Full text of Monthly Labor Review : March 1962, Vol. 85, No. 3
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Monthly K
Labor
Review
------ -— i
M A R C H 1962 VO L. 85 N O .
A1
Price Trends and the Business Cycle in Postwar Years
Recent Growth of Paid Leisure for U.S. Workers
The Impact of Exports on U.S. Employment
Coverage of Union Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Arthur J. Goldberg, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E wan C l a g u e , Commissioner
R o ber t J. M y e r s , Deputy Commissioner
P h il ip A rno w , Assistant Commissioner
H erm an
W. D
B. B y e r , Assistant Commissioner
uane
E v a n s , Assistant Commissioner
P a ul R . K e r sc h ba u m , Assistant Commissioner
J ack Altekman, Chief, Office of Economic Growth Studies
Arnold E. C hase, Chief, D ivision of Prices and Cost of Living
H. M. D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
R ay S. D u n n , J r ., Acting Chief, Office of Management
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold Goldstein, Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon G reenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
P eter H enle , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
R ichard F. J ones, D eputy Assistant Commissioner (Management)
W alter G. K eim , D eputy Assistant Commissioner (Field Service)
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
H yman L. L ewis, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
Abe R othman, Chief, Office of Statistical Standards
William C. Shelton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
Regional Offices and Directors
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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR . BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L a w r e n c e R . K l e in , Editor-in-Chief
M ary S. B e d e l l , Executive Editor
CONTENTS
Special Articles
241
249
258
261
264
267
269
271
Price Trends and the Business Cycle in Postwar Years
Recent Growth of Paid Leisure for U.S. Workers
The 10-Hour Day in the Philadelphia Navy Yard, 1835-36
Training for Executive Staff in Labor Unions
Papers From the 1961 IRRA Meeting
Industrial and National Wage Levels Under Big Unionism
Work Rules Issue in the Basic Steel Industry
Union Racial Practices and the Labor M arket
The Sense of History and the Annals of Labor
Summaries of Studies and Reports
274
277
279
282
286
288
Health, Insurance, and Pension Plan Coverage in Union Contracts
Domestic Employment Attributable to U.S. Exports
Earnings in Life Insurance Offices, M ay-July 1961
Salaries of Firemen and Policemen, 1958-61
Guides for Noninflationary Wage and Price Decisions
Wage Chronology: Franklin Association of Chicago—Supplement No 2—
1953-61
Technical Note
296
Indexes of Living Costs for Alaskan Cities
Departments
hi
301
305
307
313
323
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
MARCH 1962 • Voi. 85 • No. 3
The Need for . . .
Scientists and Engineers
EMPLOYMENT
The crucial role of scientists
and engineers in the economic
progress of the United States—
both at home and in the compe
tition for world markets— em
phasizes the need for anticipat
ing future demands.
The chart
shows the results of an attempt
to develop a systematic method
of projecting employment needs
for workers in these occupations.
1959
1970
Projected
959
1970
Projected
The basic assumptions underlying the projections, the methodology used in deriving them, and
their limitations w ill be summarized in an article, “ The Long-Range Demand for Scientists and
Engineers,” which w ill appear in the A p ril issue of the Review .
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The Labor Month
in Review
I n the A pril issue , the Monthly Labor Review
will present in considerable detail the recommen
dations of the 13-chapter report of the tripartite
Presidential Railroad Commission. These in ef
fect were the recommendations of the public
members. The carrier members accepted them
with reservations. The union members rejected
the major recommendations.
The Commission had been appointed in Novem
ber 1960 to investigate work and pay rules disputes
between 195 carriers and the 5 unions representing
about 200,000 operating employees. Both parties
had committed themselves to resume bargaining
immediately following the Commission’s report.
The reaction of the parties to the report might
in part reflect their need to assume a stance before
negotiations. More likely, however, it stemmed
from the uncompromising vigor of the report and
the philosophy underlying it. As Commission
Chairman Simon H. Rifkind put it, when you
attem pt to effect a change, “it follows that the
adventitious beneficiaries will complain.”
Summed up in a single sentence, the report con
cluded that it was time for a change in the “com
mon law” of the union-carrier relationship, but
there also must be time enough to make the
change. All parties can concede that the report
gave an explosive wrench to the issues which have
created periodic crises in railroad bargaining, and
it is worth quoting some of the language which re
veals the purpose and the philosophy which moti
vated the public members.
Railroad rules and practices relating to manning
and pay computation, the report states, “devel
oped over a period of more than 100 years” from
a mixture of “practices and habits, from collec
tively bargained agreements, from decisions of
courts and arbitration tribunals, from Federal and
State legislation, and from actions taken [under
Government control] during and immediately after
World War I.” While some changes have taken
place to accommodate improvement in operations
to “revolutionary changes in technology and to the
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changes in the national context in which the rail
road industry operates,” the report says they have
not been far reaching enough.
A lack was noted in the flexibility required “to
permit many changes in manning and assignments
which are appropriate in the light of the techno
logical and economic revolutions that have taken
place.” Collective bargaining practice on the rail
roads “has permitted a lag to develop between the
rate of change in the ‘common law’ of the industry
and the rate of change in railroading and the Na
tion.” The necessity “to close the gap” has been
widely recognized, the Commission felt, by both
labor and management.
basic concepts were set forth by the
Commission as a “framework within which we
believe it will be possible for the parties to find
solutions for their problems.”
S everal
1. Collective bargaining must be the medium within
which all issues must be settled, but procedural reforms
in bargaining will strengthen the bargaining process.
2. A psychological adjustment is urged on the parties
in order to regard "the decade of the 1960’s as a period of
transition and adaptation to the new arrangements”
proposed in the report. A transition period "is necessary
because it is not prudent to make a sharp and precipitate
break with the past. . . . Revolutionary changes even
for the better carry a high price in disruption [which]
might exceed the value of the improvement.” Conse
quently, "the best must yield to the better” and be
“endowed with a time dimension.”
3. Recommendations are made with varying degrees of
specificity. The Commission hopes “that the degree of
particularization . . . is sufficient to provide the catalysis
necessary for the parties themselves to close the gap
between the technology and the economics of the industry
. . . and the rules governing the pay, assignments, and
working conditions . . . .”
4. The parties are urged to "establish a continuing
joint activity.” This will provide a "continuous review
of the rules in the light of technological and other develop
ments . . . .”
5. A “coordinated manpower review should be under
taken to plan for more effective, secure, and equitable
manpower administration.” The Commission suggested
that the industry, which has improved its utilization of
freight cars through “pooling and coordination on a
national basis” should do as much for its employees.
6. Fundamental to the Commission’s thinking has been
the premise "that the Nation is entitled to a safe and
efficient rail-transport system” in which management can
with reasonable freedom introduce technological improve
ments, employees can be assured of a “sound and equitable
pay structure” and of safe and efficient working conditions,
and the adverse effects of productivity improvements are
cushioned. The Commission emphasized that it was not
influenced in its recommendations for change by "the
in
IY
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 196 2
cluded an elaborate plan for monetary and other
ability or inability of the industry to pay. . . . Views
concerning finances might conceivably affect the pace of
assistance to displaced firemen.
necessary adjustments, but they do not bear significantly
T h e carriers ’ separate statement recognized that
upon the directions which adjustments should take.”
7.
All of its recommendations, the Commission asserted, “no subject so complex as the outdated work
could be more harmoniously useful if “accompanied by
rules . . . can be settled to the complete satisfac
the adoption of an integrated national transportation
tion of everybody.” However, it was contended
policy covering all forms of transport and a maximum
that “there is no precedent in American industry
effort by railroad management to become as efficient and
for
protective provisions of such cost or magni
imaginative as possible.”
is forceful in its in
sistence that the time for change is emergently at
hand. “The country, the carriers, the operating
employees, and their labor organizations cannot
afford to miss this opportunity for self-correction
of rules and practices . . . . Neither the national
welfare nor the welfare of the railroad operating
employees nor the welfare of the carriers will be
served by a stubborn refusal to yield the status
quo or to accept a new idea in the belief that some
cherished privilege or practice will be endangered.”
The national interest commands the resolution of
the conflict between work rules and technological
change. “The backwashes of civilization are
strewn with the debris of peoples who stood
stolidly against change.”
Having sounded this tocsin, the Commission
then proclaimed its added responsibility to see that
the public blessings of technological advance are
not made “a private curse.”
T h e C ommission report
No party to the proceeding could accuse the
Commission of using weasel words to becloud its
recommendations. For example, in the contro
versy over the need for firemen on diesel locomo
tives in yard or freight service, the major rational
izations for the presence of the fireman have
involved the safety and mechanical duties per
formed. The Commission concluded that “the
fireman’s lookout function . . . is not essential to
the safe and efficient operation of road freight and
yard diesels” and that “he possesses no unique or
traditional ‘craft right’ to discharge this function.”
On mechanical functions, the Commission stated
“that they involve a small proportion of the total
time on duty, are relatively minor, and are not
essential to safe operation.” The Commission
chairman stated the m atter thus in a press inter
view: “the fireman aboard that engine does not
serve a useful enough purpose” to warrant his
presence. But the recommendations also in
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tude.” Despite the “deficiencies of this report”
in relation to the denial of some of management’s
proposals and the imposition of “increased cost
without regard to . . . ability . . . to pay . . .
we are convinced th at . . . these recommenda
tions are designed to serve the public interest.”
T here were four separate dissents by the union
representatives. S. C. Phillips of the Brotherhood
of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen concen
trated on a point-by-point rebuttal of the report’s
arguments against the need for firemen on diesels
in yard and freight service. In conclusion, he
stated that the report “is contrary to the record.”
He urged the Commission, “before it plunges
everyone into catastrophe to look again at this
case.” He warned th at the report “neither hews
to the issues nor finds support in the record of
proceedings.”
H. F. Sites of the Brotherhood of Railroad
Trainmen and S. W. Holliday of the Order of
Railway Conductors and Brakemen joined in a
statement which concentrated on the crew con
sist and compensation recommendations. In re
gard to the former, they contended th at the
“Commission, after a year of hearings and inves
tigation, has been unable to identify any substan
tial area of overmanning attributable to negotiated
crew consist rules.” On wage structure, they felt
that the proposals “would create chaos in a struc
ture that at least is working, however much it
may need modernization.” They feared that
“haste” had led to a “haphazard” plan.
James W. Fallon of the Switchmen’s Union of
North America wrote that “the recommenda
tions . . . would lead to the eventual elimination
of the distinction between road and yard service”
and would give management rights “which no
labor organization can relinquish.”
The brief comments by A. F. Zimmerman of
the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers termed
the report “obnoxious” and promised submission
to the President of a separate report.
Price Trends and
the Business Cycle
in Postwar Years
P earl C. Ravner*
W h o l e s a l e p r i c e s in this country have gone up
by one-fourth and consumer prices by one-third
in the 14 years since 1947. All of the wholesale
price rise and most of the retail increase occurred
during three periods: the years immediately after
World War II, the Korean emergency, and the
aftermath of the 1955-57 investment boom.
Aside from these periods, consumer prices inched
slowly upward and wholesale prices remained
steady, or trended down, reacting neither strongly
nor promptly to the fluctuations of the four post
war business cycles. The only marked cyclical
responses occurred for wholesale prices in the 1949
downturn and for both consumer and wholesale
prices in 1950, when the outbreak of hostilities in
Korea occurred during a time of business recovery.
Some of this stability resulted from the primary
influence of factors other than business fluctuations
on important segments of both wholesale and retail
prices—farm products, foods, and services.
Farm products and foods, because of the particu
lar stages of the meat production cycles, exerted
downward price pulls throughout the last three
business recoveries. Consumer prices for services,
as part of a long-run uptrend, nudged retail prices
upward in both recession and recovery. Another
stabilizing factor has been the relative inflexibility
of prices of semiprocessed and highly processed
commodities during economic downturns.
The major difference between the price response
in the current recovery and that of the three pre
vious postwar recoveries has been in industrial
commodities. From the February 1961 trough
in economic activity, wholesale prices of all com
modities other than farm products and foods
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declined slowly and reached a low 8 months later.
Although the decline was fractional, it contrasted
sharply with gains exhibited by industrial prices
during the early months of the previous postwar
upswings.
General Price Trends Since World War II
Immediately after World War II, the enormous
backlog of demand for still limited supplies sparked
a buying surge at a time when cash holdings were
large and credit was easily available. With the
removal of Government controls, prices rose
rapidly in 1947 and 1948. After some decline
in prices during the recession of 1949, a rush of
buying by both consumers and businesses and
increased defense expenditures during the Korean
episode brought a price spurt in 1950 and 1951.
“Emergency” price controls were again adopted,
though far less restrictive than those in force
during World War II.
Except for some downward adjustment in
wholesale prices from their 1951 level, several
years of price stability followed. An expansion
in plant and equipment investment between 1955
and 1957 caused prices to advance in 1956 and
1957, particularly in the producer durable goods
industries. Since 1957, the stability of overall
wholesale prices has been particularly evident;
annual averages between 1958 and 1961 have
differed by less than 0.5 percent. Consumer
prices, also relatively steady, moved up 3.5 percent
in the same period. (See table 1.)
Built-in economic stabilizers and Government
antirecession measures helped sustain individual
income and the level of consumption in the postwar
downturns, despite the decline in the gross na
tional product. (See chart 1.) A sa result, demand
did not fall sharply and there was no strong pres
sure to reduce prices. Although production fell
and unemployment rose, total personal income—
except for a decrease in the recession of 1948-49—
remained stable. At the same time, costs of pro
duction and distribution remained heavy and
fixed, organized labor offered powerful resistance
to wage cuts, and price structures in significant
sectors of the economy were rigid. Thus, both
demand and costs exerted pressures to sustain the
*0f the Division of Prices and Cost of Living, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
241
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
242
price level during the current and the two previous
recessions.1 Only in 1949 did prices—particularly
at wholesale—decline significantly during the
downturn, as drastic slumps in wholesale prices of
farm products (12 percent) and processed foods
(8 percent) served to reinforce the drop (5 percent)
in prices of industrial commodities. In each of the
four recessions, consumer prices held firmer or rose
more than wholesale prices:
Percent change
Industrial
production
-7 .2
-1 4 .1
-9 .2
- 8 .5
Peak and trough months'
M ay 1960-Feb. 1961________
July 1957-Apr. 1958____
July 1953-Aug. 1954...............
N ov. 1948-Oct. 1949.................
Consumer
Price Index
+ 1 .0
+ 2 .2
+ .3
- 1 .9
Wholesale
Price Index
+ 0 .3
+ .9
-.4
- 6 .5
Influences on Price Behavior
Among the many factors which affect prices,
four stand out as influencing the general price
level since the end of World War II. The first
and second—increased agricultural and industrial
productivity—have substantially alleviated up
ward pressures on both consumer and wholesale
prices. The third—rapid growth in prices paid
by consumers for services—has raised the general
retail price level. The fourth factor—resistance
to the downturn of prices of semiprocessed and
highly processed commodities—has nullified po
tential offsets during economic contractions for
price increases in times of expansion.
1 National Bureau of Economic Research peak and trough months.
Agricultural Productivity. Much of the objective
of price stability in our economy can be traced to
the phenomenal growth of agricultural producti
vity. (See chart 2.) Farm products and pro
cessed foods represent 25 percent of the Wholesale
Price Index, and foods over 28 percent of the
Consumer Price Index. In addition, lower prices
for nonfood farm products are indirectly reflected
to some extent in the prices of the finished goods
using these raw materials. Since World War II,
output per man-hour in agriculture has risen at
an average rate of more than 6 percent a year.2
In the 1950’s alone, crop production per acre
The general price level was also stable during
the early months of all four postwar recoveries.
Even in the earliest one, the inflationary upturn
in wholesale and consumer prices did not develop
until hostilities began in Korea in June 1950, more
than a half year after the business upswing. (See
table 2.) Lack of price response to the economic
upswing was not confined to the early months of
recovery in the later economic cycles. Overall
prices did not show substantial gains even 2 years
after recovery began in the 1954 and 1958 economic
troughs. Consumer prices were only about 2 per
cent higher 24 months after 1954 and 1958 troughs.
Wholesale prices—virtually motionless after the
1958 trough—were, however, about 4 percent
higher 2 years after the 1954 trough.
T a ble 1.
K ey W ho lesa le
and
1 For a discussion of inflation theory and the first three postwar recessions,
see Alvin H. Hansen, Economic Issues of the 1960’s (New York, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., 1960), Economics Handbooks Series.
2 Output Per Man-Hour in the Private Economy in 1960 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, press release, Aug. 18, 1961, USDL-4698).
C o n sum er P rice I n d e x e s , A n n u a l A v e r a g e s , 1947-61
[1947-49=100]
Consumer Price Index
Wholesale Price Index
Commodities
Durability
Year
Farm
All com
modities products
Processed
foods
All other
commod
ities
All
items
Nondurable
Services
AU
Durable
Durable Nondurable
goods
goods
1947............. ........................
1948........... ................ .........
1949________ _______ _
1950............... ....................1951________ _____ ____
1952............... ................. —
1953................................. 1954.....................................
1955................ ................. .
1956....................................
1957........... .........................
1958________ ____ _____
1959__________ ____ ___
1960___ _______ ____ _
1961............... — .............. .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
96.4
104.4
99.2
103.1
114.8
111.6
110.1
110.3
110.7
114.3
117.6
119.2
119.5
119.6
119.1
100.0
107.3
92.8
97.5
113.4
107.0
97.0
95.6
89.6
88.4
90.9
94.9
89.1
88.8
88.0
98.2
106.1
95.7
99.8
111.4
108.8
104.6
105.3
101.7
101.7
105.6
110.9
107.0
107.7
108.5
95.3
103.4
101.3
105.0
115.9
113.2
114.0
114.5
117.0
122.2
125.6
126.0
128.2
128.3
127.7
92.8
102.5
104.7
108.8
119.3
119.8
122.2
123.3
128.2
136.7
141.4
142.8
145.9
145.7
145.2
98.4
105.4
96.2
100.1
112.4
107.2
103.6
103.4
101.2
102.1
104.7
106.4
105.0
105.3
104.9
95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5
114.4
114.8
114.5
116.2
120.2
123.5
124.6
126.5
127.8
94.5
100.4
105.1
108.5
114.1
119.3
124.2
127.5
129.8
132.6
137.7
142.4
145.8
150.0
152.8
96.3
103.2
100.6
101.2
110.3
111.7
111.3
110.2
109.0
110.1
113.6
116.3
116.6
117.5
118.3
94.9
101.8
103.3
104.4
112.4
113.8
112.6
108.3
105.1
105.1
108.8
110.5
113.0
111.6
111.3
Food
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
112.6
110.9
111.7
115.4
120.3
118.3
119.7
121.1
Less food
95.7
103.1
101.1
100.9
108.5
109.1
110.1
110.6
110.6
113.0
116.1
116.9
118.3
120.1
120.8
PRICE TRENDS AND THE BUSINESS CYCLE IN POSTWAR YEARS
increased by 30 percent and livestock production
per breeding unit by 20 percent. In contrast,
demand for farm products advanced slowly,
primarily reflecting population growth. In recent
years, there has been only a very small per capita
s 1962 Agricultural Outlookf^Chartbook (U.S. Department of Agriculture
November 1961).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chart 1.
243
rise in food use as income increased. Conse
quently, farm production has constantly exceeded
consumption despite stepped-up Government dis
posal programs (domestic and export) and pro
duction controls.3
Wholesale prices of farm products have been
the most sensitive to expanding agricultural pro-
Economic Influences and Price Trends
[Quarterly data except output per man-hour, which is annual]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
244
T a ble 2.
P ercent
sum er P rices 9
T rough 1
C h a n g es
M o nths
W h o lesa le
A ft e r E ach
in
and C on
P ostw ar
Trough month 1
Groups
Feb.
1961
Apr. Aug.
1958 1954
Oct.
1949
W holesale P rice I ndex
All com m odities..-........................... ............. - 1 .0
Form products , .
.......................... - 2 . 7
Processed foods............................................................ - 2 . 4
All commodities other than farm and food. ____ - . 5
Textile products and apparel_____________ . + .1
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products.— + 5 .4
-3 1
Chemical and allied products--------------------- - 1 .9
Rubber and rubber products.............................. - . 9
Lumber and wood products................................ 0
Pulp, paper, and allied products..................... - 1 . 7
Metals and metal products................................. + .1
Machinery and motive products...... ................ - . 3
Furniture and other household products____ + .1
Nonmetallic mineral products....... ................... + .1
Tobacco products and bottled beverages____ + 1 .1
Miscellaneous____________________________ + 2 .4
Stage of processing:
Crude materials for further processing---------Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs_________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel for
manufacturing ____________________
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components...... .............. .............. .............. ..............
Finished goods................................................... Consumer finished goods__________ ____
Producer finished g o o d s..............................
- 1 .9
- 4 .6
+ 0 .2
- 6 .3
- 2 .5
+ 1 .6
-.4
+ 4 .4
+ 2 .6
- .7
+ .5
+ 4 .1
+. 8
+ 2 .9
+ 1 .6
-.1
+ 1 .3
+ .5
+ 3 .1
- 0 .5
- 4 .8
- 4 .0
+ 1 .0
-.3
- 1 .2
+ .1
b
+ 9 .2
+ 3 .7
+ 1 .2
+ 3 .0
+ 1 .9
-.2
+ 2 .2
+• 1
-10.8
+ 5 .2
+10.7
+ 7 .2
+ 3 .8
+ 2 .4
+ 5 .9
+ 2 .0
+• 8
+20.3
+19.0
+ 1 .8
+ 6 .3
+. 8
+ 1 .8
+ 1 .2
-.2
+10.0
- 2 .2
- 6 .0
- 3 .0
- 6 .3
+13.9
+14.9
+4.1 + 4 .4 + 2 .4 +15.7
-.7
- 1 .0
- 1 .4
+ .1
+ 1 .0 + .7
-.1
-.8
- . 5 - 1 .5
+ 1 .4 + 1 .8
+ 5 .3
+ 2 .2
+ 2 .5
+ 1 .3
- .1
-.1
- 1 .5
- 1 .7
+ 2 .0
+ 1 .7
- 1 .3
- .6
+ 2 .1
+ 1 .9
- 2 .2
- 1 .4
+ 4 .0
+ 3 .6
+ 5 .9
+ 5 .5
All item s........................................ ...................... + .6
+ .2
Durability:
Total durable goods_______________________
Durable manufactures------------------------Total nondurable goods---- -----------------------Nondurable manufactures. ----------------C onsumer P rice I ndex
-.7
+ 1 .4
Food __________________________ __________
Housing
__________________ ______________
Apparel__ _________________________________
Transportation . ...... ........................... ................ .
Medical care___________________ ____________
Personal care----- . . . ---------------------- —.......... —
Reading and recreation...... ......................................
Other goods and services.............................................
- 0 . 9 - 2 .1 - 2 .5
+ .4 + .4 + .2
-.4
+ 1 .5
0
+ 2 .9 + 4 .2 - . 9
+ 1 .9 + 3 .7 + 1 .6
+ • 4 + .7 + .4
-.1
+ 2 .0
0
-.2
+ .1
+ .1
+ 3 .8
+ 1 .7
- 1 .2
+ 1 .2
+ 1.1
- 1 .0
- 3 .0
+ .9
Special groups:
Commodities less foods------ --------------------- Nondurables less foods_________ _______
Durables_______________ - .............. ...........
Durables less cars------------ ------------Services__________________ _________________
+ 1 .2 + 1.1
+ .7
+ .1
+ 2.1 + 2 .6
-.4
-.1
+ 1 .2 + 1 .3
m
(2 )
(2)
(2)
G)
(2 )
(2 )
(2)
(2)
(2)
i National Bureau of Economic Research trough month.
J N ot available because prices were not calculated on a monthly basis
previous to 1956.
ductivity and—despite continued price supports—•
have averaged substantially below the 1947-49
level for most of the postwar period. After re
sponding to the Korean emergency by a sharp
upturn, prices trended generally downward and
reached a low at the end of 1955, owing primarily
to a drastic fall in livestock prices. The subse
quent rise of farm product prices to a peak in
March 1958 also resulted from the influence of
livestock production cycles, when the low points
of hog and cattle cycles coincided and fewer ani
mals were slaughtered. Since then, farm product
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prices have moved steadily down again. The first
half of 1961 witnessed a fall in cattle prices and a
dramatic decline in poultry prices which brought
the over-the-year average of farm product prices
to the lowest level in the 14 years studied. De
spite acreage reductions under the 1961 feed grain
program and unfavorable weather conditions in
parts of the country, total farm output was about
the same in 1961 as the record high of the previous
year.
In contrast, wholesale prices of processed foods
and consumer food prices have been above their
1947-49 level for substantially all of the ensuing
period. (See chart 2.) In 1961, processed food
prices for the year averaged higher than in any
year except 1951 and 1958. Consumer foods
reached an alltime high. Nonetheless, the 9percent increase over the 1947-49 average in
wholesale prices of processed foods was well below
the 28-percent rise in wholesale prices of all com
modities other than farm products and foods.
Similarly, the 21-percent advance in consumer
food prices was lower than the 31-percent rise in
prices for all other types of consumer purchases.
During the postwar recessions, prices of farm
products and foods, responding primarily to
agricultural conditions and not to the business
cycle, remained stable or rose, except in 1949.
However, in the last three recoveries, farm and
food prices fell both at retail and wholesale, acting
as a restraint on the general price level by off
setting increases which occurred in other sectors.
(See table 2.)
Industrial Productivity. Increased industrial ca
pacity and productivity gains have helped ma
terially to alleviate upward price pressures.
The overall downward impact, however, has been
less for industry than for agriculture. First, the
production gains of agriculture were much higher
in this period. Second, in addition to expanding
demand caused by population increases, per
capita demand for the products of industry—•
unlike th at for farm products—-has grown sig
nificantly with higher incomes.
The years since 1947 have witnessed an impres
sive flow of technological innovations. These
technological advances have been widespread,
affecting all industries, though to differing degrees.
The same period has also seen a substantial
PRICE TRENDS AND THE BUSINESS CYCLE IN POSTWAR YEARS
growth in the amount of fixed capital available
per worker, and these increases in capital stock
have been a major influence in the achievement of
greater productivity. Output per man-hour has
risen 2.9 percent annually for manufacturing
industries since World War II and 2.3 percent for
4 Output Per Man-Hour in the Private Economy in 1960, op. cit.
Chart 2.
6 2 9 4 3 2 -6 2 -
2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
245
nonmanufacturing industries,4 and production
capacity increased an average of 70 percent for
all manufacturing during the 1950’s alone. How
ever, industries varied greatly in rate of produc
tivity increase, as well as growth of capacity.
Where the rate of productivity increase has been
lower than average, but wage rates and other costs
Price Trends of Commodities at Various Processing Levels, 1947-61
246
have followed the general pattern of advance,
prices have been under continued upward pressure.
The investment boom of 1955-57 not only
intensified upward price pressures (especially for
producer durable goods) but also brought a con
siderable increase in the productive capacity of
many industries. In particular, this happened
in industries such as steel, aluminum, automobiles,
and machinery which had experienced some diffi
culty in meeting peak demands of consumers
prior to 1957. The 1955-57 expansion helped
eliminate many bottlenecks and shortages and,
combined with a slowing in the rate of overall
economic growth, held the increase in wholesale
industrial prices down to slightly more than 1
percent between 1958 and 1961. Wholesale prices
of durable goods, which had jumped 41 percent
above the 1947-49 average by 1957, rose less than
3 percent in the last 4 years.
In the three most recent recessions, wholesale
industrial prices have remained stable; only in
1949 did they decrease with the business slump.
However, they rose during the early months of
the postwar upturns, except in the current recov
ery when they remained fractionally below the
trough level. (See chart 3.) Durable goods
prices, which had responded rather quickly to all
the previous upswings and advanced a significant
amount, were relatively immobile in 1961, with
an overall downward pull.
Consumer Services. A major source of upward
pressure on the general price level has been the
more than 50-percent increase over the 1947-49
average in the prices that consumers pay for serv
ices. As pent-up consumer needs for commodities
were met in the postwar period, demand shifted
toward services, which are growing in both num
ber and importance. This shift and the country’s
expanding population resulted in a persistent rise
in outlays for services, particularly medical care,
personal care, and recreation. The continued price
advance reflects, in addition, scarcities in some of
the services such as medical care and low-cost
housing.
In relation to the prewar price structure, how
ever, services have just in the last few years caught
up with general consumer price increases. The
cost of services rose much less than commodity
prices during World War I I —13 percent com
pared with 55 percent from 1939 to 1946.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
The important service component of the Con
sumer Price Index is made up of costs for rent,
transportation, medical care, household operation
(including gas and electricity), and other service
charges such as hair cuts, movie admissions, and
mortgage interest. Many of these prices are rates
subject to public regulation or legislation and ac
company the granting of an exclusive operating
franchise, such as for the sale of electricity, gas,
or urban transit. Other service costs represent
professional fees or items with a high proportion
of labor charges; most consumer services contain
a large wage element in the final price.
The CPI for services has increased each year,
without exception, between 1947 and 1961. The
greatest growth—almost 90 percent above the
1947-49 average—has been in transportation serv
ices, and the next highest—70 percent—in cost
of medical care. Incident to this longrun trend,
prices for consumer services have exerted a slight
upward pressure on the retail price level in the
early months of all four postwar recoveries as well
as during the recessions.
Price Inflexibility of Processed Goods. Another
force at work in our economy has been the rigidity
and resistance to reductions of prices for semiprocessed and highly processed goods. On the
whole, prices of processed commodities—although
slow to react to the fluctuations of the business
cycle—respond to upward but not to downward
pressures.
Currently, wholesale prices of crude foodstuffs
and feedstuffs are 15 percent below the 1947-49
level, whereas wholesale prices of processed foods
are 9 percent higher and consumer prices for food
are up by 21 percent. (See chart 2a.) The costs
of processing and marketing and advertising and
distribution have increased sufficiently to more
than offset the downward pull of lowered farm
prices. Labor costs, which account for about half
of marketing charges, have risen substantially;
prices of containers and most other items bought
by food processing and marketing firms have gone
up sharply; and freight rates, rents, and many
other costs have also increased. Moreover, profits
of marketing firms have been rising gradually
since 1952 and, along with cost increases, have
been reflected in rising unit marketing charges to
the consumer. In addition, the many more mar
keting services now provided, such as more con-
PRICE TRENDS AND THE BUSINESS CYCLE IN POSTWAR YEARS
venient packaging, further processing to more
nearly final use forms, and more effective storage,
have added to the proportion of the food dollar
that goes for marketing charges.5
5 Food Costs (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing
Service, Miscellaneous Publication 856, April 1961), p. 7.
Chart 3.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
247
Two other factors—-producer competition and
lack of durability—have an important effect in
making crude foodstuffs prices more subject to
downward pressures than processed or consumer
foods. Farmers are dispersed and do not control
the market for their product. Many farm prod-
Wholesale Prices of Durable Goods in Four Postwar Business Cycles
[From peak through first year of recovery]
248
ucts cannot be stored profitably and must be
sold when harvested, even if the price falls
drastically. In contrast, processing companies,
wholesale distributors, and retail food chains are
much more highly organized and the larger
companies can resist fluctuations caused by the
immediate supply and demand situation. Fur
thermore, as processing is completed, many of the
foods can be stored and this, in turn, permits
greater resistance to price reductions.
Industrial semiprocessed and highly processed
commodities also exhibit considerable price in
flexibility and resistance to downward price
pressures. (See chart 2b.) The cost structure of
fabricating industries is much more complex than
that of industries producing crude materials, and
it involves numerous costs and conditions which
are unrelated to the demand and supply situation
for raw materials.6 Heavy fixed overhead costs—•
including those for research and development,
long-term capital, and construction—Add to price
rigidity. Also, a higher degree of market control
exists at more advanced levels of processing. A
single firm may account for so large a share of
total industry sales that small competitors follow
its trend in pricing, and in many important
industries, a few giant corporations control 80
percent or more of the market. Moreover, at the
retail level, competition among producers is often
in terms of style, packaging, and quality factors
rather than price concessions, as consumers are
more apt to be susceptible to such appeals than
professional buyers.
During the last three postwar recessions, the
only major segment of wholesale industrial prices
which showed a consistent decline was crude
materials. Although prices of industrial materials
fell at all processing levels in 1948-49, decreases
for the more highly fabricated goods—both inter8
More comprehensive discussion and analysis of differences in price trends
and industrial price structure for commodities at varying stages of processing
may be found in a variety of sources, among which the following provide a
selection: William G. Bowen, The Wage-Price Issue: A Theoretical Analysis
(Princeton, N .J., Princeton University Press, 1960); John M . Clark, The
Wage-Price Problem (Philadelphia, American Bankers Association, 1960);
Charles L. Sehultze, Prices, Costs and Output for the Post War Decade: 19471957 (New York, Committee for Economic Development, 1959); John K.
Galbraith, “Market Structure and Stabilization Policy,” Review of Economics
and Statistics, M ay 1957, pp. 126-128; Jules Backman, Price Practices and
Price Policies (N ew York, Ronald Press Co., 1953); Richard Ruggles, “ The
Nature of Price Flexibility and the Determinants of Relative Price Changes
in the Economy” in Business Concentration and Price Policy (Princeton,
N .J., Princeton University Press, 1955).
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
mediate and finished—were much smaller than
those for crude materials. Similarly, wholesale
prices of crude industrial materials were the only
ones which responded quickly to the economic
upturns. Prices of the more highly processed
goods, stable in recession, remained stable or
crept up slowly in the early months of the last
three recovery periods but tended downward in
1961. (See chart 3.)
The Current Situation
In the early months of the recovery from the
1960-61 recession—the mildest of the postwar
period—both retail and wholesale prices showed
considerable stability. Consumer prices, which
had trended up during the recession, continued to
inch up after the trough. Wholesale prices
reversed from moving fractionally upward in
recession to moving fractionally downward in
recovery and, 9 months after February 1961,
averaged 1 percent lower.
The agricultural cycle is again tending down
ward, but not as sharply as in 1958 or 1954.
Wholesale prices of farm products and foods have
reflected this movement by continuing well below
the February 1961 level, while consumer food
prices have wavered just below the trough for the
first 9 months of recovery. Industrial commodi
ties as a whole have shown substantially greater
price stability in this recovery than in the past
and, in contrast with all three preceding postwar
upturns, have not exerted any upward push on
the price level.
Although intensifying cold war issues during the
current recovery have brought about a resurgence
in Government spending, the general price level
has not yet increased; whether it will do so, under
conditions of greatly expanded capacity and still
limited demand, is not clear. Excess demand
pressures appear to be absent so far in the present
recovery. Unless the international situation
drastically worsens, there seems little likelihood of
a precipitate price rise in the near future. Increas
ing productive capacity and efficiency and improv
ing technology, as well as competition from foreign
imports, will probably temper any upward price
impetus from the current recovery and increased
Government expenditures.
Recent Growth
of Paid Leisure
for U.S. Workers
Peter Henle*
T r a d i t i o n a l l y , the American economy has been
oriented more toward work than leisure. American
habits of living and American cultural standards
have tended to emphasize the virtues of work and
the vices of idleness. Of course, in the Nation’s
earlier years, there was little choice; only through
constant toil could the early settlers provide for
themselves and their families. Long working
hours were the accepted practice for the early
industrial enterprises as well.
Gradually, a productive economy and a changing
climate of public opinion made possible more
leisure time. One of the primary goals of early
union activity was a shorter workday and work
week. The value of rest away from work and the
adverse effects on health of long hours became
recognized. The accepted standard for hours of
work declined slowly, through voluntary action by
employers, collective bargaining, and State and
Federal legislation. The 12-hour day gave way
to the 10- and then the 8-hour standard, and
eventually the 40-hour, 5-day week became the
norm. A more recent development has been the
emphasis on other forms of leisure—the paid
vacation and the paid holiday. Before World
War II, these were quite limited for hourly paid
workers, although many salaried workers had been
receiving this type of benefit.
Increased leisure has also been a byproduct of
various shifts within the economy. The decline
in employment in agriculture and small retail
stores, both of which traditionally have involved
long hours, has meant an automatic drop in aver
age working hours.
This growth of leisure time has played a major
role in shifting the patterns of family living and in
stimulating more widespread travel, sports, and
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recreation activity throughout the country. Much
of the output of the American economy now con
sists of end-products for leisure-time use or
consumption. For example, while the gross
national product grew by 14 percent between 1957
and 1960, consumer expenditures for foreign travel
were up 34 percent; books and maps, 28 percent;
theater and opera, 26 percent; and commercial
participant amusements (such as bowling), 30
percent.
The purpose of this article is to bring together
statistics which the Bureau of Labor Statistics has
compiled from time to time on various aspects of
leisure time, primarily hours of work, paid vaca
tions, and paid holidays. I t also attempts, for
the first time, to measure changes in the average
worker’s available leisure time in the 20 years
1940-60. In doing so, leisure time is not defined
simply as time away from work because, in an
economic sense, leisure has little meaning unless it
represents paid time taken voluntarily. The
individual concerned has to be assured that he can
spend time away from work without sacrificing
living standards for himself and his family. I t is
in this sense that leisure time is used in this article.
Hours of Work
Hours of work have been declining for over a
century.1 The most marked reductions occurred
between 1900 and 1930, when average weekly hours
dropped from about 67 to 55 in agriculture and
from 56 to 43 for nonagricultural workers.
During the depression of the 1930’s, working
hours were further reduced, but by necessity rather
than choice. Most of the industry codes promul
gated under the National Industrial Recovery Act
between 1933 and 1935 included provisions limit
ing the workweek to 40 hours (in some cases, 35)
in an effort to stimulate greater employment.
The enactment of the Fair Labor Standards Act
in 1938 represented legislative decision that 40
hours a week constituted a desirable standard,
with certain exceptions, for workers in interstate
commerce. Work after 40 hours was not pro
hibited, but was made expensive to schedule by
requiring that such hours be paid for at the penalty
rate of time and one-half. The new standard was
introduced gradually, beginning with 44 hours for
»Special Assistant to the Commissioner, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1
“ The Workweek in American Industry, 1850-1956,” Monthly Labor
Review, January 1958, pp. 23-29.
249
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
250
the first year of the new law. The 40-hour stand
ard became effective in October 1940, and at that
time, workweeks exceeding this standard were
found almost exclusively in industry groups either
partially or wholly exempt from the Fair Labor
Standards Act—retail trade and class I railroads,
for example.
The most significant change since 1940 has been
the more widespread adoption of the 40-hour
week. Far more workers have seen their hours
shortened to 40 than reduced below this level.
While there have been some reductions of work
schedules below 40 hours, these have taken place
only in a few industries, largely those in which
unions have made shorter hours a primary objec
tive in collective bargaining. In effect, the stand
ard set in the Fair Labor Standards Act for firms
in interstate commerce had, by 1960, been ex
tended to the vast majority of nonfarm wage and
salary workers.2
These are conclusions reached after an examina
tion of available BLS data on hours of work during
the period 1940-60. Three types of data have
been involved in this examination:
1. Hours worked by individuals in the labor force
as reported by a sample of the Nation’s house
holds and published in the Monthly Report on the
Labor Force. (Data for periods prior to July 1959
were published by the Bureau of the Census.)
2. Scheduled hours oj work as reported by em
ployers in response to surveys of wage rates cover
ing wage and salary workers in particular localities
and industries.
3. Straight-time hours as reported by labor
unions in four industries in which the Bureau con
ducts surveys of union scale wage rates.
The basic figures for average hours worked are
shown in table 1 for May of 1948, 1956, and 1960
for the various classes of workers in the economy.
(Comparable data for earlier years are not avail
able.) These months were chosen because they
represent months of generally high economic
activity. By choosing the same month of each
year, problems of seasonal adjustment were
avoided.
These figures make it clear that hours are still
longer in agricultural than in non agricultural pur
suits. Moreover, those who set their own hours,
the self-employed, work longer hours than those
whose hours are set by their employer or through
collective bargaining.
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T a b l e 1. A v erage W e e k l y H ours W orked
P e r so n s at W or k , 1948, 1956, and 1960
All workers
Class of worker
M ay
1948
M ay
1956
by
Full-time workers
M ay
1960
May
1948
M ay
1956
1
M ay
1960
43.4
41.6
40.8
46.8
46.0
45.5
Agriculture___________ _____
Wage and salary workers.
Self-employed workers___
Unpaid family w orkers...
52.5
49.4
57.9
39.4
49.6
42.8
58.7
35.8
48.0
43.3
56.5
35.4
58.3
56.9
59.6
54.0
56.4
53.5
59.2
49.3
55.5
52.3
58.6
49.4
Nonagricultural industries___
Wage and salary workers.
Private employers___
Government________
Self-employed workers---Unpaid family w orkers...
41.9
41.1
41.1
41.3
47.9
39.4
40.7
39.7
(2)
0)
49.1
39.4
40.1
39.3
39.1
40.3
47.1
40.0
45.2
44.2
44.3
43.1
52.7
50.1
44.8
43.8
(2)
(2)
53.1
50.2
44.6
43.7
43.8
43.1
52.7
49.4
Total at work
1
2
______
Persons who worked 35 hours or more during the survey week.
N ot available.
Between 1948 and 1960, average weekly hours
worked by all employed persons declined by 2.6
hours, or 6 percent. However, since part-time
workers have been forming a considerably higher
portion of the labor force, the figures for all
workers exaggerate the trend toward a shorter
workweek. In 1960, almost 6 million workers
voluntarily were working at jobs of less than 35
hours a week.3 The decline for full-time workers
was only 1.3 hours, or 2.8 percent. The drop
in working hours for full-time workers was quite
marked in agriculture; in fact, several times the
decline for nonagricultural workers. On the other
hand, there was no decline for full-time selfemployed persons in nonagricultural industries.
The distribution of full-time wage and salary
workers by hours worked in table 2 confirms the
continuing slow decline in the average workweek.
Yet for most workers there has been little, if any,
change in working hours. The majority of
nonfarm workers were on a 40-hour workweek in
1948 and have remained so. By 1960, those
working fewer than 40 hours had increased from
5 to 8 percent of all full-time nonagricultural wage
and salary workers. Each of the industry divi
sions also showed an increase in the proportion
of those with workweeks of less than 40 hours.
However, only in nondurable manufactures and
the service, finance, insurance, and real estate
division was this proportion higher than 10
percent.
2
A 1961 amendment to tbe Fair Labor Standards Act extended coverage to
about 3 . 6 million workers, most of whom are in retail, service, and construc
tion industries. Beginning September 3, 1963, most newly covered workers
must be paid overtime after 44 hours, 1 year later, after 42 hours, and in 1965,
after 40 hours.
2
“ Labor Force and Employment in 1960,” Monthly Labor Review, April
1961, pp. 344-354.
REGENT GROWTH OF PAID LEISURE FOR U.S. WORKERS
More significant perhaps was the drop in the
proportion of those working more than 40 hours,
from 43 percent in 1948 to 33 percent in 1960.
The drop was sharpest for agriculture, where the
proportion working 48 or more hours declined
from 81 to 60 percent. In manufacturing, where
the 40-hour week was standard by 1940, the
decline was slight; but in mining, transportation,
trade, and services, the continuing shift toward
the 40-hour week was quite marked.
These figures, of course, represent hours actually
worked, as reported by a member of the households
included in the survey. An individual working
longer than 40 hours may be doing so because he
has been assigned overtime work, because those
are his regular hours, or because he has more than
one job. (In December 1960, 3 million workers
held more than one job.4) Similarly, a person
4 “M ultiple Jobholders in December 1960,” Monthly Labor Review, October
1961, pp. 1066-1073.
* Ibid.
« Data were obtained for 1 payroll period during the year (primarily in
early 1961) for all nonsupervisory employees (including working supervisors
or foremen) in the offices and plants of establishments in the 6 broad indus
try divisions shown in table 3. The scope of the survey excluded government
institutions and the construction and extractive industries. The establish
ments within the scope of the survey were those employing 60 or more workers
except in the largest areas, where the minimum size was 1 0 0 employees in
manufacturing, public utilities, and retail trade.
T able 2.
F ull-T ime W age
and
251
working 35-39 hours may have a work schedule
calling for those hours, may have begun or quit
a job during the survey week, or may have missed
certain scheduled hours for such reasons as
illness, bad weather, or cutbacks in production.
However, the years selected were years of relatively
high economic activity, so that differences in the
amount of both overtime and short time would be
slight. In any case, the definition of full-time
workers as those working 35 hours or more would
exclude most short-time workers. Moreover, the
proportion of multiple jobholders has not changed
significantly.5 Consequently, there is little doubt
that the 1948-60 decline in hours worked reflected,
for the most part, changes in scheduled hours.
These figures on hours actually worked can be
compared with BLS studies providing data on
scheduled hours. Such figures for the year ending
June 30, 1961, are available for 13.8 million
workers in the country’s standard metropolitan
areas (table 3).6 Almost two-thirds of all office
workers and over four-fifths of all plant workers
in metropolitan areas were employed in estab
lishments in which a 40-hour schedule predomi
nated. Practically all the remaining office workers
had schedules of less than 40 hours (mostly 35 or
S alary W o r k er s , b y H ours op W ork D u r in g
M ay of 1948, 1952, 1956, a n d 1960
th e
S urvey W eek
and
I n d u stry
*
[Percent distribution]
M ay of—
1948.
1952.
1956.
1960.
I Total, 35 to 39
35 hours hours
or more
40
hours
41 to 47
hours
48 hours
or more
3.6
10.7
14.0
13.6
18.2
5.2
7.4
10.7
15.9
80.5
72.4
67.8
59.7
A griculture
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
6 .2
7.9
6 .2
N onagricultural I n
dustries, T otal
1948.
1952.
1956.
1960.
1948.
1952.
1956.
1960.
1948.
1952.
1956.
1960.
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
4.8
6 .1
7.4
7.6
51.8
55.0
56.3
59.6
12.3
11.3
1 1 .1
9.4
31.1
27.7
25.2
23.3
M ining
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
.7
1.4
3.5
7.4
41.8
48.9
56.3
59.1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
4.9
4.8
8.5
6.9
54.4
54.9
58.9
64.8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
4.1
5.7
6.4
6.7
2 .2
5.4
8.7
5.4
52.1
43.7
31.5
28.1
12.3
9.6
28.5
30.7
1 0 .8
1 0 .0
2 1 .8
66.7
65.5
66.3
68.4
1 1 .2
1 0 .1
8 .2
18.0
18.7
18.2
16.7
68.7
66.3
68.3
73.4
12.4
10.5
9.0
7.8
16.7
20.5
19.2
15.4
6 .0
Construction
18.3
M anufacturing, T otal
1948.
1952.
1956.
1960.
Durable goods
1948.
1 0 0 .0
1952.
1 0 0 .0
1956.
1 0 0 .0
1960.
1 0 0 .0
1 Includes Insurance and real estate.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.7
3.6
3.4
9.1
M ay of-
Total, 35 to 39
35 hours hours
or more
40
hours
41 to 47
hours
48 hours
or more
64.5
64.3
63.4
61.7
8.6
19.5
16.2
16.7
18.4
M anufacturing, T otalContinued
1948.
1952.
1956.
1960.
Nondurable goods
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
T ransportation and P uplic
U tilities
1948................ .................
1952_______________
1956............ ................
1960......................................
6.4
9.9
10.7
11.0
2.1
2.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
4.3
4.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
9.6
9.2
8.8
42.5
65.9
67.9
69.3
11.2
6.8
44.2
24.3
19.9
19.6
3.3
4.2
5.5
34.8
36.5
40.0
44.1
15.5
16.8
14.9
13.0
46.5
42.4
39.6
36.8
10.3
11.3
12.3
40.8
44.7
45.6
51.3
13.8
13.3
13.4
10.3
35.1
30.6
28.7
26.5
67.2
68.5
68.5
71.3
8.8
22.0
6.0
20.7
18.6
17.6
7.1
7.9
W holesale and R etail
T rade
1948.............................
1952_________________
1956.......... ........................
1960...................................
Services
and
100.0
6.1
F inance i
1948.
1952.
1956.
1960.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.0
P ublic Administration
1948.
1952.
1956.
1960.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.0
4.7
5.3
4.8
7.6
6.3
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
252
37%), while most of the other plant workers had
hours longer than 40. As a general rule, office
workers had shorter scheduled hours than plant
workers.
The figures for scheduled hours generally fall
below those for houis actually worked by full-time
workers but follow a similar pattern of industry
variations. The incidence of overtime work and
dual jobholding would tend to make working
hours longer than scheduled hours. In addition,
the scheduled hours data cover only metropolitan
areas, where hours are often shorter than in the
smaller cities and rural areas.
No comparable information on scheduled hours
is available for years prior to 1960, but the
Bureau’s union wage-scale studies provide hours
information dating back to earlier years for four
industries (table 4).
In the printing trades, nearly all unions have
succeeded in their attempts to reduce scheduled
hours below 40. In 1940, 64 percent of the union
T a ble 3. W ork S c h ed u les of F ir st -S h ift P la nt a n d
O ff ic e W orkers in M etropo lita n A r e a s ,1 b y I n
d u st r y D iv is io n , Y ea r E n d in g J u n e 30, 1961
[Percent of workers]
Scheduled weekly
hours
All M anu Public Whole R e ta il Fi
sale
trade nance
util
indus fac
tries turing ities 2 trade
3
Serv
ices 4
Office W orkers
All schedules__
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Under 40 hours 6_____
35 hours_________
36 Vi hours...............
371£ hours_______
38% hours...............
40 hours____________
Over 40 hours...............
35
21
23
9
29
9
23
5
64
17
0
2
49
18
3
19
Average hours.............
38.9
10
7
3
13
4
64
1
8
13
4
78
1
13
3
76
66
2
1
39.4
(6)
5
39.2
39.2
2
10
2
8
21
4
70
7
7
36
(6)
46
39.6
37.9
38.6
5
P lant W orkers
All schedules__
TTndp.r 40 hours 5
271 ^ hours
40 hours
Oyor 4 0 hours 6
42 hours
44 hours
4 fi hours
48 hours
Over 48 hours
Average hours_______
100
100
100
7
7
1
1
4
2
82
85
94
11
1
8
6
1
77
19
2
2
4
2
1
(6)
2
3
40.5
3
1
2
2
2
40.2
1
1
40.3
100
100
8
4
67
23
63
29
7
16
4
2
5
3
4
2
41.1
41.1
1
3
3
100
10
3
2
4
3
1
41.5
1 See text footnote 6.
2 Includes transportation and communications. Railroads were excluded
in a few of the areas studied.
3 Includes insurance and real estate.
4 Includes, among others, hotels, personal services, business services, auto
repair shops, motion pictures, nonprofit membership organizations, and engi
neering and architectural services.
5 Includes weekly schedules other than those shown separately.
6 Less than 0.5 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
workers in the industry were scheduled to work
a 40-hour week, while only 13 percent had work
weeks below 37%. By 1960, only 2 percent
were on a 40-hour week, while 54 percent had
schedules of less than 37% hours. The average
workweek had dropped to 36.6 hours.
In the local trucking and transit industries,
unions have achieved widespread reductions in the
workweek to the standard 40 hours. In trucking,
65 percent of union members in 1940 worked
schedules of 48 hours or more. By 1960, this
figure had been reduced to 2 percent while the
proportion working 40 hours or less had grown
from 13 to 94 percent. While 1940 data for the
local transit industry are not available, the trend
from 1946 to 1960 is similar. In the earlier
year, almost as many union members were
working 48 or more hours as were working the
40-hour week. By 1960, only 4 percent had
schedules as long as 48 hours, while 85 percent
were on the 40-hour week.
In the fourth industry—construction—the aver
age schedule has actually lengthened somewhat
since 1940, when 29 percent of the workers were
still on schedules that had been shortened below
40 hours during the depression of the 1930’s.
During World War II, standard hours in many
areas were lengthened to the 40-hour week,
and this standard has been generally maintained
in the postwar years. As a result, in 1960, only
12 percent of the workers were on schedules of
less than 40 hours.
In summary, recent years have witnessed a
gradual increase in leisure time through reduc
tions in the standard workweek and in hours
actually worked. While such reductions have
taken place throughout the economy, they have
not followed a uniform pattern. In a few in
dustries, notably printing and publishing and
women’s apparel, general reductions in hours to a
level below 40 have taken place. In many
predominantly white-collar industries, the work
day has also been reduced below 8 hours. In
most manufacturing industries, the 40-hour week
has remained standard. In such nonmanufac
turing industries as retail trade and services,
where many establishments were not subject to
the Fair Labor Standards Act, there has been a
major movement toward the 40-hour standard.
RECENT GROWTH OF PAID LEISURE FOR U.S. WORKERS
T a ble 4.
U n io n S cales
of
253
W e e k l y H ours 1 in S elec ted I n d u s t r ie s
and
T r a d e s , S elec ted D a t e s , 1 9 4 0 -6 0
[Percent of workers]
Local trucking
Hours scale
Building trades
Printing trades
Local transit 2
1
June
1940
July
1950
July
1960
June
1940
July
1950
July
1960
June
1940
July
1950
July
1960
All scales.......................................
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
Under 40 hours-. . _____________
Under 35 hours________________
0.4
0.9
3.0
29.2
9.6
19. 6
13.5
.9
12. 6
1 2 .0
1 .2
35.5
4.1
5.0
3.4
21 7
1. 3
85.9
6 .4
33 0
42 6
1. 7
97.8
2.3
19.1
32 3
43 1
5
63.8
13.9
2 .2
5 7
5 J2
1. 4
Over 35 and under 37Vi hours______
37 hours_____________
Over 373-3 and under 40 h o u r s ____
]
\
J
1 .6
40 hours________________
12.7
Over 40 and under 48 hours_______
Over 40 and under 44 hours______
44 hours_______________________
Over 44 and under 48 hours-_____
21.9
5.3
12.5
4.1
48 hours_________ _____ ___________
44.4
16.7
2 .0
Over 48 hours_____________ _____
2 0 .6
3.4
.1
.2
.2
42.0
40.1
N ot specified________ _____ _
Average hours______ ____ _______
47.2
72.1
6.7
1.3 \
1 .8 /
3.6
91.1
66.9
3.6
i i
2.9
86.5
M
8 8 .0
(4)
2 .2
L 1
2.5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
31.6
31.9
84.7
26 2
4n
5 4
6. 3
17
o. /
J2
25. 6
(9
A more pervasive increase in leisure time since
1940 has occurred as paid vacations have been
adopted or lengthened for virtually all types of
workers.7 For example, in 1940, collective bar
gaining agreements applying to 2 million or
ganized wage earners, or about one-fourth of all
union members, provided annual vacations with
pay.8 For most of these workers, the maximum
vacation period for which they might become
eligible was 1 week. A few agreements provided a
2-week vacation for all workers and about a
fourth of the workers who got vacations were
entitled to 2 weeks if they met specified service
requirements, but only rarely was provision
made for more than 2 weeks. By contrast in
1957, 91 percent of the workers covered by major
collective bargaining agreements (each covering
1,000 or more workers) were eligible for paid
38.3
39.3
4
5
39.3
38.8
37.2
July
1960
1 0 0 .0
.9
Paid Vacations
2 One exception is employees of the Federal Government.
Vacation
provisions for the 1 million Government workers covered by the Federal
Classification Act were reduced by the Annual and Sick Leave Act of 1951
from a uniform 26 days’ annual leave to 13 days for employees with less than
3 years’ service, 20 days for those with 3 but less than 15 years, and 26 days
for those with 15 years or more.
3 “Vacations with Pay in Union Agreements, 1940,’’ Monthly Labor Re
view, November 1940, pp. 1070-1077.
« Paid Vacation Provisions in Major Union Contracts, 1957 (BLS Bull.
1233, 1958); for summary, see Monthly Labor Review, July 1958, pp. 744-751.
July
1950
22 0
1 Maximum schedules of hours at straight-time rates agreed upon through
collective bargaining between trade unions and employers in cities of 1 0 0 ,0 0 0
or more.
2 Operating employees only.
3 Earliest date for which figures are available.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10.7
July
1946 3
3.2
3 7
3 7
.8
11.5
1Æ C
5.0
43.9
40.6
36.6
Less than 0.05 percent.
M ay include a very small number with longer hours.
N ote : Dashes indicate either no data reported or data not tabulated for
specified interval.
vacations, and 84 percent of the agreements
made provision for a maximum vacation of at
least 3 weeks, usually for longer service employees.9
Practically all office and plant workers in the
country’s metropolitan areas are now entitled to
paid vacations. In 1961, more extensive vacation
benefits were generally provided for office than
for plant workers. After 25 years of service, 38
percent of the office employees but only 25 percent
of plant employees were eligible for 4 weeks or
more of vacation (table 5). Similarly, after 10
years of service, 41 percent of the office employees
but only 29 percent of the plant workers were
eligible for 3 or more weeks of vacation. The most
prevalent service requirements for the 2-week
vacation were 1 year for office employees and 2
or 3 years for plant workers.
These figures, however, do not indicate the
length of vacation actually taken by employees,
and no such data are collected. But the Monthly
Report on the Labor Force provides an estimate
of the number of individuals absent from their
job “ on vacation” during the entire survey week.
On the assumption that the survey week is repre
sentative of the months concerned, these data
yield annual estimates of full weeks of vacation.
(See table 6.) For 1960, over 83 million full weeks
254
of vacation were recorded—150 percent of the 1948
level and an average of 1.3 weeks of vacation per
employed person.
This figure understates total vacation time for
two reasons: (1) The survey week, being the
week ending nearest the 15th of the month,
generally avoids all major holidays, whereas
vacations tend to occur more frequently during
holiday weeks. (2) The figure does not include
paid vacation time of less than a full week.
Including estimates for these two gaps in the
calculations, a rough figure for total vacation
time for 1960 would amount to 96-100 million
vacation weeks.10
Almost 85 percent of nonagricultural wage and
salary workers were paid while on vacation in
1960. The percentage varied somewhat by in
dustry, from a low of 60-70 percent for construc
tion and the service industries (including educa
tional services) to 93 percent for workers in
transportation and public utilities and 96 percent
for employees in public administration.11
Paid Holidays
A similar development in recent years leading
toward increased leisure has been the growth in
the provision of time off with full pay on
holidays.
Before World War II, while major holidays were
frequently observed throughout industry, the
practice of providing pay for hourly rated em
ployees was quite rare. During the war, the
practice of paid holidays first began to spread,
partly as a result of decisions by the National
War Labor Board that the granting of as many as
6 paid holidays would be allowed within wage
stabilization regulations. But in 1943, a Bureau
of Labor Statistics analysis of collective bargaining
contracts concluded:
Although an increasing number of union agreements
make provision for paying wage earners for some or all
of the major holidays, the majority of agreements in manu
facturing, construction, and mining merely provide time
off on holidays, without pay.12
After the war, the practice of paid holidays
spread generally throughout industry. The most
recent survey of holiday provisions in major collec
tive bargaining agreements indicated that in 1958
only 12 percent of the workers covered were not
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
entitled to paid holidays.13 Nearly three-fifths
of the workers under agreements calling for paid
holidays were entitled to 7 or more paid holidays.
Currently, the average appears to be about 7
paid holidays in major American industries. In
the country’s metropolitan areas, data for 1961
show th at all but 1 percent of the office workers
and 5 percent of the plant workers received pay
for holidays not worked (table 7). The majority
of both office and plant workers received 7 or more
paid holidays. Some 24 percent of the office
employees had 9 or more paid holidays, but only
7 percent of the plant workers received this num
ber. The average among those receiving holiday
pay was 7.8 paid holidays for office workers and
7.0 for plant workers. Thus, the traditional
advantage of office workers over plant workers
with regard to this benefit still applies.
The number of paid holidays varied by industry.
Traditionally, banks have had a liberal holiday
policy, and over half of the office workers in the
finance industry received 9 or more paid holidays,
and over one-third, 11 or more. Among plant
workers, the industry with the most extensive
paid holiday provisions was public utilities.
Among both office and plant employees, retail
trade provided the fewest paid holidays.
Frequently, the additional paid holidays that
have been recognized have been, not the tradi10 This figure is based on these computations:
1. To estimate the extent of the understatement because the survey week
generally avoids all major holidays: The most recent survey week containing
Labor D ay (September 1959) showed 600,000 more persons on vacation than
in the following September. The last survey week containing July 4 (July
1954) showed 1.3 million more people on vacation than in the following July.
Assuming 7 holidays a year, 6 of which have the same effect as Labor D ay,
and adding 1.5 million for the seventh (July 4), additional vacation weeks
due to the occurrence of holidays would be between 5 and 514 million. Varia
tions in the specific identity of the 6 paid holidays received by the average
worker (footnote 15) due to differences in local customs, worker desires,
employer practice, etc., account for the assumption that some workers observe
holidays (and take vacations during the holiday week) on at least 7 different
days during the year.
2. To estimate the extent of the understatement because no allowance
was made for part-time vacations: According to household survey data, in
the average week, about one-half of 1 percent of all employed persons take
about one-third week part-time vacation. For 1960, this amounted to
approximately 4-5 million vacation weeks. However, certain part-week
vacations may not be fully reported in the monthly survey (for example,
in weeks containing a holiday that are not survey weeks). Consequently, a
judgment was made that the total understatement for part-week vacations
might be somewhat higher than these statistics would indicate.
11 Specia 1 Labor Force Report 14, Labor Force and Employment in 1960
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1961), table E-3, p. A-36.
12 “Vacations and Holiday Provisions in Union Agreements,” Monthly
Labor Review, M ay 1943, p. 929.
13 “ Paid Holidays in Major Contracts, 1958,” Monthly Labor Review,
January 1959, pp. 26-32.
RECENT GROWTH OF PAID LEISURE FOR U.S. WORKERS
tional holidays, but days that provide additional
leisure time at certain times of the year or a longer
weekend. For example, holidays immediately
preceding Christmas and New Year's Day have
become increasingly popular. The Friday follow
ing Thanksgiving has become a recognized holiday
in a small number of bargaining agreements.
Following are two agreement clauses which illus
trate how the selection of holidays has been geared
to the desires of employees for longer weekends.
255
If Christmas Day is on—
Sunday---------------------------Monday--------------------------Tuesday--------------------------Wednesday----------------------Thursday------------------------Friday----------------------------Saturday--------------------------
The eighth holiday will be—
Preceding Friday
Preceding Friday
Preceding Monday
Day after Thanksgiving
Following Friday
Preceding Thursday
Preceding Friday 14
How Much More Leisure?
Clearly there has been a marked increase in
leisure time over the past 20 years. Admittedly,
estimates of how much increase has taken place
must be rough approximations, particularly since
few data are available for 1940. Nevertheless,
Washington’s Birthday is designated as the holiday in
February except when the observance of Lincoln’s Birthday
would provide a longer weekend, in which event Lincoln’s
Birthday shall be the observed holiday . . .
« Ibid., p. 30.
T able 5.
V acation P ay P r o v isio n s 1 for Office and P lant W orkers in M etropolitan A r e a s , 2
D iv is io n , Y ea r E n d in g J u n e 30, 1961
I n d u stry
by
[Percent of workers]
Office workers
Amount of vacation pay and
length of service 1
All provisions...................
After 1 Y ear
of
of
of
Manu
fac
turing
Public
utili
ties 3
Whole
sale
trade
Retail
trade
Fi
nance 4
Serv
ices 8
All
indus
tries
Manu
fac
turing
Public
utili
ties 3
Whole
sale
trade
Retail
trade
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
I
73
4
18
2
77
6
13
2
64
2
31
2
59
69
2
27
5
82
5
6
5
83
7
4
(8)
of
(e)
of
100
(«)
16
1
80
2
53
(8)
46
(8)
(8)
(6)
(8)
26
72
1
(6)
63
1
35
3
(8)
0
25
1
70
3
96
(8)
(s)
36
1
v)
(8)
70
2
18
2
1
88
3
7
(«)
0 95
(0)
4
0
1
89
2
7
(8>
2
81
1
15
(8)
(6)
3
66
8
19
3
79
11
9
(8)
(8)
(6)
(8)
6
84
2
7
94
1
4
(8)
(8)
6
74
2
17
14
74
2
2
1
6
39
1
51
3
14
61
6
28
14
44
61
4
32
3
6
26
14
42
32
31
(8)
Service
i
50
8
40
1
1
47
13
38
1
1
15
1
79
1
13
1
81
4
0
1
52
3
42
1
71
3
25
1
2
(8)
41
1
53
2
46
9
44
3
47
1
42
6
4
48
18
27
2
3
45
26
23
2
12
1
80
7
3
27
1
60
9
4
19
16
(6)
(6)
71
3
24
1
4
54
4
34
1
3
4
29
1
62
3
14
1
Service
Under 2 weeks............................
2 weeks................. ......... ...........
Over 2 and under 3 weeks.........
3 weeks__________ ______ _
Over 3 weeks........ .....................
After 25 Y ears
23
1
75
2
1
85
5
9
Under 2 weeks...........................
2 weeks_____________ _____
Over 2 and under 3 weeks.........
3 w e e k s...................... ..............
Over 3 weeks_________ _____
After 15 Y ears
Serv
ices 8
Service
Under 2 weeks_________ ____
2 weeks__________ _________
Over 2 and under 3 weeks____
3 weeks_________ ______ ___
Over 3 weeks.......... ...................
After 10 Y ears
All
indus
tries
Service
Under 1 week.............................
1 week_____________________
Over 1 and under 2 weeks____
2 weeks.............. ....................... _
Over 2 weeks____ ___________
After 5 Y ears
Plant workers
5
0
(«)
1
25
1
71
5
92
2
26
(8)
(8)
69
3
2
2
69
3
(8)
3
(6)
71
5
5
92
4
(8)
2
2
Service
Under 2 weeks______________
2 weeks____________________
Over 2 and under 3 weeks____
3 w e e k s ...................... ..............
Over 3 and under 4 weeks____
4 weeks.......................................
Over 4 weeks_______________
i
13
(e)
46
3
37
1
i
12
1
49
6
31
(6)
0
(6)
0
56
38
1
2
1
24
5
(8)
(8)
43
1
30
(8)
24
50
(8)
1 Includes percentage or flat-sum type payments converted to equivalent
weeks of pay. Periods of service were arbitrarily chosen and do not
necessarily reflect the individual provisions for progression. For example,
the changes in proportions indicated at 1 0 years’ service include changes in
provisions qccuring b rtween 5 and 10 years.
The distribution does not indicate the number of workers actually receiv
ing vacations of the stipulated length, since this depends on the number
meeting length-of-service and other eligibility requirements.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(8)
24
(8)
4
17
25
1
50
1
19
42
1
47
2
2
3
4
8
6
3
9
(8)
43
25
See text footnote 6 .
See footnote 2, table 3.
See footnote 3, table 3.
See footnote 4, table 3.
Less than 0.5 percent.
(8)
(6)
44
7
(8)
3
3
15
2
22
(8)
4
28
1
43
3
56
38
1
(9)
5
36
22
(8)
2
(8)
(8)
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
256
they give for the first time some indication of the
magnitude of changes in paid leisure time. Essen
tially, the increase in leisure time in 1960 over
1940 15 consists of the following:
T a b l e 7. P a id H oliday P r o v isio n s 1 por O ffic e a n d
P la nt W or k er s in M etropo litan A r e a s , 2 b y
I n d u st r y D iv is io n , Y e a r E n d in g J u n e 30, 1961
[Percent of workers]
Hours per year
per full-time
employed person
lj4 hours less in the workweek__________
6 days more paid vacation______________
4 days more paid holidays______________
75
48
32
Total_____________________________
155
For the economy as a whole, this additional leisure
time amounts to over 10 billion hours (5.0 billion
from the shorter workweek, 3.2 billion in addi
tional vacation, and 2.1 billion in added holidays).
M any of these hours represent additional time
away from work. This is obviously true, for
example, of the reduction in the workweek. How
ever, the additional paid holidays largely repre
sent payment for time which in 1940 was spent
away from the plant without compensation. The
additional vacation time is a combination of these
two factors.
The 155 hours represent almost 4 average weeks
of employment, but they represent only a small
fraction of the gain in productivity that the na
tional economy has achieved since 1940. BLS
estimates of output per man-hour would indicate
that to produce the 1960 output with the 1940
productivity would have required an additional
1,447 hours of working time—or 71 percent more—
for each employed member of the 1960 labor
force.16 Thus, the 155 hours that have been ac
counted for in terms of reduced hours of work,
increased vacations, and paid holidays amount to
only 11 percent of the hours that have been made
available by the Nation’s increased productivity
since 1940.
While this gain in leisure time represents only
a relatively small proportion of the increased
T a ble 6.
W eeks
and
E stim ated N u m ber op F ull V acation
E mployed P e r so n s , 1948, 1952, 1956,
op
1960
1948
1952
1956
Number of full vacation weeks (millions)----- 155.5
During July and August---------------------- 136.5
19.0
During other 10 months----- -----------------
59.9
36.2
23.7
71.5
42.0
29.5
83.5
49.4
34.1
Averaee number of persons employed (millions)-------------------------------- -------------------
59.1
61.0
64.7
66.7
Average number of vacation weeks per
employed person,................- ...........................
.9
1.0
1.1
1.3
Item
i Survey week in July included July 4.
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Number of paid
holidays i
1960
All M anu Public Whole Re
Serv
Fi
tail nance 4 ices 8
indus factur utili sale
ing
ties 3 trade trade
tries
Office W orkers
All provisions—
99
Less than 6, ----------and 634___________
7 and 7}A-----------------and 8Vi...................... 9 or more___________
4
19
33
19
24
Average num ber8____
7.8
7.4
7.8
95
96
8
21
5
15
52
17
6
8
99
2
14
49
22
12
99
1
9
47
21
22
99
98
99
98
7
26
24
23
10
5
18
20
20
19
21
20
42
32
7
7
10
15
51
8.9
8
7.4
7.5
6.7
98
97
93
77
2
12
49
18
16
13
27
23
19
14
18
40
22
10
18
35
14
4
4
6
7.6
7.1
6.1
6.1
P lant W orkers
All provisions...
Less than 6_________
fi and fil/o
7 and 7-Hj____________
and 8}4_____ ______
9 or more___________
44
16
7
Average num ber8___
7.0
8
6
7.1
............
1 All combinations of full and half days that add to the same amount are
combined ; for example, the proportion of workers receiving a total of 7 days
includes those with 7 full days and no half days, 6 full days and 2 half days,
5 full days and 4 half days, etc.
See text footnote 6.
See footnote 2, table 3.
See footnote 3, table 3.
See footnote 4, table 3.
Based on workers in establishments providing paid holidays.
2
2
4
5
6
productivity since 1940, this is not unexpected.
Much of the limited productivity gains of the
previous decade, 1930-40, were reflected in shorter
hours of work, not because workers preferred
greater leisure but because of the depressed condi
tions of the decade. The passage of the Fair
Labor Standards Act to a large extent reflected
changes in hours that had already taken place.
15Estimates in the tabulation presented here were derived as follows:
Average hours of work: The drop of W i hours per week seems reasonable in
view of the 1.3-hour drop for full-time workers between 1948 and 1960 (table 1).
Comparable estimates for 1940 are not available.
Paid vacation: Figure assumes an average paid vacation per employee of
0.3 week in 1940 and 1.5 weeks in 1960. The 1940 figure would make allowance
for the following paid vacation: none for farm workers; 1 week for one-fourth
of all manual and service workers (roughly the proportion of the 1940 survey
for union members; see footnote 8); 2 weeks for one-half of the white-collar
workers; and 1 week for one-fourth of the white-collar workers. The 1960
figure is based on 1.3 weeks of full vacation (table 6) plus an allowance for the
understatements described in footnote 10.
Paid holidays: Figure represents the difference between 2 paid holidays in
1940 and 6 paid holidays in 1960. The 1940 figure allows no paid holidays for
farm workers, 1 for manual workers, and 5 for white-collar workers. The
1960 figure is based on 7.0-7.8 paid holidays for workers in metropolitan areas
(table 7) and a smaller number for workers outside these areas.
18
An alternative method of determining the allocation of productivity
gains to income and leisure would be to compare the actual 1960 output with
that resulting from applying 1960 man-hours at 1940 levels of productivity.
This procedure also involves taking into account the reduced annual hours
worked during this period. The results from the two methods are essentially
the same.
REGENT GROWTH OF PAID LEISURE FOR U.S. WORKERS
In the two decades following the 1930’s, the em
phasis quite naturally was on income rather than
leisure.
A review of the changes in paid leisure between
1940 and 1960 shows that there was no major
shift in the standard workweek. Perhaps the
most significant development was that more than
half the total gain in paid leisure resulted from
increased vacation and holiday time, rather than
from a reduction in working hours. This is a
definite shift from the pattern of earlier years and
seems to indicate th at leisure time preferences are
running more to additional whole days each year
rather than additional minutes each day.
Of course, the leisure time gained since 1940
does not necessarily represent time available for
travel, recreation, etc. The nature of the economy and the N ation’s living habits have changed
in im portant ways since 1940, and since individuals
now live farther from their place of employment,
some of this additional “leisure” time may now be
spent in commuting to and from work.
Although the average employee has more
leisure time today than in 1940, many individuals
continue to prefer more work to more leisure in
order to maximize their income. The operation
of today’s economy makes it possible for those
who wish to work longer hours to do so, either by
accepting overtime when it is available or by
obtaining a second job. The economy also makes
it possible for more people, especially women, to
work at part-time jobs.
It is difficult to generalize about future trends
in leisure time from this record. There is no way
to measure the intensity of the demand for more
leisure time against the intensity of the demand
for greater income to be spent on leisure time
activities. Trade unions continue to present
demands for a shorter workweek, although much
union pressure in this direction is motivated not
by the desire for more leisure but by the possi
bility of increasing the number of jobs. Of
course, regardless of the motivation, the attain
ment of shorter hours of work would bring with
it greater leisure time.
Changes in vacation and holiday practices con
tinue to be negotiated in collective bargaining.
A number of unions have also expressed interest
in some type of extended paid leave provided
periodically for longer service employees.
One new factor is the form which the demands
for leisure time are likely to take. The relatively
slight decline in average hours of work in recent
years has been accompanied by a greater interest
in more extended paid vacations and a greater
number of paid holidays. Providing a greater
number of days off seems likely to continue to
receive greater emphasis than reducing the time
spent each day at work.
We have decided upon and at once put into effect through all the branches
of our industries the 5-day week. Hereafter there will be no more work
with us on Saturdays and Sundays. These will be free days, but the men,
according to merit, will receive the same pay equivalent as for a full 6-day
week. A day will continue to be 8 hours, with no overtime. . . . age-old
custom viewed leisure as “lost time”—time taken out of production. . .
The leisure was a loss—-which a good employer might take from his profits.
. . . there is a profound difference between leisure and idleness. . . . We
think that, given the chance people will become more and more expert in
the effective use of leisure. . . . But it is the influence of leisure on consump
tion which makes the short day and the short week so necessary. The people
who consume the bulk of goods are the people who make them. That is a
fact we must never forget—that is the secret of our prosperity.
—Henry Ford, in an interview with Samuel Crowthers, appearing in World's Work
for October 1926, as quoted in the Monthly Labor Review, December 1926, pp.
1162-1165.
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257
The 10-Hour Day
in the Philadelphia
Navy Yard, 1835-36
0 . L. H arvey*
E ditor ’s N ote.—-The following article is of his
torical interest because it describes vihat is
'probably the first instance of action by the
Federal Government regarding labor.
A gitation for the 10-hour day reached its peak
in Philadelphia during the 1830’s. By 1834,
shipyard mechanics had persuaded the private
yards to accept their proposed schedule of hours
but had received no concessions from the local
Navy yard. Correspondence in the National
Archives 1 indicates, however, that the problem
was settled in favor of the mechanics by two
changes in Navy work schedules—one in 1835
and the other in 1836.
The Navy Yard Schedule in 1835
In the absence of evidence to the contrary, it is
assumed that the work schedule for the Navy yard
which was officially approved in 1819 was still in
force in early 1835. Regulations governing the
hours of work of mechanics in all U.S. Navy yards
were officially reported to the Board of Navy
Commissioners—a body independent of the Secre
tary of the Navy—in reply to a request from
John Rodgers, chairman of the Board, to all Navy
yard commandants on December 30, 1818.2 The
reply from Comdr. Alex. Murray, at that time
commandant of the Philadelphia yard, was trans
mitted on January 6, 1819.3 I t records a schedule,
which the Board approved March 24,4 “as agreed
upon by the Naval Constructor and myself for
the consideration of the Board of Commissioners.”
This schedule is shown in the table accompanying
this article.
258
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On April 30, 1835, the then commandant of
the Philadelphia Navy Yard, Capt. James Barron,
wrote to the chairman of the Board (still James
Rodgers) stating that he (Barron) had refused to
employ ship riggers and others who were unwilling
to accept the existing schedule of workhours but
had expressed willingness to work at the schedule
obtaining in private yards in the same metro
politan area.5 The latter schedule, Barron wrote,
“differ(s) from ours altogether,” and he illustrated
the difference by a comparison: The Navy yard
worked from sunrise to sunset, with 45 minutes for
breakfast at 7 a.m. and an hour for dinner at
1 p.m.6 Private yards worked from sunrise to
6 p.m., with an hour for breakfast at 8 a.m. and
2 hours for dinner at noon.
In reply, on May 2, Rodgers approved Barron’s
decision, though recommending some relaxation,
allowing perhaps an hour for breakfast and up to
y2 to 2 hours for dinner during “the long, hot days
of summer.” 7 However, he left the decision to
the commandant, saying that the yard’s schedule
should be “regulated at your discretion, com
mencing at sunrise and closing the day’s work at
sunset.” Even with the contemplated relaxation,
the workday would have ranged from about 7%
hours in midwinter to almost 12 hours in mid
summer.
On the spot in the midst of the agitation, Barron
was none too happy with the Navy requirements.
In a letter of June 8 to Rodgers, he even suggested
the advantages of the Commissioners’ proffering
*0 f the U.S. Department of Labor.
1 Relevant correspondence is to be found in the letter books and journal
of the board of N avy Commissioners and the letter book of the Secretary
of the N avy for the years 1835 and 1836. For convenience, the following
abbreviations (in parentheses) are used in subsequent footnotes referring to
these bound documents:
N avy Commissioners’ Office:
Letters from Secretary N avy (NC O-Sec)
Letters to Commandants (NCO-Com)
Letters from Commandant, Philadelphia (NCO-Phila)
Board of N avy Commissioners:
Circulars Issued (BNC circ)
Journal (BNCJ)
John R. Commons (ed.), A Documentary History of American Industrial
Society, Vol. VI, Labor Movement, 1820-1840 (Cleveland, The Arthur
H. Clark Co., 1910). (Commons)
For her intelligent help in discovering this correspondence for me, my
thanks to Mary Goggin, N avy Division, National Archives.
2 B N C circ, vol. 1.
2 This is an unbound document. It was incorrectly dated December 6,
1818, by the recording clerk; the postmark reads January 6.
4 NCO-Com, vol. 2, p. 50.
* NCO -Phila, 1835.
s Presumably Capt. Barron was describing the schedule in effect at time
of writing.
2 NCO-Com, vol. 10, p. 307.
TEN-HOUR DAY IN THE PHILADELPHIA NAVY YARD, 1835-36
a workday of 6 a.m. to 6 p.m., arguing that such a
condition already had been accepted for mechanics
in some private employment and was likely to
come about eventually in the Navy yard.8 For
the information of the Commissioners, he enclosed
a printed copy of the schedule of hours which the
shipwrights and other mechanics were demanding.
(The mechanics sought to limit hours of work
to approximately 10 a day year round. They con
centrated their main efforts on the summer
months, seeking to end the workday at 6 p.m. and
to double the time allowed for dinner. Pre
sumably no thought was given at this time by
either party (except, in passing, by Barron) to the
added possibility of starting all days at, say 7 a.m.
and requiring that breakfast throughout the year
be taken before coming to work.)
In his reply of June 23, 1835, Rodgers argued
that, though the mechanics’ proposal did not differ
materially from the schedules obtaining in the
various Navy yards, there were nevertheless many
reasons why it would be inexpedient to adopt them
for the public service.9 He conceded, however,
that “ there seems to be no reason why the extent
8 NCO -Phila, 1835.
• NCO-Com, vol. 10, p. 356.
m NCO-Sec 1835, p. 190.
11 Ibid., p. 198.
u Ibid., p. 193.
259
and distribution of their [the mechanics’] time for
a day’s work should not be left subject to such
regulations as circumstances may require, accord
ing to the nature and adequacy of the public
service.”
At this point, the National Trades’ Union
stepped into the picture, with a memorial dated
July 2, 1835, from the Philadelphia Committee on
Correspondence (J. Moulder, William Fallen, and
Charles Myrtil) to the Secretary of the Navy,
Mahlon Dickerson, in which they enclosed a copy
of the schedule Barron had sent Rodgers and
which, they wrote, had been “agreed upon some 18
months since” with the private yards.10 They
urged its adoption at the Navy yard.
The reply came from Acting Secretary John
Boyle, in the absence of Secretary Dickerson.11
The Acting Secretary was not lacking in sympathy
with the proposal; he agreed that the hours of
labor should be modified.
The mechanics took this letter to Barron, who
properly refused to act on it until he had been
instructed officially.12
On his return to the office, Secretary Dickerson
wrote to John F. Stump of the mechanics’ com
mittee, concurring with Boyle’s opinion. His
letter (dated August 17, 1835), however, is
curiously worded. “ I think,” he wrote, “ 10 hours
W o r k in g -H ours R eg u l a t io n s , P h ila d e l p h ia N avy Y a r d , 1819, 1835,
and
1836
[All columns except the first two are duration in hours and minutes]
Date
Time of—
Sunrise
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
M ay
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
1—15_
16-31...
1-15...
16-28...
1-15...
16-31...
1-15...
16-30...
1-15...
16-31...
1-15...
16-30—
1-15—
16-31...
1-15...
16-31...
1-15...
16-30...
1-15...
16-31...
1-15—
16-30...
1-15...
16-31...
7:27
7:25
7:15
7:00
6:41
6:20
5:54
5:32
5:11
4:55
4:45
4:42
4:46
4:54
5:08
5:22
5:36
5:48
6:04
6:17
6:34
6:51
7:08
7:20
Sunset
16:56
17:10
17:29
17:45
18:00
18:15
18:31
18:45
19:00
19:14
19:27
19:36
19:38
19:33
19:20
19:03
18:39
18:17
17:51
17:30
17:08
16:54
16:46
16:47
Time off 1
Length of
day
Jan. 6, 1819
9 29
9 45
10 14
10 45
11 19
11 55
12 37
13 13
13 49
14 19
14 42
14 54
14 52
14 39
14 12
13 41
13 03
12 29
11 47
11 13
10 34
10 03
9 38
9 27
1 Includes time allowed for breakfast and dinner, and the time between
quitting and sunset.
S o urc e : Hour of sunrise and sunset derived from Climatic Handbook of
Washington, H.C. (U.S. Weather Bureau, 1949), and length of day computed
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1 30
1 30
1 30
1 30
1 45
1 45
1 45
1 45
1 45
1 45
2 45
2 45
2 45
2 45
2 45
2 45
1 45
1 45
1 45
1 45
1 45
1 30
1 30
1 30
Working time
Aug. 26, 1835 Sept. 3, 1836
1 45
1 45
1 45
1 45
2 00
2 00
2 00
2 30
2 30
2 30
3 00
3 00
3 00
3 00
3 00
2 30
2 30
2 00
2 00
2 00
1 45
1 45
1 45
1 45
1 45
1 45
1 45
1 45
2 00
2 00
2 00
2 00
4 00
4 14
4 27
4 37
4 38
4 33
4 20
4 03
2 00
2 00
2 00
2 00
2 00
2 00
1 45
1 45
Jan. 6, 1819
Aug. 26, 1835
7 55
8 15
8 44
9 15
9 34
10 10
10 52
11 28
12 04
12 34
11 57
12 09
12 07
11 54
11 27
10 46
11 18
10 44
10 02
9 28
8 49
8 33
8 08
7 57
7 44
8 00
8 29
9 00
9 19
9 55
10 37
10 43
11 19
11 49
11 42
11 54
11 52
11 39
11 12
11 11
10 33
10 29
9 47
9 13
8 49
8 18
7 53
7 42
Sept. 3, 1836
7 44
8 00
8 29
9 00
9 19
9 55
10 37
11 13
9 49
10 05
10 15
10 17
10 14
10 06
9 52
9 38
11 03
10 29
9 47
9 13
8 34
8 03
7 53
7 42
from these hours (the resulting figures exceed by some 9 minutes those shown
in the source cited below for 1835). Time off and working time are from
sources cited in following text footnotes: 1819, footnote 3: 1835, footnote 14:
and 1836, footnote 22.
260
of labor in a Navy yard should upon an average be
considered a day’s work.” 13 (Italics supplied.)
But the decision, he pointed out, would have to be
made by the Board of Navy Commissioners,
whose functions, by law, were independent of
those of the Secretary of the Navy.
His thought becomes more explicit when one
examines the Board’s journal for August 26, 1835,
where an amended work schedule is presented,
together with the computations followed in
arriving at it.14 W hat the computations reveal
is a method by which the length of workday varies
with the season of the year, but, taken over the
year as a whole, yields an average (9 hours, 53
minutes) verging on 10 hours.
On the same date, August 26, 1835, Board
Chairman Rodgers issued a circular to the com
mandants of all Navy yards, establishing the
amended schedule as regulations.15 He com
mented to Barron, in a separate note that “the
Board could not, consistently with their idea of
public duty, recognize any arrangement for one
yard, which should not be common to all.” 16
Subsequent entries on the Commissioners’
copy of the circular of August 26 suggest that
the effective date of the regulation was delayed
for several yards until October. No such entry
is posted against Barron’s name, but there is
reason for believing that the Philadelphia timing
was similarly delayed, because, at the second
convention of the National Trades’ Union at
New York City in October 1835, William Murphy
reported success in negotiations with private
shipyards, but none with the Navy.17 The con
vention decided to continue its agitation and to
petition the Congress and the President for Navy
adoption of the schedule already existing in
private yards.
The Schedule Adopted in 1836
The effects of this agitation are reflected in a
message from Barron to Rodgers some months
later, on June 18, 1836, in which he pointed out
that the difference in hours between private and
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
Navy yards (regardless of the recent change in
the Navy schedule) had caused so much criticism
that he would favor conformance with local
custom.18 Then, in August 1836, Philadelphia
workmen memorialized the President.19 As a
result, on August 31, 1836, Dickerson wrote
Rodgers to instruct Barron to adopt the hours
prevailing in private yards in the City and
County of Philadelphia.20 This instruction
Rodgers transmitted to Barron on September l.21
The regulations posted by Barron on September 3
correspond in all essentials with the demands
earlier propounded by the mechanics.22
Setting a Precedent
Rodgers’ regulations of August 26, 1835, con
stitute the first Navy order (and probably the
first from a Federal Government agency) accepting
the 10-hour day principle, and his order of a year
later, on September 1, 1836, issued under instruc
tions from the Secretary of the Navy, was the first
to establish it in practice, at least in the Phila
delphia Navy Yard, in accordance with the objec
tives sought by the mechanics. At the third con
vention of the National Trades’ Union, meeting in
Philadelphia during October 1836, it was observed,
however, that this concession at the Philadelphia
Navy Yard was not a general order. The con
vention thereupon moved to petition the President
of the United States to establish a uniform 10-hour
day on all public works.23 I t was not until March
31, 1840, that President Van Buren issued the first
order that mechanics and laborers employed any
where in the Executive Branch should be required
to work no more than “the number of hours
prescribed by the 10-hour system.”
13 N avy Department, General Letter Book No. 21,1834-35, pp. 419-422.
K B N CJ, 1834-36, p. 318.
13 B N C cire, vol. 2, p. 318.
16 NCO-Com, vol. 10, p. 401.
” Commons, pp. 231-248.
I« NCO-Phila, 1836.
i® Commons, p. 301.
20 N CO-Sec 1836, p. 216.
« NCO-Com, vol. 11, p. 246.
22 NCO-Phila, 1836.
23 Commons, pp. 277-279 and 304.
Training for
Executive Staff in
Labor Unions
Joseph M ire*
O pportunities for executive training of union
officials and staff members are lacking in our
educational system. Such training requires a
specific curriculum which no institution of higher
learning is offering today. Nor has labor, until
now, seen fit to establish under its own auspices
some center where such training might be under
taken.
The need for such training opportunities needs
little documentation. Within the lifetime of
most union leaders, the nature of their work has
changed from that of a simple propagandist to that
of a highly complicated and responsible profession
requiring training and expert knowledge in many
fields. These profound changes have put great
demands on the union official.1 In addition to
having the skills of popular leadership, he must
know at one time or another how to interpret and
utilize the studies of industrial engineers, the
opinions of lawyers, or the advice and findings of
actuaries, economists, political scientists, soci
ologists, and other specialists. The development
of mutual respect and constructive attitudes on
problems of employer-employee relations requires
of both sides of the bargaining table competence
and knowledge of a wide variety of subjects.
These subjects concern the whole area of
collective bargaining, the impact of technological
changes on the union and the worker, complex
problems of union administration, intra as well
as extra union communication, government reg
ulation and legislation, participation in community
leadership, foreign policy, and international labor
affairs.
An empirical approach to the problems of the
day makes for a practical and realistic policy, but
it cannot fully prepare union leaders for situations
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which they neither expect nor desire. Labor
needs an understanding of its larger aims and
purposes and of the society of which it is a part,
an understanding which only learning can provide.
The complexity of industrial relations, and the
interdependence of all economic groups in society,
make a concern for broader social, political, and
economic concepts and implications imperative.
American labor education, whether conducted
by unions under their own auspices, or in coopera
tion with universities,2 is devoting considerable
effort to the training of union staff and officers.
This training, however, concentrates heavily on
knowledge and skills necessary in the exercise of
union leadership in everyday matters such as
collective bargaining, union administration, labor
law, grievance procedures, parliamentary law,
and public speaking. As a rule training is nonresidential and seldom extends beyond 1 week.
The NILE Union Staff Institutes
To meet the needs of the labor movement for
staff well grounded in traditional social science
subjects, the National Institute of Labor Educa
tion sponsored three experimental 10-week resi
dential study institutes in 1961. They were held
at the University of California (Berkeley), Cornell
University, and Michigan State University (jointly
with the University of Michigan and Wayne
State University) and will be repeated in 1962.
Some 53 union representatives participated in
the program which centered around four core
subjects: Central Economic Problems of the
1960’s, American Government and Politics, Man
and Society, and The American Labor Move
ment (History and Philosophy).
This program was supplemented by seminars
and evening sessions on a variety of subjects, such
as trade unions and the public interest, the defense
of a free society, civil liberties and civil order,
the organization of business and industry, the
welfare state, government regulations of unions,
and technology and institutions.
‘Executive Director, National Institute of Labor Education.
1 The term “union official” as used here comprises full-time appointed or
elected union officers and staff, including those at the national or international
level, and those in charge of statewide district or local organizations.
2 Twenty-two universities have established full-time staffs and year-round
services for labor groups. In addition, some 60 other colleges and universities
render lim ited services to workers and unions, ranging from regular evening
classes and summer institutes for teacher training courses to occasional
institutes or conferences on the university premises.
261
262
Heavy reading assignments were an integral
part of the program. They were set rather high
to make the students realize that they needed to
speed up their reading. This promptly led to
the addition of much-appreciated courses in
improving reading skills at all three universities.
At Michigan State, the students discovered an
ingenious way to save time in their reading while
actually getting more out of the material. They
organized themselves into five “ reading teams,”
divided the reading assignments, and then held
“ bull sessions” over the materials that had been
read.
The California group spent a weekend at the
Marine Cooks and Stewards Training School in
Santa Rosa discussing the role of religion in
society. They were joined in their discussions
by a Protestant minister, a Catholic priest, a
Jewish rabbi, and a Buddhist priest. Other
extracurricular activities included a visit to an
art center (Michigan) and several volunteer re
search projects. One group of students (Cali
fornia) conducted an opinion poll to find out what
university students thought about labor-manage
ment problems. Another group studied the
attitude of 1,000 plant workers toward the prob
lems of retirement, and still another studied
job evaluation in the State services. Taking
advantage of the presence of a management
group on campus, the Cornell students engaged
in mock bargaining with their roles reversed.
Organization oj Curriculum. The three univer
sities used different approaches in organizing
their programs: California {Berkeley) offered two
of the courses—Labor History and Philosophy
and American Government and Politics—during
the first 5 weeks and the other two—Economics
and Man and Society—during the last 5 weeks.
In addition, the program included a reading and
writing skills course, seven 3-hour seminars, and
two weekly evening sessions.
Cornell held courses on Labor History and
American Government during the first 4 weeks,
continued with a weeklong seminar on Govern
ments, Public and Private—The Regulation of
Union Activities, and followed with the courses
on Economics and Man and Society during the
next 4 weeks. The last week was fully devoted to
a seminar on the Welfare State. The program
was supplemented by a course on improving
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
reading, 5 daylong seminars, and 17 evening
sessions.
Michigan started the first week with Labor
History and Economics and added the course on
Man and Society in the third week and Govern
ment and Politics in the fourth. Three daylong
lecture-discussion sessions on Technology and
Society, Organization and Man, and the United
States and the World Community were used to
introduce three of the four core subjects. Seven
daylong seminars and 16 evening sessions made
up the remainder of the program.
To provide for a continuous analysis of the
program, the director held separate weekly meet
ings at Michigan State University with all students
and with the faculty. In addition, the students
met at the home of a different instructor each
week for a bull session continuing until the late
hours of the night in which students were free
to raise any questions related to the program.
A typical program during 1 week at each of the
universities follows:
California (Berkeley): First Week
Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, Friday, 9:30 to 3:30:
Reading Skills: Mrs. Irene Athey
Labor History and Philosophy: Dr. Walter Galenson,
Professor of Economics and Industrial Relations
American Government and Politics:
Dr. DeVere
Pentony, Assistant Professor of International Re
lations
Wednesday, 9:00 to 12:00: Seminar on Discussion Meth
ods: Dr. Harry Miller, Berkeley
Wednesday, 2:00 to 3:30: Library Orientation
Thursday, 4:00: Tour of Industrial Relations Library
Evening sessions:
Tuesday: U.S. Foreign Policy: Dr. Richard Cox, De
partment of Political Science
Thursday: Technology and Institutions: Dr. Leon
Lee, San Jose State College
Michigan: Sixth Week
Monday: Daylong session on Social Security: Dr. William
Haber, Professor of Economics, and Fedele Fauri, Dean
of School of Social Work
Tuesday through Friday, 9:00 to 3:00:
Economics: Dr. Jack Stieber, Director of Labor and
Industrial Relations Center
Sociology: Dr. James B. McKee, Associate Professor,
Department of Sociology and Anthropology
Psychology: Dr. Eugene H. Jacobson, Associate Pro
fessor, Department of Psychology
Political Science: Dr. Ralph M. Goldman, Associate
Professor, Department of Political Science
The Labor Movement: Dr. Albert A. Blum, Assistant
Professor, Department of Social Science
TRAINING FOR EXECUTIVE STAFF IN LABOR UNIONS
263
Increasing Reading Productivity: Professor Robert
Repas, Coordinator, Labor and Industrial Re
lations Center
Saturday and Sunday: Session on Art and Society: Visit
to Detroit Art Center, guided by Professor Alden
Smith, Jack Baily, and Virginia TIarriman
Evening session, Wednesday: Economics: Dr. Jack Stieber
pating university and several union education
directors. Sixty-five written applications were
received in 1961, of which 63 were approved—3
of these only after personal interviews with the
applicants. There were 13 dropouts—10 before
the beginning and 3 during the institutes.
Cornell: Last Week
Monday through Thursday, 8:30 to 3:00:
Socialism and Public Ownership: Dr. Douglas F.
Dowd, Assistant Professor of Economics
The Welfare State Controversy: Dr. Duncan M.
MacIntyre, School Of Industrial and Labor Re
lations
The Welfare State in Being, an Examination of British
and Swedish Social Services:
Dr. Duncan M.
MacIntyre
The Welfare State and Collective Bargaining: Dr.
Donald E. Cullen, Associate Professor, School of
Industrial and Labor Relations
The Welfare State at Home: Dr. Duncan M. Mac
Intyre
The Labor Movement and the Future: Professor
George W. Brooks, Visiting Professor, School of
Industrial and Labor Relations
Evening sessions, Monday through Wednesday:
Civil Liberties and Civil Rights: Dr. Milton R.
Konvitz, Professor, School of Industrial and Labor
Relations
Thursday:
Closing ceremonies— Speech by Mr. Joseph D.
Keenan, Secretary, International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers
Financial Arrangements. A generous grant re
ceived from the Fund for Adult Education made
it possible to absorb the major cost of administra
tion and tuition and to offer scholarships covering
approximately half the cost of room and board.
The other costs—loss of income, travel, spending
money, and the remainder for room and board—
were borne either by the union or the student and
sometimes by both. The three participating
universities each contributed substantial funds
to assure the recruitment of a well-qualified
faculty.
Criteria for Eligibility and Selection of Students.
The institutes are open to any member of a bona
fide union serving in a responsible union position
(elective or appointive), who is sponsored by
either a local union, an international, or a city or
State central body. A definite preference is indi
cated in the prospectus and application blank for
full-time staff; however, part-time staff are not
barred if they have the breadth of experience
and background to benefit in measurable degree
from the program. Another important considera
tion is the assurance that an applicant will return
to a responsible position in the labor movement
after completion of the institute.
There are no academic requirements for admis
sion. Applicants are expected, however, to be
able to read and write with moderate ease since
both are a vital part of the program.
The final decision on admission rests with a
Committee on Selection appointed by the N a
tional Institute of Labor Education. The com
mittee includes representatives of each partici
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Cooperation With Labor. Labor’s cooperation in
the NILE staff institutes was of the highest order.
Seldom before have educational representatives
of labor organizations been so intimately involved
in every aspect of a university conducted program.
Through the instrumentality of a special advisory
committee, labor’s advice and assistance was
sought at every stage, with subcommittees dealing
with problems of recruitment and selection of
candidates and evaluation of the program.
Evaluation
Because of the experimental character and great
importance of this program, NILE, with the
assistance of another grant from the Fund for
Adult Education, is making a substantial effort
to evaluate the three institutes. Careful records
are being kept by the three universities on every
aspect of the program, i.e., composition and selec
tion of students, curriculum, faculty, teaching
methods, accommodations, etc. In addition, a
team of three evaluation specialists working under
the direction of Professor Goodwin Watson of
Teachers College, Columbia University, has been
conducting a series of before and after interviews
as well as tests on the four subject matters in an
attem pt to learn what changes in knowledge,
perception, and attitudes have occurred.
This process will be repeated for the 1962 in
stitutes, and the results should offer some clue as
to whether institutes of that type can develop a
more broadly versed and sophisticated union staff.
Papers From the 1 961IRRA Meeting
E ditor’s N ote.— The following four articles, excerpted from papers presented
at the Industrial Relations Research Association meetings in New York,
December 28-29, 1961, were selected for their diversity of subject matter
as well as special interest for Monthly Labor Review readers. Minor word
changes have been made to facilitate transitions. Footnotes, except as
referencesfor material quoted by the authors, and supporting tabular material
have been omitted.
Industrial and National Wage
Levels Under Big Unionism
Frank C. P ierson*
A widely held view among contemporary econo
mists is that unions exert little independent influ
ence on broad national wage movements, let alone
on the relationship between the general wage and
price level or on relative shares in the real national
product. The economic impact of unionism is said
to be limited almost wholly to local markets or to
rather narrow subsectors of the economy. Such
opinion on this vital issue is quite wrong and
should be rather drastically revised.
In their role as economic institutions, unions
can be thought of as performing two principal
functions. First, they try to cut in on whatever
special economic opportunities already exist, or
can be created, in the environment in which the
unions happen to operate. Second, they endeavor
to extend these special opportunity gains to work
ers in other firms, which sometimes are subject
to the same economic conditions but often are not.
The hypothesis to be examined here is that, absent
unions, employers in the first category would not
generally share special opportunity gains with
their employees, and employers in the second
category would not generally be subject to effec
tive pressure to match these improvements in
working conditions. Unions, of course, encounter
various degrees and kinds of resistance from em
264
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ployers in carrying out these two functions, but
the capacity and willingness of employers to resist
sustained, well-organized union pressure is often
quite limited. The firms within a given industry
which enjoy above-average profit prospects may
have the resources but may also lack the economic
motivation to withstand such pressures, while the
firms with below-average profit prospects may
have the economic motivation but may also lack
the necessary resources to resist. In a nonunion
world, the pressures on employers to share gains
with their employees tend to be sporadic and
ineffective, but in a union world, these pressures
tend to become pervasive and overriding.
Wages in Past Recessions
There are various ways in which the hypothesis
outlined above can be tested empirically. The
following questions of fact need to be answered:
(1) Have the largest unions, despite important
differences in the industries in which they operate,
generally led the way in securing gains equal to or
in excess of those granted by other industries?
(2) Have wage and benefit levels in other important
industries followed the increases won by the largest
unions quite closely? (3) Have the increases in
wages and benefits in industry generally clearly
exceeded levels that could be explained strictly on
market or economic grounds during periods of
sluggish expansion and continuing unemploy’ Professor of Economics, Swarthmore College.
WAGE LEVELS UNDER BIG UNIONISM
ment? (4) Have wage-benefit levels continued to
rise in the economy even in periods of recession?
(5) Finally, have wage-benefit levels in the indus
tries in which the largest and most powerful unions
operate risen considerably more than economic
conditions in these industries would warrant?
Below is a brief review of the evidence on each of
these five points for six large union groups—in
automobile manufacturing (motor vehicles and
equipment), building construction, bituminous
coal mining, class I railroads, basic steel, and local
city trucking—and for the economy as a whole
during the 1947-60 period.
As to the first question, the gains secured by
the six union groups were well in excess of those
granted by industry generally between 1947 and
1960. In absolute terms, the increases in straighttime hourly earnings in the six industries ranged
from $1.31 in automobiles to $1.76 in construction,
as against $1.03 in all manufacturing. The per
centage gains in the six industries relative to the
all-manufacturing average were somewhat less
striking, since the former had started from higher
base values. If comparative data on fringe bene
fits were available, the contrast on both absolute
and relative grounds would have been a good deal
sharper. The foregoing results seem wholly con
sistent with the hypothesis that these large unions
exerted an important independent influence on
industry wage levels during this period—certainly
a greater influence than could be explained in
terms of market developments alone.
Regarding the second question, there was a
striking similarity in the movement of wages and
benefits in a wide variety of industries during this
period, but whether the settlements reached by
the biggest unions were chiefly responsible for this
outcome is open to debate. Despite widely con
trasting economic trends, average hourly earnings
in durable and nondurable manufacturing rose in
about the same proportion between 1946 and
1960, each slightly more than doubling over this
period. Hourly earnings in trade and related fields
also rose by about the same percentage during this
time, although mounting demand pressures rela
tive to available supplies of labor could explain
much of the increase in these areas. Using 1947
instead of 1946 as a base, the percentage differ
ences in wage increases in durables compared with
nondurables were somewhat greater. Thus, while
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265
the influence of the big bargaining settlements was
felt in a wide range of industries during the post
war period, this influence appears to have been
of only indirect and minor significance in many
industries further removed from the big union
centers.
Regarding the third question, the rather limited
recoveries occurring between 1953 and 1960 were
all marked by fairly sharp advances in wagebenefit levels despite persistent unemployment.
In the 1954-57 expansion, unemployment of the
nonfarm work force averaged slightly over 5 per
cent and even in the peak year of 1957 it still stood
at about this level. A number of bottlenecks de
veloped in particular markets in the course of this
recovery, demand pressures being especially severe
for certain high-level skills in heavy industry and
for certain types of labor in various service lines.
Given their minority membership status, unions
could at most have only aggravated inflationary
tendencies present in this period. Nonetheless,
the rise of 14 percent in straight-time hourly earn
ings of production workers in manufacturing in
the face of persistent unemployment during the
1954—57 recovery is hard to explain in terms of
market influences alone. In the shorter and
weaker recovery of 1958—59, the unemployment
average of 6.4 percent was considerably higher
than in the preceding recovery period, the index
of consumer prices rose about half as much (1 as
against 2 percent per year), and straight-time
hourly earnings of production workers in manu
facturing rose somewhat less than before (3.4 as
against 4.7 percent per year).
Changes in wages, employment, and wholesale
prices in manufacturing in terms of cyclical turn
ing points for the postwar period, and also on an
average monthly basis to allow for differences in
the length of the recovery periods, yield essentially
the same results as are suggested by straight
annual comparison. [From trough to peak during
the last two recoveries, manufacturing straighttime hourly earnings rose 16 percent between
August 1954 and July 1957 and 7 percent between
April 1958 and May 1960. The average monthly
changes during those periods were 0.43 and 0.28
percent, respectively.] In both of these recoveries,
it seems quite clear that the wage level rose by a
good deal more than could be attributed to any
pressure of demand on labor supply.
266
The evidence with respect to the fourth question,
concerning the behavior of wage rates in recession
periods, is even more striking. On an annual
basis, straight-time hourly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing increased in all of the
four postwar contractions: in 1948-49, by 5
percent; in 1953-54 and in 1957-58, by 3 percent;
and in 1960-61, by 4 percent. D ata for cyclical
turning points of these recessions show a negligible
decrease in the November 1948-October 1949
downswing but gains in the next three, with the
increases appearing especially marked after 1953
when long-term bargaining agreements became
more important. The fact that wage levels not
only remained steady but also typically increased
in postwar contractions strongly suggests, though
it does not prove, that the unions exerted con
siderable economic influence in the postwar period.
The last question is, Have these very large labor
organizations been able to score gains in wagebenefit levels well in excess of what could have
reasonably been expected in light of economic
trends in their industries? In the case of at least
two of the industries—bituminous coal and rail
roads—the answer is clearly in the affirmative.
Real output, employment, and post-tax net
profits (as percent of sales) either followed a
declining trend or remained at unfavorable levels.
The one economic influence conducive to higher
wage-benefit levels was the sharp rise in output
per production worker man-hour in these two
industries in the postwar period, but in the face of
falling demand and rising unemployment, this
factor could not by itself explain the very sub
stantial increase in wages and benefits. The con
clusion is inescapable that the principal explana
tion lay in the ability of the unions to impose
settlements which ran quite counter to economic
developments in the two industries.
Postwar economic conditions in the other four
industries—automobiles, basic steel, construction,
and trucking—were decidedly more mixed, so it
becomes less clear whether the unions wielded
much influence on wage-benefit levels and, if so,
whether they exerted a seriously disturbing
economic effect. Each of these industries faced
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
various problems which severely limited their
wage-paying capacity at least on a longrun basis.
While enjoying certain highly profitable years,
neither automobiles nor basic steel could be
characterized as strong-growth industries between
1947 and 1960; both experienced periods of severe
unemployment and excess capacity of almost
chronic proportions. For about 10 years after
the war, however, sales of automobiles and steel
were booming, prices were moving higher, and
profits were favorable. General conditions became
much less favorable after 1957, but by this time
the major firms were beginning to reap the benefits
of capital expansion and rebuilding programs.
Gains in efficiency were especially marked in steel.
I t seems clear, then, that (1) basic economic
trends in both fields were conducive to rising
wage-benefit levels, (2) these levels were raised
more than they would have been in the absence of
unions, and (3) the policies of the two unions
concerned had widespread repercussions.
The last two industries—building construction
and local city trucking—experienced considerable
growth in the postwar period, with total output
and employment following a quite definite upward
trend. Estimates of changes in output per man
hour in these two fields are very rough, but they
indicate that between 1953 and 1960 productivity
rose less in construction and trucking than in
manufacturing generally. Small firms predomi
nate in both fields, competition is intense, profits
are relatively low, and unless brought under some
system of control, operating conditions in particu
lar localities can become completely demoralized.
These circumstances impose important limitations
on union efforts to raise wage-benefit levels in
these two industries. Nonetheless, both union
groups made striking gains in the postwar period,
certainly more than could be expected in the ab
sence of union pressure. These gains had wide
spread intraindustry repercussions, since many
smaller, less efficient firms were not in a position
to absorb them. On the other hand, growth
trends in the two industries were favorable and
this kept the unions’ policies from being widely
disturbing.
WORK RULES ISSUE IN THE BASIC STEEL INDUSTRY
Work Rules Issue
in the Basic Steel Industry
J a c k St ie b e r *
T he A merican S teel I ndustry is an old indus
try with many customs and traditions. It has an
aging labor force characterized by long service;
its heavy, durable, and expensive equipment varies
little from company to company; and it produces a
homogeneous product by processes and methods
which have changed slowly over the years. In
this environment, it is not surprising to find work
practices that go back many years in origin—often
to a period before the Steelworkers union was
organized. To these practices were added others,
established either unilaterally by plant manage
ments or by agreement with local unions, designed
primarily to obtain maximum production for war
purposes with little concern for efficiency.
In 1947, these practices were given formal recog
nition by the now famous 2-B provision which is
found in labor’s agreements with the U.S. Steel
Corp. and a number of other major companies. It
defines “ local working conditions” as “ specific
practices or customs which reflect detailed appli
cation of the subject m atter within the scope of
wages, hours of work, or other conditions of em
ployment and includes local agreements, written
or oral, on such matters.” The provision affords
protection to local working conditions “ which
provide benefits that are in excess of or in addition
to” benefits in the contract and explains the cir
cumstances under which management may change
or eliminate them. In subsequent years, arbi
trators have held that 2-B may be applied to a
wide variety of practices including crew size,
seniority, distribution of overtime, work scheduling
and assignment, contracting-out, layoffs, washup
time, and lunch periods. The companies have
tried to modify or eliminate 2-B, charging that it
has frozen inefficiency and waste into steel
operations, while the union has defended the provi
sion as a necessary protection against speedup and
overloading of employees. Arbitrators under steel
agreements, while deciding most grievances alleg
ing violations of 2-B against the union, have
generally felt that it has served to establish a
balance between “ the need for stability, on the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
267
one hand, and for flexibility and growth on the
other.” 1
I t is not the purpose here to review the contro
versy over work rules in steel or to rehash the 1959
strike. However, two things should be pointed
out: (1) the close relationship between work rules
and incentives problems in steel and (2) the ab
sence of any relationship between 2-B and auto
mation. The first goes a long way toward explain
ing why the work-rules issue was injected into the
1959 negotiations; the second may help to put to
rest unfounded but persistent assertions that auto
mation was an issue in that strike.
Since the installation of job evaluation in the
steel industry, incentives have been a major prob
lem to some companies, particularly to the U.S.
Steel Corp. One of the reasons U.S. Steel was
willing to spend millions of dollars to eliminate
base rate wage inequities both within and between
plants was the belief that substantial savings in
manpower could be realized by establishing engi
neered performance standards on incentives.
When the union withdrew from the original under
standing to identify and eliminate inequities in
incentives, the company found itself stymied by
the local working conditions clause in its efforts
to reduce crews where it felt such reduction was
warranted under new incentives. According to
2-B, a “local working condition,” including crew
size, may be changed or eliminated only when “the
basis for the existence” of the condition is changed
or eliminated. Arbitrators have generally inter
preted this to mean a change in equipment or
method of operation. Thus a change in crew size
and duty assignment cannot be justified by a
time study showing that one or more employees
are unnecessary or by evidence that operations
can be made more competitive by such a reduction.
In such cases, local union agreement must be ob
tained. A typical example of a justifiable and an
unjustifiable management action under 2-B is
furnished by the following arbitration issue:
While introducing a new incentive plan in a . . . butt mill,
management installed cooling table synchronization and
reduced the crew size in the process. At the same time,
for purposes of the incentive program, management re
duced the spelltime and crew size at a welder station on
‘Director, Labor and Industrial Relations Center, Michigan State Uni
versity.
i
Pike and Fischer, Inc., Steelworkers Handbook on Arbitration Decisions
(Pittsburgh, United Steelworkers of America, 1960), p. 59.
268
the same production line but unaffected by the changed
mechanical condition.2
The arbitrator upheld the first action but reversed
the second.
This tie-in between the U.S. Steel incentive
program—the brain child of R. Conrad Cooper,
the chief industry negotiator—and the local work
ing conditions clause put considerable pressure
behind an issue which was much less important to
some other companies which had weaker or no
2-B type provisions in their agreements.
The claim that 2-B puts a brake on technologi
cal change has no basis in fact and has never been
made by responsible industry representatives. In
fact, by making a change in equipment the surest
way to justify a change in a local working condi
tion, 2-B has probably encouraged and hastened
technological change in the steel industry.
Often overlooked is the fact that the union can
not by itself establish a local working condition,
however reasonable it may be, or change what it
believes to be an onerous condition. At one point
in the 1959 negotiations, the union offered to
modify 2-B to substitute ‘‘reasonableness” for
past practice as the determining factor in establish
ing grounds for continuation of a local working
condition. Management refused, holding out for
a stronger modification, but perhaps also recog
nizing that “reasonableness” could be a two-way
street whereas past practice can only be estab
lished with management cooperation.
How serious is 2-B in its effect on efficiency?
The answer would require a thorough study of
allegedly restrictive local practices—a study which
has never been made and is not likely to be made.
Garth Man gum decided that the most serious
effects of 2-B are to perpetuate management’s
past mistakes for a time and to discourage super
visors from making changes which might produce
grievances. He concluded that “inefficiencies
which cannot be eliminated under the contract
within a reasonable time by an alert management
are rare.” 3
The January 1960 settlement of the steel strike
provided for the establishment of two committees:
a group to study local working conditions, com
posed of union and management representatives
who were to select a neutral chairman; and a hu
man relations research committee, which was to
have no neutral members. The parties were not
able to agree on a neutral chairman for the first
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
committee, and it has been dormant since the end
of 1960. The second committee has set up sub
groups to study job classifications, incentives,
seniority, medical care, arbitration and grievance
procedures, and “guides for the determination of
equitable wage and benefit adjustments.” The
parties have released little information as to prog
ress, but it is doubtful that much will be accomplished
toward resolving serious problems.
More promising are the Kaiser-United Steel
workers committees—one to study “problems re
sulting from automation and technological change
and local working conditions,” and another to
develop “a long-range plan for equitable shar
ing . . . of the fruits of the company’s progress.”
The first committee is bipartite, the second has
three neutral members in addition to company and
union representatives. In practice, the tripartite
committee has taken over the functions of the
first committee. A number of meetings have been
held and progress has been reported. The un
ion is eager to arrive at agreements with Kaiser
which may then be used as targets in the forth
coming 1962 negotiations with the 11 major steel
producers.
The best solution for the problem of work rules
which unduly limit efficiency is elimination of the
basis for their existence through technological
change; the next best way is to bargain or buy
them out; the worst approach is to try to force
their elimination because they are “bad,” “wrong,”
and an infringement on “management rights.”
The most serious problems arise where a union
resists changing technology or refuses to be bar
gained or bought out of restrictive rules and prac
tices; then the “persuasion of power” takes over
and the results are not always predictable. For
tunately, opposition to technological change has
almost no overt and few covert supporters in union
leadership ranks. Mass-production industries have
been among those to make the widest use of auto
mated equipment without challenge from thenunions. The emphasis today is on cushioning the
impact of change through financial assistance and
other benefits to those affected. The cost of such
aid is at least predictable, which is not true of
restrictive practices.
2
Garth L. Mangum, “Interaction of Contract Administration and Con
tract Negotiation in the Basic Steel Industry,” Labor Law Journal, Septem
ber 1961, p. 858.
2 Ibid., p. 857.
)
UNION RACIAL PRACTICES AND THE LABOR MARKET
Union Racial Practices
and the Labor Market
R ay Marshall*
T echnological change has an important effect
on the employment opportunities of minorities,
who are concentrated disproportionately in those
jobs most likely to be replaced by innovations.
Sometimes the job is abolished by the introduction
of new machinery, and at other times, it is made
more attractive. Negroes have been replaced in
both cases.
Racial trouble has frequently started when
unemployment rose and whites started moving
into jobs held by Negroes, or when senior Negroes
were laid off while junior whites were retained.
Unionism, while not causing Negroes to have equal
treatment in plants, might make it possible for
them to get the same treatment in layoffs as
whites of the same seniority, because seniority
clauses in union agreements give Negroes legal
rights they would not have in the absence of
unions.
Economic conditions also affect the pace at which
Negroes can move up the economic ladder. If
the labor market is slack and there are few oppor
tunities for advancement, the results of changing
the racial practices of unions and employers will
be less significant. For instance, the effort
exerted over a long period to change racial practices
in the oil industry have produced limited results,
because nontechnical employment in most com
panies declined after 1953 and few new employees
have been hired or promoted. Though separate
lines of progression were broken down in the
major companies in this industry, only a few
Negroes have moved into better jobs.
Negroes also have found that tight labor mar
kets—such as exist during wars—make it easier
for them to move into jobs from which they
were previously excluded. I t is true that Negroes
generally have been the last to be committed to
industrial employment during these times and have
been more vulnerable than whites to retrenchment
during recessions, but it is nevertheless significant
that Negroes were able to enter some jobs for the
first time during wars. Once in these jobs, they
were in a position to fight from within unions and
;ompanies to improve their positions.
629432— 62-
3
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269
The ease or difficulty with which a trade may
be learned and practiced is a significant considera
tion in changing union racial practices. If the
trade is relatively easy to learn or Negroes can
learn it in trade schools, in the Armed Forces, or
by “picking it up,” the union will have difficulty
excluding Negroes or will be forced to lower its
economic conditions. In the plumbing and
electrical industries, where apprenticeship is im
portant, it is relatively difficult for Negroes to
learn the trade because there are few colored
craftsmen to train them and whites will rarely
take Negro apprentices or trainees if the admission
of Negroes is opposed by the union. Therefore,
the trades where Negroes have difficulty becoming
journeymen because of union exclusion or gov
ernmental licensing arrangements will not have
many Negro trainees. One of the reasons Negro
bricklayers, cement finishers, and plasterers have
been able to perpetuate themselves in the South
is that there is a sizable number of Negroes who
will teach the trade to others. Moreover, the
techniques used in these trades are relatively
stable, so that new methods cannot be monopolized
by whites. Negroes were also allowed to retain
some jobs which were difficult to perform or had
other undesirable features.
Another labor market factor perpetuating racial
job patterns is the employer’s preference for white
or Negro labor. This preference is influenced by
stereotyped ideas as to whether Negroes can do
certain kinds of work, have higher rates of turn
over, are subject to more wage garnishments, and
the like. Negroes have been preferred by white
contractors in the South for certain jobs which
they have traditionally held, like longshoremen,
hod carriers, and cement finishers. Employers
sometimes preferred Negroes for the same jobs
held by whites because Negroes had lower wages.
In the past, Negroes moved into some jobs during
strikes because employers thought they would not
join unions, a degree of preference which was
intensified by Negro leaders who felt that the
Negro worker’s economic salvation lay in an
alliance with employers against unions. Today,
many of the strongest Negro community institu
tions favor unions and exert their influence to
prevent Negroes from being used as strikebreakers.
Employers no longer feel that they can count on
•Professor of Economics, Louisiana State University;
270
Negroes to be nonunion, and tbe general extension
of unionism has made this attribute less important
to the companies. Moreover, the virtual abolition
of racial wage differentials for the same jobs has
eliminated another reason why employers preferred
Negroes.
Employers’ preferences will also be affected by
uncertainties concerning the reaction of white
workers and the supply of Negroes with necessary
skills in case of boycott by white craftsmen.
Whether or not whites boycott an employer
depends upon the availability of jobs and general
market conditions. I t will rarely be done in
relatively stable industrial jobs; in construction
work, on the other hand, it is a simple m atter for
workers to boycott a particular employer. In
longshoring, Negroes can furnish enough workers
to replace whites if the latter refuse to work with
them, but there are not enough Negro electricians
or plumbers to make this possible.
Status is an important consideration for em
ployers as well as workers. Unlike the workers
who must compete with Negroes, the employer
does not feel that his job will be “diluted” because
Negroes will threaten his job or its status; but his
status in the community might be jeopardized if
he violates prevailing racial standards. This is
one reason why so many southern branches of
northern plants adopt local racial practices.
Supply of labor is related to the status of the
job. In many cases, employers prefer Negroes
because they are more easily controlled in low
status occupations. Since a sufficiently large
supply of whites cannot be found for some of these
jobs, employers prefer Negroes who are forced by
occupational limitations into these lines. This
might give Negroes power to control the jobs and
exclude whites, if they can form unions.
The scope of collective bargaining is a factor
influencing the union’s ability to discriminate
against minorities. Organizations which have
purely local bargaining arrangements are more
likely to discriminate than those that use national
bargains, because the international union is
usually more conspicuous and it is relatively easy
to bring moral pressure to bear on it. There have
been some widely publicized cases of racial dis
crimination by local unions, but as a rule, locals
are too insignificant to attract national attention.
The widely publicized cases attract attention
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precisely because the locals are impervious to
moral pressures, and there is usually no agency
that can readily focus sufficient economic, physical,
or political power on them to produce a change in
their policies.
National bargains give the parent organization
more power to deal with the local. Since the
internationals are more vulnerable to moral power,
and since the prevailing moral sentiment in the
United States is against discrimination, unions
with national bargains will be more likely to cause
their locals to conform with egalitarian racial
policies.
The level of union wages in a plant covered by
the national bargain influences the control that
an international union can exert over its local affil
iates. If union wages and conditions are much higher
than wages prevailing in the local area, the inter
national has more control over the local. In the
case of the Memphis local of the United Auto
mobile Workers, for example, segregationist elements
did not secede from the international, partly
because of national contracts and good wages and
conditions; some white members of the Memphis
local considered pulling out of the international
but were deterred by the realization that the
international, not the local, was the certified
bargaining agent.
Other factors which influence the international’s
ability to require its locals to observe equalitarian
racial policies include: the effect of enforcement
on the international’s objectives as interpreted by
its leaders and as it influences their official posi
tions; the question of whether the international
has some reason to appeal to the Negro com
munity, e.g., organizing a bloc of unorganized
Negroes or Negro-labor political considerations;
the available alternatives for the local, especially
the consideration of whether there is a rival union
to which it can secede; the employer’s attitude—
the employer will be willing to cooperate with the
international if he has some reason (government
contracts, fear of boycotts) to oppose discrimina
tion by the local; the size and political significance
of the local involved; the dues structure and
financial strength of the international and the
constitutional provisions relating to the ownership
of the local’s property if it secedes; and the ease
with which trusteeships can be imposed upon the
local.
THE! SENSE OF HISTORY AND THE ANNALS OF LABOR
The Sense of History
and the Annals of Labor
Maurice F. N eufeld*
Basic Truth Versus Prompt Utility
For nearly two generations now, as science and
industry stretched the aspirations of mankind, the
sense of history shallowed, diminished, and all but
vanished. This failure of imagination and intellect
coincides with a unique crisis in human affairs.
When peoples of earth most need global vision,
scholars can readily offer separate strings of
knowledge, but rarely Ariadne’s ball of guidance.
Whether braced by trust that their creations
command immediate validity, or fortified by faith
that they lead to basic truths beyond prompt
utility, contemporary men of learning amiably
persist in the nurture of authorized apprentices
who reflect blurred versions of their own image.
The new men of science, social disciplines, and
humanistic arts have come to resemble, in thenbroader attitudes and interests, the captains and
technicians of the world.
The skills of industrial relations suffer all the
limitations of scholarship at large. Youthful and
unformed, eager for prestige, inwardly concen
trated, absorbed by the task of accumulating
information, and allured by the mathematical
approach to certainty, they think in constricted
terms, nearly always in the present tense. The
savants of industrial relations remain innocent of
mankind’s history beyond the very immediate
past.
Those who survey the procedures of personnel
management lead intellectual lives of only two
dimensions. True, they venture out of enclosure
to seize upon testing and training, and they often
wander forth to sniff the pasture lands of human
relations. They seem less impelled by intellectual
interest than by short crops at home. Records
of their past, so leagued with administrative
progress, have yet to be assembled, systematically
recorded, carefully analyzed, and synthesized into
history.
Colleagues in human relations recognize few
limits upon either their capacity or range. Train
ing in social psychology, industrial sociology, and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
271
anthropology serves them well. But in their
eagerness for discovery they eschew the partial
sense of history which their master crafts achieved
and trap themselves all too often in the sirenian
morass of case studies. Monographs accumulate
and notions of dynamic equilibrium thrive. For
the most part, findings prove obvious or trivial in
contrast to the ponderous investigations launched.
Year in, year out, the students of collective
bargaining rove from one bargaining race track to
another, gathering tips, speculating about the
winners, and masterminding the results once
announced. Away from the course, they delight
in administrative orders, arbitral awards, and
judicial decisions. They prefer the domestic
scene, but when abroad, on occasion, follow routine
by also playing the horses there. All of them
attain the summit of speculative inquiry when
they argue the virtues of free collective bargaining.
Labor economists once flourished within the
broad institutional approach to economic analysis.
Today, some who follow that tradition at least in
part, pursue narrow interests in order to garner
fresh knowledge. Insensitive to broad change,
they virtually ceded to the general economists the
task of dealing with wage-push inflation and the
role of unions in emergent economies—two central
issues in labor economics during the postwar
decades. Other labor economists draw deserved
admiration for their attempts to devise large
concepts of integrative character. B ut they too
usually ignore history since its waywardness
might tend to ruffle the formal elegance of their
typologies. For all too many labor economists, the
course of economic thought, let alone the sweep of
human affairs, remains quite simply a course,
taught or taken.
Throughout all the branches of industrial rela
tions, disciplines so essential to the welfare of the
contemporary world, the sense of history, with its
depth, reach, and contemplative spirit, fails to
stir.
Labor’s Intellectual Debt
Unions survived and advanced only by re
sponding shrewdly and fast to the practices and
strategies initiated by the opposition. Employers
always acted; unions reacted. Even when they
•Professor of Economics, Cornell University.
272
chanced the first step of the encounter, they sought
to thwart and divert expected threats. Whenever
the labor movement attempted to separate its
ultimate purpose from the milieu of work, or
whenever it remained on home ground but ex
panded its goals, the very character of its inher
ently confined position forced it to turn for basic
ideas to that perpetual fountainhead of intel
lectual energy: middle-class thinkers, writers,
religious leaders, politicians, economists, social
reformers, idealists, humanitarians, and radicals.
Today, when both the immediate industrial aims
and larger aspirations of the union movement
concern public policy at the highest political
levels, the present impasse in its fortunes should
provoke no surprise since that predicament traces
back to the persistent and indwelling poverty of
labor’s derivative imagination.
Nineteenth Century Inspirations
Between 1800 and 1829, craftsmen of the grow
ing cities participated, to the extent of their still
inconsequential numbers, in the drive for universal
white manhood suffrage. But these artisans, like
other citizens, turned for warrant to the Declara
tion of Independence as gospel, the American
Revolution as inspiration, and the French Revo
lution’s cry of natural rights and equality of man
as dogma.
During the struggle for equal citizenship from
1827 to 1832, the score of demands by enfranchised
workers came from Jacksonian politicians and
humanitarians. The labor parties adopted their
principal plank—free public education—not when
they formed, but only after agitation in the com
munity fired them to that purpose. No objective
scholar can deny the beneficent influence exerted
by these parties. However, labor historians have
tended to exaggerate the size and originality of
their contribution. No dispassionate historian
can fail to emphasize that the leading viable ideas
and effective pressures of this crusade came from
respected public figures years before the labor
parties had started, and continued after thendemise until the passage of operative local and
State legislation at the end of the 1840’s.
Ideas of radical social transformation dominated
the minds of thoughtful workers during the 1840’s
since the prolonged depression stifled the revival
of labor unions. But, the few labor leaders of the
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
1840’s and 1850’s who cared about such issues as
women’s rights, the abolition of slavery, or the
peace movement looked to the humanitarians of
the era for inspiration and argument.
The National Labor Union, after its inaugural
congress in 1866, stressed only 1 year the reduction
of the working day to 8 hours. At first, inspired
by the persuasive economic doctrines of Ira Steward,
who like many union leaders of the time read John
Stuart Mill and other transitional economists
closely, the confederation subsequently lost itself
in the greenback brand of monetary reform elabo
rated by Edward Kellogg almost 20 years earlier.
During the 1860’s and 1870’s, workers also turned
to cooperation, first expounded by Robert Owen
in the 1820’s. Thomas Phillips, a shoemaker from
England, took the lead in advancing the coopera
tive cause, but it was George Jacob Holyoake, a
British middle-class Owenite lecturer and histo
rian, who had fired the enthusiasm of Phillips.
When the Knights of Labor embarked upon
their national career in 1878, they implied through
preamble and platform that the long quest for
purpose and structure by American unions would
find surcease at last. They hoped to create labor
solidarity as a bulwark against the new industrial
monopoly. Yet, ironically, they challenged the
corporate order not in the mood of dispossessed
workers, but in the spirit of the lower middle
classes. The careers of Uriah S. Stephens, James
L. Wright, Terence V. Powderly, and other
dignitaries in the Knights not only shed light
“upon the way in which the labor leaders of the
midcentury moved in and out of the wage-earning
class . . .,” 3 but also thrust into bright relief thencommitment, not to a labor federation, but to a
popular movement resolved to resurrect a vanish
ing nation of independent farmers, shopkeepers,
and small manufacturers. Inwardly, the Knights
yearned to preserve America’s rural and small
town past through cooperatives at the very time
when the spread of dark satanic mills spawned
urban blight and blackened the countryside.
Outwardly, they hankered after middle-class
respectability through secret rituals, regalia,
initiation rites, passwords, and grandiose titles of
Masonic provenance.
The AFL rejected outright the mentality of the
lower middle classes, but it too borrowed its
* Norman J. Ware, The Labor Movement in the United States, 1860-1895
(N ew York, D . Appleton & Co., 1929), p. 29.
THE SENSE OF HISTORY AND THE ANNALS OF LABOR
intellectual equipment from others: it accepted
the economic assumptions of the industrial lords
of creation. The voluntarism of the AFL throve
on successful collective bargaining, which, in turn,
derived its appeal from the sanctified middle-class
veneration of contract. I t accepted with pride
the challenge of laissez faire, in the harsh terms
laid down by labor’s mighty opponents, down to
the letter of expedient shifts in dogma.
History can record that the AFL abandoned
voluntarism reluctantly. As misery mounted
from day to day during the Great Depression, it
did not vacate its laissez-faire stand against un
employment insurance and old-age pensions until
late in 1932. Certain conservative labor leaders
continued to oppose minimum-wage legislation
until the eve of its enactment in 1938. Nor can
the history of the New Deal credit union life with
either initiative, fresh thought, or meaningful
contribution to the measures which brought food,
clothes, rent, and hope to American workers.
The CIO braved the official labor movement,
still openly contemptuous and administratively
fearful of mass-production workers, with youth,
excitement, vigor, drive, and determination to
replace autocratic factory rule with industrial
democracy, that dream of middle-class pro
gressives before World War I. An aura of its
energy and daring, then confused with original
ideas and regenerative vision, lingered in the
public mind until midcentury. But internal war
fare, fringed business unionism, and hardening
273
into empire brought disenchantment. These de
velopments also laid bare the basic debt of the
CIO itself to the intellectual agility of the middle
classes within and outside government.
The merger of two federations, stale in appro
priated New Deal thought, could not breed, by
magic, mental resilience in new times. In all, the
widespread failure of labor’s imagination has left
unions naked to their enemies and, worse yet, to
their friends.
The immediate future will see, at best, little
modification in the ideas and attitudes of the labor
movement since its remaining middle-class allies
themselves have become true conservatives; they
cling to the concepts of their youth and rehash
easy thoughts for the public good as occasion
requires.
*
*
*
*
*
The annalists of labor may also prefer to remain
among the relics of the past. But if they elect,
instead, to pursue the sense of history, they must
first assume the burden of impartiality. Next,
they must interrupt their detailed and essential
chronicles and design their findings as part of the
economic, social, political, intellectual, and cul
tural development of the Nation. In addition,
they must relate the fortunes of American unions
to the ebb and flow of foreign labor movements
and trace the reciprocal influences of these insti
tutions. Finally, they must use the English
language to enliven and clarify thoughts and
events, not to desiccate them.
Workers’ education is growing in significance and importance. The more
powerful the unions become in their industrial and political activity, the
greater will be the need of workers for a fundamental understanding of social
problems. Only a systematic study of the social sciences will give them the
required knowledge. In addition, the unions have the double task of inform
ing their own members concerning the methods and goals of the trade unions,
and of interpreting to other sections of the community their aims and purposes
in relation to the welfare of society as a whole.
Eleanor G. Coit and Mark Starr, “Workers’ Education in the United States,” Monthly
Labor Review, July 1939, p. 2.
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Summaries of Studies and Reports
Health, insurance, and Pension
Plan Coverage in Union Contracts
T he number of workers protected by collec
tively bargained health and insurance plans 1 and
pension plans have more than doubled in the past
decade. Workers covered by negotiated health
and insurance plans increased from an estimated
7 million in 1950 to over 14 million by the end of
I960.2 Comparable estimates for workers covered
by pension plans were 5 million in 1950 and 11
million in late 1960. Of all workers under union
agreements in 1960, about 78 percent were pro
tected by health and insurance plans and 60
percent by pension plans—sizable increases over
the proportions (47 and 34 percent, respectively)
covered in 1950. Over the decade, the number
of workers under all union agreements increased
by about 20 percent.
Estimates of coverage at the end of 1960
were obtained from national and international
unions by questionnaire in connection with the
Bureau of Labor Statistics 1961 Directory of
National and International Unions in the United
States (BLS Bull. 1320).3 Government workers
represented by 19 national and international
unions, whose benefits were established through
legislation rather than negotiation, were excluded
from all computations.4 Coverage for unions
not national in scope (and thus excluded from the
Bureau’s Directory) and for those which failed
to respond to the Bureau’s questions, was esti
mated by the Bureau on the basis of other data.
Trends
Almost all of the coverage of negotiated health
and insurance and pension plans dates from a
postwar year.6 From about 0.6 million workers
in 1945, when the Bureau first collected coverage
data, health and insurance plan coverage under
collective bargaining rose to an estimated 14.5
million in 1960, while pension plan coverage
increased from a negligible amount to 11.1
million (table 1). The halfway point in both
274
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
types of benefits was reached in 1950. Spurred
by basic steel and auto negotiations, health
and insurance coverage had increased by about
4.4 million workers between 1948 and 1950,
and pension coverage by about 3.4 million work
ers. By the end of 1960, health and insurance
plan coverage accounted for about 78 percent
of all workers under collective bargaining agree
ments, and pension plan coverage applied to
60 percent.
The coverage of all employee-benefit plans in
private industry, under collective bargaining or
not, also rose rapidly during the postwar period.6
Since 1950, negotiated health and insurance plan
coverage increased proportionately more than
nonnegotiated coverage, while pension plan cover
age for both categories advanced at about the
same rate. In 1960, approximately a third of ail
workers under private health and insurance plans
1 Includes one or more of the following: life insurance or death benefits;
accidental death and dismemberment benefits; accident and sickness bene
fits (but not sick leave or workmen’s compensation); cash or service benefits
covering hospital, surgical, and medical care.
2 The increases in coverage of collectively bargained benefits do not repre
sent net increases in total benefit coverage of organized workers in private
industry. M any programs existed before they were brought within the
scope of the collective bargaining agreement.
2 See “Membership of American Trade Unions, 1960,” Monthly Labor
Review, December 1961, pp. 1299-1308.
All national and international unions were asked to report the approxi
mate number of workers covered b y all collective bargaining agreements
(including nonmembers in bargaining units) and the approximate percentage
of workers under agreements providing for health and insurance plans and
pension plans. The estimates thus supplied included coverage outside the
United States, principally in Canada. No attempt was made in this study
to exclude Canadian coverage. In 1960, approximately 6 percent of total
membership was outside the United States; thus all data on coverage ex
pressed in this article in absolute terms (number of workers) might be subject
to a correction of up to 6 percent to exclude coverage outside the United
States. The ratios and trends discussed in this study are not believed to be
affected to a like extent.
4 All estimates in this article include railroad workers, who were excluded
from earlier studies prepared by the Bureau. This exclusion was formerly
of minor importance, because prior to February 1, 1955, when the first collec
tively bargained health and insurance plan for nonoperating railroad em
ployees became effective, health and insurance and pension benefits for these
workers were provided under Federal legislation rather than under collective
bargaining. The 1950 and 1954 coverage data published in the Bureau’s
earlier reports (BLS Bulls. 1017 and 1187) were adjusted to make them com
parable with the data in this article.
5 For historical data, see the following BLS bulletins: 946, Employee
Benefit Plans Under Collective Bargaining (1949); 1017, Employee-Benefit
Plans Under Collective Bargaining, Mid-1950 (1951); and 1187, Health, In
surance, and Pension Plans in Union Contracts (1955).
8 For detailed coverage data on all health, insurance, and pension plans,
see Alfred M . Skolnik, “Trends in Employee-Benefit Plans, 1954-59, Parts I
and II,” Social Security Bulletin, April 1961, pp. 5-17, and M ay 1961, pp. 3-14.
HEALTH, INSURANCE, AND PENSION PLANS IN UNION CONTRACTS
T a b l e 1.
E stim ated C overage of H ea lth a n d I n s u r
anc e a n d P e n sio n P la n s U n d er C ollective B ar g a in in g A g r e em en ts , S elec ted Y ea r s 1
Health and Insurance plans
Year
1960.
1954
1950
1948.
1945.
Pension plans
Number of Percent of workers Number of Percent of workers
workers
under collective
workers
under collective
(millions)
bargaining agree
(millions)
bargaining agree
ments 2
ments 2
14.5
11.1
11.1
7.1
5.1
1.7
7.1
2.7
.6
0
(a)
1 Includes workers outside the United States, chiefly in Canada, who are
covered by agreements of unions having their headquarters in the United
States. See text footnote 3.
2 Estimates for all years include railroad workers. See text footnote 4.
3 Data not available.
and about half of those with private pension
plan protection were covered by collectively
bargained plans.
In addition to increasing coverage, labormanagement negotiations during the 1950’s also
brought about many improvements in existing
benefits, a broadening of the range of benefits,
and a gradual elimination of employee contribu
tions. Improvements in health and insurance
plans consisted chiefly of raising benefit amounts,
extending coverage to active workers’ dependents
and to retired workers and their dependents, and,
to a lesser extent, adding new types of benefits.
Pension plan improvements, in addition to the
liberalization of benefit formulas and other existing
provisions, included the addition of provisions
for early and disability retirement, for death
benefits and survivor’s options, and for vesting.7
The scope of these benefits and their numerous
facets generated a high degree of collective bar
gaining activity, not only because most plans were
still in their developmental stages, but also
because changes were often necessary to keep pace
with rising wages and earnings, increasing costs
of benefits, and changes in legislation, particularly
the old-age and disability benefit provisions of the
Social Security Act. The Bureau’s annual anal
ysis of wage settlements during the period 1954-60
reflects this activity. Each year, between a
third and a half of contract settlements covering
1,000 workers or more involved establishing or
revising health and insurance benefits and between
a fifth and a third involved pension benefits.8
7 For an analysis of these benefits, see the Bureau’s series of bulletins on
pension plans under collective bargaining (Bulls. 1259 and 1284) and on
health and insurance plans under collective bargaining (Bulls. 1250, 1274,
1280,1293, and 1296).
8 Current Wage Developments, February 1956, February 1959 J u ly 1960,
and July 1961.
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275
Industry Coverage
During the entire postwar period, a large
majority of the workers covered by negotiated
health and insurance and pension plans were em
ployed in manufacturing industries, although col
lective bargaining agreement coverage was about
the same in nonmanufacturing and manufacturing
industries. In 1960, however, nonmanufacturing
industries accounted for a greater proportion of
total coverage than in 1950, their share of health
and insurance plan coverage rising from 28 to 43
percent and of pension coverage from 31 to 36
percent. (See table 2.)
The sharper rise in the nonmanufacturing in
dustry coverage over the past decade stemmed
primarily from increases in health and insurance
plan coverage for over a million workers and in
pension plan coverage for over a half million
workers in each of three industry groups: contract
construction; transportation and public utilities;
and trade, finance, and services. During this
period, a health and insurance plan (effective in
1955) covering about half a million nonoperating
railroad workers was negotiated. Health and in
surance plan coverage in the building construction
industry, according to the Bureau’s annual survey
of union wage rates in large cities, increased from
T a ble 2.
E stim ated C overage of H ea lth and I n su r
a nc e a n d P e n sio n P la ns U n d e r C ollective B ar
g a in in g A g r e e m e n t s ,1 by I n d u st r y G r o u p , 1960 a n d
1950
[Workers in millions]
Industry group
Health and
insurance
plans
1960
Pension
plans
1950
1960
1950
T otal___ ____ _______________________
14.5
7.1
11.1
5.1
Manufacturing______________ _____________
8.1
4.8
7.0
3.4
1.0
1.3
0.2
1.4
0.8
1.0
0.1
.7
.6
.2
.6
.2
4.3
.3
.1
.4
.1
2.3
.5
.1
.5
.2
3.9
Food, beverages, and tobacco______________
Clothing, textiles, and leather products..........
Furniture, lumber, wood products, and
paper____ __________________ __________ _
Printing and publishing......................................
Petroleum, chemicals, and rubber_________
Stone, clay, and glass........................................ .
Metals, machinery, and equipment________
.2
0
.4
.1
2.0
Nonmanufacturing.......................................................
6.3
2.0
4.0
1.6
Mining and quarrying_______ ____ _____ _
Contract construction____________________
Transportation and public utilities..................
Trade, finance, insurance, and services_____
Agriculture and fishing___________________
0.3
1.5
3.0
1.4
0
0.5
0
1.2
.3
0.3
.7
2.1
.9
0
0.5
0
1.0
.1
Unclassified_________________________________
.1
.3
.1
.2
1 See footnotes 1 and 2, table 1.
2 Fewer than 50,000 workers.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
276
about 60 percent of the covered workers in 1954
to 75 percent in 1960, and pension plan coverage
increased from less than 15 percent to about 45
percent.9 In the same period, health and insur
ance plan coverage of local trucking workers rose
from about 75 to 90 percent, while pension plan
coverage rose from 20 to 75 percent.10 A signifi
cant proportion of the increase in pension plan
coverage in nonmanufacturing industries resulted
from the establishment and expansion of multi
employer pension plans. About half the increase
in coverage is accounted for by 375 multiemployer
plans covering 1.3 million workers established in
nonmanufacturing industries between 1950 and
early I960.11
Most of the increases between 1950 and 1960
in both health and insurance and pension plan
coverage in manufacturing industries were con
centrated in the metalworking and food industries.
In one industry group—clothing, textiles, and
leather products—a slight decline in health and
insurance coverage is accounted for by a decline
in the number of workers under union contracts
in textiles. On the other hand, pension plan
coverage in that group increased because of the
extension of plans—particularly multiemployer
plans—in apparel manufacturing. As in non
manufacturing, many multiemployer pension plans
were established after 1950 in manufacturing in
dustries—especially in apparel, food, and printing.
They were not, however, as numerous and cover
age was about half that of nonmanufacturing.
T a ble 3.
R atio
of
H ea l t h , I n su r a n c e ,
In 1960, negotiated health and insurance benefits
were available to at least 60 percent of the workers
under union contracts in every industry group
except printing and publishing, agriculture and
fishing, and the service industries (table 3). At
least 90 percent of the workers under contracts in
four manufacturing industry groups and three
nonmanufacturing industry groups had health and
insurance coverage. Only one industry—com
munications—had as high a proportion under pen
sion plans.
The largest groups of workers with health and
insurance and pension coverage in 1960 were em
ployed in the two industries with the largest
number of workers under agreements: metal
working, and transportation and public utilities.
Over 10 percent of the workers with health and
insurance coverage and 6 percent with pension
benefits were in the construction industry ; in 1950,
few workers in this industry had either type.
Union Coverage
In 1960, three-fifths of the national and inter
national unions had collective bargaining con8
Union Wages and. Hours: Building Trades, July 1, 1954, Bull. 1175, pp.
4-5, and July 1,1960, Bull. 1290, p. 5.
id Union Wages and Hours: Motortruck Drivers and Helpers, July 1, 1954,
Bull. 1178, p. 3, and July 1, 1960, Bull. 1291, p. 3.
» Data from forthcoming BLS Bull. 1326 on multiemployer pension plans
under collective bargaining. Selected portions of this report appeared in the
Monthly Labor Review, October 1961, pp. 1092-1099, and February 1962, pp.
148-155.
a n d P e n sio n P lan C overage
C o v er ag e ,1 b y I n d u s t r y , 1960
to
C ollective B a r g a in in g A g r eem en t
________ [H designates health and insurance plans; P designates pension plans]
Industry group
Manufacturing ______________________________
Food, beverages, and tobacco-------------------------------------Clothing, textiles, and leather products________________
Furniture, lumber, wood products, and paper....................
Printing and publishing...............................- ............ - ............
Petroleum, chemicals, and rubber..........................................
Stone, clay, and g lass....................... ........................ ..............
M etals, machinery, and equipment, except transporta
tion equipment _________ _______________________
Transportation equipment......................................................Nonmanufacturing..........................................- ..............
Mining and quarrying_______________________________
Contract construction_______________ ____________ . .
Transportation______________________________________
Communications____________________________________
Other public utilities________________________________
Trade * _
___________________ __________________
Finance and insurance------- --------------------------------------Services___________________ ________________________
Agriculture and fish in g ...........................................................
Under 30
percent
—
—
30 and
under 40
percent
—
—
50 and
under 60
percent
__
__
—
P
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
P
P
—
—
—
2P
—
—
—
—
P
P
—
—
—
—
P
—
—
—
—
i See footnotes 1 and 2, table 1.
"
3 The low pension coverage in this industry as compared to the high health
and insurance coverage is due to the fact that few railroads workers, who have
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40 and
under 50
percent
60 and
under 70
percent
70 and
under 80
percent
80 and
under 90
percent
___
P
P
P
H
H
—
P
H
—
H
z
H
P
__
—
H
—
—
—
H
—
—
—
H
—
—
—
—
—
P
—
—
—
H
H
90 percent
and over
—
H
=
H
P
p
P
H
H
p
H
H
H
P
H
—
P
H
the protection of the Railroad Retirement Act, have negotiated pension plan
coverage,
DOMESTIC EMPLOYMENT ATTRIBUTABLE TO U.S. EXPORTS, 1960
T a b l e 4.
R a t io o f H e a l t h , I n s u r a n c e , a n d P e n s io n
P l a n C o v e r a g e to C o l l e c t iv e B a r g a in in g A g r e e
m e n t C o v e r a g e o f N a t io n a l a n d
I n t e r n a t io n a l
U n i o n s , 1960 a n d 1954 1
277
Domestic Employment Attributable
to U.S. Exports, 1960
1954
1960
E ditor’s N ote.— This article summarizes a report
Percent of all workers repre
sented who are covered by Percent
of
plans
unions
H ealth
Percent of
all workers
covered by
collective
bargaining
agreements
Percent of
Percent all workers
of
covered by
unions
collective
bargaining
agreements
a n d I nsura nce
P lan s
T otal------- ----------------
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
80 to 100 percent.............. . . .
60 to 79 p e r ce n t.......................
40 to 59 percent____________
20 to 39 percent.......................
0 to 19 p er ce n t-.......................
61.2
15.2
6.7
3.0
13.9
66.5
20.2
7.1
2.4
3.6
38.5
8.9
17.3
8.4
26.8
42.3
9.5
25.8
11.8
10.6
T o ta l...............................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
80 to 100 p e r c e n t.....................
60 to 79 p ercen t.......................
40 to 59 percent____________
20 to 39 p e r c e n t............. .........
0 to 19 percent_____________
30.9
18.2
12.7
11.5
26.7
35.5
28.9
7.3
15.6
12.7
14.5
7.8
8.9
13.4
55.3
17.0
21.3
5.2
10.1
46.6
P en sio n P lans
1 Based on data for 165 unions in 1960 and 179 in 1954. Also see footnotes
1 and 2, table 1.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
tracts providing health and insurance benefits for
80 percent or more of the workers they represented
as compared with less than two-fifths in 1954
(table 4). Only 6 percent of all workers under
collective bargaining agreements in 1960, as com
pared to 22 percent in 1954, were represented by
unions with contracts providing benefits for less
than 40 percent of the workers. Although most
unions with low coverage in 1960 were small, a
few unions with over 100,000 members were
included.
The number of unions providing pension plan
coverage for 80 percent or more of their members
increased from 15 percent in 1954 to 31 percent
in 1960. They included 12 of the 43 large unions
that bargain for 100,000 workers or more. At the
opposite end, pension benefits were provided less
than 20 percent of the workers under collective
bargaining agreements of over 25 percent of the
unions, including 8 of the 43 large unions. Twenty
percent of the unions, including both the operating
and nonoperating railroad brotherhoods, had few,
if any, members under negotiated pension plans in
1960 as compared with over a third of the unions
in 1954.
— D orothy R,. K ittner
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
629432— 62-------4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
of the same title on the results of one phase of
a study underway in the Bureau of Labor
Statistics on the impact of foreign trade on
domestic employment. I t presents the findings
on the volume and distribution of domestic
employment attributable to United States mer
chandise exports. Another part of the study
will contain figures showing the relationship
of imports to job opportunities in the United
States.
An estimated 3.1 million workers were required
directly or indirectly to produce, transport, and
market the $20.7 billion 1 of merchandise exported
by the United States in 1960 (including mutual
security military and economic aid). This esti
mate includes all American labor involved from
the raw material stage to delivery of the export
at the foreign port.
Exports of merchandise from the United States
involve all sectors of the economy in one way or
another. The export of an automobile, for
example, requires employment not only in the
automobile industry in the manufacture of the
automobile, but also in transporting it to the port
of export, handling the transaction through an
exporting firm or an export sales branch of the
manufacturer, loading it on an ocean freighter,
shipping it to a foreign country, and insuring the
cargo. All of the foregoing may be considered
direct employment attributable to exports.
In addition, a substantial amount of employ
ment is created in supporting industries!which
produce, transport, and market the raw materials
and components, such as steel, tires, glass, and
upholstery cloth, which go into the making of an
automobile. Also to be taken into account is
employment resulting from production of the
proportionate share of plant and equipment used
up or depreciated in the course of producing the
automobile and component parts. All of these
may be considered the indirect employment
1
When the value of ocean transportation on U.S. vessels, insurance handled
by U.S. firms, and Government export payments are added, the value is
$22.1 billion.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
278
ing industries; and (3) converting the direct and
indirect output requirements into employment by
using output per employee ratios. Methods and
sources used in making the estimates are described
in greater detail in a technical note included in
the full bulletin summarized here.
Of the estimated 3.1 million workers required
directly or indirectly to produce, transport, and
market the $20.7 billion of exports, about 941,000
were on farms and 2,140,000 in nonfarm industries.
Because of the family nature of much of agricul
ture, the farm employment estimate covers farm
operators, unpaid family workers, and hired
attributable to exports. The estimated indirect
employment does not include, however, the
employment resulting from the income-generating
effects of export-related employment, i.e., employ
ment required to produce food, clothing, housing,
etc., purchased by workers whose jobs are attrib
utable to exports. I t also excludes government
employment.
Briefly, the procedure followed in converting
value of exports to employment consisted of
(1) assigning commodity exports to the producing
industry; (2) deriving indirect output required
for these exports from each of the export-support
E m p l o y m e n t A t t r ib u t a b l e to E x p o r t s a n d T o t a l E m p l o y m e n t 1 in t h e P r iv a t e E c o n o m y ,
b y I n d u s t r y G r o u p , 1960
[In thousands]
Employment attributable to
exports
Industry group
Total employ
ment in the
private econom y4
Total
Percent of employment at
tributable to exports
Direct
Indirect
Total
D irect2
Indirect3
Total em ploym ent1..................- .....................................— ...................................
1,467.1
1,614.6
3,081.7
52,865. 0
2.8
3.1
5.8
Farm
_____________________________________________
N on farm
- _______- _________________ ___ ______
Mining
_____________________________________
Manufacturing *>
__________ - __________________
Food and kjnrlrp.fi prTflii cf.s
__ _____________________
Tobacco manufactures________ - _____________________ - ______
Textile rnjll products.
_ ________________________________
Apparel and other finished products______________________ - __
Ttimber and wood products, except furniture__________________
Furniture and fixtures __ _ _______________________________
Paper and allied products
___________________
Printing publishing, and allied industries____________________
Chemicals and allied products
____________________________
Petroleum refining and related industries_____________________
"Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products______________ ____
Feather and leather products________________________________
Stone clay, and glass p ro d u cts__ _________________________
Primary metal industries__ _________________________________
Fabricated metal products _ _____________________________ _
Machinery, except electrical. _________________________________
Flectrioal"machinery, equipment, and supplies__
Transportation eq u ip m en t__________________________________
Professional scientific, and controlling instruments _
Miscellaneous manufacturing and ordnance _
Military (indirect)
___________________________________
T rade8
_ _________________________________________
Transportation, including ocean (U.S. ships)_____________________
All other 9.
_ _ ________________________________________
Employment attributable to replacement of plant and equipment
consumed 10
_ ________________________
539.6
927.5
28.3
640.6
32.9
6.0
27.3
17.8
11.6
2.8
13.1
6.4
46.2
6.6
14.0
6.0
11.8
31.4
28.1
154.2
57.1
« 104.4
27.0
«36.0
401.8
1,212. 8
61.6
647.0
24.3
5.8
20.0
5.7
26.4
2.3
26.7
24.6
69.5
10.1
14.2
2.9
17.7
139.7
44.2
69.8
35.2
27.5
6.4
6.9
«67.2
78.3
95.4
120.6
941.4
2,140.3
89.9
1,287.6
57.3
11.7
47.3
23.5
38.0
5.1
39.8
30.9
115.7
16.7
28.2
8.9
29.5
171.0
72.3
224.0
92.4
131.9
33.4
42.9
67.2
198.6
213.5
140.9
7,145.0
45,720. 0
709.0
16,654. 7
1,778.6
91.8
944.1
1,246.0
624.7
370.9
597.1
894.7
804.7
237.1
387.0
373.4
619.0
1,187.4
1,120.2
1,448.4
1,326.3
1,687. 5
327.3
594.8
(7)
9,786.0
2,565.0
16,005. 0
7.6
2.0
4.0
3.8
1.8
6.5
2.9
1.4
1.9
.8
2.2
.7
5.7
2.8
3.6
1.6
1.9
2.6
2.5
10.7
4.3
6.2
8.3
6.1
(7)
1.2
4.6
.1
5.6
2.7
8.7
3.9
1.4
6.3
2.1
.5
4.2
.6
4.5
2.8
8.6
4.2
3.7
.8
2.9
11.8
4.0
4.8
2.7
1.6
2.0
1.2
(7)
.8
3.7
.8
13.2
4.7
12. 7
7.7
3.2
12.8
5.0
1. 9
6.1
1.4
6.7
3. 6
14.4
7.0
7.3
2.4
4.8
14.4
6.4
15.5
7.0
7.8
10.2
7.2
(7)
2.0
8.3
.9
210.0
210.0
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
120.3
118.1
20.3
1 Covers all nonfarm wage and salary employment (excluding government)
and total employment on farms, including farm operators, family workers,
and employees. M ay exceed actual number of persons employed because of
dual jobholding.
» Covers employment for producing, transporting, and marketing goods in
the form in which exported, e.g., steel, automobiles, etc. Employment
required for transportation of goods is included in transportation industry,
and employment for marketing in trade industry.
s Covers employment in the supporting industries which produce, trans
port, and market the materials, components, etc., which are used to make the
products which are then exported. For example, the indirect employment
in the steel industry is the employment required to make the steel which is
not exported as steel but used to make automobiles, machinery, appliances,
and fabricated steel products which are then exported.
4
Farm employment estimates for 1960 from Farm Labor, U. S. Department
of Agriculture, and Census of Agriculture, U. 8. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census; manufacturing employment estimates from 1959
Survey of Manufactures, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census; employment for nonmanufacturing industry groups based on 1960
employment estimates by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, contained in Employment and Earnings, November 1961.
s Includes exports of major military end items such as military vehicles,
aircraft, ships, and ordnance including small arms and ammunition. Of the
total military direct employment of 65,900 workers, about 39,600 are in the
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transportation equipment industry group and 26,300 in ordnance and m is
cellaneous manufacturing.
6
The indirect employment required to produce major military exports was
not estimated in detail but as an overall figure and therefore could not be
distributed to the individual industry groups. For this reason, the indirect
employment shown for military goods industries does not refer to indirect
employment in that industry but to indirect employment in the industries
supplying materials, parts, components, etc., to the military goods industries.
Because the indirect employment resulting from military exports could not
be distributed to the individual supporting industries, estimates of indirect
employment in each of these industries are understated to some extent and
the share of industry employment attributable to exports is also understated.
3 N ot available.
8 Excluding eating and drinking establishments.
9 Covers utilities, communications, all business services, forestry, fisheries,
agricultural services, and contract construction.
10 Employment required to replace plant and equipment used up in the
course of producing, transporting, and marketing the goods exported was
estimated as an overall total and therefore could not be distributed to indi
vidual industry groups. Because employment could not be distributed to
machinery and construction industries and supporting industries, estimates
of indirect employment in each of these industries are understated.
N ote : Because of rounding, individual values may n o t add to total.
EARNINGS IN LIFE INSURANCE OFFICES, MAY-JULY 1961
workers; the nonfarm employment estimate
covers wage and salary workers only (excluding
government).
The jobs attributable to exports represented
almost 6 percent of the total farm and private non
farm employment in 1960, with export-related
farm jobs accounting for 13 percent of total farm
employment and export-related nonfarm jobs al
most 5 percent of total private nonfarm employ
ment. (See accompanying table.) I t required on
the average slightly more than one worker in sup
porting industries for every worker directly in
volved in making, transporting, or marketing
goods for export.
The employment attributable to exports varied,
of course, from industry to industry, both in terms
of absolute numbers as well as a proportion of total
employment in a given industry. In addition,
there was interindustry variation in the ratio of
direct to indirect employment.
In general, industries with highly fabricated
products such as machinery and transportation
equipment have a much higher proportion of direct
than indirect employment attributable to exports.
Conversely, the industries, such as mining, chem
icals, and primary metals, which provide the raw
material for the more fabricated products to be
exported have a much higher ratio of indirect to
direct employment attributable to exports.
Although total manufacturing is the single larg
est sector in the array of export employment, it
still represents less than half the total (42 percent).
The farm sector accounts for almost one-third (31
percent), more than twice its proportion of total
employment in the private economy. Manufac
turing also constitutes a larger proportion of ex
port employment than of total employment, but
by a smaller margin.
Of the individual manufacturing industry groups,
five stand out as making heavy contributions to
export employment: chemicals, primary metals,
machinery, electrical machinery, and transporta
tion equipment. The share of the machinery and
primary metals industries in total export employ
ment would be even higher if it were possible to
distribute by industry the indirect employment
attributable to military goods production and em
ployment attributable to replacement of plant and
equipment.
— E va E. J acobs and R onald E. K utscher
Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
279
Earnings in Life Insurance
Offices, May-July 1961
A ctuaries (class A), performing highly complex
and specialized studies, averaged $288.50 a week
in M ay-July 1961, and were the highest paid
among the 29 occupations covered by a survey
of salaries in life insurance offices conducted by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1 Nationwide
averages for the remainder of the jobs studied
ranged from less than $60 a week for routine
clerical jobs to over $155 for experienced under
writers and data processing systems analysts and
$190.50 for class B actuaries. Men accounted
for about a fourth of the 107,800 nonsupervisory
office employees in establishments within the
scope of the survey, and substantially out
numbered women in jobs with weekly averages
of more than $100. Regionally, occupational
averages tended to be highest in the Pacific and
Middle Atlantic regions and lowest in the South
east region. Virtually all of the workers covered
by the study were provided paid holidays and
vacations, as well as various types of insurance
benefits.
Earnings
The 29 occupational classifications for which
earnings data were obtained and reported in the
accompanying table accounted for a third of the
nonsupervisory office employees within the scope
of the survey. Nationwide average weekly sala
ries for the 14 occupations predominantly staffed
by men ranged from $77 for class B tabulating
machine operators to $288.50 for class A actuaries.
The 15 occupations primarily staffed by women
accounted for four-fifths of the nearly 36,000
employees for whom earnings data were obtained.
Average weekly earnings for these occupations
ranged from $53.50 a week for class B file clerks
to $83 for class B correspondence clerks.
1
The study was lim ited to home offices and regional head offices of life
insurance companies (part of industry group 631 as defined in the 1957 edition
of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, prepared by the U.S. Bureau
of the Budget). Local and regional offices not having all or nearly all of the
normal life insurance administrative functions, including underwriting, and
establishments employing fewer than 50 employees at the time the survey
lists were compiled were excluded.
Average weekly earnings, as used in this article, are based on hours for
which employees receive their straight-time salaries.
A more comprehensive account of this survey will be presented in BLS
Bull. 1324, Industry Wage Survey: Life Insurance, M ay-July 1961.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
280
The Middle Atlantic region accounted for nearly
two-fifths of the nonsupervisory employees covered
by the study, the Great Lakes and New England
regions each about a sixth, and the five others
each a tenth or less. Among the occupations
studied, average weekly earnings in the Middle
Atlantic and Pacific regions were usually above
the national level; those in the Great Lakes and
New England regions were at or near the national
averages, and those in the Border States, Middle
West, Southeast, and Southwest regions were
most commonly below. The high-wage position
of the Pacific region applied to nearly all of the
clerical jobs but not to the higher paid occupations.
Thus, Pacific region averages for accounting clerks
(class A), actuaries (class C), and underwriters
(classes A and B) were below the national average.
Twelve metropolitan areas studied separately2
accounted for three-fifths of the industry’s nonsupervisory office employees. New York City,
the largest insurance center, employed nearly
29,000, compared with 7,000 to 8,000 in Boston
and Hartford, the two areas next in importance.
Among these 12 areas, earnings were highest in
New York City and lowest in Dallas. As indi
cated in the following tabulation, earnings in the
highest paid areas were nearly 25 percent above
those in the lowest, without any particular con
centrations in between.
Relative pay
levels1 ( United
States=100)
New York C ity________________________________
Houston_______________________________________
Chicago_______________________________________
Los Angeles-Long Beach_______________________
Hartford______________________________________
Jacksonville_____________________________________
Boston__________________________________________
Des Moines______________________________________
Minneapolis-St. Paul_____________________________
Philadelphia_____________________________________
Baltimore_______________________________________
Dallas___________________________________________
110
109
109
107
106
1 These comparisons are based on occupations for which earnings data were
available in each area. For each area, average weekly earnings for men in 11
jobs and for women in 14 jobs were multiplied b y the nationwide employ
m ent in the respective occupation and the products were totaled. These
totals are expressed as percentages of the similar total for the Nation.
Earnings of individuals varied substantially
within the same job and locality. In many
instances, weekly earnings of the highest paid
employees exceeded those of the lowest paid in
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98
97
95
93
91
90
89
the same job and area by $50 or more. Some
employees in comparatively low-paid jobs (as
measured by the average for all employees)
earned more than some in jobs for which the aver
ages were significantly higher. For example, in
New York City, average weekly earnings were
$65 for 540 women keypunch operators and $87.50
for 132 women class A accounting clerks, but 23
of the keypunch operators had earnings as high
as $80 to $90 and 33 of the accounting clerks
earned as low as $70 to $80.
Salaries of individuals performing similar tasks
also typically varied within the same establish
ment. More than four-fifths of the employees
were in offices with formal pay systems that in
cluded ranges of rates for established classifica
tions.
Establishment Practices
D ata were also obtained on certain establish
ment practices such as work schedules and
supplementary benefits.3
Weekly work schedules of 37.5 hours or less
applied to 85 percent of the employees in M ayJuly 1961. The Pacific region was the only region
in which a majority of the employees were sched
uled to work 40 hours a week. The average
scheduled weekly horns in the various regions
were as follows: Middle Atlantic, 36.5; New Eng
land, Border States, and Southeast, 37.0; Great
Lakes, 37.5; Southwest and Middle West, 38.5;
and Pacific, 39.0.
Paid holidays were provided by all establish
ments visited. Four-fifths of the employees in
the Middle Atlantic region received 12 paid holi
days annually, all of the employees in New
England received 9 or more days (most commonly
9 full days or 11 full days and 1 half day), and
two-thirds of the employees in the Pacific region
received 10, 11, or 13 days annually. Holiday
provisions in all other regions were less liberal;
employees in the Border States region most com
monly received 8 or 9 days annually, in the Great
Lakes region, 6 or 7 days, and in the Southeast,
Southwest, and Middle West regions, 5 or 6 days.
s Separate releases for each of these areas studied (listed in the accompany
ing tabulation) are available upon request.
> Minimum entrance rate information was also obtained and appears in
Bull. 1324, op. cit.
EARNINGS IN LIFE INSURANCE OFFICES, MAY-JULY 1961
N um ber
and
281
A vera g e S traight - time W eek ly E a r n in g s 1 of N o n su p e r v iso r y O ffice E m ployees
Offic es , 2 S elected O ccupations a n d R e g io n s ,3 M ay - J uly 1961
Number of workers
in
L ife I n su r a n c e
Average weekly earnings1
Occupation
United
States i
Actuaries, class A .....................................
Actuaries, class B __________________
Actuaries, class C.__...............................
Assemblers________________________
Clerks, accounting, class A __________
Clerks, accounting, class B .....................
Clerks, correspondence, class A ............
Clerks, correspondence, class B ______
Clerks, file, class A ....... ...........................
Clerks, file, class B _________________
Clerks, policy evaluation........................
Clerks, premium-ledger-card________
Console operators___________________
Keypunch operators________________
Premium acceptors...................................
Programmers, electronic data process
ing, class A ............................... ..............
Programmers, electronic data process
ing, class B ______________________
Stenographers, general______________
Stenographers, tech n ica l................... ..
Systems analysts, electronic data
processing, class A . . . ...........................
Systems analysts, electronic data
processing, class B ........................... .
Tabulating machine operators, class A .
Tabulating machine operators, class B .
Tabulating machine operators, class C.
Typists, class A .........................................
Typists, class B ................................. .......
Underwriters, class A ..............................
Underwriters, class B_______________
Underwriters, class C_______________
157
265
644
1,350
1,321
2,199
793
1,282
1,031
3,762
1, 541
1,679
141
3,074
734
Men Women
United
States *
N ew
England
Middle
Atlantic
$288. 50
190.50
124. 50
58.50
82.00
60.00
109. 50
83.00
65.00
53.50
66.00
60.00
109.50
62.50
62.50
$286. 50
194.00
134. 50
60.50
83.50
62.00
105.50
76.00
65.50
56.50
69.50
63.50
103. 50
66.00
64.50
$272. 50
184. 50
129.00
140.00
155
259
569
56
235
111
463
319
39
117
144
25
131
2
62
2
6
75
1,294
1,086
2,088
330
963
992
3,645
1,397
1,654
10
3,072
672
252
217
35
135. 50
363
3,115
471
286
77
3,115
471
113.00
64.50
75.00
55. 50
72.00
129.00
65.00
70.50
Great
Lakes
Middle
West
74.00
58.00
94.50
62.00
66.50
50.00
58.00
55.00
98.00
56.50
55.50
$324. 50
172.00
115.00
56.00
82.50
56.50
97.00
66.50
60.00
48.00
65.50
56.00
98.50
58.00
60.50
$316.00
208.00
128.00
55.00
87.00
60.50
103. 50
80.00
67. 50
54.00
65.50
58.00
98.00
64.50
66.00
$254 00
178.00
120.00
48. 50
82.00
60.50
97.00
70.50
58 00
49. 50
60.50
55.00
134.00
111, 50
124. 50
125 00
8Q 50
63.50
77.50
63’. 50
79.00
59.00
69.00
86.00
76.00
62.50
61.00
50.50
153. 50
126. 50
92.00
$112.00
58.50
57.00
60.50
76.50
150. 50
168. 50
160.00
142.00
92.50
71. 50
61.00
59.50
52.00
155.50
119.00
83.00
139.00
95.50
78.50
59.50
68.00
58.00
151.00
118.00
96.00
108 00
97.50
77.00
61.00
60.00
51.50
136. 50
115.00
95.50
153
13
157.50
150.50
195.50
182
420
864
505
17
148
609
587
1,977
4,412
30
95
279
147.00
94.00
77.00
64.00
64.50
56.50
156. 50
129.00
99.00
127.00
87.00
69.50
65.00
66.00
58.00
148. 50
122.00
90.50
171. 50
95.00
82.50
68.50
64.50
58.50
184.50
151.00
123.00
Paid vacations after qualifying periods of service
were provided by all establishments. Provisions
applying to a majority of the employees included:
2 weeks after 1 year, 3 weeks after 15 years, and
4 weeks after 20 years of service.
Life, hospitalization, surgical, and catastrophe
insurance, financed at least in part by the em
ployer, were available to nine-tenths or more of
the office employees. Accidental death and
dismemberment insurance, medical insurance, and
sick leave (full pay, no waiting period) were also
commonly reported.
59.50
South
west
107 00
60.00
68.00
166
3
307
532
317
$172. ÖÖ
107.00
57.50
72.50
60.00
112.00
74.00
62.50
52.50
64.50
59.50
South
east
122. 50
67.00
80.00
199
568
1,473
1,092
1,977
4,415
337
627
596
1 Average weekly earnings are earnings based on hours for which employees
receive their regular straight-time pay and are rounded to the nearest half
dollar.
2 For industry definition, see text footnote 1.
3 The regions used in this study include: New England—Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
Middle Atlantic—N ew Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma,
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63.50
69.00
86. 50
61.50
Border
States
89.00
75.00
59.50
61.50
57.00
169.00
125. 50
92.50
Pacific
$114.00
76.50
67.50
96.50
82.50
55.50
72.00
76.00
69.50
64.00
75.50
84.50
85.00
63.00
69. 50
60.00
145.00
122.50
and Texas; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and
Wisconsin; Middle West—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota,
and South Dakota; and Pacific—California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washing
ton.
4
Includes data for the M ountain region in addition to those shown sepa
rately. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the study.
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica
tion criteria.
Pensions—providing regular lifetime payments
for the employee upon retirement, in addition to
those available under Federal old-age, survivors,
and disability insurance—applied to virtually all
employees.
Establishments employing a third of the em
ployees provided free lunches. Although this
provision was most common in the Middle Atlantic
region, it was reported by at least some establish
ments in nearly all regions.
— C h a r l e s M . O ’C o n n o r
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
282
Salaries of Firemen and
Policemen, 1958-61
annual salary scales of firefighters
and patrolmen in cities with 100,000 or more
inhabitants rose an average of $639, or 12.3
percent, in the 3-year period from January 1958
to January 1961 (table l).1 Since most of the
175,000 firemen and policemen were already at the
maximum of the salary range, an increase in
maximum scales resulted in corresponding in
creases in salaries actually paid to most of these
city employees. More than 95 percent of the
firemen and police patrolmen were employed in
cities where salary scales advanced during this
period. Seventy percent of them received in
creases in at least 2 years, and 20 percent had their
salaries increased each year.
The increase in salary scales during these 3
years was smaller than the 14.8-percent rise in
the preceding 3-year period and was well below
the record 25-percent rise that occurred between
January 1946 and January 1949 (table 2). The
annual rate of increase in maximum salaries
between 1958 and 1961 was 4 percent, compared
M aximum
T a b l e 1.
I n c r ea ses
in
with an average of 5 percent over the entire
period from the end of World War II to January
1958.
Because most of the largest cities in the country
raised salary scales in 1960 2 and salary increases
i This article brings up to date the Bureau of Labor Statistics series on
maximum salary scales (excluding longevity rates) for policemen engaged
in general police duties (including traffic control) and firemen (excluding
drivers and engineers). Comparable data were last published in the Monthly
Labor Review, October 1958 (pp. 1143-1146); methods used in constructing the
indexes of salary scales are discussed in Wage Movements, Bull. 2.
The series is based on special salary tabulations prepared by the Interna
tional Association of Fire Fighters (Fire Department Salaries and Working
Conditions), the International C ity Managers Association (M unicipal Year
book), and the Fraternal Order of Police (Survey of Salaries and Working
Conditions of Police). In addition, the B LS obtained supplementary data for
some cities for the 1958-61 period by direct inquiry.
The tabulations have been prepared b y distributing the total number of
firemen b y the maximum salary for firefighters in the community and the
number of patrolmen according to the increase in their maximum salary
scales in that community. Because in most cities pay scales for firefighters
and patrolmen are identical, this article does not ordinarily discuss the two
groups separately. Variations among communities in the proportion of
policemen and firemen rather than differences in pay within the same com
m unity largely explain the differences in average salary levels and salary
trends between the two occupational groups. The largest cities employ about
twice as m any patrolmen as firefighters, while the smaller cities (those of
100,000 but fewer than 250,000) have about as m any firefighters as patrolmen.
* One-fifth of the firemen and police patrolmen employed in cities of 100,000
or more population worked in N ew York C ity which, together with the four
other cities of 1 million or more inhabitants, employed 40 percent of all fire
m en and police patrolmen studied in 1961.
The scheduled workweek in January 1961 for firemen in N ew York C ity
was 42 hours, while in other cities of 1 million or more inhabitants, it ranged
from 48 to 62 hours. Policemen in the largest cities generally worked a 40- to
44-hour week.
M a xim u m A n n u a l S alary S cales of F ir e f ig h t e r s
G rou p a n d R e g io n , 1958-61
and
P olice P atro lm en ,1 by C it y -S ize
Dollars
Percent *
Firefighters and police
patrolmen
1958-61
Firefighters and police
patrolmen
1958-61
City-size group and region1
Fire
fighters
and police
patrol
men
All cities....................................
Fire
fighters
Police
patrol
men
1958-59
1959-60
Fire
fighters
and
police
1960-61
patrol
men
Fire
fighters
Police
patrol
men
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
12.3
12.0
12.5
3.0
4.1
4.7
639
621
653
157
220
262
12.4
12.4
12.4
12.6
12.2
12.5
5.2
2 .2
11.9
11.5
12.9
11.9
1.4
5.1
4.6
3.3
5.4
4.6
3.7
3.9
714
633
606
535
714
634
576
524
714
633
634
544
82
263
223
149
301
117
185
197
331
253
198
189
11.8
11.0
12.1
12.6
12.1
6.0
639
530
640
818
624
482
635
824
655
572
643
813
84
232
172
259
215
108
229
384
340
190
239
175
C ity-Size Gboup
1,009,000 and over_______ _______
fiOO,000 arid nr|<ÌP.r 1,000,000 _ _ _
250,000 arid under 500,000
100,000 and under 250,000 -
-
11.8
12.2
3.6
4.2
R egion
Northeast______________________
South
___________ - ___ __ __
North Central _ _
W est _ ____________ __________
12.0
11.9
12.2
14.1
12.3
14.2
14.0
1.6
5.2
3.3
4.5
i Based on data for all cities having a population of 100,000 or more (with the
exception of 1 city of 100,000 but under 250,000 inhabitants). Data refer to
changes in maximum salaries (excluding longevity rates) for firefighters and
police patrolmen on January 1 of each year.
j The regions used in this study are Northeast—Connecticut, Maine, Massa
chusetts, N ew Hampshire, N ew Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, Vermont; South—Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Colum
bia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North
Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West
Virginia; North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minne-
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4.0
2.3
4.2
6.3
4.0
4.2
2.7
sota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin;
and West—Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, N ew
Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming.
. „ „ _
s Because of weighting methods, the percent change for firefighters and
police patrolmen combined may be slightly above or below the changes for
both groups considered separately.
,
,
,
, .
Over the period 1958-61,4 cities provided salary mcreases for patrolmen but
not for firefighters; 3 other communities increased patrolmen’s salaries by a
larger amount than firefighters’ salaries.
SALARIES OF FIREMEN AND POLICEMEN, 1958-61
T a ble 2.
I n d e x e s of A n n u a l S alary S cales of
fig h ters a n d P olice P a tro lm en ,1 1924-61
F ir e
[Index, 1957-59=100]
Year
1924____________ _______
1929____________________
1932____________________
1934____________________
1938__________________
1939____________________
1940____________________
1941____________________
1942____________________
1943____________________
1944____________________
1945____________________
1946____________________
1947. ________ __________
1948____________________
1949____________________
1950____________________
1951____________________
1952______ _____ ________
1953____________________
1954____________________
1955____________________
1956____________________
1957_____ ______________
1958____________________
1959___________________
1960____________________
1961____________________
Firefighters
and police
patrolmen
Firefighters
38
42
43
42
45
45
45
45
46
47
49
52
53
57
61
66
68
72
77
82
85
87
91
96
101
104
108
113
M axim um A n nu a l Salary Scales of Firefighters and
39
43
Pol ice Patrolmen, January 1961
37
42
42
44
42
45
41
44
44
44
44
46
47
49
52
52
58
62
66
68
72
77
82
85
87
91
96
101
104
108
113
45
45
45
46
46
49
52
55
57
61
66
68
72
77
82
85
87
91
96
101
104
108
113
were widespread among smaller cities, the rise
occurring in that year was greater than in either
1958 or 1959.3 The average rise in salaries and
the proportion of firemen and patrolmen em
ployed where scales were increased during each
of the 3 years were as follows:
1958
1959
3. 0
4. 1 Æll 4. 7
44. 0
68. 3
I960
76. 1
Intercity Variations in Pay Changes, 1958-61
While the pay scale increases put into effect
during the 3-year period varied among cities from
2.6 to 30 percent, there were a few cities in which
salary scales were not changed at all; two-fifths of
the firemen and policemen were employed where
salary rates advanced 10-12% percent.4 One out
of eight protective workers was employed where
salaries advanced 15-17% percent, almost as many
» Changes in scales are tabulated in the year in which they became effective,
rather than the year in which the decision to change them was made. Changes
in scales put into effect between January 1, 1958, and January 1, 1959, are
referred to as 1958 changes; between 1959 and 1960, as 1959 changes; etc.
4
Bor ease of reading, in this and subsequent discussions of tabulations, the
limits of the class intervals are designated, for example, as 10 to 12VS percent
and $700 to $800 instead of the more precise terminology “ 10 and under 12}i
percent” and “ $700 and under $800.”
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where they rose 17%-20 percent, and slightly
more where the raise was 5-7% percent. (See
table 3.)
Police
patrolmen
1 Based on data for all cities having a population of 100,000 or more (with
the exception of 1 city of 100,000 but under 250,000 inhabitants). Data for
1939 to 1961 are based on maximum salaries (excluding longevity rates) for
firefighters and police patrolmen in effect on January 1 of each year; data for
earlier years are based on average salaries.
Average percent increase, all cities..
Percent of workers where scales were
increased. __ _________
283
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
284
T a ble 3.
P er c e n t D ist r ib u t io n
Increase in maximum annual
salary scale
■\Tn nT'iP‘norf*
of
F ir e f ig h t e r s a n d P olice P atro lm en ,1 b y
S alary S cales , 1958-61
Fire
fighters
Firefighters
and police
patrolmen
P ercent
2 5 and nnder 5 0
5 0 and under 7 5
7 5 an d nndpr 10 0
10 0 find under 12 5
_
12 5 and nndpr 15 0
15 0 end under 17 5
17 5 and under 20 0
20 0 and nndp.r 22 5
22 5 find under 25 0
25.0 c ii id. undei 2/ .5________________
Z / . D alJLCl 1X1I U .t il O U .u --------- --------------------------------
30.0 and over ......... ........................... ............
Total
the
I n c r e a se
Firefighters
and police
patrolmen
Increase in maximum annual
salary scale
Police
patrolmen
D ollars
1 2
1 1
2 2
.7
l! 5
.9
2.7
.6
No change________________________
Under $100......... ........................... - .........
$100 and under $200................... - ...........
$200 and under $300..................... - .........
$300 and under $400__________ _____
$400 and under $500—..................- .........
$500 and under $600.............................$600 and under $700_________ __ —
$700 and under $800................................
$800 and under $900-— ____________
$900 and under $1,000--.........................
$1,000 and under $1,100_____________
$l’,ÌÓ0 and under $1,200_____________
$1^200 and over____________________
100.0
100.0
100.0
T o ta l... .............................................................
3.2
4.7
3.8
3.2
12.9
2.1
43.3
6.3
10.7
12.3
1.6
5.8
13.1
2.9
35.6
8.0
14.9
9.2
1.8
.2
4.3
13.0
2.4
40.1
7.0
12.5
11.0
1.7
. 1
1 Based on total employment in fire departments and total number of uniformed patrolmen in 1961. For city coverage and definition of salary scales,
see footnote 1, table 1.
Police
patrolmen
4.7
3.2
1.6
10.0
7.5
3.0
6.4
11.7
34.0
3.5
13.7
1.9
12.1
7.2
3.9
6. 5
11.4
30.9
4. 4
12.4
1.5
8.6
7.6
2.4
6.2
11.9
36.2
2.9
14.6
.8
4.0
1.0
3.5
.6
4.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
city-size groups. Maximum scales rose 12.4 per
cent between 1958 and 1961 in each of the three
largest city-size groups studied and 11.8 percent
in the smallest size group. The dollar increase in
salaries ranged from $714 in cities of 1 million or
more to $535 in the smallest cities studied. The
West recorded both the greatest percentage and
in
M a xim u m A n n u a l
Region
City-size group
1,000,000
and over
Fire
fighters
3.8
T able 4. P er cen t D istr ibu tio n of F ir efig h ter s a n d P olice P atrolm en b y t h e I n c r e a se
S alary S cales ,1 C ity -S ize G r o u p , a n d R e g io n ,2 1951-61
All
cities
M a xim um A n n u a l
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of percentages m ay not equal 100.
Measured in dollar terms, increases ranging
from $700 to $1,000 went into effect for about half
of these protective workers. In communities
employing one-tenth of the firemen and patrol
men, the gain was $200 to $300.
Average salary increases in absolute and relative
terms varied more among regions than among
Increase in maximum annual salary scale
in
North
Central
500,000
and under
1,000,000
250.000
and under
500.000
100,000
and under
250,000
Northeast
7.7
19.7
34.5
26.1
3.0
9.0
1.1
8.5
17.4
31.1
22.8
11.6
5.1
2.4
0.6
65.1
13.8
19.2
1.4
1.2
14.3
25.7
31.8
12.2
11.6
3.2
31.2
19. 4
40.0
7.7
1.7
2.3
3. 9
58. 8
6.4
24.6
4.0
100.0
57.5
100.0
52.7
100.0
52.1
100.0
57.1
100.0
73.5
South
West
P ercent
zu an a UI1U.C1 ou---- _______----------------------Qn cmii nriiipf 40
40 and under 50________- ________ -_____
50 anil under 60 ______________________
6Óand under 70________________________
70 and under 80
____________
80 and nnder QO
90 and under 100
0. 2
3. 0
40.3
17.6
28.4
5.7
4. 2
.5
30.7
22.7
25.3
31.2
12.9
8.0
Total _ ________________________
Average change------------- - ...............—
100.0
56.5
100.0
53.9
100.0
60.4
100.0
57.5
6.1
7.9
27.3
17.7
20.1
7.7
3.6
12.7
18.6
11.0
13.1
14.6
6.7
3.0
69.3
D ollars
$3,200 and over— -----------------------------------------------------------
.7
2.1
2.3
6.6
8.1
19.7
29.0
7.9
10. 2
3.9
4. 6
.3
3.6
Total
______________
Average change.............. - ........... ..........
100.0
$2,110
¿1 OOOond under Ì1 200
$1 200 apd under $1 400
$1*400 and under $1,600__________________
$1 600 and under $1,800
_________
$1*800 and under $2,000 _
_____________________
$2^000 and under $2,200......................................... $2,200 and under $2,400__________________
$2 400 and under $2 600
$2 600 and under $2 800
$1,UUU allU L
X
11X
X
Cl «px,iitiu.————---------------------------
«pZjOuU d ii vi CIUCICI <pD,UUU-----------—------------------------------<pO,UUU a liti LlJLlClCl tpOjAiUV/-.-—------------------------------------
J See footnote 1, table 1.
s See footnote 2, table 1.
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19.5
49.7
20.0
10. 7
100.0
$2,246
8.0
9.0
3.1
4.3
8.1
15.2
16.2
18.7
16.4
6.1
4.1
3.0
.9
1.5
2.4
100.0
$2,179
100.0
$2,004
100.0
$1,858
12.9
.6
1.3
3.7
4.4
13.2
64.4
11.8
.7
100.0
$2,066
3.4
9.6
7.6
21.7
11.1
32.7
1.3
2.0
Ì.Ò
10.6
2.0
15.5
29.4
6.6
7.4
32.2
6.0
100.0
$1,713
100.0
$2,143
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of percentages may not equal 100.
2.3
12.0
5.9
10.8
1.5
36.3
2.5
28.6
100.0
$2,801
SALARIES OF FIREMEN AND POLICEMEN, 1958-61
dollar gains of any region—14.1 percent and $818.
Maximum salaries rose less in the Southern region
than elsewhere—11.9 percent and $530.
Trends Over the Past Decade
Over the decade from 1951 to 1961, increases in
maximum scales varied among cities from 27 to
93 percent, but two-fifths of all firemen and
policemen worked where the gain was 40-50 per
cent, and over one-fourth where increases were
60-70 percent (table 4).
As in the interval from 1958 to 1961, salary
increases were more uniform on the average
among different sized cities than among regions.
Proportionately the greatest rise in salary scales—
60 percent—occurred in communities of 500,000
to 1 million inhabitants, and the smallest—54
percent—in cities of 1 million or more. The
increase in salaries was the same—58 percent—in
the two smallest city-size groups studied.
The average increase in salaries was practically
identical in the Northeast and South—52.7 and
52.1 percent, respectively, and not much higher in
the North Central States—57.1 percent. In the
Western cities, however, average salary scales
advanced by about three-fourths—73.5 percent.
In terms of dollars, the rise in salary scales from
1951 to 1961 varied from $1,850 in communities
with a population of less than 250,000 to almost
$2,250 in cities with 1 million inhabitants or more.
The advance in salaries was over $1,700 on the
average in the South and $2,800 in Western
communities. More than one-fourth of the fire
men and policemen in the Western cities studied
were employed where salaries advanced at least
$3,200. Scales of two-thirds of the firemen and
policemen in the smallest cities rose less than
$2,000, whereas four-fifths of those in the largest
cities were employed where pay increased at least
$2,000 but less than $3,000.
Comparison With Other Workers
From January 1939 to January 1961, maximum
salaries of firemen and patrolmen rose about 150
percent, somewhat more than the Consumer Price
Index and basic salary scales and average salary
rates of Federal office workers but less than salaries
of urban teachers and gross average hourly and
weekly earnings of factory production workers.
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285
In the decade 1951—61, salaries of firemen and
policemen rose much more than the Consumer
Price Index, somewhat more than the pay of
factory production workers, and more than basic
or average salary rates of Federal office workers.
They kept pace with the rise in urban teachers’
pay, but the advance in overall average salaries
of Federal office workers was somewhat greater.
From 1958 to 1961, however, maximum pay
scales of firemen and patrolmen increased more
than earnings of factory production workers but
less than the pay of Federal white-collar workers
or of urban teachers, as shown below:
Percent increase 1from—
1939
to
1961
Firemen and policemen:
Maximum salary scales..
Urban teachers:
Average annual salaries 2_ _
Federal Classification Act employees:
Basic salary scales3
Average salary rates 3_
Average salaries 3 __ __
Factory production workers:
Average hourly earnings. _
Average weekly earnings __
Consumer Price Index
1951
to
1961
1958
to
1961
151
58
12
174
59
17
112
125
186
40
42
63
19
19
27
266
288
114
50
42
17
10
11
4
1 Increases for urban teachers computed as of school years ending in June.
All others computed from January to January of each pair of years, except
1939 data for Federal employees which relate to August.
2 Includes both changes in salary scales (including cost-of-living adjust
ments) and changes in pay for individual teachers because of length of service,
merit, or improved educational qualifications. Figures for 1961 are pre
liminary. See also “ Salaries of C ity Public School Teachers, 1 9 5 7 - 5 9 ,”
Monthly Labor Review, March 1961, pp. 259-262, or BLS Report 194, Salary
Trends: City Public School Teachers, 1925-69.
2 Basic salary scales reflect statutory changes in salaries; average salary
rates show, in addition, the effect of merit or in-grade salary increases; and
average salaries also include the effect of changes in the proportion of workers
employed in the various pay grades. See also “ Federal Classified E m
ployees’ Salary Changes, 1958-60,” Monthly Labor Review, M ay 1961, pp.
489-492, or BLS Report 200, Salary Trends: Federal Classified Employees,
1939-60.
T able
5.
M a x im u m
A nnual
S alary
f i g h t e r s a n d P o l ic e P a t r o l m e n i n
I n h a b it a n t s o r M o r e , J a n u a r y
S cale of F ir e
C i t i e s o f 500 000
1961
City
San Francisco___
Los Angeles..........
N ew York______
Washington, D.C
M inneapolis____
Chicago.................
Milwaukee______
D etroit...................
Cincinnati.............
Maxi
mum
annual
salary
scale
$7,152
6.900
6,581
6,450
6,432
6,360
6,324
6,057
6,030
City
Cleveland__
Pittsburgh...
Philadelphia.
Boston_____
Buffalo_____
Baltimore__
St. Louis___
Houston____
N ew Orleans.
1 Maximum for patrolmen; maximum for firefighters was $5,571.
Maxi
mum
annual
salary
scale
$ 6,000
5,900
5, 540
5,500
5,300
5,250
1 5, 200
5,136
4,680
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
286
Intercity Variations in Salary Levels, 1961
Maximum annual salary scales for patrolmen
and firefighters in January 1961 ranged from
$3,648 in Savannah, Ga., to $7,152 in San Fran
cisco and Oakland, Calif. The mean salary was
$5,847, and the median about $200 higher.
Salary scales tended to be higher in large than
in small communities (chart) and were highest
on the average in West Coast cities and lowest
in the South. In cities of 500,000 or more, maxi
mum scales for patrolmen and firefighters ranged
from $4,680 to $7,152 (table 5), with more than
three-fifths of the firemen and policemen in these
large cities employed where scales were at least
$6,200. In the smallest communities studied
Guides for Noninflationary
Wage and Price Decisions
E ditor’s N ote.— The material which follows is a
brief excerpt from the Annual Report of the
Council of Economic Advisers which was trans
mitted to the Congress with the Economic Report
of the President in January 1962.
I ndividual wage and price decisions assume na
tional importance when they involve large num
bers of workers and large amounts of output
directly, or when they are regarded by large
segments of the economy as setting a pattern.
Because such decisions affect the progress of the
whole economy, there is legitimate reason for
public interest in their content and consequences.
An informed public, aware of the significance of
major wage bargains and price decisions, and
equipped to judge for itself their compatibility
with the national interest, can help to create an
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(those with 100,000 to 250,000 inhabitants), about
half the protective workers were employed where
the maximum scale was $4,800-$5,600 a year.
In five cities of this size, including four in the
South, maximum salary scales were below $4,000.
Two-thirds of the policemen and firemen in
Western cities were employed where salary scales
for these jobs were at least $6,800. All eight of
the California cities with 100,000 inhabitants or
more had maximum scales of at least $6,600. In
the South, half of the firemen and patrolmen
worked where maximum salaries were below
$5,000 a year.
—H elene T. L esansky
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
atmosphere in which the parties to such decisions
will exercise their powers responsibly.
How is the public to judge whether a particular
wage-price decision is in the national interest?
No simple test exists, and it is not possible to set
out systematically all of the many considerations
which bear on such a judgment.
I t is possible, however, to describe in broad
outline a set of guides which, if followed, would
preserve overall price stability while still allowing
sufficient flexibility to accommodate objectives of
efficiency and equity. These are not arbitrary
guides. They describe—briefly and no doubt in
completely—how prices and wage rates would
behave in a smoothly functioning competitive
economy operating near full employment. Nor
do they constitute a mechanical formula for de
termining whether a particular price or wage
decision is inflationary. They will serve their
purpose if they suggest to the interested public a
useful way of approaching the appraisal of such a
decision.
QUIDES FOR NONINFLATIONARY WAGE AND PRICE DECISIONS
The General Guides
If, as a point of departure, we assume no change
in the relative shares of labor and nonlabor in
comes in a particular industry, then a general
guide may be advanced for noninflationary wage
behavior, and another for noninflationary price
behavior. Both guides, as will be seen, are only
first approximations.
The general guide for noninflationary wage be
havior is that the rate of increase in wage rates
(including fringe benefits) in each industry be
equal to the trend rate of overall productivity
increase. General acceptance of this guide would
maintain stability of labor cost per unit of output
for the economy as a whole—though not of course
for individual industries.
The general guide for noninflationary price be
havior calls for price reduction if the industry’s
rate of productivity increase exceeds the overall
rate—for this would mean declining unit labor
costs; it calls for an appropriate increase in price
if the opposite relationship prevails; and it calls
for stable prices if the two rates of productivity
increase are equal.
These are advanced as general guideposts. To
reconcile them with objectives of equity and effi
ciency, specific modifications must be made to
adapt them to the circumstances of particular in
dustries. If all of these modifications are made,
each in the specific circumstances to which it
applies, they are consistent with stability of the
general price level. Public judgments about the
effects on the price level of particular wage or price
decisions should take into account the modifica
tions as well as the general guides. The most
im portant modifications are the following:
1. Wage-rate increases would exceed the general
guide rate in an industry which would otherwise
be unable to attract sufficient labor; or in which
wage rates are exceptionally low compared with
the range of wages earned elsewhere by similar
labor, because the bargaining position of workers
has been weak in particular local labor markets.
2. Wage-rate increases would fall short of the
general guide rate in an industry which could not
provide jobs for its entire labor force even in times
of generally full employment; or in which wage
rates are exceptionally high compared with the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
287
range of wages earned elsewhere by similar labor,
because the bargaining position of workers has
been especially strong.
3. Prices would rise more rapidly, or fall more
slowly, than indicated by the general guide rate
in an industry in which the level of profits was
insufficient to attract the capital required to
finance a needed expansion in capacity; or in
which costs other than labor costs had risen.
4. Prices would rise more slowly, or fall more
rapidly, than indicated by the general guide in an
industry in which the relation of productive
capacity to full employment demand shows the
desirability of an outflow of capital from the in
dustry; or in which costs other than labor costs
have fallen; or in which excessive market power
has resulted in rates of profit substantially higher
than those earned elsewhere on investments of
comparable risk.
It is a measure of the difficulty of the problem
that even these complex guideposts leave out of
account several important considerations. Al
though output per man-hour rises mainly in
response to improvements in the quantity and
quality of capital goods with which employees are
equipped, employees are often able to improve
their performance by means within their own con
trol. I t is obviously in the public in te re s t that
incentives be preserved which would reward
employees for such efforts.
Also, in connection with the use of measures
of overall productivity gain as benchmarks for
wage increases, it must be borne in mind that
average hourly labor costs often change through
the process of up or down grading, shifts between
wage and salaried employment, and other forces.
Such changes may either add to or subtract from
the increment which is available for wage increases
under the overall productivity guide.
Finally, it must be reiterated th at collective
bargaining within an industry over the division
of the proceeds between labor and nonlabor income
is not necessarily disruptive of overall price
stability. The relative shares can change within
the bounds of noninflationary price behavior.
But when a disagreement between management
and labor is resolved by passing the bill to the rest
of the economy, the bill is paid in depreciated
currency to the ultimate advantage of no one.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
288
Wage Chronology:
Franklin Association of Chicago
Supplement No. 2— 1953-61
E ditor’s N ote.— Wage Chronology No. 16: Chicago
Printing, summarized changes in wage rates
and related wage 'practices negotiated by both
the Chicago Newspaper Publishers’ Association
and the Franklin Association of Chicago with
the International Typographical Union {ITU)
and the International Printing Pressmen and
Assistants’ Union of North America {IPPA)
between 1939 and November 1953. For easier
use, the chronology is now being divided into two
parts— one for each association.
The following article summarizes the 1953-61
negotiations of the Franklin Association of
Chicago with the IT U and the IP P A .1 The
1954-61 negotiations between the Chicago News
paper Publishers’ Association and the two un
ions were covered in the November 1961 Monthly
Labor Review {pp. 1226-1232).
D uring the period from 1953 to 1961, both
the International Typographical Union and the
International Printing Pressmen negotiated four
agreements providing for wage-rate increases.
Agreements negotiated in December 1953 and
October 1954 provided one-step wage increases
of $4 a week for the compositors and $6 for the
pressmen. Two-year agreements negotiated in
June 1956 provided for wage increases of $3.75 a
week for workers represented by the ITU and $3
for those represented by the Pressmen effective
immediately, with increases of $2.75 and $3, re
spectively, to go into effect a year later. Both
agreements liberalized a variety of supplementary
benefits.
Contracts negotiated in 1958 also were effective
for a period of 2 years. The ITU agreement, con
cluded in November, provided a $4-a-week wagerate increase retroactive to June 7, 1958, $1
retroactive to August 10, and $3 to be effective in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1959. The Pressmen’s agreement made a
$3.75-a-week wage-rate increase effective in June
1958 and provided for a $3 wage-rate increase a
year later, subject to the union’s option to have
the employers’ contributions to the pension fund
increased in lieu of all or part of the raise.2 Both
contracts added a paid half holiday, bringing the
total to 6K, and improved health and welfare bene
fits, and the ITU agreement increased the nightshift differential. In November 1958, the union
notified the association that it had elected to
have the employers’ contribution to the pension
fund increased by $3 a week in lieu of the wagerate increase due in June 1959.
Agreements reached in 1960 also provided for
both immediate and deferred wage increases, as
well as liberalized fringe benefits. The wage in
creases provided by the ITU contract totaled $8.50
a week, with $4 retroactive to June 1960, $1 effec
tive in December when the contract settlement was
reached, and $3.50 in 1961. The Pressmen’s con
tract, concluded in late August 1960, provided
wage increases totaling $7 a week, of which $4
was made retroactive to June and $3 was sched
uled to go into effect in June 1961. The parties
also agreed th at any improvements in the health
and welfare plan which the Franklin Association
agreed to with any other union would also apply
to the Pressmen. Agreement on other economic
terms was not concluded until December 15, 1960.
When the ITU and the association subsequently
agreed to additional changes in health and welfare
benefits, these changes were extended to members
of the IPPA. Both agreements added another
paid half holiday, bringing the total to 7, with
certain restrictions on the addition in the Press
men’s agreement. The Pressmen’s agreement also
increased the employers’ contribution to the pen
sion plan by $1 a week.
Both the ITU and the IPPA agreements expire
on June 6, 1962.
1 For data covering 1939-53, see Monthly Labor Review, July 1951 (pp. 4956) and November 1953 (pp. 1203-1206), or BLS Report 215 which presents
data for the entire period 1939-6J.
2 The pension fund, like that in effect for the compositors, had originally
been financed solely by union members. These plans had been in effect for
more than 30 years.
289
WAGE CHRONOLOGY: FRANKLIN ASSOCIATION OF CHICAGO
A—General Wage Changes
Effective date
Dec. 16, 1953 (IPPA
agreement of same date).
Oct. 7, 1954 (ITU agree
ment of same date).
June 7, 1956 (IPPA and
ITU agreements of same
date).
June 7, 1957 (IPPA and
ITU agreements of June
7, 1956).
June 7, 1958 (ITU agreement of Nov. 12, 1958,
and IPPA agreement,
date not available).
Compositors,
hand and
machine
Cylinder
pressmen
16. 6
11. 0
10. 4
8. 3
7. 6
8. 3
Deferred wage increases effective June 7,
1957, as follows:
Compositors: $2.75 a week or 7.6 cents an
hour.
Pressmen: $3 a week, or 8.3 cents an hour.
Deferred increases.
11. 0
10. 3
Compositors: Additional $1 a week, or 2.8
Aug. 10, 1958 (ITU agreement of Nov. 12, 1958).
June 7, 1959 (ITU agreement of Nov. 12, 1958).
2. 8
June 7, 1960 (ITU agreement of Dec. 12, 1960,
and IPPA wage agree
ment of Aug. 29, 1960).
11. 0
Dec. 12, 1960 (ITU agreement of same date).
June 7, 1961 (ITU agreement of Dec. 12, 1960,
and IPPA wage agree
ment of Aug. 29, 1960).
2. 8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Increase in hourly rate (cents)
8. 3
9. 7.
11. 0
8. 3
cents an hour, effective Aug. 10, 1958.
Deferred wage increases effective June 7,
1959, as follows:
Compositors: $3 a week, or 8.3 cents an hour.
Pressmen: $3 a week, or 8.3 cents an hour.
Union given option to use all or part of
increase for pension fund.
Deferred increase:
Pressmen: All of the $3 a week deferred in
crease used to increase employers’ con
tribution to pension fund.
Compositors: Additional $1 a week, or 2.8
cents an hour, effective Dec. 12, 1960.
Deferred wage increases effective June 7,
1961, as follows:
Compositors: $3.50 a week, or 9.7 cents an
hour.
Pressmen: $3 a week, or 8.3 cents an hour.
Deferred increases.
290
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
B—Hourly and Weekly Rates for Compositors and Pressmen, 1953-61
Cylinder pressmen2
Compositors, hand 1
Premium pay for
night shifts
Day-shift rates
Day-shift rates
Effective date
Hourly
1953:
1954:
1956:
1957:
1958:
Dec, 16________________________
Oct. 7 . .
June 7_____ ____ ______________
June 7_________________________
June 7________________________
Aug. 10
1959: June 7 ___ _
Sept. 14__ _
1960: June 7 __________ _____________
Dec. 12____ . .
1961: June 7_________________________
W eekly 3
$3.131
3. 235
3.310
3.421
3.448
3. 531
$113. 50
117. 25
120.00
124.00
125 00
128.00
3. 641
3.669
3.766
132.00
133. 00
136. 50
First night
shift 4
$0.157
.194
.199
.205
.207
.212
.230
.237
.257
.264
1 Machine operators received an additional $1.40 a week, or 3.9 cents an hour.
2 Increases shown for cylinder pressmen reflect the changes in basic wage
scales for journeymen. The basic rate is paid for work on the following
equipment: Second position when running tandem or 4-press beds; 2-color
automatic Harris presses; 2-color Harris-Seybold-Potter presses; 2-color Miller
presses; 2-color multicolor ticket presses; any two of the following presses in
combination: automatic press, Harris single press, Miehle horizontal press,
M iehle vertical press, Miller simplex press, Heidelberg press, 2 presses up to
46 by 66 inches, 3 patent inside blanket presses, 1 press with Upham attaeh-
Second
night sh ift4
Hourly
$0. 536
.590
.600
.624
. 629
.644
.664
.684
.710
.729
Premium pay for night shifts—
On 2-shift
basis
On 3-shift basis
Nightwork
Second
First
night sh ift4 night sh ift4
W eek ly5
$3.103
$112.50
$0.138
$0.378
$0. 512
3.186
3. 269
3.372
115.50
118. 50
122. 25
.138
.138
.138
.384
.390
.398
.521
.531
.543
3.372
122.25
3. 483
126. 25
.138
.406
.556
3. 566
129.25
.138
.412
.565
ments, 1 double cylinder perfecting press, 1 press over 25 by 38 inches and not
over 3 job presses, 2 automatic presses, 1 double cylinder flatbed 2-color press.
Special rates are paid for work on other types of presses.
3 Based on 36.50-hour week.
< Standard workweek was 35.25 hours (same as day shift) for 1st night shift
for commercial compositors and for night shift for cylinder pressmen on 2-shift
basis; 33.75 hours for 1st night shift for cylinder pressmen on 3-shift basis; and
32.5 hours for 2d night shift for compositors and pressmen.
8 Based on 36.25-hour week.
C—Related Wage Practices 1
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Premium Pay for Work on Sixth Day or Saturday
Oct. 7, 1954 (ITU agree
ment of same date).
June 7, 1956 (ITU agree
ment of same date).
Added: Double time for full shift, as regu
larly scheduled, guaranteed for work on
sixth shift in workweek.
June 7, 1957 (ITU agree
ment dated June 7, 1956).
June 7, 1958 (ITU agree
ment dated Nov. 12,
1958).
Increased to: $6 a week over minimum day
scale for work on Saturday as a regular
shift.
Added: Double time for hours actually
worked paid employees who decided not
to work entire shift.
Increased to: $6.50 for work on Saturday as
regular shift.
Increased to: $7 for work on Saturday as
regular shift.
Increased to: $7.50 for work on Saturday as
a regular shift.
Premium Pay for Work on Sunday
June 7, 1956 (ITU agree
ment of same date).
Added: Double time for full shift, as regu
larly scheduled, guaranteed for work on
seventh shift in workweek.
Added: Double time for hours actually
worked paid employees who decided not
to work entire shift.
Holiday Pay
Dec. 16, 1953 (IPPA agree
ment of same date).
Oct. 7, 1954 (ITU agree
ment of same date).
See footnotes at end of table.
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No change: Number of holidays 1 or eligi
bility requirements.
Increased to: Pressmen— Triple time (was
double time) for overtime work by night
crew on morning of legal holiday.
Provisions in effect and continued:
Paid holidays were New Year’s Day, Memo
rial Day, July 4th, Labor Day, Thanks
giving, and Christmas.
291
WAGE CHRONOLOGY: FRANKLIN ASSOCIATION OF CHICAGO
C—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Holiday Pay— Continued
Pressmen:
Double time for work on Christmas Eve
and/or New Year’s Eve.
Eligibility requirements— To receive holi
day pay, employee must have either
(a) lost a day’s pay because of the
holiday and (I) worked the regularly
scheduled days preceding and following
the holiday, or (2) been laid off within 5
regularly scheduled workdays preceding
the holiday, or (3) been absent because
of illness or disability for less than 30
days preceding the holiday, or (b) been
on vacation on holiday notwithstanding
(1) above.
Compositors: Eligibility requirements— To
receive holiday pay, employee must have
either (a) lost a day’s pay because of the
holiday and (1) worked 2 days or more
during the 5 workdays preceding the holi
day, or (2) worked or been available for
work on the regularly scheduled workdays
preceding the holiday, or (3) been laid off
within 5 regularly scheduled workdays
preceding the holiday, or (4) been absent
because of illness, physical disability, or
reasonably unavoidable cause for less than
30 days preceding the holiday, or (b) been
on regularly scheduled vacation on holiday
and holiday must fall on a day for which
he would have been paid if not on vacation.
Dec. 16, 1953 (IPPA agree
ment of same date).
Oct. 7, 1954 (ITU agree
ment of same date)—
Continued
June 7, 1956 (ITU agree
ment of same date).
June 7, 1958 (ITU agree
ment of Nov. 12, 1958,
and IPPA agreement,
date not available).
Added: Double time for overtime worked
past midnight on eve of holiday.
June 7, 1960 (ITU agree
ment dated Dec. 12, 1960,
and IPPA agreement
dated Dec. 15, 1960).
Added: Paid half holiday 2
A dded: P aid half h olid ay 2_________________
Half holiday was Christmas Eve. Employ
ees to receive full shift pay for 4 hours’
work.
Pressmen:
Not applicable to employees failing to
report for work when ordered on Christ
mas Eve.
Holiday pay provided employees laid off
within 10 days (was 5) preceding holiday.
Holiday pay not provided extra employees
laid off within 5 regularly scheduled
workdays preceding holiday who had
worked less than 2 shifts.
Half holiday was New Year’s Eve. Em
ployees to receive full-shift pay for 4 hours’
work.
Pressmen: Not applicable to employees fail
ing to report for work when ordered on
New Year’s Eve.
Compositors: Employees guaranteed 6 paid
holidays regardless of day of week on
which holiday fell.
Paid Vacations
Dec. 16, 1953 (IPPA agree
ment of same date).
Oct. 7, 1954 (ITU agree
ment of same date).
See footnotes at end of table.
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No change in vacation provisions l.
Provisions in effect and continued:
Pressmen: Vacations not cumulative from
year to year.
Compositors:
Vacations mandatory and not cumulative
from year to year.
Pay provided for holidays falling in vaca
tion period.
292
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
C—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Paid Vacations— Continued
June, 7, 1956 (ITU agree
ment of same date).
Added: Absence because of personal illness
or injury for 1 week or longer prior to the
scheduled vacation period in the calendar
year could be used as vacation time if
agreed to after employee had returned to
work, provided the change did not necessi
tate other changes in the posted vacation
schedule.
Added: At request of employee, 5 consecu
tive days of layoff could be used as vaca
tion time if working card remained at shop
during period.
June 7, 1958 (ITU agree
ment dated Nov. 12,
1958).
Reporting Time
Dec. 16, 1953 (IPPA agree
ment of same date).
No change in reporting time provisions 1___
June 7, 1956 (ITU agree
ment of same date).
Added: Double time for full shift, as regu
larly scheduled, guaranteed men employed
day or night, when not regularly scheduled
to work.
June 7, 1958 (IPPA agree
ment, date not available).
Provisions in effect and continued: Full
day’s pay guaranteed men employed after
the regular starting time applicable only
if not ordered to work the next day.
Added: Double time for hours actually
worked paid employees who decide not to
work entire shift.
Added: Employees hired from call room
guaranteed 2 days’ work except where
filling an emergency vacancy caused by
sickness, accident, or the absence of a
regular incumbent.
Callback Allowance
June 7, 1956 (ITU agree
ment of same date).
Added: $3, in addition to overtime rate for
hours worked when called from home later
than Saturday noon to begin work before
regular starting time on Monday.
Change Shift Guarantee
June 7, 1958?(ITUfagree
ment dated Nov. 12,
1958).
Regular employees successfully claiming new
shifts and new starting times guaranteed
against loss of pay when 10 hours had
not elapsed between regular shifts.
Health and Welfare Benefits
Apr. 1, 1954 (ITU agree
ment dated Apr. 7, 1953).
Aug. 16, 1954 (IPPA agree
ment dated Dec. 16,
1953).
Companies to provide the following benefits
for employees:
Life insurance: $1,000 ______ ________ __
See footnotes at end of table.
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Applicable to all full-time employees im
mediately, to new employees after 30 days,
and to miscellaneous employees after 6
months.
Benefits continued for 1 month after tempo
rary layoff or leave of absence: for 3
months during disability.
Employees under age 60 totally and perma
nently disabled to have life insurance con
tinued, provided proof of disability was
furnished.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY: FRANKLIN ASSOCIATION OF CHICAGO
293
C—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Health and Welfare Benefits— Continued
Apr. 1, 1954 (ITU agree
ment dated Apr. 7, 1953).
Aug. 16, 1954 (IPPA agree
ment dated Dec. 16,
1953)— Continued
Accidental death and dismemberment: $500 to
$1,000, depending on injury.
Hospital expenses (room and board): Up to
$10 a day for maximum of 31 days.
Hospital extras:
Compositors: Up to $300.
Pressmen: Up to $200 plus 75 percent of
the next $1,000, including X-ray, blood
plasma, ambulance service, operating
room, anesthetics, laboratory fees,
drugs, and dressings.
Surgical benefits: Up to $300.
Maternity benefits: Up to $100 for all hos
pital confinements due to any one preg
nancy.
Sickness and nonoccupational injury: $50 a
week up to 13 weeks, $650 maximum for
each sickness or accident; payments to
start on 1st day of accident and 8th day
of illness.
Aug. 1, 1955 (ITU
ment dated Oct. 7,
Aug. 16, 1955 (IPPA
sion agreement
Mar. 16, 1955).
agree
1954).
exten
dated
See footnotes at end of table.
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Occupational injury: $50 for 1st week, $25
a week for next 12 weeks, $350 maximum
for each disability, payable from 1st day.
Increased to: For employees:
Life insurance: $2,000.
Accidental death and dismemberment:
$1,000 to $2,000, depending on injury.
Hospital expenses (room and board): Up to
$11 a day for maximum of 70 days;
$770 maximum.
Hospital extras: Up to $220 plus 75 per
cent of next $1,000, $970 maximum.
Maternity benefits: Up to $110.
Sickness and nonoccupational injury: $55
a week, $715 maximum for each sick
ness or accident.
Occupational injury: $55 for 1st week, $30
a week for next 12 weeks, $415 maxi
mum for each disability.
Added: For dependents: Hospital expenses
(room and board), hospital extras, surgical
benefits, and maternity benefits identical to
employee benefits without cost to em
ployee.
Added: For retirees:
Hospital expenses: $1,000 lifetime maxi
mum, including room and board and
hospital extras.
Surgical benefits: $300 lifetime maximum.
Benefits available immediately for employees
insured on effective date of agreement; 9
months after date first insured for other
employees.
Maximum benefit restored after completion
of 1 day’s normal employment following ill
ness or accident, however, benefits for a
disability resulting from the same or re
lated sickness or accident limited to 13
weeks in any 12 consecutive months.
Not applicable for disability resulting from
pregnancy or resulting childbirth or mis
carriage.
Compositors: Not applicable to apprentices
below the 5th year who received reduced
benefits because of lower wage brackets.
Eligiblejdependents to include spouse and
t unmarried children between 14 days and
19 years of age.
Company to pay entire cost of benefits.
Applicable to employees retiring from full
time employment at or after age 60 with
3 or more years’ continuous service immediately|preceding retirement.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
294
C—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Health and Welfare Benefits— Continued
May 1, 1957 (ITU agree
ment dated June 7, 1956).
June 7, 1958 (IPPA agree
ment, date not available).
May 1,
ment
1958,
ment,
1959 (ITU agree
dated Nov. 12,
and IPPA agree
date not available).
May 1,
ment
1960,
ment
1960).
1961 (ITU agree
dated Dec. 12,
and IPPA agree
dated Dec. 15,
See footnotes at end of table.
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Increased to: For employees: Hospital ex
penses (room and board): $13 a day,
$910 maximum.
Sickness and nonoccupational injury: $65 a
week, $845 maximum for each sickness or
accident.
Occupational injury: $65 for 1st week, $40
a week for next 12 weeks, $545 maximum
for each disability.
Increased to: For employees and depend
ents:
Hospital expenses (room and board): Up
to $15 a day, $1,050 maximum.
Hospital extras: Up to $300, plus 75 per
cent of next $1,000, $1,050 maximum.
Maternity benefits: Full coverage for hos
pital expenses, hospital extras, and sur
gical benefits.
Changed to: For employees:
Sickness and nonoccupational injury: 60
percent of basic weekly rate, up to $75,
$975 maximum for each sickness or
accident.
Occupational injury: Employee to receive
difference between workmen’s compen
sation payments and weekly benefits
for nonoccupational accident or illness.
Added: For employees: Emergency accident
treatment:
$50 maximum for emergency treatment,
drugs, dressings, medication, X-rays,
casts, etc., outside hospital within 24
hours following a nonoccupational acci
dent.
Added: For retirees: Benefits extended to
spouse.
Increased to: For employees and depend
ents:
Hospital expenses (room and board): Up
to $17 a day, $1,190 maximum.
Hospital extras: Up to $340, plus 75 per
cent of next $1,000, $1,190 maximum.
Changed to: For employees: Sickness and
nonoccupational injury: $85 a week,
$1,105 maximum for each sickness or
accident.
Added: Compositors: Coverage extended 60
days beyond date of layoff.
Added: For employees: Emergency accident
treatment to include professional services
and followup treatment that occurred
within 90 days of nonoccupational
accident.
295
WAGE CHRONOLOGY: FRANKLIN ASSOCIATION OF CHICAGO
C — Related Wage Practicesl-—Continued
Effective date
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Provision
Pension Plan
Oct. 1, 1954 (IPPA amend
ment to trust agreement,
dated Oct. 7, 1954).
Dec. 1, 1958 (IPPA agree
ment, date not available).
June 7, 1959 (IPPA agree
ment, date not available).
June 1, 1961 (IPPA agree
ment dated Dec. 15, 1960).
Changed to: Basic benefits: Eligibility re
quirement— 2 months’ employment in 12
months immediately preceding applica
tion for retirement to employer making
payments into fund.
Added: Subsidiary benefits:
For employees with less than 20 years’
service under plan but more than 20
years’ creditable service in in d u str y benefits to equal percentage obtained
by dividing years of service under a
Local 3 Pressmen’s contract by the
sum of the years of service under that
contract and under the Press Assist
ants’ pension plan after date contribu
tions started to the latter plan.
For employees with less than 20 years’
combined creditable service under both
the Pressmen’s and Press Assistants’
pension plans after date contributions
started—benefits to equal percentage
obtained by dividing years of service
under Pressmen’s pension plan by 20.
Increased: Basic benefits: To $40 a month.
i The contract provisions summarized here were negotiated and incorporated in earlier agreements but were not shown in the basic report or
Supplement No. X. The inclusion of these provisions under the dates shown
does not, therefore, indicate a change in existing practices.
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Added: Beneficiary to receive benefits ac
crued during month retiree dies.
Applicable to employees with insufficient
service to qualify for Pressmen’s benefits
but with 20 or more years’ combined
creditable service under Pressmen’s and
Press Assistants’ pension plans. Ap
plicant must have qualified in all other
respects.
Employees eligible for subsidiary benefits
not to receive benefits under basic plan.
Employer contribution to pension fund inincreased to $4 (was $1) a week.
Employer contribution to pension fund in
creased to $5 a week.
3 Actually, compositors received 7.25 hours’ pay.
Technical Note
Indexes of Living Costs
for Alaskan Cities
Jean C. B rackett*
A s e m i a n n u a l i n d e x of the cost of goods and
services for Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska,
compared with the cost of the same or equiva
lent items in Seattle, Wash., was published by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1961. Indexes
of such costs for October 1960 and M ay and
October 1961 are shown in the accompanying
table. The purpose of this article is to describe
the concepts and methods used in constructing
the index.1
The intercity indexes of comparative living
costs for the Alaskan cities were designed primarily
for use in local wage negotiations and contracts.
Accordingly, the comparisons were made with
Seattle, since traditionally th at city has been the
base for recruiting wage and clerical workers for
employment in Alaska. The indexes, furthermore,
were designed to measure the differences in costs
for families who were established residents in
Anchorage or Fairbanks and who had adapted
themselves to the climate, environment, and price
levels in these cities.2 The indexes do not reflect
differences in living costs associated with moving
to Alaska. For example, the cost of vacant
housing available for rent or sale might vary
considerably from the housing costs of established
residents. Similarly, the costs for travelers living
in hotels or single persons renting rooms and
eating in restaurants cannot be measured by an
index constructed for families who live in family
dwellings and eat most of their meals at home.
Information about the spending patterns of
index-type families, hereafter referred to as index
families, was obtained in a survey of consumer
expenditures in 1959,3 conducted by the Bureau
in Anchorage and Fairbanks in the spring and
summer of 1960. The survey area included the
central city and adjacent residential neighborhoods.
296
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The comparative living cost indexes are designed
to measure the cost of consumption items included
in the typical expenditure patterns of wage- and
clerical-worker families living in Anchorage or
Fairbanks in comparison with the cost of equiva
lent items in Seattle. In addition to differences
in price levels, these indexes reflect variations in
requirements for fuel and certain items of clothing
resulting from differences in climate between
Seattle and the Alaskan cities. They also reflect
the differences in transportation requirements,
associated with the remoteness of the Alaskan
cities, for families who travel outside the State,
and, in a few instances, the availability of certain
items in Seattle and in the Alaskan cities. Thus,
the indexes are described as a measure of the
relative differences in the costs of equivalent goods,
rents, homeowner costs, and services between Seattle
and the Alaskan city with which it is being com
pared. Certain other factors which might also
be relevant to the measurement of an equivalent
level of living, for example, the relative isolation
of the Alaskan cities or the hardship of the climate,
have not been taken into account in the construc
tion of the indexes, because there is no objective
way in which to evaluate such factors. The
length and severity of the cold season, on the
other hand, and the additional cost of travel from
Alaska to the other States can be measured
objectively.
*Of the Division of Prices and Cost of Living, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 In 1961, the Bureau also published semiannual indexes of changes in
consumer prices in Anchorage and Fairbanks, which are comparable in
concept and methodology with the Consumer Price Index for other United
States cities. These indexes are released periodically by the Western
Regional Director of the Bureau. The initial release shows the relative
importance of the major components of the index in the base reference
period (average May-October 1960=100) and the indexes for M ay and
October 1960, and includes a description of their uses and limitations. For
an explanation of the Consumer Price Index, see Techniques of Preparing
Major B L S Statistical Series (BLS Bull. 1168, 1954), pp. 63-81.
2 The families represented in these indexes are wage-earner or clericalworker families of two or more persons who had lived in the State of Alaska
at least throughout the year 1959. Families headed by military personnel
stationed in Alaska were not included in the index population.
8 A complete report on the surveys of consumer incomes, expenditures,
and savings in Anchorage and Fairbanks is scheduled for publication by the
Bureau in mid-1962. Similar surveys were conducted in Juneau and Ketchi
kan in 1961, and a report on the surveys, together with indexes for these
cities, will also be published in mid-1962.
INDEXES OF LIVING COSTS FOR ALASKAN CITIES
Calculation of the Intercity Comparisons
In general, the calculation of the indexes of
comparative living costs involved the following
steps:
The consumer expenditure data for Anchorage
and Fairbanks in 1959 were analyzed to determine
the average annual expenditures for individual
items and major groups of goods and services by
index families in each city. From this analysis,
a set of base expenditure weights was derived for
each city, and then adjusted for price change to
October I960.4
The list of goods and services selected for pricing
for these indexes was substantially the same as
that used for the national Consumer Price Index,
supplemented by items particularly important in
Alaska. Prices were obtained for the same or
equivalent items in each city from a representative
sample of retail outlets. The comparison included
mail-order prices for those items typically pur
chased from mail-order catalogs by index families
in Anchorage and Fairbanks. The initial indexes
were based on October 1960 prices for the two
Alaskan cities, compared with October 1960
prices for food, fuels, and rental housing and
November 1960 prices for most other items in
Seattle, without adjustment for the difference in
the pricing month.
For the place-to-place comparisons, the relative
difference in prices for the same or equivalent items
in Seattle and in Anchorage or Fairbanks was
weighted by the aggregate cost in the appropriate
4
Sales taxes and other fees or taxes required to purchase or maintain con
sumer goods, such as drivers’ licenses and property taxes, are included in
the weights. Income taxes and expenditures for life insurance and cash
gifts and contributions are not included. Since the expenditure patterns
are not identical for the two Alaskan cities, the intercity indexes cannot be
used as a precise measure of differences in costs between the two Alaskan
cities.
' 111 1945 and 1951, the Bureau prepared comparative living cost indexes
for Anchorage, Fairbanks, Juneau (1945 only), and Ketchikan (1951 only),
which were comparable in concept and general methodology with the 1959
indexes. In the earlier indexes, the comparison of housing costs was based
on rental housing only, even though the level of homeownership among
Alaskan families was about the same as the current level (65 percent). It
was not until 1953, however, that the Bureau broadened the definition of
housing in the CPI to include all items of expense connected with the acqui
sition and operation of a home, and, also, initiated direct pricing of homeowners’ current maintenance items. Thus, prices obtained for the C PI in
Seattle and the Alaskan cities in 1960 provided the basis for this first attempt
b y the Bureau to reflect the costs of maintaining an owned home in an index
of comparative living costs, despite the absence of data which would permit
a direct comparison of principal and interest payments.
6 Summary results of the Comprehensive Housing Unit Surveys conducted
in the fall of 1959 in Anchorage and Fairbanks were published in mimeograph
In April 1961. These data w ill also be included in the comprehensive report
referred to in footnote 3.
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297
Alaskan city to obtain a comparable aggregate
for Seattle. The relationship of the aggregate
cost in the Alaskan city to the aggregate cost in
Seattle, then, represented the index of comparative
living costs. The computation formula for the
comparison between Seattle and Fairbanks (Seat
tle =100) is as follows:
Relative difference=-----PoFQoF—__
PoFQo(
Where,
PoF QoF= base expenditure weight, Fairbanks
PoF Qo (a)F—base expenditure weight (Fairbanks)
adjusted for climatic differences
where required (heating fuels, se
lected clothing items)
P iS = Seattle price in October—November
1960
P iF = Fairbanks price in October 1960
Components of the Index
Housing. Housing costs, including rent and homeownership costs, repairs and maintenance of dwellings, heat and utilities, household operation, and
housefurnishings, represented almost two-fifths of
the cost of all goods and services in the index in
each city. Approximately two-thirds of the index
families in each of the Alaskan cities were homeowners, and their costs—payments on mortgage
principal and interest, property taxes, insurance,
and repairs and maintenance—were included in
the place-to-place comparisons in this proportion.5
The procedures used in making the cost compari
sons for each of these items were as follows:
Differences in the costs of property taxes were
based on the market values of comparable homes
in each Alaskan city and in Seattle and on the
typical ratio of assessed value to market value and
the tax rate in each city. Average (median)
market values of homes were estimated from data
obtained in the Bureau’s housing surveys.6 Com
parability between Seattle and each Alaskan city
was maintained by combining Seattle market
values by weights derived from the distribution
of homes by type, i.e., age and number of rooms
in the Alaskan city being compared. In estimat
ing differences in insurance costs, the type of dwell
ing was held constant, and it was assumed, follow
ing general insurance practice, that homes were
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
298
I n d e x e s o f I n t e r c it y D if f e r e n c e s in t h e C o st of
E q u iv a l e n t G o o d s a n d S e r v ic e s , A n c h o r a g e a n d
F a i r b a n k s , A l a s k a , C o m p a r e d W i t h S e a t t l e , W a s h .1
[Costs in Seattle=100]
Fairbanks
Anchorage
Group
Oct.
1961
M ay
1961
Oct.
1960
Oct.
1961
M ay
1961
Oct.
1960
All it e m s ........... ..................................
126
126
127
136
136
136
F o o d 2- - ...........................................
H ousing3--------------- ------ -------Rental housing 4................... .
Apparel ____________________
Other goods and services 3........ .
128
139
177
112
115
127
140
177
112
114
129
140
178
112
117
146
153
213
122
120
145
154
215
121
121
144
154
219
118
122
All items less housing..........................
119
118
120
128
128
128
1 Based on the pattern of expenditures of wage- and clerical-worker families
of 2 or more persons in each city who were full-year residents in Alaska.
Indexes for 1961 were estimated from the relative changes at the item level
in the appropriate Consumer Prices Indexes.
2 Includes food at home and away from home.
8 Includes rent, heat and utilities, housefumishings, household operation,
repairs and maintenance, and homeownership costs (mortgage principal and
interest, taxes, and insurance).
4 Average contract rent for tenant-occupied, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-room dwellings
meeting defined standards, plus cost of heating fuel, utilities, and specified
equipment when the cost of these items is not included in the monthly rent.
8 Includes personal care, medical care, transportation, reading, recreation,
education, tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and miscellaneous expenses.
insured at 80 percent of value in all cities. Since
very few homes in Anchorage or Fairbanks are
constructed of brick, rates for frame construction
as reported by the insurance rating bureau, were
used in all three cities.
Differences in costs for principal payments and
mortgage interest should be based on a comparison
of these costs over time for bouses of various types,
with the Seattle values weighted by the appropri
ate Alaskan distribution by type of dwelling and
date of acquisition. Some data of this nature
were available for the Alaskan cities from the
surveys of consumer expenditures, but none was
available for Seattle. Therefore, the differences
for such payments for equivalent dwellings were
estimated from differences in other homeowner
costs—property taxes, insurance, and repair and
maintenance costs. This method was adopted as
the best indirect measure of differences in mortgage
principal and interest costs because costs of repair
and maintenance items were based on a direct
comparison of prices in each city, and the differ
ences in property taxes and insurance reflected
differences in the 1959-60 market values of homes.7
Rental housing costs were defined to include
contract rent and other items for which the cost is
frequently included in rent, such as fuel, gas and
electricity, water, garbage and trash removal, and
stoves and refrigerators. The relative difference
in rental costs between Seattle and each Alaskan
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city was based on a weighted average of these
costs for tenant-occupied, furnished or unfurnished,
2- 3- 4- and 5-room dwellings which contained only
one complete bathroom and were located in struc
tures which had central or other installed heating
equipment, had been built since 1920, and were
in sound condition. Dwelling units with “luxury”
features were not involved in the comparison.
Rental housing costs for Seattle were weighted by
the proportion of furnished and unfurnished units
and the distribution by number of rooms in each
Alaskan city.
Average contract rent and data on the propor
tion of tenants having additional costs for facil
ities and equipment not included in the contract
rent were obtained from the Bureau’s regular rent
surveys. Estimates of the quantities of elec
tricity used by renter families for whom this
item was not included in the contract rent were
based on typical electric bills in each of the Alaskan
cities. Estimates of the quantity of water con
sumed and an allowance for stoves and refrig
erators—based on a rate of replacement about
every 15 years—were derived from quantities
developed for the Interim City Worker’s Family
Budget and the Interim Budget for a Retired
Couple.8
Estimates of the quantities of fuel used required
an adjustment for the length and severity of the
cold season, as well as an adjustment for variation
in the types of fuel consumed, in each city. The
climatic adjustment factors were derived from an
analysis of the average quantities of different
kinds of fuel used in dwellings with different
numbers of rooms in each city, based on reported
expenditures for fuel. These average quantities—
which showed a consistent relationship by size of
dwelling in each city—were converted to British
thermal units of effective heating, and the Seattle
2 Experimentation indicated that other methods of estimating the place-toplace differential in mortgage principal and interest payments would yield
approximately the same “all item s” index. For example, when the differ
ences in these homeowner costs were assumed to be the same as the differences
in rental housing, the “ all item s” index was raised 2 points in Anchorage and
3 points in Fairbanks. (Other estimating methods had less effect.) This
extreme assumption was rejected, however, because the comparison of rental
costs includes differences in the costs of fuel, utilities, and equipment, which
are measured separately for homeowners, and because of the substantial
differences in the characteristics of rented and owned dwellings in the Alaskan
cities. Estimation of the differential in mortgage principal and interest pay
ments from the difference in current interest rates and current market values
of homes, as reported in the Comprehensive Housing Unit Surveys, was also
rejected because it required the assumption that the differences in the costs
of maintaining a home in Seattle and Alaska have been constant over time.
8 These budgets are described in the Monthly Labor Review, August 1960,
pp. 785-808, and November 1960, pp. 1141-1157.
INDEXES OF LIVING COSTS FOR ALASKAN CITIES
299
quantities were expressed as a percentage of the
quantities consumed in dwellings of the same size
in each Alaskan city. The estimated require
ments in British thermal units were then recon
verted to types of fuel actually used in Seattle,
Anchorage, and Fairbanks.
These same quantity relationships were also
used to adjust the estimated aggregate fuel costs
for homeowners in Seattle to reflect differences in
fuel requirements associated with differences in
climate. Thus the intercity comparisons measure
not only differences in prices but also variations
in the cost of living to the extent that this is
affected by climate.
The housing cost weights for Anchorage and
Fairbanks, to which the intercity price differences
in homeownership costs and contract rent and
facilities were applied in order to obtain the
estimate of total housing costs in Seattle, differ
from the weights used in the measurement of
current price changes in housing from time to
time, that is, in the Consumer Price Indexes for
Anchorage and Fairbanks. The Consumer Price
Indexes for these cities, like the national CPI,
measure changes in the interest contracted for
and price of owned homes purchased in current
markets, that is, acquisition costs. On the
other hand, the place-to-place comparisons meas
ure differences in the costs of maintaining a home,
as reflected in principal payments and mortgage
interest charges. The place-to-place and timeto-time weights for other housing items also differ
because, in the intercity comparisons, the housing
costs were adjusted to separate that proportion
of the average expenditures for facilities not in
cluded in the rent, that is, for fuel, utilities, and
selected items of equipment, which were made
by renter families from the expenditures by
homeowners for these same items. However, the
combined weight of these items for both renters
and homeowners in the place-to-place comparisons
is the same as the weight used in the Consumer
Price Indexes. With these exceptions, the weights
used in the place-to-place comparisons and the
time-to-time indexes were the same.
Differences in living costs for all other housefurnishings and household operation for both
homeowners and renters were based on a com-
parison of prices for the same items in Seattle and
each of the Alaskan cities.
9
This information for Seattle was obtained from the 1950 Survey of Con
sumer Expenditures in that city.
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Food. The comparison of food costs includes
both food at home and meals eaten in restaurants.
In deriving the index weights for the cost of food
consumed at home, the average annual total
expenditures for food in Anchorage and Fairbanks
were distributed among individual items of food
on the basis of the detailed reports on expendi
tures for individual items purchased during 1
week. The individual items were expanded to an
annual total by applying the product of a seasonal
quantity index and a food price index to the
reported average weekly expenditure for each
item. Thus the place-to-place comparisons of
food costs reflect the seasonal variation in both
quantities consumed and prices paid for individual
food items. In the comparison of price differences
between Seattle and each of the Alaskan cities,
price quotations for items available in Alaska
were used in order to reflect the Alaskan expendi
ture pattern. For example, the comparison of
milk prices represented the average for whole
milk in Seattle in relation to a weighted average
price in Anchorage for whole milk, recombined
milk, and fluid milk concentrate, in proportion to
their volume of sales in grocery stores in that city.
The largest differences in food prices were reported
for fresh vegetables.
A'p'parel. The apparel index reflects differences
in clothing requirements owing to climate as well
as price differences. The climatic adjustment
factors used to modify the index weights for
apparel in Seattle were based on an analysis of
the average quantities of types of clothing pur
chased by persons in various sex and age groups
in Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Seattle.9 Items
of apparel serving similar purposes, for example,
men’s overcoats, topcoats, and jackets, were
grouped together in the analysis, since the pur
chasing patterns in Anchorage and Fairbanks
revealed some preference for a more casual man
ner of dress than was evident from the data for
Seattle. A climatic adjustment was made only
for those items in which quantitative differences
were substantial between Anchorage and Fair
banks on the one hand and Seattle on the other.
Seattle quantities for the groups of items selected
for adjustment were weighted by the prices for
300
these items in the comparison city; ratios of these
price-weighted quantities were computed for
clothing for men and boys and for women and
girls, 16 years of age and over, for boys and
girls (separately) 2 to 15 years, and for infants
under 2 years.
Since Alaskan families customarily purchase
many items of apparel—and also some items of
housefurnishings and toys and sporting goods—
from mail-order catalogs, two cost weights were
developed for these items, one reflecting the
proportion of family expenditures made locally
and the other the proportion made from catalogs.
For the latter, price relatives were based on mail
order prices to which applicable sales taxes and
shipping charges were added.
Other Goods and Services. Personal care, medical
care, transportation, reading, recreation, educa
tion, tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and miscel
laneous expenses, representing about a third of
all expenditures of families in each of the Alaskan
cities, are included in the index for other goods
and services. Differences in living costs for all
other goods and services except transportation
were based on a comparison of prices for the
same items in Seattle and each of the Alaskan
cities.
The comparison of transportation costs was
based on the pattern of usage of private auto
mobiles in each of the Alaskan cities and repre
sents the difference in purchase price of comparable
new and used cars and in costs of automobile
operation. In addition, it includes a comparison
of the cost of equivalent public transportation,
both within and outside Alaska, in the proportion
reported by the families in each Alaskan city.
Equivalent interstate public transportation was
measured by including in the price comparison
of the “same trip” (an average of airplane fares
from Seattle to Portland and Seattle to San
Francisco), for both the Alaskan and the Seattle
families the additional cost for Alaskan families
of a round-trip fare from each of the Alaskan
cities to Seattle. These distances and this
method of transportation were chosen as repre
sentative of the average expenditure of families
who traveled outside Alaska during the year.
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Intrastate air transportation was measured sep
arately, since the cost per mile for travel within
Alaska is substantially higher than the cost of
travel from Alaska to the other States. For this
purpose, the cost per mile of a round-trip air fare
from Anchorage to Fairbanks was compared with
the cost per mile of a trip of similar length from
Seattle to Spokane.
Comparability With Other Living Cost Indexes
The scope and coverage of comparative living
cost indexes are defined by the purposes for which
they are constructed. Since the intercity indexes
for Anchorage and Fairbanks which were com
piled by the Bureau in 1945 and 1951 were also
designed primarily for use in local wage negotia
tions involving established families living in the
Alaskan cities, they may be compared with the
current indexes to determine the trend of the
differentials between Seattle and the Alaskan
cities over the decade.10 On the other hand, the
current intercity indexes for Anchorage and
Fairbanks are not comparable with the cost-ofliving indexes prepared by the U.S. Department
of State for the U.S. Civil Service Commission.11
The latter indexes are designed to measure the
differences in living costs for Federal office-worker
families of two persons stationed in these Alaskan
cities. The index weights are derived from the
expenditure patterns of similar families residing
in Washington, D.C., and the price comparisons
are made between that base city (Washington,
D.C. = 100) and each of the Alaskan cities.
Similarly, the Bureau’s intercity indexes for
Anchorage and Fairbanks are not comparable with
indexes based on the cost of the City Worker’s
Family Budget, which describes a “modest but ade
quate” standard of living for a family of four persons.
The latter indexes are based on a specified stand
ard of living for a family of a certain size, age,
and composition, whereas those for Anchorage
and Fairbanks are based on the expenditure
patterns in these cities.
10 See footnote 5 for an explanation of the limitations in the earlier indexes
which disqualify them as a precise measure of the change in the differentials
between Seattle and the Alaskan cities since 1951.
11 The most recent indexes (October 1959) released by the U.S. Civil Serv
ice Commission indicate a differential in living costs of 147.8 in Anchorage,
152.0 in Fairbanks, and 133.1 in Juneau (Washington, D .C .=100).
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases
Labor Relations
Secondary Boycott. The National Labor Relations
Board ruled 1 that it would not automatically
consider as unlawful the picketing of a neutral
employer’s premises where employees of a
second employer engaged in a labor dispute
spend all their working time, even though the
second employer has a regular place of business
in the locality which could be picketed. In so
holding, the Board partially overruled its decision
in the Washington Coca Cola case,2 which had held
that picketing of the common situs under such
circumstances is necessarily unlawful.
In the present case, when a wholesale and retail
tire firm hired an electrical contractor to perform
certain work at its place of business, the contractor
became involved in a dispute with a union arising
out of the arrangement. The union picketed the
tire company’s place of business but not the
nearby office of the electrical contractor, to which
its employees normally reported each morning
and evening. The picket signs stated the union’s
grievance against the electrical company and that
the union had no dispute with any other con
tractor. Picketing continued during lunch periods
and coffee breaks of the electrical contractor’s
employees.
The Board reconsidered its decision in the
Washington Coca Cola case in light of general
judicial criticism of its reliance on per se doctrines.
The majority further pointed out that the Coca
Cola rule had been specifically rejected by the
courts which have had occasion to pass on its
validity. The Board said that it would henceforth
consider the particular facts of each case in
determining the legality of picketing; the place of
picketing would be only one of the factors to be
considered in the determination.
In this case, the Board concluded that since
employees of neutrals as well as those of the
electrical contractor were working at the tire
company’s place of business, the picketing, to be
lawful, must comply with the standards set forth
in the Moore Dry dock decision.3 Among them
was the requirement that the employer involved
in the dispute must be engaged in his normal
business at the situs of the picketing. The
Board ruled that this requirement was not
violated by the continuance of picketing during
lunch hours and coffee breaks of the contractor’s
employees. “Otherwise, every common situs
picket line, however otherwise observant of
Moore Drydock standards, would be mechanically
converted from lawful to unlawful picketing by
picketing unsynchronized with lunch, coffee, or
other temporary work interruption occasioned by
personal need.”
Dissenting members Rogers and Leedom saw
no reason to reverse the Washington Coca Cola
decision. They believed, furthermore, that the
picketing in this case was directed at the em
ployees of the tire company and that it should
therefore be considered an illegal secondary
boycott even under the test adopted by the
majority.
Hot Cargo. The NLRB ruled 4 that a clause
in a collective bargaining agreement which re
quired employers to give preference to unionapproved subcontractors or those having contracts
with the union was void under the hot-cargo
provision of the Labor Management Relations
Act. The Board ruled further that by giving
effect to the clause after the 1959 amendments
to the LMRA (which include the hot-cargo ban)
became effective, the parties had “entered into”
a prohibited contract and therefore had violated
this provision.
‘ Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attempt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in this field of labor law or
to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictons in which contrary
results m ay be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence
of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
1 Local 861, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and Plauche
Electric, Inc., 135 N L R B No. 41 (Jan. 12, 1962).
» Brewery and Beverage Drivers and Workers, Local 67, International
Brotherhood of Teamsters and Bernard Rosenberg and Washington Coca Cola
Bottling Works, 107 N L R B 299 (1953).
1 Sailors’ Union of the Pacific and Moore Drydock Co., 92 N L R B 547 (1950).
4 District 9, International Association of Machinists, and Greater St. Louis
Automobile Trimmers and Upholsterers Association, 134 N L R B No. 138
(Dec. 19,1961).
301
629482— 62----- |5
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
302
In this case, an employers’ association had
entered into a contract containing the disputed
clause prior to the effective date of the 1959
amendments. Section 8(e) of the act, which
was added by the amendments, makes it an
unfair labor practice for employers and labor
organizations to enter into contracts whereby
the employer agrees to cease or refrain from
handling goods of another employer or to cease
doing business with any other person. The
section also renders all existing or future contracts
containing such clauses void and unenforcible.
The Board unanimously concluded that there
was no meaningful distinction between contracts
which prohibit an employer from handling goods
produced by a nonunion firm and those which
in effect, require an employer to cease subcon
tracting with nonunion firms. The Board ruled
that both clearly violate the restrictions of 8(e)
and are therefore void. It distinguished the
disputed clause in the instant case from the more
common contract provision which attempts to
prohibit or restrict the subcontracting of work
ordinarily performed by employees in the bar
gaining unit in order to protect their jobs. The
disputed provision, the Board found, was more
than just a limitation of the employer’s right
to subcontract; it attempted to limit the persons
with whom the employer could do business.
Though the contract became operative before
the effective date of the 1959 amendments, the
Board concluded that the parties had reaffirmed
the provision when a mediation panel, composed of
representatives of the union and the employer
association, had unanimously decided that the
clause applied to a member of the association who
had challenged it. This reaffirmation constituted
an unfair labor practice under section 8(e), the
Board ruled. The Board doubted th at the
Congress, in passing 8(e), had intended that
contracts executed prior to the effective date of the
1959 amendments and rendered void thereby
would continue to be lawful for unfair labor
practice purposes simply because they were
executed prior to the effective date of the amend
ments but reaffirmed thereafter.
Members Fanning and Brown doubted the
majority’s conclusion that the union and the
employer had “entered into” the contract sub
sequent to the effective date of 8(e). Their actions
constituted, rather, an attem pt to enforce a pre
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
existing contract. Therefore, no unfair labor
practice had been committed, in their view.
Bargaining Unit. In two recent cases, the NLRB
upset two prior rulings establishing appropriate
bargaining units. In Sheffield Corp. and District 12,
International Association of Machinists,5 the Board
overturned the Litton Industries decision,6 which
had automatically excluded technical employees
from production and maintenance units whenever
their unit placement was made an issue. Instead,
the Board declared its intention to make a judge
ment as to the appropriateness of including
technical employees in production and mainte
nance units based upon the community of interests
of the employees in the proposed unit.
The effect of the Litton Industries decision was,
according to the Board, to ignore the pragmatic
considerations which should properly govern the
determination of a bargaining unit and to allow
the disagreement of the parties to invoke the
automatic application of a strictly mechanical rule.
Among those factors which the Board will hence
forth consider in determining whether technical
employees should be included in production and
maintenance units are: (1) the desires of the
parties, (2) the history of bargaining, (3) similarity
of skills and job functions, (4) common super
vision, (5) contact and/or interchange with other
employees, (6) similarity of working conditions,
(7) type of industry, (8) organization of the plant,
(9) whether the technical employees work in
separately situated and separately controlled
areas, and (10) whether any union seeks to
represent technical employees separately.
In Quaker City Life Insurance Co. and Insurance
Workers International Lnion,7 the Board reversed
its policy of forbidding the formation of units
of insurance agents less than state or company
wide in scope, in the absence of unusual circum
stances. I t declared its intentions to apply the
“normal” principles for determining the appro
priate bargaining unit.
The Board felt that the rationale behind the
rule in the Metropolitan Life 8 case was no longer
applicable and that the rule ought therefore to
be abandoned. That rule was based, according
S134 N L R B No. 122 (Dec. 7,1961).
6 Litton Industries of Maryland, Inc., and International Association of
Machinists, District Lodge 6 7 ,125 N L R B 722 (1959).
1 134 N L R B No. 114 (Dec. 5, 1961).
56 N L R B 1635 (1944).
8
decisions in labor cases
to the Board, upon the belief that rapid growth
of union organization among insurance agents
would render unnecessary the formation of smaller
than companywide or statewide units in order to
make collective bargaining available for those
agents who desired it. The Board observed that,
since such widespread organization of insurance
agents had not occurred, the Metropolitan Life
rule had arrested the organization of insurance
agents to an extent never contemplated by the
Labor Relations Act or even by the Board which
lormulated the rules. It, therefore, concluded
that there was no longer any reason for applying
different rules in the insurance industry from
those applied in other areas.
Members Rogers and Leedom dissented because
they could see no reason for overturning the rule
in the Metropolitan Life case.
Preelection Conduct. The National Labor Rela
tions Board ruled 9that the date of filing of an elec
tion petition shall henceforth be the cutoff date
in contested cases for considering preelection
conduct alleged to have interfered with the free
choice of the employees in a representation elec
tion under the LMRA. In so holding, the Board
overruled the 1954 Woolworth decision,10 which
had held that the Board would not consider
conduct prior to the date when it issued its
decision and direction of election.
In the present case, the incumbent union and
an employer, in the course of a representation
election campaign, signed a collective bargaining
agreement. The NLRB subsequently issued a
decision and direction of election. In the election,
which was held 16 days later, the employees
voted for the incumbent union. The defeated
union challenged the validity of the election,
alleging that the employer had interfered with the
employees’ free choice by entering into a contract
which provided increased wages and additional
benefits for the employees.
The Board, deciding this case under the rule
established in Woolworth, refused to set aside the
8 Ideal Electric and Manufacturing Co. and International Union of Electrical
Workers, 134 N L R B No. 133 (Dec. 14,1961).
10 F - W. Woolworth Co. and Retail Clerks International Association, Local
6S1, A F L -C IO , 109 N L R B 1446 (Sept. 20, 1954).
11 The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. and Retail Clerks Union, Local
1600, 101 N L R B 1118 (1952).
is Island Construction Co. and International Longshoremen’s and Warehouse
men’s Union, Local H2, 135 N L R B No. 1 (Jan. 3, 1962).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
303
election, but it declared its intention to establish
a new rule for all future cases. In adopting the
Woolworth rule, the Board had modified the rule
previously in effect under the Great Atlantic &
Pacific Tea Co. decision.11 Under the latter, the
Board asserted its unwillingness to consider objec
tions to an election based upon conduct prior to
either (1) the execution by the parties of a con
sent-election agreement or a stipulation for certi
fication upon consent-election or (2) the issuance
by the Regional Director of a notice of hearing.
By moving the cutoff date closer to the elec
tion, the Woolworth case had, according to the
Board, eliminated from consideration conduct too
remote to have improperly influenced the elec
tion. On the other hand, the Board considered
that the Woolworth rule precluded consideration
of much of the activity occurring during the elec
tion campaign and thereby enhanced the possi
bility of intentional delay at the hearing stage by
a party seeking to campaign improperly before
the cutoff date. Furthermore, the recent dele
gation of authority in election cases to NLRB
Regional Directors markedly decreased the time
which elapses between the filing of the petition
and the pursuant election. Thus, the date of
filing was no longer sufficiently remote from the
conduct of the election to necessitate the cutoff
date adopted in Woolworth, in the Board’s view.
Contract Bar in Construction Industry. The NLRB
ruled 12 that a contract between a construction
firm and a union that presented authorization
cards from a majority of the employees was a
valid election bar under the LMRA proviso that
a prehire contract in the construction industry
may not bar an election if the contracting union
has not established its majority status in accord
ance with the act.
One of the unions in this case, claiming to rep
resent a majority of the employees of the con
struction company’s two enterprises, requested
the negotiation of collective bargaining agree
ments. The employer said he would not enter
into negotiations until the union presented proof
of its majority status. Shortly thereafter, a rep
resentative of a second union demanded recogni
tion on the basis of its claim to represent a
majority of the carpenters and carpenters’ help
ers at all the various job sites at which the
employer was then working. The employer re-
304
fused to negotiate with the second union, but
agreed to meet with its representatives later.
When the first union later presented evidence
of its claim to represent a majority of all the
employees, the employer entered into two identical
collective bargaining agreements covering both
enterprises. The second union then filed its
election petition with the Board. I t argued that
the petitition was not barred by the existence of
the agreement because of the proviso in section
8(f) of the LMRA which authorizes the execution
of contracts in the construction industry before
the majority status of the union has been estab
lished but provides that such contracts will not
bar a petition if the contracting union’s majority
status has not been established under section 9
of the act, which governs the designation of
bargaining representatives. The union also con
tended that, because of its “substantial claim” for
recognition before the contracts were signed, the
Board should direct an election in any event.
In dismissing the second union’s election peti
tion, the Board pointed out th at the first union
had properly obtained exclusive representative
status under section 9 and that the contract
therefore constituted a bar to the petition despite
the 8(f) proviso. The Board pointed out th at a
union gains exclusive representative status either
by certification in a Board conducted election
under 9(c) or by other voluntary designation
pursuant to section 9(a). I t saw no reason to
distinguish between these two methods of obtain
ing exclusive recognition.
In this case, the Board found that an employer
engaged in the construction industry had entered
into agreements with a union which proved its
majority status by presenting the employer with
authorization cards signed by a majority of the
employees—a manner recognized as valid under
9(a). Therefore the agreements entered into pur
suant to this recognition constituted a bar to the
petition despite the proviso to 8(f).
In rejecting the petitioning union’s alternative
argument, the Board ruled that the employer’s
agreement to think over its request for recognition
and to meet again constituted no ground for
requiring an election in this case. Where an
employer lulls a union into a false sense of security
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
by promising that no contract will be signed or
any recognition granted to another union until
after an election, the union may obtain an election
if the employer violates his promise. In this case,
the Board found that no such promise was made.
Discharge of Supervisor. Although the LMRA
excludes supervisors from its definition of covered
employees, the National Labor Relations Board
ru led 13 that an employer committed an unfair
labor practice by discharging a supervisor for her
failure to comply with the employer’s instructions
to report on her husband’s union activities.
The supervisor in this case and her husband
were employed by the same employer. When the
union began to solicit membership among the
employees, the husband became an active member.
The employer requested that the supervisor obtain
from her husband a list of employees who attended
union meetings, and she did make an unsuccessful
attem pt to do so. She subsequently gave a Board
investigator a signed statement in connection with
the Board’s investigation of union allegations
concerning the discriminatory discharge of em
ployees. She also gave the employer a similar
statement upon his request. Shortly thereafter
she was discharged, allegedly because the em
ployer feared that information about union
activities she acquired from her husband might
be imputed to the employer and render him liable
in any future unfair labor practice litigation.
The Board found that the reason given by the
employer for his discharge of the supervisor was a
pretext. The real reason, according to the
Board, was the supervisor’s failure to provide her
employer with information as to the union
activities of her husband and other employees.
The discharge therefore violated section 8(a)(1)
of the LMRA, which prohibits interference by
an employer with the statutory rights of employees
to participate in organizational activities. She
was ordered reinstated with back pay.
The Board expressly refused to decide whether
they would have considered the discharge a viola
tion of 8(a)(1) if the reason for the discharge
had been, in fact, the one given by the employer.
is Brookside Industries, Inc., and Louise J. Moore, 135 N L R B No. 4 (Jan. 4,
1962).
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
January 1, 1962
T h e International Association of Machinists and the
Lockheed Aircraft Corp. put into effect an improved
pension plan. The minimum pension was increased by
25 cents a month for each year of service after January 1,
1962, and basic monthly pensions for employees earning
over $2.41 an hour were further increased by approximately
2/2 cents for each cent over this rate. Other provisions
were also liberalized. (See also p. 310 of this issue.)
T h e International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
withdrew from the Industrial Union Department, of which
it had been a member since 1955. (See Chron. items for
Nov. 17 and Nov. 30, 1961, MLR, Jan. 1962.)
January 3
T h e N a t io n a l L a bo r R el a t io n s B oard ruled that a con
tract with a union which proved its majority status by a
showing of authorization cards was a valid election bar
under the special proviso in section 8(f) of the Labor
Management Relations Act for contracts in the construc
tion industry. The case was Island Construction Co. and
International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union,
Local 142. (See also pp. 303—304 of this issue.)
January 5
H a z ardous O c cu pa tio n s O r d er N o . 16 issued by the
Acting Secretary of Labor under the Fair Labor Standards
Act went into effect. It raised from 16 to 18 years the
legal minimum employment age for minors engaged in
roofing operations.
January 6
P r e s id e n t J ohn F. K e n n e d y and Secretary of Labor
Arthur J. Goldberg established a committee of 10 U.S.
labor leaders, headed by AFL-CIO President George
Meany, to work with the Alliance for Progress on interAmerican efforts to develop a progressive program of labor
action in Latin America.
January 7
AFL-CIO P r e s id e n t M e a n y , acting under the disputes
settlement plan adopted at the recent AFL-CIO conven
tion (Chron. item for Dec. 13, 1961, MLR, Feb. 1962),
announced the establishment of a 42-member panel from
which he will designate mediators to attempt settlement
of complaints.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 11
T h e International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union and
the National Association of Blouse Manufacturers agreed
to a contract covering about 14,000 blousemakers in New
York, Connecticut, and New Jersey. The contract pro
vided for a general wage increase of 6 percent and an
increase in the minimum rate under the contract to
20 cents above the Federal minimum. (See also p. 310 of
this issue.)
T he President’s Committee on Labor-Management Policy
(Chron. item for Feb. 16, 1961, MLR, Apr. 1961) submitted
its first report to the President, which dealt with benefits
and problems of automation. The report called for a
higher rate of economic growth, possible tax reduction in
periods of heavy unemployment, more public works spend
ing, Federal standards for unemployment compensation,
support for education and training programs, protection
for displaced workers, and other measures. (For excerpts
from the report, see pp. 139-144, MLR, Feb. 1962.)
January 12
R uling that common situs picketing of a primary em
ployer who has a regular place of business elsewhere will
no longer be found automatically unlawful, the National
Labor Relations Board partially overruled the 8-year-old
Washington Coca Cola doctrine. The Board majority
attributed its decision in the current case— Local 861,
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and Plauche
Electric, Inc. to recent criticism of its application of
rigid per se principles. (See also p. 301 of this issue.)
T h e U.S. C ourt op A ppeals in New York City, overruling
a lower court, granted an injunction against an NLRB
representation election among the Honduran crew mem
bers of ships registered in Honduras and operated by a
Honduran subsidiary of a U.S. corporation. The court
found that the Congress did not intend the National Labor
Relations Act to outweigh a treaty signed by the United
States and Honduras in 1927. Moreover, the court ob
served that while the statutory condition for NLRB
jurisdiction that a "question of representation affecting
commerce exists”— was satisfied in this case, "we have not
heard it suggested that the Board considers its power to
extend to the stevedores who load [the] ships in Honduras
although they are engaged in ‘commerce’ quite as much
as the seamen who man them.” The case was Empresa
Hondurena de Vapores, S.A. v. McLeod. (See also p. 308
of this issue.)
January 17
P r e sid e n t K e n n e d y issued Executive Order 10988
guaranteeing civilian employees of the executive branch
the right to join unions and defining the scope of partici
pation by employee organizations in the determination of
personnel policies and working conditions not set by
statute. Informal recognition, with the right to be heard,
would be extended to unions representing less than 10
percent of the employees in the unit; formal recognition,
305
306
with the right to be consulted, would go to units with
10-50 percent organized; and exclusive recognition, with
the right to negotiate agreements, would be granted where
a majority are organized. (See also pp. I l l and IV,
MLR, Feb. 1962.)
S ecretary G oldberg , chairman of the President’s Com
mittee on Migratory Labor, announced that the Com
mittee’s “immediate goal” was the passage of pending
legislation to require registration of farm labor contractors
and crew leaders, to apply the child labor provisions of the
Fair Labor Standards Act to children of migratory farm
workers, to provide Federal grants for the extension of
public health, and educational services to migrants and
their families, and to create a National Advisory Council
on Migratory Labor. (See also p. 309 of this issue.)
January 18
N ew Y ork electrical contractors and Local 3 of the
IBEW reached a settlement which ended an 8-day strike
for a 20-hour workweek. The new contract, to be effec
tive for 2 years from July 1, 1962, shortened the basic
workweek from 30 hours to 25, increased straight-time
wages from $4.40 to $4.96 an hour, and guaranteed 5
hours of overtime work each week at time and one-half.
Several unresolved issues, including a reported commit
ment by Local 3 to add 1,000 apprentices over the term of
the contract, were referred to arbitration. (See also pp.
309-310 of this issue.)
A n in d e p e n d e n t local representing 5,000 Chicago cabdrivers who ousted Teamster Local 777 as their bargaining
agent (Chron. item for July 10, 1961, MLR, Sept. 1961)
was issued a charter of affiliation by Paul Hall, president
of the Seafarers’ International Union.
January 20
T h e U .S . C ourt of A ppe a l s in San Francisco, Calif., set
aside former Teamster President Dave Beck’s conviction
on income tax evasion (Chron. item for Feb. 19, 1959,
MLR, Apr. 1959). The court ordered a new trial because
“almost . . . the entire sum which was unreported as
income by Beck was embezzled funds” and therefore did
not constitute income. The court upheld his conviction
on two counts of aiding and assisting in filing false tax
returns for a Teamsters joint council.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1962
pay increase totaling 17 to 23 cents an hour and higher
shift differentials. The new contract, which runs to July 1,
1964, replaces one due to expire in June 1962. (See also
p. 311 of this issue.)
January 26
D e l e g a t e s to a c o n ve n t io n of the independent Bakery
and Confectionery Workers’ International Union (Chron.
item for June 30, 1961, MLR, Aug. 1961), after electing a
reform slate of officers headed by Max Kralstein, voted
unanimously to negotiate for merger with the AFL-CIO
American Bakery and Confectionery Workers’ Interna
tional Union. (See also p. 307 of this issue.)
T he U.S. C ourt of A p p e a l s in Washington, D.C.,
granted the NLRB’s petition for enforcement of an order
directing the Kohler Co. to bargain with the United Auto
Workers following a 6-year strike and to rehire certain
illegally discharged strikers (Chron. items for Aug. 26,
1960, and Apr. 23, 1961, MLR, Oct. 1960 and June 1961).
Moreover, the court ordered the Board to reconsider its
denial of reinstatement to 77 employees fired for strike
misconduct, since the Board must also consider the
seriousness of the employer’s unfair labor practices “in
determining whether reinstatement would effectuate the
policies of the [Taft] Act.” The case was Local 833, United
Automobile Workers v. NLRB; NLRB v. Kohler Co.;
Kohler Co. v. NLRB.
January 27
W illia m A. C a l v in , president of the International
Brotherhood of Boilermakers and a vice president of the
AFL-CIO, died of a heart attack at his home near Kansas
City, Kans.
January 30
T h e P h e l p s D odge C o r p . and the Mine, Mill and Smelter
T h e F e d e r a l D ist r ic t C ourt in Philadelphia enjoined
a threatened strike by the Transport Workers Union to
obtain guarantees that members’ jobs would not be
abolished because of the proposed merger between the
Pennsylvania and New York Central railroads, holding
that the union must first resort to the procedures pre
scribed in the Railway Labor Act. The court also denied
the union’s request to enjoin the companies from pro
ceeding with the merger, finding that the Interstate Com
merce Commission had exclusive jurisdiction over this
matter. The case was Pennsylvania Railroad Co. v.
Workers (Ind.) agreed to a contract providing a two-step
Transport Workers Union.
January 22
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Union Developments
The annual economic and legislative conference
of the AFL-CIO, January 22-25, 1962, devoted
its attention to unemployment. In general, the
500 delegates to the conference supported the
Government’s economic program but declared
the administration lacked a sense of urgency in
dealing with the problem of the unemployed.
AFL-CIO President George Meany declared that
the “recession is not over and done with when
4 million Americans can’t find jobs, when other
millions are working only part time, and when
almost a million more who want to work don’t
even bother to look for the chance because they
are so discouraged by the shortage of job oppor
tunities.” He urged the Government to imple
ment immediately remedial steps such as a
standby public works program, Presidential au
thority to cut withholding tax es te m p o ra rily ,
and enactment of the Manpower Development
and Retraining bills (H.R. 7373 and S. 1991) and
laws providing health aid for the aged and
assistance to education.
Delegates attending the 26th regular convention
of the independent Bakery and Confectionery
Workers International Union—in Cleveland, Ohio,
on January 23, 1962—voted 1,797 to 837 against
merger with the Teamsters union. The vote
followed a personal appeal by Teamster President
James R. Hoff a. At the closing session of the
convention, a new administration was elected on
its pledge to “clean up” the union. Elected
president was Max Kralstein of New York City,
who defeated Harvey Friedman of Cleveland.
James Landriscina, named president of the BCW
in M ay 1961, was not a candidate. Mr. Kralstein
said the union would act to restore a no-raiding
pact with the rival American Bakery and Con
fectionery Workers (AFL-CIO),1 and the con
vention, on January 26, voted unanimously to
seek a merger with that union.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Leaders of three construction trades unions—the
Bricklayers, Painters, and Plasterers—on January
11 announced they had signed a memorandum of
understanding aimed at ending jurisdictional
disputes. An administrative committee, consist
ing of one representative from each of the three
unions, was named to help police the agreement
and to resolve areas of disagreement in interpreta
tion. Lawrence M. Raftery, president of the
Painters union, said one effect of the agreement
would permit the unions to initiate an organizing
campaign to recruit more than 500,000 unskilled
and semiskilled workers. The three unions have
a combined membership of about 400,000 workers.
A program designed to promote greater partici
pation of American flag ships in carrying Govern
ment-financed cargoes was presented to Secretary
of Labor Arthur J. Goldberg on January 23 by
representatives of U.S. maritime unions. The
proposals were outlined by Paul Hall and Jesse
Calhoun, respective presidents of the Seafarers’
International Union and the Marine Engineers’
Beneficial Association. Their meeting arose from
a 15-day picketing of a British flag ship in Lake
Charles, La., in protest of ship chartering practices
under the Cargo Preference Act. The act provides
that 50 percent of all Government-financed cargo
must be shipped on American vessels, but its ad
ministration, the unions charged, has allowed for
eign flag shipping with “ substandard conditions”
to win many contracts, depriving American seamen
of jobs. The picketing, which was upheld by a
Louisiana court, ended at the request of Secretary
Goldberg when he asked the parties to meet with
him in Washington to discuss the matter. To
remedy the situation, the unions suggested that
the letter of the law be enforced, that the 50percent figure be treated as “ an absolute mini
mum,” that a system of cargo preference to cover
commercial cargoes be established, and that pro
vision be included for “ some form of construction
and operating subsidy for all segments of the U.S.
merchant fleet.”
The International Longshoremen’s Association,
expanding its jurisdictional area outside the con
tinental United States, on January 9 announced
it had chartered a local in Colon, Panama. The
local’s membership reportedly includes stevedores
•Prepared in the D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of available information.
1 See Monthly Labor Review, August 1961, p. 890.
307
308
on the payroll of the Panama Canal Company (an
agency of the U.S. Government). Captain Wil
liam V. Bradley, president of the ILA, said it was
his intention to persuade the Government to turn
over the handling of all cargo, except Federal
goods, to private stevedoring concerns. Harold
Rerrie, president of Local 900 of the American
Federation of State, County and Municipal Em
ployees, termed the ILA’s action “ raiding” ; he
asserted the Longshoremen’s union was not author
ized to organize Federal employees in the United
States and he saw no reason why they should do
so in Panama. (The local is composed of employ
ees of the Panama Canal Company who are not
U.S. citizens. These workers were organized by
the Government and Civic Employees Organizing
Committee, which merged with AFSCME in
1956.)
In Chicago, the Seafarers’ International Union
on January 18 issued a charter to the independent
taxi drivers’ union which last July ousted Team
ster Local 777, whose president is Joseph P.
Glimco, as bargaining agent in National Labor
Relations Board elections.2 Paul Hall, president
of the SIU, said the local would operate under a
new transportation services division of the union,
to be headed by Dominic A. Abata, who is also
president of the local. Mr. Hall promised finan
cial aid and every other form of encouragement for
the division’s affiliates “ to increase their jurisdic
tion wherever they can.”
Reports and Rulings
On January 18, Judge Alexander Holtzoff of the
U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia
temporarily enjoined the National Labor Relations
Board from conducting a representation election
among seamen of the Empresa fleet, which is reg
istered in Honduras but operated by Empresa
Hondurena de Vapores, S.A., a subsidiary of the
United Fruit Co., a New Jersey corporation. The
election would have determined whether the sea
men wanted to be represented by the National
Maritime Union, the Sindicato Maritimo Nacional
de Honduras, or neither. The existing bargaining
agent, the Sociedad Nacional de Marineros de
Honduras, which had sought the injunction, was
not to be on the ballot.
Judge Holtzoff’s decision followed a similar
ruling a week earlier by the U.S. Court of Appeals
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
for the Second Circuit in a suit filed by the em
ployer. Both courts reasoned that the Congress
had not intended that the National Labor Rela
tions Act contravene maritime law or abrogate a
1927 treaty between Honduras and the United
States which reserved control over merchant sea
men’s wages and wage contracts to the flag
country, even when its vessels were in the ports
or territorial waters of the other nation. The
treaty had also been cited by the Department of
Justice, which intervened in the suits at the request
of the Department of State, following a formal
protest against the NLRB’s action by the Hon
duran ambassador to the United States. Just
before the NLRB first asserted jurisdiction over
certain American-owned ships flying foreign flags
about a year ago,3 the State Department had
joined the Department of Defense in requesting
the Board to decline jurisdiction over Americanowned ships registered in Panama, Honduras, and
Liberia in order to keep them available to the
United States during any national emergency.
The President’s Advisory Committee on LaborManagement Policy on January 11 submitted its
first report to the President, in which it made
recommendations for the solution of some of the
problems arising from automation.4 The Com
mittee agreed that automation and technological
change had led to some displacement of workers,
but declared it “impossible, with presently avail
able data, to isolate that portion of present
unemployment resulting from these causes.”
Their proposals emphasized the importance of
cooperative ventures between Government and
private groups toward achieving a higher rate of
economic growth, improving and supporting edu
cational facilities, and adoption of retraining
programs including subsistence and transfer pay
ments and other income supplements. Recom
mendations also called for Federal minimum
standards for State unemployment compensation,
possible tax reductions in periods of heavy unem
ployment, and greater spending for public works
where necessary. The Committee declared the
goal of full employment on a 40-hour week to be
“more significant at the present time than the
consideration of a general reduction in the hours
of work.” Separate reports were filed by mem2 See Monthly Labor Review, September 1961, p. 1011.
8 See Monthly Labor Review, M ay 1961, pp. 527-529.
8 For excerpts of the Committee’s recommendations, see Monthly Labor
Review, February 1962, pp. 139-144.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
bers Henry Ford II and Arthur E. Bums. Mr.
Burns called the report “a dubious guide to
economic policy.”
On January 17, the President’s Committee on
Migratory Labor approved a program to promote
better economic and social conditions for migrant
farm workers and their families. The Committee,
headed by Secretary of Labor Goldberg, stressed
the importance of enacting bills pending in the
House of Representatives (and already passed by
the Senate) that would provide Federal grants to
States for health and education aid to migrant
families, curb the use of migrants’ children as
farm workers, require registration of migrant crew
leaders and contractors, and create a National
Advisory Council on Migratory Labor. The re
port’s other recommendations included congres
sional action to bring these workers under the
coverage of the minimum wage, unemployment
insurance, and labor-management relations laws.
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of
Columbia on January 26 granted enforcement of
an NLRB order that the Kohler Co. of Kohler,
Wis., bargain with the United Auto Workers and
rehire those among some 1,700 illegally discharged
strikers who applied for reinstatement.5 In addi
tion, the court ordered the NLRB to reconsider
its decision that 77 of those involved in the 6-year
strike, which began in April 1954, were lawfully
fired for misconduct in the dispute. The court
said that the Board must consider the seriousness
of the company’s unfair labor practices, as well
as the strikers’ misconduct, in determining whether
they should be reinstated. The court also re
jected the Board’s finding that the company
had bargained in good faith during contract
negotiations prior to and immediately after the
strike because the Board had “ improperly ignored”
the company’s “ history of antiunion activities
and . . . unfair labor practices . . . .”
A 3-to-2 decision by the NLRB on January 12
reversed an 8-year-old rule th at automatically
barred as unlawful “ picketing at the common
situs . . . when the primary employer has a
regular place of business in the locality which can
be picketed.” Because of recent criticism of
such per se doctrines, the majority said it would
henceforth “ consider the place of picketing as one
circumstance among others” in determining
4 See Monthly Labor Review, October 1960, p. 1096.
629 4 3 2 — 62------ 6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
309
whether such picketing has an illegal objective.
The decision involved Plauche Electric, Inc., of
Lake Charles, La., and Local 861 of the Interna
tional Brotherhood of Electrical Workers.
Wages and Collective Bargaining
An agreement reached in mid-January by Local
3 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers and New York City electrical contractors
increased the basic union wage scale on construc
tion work from $4.40 to $4.96 an hour and reduced
the basic workday from 6 to 5 hours. (A 30-hour
basic workweek had been in effect since 1934.)
The new agreement provided that the electricians
will work a sixth hour at time and one-half, whereas
the previous agreement had called for a seventh
hour at the premium rate. These changes were
deferred to July 1, 1962, and are to continue in
effect until June 30, 1964. The agreement also
added a third week of vacation after 25 years’
employment, to be effective in M ay 1963, but did
not change the employers’ contribution for vaca
tions. It ended a brief strike primarily over
demands for a 20-hour week and affects about
9,000 electricians.
Under the new agreement, workers will receive
$161.20 for a 30-hour workweek (25 hours at
$4.96 plus 5 hours’ overtime at $7.44) compared
with $165 for a 35-hour workweek under the
present contract (30 hours at $4.40 and 5 hours’
overtime at $6.60). Gross average hourly earn
ings will be $5.37 for a 30-hour week, compared
with $4.71 for a 35-hour week under the existing
contract. If workers continue to work a 35-hour
week, their weekly pay would increase to $198.40—
an average of $5.67 an hour—20 percent above
the existing pay for a 7-hour day.
In exchange for the shorter hours and the higher
basic wage scale, an industry representative said
the union agreed in principle to two major con
cessions, to be worked out by July 1, 1962. One
was a promise by Local 3’s business manager that
he would supply an additional 1,000 apprentices,
purportedly to eliminate the need for overtime
work at premium pay by journeymen. The
second was the reported commitment by the
union to lower its secondary rate (currently $3.50
an hour) which applies in areas where there is
nonunion competition (e.g., rewiring apartment
houses and small alteration and maintenance
310
jobs). The rate, however, would not be reduced
to the prevailing nonunion pay level. Theodore
W. Kheel was appointed by New York City
Mayor Robert Wagner to serve as chairman of a
review board to which these and other unsettled
issues were referred for arbitration.
Higher wage scales in the New York City
laundry industry resulted from an award made
on January 9 by Herman Brickman, the industry’s
impartial chairman. The award, made under
reopening clauses of 5-year contracts due to
expire in September 1962, provided wage in
creases of 5 cents an hour for inside production
workers and 7% and 10 cents for maintenance and
engineering employees, respectively. Office, cleri
cal, and store employees received wage increases
of $2 and $3 a week and outside workers—
mostly drivers and deliverymen—received general
increases of $3 to $5 weekly. Minimums were
also raised, with the lowest rate—applying to
workers in the family, wholesale, and hand
laundry divisions—increased to $1.15 (from $1.05).
The award, affecting about 18,000 workers, also
established a third week of vacation.
The National Association of Blouse Manufac
turers on January 11 reached agreement with the
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union
for about 14,000 blousemakers in New York,
Connecticut, and New Jersey. The agreement
provided the first general wage-rate increase since
1959 and included a 6-percent increase, which was
effective February 5, 1962, and an increase in
the minimum hourly wage to 20 cents above the
Fair Labor Standards Act minimum. (Formerly
the contract required the minimum be 15 cents
above the FLSA minimum, which rose from $1 to
$1.15 in September 1961.) Employer payments
to the union health, welfare, vacation, retirement,
and severance-pay funds were increased by 0.5
percent. The settlement usually sets the pattern
for the agreement between the union and the
Slate Belt Apparel Contractors Association cover
ing an additional 4,000 blousemakers in
Pennsylvania.
Earlier in January, the same union had reached
agreement with the California Sportswear and
Dress Association, Inc., on a 3-year contract
covering 3,500 workers in 70 shops. The pact did
not provide an immediate general wage increase
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
but included $2-a-week increases in January of
1963 and 1964. The cutters’ minimum wage was
increased to $95 a week from $85. Increases in
other minimum wage rates of 15 to 20 cents an
hour were also included in the contract, as were
provisions to maintain the basic minimum at least
15 cents above the Federal minimum.
A 2-year agreement between Beechnut Life
Savers, Inc., and an independent employee asso
ciation representing 1,300 production and main
tenance employees of the company’s Canajoharie,
N.Y., plant was ratified by the employees on
December 30, 1961. The agreement provided a
3-percent general wage increase effective January
1 of both 1962 and 1963, as well as additional
adjustments for individuals and groups, and
eliminated most of the bonus systems with com
pensating increases in base rates. Eligibility
provisions for vacations were changed so that all
employees with 15 years of service will receive
3 weeks’ vacation irrespective of hours worked.
Supplemental sick benefits will be paid any
employee entitled to workmen’s compensation if
injured in an accident in which he was not at
fault. Maximum paid funeral leave was increased
to 4 days, from 3, and the provision for jury duty
was improved.
Effective January 1, 1962, an improved pension
program went into effect under an agreement
negotiated on December 16 by the International
Association of Machinists and the Lockheed Air
craft Corp., covering about 40,000 hourly rated
employees in all bargaining units represented by
IAM, mostly in California, Georgia, and New
York. Wages were not an issue in the negotia
tions; wage agreements are due to expire this
summer. Minimum pensions were increased by
25 cents a month, to $2.25 a month for each year
of future service beginning January 1, 1962. For
employees earning over $2.41 an hour, there were
additional increases in basic monthly pensions of
approximately 2% cents for each cent over this
rate. The limit on years of service for pension
credit was raised from 30 to 35. Other changes
included establishment of disability retirement
benefits, a $1,000 death benefit, and liberalized
vesting and early retirement provisions.
Two locals of the Machinists union on January
2 ratified a 1-year contract covering 3,300 em
ployees of The Stanley Works (handtools, hard-
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
ware, and cold rolled steel) and its Stanley Tools
Division in New Britain and Plainville, Conn.
In addition to providing a 2-percent (minimum
5 cents) wage increase, the contract broadened
funeral leave eligibility.
Wage increases averaging 8X cents an hour to
be effective February 1 of 1962, 1963, and 1964,
were agreed to in late January between the
Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co. and a
local of the International Brotherhood of Team
sters. The settlement, affecting about 10,000
workers in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, also
provided an additional paid half holiday, bringing
the total to 7%, and improved pensions and health
benefits. Negotiations had been conducted orig
inally under a wage reopening provision of a
contract to expire January 31, 1963; instead the
parties agreed to extend the agreement 3 years,
to January 31, 1966, with a reopening on wages
and other economic matters in 1965.
The Phelps Dodge Corp. and the independent
Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers Union concluded
negotiations in mid-January on terms of a new
contract, over 5 months in advance of the
scheduled expiration date of the existing agree
ment. The settlement, which affected about
2,500 Phelps Dodge employees in Arizona, was the
first major agreement to be reached this year in
the nonferrous mining and smelting industry.
I t provided wage increases of 8% to llK cents an
hour, effective on both January 21, 1962, and
July 1, 1963, and increased shift differentials.
Later in the month, the MMSW reached a
settlement with the Magma Copper Co. and its
subsidiary, San Manuel Copper Corp., for about
2,400 workers in Arizona. This settlement—also
reached in advance of a contract scheduled to
expire June 30, 1962, and subject to union member
ship ratification—called for a general wage in
crease of 8% cents an hour plus a ^-cent increase
in the increments between job classes, to be effec
tive January 28, 1962. Similar raises are scheduled
for July 1, 1963.
The Corning Glass Works and the American
Flint Glass Workers concluded negotiations on
December 30 for a 1-year contract covering about
5,000 workers at plants in Corning, Big Flats,
Horseheads, and Erwin, N.Y. The pact provided
a 3-percent wage increase, with a minimum of 7
cents an hour. The company also agreed to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
311
assume $2 a month of the employees’ contribu
tions for insurance. Early retirement at age 62
(normal retirement age is 65) was provided at
actuarially reduced benefits. The contract also
established a plan under which the company will
refund 75 percent of tuition and laboratory fees to
employees who successfully complete courses
with an accredited or company-approved educa
tional institution.
An industrywide seniority plan to help protect
workers in the glass container industry against
plant closings or transfers will be a major demand
of the Glass Bottle Blowers Association in im
minent negotiations, the union announced in late
January. Lee W. Minton, president of the
GBBA, said existing contracts provide transfer of
seniority rights from one plant to another but
only within a company. Other union demands
included higher wages and improved pension and
health insurance benefits. The union’s contract
with the Glass Container Manufacturers In
stitute, Inc., affecting about 6,500 machine oper
ators and mechanics, was to expire February 28.
The Philadelphia Board of Education on
January 25 announced yearly salary increases of
$200 to $400 for about 11,000 public school
teachers. The increases, retroactive to January 1,
1962, amounted to $400 for about 5,600 teachers
earning the minimum and maximum rates of pay,
and to $200 a year for some 5,500 teachers re
ceiving intermediate salaries. The new pay scales
range from $4,700, for teachers holding a standard
certificate or bachelor’s degree, to a maximum of
$8,100, for those with a doctorate.
Other Developments
The Transport Workers Union threatened strike
action against two railroads and two airlines to
obtain guarantees that proposed mergers would
not cost workers their jobs. Early in January,
directors of the country’s two largest railroads—
the Pennsylvania and the New York Central—
approved merger terms, subject to stockholder
and Interstate Commerce Commission approval.
Michael Quill, president of the TWU, said that
only a firm commitment from both roads that
none of the union’s members would lose their jobs
if the two systems merged could avert a work
stoppage scheduled for February 4, 1962. The
TWU also filed suit to block the merger. Both
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
312
roads, in turn, sought injunctions against a strike,
on the ground that it would violate the Railway
Labor Act and cause them irreparable damage.
These contentions were upheld by Federal dis
trict courts which heard the cases, and temporary
restraining orders prohibiting the TWU from
striking both roads were issued on January 30
and 31.
American Airlines, Inc., and Eastern Air Lines,
Inc., on January 23 announced their intention to
merge, declaring “ all employees of both companies
would become employees of the merged company.”
American Airlines, which would become the suc
cessor company, said the rights of employees
“ would be protected by the merger agreement and
by the provisions normally specified by the Civil
Aeronautics Board in its approval of mergers.”
The TWU said it would take a strike vote if the
companies did not provide guarantees against
loss of jobs, but on February 8 a Federal district
court in New York issued an injunction barring a
strike against American Airlines.
What is known as industrial copartnership, involving profit-sharing and
embodying all the vitality there is in the principle of cooperation, offers a
practical way of producing goods on a basis at once just to capital and to
labor, and one which brings out the best moral elements of the capitalist and
the workman. . . . In the United States but little has been done in this
direction, but wherever the principle has been tried there have been three
grand results: Labor has received a more liberal share for its skill, capital has
been better remunerated, and the moral tone of the whole community in
volved raised. Employment has been steadier and more sure. . . . Each
man feels himself more a man. The employer looks upon his employees in
the true light, as associates. Conflict ceases and harmony takes the place of
disturbances. . . . no strikes have occurred, and no labor troubles have been
experienced. This feature, as a suggested remedy for industrial depressions,
has . . . much in it of hope for the future. . . .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
— Industrial Depressions, The First Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor
(W ash in gton, 1886), pp. 2 8 0 -2 8 1 .
Book Reviews
and Notes
E ditor ’s N ote.— Listing of a 'publication in this
section is for record and reference only and does
not constitute an endorsement of point of view
or advocacy of use.
Special Reviews
The Machinists: A New Study in American Trade
Unionism. By M ark Perlman. Cambridge,
Mass., Harvard University Press, 1961.
xvii, 333 pp. $7.50.
Lhis volume is the fifth in a Wertheim publica
tions series of labor history monographs published
under the guidance of Professor John T. Dunlop.
The present study is a carefully documented and
scholarly history of the International Association
of Machinists Grand Lodge (national headquar
ters) from its inception in 1888 to 1952. I t traces
the history of the association from its origin as
a southern railroad craft union to the fourth
largest union in the Nation. Only a few unions
have maintained, during the present century, as
consistent a record of prominence in the American
labor movement as the Machinists. Professor
Perlman divides his study into three parts: the
history of the Grand Lodge, its government, and
its policies.
The Machinists have enjoyed stable leadership.
While the political persuasions and the personali
ties of these leaders naturally differed, the transi
tion from one administration to the next was
invariably rather smooth and did not involve
abrupt changes in policy. Nevertheless, the
union has undergone deep changes. By 1952,
the study cutoff date, only 40 percent of the
members were classified by the union as skilled
workers, and only 1 out of 8 IAM members was
part of the craft elite”—tool and die makers and
railroad men the original mainstay of the union.
Despite its growth and the heterogeneity of its
membership, the union has remained dynamic
and viable. Perlman believes that this is due
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
to the union concentration on “ bread and butter”
issues and its militant insistence upon defending
and extending its jurisdiction. This adamant
protection of self-interest has led the IAM to
continuing jurisdictional fights with other unions
and has been the cause for disaffiliation from the
American Federation of Labor on two occasions.
The union has concentrated on winning “ more”
for its members and has avoided social pioneering.
This is illustrated by its racial policies. For
years the Machinists have barred Negroes. Negro
discrimination was dropped officially in 1947 only
because of external pressures from fair employment
legislation, Federal procurement policies, the
Taft-Hartley Act, and the changing views of the
American community. When the color bar was
finally dropped by the executive council, the
action was justified by the union leadership on the
basis that Taft-Hartley made it necessary. Even
so, segregated locals continued after formal
discrimination was eliminated.
The power of the executive council to ban
racial discrimination by fiat illustrates the trend
toward greater centralization of power in the
hands of the national officers, particularly the
president. This is in line with developments in
other unions. However, as Perlman notes “ local
autonomy remains important in the IAM. Con
tracts are still generally negotiated on the local
level.” A history of the Machinists which con
centrates on the activities of the Grand Lodge,
therefore, tells only part of the union’s story and
excludes the most vital and interesting achieve
ments and impact of this great union.
—Sar A. L evitan
George Washington University
Washington, D.C.
Labor-Management Contracts at Work: Analysis of
Awards Reported by the American Arbitration
Association. By Morris Stone. New York,
Harper & Brothers, 1961. 307 pp. $5.50.
Arbitration and Public Policy: Proceedings of the
Pourteenth Annual ^Meeting of the National
Academy of Arbitrators, Santa Monica, Calif.,
January 25-27, 1961. Edited by Spencer D.
Pollard. Washington, Bureau of National
Affairs, Inc., 1961. 208 pp. $6.50.
Three years ago, Archibald Cox noted th at the
records of grievance arbitrations are one of our
313
314
Nation’s most important treasures of experience
and asked that more work be done in collecting
from them some general standards for the
administration of labor-management contracts.
Morris Stone, in Labor-Management Contracts at
Work, has made a substantial contribution in this
direction. He has identified and analyzed some
of the standards which shape arbitral opinions by
bringing together summaries of the thinking of
150 of the country’s leading arbitrators in 10 criti
cal areas of employer-employee relations. Among
the subjects covered are discipline, terminations
and other work force reductions, seniority and
ability, overtime, foremen and supervisory rela
tionships, and problems involving various fringe
benefits. In each subject-matter area, he has sum
marized a number of leading arbitral decisions
written within the last 3 years, indicated what
appear to have been the major controlling con
siderations, and shown why different arbitrators
seem to have reached different conclusions regard
ing the interpretation of what appears, at least
superficially, to have been similar contract lan
guage.
The search for generalizations concerning the
administration of labor-management contracts is
hazardous for many reasons. Good arbitrators
seldom generalize. An infinite variety of detail
can influence an ultimate decision, and occasionally
an arbitrator may think it advisable not to put
some very significant considerations on paper.
Finally, history of bargaining and past practice
can permit differing interpretation of identical
language. Mr. Stone is aware of these difficulties;
the reader should be equally cautious. Never
theless, this volume is an important step toward
what may eventually become a kind of common
law of collective bargaining contracts.
For a number of years, the National Academy
of Arbitrators has published the papers presented
at its annual meeting. Many of these have been
highly useful to practitioners in the labor-manage
ment field; a few have influenced the course of
developments in the field. The present volume,
Arbitration and Public Policy, is a worthy member
of the series. The subject m atter ranges from
Sam Kagel’s discussion of recent Supreme Court
decisions concerning arbitration to Richard Mittenthal’s scholarly analysis of past practice and
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
the administration of bargaining agreements. (The
latter analysis is far different from Stone’s in
Labor-Management Contracts at Work; both are
useful.) Two papers, R. W. Fleming’s on due
process in arbitration and Sylvester G arrett’s on
lawyers in arbitration, add new fuel to long-smol
dering controversies. George Hildebrand’s dis
cussion of the use of neutrals in collective bargain
ing has little to do with arbitration, but it is an
important aid to understanding a number of recent
developments in significant bargaining situations.
Discussion comments made at the meeting are
appended to each paper. The contributions of
“discussants” to learned meetings tend to be
uneven, at best. These are of an unusually high
order.
— C h a r l e s M. R e h m u s
Presidential Railroad Commission
The Man in the Middle. By Nathan W. Shefferman
and Dale Kramer. New York, Doubleday
& Co., Inc., 1961. 292 pp. $4.50.
Mr. Shefferman’s volume, which was written
with the assistance of Dale Kramer, contributes
little to our understanding of labor-management
relations but throws considerable light on how
an individual of skill and ability can build up a
substantial business in the field of labor-manage
ment relations by establishing close personal ties
with leaders on both sides and by assisting in
dividuals on either side to achieve their objectives.
Mr. Shefferman apparently feels that if he
gives the reader some interesting inside stories
on labor-management relations in this country
he will have accomplished the purpose of cleaning
up his role in the rather sordid activities revealed
during the McClellan Committee Hearings. Ad
mittedly, Mr. Shefferman’s stories are quite
interesting and no one can question his knowledge
of the seamier side of labor-management relations
activities.
Several interesting chapters are devoted to an
explanation of the rise of Dave Beck and James
R. Hoff a to power in the Teamsters union. Mr.
Shefferman describes both in glowing terms.
— H a r r y W e is s
Deputy Assistant Secretary, International Affairs
U.S. Department of Labor
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Study of the Soviet Economy: Direction and Impact
of Soviet Growth, Teaching and Research in
Soviet Economics. Edited by Nicolas Spulber.
Bloomington, Indiana University, 1961. 169
pp. (Russian and East European Series,
Vol. 25.) $3.
The papers included in this book were presented
at a conference held at Indiana University in
February 1961. Two major subject areas were
covered—Direction and Impact of Soviet Growth
and Teaching and Research in Soviet Economics.
The first three papers in the section on Soviet
growth are the most interesting and should have
a broad appeal to the layman as well as to the
economist. A paper on "Directions for Future
Growth of the Soviet Economy,” by Joseph
A. Kershaw, sets the theme in its lead sentence,
"This subject is at once fascinating and frustrat
ing.” Kershaw discusses growth of the Soviet
economy, its relationship to recent growth in the
United States, and competition in the U.S.S.R.
for resources (both physical and human) among
the demand sectors of foreign aid, national
defense, and consumer living standards. He
demonstrates that even if Russian claims are
properly discounted, the rate of growth in the
U.S.S.R. has been very high and will continue
to be so.
A paper by M. Gardner Clark discusses the
economics and technology of the Soviet steel
industry. His findings are based on firsthand
observation as a member of a 1958 delegation to
the U.S.S.R., including the editing of the delega
tion’s book-length report. Clark’s analysis deals
with various phases of steel operation from ore
mining through pig iron and steelmaking processes.
He indicates that the Soviets have achieved a
very high degree of technological advancement
and efficiency in certain operations (but not all).
A large measure of their success stems from their
highly developed cost consciousness and their
attention to research and development. The
continued superiority of the United States in the
rate of output per man-hour is attributed, by
Clark, to the know-how in industrial engineering.
Walter Galenson’s very interesting paper is
entitled, “Economic Relations Between the Soviet
Union and Communist China.” He disagrees
with the prevailing view that "economic assistance
to China has been essentially costless to the
Russians.” He presents information on Sino-
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315
Soviet trade, including a discussion of the advan
tages to China relative to the U.S.S.R. He
acknowledges that economic aid to China repre
sents a small part of Soviet gross national product,
but points out that aid and trade exported to
China is largely machinery and equipment, trans
portation equipment, and other goods important
to industrial development. The Russians have
also been furnishing trained technicians to China.
Communist China’s exports to the U.S.S.R. have
been consumer goods. These trade terms, accord
ing to Galenson, have helped substantially in
China’s economic growth and have lowered the
U.S.S.R.’s growth rate. He says, "If the same
drain were to continue for the duration of the
current Soviet 7-year plan, the growth foregone
by the Soviet economy during the plan would be
reduced by at least 5 percent from the projected
80 percent, and probably substantially more.”
John M. Montias’ studious paper on "The
Soviet Economic Model and the Underdeveloped
Nations” discusses the influence of Soviet eco
nomics on the underdeveloped countries and will
appeal more to the trained economist than to the
layman. He believes that "Soviet ideology carries
little weight among economists in underdeveloped
countries,” but they have been successful in sup
porting industrialization and furnishing capital
goods and technical aid.
The section on "Teaching and Research in
Soviet Economics” is primarily of interest to the
specialist in Soviet economics or in education,
since it deals largely with suggestions for college
curriculums on studies of the Soviet Union. The
discussants seem to agree that Marx and the
Communists have not contributed much to
economic theory but that their influence in the
world economy is worth serious study. A paper
by Robert W. Campbell suggests that research on
the Soviet economy has advanced considerably in
the last decade, but it needs to be continued.
I t is too bad that the book does not include any
of the comments of the conference participants on
the growth papers. They would be particularly
useful to nonexperts on the Soviet economy.
—L eon G reenberg
Chief, Division of Productivity and
Technological Developments
Bureau of Labor Statistics
316
Quantity Planning and Price Planning in the
Soviet Union. By Hans Hirsch; translated
from the German by Karl Scholz. Phila
delphia, University of Pennsylvania Press,
1961. 272 pp. $5.
Economists specializing on the Soviet Union
tend to look for Western analogs in the Soviet
system, but in doing so important areas of eco
nomic analysis are not put in their proper per
spective. Fortunately, Mr. Hirsch does not
suffer from this shortcoming, for he carefully
separates the question of economic accounting
from that of consumer sovereignty. His central
question is, “What determines how much of each
goods will be produced; how is the choice made
between short-term and long-term alternatively
producible quantities of goods?” He attempts to
place this question, not in the context of the
Western market-orientated system, but appro
priately in the Soviet context of balanced esti
mates and planned prices.
Another common failing in Western approaches
to the study of the Soviet economy is rigid ad
herence to the conceptual frameworks and ana
lytical methods of Soviet writers. However, such
an approach, as Mr. Hirsch appropriately points
out, leads to a far greater emphasis on the ad
ministration of planning than on the actual
decisionmaking process. Mr. Hirsch chose to
undertake the difficult task of developing his own
framework. Quite appropriately he starts with
quantity planning in the balanced estimating
procedure. In this physical output planning
context, the financial planning is introduced in its
proper secondary role. Physical and financial
planning in the Soviet economy is then related to
its economic decisionmaking context. Finally,
the principles of price planning that emerge in the
Soviet planning technique are discussed.
With all its value and insight into a very im
portant and complex problem, the book surpris
ingly falls short of being timely in the sense of
providing a current perception of the Soviet
debate on the “law of value.” A serious debate
on economic decisionmaking, permitted by the
Soviet leadership, has been raging for several
years. This debate has dealt with such topics as
new methods for setting prices and determining
investment decisions and the use of advanced
mathematical techniques in economic planning.
A number of Western market-type methods have
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
been suggested for the reform of Soviet economic
planning structure. The Soviet discussants in
this debate include Kantorovich, Nemchinov,
Belkin, and others. In the West, this debate is
being analyzed by Robert Campbell, Herbert
Levine, and Wassily Leontief, among others.
Had his book been keyed to this important
debate, Mr. Hirsch could have contributed sub
stantially to its understanding.
Moreover, Mr. Hirsch does not relate his price
policy analysis to the current Soviet debate on
price formation. In this area, the consideration
of the important Western research on Soviet
pricing by Abram Bergson, Lynn Turgeon,
R. F. D. Hutchings, and others would have
added a richness to his book. Finally, the
question of Soviet data used in planning would
have benefited by some reference to the very
useful work by Gregory Grossman on physical
inputs statistics in Soviet planning.
With all these reservations in mind, this re
viewer strongly recommends the book to readers
interested in the Soviet economy. The decision
of the University of Pennsylvania Press to trans
late this book and make it available to an English
reading audience was a happy one. Mr. Hirsch
has taken a very sound approach to a basic
problem and we are in his debt for providing
extremely useful insights.
— J ohn P. H ardt
Research Analysis Corporation
Bethesda, Md.
The Norristoum Study. By Sidney Goldstein.
Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania
Press, 1961. ix, 366 pp. $7.50.
For some years now, the borough of Norris
town, Pa., which is about 20 miles from Phila
delphia, has been the setting for a large-scale
community study by students and practitioners
in the social sciences. Established at the Uni
versity of Pennsylvania with the aid of a Ford
Foundation grant, the project has generated
numerous studies revolving about the relationship
between technological change (very broadly de
fined to include not only changes in plant and
machinery but also in ways of doing business
and ways of living) and social adjustments to
these changes (also broadly defined to include
changing attitudes and values).
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
This volume, which is a progress report on an
interdisciplinary research program, presents the
origin, concepts, and goals of the project itself,
evaluates it as a training ground for graduate
students in research in the social sciences, and
presents some of its substantive findings to date.
Judging from the materials in the volume, as
well as its listing of related Ph.D. theses and
papers published, the use of this kind of procedure
as a training ground appears fruitful indeed.
Given the importance and encompassing nature
of the topic, the use of a live setting of a com
munity seen in its historical perspective, and
the utilization of a spectrum of techniques,
including not only historical research but also
household enumeration, case study, and life
history approaches, it is not surprising that the
result has concreteness and specificity and yet
enough elbow room for a meaningful research
program in the social sciences.
The substantive findings cover a wide span of
topics. They include migration and mobility,
fertility, job adjustments to technological change,
changing attitudes of workers, and acculturation
among various minority groups. The f i n d i n g
that in-and-out migration was quite high in
Norristown but apparently confined to a certain
sector of the population, most of whom had been
the in-migrants of 10 years past, is a provocative
one and warrants following up by similar studies.
Some findings based on the Norristown study
concur in an independent manner with similar
findings elsewhere. Among these are points con
cerning the growing importance of occupational
mobility, the readjustment of unemployed workers
in the community rather than readjustment by
moving, and the changing job structure with
increasing emphasis on the more highly trained.
Norristown is now caught up in new changes,
especially in its relationship to its suburbs and,
in fact, to nearby Philadelphia. With the solid
vantage point of the work already done, it is hoped
that this project will continue to follow develop
ments in what already is one of the major problems
of the 1960’s—the adjustments needed in response
to accelerating technological change.
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S eymour L. W olpbein
Deputy Assistant Secretary
U.S. Department of Labor
317
The Farmer s Dilemma. By Stanley Andrews.
Washington, Public Affairs Press, 1961. 184
pp. $4.50.
The farmer’s dilemma as described by Stanley
Andrews is in reality not his dilemma at all.
The real dilemma belongs to the rest of us Ameri
cans who must decide whether the Nation is to
turn its back on the rural civilization which is
“bedded in the American tradition,” or whether
the Nation shall undertake, as the author suggests,
the proper “management of a basic resource to
provide, for those who want to remain in agricul
ture, a decent opportunity to survive.” If non
farmers have any real doubt about their choice,
Andrews early in his book relieves them of it:
“The farm community and the family farm are
too much a part of the American scene to relin
quish without one more attem pt to preserve them.”
This book, consequently, is largely devoted to
urging adoption of a national farm policy. I t is a
plea that “ we as a Nation take advantage of the
resources and the knowledge we have and shape
the future . . . rather than drift into the eddies
of inaction . . . .”
Mr. Andrews focuses on the problems facing
U.S. agriculture: the principal problem of “ ex
cessive productive capacity, too many resources in
terms of land, labor, capital, and advanced tech
nology devoted to agriculture,” and “ the prodigal
use of our productive power which has produced a
surplus of agricultural products in almost every
year since 1920.” We cannot, he holds, eat our
way out of our surpluses or dump them on the
hungry nations of the world. Food consumption
in the United States has not increased as rapidly
as has income. Indiscriminate “ give-aways” may
only antagonize our allies, while failing to impress
the recipient nations.
Nor does the author believe that bigness and
efficiency will solve our farm problems. There is
considerable evidence, he asserts, that the medium
sized family farm makes a larger return to labor
than the big farm. Even if the big farm can pro
duce with greater efficiency, it would solve the
problem (through eliminating the inefficient) only
by creating a more serious social problem for the
Nation.
Although The Farmer’s Dilemma presents nei
ther a dilemma nor a farmer’s problem, it is a stim
ulating (if not balanced), easily read book on
318
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1962
national agricultural problems. I t will sharply
remind labor specialists, currently concerned about
the impact of technological change on the work
skills of the manufacturing labor force, that tech
nological change has, and is continuing to have, a
profound effect on millions of people who work on
farms and, as Andrews contends, will probably
have an even greater impact on a traditional part
of American culture.
— R obert M alakopp
Division of Productivity and
Technological Developments
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Automation in the Office. By Ida Russakoff Hoos.
Washington, Public Affairs Press, 1961. 138
pp. $4.50.
The popular subject of automation has been so
thoroughly mined, in terms of its general impact
and implications, that it may be most difficult to
find much of anything new to say about it. In
this sense, Mrs. Hoos has done no better than
most other writers on automation in the past
several years. The author has read the literature
in the field, and she has conducted several surveys.
Her findings are similar to those who see in auto
mation a serious economic and social problem. In
an argumentative style, she attempts to dispel the
view that the radical technological change of recent
years is merely a magic carpet.
Education and Training
Higher Education Planning and Management Data, 1960-61.
By W. Robert Bokelmau. Washington, U.S. Depart
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of
Education, 1961. 91 pp. (Circular 651.) 50 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Classrooms in the Stores: An Account of Education and
Research in American Retailing. By Harold F. Clark,
Harold S. Sloan, Charles A. Hebert. New York,
Institute for Instructional Improvement, Inc., 1962.
123 pp. $3.75, Roxbury Press, Inc., Sweet Springs,
Mo.
A Modern Apprenticeship Scheme in the United Arab Re
public. By M. Al-Arabi. (In International Labor
Review, Geneva, December 1961, pp. 478-498. 60
cents. Distributed in United States by Washington
Branch of ILO.)
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Mrs. Hoos finds that office work is acquiring con
ditions similar to those of the factory. ‘'Just as
on the assembly line girls were ‘docked’ for the
mistakes they made, now office workers’ errors are
tallied daily,” she states. “Thus, the machine
operator in the modern office works under condi
tions similar to those of her blue-smocked sister
in the plant.”
Not only are there job displacement and changes
in job classifications and skills, according to Mrs.
Hoos’ findings, but the sex composition of the
office work force is likewise changing. Many
occupations that are usually staffed by women are
declining under the impact of automation, while
the growing classifications of tabulating machine
operators and programmers are primarily filled
with men.
Mrs. Hoos ends her book on the note that “the
stage of development has been reached where
conjecture is no longer adequate to provide a
firm basis for analytical diagnosis, positive pro
grams, and policy perspectives.” I t is to be
hoped that conjecture and general findings in the
field of automation will give way to detailed
studies and analyses of the impacts of radical
technological change.
— N at G oldfinger
Assistant Director of Research
AFL-CIO
Jobs and Training for Women Technicians. By Mary B.
Meyer. (In Occupational Outlook Quarterly, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Washington, December 1961, pp. 9-14. 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
The Outlook for the Skilled Woiker in the United States:
Implications for Guidance and Counseling. By Sey
mour L. Wolfbein. (In Personnel and Guidance
Journal, Washington, December 1961, pp. 334-339.
$ 1.)
Occupational Abstracts: Special Agent F B I; Programmer;
Librarian. Jaffrey, N. H., Personnel Services, Inc.,
1961. 6 pp. each, bibliographies. (Nos. 245, 246,
247, respectively.) 50 cents each; 25 cents to students.
Occupational Briefs on America’s Major Job Fields: Wild
life Managers (No. 146); Export and Import Workers
(No. 163); Federal Civil Service 1Workers (No. 164);
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
319
Nurserymen and Landscapers (No. 166); Models (No.
167); Industrial Hygienists (No. 217). Chicago,
Industrial Relations
Science Research Associates, Inc., 1961.
Essays on Industrial Relations Research—Problems and
Prospects. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan,
Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, 1961.
142 pp. $1.50.
4 pp. each.
Employee Benefits
Providing Medical Benefits for Retirees. By Winston S.
Fliess. (From Facing New Problems in Risk Man
agement, pp. 20-26.) New York, American Manage
ment Association, 1961. (Management Report 64.)
$3; $2 to members.
Papers Presented at the Fourteenth Annual Conference,
Council on Employee Benefits, New York, October
20—
21, 1960. Akron, Ohio, Council on Employee
Benefits [1961]. 139 pp. $5, H. A. Myers, Secre
tary-Treasurer of the Council, Akron, 1144 East
Market Street.
Group Health Insurance. By Jesse F. Pickrell. Phila
delphia, University of Pennsylvania, S. S. Huebner
Foundation for Insurance Education, 1961. 221 pp.
Rev. ed. $5.75, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood,
111.
Health Statistics From the U.S. National Health Survey:
Proportion of Hospital Bill Paid by Insurance Patients
Discharged From Short-Stay Hospitals, United States,
July 1958-J une 1960. By Augustine Gentile. Wash
ington, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Public Health Service, 1961. 50 pp.
(Publication 584-B30.) 40 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
Provision of Recreation and Cultural Facilities to Industrial
Workers—A Study of Extent and Practices in India
and Other Countries. (In Indian Labor Journal,
Government of India, Labor Bureau, Delhi, Septem
ber, 1961, pp. 829-837. 3sh.)
Conference Proceedings: Labor-Management Relations and
Labor Law, Norfolk College of William and Mary,
June 9-10, 1961. Norfolk, Va., Norfolk College of
William and Mary, Institute of Management, 1961.
264 pp.
Labor Relations in Perspective. By Charles Jordan
Mitchell. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, January
1962, pp. 34-42. $1.)
A Policy for Employee-Management Cooperation in the
Federal Service. Report of the President’s Task
Force on Employee-Management Relations in the
Federal Service. Washington, 1961. xi, 27 pp.
Growth of Third-Party Power in the Settlement of Industrial
Disputes. By John R. Van de Water. (In Labor
Law Journal, Chicago, December 1961, pp. 11351160. $1.)
Jurisdictional Disputes and the Labor Management Rela
tions Act of 1947. By Charles W. Heidenreich. (In
Marquette Law Review, Milwaukee, Wis., Fall 1961
pp. 143-204. $1.25.)
The Semi-Strike. By David B. McCalmont. (In In
dustrial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N.Y.,
January 1962, pp. 191-208. $1.75.)
Case of the Runaway Mill: Darlington Manufacturing
Company. By Dell Bush Johannesen. (In Labor
Law Journal, Chicago, December 1961, pp. 1189-1203
$ 1 .)
Health and Safety
Labor's Interest in Occupational Health and Medical Care.
By E. Richard Weinerman, M.D. (In Journal of
Occupational Medicine, Chicago, December 1961,
pp. 555-562. $1.)
Health Statistics From the U.S. National Health Survey:
Duration of Limitation of Activity Due to Chronic
Conditions, United States, July 1959-June 1960. By
Charles S. Wilder. Washington, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
Service, 1962. 36 pp. (Publication 584-B31.) 30
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Injuries and Accidents at a Missile Test Center. By
Arthur E. Eschenbach. (In Journal of Occupational
Medicine, New York, January 1962, pp. 16-19.
$1.)
Sickness and Accident Provisions in Canadian Industries.
Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor, Economics
and Research Branch, 1961. 25 pp. (Labor-Man
agement Research Series, 3.) 25 cents, Queen’s
Printer, Ottawa.
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Self-Determination Elections Among Previously Unrepre
sented Employees in Fringe Groups: A Reexamination.
By George H. Cohen. (In Georgetown Law Journal,
Washington, Winter 1961, pp. 187-204. $1.50.)
Problems of Procedural Regularity in Labor Arbitration.
By Robben Wright Fleming. Champaign, University
of Illinois, Institute of Labor and Industrial Rela
tions, 1961. 29 pp.
(Reprint Series, 103; from
Washington University Law Quarterly, Volume 1961,
No. 3.) Single copies free.
Unfair Labor Practices in Wisconsin. By Justin C.
Smith. (In Marquette Law Review, Milwaukee,
Wis., Fall 1961, pp. 223-256. $1.25.)
Labor Force
Changes in the Industrial Distribution of Employment,
1919-59. By John P. Henderson. Urbana, Uni
versity of Illinois, Bureau of Economics and Business
Research, 1961. 104 pp.
(Bulletin Series, 87.)
$1.75.
320
Guide to Employment Statistics of BLS — Employment,
Labor Turnover, Hours and Earnings. Washington,
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics, 1961. 134 pp.
Employment Objectives in Economic Development. Geneva,
International Labor Office, 1961. 255 pp. (Studies
and Reports, New Series, 62.) $2.75. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.
Employment and Unemployment. Hearings before the
Subcommittee on Economic Statistics of the [Congres
sional] Joint Economic Committee, 87th Congress,
1st session. Washington, 1962. 399 pp. $1, Super
intendent of Documents, Washington.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
New Union Frontier: White-Collar Workers. By Everett
M. Kassalow. (In Harvard Business Review, Boston,
January-February 1962, pp. 41-52. $2.)
Union Labor in California, 1960. San Francisco, California
Department of Industrial Relations, Division of
Labor Statistics and Research, 1961. 35 pp.
Personnel Management
Psychology of Motivation. By John F. Hall. New York,
J. B. Lippincott Co., 1961. 382 pp. $8.95.
Effective College Recruiting. By George S. Odiorne and
Arthur S. Hann. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan,
Bureau of Industrial Relations, 1961. 288 pp. $5.
The Mexican Farm Labor Importation Program— Review
and Reform, Parts I and II. By T. Richard Spradlin.
(In George Washington Law Review, Washington,
October 1961, pp. 84^122 and December 1961, pp.
311-327.)
New Patterns of Management. By Rensis Likert. New
York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1961. 279 pp.,
bibliography. $6.95.
The Long-Range Demand for Scientific and Technical Per
sonnel—A Methodological Study. Prepared by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of
Labor. Washington, National Science Foundation,
1961. 70 pp. (NSF 66-65.) 50 cents, Superinten
dent of Documents, Washington.
Problems of the Aging. Hearings before the Subcommittee
on Federal and State Activities of the Special Com
mittee on Aging, U.S. Senate, 87th Congress, 1st
session. Washington, 1961. 254 pp.
Engineering and Scientific Manpower Resources in Canada:
Their Employment, Earnings, and Salary Rates,
1960-61. Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor,
Economics and Research Branch, 1961. 63 pp.
(Professional Manpower Bull. 10.) 25 cents, Queen’s
Printer, Ottawa.
Technological Changes and Skilled Manpower: Electronic
Data Processing Occupations in a Large Insurance
Company. [Ottawa], Canadian Department of Labor,
1961. 41 pp., bibliography. (Research Program on
the Training of Skilled Manpower, 9-B.)
Skills for Tomorrow. By Joäo Gonsalves de Souza. (In
Americas, Pan American Union, Washington, De
cember 1961, pp. 5-8. 35 cents.)
Salaried Employees: Challenge and Opportunity. By
William Scholz. (In Personnel Journal, Swarthmore,
Pa., November 1961, pp. 266-268. 75 cents.)
Labor Organizations
Report of the Executive Council of the AF L-C IO , Fourth
Convention, Miami Beach, Fla., December 7, 1961.
Washington, American Federation of Labor and
Congress of Industrial Organizations, 1961. 384 pp.
The General Executive Board in National Union Consti
tutions. By Joel Seidman and Arlyn J. Melcher.
(In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, January 1962,
pp. 71-82. $1.)
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Problems of Worker Groups
The Productive Years— Ages 45-65: A Guide for Employers
in Making the Best Use of the Older Work Force. New
York, National Association of Manufacturers, [1962].
31 pp., bibliography. $1.
The Negro and Employment Opportunities in the South—•
Houston. By Art Gallaher, Jr. Atlanta, Ga., Southern
Regional Council, 1961. 22 pp.
Production and Productivity
Indexes of Output per Man-Hour for Selected Industries,
1939 and 1947-60. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1961. 21 pp.
Measuring Company Productivity— Handbook With Case
Studies. By John W. Kendrick and Daniel Creamer.
New York, National Industrial Conference Board,
Inc., 1961. 110 pp. (Studies in Business Economics,
74.)
Technological Change and Productivity in the Bituminous
Coal Industry, 1920-60. By Edgar Weinberg, Robert
E. Malakoff, Robert T. Adams. Washington, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1961. 137 pp., bibliography. (Bull. 1305.) 65
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Economic and Social Implications of Automation— An
Annotated Bibliography. By Einar Hardin, William
B. Eddy, Steven E. Deutsch. East Lansing,
Michigan State University, Labor and Industrial
Relations Center, 1961. 78 pp. $1.50.
b o o k r e v ie w s a n d n o t e s
321
Cybernation: The Silent Conquest. By Donald N. Michael.
Santa Barbara, Calif., Center for the Study of Demo
cratic Institutions, 1962. 48 pp.
Employees— Automation — Management. By Richard A.
Johnson. Seattle, University of Washington, Bureau
of Business Research, 1961. 31 pp., bibliography.
(Management Series, 3.)
Social Security
Social Security in the United States. Prepared by Division
of Program Research, Social Security Administration,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
(In Bulletin of the International Social Security
Association, Geneva, October 1961, pp. 541-609.)
Complete Social Security Law, 1961. Chicago, Commerce
Clearing House, Inc., 1961. 416 pp. $4.
Administration of the New York Workmen’s Compensation
Law: Part I, The Birth and Growth of the Law. By
Walter Gellhorn and Louis Lauer. (In New York
University Law Review, New York, January 1962,
pp. 3-40. $2.)
Financial Developments Under State UI Programs. (In
Labor Market and Employment Security, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Secu
rity, Washington, December 1961, pp. 4-9. 30
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
The Insurance Character of Unemployment Insurance. By
Harry Malisoff. Kalamazoo, Mich., W. E. Upjohn
Institute for Employment Research, 1961. 44 pp.
(Unemployment Insurance Monograph 3.) Free.
Social Insurance in People’s Poland. (In Polish Trade
Union News, Warsaw, November 1961, pp. 1-24.)
[Activities of] the National Social Insurance Institute.
Rome, National Social Insurance Institute, Research
and Cultural Relations Office, 1961. 49 pp.
Wages and Hours
Occupational Wage Survey: Scranton, Pa., August 1961.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1961. 28 pp. (Bull. 1303-8.) 25
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Other bulletins in this series include:
Wilmington, D el.-N .J., August
1961_______
Raleigh, N.C., September 1961
Cleveland, Ohio, September 1961 ___
Omaha, Neb.-Iowa, October 1961._.
Sioux Falls, S. Dak., November
1961_______
Wage
Bull. No.
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Chronology: Railroads— Nonoperating Employees’
By Albert A. Belman. Washington, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1961. 21 pp. (BLS Report 208.) Free.
1920-61.
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Union Wages and Hours: Printing Industry, July 1 , 1960
and Trend, 1907-60. By Thomas C. Mobley. Wash
ington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1961. 44 pp. (Bull. 1292.) 35 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Wage Rates and Ranges for Selected Occupations in Cities
and Public Schools, 1961. Chicago, Building Service
Employees International Union, AFL-CIO, Depart
ment of Research and Education, 1961. 30 pp.
WTage Rates, Salaries and Hours of Labor, October 1960.
Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor, Economics
and Research Branch, 1961. 400 pp. (Annual
Report 43.) In English and French. $1, Queen’s
Printer, Ottawa.
The Evolution of Wage Structure in Japan. By Rokuro
Hotani and Takashi Hayashi. (In Industrial and
Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N.Y., October 1961,
pp. 52-66. $1.75.)
Objective Measures for Pay Differentials. By Elliott
Jaques. (In Harvard Business Review, Boston,
January-February 1962, pp. 133-138. $2.)
Miscellaneous
Economic Report of the President Transmitted to the Congress
January 1962 Together With the Annual Report of the
Council of Economic Advisers. Washington, 1962.
300 pp. $1.25, Superintendent of D ocum ents,
Washington.
Economic Growth in the United States— Its History, Problems
and Prospects. By Sumner H. Slichter; edited by
John T. Dunlop. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State
University Press, 1961. 196 pp. $5.
The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860.
By Douglass C. North. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1961. 304 pp., bibliography.
$9.
Economic Status of Teachers in 1960—
61. Washington,
National Education Association, 1961. 52 pp.
(Research Report 1961-R4.) 75 cents.
Steel’s Competitive Challenge. New York, American Iron
and Steel Institute, 1961. 41 pp.
Steelworkers and Automation: Impact of Technological
Change and Automation on the Basic Steel Industry.
Pittsburgh, Pa., United Steelworkers of America,
[1961]. 15 pp. (Pamphlet PR-129.)
Work and Wages of American Merchant Seamen. By
Elmo P. Hohman. (In Industrial and Labor Rela
tions Review, Ithaca, N.Y., January 1962, pp. 221229. $1.75.)
Scholarships, Fellowships and Loans, Volume IV . By S.
Norman Feingold. Cambridge, Mass., Bellman Pub
lishing Co., 1962. 368 pp. $10.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
322
Annual Report of the Waterfront Commission of New York
Harbor for the Year Ended June 80, 1961. New York,
The Commission, 1961. 34 pp.
Annual Report [of the Canadian] Department of Labor for
the Fiscal Year Ended March 81, 1961. Ottawa,
1961. 99 pp. 25 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.
Industrial Challenge in Southern Italy— The Case of the
R -T Factory. By G. B. Bozzola. (In California
Management Review, University of California, Los
Angeles, Fall 1961, pp. 14-25. $2.)
Land Tenure, Industrialization and Social Stability:
Experience and Prospects in Asia. Edited by Walter
Froehlich. Milwaukee, Wis., Marquette University
Press, 1961. 301 pp. (Marquette Asian Studies, II.)
$9.
Statistical Pocket Book of Hungary, 1961. Budapest,
Hungarian Central Statistical Office, 1961. 202 pp.
Anuarul Statistic al R.P.R., 1961. Bucharest, Rumanian
People’s Republic, Central Statistical Office, 1961.
456 pp.
If we are ever to make the money economy under which we live highly
efficient in promoting social welfare, we must learn how to control its workings.
What wares our business enterprises produce and what goods our families
consume are largely determined by existing prices, and the production and
consumption of goods are altered by every price fluctuation. What we waste
and what we save, how we divide the burden of labor and how we distribute
its rewards, whether business enjoys prosperity or suffers depression, whether
debts of long standing become easier or harder to pay—all these and many
other issues turn in no small measure upon what things are cheap and what
are dear, upon the maintenance of a due balance within the system of prices,
upon the upward or downward trend of the price changes that are always
taking place. But if the prices of yesterday are powerful factors in determining
what we shall do and how we shall fare today, what we do and how we fare
today are powerful factors in determining what prices shall be tomorrow.
If prices control us, we also control them.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
— Wesley C. Mitchell, The Making and Using of Index Numbers (BUS Bull. 656, 1938),
p. 27.
Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.
324
325
329
333
A -l.
A-2.
A-3.
A-4.
333 A-5.
334
A-6.
B.
335 B -l.
—Employment
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected
groups, seasonally adjusted
Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted
Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations
—Labor Turnover
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group
C.—Earnings and Hours
338 C -l.
350 C-2.
350 C-3.
351 C-4.
353 C-5.
353
C-6.
D.
354
D -l.
355 D-2.
356 D-3.
358 D-4.
359 D-5.
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing,
b y major in d u s try group
Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing
—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
Consumer Price Index—All city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
Consumer Price Index—All items and food indexes, by city
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product
E. —Work Stoppages
360 E -l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F.—Work Injuries
F -l.
Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1
1 This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
N ote : With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in Techniques of Preparino Major B L S
Statistical Series (BLS Bull. 1168, 1954), and cover the United States without Alaska and Hawaii.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
323
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
324
A.—Employment
Table A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1
Employment status
Jan.
Annual average
1961
1962
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.2
1958
1959
Total, both sexes
Total labor force------- ----- ------ ---------- 72,564 73,372 74,096 74,345 73,670 75,610 76,153 76,790 74,059 73,216 73,540 72, 894 72,361
71,946
71,284
69, 721 70,559 71,339 71, 759 71,123 73,081 73,639 74,286 71,546 70,696 71, o n 70,360 69, 837
4,663 4,091 3,990 3,934 4,085 4,542 5,140 5,580 4,768 4,962 5,495 5, 705 5,385
69,394
3,813
68,647
4,681
6.9
6.7
6.9
6.9
7.0
6.8
6.7
6.9
6.8
6.8
5.8
6.0
6.1
1,973 1,723 1,725 1,723 1,814 1,683 1,995 2,857 1,672 1,600 1,729 2,063 2,200
1,097
1,408
1,281
1,243
851
827
845
782
725
638 1,046
1,078
830
610
564
303
407
806
373
336
374
268
347
246
359
306
950
696
608
647 1,008 1,205 1,063
517
497
527
572
448
581
674
643
923
799
928
907
760
913 1,026
672
723
661
689
65, 058 66, 467 67,349 67, 824 67,038 68, 539 68, 499 68, 706 66, 778 65, 734 65,516 64,655 64,452
60,641 62, 049 62, 149 61, 860 61, 372 62,215 62,046 62,035 61,234 60,734 60,539 59, 947 59,818
46,127 48,819 48,896 47,679 47,473 46,080 44,981 47,803 47,927 47,650 47,301 45,341 47,132
8,003 7,278 7,301 8,380 7,785 6,644 6,837 7,081 7,533 7, 536 7,522 8,952 7,414
4,125 4,057 4,027 3,560 3,369 3,071 3,067 3,466 3,858 3, 736 3, 900 3,722 3,483
5.5
1,658
778
335
469
571
65,581
59, 745
45,068
8,531
3,172
6.8
1,833
959
438
785
667
63,966
58,122
44, 873
7,324
3,047
1,789
4,634
2, 745
1,126
507
256
2,974
5,836
3,852
1,356
442
186
2,876
5,844
3,827
1,361
457
199
Total labor force__________ ____ _____ 48, 911 49,283 49, 563 49,612 49,621 51, 281 51,540 51,614 49,753 49,299 49,309 49,109 49,031
Civilian labor fo r c e ................—..........
Unemployment--------------- ---------Unemployment rate seasonally adjusted3______
Unemployed 4 weeks or less___
Unemployed 5-10 weeks--------Unemployed 11-14 weeks-------Unemployed 15-26 weeks ----Unemployed over 26 weeks. . .
Em ploym ent......................................N onagri cultural_____________
Worked 35 hours or more. .
Worked 15-34 hours______
Worked 1-14 hours_______
With a job but not at
work 4._ ___________ . .
Agricultural . . -----------------Worked 35 hours or m o re..
Worked 15-34 hours______
Worked 1-14 hours____
With a job but not a work4.
2,386
4,417
2,429
1,071
621
296
1,897
4,418
2,658
953
535
273
1,928
5,199
3,186
1,271
479
262
2,240
5, 964
4,212
1,189
449
114
2,747
5,666
3,835
1,243
405
181
6, 421
6,325
4,279
1,345
517
183
7,162
6,453
4,364
1,385
509
195
1,916
5,544
3, 700
1,341
393
111
3,688
6,671
4,405
1,577
537
150
1,811
5,000
3,139
1,200
453
209
1,816
4,977
3,122
1,195
432
228
1,933
7,708
2,842
1,121
505
240
Males
Civilian labor force__________________
Unemployment................. ..................
E m p l o y m e n t __________ ____
N onagri cultural_____________
Worked 35 hours or more
Worked 15-34 hours______
Worked 1-14 hours_______
W ith a job but not at work.
Agricultural _________ _____
Worked 35 hours or more .
Worked 15-34 hours...........
Worked 1-14 hours...........
W ith a job but not at
work 4____ ______ _____ _
49,081
48,802
46,105
3,034
43,072
39,165
32,094
3, 739
1,843
1,488
3,906
2,221
861
551
46, 506
2,767
43,739
39,834
33,612
3,356
1,614
1,252
3,905
2,426
756
469
46,841
2,422
44,418
40,078
33,902
3,356
1,573
1,250
4,340
2,819
917
366
47,059
2,307
44, 751
40,127
33,422
3,855
1,434
1,415
4,625
3,520
713
292
47,107
2,393
44, 713
40,117
33,192
3, 739
1, 436
1, 751
4,597
3, 344
800
302
48,784
2, 816
45, 968
40,904
32,819
3,280
1,381
3,425
5,064
3,716
843
361
49,058
3,092
45, 966
40,874
32,182
3,344
1, 344
4,004
5,092
3, 758
813
351
49,142
3,303
45, 839
40,598
33,758
3,388
1,485
1,967
5,241
3,804
921
379
47,272
3,033
44,238
39,686
33, 286
3,603
1,638
1,160
4, 553
3,325
843
289
46, 812
3,270
43,542
39,244
32, 895
3,629
1,596
1,123
4,298
2, 889
831
384
46,812
3,709
43,103
38,845
32,506
3,609
1,624
1,107
4,258
2,849
841
356
46,608
3,887
42, 721
38,627
31,531
4,356
1,552
1,188
4,094
2,609
832
438
46,539
3,717
42,822
38, 796
32,698
3,534
1,460
1,105
4,027
2,530
813
450
46,562
2, 473
44,089
39,340
31, 715
4,405
1,378
1, 840
4, 749
3,421
823
336
46,197
3,155
43,042
38,240
31,390
3,736
1.329
1,784
4,802
3, 413
857
353
274
254
236
100
150
144
170
138
96
194
213
217
233
170
179
Females
Total labor force____________ ____ ___ 23,652 24,089 24, 534 24, 733 24,048 24,329 24,612 25,176 24,306 23,916 24,232 23, 785 23,330
Civilian labor force. _______ ________
Unemployment________ _________
Employm ent._ . ______________
N onagricultural_____________
Worked 35 hours or m o re..
Worked 15-34 hours______
Worked 1-14 h o u r s ...____
With a job but not at
work 4_________________
Agricultural _________ ______
Worked 35 hours or more. .
Worked 15-34 hours.............
Worked 1-14 hours_______
With a job but not at
work 4_________________
22,865
22,482
23,616
1,629
21, 986
21,476
14,032
4,265
2,282
24,053
1,325
22,728
22,215
15,206
3,921
2,442
24,499
1,568
22,930
22,071
14,993
3,946
2, 454
24,700
1,627
23,073
21, 733
14,258
4,525
2,126
24,016
1,692
22,325
21,256
14,282
4,046
1,934
24,297
1,726
22,571
21,311
13,262
3,364
1,691
24,580
2,048
22,533
21,172
12, 798
3,493
1,723
25,144
2,277
22,867
21, 437
14,044
3,693
1,980
24,274
1,734
22,540
21,549
14, 641
3, 930
2, 220
23,884
1,692
22,192
21,490
14, 754
3,907
2,141
24,199
1,786
22,413
21,695
14, 794
3,913
2,276
23, 752
1,818
21, 934
21,321
13, 809
4,596
2,170
23, 298
1,669
21,630
21,023
14, 434
3,880
2,023
22,832
1,340
21, 492
20,405
13,352
4,126
1, 794
22,451
1,526
20,924
19,882
13,483
3,589
1, 718
898
511
209
211
70
645
513
230
197
66
678
859
368
354
113
825
1,339
693
476
157
996
1,069
491
442
103
2, 995
1,261
562
502
156
3,158
1,361
607
572
158
1,721
1,430
602
656
159
756
991
375
499
103
688
701
250
369
69
709
718
273
354
76
744
613
235
289
67
684
607
215
314
57
1,134
1,087
431
533
106
1,093
1,042
414
504
104
21
19
26
15
32
39
26
13
14
15
15
24
22
17
20
1 Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
2 Beginning in 1960, data include Alaska and Hawaii and are therefore not
di rectly comparable with earlier data. The levels of the civilian labor force,
the employed, and nonagricultural employment were each increased by more
than 200,000. The estimates for agricultural employment and unemploy
m ent were affected so slightly that these series can be regarded as entirely
omparable with pre-1960 data.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
4 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. M ost of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem
ployed.
N ote : For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Employ
ment and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
current issues).
325
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e A -2 . E m p loyees in nonagricultural establishm ents, b y ind u stry 1
[In thousands]
19G2
Annual
average
1961
Industry
Jan. 2 D e c .2 N ov.
Total employees. ............................................
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar,
Feb.
Jan.
I960
1959
53,735 55,505 55,129 55,065 54,978 54,538 54,227 54,429 53, 708 53,171 52,785 52,523 52,864 54, 347 53,380
659
85.9
27.7
28.4
667
87.6
28.2
29.1
668
86.3
28.0
28.0
676
88.2
28.3
29.5
677
85.8
26.5
29.6
672
88.4
28.0
29.3
678
88.5
27.8
29.5
668
87.1
27.4
29.0
657
85.8
26.6
28.3
654
86.3
27.0
28.2
656
86.2
26.6
28.3
666
89.9
28.3
30.0
709
93.3
33.2
28.3
731
83.6
27.7
23.3
Coal mining _________________________
B itum inous.._____ __________________
155.7
146.2
156.9
147.2
156.2
146.5
155.4
145.2
153.9
143.7
142.9
132.8
153.5
143.2
153.2
143.0
153.3
142.4
157.5
147.4
163.2
151.6
163.9
152.0
182.2
168.2
196.8
178.3
Crude petroleum and natural g a s ______
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services_____________
306.7
174.0
132.7
306.4
174.8
131.6
305.5
175.1
130.4
310.6
177.8
132.8
314.9
180.6
134.3
318.0
180.2
137.8
314.4
178.2
136.2
309.9
175.4
134.5
306.1
175.3
130.8
304.5
175.4
129.1
304.4
176.9
127.5
306.3
177.6
128.7
313.9
181.7
132.2
330.9
186.4
144.5
110,4
116.0
120.3
121.7
122.3
122.5
121.7
117.6
112.2
106.0
102.3
106.2
119.5
119.6
Mining____ ______ _____ _____ ___________
Metal m in in g ..._________ ____________
Iron ores___________________________
Copper ores_________________________
637
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining...........
Contract construction... ________________
General building contractors___________
Heavy construction_________________
Highway and street construction...........
Other heavy construction____________
Special trade contractors_____________
2,291
—
2,574 2,825 2,981 3,021 3,075 3,023 2,971 2,775 2,619 2,454 2,342 2,457 2,882 2,955
812.2 881.5 926.2 935.8 961.4 940.8 923.1 860.0 816.6 766.9 728.0 774.6 911. 7 960.1
473.7 584.4 652.0 671.3 679.9 668.8 653.8 589.6 515.5 446.0 413.9 438.7 581.3 585.8
235.4 316.6 372.5 384.3 392.0 383. 5 370.5 320.5 262.7 211.3 185.5 199.7 302.4 312.7
238.3 267.8 279.5 287.0 287.9 285.3 283.3 269.1 252.8 234.7 228.4 239.0 278.9 273.0
1,287.7 1,359.2 1,402.5 1, 413. 4 1,433. 5 1,413.4 1,394.0 1,325.8 1,286.6 1,241.0 1,199. 9 1,243.4 1,388. 8 1,409.5
Manufacturing_________________________ 16,363 16,560 16,658 16,607 16,646 16,531 16,268 16,320 16,076 15,904 15,866 15,838 15,933 16,762 16,667
Durable goods______________________ 9,222 9,303 9,329 9, 201 9,189 9,083 9,051 9,106 8,996 8, 836 8, 775 8,769 8, 867 9, 441 9,369
Nondurable goods__________________ 7,141 7,257 7,329 7,406 7, 457 7,448 7,217 7,214 7,080 7,068 7,091 7,069 7,066 7,321 7,298
D u r a b l e go o d s
206.2
Ordnance and accessories______________
Ammunition, except for small arms____
Sighting and fire control equipment___
Other ordnance and accessories_______ .............
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_________________________
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing mills___________
Millwork, plywood, and related
products.. . ______________________
Wooden containers.................... ................
Miscellaneous wood products________
567.2
F u r n itu re and fix tu res__________________
375.9
Household furniture_________________
Office furniture_____________________
Partitions; office and store fixtures____
Other furniture and fixtures__________ .............
Stone, clay, and glass products...................
Flat glass......................................................
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n...
Cement, hydraulic.'.I________________
Structural clay products_____________
Pottery and related products___ _____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products_____
539.9
206.3
105.6
51.8
48.9
206.8
105.3
52.5
49.0
205.8
104.8
52.5
48.5
204.1
104.0
52.3
47.8
202.1
103.9
51.3
46.9
201.6
104.0
51.1
46.5
199.2
103.0
50.2
46.0
197.6
102.4
49.5
45.7
196.0
102.8
49.6
43.6
196.6
101.5
50.0
45.1
195.8
100.4
50.5
44.9
195.2
99.0
51.6
44.6
187.3
93.9
50.0
43.4
173.0
86.5
45.0
41.5
588.9
88.3
263.3
605.8
94.8
270.3
618.9
99.1
276.2
630.0
103.2
279.3
634.0
105.4
278.6
628.9
104.5
278.6
630.9
104.3
278.9
602.8
89.5
271.6
581.1
80.9
263.6
558.8
73.6
254.6
557.4
76.2
252.4
568.3
77.7
259.9
636.8
92.6
294.7
660.9
94.4
306.9
139.6
39.6
58.1
142.3
39.9
58.5
144.5
40.3
58.8
147.5
41.2
58.8
149.5
41.7
58.8
145.8
41.7
58.3
146.3
42.6
58.8
141.7
42.2
57.8
138.3
40.9
57.4
134.0
39.9
56.7
132.1
39.6
57.1
133.9
39.5
57.3
146.6
43.2
59.6
156.1
43.8
59.8
377.2
268.8
28.3
35.8
44.3
379.7
269.3
28.5
36.9
45.0
381.6
270.9
28.3
37.1
45.3
377.6
267.7
28.1
35.6
46.2
374.0
262.7
28.1
37.4
45.8
363.1
254.9
27.0
36.3
44.9
364.3
255.4
27.2
36.5
45.2
359.1
252.6
26.5
35.7
44.3
359.5
255.2
26.6
34.6
43.1
357.7
252.8
26.7
36.0
42.2
357.2
252.8
26.6
35.9
41.9
356.5
251.1
27.3
36.0
42.1
383.4
271.1
28.3
39.0
45.1
384.9
277.5
26.7
36.6
44.2
561.5
29. 5
99.6
38.8
70.7
44.0
143.1
120.9
576.4
29.4
101.1
40.3
71. 5
44.6
152.2
122.1
582.6
29. 4
101.2
40.6
71.8
44.8
157.6
122.0
589.7
29.2
103.8
41.1
73.8
44.6
159.9
122.3
590.6
28.6
103.4
41.7
74.1
43.7
162.0
122.5
583.5
27.7
101.7
42.4
74.1
41.6
160.3
121.1
581.7
26.5
101.7
42.2
73.1
42.9
159.5
121.5
569.3
26.7
101.0
40.9
71.7
42.9
153.0
118.9
555.6
25.7
99.8
40.1
69.9
42.9
145.8
117.4
541.7
26.7
99.4
37.5
67.1
42.8
138.3
115.6
531.2
26.7
98.1
36.5
64.8
43.1
133.1
114.5
639.1
28.8
96.3
38.0
66.1
43.2
137.4
115.4
595.3
31.1
102.9
42.8
76.1
47.1
155.4
124.0
601.7
33.7
99.4
43.9
77.7
47.8
157.9
124.6
Primary metal industries______________ 1,206.4 1,189.0 1,183.1 1,178. 7 1,181.4 1,168.4 1,155. 5 1,154.0 1,130. 6 1,099.1 1,088.4 1,085.8 1,095.3 1,228. 7 1,181.9
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
625.4 621. 6 626. 8 631.0 621.7 616.8 609.9 596. 8 575.0 563.4 556.9 555.1 652.5 587.5
Iron and steel foundries........ I..................
192.4 191.2 186.0 187.5 187.4 186.2 187.0 184.2 179.9 180.8 182.5 186.9 203.6 211.6
65.0
65.5
66.0
68.0
70.8
67.6
68.0
67.8
65.7
68.0
Nonferrous smelting and refining_____
68.3
68.8
68. 9
68. 7
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding ________________________
177. 2 176.7 176.3 174.2 171.8 166.7 169.1 166.1 164.4 164.1 164.9 167.4 175.6 184.5
60.4
59.3
60.7
65.1
58.9
58.7
68.0
61.3
60.0
61.8
Nonferrous foundries________________
65.4
63.0
62.6
64.3
56.2
67.2
61.1
62.3
58.4
57.4
55.9
55.9
57.9
58.5
57.8
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
60.4
57.9
59.8
Fabricated metal products_____________ 1,100.5 1,109.3 1,114.5 1,106. 8 1,097. 2 1,088.6 1,067.1 1,082.3 1,071. 4 1,044.7 1,034.1 1,039.6 1,061. 5 1,128.6 1,120.8
60.6
57.9
57.1
62.5
62.5
61.8
59.1
60.4
63.3
63.6
62.6
64.3
Metal cans_________________________
57. 5
58.7
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hard
ware..................................... ......................
138.0 137.0 135.3 130.1 129.5 125.5 129.2 128.3 121.6 124.6 126.4 130.0 136.0 135.4
Heating equipment and plumbing fix
72.4
73.9
79.0
81.0
77.4
75.6
74.6
73.0
73.3
75.1
76.8
tures_____________________________
76.1
76.7
76.8
Fabricated structural metal products..
324.7 330.7 334.4 338.5 334.0 330.3 330.0 322.5 318.1 312.8 313.5 319.1 334.3 331.9
78.6
79.3
85.6
86.7
Screw m a ch in e p ro d u cts, hnlt.s, etc
77.3
77.6
79.4
79.9
78.5
81.2
80.7
84.4
82.8
85.2
193.2 192.3 182.2 178.6 175.5 169.4 180.0 181.9 174.6 170.0 173.8 183.7 197.7 189.1
Metal stampings_____ 1.........1________
59.6
64.2
63.2
61.9
60.3
59.5
64.6
63.8
67.9
66.9
64.9
63.5
67.4
Coating, engraving, and allied services
66.6
52.2
56.9
56.5
53.4
50.8
51.8
54.9
53.0
52.0
56.3
54.2
52.9
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products
56.5
56.2
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products. 1______ 111.5 111.1 110.7 106.9 108.1 107.4 107.0 107.0 105.6 105.6 105.7 106.6 112.4 114.6
See footnotes at
end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
326
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
T a b l e A -2 . Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1962
Annual
average
1961
Industry
Jan.2
Dec.2 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
I960
1959
Manufacturing — Continued
Durable pood*—Continued
Machinery............................... ....................... 1,411.2 1,413.9 1,394.9 1,390. 5 1,395.5 1,389.3 1,394.8 1,405.3 1,406.5 1,407.3 1,404.8 1,406.3 1,404.1 1,471.4 1,450.5
80.0
79.7
79.3
77.9
78.4
80.8
81.1
80.8
81.0
80.1
80.1
86.8
89.9
Engines and turbines.................................
80.7
105.9 103.9 103.1 104.9 102.7 108.7 113.9 120.5 124.1 123.5 120.9 116.0 114.1 122.7
Farm machinery and e q u ip m e n t..___
Construction arid related rimchinery__
199.8 192.9 198.6 200.6 201.8 199.6 200.5 199.4 198.0 196.1 195.8 195.4 219.7 225.5
Metalworking machinery and equip249.2 245.6 242.9 243.3 239.7 240.2 241.9 240.1 244.2 244.8 246.8 246.2 258.2 244.7
ment __________________________
168.7 167.7 165.9 167.4 166.6 166.9 168.7 167.8 167.6 168.6 169.5 169.7 173.8 164.9
Special industry machinery.....................
216.1 213. 8 213.8 211.3 212.0 213.1 212.3 209.2 206.4 206.9 207.7 209.9 223.0 220.1
General industrial m ach in ery...............
Office, computing, and accounting
151.0 150.6 150.4 149.9 150.5 149.5 149.1 147.9 148.4 147.6 147.9 148.2 145.7 138.1
machines_________________________
94.6
93.8
95.1
98.2
96.8
96.3
95.2
92.7
90.6
89.0
99.8
97.3
90.3
96.0
Service industry machines___________
148.6 148.0 144.8 146.7 147.7 145.1 145.4 142.6 140.8 140.9 141.6 142.4 150.4 147.5
Miscellaneous rimchinery____________
Electrical equipment and supplies......... 1,493.2 1,493.1 1,487. 6 1,470. 4 1,455.3 1,443.3 1,416.8 1,423.0 1,413.2 1,401.1 1,404. 4 1,410.5 1,414.9 1,445.6 1,391.4
162.2 162.1 162.3 161.7 162.3 160. 7 160.4 158.8 158. 8 159.2 160.3 161.6 163.2 156.8
174.1 172.9 170.2 172.9 171.7 170.7 171.2 169. 5 167. 8 167.9 168.0 169.4 177.4 174.7
Household a p p lia n ces.______________
154.6 155.4 155.4 153.0 150.0 148.7 150.9 150.2 149.4 148.7 148.3 146.6 157.2 157.6
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
133.3 132.8 132.3 130.2 130.9 126.7 127.3 126.0 125.5 125.5 126.0 126.4 132.7 133.2
125.2 128.7 128.2 125.8 120.6 111.7 107.9 104.2
98.5 100.3 103.4 102.9 111.5 114.4
Radio and T V receiving s e t s .................
Communication equipment__________
395.3 390.0 385.2 379.1 375.0 371.9 373.8 372.2 372.5 373.7 375. 6 377.5 366.9 336.1
Electronic components and accessories..
235.1 233.6 230. 5 228.6 226.9 222.9 225.8 226.8 225.9 224.8 223.3 222.0 225.2 211.3
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and
113.3 112.1 106.3 1010 105.9 103.5 105.7 105.5 102.7 104.3 105.6 108.5 111.4 107.3
su p p lies_________________________
Electric d is trib u tio n equipm ent,
E le c tric a l in d u s tria l a p p a ra tu s ________
Transportation equipment_____________ 1,605.7 1, 626.7 1,620.1 1,505.1 1, 505.2 1,451.9 1,521.5 1,534. 9 1,526. 4 1,482.4 1,484.3 1,482.2 1,533.1 1,617.3 1,670.4
Motor vehicles and equipment_______
727.8 724.1 619.6 628.3 587.1 660.6 670.0 658.9 613.0 610.3 614.0 664.3 727.6 693.2
693.9 686.6 676.4 671.9 660.5 661.4 659.9 661.5 664.0 668.0 664.8 663.1 673.8 755.4
Aircraft and parts___________________
Ship and boat building and repairing..
141.9 145.7 144.6 141.1 140. 7 136.9 140.4 142. 7 143.2 143.9 141.5 142.9 141.0 146.4
35.4
34.5
35.2
34.2
34.1
35.1
36.5
38.8
43.8
Railroad equipment- .1 ______................
36.8
36.8
36.0
40.9
36.2
Other transportation equipment______
26.9
27.9
28.2
28.1
29.4
29.1
28.1
25.4
34.4
26.3
27.0
24.0
31.1
28.3
Instruments and related products______
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control
devices__________________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods________
Surgical, medical, and dental equipm e n t ____________________________
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks__________________
351.7
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Toys, ainusement, and sporting goods.
Pens, pencils, office and art materials..
Costunie jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries______
364.5
353.9
72.9
354.6
72.9
351.7
73.1
351.6
73.8
348.4
73.0
343.5
72.1
345.2
73.9
342.4
74.3
340.2
74.6
340.2
75.5
341.1
75.4
343.9
75.7
354.2
75.7
345.2
72.3
94.8
40.8
94.5
40.6
92.9
39.9
91.5
39.7
91.2
39.1
91.3
39.4
91.1
38.9
90.5
38.5
90.0
38.2
90. 4
38.3
90. 8
38.4
95.1
40.6
92.8
39.0
48.4
69.5
27.5
48.4
69.3
28.9
93.0
40.2
48.0
69.0
28.4
48.0
69.0
28.0
47.7
69.4
27.1
47.3
68.5
25.3
47.5
68.4
24.7
47.3
67.3
23.5
47.2
67.1
22.3
47.0
67.1
22.4
47.5
67.6
21.9
47.4
68.2
23.4
47.3
69.0
26.6
45.4
67.5
28.2
383.2
43.1
97.5
32.7
55.6
154.3
405.9
43.0
115.3
32.8
57.5
157.3
409.1
43 0
119.9
32.8
56.6
156. 8
401.6
42.5
116.0
32.0
55.8
155.3
392.4
41.8
112.3
32.0
55.5
150.8
375.0
39.5
104.7
30.9
52.8
147.1
385.4
41.0
106.3
30.8
54.5
152.8
376.8
41.0
102.3
30.2
51.8
151.5
368.7
41.2
95.9
29.9
50.9
150.8
364.2
41.4
89.4
30.1
51.9
151.4
362.2
41.9
85.3
30.3
52.8
151.9
355.0
42.0
79.3
30.3
51.8
151. 6
392.1
43.2
102.3
31.0
57.5
158.1
388.0
43.2
98.0
30.9
59.4
156.5
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products....................... 1, 692. 7 1,748.0 1,808.7 1,877.6 1,930.4 1,919.1 1,825.7 1,778. 2 1,707.9 1,697.2 1,688. 2 1,681.4 1,700. 6 1,792. 7 1,790.3
M ent. prndnnt.s
318.3 323.8 320 7 321.0 319. 8 322.1 323. 7 315.2 309. 7 307. 7 307. 7 313. 8 321.1 316. 7
Dairy products______ _______________
304. 8 307.4 311 6 318.3 325. 2 326.1 323.4 313.9 311.1 308. 2 304.9 304.6 316.6 317.5
Canried and preserved food, except
208.5 247.4 304.9
meats____________ ________________
371.8 352.4 264.5 222.9 195.1 196.0 189.6 183.0 186.5 241.8 245.1
126.9 127.0 128.3 133.4 134.2 133.8 132.2 126. 7 125.0 125.3 124.8 126.2 128.4 133. 5
Grain mill products_________________
303.5 305.3 306 4 306.4 309.8 310.1 309.4 305.1 302.3 303.3 303.0 303. 7 307. 5 302.2
Bakery products____________________
40.7
45.1
31.1
29.7
45.8
31.0
28.7
31.4
29.7
31.2
36.9
29.0
38.2
38.0
Confectionery and related products___
86. 5
89.4
83.2
81.5
71.9
75.9
72.6
72.4
77.7
80.4
79. 6
89.4
78.7
79.0
215.1 217.0 222.8 223.3 225.2 227.4 221.1 212.3 210.9 208.5 206.1 207.9 218.2 215.0
Beverages— I.......................1......................
Miscellaneous food and kindred prodlints
143.7 146.3 147.7 142.0 139.9 140.1 140.6 138.3 138.4 138.2 140.3 141.2 142.8 143.1
Tobacco manufactures................................ .
Cigarettes_________________________
Cigars______________________________
88.4
90.9
37.0
24.0
93.3
36.9
24.8
108.2
37. 0
24. 7
118.0
37.3
24.4
100.0
37. 5
24.1
76.0
37.2
22.8
78.2
37.5
24.9
77.3
36.6
25.1
78.7
36.5
25.0
83.3
36. 7
25. 7
88.3
36.9
26. 4
92.3
36. 8
26.1
94.1
37.2
27.9
94.6
36.7
29.5
Textile mill products....................................
Cotton broad woven fabrics__________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics .
W eaving and finishing broad w oolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______
K nitting___________________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering______________________
878.1
887.5
252.7
70.7
50.3
27.6
210.8
72.1
33.9
102.9
66.5
891.6
252.4
70.5
50.5
27.3
216.3
71.8
33.9
102.3
66.6
892.4
251. 7
70. 6
51. 9
27.2
217. 8
70.9
33.7
102.1
66.5
891.0
250. 4
70.6
53.8
27.1
216.9
70.8
33.2
102.1
66.1
889.0
249. 6
70.5
53.9
26. 6
217.4
70.6
32.7
102.0
65.7
874.6
248. 5
68.7
54.3
26.1
212. 2
69.8
31.0
99. 6
64.4
887.0
250. 8
69.1
55.2
26.4
216.6
70.9
32.2
101.1
64.7
877.8
249. 7
68. 6
53. 7
26. 4
212. 7
70.6
32. 4
99.9
63.8
871.3
250. 5
68.7
52.3
26.2
209. 4
70.6
32.1
98 7
62.8
865.7
251. 2
68.9
51.1
25.9
204. 7
70.4
33. 8
98.4
61.3
864.5
252. 4
69. 7
51.0
26.1
200. 5
70.3
34.2
98.0
62.3
864.9
254. 4
70. 7
49.2
26.1
197. 7
70.7
34.4
97 6
64. Ì
914.6
260.4
73. 4
56.0
27. 6
214.4
74.3
35. £
103. 7
69. Ò
942.9
264. 7
74.4
60.4
28.5
219.6
76.4
37.1
108 6
73.3
Y a rn an d t.h marl
Miscellaneous textile goods___________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A.—EMPLOYMENT
327
T a b l e A -2 . E m p loyees in nonagricultural establishm ents, b y industry 1— C ontinued
[In thousands]
1962
1961
Annual
average
Industry
Jan. : D e c .2 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1960
1959
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods— Continued
Apparel and related products.................. 1,197. 7 1,219. 0 1,225. 1,220. 1,214. 1, 233. 1,167. 1,184. 1,165. 1,178. 1, 213. 1,203. 1,170. 1, 228.
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______
118.7 114.
116.
117.
117.
112.
117.
113.
112.
117. S 119.' 120.1 121.
M en’s and boys’ furnishings....................
310.7 310.
308.
308.8 311.1 299. C 303.8 298.
295.1 295. S 295.5 289.0 307.
W omen’s, misses’, and juniors’ outer
wear____________ ________ _______
347.1 351.6 347.8 346.
356.
333.0 331. £ 335.4 351.1 370.3 361.
347.0 361. a
Women’s and children’s undergar
ments__________________________
122.8 124.7 123.6 121.2 120.a 112.1 115.
115.2 116.3 116.2 115.7 112.3 119.5
Hats, caps, and millinery.........................
35.3
33.0
35.3
34.4
37.
32.7
32. £
29.2
31.'
40.2
40.7
36.6
36.
Girls’ and children’s outerwear....... .......
74.4
74.1
74.]
75.0
77. £
77.2
76.1
72. (
69.2
73.8
75.7
72.9
76.1
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel—
70.3
74.8
75.1
73.2
73.8
69.2
70.8
67.1
66.5
66.7
65.4
61.3
69.4
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod
ucts____________________________
139.7 142.1 139.4 138.5 139.3 131.8 136.1 134.4 136.1 132.7 129.1 130.9 136.9
Paper and allied products______________ 591.7 598.7 598.4 597.0 597.0 595.8 588.5 593.6 583.6 581.1 580.1 578.2 581.9 593.3
Paper and pulp....................... ............. ..
225.6 225.3 225.1 226.7 228.1 225.7 227.! 222. ! 221.7 221.5 220.9 222.1 224.4
Paperboard—....................... .....................
66.1
65.7
65.9
66.1
67.1
66.8
68.2
67.1
67.2
67.0
67.1
67.5
69.3
Converted paper and paperboard
products........................................... .
128.3 126.9 126.1 126.5 125.0 123.9 123.7 122.6 122.8 122.1 121.2 121.9 124.4
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
178.7 180.5 179.9 177.7 175.6 172.1 173.8 171.0 169.6 169.3 169.0 170.4 175.1
Printing, publishing, and allied industries. 926.3 934.9 935.5 933.2 929.6 926.0 925.6 924.9 919.2 921.3 924.5 920.6 919.0 917.2
Newspaper publishing and printing___
342.7 341.5 341.3 339.6 339.2 339.8 340.2 338. C 337.7 337.4 335.6 336.3 332.6
Periodical publishing and printing____
70.2
70.5
70.8
70.7
69.9
70.4
70.4
70. C 71.4
72.2
72.6
72.8
71.0
Books___________________________
74.0
74.1
74.5
74.4
74.1
72.2
72.6
72.3
72.3
72.0
71.6
71.6
71.1
Commercial printing......................... .
294.0 293.9 290.8 290.4 288.7 289.0 288.5 287.8 288.3 289.9 287.8 287.5 289.2
Bookbinding and related industries___
47.2
47.4
47.6
47.7
47.9
47.7
47.0
46.3
46.4
47.0
46.8
46.4
47.0
Other publishing and printing indus
tries___________________________
106.8 108.1 108.2 106.8 106.2 106.5 106.2 104.8 105.2 106.0 106.2 104.4 106.3
Chemicals and allied products________
832.0 836.1 834.2 834.4 834.7 838.1 833.1 832.0 831.7 830.9 823.1 815.9 817.9 829.6
Industrial chemicals..................... ..........
285.3 285.1 284.7 286.1 288.8 288.0 285.8 283.5 282.4 282.0 282.2 283.8 286.8
Plastics and synthetics, except glass...
156.8 155.6 154.4 153.2 153.7 152.9 152.1 150.8 150.3 149.1 149.0 149.4 153.2
Drugs................................................ ..........
107.7 107.6 106.9 107.4 108.0 107.3 107.1 105.6 105.3 105.2 105.0 106.4 107.4
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods.......... .
98.3
98.6
98.3
98.2
97.2
98.8
97.6
96.0
95.3
94.0
93.5
93.0
92.2
Paints, varnishes, and allied products.
61.5
62.4
63.2
61.7
64.0
64.0
63.4
62.5
62.0
61.3
61.0
61.4
63.5
Agricultural chemicals...........................
41.8
42.3
42.1
40.7
40.6
40.1
43.0
51.3
54.5
51.1
45.1
43.9
44.8
Other chemical products.................... ..
84.7
84.9
84.9
84.4
84.8
83.6
83.0
82.0
81.1
80.4
80.1
80.0
81.8
Petroleum refining and related industries.
1, 224.9
118.8
297.9
369.0
119.0
37.5
75.4
71.2
136.2
584.9
217.7
70.6
123.2
173.3
889.5
320.0
69.8
67.0
283.5
45.4
103.8
809.6
279.2
149.1
104.5
89.0
62.3
45.3
80.2
194.5
194.8
163.1
31.7
197.1
164.2
32.9
203.5
169.0
34.5
204.9
170.4
34.5
207.4
171.8
35.6
204.5
169.6
34.9
207.9
172.9
35.0
205.3
171.6
33.7
204.0
172.1
31.9
202.4
171.8
30.6
201.5
171.7
29.8
203.0
172.0
31.0
211.7
177.6
34.1
215.3
181.4
34.0
379.1
382.9
104.4
157.3
121.2
381.9
103.4
156.2
122.3
380.0
103.3
154.4
122.3
376.6
102.7
153.9
120.0
369.2
100.3
150.3
118.6
361.7
101.1
147.0
113.6
363.6
100.5
148.8
114.3
358.0
99.3
146.4
112.3
351.6
98.6
143.0
110.0
349.2
99.2
141.7
108.3
350.7
97.9
144.2
108.6
355.5
101.3
146.6
107.6
374.0
106.8
153.3
113.8
371.4
105.0
153.2
113.3
Leather and leather products__________
Leather tanning and finishing........... ..
Footwear, except ru b b er ...____ ______
Other leather products.........................
360.5
364.4
33.3
239.8
91.3
363.0
33.4
236.2
93.4
358.7
33.2
232.3
93.2
360.4
33.4
235.4
91.6
369.0
33.2
243.7
92.1
359.7
32.4
240.5
86.8
364.0
33.2
243.0
87.8
353.4
32.9
236.4
84.1
353.5
32.5
235.1
85.9
360.9
32.3
241.3
87.3
364.2
32.4
244.7
87.1
360.5
33.4
243.2
83.9
365.8
34.1
242.6
89.1
374.6
36.4
247.5
90.6
Transportation and public utilities_____
Railroad transportation_____________
Class I railroads__________________
Local and interurban passenger transit
Local and suburban transportation..
Taxicabs_________________________
Intercity and rural buslines......................
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Air transportation..........................................
Air transportation, common carriers___
Pipeline transportation._____ __________
Other transportation__________________
Communication ______ ________________
Telephone communication___________
Telegraph communication___________
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services______
Electric companies and systems______
Gas companies and systems__________
Combined utility systems____________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems___
See footnotes at end of table.
3,863
3,920
823.4
713.9
268.4
89.6
108.7
47.0
893.9
199.7
179.5
21.6
294.6
814.2
684.8
37.1
90.4
604.4
249.2
152.1
173.7
29.4
3,943
815.5
715.2
266.9
89.6
106.6
47.7
912.8
199.2
178.9
21.7
301.8
818.3
687.6
37.0
91.8
606.3
249.6
152.4
174.5
29.8
3,953
821.9
720.8
267.8
91.1
106.1
48.0
913.4
202.0
180.6
21.7
299.0
819.5
689.2
36.7
91.7
607.9
250.1
152.8
175.1
29.9
3,971
825.5
723.4
267.9
91.6
104.7
49.4
907.0
203.0
181.1
22.0
304.7
824.7
693.5
37.1
92.2
616.1
253.6
154.9
177.2
30.4
3,971
835.0
733.0
257.1
91.2
103.7
50.0
891.0
202.9
180.4
22.6
306.9
832.4
700.8
37.0
92.7
623.0
256.2
156.7
178.9
31.2
3,977
832.5
730.8
257.7
91.0
104.5
50.1
891.0
201.2
178.9
22.8
314.9
834.5
701.8
37.1
93.7
622.5
256.0
156.9
178.5
31.1
3,945
826.5
725.5
266.0
92.2
104.9
49.6
880.3
197.3
174.4
22.7
307.0
828.5
697.1
37.2
92.3
616.4
254.7
154.3
176.4
31.0
3,891
813.3
713.0
270.4
92.4
106.3
48.4
852.8
196.0
172.5
22.2
303.3
824.4
693.7
37.0
91.8
608.5
251.3
152.6
174.5
30.1
3,870 3,872
8Ò8.9 807.4
708.1 706.0
272.7 278.3
92.1
92.0
109.8 116.9
47.5
46.6
837.1 840.4
193.6 190.9
171.5 169.4
22.2
22.1
303.3 297.9
827.6 828.3
695.7 696.8
36.9
37.0
93.1
92.6
604.1 606.5
251.4 251.5
148.2 151.8
174.4 173.7
30.1
29.51
3,871
810.7
708.5
282.3
92.1
121.1
46.2
832.0
191.1
170.2
22.2
297.4
829.8
697.2
37.4
93.3
605.6
251.6
152.0
172.9
29.1
3,888
811.9
710.3
283.9
92.3
121.1
47.7
848.7
190.5
169.8
22.3
292.8
830.8
698.4
37.6
92.9
606.7
251.9
152.5
173.1
29.21
4,017
886.9
780.5
282.6
94.6
120.4
47.2
873.8
191.0
171.6
23.1
308.0
838.7
706.0
38.3
92.4
613.0
254.3
153.4
175.0
30.3
4,010
925.2
815.2
281.1
96.8
118.9
47.6
848.2
179.7
160.9
24.3
303.4
836.6
707,1
39.0
88.9
611.6
254.3
153.7
173.7
30.0
P e tro le u m refin in g __________________
Other petroleum and coal products..
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod
ucts..................................... .............. ..
Tires and inner tubes_______________
Other rubber products______________
Miscellaneous plastic products_______
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
328
T able
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1 Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1961
1962
Industry
Oct.
Jan.2
Wholesale and retail trade----------------------- 11,285
Wholesale trade----- ---------------------------- 3,005
Motor vehicles and automotive equip
ment________________________ ____
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
D ry goods and apparel----------- ------ —
Groceries and related products----------Electrical goods.----------- ------------------Hardware, plumbing and heating
goods------ ---------- -------------------------Machinery, equipment, and su p p lies..
Retail trade............................... ...................... 8,280
General merchandise stores---------------Department stores------------------ -----Limited price variety stores................
Food stores.---------------------------------Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores
Apparel and accessories stores---------M en’s and boys’ apparel stores.......
Women’s ready-to-wear stores------Family clothing stores.......................
Shoe stores____ _________________
Furniture and appliance stores-------Eating and drinking places..................
Other retail trade.............................. .
Motor vehicle dealers.......................
Other vehicle and accessory dealers..
Drug sto res......................................
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
Feb.
M ay
11,101
964
12,178 11,611 11,450 11,378 11,342 11,327 11,354 11,238
049 3,035 3, 044 3, 013 2, 990 Î, 959 2,
,051
,058
217.1
189.5
131.0
486.1
204.6
216.7
190.8
132.4
481.7
205.1
217.5
190.5
131.5
487.3
204.8
215.0
188.4
130. 6
493.1
203.6
213.6
186.0
129.3
486.7
202.4
213.7
185.3
129.2
484.8
203.2
218.0
192.3
131.6
497.7
206.1
217.1
190. 5
131.2
496.4
204.7
142.3
488.5
143.1
488.1
560
143.0 143.2 143.9 143. 6 142.0 142.3 142.1 141.6
488.3 489.0 489.2 488.6 484.5 478.9 476.8 477.4
8,137
401 8,343 3,298 8,314 8,364 8,279 8
1,463. 9
576. 5 1, 526. 5 L,488.8 480. 0 1, 501. 5 1. 488.1 1
919.6 880.3 861.0 858.5 874.4 866.3 859.5 857.7
333.5 328.8 317.3 311.4 320.0 322.2 313.5 311.1
,353.8 1,342. 7 l, 346.1 L,355.0 1,358. 9 1,353.7 1, 349. 2 1,352. 5
,184.8 1,174.2 L, 174. 9 l, 184. 9 1,187.3 1,181.0 1, 180.1 1,181. 7
653.2 643.1 612.1 616. 5 644.1 637.5 625.9 630.7
105.7 103.2 102.1 103.4 109.5 102.6 101.5 102.8
249.4 247.5 236.3 234.7 243.7 245.8 241.1 240.0
92
91.8
93.3
95.1
93.7
90.7
95.3
97.3
117.4 117.6 109.0 111.5 117.5 117.4 114.7 115.9
408.9 405.4 403.7 402.7 401.8 396.8 399.4 400.2
1,558.2
, 626.6 1, 649. 7 1,658. 6 1,662.5 1,667.6 1,637. 2 1
2,731. 8
,781.6 2, 775. 3 2, 788.9 2, 797. 7 2, 790. 0 2, 765. 8 2
657.1
653.4
656.0
650.9 648.9 657.1 659.1 655. 7
141.6 140. 4 140.2 142.1 142.5 136.8 134.5 129.9
367.3
366.6
368.3
373.4 373.0 372.3 370.4 371.2
',120
2.051.4 686.
1,229. ' 994.3
435.7 353.8
1.395.5 ,371.2
1,215.9 199.6
784.5 676.0
139.0 111
292.1
257.9
127.0 101.8
133.6 118.8
424.0 413.0
1,605.2 1,615.
2,859.1 2,797.2
657.6 652.4
149.8 143.7
393.2 377.5
1960
1959
11,040 11,233 11,412 11,125
974 2,995 5,009 Ì, 941
211.8
184. 7
130.7
495.2
205.0
213.1
184.0
130.2
498.0
206.2
213. 6
183.8
130. 8
494.0
208.1
206.9
176.8
125.9
486.8
201.2
141.5 142.2 145.1 146. 0
475.6 476.8 479.1 458.6
066 8,238 1, 403 8,184
420.7 t, 500. 7 L, 563.1 1,531.1
833.4 889.2 914.4 896.2
299.1 313.4 335.4 324.8
360.7 1,361. 5 1,356.1 1,305.0
187.2 1,191.1 1,181.6 1.134.0
593.8 633.0 637.2 608.7
97.9
101.9 110.4 104.3
225.9 238.7 243.1 235.7
94.7
89.5
95.7
89.4
105. 0 113.9 119.0 112.8
401.3 406.1 409. 2 398.0
, 548. 5 1, 565. 5 1, 626. 5 1, 596.2
, 740. 8 2, 771. 5 2,811.1 2, 744. 9
661.2 667.9 674.6 656.1
129.4 130.7 142.8 140.5
367.0 373.0 369.5 355.2
2,710
687.9
261.4
75.6
147.8
119
853.4
467.3
51.2
293.9
197.9
513.6
31.6
76.2
2,706
686.6
261.1
75.3
147.8
117.1
850.8
465.8
51.0
293.3
197.0
518.0
29.5
75.8
2,702
684. 5
261.8
75.8
148.0
115.1
846.2
463.2
50.8
291.4
196.2
521.7
30.5
76.0
2,684
674.7
256.2
72.4
146.0
114.2
839.0
459. C
50.9
287.3
196.2
527.3
36. 1
76.7
2,597
641.7
242.4
66.9
138.5
106.7
818.2
450.0
49.9
277.7
189. 7
521.4
43.3
76.4
7,448
551.8
506.6
7,359
537.3
495.6
7,333
536. 4
495.3
7,313
532.1
491.0
7,361
567.7
511.1
7,105
547.3
490.8
506.
504.6
500.8
507.2
521.0
529.1
105.5
194.9
Finance, insurance, and real estate-------Banking------ ------ ---------------------------Credit agencies other than banks-------Savings and loan associations---------Personal credit institutions................
Security dealers and exchanges----------Insurance carriers.....................................
Life insurance-------- -------------------Accident and health insurance........ .
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance
Insurance agents, brokers, and services.
Real estate........... .....................................Operative b u ild ers...........................Other finance, insurance, and real estate.
2,744
2,758
701.2
265.0
82.3
143.1
131.6
858.3
469.4
52.0
295.1
199.3
527.2
29.8
74.9
2,757
699.6
263.4
81.1
142.9
130.7
858.7
469.5
51.9
295.0
199.3
529.4
31.6
75.4
2,758 2, 770
697.7 699.6
261.6 263.1
80.7
80.1
141.7 144.1
130.3 131.0
856.8 861.2
468.0 470.1
51.8
51.6
295.3 297.1
200.0 200.7
536.8 538. 8
32.8 33.9
75.2
75.9
2,801 2,795 2,766 2,734 2,724
7Ó7. 6 704.7 696.3 688.2 688.0
264.6 264.3 261.3 259.5 262. 2
76.6
76.5
78.7
80.4
80.7
145. 2 144.7 144.4 145.1 147
133.2 132.5 130.5 126.9 123.3
866.9 863.9 857.3 853.2 853. 8
473.2 471.7 467.4 467. 0 467.8
51.
51.5
52.0
52.3
52.0
298.9 298.0 295.7 293.5 293.
203.4 204.0 201.9 200.0 198.5
548.8 548.6 542.3 529.8 522.5
32.6
33.6
34.4
34.7
34.5
76.0
76.2
75.9
76.5
76.7
Services and miscellaneous---------------Hotels and lodging places------------Hotels, tourist courts, and m otels..
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants.
Miscellaneous business services:
Advertising................................................
Motion pictures_____________________
Motion picture filming and distribut
ing------------------------------- ----- ------M otion picture theaters and services..
Medical services:
Hospitals------------------------- ---------
7,507
7,571
561.2
518.
7,596
563.6
519.8
7,618
570. 3
523.9
7, 612
615.3
559.1
7,606
7Ó2.Í
597.6
7,631
7Ò0.6
597.4
7,598
619.6
559. 7
7,510
559. 8
509.6
509.
513.5
512.0
510.9
518.5
522.4
514.2
9,045
Government_________________________
2,280
Federal Government *.......... .................
Executive....... ................ ........................
Department of Defense--------------Post Office Department...................
Other agencies.................................
Legislative...............................................
Judicial_________________________
6,765
State and local governm ent4........ .........
State govern m ent.............................
Local government....... .........................
Education.......... .......................... .........
Other State and local government-------
211.9
185.1
129.1
489.9
204.3
219.4
192.5
131.5
498.9
207.3
Jan.
109.
172.
111.
110.7
183.0
109.7
189.1
109.4
190.2
110.4
193.4
111.2
192.1
109.8
189.0
110.
176.
187.
110.5
181.5
111.4
178.3
109.2
179.6
109. S
189.3
42.
130.
42.
134.
42.0
141.0
42.2
146.9
41.7
148.5
43.1
150.3
43.3
148.8
42.4
146.6
42.
145.1
45.9
135.6
46.9
131.4
47. S
131.7
43.
145.
44.8
150.2
1,156.
1,157.
1,105.
1,062.0
2,510
2,480.8
955.8
809.7
715.;
23.'
5.'
6,775
1,690.
5,084.
3,424.
3,350.
1,154.0 1,148. S 1,149. 1,152.
9,072 9,030 8,904 8,535 8,534
2,291 2,283 2,281 2,300 2,294
2,261. 9 2,254. 2,252.1 2,271. 2,265.1
944.
950.
948.
956.6 954.
586.
587.
584.
585.7 579.:
734.
734.
719.
720.0
719.6
23.
23.
23.
23.
23.4
5.
5.
5.
5.Î i
5.3
6,781 6, 747 6,623 6,235 6,240
1,613.
:
1,623.
1,
702.
1,665.
1,699.9
5,080.7 5,044. 4,957. 4,611. 4,626.
3,420. 9 3.377.0 3.194. 2,738. . 2,750.
3,359.7 3,369.6 3,428.3|3,496. 3,489.
1,142.8 1,132. 6 1.130.1 1.130.2 1,126.
1,119.
8,797 8,816 8,787 8,769 8,737 8,677 8,52( 8,190
2,277 2,240 2,233 2,221 2,213 2,208 2,270 2,233
2,248. 2,212.1 2,205. 0 2.193.3 2,185. 2,180. 2,242. 2, 205.2
966.2
940.
931.
942.
938.0 935.6 933.7 932.
574. 5
586.
566.
581.1 573.7 572.2 567.9 565.
715. i 664.5
681.
724. : 700.4 697.2 691.7 687.
22.
22.5
22.,
22.,
22.6
22.9
23.1
23.
4.8
4.
5. i
5.
5.0
5.1
5.1
5.
5,957
6,464
6,250
6, 520 6, 576 6,554 6,548 6,524
1,664. 1,680. 2 1,668. 7 1,661.2 1,654. : 1,638. 11, 592. 1, 541.1
4,855. 4,896. 2 4.885.1 4,886. 6 4,869. 4,825. 4,657. 1 4,416.2
3,089. 3, 233. 0 3,232.0 3,234 3,228. 3,185. 2,983. 3 2,776.8
3,430. 13,343.4 3,321.8 3,313.1 3,295. 3,278. 3,266. 4 3,180.6
1 Beginning with the December 1961 issue, figures differ from those pre
viously published for three reasons. The industry structure has been con
verted to the 1957 Standard Industrial Classification; the series have been
adjusted to March 1959 benchmark levels indicated by data from government
social insurance programs; and, beginning with January 1959, the estimates
are prepared from a sample stratified by establishment size and, in some cases,
region. For comparable back data, see E m p lo y m e n t and E a rn in g s S tatistics
fo r the U n ite d States. 1909-60, BLS Bull. 1312. Statistics from April 1959
forward are subject to further revision when new benchmarks become avail
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment dur
ing the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are
excluded.
J Preliminary.
,
..
s Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the
last day of the month.
4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
in' addition, data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in January 1959.
This inclusion increased the nonagricultural total by 212,000 (0.4 percent) for
the March 1959 benchmark month, with increases for industry divisions
ranging from 0.1 percent in mining to 0.8 percent in government.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
S o u r c e : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is pre
pared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A.—EMPLOYMENT
329
T a ble A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1962
1961
Annual
average
Industry
Jan.2 Dec . 2
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
Mining________
Metal mining.
Iron ores___
Copper ores.
51
70. 5
23.
23.
Coal m in ing..
Bitum inous.
137. 2
128.
138.
130.
137.)
129.
137.
128.
135.
126.
123.
114.
Crude petroleum and natural gas............
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields
Oil and gas field services____________
220.
220.
105.
114.'
106.
114.
218.
106.
112.
224.
109.
115.
228.
230.
111.
119.
Quarrying and nonmetallic m ining.........
Contract construction__________________
General building contractors___________
H eavy construction______ ____________
Highway and street construction_____
Other heavy construction....................... .
Special trade contractors______________
Manufacturing________
Durable goods........
Nondurable goods.
52 8
72. [)
23. 5
23.
52
71. 0
23.
22.
536
72. 5
23. 6
24. 2
53 S
70.
21.
24.
in .;
116.
53 0
72. 8
23.
24.
June
53 9
72. 8
23.
24.
M ay
52 9
71. 9
3
23.
Apr.
51 8
70. 2
9
23.
Mar.
514
Feb.
51 7
70. 5
Jan.
52
73.
23.
24.
1960
1959
56 7
76. 9
28. 5
22. 5
589
67.2
23.0
18.5
22.
21.
70. 6
22. 2
23. 0
23.
135.
126.
134.
125.
134.
124.
137. 9
129.
143.
133.
144.
133.
161.
148.
175. 7
159.2
228.
224.
107.
116.
220.
219.
107.
111.
219.
108.
111.(
222.
110.
112.
229.
113.)
115.;
245.2
118. 5
126 7
99.
100. 5
n o .;
118.
107.
113.
21.
91.
97.1 1 0 1 .
1 0 2 .)
102.
102. ’
101.
98.
92. f
86.
82.
8 6 .;
2 ,16f 2,411 2,56' 2 , go; 2,655 2,60; 2,556 2,355 2,205 2,04,
1,931
2,043
693.f 761.
806.1 815.1 840. C 819.
800.
739.1 695.
647.' 609.1 654.6
403.
579.2 597.1 605.2 595.
512.
579.
513.5 442.
374.
343. C 368.2
204.1 285.4 340.
352.
359.2 351.3 338.0 288.7 231. C 180.
169.3
199.3 227.4 238.5 245.1 246.0 244.0 241.0 224.8 2 1 1 . S 194.; 155.7
187.3 198.9
1,068. C 1,139.3 1,191.2 1,190. 1,209.8 1,187. 1,169.1 1 , 1 0 2 . 6 1,063.8 1,019.
978.6 1 , 0 2 0 .5
12,120 12,313 12,414 12,379 12,407 12,274 12,023 12,090 11,875 11,712 1 1 ,6 6 6
11,642 11,740
6,769 6,853 6,883 6,771 6 , 753 6,641 6,616 6,678 6,582 6,426
6,358 6,351 6 , 449
5,351 5,460 5,531 5,608 5,654 5,633 5,407 5,412 5,293 5,286 5,308
5; 291 5,291
2,45) 2,535
788.3 835.4
509.
516.5
270.6 281.9
238.4 234.6
1,160. 1,183.1
12,562 12,596
7 091
5Ì 541
5, 565
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories______________
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories_______
Lumber and wood products, except fur
niture......... ..................................
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing mills.....................
Millwork, plywood, and related prod
ucts....................................... .....................
Wooden containers___ ______________
Miscellaneous wood produ cts................
96.
503.4
Furniture and fixtures.........................
Household furniture____________
Office furniture......................... .........
Partitions; office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures_____
311.8
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Flat glass__________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n..
Cement, hydraulic............................ .........
Structural clay products_____________
Pottery and related products......... .........
Concrete, gypsum and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products...
429.0
Primary metal industries.................. ..........
Blast furnace and basic steel p roducts...
Iron and steel foundries_____________
Nonferrous smelting and refining.........
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding..................... ............. .............
Nonferrous foundries________________
975.5
Fabricated metal products...........................
Metal cans________ _____ ___________
Cutlery, handtools, and general hard
ware................................ ...........................
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures................................................ .
Fabricated structural metal products.”
Screw machine products, bolts, etc........
M etal stampings................. ......................
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.
See footnotes at end of table.;
841.9
Miscellaneous primary metal Industries,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
34.1
98.5
41.2
23.2
34.1
98.2
41. 2
23.3
33. 7
96.7
40.3
23.2
33.2
524.5
82.2
238.7
541.7
89.3
245.1
554.7
93.3
251.2
118.0
35. 6
50.0
1 2 0 .8
1 2 2 .8
36.1
50.4
36.6
50. 8
313.2
230.1
22.7
26.4
34.0
315.9
230.8
22.8
27.6
34.7
317.2
232.0
450.2
25.0
83.6
31.0
60.3
37. 5
111.2
89.2
97.7
41.0
94.1
39.5
93.8
39.1
93.1
39. C
2 2 .2
2 2 .6
32.4
2 2 .2
32.1
565.2
97.6
253.9
567.8
99.5
253.0
125.6
37.3
50. 8
31.9
92.9
39.1
21.9
31.9
90.9
39.4
21.7
29.8
2 2 .0
38. 6
2 1 .6
31.3
563.3
98.8
253.2
564.8
98.3
253.1
536.6
82.4
246.5
513.5
73.5
237.5
492.0
127.3
37.4
50.6
123.5
37.7
60.1
123.9
38.8
50.7
119.8
38.3
49.6
310.8
224.9
22.3
28.0
35.6
299.8
217.1
21.3
26.8
34.6
301.0
217.6
21.5
26.9
35.0
295.7
214.8
27. 7
34. 9
313.6
229.3
22. 4
26.1
35. 8
2 0 .8
2 1 .0
26.0
34.1
2 1 .0
25.0
33.1
26.3
32.1
463.3
25.0
85.0
32.5
61.0
38.0
119.8
89.3
469.9
25.1
8ó. 1
32. 9
61. 4
38.2
124. 7
89. 9
477.1
25.0
87.9
33.3
63.4
38.0
127.2
89. 9
477.4
24.5
87.3
33.8
63.7
37.0
129.2
89.8
470.6
23.6
85.6
34.5
63.6
35.1
127.7
88.6
469.9
22.5
85.6
34.4
62.8
36.5
127.0
89.4
458.1
22.7
84.9
33.1
61.4
36.4
86.9
444.2
21.7
83.5
32.3
59.7
36.3
114.0
85.3
961.0
507.2
162.5
52.9
953.4
502.4
161.2
52.9
949.8
507.9
155. 9
52. y
954.6 904.2
513.3 503.5
157.8 157.3
52. U 62. 5
927.2
498.0
156.2
52.2
926.1
491.8
157.1
52.1
904.3
479.4
154.6
50.3
136.5
54.3
47.6
135.7
53.3
47.9
135.1
52.2
45.8
133.5
51.8
46.2
131.0
50. 5
45.4
126.1
49.4
45.3
128.3
50.8
46.0
852.0
48.3
855.9
49.2
847.7
51.2
839.2
54.2
831.3
55.1
809.4
54.5
109.2
108.4
107.0
101.8
100.9
56.1
229.7
67.2
157.9
55.3
45.0
83.3
56.7
235.0
66.3
156.8
56.1
44. 7
82.7
56.8
238.4
65.0
145.4
56.8
44.8
82.31
57.0
242.0
63.4
142.6
55.8
43.5
78.9
57.2
237.9
63.0
140.9
53.7
42.6
80.0
2 2 .6
92.2
38.9
91.3
89
31.1
91 6
37.9
22. 9
30.8
22 7
29.7
28.6
228.8
490.3
68.9
226.6
501.7
71.6
233.6
570.3
87.1
268.5
694.3
88.5
281.5
116.4
36.8
49.3
112.4
36.0
48.7
110.4
35.6
48.8
1 1 2 .0
124 1
39 1
51.4
133 0
296.6
217.5
294.1
214.7
294. 2
215.2
21S
26.2
31.8
293. 8
213.8
21. 7
26.4
31.9
431.2
22.7
83.4
29.8
56.8
36.3
106.9
83.7
421.2
22.6
82.1
28.8
54.4
36.5
102.3
82.7
428.9
24. 7
80. 2
30.3
56.1
36.4
106.4
83.6
483 2
27 0
80 9
34 9
05 9
40 3
123! 5
91.8
872.6
458.0
150.0
49.6
861.0
446.3
150.7
49.8
858. 5
439. 7
152.4
50.4
866. 5
437. 5
156.4
52.2
992 0
529 3
172.4
54.9
125.2
49.6
45.2
123.5
47.8
43.7
123.0
47.6
43.6
124.0
48.1
43.9
126.3
49.4
44.7
133.6
53 7
48.2
142 9
50 0
825.4
53.7
816.4
53.2
789.6
52.0
780.4
50.6
784.4
49.3
804.4
48.5
869.0
54.1
807 1
97.1
101.1
100.4
93.5
96.4
98.0
101.7
107.3
107.5
55.2
234.1
61.5
134.0
52.5
41.3
79.2
55.4
234.1
62.1
144.7
53.6
42.0
78.7
54.6
227.2
60.8
146.5
53.0
41.7
79.0
52.9
223.0
59.7
139.1
51.3
40.6
77.5
53.6
218.3
60.0
134.6
49.7
39.4
77.8
52.5
219.3
60.9
137.7
48.9
40.3
77.5
53.8
224.0
61.4
146.7
49 0
40.8
78.5
58.7
238.1
67.2
160.7
S3 8
45.5
83.6
61.2
236.8
69.1
153.3
S3 3
45! 6
86.0
121.2
6 6 .1
2 1 .0
35. 5
49.0
4
27 0
51.'7
Q
232. 3 238 3
22. 8
29 2
3 4 .5
33!7
4Q4 0
197 9
9 3 !4
471 0
181 3
51.9
49.’ 5
5 4 .5
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
330
T a ble A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1961
1962
Industry
Jan.2
Dec.2 N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1960
1959
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
979.0
52.6
73.4
130.8
959.5
51.9
71.4
123.5
955.1
52.4
70.3
129.3
959.6
52.2
71.7
130.7
949.9
50.2
69.0
131.4
956.7
49.0
75.2
129.6
967.0
49.6
79.0
130.4
970.9
51.6
86.1
129.6
971.8
51.9
89.5
127.9
968.4
50.9
88.8
126.0
970.1
50.9
86.5
125.4
967.5 1,030.4 1,025. »
51.7
56.1
59.5
81.8
79.6
89.2
124.6 144.5 148.6
185.3
116.5
147.2
181.6
115.6
145.4
179.0
114.2
145.3
179.9
115.5
143.0
175.6
115.2
143.4
176.5
115.1
144.6
178.6
116.9
144.3
176.8
116.4
141.5
180.9
116.1
139.0
181.2
117.0
139.2
183.1
117.8
140.1
182.4
118.3
142.2
194.0
122.3
154.9
183.9
116.3
154.6
95.9
64.4
112.9
95.4
62.5
112.2
95.4
60.0
109.2
95.0
60.2
111.4
94.4
58.7
112.0
94.0
63.2
109.5
94.4
64.5
109.3
94.1
67.7
107.1
94.2
66.8
105.5
93.2
66.4
105.7
94.0
66.0
106.3
94.4
65.1
107.0
95.2
69.7
114.2
92.6
68.2
112.9
Electrical equipment and supplies______ 1,015.6 1,014.3 1,012.5
107. 4 106.9
Electric distribution equipment______
118.7 117.9
Electrical industrial apparatus_______
118.3 119.1
Household appliances_________ ____
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
104.2 104.1
94.2
97.7
Radio and TV receiving sets_________
210.4 208.0
Communication equiprnent________
Electronic components and accessories.
174.5 173.1
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
85.7
and supplies______________________
86.6
997.0
1OB 8
115.0
119.4
103.5
97. 5
204. 4
170.4
982.1
106.3
116.9
117.1
102.0
95.1
199.3
167.8
968.3
106.0
115.4
113.8
101.8
90.4
196.1
165.2
943.5
104.8
114.8
112.6
97.9
81.8
193.2
161.4
950.4
104.6
115. 4
114.8
98.8
78.1
195.7
163.7
942.7
103.3
113.9
114.3
97.5
74.3
195.9
164.5
930.6
103.2
111.9
113.3
97.3
68.3
197.1
163.5
933.5
103.8
111.9
112.8
97.2
69.1
199.1
162.1
938.9
104.9
112.2
112.0
97.5
71.8
201.2
160.7
946.5
106.1
113.2
110.3
98.0
73.2
204.9
159.3
986.9
108.3
121.5
120.7
103.6
82.2
201.4
164.4
967. O'
104.7
122.4
122.1
104.4
85.6
185.9
159.6
80.0
77.6
79.6
77.0
79.3
79.0
78.6
81.5
84.9
82.5
Machinery___________________________
974.0
Engines and turbines__________ _____
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction arid related machinery__
Metalworking machinery and equipment
__________________________
Special industry machinery__________
General industrial machinery________
Office, computing, and accounting machines
_________________________
Service industry machines___________
Miscellaneous machinery......................... —
Transportation equipment........ .................. 1,107.4 1,127.2 1,123.8 1,021. 4 1,013.0
569.0 564.0 4fi9 3 469.9
Motor vehicles and equipment_______
392.7 390.0 383. 0 378.7
Aircraft and parts _________________
119.0 122.2 120 9 117.1
Ship and boat building and repairing..
24.8
25.6
25. 9
Railroad equipment _______________
25 3
20.9
22.5
21.7
22 9
Other transportation equipment______
Instrument and related products_______
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control devices
.
. _______________
Optical and ophthalmic goods
Surgical, medical, and dental equipment
. __________ ____________
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks__________________
224.4
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware ._
Toys, arnusement, and sporting goods.
Pens, pencils, office and art materials..
Costume jewelrv, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing ind ustries______
288.6
76.0
77.5
961.2 1,032.9 1,049.6 1,043. 7 1,005.9
429.8 504.8 514.9 504.5 463.8
368.2 369.5 371.3 373.8 377.4
116.1 112.5 115.4 118.4 118.7
23.4
24.2
23.3
24.5
23.5
23.6
22.6
22.6
23.8
22.7
999.0
454.2
380.1
119.3
23.9
21.5
998.5 1,047.4 1,132.7 1,181.0
457. 4 503.4 566.5 538.5
379.3 380.2 392.5 462.6
116.6 117.8 116.6 122.0
25.1
27.3
29.3
32.0
20.1
18.7
28.5
25.1
227.0
38.6
228.7
38.8
225.7
38.8
225.9
39.7
222.5
39.5
217.5
38.4
220.5
40.5
218.9
41.2
216.7
41.4
217.4
42.4
217.4
42.0
221.0
42.8
232.0
42.8
230.1
41.4
62.4
30.3
62.5
30.3
on 8
29.8
60.8
29.5
59.1
29.2
58.8
28.6
59.2
29.2
58.8
28.9
58.4
28.4
58.3
28.2
58.7
28.3
59.3
28.4
63.3
30.7
62.5
29.9
33.6
40.0
22.1
33.6
40.1
23.4
33 3
39.8
33.3
39.9
22.7
33.1
39.8
21.8
32.5
39.1
20.1
32.8
39.3
19.5
32.8
38.8
18.4
32.7
38.7
17.1
32.6
38.7
17.2
32.9
38.9
16.6
32.9
39.6
18.0
33.1
41.1
21.1
31.8
41.3
23.2
307.3
33.8
80.2
24.4
46.5
122.4
329.8
33.8
98.0
24. 5
48.2
125.3
333.9
34.1
103.2
24. 4
47.4
124.8
326.3
33.6
99.2
23.7
46.3
123.5
317.4
33.0
95.8
23.6
46.0
119.0
300.9
30.8
88.3
22.7
43.5
115.6
309.8
32.0
89.5
22.5
44.8
121.0
301.5
32.0
85.7
21.9
42.2
119.7
293.2
32.1
79.4
21.7
41.3
118.7
288.7
32.2
73.1
22.0
42.3
119.1
286.4
32.6
69.2
22.2
43.0
119.4
279.6
32.6
63.6
22.3
42.0
119.1
316.0
33.9
86.4
23.0
47.3
125.4
313.2
33.8
82.9
22.9
49.1
124.6
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products____________ 1,107. 5 1,160.0 1,219.6 1,286.1 1,334.8 1,317. 9 1, 226. 4 1,184.2 1,120. 7 1,114.1 1,104.4 1,100.6 1,121.2 1,211.3 1,222.0
M eat products______________________
256.3 261.3 259.0 258.9 257.6 259.0 260.3 252.4 247.0 244.7 244.5 250.3 257.9 255.2
Dairy products_____________________
154. 4 156. 5 159.9 165.8 171. 5 172.6 171.6 164.5 162.9 160.0 158.1 158.5 169.7 175.3
Canned and preserved food, except
171.6 210.2 266.5 332. 5 313.2 226.3 186.1 158.4 160.0 153.6 147.1 149.9 206.1 209.4
meats ___ ______________________
89.4
86.4
88.1
86.7
86.5
87.8
93.3
94.0
93.9
92.6
89.8
88.3
87.9
93.8
Grain mill products _______ _______ _
173.8 176.1 176.5 175.6 177.8 178.2 177.3 173.3 171.3 171.7 172.0 172.5 176.6 176.4
Bakery produ cts___________________
39.6
35.0
22.9
22.7
25.7
23.8
25.5
32.5
30.3
31.3
Sugar . .
__________ ______
39. 2
25.1
24.8
23.6
72.1
55.9
55.6
60.2
68.4
66.4
64.1
55.2
59.1
62.6
62.9
63.3
Confectionery and related products___
71.4
63.5
Beverages. ______________ __________
113.7 115. 8 120.9 120.1 120.8 123.3 119.6 112.8 111.9 110.1 108.3 109.9 118.3 118.0
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod94.2
92.6
93.3
93.6
96.0
96.9
96.6
94.3
94.7
99.0
99.7
98.5 101. 2 102.2
ucts __________________________ Tobacco manufactures.......... .......................
Cigarettes___ ______________________
Cigars_____________________________
77.2
79.6
31.3
22.3
81.9
31.2
23.0
96.4
31.3
22.9
106.5
31. 7
22.6
88.7
32.0
22.3
65.0
31.6
21.1
67.2
32.0
23.1
66.4
31.3
23.3
68.0
31.3
23.2
72.4
31.5
23.9
77.4
31.6
24.6
81.4
31.7
24.3
83.3
32.2
26.0
84.0
31.7
27.7
Textile mill products.....................................
Cotton broad woven fabrics__________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______
Knitting___________________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering______________________
Yarn and thread______________ ______
Miscellaneous textile goods......................
See footnotes at end of table.
792.3
801.5
236.4
64.0
44.6
24.3
190.5
62.0
28.4
95.3
56.0
804.7
235.9
63.7
44.6
23.9
195.9
61.7
28.3
94.9
55.8
805.9
235.4
63.8
45.7
23.9
197.3
61.0
28.2
94.7
55.9
804.4
234.0
63.8
47.6
23.8
196.3
60.8
27.9
94.8
55.4
802.2
233.1
63.7
47. 7
23.2
196.8
60.7
27.4
94.6
55.0
788.1
232.0
62.1
48.1
22.8
191.5
60.0
25.9
92.2
53.5
800.3
234.1
62.6
48.9
23.0
196.3
61.1
27.0
93.5
53.8
791.4
233.4
62.1
47.6
23.0
192.3
60.8
27.1
92.3
52.8
784.9
233.9
62.1
46.0
22.8
189.2
60.8
26.9
91.3
51.9
779.0
234.7
62.4
45.1
22.4
184.3
60.6
28.4
90.8
50.3
778.1
236.1
63.1
44.9
22.6
180.4
60.3
28.8
90.7
51.2
778.3
238.0
64.2
42.9
22.6
177.7
60.9
29.0
90.2
52.8
826.7
244.1
66.9
49. 5
24.1
194.3
64.1
30.4
95.9
57.5
855.0
248.4
68.2
53.9
24.9
199.4
66.2
31.5
100.6
61.9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
331
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able
A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1962
1961
Annual
average
Industry
Jan.2 Dec.2 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1960 1959
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products.................. 1, 066.7 1, 086.81, 092.21, 087.31, 081. 51, 100.41, 033.71, 050.31, 033.31, 045.81, 082.1 1, 071.41, 039.21, 094.21, 090.6
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats_____
106.8 102.6 104.1 105.0 105.8 100.6 105.3 101.7 99.8 105.5 107.4 107.6 108.9 106.3
Men’s and boys’ furnishings....... .........
281.6 281.6 279.3 279.9 282.1 270.5 275.1 270.0 267.4 268.1 267.6 261.1 279.6 271.3
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear_________________________
313.0 317.1 313.2 312 3 321.5 297.7 296.9 301.2 316.5 335.7 326.8 312. 5 325 8 331 8
Women’s and children’s undergarments.
109.1 110.9 109.9 107.7 107.1 98.9 102.6 102.2 103.4 103.4 102.4 99.6 106.2 105.8
Hats, caps, and millinery....................
31.5 29.2 31.5 30.6 33.8 29.0 28.8 25.5 27.5 36.3 36.9 32.9 32.4 33.6
Girls’ and children’s outerwear______
66.6 66.5 67.2 66 3 69.8 69.1 68.4 64.1 61.5 65.8 67. 5 64. 9 67. 5 66 9
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
61.2 65.1 65.7 64.0 64.5 59.8 60.9 57.2 57.0 57.8 56.6 52.6 60.2 61.9
Miscellaneous fabricated textile’ products_____ __________ _________
117.0 119.2 116.4 115. 7 115.8 108.1 112.3 111.4 112.7 109.5 106.2 108.0 113 6 113 1
476.9
182.4
53.4
97.7
143.4
477.6
182.2
53.2
96.9
145.3
477.0
182.0
53.4
96.7
144.9
476.2
183 2
53.3
96. 9
142.8
475.0
184.3
54.1
95.8
140.8
467.4
182.2
53.8
94.2
137.2
473.7
184.9
55.1
94.6
139.1
464.4
180.1
54.4
93.6
136.3
462.1
179.2
54.2
93.8
134.9
460.8
178.8
54.3
93.1
134.6
459.4
178. 3
54.2
92.5
134.4
462.9
179. 5
54.6
93.2
135.6
474.0
181. 9
56.4
95.7
140.1
470.1
177 3
57.8
95.7
139.4
Chemicals and allied products....................
Industrial chemicals_________________
Plastics and synthetics, except glass___
Drugs______________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods...........
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals___________ ___
Other chemical products...........................
601.6
178.2
28.8
44.6
233.7
38.3
78.0
507.5 510.7
165.5
106.9
58.7
59.3
35.0
28.1
57.2
603.7
177.6
29.2
45.1
234.3
38.4
79.1
509.6
165.6
105.8
58.6
60.1
35.2
27.3
57.0
602.2
177.2
29.7
45.4
232.0
38.5
79.4
509.9
165.2
104.4
58.1
60.2
35.8
28.7
57.5
599.2
175. 5
29 6
45.9
231 8
38.5
77 9
509.0
165. 4
103.1
58 7
60.1
36.4
28.2
57.1
594.2
174.2
28. 5
45.1
230.1
38.7
77.6
509.2
166.5
103.4
58.8
59.6
36.8
26.8
57.3
593.7
175.0
29.0
43.4
229.6
38.6
78.1
506.1
166.1
102.9
58.9
58.9
36.9
26.1
56.3
593.7
176.2
29.1
44.2
228.4
37.9
77.9
507.0
164.8
102.8
58.8
59.2
36.4
28.9
56.1
590.3
175.4
29.2
44.2
227.8
37.1
76.6
509.1
163.8
101.6
57.7
58.0
35.8
37.2
55.0
592.2
175.1
30.3
43.8
228.5
37.3
77.2
508.7
162.7
100.9
57.3
57.6
35.2
40.5
54.5
594.3
174.5
30.7
43.7
229.9
37.7
77.8
502.0
162. 7
100.0
57.4
56.3
34.2
37.3
54.1
591.2
173.2
30.7
43.6
228.1
37.5
78.1
495.2
163.0
99.8
57.4
55.7
34.1
31.3
53.9
591.4
174.4
30.9
43.6
228.0
37.2
77.3
496.6
164.7
100.1
57. 5
55. 5
34.6
30.2
54.0
591.5
172.4
29.8
43.0
229 5
38.1
78 8
510.8
169.0
103. 5
58 8
56.1
36.7
31.0
55.6
575.6
167.1
28 9
40.6
224.6
37.0
77 4
505.9
167. 5
102.2
58 3
54. 7
36.4
31.7
55.0
Petroleum refining and related industries _____________ _______________
Petroleum refining__________________
Other petroleum and coal products.......
123.3 123.3 125.6 131.5 132. 7 134.7 131.6 134.3 132.1 131.0 129.7 129.3 131.0 137.7 139.8
101.4 102.3 106. 7 107.9 108.8 106.4 108.8 108.0 108.4 108.4 108.8 109.3 113 1 115.2
21.9 23.3 24.8 24.8 25.9 25.2 25.5 24.1 22.6 21.3 20.5 21.7 24.6 24.6
Paper and allied products................. ...... 470.3
Paper and pulp_______________ ___
Paperboard...'...... ..................... .........
Converted paper and paperboard products___ ______________________
Paperboard containers and boxes____ ............
Printing, publishing, and allied industries ___________________ _____ 594.0
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing. . ..
Books______ ________ ,1__________
Commercial printing_________ ___ _
Bookbinding' and related industries__
Other publishing and printing industries___________________ ______
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products__________ ______ _____________
Tires and inner tubes________________
Other rubber products_______________
Miscellaneous plastic products_______
Leather and leather products__________
Leather tanning and finishing.................
Footwear, except rubber_____________
Other leather products______________
293.2 296.6
76.4
124.2
96.0
318.6 322.6
29.4
214.6
78.6
295.9
75.1
123.5
97.3
320.1
29.4
210.1
80.6
294.4
75.2
121.8
97. 4
317.1
29.3
207.1
80.7
291.5
74. 9
121.6
95.0
318.6
29.3
210.3
79.0
284.1
72.4
118.1
93.6
326.9
29.0
218.4
79.5
277.2
73.5
114.7
89.0
317.9
28.3
215.3
74.3
278.7
72.6
116.7
89.4
322.2
29.1
217.7
75.4
273.7
71.3
114.6
87.8
311.4
28.8
210.9
71.7
267.8
70. 7
111.5
85.6
311.2
28.3
209.4
73.5
265.5
71.3
110.1
84.1
318.2
28.0
215.4
74.8
266.0
69. 9
112.1
84.0
321.9
28.4
218.9
74.6
271.1
73.4
114.5
83.2
317.8
29.3
217.2
71.3
288.7
78 2
120.8
89. 7
322.9
29. 9
216.4
76. 5
288.7
77.4
121.3
90.1
333.4
32.3
222.6
78. 5
84.9
43.7
816.9
18.3
559.0
27.1
76.6
531.6
213.2
135.2
157.8
25.4
84.9
44.4
835.6
18.3
560.9
27.0
77.7
533.4
213. 7
135.4
158. 5
25.8
86.3
44.7
836.6
18.3
562.4
26.7
77. 9
534. 8
214.3
135.9
158.6
26.0
87.0
46.1
831.7
18. 5
566. 7
27.0
78.3
543.0
217.4
138.0
161.3
26.3
86.4
46.8
816.2
19.1
574.0
26.9
78.8
550.0
220.2
139.9
162.8
27.1
86.2
46.9
816.3
19.3
575.5
27.0
79.6
549.9
220.1
140.0
162.7
27.1
87.4
46.4
805.9
19.2
571.1
27.0
78.3
544.0
218.9
137.6
160.6
26.9
87.4
45.2
778.4
18.8
568.3
26.8
77. 5
536.6
216.0
135.9
158.7
26.0
87.3
44.3
764. 1
18.8
569.9
26.8
78.8
533.2
216.2
132.3
158.7
26.0
87.1
43.5
763.2
18. 8
571.3
26.8
78.0
536.0
216.6
135.3
158.4
25.7
87.3
43.3
757.8
18.8
571. 7
27.0
78.6
535.1
216.9
135.4
157. 5
25.3
87.4
44.8
775.2
19. 0
573.2
27.3
78.2
536. 7
217.5
136.2
157.7
25.3
89. 2
44.6
801.8
19.8
581. 9
27.9
77. 9
543.6
220.2
137.3
159.4
26.7
91. 5
44.9
779.1
21.0
585.4
28.4
74.8
544.3
221.4
137.9
158.6
26.5
Transportation and public utilities:
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation__
Intercity and rural buslines__________
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Pipeline transportation________________
Communication:
Telephone com m unication....................
Telegraph communication *_...................
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services______
Electric companies and systems______
Gas companies and systems__________
Combined utility systems____ _______
Water, steam, and sanitary systems___
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
332
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
T able
[In thousands]
1962
Annual
average
1961
Industry
Jan.2 D ec.2 Nov.
Wholesale and retail trade *_______ ____________
Wholesale trade......................................................... .
Motor vehicles and automotive equip
ment.........................................................................
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products_______
Dry goods and apparel...........................................
Groceries and related products___ ____ ______
Electrical goods.........................................................
Hardware, plumbing and heating
g o o d s..________ _____________ ___________
Machinery, equipment, and s u p p lie s ..._____
Retail trade *__________ ____________ ______ _
General merchandise stores................................ .
Department sto res....................... ......................
Limited price variety stores................. .............
Food stores.......... ........................................ .............
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores_______
Apparel and accessories stores_______________
M en’s and boys’ apparel stores........... .............
Women’s ready-to-wear stores_____________
Fam ily clothing stores.............. .........................
Shoe stores______________________ ________
Furniture and appliance stores............... .............
Other retail trade 4. . . ................................................
Motor vehicle dealers................................ .............
Other vehicle and accessory dealers__________
Drug stores________________________ ______ _
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking__________ _________________ _______
Security dealers and exchanges________________
Insurance carriers...__________________ ______
Life insurance_____________________________
Accident and health insurance______________
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance________
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels___________
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants_______
M otion pictures:
Motion picture fllmingand distributing............
1
Oct.
Sept
July
June
8
M ay
Apr.
8
8
180.6
157.2
109. 9
431.5
177.0
180.6
156.8
110.7
429.1
178.2
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
I960
1959
9,547
, 974 8,806 8,716 8,672 8,658 8,676
,599
,549 8,554 8,502 8,676 8,810 8,592
2,639 2,635 2,632 2,620 2,631 2,600 2, 580 2, 552 2, 550 2, 559 2, 569 2,591
, 610 2, 558
185.6
161.1
110.9
443.1
182.0
123.3
417.0
6,908
1,926.3
1,152.4
414.9
1,309.4
1,138.4
723.1
128.8
269.7
119.7
184.1
161.9
111.0
441.6
180.7
183.4
160.2
110.5
440.3
179.2
124.2
417.3
183.3
159.5
.6
430.1
179.1
110
182.7
160.2
112.6
425.2
180.1
182.7
160.2
111.7
431.6
179.5
181.9
158.5
.1
436.9
178.3
111
2
179.1
156. 6
111.7
439. 0
179.9
178.9
156. 9
110.8
434.6
179.2
180.5
155.8
111.5
442.5
181.1
181.5
155.6
112.0
439.1
183.6
175.7
149.8
108.7
433.6
178.5
124.3 124.6 125.3 125.0 123.6 123.7 123.7 123.1 123.1 123.9 127.7 129.2
417.7 418.6 419.2 418.9 415. 2 410.1 408.0 408.8 407.3 408.5 412.0 396.2
6,174
6,034
, 096 6,041 6,058 6,096 6,047 5,999 5,995 5,933 6,085
1,562.2 1,453. 5 1, 405. 2 1,366. 6 1,360. 5 1,378. 5 1,365.0 1,347.1 1,346. 9 1,303. 8 , 383. 6 1,447.9 1,421.1
919.2 844.3 806.6 786. 9 786.4 801.7 793.9 787.9 787.1 762.6 817.9 843.6 828.5
332.8 312. 8 308.5 297.1 291.6 297.4 299.0 291.2 292.1 279.8 294.2 316.8 307.9
1,285. 8 1, 269. 5 1,257.3 1,260. 7 1,270. 4 1,272. 6 1,268. 5 1, 265. 4 1,268. 4 1, 276.2 1, 277. 6 1, 273.1 1,219. 9
1,122. 4 1,108.3 1,096.8 1,097. 6 1.108.1 1,109. 0 1,103. 5 1,103.8 1,104. 7 ,110.2 1,114.6 1,106. 5 1,057.0
615.6 592.6 582.7 553.6 558.5 583.9 579.1 568.5 574.0 537.8 575.5 582.3 557.2
89.8
95.8
93. 5
92.5
92.9
93. 7
99.0
92.0
93.2
92.6 100.4
95.6
236.1 227.5 225.2 215. 2 214.0 222.3 224. 6 220.4 219.8 205. 7 217.9 223.3 217.3
94.5
90.1
84.9
82.7
.1
83.5
83.6
86.3
85.9
89.2
105.2 104.0 104.2
95. 9
92.4 101. 0 106.3
98.2 104.1 104.7
103.1
382.6 372.4 367.8 364.4 362.5 361.6 360.8 355. 7 358.1 358.9 359. 8 364.9 368.9 359.9
2,566. 9 2,503.4 2,490. 5 2, 486. 5 2,497.9 2, 507. 4 2, 500.2 2, 478. 2 2, 460.2 2, 446. 9 2,455. 7 2,483. 6 2, 528.3 2,475. 7
574.9 570.5 568.9 567.9 576.5 578. 5 575.6 573.8 576.4 578.4 582.5 588.9 596.2 579.6
129.1 122.9 120.9 119.2 118.6 120.9
123.1 121.3
116.1 114.5 109.7 109.4
369.2 349.7 348.6 348.6 348.1 346.1 347.4 344.5 342.9 344.3 343.2 348.4 347.5 336.2
6,339
6
1
88.2
120.0
86.6 88.1
88
102.0
121.8
596.8
123.4
776.5
428.3
46.8
264.7
6,201
1
101.6
777.7
429.3
46.7
264.7
595.6
593.8
122. 3
775.9
427.9
46.3
264.9
122.6
596.4
122.9
780.8
430.4
46.5
266.8
604.1
125.2
787.0
433.8
47. 1
268.9
602.2
124.7
784.7
432.7
46.8
268.1
593.3
122.8
778.2
428.4
46.8
266.0
100.8
110.2
585.4
119.2
773.8
427.6
46.4
263.6
585.0
115.7
774.6
428.5
46.3
263.8
585.1
.1
774.1
427.6
46.1
264.4
112
584.0
109.6
771.8
426.0
45.8
264.2
582.5
107.6
768. 1
423.7
45. 7
262.8
575.9
107.0
763.9
420.7
46.0
260.3
547.9
99.9
746.8
412. 7
45.3
252.4
489.7
491.7
496.6
530.5
568.7
568.0
533.0
482.7
480.4
469.6
469.8
465.1
485.0
465.9
371.9
376.0
379.5
379.2
379.7
385.2
388.4
381.0
374.5
373.1
370.4
376.3
389.2
396.6
27.0
27.1
26.7
27.1
27.2
28.2
28.0
27.4
27.7
29.4
30.4
31.5
29.0
30.6
For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961 and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining, manufacturing, and laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants,
data refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to
construction workers; and for all other industries, to nonsupervisory workers.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper
visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., power plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.
Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Aug.
repair and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
by members of the construction trades.
Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the working super
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
Preliminary.
Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
Excludes eating and drinking places.
3
8
4
A.—EMPLOYMENT
333
T a b l e A -4 . E m p loyees in nonagricultural establishm ents, b y industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted 1
[In thousands]
1961
1962
Industry division and group
Jan. 2 Dec.2
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
T otal____ ___________________________________________ 54, 434 54,495 54,525 54,385 54,304 54,333 54,335 54,182 53,894 53,663 53, 561 53,485 53,581
M inin g................. .................. ...................................................—
643
656
665
661
666
665
672
669
670
666
668
667
672
Contract construction_________________________________
2,586
2,698
2,719
2,758
2,754
2, 770
2,776
2,795
2,742
2,766
2,792
2,765
2,773
Manufacturing................................................................................ 16, 451 16, 518 16,466 16,361 16,323 16,381 16,392 16,373 16,275 16,119 16,023 15,962 16,021
9,218
206
595
376
557
1,202
1,094
1,408
1,483
1,562
351
384
9,251
205
600
374
567
1,185
1,098
1,418
1,472
1,592
352
388
9,213
206
602
373
570
1,178
1,097
1,412
1,466
1, 579
351
389
9,112
208
600
372
574
1,174
1,091
1,409
1,455
1,496
349
384
9,105
203
603
370
573
1,179
1,090
1,400
1,428
1, 528
350
381
9,131
202
603
371
578
1,174
1,094
1,404
1,444
1,530
349
382
91,38
202
604
370
575
1,170
1,082
1,401
1,442
1, 559
349
384
9,114
200
606
368
573
1,151
1,085
1,396
1,442
1, 560
347
386
9,058
199
602
366
569
1,135
1,084
1,398
1,439
1,537
346
383.
8,904
196
601
365
561
1,101
1,057
1,395
1,422
1,487
342
377
8,820
196
595
361
557
1,085
1,040
1,388
1,416
1,468
340
374
8, 797
196
591
358
551
1,084
1,041
1,394
1,411
1, 455
341
375
8,863
195
596
356
556
1, 092
1,055
1,401
1,405
1,491
343
373
Nondurable goods.......................... ...................................... 7,233
Food and kindred products_____________________ 1,776
87
Tobacco manufactures_________________________
883
Textile mill products............... ........................... ...........
Apparel and related products.................... ................ 1,199
594
Paper and allied products----------------- ------------ 927
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............
835
Chemicals and allied products-------- ----------------197
Petroleum refining and related industries................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products.............
375
360
Leather and leather products.......................................
7,267
1,782
87
1,212
597
929
839
197
377
361
7,253
1,791
87
884
1,203
593
928
837
197
373
360
7,249
1,787
91
882
1,204
591
925
835
204
370
360
7,218
1,769
96
880
1,194
589
927
832
202
372
357
7,250
1,770
90
882
1,213
592
929
835
205
372
362
7,254
1,773
88
887
1,208
593
932
836
203
272
362
7,259
1,775
90
887
1,210
592
929
834
206
371
365
7,217
1,772
89
884
1,196
588
925
828
206
365
364
7,215
1,787
90
877
1,204
585
924
824
205
356
363
7,203
1,794
92
870
1,201
585
925
822
204
351
359
7,165
1,785
91
869
1,182
583
922
819
204
350
360
7,158
1,785
91
870
1,171
584
920
821
205
352
359
Transportation and public utilities........................................... 3,906
3,904
3,927
3,929
3,939
3,939
3,942
3,914
3,903
3,901
3,919
3,922
3,931
Durable goods___________________ ____ _ . ..................
Ordnance and accessories__________ _____ ______ _
Lumber and wood products, except furniture....... .
Furniture and fixtures............................................. —
Stone, clay, and glass products_________________
Primary metal industries_______________ _____ _
Fabricated metal products_____________________
Machinery______________ . . . . . --------------------Electrical equipment and supplies_____ _____ ___
Transportation e q u ip m e n t.......... .............................
Instruments and related products...............................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries--------------
886
Wholesale and retail trade................... ................................... 11,400 11,363 11,374 11,365 11,363 11,410 11,437 11,392 11,355 11,320 11,252 11, 296 11,347
Wholesale trade___________________________________ 3,002 3,004 3,015 3,022 3,020 3,020 3,022 3,011 3,001 2,988 2,991 2,989 2,992
Retail trade............................................................................... 8,398 8,359 8,359 8,343 8,343 8,390 8, 415 8,381 8,354 8,332 8,261 8,307 8,355
Finance, Insurance, and real estate.................................... ....... 2,769
2,772
2,771
2,764
2,756
2, 757
2,748
2, 747
2,739
2,732
2,732
2, 731
2,727
7,637
7,640
7,611
7,580
7,567
7,546
7,533
7,471
7,436
7,425
7,463
7,460
7,439
Government....................................................... .........................— 9,042
Federal...................................................................................... 2,331
State and local______________________________
- - , 711
1 For coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
3 Preliminary.
8,944
2,243
6,701
8,992
2,324
Service and miscellaneous............................................................
6
6,668
8,936 8,865 8,835 8,821 8, 774 8,734 8, 712 8,682 8,671
2,313 2,309 2,301 2,288 2,270 2,251 2,248 2,235 2,258
6,623 6,556 6,534 6,533 6,504 6,483 6, 464 6, 447 6,413
N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.
8,967
2,320
6,647
T a b l e A -5 . P roduction workers in m anufacturing industries, b y m ajor industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
[In thousands]
1961
1962
Major industry group
Jan. 2 Dec.»
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Manufacturing......................................... - --------------------------- 12,194 12,269 12,225 12,129 12,104 12,156 12,164 12,145 12,060 11,910 11,812 11,755 11,820
Durable goods____________________________________ 6,762
96
Ordnance and accessories..............................................
531
Lumber and wood products, except furniture.........
312
Furniture and fixtures_________________________
445
Stone, clay, and glass products....................................
973
Primary metal industries.............................................
836
Fabricated metal p rod u cts..........................................
969
Machinery----------------------------------------- -----------Electrical equipment and supplies.............................. 1,006
Transportation equipm ent-..................... - .................. 1,063
223
Instruments and related products----------------------308
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.......... .......
6,805
97
536
311
454
959
842
982
996
1,091
225
312
6,766
98
538
310
457
944
838
974
983
1,084
226
314
Nondurable goods..................................... ................ ............ 5,432
Food and kindred products......................................... 1,182
76
Tobacco manufactures-------------------------------------798
Textile mill products................. .....................................
Apparel and related products............. ............. .......... 1,067
472
Paper and allied products...... ......................... ............
596
Printing, publishing, and allied industries..........—
511
Chemicals and allied products---------------------------124
Petroleum refining and related industries.................
289
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products---------317
Leather and leather products.......................................
1 For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-3.
3 Preliminary.
5,464
1,189
76
800
1,079
475
597
513
124
291
320
5,459
1,200
77
797
1,073
473
597
511
126
288
317
629 4 3 2 — 62-------7
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6,676
99
536
308
461
943
831
971
983
1,011
223
310
6,673
97
539
306
460
950
833
965
957
1,037
224
305
6,699
95
538
309
464
944
838
967
972
1,039
225
308
6,709
95
538
307
462
944
824
966
968
1,073
223
309
6,682
93
540
305
461
924
828
959
968
1,072
222
310
6,637
93
535
303
458
911
828
962
967
1,052
221
307
6,491
91
533
302
449
876
802
959
950
1,010
218
301
6,403
92
528
297
446
859
786
953
944
983
217
298
6,377
91
523
295
440
858
786
958
939
971
217
299
6,447
91
530
294
445
864
799
963
937
1,006
220
298
5,431 5,457 5,455 5,463 5,423 5,419 5,409 5,378 5,373
1,184 1,182 1,183 1,188 1,183 1,197 1,202 1,195 1,197
85
80
77
78
78
79
81
80
80
794
795
800
800
784
783
798
790
784
1,063 1,081 1,072 1,076 1,063 1,069 1,068 1,050 1,039
469
472
472
473
468
466
466
464
465
595
594
596
601
597
595
595
594
593
507
513
510
505
510
500
499
497
499
132
132
134
132
131
130
131
131
133
287
279
287
287
286
271
267
266
267
316
323
322
321
320
320
316
318
316
N o t e : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ N ew seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.
5,453
1,196
79
796
1,073
471
594
509
132
285
318
334
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
Table A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations1
[All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1961
Item
Dec.
Employment service:2
N ew applications for work - - - _________
Nonfarm placements__________________
713
448
N ov.
866
511
Oct.
Sept.
859
596
793
607
Aug.
845
603
July
1960
June
818
501
1,018
551
M ay
873
520
Mar.
Apr.
808
440
895
417
Jan.
Feb.
949
342
Dec.
1,065
365
820
378
State unemployment insurance programs:3
Initial claims 45___________ _________
1,658
1,406
1,219
2,175
1,081
1,248
1,501
1,229
1,368
1,468
1,709
1,919
2,381
Insured unem ploym ent6 (average weekly
1,662
volume)..........................................................
2,017
1,502
1,744
3,394
2,639
1,958
1,991
2,328
2,779
3,266
1,558
3,168
Rate of insured unem ploym ent7________
4.1
5.0
3.7
3.8
4.3
5.7
7.8
8.4
4.8
4.9
Weeks of unemployment compensated- - 6,621
5,869
5,644
9,105
5, 772
7,310
6,992
8,273
9,835 10,656 13,334 11, 935 11,975
Average weekly benefit amount for total
unemployment_________ ____ ________ $34.10 $33.67 $33.30 $33.12 $33.36 $32.91 $32. 92 $33.46 $34.18 $34.37 $34.45 $34.34 $34.18
Total benefits paid_______ ____________ $218,477 $190,883 $180,938 $185,008 $237,168 $223,978 $264,448 $320,089 $362,539 $461, 543 $399,264 $397,609 $300,204
6.8
Unemployment compensation for ex-servicem e n :8 9
Initial claim s4......................................... .......
Insured unem ploym ent6 (average weekly
volum e)______ _________________ ____
Weeks of unemployment compensated--Total benefits paid___ - - .- ___________
Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees:910
Initial claim s4____ ____ - ...........- ................
Insured unem ployment8 (average weekly
volum e)_______________ _______ _____
Weeks of tinemployment compensated- - Total benefits paid____________________
20
49
192
$6,044
13
31
118
$4,138
22
24
25
30
29
47
193
$6,081
47
52
58
263
$8,174
60
236
$7,271
12
29
118
$4,128
202
$6,344
221
$6,886
10
13
28
116
$4,053
28
118
$4,136
11
31
139
$4,878
15
32
115
$3,932
26
26
29
35
8.1
6.6
39
36
86
71
279
$8,597
13
19
14
41
162
$5, 534
40
164
$5,605
35
142
$4,817
33
91
61
71
83
91
355
355
291
326
380
370
$8, 984 $10,190 $11,980 $11,618 $11,002 $11,017
12
31
142
$4,913
12
33
148
$5,090
13
36
167
$6,228
12
40
160
$5,504
Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 11________________________
13
15
14
19
26
13
38
9
6
6
Insured unemployment (average weekly
volum e)_________________________ -_
77
77
74
74
83
83
113
123
103
77
107
106
Number of payments 12________________
172
167
174
164
242
167
224
253
203
266
226
270
Average amount of benefit p aym en t13___ $80.13 $80. 51 $79. 72 $80. 70 $80.61 $77. 88 $78. 43 $80.01 $79. 57 $81.60 $80. 99 $82.69 $82.46
Total benefits paid 14__________ - ______ $13,363 $13,807 $13, 770 $13, 558 $16,173 $12,713 $17,551 $20,485 $16,273 $22,274 $19, 706 $22,208 $18, 793
100
200
All programs:15
Insured unem ploym ent3 6_____________
2,175
1,817
1,653
1,719
1 Data relate to the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii) except
where otherwise indicated.
2 Includes Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
3 Includes data for Puerto Rico, beginning January 1961 when the Com
monwealth’s program became part of the Federal-State U I system.
4 Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims.
6 Includes interstate claims for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands for the
entire period.
6 Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem
ployment.
7 The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
8 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
9 Includes Puerto Rxco and the Virgin Islands.
10 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,907
21
10
100
2,136
2,175
2,543
3,046
3,403
3,638
3,515
2,847
11 An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re
quired for subsequent periods in the same year.
12 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods.
13 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not
adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
14 Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpay
ments.
15 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and U C PE programs and the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act.
S o urce : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
335
B.—Labor Turnover
Table B—1. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group
[Per 100 employees]
1961
1960
Annual
average
Major industry group
Dec.2 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
1960
4.0
4-6
3.2
3.7
4.0
2. 3
3 8
S.8
S.S
4.2
3 fi
2.4
2.6
4.2
3.1
2.3
4 8
3 9
3 4
2 4
3 9
2. 9
3.2
4 3
2.4
5.5
4.5
4.0
3.1
4.7
3.6
4.0
4.8
2.9
Accessions: Total »
Manufacturing:
A ctu a l.,...................
2.5
Seasonally adjusted.
3.3
4-0
4.3
4-4
4.7
3.7
4-1
4.4
4.0
1.6
3.2
2.7
4.0
3.3
4.3
3.6
4.9
2.7
2.8
2.3
3.2
3.7
2. 5
2.3
3.4
4.1
4.9
3.2
2.9
4.4
3.2
4.3
4.9
3.3
5.0
5.1
3.2
3.1
5.0
3.4
4.6
4.9
3.2
5.1
5.9
4.0
3.5
5.6
3.3
4.7
7.0
3.5
5.3
5.3
3.7
3.1
4.6
3.0
3.4
4.1
3.6
Durable goods______________________ .
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except fur■
niture_____________________
.
Furniture and fixtures...................
Primary metal industries..............
Fabricated metal p ro d u cts.................
Machinery________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies
Transportation equipment.................
Instruments and related products___
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries.................................
.
Nondurable goods____________________ Food and kindred products........
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products....................... HII
Apparel and related products____
Paper and allied products_______
Printing, publishing, and allied in
dustries______________________
Chemicals and allied products___II
Petroleum refining and related Industries
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod
ucts................................................
Leather and leather products___
N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining_________________
Coal mining................ ....................
HUH
2.6
2.6
1.7
2.9
2. 6
2.9
1.9
2.8
3. 5
3.9
2.6
5.3
3.9
2.4
4.3
6.3
6.9
7.6
2.8
6.1
2.4
3.5
4.3
3.4
3.2
.3
4.6
6.9
3. 5
3.9
5.8
2.9
5.2
8.4
15.3
4.1
5.2
3.0
5.8
9.8
5.0
7.7
3.3
3.8
2.8
2.9
2.1
3.3
1.7
2.0
6
2.2
2.6
22.0
6.8
4.4
6.4
2.8
3.6
6.9
2.9
3.1
3.0
5.0
4.2
3.9
13
4.0
4-4
4.5
3.3
4.2
2.5
2.6
2.2
3.2
2.5
3.8
2.7
8.8
7.1
3.7
4.4
4.8
4.7
2.9
3.2
4.4
7.6
3.6
4.4
4.1
4.8
3.0
3.2
5.0
5.4
3.6
5.0
4.1
5.0
3.0
2.9
4.2
3.0
3.4
2.9
3.5
5.4
3.1
3.0
3.4
4.3
3.3
3.5
4.2
2.4
4.4
4.9
4.1
4.7
3.6
4.0
4.3
3.4
2.6
4.2
2.1
6.8
1.9
2.6
2.8
3.6
1.9
2.2
2.1
1. 7
2.1
2. 5
2.1
2.0
2. 7
1.5
5.9
5.7
5.7
5.5
4.7
5.6
2.2
5.3
5.5
5.5
8.3
2.9
3.9
6.9
4.0
4.3
5.7
4.5
4.0
6.3
2.7
3.6
4.9
1.4
3.6
4.9
2.4
3.6
4.4
3.5
3.9
5.0
2.9
5.8
2.3
2. 5
3 3
5.8
1. 9
3.5
1.5
4.1
ft n
R fi
3 2
fi 3
4.3
2.2
3.2
3.5
1.7
2.9
5.7
2.6
5.4
3.5
5.7
2.8
4.0
3.1
2.6
2.2
1.8
2.2
2.3
1.3
2.6
2.5
1.0
2.3
1.7
2.5
3 n
3.0
4.6
3.4
4.0
2.7
4.5
3.6
5.2
2.0
1.2
.6
1.8
1.9
2.5
1.5
3.8
1.3
.4
1.7
.9
2.1
1.2
2.2
1.3
2.0
1.2
2.0
1.4
2.6
3.4
2.1
2.9
4.9
3.8
5 .1
4.5
4.8
5.1
5.3
3.9
6.5
6.0
4.8
5.8
4.1
3.9
2.0
1.2
2.7
1.9
2.7
2.3
2.5
3.0
2.3
3.4
3.6
3.9
1.3
2.8
3.1
2.1
4.3
1.9
.8
3.4
5.2
2.3
1.6
2.0
.8
1.8
1.1
1.6
6.2
2.0
1.2
2.2
3.7
3 1
4.8
3.6
4.8
1. 8
1.2
1.6
3 4
3.6
1.3
2.2
Accessions: N ew hires
Manufacturing:
Actual___________
1.4
Seasonally adjusted.
Durable goods_______________________
Ordnance and accessories____________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture................
Furniture and fixtures................Ill'
Nondurable goods..........................................
Food and kindred products.......... HI
Tobacco manufactures..............
Textile mill products......... .............. "H I
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products______
Printing, publishing, and allied in
dustries____________________
Chemicals and allied p rod u cts..
Petroleum refining and related industries.
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod
ucts..........................................................
Leather and leather products_________
IIIIII"
N onm anufacturing:
M etal mining_________________
Coal mining_________________ H
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.7
3.0
3.1
2.5
2.9
2.1
1.8
1.6
3.5
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.1
3.1
3.0
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.0
2.2
2. fi
1.9
1.7
2.5
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.6
1.9
2.1
2.1
2.4
2.6
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.3
1.9
.9
1.6
1. 9
1.8
2 fi
2.4
2.2
3.0
1. 5
.9
2.0
1. 6
2. 4
1. 8
1.9
3.3
3.8
2.0
1.2
2.8
1.8
3.0
2. 2
2.6
3.9
4.1
2.1
1.3
3.0
1.8
3.1
2.2
2.4
4.3
4.4
2.5
1.4
3.2
1.8
2.9
1.9
2.2
4.1
3.6
2.2
1.0
2.4
1.5
1.9
1.5
2.0
5.8
2.9
2.9
1.3
2.7
2.1
2.2
1.8
2.3
4.7
2.2
2.1
.9
2.1
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.5
3.9
1.8
1.8
.6
1.8
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.2
2.4
2.0
1.7
.5
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.4
1.1
.4
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.9
1.4
1.0
.5
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.2
1.1
.6
.4
1.0
.9
1.0
.9
.9
3.4
2.8
2.0
4.2
3.4
2.6
17
2.7
2.3
2.6
19
2.3
3.4
1.4
1.2
1.6
1.8
Stone, clay, and glass products...
.8
Primary metal ind u stries............
.9
Fabricated metal products.......... ...........
1.4
Machinery________________________
1.3
Electrical equipment and supplies” II!
1. 8
Transportation equipment-..........
—
Instruments and related products.........
1.3
Miscellaneous manufacturing in
dustries____________
1.9
2.5
1.4
1.5
2.1
1. 7
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.6
3.3
5.1
5.3
5.9
3.8
3.8
3.5
2.8
2.6
2.3
2.5
1.4
3.4
3.5
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.8
1.0
2.0
2.1
1.4
2.2
2. 9
1. 5
3.0
4.3
2.2
2.7
3. 5
2.1
3.6
5.6
9.7
2.9
3.4
2.3
3.8
6.1
13.4
3.1
4.0
2.0
3.1
4.8
2.2
2.4
3.7
1.9
3.4
5.2
1.3
2.7
3.6
2.9
2.4
3.1
1.3
2.5
3.2
1.7
1.9
2.4
.5
1.9
2.8
1.3
1.9
2.0
.6
1.6
2.9
1.2
1.6
1.5
.8
1.3
2.7
1.0
1.7
1.7
2.1
1.3
2.5
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.4
.9
1.5
.7
2.5
3.5
2. 9
2.0
3.2
1.8
2.8
3.6
30
2.4
3.6
2.1
1.4
.8
.3
2.0
.5
2.6
1. 5
.9
3.0
1.5
1.0
2.4
1.4
.8
2.3
1.5
1.1
2.9
2.3
2.1
1.8
1.4
1.1
1.7
1.4
.7
1.9
1.5
.5
1.7
1.0
.5
1.9
.9
.5
1.4
.6
.4
2.4
1.4
.8
2.4
1.6
.8
2.1
li
1.7
2.9
2.5
3.3
3.0
3.2
2.8
3.7
2.2
3.6
2.4
3.6
1.9
2.9
1.4
1.9
1.3
1.9
1.1
2.1
2.9
2.1
.6
1.7
2.9
3.2
.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
2.3
.3
1.3
.3
.2
.9
.8
.2
.9
1.3
1.0
1.9
.5
1. 1
.9
.9
.8
.7
.7
.3
1.0
.8
.3
.4
2.4
1.9
4
336
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
T a b l e B - l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group x—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
1961
1960
Annual
Major industry group
D ec .
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug .
July
June
M ay
Apr .
Mar .
F eb .
Jan .
Dec .
1960
1959
Separations: T o ta l2
Manufacturing:
Actual........ ..............
Seasonally adjusted.
.
.
3.8
S.9
4.0
S.9
4.1
S.6
5 .1
4-1
4.1
S.8
4.5
3.6
1 0
3.5
S.8
3.4
S. B
3.9
is
3.9
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.3
4.1
Durable goods.............................................. .
Ordnance and accessories____________.
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture____________________ . . . . .
Furniture and fixtures______
Stone, clay, and glass products______
Primary metal industries........................
Fabricated metal products___________
Machinery_________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment___________
Instruments and related products.........
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
t r ie s ..............................................
3.5
1.8
3.6
2.2
3.7
2.2
4.3
3.0
3.9
2.4
4.3
2.1
3.5
2.3
3.3
2.1
3.1
1.9
4.2
2.4
4.2
2.2
5.1
2.3
5.0
1.9
4.3
2.4
4.0
2.3
5.8
3.8
4.8
1.9
3.9
2.1
3.0
5.8
4.2
3.9
2.9
4.3
2.7
3.1
5.4
4.7
4.0
3.0
4.5
3.1
3.2
6.7
4.9
4.4
3.0
5.0
3.8
4.0
6.2
4.6
3.7
2.7
4.5
3.5
3.1
5.9
4.3
2.2
2.2
4.5
3.4
3.0
2.9
2.7
2.5
3 ’. 8
2.6
2.4
4.3
3.3
3.0
2.3
4.3
3.4
3.1
4.3
2.4
4.0
4.3
2.8
2.2
3.5
3.2
2.8
4.0
2.0
3.7
3.5
3.2
2.2
3.1
2.9
2.8
3. 9
2.3
4.8
4.3
3.2
3.2
4.4
3.2
3.5
5. 7
2.3
6.1
4.0
4.0
3.5
5.2
2.8
3.2
6.6
2.2
6.1
5.1
5.3
4.4
6.7
3.4
3.9
7.3
2.9
6.8
4.8
5.5
4.9
6.4
3.1
3.4
5.9
2.4
6.1
4.6
4. 1
4.0
4.8
3.4
3.5
5.2
2.7
5.4
4.4
3.8
2.5
4.7
3.1
3.2
5.5
2.4
10.1
7.3
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.1
4.3
4.7
4.3
5.0
4.3
5.6
10.4
5.9
5.3
4.3
6.8
6.3
2.9
5.7
2.7
4.4
7.5
11.1
3.2
4.8
2.4
4.6
6.9
13.5
3.6
5.4
2.9
6.0
9.7
7.2
4.5
6.5
4.3
4. 5
6.8
3.2
3.9
5.2
2.9
3.9
5.0
2.1
3.4
6.1
2.5
3.7
4.8
2.1
3.1
5.5
2.3
3.7
4.3
2.9
3.1
6.6
2.2
3.8
4.6
6.3
3.1
6.5
2.2
3.6
4.4
5.3
3.3
5.2
2.4
3.5
4.3
7.0
3.1
5.1
2.4
4.2
5.5
3.4
3.9
6.1
2.9
4.7
6.6
6.2
3.8
6.8
2.9
4.4
6.0
5.9
3.7
6.1
2.9
4.2
6.1
5.1
3.5
5.6
2.7
2.8
1.7
2.6
1.9
3.1
2.0
4.1
3.1
3.1
2.2
2.5
1.7
2.8
2.2
2.6
2.4
2.5
1.8
2.5
1.6
2.6
1.6
2.8
2.0
3.0
2.0
2.8
2.1
2.8
2.0
1.5
2.2
1.9
2.8
2.2
1.7
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
2.9
5.8
3.5
4.2
3.8
5.2
4.1
6.1
3.4
5.8
3.1
5.6
3.1
4.2
2.8
4.3
2.7
5.1
4.0
5.1
4.3
4.5
4.5
4.9
4.4
5.3
3.9
5.0
Nonmanufacturing:
M etal mining____
Coal mining_____
3.4
4.7
3.3
2.0
4.3
1.6
2.9
2.4
4.1
1.8
2.9
1.7
2.3
5.8
1.8
1.4
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.6
2.8
3.4
2.4
3.5
5.1
1.7
6.6
5.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.8
Manufacturing:
Actual___________
Seasonally adjusted.
0.9
1.4
1.1
l.S
1.4
1.5
2.3
l.S
1.7
l.S
1.2
1.1
1.2
l.S
1.1
l.S
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.1
0.8
1.1
0.9
1.1
0.7
1.1
1.3
1.5
.8
.7
1.0
.8
1.2
1.0
1.9
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
.9
.9
.8
.9
.8
.8
.6
.8
.7
.9
.6
.7
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
.5
.4
.8
.7
1.0
1.4
1.5
.8
.5
1.0
.7
1.2
2.1
1.9
1.1
.6
1.3
.9
1.4
3.6
2.5
1.8
1.0
2.1
1.4
2.1
2.9
2.3
1.5
.7
1.5
1.1
1.5
2.2
1.6
1.0
.5
1.0
2.2
1.3
1.0
.5
1.0
.9
1.1
. 8
1.0
2.0
1.4
.9
.4
.9
.7
.9
. 7
.8
1.7
1.2
.8
.4
.8
.7
.9
.7
.8
1.3
1.1
.7
.4
.7
.7
.8
.7
.8
1.0
.8
.6
.3
.6
.5
.8
.6
.7
1.2
1.0
.7
.3
.6
.6
1.0
.6
.8
1.0
.9
.6
.3
.6
.5
.7
.5
.7
2.3
1.7
1.1
.6
1.1
.9
1.2
.9
1.1
2.6
1.9
1.4
.8
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.3
I.II.IIII
Nondurable goods____________________
Food and kindred products_______II.
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products...............................
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products_________
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries. ....................................................... .
Chemicals and allied products____
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries............................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod
ucts.............................................................
Leather and leather products________
a a
4.1
Separations: Quits
Durable goods.............. ...............................
Ordnance and accessories____________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture— .............................................
Furniture and fixtures___________ HI'
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries.........................
Fabricated metal products_____ ____ _
Machinery_________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies."."—
Transportation equipment............... ..
Instruments and related products... I..
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
t r ie s .....................................
Nondurable goods____________________
Food and kindred products__________
Tobacco manufactures..............................
Textile mil] products_____________ H
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products______
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tr ie s.........................................................
Chemicals and allied products .
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries_____________________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod
ucts.............................................................
Leather and leather products________
N onmanufacturing:
M etal mining____
Coal mining..........
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
2.2
1.3
.9
1.0
1.9
2.5
3.4
2.7
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.9
1.9
1.0
.9
.6
1.2
1.5
.6
1.3
1.3
.6
1.6
1.9
.8
1.6
1.9
.9
1.8
2.2
1.1
2.7
3.6
2.2
2.6
2.8
2.3
2.1
2.6
1.3
2.3
2.7
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.4
.8
1.6
2.3
.9
1.5
1.5
.7
1.6
2.1
.9
.6
1.5
2.0
.8
1.2
1.1
.9
1.3
1.8
.7
1.1
1.0
.8
1.2
1.8
.7
1.0
.9
.6
1.0
1.5
.6
1.1
1.0
.9
1.1
1.7
.7
.9
.9
.7
.9
1.3
.6
1.6
1.7
1.0
1.6
2.3
1.2
1.7
1.9
1.1
1.7
2.3
1.3
1.1
.5
1.3
.5
1.5
.7
2.5
1.7
1.7
1.0
1.4
.6
1.2
.6
1.1
.6
1.1
.5
1.1
.5
1.3
.5
1.1
.4
1.5
.8
1.5
.8
.2
.4
.5
1.1
.7
.5
.5
.4
.4
.3
.3
.4
.3
.5
.5
.7
1.5
1.1
1.9
1.3
2.3
2.0
3.2
1.6
2.9
1.0
2.2
1.1
2.1
1.0
1.9
.9
1.7
.8
1.7
.7
1.5
.8
1.7
.6
1.4
1.1
1.3
2.2
2.2
.6
.8
.4
.9
.5
2.0
.5 1
1.6
.9
.5
.9
.2
1.0
.3
.8
.2
.7
.3
.6
.2
.9
.1
.9
.2
1.5
1.5
.3
.4
1.4
.8
.3
.3
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
337
T a ble B - l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
fPer 100 employees}
1961
1960
Annual
average
Major Industry group
Dec;2 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
I960
1959
Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing:
Actual_____________
Seasonattp adjusted. . .
2.4
1.9
2.2
1.8
2.0
1.7
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.9
2.3
2.5
1.7
2.2
1.8
2.0
1.9
1.9
2.3
2.S
2.6
2.9
3.2
2.9
3.6
2.9
2.4
2J)
Durable goods...............................................
2.1
Ordnance and accessories..................
.7
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture........................ ...................
4.0
Furniture and fixtures.........................
2.1
Stone, clay, and glass products..........I.
3. 7
Primary metal Industries__________
1.0
Fabricated metal products.....................
2. 5
Machinery........... ............................... ........
.8
Electrical equipment and supplies.H I.
1.2
Transportation equipment___________ — ---Instruments and related products........ .
1.3
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries_____ ____ __________
8.4
2.0
.9
1.7
.6
1.6
.5
1.7
.7
2.7
.7
1.8
.9
1.7
.8
1.7
.5
2.6
1.0
3.1
.8
3.7
.9
3.9
.7
2.6
.9
2.0
.7
3.7
2.0
2.3
1.8
2. 6
1. 4
1.1
2.2
1.0
2.5
1.9
2.1
1.6
2.3
1. 5
1.0
1.7
.6
2.1
1.7
1.8
1.2
2.2
1.6
1.0
2.2
.7
2.4
1.6
1.5
1.4
2.2
1.9
.8
2.4
.6
3.0
2.2
1.5
1.1
2.7
2.0
1.3
6.8
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.2
2.7
1.7
1.3
2.8
1.0
1.3
2.3
1.3
1.2
2.0
1.9
1.3
2.6
.6
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.2
1.7
1.5
1.3
2.6
1.0
2.8
2.6
1.9
2.3
3.2
1.8
2.0
4.5
1.0
4.5
2.5
3.0
2.6
4.1
1.8
1.9
5.6
1.0
4.3
3.4
4.1
3.5
5.5
2.1
2.2
6.1
1.4
5.4
3.3
4.5
4.2
5.4
2.1
2.1
4.9
1.3
3.1
2 1
2. 4
3.0
3.1
1.9
1. 6
3.6
1.0
2 1
18
18
11
2 fi
14
1.2
3. 7
.6
II
Nondurable goods____________________
Food and kindred products_____ " H
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products........................... H
Apparel and related products_____
Paper and allied products........
Printing, publishing, and allied ¿idustries____ _______________________
Chemicals and allied products .".II........
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries.........................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products.................................................
Leather and leather products_________
N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining____
Coal mining_____
4.5
2.2
1.4
2.2
2.7
1.9
2.4
2.2
3.0
2.6
3.7
8.7
3.2
2.7
2.8
5. 4
5. 4
1.3
3. 7
1. 6
2.5
5. 6
10.1
1.1
2.3
1.1
2.3
4. 3
12.1
1. 1
2. 5
1.0
2.6
5.3
4.6
1.2
2.9
1.2
1.8
3.6
1.4
1.0
1.7
.8
1.9
2.9
1.0
1.2
3.1
1.0
1.6
2.7
1.1
1.0
2.8
.8
1.9
2.4
2.1
1.0
4.0
.8
2.1
2.9
5.1
1.3
4.1
1.0
2.0
2.8
4.2
1.6
2.8
1.1
2.1
2.8
5.9
1.7
3.0
1.3
2.6
3.8
2.0
2.3
3.9
1.7
3.3
5.2
5.2
2.5
5.1
1.8
2.2
3. 6
4 5
1. 5
3.2
1.2
20
3 fi
3 fi
13
2 7
.9
1.2
.8
.9
.9
1.0
.8
.9
.8
.9
,7
.7
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.4
.9
.9
1.0
.7
1.0
.8
1.1
1.0
1.5
1.2
.9
.9
.9
.8
.8
1.3
.7
1.0
.6
,6
.4
.2
.3
.4
.4
.6
.8
.6
.5
1.6
3. 6
1.7
1. 5
1.6
2.2
1.3
2.1
1.0
2.1
1.5
2.7
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.8
1.2
2.8
2.5
2.8
3.0
2.2
3.1
2.5
3.3
3.2
2.2
2.1
1 fi
1.8
2.1
1.2
2.6
.8
1.3
1.4
1.2
.7
.7
.9
.8
4.8
.2
.9
.8
1.7
.8
1.9
1.3
2.7
1.1
2.8
3.4
1.1
4.7
4.4
1.5
2.9
1i
3.1
issue, ugures uiuer irom those pre
viously published. The industry structure has been converted to the 1957
btandard Industrial Classification, and the printing and publishing industry
and some seasonal manufacturing industries previously excluded are now
Included.
Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in January 1959; this inclusion
has not significantly affected the labor turnover rates.
Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and noninanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not com
parable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the
following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes during the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
calendar month, while the employment series measures changes from mid
month to midmonth; and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel changes
caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence of such
stoppages.
2 Preliminary.
•Beginning with January 1959, transfers between establishments of the
same firm are included in total accessions and total separations; therefore,
rates for these items are not strictly comparable with prior data. Transfers
comprise part of “other accessions” and “other separations,” the rates for
which are not shown separately.
338
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
C.—Earnings and Hours
T a ble C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
1961
1960
Industry
Dec.2 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Annual
average
I960
1959
Average weekly earnings
M ining..................... ............................................ $109.48 $109.88 $111.19 $109. 06 $108.09
Metal mining______________ ____ ____ 117. 32 115.64 117.88 114. 68 113.02
Iron ores________________________ 118.04 120.04 122.61 120.77 120.09
Copper ores________________ ____ 126. 84 123. 04 125.77 118.83 116.47
Coal m in in g ..______________________
Bitum inous_____________________
$110. 24 $108.09
114. 40 114.24
119. 20 117. 91
117.00 117.72
$104.92 $103.49
109. 62 111. 25
109. 66 110. 26
113.05 117.82
118.00 116. 94 117.18 114.19 113.83 119.32 115.18 106. 91 101.35
119. 07 118.38 118.63 115.92 115.55 120.46 117. 29 108. 26 102.65
$101.14 $104.15 $106.27
109.35 110.29 110.97
106.03 107. 74 110.19
116. 68 117. 75 117. 21
$103. 75 $105.44 $103. 68
112. 19 111.19 102. 77
109. 15 114. 73 107.34
120. 06 116. 77 105. 90
96. 71 107. 22 n o. 09 107. 53 110.76 109.03
97. 34 108.26 110.84 108. 58 112. 77 111. 70
Crude petroleum and natural gas........... 107.17 106. 75 107. 95 106. 08 104.67 106.93 103. 75 104.00 105. 75 104.75 104. 42 106.68 103. 09 103.32 103. 52
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields.................................................... 112.31 113. 55 114.80 114. 52 110.95 116.33 112.19 111.35 114.11 110. 95 111. 63 116. 20 108. 54 108. 54 108.12
Oil and gas field services.................... 102. 77 100.11 101.35 97.90 98.93 98. 21 96. 48 97.8Í 97. 78 98. 97 97.61 97.33 97. 75 98. 31 99.68
Quarrying and nonmetallio mining........
97.21 102.10 106.48 105.08 104.42 103. 50 102. 60 100.34
96.10
92.99
92. 55
93.21
92. 25
96. 58
94.57
119.13
110.23
121. 72
117.88
127.30
124. 02
116. 29
108.78
116.40
109. 85
123.91
121.32
112. 77
105.40
109. 92
100. 66
119.42
118.96
112.41
103.70
110.48
100.10
119.87
118. 61
114.08
106. 50
112.11
101.14
121. 27
119. 65
115.39
107. 46
113.87
104.37
122. 09
121.00
108. 07
99. 33
107. 51
98. 10
115. 82
114. 58
112. 67
103.72
114. 77
110.00
119.60
118.11
108. 41
100.32
108. 94
105.06
113. 65
113. 62
Manufacturing........... ........................................ 96.63 95.82 94. 54 92.73 92.86 93.20 93.03
Durable goods...................................... 105. 06 104.39 102. 66 100.00 100. 44 100.35 101. 09
Nondurable goods_______________
85.79 85.39 84.77 83. 74 83. 58 84.16 83.56
92.10
99. 70
82.29
90. 78
98. 31
81.27
89. 54
97.17
80.88
89.31
96. 29
80.47
89.08
96.29
80.47
88. 62
96. 19
79. 84
89.72
97.44
80.30
88.26
96.05
78.61
Contract construction-------- -------------------General building contractors...................
H eavy construction_________________
Highway and street construction...
Other heavy construction.......... .......
Special trade contractors...........................
114.49
105.48
110. 66
103. 37
118. 50
121.45
118.26
110. 05
117. 00
110. 30
125.37
124. 20
123.00
112.98
127.08
124.13
131.36
127. 97
120.43
109.85
121.80
118.20
127.75
126.25
122.05
111. 74
127.15
124.24
131.57
126.45
119.76
110. 23
122. 60
120.13
126.77
125.06
Average weekly hours
M ining..................................................................
Metal mining.............................................
Iron ores________________________
Copper ores...........................................
40.7
41.9
38.7
45.3
41.0
41.3
39.1
44.1
41.8
42.1
40.2
44.6
41.0
41.7
40.8
42.9
41.1
41.4
40.3
42.2
41.6
41.6
39.6
42.7
41.1
42.0
39.7
43.6
40.2
40.6
37.3
42.5
39.5
40.9
37.0
43.8
38.9
40.5
35.7
43.7
39.6
41.0
36.4
44.1
40.1
41 1
37.1
43.9
39.6
41.4
37.0
44.8
40.4
41.8
39.7
44.4
40.5
40.3
37.4
42.7
Coal mining...............................................
Bituminous...... ...................................
37.7
37.8
37.6
37.7
37.8
37.9
36.6
36.8
36.6
36.8
38.0
38.0
36.8
37.0
34.6
34.7
32.8
32.9
31.5
31.4
34.7
34.7
35.4
35.3
34.8
34.8
35.5
35.8
35.4
35.8
Crude petroleum and natural gas...........
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields_________________________
Oil and gas field services_________
41.7
41.7
42.5
41.6
41.7
42.1
41.5
41.6
41.8
41.9
41.6
42.0
41.4
42.0
42.6
40.4
43.0
40.7
42.6
41.0
43.9
40.9
42.2
40.2
43. 2
41.4
42.7
40.5
42.5
40.2
42.9
40.9
42.7
40.2
43.6
40.3
43.0
41.5
42.5
40.2
42.5
40.5
43.5
40.8
44.3
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining____
41.9
44.2
45.7
45.1
45.4
45.0
45.2
44.4
42.9
41.7
41.5
41.8
41.0
43.7
44.4
Contract construction....................... .............
General building contractors_________
H eavy construction_________________
Highway and street co n stru ctio n other heavy construction________
Special trade contractors.........................
34.8
33.7
36.4
35.4
37.5
34.9
36.5
35.5
39.0
38.3
39.8
36.0
38.2
36.8
42.5
43.1
41.7
37.2
37.4
35.9
40.6
40.9
40.3
36.7
38.5
37.0
43.1
43.9
41.9
37.3
37.9
36.5
41.7
42.6
40.5
37.0
37.7
36.5
41.4
41.8
40.8
36.8
36.8
35.9
40.0
39.8
40.1
36.0
35.8
34.9
38.3
37.7
38.9
35.3
35.8
34.8
38.9
38.5
39.3
35.3
36.1
35.5
39.2
38.9
39.5
35.4
36.4
35.7
39.4
38.8
39.9
35.8
34.2
33.0
37.2
36.2
38.1
33.9
36.7
35.4
40.7
41.2
40.0
35.9
37.0
35.7
40.8
41.2
40.3
36.3
Manufacturing....................................................
Durable goods............... ......................
N ondurable g o o d s .............................
40.6
41.2
39.9
40.6
41.1
39.9
40.4
40.9
39.8
39.8
40.0
39.5
40.2
40.5
39.8
40.0
40.3
39.7
40.1
40.6
39.6
39.7
40.2
39.0
39.3
39.8
38.7
39.1
39.5
38.7
39.0
39.3
38.5
38.9
39.3
38.5
38.7
39.1
38.2
39.7
40.1
39.2
40.3
40.7
39.7
Average hourly earnings
M ining____ ____________________________ $2.69
Metal mining_______________________ 2. 80
Iron ores________________________ 3.05
Copper ores_____________________ 2. 80
$2.68
2. 80
3.07
2. 79
$2.66
2. 80
3.05
2.82
$2. 66
2. 75
2. 96
2. 77
$2.63
2.73
2. 98
2.76
$2. 65
2. 75
3.01
2. 74
$2. 63
2. 72
2.97
2.70
$2.61
2.70
2. 94
2.66
$2. 62
2.72
2.98
2.69
$2. 60
2. 70
2.97
2. 67
$2. 63
2. 69
2. 96
2. 67
$2. 65
2. 70
2. 97
2.67
$2. 62
2. 71
2. 95
2.68
$2. 61
2. 66
2. 89
2.63
$2. 56
2. 55
2.87
2.48
Coal mining________________________
Bituminous...........................................
3.13
3.15
3.11
3.14
3.10
3.13
3.12
3.15
3.11
3.14
3.14
3.17
3.13
3.17
3.09
3.12
3.09
3.12
3.07
3.10
3. 09
3.12
3.11
3.14
3.09
3.12
3.12
3.15
3.08
3.12
Crude petroleum and natural gas...........
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields_________________________
Oil and gas field services...................
2. 57
2. 56
2. 54
2. 55
2.51
2.54
2. 50
2.50
2. 53
2.50
2.51
2.54
2. 49
2.46
2.43
2. 78
2.39
2. 79
2.35
2.80
2. 32
2 80
2.32
2. 76
2. 29
2.81
2.30
2. 77
2.27
2, 77
2. 28
2.79
2. 29
2. 76
2. 27
2. 77
2.27
2.80
2. 29
2.70
2. 30
2. 68
2.26
2.65
2.25
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining........
2.32
2. 31
2.33
2.33
2.30
2.30
2.27
2.26
2. 24
2.23
2.23
2.23
2.25
2. 21
2.13
Contract construction.......................................
General building contractors...................
Heavy construction_________________
Highway and street construction...
Other heavy construction________
Special trade contractors....................... .
3. 29
3.13
3.04
2.92
3.16
3. 48
3.24
3.10
3. 00
2.88
3.15
3.45
3.22
3.07
2. 99
2.88
3.15
3.44
3.22
3.06
3. 00
2.89
3.17
3.44
3.17
3.02
2.95
2. 83
3.14
3.39
3.16
3.02
2. 94
2. 82
3.13
3.38
3. 16
3.02
2. 94
2.82
3.12
3. 37
3.16
3.03
2.91
2.76
3.09
3.37
3.15
3.02
2.87
2. 67
3.07
3.37
3.14
2.98
2.84
2.60
3.05
3.36
3.16
3.00
2.86
2.60
3.07
3.38
3.17
3.01
2.89
2.69
3.06
3.38
3.16
3.01
2. 89
2. 71
3.04
3.38
3.07
2.93
2.82
2. 67
2.99
3. 29
2. 93
2.81
2.67
2 55
2.82
3.13
Manufacturing___ _____________________
Durable goods___________________
Nondurable goods_______________
2,38
2. 55
2.15
2. 36
2. 54
2.14
2.34
2.51
2.13
2.33
2. 50
2.12
2.31
2.48
2.10
2.33
2.49
2.12
2.32
2. 49
2.11
2.32
2.48
2.11
2.31
2. 47
2.10
2.29
2.46
2.09
2.29
2. 45
2.09
2.29
2. 45
2. 09
2.29
2. 46
2.09
2.26
2.43
2.05
2.19
2.36
1.98
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
339
T a ble C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
1960
Industry
D e c.2 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Annual
average
1960
1959
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Ordnance and accessories______
.
Ammunition, except for small
arms........ .......................................... Sighting and Are control equip
m ent..... ............................... ............
Other ordnance and accessories__
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture-......................................
Sawmills and planing m ills.
Millwork, plywood, and related
products..........................................
Wooden containers...........................
Miscellaneous wood products
$117.46 $116.90 $115.92 $114.11 $112.87 $111.76 $112.19 $112.19 $112.06 $112.61 $111.50 $111.79 $109.47 $108.67 $106.30
118.56 117.14 116. 57 115. 75 115.75 115.34 114.39 114.67 114.26 114.40 114.26 115.65 114.54 110.29 108.05
121.72 122.43 121.18 116.87 116.11 116.00 117.97 117.09 117.09 115.53 111.55 112.35 103.75 113.16 111. 07
113.10 112. 94 111.87 110. 27 107.18 104.94 105.46 105.20 105.59 107.98 107.98 106.37 106.66 103.17 100.69
75. 86
67.64
78.41
70.17
81.41
72.54
81.00
73.20
79.19
71.38
78.21
70.71
79.79
71.20
77.42
69.70
74.88
67.55
71.23
65.45
69.89
64.39
70.84
64.56
69.94
63.75
73. 71
67.20
74.24
67.26
85.26
65.36
70. 75
84.65
64. 52
71.69
85.68
66.57
71.28
86.09
65.67
70.93
86.94
63.83
69.95
84.84
64.80
69.60
86.11
64.08
71.05
85.27
62.87
70.12
84.24
61.86
70.12
81.59
69.91
68.06
79.76
59.75
67.55
79.56
69.68
67.32
80.38
68.81
66.91
81.19
62.17
69.32
82.81
61.35
68.21
Furniture and fixtures______________
81. 51 80.12 80.12 79.52 78.12
Household furniture____________
77.28 75.58 75.35 74.80 72.67
Office furniture_________________
95. 04 95. 04 92.34 93.34 91.65
Partitions; office and store fixtures.. 105. 67 105. 67 107. 43 105.08 106.42
Other furniture and fixtures............. 82. 01 81.20 81.20 80.98 82.35
75.62
70.49
92.48
99.54
79.00
76.02
71.28
89.28
99.63
80.19
73.53
68.17
87.78
98.49
79.20
73.14
68.35
86. 94
93.75
78.01
73.14
68.35
87.20
94.43
80.20
72.77
67.44
87.42
95.26
79.00
72.20
66.73
87.85
93.65
78.80
75.43
71.06
89.47
92.79
79.40
76.20
70.45
90.42
96.72
78.78
74.48
70.82
86.27
93.09
77.33
Average weekly hours
Ordnance and accessories______ ______
Ammunition, except for small
arms............................... ....................
Sighting and fire control equip
m e n t ................................................
Other ordnance and accessories___
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture.................................................. .
Sawmills and planing m ills_______
Millwork, plywood, and related
products_______ ______________
Wooden containers-...........................
Miscellaneous wood products_____
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu re s________________
Household furniture.............. ............
Office furniture...................................
Partitions; office and store fixtures..
Other furniture and fixtures.............
41.8
41.6
41.4
40.9
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.4
40.8
40.1
40.7
41.2
41.6
41.1
40.9
40.9
40.9
40.9
41.0
41.1
41.1
41.3
41.1
41.6
41.5
41.0
41.4
41.4
42.2
41.5
42.3
41.5
41.9
40.3
41.3
39.9
40.6
40.0
39.6
40.4
40.1
40.1
40.0
40.1
40.3
39.7
40.9
38.6
40.9
39.7
40.6
37.5
40.4
41.0
40.3
41.6
40.6
38.9
38.0
39.4
39.2
40.5
40.3
40.1
40.0
40.2
40.1
39.5
39.5
40.5
40.0
39.7
39.6
38.8
38.6
38.5
38.5
38.4
38.1
38.5
38.2
37.6
37.5
39.0
39.3
39.7
39.8
40.6
40.1
40.2
40.5
39.1
40.5
40.8
40.1
40.5
40.8
39.8
40.3
41.4
40.4
40.2
40.4
40.5
40.0
41.2
40.3
40.6
40.8
40.3
40.3
40.5
39.4
40.3
39.8
38.9
39.8
39.1
38.8
39.5
39.0
38.5
39.6
39.4
37.7
38.9
39.8
39.6
40.3
41.2
40.1
40.6
41.8
42.0
41.5
42.1
40.4
41.3
41.3
41.5
42.1
40.4
41.3
41.4
40.5
42.8
40.6
41.2
41.1
41.3
42.2
40.9
40.9
40.6
41.1
42.4
41.8
39.8
39.6
41.1
40.3
40.1
39.8
39.6
40.4
40.5
40.6
38.7
38.3
39.9
40.2
40.0
38.7
38.4
39.7
38.9
39.8
38.7
38.4
40.0
38.7
40.1
38.5
38.1
40.1
39.2
39.7
38.2
37.7
40.3
38.7
39.4
39.7
39.7
40.3
38.5
40.1
40.0
39.8
41.1
40.3
40.4
40.7
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.7
$2.58
Average hourly earnings
Ordnance and accessories____________
Ammunition, except for small
arms____I ........................................
Sighting and fire control equip
m ent_________________________
Other ordnance and accessories___
$2.81
$2.81
$2.80
$2.79
$2. 78
$2. 78
$2. 77
$2.77
$2.76
$2.76
$2.76
$2.74
$2.73
$2.67
2.85
2. 85
2. 85
2.83
2.83
2.82
2.79
2.79
2. 78
2.77
2.78
2.78
2.76
2.69
2.61
2.94
2.68
2.95
2. 67
2.92
2.67
2.90
2. 67
2.91
2.64
2.90
2. 65
2.92
2.63
2.92
2.63
2. 92
2.62
2.91
2.64
2.89
2.64
2.83
2.62
2.82
2.64
2.76
2.66
2.67
2.48
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture..._______________________
Sawmills and planing m ills_______
Millwork, plywood, and related
products.______ _______________
Wooden containers.............................
Miscellaneous wood products_____
1.95
1.78
1.99
1.79
2.01
1.80
2.02
1.83
1.97
1.78
1.98
1.79
1.97
1.78
1.95
1. 76
1.93
1.75
1.85
1.70
1.82
1.69
1.84
1. 69
1.86
1.70
1.89
1.71
1.87
1.69
2.10
1. 63
1. 76
2.09
1.65
1. 77
2.10
1.66
1.76
2.11
1.65
1. 76
2.10
1.58
1.74
2.10
1.60
1.74
2.09
1.59
1.75
2.09
1.56
1.74
2.08
1.57
1.74
2.05
1.54
1.71
2.04
1.54
1.71
2.04
1.55
1.70
2.04
1.56
1.72
2.04
1.57
1.72
2.01
1.53
1.68
Furniture and fixtures______ _______
Household furniture.............. ............
Office furniture____________ _____
Partitions; office and store fixtures..
Other furniture and fixtures______
1. 95
1.84
2.29
2. 51
2.03
1.94
1.83
2.29
2. 51
2.01
1.94
1.82
2.28
2.51
2.00
1.93
1.82
2.26
2. 49
1.98
1.91
1.79
2.23
2.51
1.97
1.90
1.78
2.25
2.47
1.97
1.91
1.80
2.21
2.46
1.98
1.90
1.78
2.20
2.45
1.98
1.89
1.78
2.19
2.41
1.96
1.89
1.78
2.18
2.44
2.00
1.89
1.77
2.18
2.43
1.99
1.89
1.77
2.18
2. 42
2.00
1.90
1.79
2. 22
2.41
1.98
1.88
1.77
2. 20
2. 40
1.95
1.83
1.74
2.13
2. 31
1.90
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
340
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960
1961
Annual
average
Industry
D e c .2 N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
June
July
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
I960
1959
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products...............
Flat glass..............................................
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blow n ................................................
Cement, hydraulic.............................
Structural clay products...................
Pottery and related products...........
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products..------- ------------ -------Other stone and mineral products..
$95.04 $97.17 $97.88 $97.47 $98.18 $97.06 $97.29 $94.83 $93.03 $91.54 $90.62 $91.08 $90.39 $92.97
118.99 119.32 115.48 L28.30 L27.84 125.42 126.56 124.19 118.18 L22.07 122.07 L24.03 130.29 127.35
98.01 96.96 96.56 94.09 96.56 95.68 96.32 94.72 95.20 94.64 94.24 92.90 91.49 91.94
105. 60 110.68 109.88 111.92 108. 79 109.06 07.16 .05.56 .03. 46 L02.94 L00.74 101.65 103.06 102.87
85.24 87.13 86.93 86.51 86.11 85. 28 86.32 85.07 83.42 81.18 79.56 80.36 79. 95 82.21
84.67 84.85 84.50 83.38 81.49 81.38 83.00 83.44 81.59 81.43 80.25 78.97 79.45 81.37
$91.46
132.29
93.04
93.79
92.45
93.15
Primary metal industries---------
121.29 119.39 119.29 118.19 116.11 117.68 116.58 114.16 111. 25 108.49 107.26 106.69 104.90 109.59
129.35 127.01 127. 83 127.43 123.80 126.80 125.06 121.76 118.80 114.27 112.98 112.06 108.58 116.13
106.37 103.86 101.38 99.20 99.96 100.33 100.19 98.67 95.63 94.00 93.25 92.25 93.62 96.61
111. 93 112.89 111.93 110.12 110.43 110.70 110.29 108.00 107.33 106.66 107.86 108.79 108.00 108.09
112.19
117.66 115.60 115.48 113.42 114.90 112.67 112.94 110.92 108.77 107.30 105.59 105.59 104.15 105.01
105. 50 103.16 103. 50 100.10 100.10 99.60 100.35 98.95 98.95 98.06 98.31 97.46 97.22 97.51
124.15 123.07 120.25 121.06 115.82 116.18 117.74 115.60 113.47 111.25 112.11 113.37 111. 93 112.92
105.59
96.87
91.83
98.16
fu rn a c e a n d basic steel
products...........................................
Iron and steel foundries--------------Nonferrous smelting and refining...
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding......................................... .
Nonferrous foundries-------- ------ Miscellaneous primary metal In
d u stries...------ ------------------------
B la st
99.49 102. 73 101.36 103.69 101.85 101.62
97.75 97.99 99.19 97.64 97.00 97.00
96.90
95.24
93.56
93.90
90.76
92.57
87.96
91.71
89.69
92.63
87.30
91.18
88.36
98.98
81.19
78.90
122.71
97.04
104.81
111.50
Average weekly hours
Stone, clay, and glass products..............
Flat glass...... ............ ..........................
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown....... .................. .......................
Cement, hydraulic---------------------Structural clay products...................
Pottery and related products-------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products..-----------------------------Other stone and mineral products...
40.1
36.5
41.0
36.6
41.3
36.2
41.3
40.6
41.6
40.2
41.3
40.2
41.4
39.8
40.7
39.3
40.1
38.0
39.8
39.0
39.4
39.0
39.6
39.5
39.3
41.1
40.6
40.3
41.2
41.6
40.5
39.7
40. 4
39.2
40.4
41.3
41.1
39.1
40.4
41.0
41.2
39.3
39.7
41.3
41.0
38.6
40.4
40.9
41.4
37.9
40.2
41.0
41.0
37.5
40.3
40.9
41.3
37.9
39.8
40.6
40.9
38.1
40.0
40.1
40.3
37.6
40.1
39.9
39.6
37.7
40.1
39.2
39.0
37.5
39.7
39.4
39.2
36.9
39.1
40.1
39.0
37.3
39.8
40.5
40.3
38.2
39.8
40.9
40.8
38.3
40.1
40.9
42.7
40.9
43.9
41.0
43.5
41.5
44.5
41.2
43.9
41.1
43.8
41.1
42.5
40.7
41.4
40.3
40.7
39.9
39.8
39.7
40.4
40.1
39.5
39.3
42.1
40.6
43.2
41.4
Primary metal industries-----------------Blast furnace and basic steel
products........................ ................. .
Iron and steel foundries--------------Nonferrous smelting and refining. ..
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding.........................................
Nonferrous foundries........................
Miscellaneous primary metal in
dustries................................. ..........
40.7
40.2
40.3
40.2
39.9
40.3
40.2
39.5
38.9
38.2
37.9
37.7
37.2
39.0
40.5
38.2
38.1
40.5
37.1
37.6
40.4
36.8
37.3
40.7
36.5
36.9
40.9
35.6
37.3
40.6
38.2
38.8
41.1
40.1
40.1
41.1
39.8
40.6
41.0
39.2
40.1
41.2
39.7
39.6
41.0
40.2
38.9
39.9
39.3
39.2
40.6
40.0
39.5
41.0
39.7
39.6
41.0
38.9
39.0
40.6
43.1
41.7
42.5
41.1
42.3
41.4
41.7
40.2
42.4
40.2
42.2
40.0
42.3
40.3
41.7
39.9
41.2
39.9
40.8
39.7
40.3
39.8
40.3
39.3
39.6
39.2
40.7
39.8
41.9
40.7
41.8
41.3
40.9
40.9
39.8
40.2
40.6
40.0
39.4
38.9
39.2
39.5
39.0
39.9
40.4
Average hourly earnings
. $2.37
Stone, clay, and glass products..
- 3.26
Flat glass.................................
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown............................................... . 2.42
Cement, hydraulic-------------------- . 2.66
Structural clay products................. . 2.11
Pottery and related products------ . 2.16
Concrete, gypsum, and plaste:
products------- ----------------------- - 2.29
Other stone and mineral products. . 2.40
$2.37
3.26
$2.37
3.19
$2. 36
3.16
$2.36
3.18
$2.35
3.12
$2.35
3.18
$2.33
3.16
$2.32
3.11
$2.30
3.13
$2.30
3.13
$2.30
3.14
$2.30
3.17
$2.29
3.16
$2.22
3.18
2.40
2.68
2.12
2.17
2.39
2.68
2.11
2.15
2. 37
2. 71
2.11
2.16
2.39
2.66
2.08
2.15
2.38
2.66
2.08
2.17
2.39
2. 62
2.09
2.19
2.38
2.60
2.08
2.19
2.38
2.58
2.07
2.17
2.36
2.58
2.05
2.16
2.35
2.57
2.04
2.14
2.34
2.58
2.05
2.14
2.34
2.67
2.05
2.13
2.31
2.54
2.04
2.13
2.22
2.42
1.99
2.06
2.33
2.39
2.34
2.39
2. 33
2. 39
2.33
2.37
2.32
2.36
2.32
2.36
2.28
2.34
2.26
2.33
2.23
2.32
2. 21
2.31
2.22
2.31
2.21
2.32
2.21
2.31
2.14
2.25
Primary metal industries__________ .
Blast furnace and basic stee
products------------------------------ .
Iron and steel foundries...... ........... .
Nonferrous smelting and refining.. .
2.98
2.97
2.96
2.94
2.91
2.92
2.90
2.89
2.86
2.84
2.83
2.83
2.82
2,81
2.77
3.25
2.62
2.73
3.24
2. 59
2. 74
3. 22
2. 56
2. 73
3.17
2. 55
2.76
3.15
2.55
2. 72
3.17
2.54
2.70
3.15
2.53
2.69
3.13
2.53
2.66
3.11
2.51
2.65
3.08
2.50
2.64
3.07
2.50
2.66
3.07
2.50
2.66
3.05
2.51
2.66
3.04
2.49
2. 63
3.06
2.42
2.55
.
.
2.73
2.53
2.72
2. 51
2.73
2.50
2.72
2.49
2.71
2.49
2.67
2.49
2.67
2.49
2.66
2.48
2.64
2.48
2.63
2.47
2.62
2.47
2.62
2.48
2.63
2. 48
2.58
2.45
2.52
2.38
.
2.97
2.98
2. 94
2.96
2. 91
2.89
2.90
2.89
2.88
2.86
2.86
2 87
2.87
2.83
2.76
Nonferrous foundries.
Miscellaneous primai
dustries__________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C.— EARNINGS AND HOURS
341
T a b l e C 1, Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
Industry
Dec.s | Nov.
j
Oct. ¡Sept.
j A ug
j
July
Manufacturing— Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products______
Metal cans__________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and! general
hardware__________________
Heating equipment and" plumbing
fixtures____________________
Fabricated structural metal prod
ucts______________________
Screw machine products,"bolts,"etc!
Metal stampings_____________
Coating, engraving, and allied
services___________________
Miscellaneous fabricatedwire prod
ucts...... ................................
Miscellaneous fabricat"ed"’ metal
products______________
Machinery___________________
Engines and turbines_______ II.
Farm machinery and equipment—
Construction and related machinery
Metalworking machinery and
equipment...______________
Special industry machinery_____
General industrial machinery........
Office, computing, and accounting
machines_________________
Service industry machines_____
Miscellaneous machinery______
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products______________
Machinery____________________
Engines and turbines_______ III
Farm machinery and equipment!!
Construction and related machinery
Metalworking machinery and
equipment________________
Special industrial machinery...Ill
General industrial machinery___
Office, computing, and accounting
machines__________________
Service industry machines. IIIIIII!
Miscellaneous machinery_______
Fabricated metal products...................
Metal cans_______________ H""
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware___ ______________
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures____ ____ __________
Fabricatedstructural metafproduct’s
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings ____________
Coating, engraving, and allied
services_________ _________
Miscellaneous fabricated" wire
products__________________
Miscellaneous fabricated"" me'tal
products_______________
Machinery______________________
Engines and turbines__________
Farm machinery and equipment!!!
Construction and related machinery.
Metalworking machinery and
equipment_________________
Special industry machinery___ III
General industrial machinery____
Office, computing, and accounting"
machines___ ______________
Service industry machines____ III
Miscellaneous machinery________ I
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
j
j
Feb
Jan.
Dee.
1960
I 1959
$ 1 0 5 .4 1 $ 1 0 4 .0 8 $ 1 0 2 .7 5 $9 9 .4 5 $ 1 0 2 .3 4 $ 1 0 1 .7 5 $ 1 0 2 .0
9 $ 1 0 0 .8 5 $ 9 9 .4 5 $ 9 7 .8 1 $ 9 6 .9 2 $ 9 6 .7 8 $ 9 6 .6 8 $ 9 8 .8
2 $ 9 6 .1 2
1 2 5 .0 4 1 2 1 .8 4 1 2 2 .1 8 1 2 2 .8 0 1 2 8 .1 9 1 2 8 .1 9 1 2 6 .7
1 0 3 .3 2
9 5 .7 4
1 0 0 .4
9 6 .9
1 0 4 .6 3 1 0 4 .7
1 0 6 .1
1 0 4 .0
1 1 3 .9
1 0 8 .6
3
1 2 0 .9 6
1 1 8 .3 7
1 1 5 .0 2
1 1 6 .0 0
1 1 6 .1 6
1 1 4 .2 9
1 1 4 .6 8
9 6 .1
8 4 .0
9 4 .2 4
9 2 .9 0
9 4 .6 4
9 4 .6 4
9 2 .5 0
9 1 .3 4
8 8 .4 7
9 1 .1 0
9 2 .1 2
9 3 .0
8 9 .1 0
9 7 .7
9 6 .8 »
9 6 .0 0
9 4 .6 4
9 5 .5
9 4 . 5 <5
9 3 .2
9 0 .8 2
9 1 .8 7
9 2 .2 5
9 1 .1
9 1 .2
9 1 .4 3
9 9 .6
9 2 . 9<
101 . O f
9 9 .4
9 5 . 6i
107 . 7 ‘
86. 4 ;
8 4 .4 6
90.5 6
8 9 .2 1
1 0 5 .2
1 0 2 .0
105 . 8 f
1 0 4 .3
10 1.4;
9 7 . 5(
1 0 4 .2 4 1 0 2 .4 7 1 0 2 .6
9 9 .1
9 8 .1
9 9 .6
1 0 5 .4
1 0 7 .4
1 0 8 .0
1 0 1 .4
9 7 .3
1 0 7 .5
1 0 0 .4
9 4 .1
1 0 5 .5
9 9 .9
9 4 .1
1 0 2 .1
9 4 .0
91 . 8 f
91 . 9 S
9 2 . 84
9 1 . 4,
9 0 .7
9 1.4;
8 9 .5
89.28
8 7 .9
9 7 .8
9 6 . 91
9 6 . 51
97 . I f
9 5 .1
94. i :
95. 6i
94. 0:
92. Of
91.
99.01 0
9 3 .4 5
1 0 0 .4 7
5‘
1 0 0 .0
9 3 .5
9 9 .3
8 5 .4
84. 8(
8 1 . 7(
92. 0<
9 0 . 6S
89.
54
1 1 3 .2 1
9 5 .6 8
9 7 .0 6
1 0 4 .3 3
1 0 2 .9
102 . 7 .
10 3 .4 1
100 . 6 C
101. Of
9 9 . 7(
101.18
99.94
98. 0 C
97 . 2 '
9 6 . 7f
96 . 2S
94.8 3
9 6 .9 6
9 5 .8 2
110 . 9i
117 . 5 (
105 . 0 ^
108 . 4 (
109.18
116.47
103 . o f
106 . 67
1 0 9 .0 3
1 1 4 .6 2
1 0 2 . on
107 . 5 S
107.83
115 . 60
102 . 40
1 0 7 .8 6
106 . 7 ,
113 . 6 ,
100.01
108.24
107 . I f
112.68
100.65
107 . 3C
107.68
113 .
102.43
107 . 3 C
106 .
113.03
103 . 2C
106.63
106 . 4 E
115.87
105 . 5f
105 . 8 £
105 .
112 . I S
104.17
103.63
104 . 9 (
111 . 7 :
104 . 9 f
103 . 4 S
104.23
110.21
103.73
103.08
103.46
111 . 3 f
10 2 .8 0
10 2 .5 6
104 . 5 E
109 . 6 5
9 9 .8 5
1 0 2 .6 6
1 0 2 .9 2
1 0 9 .4 8
9 9 .4 7
1 0 3 .2 5
121 . 81
106 . 2
110 . 92
1 1 9 .0 0
1 0 4 .1 6
108 . 77
117 . 60
1 0 3 .4 2
1 0 8 .0 9
1 1 5 .9 3
103 . 66
1 0 4 .1 4
11 5 .9 3
10 1 .1 9
105 . 71
1 17.18
10 1 .1 1
10 4 .9 2
11 7 .6 0
1 0 1 .9 2
1 0 6 .0 8
116 .3 4
1 0 0 .2 8
1 0 4 .6 4
1 1 6 .6 2
9 9 .3 9
1 0 2 .8 0
115 . OS
9 8 .9 0
1 0 1 .7 7
114 . 6 S
9 9 .2 2
1 01.12
1 1 3 .8 5
9 9 .3 9
1 0 0 .3 5
1 1 2 .3 4
9 8 .3 3
9 8 .3 0
1 1 7 .2 7
99 . 72
101 . 71
1 1 3 .3 2
9 6 .3 7
1 0 2 .0 1
1 1 3 .0 2
9 9 .0 6
1 0 8 .2 0
1 1 3 .3 0
9 6 .3 2
1 0 6 .1 7
1 1 3 .1 5
9 8 .0 9
1 0 5 .2 5
112 . 74
9 6 . 88
1 0 6 .0 9
1 1 1 .5 1
9 3 .6 9
1 0 2 .0 9
1 1 3 .2 8
9 6 . 56
103 . 75
1 1 2 .4 7
9 5 .3 4
1 0 4 .7 5
1 1 0 .2 9
9 5 .9 1
103 . 58
1 0 8 .8 1
9 5 .2 0
1 0 2 .2 6
1 0 8 .4 0
9 4 .7 2
1 0 2 .0 1
1 0 8 .7 9
9 4 .7 2
1 0 1 .2 7
1 0 8 .1 2
9 2 .9 8
101 . 76
1 0 7 .8 6
9 1 .9 6
1 0 2 .2 6
106 23
9 3 .4 3
1 0 1 .2 6
10 1 .9 1
9 3 .0 2
9 9 . 54
41. 3
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .7
4 0 .1
4 2 .2
4 1 .1
4 3 .9
4 0 .7
4 3 .9
4 1 .0
4 3 .7
4 0 .5
4 2 .0
3 9 .6
4 0 .6
3 9 .4
4 0 .7
3 9 .5
4 0 .9
3 9 .3
4 0 .1
4 0 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 0 .4
3 6 .7
4 0 .1
3 9 .7
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
3 9 .7
3 9 .2
3 8 .3
3 9 .1
3 9 .2
4 0 .1
4 0 .5
3 9 .9
4 0 .9
4 2 .3
4 1 .8
4 0 .4
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 0 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .4
3 9 .0
4 0 .0
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
3 9 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 1 .0
3 9 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
3 9 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 1 .2
3 9 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .4
4 0 .6
3 8 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .4
3 9 .9
3 8 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .1
3 9 .4
3 8 .6
4 0 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .1
3 8 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .6
4 0 .1
4 0 .2
4 2 .2
4 1 .9
Fabricated metal products_________
4L. 0
Metal cans____________ IIIIIII
4 2 .7
Cutlery, hand tools, ami general
hardware___ ______________
4 2 .0
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures__________________
3 9 .4
Fabricated struct ural"metafproduct’s" 4 0 .7
Screw machine products, bolts, etc. 4 2 .8
Metal stampings_____________
4 2 .5
Coating, engraving, and "alii’ed
services_________________
4 1 .6
Miscellaneous fabricated" "wire
products__________________
Annual
average
1960
June
May ( Apr. | Mar
Average weekly earnings
j
4 1 .8
54
71
04
Average weekly hours
4 0 .1
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 2 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .0
3 8 .9
3 8 .0
4 0 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
3 9 .1
4 0 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
3 9 .3
3 8 .7
3 9 .9
4 0 .6
4 1 .7
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
4 1 .3
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .6
4 1 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
3 9 .4
3 9 .0
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
3 9 .5
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
4 0 .5
3 9 .9
4 0 .5
3 9 .8
4 0 .4
3 9 .5
4 0 .2
3 9 .8
4 0 .1
3 9 .5
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
4 1 .0
3 9 .6
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 1 .3
4 2 .9
4 2 .5
4 1 .7
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 1 .2
4 2 .0
4 1 .7
4 1 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
3 9 .9
4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 0 .5
4 2 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .2
4 2 .0
4 1 .6
4 0 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .1
4 0 .4
4 1 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .0
4 1 .4
4 0 .7
3 9 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
3 9 .5
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
3 9 .2
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
3 8 .4
4 2 .8
4 1 .9
4 0 .2
4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 0 .6
4 2 .6
4 1 .5
3 9 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 0 .7
4 2 .1 I
4 1 .6
4 0 .2
4 2 .1
4 1 .3
3 9 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .8
4 0 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 0 .4
4 1 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .3
4 1 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .0
4 1 .4
4 0 .6
3 9 .8
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
3 9 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
3 9 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .7
3 8 .8
4 1 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
$2 .4 7
$2 .4 6
$ 2 .4 5
$ 2 .4 6
2 .8 4
2 .8 4
2 .8 5
$ 2 .4 4
2 . 77
$ 2 .3 5
2 .8 5
Average hourly earnings
$ 2 .5 0
$2.49 $ 2 .4 9 $ 2 .4 8
2 .9 2
2.90
2.88 2.88
41.5
49 n
$ 2 . 54
2 . 97
$ 2 .5 0
2 . 93
$2 .4 8
$ 2 .4 9
2 .9 5
2 .9 1
2 .9 2
2 . 46
2 .4 2
2 .3 8
2 .2 9
2 .3 5
2 .3 4
2 .3 6
2 .3 6
2 .3 3
2 .3 3
2 .3 1
2 .3 3
2 .3 5
2 .3 2
2.20
43
57
48
68
2 .4 3
2 . 56
2 .4 6
2 .6 0
2 .4 2
2 . 56
2 .4 6
2 .5 5
2 .4 2
2 . 55
2 . 45
2 . 50
2 .4 0
2 .5 3
2 .4 3
2 . 56
2 .3 9
2 .5 3
2 .4 3
2 .6 2
2 .4 0
2.51
2 .4 3
2.61
2 .4 0
2 .5 1
2 .4 1
2 .6 1
2 .3 9
2 .5 1
2 .3 9
2 .6 0
2 .3 9
2 . 51
2 .3 9
2 .5 6
2 .3 8
2 .5 0
2 .3 9
2 .5 5
2 .3 9
2 .5 0
2 .3 8
2 .6 4
2 .3 8
2 .4 9
2.37
2.57
2 .3 4
2 .4 5
2 .3 6
2 .5 9
2 .2 8
2 .3 8
2 .3 0
2 . 26
2 .2 3
2 .2 6
2 . 27
2 .2 3
2 .2 4
2 .2 3
2.21
2.21
2.21
2 .1 9
2 .1 8
2 .1 5
2 .1 5
2 .0 6
2.
2.
2.
2.
2 .6 7
2.49
2 .3 4
2 .3 3
2 .3 2
2 .3 3
2 .3 1
2 .2 9
2 .3 1
2 .3 1
2 .2 9
2 .3 0
2 .3 0
2 .2 9
2 .2 9
2 .2 4
2.16
2 . 51
2 .5 0
2 . 51
2 .4 9
2 .4 9
2 .4 8
2 .4 8
2 .4 8
2 .4 5
2 .4 5
2 .4 5
2 .4 5
2 .4 5
2 .4 3
2.36
2. 66
2. 91
2. 60
2 .6 7
2 .6 5
2 .8 9
2 . 57
2 .6 6
2 .6 4
2 . 88
2 .5 5
2 .6 5
2 .6 3
2 .8 9
2 . 56
2 . 65
2 .6 1
2 .8 7
2 . 52
2 .6 4
2 .6 2
2 .8 6
2 .5 8
2 .6 3
2 .6 2
2 .8 6
2 .5 8
2 .6 3
2 .6 1
2 .8 4
2 .5 8
2 .6 2
2 .6 1
2 .8 4
2 .6 0
2 .6 2
2 .6 0
2 .8 4
2 .5 9
2 .6 1
2 .5 9
2 .8 0
2 .5 9
2 .6 0
2 .5 8
2 .7 9
2 .5 8
2 .5 9
2 .5 8
2 .8 2
2 . 57
2 .5 9
2 . 55
2 .7 7
2 .4 9
2 .5 6
2 .4 8
2 .6 9
2 .4 5
2 .5 0
2 . 84
2 .5 0
2 .6 6
2 .8 2
2 . 48
2 .6 4
2 .8 0
2 .4 8
2 .6 3
2 .7 8
2 .4 8
2 .6 1
2 .7 8
2 .4 5
2 .6 1
2 .7 9
2 .4 6
2 .6 1
2 .8 0
2 .4 5
2 .6 0
2 .7 9
2 .4 4
2 .5 9
2 .7 9
2 .4 3
2 .5 7
2 .7 8
2 .4 3
2 .5 7
2 .7 7
2 .4 2
2 .5 6
2 .7 5
2 .4 3
2 .5 6
2 .7 4
2 .4 1
2 .5 6
2 .7 4
2 .3 8
2 .5 3
2 .6 6
2 .3 0
2 .4 7
2 .7 3
2 .4 4
2 . 54
2 .7 3
2 .4 2
2 . 54
2 .7 2
2 .4 1
2 . 50
2 . 71
2 .4 1
2 . 52
2 .7 0
2 .3 6
2 .4 9
2 . 71
2 .3 9
2 .5 0
2 . 71
2 .3 6
2 .5 0
2 .6 9
2 .3 8
2 .4 9
2 .6 8
2 .3 8
2 .4 7
2 .6 7
2 .3 8
2 .4 7
2 .6 6
2 .3 8
2 .4 7
2 .6 5
2 .3 6
2 .4 7
2 .6 5
2 .3 7
2 .4 7
2 .6 1
2 .3 3
2 .4 4
2 . 51
3 .2 8
2 .2 7
342
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1962
T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
D ec.2 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
I960
1959
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Electric distribution equipm ent__
Electrical industrial apparatus____
Household appliances____________
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent...................................................
Radio and TV receiving sets______
Communication equipment........ . . .
Electronic components and accèssortes...............................................
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies___________________
Transportation equipment___________
Motor vehicle’s and equipment____
Aircraft and parts_______ _____ _
Ship and boat building and
repairing.............................................
Railroad equipm ent............................
Other transportation equipm ent__
$97. 58
102.82
101.43
104.30
$96. 70
102.31
102.09
103. 53
$96.05
101.15
101.02
102.06
$93. 53
101.66
101.43
103.73
$94.94 $93. 69 $94. 71 $93.37 $93.13 $92.50 $92.50 $92. 73 $91. 49 $90. 74 $89.10
101. 50 101.15 101. 00 99.94 99.85 99. 45 99. 79 99.79 99.75 97.77 95.65
100. 69 99.94 99.88 98.25 98.25 96. 96 97.20 96. 07 95. 74 95.44 93. 43
101.00 101.96 101. 56 100.90 100. 50 99.00 97.25 100.04 97.71 96.23 94.87
90.09 89.69 89.65 87.25 88. 58 87.64 88.98 87.47 86. 63
84.80 83. 58 84.82 78. 25 83. 98 84.16 83.13 81.66 79.59
107.01 105.32 103.98 104. 81 102.87 100.19 102. 72 100.00 100.25
86.63
80. 51
99. 60
86.24 84.70
82.18 83.07
99.94 100. 69
82. 88
81.86
98. 95
84. 71
80.11
98.82
83.63
79. 40
97.41
82. 62
81.61
80.40
77.39
80.20
79. SO 79.60
79. 60
80. 00
79.40
76.03
76.24
74.00
106.60 103.17 100. 70
77.05
98.90
97.20
99.31
97.04
93.77
93.06
94.47
94. 95
93.93
92.34
82.42
83.02
93. 77
124.84 123.83 117. 29 106.22 112. 96 113.00 112.87 112.87 110. 95 109. 85 108. 74 108.19 111.60 111.52 107. 45
132. 76 131.42 119.52 96.84 113. 94 115.43 116. 57 116. 00 112.24 107.80 105.46 105. 00 112.35 115.21 111.38
119.85 118.29 117.03 115. 92 114.26 112.88 111.52 112. 07 113.03 114. 54 114. 82 114. 68 114.40 110.43 106.63
113.32 116.69 115. 30 114. 45 112. 52 111.60 108.63 109.87 109.07 107.05 106.90 106. 47 103. 57 103. 75 100.47
114. 05 112. 33 108. 20 108. 57 107.34 108.36 110.32 107. 52 104.72 106.68 103. 88 106. 03 106. 88 107.86 105.72
82.86 83.07 86.24 88. 78 87.08 84.74 86.22 83.13 83. 71 81.66 78.38 78.12 79.63 80.13 80. 40
Average weekly hours
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Electric distribution equipm ent__
Electrical industrial apparatus____
Household appliances........................
Electric lighting and wiring equipm e n t.______ ____________ ____ _
Radio and TV receiving sets______
Communication equiom ent______
Electronic components and accèssories.________________________
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and su p p lie s ..._______________
41.0
40.8
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.6
41.0
40.6
40.7
40.3
40.9
40.5
39.8
40.5
40.9
41.0
40.4
40.6
40.6
40.4
39.7
40.3
40.3
40.3
40.3
40.4
40.6
40.3
39.9
40.3
40.1
40.2
39.8
40.1
40.1
40.2
39.7
40.1
39.9
39.6
39.7
40.4
40 0
38.9
39.8
40.4
39.7
39.7
39.1
39.9
39.4
39.4
39.8
40.4
40.1
39.6
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.2
40.4
40.0
41.8
40.4
39.8
41.3
40.2
40.2
41.1
39,3
37.8
41.1
39.9
39.8
40.5
39.3
39.7
39.6
39.9
39.4
40.6
39.4
38.7
40.0
39.2
37.9
40.1
39.2
37.8
40.0
39.2
38.4
40.3
38.5
39.0
40.6
37.5
37.9
39.9
39.4
38.7
40.5
40.4
39.5
41.1
40.8
41.1
40.9
40.6
40.2
38.5
40.1
39.9
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.1
38.4
39.5
40.0
42.3
41.6
41.1
33.5
40.7
40.0
40.7
40.1
39.4
39.4
39.1
39.2
39.4
39.8
40.5
Transportation equipment...... .............. .
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts...............................
Ship and boat building and
repairing______________________
Railroad equipment_______ _____ _
Other transportation equipm ent__
42.9
44.4
42.2
42.7
44.1
41.8
41.3
41.5
41.5
37.8
34.1
41.4
40.2
39.7
41.1
40.5
40.5
40.9
40.6
40.9
40.7
40.6
40.7
40.9
40.2
39.8
41.1
39.8
38.5
41.5
39.4
37.8
41.6
39.2
37.5
41.7
40.0
39.7
41.3
40.7
41.0
40.9
40.7
41.1
40.7
39.9
39.6
38.9
40.8
38.6
39.0
40.6
37.7
40.3
40.3
38.5
41.1
39.9
38.2
40.5
40.0
38.7
39.6
39 5
39.4
40.1
40.1
38.4
39.4
40.1
37.4
39.3
39.5
38.1
38.7
39.3
37.1
37.5
39.0
37.6
37.2
37.8
37.9
38.1
39.3
38.8
38.9
39.4
39.3
40.4
Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipment and supplies____ $2. 38
Electrical distribution equipm ent.. 2.52
Electrical industrial apparatus____ 2.48
Household appliances......................... 2. 55
Electric lighting and wiring equipment_______________ __________ 2.23
Radio and TV receiving sets______ 2.12
Communication equipm ent............. 2. 56
Electronic components and accèssories___ _____ ______________ _
2.02
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies_____ _____________
2.52
Transportation equipment___________
Motor vehicles and equipment____
Aircraft and parts__ _____ _______
Ship and boat building and repairin g................................. ............
Railroad equipm ent_____________
Other transportation eq u ip m en t...
Spe footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.37
2.52
2. 49
2. 55
$2.36
2.51
2. 47
2. 52
$2.35
2.51
2.48
2. 53
$2.35
2. 50
2. 48
2. 50
$2.36
2.51
2.48
2.53
$2.35
2. 50
2. 46
2. 52
$2.34
2. 48
2. 45
2. 51
$2. 34
2. 49
2. 45
2. 50
$2.33
2. 48
2. 43
2. 50
$2. 33
2. 47
2.43
2. 50
$2.33
2. 47
2. 42
2.52
$2.34
2. 50
2. 43
2. 48
$2.28
2.42
2.38
2.43
$2.20
2.35
2.29
2.36
2.22
2.10
2. 55
2. 23
2.11
2. 53
2. 20
2. 07
2. 55
2. 22
2.11
2. 54
2.23
2.12
2. 53
2.23
2.11
2.53
2.22
2.11
2.50
2. 21
2.10
2. 50
2.21
2.13
2. 49
2. 20
2.14
2.48
2. 20
2.13
2. 48
2.21
2.16
2. 48
2.15
2. 07
2. 44
2.07
2. 01
2.37
2.02
2.02
2.01
2. 00
2. 01
2. 00
2. 00
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.98
1.98
1.93
1.85
2.48
2.45
2.30
2. 43
2.43
2. 44
2. 42
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.41
2. 41
2.36
2.28
2. 91
2.99
2. 84
2.90
2.98
2.83
2. 84
2. 88
2. 82
2. 81
2. 84
2.80
2.81
2.87
2. 78
2. 79
2. 85
2. 76
2. 78
2. 85
2. 74
2. 78
2. 85
2. 74
2. 76
2.82
2. 75
2. 76
2.80
2. 76
2. 76
2. 79
2. 76
2. 76
2. 80
2.75
2. 79
2.83
2. 77
2. 74
2.81
2. 70
2.64
2.71
2.62
2.84
2.88
2.13
2.86
2. 91
2.13
2.84
2. 87
2.14
2.84
2.82
2.16
2.82
2.81
2.15
2. 79
2. 80
2.14
2. 75
2. 80
2.15
2. 74
2. 80
2.11
2. 72
2.80
2.13
2. 71
2. 80
2.11
2. 72
2. 80
2. 09
2.73
2.82
2.10
2. 74
2.82
2. 09
2.64
2. 78
2.06
2. 55
2.69
1.99
C.— EABNINGS AND HOUKS
343
T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Dec.2
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
I960
1959
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Instruments and related products__
Engineering and scientific instra
ments_____________________
Mechanical measuring and control
devices___________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods...11
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment________________
Photographic equipment and supolies
atches and clocks___________
W
Miscellaneous manufacturing Indus'
tries........................ ..........................
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware......................... .................
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods...........................................
Pens, pencils, and office and art
materials....................................
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions.......................................
Other manufacturing industries...
$100.36; $99. 53 $98. 64 $97. 99 $97. 75 $96. 80 $97.10 $95. 75 $95.51 $95.68 $94. 87 $95. 51 $92. 90 $93. 73
115. 79 113. 58 113. 44 112.88 112. 88 111. 23 112.89 110.57 110.84 112.61 109. 75 113.30 109.18 110. 95
98. 98 98. 33 96.72 96.80 96. 56 95. 27 97. 27 95.04 95. 44 94.80 93. 77 93. 77 90. 32 92.00
90. 27 88. 99 88.60 90.49 88.18 88.15 87.33 85.68 85.06 84.66 83.41 83.39
82. 95 81.80
84. 66 84. 25 83.43 83.03 82.82 81.60 81.61 81.00 80.80 79.80 81.20 80.60 77.00
80.40
116.45 115. 87 113.63 112. 94 .113.05 112.52 112.36 109.30 107. 98 106.92 107.04 107. 59 107. 83 106.14
83.81 84. 46 85.90 81.39 79.59 78.54 76. 58 79. 59 78.98 79.76 79.40 78.19 73.68 76. 83
$91.39
107.43
91.84
78.18
78.79
102.01
76.63
78. 20
77. 57
76.78
76.02
74.47
74.29
76.22
75.07
75.27
75. 46
75.66
75.08
72.96
74.28
73.42
90. 95
87.36
87.36
84.05
82.21
79. 58
82.21
80.17
79.75
79.17
79.39
78.80
77.14
80.40
80.16
69.32
70. 09
70.93
69. 87
69. 56
68.92
69. 78
69.81
70.20
70.80
71.00
70.82
66.04
67.73
66.98
76.36
75. 58
74. 77
74.03
70.29
71.55
72. 65
72. 86
72. 91
72.31
72.50
68.82
69. 52
71.92
70. 98
70.74
83.60
70.98
83. 84
69.03
82.61
68.43
81.59
67.08 67. 42
80.59 1 80.39
69.60
82.19
69. 52
80.34
68.99
80.16
67.51
80.96
67.47
80. 77
67.90
80.57
64.73
79.93
66.13
79. 99
66.86
78.80
Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products____
Engineering and scientific instru
ments..... .....................................
Mechanical measuring and control
devices________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods___
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment....................................
Photographic equipment and sup
plies_____ ___ _____________
Watches and clocks____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries.................................................. .
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware________________ ____
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods...........................................
Pens, pencils, and office and art
materials__________________
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions____________________
Other manufacturing industries__
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.0
40.9
40.5
40.8
40.4
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.3
39.2
40.4
40.8
41.8
41.3
41.1
40.9
40.9
40.3
41.2
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.2
41.5
39.7
41.4
41.8
40.9
41.6
40.8
41.2
40.3
41.4
40.5
41.7
40.4
41.4
40.2
41.0
40.7
41.0
40.1
40.8
40.1
40.7
40.0
40.7
39.9
40.1
39.9
39.9
38.6
39.5
40.0
40.1
41.0
40.3
40.7
40.9
40.5
40.5
40.4
40.0
40.2
40.1
40.0
39.7
40.4
40.1
38.5
40.0
40.2
42.5
40.1
42.6
40.8
42.4
41.3
42.3
39.7
42.5
39.4
42.3
38.5
42.4
38.1
41.4
39.4
40.9
39.1
40.5
39.1
40.7
39.5
40.6
38.9
41.0
37. 4
41.3
39.0
41.3
39.5
39.9
40.4
40.2
39.8
39.4
39.1
39.7
39.1
39.0
39.1
39.2
38.9
38.0
39.3
39.9
42.9
42.0
41.8
40.8
40.3
39.2
40.3
39.3
38.9
39.0
39.3
39.4
38.0
40.2
40.9
38.3
39.6
40.3
39.7
39.3
38.5
39.2
39.0
39.0
38.9
38.8
38.7
37.1
38.7
39.4
41.5
41.3
40.2
39.8
38.2
39.1
39.7
39.6
39.2
39.3
39.4
37.2
38.2
39.3
40.1
39.3
40.0
40.1
40.5
39.0
40.1
39.1
39.8
39.0
39.7
39.2
39.6
40.0
39.9
39.5
39.0
39.2
39.1
38.8
39.3
39.0
39.4
38.8
39.3
37.2
38.8
38.9
39.6
39.8
40.0
$2.24
Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products___ $2.43
Engineering and scientific instru
ments___________ _________
2. 77
Mechanical measuring and control
devices____________________ 2.42
Optical and ophthalmic goods___
2.17
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment................................. 2.08
Photographic equipment and supplies
2.74
Waatches and clocks.
2.09
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries.............................................
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware..............................................
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods_____________________
Pens, pencils, and office and art
materials......................................
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions____________________
Other manufacturing industries__
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2. 41
$2.40
$2. 39
$2. 39
$2.39
$2.38
$2.37
$2.37
$2.38
$2.36
$2.37
$2.37
$2.32
2. 75
2.76
2.76
2. 76
2.76
2.74
2.73
2.73
2. 76
2.73
2.73
2. 75
2.68
2.57
2.41
2.16
2.40
2.14
2. 39
2.17
2.39
2.13
2.37
2.15
2.39
2.13
2.37
2.10
2.38
2.09
2.37
2.08
2.35
2.08
2.35
2.09
2.34
2.10
2.30
2.04
2.24
1.94
2.06
2. 06
2. 05
2.05
2.04
2.03
2.02
2.02
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.00
2.01
1.96
2.72
2.07
2.68
2.08
2. 67
2.05
2. 66
2.02
2. 66
2.04
2. 65
2.01
2.64
2.02
2.64
2.02
2.64
2.04
2.63
2.01
2. 65
2.01
2.63
1.97
2. 57
1.97
2.47
1.94
1.96
1. 92
1.91
1.91
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.92
1.89
1.84
2.12
2.08
2.09
2.06
2.04
2.03
2.04
2.04
2.05
2.03
2.02
2.00
2.03
2.00
1.96
1. 81
1. 77
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.79
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.78
1.75
1.70
1. 84
1.83
1.86
1.86
1.84
1.83
1.83
1.84
1. 86
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.82
1.83
1.77
1.80
2.09
1. 77
2.07
1.77
1.75
2.06 1 2. 05
1.70
2.03
1.72
2.03
1.74
2.06
1.76
2.06
1.76
2. 05
1.74
2.06
1.73
2.05
1.75
2.05
1.74
2.06
1.70
2.02
1.68
1.97
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1962
344
T a b l e C—1. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
Continued
1960
1961
Industry
Dec.2 j N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
June
July
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Annual
average
1960
1959
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products.
$87.23 $87.67 $87.10 $86.30 $82.82
$90.58 $89.79 $89.84 $89.44 $88.60 $90.25 $90.25 $89.57 $87.20 $87.23
92.29
95.18 98.18 98.47 97.64 94.47 95.44 93.69 96.72 97.10 94.83
100 37 101 16 100. 62 98.41
86.50
89.68
93.04 93.46 93.26 95.46 92.44 94.61 93.53 92.44 91.36 91.15 90.52 90.94 90.73
Canned and preserved food, except
65.28
66.25
68.71
67.34
09 38
68 63 72.34 74.48 74.30 70.10 70.31 72.20 68.38 68.45 68.63
90.85
95.27 95.26 95.48 96.36 97.90 96.79 94.15
Grain mill products........................... 100 97 102 35 102 15 102.83 102.08 100.25 98.26 87.89
80.00
83.81
î$4.74
85.57 85.79 85.57 84.32
Bakery products________________ 88 84 89 24 88.62 88.44 88.26 89.35 89.57
88.64
93.70
100.80
97.65
97.38
97.67
94.02
100.26
96.70
101.94
Sugar______ ____ ________ — ........ 97 00 98 23 94. 50 98.95 99.72
66.59
69.34
71.31 70.92 70.71 67.55
Confectionery and related products 73 03 73 20 74.70 75.70 73.97 73.30 74.21 73.45 72.13 96.92
93.56
96.72
95.89
94.86
94.77
98.15
98.46
100.94
105.08
Beverages______________________ 1 0 0 ! 4 4 99.79 101.05 102.66 100.78
Miscellaneous food and kindred
81.79
83.95
83.80
85.85
85.65
84.23
84.25
86.51
87.13
88.18
products______________________ 88.79 88.97 88.74 87.78 87.35
64.12
71.05 65.51 65.12 65.22 68.03 64.94
Tobacco manufactures____________«... 72 47 69 32 69 36 67.39 68.17 71.05 74.07 70.87 85.89
80.40
80.56 80.60 86.48 80.29
Cigarettes_________________ ____ 91 43 89 05 92.29 84.50 86.65 83.85 89.82 85.02 53.44 78.86
52.88
54.17
53.86
54.17
52.06
52.12
58.29 59! 98 59.49 58.74 57.37 55.13 56.47 54.24
Cigars_________________________
63.02
63.60
61.34
61.99 61.18
67 Q8 08 31 67.08 66.09 66.02 64.64 65.12 63.99 63.18 62.86
Textile mill products
--------------60.90
59.90 61.15 62.56
Cotton broad woven fabrics--------- 66.72 67! 04 66.72 64.71 63.67 62.49 62.64 61.86 61.39 60.76 59.75
Silk and synthetic broad woven
66.94
65.76
68.31
65.44
65.27
65.44
66.50
67.65
68.56
68.15
70.31
fabrics________________________ 72.91 72.41 70.64 69.39
Weaving and finishing broad
70.64
69.83
65.02
67.25
69.14
69.37
70.99
73.33
74.55
74.80
74.34
73 40
72.04 73.81
woolens________________
73
65.69
67.20 66.23 66.23 64.24 64.01 66.07
70 79 71 14 69.32 69.83 68.91 67.94 68.95 67.94 57.13
57.13
56.93
54.93
54.
26
56.61
57.29
58.37
59.60
59.60
60.37
- 61.69 63.20 61.94 60.29
K nitting_________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and
72.14
71.73
71.06
70.88
75.30
74.52
74.52
75.06
76.32
72.90
73.93
73.21
78 44 77 11 75. 84
72.51
69.70 68.64 69.21 70.27 70.62
76 2^ 75 80 75. 33 74.45 73.92 67.48 72.22 68.82 69.74
Floor covering_________________
58.40
54.83 55.35 58.05
56.02
56.92
57.51
60.15
58.
71
59.85
61.16
03
23
62.02
61.
61
Yarn and thread________________
72.45
73.60
70.49
70.84
71.97
72.89
- 78.85 78! 85 77.11 76.14 76.14 76.14 77.08 74.99 73.84
Average weekly hours
41.0
40.7
40.9
40.4
40.2
40.2
40.0
40.9
41.4
41.4
41.4
41. 4
41.6
40 & 41 0
Food and kindred products..-------41.2
40.7
40.8
40.3
39.2
40.1
40.2
41.2
41.9
41.6
40.5
41 8
41.7
42.1
40 8
Meat products_____________
42.4
42.3
42.2
42.1
42.1
42.2
42.1
42.6
43.1
43.4
42.6
43.0
42.2
42.1
Dairy products_______________ 42.1
Canned and preserved food, except
38.4
38.6
36.6
37.0
37.3
36.8
35.8
38.2
38.1
37.6
3
7
3
40.6
40.7
39.1
meats_____________________ 37 3
44.1
44.2
44.4
44.5
43.8
43.4
43.3
Grain mill products____________ 43 9 44 ft 45 4 45.7 46.4 46.2 45.7 43.7
40.2
39.6
40.1
39.4
39.8
39.9
39.8
40.5
40.9
40.8
40.3
40.2
Bakery products..... ....................... 40 ? 40 2 40.1
44.1
44.2
52.5
43.4
42.9
42.1
40.7
41.6
40.8
42.3
41.9
41.4
45.0
Sugar............. ............................— 46 7 47 0
39.4
39.4
38.6
39. 5
39.4
39.4
39.2
39.7
39.9
39.2
40.2
40.7
40 0
40.6
Confectionery and related products. 3Q 3
40.5
40.3
39.3
39.4
39.0
39.2
39.7
39.9
40.7
41.7
40.8
40.9
40.1
39! 6
Beverages___________________
3 9 .7
Miscellaneous food and kindred
42.6
42.4
41.9
42.5
42.4
41.7
41.5
42.5
42.2
42.6
42.2
42.2
43.5
43.4
products___________________ 4 3 . 1
89.1
38.2
39.1
37.7
37.0
36.6
38.2
38.1
39.4
Tobacco manufactures_____________ 3Q 0 38 3 40.8 41.6 40.1 38.2
40.2
38.6
38.2
40.6
38.0
37.2
39.4
39.0
41.2
39.0
40.3
40 2
39.3
41. 2
41 0
Cigarettes.... .................. ..........
37.5
37.4
37.1
37.1
35.9
35.7
36.6
36.0
37.5
37.9
38.5
38.9
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
Cigars_________ __________
38.1
40.4
39.5
38.1
38.5
38.0
38.8
39.5
39.0
40.2
39.9
40.5
40.9
40.3
Textile mill products......... .................. 41 9 41 4
40.6
39.2
40.1
38.4
38.3
38.7
39.1
39.4
39.9
39.8
40.3
40.7
41.7
Cotton broad woven fabrics-------- 41.7 41.9
Silk and synthetic broad woven
42.1
41.4
40.1
39.9
39.8
39.9
40.3
41.0
41.3
41.3
42.1
41.8
42.3
43.1
fabrics____________________
43.4
Weaving and finishing broad
42.3
40.6
37.8
39.1
40.2
40.1
40.8
41.9
42.6
42.5
woolens____________________ 41 7 41 ft 40. 7 41.7 42.0
40.8
39.8
38.1
39.9
38.7
39.9
40.2
40.0
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___ 41 4 41 6 40.3 40.6 40.3 40.2 40.8
38.6
37.7
35.7
35.9
37.0
37.2
37.1
37.9
38.7
39.2
38.7
38.4
39.2
Knitting____________________ 38! 8 3 9 . 5
Finishing textiles, except wool and
41.7
40.3
39.7
39.6
41.6
41.4
41.4
42.4
41.7
40.5
43 ]
41.3
40.9
42 fi
41. 9
knit______________________
41.2
39.9
39.1
39.7
39.0
39.4
39.6
Floor covering________________ 4? fi 43 1 42. 8 42.3 42.0 37.7 40.8 39.1
40.0
37.4
38.
7
36.8
37.6
38.2
38.6
39.4
40.1
39.9
40.5
40.8
41 6
40.8
Yam and thread_____________
41 ft
40.7
40.0
38.1
38.5
38.9
39.4
39.7
40.1
41.0
40.5
40.5
40.5
40.8
41.5
Miscellaneous textile goods_____
41.5
Food and kindred products__________
Meat products__________________
Dairy products_________________
Canned and preserved food, except
meats_______ ________________
Grain mill products_____________
Bakery products________________
Sugar..............................................
Confectionery and related products
B everages.....................................
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products__________________
Tobacco manufactures___________
Cigarettes___________________
Cigars............................................
Textile mill products____________
Cotton broad woven fabrics___
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics____________________
Weaving and finishing broad
w oolens___________________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares.
Knitting____________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and
knit______________________
Floor covering_________________
Yam and thread_______________
Miscellaneous textile goods______
See fo o tn o te a t end o f ta b le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2. 22
2 46
2 !21
$2.19
2 42
2 .2 2
$2.02
2.24
2.04
1.91
2.20
2.15
2.31
1.84
2.48
1.86
2.20
2.15
2.32
1.81
2.46
1.84
2.20
2.15
2.27
1.80
2.43
1.82
2.20
2.14
2.25
1.79
2.42
1.81
2.18
2.14
1.92
1.75
2.44
1.78
2.13
2.09
2.12
1.76
2.40
1.70
2.06
1.99
2.01
1.69
2.31
2.03
2.02
2.02
2.02
2.00
1.98
1.92
1.76
2.12
1.45
1.61
1.56
1.73
2.11
1.46
1.61
1.56
1.74
2.13
1.46
1.61
1.56
1.70
2.08
1.44
1.61
1.56
1.64
2.00
1. 41
1.56
1.50
1.83
2.20
2.19
2.38
1.84
2. 47
1.84
2.17
2.19
2.41
1.87
2.52
1.87
2.15
2.19
2.37
1.86
2.48
1.89
2.18
2.17
2.41
1.85
2.46
2.08
2.07
2.07
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.04
l! 60
1. 70
2. 24
1. 51
1. 64
1.60
1.62
2.15
1. 51
1.64
1.59
1.70
2.15
1.49
1.63
1.58
1.86
2.15
1.47
1.62
1.57
1.88
2.18
1.49
1.62
1.57
1.86
2.18
1.47
1.62
1.57
1.86
2.18
1.46
1.62
1.57
1.79
2.12
1.46
1.62
1.57
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.67
1.65
1.66
1.65
1.65
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.59
1.73
1.66
1.54
1.72
1.66
1.53
1.72
1.66
1.53
1.72
1.68
1.52
1.72
1.66
1.51
1.67
1.61
1.48
1.80
1.76
1.49
1.85
1.81
1.76
1.49
1.84
1.79
1.77
1.49
1.85
1.79
1.77
1.48
1.85
1.78
1.77
1.50
1.84
1.76
1.46
1. 78
1 83
2 2t3
1 53
1 65
1.60
1 81
2 23
1.68
1 77
1 71
$2.11
2.33
2.12
1.83
2.25
2.20
2.39
1.86
2. 51
2.06
2 22
$2.14
2.38
2.15
$2.18
2.36
2.18
2 00
1 83
2 ! 52
1 84
2 30
$2.17
2.40
2.16
$2.14
2.35
2.17
2 .5 3
30
21
00
85
$2.17
2.39
2.15
$2.15
2. 36
2.22
1. 85
2 2ft
2. 21
2.10
1 84
2. 52
1
2
2
2
1
Average hourly earnings
$2.18 $2.19 $2.18 $2.17
2.38
2.35
2.35
2.37
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.17
$2.17
2.39
2. 21
1 ft3
1 Oft
1 77
1 71
1 .5 9
1.60
1 82
1 70
1 ft9
Ü9Ô
1 81
1 76
1 ft2
Ì.9Ò
1.77
1.72
1.58
1.77
1.72
1.57
1.77
1.71
1.54
1.76
1.69
1.54
1.75
1.69
1.54
1.75
1.69
1.54
1.74
1.68
1.54
1. 81
1. 76
1. 51
1.89
1.79
1.76
1.52
1.88
1.79
1.76
1.51
1.88
1.80
1.79
1.50
1.88
1.80
1.77
1.50
1.88
1.80
1.76
1.49
1.87 1
1.80
1.77
1.49
1.86
1 .7 3
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
345
T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
Industry
Dec. 2 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
Apparel and related products________
30.0
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats___ 37.1
M en’s and boys’ furnishings______ 37.5
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ out
erwear________________________ 33.2
Women’s and children’s under
garments______________________ 36.8
Hats, caps, and millinery________
36.0
Girl’s and children’s outerwear___
35.1
Fur goods and miscellaneous ap
parel................................................ .
36.3
Miscellaneous fabricated' textile
products.................................... ......... 38.1
Paper and allied produ cts...................... 43.0
Paper and pulp.................................... 44.1
Paperboard...________ __________ 44.3
Converted paper and paperboard
products........ ..................................... 42.1
Paperboard containers and boxes... 41.8
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries.............................................
38.7
Newspaper publishing and printing 37.1
Periodical publishing and printing
39.0
Books__________________________
40.5
Commercial printing_____________ 39.6
Bookbinding and related indus
tries.....................................................
38.1
Other publishing and printing in
dustries_________________
38.8
Apparel and related products________ $1.07
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__
1.94
M en’s and boys’ furnishings______ 1.41
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear_________ ___________
1. 89
Women’s and children’s under
garments______________________ 1.52
Hats, caps, and millinery........ IIHI
1. 76
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
1. 50
Fur goods and miscellaneous ap
parel............................... ................... 1.79
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products............................................ 1. 67
Paper and allied products........................ 2. 37
Paper and pulp................................... 2. 55
Paperboard_____________________
2.56
Converted paper and paperboard
products........................................... 2.17
Paperboard containers and boxes... 2.20
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries..........................................................
2. 79
Newspaper publishing and printing' 3. 01
Periodical publishing and printing. 2.81
Books__________________________
2.48
Commercial printing...............
2.76
Bookbinding and related i ndustrles. 2.21
Other publishing and printing
industries_____________________
2.84
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Annual
average
1960
1959
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products________ $60.12
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats___ 71. 97
M en’s and boys’ furnishings______ 52.88
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ out
erwear________________________ 62. 75
Women’s and children’s undergar
m ents_______ _________________ 55. 94
Hats, caps, and millinery.................. 63. 36
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___ 52.65
Fur goods and miscellaneous ap
parel................................................... 64.98
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products______________________ 63.63
Paper and allied products____________ 101.91
Paper and pulp................................... 112.46
Paperboard_____________________ 113.41
Converted paper and paperboard
products______________________ 91.36
Paperboard containers and boxes... 91.96
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries........................... ................................ 107.97
Newspaper publishing and printing 111.67
Periodical publishing and printing. 109. 59
Books______ _____ ______________ 100. 44
Commercial printing_____________ 109. 30
Bookbinding and related industries. 84. 20
Other publishing and printing in
dustries____________________
110.19
June
1960
$60. 62 $60.14 $56.93 $59.86 $58.16 $56.64
70. 62 68.60 65.43 69. 84 68.40 68.32
52.97 52.97 51.52 50.92 49.08 48.91
63. 54 63.88 58.66 65. 05 63.61 58.86
57. 99 57.15 54.90 54.31 52.64 52.35
62.28 64.26 59.19 66.25 66.06 62.12
54.66 54.47 49. 53 53.49 53.72 53.87
66. 77 65.14 59.49 61.46 61.03 59. 83
63. 79
102.38
112. 71
111. 76
89.44
94.15
106. 09
109. 50
110.04
98. 89
107. 80
82.19
62. 81 61.55
101.91
111. 51 111.51
113.28 113.28
89.01 88.38
93.93 95.00
105. 71 106.37
108. 77 107.74
115. 75 119.48
100.04 100. 78
107.25 107.92
82.51 82.73
107.97 108.08 108.67
36.3
36.4
37.3
35.8
35.0
37.3
34.5
33.9
36.8
33.8
33.1
31.2
37.9
36.0
36.2
37.6
35.7
35.6
36.6
32.7
32.8
37.3
36.8
35.2
38.2
43.2
44.2
44.0
38.3
43.0
43.9
44.6
41.6
42.6
41.4
42.5
37.3
43.1
43.9
44.6
41.3
42.6
38.3
36.5
39.3
40.2
39.2
38.3
36.5
40.9
40.5
39.0
38.4
36.4
41.2
40.8
39.1
$55. 84 $56. 51 $57. 51 $56.19 $55.06 $52.79
67.71 65. 51 65. 55 66.34 67.45 63. 27
47.75 47.30 48.06 46.90 46. 71 46.15
58.21 61.54 63.14 59.94 57.28 54.16
52.33 53.14 53.21 52.04 51.16 49.20
57.62 59. 51 64.42 67.69 62.84 55. 08
51.39 50.66 52.69 54.09 52.10 46. 51
58.45 57. 56 58.22 56. 86 56.93 55.44
62.65 61.02 62.10 60.96 60.70 60. 48 59.89 59.45 60.35
101.05
97.90 97.90 96.14 95.68 95.22 94.30
111.13 110.88 109.56 108.13 108.38 106.03 106.21 105.29
105. 47
110.38 112.52 110.88 108. 50 107.57 105.40 103.25 105.90 105.25
88.18 87.54 87.34 85.05 85.26 85.47 85.06 83.42 82.99
93.06 92.18 91.98 88. 75 88.34 87.08 86.24 85.39 83.10
105.33 104.39 104. 67 104.12 104.01 103.90 103.36 102.98 103.36
107.02 106.07 106.95 107. 68 106.36 105.05 104.69 104.11 109.00
113.93 109.30 107.29 105.65 104.99 107.80 108.23 109.14 105. 81
101. 52 100.04 99.88 100.12 97.36 96.96 97.28 96.24 93.14
106.98 106.04 105.65 104.99 105.03 106.35 104.61 104. 76 103.30
82.82 81.58 82. 39 81.53 81.15 81.15 81.62 82.13 79.61
108.19 107.80 108.19 108.30 108.39 108. 57 107. 80 107.42 104. 90
Average weekly hours
36.5 35.9 35.4 34.9 35.1 35.6 34.9 34.2 33.2
36.0 36.0 35.4 34.9 34.3 34.5 35.1 35.5 33.3
38.0 36.9 36.5 35.9 35.3 35.6 35.0 34.6 34.7
34.6 34.2 32.7 32.7 34.0 34.5 33.3 32.0 30.6
37.2 36.3 36.1 35.6 36.4 36.2 35.4 34.8 33.7
36.6 35.9 35.7 34.3 34.8 36.6 37.4 35.5 32.4
35.9 36.3 36.4 35.2 34.7 35.6 36.3 35.2 32.3
36.8 35.9 35.4 35.0 35.1 35.5 35.1 34.5 33.4
38.2 37.9 38.1 37.4 37.7 37.8 37.2 36.7 36.8
43.0 42.8 42.9 42.2 42.2 41.8 41.6 41.4 41.0
44.1 44.0 44.0 43.6 43.7 43.1 43.0 42.8 42.7
43.8 44.3 44.0 43.4 43.2 42.5 41.8 42.7 42.1
41.4 41.1 41.2 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.7 40.3 39.9
42.3 41.9 42.0 40.9 40.9 40.5 40.3 39.9 39.2
38.3 38.1 38.2 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.0 38.0
36.4 36.2 36.5 36.5 36.3 36.1 36.1 35.9 38.0
40.4 39.6 39.3 38.7 38.6 39.2 39.5 39.4 37.2
41.1 41.0 40.6 41.2 40.4 40.4 40.2 40.1 38.9
38.9 38.7 38.7 38.6 38.9 39.1 38.6 38.8 39.3
38.4
37.7
38.2
38.3
38.7
38.7
38.6
38.4
38.5
$1.67 $1.68
1. 94 1.96
1. 42 1.42
$1.65
1.93
1.40
$1.64
1.94
1.34
$56.45 $56.63
68.27 65.28
48.55 49.14
58. 76
59.68
51.91
60.54
51.54
51.97
61. 90
50.84
58.74
60.62
60. 48 59.75
95.37 93.30
105.46 102.75
105.16 102.90
83.23
86.10
81.16
85.27
102.80 99.72
105.33 101.84
109.18 105.60
95.82 92.34
103. 88 100. 86
78.87 77.16
106.37
104.06
35.5
36.9
36.5
36.3
37.3
37.8
33.2
34.1
35.8
35.2
35.3
36.6
36.2
35.8
35.6
36.3
37.8
42.2
43.4
43.1
38.3
42.8
44.1
43.6
40.8
41.0
41.2
41.8
38.5
36.7
39.7
40.6
39.2
38.5
36.5
39.7
40.5
39.4
38.3
38.1
38.6
38.2
37.2
38.1
38.2
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.5
37.6
38.4
38.4
$1.62
1.90
1.35
$1.61
1.89
1.34
$1.61
1.90
1.35
$1.59
1.90
1.33
$1.59
1.85
1.33
$1.56
1.75
1.30
38.5 38.1 38.1
38.5 38.0 38.3
Average hourly earnings
$1.62 $1.60 $1.60 $1.61
1.90 1.93 1.94 1.91
1.33 1.34 1.33 1.34
1.88
1.93
1.88
1.88
1.86
1.80
1.78
1.81
1.83
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.77
1.75
1. 53
1.73
1. 51
1.52
1.80
1.53
1.50
1.81
1. 51
1.46
1.81
1.49
1.45
1.84
1.48
1.45
1.74
1.48
1.47
1.68
1.46
1.46
1.71
1.46
1.47
1.76
1.48
1.47
1.81
1 49
1.47
1.77
1.48
1.46
1.70
1.44
1.45
1.72
1.46
1.42
1. 71
1.42
1. 79
1.77
1.69
1.67
1.70
1.69
1. 67
1.64
1.64
1.62
1.65
1.66
1.65
1.67
1. 67
2.37
2. 55
2.54
1.64
2.37
2.54
2.54
1.64
2.35
2.52
2.52
1.61
2.35
2.52
2. 54
1.63
2.34
2.49
2.52
1.63
2.32
2.48
2.50
1.61
2.32
2.48
2.49
1.60
2.30
2.46
2.48
1.61
2.30
2. 47
2.47
1.62
2.30
2.46
2.48
1.64
2.30
2.47
2. 50
1.60
2.26
2.43
2.44
1.56
2.18
2.33
2.36
2.15
2.21
2.15
2.21
1.65
2.37
2.54
2.54
2.14
2.23
2.13
2.20
2.13
2.20
2.12
2.19
2.10
2.17
2.10
2.16
2.10
2.15
2.09
2.14
2.07
2.14
2.08
2.12
2.04
2.10
1.97
2.04
2. 77
3.00
2.80
2.46
2. 75
2.18
2.76
2.98
2.83
2.47
2.75
2.16
2.77
2.96
2.90
2.47
2. 76
2.16
2.75
2.94
2.82
2.47
2.75
2.14
2.74
2.93
2.76
2.44
2.74
2.13
2. 74
2.93
2.73
2. 46
2.73
2.14
2.74
2.95
2. 73
2.43
2. 72
2.14
2.73
2.93
2. 72
2.41
2. 70
2.13
2. 72
2. 91
2.75
2.40
2.72
2.13
2.72
2.90
2.74
2.42
2. 71
2.12
2.71
2.90
2. 77
2.40
2.70
2.15
2.72
2.93
2. 72
2.37
2. 69
2.14
2.67
2. 87
2.75
2.36
2.65
2.07
2.59
2.79
2.66
2.28
2.56
2.02
2. 79
2.80
2. 83
2.81
2.80
2. 81
2.85 1 2.83
2.82
2.80
2.79
2. 79
2. 77
2.71
346
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
1960
Annual
average
Industry
Dec.2
Manufacturing—Continued
N o nd urab le goods—Continued
Chemicals and allied products................
Industrial chemicals......................—
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass__________________________
Drugs__________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
Paints, varnishes, and allied products___ _____ _________________
Agricultural chemicals.................... .
Other chemical products_________
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
I960
1959
Average weekly earnings
$109. 25 $109. 52 $108.58 $107.53 $107.49 $107.90 $108.00 $105.06 $104.24 $104.24 $103.89 $104.14 $103.38 $103.25 $99.36
123.48 123. 77 123.19
. 6( 121. 51 122.06 121.80 119.81 119.11 118. 53 117.83 118.40 117.55 117.31 Ì13.15
110.14 110. 83 109. 52 108.05 107.90 108.94 109.72 105.88 105.32 104.65 103.89 103.38 104.04 104.17 100.50
96. 52 96. 52 95. 88 95.18 93.96 93.41 94.77 93.26 92.46 92.97 92.52 92.34 89.89 90.68 87. 51
102.18
. 28 102.58 100.28
. 6( 99.22
97.68 97.68 96.32 96.08 96.32 94.64 94.77 90.54
. 61 98. 58 98. 42 99.39
100.43 99.05 97.68 96.48 95.04 94.33 94.64 95.65 92.70
87.34 85.48 85. 87 84. (k 84.66 85.07 84.00 82.68 81.46 84.29 83.50 84.12 83.75 82.37 80.17
102. 84 104. 08 103.09 103.34 102.75 102.51 101.26 99.46 98.98 98.57 98.09 99.53 98.40 97.06 94.16
121
100
100.12 100
100
101.02
100.12
Petroleum refining and related Indust r ie s ......................................................... 123.32 126. 46 125.93 126.88 122. 59 126.42 126.24 123.30 124.42 121.80
123.90 118. 73 118.78 117.42
Petroleum refining.............................. 129.34 132.07 129. 65 131. 29 126. 95 131.2-1 130.38 128.2i 129.56 127.17 126.45 129.58 123.62 123.22 121.99
Other petroleum and coal products. 97.20
. 28 110.74 107.93 103.81 105. 70 109.66 101.24 99.41 95.17 91.80 96.12 95.88 99.26 97.61
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products................................... .............. . 102.83
98.49 98.74 97.85 98.90 97.03 95.04 93.69 91.89 91.49 92. 51 91.96 92.97 94.16
Tires and inner tubes____________ 137.81 130. 00 126.14 127. 7( 125.96 128.86
115.20 114.82 110.56
113.24 117.21 116.33 120.64
96.10 94.12 92.80 92.57 91.30 91.5c 91.35 91.58 90.27 88.13 87.91 87.91 86.30 87.82 88.38
Other rubber products___________
Miscellaneous plastic products____ 84.67 83.84 83.64 84.26 83.44 83.03 84.67 83.03 81.20 80.80 80.20 79.99 78.56 79.40 78.53
Leather and leather products_________ 65.79 64.98 62.76 61.88 62.79 63.58 63.29 61.46 59.95 61.62 61.55 62. 75 58.35 60.52 60.26
Leather tanning and finishing------- 88.54 86.62 85. 57 85.57 85.39 84.77 85.41 83.92 84.77 82.68 80.85 81.06 81.66 81.74 79.39
Footwear, except rubber...................
63. 91 61.92 58.93 59.24 60.64 61.66 61.07 58.97 56. 86 59.33 59.73 60. 86 56.25 58.04 58.28
Other leather produ cts..................... 63.14 64.35 63. 53 59.33 61.40 60. 86 60. 75 59.62 59.09 60.16 60.00 60.38 55.81 58.62 57.99
121.00
101
100.12
121.88
110.11
Average weekly hours
Chemicals and allied products................
Industrial chemicals_____________
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass_____________________ ____
Drugs___________ __________ ___
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
Paints, varnishes, and allied products................................................ .
Agricultural chemicals___________
Other chemical products...................
41.7
42.0
41.8
42.1
41.6
41.9
41.2
41.5
41.5
41.9
41.5
41.8
41.7
42.0
41.2
41.6
41.2
41. 5
41.2
41.3
40.9
41.2
41.0
41.4
40.7
41.1
41. 3
41.6
41.4
41 fi
42.2
40.9
41.2
42.3
40.9
41.1
41.8
40.8
41.7
41.4
40.5
41.1
41.5
40.5
41.4
41.9
40.1
41.0
42.2
40.5
41.4
41.2
40.2
40.7
41.3
40.2
40.7
41.2
40.6
40.3
40.9
40.4
40.2
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.8
39.6
39.6
41.5
40.3
40.5
41.7
40. 7
40 fi
40.7
42.4
41.3
40.9
41.9
41.8
40.4
42.3
41.4
40.5
41.4
41.5
40.9
41.5
41.6
41.2
41.7
41.5
41.5
42.0
41.5
41.1
42.4
41.1
40.7
43.1
40.9
40.2
44.6
40.9
39.6
42.6
40.7
39.8
42.7
41.3
39.6
42.3
41.0
40.7
42.9
41.3
41.2
43.1
41.3
Petroleum refining and related Industries____ _______ __________________
Petroleum refining________ ______
Other petroleum and coal products.
40.7
40.8
40.5
41.6
41.4
42.2
41.7
40.9
45.2
41.6
40.9
44.6
41.0
40.3
43.8
42.0
41.4
44.6
41.8
41.0
45.5
41.1
40.7
42.9
41.2
41.0
42.3
40.6
40.5
41.2
40.2
40.4
39.4
41.3
41.4
40.9
40.8
40.8
40.8
41.1
40.8
42.6
41.2
40. 8
43.0
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products__________________________
Tires and inner tubes___________
Other rubber products___________
Miscellaneous plastic products........
41.8
43.2
41.6
41.1
41.2
41.4
41.1
41.1
40.7
40.3
40.7
41.0
40.8
40.8
40.6
41.1
40.6
40.5
40.4
40.9
40.7
41.3
40.5
40.5
40.6
39.7
40.6
41.3
40.1
38.4
40.7
40.7
39.7
38.4
40.3
40.2
39.1
37.1
39.7
40.0
39.1
37.2
39.6
39.9
39.2
38.0
39.6
39.6
38.8
39.2
38.7
38.7
39.9
39.3
40.1
40.1
41.3
41.6
41.3
40.9
Leather and leather p ro d u cts................
Leather tanning and finishing____
Footwear, except rubber_________
Other leather products___________
38.7
40.8
38.5
38.5
38.0
40.1
37.3
39.0
36.7
39.8
35.5
38.5
36.4
39.8
35.9
36.4
37.6
39.9
37.2
37.9
38.3
39.8
38.3
37.8
37.9
40.1
37.7
37.5
36.8
39.4
36.4
36.8
35.9
39.8
35.1
36.7
36.9
39.0
36.4
37.6
37.3
38.5
37.1
37.5
37.8
38.6
37.8
37.5
35.8
38.7
35.6
35.1
36.9
39.3
36. 5
37.1
37.9
39.3
37.6
37.9
Chemicals and allied products................ $2.62
Industrial chemicals........................... 2. 94
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass.................................... ...............
. 61
Drugs............................. ........................ 2.36
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
2.48
Paints, varnishes, and allied produ cts......... . ............................... ....... 2.46
Agricultural chemicals........ .............. 2.06
Other chemical products................... 2. 49
$2.62
2.94
$2.61
2.94
$2.61
2.93
$2.59
2.90
$2. 60
2.92
$2. 59
2.90
$2. 55
2.88
$2.53
2. 87
$2.53
2.87
$2.54
. 86
$2.54
. 86
$2. 54
. 86
$2.50
. 82
$2.40
2. 72
2.62
2.36
2.44
. 62
2.35
2. 46
2
2.61
2.35
2.44
2.60
2.32
2.43
2.60
2.33
2.42
2.60
2.34
2.44
2. 57
2.32
2.40
2. 55
2.30
2.40
2.54
2.29
2.39
2.54
2.29
2.39
2.54
2.28
2.39
2.55
2.27
2.39
2.51
2.25
2.34
2.41
2.15
2.23
2.46
2.04
2.49
2. 44
2.03
2.49
2.43
2.03
2.49
2.43
2.04
2.47
2.43
2.04
2.47
2.00
2.42
2.44
2.41
1.95
2.42
2.40
1.89
2.42
2.40
1.89
2.41
2.40
1.96
2.41
2.37
1.97
2.41
2.39
1.98
2.40
2.35
1.92
2.35
2.28
Average hourly earnings
2
2
2
2
2
2.25
1.86
Petroleum refining and related Indust r ie s ......................... ................................
Petroleum refining____ ____ _____
Other petroleum and coal products.
3. 03
3.17
2. 40
3.04
3.19
2.40
3. 02
3.17
2.45
3.05
3.21
2.42
2.99
3.15
2.37
3.01
3.17
2.37
3.02
3.18
2.41
3.00
3.15
2.36
3.02
3.16
2.35
3.00
3.14
2.31
3.01
3.13
2.33
3.00
3.13
2.35
2.91
3.03
2.35
2.89
3.02
2.33
2.85
2.99
2.27
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products__________________________
Tires and inner tubes____________
Other rubber products___________
Miscellaneous plastic products
2. 46
3.19
2.31
2.06
2. 43
3.14
2.29
2.04
2.42
3.13
2.28
2.04
2.42
3.12
2.28
2.05
2.41
3.11
2.26
2.04
2.43
3.12
2.26
2.05
2.39
3.07
2.25
2.05
2.37
3.00
2.25
2.04
2.36
2.99
2.24
2.35
2.98
2.34
2.96
2.36
2. 98
2.37
2.99
2.33
2.96
2.19
1.98
2.28
2.90
2.14
1.92
1.70
2.17
. 66
1.64
1.71
2.16
. 66
1. 65
1.71
2.15
1.70
2.15
1.65
1.63
1.67
2.14
1.63
1.62
2.13
1.61
1.61
1.66
1.67
2.13
1.62
1.62
1.67
2.13
1.62
1.62
1.61
1.63
1.60
1.61
1.60
1.61
1.61
1. 58
1.59
Leather and leather products_________
Leather tanning and finishing
Footwear, except rubber_________
Other leather products.....................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
1
1.66
1.65
2.22 2.22 2.22 2.23
2.02 2.02 2.01 2.02 2.03
1.67
1.67
1.65
1.66 1.63
2.13
2.12 2.10 2.10 2.11
1.62
1.64
2.08
1. 59
1.58
1.59
2.02
1. 55
1.53
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
347
T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
1960
Industry
D ec.2 N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Annual
average
1960
1959
Average weekly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3 _______________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines______
Motor freight transportation and
storage............................ ...........................
Pipeline transportation______________
Communication:
Telephone communication_______
$114. 70 $112.41 $112. 71
$11-1.. ilb $114.38 $113.95 $108. 27 $111.41
$97. 75 100. 02 98.24 98.67 99.16 98. 47 99.41 98.06 97.16 97.13
113.21 110.81 111.57 119.97 116. 77 117.13 112.49 108.94 112. 58 106.14
111.45 111. 04 111. 67 111. 14 111.19 108. 42 109.30 106. 55 104. 45 103.53
138.18 130. 65 133. 80 133.50 130. 33 137.03 124.42 128.95 133.06 128.16
96. 47 96. 47 96.64 97. 53 93.62 93. 46 92.12 91.03 90.17 90.02
103. 58 103. 58 104. 33 105.25 104.33 104. 90 105.33
00 102. 51 103.17
Radio and television broadcasting. 124. 66 121.03 121. 59 122. 29 119. 27 118. 81 117. 50 106.
117.66 119. 58 118.04
114.80 115. 64 114. 95 114. 26 112.07 112.34 110. 98 110. 70 110. 43 110.30
114.11 115. 77 114. 39 114. 54 113.44 113. 71 112.20 111. 52 110.84
107. 01 108.21 108.32 105. 26 103.12 103.94 102.36 102. 36 102. 77 110.98
102.31
125. 55 125. 75 125.14 124.01 121.88 121. 25 120. 66 119.48 119.07 119. 54
Water, steam, and sanitary systems. 93. 38 94. 71 93. 61 94. 35 94.16 93. 43 92.84
92.89 92.16 91.08
$115.02 $108.92 $111.04 $108. 84 $101. 84
97.16 95.34 98.31 94. 82 91. 57
108.03 107.68 104.33 105. 22 100.01
103.63 102.06 103. 73 104.17 102.12
129.03 135.29 127.08 124.53 124.14
90.71
102.01
118. 80
110. 84
110. 67
103. 63
121. 42
92.80
90.48
103.00
120. 51
110.84
110.84
103.63
120.13
91.53
91.64
100.77
121. 28
112.06
111.79
105.16
121.84
90.58
89.50
100.01
121.13
108.65
109.45
100. 69
117.26
89.84
85.46
95.99
115.50
103. 73
104. 81
97. 51
110.70
86.11
Average weekly hours
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads3_______________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation
Intercity and rural buslines______
Motor freight transportation and
storage.... .................................................
Pipeline transportation..................
Communication:
Telephone communication...............
Telegraph communication «______
Radio and television broadcasting
Electric, gas, and sanitary services__
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems______
Combined utility system ________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems.
42.8
42.1
41.9
43.2
41.6
43.0
43.0
40.4
42.2
42.6
41.1
41.9
41.7
41.4
42.5
42.4
43.3
41.5
42.9
42.1
42.9
44. 6
43.3
43.9
43.0
44.2
43.6
43.1
43.2
41.9
42.8
43.3
42.6
41.3
42.8
42.7
42.0
41.9
43.5
41.9
43.1
42.6
43.4
42.2
41.9
42.0
41.9
40.2
42.3
40.3
42.1
40.7
42.6
40.1
41.7
41.4
42.2
38.4
41.3
39.8
40.8
40.2
40.6
39.8
40.8
39.7
40.5
41.5
41.0
40.6
41.5
40.3
42.2
40.7
39.7
41.6
39.2
41.0
40.9
41.0
41.3
40.6
39.7
41.6
38.3
41.3
41.2
41.3
41.5
41.0
40.1
41.9
38.6
41.2
41.0
41.5
41.3
40.7
40.3
42.1
38.7
41.1
41.2
40.8
41.2
41.2
39.5
41.9
38.6
40.9
41.1
40.6
40.9
41.3
39.6
42.3
38.7
41.0
41.2
40.6
41.1
40.8
39.2
42.3
38.4
40.8
41.1
40.3
40.9
40.9
38.9
42.4
38.2
40.7
41.0
40.3
40.5
41.1
38.7
41.5
38.7
40.6
40.9
40.3
40.5
40.6
38.8
41.6
38.2
40.7
40.8
40.6
40.8
40.3
39.1
41.3
38.2
40.9
40.8
40.8
41.3
40.7
39.0
41.7
38.5
40.9
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.5
39.5
41.3
38.5
41.2
41.1
41.4
41.3
40.8
39.6
42.2
38.7
41.0
41.3
40.6
41.0
41.4
39.2
42.1
38.5
41.0
41.1
40.8
41.0
41.6
Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads3________________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportationintercity and rural b u slin es...........
Motor freight transportation and
storage.................................................. .
Pipeline transportation______________
Communication:
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication *______
Radio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___
Electric companies and systems___
Gas companies and systems______
Combined utility systems________
Water, steam, and sanitary system s.
See footnotes at end of table .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.68 $2.67
$2.69
$2.65
$2. 66
$2.65
$2.68
$2.64
$2. 70
$2. 65
$2.65
$2. 61
$2.46
$2.30
2.67
2.31
2.67
2.29
2.65
2.30
2.69
2.29
2.66
2. 29
2. 65
2.28
2. 61
2. 27
2.60
2.27
2.60
2.28
2. 57
2.27
2.53
2.27
2. 57
2. 26
2. 49
2.20
2. 47
2.11
2.37
2. 66
3.29
2.65
3.25
2.64
3.32
2. 64
3.28
2. 61
3. 25
2.60
3. 31
2. 59
3.24
2. 58
3.24
2.56
3.31
2.55
3.22
2.54
3. 25
2.52
3.26
2.53
3.13
2. 51
3.09
2.42
3.05
2.43
2.49
3.18
2.80
2.79
2. 61
3.04
2.30
2.43
2.49
3.16
2.80
2.81
2.62
3.03
2.31
2.41
2.49
3.15
2.79
2.79
2.61
3.03
2.30
2.42
2. 50
3.16
2.78
2. 78
2.58
3.01
2.29
2.37
2. 49
3.09
2. 74
2. 76
2.54
2.98
2.28
2.36
2. 48
3.07
2. 74
2.76
2. 56
2.95
2.29
2.35
2. 49
3.06
2.72
2. 73
2.54
2.95
2.27
2.34
2.50
3.08
2.72
2. 72
2. 54
2.95
2.26
2.33
2. 47
3.09
2. 72
2. 71
2. 55
2.94
2.27
2.32
2.48
3.09
2.71
2. 72
2. 52
2. 93
2. 26
2.32
2.47
3.11
2. 71
2.71
2. 54
2.94
2. 28
2.32
2.47
3.13
2. 71
2.71
2.54
2. 93
2. 26
2.32
2.44
3.15
2. 72
2.72
2.54
2. 95
2. 22
2.26
2.37
3.13
2. 65
2. 65
2. 48
2.86
2. 17
2.18
2.28
3.00
2.53
2. 55
2.39
2. 70
2.07
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
348
T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960
1961
Industry
D ec.2 N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Annual
average
I960
1959
Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade *______________ $72.93 $73.34 $73.34 $73. 72 $73.88 $74.07 $73.51 $72.37 $71.98 $71. 41 $71.60 $71.60 $70. 20 $70.98
Wholesale trade— __________________ 95. 06 95.00 94.60 94.77 93. 79 94.42 94.19 92.69 92.69 91.66 91.43 91.88 91.30 91.13
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment......................................... 91.79 91. 57 90. 72 89. 87 89.25 89.25 88.83 88. 41 88. 41 87.36 87.36 87.99 87.36 86.53
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod-
UCtS— ............................... ............. 95.84 95.44 95.44
Dry goods and apparel...................... 94.82 93.74 95.88
Groceries and related products___ 88.41 88. 82 88.18
Electrical goods_________________ 100.45 100.28 99. 55
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods..................... - ...........................
Machinery, equipment, and suppiles.....................................................
Retail trade *.......... ....................................
General merchandise stores..........
Department stores.......................
Limited price variety stores—
Food stores........................... ...............
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores——....................................
Apparel and accessories stores____
91.80
93.83
93.62
88.61
97.28
95.11
92.72
89.46
97.28
03.83
90.62
87.78
97.12
93. 37
90.99
86.31
95.76
93.13
92.10
86.10
96.07
93.37
91.99
84.86
95.12
92.97
91. 20
84.66
95.76
91.17
90.32
89.69
89.91
88.66
92.80
93.65
84. 66
96.88
91.94
89.68
85.90
95. 51
91.20
90.68
84. 67
95.11
84.22
87.38
89.68
81. 56
93. 73
88.88
88.48
86.83
87.91
87.89
86.86
84. 45
102. 66 103.73 103.07 104.30 101.68 101.84 102. 41 101.18 100.78
64.73 64.13 64.64 64.60 65.23 65. 57 64.90 63.84 63.46
51. 62 50.21 50. 66 51.11 51. 25 51.39 51.16 50.22 49. 74
55. 77 53.95 55.60 56.25 56.03 56.19 55. 71 55. 55 54.19
37.97 37. 21 37.67 37.79 38.08 38. 53 37.18 35.95 36. 27
63. 55 63.55 63. 55 63.90 64.59 64.40 63.36 61.95 61.60
99.88
62.70
49.39
53.69
36.92
61.24
99.72
62. 87
49.39
53. 51
36.82
61.42
99. 55 102.16
63. 25 61.82
49.74 49.62
54. 22 53.96
36. 51 35.49
61.06 61.39
99.80
62.37
48. 58
53.09
35. 53
60.98
97.99
60. 76
47.60
52.15
34.22
58.72
63.37
51.11
62.63
45.90
51.10
50.88
63.01
50.42
62.12
45.16
50.96
51.04
62.83
51.50
63.75
45.02
51.94
52.10
62.83
51.94
66.00
45.36
51.05
52.16
63.18
52.24
64. 47
45.89
52. 26
52.96
62.95
51.30
63. 29
44. 41
51.01
52.33
60.15
50.40
62.54
43.31
50. 78
51.51
38.6
40.2
38.7
40.1
38.7
40.3
39.0
40.4
39.0
40.5
39.3
40.6
91.80
92.16
95.34
94.88
89.44
99. 55
$69.17
88. 91
65.16
55.08
65. 66
W omen’s ready-to-wear stores.. 49. 56
Fam ily clothing stores_______ 53.87
Shoe stores_______ ______ ____ 57. 26
65.15
52.02
63. 84
46.90
52.24
51.52
64.79
52.67
64. 67
47.04
51. 54
52.80
65.70
52.10
63.54
46.31
51. 55
53.48
66.05
52.60
66. 53
45.75
52.42
54.32
66, 23
52.80
66.64
46.10
51.77
53.88
39.0
40.8
38.4
40.6
38.6
40.6
38.8
40.5
39.3
40.6
39.4
40.7
39.1
40.6
M e n ’s a n d b o y s’ ap p a re l sto res.
65.34
52.55
65.05
45.83
52.13
53.46
63.90
51.60
63.38
45.50
51.47
52.64
Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade 5______________
Wholesale tr a d e ........................ .............
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment____________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prodnets
D ry goods and apparel___________
Groceries and related products___
Electrical goods.................... - ............
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods.................................... ..............
Machinery, equipment, and supplies--------------------------------------Retail trade5____________ _________—
General merchandise stores_______
Department stores...................
Limited price variety stores__
Food stores............ ..............................
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores.......... .................................
Apparel and accessories stores.........
M en’s and boys’ apparel stores.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores.
Fam ily clothing stores_______
Shoe stores__________________
38.7
40.3
38.7
40.3
42.3
42.2
42.0
41.8
42.1
42.3
42.1
41.9
41.9
41.6
41.6
41.7
41.6
41.8
41.9
40.1
38.7
41.9
41.0
40.1
37.8
41.7
41.1
40.1
38.2
41.4
40.8
40.4
37.8
41.6
40.8
40.1
37.6
41.6
40.2
40.3
38.0
42.0
40.2
40.1
37.6
41.6
40.3
39.9
37.6
41.1
39.9
39.8
37.9
41.0
39.7
39.9
37.7
40.8
39.8
39.9
38.0
40.7
39.9
40.0
38.7
40.9
40.2
39.8
38.0
41.9
40.3
40.0
38.1
41.3
40.3
39.9
38.0
41.4
40.4
40.8
40.6
40.8
40.7
40.5
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.4
40.4
40.2
40.7
40.5
40.4
40.6
40.9
38.3
35.6
35.3
33.9
35.7
41.0
37.5
33.7
33.3
31.8
35.5
40.9
37.8
34.0
33.9
32.2
35.5
40.9
38.0
34.3
34.3
32.3
35.9
41.0
38.6
35.1
34.8
33.4
36.7
40.9
38.8
35.2
34.9
33.8
36.8
40.8
38.4
34.8
34.6
32.9
36.0
40.8
38.0
34.4
34.5
32.1
35.4
40.8
38.0
34.3
34.3
32.1
35.4
40.6
38.0
34.3
34.2
32.1
35.4
40.7
38.1
34.3
34.3
32.3
35.5
40.8
38.1
34.3
34.1
32.6
35.5
40.7
38.4
35.7
35.5
33.8
35.9
40.9
38.5
34.7
34.7
32.6
36.3
41.0
38.7
35.0
35.0
32.9
36.7
35.8
36.0
38.4
35.4
36.4
34.7
35.6
34.0
36.9
33.5
35.3
32.0
35.6
34.2
37.6
33.6
35.3
32.0
36.1
34.5
37.6
33.8
35.8
32.6
36.9
35.3
37.8
34.4
36.4
34.6
37.0
35,2
38.3
34.4
35.7
34.1
36.3
34.8
37.6
34.2
36.2
32.8
35.7
34.4
37.5
33.7
36.5
31.9
35.6
34.3
37.5
33.5
36.5
32.0
35.6
34.3
37.2
33.7
36.4
32.1
35.7
34.8
37.5
33.6
37.1
33.4
35.7
34.4
37.5
33.6
35.7
32.2
36.1
35.3
37.7
34.5
37.6
33.1
36.6
34.9
37.9
33.9
36.7
32.5
36.9
35.0
37.9
34.1
36.8
32.6
Wholesale and retail trade •______________ $1.87
Wholesale trade_____________________ 2.33
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment......................................... 2.17
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod2.39
ucts__________________________
2. 45
D ry goods and apparel......................
2.11
Groceries and related products___
Electrical goods..................... ...........
2.45
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
g o o d s................... ............................. 2.25
Machinery, equipment, and supplies__
2.51
1.69
Retail trade5_______________________
General merchandise stores..............
1.45
Department stores................... .
1.58
1.12
Limited price variety stores__
Food stores........................... ..............
1. 78
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
1.82
stores...........................................
1.53
Apparel and accessories stores____
M en’s and boys’ apparel stores. 1.71
Women’s ready-to-wear stores. 1.40
Fam ily clothing stores................ 1. 48
Shoe stores__________________
1.65
$1.91
2.34
$1. 90
2.33
$1.90
2.34
$1.88
2.31
$1.88
2.32
$1.88
2.32
$1.87
2.30
$1.86
2.30
$1.85
2.28
$1.85
2.28
$1.85
2.28
$1.80
2.26
$1.82
2. 25
$1.76
2.19
2.17
2.16
2.15
2.12
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.10
2.07
2.01
2.38
2.48
2.13
2. 44
2.38
2.51
2.13
2.44
2.36
2. 51
2.15
2.44
2.34
2. 49
2.13
2. 42
2.36
2.44
2.13
2.42
2.34
2. 41
2.11
2.41
2.34
2.42
2.10
2.40
2.34
2.43
2.10
2.42
2.34
2.44
2.08
2.39
2.33
2.40
2.08
2.40
2.32
2.42
2.07
2.41
2.31
2.36
2.05
2.37
2. 28
2.38
2.05
2.36
2.19
2.36
1.97
2.32
Average hourly earnings
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.27
2. 25
2.25
2. 23
2.22
2.22
2. 20
2.20
2.19
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.15
2.08
2. 53
1. 71
1.49
1.62
1.17
1. 79
2. 52
1.71
1.49
1.64
1.17
1.79
2. 55
1.70
1.49
1.64
1.17
1.78
2.48
1.69
1.46
1.61
1.14
1.76
2. 49
1.69
1.46
1.61
1.14
1.75
2.51
1.69
1.47
1.61
1.13
1.76
2.48
1.68
1.46
1.61
1.12
1.75
2. 47
1.67
1.45
1.58
1.13
1.74
2. 46
1.65
1.44
1.57
1.15
1.73
2.45
1.65
1.44
1.56
1.14
1.73
2.44
1.66
1.45
1.59
1.12
1.72
2. 51
1.61
1.39
1.52
1.05
1.71
2. 44
1.62
1.40
1.53
1.09
1.68
2.39
1.67
1.36
1.49
1.04
1.60
1.83
1.53
1. 73
1. 40
1.48
1.61
1.82
1.54
1.72
1.40
1.46
1.65
1.82
1.51
1.69
1.37
1.44
1.64
1.79
1.49
1.76
1.33
1.44
1.57
1.79
1.50
1.74
1.34
1.45
1.58
1.80
1.51
1.73
1.34
1.44
1.63
1.79
1.50
1.69
1.35
1.41
1.65
1.78
1.49
1.67
1.37
1.40
1.50
1.77
1.47
1.67
1.34
1.40
1.59
1.76
1.48
1.70
1.34
1.40
1.56
1.76
1.51
1.76
1.35
1,43
1.62
1.75
1.48
1.71
1.33
1.39
1.60
1.72
1.47
1.67
1.31
1.39
1.61
1.63
1.44
1.65
1.27
1.38
1. 58
O.—EMPLOYMENT AND HOURS
349
T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1961
1960
Industry
Dec.2 N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Annual
average
1960
1959
Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued
Retail trade8—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores
Other retail trade...............................
Motor vehicle dealers............
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers________ ___________
Drug stores.......................
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking____
Security dealers and exchanges_______
Insurance carriers___________ ________
Life insurance...............IIIIIIIIIIIII
Accident and health Insurance____
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance____ _____ _____________
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 8.
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants________________________
Motion pictures:
M otion picture filming and distributing..................
$81.25 $79.10 $78. 50 $78.06 $78.25 $77. 23 $77. 79 $76. 22 $76.04 $75.81 $74.62 $76.67 $77.38 $74. 98
74.46 74.52 73. 87 73.46 74. 27 74.69 74.10 72.98 72. 56 71.72 71.90 72.07 71.99 71.57
90.02 90.05 88. 97 87.23 89.49 90.17 90.78 89.04 87. 96 86.39 84.67 85.31 86.63
87. 91
78.32 77. 53 78.41 78.77 79.20 79.47 79.39 78. 94 77.88 77.53 77.79 77. 35 76.64 77 2fi
57.66 56.52 55.94 56.24 56.93 57.00 56.17 55.13 54.46 54.39 64.02 54.31 64.81 53.34
/>« «r.
70.50 70.31
68. 82 69.01 69.01 68. 45 67.52 67.15
132.05 127.93 124. 71 125.36 125.04 127.42 143.45 151.10 152.16 139.38 129.37 119. 93 118.08 117.12
91.64 90.58 90.35 90.26 90.34 90.05 89.57 89.50 89.08 88. 80 88.74 88.90 88.07 87.41
97.34 95.42 95.81 95.61 96.10 95. 56 94. 90 94. 74 93. 71 93.93 93.89 94.34 93.60 93.32
74.87 76.79 76.47 75.09 73.68 74.14 73. 47 72.92 73. 88 73.85 73.27 73.16 72. 74 71.33
86.78 86.39 85.16 85.46 85.11 85.11 85.01 85.02 85.27 84.24 84.19 83.99 83.12 81.96
$73.87
70.22
86.08
5L14
65.10
124.07
85.29
91.52
68.48
79.36
46. 92
46.41
47.08
45.31
45. 21
44.88
44.75
45.20
44. 85
45.08
44. 97
45.08
45.31
43.89
42.40
49.15
49. 66
50.05
49.15
48.76
49.66
50.42
50.17
48. 51
48.25
47.75
48.13
47.63
48.11
46.80
119. 48 117. 66 115. 82 118.94 113.69
111.79
114.15 115.10 114.80 116.00 116.31
Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade5—Continued
Retail tr a d e —Continued
Furniture and appliance stores........
Other retail trade....................
Motor vehicle dea lers...____
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers____________________
Drug stores.................. . . I ___ _
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking..............
Security dealers and exchanges____
Life insurance_________
Accident and health insurance____
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance........ ................
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 8.
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants____________________ _
M otion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distrib
u tin g .......................................
42.1
41.6
43.7
41.2
41.4
43.5
41.1
41.5
43.4
41.3
41.5
43.4
41.4
42.2
44.3
41.3
42.2
44.2
41.6
42 1
44.5
41.2
44.0
37.2
43.8
36.7
44.3
36.8
44.5
37.0
45.0
37.7
44.9
38.0
44.6
37 7
37.3
37.2
37.1
36.9
37.0
37.0
5A Q
39.1
39.0
39.9
39.4
41.1
40.8
39.6
38.7
38.8
39.1
38.7
38.7
39.1
39 7
41.1
41. /
44. £
41.2
41. 7
44.3
41.0
41.8
44.1
41.0
41.9
44.2
41.6
42.1
44.2
41.2
42.1
44.4
41.5
42.3
44.6
44.6
57 n
44.5
44.3
44.2
37.0
44.2
37.2
44.3
37.8
44.4
37.3
44.0
37.6
oo. y
37.0
37.1
37.1
37.2
37.1
37.1
37.2
39.3
39.0
39.2
39.1
39.2
39.4
39.9
40.0
39 5
5Q K
r>o n
oo. 6
38.1
38.8
39.0
44.3
Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade 6—Continued
Retail trade 8—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores
$1.93
Other retail trade_______________
1.79
Motor vehicle dealers____________
2.06
Other vehicle and accessory dealers_...........................................
1.78
Drug stores................... ......................
1.55
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking_________
1.89
Security dealers and exchanges_______
Insurance carriers________
Life insurance _____________
Accident and health insurance____
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.................................
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 8. 1.20
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants____________________
1.27
M otion pictures:
M otion picture filming and dlstribu tin g ..................................... .......
$1.92
1.80
2.07
$1.91
1.78
2.05
$1.89
1. 77
2.01
$1.89
1.76
2.02
$1.87
1.77
2.04
$1.87
1.76
2.04
$1.85
1.75
2.01
$1.85
1. 74
1.99
$1.84
1.72
1.95
$1.82
1. 72
1.92
$1.87
1. 72
1.93
$1.86
1.71
1.96
$1.82
1.70
1.98
$1. 78
1.66
1.93
1.77
1.54
1.77
1.52
1. 77
1.52
1. 76
1. 51
1. 77
1.50
I. / /
1 AQ
1. 70
1.49
1.75
1.76
1. 75
1.46
1.73
1.45
1.74
1.43
1.69
1.36
1.89
1.89
1.88
1.87
1.88
1 . OD
1.86
1. 86
1.84
1.82
1.81
1.75
1.19
1.18
1.15
1.10
1.10
1.13
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.10
1.06
1.28
1.28
1.27
1.26
1.27
1.27
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.24
1.20
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3.
8 Preliminary.
8 Based upon monthly data summarized In the M-300 report by the Inter
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICO
Group I).
629432— 62----- 8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.15
4 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
8 Excludes eating and drinking places.
*Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and tips
not included.
S o urc e ; U .S . Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
350
T able C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
1961
1960
Industry division and group
Dec.2 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Mining______ _____________ _____ ____ ________________
40.4
41.2
41.5
40.8
40.7
41.6
40.5
40.3
39.9
39.3
40.2
40.4
39.3
Contract construction________________________________
35.4
37.5
37.2
36.7
37.1
36.9
36.8
36.3
35.7
36.9
38.1
37.5
34.8
Manufacturing___________ _____ ____ _____ ____________
40.4
40.6
40.2
39.6
40.0
40.0
39.9
39.8
39.7
39.3
39.3
39.0
38.5
Durable goods.___ _______ _______ ___ ______ _______
Ordnance and accessories_______________________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture.........
Furniture and fixtures...................................................
Stone, clay, and glass products___________ ______
Primary metal industries..............................................
Fabricated metal products_____________________
M achinery.. ________________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies______________
Transportation equipment_____ ____ ___________
Instruments and related products----------------------Miscellaneous manufacturing industries--------------
41.1
41.4
39.4
40.9
40.5
40.5
41.0
41.6
40.5
42.1
41.3
39.7
41.2
41.5
39.6
41.0
40.8
40.6
41.5
41.6
40.7
42.7
41.0
40.1
40.6
41.3
39.9
40.3
40.8
40.5
40.9
41.4
40.5
40.9
40.9
39.7
39.8
40.9
39.5
40.4
41.0
40.1
39.6
41.1
39.4
38.0
40.9
39.7
40.5
41.1
39.6
40.1
41.0
40.2
40.8
41.1
40.4
40.6
40.9
39.4
40.5
40.4
39.5
40.1
41.1
40. 5
40.9
41.0
40.1
40.7
40.5
39.6
40.4
40.7
39.7
40.1
40.9
39.7
40.7
40.8
40.1
40.6
40.7
39.7
40.2
40.4
39.5
39.6
40.4
39.5
40.5
40.7
39.9
40.6
40.6
39.3
40.0
40.7
39.0
39.5
40.3
38.9
40. 5
40.7
40.2
40.5
40.5
39.3
39.7
40.7
38.9
39.0
40.4
38.1
40.0
40.2
39.9
39.8
40.3
39.1
39.6
40.4
39.2
38.9
40.2
38.0
39.8
40.6
39.9
39.6
40.4
39.4
39.3
40.4
39.3
38.6
40.2
37.5
39.7
40.4
39.8
38.9
40.3
39.1
39.0
39.7
38.1
38.9
39.7
37.1
38.9
40.0
38.6
39.3
39.2
37.8
Nondurable goods_________________________________
Food and kindred products____________________
Tobacco manufactures _______________________
Textile mill produ cts__________________________
Apparel and related products___________________
Paper and allied p r o d u c t s ..------- -------------------Printing, publishing, and allied industries_______
Chemicals and allied products_________________
Petroleum refining and related ind ustries........... .
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______
Leather and leather products___________________
39.8
40.6
38.6
40.9
36.4
42.9
38.4
41.4
41.1
41.6
38.5
39.7
40.8
38.8
40.8
36.1
43.2
38.2
41.8
41.6
41.2
38.1
39.6
41.2
39.4
40.4
35.7
42.7
38.1
41.7
41.8
40.4
37.4
39.2
40.9
39.5
40.4
34.4
42.7
38.1
41.2
41.0
40.6
37.0
39.3
40.9
39.6
40.2
35.6
42.6
38.2
41.6
41.0
40.2
37.0
39. 5
41.0
38.0
40.0
35.7
42.7
38.2
41.5
41.4
40.3
37.4
39.5
41.3
38.9
40.1
35.4
42.8
38.3
41.5
41.6
40.1
37.6
39.3
41.1
38.3
39.3
40.7
39.8
39.1
40.9
38.4
38.8
40.9
38.3
38.7
40.6
37.7
38.1
40.5
38.1
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 8 .9
38. 6
3 8 .2
3 7 .8
35.0
42.4
38.0
41.1
41.1
40.3
37.6
35.7
42.6
38.3
41.2
41.2
40.5
37.4
35.6
42.0
38.2
41.3
40.8
39.5
36.8
34.8
42.0
38.2
41.1
40.7
39.5
36.7
34.4
41.6
38.2
41.0
41.5
39.4
36.9
33.6
40.9
37.7
40.4
41.2
38.6
35.6
Wholesale and retail trade 3. . . . -------------------- ---------Wholesale trade....................... ...............................................
Retail trade 3__________________ _____ _____________
38.8
40.6
38.1
38.7
40.6
37.9
38.7
40.5
38.0
38.7
40.4
38.0
38.8
40.5
37.9
38.9
40.5
38.2
38.9
40.6
38.1
38.9
40.4
38.3
38.9
40.5
38.2
38.8
40.4
38.2
39.0
40.3
38.4
38.9
40.3
38.3
38.8
40.2
38.2
1 For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3.
2 Preliminary.
3 Excludes eating and drinking places
N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New
Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August I960, pp. 822-827.
Table C -3 . A verage hourly earnings excluding overtim e of production workers in m anufacturing,
b y m ajor ind u stry group 1
1961
1960
Major industry group
Dec.2 N ov.
Annual
average
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
I960
1959
M anufacturing.___ _____________________ $2.29
$2.28
$2.26
$2. 25
$2.24
$2. 26
$2. 25
$2. 25
$2.25
$2. 24
$2.23
$2. 24
$2.23
$2. 20
$2.12
2. 46
2.73
2. 45
2.73
2. 43
2.73
2. 41
2. 72
2. 41
2. 72
2.42
2.73
2. 42
2. 72
2. 42
2.72
2.41
2.70
2. 40
2.69
2.39
2.69
2. 39
2. 68
2. 40
2. 67
2. 36
2.60
2.28
2.52
1.89
1.87
2.28
2. 90
2. 46
2. 57
2.31
2.77
2. 35
1.92
1. 87
2.28
2.89
2.43
2. 56
2.32
2. 76
2.33
1.93
1.86
2.27
2.88
2.42
2. 55
2.29
2. 74
2.32
1.95
1.86
2.26
2. 85
2.39
2. 55
2.28
2.71
2.32
1. 90
1. 85
2. 26
2. 84
2 41
2.54
2.29
2.73
2.32
1.91
1.85
2.25
2. 84
2 42
2. 54
2.31
2. 72
2. 33
1. 90
1.86
2. 26
2.83
2 42
2. 54
2.30
2.72
2.33
1.88
1.86
2.25
2.83
2 42
2. 54
2. 30
2. 71
2.32
1. 87
1.85
2. 24
2.81
2.42
2. 54
2.29
2. 70
2.32
1.79
1. 85
2.23
2.79
2. 41
2.53
2. 29
2.70
2.33
1.77
1.85
2. 23
2. 78
2. 41
2.53
2.28
2. 70
2.31
1. 78
1. 85
2.23
2 78
2. 40
2.52
2.28
2. 70
2.32
1.81
1.84
2.23
2.77
2. 40
2. 51
2.28
2. 71
2.31
1.82
1.82
2.20
2. 75
2.36
2. 47
2.23
2. 65
2.26
1.79
1. 77
2.13
2.68
2.27
2.40
2.14
2. 56
2.18
Durable goods_______________ ______ _
Ordnance and accessories....................... .
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture________________________
Furniture and fixtures______________ _
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries..................... .
Fabricated metal products___________
Machinery____________________ _____
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipm ent... _______
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries_____________________ _____
Nondurable goods____ ________________
Food and kindred products__________
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Textile mill products________________
Apparel and related products..................
Paper and allied products_____ ______
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries. _______ ________ ______ _
Chemicals and allied products________
Petroleum refining and related industries.
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod
ucts______________________ ______
Leather and leather products..... ..........
1.90
1. 86
1.85
1.86
1.84
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.88
1.89
1. 87
1.84
1.79
2.07
2.13
1.80
1.59
1.64
2.25
2.06
2.11
1.78
1.58
1.64
2.25
2.06
2.08
1.67
1.58
1.65
2.24
2.05
2.06
1.59
1.58
1.62
2.24
2.03
2.05
1.67
1.57
1.61
2.23
2. 05
2. 09
1.83
1.57
1.60
2. 23
2.04
2.09
1.85
1. 57
1.58
2.22
2.05
2.11
1.84
1. 57
1.58
2.22
2.05
2.11
1.83
1.57
1.59
2.21
2.04
2.10
1.77
1.57
1.60
2.21
2. 03
2. 09
1. 74
1. 57
1.59
2.21
2.04
2.09
1.72
1. 57
1.60
2.20
2.03
2.06
1.72
1.57
1.58
2.20
1.99
2.02
1.67
1.56
1.56
2.15
1. 91
1. 94
1.62
1.50
1.53
2.07
0
2. 55
2.98
0
2.54
2.96
(3)
2. 54
2.94
(3)
2.53
2.95
0
2.52
2. 92
0
2. 52
2.92
0
2. 51
2.93
0
2.48
2.93
0
2.47
2.95
0
2. 46
2.95
0
2.48
2.96
0
2.48
2.94
0
2. 48
2.86
0
2. 43
2.82
0
2. 33
2.79
2.36
1. 67
2. 34
1.67
2.33
1. 67
2.33
1.67
2.32
1. 64
2. 34
1.63
2.32
1.64
2. 30
1.64
2.30
1.64
2.30
1.64
2.29
1.62
2.31
1.62
2 32
1.61
2.26
1.61
2.18
1. 56
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by as
suming that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Preliminary.
3 N ot available, because average overtime rates are significantly above
time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods
total has little effect.
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
351
T a b l e C -4 . A verage overtim e hours of production workers in m anufacturing, b y ind u stry 1
1961
1960
Industry
Dec. 2 Nov.
Manufacturing_________________________
Durable goods__________________
Nondurable goods_________IIIIIIIIIII
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories______________
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment___
Other ordnance and accessories_______
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture....................................................
Sawmills and planing mills___________
Mlllwork, plywood, and related prod
ucts...... ................ .............. .......................
Wooden containers_____________ " I II
Miscellaneous wood products________
Furniture and fixtures_________________
Household furniture_________________
Office furniture_______________ . ." I I I
Partitions; office and store fixtures.. .
Other furniture and fixtures....................
Stone, clay, and glass products...................
Flat glass........ .............. ......................... .
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown
Cement, hydraulic............... .....................
Structural clay products...........................
Pottery and related products..................
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products_____
Primary metal industries______________
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries______________
Nonferrous smelting and refining _'
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex
truding.......... .............................. .........
Nonferrous foundries................................I
Miscellaneous primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products_____________
M etal cans____________________ IIIII
Cutlery, handtools, and general hard
w a r e ......................................................
Heating equipment and plumbing fix
tu re s...................... .............................
Fabricated structural metal products'..
Screw machine products, bolts, etc........
Metal stampings____________________
Coating, engraving, and allied' services!
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
ucts..........................................................
Machinery___________________________
Engines and turbines___________ ... I I
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction and related m achinery..
Metalworking machinery and equip
m ent__________ _________________
Special industry machinery__________
General industrial machinery..................
Office, computing, and accounting ma
chines_____ ____ ___________ ____
Service industry machines___________
Miscellaneous machinery.........................
Electrical equipment and supplies............
Electric distribution equipment______
Electrical industrial apparatus_______
Household appliances..______________
E lectrie lighting and wiring equipment.
Radio and TV receiving sets_________
Communication equipment.....................
Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and
supplies.................................................
Transportation equipment_____________
Motor vehicles and eq u ip m en t.............
Aircraft and parts......................................
Ship and boat building and repairing.. .
Railroad equipment..................................
Other transportation equipment............
Instruments and related products______
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control de
vices___________________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods.................
Surgical, medical, and dental equip
ment___________________________
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks..............................
See footnotes end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual
average
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
I960
1959
2.9
3.0
2.8
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.9
2.6
2.5
2.8
2.5
2.3
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.3
2.1
2.0
2.2
2.0
1.8
2.2
1.9
1.8
2.1
1.9
1.8
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.3
1. 7
3. U
2.6
2.3
1.6
3.0
2. 7
2.3
1.5
3.0
2.8
2.0
1.3
2.7
2.4
1.8
1.3
2.4
2.1
1.4
1.2
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.2
2.0
1.4
1.5
1.3
2.0
1.4
2.0
2.4
1.7
1.6
2.0
2.3
1.7
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.5
2.3
1.8
1.8
1.4
2.0
2.1
1.8
2.1
2.4
2.0
1.7
2.7
1.8
2.1
2.0
2.5
1.8
2.7
2. 5
2.9
2.9
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.2
3.3
2.9
3.0
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.3
2.2
2.9
3.0
3.2
3.3
2.9
2. 5
2.7
3.5
3. 7
2.8
2.6
2.8
2.9
2.9
3.8
1.3
2. 5
2.2
3. 6
2.4
2.3
1. 5
2.9
2.2
2.7
2.2
2.9
3.2
3.3
2. 5
3.3
2.8
3.2
1.4
3.9
1.6
2.6
1.8
5. 0
2.3
2.1
1.3
2.7
2.6
2.9
2. 5
3.1
3.3
3.4
2.4
4.3
2.7
3.6
2.1
3.8
1. 6
2.9
1.8
6.0
2.5
2.2
1.5
2.4
2. Ô
3.1
2.5
2.7
3.2
3.3
2.4
4.1
2.9
3.7
2.7
3.8
1.9
3.0
1.7
5.9
2.9
2.5
2.1
2.2
2.7
3.4
2.7
2.6
2.8
2.7
2.3
3.1
3.7
3.6
2.2
3.7
1.7
3.0
1.6
6.0
2.7
2.1
1.5
2.3
2.6
3.1
3.2
2.7
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.3
2.8
3.6
2.3
3.7
1.9
3.1
1.6
5.9
2.5
2.1
1.7
2.3
2.8
3.1
2.6
2.7
2.1
2.1
1.8
2.0
2.4
3.5
2.2
3.6
1.8
3.1
1.6
5.6
2.5
2.1
1.6
2.2
2.6
2.8
2.7
2.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.9
3.1
2.2
3.3
1.6
2.7
1.2
5.0
2.3
1.6
1.0
1.9
2.3
2.9
2.4
2.6
1.7
1.7
1.3
1.4
2.1
2.8
1.8
3.2
1.3
2.6
1.2
4.5
2.2
1.4
.9
1.7
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.4
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.1
2.3
2.6
1.5
3.5
1.1
2.3
1.2
3.9
1.8
1.3
.7
1.4
2.1
1.8
2.2
2.3
1.5
1.4
1.8
1.2
1.8
2.5
1.9
3.4
1.2
2.0
1.0
3.6
1.8
1.2
.7
1.4
2.3
1.9
2.0
2.2
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.2
1.9
2.4
2.0
3.2
1.1
2.2
1.0
3.3
1.9
1.4
.9
1.4
2.5
2.2
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.5
1.9
1.3
2.6
2.5
2.5
3.2
1.2
2.3
1.2
3.1
1.9
1.3
.7
1.6
2.9
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.7
3.1
2.4
3.6
1.6
2.7
1.5
4.8
2.4
1.8
1.3
2.1
3.0
3.3
2.8
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.6
3.7
3.7
1.8
3.0
1.7
5.5
3.0
2.6
2.2
2.7
3.2
3.9
3.2
3.4
3.0
3.1
3.5
2.8
2.8
2.9
2.8
3.7
2.8
2.9
2.8
3.0
3.8
2.5
2.8
3.0
4.0
3.8
2.1
2.1
2.8
4.4
3.2
2.1
2.0
2.6
4.2
3.5
2.2
2.3
2.5
3.6
2.8
2.0
2.1
2.2
3.0
2.3
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.8
2.1
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.1
1.9
2.0
1.8
1.7
2.4
2.0
1.7
1.9
1.7
2.3
2.2
2.0
2.2
1.9
2.2
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.6
2.8
3.4
2.7
2.6
2.8
3.4
3.4
2.9
2.2
2.5
2.0
1.6
1.7
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.8
2.1
2.2
1.4
2.3
4. 2
3 9
3. 5
3.2
1.7
2. 4
3. 5
3. 7
3.4
3.2
2.1
2.8
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.1
1.9
2.8
3.0
3.5
3.5
3.2
1.9
3.0
2.7
3.2
2.6
3.1
1.7
2.5
2.5
3.3
2.6
2.8
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.9
2.8
2.6
1.3
2.1
2.1
2.7
2.6
2.3
1.0
1.9
1.6
2.4
2.3
2.0
1.0
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.0
1.1
1.7
1.6
1.8
2.3
2.4
1.2
1.8
1.8
1.7
2.2
2.2
1.4
2.2
1.7
2.0
2.3
2.2
1.4
2.4
2.5
3.7
2.7
2.6
2.1
2.2
3.6
3.8
3.1
3.2
2.3
2.9
2.2
1. /
2. 0
2.6
2.8
1.8
1. 5
2.1
2.7
2.8
1.7
1.6
2.3
2.7
2.7
1.9
1.5
2.3
2.6
2.5
1.6
1.3
2.2
2.4
2.4
1.4
1.3
2.1
2.4
2.5
1.5
1.4
1.9
2.2
2.3
1.7
1.4
1.8
1.9
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.8
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.4
1.6
2.1
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.6
2.0
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.4
2.2
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.9
2.7
1.8
1.9
1.8
2.5
2.9
2.6
2.2
2.7
4.0
3.6
3.0
3.7
3.2
2.6
3.8
3.3
2.6
3.4
3.1
2.2
3.4
2.8
2.2
3.5
2.7
1.9
3.5
2.8
2.1
3.3
2.5
1.8
3.2
2.4
1.4
3.1
2.3
1.4
3.0
2.4
1.4
3.0
2.5
1.2
2.9
2.8
1.6
4.3
3.3
2.1
4.0
3.1
2.8
1.9
1.8
4.1
2.5
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.0
2.1
3.0
2.3
2.7
1. 5
3.8
2.4
2.0
2.3
2.2
2.1
1.9
2.8
2.5
2.3
1.9
3.8
2.3
1.9
2.2
2.1
2.2
2. 5
2. 5
2.4
2.5
1.9
3.7
2.3
2.0
2.2
2.5
2.2
2.1
2.8
2.0
1.9
1.7
3.5
2.0
2.0
2.2
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.2
1.7
2.4
1.8
3.3
1.7
1.9
2.0
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.6
2.3
1.7
3.4
1.8
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.4
2.0
1.6
1.9
1.4
3.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.7
1.5
3.2
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.5
3.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.2
.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.4
3.1
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.9
1.7
2.0
1.3
2.9
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.7
1.1
1.3
2.1
1.8
1.9
1.1
3.4
1.9
2.0
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.7
2.9
1.6
1.9
1.9
3.4
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.4
2.5
1.6
1.5
2.2
3.8
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.3
1.9
2.5
2.0
3.9
4.2
5. 4
3.1
3.1
1. 9
14
2.7
2.9
3.2
4.1
5. 4
2.9
3.1
1.3
1. 7
2.7
2.9
2.8
2.8
3.1
2. 5
3.3
1.1
2.4
2.6
2.5
2.2
2.7
2.9
2.4
2.9
1.0
2.9
2.6
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.5
2.2
2.4
1.1
2.4
2.3
1.9
1.7
2.2
2.3
2.0
2.4
.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
2.1
2.0
2.1
1.9
2.0
1.3
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.7
2.1
2.2
2.0
2.2
.9
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.3
1.9
1.5
2.2
2.6
.6
1.7
1.8
2.0
1.2
1.6
.8
2.6
1.9
.5
1.3
1.6
2.1
1.4
1.7
.9
2.6
2.3
.6
.7
1.8
2.1
1.6
1.6
.9
2.6
2.2
.6
.8
1.8
2.5
1.9
2.2
1.8
2.9
2.2
.8
1.1
2.0
3.4
1.9
2.7
3.2
2.2
2.4
1.2
1.7
2.1
2.8
2.5
2.6
3.1
2.1
2.3
1.6
2.8
2.3
2.8
2.5
2.3
2.2
1.8
2.0
2.4
2.5
2.9
2.2
2.3
1.9
2.2
1.7
2.1
1.4
2.0
1.6
2.1
1.4
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.9
1.8
2.4
1.7
2.4
3.7
1.6
2.8
3.9
2.4
2.5
3.6
2.9
2.3
3.4
1.6
2.1
3.2
1.4
2.0
3.1
1.0
2.0
2.8
.8
2.0
2.4
1.5
1.9
2.2
.7
1.7
2.1
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.2
1.8
2.2
1.0
1.8
2.4
.9
2.2
2.5
1.0
2.2
2.5
1.7
1.0
1.0
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
352
T a b l e C—
4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1 Continued
Annual
average
1960
1961
Industry
Dec.2 Nov.
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware—
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods..
Pens, pencils, office and art materials...
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions
Other manufacturing industries.......... .
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products..
Meat products........... .........
Dairy products.....................
Grain mill products-----Bakery products---------Sugar..................................
Beverages.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1960
Dec.
Jan.
2.5
4.9
1.5
2.9
1.8
2.7
2.8
4.3
2.4
2.7
2.5
3.0
2.6
4.2
2.4
2.0
2.0
2.7
2.4
3.3
2.4
2.0
1.8
2.4
2.1
3.0
2.1
1.7
1.9
2.1
1.7
2.0
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.8
2.0
2.6
1.6
1.5
2.2
2.1
1.9
2.3
1.6
1.5
2.0
2.0
1.9
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.3
1.5
2.1
1.8
2.2
1.9
1.4
1.7
1.9
1.8
2.2
1.7
1.2
1.6
1.9
2.0
2.8
1.8
1.1
1.6
2.3
3.3
4.0
3.1
2.1
5.7
2.7
5.7
2.6
2.5
4.0
3.4
3.9
2.9
2.3
6.1
3.0
5.8
2.6
2.3
4.1
3.6
4.4
3.1
2.5
6.9
3.0
5.3
3.0
2.9
4.3
3.8
4.1
3.7
3.3
7.3
3.1
4.0
3.3
3.5
4.2
3.6
3.5
3.7
2.8
7.6
3.1
3.8
2.8
3.1
3.8
3.7
3.9
3.3
2.4
7.4
3.3
4.3
2.1
3.9
4.1
3.6
4.0
3.7
2.1
6.7
3.3
3.2
2.5
3.2
4.0
3.2
3.6
3.1
2.1
5.3
2.9
3.3
2.5
2.4
3.7
2.8
3.1
2.6
1.8
4.9
2.5
2.6
2.0
2. 5
3.5
2.9
3.2
3.1
1.8
5.0
2.6
3.6
2.2
2.3
3.6
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.2
5.4
2.6
3.9
2.2
2.2
4.1
3.0
3.2
2.1
2.1
5.9
2.3
6.7
2.5
2.2
3.9
3.3
3.8
3.0
1.8
5.9
2.8
5.7
2.3
2.3
3.9
.6
.5
.6
.6
.5
.7
.7
.6
.8
1.1
1.2
1.0
Tobacco manufactures................................
Cigarettes-------------------------------------Cigars--------- --------------------------- ------
1.3
1.8
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.7
1.5
1.9
1.5
1.7
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.3
.7
1.2
1.7
.8
1.1
1.4
.8
1.0
1.4
.7
Textile mill products....... ...........—
Cotton broad woven fabrics-----Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and small wares—
Knitting--------------------------------
3.4
3.6
4.7
3.5
3.2
2.2
4.7
5.0
3.5
3.4
3.6
4.0
4.5
3.5
3.5
2.6
4.4
5.1
3.7
3.6
3.4
3.7
3.9
3.6
3.4
2.6
4.2
4.4
3.4
3.4
3.0
3.1
3.7
3.4
3.2
2.1
3.5
3.9
3.4
3.0
3.0
2.8
3.8
3.6
2.9
2.6
3.6
3.6
3.2
3.1
2.6
2.2
3.3
4.0
2.7
2.2
3.2
2.0
2.8
3.3
2.8
2.5
3.2
4.2
2.9
2.3
4.2
2.9
2.9
3.3
2.5
2.4
2.8
3.6
2.7
1.9
3.8
2.2
2.5
2.5
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.9
2.5
1.6
3.5
2.8
2.1
2.4
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.4
2.5
1.6
3.4
2.7
1.8
2.3
2.0
1.9
2.1
2.7
2.4
1.4
3.6
2.6
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.3
2.3
2.3
1.2
2.6
2.4
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.6
2.0
2.1
1.4
3.1
3.1
1.7
2.3
1.2
1.4
.9
1.2
1.3
1.1
.8
1.1
1.4
.9
1.4
1.1
.5
.9
1.0
.9
.7
.7
1.0
1.2
.7
.7
1.0
.7
1.0
.9
.6
.8
.7
.5
.8
.7
.6
1.1
1.9
1.7
1.4
1.6
1.9
.9
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.1
1.6
.9
1.1
1.1
1.4
.8
1.6
.9
1.1
.8
1.2
.8
1.4
1.5
1.2
2.3
1.4
1.1
2.0
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.9
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.2
2.1
1.1
1.4
1.8
1.8
1.4
1.1
1.1
2.4
1.6
.8
1.4
.8
.9
1.6
1.2
.6
1.2
.6
.7
.6
.8
.9
1.6
4.7
5.7
5.9
4.6
5.3
5.6
4.8
5.3
6.3
4.9
5.3
6.3
4.5
5.2
5.6
4.6
5.3
6.4
4.3
5.1
6.0
3.9
4.9
5.2
3.9
5.0
5.2
3.7
4.6
4.9
3.7
4.7
4.8
3.6
4.6
5.3
3.6
4.5
4.7
3.8
3.8
3.3
4.4
3.4
4.6
3.3
4.8
3.2
4.2
3.1
4.0
2.7
3.7
2.4
3.1
2.6
3.0
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.7
3.0
2.9
3.1
3.6
3.2
2.3
2.8
2.6
3.0
3.3
3.0
1.7
2.9
2.5
4.4
3.6
3.2
2.1
3.1
2.4
4.8
4.4
3.3
2.6
3.0
2.3
3.0
4.4
3.3
2.4
2.6
2.2
2.8
3.9
2.7
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.5
3.8
2.6
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.2
4.2
2. 5
1.9
2.5
2.4
2.5
3.4
2.7
1.8
2.6
2.1
2.9
3.4
3.0
1.9
2.5
2.0
3.2
3.5
2.7
1.8
2.4
2.0
3.2
3.4
2.7
2.2
2.8
2.9
3.2
2.9
3.0
2.0
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.1
2.8
1.7
3.5
2. 5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.1
3.1
1.8
2.9
2.8
2.6
2.6
2.3
2.2
3.5
1.7
3.4
2.8
2.5
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.9
2.0
2.9
2.8
2.4
2.5
2.0
2.0
2.9
2.2
2.7
2.7
2.4
2.6
2.2
1.7
2.5
2.5
2.8
2.7
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.0
2.9
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.7
2.2
2.3
4.6
2.3
2.2
1.9
1.7
1.7
2.1
1.8
5.2
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.5
1.9
2.0
1.5
6.0
2.3
2.0
2.0
1.5
2.0
2.1
1.2
3.8
2.3
2.0
2.1
1.4
1.8
2.0
1.2
3.6
2.4
2.0
2.0
1.6
1.6
2.3
1.3
3.2
2.3
1.3
2.9
2.2
1.8
3.7
2.3
1.4
6.5
2.9
2.2
6.0
1.9
1.2
4.9
2.5
1.8
5.4
2.6
1.7
6.5
1.9
1.4
4.2
1.8
1.3
4.2
1.5
1.2
2.9
1.3
1.1
2.5
1.7
1.5
2.8
1.6
1.3
3.1
3.6
4.9
3.3
3.0
3.2
3.6
2.9
3.3
3.0
3.1
2.7
3.2
3.1
3.3
2.8
3.5
3.1
3.5
2.6
3.3
3.0
3.6
2.6
2.9
2.6
2.2
2.6
3.1
2.4
1.8
2.5
2.9
2.1
1.6
2.1
2.5
1.7
1.3
1.6
2.2
1.8
1.4
1.8
2.2
1.8
1.7
1.6
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.7
2.1
1.6
2.9
1.3
2.0
1.5
2.6
1.0
2.4
1.5
2.5
1.3
2.4
1.4
2.5
1.1
1.8
1.4
2.2
1.2
1.6
1.4
2.4
1.2
1.5
1.1
2.1
1.1
2.2
1.3
2.0
1.0
.9
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.8
1.3
1.7
1.2
2.1
1.1
1.4
1.8
1.3
1.7
Floor covering....................................
Yarn and thread-----------------------Miscellaneous textile goods....... —
1.0
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats.
M en’s and boys’ furnishings----Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outer
wear_____________________
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.0
S.
Paper and allied products............. .
Paper and pulp...........................- ............
Paperboard........ .......................... .
uets.
S.
Newspaper publishing and printing—
Books.
tries.
Industrial chemicals.
Drugs---------------------------------Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods--------
s_
ts.
Leather and leather products.
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.4
1.9
* For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
,
,
. , A.
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Over
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.6
.6
1.0
1.0
.9
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.4
1959
2.1
2.8
2.4
1.5
1.9
1.9
3.1
2.1
1.7
2.3
2.2
3.3
3.7
2.9
2.3
2.9
4.2
2.4
3.3
3.9
2.9
2.4
5.9
2.9
4.2
2.3
3.9
3.9
6.0
2.8
1.0
1.1
1.0
2.6
2.8
3.3
3.1
2.4
1.9
3.2
2.8
2.4
2.8
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.1
1.1
2.5
2.8
1.2
1.5
.9
3.1
3.1
3.7
4.2
2.9
2.2
3.9
3.5
2.9
3.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.9
4.1
5.1
5.1
4.5
5.5
5.6
1.3
1.3
1.1
2.8
3.3
2.9
2.7
3.6
3.7
3 .1
2.1
2.6
2.3
2.5
2.0
1.9
2.3
1.9
4.3
2.5
2.0
1.4
4.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.5
1.2
2.1
1.1
1 .4
3.1
4.0
2.8
2.6
3.4
3.4
3.2
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.2
2.0
2.2
2.3
4.5
2.6
1.9
1.4
4.8
3.5
4.5
3.3
3.0
1.4
2.1
1.3
1.6
either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums
were paid are excluded.
2 Prelimary.
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
353
T able C 5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities1
[1957—59=100]
1962
1961
Annual
average
A ctivity
Jan.2
D ec.2 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1960
1959
Man-hours
T otal___________ ____ _______________
M ining____________________n i n n i m i "
Contract construction............... ” ” 11............
Manufacturing.......................................I..........
91.5
78.0
68.4
96. 5
96.6
84.0
82.1
99.9
99.3
86.0
95.9
100.6
100.4
87.9
106.9
99.9
99.2
87.3
105.9
98.6
100.0
87.5
111.4
98.5
97.4
87.6
107.4
96.1
97.7
87.8
104.7
96.9
93.7
84.4
94.4
94.1
90.6
81.4
85.8
92.0
89.0
79.5
79.6
91.2
88.0
81.4
75.9
90.6
89.4
83.8
81.0
91.2
99.0
91.1
98.3
99.6
101.2
94.7
102.3
101.3
Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories________
Lumber and wood products, ex
cept furniture________ ______
Furniture and fixtures..................... .
Stone, clay, and glass pro d u cts...
Primary metal industries................ .
Fabricated metal products_______
Machinery_____________________
Electrical equipment and supplies'
Transportation equipment_______
Instruments and related products..
M iscellaneous m a n u f a c t u r in g
industries.....................
96.4
122.7
99.7
125.1
99.8
125.7
97.8
124.6
95.4
121.0
95.0
117.0
94.1
115.7
95.7
115.8
93.3
115.3
90.3
113.2
88.6
115.3
88.2
113.2
89.4
114.6
99.4
111.7
101.0
106.6
85.5
101.1
84.4
101.0
97.7
94.4
110.3
90.2
100.7
90.9
105. 2
92.4
69.1
100.2
96.4
112.0
96.8
102.7
95.2
104.9
97.2
97.1
100.2
93.4
111.3
96.0
103.4
100.1
105.5
99.4
96.9
98.8
93.0
109.3
84.3
101.7
100.9
103.9
101.0
97.3
95.5
92.9
105.3
76.6
101.4
101.8
102.3
101.8
95.0
96.7
91.6
105.2
77.3
99.7
99.0
96.0
99.5
94.6
93.9
92.3
100.7
83.7
96.6
101.8
96.5
99.6
94.4
96.0
93.9
103.0
85.2
98.6
94.9
92.2
95.6
90.6
93.8
93.7
101.2
84.8
97.0
88.8
92.4
91.3
86.0
89.7
93.6
99.7
80.9
95.7
84.4
91.6
88.0
83.2
87.7
92.4
99.6
79.4
95.9
83.9
91.2
85.1
82.5
87.5
92.8
100.4
78.7
95.7
86.1
90.3
87.0
82.8
90.0
92.2
101.4
82.1
97.6
99.2
102.6
100.4
98.0
99.9
99.7
105.8
92.1
102.8
105.1
105.0
104.3
97.7
100.6
100.4
105.3
96.0
103.0
93.3
100.1
108.8
109.6
106.0
102.2
96.1
100.5
96.3
93.5
92.1
91.6
88.9
101.4
102.1
96.5
88.0
88.2
93.7
99.2
101.5
100.1
93.7
96.2
97.7
102.5
104.9
101.5
99.0
95.6
98.6
103.9
105.3
102.5
105.5
119.8
97.5
102.2
104.9
102.7
110.0
135.0
96.0
97.8
104.8
103.2
107.9
108.4
96.0
105.3
104.3
98.6
100.6
76.6
92.9
97.5
102.3
98.5
97.0
80.7
95.2
97.4
103.7
95.0
90.9
77.1
92.5
94.5
100.0
94.2
88.3
79.2
90.5
96.3
99.6
94.6
88.0
80.7
89.4
100.6
98.4
93.8
87.6
87.3
88.6
98.2
97.6
93.6
89.7
93.5
87.3
93.3
98.0
99.8
98.0
97.1
96.5
101.8
102.1
101.6
99.2
99.9
102.2
103.8
102.8
103.8
102.0
107.0
102.5
106.3
102.5
106.1
102.1
105.7
101.1
104.6
101.7
104.0
101.0
104.2
101.8
103.2
101.1
103.6
101.0
104.2
99.6
103.3
97.4
103.2
98.0
104.4
101.6
101.7
101.0
Nondurable goods___________________
Food and kindred products_______
Tobacco manufactures___________
Textile mill products..........................
Apparel and related products_____
Paper and allied products________
Printing, publishing, and allied
industries..................... .....................
Chemicals and allied products____
Petroleum refining and related
industries............................ ..............
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products______________________
Leather and leather products_____
84.2
83.0
86.2
90.6
91.2
91.2
91.4
92.8
89.7
89.2
87.0
86.0
89.4
93.5
95.0
105.5
100.8
109.2
102.1
107.3
99.4
105.5
95.1
104.8
94.8
101.6
100.5
99.4
99.6
99.6
99.8
96.6
93.7
93.7
91.4
91.4
96.1
91.5
98.2
93.5
98.3
101.5
97.5
104.9
103.2
88.3
105.6
103.0
85.6
95.9
100.3
82.9
88.6
98.9
85.8
85.0
98.0
89.0
91.0
98.9
95.2
106.9
106.6
97.1
106.1
105.1
Payrolls
M in in g ........................ .
Contract construction.
M a n u fa c tu rin g _______
108.5
90.7
95.6
112.2
92.3
110.1
112.3
93.9
121.8
110.5
93.2
120. 7
108.5
1 For comparability of data with those published in Issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related workers
T able
92.2
125.0
107.6
93.0
120.3
105.7
92.6
117.1
106.4
and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined in footnote
1, table A-3.
1 Preliminary.
C-6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing1
[In current and 1957-59 dollars]
1961
1960
Item
Dec.2 Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Annual
average
1960
1959
Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars............................................
1957-59 dollars______________________
Spendable average weeekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars.....................................
1957-59 dollars___________________
Worker w ith 3 dependents:
Current dollars__________________
1957-59 dollars___________________
$96. 63 $95.82 $94. 54 $92.73 $92. 86 $93.20 $93.03 $92.10 $90. 78 $89. 54 $89.31 $89.08 $88. 62 $89. 72
92.47 91.61 90.38 88.65 89.03 89.27 89.45 88.73 87.37 86.18 85.96 85.82 85.29 87.02
78.04
74.68
77.39
73.99
76.36
73.00
74.91
71.62
75.01
71.92
75.29
72.12
75.15
72.26
74.41
71.69
73.39
70.64
72.43
69. 71
72.26
69.55
72.08
69.44
71.72
69.03
72.57
70.39
71.89
70.83
85.70
82.01
85.03
81. 29
83.98
80.29
82.50
78.87
82. 61
79.20
82.88
79.39
82.74
79. 56
81.99
78.99
80.95
77.91
79.97
76. 97
79.78
76. 79
79.60
76.69
79.24
76.27
80.11
77.70
79.40
78.23
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C -l, less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$88.26
86.96
puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) a worker with no dependents,
and (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Priceilndex.
2 Preliminary.
N ote : These series are described In “ The Calculation and Uses'of the
Spendable Earnings Series,” Monthly Labor Review, January 1959, pp. 50-54.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
354
D.—-Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able
Consumer Price Index
D -l.
All-city average:* All items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
[1957-59=100]
Converted indexes 8
Annual
average
1961
1962
Group
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1961
1960
All item s............................................................... 104.5
104.5
104.6
104.6
104.6
104.3
104.4
104.0
103.8
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.8
104.2
103.1
102.5
101.2
105.7
99.5
105.1
99.4
99.4
102.6
101.4
105.4
99.2
105.1
102.3
98.6
102.7
101.7
105.3
98.3
104.7
107.1
97.4
103.4
102.4
105.1
97.7
104.2
111.8
97.6
102.5
101.4
105.4
97.4
103.6
109.5
95. 9
102.3
101.3
105. 4
98. 5
103. 8
107. 0
95.7
102.7
101.8
105.4
100.2
104.2
106.3
96.3
102.7
101.8
105.3
101.0
104.7
103.4
97.4
102.9
102.1
105.1
101.4
105.1
102.9
98.2
102.8
102.6
101.5
105.4
99.3
104.8
104.2
97.6
101.4
100.6
103.2
99.1
103.2
103.
96."
F o o d 2_____________ ______________ ____
Food at home
_ __________ _______
np.reals and halrery prndnrt.s
Meats, poultry, and fish_________
Dairy products__________________
Fruits and vegetables____________
Other foods aifhom e3____________
102.5
101.2
106.6
99.8
105.6
100.6
97.2
102.0
100.6
106.3
98.5
105.6
99.8
97.1
101.9
100.5
106.3
98.5
105.5
98.4
97.9
Housing 4 _________________ __________ R ent________________ _ __________ Gas and electricity ________________
Solid and petroleum fuels __________
Housefurnishings _________________
Household operation________________
104.4
105 1
107.8
103.9
98.7
106.5
104.4
105.0
107.8
102.8
99.2
106.4
104.2
104.9
107.8
102.1
99.3
106.4
104.1
104.8
107.8
101.5
99.5
106.2
104.0
104.7
107.8
100.7
99.7
105.9
103.8
104.4
107.7
100.4
99.1
105.9
103.8
104.4
107.7
99.7
99.5
106.1
103.8
104.4
108.3
99.5
99.8
105. 9
103.7
104. 3
108.2
100.1
99.4
105. 8
103.8
104.2
107. 9
102.6
99.7
105. 8
103.9
104.1
108.0
103.7
99.8
105.6
103.8
104.1
108.0
103.7
99.6
105.5
103.8
103.9
108.0
102.4
99.5
105.5
103.9
104.4
107.9
99.5
105.9
103.
103.
107.
99.
100.
104.
Apparel ______________________________
M en’s and boys’ _ . . _____________
W omen’s and girls’___________ ______
Footwear____ ________________ ______
Other apparels___________________ —
101.8
102.4
98.6
108.9
100.0
103.5
103.1
102.0
108.8
101.1
103.7
103.3
102.4
108.6
101.0
103.9
103.2
103.1
108.2
101.1
103.6
102.9
102.8
108.0
101.4
102.5
102.2
100.9
107.8
100.9
102.5
102.6
100.7
107.6
100.9
102.2
102. 5
100.1
107.5
100. 5
102.2
102. 8
100.0
107. 5
100. 8
102.1
102.8
99. 8
107.5
100.8
102.4
102.5
100.6
107.6
100.5
102.2
102.4
100.2
107.6
100.9
102.1
102.5
99.8
107.1
101.0
102.8
102.8
101.0
107.8
100.9
102.
101.
100.
106.
101.
Transportation__________ _____________
Private__________________ _________
Public_____________________________
106.0
104.8
113.9
106.0
104.9
113.3
106.8
105.9
112.7
106.7
105.8
112.5
106.0
105.1
112.5
106.0
105.0
112.3
105 3
104.3
112.0
104.8
103.8
111.3
104.0
103. 0
110. 9
103.5
102.4
110. 9
103.4
102.4
110.5
103.8
102.8
110.5
103.8
102.8
110.4
105.0
104.0
111.7
103.
103.
107.
M edical care ____
112.6
112.5
112.4
112.3
111.9
111.7
111.6
111.3
111.0
110.7
110.4
110.3
109.7
111.3
108.
104.8
104.5
104.4
104.4
104.3
104.4
104.4
104.6
104.
__________________
104.9
101.2
105.2
102.0
99.1
Personal care__ _ _____ ______________ __ 105.6
105.2
104.8
104.6
104.8
104.8
108.5
108.2
108.1
108.3
107.9
107.4
107.2
106.6
107.0
107.2
106.6
106.0
105.5
107.2
104.
104.9
104.9
104.5
104.5
104.1
104.1
104.1
104.1
104.6
103.
Reading and recreation _________________
104.9
104.9
105.0
105.0
105.0
Special groups:
All items less food
________________ 105.3
All items less shelter ________________ 104.4
All commodities less food____________ 102.0
105.5
104.4
102.6
105.6
104.5
102.9
105.5
104.7
103.0
105.3
104.5
102.6
104.9
104.3
102.2
104.8
104.4
102.1
104.6
104.0
101.8
104.5
103.7
101.5
104.3
103. 8
101.4
104.4
103.8
101.6
104.3
103.8
101.7
104.1
103.7
101.6
104.8
104.2
102.1
103.
103.
101.
All commodities. ___ ___ ___________
Nondurables 6_____ _________
Nondurables less food________
Nondurables less food and ap
parel— __________________
Durables 7 _______ _______ _____
Durables less c a r s __________
102.3
102.6
102.9
102.4
102.6
103.6
102.6
102.7
103.8
102.9
103.0
103.8
102.8
103.1
103.8
102.5
102.9
103.1
102.8
103.2
103.0
102.2
102.6
102.7
101.9
102.4
102.5
102.1
102.6
102.5
102.2
102.8
103.1
102.3
102.9
103.0
IO2 ! 2
102.8
102.9
102.4
102.8
103.2
101.
109.
102.
103.6
100.8
98.7
103.6
101.1
98.8
103.8
101.6
98.9
103.7
101.7
99.0
103.7
101.0
99.0
103.4
101.0
99.0
103.3
100.6
99.0
103.0
100.4
98.7
102.6
100.0
98.7
102.6
99.9
98.8
103.4
99. 2
98.9
103.5
99.5
99.0
103.4
99.5
99.3
103.3
100.5
102.
100.
100.
All services 8 ____________________
All services less rent__________—
Household operation services,
gas, and electricity________
Transportation services______
M edical care services________
Other services______________
108. 7
109.3
108.5
109.1
108.2
108.9
108.0
108.7
107.9
108.6
107.7
108.4
107.6
108.3
107.5
108.2
107.4
108.1
107.3
108.0
107.2
107. 9
107.0
107.6
106.8
107.5
107.6
108.3
105.
106.
107.9
110.7
115.1
107.9
107.7
110.4
114.7
107.7
107.6
110.1
114.5
107.4
107.5
110.0
114.3
107.1
107.3
109.9
113.8
107.0
Other goods and services________________
*The Consumer Price Index for January 1962 calculated from a 1947-49=100
base was 128.2.
a See explanation in box under table D-2.
1 The Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices of
goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker
families. Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for
the all-city average.
2 In addition to subgroups'shown here, total food includes restaurant meals
and other food boughtand eaten away from home.
2 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
1 In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
5 Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
105.
107.0 106.9 106.8 107.2
107.
108.9 108.6 108.6 109.5
109.
112.1 112.0 111.2 113.1
105.
106.8
106.3
106.2
106.6
1
L - -----6 Includes food, house paint, solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefurnishings,
household paper, electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel
(except shoe repairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drags, toilet
goods, nondurable toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey.
1 1ncludes water heaters, central heating furnaces, kitchen sinks, sink
faucets, porch flooring, household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor
coverings, dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable
toys, and sporting goods.
,
,
,
8 Includes rent, home purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, property insurance, repainting garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, re
finishing floors, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, hospitalization and surgical insurance, barber and beauty
shop services, television repairs, and motion picture admissions.
107.2
109.8
113.6
106.8
107.2
109.6
113.5
106.7
107.3
109.5
113.1
106.6
107.2 107.1
109.3 109.1
112.7 1 112. 4
106.6 106. 5
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
355
D-2. Consumer Price Index
[ 1957-
All items and food indexes, by city
Converted indexes a
59= 100]
1962
Annual
average
1961
City
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
1961
1960
1962
(194749=100)
Jan.
All Items
All-city average *.
104.5
104.5
104.6
104.6
104.6
104.3
104.4
104.0
103.8
103.9
103.9
103.9
103.8
104.2
103.1
128.2
Atlanta, Ga_____
Baltimore, M d Boston, M ass___
Chicago, 111...........
Cincinnati, Ohio.
0
(3)
105.6
103.9
(3)
103.4
104.4
(3)
103.8
102.6
(3)
(3)
(2)
103.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
105.4
104.1
(3)
103.6
104.4
(3)
104.0
103.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
103.7
(3)
(3)
(3)
105.2
103.8
(3)
102.9
104.6
(3)
102.9
102.4
(3)
(3)
(3)
103.0
(3)
(3)
0
104.9
103.2
(3)
103.2
104.4
(3)
103.3
102.5
(3)
(3)
0
103.5
0
0
0
104.4
103.4
0
103.2
104.4
105.1
103.6
102.6
102.7
103.4
103.6
103.0
102.2
0
0
130.8
131.0
0
Cleveland, O hio...
Detroit, M ich____
Houston, Tex____
Kansas City, M o ..
Los Angeles, Calif.
(3)
101.1
(3)
105.2
105.7
(3)
100.9
(3)
(3)
105. 8
103.1
101.5
103.9
(3)
105.8
(3)
101. 7
(3)
104.6
105. 5
(3)
101.3
(3)
0
105.3
103.6
102.0
102.5
(3)
105.1
(3)
101.8
(3)
104.9
105.4
0
102.0
(3)
(3)
105.4
103.0
101.9
102.4
(3)
105.1
(3)
101.9
(3)
104.7
105.1
(3)
102.0
(3)
(3)
105.0
103.3
102.5
101.5
0
105.4
0
102.4
0
103.2
105.2
104.5
105.4
102.3
101.3
102.1
103.1
104.1
0
124.6
0
130.1
131.8
Minneapolis, M inn.
N ew York, N .Y .......
Philadelphia, P a___
Pittsburgh, Pa_____
Portland, Oreg_____
104.3
105.6
104.5
105.2
103.8
(3)
105.3
104.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
105.2
104.9
(3)
(3)
104.4
105.3
104.8
105.0
104.6
(3)
105.2
104.6
(3)
(3)
(3)
104.9
104.2
(3)
(3)
104.4
104.9
104.5
105.2
104.4
(3)
104.4
104.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
104.2
104.2
(3)
(3)
104.3
104.4
104.2
104.9
103.6
(3)
104.6
104.0
(3)
(3)
0
104.7
104.2
0
0
103.3
104.6
104.1
104.9
104.0
104.2
104.8
104.4
105.0
104.1
103.1
103.9
103.2
104.1
102.9
129.1
127.3
128.3
129.6
128.6
St. Louis, M o______
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, Pa_______
Seattle, W ash...........
Washington, D .C ...
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
104.4
106.5
(3)
(3)
<3)
(3)
(3)
104.6
105.7
104.2
104.1
106.3
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
104.2
104.9
104.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
103.9
105.4
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
104.0
104.8
103.2
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
103.9
105.4
(3)
(3)
(3)
0
0
103.5
104.1
103.4
103.9
105.8
102.4
104.5
102. 5
103.3
102.2
0
0
0
0
0
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
0
0
0
0
0
101.9
Food
All-city average2____
102.5
102.0
101.9
102.5
102.6
102.7
103.4
102.5
102.3
102.7
102.7
102.9
102.8
102.6
101.4
Atlanta, Ga...............
Baltimore, M d_____
Boston, M ass______
Chicago, B L .............
Cincinnati, Ohio___
101.8
102.5
103.5
103.8
100.3
101.3
102.0
102.5
102.9
100.8
101.4
102.2
102.2
102.6
100.6
103.0
103.0
102.3
103.0
101.5
102.9
102.5
102.4
103. 5
101.2
102.4
103.1
103.1
103.6
102.2
102.8
103.6
103.6
104.2
103.2
100.8
102.6
101.5
102.7
101.4
100.4
101.9
101.7
102.9
101.8
101.1
102.2
102.3
103.0
101.9
101.5
102.0
102.1
102.9
101.8
101.9
101.9
102.7
103.5
102.3
102.1
102.0
102.3
103.4
102.5
101.8
102.4
102.4
103.2
101.8
101.1
101.0
101.4
101.9
100.9
Cleveland, Ohio........
Detroit, M ich............
Houston, T e x ..........
Kansas City, M o___
Los Angeles, C alif...
99.2
100.5
102.1
101.9
105.2
99.0
99.8
101.4
101.0
104.4
99.3
99.9
101.4
101.3
104.3
100.6
100.5
101.6
101.4
104.3
101.4
100.1
101.7
101. 7
103.5
101.5
101.8
101.7
102.0
103.0
101.7
102.7
101.1
103.1
103.6
101.0
102.0
100.7
102.5
104.1
100.7
102.1
101.0
101.8
104.9
101.2
102.3
101.5
102.3
105.5
100.9
102.1
100.9
102.5
105.3
101.7
102.3
101.1
101.1
105.4
101.7
101.9
101.0
101.7
105.6
100.9
101.4
101.3
101.9
104.5
100.8
100.1 ..............
100.0
100.2
103.7
Minneapolis, M inn.
N ew York, N .Y ___
Philadelphia, P a ___
Pittsburgh, Pa_____
Portland, Oreg_____
101.1
103.8
101.5
101.7
102.5
99.9
103.0
101.4
101.0
102.4
99.8
102.9
101.6
101.5
103.1
100.9
103.0
101.9
101.9
103.6
100.5
103. 4
101.7
102.2
103.9
100.5
102.9
102.2
102.8
103.5
102.0
103.3
102.9
103.4
103.3
101.5
102.1
101.3
102.6
102.8
101.5
101.9
101.5
101.9
102.5
101.5
102.4
101.8
102.4
103.5
101.8
103.2
102.1
102.6
102.7
102.0
103.5
102.5
103.1
102.1
102.1
103.4
102.2
102.9
102.4
101.2
102.9
101.9
102.3
103.0
101.3
102.8 ..............
101.1
101.4
101.3
St. Louis, M o______
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, Pa_______
Seattle, Wash______
Washington, D .C __
102.1
104.6
102.4
104.0
101.4
101.7
104.0
100.9
104.7
100.3
101.0
103.2
100.9
104.0
101.1
101.8
104.2
100.7
104.6
100.9
101.9
104.1
100. 9
104. 5
101. 9
101.9
103.1
101.0
104.3
102.3
102.2
104.0
102.6
104.9
102.5
102.5
104.1
101.2
104.9
' 101.7
102.4
104.1
101.0
104.8
101.3
102.5
104.1
101.2
104.8
101.8
102.3
104.5
101.9
104.2
101.8
102.2
104.4
101.9
104.2
101.6
102.2
104.0
101.4
103.9
101.8
102.0
104 0
101.3
104.5
101.6
100.3
102.6
100.0
102.5
100.7
1 See footnote 1, table D -l, Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in 1
city than in another.
___________
2 Average of 46 cities.
3 All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every"3
months on a rotating cycle for 15 other cities.
a As of January 1962, the Consumer Price Index will be calculated from a 1957-59 = 100
reference base instead of a 1947-49 reference base. However, for the convenience of
index users, the Consumer Price Index, including all U.S. major component indexes and the
all-items index for each of the 20 large cities, will also be published through June 1964
on a 1947-49 reference base in the regular monthly index report. A description of the
methodology of conversion is available upon request.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
356
T a b l e D -3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified]
1961
1962
Commodity group
Oct. Sept.
118.7 118.8
Aug.
118.9
July
118.6
98.0
97.9
98.6
97.5
87.6
87.1
87.2
88.6
95.4
79.3
76.9
99.3
94.5
77.9
76.9
99.4
100.5
79.5
79.9
130.1
108.3
125.1
93.7
123.6
94.9
78.0
77.6
97.3
78.1
80.3
:.7
1.4
Jan.2
Dec.
Nov,
All commodities_______________
119.7
119.2
118.8
Farm products and processed foods.
100.0
98.6
98.0
89.7 3 87.8
Farm products............................................
Fresh and dried fruits and vege
92.5
102.9
tables................... ............................
79.0
78.1
Grains...................................................
79.5
82.3
Livestock and live poultry— ........
99.3
99.2
Plant and animal fibers__________
99.9 100.2
Fluid milk ...........................................
71.9
73.3
Eggs......................................................
81.6
81.7
Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds-------Other farm products.......................... 130.2 131.5
109.8 108.8
Processed foods__________________
126.3 125.2
Cereal and bakery products----94.9
98.2
M eats, poultry, and fish...................
Dairy products and ice cream------ 123.1 124.4
Canned and frozen fruits and vege
tables-............................................... . 106.9 »108.0
Sugar and confectionery--------------- 114.7 114.5
Packaged beverage materials-------- 136.0 136.4
56.7 8 57.1
Animal fats and oiks-------------------57.3 3 57.2
Crude vegetable oils-------------------73.9
73.0
Refined vegetable oils-----------83.7
83.7
Vegetable oil end products........
98.5
98.4
Other processed foods____________
124.7 124.4
All commodities except farm products127.9 127.7
All commodities except farm and foods—
94.9 3 94.9
Textile products and apparel-...........
91.9
92.0
Cotton products_____ _________
Wool products..............— ................ 101.7 101.6
75.6
75.6
Manmade fiber textile products—.
129.7 129.6
Silk products----------------- --------100.8 100.
Apparel.............................................
93.5 3 94.1
Other textile produ cts-.................
Hides, skins, leather, and leather prod
113.3 113.3
ucts................................. ....................
76.3
74.7
Hides and skins-------------------108.8 108.4
Leather-----------------------------------134.8
134.8
Footwear--------------------------------106.4 105.:
Other leather products-------------115.3 114.9
Fuel and related products, and power
121.8 121.6
Coal— ------------------------- --------170.4 170.4
Coke-------------------------------------Gas fuels 8.............. ............................. 118.1 118.4
102.5 102. 5
Electric power 8-----------------------Crude petroleum and natural gaso
127.4 127.4
line____ _________________
Petroleum products, refined-------- 117.8 117.0
108.2 107.9
Chemicals and allied products___
120.5 120.1
Industrial chemicals_________
132.2 132.2
Prepared paint......... ........................
99.0
99.6
Paint materials..................................
91.0
90.8
Drugs and pharmaceuticals______
50.0 3 47.2
Fats and oils, inedible.............. —
114.2 3 114.0
Mixed fertilizer________________
113.5 112.3
Fertilizer materials....... ..................
Other chemicals and allied prod
ucts— _______________________ 105.5 105.4
Rubber and rubber products.................. 136.6 3 136.9
Crude rubber___________________ 134.6 3133.6
Tires and tubes_________________ 132.5 133.8
Other rubber products___________ 141.1 141.1
Lumber and wood products— ............. 114.6 114.5
Lumber________________________ 114.5 3114.2
Mill work_______________________ 131.9 132.0
91.
90.5
Plywood----------------------------------Pulp, paper, and allied products........... 130.7 130.4
114.4 114.4
W oodpulp___________ -_________
91.4
86.
Wastepaper— ................................. .
145.4 145.
:
122
.
122.4
Paperboard...........................................
Converted paper and paperboard
128.3
128.7
products................... ......................
142.2 ' 143.3
Building paper and board— ........
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100.6
80.1
81.3
129.4
107.9
125.2
92.6
123.8
1.4
99.6
i.7
76.6
80.0 82.9
131.2 129.3
108.1 108.1
124.3 123.9
94.3 94.8
121.9 121.0
107.4
113.0
138.6
59.8 59.7
58.2 59.9
70.1 68.3
82.3 82.4
102.3 102.1
124.1 124.0
127.5 127.4
94.4 94.2
91.0 90.4
102.1
101.7
75.1 75.1
136.2 136.2
100.7 100.6
90.5 91.0
108.1
113.0
136.4
58.1
56.6
77.7
83.7
99.6
124.0
127.5
94.8
91.8
108.0 107.3
101.6
101.6
75.5
132.9
100.
93.5
112.6
136.0
58.0
57.2
77.7
83.3
101.4
124.0
127.3
94.7
91.6
75.1
133.3
100.8
94.7
112.8
138.6
June
110.1
102.6
102.6
127.4 127.4 127.2
115.0 113.3 115.1
107.9 108.0 108.1
120.3 120.3 120.6
132.2 132.2 132.4
99.9
99.3 100.0
90.7
91.0
90
46.0
47.0 48.7
114. 2 113.6 114.4
112.3 111.9 110.2
127.2
117.4
108.9
105.3
138.4
134. 7
137.0
141.
114.
114.
132.
91.
129.
114.
105.3
139.4
137.8
138.3
141.0
114.7
114.5
132.4
90.9
130.4
114.4
86 .
100.2
127.2
116.8
108.4
120.8
132.4
101.1
91.3
61
113.6
110.0
105.3 105.3
139.6 139.4
139.1 137.9
138.3 138.3
141.0 141.1
115.7 115.9
115.3 115.8
132.4 130.7
93.7 95.3
129.5 126.3
114.4
114.
76.6
76.
145.9
145.
145.
122.4
145.
122.
122.
122.8
127.3
143.9
127.
144.
127.
144.
121.2
144.8
Mar.
87.1 85.1 86.8 88.5 89.9
104.3 103.3 101.4 100.2 105.9
77.8 74.2 74.8 73.8 76.4
75.5 75.4 78.2 82.0 83.1
98.7 96.2 95.2 93.4 92.8
98.1 94.9 95.6 97.0 98.7
75.5 63.3 63.3 66.5 75.7
83.6 92.1 96.4 87.5
83.7
129.3 129.0 129.5 129.4 129.6
107.5 106.7 107.6 108.7 109.6
123.9 123.7 123.6 123.6 123.6
92.5 89.9 91.8 94.3 96.1
120.4 119.7 119.5 119.9 120.7
109.2 108.7 109.0 111.1 111.5
114.8 116.3 115.8 114.9 115.1
139.1 139.1 139.1 139.1 139.1
57.6 57.2 65.0 72.2 76.8
59.6 61.9 66.9 69.4 66.7
71.8 71.9 70.5
67.7 68.0
83.8 84.8 85.9 85.0 84.4
102.5 103.1 102.6 102.4 103.3
123.9 123.8 124.0 124.6 124.9
127.4 127.4 127.6 128.0 128.2
93.9 93.7 94.0 94.1 94.4
89.7 89.5 89.9 89.9 90.2
99.5
101.2 101.0 100.9 100.1
75.1 75.1 75.4 75.8 76.3
131.2 130.8 131.5 129.5 129.5
100 4 100.4 100.3 100.4 100.4
90.7 85.7 92.8 93.6 100.3
111.1
114.1
82.2
109.3
134.7
105.2
113.0
Apr.
76.2
132.9
104.3
114.6
118.7
170.4
115.6
102.6
144.9
Dec.
119.5
1960 * 1959
68.1
132.8
104.5
114.3
117.7
170.4
115.4
102.3
110.7
71.0
104.1
132.8
104.6
113.6
117.4
170.4
118.7
102.4
144.
120.9
144.6
88.7
88.8
99.8 99.5 106.7
76.0 72.7 75.7
85.3 82.8 82.6
91.2 90.7 94.2
99.6 102.3 98.0
81.2 87.7 77.3
81.3 74.1 74.7
129.6 130.4 128.5
110.5 109.2 107.7
123.6 123.5 121.8
99.5 97.3 96.7
119.8 122.0 118.5
102.7
77.3
85.1
98.2
94.4
65.6
76.6
132.0
107.0
119.3
98.2
114.3
110.1 107.0
115.8 116.3 115.5
139.1 140.9 143.3
77.4 62.4 58.4
63.2 52.4 49.1
67.5 61.2 56.7
80.4 77.4 73.2
109.0
115.1
146.5
54.6
53.1
58.0
74.0
96.7
124.5
128.2
95.0
91.7
112.0
102.2
100.8
102.2
125.0 124.6 124.7
128.1 127.9 128.3
94.7 95.2 96.1
90.2 91.2 94.2
99.9 100.8 102.1
77.2 77.8 79.1
129.3 125.7 122.9
100.5 101.0 100.9
101.3 92.6 85.2
101.6
81.1
113.5
100.0
70.8
114.3
90.7
108.8
64.9
99.4
132.5
103.9
116.2
123.1
170.4
126.8
121.5
126.8
121.9
126.8
119.3
126.8
115.4
110.1
110.0
110.2
110.2
105.6
139.9
138.0
137.1
143.3
115.4
114.4
134.7
92.0
131.5
114.5
62.1
145.7
129.9
105.5
139.6
136.2
137.1
143.3
114.7
113.5
134.9
90.8
132.
114.
72.
145.
130.
107.2
141.2
136.5
137.1
146.8
116.
115.0
135.
96.
132.
114.
67.
145.
132.
106.7
144.7
155.7
138.4
145.6
121.3
121.4
136.6
96.
133.
106.6
144.5
152.0
143.4
142.2
125.8
127.1
135.9
120.
121.2
130.3
145.8
130.9
146.0
131.1
145.4
130.
145.
127.5
146.4
127.2
117.0
109.3
121.2
90.0
108.0
60.5
68.8
68.0
97.3
102.2 100.2
132.7 132.7 132.7
104.3 103.6 103.9
115.2 117.5 117.7
119.6 122.8 123.4
170.4 170.4 170.4
118.8 121.8 122.3
102.5 102.4 102.2
109.9
127.2 127.2
115.0 117.9
109.9 110.2
122.2 122.8 123.2
121.1
132.4 132.4 132.4 132.4
101.0 101.5 103.5
101.0
92.5 92.4 92.4 92.6
52.2 54.1 61.4 62.1
113.0 112.3 112.3 112.3
111.7 112.3 112.3 112.3
105.8 105.8 105.8 105.6
139.0 139.6 140.2 140.1
136.2 137.4 140.8 138.2
138.3 138.5 138.4 138.4
140.9 141.6 141.6 142.5
117.2 117.8 117.6 118.0
116.8 117.0 117.0 116.5
132.0 134.0 133.4 134.8
97.2 97.2 97.2 99.1
126.4 126.5 126.1 131.0
114.4 114.4 114.4 114.4
76.6 65.0 62.1 62.1
145.9 145.9 145.4 145.4
123.0 128.9 128.9 129.1
121.2
Feb.
Annual
average
99.2
113.5 113.1
82.5 82.9
107.6 106.3
133.9 133.5
105.4 105.1
113.7 114.4
121.2 120.8 120.1 119.2
170.4 170.4 170.4 170.4
116.9 116.6
119.3 119
102
102.5 102.4 102.4
113.8
79.6
108. 6
134.8
105.9
114.0
May
1960
129.7
145.3
109.5
110.3
68.1
101.5
133.0
105.8
113.8
121.8
170.4
116.6
102.3 101.9
120.0
123.2 123.2 123.6 124.2
132.4 132.4 130.3 128.5
104.6 104.1 104.4 103.8
92.6 92.7 92.8 93.6
57.7 54.7 48.5 49.0
112.3 111.9 111.8 111.0
112.3 112.4 111.9 109.6
83.
145.
135.
111.8
129.5
109.0
112.7
122.0
169.8
110.9
100.8
127.4
114.2
109.9
123.8
128.3
101.9
93.2
56.7
109.5
106.9
101.2
132.2
112.5
143.4
136.1
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
357
D -3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified]
Commodity group
1962
Jan.2
Al! commodities except farm'and foods- Con..
Metals and metal products______
153.0
- 170.0
134. 5
Me tfd containers______ _________ 159. 5
Hardware______________________ 177.1
Plumbing fixtures and brass fib
tings....................................... .
133.6
114. 5
Fabricated structural metal prod
ucts— ............................... ............. . 131.8
Fabricated nonstructural metal
products________ ________ _____ 150.2
153. 0
150. 8
Construction machinery and equip
ment___________________________
178.7
Metalworking machinery and equip
m ent------------------------------------------- 185.2
General purpose machinery and equip
ment____ ___ _____ ________ _______ 166.9
Miscellaneous machinery________ ~~~~ 152.1
Special Industry machinery and equip
ment *___________________
101.4
150. 4
Motor vehicles____________________
139.8
Transportation equipment, railroad
rolling stock •_____________________ 100.5
Furniture and other household durables__ 122.2
Household furniture_______________ _ 127. 5
Commercial furniture____________
156. 7
Floor coverings..................................
128.3
Household appliances________
99. 9
Television, radio receivers, and phono
graphs........................................................ 86.7
Other household durable goods_______ 158. 0
Nonmetallic mineral products 1_____
138.6
Flat gla ss..________ ________________ 130.3
Concrete Ingredients___ _________
142.2
Concrete products_____ ...................in
131. 0
struct ural clay products.....................
162. 2
Gypsum products__________________ . 137.3
Prepared asphalt roofing...... ..........
119. 7
Other nonmetallic minerals_________ ” 132.7
Tobacco products and bottled beverages.. 133.5
Tobacco products_____ _____________ 130.9
Alcoholic beverages__________ _______ 121. 3
Nonalcoholic beverages_____________I. 180. 5
Miscellaneous products__________________ 98.5
Toys, sporting goods, small armsi
ammunition____________________
118.6
Manufactured animal fe e d s.._IIIIIZII 78. 6
Notions and accessories______________
96.2
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipment_________ ______________ 112.0
Other miscellaneous products________ 132. 5
1961
Annual
average
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Dec.
I960»
1959
152.7
169.3
134.8
156. 6
177.1
152.4
169.2
134.0
156.6
176.7
153.2
170.5
134.9
156.6
176.7
153.7
170.8
136.3
156.6
176.7
153.6
170.5
136.2
156.6
176.4
153.2
170.1
135.8
156.6
176.3
153.1
170.3
135.2
156.6
176.3
153.0
170.2
134.4
156.6
176.3
152.7
170.8
132.4
156.6
175.2
152.4
170.4
132.3
156.6
175.0
152.3
169.7
132.2
156.6
175.1
152.2
168.6
133.9
153.6
174.7
153.8
170.0
139.0
153.9
174.3
153.6
172.0
136.1
153.7
173.0
133.7
3115. 0
133.8
114.3
133.8
114.8
133.5
115.2
133.5
115.6
132.8
115.5
132.2
115.4
131.3
115.4
130.9
115.2
130.9
114.5
130.9
114.8
130.8
116.8
132.1
119.4
130.1
121.7
3131. 8
131.7
131.9
131.8
132.3
132.3
132.1
132.4
132.8
132.8
133. 5
133.9
134.7
133.4
150.0
3153.0
3150. 5
150.0
152. 9
149. 5
150.4
152.8
149.0
150.8
152.7
148.7
150.4
152.7
148.9
149.2
153.0
148.8
149.6
153.2
148.8
150.0
153.1
148.6
150.1
153.1
148.6
149.«
153.4
148.5
149.6
153.4
148.5
148.6
153.1
148.0
146.4
153.4
146.1
146.0
153.0
143.4
178.6
178.6
178.5
178.5
178.5
178.3
178.2
178.5
178.6
178.2
178.2
177.0
175.6
171.9
3184. 9
183.6
183.1
182.1
181.7
181.7
181.5
181.7
181.8
183.3
182.7
182.3
179.9
174.5
3166. 4
3151.9
165.9
152.3
165.5
152.0
166.3
152.0
166.1
152.0
166.3
151.8
166.5
151.4
166.3
151.4
166.2
151.4
166.1
151.2
166.2
151.2
166.1
150.9
167.1
150.2
165.3
149.4
3100. 9
3151. 0
3139. 8
100.7
151.1
139.9
100. 7
151.1
140.0
100.6
150.4
140.3
100.5
150.5
140.5
100.5
151. 8
140.5
100.5
151.7
140.4
100.4
151.7
140.3
100.3
151.9
140.3
100.1
153.5
140.2
100.0
153.6
140.4
100.1
152.4
140.7
(«>
154. 2
140.8
(«)
154.4
142.8
100.5
3122.1
127. 3
156. 7
128. 7
99.6
100.5
122.3
127.5
156.7
129.1
99.8
100.5
122.2
127.0
156.7
129.0
99.9
100.3
122 2
126.7
156.7
129.3
99.8
100.3
122.1
126.4
155.9
129.3
99.8
100.0
122.3
126.4
155.9
129.3
99.8
100.0
122.4
126.4
155.9
128.6
99.8
100.0
122.4
126.4
155.9
128.6
99.9
100.0
122.5
126.3
155.9
128.6
100.0
100.0
122.2
126.2
155.9
128.6
100.0
100.0
122.2
126.2
155.9
128.6
100.2
100.0
122.6
125.7
157.1
130.2.
100.4
(!)
123.1
125.1
156.8
130.4
101.9
(«)
123.4
124.1
155.2
128.1
104.7
88.0
88.0
3156. 8 157.4
3138. 3 138.6
130. 3 130.3
140.9 141.6
131.1 131.2
162.1 162.0
137.3 137.3
120. 4 120.4
132. 7 133.1
133.4 133.5
130.9 130.9
121.1 121.2
180. 5 180.5
98.6
97.5
87.9
157.3
138.9
130.3
142.5
131.5
162.1
137.3
120.4
133.2
133.4
130.9
121.1
180.5
93.4
88.3
157.2
138.5
130.3
142.4
131.4
161.9
137.3
114.2
133.2
133.4
130.9
121.2
180.5
95.6
88.7
157.2
138.5
130.3
142.4
131.3
161.7
137.3
114.2
133.7
132.8
130.9
121.1
176.3
95.6
90.0
156.9
138.4
130.3
142.6
131.3
161.6
134.6
114.2
133.7
132.6
130.9
121.1
174.8
95.6
90.0
157.8
138.3
130.3
142.6
131.3
161.6
134.6
112.9
133.7
132.1
130.9
121.2
171.6
95.9
89.8
157.8
138.5
132.4
142.6
131.3
161.6
134.6
112.9
133. 7
132.1
130.9
121.2
171.6
99.5
90.7
157.8
138.«
132. 4
142.6
131.3
162.1
134.6
114.2
133.7
132.0
130.8
121.1
171.6
97.7
90.7
156. C
138.6
132.4
142.6
131.1
162.1
134.6
114.2
133.6
132.1
130. 8
121.3
171.6
96.8
90.5
156.0
138.4
132.4
142.3
131.2
162.1
134.6
114.2
132.9
132.1
130.8
121.3
171.6
95.2
91.2
156.6
137.9
132.4
142.0
131.0
162.3
133.2
106.6
133.6
132.1
130.8
121.2
171.6
92.4
91.3
157.4
138.0
132.7
142.1
131.1
161.8
133.2
107.3
134.2
131. 8
130.8
120.8
171.3
92.1
92.8
156.4
137.7
135.3
140.3
129.7
160.2
133.1
116.4
132.4
131.4
130.5
121.3
167.4
94.5
119.1
78.5
96.2
119.9
76.8
96.2
119.9
71.0
96.2
119.6
74.2
96.2
119.7
74.3
96.2
119.0
74.6
96.2
118.9
75.0
96.2
118.9
80.3
96.2
119.0
77.5
96.4
118.9
76.2
96.4
118.3
74.1
96.4
118.6
70.0
96.4
118.3
69.6
96.9
117.5
75.1
97.3
112.3
132.3
112.3
133.3
112.0
133.0
111.9
132.8
111.7
133.1
111.0
132.3
111.0
132.2
111.0 111.2
131. 8 1 131.7
111.3
132.3
111.3
132.8
111.0
132. 4
110.7
132.2
108.2
132.3
i
b T 1, , ",
icuceuug i itoe values were miroauc
into the index. Technical details furnished upon request to the Bureau.
3 Preliminary.
* Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1960
* Formerly titled Fuel, power, and lighting materials.
1 January 1958=100.
8 N ew series. January 1961=100.
3 Formerly titled Nonmetallic minerals—structural.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, MARCH 1962
358
T a b l e D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified]
1960 Annual average
1961
1962
Commodity group
Jan.2 Dee. Nov.
All foods_______________________ ____ _____ ________ 107.3
All fish................................ ..................................................... 143.0
All commodities except farm products........................ — 124.7
Textile products, excluding hard fiber products______ 89.6
Refined petroleum products: *
East Coast petroleum products, refined........ ........... 116.2
Midcontinent petroleum products, refined.............. 115.1
Gulf Coast petroleum products, refined........ ........... 124.0
Pacific Coast petroleum products, refined................ 104.9
M idwest petroleum products, refineds................ — 95.8
Bituminous coal—domestic sizes....................................... 125.9
Soaps........................................................ .............................. 109.6
Synthetic detergents........ ................ ..................................... 100.3
Pharmaceutical preparations.............................................- 101.1
Ethical preparations4.............. ...................................... 98.4
Anti-infectives4 .............. — ................................. 98.9
A n ti-arthritics4.......... - .......................................... - 100.0
Sedatives and hypnotics4...................................... 112.5
Ataractics4 __________________ ______ _____ 100.0
Anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinerglcs4______ 100.0
Cardiovasculars and anti-hypertensives4------- 100.9
D iabetics4----- ------------------ ----------------------- 103.8
Hormones4________________________________ 100.0
D iuretics4_________________________________ 100.0
Dermatologlcals1 _________________________ 100.6
Hermatinics4 ____________________________ 108.5
Analgesics4________________________________ 101.8
Anti-obesity preparations4__________________ 100.0
Cough and cold preparations4---------------------- 98.9
V itam ins4_________________ - ______________ 88.1
Proprietary preparations4______________________ 100.3
V itam ins4- . ........................... .............................. 100.0
Cough and cold preparations4........................ . 100.0
Laxatives and elimination aids4_____________ 99. 7
Internal analgesics4________________________ 101.2
Tonics and alteratives4________ ___________ . 100.0
External analgesics4___ ____________________ 100.2
Antiseptics4..“. ......................................................- 100.0
Antacids4_________________________________ 100.0
Lumber and wood products (excluding millwork)........ 111.8
Softwood lumber_______________________ _________ 113.4
Pulp, paper, and products (excluding building paper). 130.5
Special metals and metal products--------------------------- 149.9
Steel mill products________________________________ 186.9
Machinery and equipment________________________ 159.8
Agricultural machinery (including tractors).................. 153.0
Metalworking machinery__________________________ 193.2
Total tractors..................... .................................................... 160.5
Industrial valves__________________________________ 201.3
Industrial fittings.—....................... ...................................... 127.6
Antifriction bearings and components_______________ 128. 5
Abrasive grinding wheels___ _____________ _______ _ 153.1
Construction materials____________________________ 129.6
• See footnote 1, table D-3.
1 Preliminary.
s Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Oct. Sept. Aug.
July June May Apr. Mar. Feb.
Dec.
105.6 105.4 105.6 105. 4 105.8 105.6 104.2 104.7 105.8 107.5 108.0 107.3
143.6 141.1 138.1 136.9 137.1 129.2 129.5 128.6 126.2 132.0 133.3 133.2
124.4 «124.0 124.0 124.1 124.0 123.9 123.8 124.0 124.6 124.9 125.0 124.6
89.5 89.5 89.2 88.9 88.6 sa l 88.1 88.4 88.4 88.7 89.2 90.0
115.9
117.2
124.0
106.1
90.3
125.6
109.6
100.3
101.2
98.6
99.7
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
100.0
100.0
100.6
108. 5
101.8
100.0
98.8
88.1
100.2
100.0
100.0
99.5
100.9
100.0
100.2
100.0
100.0
111.7
112.9
«130.1
149.7
186.9
«159.8
«152.6
«193.1
«160.5
201.3
125.5
«130.0
146.9
129.5
114.6
108.9
122.8
107.0
90.3
125.6
109.6
100.3
101.2
98.6
99.7
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
100.0
100.0
100.6
108. 5
101.8
100.0
98.8
88.1
100.2
100.0
100.0
99.5
100.9
100.0
100.2
100.0
100.0
111.9
11.3
129.5
149.5
186.9
159.6
151. 5
192.0
159.7
199.5
120.1
130.8
146.9
129.6
114.6
102.2
122.2
107.0
88.7
124.4
109.6
100.3
100.9
98.2
99.7
100.6
101.9
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
100.0
100.0
100.5
108.5
101.8
100.0
98.8
88.1
100.2
100.0
100.0
99.5
100.6
100.0
100.2
100.0
100.0
111.9
113.2
130.0
150.0
186.9
159.4
151.0
191.4
159.3
197.5
120.1
130.6
146.9
129.7
114.6
108.2
122.2
108.5
91.3
123.1
109.6
100.3
100.8
98.0
98.9
100.6
101.9
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
100.0
100.0
100.5
108.5
101.8
100.0
98.8
88.1
100.1
100.0
100.0
99.5
100.6
100.0
100.2
100.0
100.0
113.2
114.2
129.1
150.4
186.9
159.1
150.7
190.6
159. 3
200.8
120.1
131.8
146.9
130.0
114.6
115.0
122.2
110.1
92.6
121.7
109.6
100.3
100.8
98.0
98.9
100.6
101.9
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
100.0
100.0
100.5
108.5
101.8
100.0
98.8
88.1
100.1
100.0
100.0
99.5
100.6
100.0
99.7
100.0
100.0
114.0
114.9
125.8
150.4
186.9
159.1
150.8
190.0
159.3
201.9
119.4
130.5
146.9
130.1
113.4
121.7
121.3
107.0
93.9
120.1
109.6
102.0
102.2
100.1
98.9
100.6
101.0
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
108.5
101.8
100.0
98.8
100.0
100.1
100.0
100.0
99.5
100.6
100.0
99.7
100.0
100.0
115.3
115.9
125.8
150.1
187.0
159.6
150.8
189.9
159.1
202.3
119.4
130.6
146.9
130.5
113.4
121.7
119.8
107.9
93.9
118.3
109.7
102.0
102.1
99.9
99.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.0
100.0
100.5
100.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
115.4
116.1
126.0
150.1
187.0
159.5
150.8
189.5
159.0
202.5
121.7
130.6
146.9
130.5
113.4
116.0
119.8
109.1
88.7
117.3
109.6
102.0
102.1
99.9
99.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.0
100.0
100.5
100.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
115.4
116.1
125.6
149.9
187.5
159.5
150.5
189.5
159.2
202.5
121.7
130.6
146.9
130.6
114.8
124.2
122.1
104.3
93.5
117.7
107.5
102.0
102.0
99.9
99.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
115.6
115.6
130.6
149.7
187.5
159.6
150.5
189.5
159.2
202. 5
121.7
130.6
146.9
130.7
116.1
125.3
127.3
105.5
99.3
126.4
107.5
102.0
102.0
99.9
99.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.1
113.0
131.1
149.5
187.6
160.3
150.5
189.2
159.2
202.1
121.7
130.6
146.9
129.9
116.6
126.0
127.3
106.1
99.9
127.9
107.4
102.0
102.2
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
111.1
111 6
131.8
149.5
187.6
160.2
150.4
189.9
159.2
201.1
122.0
131.4
146.9
129.8
111.4
125.2
122.9
105.5
100.0
127.7
107.6
102.9
102.1
100.1
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.4
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.8
98.3
100.0
100.0
113.3
112.7
132.0
149.5
187.6
159.6
150.0
189.6
158.9
201.2
121.7
131.4
146.9
130.0
I960»
1959
106.0
126.7
124.7
92.2
104.4
124.6
124.5
91.4
111.0
117.0
120.4
105.8
(4)
124.7
107.6
101.7
103.3
(4)
(»)
(4)
(4)
(')
(4)
(4)
(!)
(4)
(4)
(»)
(4)
(«)
(4)
(4)
(»)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(')
(4)
(4)
(')
(4)
(4)
118.9
120.4
132.9
150.5
187.9
160.0
147.9
186.7
156.4
205.1
132.2
133.6
147.5
132.6
108.9
115.7
118.4
108.2
(4)
124.9
109.5
101.4
103.0
(4)
(0
(!)
(4)
(s)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(!)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(5)
0
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
124.5
128.1
131.8
150.8
188.2
158.5
144.8
181.8
153.3
196.9
139.0
136.1
152.5
134.6
* The special index for refined petroleum products Is now being published
as a subgroup index in table D-3.
• New series. January 1961=100.
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D-5.
359
Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1947-49=100]
1962
1961
1960
Jan.* Dec. Nov.
All commodities.
Annual
average
Commodity group
- 119.7 119.
118.
Oct. Sept.
Aug.
July
June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb.
Dec. 1960* 1959
118.7 118.8 118. £ 118. £ 118.2 118.7 119.4 119.fi 120.0 119.5 119.6
119.5
Stai/e of procecting
- 95.6 3 94.2 93.2 93.7 93.8 94.8 92.7 91.6 93.2 94.6
- 86.2 3 84. 1 83.
83.1 83.4 85.] 82.8 81.5 83.6 85.7
- 110.5 3 109.6 109.3 111.5 111.3 110.6 109.2 108.5 108.7 108.6
factoring________________________
- 108.8 108.0 107.5 109.9 109.6 108.9 107.4 100.7 106.9 106.7
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for con
struction_____________________ _
- 142.2 3 140.9 141.6 142.5 142.4 142.4 142.8 142.6 142.6 142.6
Crude fuel......................................... .IIIIIIIIIIIII
124. 7 124.9 124.7 123.2 122. C 121. £ 121.2 122.3 123.3
Crude fuel for manufacturing__________________ - 124.2 124.3 124. 5 124.2 122.8 122.2
121.5 120.9 121.9 122.7
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing____ ____ __
125. 5 125.5 125. 6 125.4 123.9 123.2 122.5 121.8 123.0 124.2
intermediate materials, supplies, and components______
126.1 126.1 125.8 125.4 125.7 125.5 125.6 125.8 126.3 126.9
Intermediate materials and components for manu
facturing......................................... .................................... 127.0 127.0 126.9 127.0 127.0
127.1 127.1 127. 4 127.8 127.9
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing__ 101. 9 101. 8 101.4 101.7 101.3 101.4 101.6
102.0 103.0 103.7
Intermediate materials for nondurable manu
facturing __________________________________ 103.9 103.6 103.6 103.6 103.5
103.7 103.6 104.1 104.5 104.8
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing 155. 6 155. 9 155.8 156.0 156.4 156.4 156.2
166.0 156.0 165.6
Components for manufacturing_____________
148. 5 3 148.7 148.5 148.5 148.4 148.5 »149.1 »149.1 »149.2 »149.3
Materials and components for construction................. 133.1 133.1 133.1 133.2 133.5 133.6
Processed fuels and lubricants........................................... 109. 8 109.8 109.2 108.3 109.2 110.0 134.0 134.1 134.1 134.3
110.5 110.2 109.4 110.3
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing.. 110. 0 109. 9 109. 5 108.9 109.4 110.0 110.3
110.1 109.6 110.3
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufac
turing ...............................................................
109.6 109.6 108.6 107.5 108.9 110.1 110.9 110.6 109.1 110.4
Containers, nonreturnable______
139. 7 3 138.7 138.2 138.2 137.6 133.3
133.1 133.7 139.9
Supplies..................................................... IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIi; 119.1 119.1 118.1 115. 5 116.8 115.6 133.3
115.8 115.9 118.3 119.2
Supplies for manufacturing.........IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 147. 7 147. 4 147.1 147.1 147.0 147.1 147.2
147.6
147.6 148.1
Supplies for nonmanufacturing______________H I 105. 6 105.7 104.6 101.3 102.9 101.4 101.6
101.7 104.7 105.6
Manufactured animal feeds________ _
73. 3 73.4 71.6 65.2 68.4 68.3 68.7 69.2 74.8 72.3
Other supplies..................... ...................
122.6 122.6 122.2 122.2 122.2 119,5 119.4 119.2 119.5 123.5
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuff»..........
Orud8 nonfood materials except fuel.
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and
fuels).....................................................................
Consumer finished goods___ IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII .............
Consumer foods______________ IIIII I II I II II I II I
Consumer crude foods____________ I IIIIIIH I
Consumer processed foods___ I .II II I II I II H I
Consumer other nondurable goods___________ II"
Consumer durable goods_____________
Producer finished goods__________________
Producer finished goods for m anufacturing!!!!!!!
Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing___
122.2 121.6
114. 3 3 113.4
108.9 107.1
95.3 3 90. 5
111. 7 110.4
114. / 114. 5
125. 3 125.3
154.3 154.2
161.2 161.1
148.2 148.3
121.4
113.2
106.8
94. 4
109.4
114.1
125.4
154. 1
160.9
148.3
121.3
113.2
107.1
93.8
109.9
113.8
125.3
154.0
160.8
148.1
121.3
113.2
106.9
92.7
109.8
113.9
125.5
153.8
160.6
147.9
121.4
113.3
107.2
94.8
109.8
114.0
125. 5
153.8
160.6
147.8
121.2
113.1
106.8
95.7
109.1
113.9
125.6
153.8
160.6
147.9
120.0
112.4
105.0
90.5
108.0
113.8
125.6
153.9
160.7
147.9
120.7
112. 5
105.7
89.9
108.9
113.5
125.6
153.7
160.6
147.7
121.3
113.3
106.8
90.6
110.1
114.2
125.6
153.7
160.6
147.6
95.2 95.1 93.3 94.5 96.7
86.9 87. 5 85 5 85.7 86.8
107.2 105.4 104.1 107.5 112.2
105.2 103.3 101.8 106.5 110.8
142.6
126.8
126.2
127.7
142.3
127.4
126.8
128.2
142.0
126.3
125.8
127. i
142.1
124.4
123.9
125.2
140.3
123.4
122.0
124.1
120.9 126.7 126.4 127.0 127.0
127.9 127. 8 127 9 128.9 129.0
103.9 103.6 101.3 99.3 98.5
104 8
155.4
150.0
133.5
111.9
111 6
104. 8
155. 4
150.1
133. 6
111.9
111.6
105.2
156 6
149.3
133.7
111.6
111.3
106.4
168.1
150.7
135.5
108.9
108.9
112.6
140.6
118.7
149.0
104.8
70.7
123.4
112.5
141.1
117.6
148. 4
103.6
68.3
123.4
112 3
139. 4
116.1
149 6
101.2
64 2
123.0
109.1
138.6
115.8
149.3
106.4
157.9
151.6
136.5
106.0
105.6
106.8
136.7
116.0
143.5
101.0 104.1
63.8 74.7
122.9 121.3
122.2 122.6 122 2 121.5 120.0
114.3 114.8 114 4
112.5
108.6 109.5 109 0
105.5
97.2 96. 8 99 6 98.0 91.9
111.0 112.1 111 0
108.4
115.0 115.2 114 7
113.4
125.5 125.6 125 8
126.5
153.8 153.9 153.8
153.2
160.6 160.8 180. 6
158.1
147.9 147.9 147.8
149.1
Durability of product
Total durable goods_________________________
Total nondurable goods_______________IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
145.0 144.9 144.9 145.0 145.2 145.2 145.3 145.4 145.3 145.3
105. 9 105.1 104.7 104.4 104.5 104.6 104.2 103.5 104.3 105.3
Total manufactures____________________________
125.6 125.3 125.0 124.8 125.0 124.9 124.9 124.8 125.1 125.7
Durable manufactures________ IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 146.2 146. 2 146.2 146.2 146.3 146.3 146.4 146.5
146.5 146.5
Nondurable manufactures_____________
109. 3 108.7 108.2 107.9 108.2
107.9 107.7 108.3 109.3
Total raw or slightly processed goods IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIH 99.8 98. 5 98.1 98.2 97.8 108.1
98.6
97.3
95.8
97.0 98.0
Durable raw or slightly processed goods_______ IIIIII 110. 6 107.2 106.4 111.7 114.2 112.7 110.8
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods_________ I 99.2 3 98.0 97.7 97.5 97.0 97.9 96.6 111.9 109.7 110.7
95.0 96.3 97.4
i See footnote 1, table D -3.
* Preliminary.
* Revised.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
145.1 145.0 145 0
106.2 106.3 105.6
145.9
105.0
126.0
146.3
109.9
99.3
108.6
98.8
125.5
147.0
108.5
98.9
114.1
11
126.1
146.3
110.1
99.3
105.1
99.0
125.7
146 4
109.4
98 3
101.8 107.
98.1
.
N ote.- For description of the series by stage of processing, see New BL8
i8nrCrt 0 r
Prloes (in Monthly Labor Review
pp- 1^ 1,453),: aS i by dar?biuty of product and data begin1947, 866 w holesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, B L8 Buli
ilLWhoieS!ale,
i £ S 0 (1 9 5 © ),
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , MARCH 1962
360
E.—Work Stoppages
T a b l e E - l . W ork stoppages resulting from labor-m anagem ent disputes 1
Workers involved in stoppages
Number of stoppages
M onth and year
1935 39 (ftvp,rage)
I 945
1Q4fi
UQ47
} Q4R
*jQ4Q
1Q50
1951
1952
1952
IQ5 4
Jq5K
1Q5fi
1957
¡9 5 8
] Q5Q
IQfiO
-
Beginning in
month or year
- __ ______________
_
________________________ ___
____________________________
_______________________________________
_____________________________
_____________________
___ _________________________
_ _ _________ ____ _________________
_ ______________________
__ ______________
_ _ _ ____________________
_ __________________
_
_____ ______________
__ ____ ______________________________
_ _ ____________________
___________________________
_ __ ________________________
1961: January 2. _____________________________________
February s________________________________ _____
March 2________________________________________
A p ril 2__________________________________________
M ay 2 _________________________________________
J u n e 2________________ __________________ ______
J u ly 2 __________________________________________
A ugust 2 ________________________________________
Septem ber 2 _______________________________ ___
October 2____________________________________ —
November 2_____________________________________
D ecem ber 2 ---------------------------------------------- --------1962: January 2 _______________________________________
Beginning in
month or year
80,000
100
300
330
350
460
620
570
560
550
530
510
430
250
140,000
95,000
95,000
334,000
223,000
83,000
27,000
265
400
160,000
170
210
220
320
430
330
330
325
310
300
225
In effect dur
ing month
1 2 0 ,0 0 0
55,000
94,000
1 2 0 ,0 0 0
Number
Percent of
estimated
working time
16,900,000
39, 700,000
38,000,000
116,000,000
34,600,000
34,100,000
50,500,000
38,800,000
22,900,000
59,100,000
28,300,000
22,600,000
28,200,000
33,100,000
16,500,000
23, 900,000
69,000,000
19,100,000
1,130,000
2,380,000
3,470,000
4,600,000
2,170,000
1,960,000
3,030,000
2,410,000
2 , 2 2 0 ,0 0 0
3,540,000
2,400,000
1,530,000
2,650,000
1, 900,000
1,390,000
2,060,000
1,880,000
1,320,000
2,862
3,573
4 ,750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4 ,320
3,825
3,673
3,694
3,708
3,333
i The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 or more
workers and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-daySjidlc cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In effect dur
ing month
Man-days idle during month
or year
0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
.2 1
.26
.29
.14
.2 2
.61
.17
183,000
160,000
390,000
277,000
156,000
75,000
700,000
940,000
610,000
1,180,000
1,530,000
1, 760,000
1,690,000
1,320,000
3,150,000
2,380,000
1 , 0 0 0 ,0 0 0
500,000
.06
.14
.16
.18
.19
.13
.35
.23
185,000
1,040,000
.1 1
1 0 0 ,0 0 0
150,000
75,000
126,000
165,000
2 1 1 ,0 0 0
.08
.1 1
.1 0
.05
or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
2 Preliminary,
s Revised preliminary.
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