 1979: S e p te m b e r 453 854 448 551 4 ,4 4 6 .2 5 O c to b e r 370 721 117 216 2 ,3 5 2 .1 3 .0 9 .. Novem ber 268 569 64 136 1 ,6 9 1 D ecem ber 157 408 53 143 1 ,3 7 7 .0 8 Ja n u a ry . . 262 366 68 144 1 ,9 2 5 . 1 ,6 7 0 .10 .10 .10 F eb ru a ry 299 501 75 221 ... 391 608 112 223 1 ,8 7 1 A p r i l ............. 512 781 426 535 5 ,1 2 6 .2 7 M a y ............. 556 877 132 395 3 ,6 8 2 .1 9 June 536 866 137 302 2 ,9 8 9 .1 6 471 817 168 290 3 ,0 0 1 .1 6 August . . . 463 869 119 270 3 ,1 5 2 .1 5 S e p te m b e r 464 793 135 243 2 ,3 1 9 .1 3 O c to b e r 443 781 230 334 2 ,9 6 8 .1 5 N ovem ber 257 546 91 255 2 ,7 2 0 .1 5 D ecem ber 134 M a rc h .. . . J u l y ............. 1980: J a n u a ry p .. . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 352 42 441 207 292 1 ,9 7 6 .11 3 ,1 4 2 .1 6 103 How to order BLS publications PERIODICALS O rd er fr o m (a n d m a k e checks p a y a b le to) S u p erin ten d en t o f D ocum ents, W ashington, D.C. 20402. F or fo reig n subscriptions, a d d 2 5 percent. Monthly Labor Review. 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